WOODWORKING MACHINERY WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. SAW MILLS : their Arrangement and Management, and the Economical Conversiou of Timber. (A Companion Volume to ' Woodworking Machinery.') By M. Powis Balk. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. lOi. &d. cloth. ' The adminut ration of a large sawing establishment is discussed, and the subject examined from a financial standpoint. Hence the size, shape, order, and disposioion of saw mills and the like are gone into in detail, and the course of the timber is traced from its reception to its delivery in its converted state. We could not desire a more complete or practical treatise.'— Builder. STONE-WORKING MACHINERY, and the Eapid and Economical Conversion of Stone. With Hints on the Arrangement and Management of Stone Works. By M. Powiri Bale, M.I.il.E. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 9.?. ' The book should be in the hands of every mason or student of stone- work.'— Colliery Guardian. 'A capital handbook for all who manipulate stone for building or ornamental purposes.'— Machinery Mabkbt. PUMPS AND PUMPING : a Handbook for Pump Users. Being Notes on Selection, Construction, and Management. By M. Powis Bale, M.I.M.E. Second Eaition, Revised. Crown 8vo. Is. 6(i. cloth. ' The matter is set forth as concisely as possible. In fact, condensation rather than diffuseness has been the author's aim throughout ; yet he does not seem to have omitted anything likely to be of use.'— Joubnal op GAti Lighting. 'Thoroughly practical and simply and clearly written.'— Glasgow Herald. STEAM AND MA CHINER Y MAN A GEMENT: a G u ide to the Arrangement and Economical Management of Machinery, with Hints on Construction and Selection. By M. Povvis Bale, M.I.M.E. Fcp. 8vo. 3 «. cloth. ' Of high practical value.'— Colliery Guardian. ' Gives the results of wide experience.'— Lloyd's Newspaper. London: CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7 Stationers' Hall Court, E.C. Back of Foldout Not Imaged FOR CROSS CUTTING. MILL SAW TOOTH. GULLET CR BRIAR TOOTH, PARROT BILL :f ^ 1 r-^ r:t J — =^ I— S|— J- ^ ' --.-^ J- ^-1 r— 3^ — 3p — t= Ihf abmv Jkagrams art not drawn to Scale , MISCELLANEOUS. eso&sa is'&ii" I , soon, 24" ja" /or* 77" ajoabfl" WOODWORKING MACHINERY ITS KISE, PKOGRESS, AND CONSTRUCTION WITH HINTS ON THE MANAGEMENT OF SAW MILLS AND THE ECONOMICAL CONVEESION OF TIMBER A COMPANION VOLUME TO 'SAW MILLS, THEIR ARRANGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT iffxend), Kixts American (SnsinttxS BY M. POWIS BALE, A.M.I.C.E., M.Inst.M.E. AUTHOR OF 'SAW MILLS' ' STONEWOBKING MACHIKERY ' 'A HANDBOOK FOR STEAM USERS' ETC. SECOND EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS LONDON CKOSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 7 STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 1894 CO ,0 s rs . B3 C.I ePOTTISWOODK AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE LONDON' THE GETTY CENTER LIBRARY PEEFAOE. Content if hence th' unlearn'd their wants may view, The learn'd reflect on what before they knew— Pope. The following pages, written in the spare hours of a busy life, attempt to give an account of the rise and progress of what is now in this country an important branch of engineering. Although wood is employed in the constructive arts more largely than any other sub- stance, its conversion by machinery is of comparatively modern origin, and therefore very few books or treatises have been written on the subject. The aim of the Author has been to combine, as far as possible, the his- torical with the practical. In the first portion of the book, in addition to notes on design and construction, the names of the chief inventors and pioneers in wood- working machinery will be found; the latter part of the work is devoted entirely to practical and technical details. The illustrations are confined to the designs of English, French, and American engineers, the ma- chines constructed by other nations being, as a rule, based on these models. The adaptation of machinery to common uses is, without doubt, increasingly necessary to the commer- > 30 „ „ 19 ga. t., or 18 ga. e. These fi gures must not, however, be considered as arbitrary, but can be modified according to circum- stances. The smaller the diameter of the saw wheel, so should in ratio the gauge of the saw be reduced. This, however, does not apply to those machines of the smaller class in which the saw blade runs over three wheels instead of two, as in this case the blade does not impinge on the periphery of the saw wheel at so sharp an angle as when two wheels only are em- ployed. For cutting the harder and closer-grained woods, such as oak, beech, &c., the thickness of the saw should be increased about one gauge, the teeth should be more upright and spaced finer, and the set also should be reduced. For woods of a woolly fibre, such as English poplar, the teeth of the saw should be of coarse space and set, to effect a clearance and overcome its clinging properties. For cutting metal the thicknesses given may be increased about three gauges, the teeth of the saw being very finely spaced — say, twenty points to the inch — and set slightly with a hammer. These saws BAND OR RIBBON SAWS. 341 are made to taper towards tlie back of the blade for clearance. We give herewitb illustrations of the saw teeth we have found most suitable for band-saw blades for cut- ting all ordinary classes of wood. Figs. 43 and 44 are well suited to most of the woods of the Pinus family, except pitch pine ; for working this wood we can re- FIG. 43. FIG. 44. commend fig. 45, the teeth of which should be coarsely spaced and set. In addition to this, owing to the clinging properties of the resin, a small brush should be attached to the machine, so arranged that the saw blade is constantly swept by it ; an occasional appli- cation of grease to the blade is also an advantage, as the resin is more readily removed. We can recommend FIG. 45. FIG. 46. for durability saws with gullet teeth — i.e. teeth rounded out at the root, similar to figs. 44 and 47 — as they are much less likely to fracture in working than saws with the roots running to an angle, as the fracture in the blade is found almost invariably to commence at the point of this angle. Owing, however, to small gullet 342 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. teeth being more troublesome and expensive to sharpen the angle teeth are still more generally employed. After several experiments we have found the teeth shown by fig. 46 very suitable for sawing oak, ash, elm, and other hard woods, and by setting the face of the teeth farther back — i.e. slightly out of the perpen- dicular — the cutting action is improved. FIG. 47. FIG. 48. For heavy curved sawing, such as the timbers used in ship-building, the backing of armour-plated vessels, &c., for all saws above 2\ inches wide we can strongly recommend the gullet tooth, as shown in fig. 47. In fig. 48 are teeth adapted for cutting iron and metals ; they should, however, be somewhat stouter at the root than those shown in sketch. The figures are not drawn to scale, but are intended to illustrate the shape or form of the teeth. 343 CHAPTER XL. OUTTEES. The action of revolving cutters, such as those used in planing and moulding machines, is similar to that of circular saws. Tor planing soft wood the bevel of the cutting edge of the iron should be more extended than when used for hard wood. About 25° to the face of the iron is the best angle, whilst for hard woods about 40° is found most suitable. They are occasionally worked at a more acute angle than this, but in working very hard woods the edges of the cutters are more liable to break. Cross-cutting cutters, such as those used in tenon- ing machines, should be arranged to work diagonally to the grain of the wood. An angle of about 15 degrees to the axis is usually found suitable for soft wood, as it is found the nearer they act with the fibre of the wood the smoother the work. Cutters for tenoning machines are made by some engineers slightly helical. We think, how- ever, that anything gained in this manner is more than lost in the extra trouble involved in keeping them in order, as well as increased first cost. For planing wide surfaces M. Arbey, of Paris, has for some years used the spiral or twisted irons patented by Mareschal and Godeau. The advantage claimed for this form of knife is, that the pitch of the knives is so arranged that the end. of one 344 IVO OD- WORKING MA CHINE R V. comes opposite to the beginning of the other, thus giving a continuous cut during the whole revolution of the cutter block. As part only of the whole length of the knives strikes the wood at the same time, the jar or vibration is thus considerably lessened ; and, as they always present the same cutting angle to the wood, cross-grained and knotty stuff can be worked. The knives used are very light, being from one to two millimetres in thickness. They are, however, more difficult to manage than straight knives, and require considerable skill and care in keeping them in order; hence their very partial adoption. Where this form of knife is adopted an arrangement is generally made to sharpen them in their places on the cutter blocks by means of a revolving emery wheel. Whatever form of knife is used, the steel employed in its manufacture should be of the highest obtainable quality. We prefer cutters made of wrought iron faced with steel to those of solid steel, as being easier to work and less liable to fracture. In establishments where a large variety of woods are worked it is advisable to have several sets of knives ground to the various bevels found best suited to the work. Much has been written as regards tempering cutting tools. No absolute rules, we think, can be laid down, at any rate as regards wood-cutting tools; it simply resolves itself into a matter of practical experience. For working soft woods with knives of an acute bevel a light straw-colour temper is suitable, whilst for harder woods, where the bevel of the knives used is made more obtuse, the temper should be made slightly harder in proportion. Cutters should always be ground with a double bevel, leaving at the cutting edge, say, about ^ in. to be whetted with a stone to a keen CUTTERS. 345 edge bj hand. Several varieties of stone are suited to this purpose, but we have found nothing better than a good Turkey stone. All plane irons above 12 inches long should be ground in a sliding frame, fitted with adjustments for any desired bevel, as it is impossible to keep long irons, such as those used in panel-planing or trying-up machines, true with hand grinding against an ordinary fixed rest. In panel-planing or other machines for working wood of considerable width, instead of using two long planing irons extending the whole width of the machine, eight short ones should be arranged in succession, two on each of the four sides of the cutter blocks ; this plan, although causing a little more trouble in adjusting the irons, does away with the difficulties often experienced in keeping irons of very great width in a satisfactory condition. In constructing moulding irons, a plan often pur- sued, but still essentially wrong, is to cut the shape of the required moulding on the edge of the steel and grind a bevel backwards from it. The result is the exact profile of the moulding is constantly liable to be altered when sharpening. In place of this the form of moulding should be always milled into the face of the cutter itself, as it thus, if sharpened to the proper bevel, retains its true form. A few years since a somewhat novel system of steel cutters for working wood was patented by M. Guilliet Perreau, of Auxerre, France. He claimed that in his cutters, when the profile of the moulding was once formed, it was unalterable, no matter how badly the sharpening might be done ; that they made a cleaner cut and were less liable to accident. We have seen this form of cutter in opera- 346 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. tion in various machines and giving very satisfactory results. They are made from one piece of steel, in form something like a deep saucer ; the periphery is shaped to the profile of the desired moulding, and has several openings, which are sharpened towards the centre and present as many cutting edges to the wood. These cutters can be modified in shape for tenoning and other operations ; they possess several features of value, but, unless manufactured on a considerable scale and with special appliances, their first cost would be considerably in excess of the ordinary form. Fixed cutters for planing machines should be fitted with back irons, and the cutting edge arranged at a slightly oblique angle to the wood, as the shock on the knife is thus received gradually. This also applies to veneer-slicing machines when a sliding cutter-block is used, except in some kinds of wood where it is found necessary to cut the fibres of the wood the whole width of the board or block at the same moment. In establishments where a considerable number of moulding irons are in use, some half-dozen stones of fine grit should be mounted and turned up to fit the rounds and hollows of the most usual form of irons, which can thus be sharpened without the aid of hand filing, which is an expensive method and deteriorates considerably the cutting power of the steel, from the constant softening and hardening processes through which it has to go. In surfacing and squaring-up machines, where cylin- drical gouges are used, especial care must be taken that they are set at the most suitable angle required by the nature of the wood, a^nd that the temper of the CUTTERS. 347 gouge is not made too tigli, or fracture and consequent loss will be the result. We have found the palest of pale straw colour the best suited, except for the hardest class of wood ; a considerable increase in the strength of the steel is produced by hardening in oil. 348 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINER K CHAPTEE XLI. BAND-SAWING MACHINES FOR HEAVY TIMBEE. During recent years the introduction of band-sawing machines for converting heavy timber has made very considerable progress, more particularly in America, where a great number of machines of the largest size are in operation. When we consider that a well-con- structed band-sawing machine will convert logs of the heaviest class with considerable rapidity, and at the same time effect a great saving in power and wood, it is somewhat remarkable that their development for log sawing has not been more rapid. This may be to a certain degree attributed to the difficulty there used to be in obtaining band-saw blades of the necessary width and temper to withstand the very considerable strain to which they are subjected, and to the want of provision of adequate means of keeping the saw in a true vertical line. These difficulties have now been entirely over- come, and the machine made commercially successful. The object of the present chapter is to consider briefly some of the points to be desired in the construction and working of a machine of this class. Main Frame. — In designing the main frame or column of the machine, strength with rigidity in work- ing must be secured. In the best practice a hollow- cored or box casting made in one piece and arranged BANDS A WING MACHINES FOR HE A VY TIMBER. 349 with an extended base is usually employed, although some American manufacturers prefer a wrought-iron girder column bolted on to a heavy base plate. Which- ever is used it is important that the base plate and foundations generally are sufficiently massive to absorb the vibration of the machine when working at its full speed. The base of the machine is fixed below the mill floor, and the foundation bolts pass entirely through the masonry. As regards the foundations, dressed stone is best, as it offers a better resistance than brick- work. It should be accurately levelled, laid on a bed of concrete, and set as nearly perpendicular to the direction of the stress as possible. The quality of the work turned out and the longevity of high- speeded machines depend more on the stability of the founda- tions than is generally imagined, and any reasonable outlay in this connection is usually money well invested. With the object of securing increased steadiness in operation we have seen machines working with success in which the upper saw spindle runs in bearings fixed on the top of the column and the lower spindle in a vertical line beneath the base of the machine. An additional pair of bearings placed outside the driving pulleys of the bottom spindle to withstand the pull of the belt are an advantage. Band Saw Wheels.— Perhaps the most important features in the construction of a band- sawing machine are the saw wheels. These should combine in the highest possible degree strength with lightness ; this is more particularly the case with the upper saw wheel, as should it be too heavy it may overrun the bottom or driving wheel, and be a fruitful cause of the breakage of saws. 350 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. The wheels shoiold be made of wrought iron or steel, covered with wood at the periphery,, and this again covered with a band of vulcanised india-rubber or leather. The wheels should be turned all over, the top wheel mounted elastically, and both be 'perfectly in balance. Should they be the least out of balance the consequent centrifugal force causes a constant jumping motion on the wheels, which will ultimately break the finest saw blades. For log sawing the saw wheels must of necessity be of large diameter — in fact, within moderation, the larger the better— as, should the arc of contact of the saw with the wheel be too acute, the blades are rapidly cracked and fractured. The diameter of the wheels should be in proportion to the thickness of the log sawn, varying from 6 ft. to 12 ft. diameter, by about 8 in. on the face. It is difficult to formulate a rule on the subject, but a wheel of, say, three times the diameter of the thickness of the wood to be sawn will generally be found to be suitable. The top saw wheel must be arranged to cant, so as to direct the saw blade to any desired point on the face of the wheel, and so equalise its wear ; care must be taken, however^ that the teeth are not allowed to run so far in as to tear the covering. The outside india-rubber covering should be a flat ring about 1 in. thick, sprung on and carefully cemented in its place. If leather is used, two thick- nesses, one of sole and one of buff leather, can be recommended; these will require rivetting in their places. The saw wheel spindles should be of steel supported by two pairs of bearings to each spindle ; these can be mounted in an adjustable slide for the top wheel and in standards or pedestals for the bottom wheel. We BANDS A WING MACHINES FOR HE A VY TIMBER. 351 have found this arrangement much preferable for heavy- machines to the plan of mounting the wheels to run on studs, or using single bearings or bushes. The top whee] spindle and slide must be capable of being adjusted vertically to suit saws of various lengths ; this can be secured by means of a hand wheel and screw working into a gun-metal nut fitted in the slide casting. For covering the wheels with wood — which should be hard and well seasoned — ash or walnut, about 2 in. thick, is suitable ; it should be accurately sawn in seg- ments, lap-jointed, and glued together, fastened to the wheel with counter-sunk coach screws, and turned up in its place. Strong steel or wrought-iron tubes make excellent spokes for the wheels, combining as they do strength with lightness. With the object of preventing the upper saw wheel overrunning the lower, some engineers make the latter about one-third heavier than the former, so that the increased momentum may prevent its speed being materially reduced when an increase of work is pat upon it. For machines where the duty is very severe, the spokes of the wheels may be staggered' with advantage; in this case the centres should be made heavier, and the rim of the wheel strengthened with wrought-iron plates or pads where the spokes are attached. The top wheel can be set to an angle with the lower wheel by means of a set screw, cam, or worm gearing, whichever the arrangement of the wheel or slide may render most convenient. Wheels without flanges are to be preferred, as the flanges do little to support the back of the saw blade, and have a tendency to twist and buckle it, and heat and crystallise the steel. Some American makers construct the lower saw wheel of greater diameter than the top, but the 352 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINER Y. writer fails to see the advantage of having the arc of contact of the saw different on the two wheels. By thus lightening the top wheel the tendency to overrun the bottom wheel would of course be reduced. With the same object in view — viz. to equalise the speed of both wheels — centrifugal governor gear has also been fitted to the top wheel, but the writer is unable to speak from experience as to its success or otherwise. Tension Appakatus. — To secure effective workino-, and prevent as far as possible the fracture of the saw blade arising from a rigid tension, the slide or bracket carrying the top wheel is always mounted elastically. This is effected through the medium of a strong spiral or coach spring, or by means of a counterbalanced compound lever, the amount of tension in the latter case being regulated by moving the weight nearer to or farther from the fulcrum. No absolute rules can be made as to the amount of tension necessary on the blade, as this depends largely on the size and nature of the wood, the gauge, width, and condition of saw, and rate of feed of the wood. If the rate of feed is fast, the tension of the saw must be increased to enable it to face the wood without buckling. Great tension is bad, and often leads to fractures, especially if there should be any small cracks in the blade, a condition often found in saws of hard or crystalline steel. More tension on the saw should not be given than is required to keep it to the line. The shde should be so evenly elastic that, should the saw meet an obstruction and give a jump, the spring or lever compensating arrange- ment would give with it, and so save a fracture. Saw GtUIDes.— One of the chief troubles found in the early band-sawing machine for logs was the diffi- BAND-SA WING MACHINES FOR HEA VY TIMBER. 353 cultj of keeping the saw blade in a true vertical line when sawing heavy timber. This has now^ how- ever^ been in a large degree surmounted by means which we will briefly discuss. In the first place it is important that the saw be guided and supported as it enters and leaves the wood. This has been done in a variety of ways. The best with which we are acquainted is to fit in the table an adjustable metallic friction revolving guide wheel to receive the back thrust of the saw, and an adjustable guide fitted immediately be- neath the table^ with a similar guide arranged in an adjustable counterbalanced slide, fixed immediately above the surface of the wood. If the work is very difficult two pairs of movable steel rollers placed immediately above the cut and below the table can be used. With these revolving rollers the friction is very small, and the saw is supported considerably. The ordinary flat adjustable guides are usually of wood. Apple or pear wood soaked in oil is suitable, but some makers use plates of steel. In sawing resinous woods, where it is necessary to keep the blade clean by lubri- cating it_, the writer has nsed with advantage an oil-box guide. This is made in gun-metal, and consists chiefly of two flat oil-boxes, placed one on each side of the saw. The sides of the boxes nearest the saw blade are made adjustable, and drilled with a number of small holes, through which the oil can percolate. Hard brushes can also be fixed to sweep the blade clean at the back of the machine with advantage. The packing pieces^ whether of wood or metal, should be adjusted so as to just touch the blade on either side, and so prevent its undue vibration in working. Another plan to keep the saw to the line is to deflect the blade as it enters and A A 354 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINER V. leaves the cut by means of side friction rollers placed on a spindle vertically and made to bear against it. The revolving steel roller receiving the back thrust of the blade must be capable of adjustment, as the duty is very severe, and the blade must not be allowed to cut too deeply into it, or it will have a tendency to heat and twist the blade. The roller need not be more than ^ in. thick ; it should be about 4 in. diameter, made of hardened steel, fitted on a steel spindle carefully mounted in phosphor-bronze bearings. These, together with the lower side guides, can be mounted with advantage on a bracket arranged to swivel so that the guide may be readily adjusted to the plane of the saw blade. We illustrate in fig. 49 an improved form of guide and guide arm, of American origin, in which the pivot is in line with the teeth of the saw, but slightly to one side, and it is stated that the amount of move- ment which this position entails upon the cutting edge of the saw is so slight as to be immaterial. The hardened steel roller is fitted between steel plates ; the outside plate is f in. thick, with a slot cut in it to make room for the nut on the roller. This outside plate is bolted to the guide casting by three stud bolts, which pass through adjusting steel plugs, thus enabling the distance between the plates to be altered at will. The upper and lower edges of the plates are bevelled as shown, and the side guides, which are gibs of brass or steel, are slipped on and screwed fast. The whole guide is then pivoted close to the cutting edge of the saw, and by loosening one nut the guide may be adjusted by the handle shown at the back whilst the saw is in motion. BANDS A WING MACHINES FOR HE A VY TIMBER. 355 We have seen anotlier very good guide, consisting of a hard steel disc arranged to rotate on its axis, so as to present fresh wearing surfaces to the back of the saw. The side guides are two half discs, which are made to embrace the sides of the saw, and can be readily adjusted by a screw when the saw is in motion. Timber Carriage. — This is usually a table of wrought iron running on friction rollers or rails, and operated by steam, rack and pinion, or friction gearing. FIG. 49. — GUIDE AND ARM. It should be fitted with adjustable sliding heads and dogs for holding the timber firmly in position, and be speeded to travel from, say, 5 ft. to 100 ft. per minute, according to the size and nature of the wood to be sawn. By means of a hand lever and suitable friction gear the traverse of the table may be readily started, stopped, or reversed, as may be required. By the employment of a friction disc the rate of feed may be regulated to a nicety. Rope feeds and feeds similar to those used in rack saw benches are also used, but care A A 2 356 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINER V. must be taten that the speed of the feed is not excessive, or the saw blade may be buckled and broken, as, being of much thinner gauge and usually running at a slower speed than a circular saw, it will not stand so much ' crowding.' The levers and hand wheels controlling the stopping, starting, feeding, and adjusting of the logs should be placed so as to be readily under the control of the operator, and as near together as may be. In the most advanced machines the head blocks can be simultaneously moved by a lever, and the thickness of the cut regulated to the greatest exactness by means of an indexed gauge plate. Band Saw Blades. — It need hardly be said that no matter how well a machine be designed and made, unless the cutting tool is of the finest quality the result is always unsatisfactory. What is required in a band saw is toughness combined with a certain degree of hardness. If the blade be too soft it will not stand to its work, and will require constant sharpening. If it be too hard it will crystallise and break; it must, however, be sufB.ciently hard to keep well its cutting edge. French bandsaws have long been held in the best repute, but some English firms are now making very good ones. It is not easy to distinguish by in- spection the quality or temper of a saw blade, and a user must necessarily rely to a great extent on the repute of the saw maker. Not a bad test is to ^ hammer set ' a few of the teeth coarsely, and if the temper is too hard a tooth will probably crack. The gauge of the saw should be in proportion to the diameter of the saw wheels and the nature of the work. A thin gauge saw will stand better than a thick one, therefore a saw of a greater gauge than is required to BANDS A WING MACHINES FOR HEA VY TIMBER. 357 stand up to the work should not be selected ; but for cutting hard, close-grained woods, such as oak, beech, &c., a thicker saw Avill be required than for medium and soft woods. Long blades will stand better than short ones. To do thoroughly satisfactory work a band saw should have teeth correct in shape, and the blade be uniform in gauge, width, toothing, sharpening, setting, and temper. The question as to the shape of the teeth is a matter not easily dealt with, as it should be regulated by the nature of the wood they have to cut. Teeth with square or angular gullets should be avoided, as they are more likely to crack at the roots of the teeth than those with rounded gullets. For con- verting ordinary timber a saw with teeth similar to fig. 50 is suitable. For sawing oak, ash, elm, and hard woods generally ^ more teeth should be used than for soft wood, and these filed farther back. For woods of woolly fibre, such as poplar, saws with deep teeth and coarse space and set should be employed, to allow an easy clearance for the sawdust, and overcome its cling- ing properties. Coarse teeth and set should also be used for cutting pitch pine. For soft woods ordinary hand-saw teeth are often used. It is important that all the saw teeth be sharpened and set alike. Witji this object in view, automatic sharpening and setting machines have been introduced with satisfactory 1 See Saw Mills, Their Arrangement and Management, by M. Powis FIG. 50. — SAW TEETH FOB OEDINAEY TIMBEB. Bale. 358 WO OD- WORKING MA CHINER V. results. A suitable gauge for saws 8 in. wide for cutting soft and medium woods is 17 S.W.G. with a pitch of about 1| in. The amount of set should vary according to the density of the wood, the harder the wood the less the amount of set necessary and the greater the number of teeth. For converting very hard woods^ such as iron wood^ the author prefers fine- toothed and set mill saws to either circular or band saws. For sawing deals, band-sawing machines carry- ing two blades have been introduced into this country with success^ a cutting speed of about 6 ft. per minute being maintained, with a kerf loss of about ^ in. for each cut. It is very important, in order to secure an even motion on the saw blade^ that the brazing be very completely done^, and that the joint be of exactly the same thickness as the rest of the blade. Speed of Saw Blade. — The question of the speed of the blade is a factor of considerable importance in securing efiicient working. A short saw running over medium-sized wheels cannot^ with safety, be run so fast as a long saw running over large ones, by several thousand feet per minute. A speed of from 5,000 ft. to 10,000 ft. per minute — according to the nature of the work and construction of the machine — may be con- sidered a fair margin. Notes on Working. — Keep the saw to a moderate tension and see that the wheel coverings are not al- lowed to get rough or worn. When sawing resinous woods,, keep the blade as clean as possible by lubri- cating and brushing it. After taking a cut the log should be set back very slightly, so as to clear the teeth of the saw, as the table runs back, preparatory to taking another cut. The saw should never be BAND-SA WING MACHINES FOR HEA VY TIMBER. 359 crowded with too quick a feed, or it will twist and buckle and not cut true and regular. Emerson, an American manufacturer of saws, gives tlie following instructions for straightening band saws. If band saws contain lumps or twists, put them on the wheels, and at the tension they are to be run. Use a hght, oval- faced hand-hammer for thin, narrow saws, a heavier hammer for wider and thicker ones, and a short straight-edge, say 6 in. long, for narrow saws, and a longer one for wide saws. The tongue of a carpenter s or machinist's try square, if straight, will answer. Go over the saw carefully with the straight-edge, and mark the lumps and high places on both sides of the saw. Now hold the oval face (end) of a carpenter's or millwright's mallet against the side of the saw, exactly on the opposite side from the marked places, which should be marked with chalk. You will find that a few light blows against the saw opposite the smooth face of the mallet will knock out the lumps. Work on both marked sides as you go along, watching very caref ully with your straight-edge as you proceed, and you will at once see that the lumps or high places begin to dis- appear. If jour saw has been sprung edgewise by gumming or cutting out the teeth with a press gummer, take most of the weight ofP the saw, so as only to have barely tension enough to hold the saw straight on its sides; use a long straight-edge, say 18 in. to 20 m long, and be sure that it is straight. If the back ot the saw is found to be hollowing, hold the face of a heavy hand-hammer against one side of the saw, and, with a lighter hand-hammer, hammer the blade against the face of the large hand-hammer, commencing at the edge of the saw near the back, working towards the 36o WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. roots of the teeth, thus stretching the saw at the back. Striking light blows on a thin, narrow saw, and heavier ones on a wide, thick saw, will soon bring them straight on the back. The principle of this operation is that you stretch the steel at the back of the saw. A band saw will work badly if the cutting edge becomes stretched so that it is hollow-backed. It will work much better if the back is stretched a little longer than the cutting-edge, so that it will be a trifle rounding on the back (but not too much). Then, when the saw is strained up, the cutting-edge will be a little tighter than the back. With a little practice, care, and per- severance, any ordinary mechanic can make a good job, with tools that he can pick up in almost any shop or mill using band saws, and will be surprised to learn how quickly he can go over a saw, and how much he can improve the working of it. Unless you want to stretch the saw^ use wood and not iron or steel to hammer against. Circular and Band Saws Compared. — Circular saws for breaking down heavy timber, when compared with band saws used for the same purpose, possess the advantage of greater output, and are perhaps a little more easily managed. On the other hand, the band saw uses much less power and wastes much less wood. The first cost of a good rack-feed saw bench and a band saw for logs is slightly in favour of the former. In America^ where circular saws are used of much thicker gauge than they are here, the saving in power and wood through using a band saw is correspondingly greater. In sawing pine the average output on a first- rate circular saw in America may be set down at about 40,000 ft. per day of ten hours, whilst a band saw in BANDS A WING MACHINES FOR HE A VY TIMBER. 361 the same time would produce about 30,000 ft. We believe these figures have been exceeded, but think they may be taken as a fair average. An American authority, in comparing circular and band saws, says that * the kerf of circular saws average y^-g in., and in sawing 1,000 ft. of inch boards 312 ft. is turned into sawdust. The average kerf of the band saw is about iV in., and in sawing the same amount of boards it turns 83 ft. into sawdust. This shows a clear saving of 229 ft. in favour of the band saw on every 1,000 ft.^ and on 1,000,000 ft. of 229,000 ft.,' an enormous saving to say the least. The figures here given must, how- ever, be very considerably discounted when applied to this country^ as the circular saws in use here are of very much thinner gauge ; but supposing a reduction of 50 per cent., and the saving is still very great. This is, of course, particularly the case when valuable woods are converted. Again, if the band-sawing machine is carefully made and handled, the work produced is superior to that of the circular saw. This may be chiefly accounted for through the greater freedom from vibration of the band saw when cutting. As the advantages arising from the employment of band saws become better known and appreciated, there is little doubt that they will, on their merits, rapidly supersede large circular saws for converting heavy logs. The illustration fig. 51 represents a log band-sawing machine from the designs of Messrs. A. Eansome & Co. The main frame of the machine is of massive construc- tion, to overcome the vibration of working. The saw wheels are of large diameter, and made of wrought iron or steel cased with wood, to combine, as far as may be, strength with lightness. The lower wheel is made 362 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. heavier than the top one, to prevent the saw over- running when entering the cut. The saw-wheel spindles are of steel running in bearings placed close up on each side the saw wheels, so as to take up immediately the strain of the saw when working. The bearings are made of estra length, so that the pressure is distributed over an increased area, and excessive friction is avoided. The top saw pulley is made adjust- able, and a proper working tension is given to the saw blade by means of a compound weighted lever. Adjust- able packing boxes are placed immediately above and below the cut, to guide and support the saw when at work and prevent it running irom the line. The machine is fitted with a variable feed motion, actuated by a frictional disc arrangement, and speeded at from 5 ft. to 50 ft. per minute feed, with a return motion of 250 ft. per minute. Speed of saw 7,000 ft. per minute. no. 51.-Loa ban'd-sawing machine. Back of Foldout Not Imaged 3^3 CHAPTEE XLII. THE CONSTEUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OP BAND- SAWING MACHINES. Many of our remarks on log band-sawing machines will apply also to those of ordinary construction, but we may say that, to make a really efficient machine, the main framing should be rigid and cast in one piece, and of a height not greater than is absolutely required for working. Hollow or ' box ' framing is to be preferred, but for light machines a stout flange casting may be sufficient ; the base of the machine should be extended, and, given these, freedom from excessive vibration in working may be secured. To insure easy manipulation of the wood, it will be necessary to bow the main frame sufficiently to allow of ample space between it and the saw. The next most important point is the construction of the saw wheels. These should be of as large a diameter as may be convenient, and combine strength with lightness in the highest possible degree, and be perfectly in balance. An elastic rubber band or cushion must also be provided for the saw to ride on. In the best practice the old cast-iron flanged wheels have given place to light steel or wrought-iron ones, made somewhat after the fashion of bicycle wheels and 364 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. without flanges. The top wheel is arranged to cant, thus directing the saw to run on any part of the peri- phery and equalising the wear on the elastic covering. The top saw wheel must be mounted elastically, and the author has found for heavy machines two pairs of bearings — mounted in a slide for the tqp wheel, and in standards or pedestals for the bottom wheel — to be preferable to single bearings or the plan of mounting the wheel to run on studs. To keep the saw to its proper tension, and lessen the breakage of the blades, a weighted counterbalance lever, or a spring arrangement, must in all cases be fitted to the top slide. An ex- tremely important matter is the guiding and supporting of the saw blade as it enters and leaves the wood ; this may be done by fitting in the table metallic friction guide wheels to receive the back thrust of the saw, an adjustable wooden guide immediately beneath the table and a similar guide fitted in an adjustable counter- balanced slide fixed immediately above the surface of the wood. The table must, of course, be arranged to set to angle : this is usually done by means of a slotted quad- rant and stud, but the trouble of unslacking the nut and uncertainty of fixing the table may be obviated by forming a worm on the quadrant, and working it by a worm and hand wheel. The table can thus be set to any desired angle with the greatest nicety. Before commencing work, the machine should be carefully fixed to a dead level, and it would be well to place beneath the base-plate a sheet of felt, as this has a tendency to absorb and lessen the vibration in working, especially if the machine be placed on an upper floor. BREAKAGE OF BAND-SAW BLADES. 365 THE BREAKAGE OP BAND-SAWS. Why do band saws break ? that is the question. Many people would probably say because they are not strong enough ; but when we consider that the limit of endurance of a jointed and strained band saw blade is not less than 180 lbs. for every ^ of its width, some- thing beyond fair usage must account for their constant breakage. I take it the chief causes of breakage may be set down as follows : — 1. Improperly or badly constructed machines. 2. Bad saws. 3. Saws of too thick a gauge for the diameter of the wheels. 4. Saw wheels too small, too heavy, or out of balance. 5. Want of elastic tension in mounting the saAv wheels. 6. Too great or sudden a tension, or wheel covering worn, or out of order. 7. In overcoming the inertia of starting the top wheel, and from the top wheel overrunning the bottom wheel and saw. 8. From the expansion of working and the omis- sion to loosen the saw blade as it contracts after finish- ing work. 9. Improper method of receiving the back thrust of the saw. 10. From imperfect brazing and the joint being thicker than the other part of the blade. 11. From chips dropping between the blade and the bottom saw wheel. 12. Insufficient guides for the saw as it enters or leaves the cut. 366 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. 13. Improper teeth or width of blade for the wood or work to be done. 14. Improper and uneven sharpening and setting. 15. Improper speed. 16. Improper working, such as forcing the saw, using dull saws, &c. There may be other reasons for breakage than above, but these are the chief ones the writer can call to mind at the moment ; practical readers can add to the list. Referring to cause of breakage No. 1 on the list, we have already given some notes on the points to be desired in a well-constructed machine which will suffi- ciently answer this. With reference to band saws (No. 2), the user has to a great extent to place himself in the hands of the saw-maker, as it is difficult to distinguish by inspection the quality or temper of a saw blade. By bending the blade or by setting some of the teeth coarsely you can in a degree judge its elasticity as to its temper^ as, should it be too hard, it would probably crack. A blade either too hard or too soft is useless ; what is re- quired in a band saw is toughness,, and a certain degree of hardness combined. (3) A fruitful cause of breakage of the blades is the use of band saws of too thick a gauge for the size of the saw wheels on which they run. The blades when in work are subjected to several severe strains, the chief of which are bending and torsional ; this is particularly the case when thick saws are run on wheels of small diameter, as the arc of contact of the saw and wheel is too sharp. It is a mistake to use thick saws ; a thin gauge saw will stand better than a thick one. MANAGEMENT OF BAND-SAWS 367 4. As we have elsewhere remarked, saw wheels of small diameter are to be avoided. We prefer to run wheels without flanges on them. 5. A very important point in working band saws is to secure a constant and even tension on the saw blade ; at the same time the ten- sion should be elastic, and not rigid, to allow for the ex- pansion and contraction of the saw, as the friction of working sets up heat, which causes the blade to ex- pand, and when the machine is at rest, and the blade becomes cool, it contracts again. Should the saw catch in a knot or nail and give a jump, if the top saw wheel is mounted rigidly it will almost invariably snap, but should it be elastically mounted it will give with the saw, and so save its fracture. 6. Some operators run their saws at too great a ten- sion, and should this be suddenly increased by the saw striking some hard substance, fracture is the result ; or if the elastic saw wheel covering is allowed to get worn the saw becomes twisted in running and breakage often ensues. This latter can be avoided by arranging the top saw wheel to cant, and so leading the saw to any part of the periphery, and thus equalising the wear of the rubber covering. Should saws be mn at too great tension, the excessive friction rapidly alters the granular struc- ture of the steel, which becomes crystallised and soon cracks and fractures. 7. In working band-sawing machines it is im- portant that they should be set in motion gradually, more particularly where the wheels are of the old- fashioned type and heavy, as it takes a little time to overcome the inertia of the top saw wheel, and if the power is applied all at once there is a considerable ten- dency to snap the blade from the sudden strain put 368 WO OB- WORKING MA C MINER Y. upon it. To overcome tliis, striking or belt gear can be worked by means of a very coarse screw. This can also be applied to the starting of heavy planing machines with decided advantage. A fruitful cause of breakage of the blades is the overrunning by the top wheel of the bottom or driving wheel of the saw, and also of the saw itself. When the top saw wheel is running at full speed it necessarily acquires a considerable momentum, and acts somewhat after the fashion of a fly wheel ; consequently, when the speed of the saw blade is suddenly checked by its entry into the wood as it commences to saw, the acquired momentum of the top wheel not being checked in a like proportion overruns the saw and the driving wheel, and creeps, so to speak, up the back of the saw, and consequently buckles or breaks it at the point of resistance, viz. where the saw enters the wood. The remedy for this is to construct the top saw wheel as light as possible, make it in perfect balance, mount it elastically, and cover it with a thick band — say | in. — of vulcanised indiarubber. These arrangements will neutralise to a considerable degree the sudden strain put on the saw at starting, and largely obviate the over- running above alluded to. 8. Saw blades should in all cases be slackened out after finishing worh. Notwithstanding the small area of the blade in f rictional contact with the wood, and the con- stant cooling action of the air through which the saw passes, a considerable amount of heat is often engendered in the blade, especially in sawing resinous or difficult woods. Consequently, the blade expands considerably, and the slack is taken up by the ope- rator. When the work is over, and the friction on the MANAGEMENT OF BAND SAWS. blade removed, it immediately commences to contract. Should it not be at liberty to do this, from the tension not being removed, cracks at the roots of the teeth are the result ; consequently, when the saw is started again it flies. When rubbers are put on the wheels new they may give sufficiently to allow of the necessary contrac- tion, but when they become worn and hard or where leather coverings are used, the above is usually the result. 9. Another cause of the breakage of the blades is an improper method of receiving their back thrust. The best way to do this has been the subject of consider- able discussion. We prefer to fit revolving steel discs for this purpose, as the back of the saw blade does not so readily cut into them as with fixed ones. If a disc is allowed to get deeply grooved, the blade gets buckled and twisted, and often breaks. 10. Imperfect brazing is another cause of breakage. To secure a steady and even motion on the saw blade, it is important that the brazing be carefully and neatly done (see p. 338). 11. Chips may be prevented dropping between the saw blade and the bottom wheel by attaching an angular guard to the frame of the machine. 12. No comment is needed with respect to in- sufficient guides. 13. The proper shape and pitch of the teeth is a matter of great moment in the successful working of band saws. Should teeth be used unsuited to the wood being cut, a largely increased friction on the blade is set up, the teeth are rapidly dulled or broken, and the work turned out is inferior. For sawing all ordinary woods of the Firms family ordinary hand saw teeth are B B 370 WOOD- WORKING MA C MINER V. suitable^ except for pitch pine ; for working this wood coarsely spaced and set teeth are suitable. We can recommend for durability saws with gullet teeth, that is, rounded at the root, as they are less liable to fracture than saws with the roots running to an angle, as the fracture in the blade is found almost invariably to commence at the point of this angle. Owing, however, to small gullet teeth being more troublesome to sharpen, the hand saw teeth are now largely em- ployed. For sawing oak, ash, elm, and hard woods generally, more teeth or points, say five or six to the inch, should be used, and these filed farther back. For heavy sawing, peg teeth with round gullets are to be preferred. For woods of woolly fibre, such as English poplar, saws with deep teeth should be used, with coarse space, and set to allow an easy clearance for the sawdust and overcome its clinging properties. Saws of a width suited to the work should be used, and wide saws should never be twisted round sharp curves, or they will buckle and run out of truth. For straight work a wider saw may be used with advantage. 14. Care must be taken that the saw teeth are uniformly set and sharpened. Uneven and improper setting causes a considerable amount of tension to the saw blade, increased friction crystallising the steel, and consequent breakage. The teeth of band saws should by preference be set by light, carefully given blows, instead of bending, which, unless very carefully per- formed, is more liable to buckle the blades and prevent them running true. Several little machines are now made, by which saws can be accurately set to any desired coarseness by a blow similar to that given by a hammer instead of by a bending pressure. A band saw sharpening machine has also been constructed, which MANAGEMENT OF BAND SA WS. 371 automatically sharpens all the teeth alike. Bj im- proving the quality of the work and reducing the fric- tion on^ and consequent breakage of, the saw blades, these machines should very rapidly earn their first cost. 15. The speed at which the saw blade travels has much to do with its cutting efficiency. Saws running on small wheels, say, below 3 ft. diameter^ cannot be run with safety so fast as on larger wheels. Speaking generally^ saw blades working on wheels up to 3 ft. diameter can be run up to 4,500 ft. per minute for soft and medium woods, that is, presupposing a well-con- structed machine to be used. For sawing hard woods up to 3,500 ft. per minute, with saw wheels above 3 ft. diameter, these speeds may be increased. 16. We need hardly say a bad workman may break any amount of saws by forcing them^ bending them edgeways, using dull saws, or saws too wide or stout for the work, &c. If in working a properly sharpened and set blade should have a tendency to bind, it pro- bably arises from insufficiency of throat room in the teeth. It would be well, therefore, to try a saw with the teeth set a little further apart : this will not cut quite so fast, but the sawdust will have time to escape, and the binding should be done away with. In concluding our remarks on working band saws, there is little doubt that — given in the first instance a well-constructed machine, a careful operator, and a saw blade uniform in gauge, width, toothing, sharpening, setting, and temper — a band sawing machine is one of the most money-earning and valuable of all wood-work- ing machines, not only for the ordinary curved work, for which it is generally used, but for breaking down heavy logs. B B 2 372 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINER Y, CHAPTEE XLIII. CIECULAE, SAWS : THEIR ADJUSTMENT AND MANAGEMENT. As good saws cannot run properly in a bad raachine, it may be as well to consider briefly, in the first place, what points of construction are to be desired in a really efficient saw bench. In the most advanced practice the main frame is invariably made on the ^ box ' system, and cast in one piece, and there is little doubt that the strains and vibrations of working are thus more readily absorbed than is the case where the frame is put together in sections. The face and edges of the table must be truly planed. We now come to a very important matter in all wood-working machines, viz. the bearings ; and we cannot help thinking that, having in mind the constant and severe strains to which they are subjected, the majority of them in this country are made much too short : the bearing surface is thus limited, and con- sequently the pressure on it is very great. In America long bearings have been the rule for years, and some few English firms are at length introducing the system, with the result that, owing to the pressure being dis- tributed, the friction and consequent heating and wear are reduced and their longevity largely increased. In preference to white metal alloys as used in the CIRCULAR SAWS. 373 States, gun-metal and phosphor-bronze are the materials usually employed here, and a bearing of from three to four diameters in length can be recommended. For all saws above 30 in. in diameter, three sets of bearings should be fitted, one of these being placed outside the driving pulleys to overcome the pull of the belt. The author recommended that this latter bearing be made adjustable for wear ; this can readily be done by dividing the bearing vertically and unevenly, and by passing set screws through the side of the pedestal. In large benches, at any rate, it will be found convenient to let the bearings in from the top of the bench and fit in false plates in preference to fitting them in plummer blocks bolted to the under surface of the frame. To insure the saw spindle running true, all bearings should be bored out in their places instead of in a lathe as is occasionally done. The saw spindle should be of steel and free from seams or hard places, and fitted with an adjustable lock-nut to take up the end wear. The saw collars and steady pin should be very care- fully made, and the latter be an easy fit, or it may throw the saw slightly out of centre. The hole in which the pin is fitted should be countersunk. The fence should be very accurately planed, arranged to bevel, and fitted with strips and fine adjustment screw for accurately gauging the thickness of the cut. In heavy machines, a lever pressure roller and weight for holding the wood up to the fence will be necessary ; and the drag-rope, roller, chain, rack, or other feed for taking the wood through the saw is usually fitted. We take it a very important factor in the efiective working of circular saw benches is found in the diameter and width of the driving pulleys employed. Many of these 374 WOOD- WORKING MA C MINER Y. are undoubtedly made of too small a diameter and too narrow on the face for the work they have to perform ; on this point we shall have something to say further on. These pulleys should be crowned on the face, and the pulley driving them flat, and of a width equal to both of them. With reference to the loose pulleys on saw benches, there is little doubt that they are amongst the most troublesome things in a saw-mill to keep in order, and it may not be out of place to say a few words thereon. In the first place, they are not always properly designed for the work they have to perform, the same pattern being used for all kinds of duty. For use on saw benches, where the speeds are high and the belts often heavy, the pulleys should in all cases be bored and rhymered perfectly true. If an ordinary loose pulley be used, the boss should be extended so as to project, say, an inch beyond the rim of the pulley ; the inside of the boss should be recessed and an oil way cut. The pulley should fit the shaft easily but not loosely, so as to admit of a thin film of oil penetrating between the pulley and the shaft, the object being for the pulley to ride on the oil and not on the shaft. For use in saw benches, the loose pulley can, with advantage, be made of less diameter than the fast, so that the driving belt is relieved from strain when not at work, and has time to recover its elasticity ; it is usual in this case to make the loose pulley with an inclined flange leading up to the fast pulley to facilitate the shafting of the belt.* The oil-holes should in all cases be of ample size, and either a lubricator or pipe fitted. The lubrication should be • Saw-mills : Their Ari'angement and Management. By M. Powis Bale. CIRCULAR SAWS. 375 canefuUy attended to, especially when the pulley is new ; should it once be allowed to seize, it will require re-rhymering, or it will be constantly giving trouble. If properly fitted and lubricated, cast iron makes an excellent wearing surface ; a little fine plumbago intro- duced into the oil will keep it longer in the bearing, and by filling up the little pores in the iron, produce a fine, smooth surface. Should the loose pulley be made " of less diameter than the tight, the difference should not be great, say not more than 1 in., or, in shifting the belt from the loose on to the tight, it will become unevenly stretched on the one side, and be apt to run out of truth. In many cases it will be found an excellent plan to arrange the loose pulley to run on a sleeve of cast iron. A patent in this direction has been taken out, of which we hear satisfactory results. In this plan the boss of the loose pulley is somewhat en- larged, and made to revolve on a sleeve instead of on the shaft itself. The pulley boss is recessed to form an oil chamber, and the oil is supplied in the usual way through a pipe, and is prevented from leaving the bear- ing by means of a flange fitted to the end of the boss, and by the centrifugal force engendered when the pulley is set in motion, which causes the oil to fly immediately to the largest diameter, which is the working or rubbing face of the sleeve. Tight belts, often too narrow for the work, are a fruitful cause of loose pulleys grinding on the shaft and getting out of order. The author has recently patented a system of bushing loose pulleys with glass^ which has every appearance of being highly successful. In this case the bush is crenated in such a manner that a supply of lubricating material— of which very little is required — is retained in it. 376 WO OD- WORKING MA CHINER Y. Circular saws may run out of truth from a great variety of causes, amongst which the following are perhaps the chief, but practical operators will be able to add to the list : — 1. Saws of too thin a gauge for the work. 2. Irregular setting. 3. Improper form of teeth for the work. 4. Too rapid a feed of the timber. 5. Improper sharpening of the teeth. 6. Teeth of an improper pitch, or with insuflBcient gulley space to allow sawdust to escape freely. 7. Saw plate unevenly ' balanced,' or improperly hung. 8. Saw becoming * buckled ' through overheating from the friction of the wood or heat from bear- ings &c. 9. Collar or steady pin of saw spindle out of truth. 10. Saw plate of too mild a temper or untruly ground. 11. Saw not compensated, hammered, or distorted enough when cold — by the maker — to run true when warm and at its full speed. 12. Too much ' lead' or rake on the saw teeth. 13. Saw teeth allowed to get out of space or shape. 14. Too long a saw guide or fence, causing binding of the wood. 15. Improper packing of the saw. 16. Binding of the timber through not being ' opened out ' as it leaves the saw, or other causes. 17. Chips getting between saw and packing pieces. 18. Through end play on the spindle. 19. Driving pulley on the saw spindle being of too small diameter, or too narrow on face, causing slipping CIRCULAR SAWS. 377 of belt and consequent marking on the wood, or run- ning driving belts at too short centres. 20. Using a * frozen ' saw. 21. Saws running at too high or too low a speed. 1. The thinness of the gauge at which a saw may be safely run depends in a large measure on the nature of the wood being cut and the skill of the operator in selecting the right shaped tooth, sharpening and ' pack- ing ' the saw properly, and keeping it in what may be termed scientific order. In America thick gauge ' distorted ' saws, run with guide pegs, but without packing, have been the fashion, but, as this means loss of power and wood, they will, as wood becomes dearer, doubtless give way in favour of thinner ones. In selecting a saw, what is required is one of a gauge not so thick as to waste unnecessarily power or wood, or so thin as to give constant trouble to keep in order. It must also be borne in mind that the thinner the gauge of the saw, the more teeth will be required to allow of the same amount of feed ; the power required will, however, be increased in ratio. A thick saw can be run at a higher speed than a thin one, as it expands less rapidly from the centrifugal force set up, and is less likely to become ' rim ' or ' centre ' bound. 2. Irregular setting is a frightful cause of saws running from the line and turning out bad work. Set- ting by rule of thumb is a stupid and wasteful plan ; in all cases a gauge should be used, whether spring, hammer, or spread setting be employed. In working, it is found that the teeth of a saw wear at the side of the points, and if some teeth have more set than others, these are strained unduly, and rapidly worn away, and 378 IVO on- WORKING MA CHINER Y. from the severe and uneven friction are often heated, and are inclined to buckle and run from the line. The operator must exercise his judgment as to the amount of set required to suit different kinds or conditions of wood, as it is both useless and wasteful to give a saw more set than is absolutely necessary. Care must be taken that both sides of the saw are set alike ; should one be set more than the other the teeth will, of course, lead or run from the line. 3. If teeth of an improper form or unsuited to the nature of the wood being cut are used, we need hardly say that a great amount of friction is set up ; in some cases the teeth are broken, and the result is in every way unsatisfactory. Teeth of almost any shape and in any condition can be driven through the wood by sheer force, but this is mangling, not sawing. What is re- quired are teeth of the correct shape for the nature of the wood sawn, and equal in pitch, space, bevel, gullet, length, and set. This list may appear a long one, but users will find that any reasonable amount of time spent in keeping saws in fine condition, and working them in a scientific manner, is a very paying investment, the result being more work of better quality, less wear and tear and expenditure of power. The question of the shape and cutting action of saw teeth is a scien- tific matter of much importance to timber converters, but it would require many drawings and much space to discuss the subject fully. We may say, speaking generally, that for cutting soft wood the angles of the teeth should be more or less acute^ according to its softness, and those for medium and hard wood more obtuse in ratio to the varying densities of the wood. It may be some little guide to know that when a saw is CIRCULAR SAWS. 379 cutting ^ sweetly ' it should produce extremely minute chips like those from a mortise chisel, and not very fine sawdust; if the latter is made the saw is scraping, not cutting. Whatever teeth are selected, should they spring or tremble in work, it may safely be concluded that they are unsuited to the work in some way, possibly either too long or too hooked, or of too thin a gauge. 4. Too rapid a feed of the timber is a matter that can only be judged by the sawyer, and depends entirely on the nature and condition of the wood being cut, the kind of feed gear, and the condition of the saw. Of course no one would attempt to feed hard, frozen, or difficult wood much more than half as fast as soft, and some woods, such as cocus, rosewood, &c., at less than this. If the feed is too fast, the timber will often rise up the back of the saw, and in some cases the sawyer will get a gentle reminder by having it thrown at him, or the saw will become jammed and buckled, or the driving belt thrown off. ' Swaged ' or spread set teeth will stand a quicker feed than spring set. 5. An immense variety of opinions exist as to what is the proper way to sharpen a saw, almost every operator having ideas of his own, good, bad, and in- different, chiefly the last two ; consequently we find an immense quantity of badly and improperly sharpened saws. We ourselves thoroughly believe in sharpening with a machine with which there is no difficulty in getting each tooth of the saw alike in its cutting angle, pitch and depth of gullet. The great point to aim at, whether emery wheels or files are used, is to sharpen each tooth so that it will take its allotted share of work ; to effect this, the cutting angles of the teeth 38o WOOD- WORKING MA CHINE R Y. must, together with the set, be exactly uniform. It is impossible, however, to properly describe the operation of sharpening in writing without an elaborate system of drawings. To keep all the teeth uniform we can strongly recommend the use of sheet steel standard templates of several teeth; by mounting these in a light, adjustable, radial arm, fixed on the sharpening stud, and made to bear flat against the saw plate at the periphery, the exact shape and depth of the teeth can be obtained from the template by traversing the saw round by hand. 6. A fruitful cause of saws buckling and running from the line is the insufficiency of throat space in the teeth; consequently the sawdust cannot escape fast enough, and becomes clogged. The teeth should also be all of equal length ; if not the longest teeth get the most work, and the cutting power of the saw much lessened. The length of the teeth should be regulated by the nature of the wood being sawn ; for instance, for sawing sappy or fibrous woods, long, sharp teeth are necessary, but these must not be too long or they spring? aud perhaps break in work. The author is of opinion that many of the saws in use in Europe carry too many teeth, and he is in favour of the American system of using fewer teeth— if not carried to excess — as more throat space is given to the clearance of the sawdust, and less power is required to drive. The throat space of saw teeth should be varied according to the depth of the wood being cut, as it will be seen at a glance that teeth with a sufficient throat space to allow sawdust to escape freely in sawing 18 in. deep would probably be- come jammed in sawing double that depth. For gulleting, an emery wheel is much to be pre- CIRCULAR SAWS. 38r ferred to a fly press ; the latter is wasteful and apt to spring the plate when punching out deep gullets. If a saw is kept in good order^ and the teeth are not allowed to get short and stumpy, very little guUeting should be required at one time ; in fact, the gulleting press should be conspicuous by its absence, and only be used for retoothing broken saws. 7. In hanging a saw care should be taken that it does not fit too tightly on the saw spindle or bind the steady pin. A saw, when properly hung, should, in the horizontal line, incline very slightly towards the timber, so that the teeth at the back of the saw may rise without scoring the wood. The saw should be perfectly in balance, that is, ^perfectly round ; if it has teeth of unequal length, size, or shape, it is not properly or scientifically balanced. 8. A very common cause for saws running untrue is the heat conveyed from the bearings through the saw spindle to the eye of the saw, and many plans to get rid of this have been tried. It arises, of course, in the first place from the bearings being out of order, screwed up too tight, or from driving with too narrow a belt, which has to be strained too tightly, or from running at too short centres, which also necessitates a tight belt ; thus undue strain and friction are put on the bearings and heat engendered. These defects can usually be remedied without much trouble. Many schemes for keeping the saw spindle cool have been tried, including one in which it is made hollow, and a stream of water allowed to pass through it and escape at the collar on both sides of the saw, the centrifugal force distributing it over the surface of the plate. To this spindle is fitted a contrivance for relieving the saw 382 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. and allowing a little end play when necessary, and when the saw is through the cut the end play is taken up automatically by means of a weighted lever and knuckle-joint arrangement. For sawing pitch pine and gummy woods which clog the saw plate, this plan of lubricating with water should be decidedly useful, as it keeps the saw clean and cool, and it may consequently be run with less set. With the same object in view the author ,has recently constructed a new form of ventilating bearing, through which a steady current of air passes ; this has been tried, with very satisfactory results. A saw spindle has also been patented, in which the collars are arranged with a circular groove, and several rows of curved grooves extending to the periphery; when the spindle is in motion a current of air enters into the circular grooves and escapes at the holes at the sides of each collar, thus acting somewhat after the fashion of a fan, and keeping the saw spindle cool. It is needless to say especial care should be given to the matter of lubrication. Get an oil with plenty of grease in it, and add one part of finely powdered plumbago to three parts of oil, and, with properly constructed bearings, little trouble should be experienced in keeping them from heating. 9. Bear in mind if the collar of a saw spindle is only slightly out of truth, this is multiplied considerably in a saw of large diameter. Again, a seamy saw spindle with a bit of metal torn up is enough to throw a saw out, or if packing is used between the collars, and it is rucked up or uneven, it will have the same result. Saws are often blamed for cutting untrue, when the fault lies with the collars or pins. The side of the saw nearest the wood should be constantly tried with a CIRCULAR SAWS. 383 straight-edge, and should it be found to bulge in the centre, it will probably arise from the saw collars being out of truth, or improperly concaved. The collars should be carefully tried with a straight-edge, and any inequalities or lumps removed. If the collar attached to the saw spindle — that is, the one nearest the wood — is perfectly flat, have it removed and slightly con- caved, when the bulge in the saw plate will probably disappear. Inequalities in the saw collars may be tem- porarily remedied by introducing one or more paper or thin leather washers between them and the saw plate. If a saw should permanently buckle or bulge even slightly, from any cause, it should be at once hammered, as by use the trouble will be increased, and be more difiicult to remedy. A skilful sawyer can tell by trying a saw with his fingers when running whether it is buckled or out of truth, even if it be only slight. 10. This rests with the saw-maker. All circular saws should be made of the finest quality of steel, com- bining, as far as possible, toughness with hardness, be uniform in temper and gauge, and be ground on a face plate. It is important also that the saw be scientifically hammered, so that the tension or strain is properly dis- tributed. * Cheap ' (?) common saws — in fact, all kinds of woodcutting tools — are dear at any price. No pro- fessional workman will be troubled with them, and no opportunity should be lost of warning the amateur against purchasing inferior articles, which will only be a source of trouble and vexation to him as long as he continues to use them. 11. No. 11 also rests with the saw-maker to a con- siderable extent, but not entirely, as the speed at which 384 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. the saw is run should determine the amount of distor- tion necessary. Thus a saw may be hammered to run perfectly true at a slow rate of speed, say 6,000 ft. per minute, but if this is quickened up to the standard speed, say 9,000 ft. or 10,000 ft. per minute, it may become wavy and pliant, and run out of truth. It therefore follows that, if saws are to be run at any unusual speed, the saw-maker should be so informed, that they may be distorted or hammered to a suitable tension, and the tension uniformly distributed. If a saw is distorted too much, either at the teeth or centre, it will, when subject to improper usage and the friction of sawing, become ' rim-bound ' or * dished ; ' hence the importance of a perfectly adjusted saw to commence with, and the absurdity of expecting fine work from a cheap saw. It is, of course, apparent that the rim of a circular saw runs faster than the eye, and conse- quently heats and expands faster. To overcome this unequal expansion, and allow the saw to expand equally and run true when in work, additional heat is created in the centre by means of * packing ' in this country, whilst in America the same end is attained by distort- ing the saw to a greater extent when hammered by the maker. 12. In sharpening saw teeth with a hook to them, such as is found in the different forms of gullet and briar teeth, care must be taken that too much ' rake ' is not given to the teeth, or they will be found to tremble in work, dig into and draw the wood, and run from the line ; of course, some woods will stand more rake on the saw than others. 13. Allowing teeth to get out of space will, in some cases, make a saw run untrue ; say, alternate spaces CIRCULAR SAWS. set wider than the others ; the teeth following those spaces have more work put upon them, and being set all one way— say, to the right— they naturally pull hardest into the wood in that direction, consequently the saw runs to the right. Hence the necessity of keeping all the teeth uniform in space. This can readily be done by using an adjustable sheet steel template shaped to the teeth in sharpening. 14. The author is of opinion that a not by any means unusual cause of a saw jamming and buckling is the use of too long a saw guide or fence, so that the timber becomes crowded against it and has not room to open out. A fence for rip saw should not, as a rule, project above three or four inches beyond the roots of the saw teeth unless very thin stuff is being sawn. For sawing deals &c. some makers now fit friction rollers in the fences, arranged to project slightly beyond the face of the plate. 15. The proper * packing' of a saw, unless of very thick gauge, is a matter of paramount importance in its effective working. The object of packing, in addition to supporting and lubricating the saw, is to allow it to expand equally from the friction or heat created by the packing rubbing against it. To insure this it is very necessary that the saw is packed evenly and equally. The plan generally pursued in this country is to screw pieces of wood to the finger-plate, and below the saw table on either side of the saw, the wood being rebated to allow the hemp gasket, or other fibrous material, charged with grease, to be packed in tightly on either side. There are a right way and a wrong way of doing even this simple operation, and care should be taken that the packing is put in evenly, and bears uniformly c c 386 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINER V. and without undue pressure on both sides of the front half of the saw. However, in preference to the above, we can strongly recommend the following simple plan : Take either two pieces of hoop iron or strips of hard wood of the length of the saw from the teeth to the eye, and of a width that will reach not quite flush with the top of the table ; then take some flax or rope yarn and lap it evenly round the strips from end to end till they are made thick enough to fill the packing space and bear evenly and not tightly against the whole front half of the saw plate up to the spindle. Instead of packing the back half of the saw, as some do, take two small discs of leather and attach them to the wooden packing pieces which are fitted to the frame of the bench, so that they bear on either side of the saw at the back and near the rim or roots of the teeth, and so steady and guide it. It is a mistake to use much oil in the packing, as this is wasteful and unnecessary. The above will, we think, be found a decided improvement over the plan generally pursued — of ramming down packing on either side of the saw, as this is, at the best, uncertain, as should the packing be tighter at one point than another, or should it be lumpy, the friction on the saw plate is uneven, and it will often cause it to run * wavy ' and out of truth. 16. In sawing woolly-fibred and difiicult timber special means should be taken to open them out as they leave the saw. This is usually done by the sawyer with wedges driven into the kerf by hand : this is often neglected, thereby causing many a saw to jamb and buckle. To obviate this, the use of a revolving opening wedge can be recommended ; this should be fixed im- mediately behind and in the same line as the saw. CIRCULAR SAWS. 387 The wedge should be made preferably of steel, circular in form, and say half an inch thick at its centre, tapered down to a blunt edge at its circumference, its diameter being regulated by the size of the saw. It can either be arranged to project through the face of the bench, or be mounted on centres at the end of a lever, and suspended behind the saw. The wedge as it enters the cut is revolved by the friction of the wood, and thus relieves the saw from a considerable amount of side friction. Instead of a revolving wedge a fixed steel spreading-knife or wedge can be employed ; in any case something of the kind is certainly to be recommended, as it tends to relieve the saw considerably, and is always there when wanted. 18. End play on the saw spindle should be pre- vented; this can be done by means of an adjustable lock-nut. 19. The use of driving pulleys too small in diameter and too narrow on the face is a fruitful cause of saws buckling^ on account of the heat set up in the bearings through the use of narrow belts^ which have to be strained excessively tight to drive ; consequently, the undue pressure and friction on the bearings cause excessive heat, which is conveyed through the spindle to the saw plate. At the same time the belts themselves very much more rapidly deteriorate. Wide single belts are to be preferred to narrow double ones. In Ame- rican practice the pulleys for driving circular saws are made somewhat larger in diameter and much wider on the face than they are here ; consequently, the arc of contract,, grip of the belt, and driving power are in- creased and the slip largely reduced. Although we are aware that they are considerably c c 2 388 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY wider than most of those in use here^ it may be taken as a good and safe rule that pulleys on saw benches carrying saws up to say 4 ft. diameter should have driving pulleys wide enough to carry belts of a width of one-fourth the diameter of the saw^ and for saws above 4 ft. in diameter a belt of one-third the diameter of the saw may be used with advantage. Anything extra in the cost of pulleys or belts is rapidly repaid by an in- crease of work of better quality than can possibly be obtained with narrow belts; at the same time the bearings and belts themselves last longer. With wide belts the necessity of using ' quack ' remedies for in- creasing the grip, which often damages the belt, is done away with ; it is necessary, however, to keep the belts pliant, and this can be done by an occasional dressing of mutton fat and beeswax in equal parts. Castor oil is not by any means a bad dressing for leather, and it renders it vermin-proof. In driving saw benches, in fact all wood-working machines, run- ning belts at short centres must be avoided, as it is bad in every respect, and greatly increases the troubles of hot bearings, torn belts &c. above alluded to. 20. English users of circular saws may possibly smile at the idea of a ' frozen ' saw, as we are not as a rule blessed with very cold weather in this country, but even a moderate amount of frost has a very distinct effect in many cases on the working of circular saws, especially should they be of thin gauge. In cold coun- tries, or in very cold weather, the effect is so great from the contraction of the plate at its smallest part? i.e. the eye, that the saw will become ' rim bound,' and not turn true till the frost has been taken out of it by friction, or by a dose of hot water. CIRCULAR SAWS. 389 21. The question of speed is a factor of immense importance in the proper working of circular saws ; should they be run either too fast or too slow the result is equally unsatisfactory. In the first case the saw becomes pliant and wavy, and in the latter the work turned out is of bad quality and less of it. For ripping all ordinary kinds of wood a speed of 9,000 ft. per minute at the points of the teeth is now generally recognised as a standard speed in this country. This can, however, in the case of cross cutting, be increased with advantage another 1,000 ft. per minute. In saw- ing very hard woods the speed of the saw should be somewhat reduced, say about one-fourth. By using thick gauge saws, and therefore wasting wood and power_, higher speeds than these may be attained. We will conclude our remarks on working saw benches with a few gentle hints (some of these may not be new, but we take it they will bear repetition in some establish- ments we wot of). If a saw bench is used for small and large saws, occasionally the latter will run untrue, from going at too high a speed. For quick rough sawing a swaged set tooth has much to commend it, especially with tough and difiicult woods and large saws, as they are much less liable to be strained than if set with a blow or spring set. In sawing difficult woods they are liable to spring away from the saw considerably in the centre of the log ; consequently the boards sawn are thicker at each end. To obviate this, instead of sawing in the usual way all from one side, a cut should be taken alternately from each side of the log ; this will keep the boards uniform. Should a saw crack in work- ing, to prevent a short crack from extending, drill a small hole at the end of it. WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. For ripping purposes most of the filing or saw- sharpening should be done on the face or front of the teeth ; the backs or tops should be scarcely touched at all. The face of the tooth should never be filed to a fine edge, but a very slight bevel should be left. A round gulleted tooth is less liable to crack than one filed to an angle. In gulleting with emery wheels work with a light pressure, and if necessary go over the teeth several times ; if the wheel is forced and the saw plate burnt it is much more liable to fracture. In filing teeth for swage setting make them sufficiently hooked at the points that the swage will readily spread them, also be sure that the points of all the teeth are wider than the rest of the blade ; the tops and backs of swage- set teeth should be filed square across. In bending or spring setting always use a gauge ; in setting saws with a blow or spring set, care should be taken that the teeth only are set say about one-third of their depth, and that the plate itself is not strained, or it will be found to heat rapidly when in work and lun out of truth. In filing saws, file every alternate tooth from one side of the saw, then reverse it, and file from the other side ; never file all the teeth from one side of the saw, and, if it is spring set, set after the same fashion. If in working the saw heats at the rim, and the teeth are of the right shape for the wood and properly sharpened and set, hang or line the saw to lead very slightly out of the wood. If the saw should heat at the centre and the spindle and bearings are cool and in proper order, reverse the above and let the saw lead into the wood a little. For thin sawing, such as light box work, frame backings, &c., a 'ground-off' saw can be recommended CIRCULAR SAWS 391 to effect a very considerable saving in wood, and, if carefully sharpened and handled, will do very excellent work. For very accurate dimension sawing, such as pattern- work, &c., a saw * ground hollow ' on both sides and run without set can be used with advantage, as it will cut extremely true and leave a fine surface. If timber carriages and rails are used for bringing the wood up to and taking it from the saw, it is im- portant that they be fixed to run exactly true with it. Should the wood be presented to the saw even at a very slight angle^ this is multiplied to a considerable extent in a long log, and, if the cut be once commenced, a very considerable leverage must be put upon the saw to keep it anything near the line. When having saws hammered, be sure they are placed in competent hands; we have seen saws that have been hammered by so-called experts that might have been better done by a blacksmith's striker. For guarding circular saws and preventing accidents we can recommend the following arrangement : Make a shield of sheet steel formed as an arc of a circle, and against the saw ; the shield rises before it and rests on the top of it till the cut is completed, when the counter- poise brings it back to its original position. It is im- portant that the driving power be uniform in its speed ; if there is much variation, the quality of the work will vary accordingly. 392 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. CHAPTER XLIV. NOTES ON SAW SETTING. In very few things is there more difference of opinion than in sharpening and setting saws. On the present occasion we propose to discuss briefly the different methods of setting, noticing some of the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Swage Setting. — Swage setting — called also ' upset- ting,' 'jumping,' and ' spreading ' — is more largely prac- tised in America than in this country. In this case clear- ance is obtained for the saw by widening the points of the teethj usually by means of a crotch punch arranged with two V notches, which are driven on to the points of the teeth by a hammer or weight. The second notch in the punch is rounded, and spreads the teeth points out. We think this plan, especially for circular saws of stout gauge, has much to commend it, more especially if the wood is cross-grained and knotty, as swaged teeth will stand up to the work, while spring- set teeth are apt to dodge the knots. Swaged-set teeth will also stand a quicker feed than spring-set, all things being equal ; they_, however, take more power to drive — probably about 20 per cent. — and unless the setting is carefully done ridge marks are left on the log. We think swage setting is, on the wholOj more adapted for soft than hard wood. NOTES ON SA SETTING. 393 It is claimed by the users of swage-set teeth that swaging condenses and hardens the steel at the points of the teeth ; but if this is so, with saws correctly tem- pered it would, we take it, be likely to be detrimental, and cause the points to crumble. Another trouble found in swage setting is the difficulty of getting per- fect uniformity of set, without which no saw can be pronounced to be in first-rate cutting condition. Swage setting does not sharpen the teeth of the saw, as some may suppose. When a saw is set or spread by means of a punch and a blow from a hammer, care should be taken that the points of the teeth only are spread, and that the tooth itself is not bent or strained, and that the blow given and the hammer used are not too heavy. The teeth should be carefully tried with a straight-edge on both sides and points, and be exactly in line. In swage setting, should a tooth point be broken by striking a nail, it can be lengthened slightly by raising the punch or swage when in the act of setting the tooth, and the point of the tooth will be upraised, and, if not too much broken, will take its share of duty with the rest.^ To ' spread ' set all the teeth as nearly as possible alike with a- crotch punch, it is necessary to regulate to a nicetj the weight or strength of the blow given by the hammer. In America a tool has been introduced to do this mechanically. It consists, briefly, in mount- ing the crotch punch on the end of a tube or rod, and arranging a series of movable weights, with holes through them to slide up and down the rod. These weights are allowed to drop on the punch, the strength ' See Saw Mills : their Arrcmgement and Management. By M. Powis Bale. 394 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINE R V. of the blow being regulated according to the gauge of the saw and the amount of set required. For saws of large diameter and thick gauge spread set can be re- commended, as it is very difficult to spring set or bend the teeth of a thick saw with regularity. Spring Setting. — This is perhaps the most general kind of setting, and if regularly and carefully done, answers very well ; the teeth, however, have a constant tendency to assume their original position. Saw teeth should not, under any circumstances, be set without a gauge, as it is a wasteful and stupid plan, producing rough work, and more rapidly wearing out the teeth which happen to be overset. In practice it will be found that a saw perfectly set will work much freer, cut smoother, and, at the same time, will waste less wood than an imperfectly set one ; less set is also required on a truly and equally set saw to effect the desired clearance. Several good mechanical saw sets, combined with gauges, are now made, and so arranged that when they are fixed to any desired set it is impossible to overset a tooth ; consequently, the teeth are all set exactly alike, and if they are equal in length, each tooth gets its fair share of work, the friction of working and waste of wood being reduced to a minimum. In working, it is found that the teeth of a saw wear at the side of the points, and if some teeth have more set than others, these are unduly strained, and, from the severe and uneven friction, are often heated, and are inclined to buckle and run from the line. In using spring set, it is necessary to somewhat overset the saw, to compensate for the tendency of the teeth, especially when worn or dull, to spring back to their original position. NOTES ON SA W SETTING. 395 We have recently seen a very neat form of Ameri- can tool for spring setting by means of a cam-lever, by which a very even set may be obtained without unduly straining the saw teeth. The operator stands behind the saw, and the set is attached to the teeth by placing a bed die on the point of the tooth to be set so that the point will project beyond the die about one-sixteenth of an inch ; the cam-lever is then brought down to a stop on the cam, at the same time bending the teeth towards the latter. A four-point gauge is fitted to the lever, and it can be adjusted to any amount of set desired by means of a thumbscrew. It is claimed as an advantage of this arrangement that the bending power is exercised on the tooth between two bed bearings, so that the operator has only to bear down on the cam-lever, and the more power he applies the tighter he fastens the set to the saw, and at the same time the bend is a curve and not an angle, and that, therefore, the saw teeth are less liable to fracture. If a saw is allowed to get dull it will spring from the work, and increased power will be required to force it through the wood. Hammer Setting. — The third system of setting we have to notice is hammer setting. The old-fashioned way of doing this was with a punch and a block of wood, and a very brutal way it was, as it strained the saw plate, and sometimes broke the teeth ; at the same time it was impossible to get the teeth to one uniform set, consequently the timber was scored and much power consumed unnecessarily. If carefully and judiciously done, hammer-set saws will stand up well to their work. The best plan with which we are acquainted is to mount the saw horizontally on a coni- 396 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINE R V. cal centre and allow the teeth to rest on an adjustable steel die made with a bevelled edge turned eccentric, so as to allow of the right proportion of set for teeth of various sizes. With this arrangement any desired amount of uniform set can be given to the teeth without unduly straining them or the saw plate. Hammer setting is a fair test as to the quality of the saw, as the teeth may crack or fracture if the steel is burnt or of too hard a temper, or bend readily if too soft. In conclusion, it must be borne in mind that, whatever kind of setting is employed, for successful and economical working absolute uniformity is imperatively necessary. If this is not secured, the work turned out is of inferior quality, and wood and power are wasted. It should also be remembered that setting does not increase the cutting power of a saw, as a saw will cut faster with little or no set provided the nature of the wood will allow it to pass through without binding. The amount of set required, therefore, should be carefully judged by the sawyer, and no more set employed than is absolutely necessary. For instance, in sawing wet wood a sha,rp saw and a fair amount of set are required, whilst for hard, knotty wood very little set should be used. 397 CHAPTEE XLV. NOTES ON" STICKINa HIGH-OLASS MOULDINGS. We think it will be generally admitted that tlie produc- tion of really high-class mouldings — that require little or no hand-finishing — is the exception and not the rule. This arises from a variety of circumstances, such as (1) bad wood, (2) poorly constructed machines, (3) bad adjustment of cutters, (4) improper speed, (5) in- sujB&cient foundations, &c. (1) It goes without saying that high-class mouldings cannot be produced without good material ; we need only remark, therefore, that the wood should be tho- roughly sound and well- seasoned. (2) The construction of the machine is also a very important factor, and it may not be out of place to extend our remarks thereon to some length. The two classes of machines generally used — not including vertical spindle or shaping machines — are : (1) centre- feed machines, (2) overhanging-spindle machines. For light purposes, overhanging-spindle machines are ex- tremely handy and useful, but for large and high- class work, centre-feed machines are to be preferred, and our remarks on construction will therefore refer chiefly to this class. 398 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINER V. Construction of Centre-feed Moulding and Planing Machine. After a lengthened experience, it has been found that the box or solid framing is the best form, to adopt for the main frame of the machine. The reason for this is not far to seek, as in moulding and planing wood very high speeds are necessary, and various strains are set up, and to absorb these and their con- sequent vibrations a considerable weight of metal is necessary, and this metal is much more effective when in the form of a single casting than when put together in sections. Box-framing is slightly higher in first cost, but this is more than counterbalanced by its increased strength and resistance to stress, by economy of material in ratio to strength, and by its greater neatness of design. The cutter spindles should be sup- ported by bearings of ample area, and these should, as far as possible, be made adjustable for wear and end play, more especially the bearings, which are subject to considerable belt tension. The question of lubrication must be carefully attended to, and the bearings guarded from dust. To secure a constant and even feed, and prevent the slipping of the wood, it is important that all the feed gearing be expansively geared up together. If the feed rollers are geared separately, the wood is apt to slip, particularly if difficult to work. In the best class of machines, the intermediate pinions are made of steel or gun-metal. As a sufficiently long belt may be obtained, and as, at the same time, it economises space, it has been found convenient to place the countershaft working the feed gear within the framing of the NOTES ON STICKING HIGH-CLASS MOULDINGS. 399 machine. This should be fitted with four-speeded cones, so as to give varying speeds of feed of, say, from 10 ft. to 60 ft. per minute. The countershaft working the cutter spindle should be placed, say, 15 ft. away at least, as running belts at short centres is to be con- demned from every point of view. The cutter-block and spindle should be made of steel, as they are thus stilfer in work and can be made of somewhat smaller section than with wrought iron. The cutters should be fastened to the blocks by dove-tail-headed bolts, sliding in suitable grooves. These should be made of best Swedish iron, and be very carefully fitted. Irons should never be fastened by means of studs tapped into the blocks, as the method is both dangerous and un- certain. A very considerable difference of opinion seems to exist amongst makers as to the best position in the machine in which to place the vertical spindles or side cutters ; some fit them at the end of the machine, to act on the wood after it has passed the top and bottom cutters ; others put them in the centre of the machine, between these cutters. The writer is in favour of the latter plan, as the wood is then directly under the action of the holding-down apparatus, and there is less liability of its jarring when under the operation of the cutters. The plan of placing the vertical spindles at the end of the machine renders them rather more ac- cessible for adjustment ; but, in all cases, holding-down or pressure apparatus should be fitted close up to all the blocks. It is of the utmost importance that the cutters should bed evenly well on the block, and, to secure this, knives are made sometimes very slightly concave 400 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. from tlie cutting to the back edge, so that when the nuts are tightened they spring slightly, and bear on the whole surface of the block alike. Cutters made slightly thicker at the back than at the cutting edge are pre- ferred, as they are less likely to slip forward from the high speed and centrifugal force set up. It is impor- tant that the iron round the slot holes be true, and that all the hollows and smithing marks be ground out, so that the nuts and washers have a perfectly true bed to rest on. But, given all this, and a good and true block, we sometimes find irons flying, and shifting on their seats. This may arise from the bolts not being tightened enough, or from being tightened too much, this latter being a very fruitful cause. In order to secure the bolts, as he thinks properly, an inexperienced or care- less workman is apt to use a powerful wrench, with sometimes a pipe at the end of it, to tighten them up — the thread of the bolt consequently becomes damaged, the pitch being stretched and bulged and made coarser. One of the reasons why there is sometimes a difficulty in bedding the nuts, is that the threads are often allowed to get dry and filled with grit. Irons may be prevented from slipping by bedding them on several thicknesses of brown paper or thin leather. In machines where movable blocks are employed, it is of the utmost importance that the spindle holes are perfectly true and fit the spindle tight, and are exactly parallel with the cutter face : this is not altogether an easy matter with long blocks, as they are apt to get slightly oval. When the cutter-block is revolving at a high speed, this will allow it to spring sufficiently to damage the output, and is one of the causes of NOTES ON STICKING HIGH-CLASS MOULDINGS. 401 inefficient working very difficult to detect. Liglit blocks require balancing as much as heavy. If movable blocks are used, they should in all cases be planed by the makers after being fixed on their spindles. Making and Tempering Moulding Irons. It need hardly be said the steel used for cutters should be of the very highest possible quality, com- bining in its nature, as far as may be, toughness with hardness. It must be admitted that there is a consider- able amount of art in forging and tempering cutters successfully, as, owing to the varying amount of carbon contained in different samples of steel, the amount of tempering varies accordingly, and the exact temper necessary can only be ascertained by one or more trials ; the folly, therefore, of treating all kinds of steel alike, which is sometimes done by the workman, is at once apparent. It may be taken as a rule that if it is necessary to heat the steel so hot that when it is annealed it appears coarser in the grain than the piece from which it was cut, it may safely be concluded that it is of too low a temper for the required work, and a steel of a higher temper should be selected. A steel cutter, when properly tempered and suited to the work in hand, should always be of a finer grain than the piece from which it was cut. Moulding irons may be roughed out and ground down to something near the size by means of small profile grindstones or emery wheels, and when filed to the exact profile and tempered before using, a cutting edge should be put on them by means of a slip of Tur- key or other good oil-stone. When the irons are of D D 4C2 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. simple form, to avoid softening and rehardening, the steel may be ground to the shape by the series of small grindstones spoken of, the peripheries of which are turned up to suit the rounds and hollows of the mould- ings. We have found Bilston grindstones answer very well. With the object of preventing the constant change of profile when sharpening moulding irons of the ordinary construction, in which the profile of the moulding is formed on the edge of the steel, and a bevel ground backwards from it, some makers mill the form of the moulding into the face of the cutter itself, as if sharpened to the proper bevel ; it thus always retains its true form. This form of profile may be secured for vertical spindles, no matter how badly the cutters are sharpened, by using solid circular cutters. These are made from one piece of steel, in form something like a deep saucer. The periphery of the steel is shaped to the profile of the desired moulding, and has several openings which are sharpened towards the centre, and present as many cutting edges to the wood. In forging or tempering moulding irons it is impor- tant that they should be heated as evenly as possible. If one part of the cutter is thinner than the other, care must be ta,ken that the thin part does not heat more rapidly than the rest, or it may be ' burnt,' and break off at the cutting edge whilst in work. In heating cutters for tempering, they should be repeatedly turned over in the fire, and withdrawn from it now and then. If the cutting edge is heating too rapidly, it should be pushed through the fire into cooler coals. If there are a number of members in the same moulding, great NOTES ON STICKING HIGH-CLASS MOULDINGS. 403 care should be exercised in tempering them as nearly- alike as possible, or they will vary in wear, and the profile of the moulding be altered accordingly. It is important in tempering that there should be a gradual shading of colour. If there is a distinct line between the colours towards the edge of the cutter it will pro- bably chip at this line. The point to aim at is to have the edge of the cutter tolerably hard, and this hardness to be gradually reduced the farther you go from the cutting-edge, and the softer metal at the back will be found to strengthen and support it. The process of tempering should be gradual, as the steel becomes toughened and less liable to fracture by slow heating and gradual softening than if the process be performed abruptly. When the proper heat has been reached, the tool should be removed from the fire and not allowed to * soak ' with the blast-off, as is some- times done. Bear in mind, in forging, welding, or tempering steel tools, that an excess of heat over what is absolutely necessary is detrimental, as it opens and makes the grain of the steel coarse. If a tough temper is required, the cooling, or letting down, should be as slow as possible. The right temper colour varies with the steel and the hardness required. Templeton gives the following degi'ees of heat: Chipping chisels, planing irons, hatchets, and other percussive tools, 500 deg. to 520 deg., light straw colour, a brown yellow, or yellow slightly tinged with purple ; 530 deg., light purple. As the colours appear and change slowly, ample time is aff'orded to see when the cutter should be at once dipped and withdrawn several times ; as this has a greater tendency to toughen the steel than if it is plunged into the water and allowed to remain until D D 2 404 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. quite cold. A number of more or less reliable mixtures are used for tempering. We have found the following answer very well : Take 4 parts of powdered yellow rosin, and 2 parts of train oil, and carefully mix them, and add one part of heated tallow. The object to be hardened is dipped in this hot, and allowed to remain in it till quite cold. Without having previously cleaned it, the steel is again put into the fire, and then cooled in boiled water in the usual way. Speed of Cutters. In turning out high-class mouldings, the question of the speed of cutters is of great moment ; exigencies of space prevent us here going into the question at length. In a thoroughly well constructed and equipped machine, a speed of 4,000 revolutions per minute may be taken as a standard. Balancing the Gutters. Another matter of the extremest importance in securing highly finished mouldings is the exoAit balanc- ing of the cutters. These should not only be of the same exact weight and overhang, but all cutters must be made to agree in their corresponding members to the greatest possible nicety. The importance of this will be readily recognised when we consider the high velocity at which they have to run ; consequently any inequality is enormously multiplied by the centrifugal force set up, the result being transferred to the wood in the shape of jars and markings. When new cutters are put on, they should be put exactly in balance and kept so. In working elaborate mouldings, it is difiicult NOTES ON STICKING HIGH-CLASS MOULDINGS. 405 to keep both irons alike, and one plan often pursued by the operator is to use an iron for each member of the moulding, and to balance the irons with beams and scales ; and when the iron projects, say 1^ in., to put on a rectangular washer. In working vertical spindle machines, some operators will use one iron only, with a blank on the other side of the block to balance. As already mentioned, in accurately balancing cutters, not only should their specific weights agree — which is a matter of little difficulty, as it can be deter- mined with a common pair of scales — but the weights of the cutters should agree in their corresponding parts. This cannot be ascertained accurately without the aid of a proportional cutter balancing machine, and several of these have now been introduced with very satisfac- tory results. In the best of these machines the cutters can be tried one against another in every position, and if any excess of weight appears in any of them at any point in the backs, fronts, or edges, it can be detected and remedied. Driving-helts. All driving-pulleys should be of ample width for the power they have to transmit, without straining the belt, and, therefore, cutting out the bearings. Wide single belts are preferable to double, and the best leather to other material. It is important that the driving-belts are kept as pliable as possible. This is not a very easy matter in a sawmill, owing to the very fine dust constantly floating about and filling up the pores of the leather. A mixture of mutton fat and beeswax in equal parts will be found a capital dress- ing, and will not injure the belt. An application of 4o6 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINER V. tanner's dubbin for leather, and of linseed-oil varnish for cotton belts, can also be recommended. Castor oil is also an excellent dressing for leather, and, at the same time, it renders it vermin-proof. It should be mixed, say, half and half, with tallow or oil. For pre- serving or recovering leather belts from mould, pyro- ligneous acid may be used. The belts should be thoroughly stretched and carefully made. Cemented joints are to be preferred to others, as they run smoother over the pulleys. 407 CHAPTEE XLVI. THE BEST ENGINE FOR A SAW MILL. Almost every type of engine is made to do duty in a saw mill, and as many of them are utterly unsuited to the work the result is often anything but satisfactory both on the score of economy and effective working. Owing to the severe and variable duty required of a saw-mill engine, it should be of especially strong and substantial construction, and able to com- mand a uniform speed under suddenly applied loads. After a lengthened experience the author is of opinion that the best form of engine for driving wood- working machinery — except under special circum- stances—is a long stroke horizontal high pressure, either compounded or with a condenser, or both. Some years ago, in the present volume, the author, in writing on some points to be desired in a saw-mill engine, mentioned the following, and as his views in this respect have not altered, it may not be out of place to repeat them. 1. A stroke of twice the diameter of the cylinder ; 2. either compounded or with a condenser, or both; 3. or an automatic expansion slide, controlled by powerful and sensitive governor gear; 4. a steam- jacketed and lagged cylinder; 5. short steam ways; 4o8 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINER V. 6. ample bearing surfaces, well fitted and lubricated, and an eflScient method of packing; 7. large cylinder area per h.p. ; 8. a flj-wheel of large diameter and extra heavy section ; 9. a moderate piston speed. Speaking generally, in selecting an engine the chief points to be borne in mind are : 1. the nature of the work it has to do ; 2. the speed and power required ; 3. the cost of fuel ; and 4. if under skilled management. In a saw-mill if the fuel be plentiful, and the manage- ment unskilled, as is often the case in isolated countries, a plain slide-valve engine would possibly suit better than a first-class one with expansion gear, condenser, &c., the loss of fuel being partly compensated for by the greater freedom from breakdowns. In this case, the engine should be arranged to cut off steam tolerably early and expand it for the rest of the stroke, and powerful governor gear should be employed. On the other hand, in establishments where large power is re- quired and skilled management is attainable, the most advanced form of engine is in the end by far the cheap- est. In cases where fuel is dear, a good compound condensing engine can be used with advantage : but it cannot be too often repeated that, where extreme economy is required, a skilled engine driver is an abso- lute necessity. If the steam pressure by which an engine is worked would be likely to vary considerably, and the load likewise vary, to secure steady and even running the engine should be fitted with valve gear having a considerable range of cut-off, combined with a powerful and sensitive governor. In selecting an engine a full detailed specification, giving sizes and materials, should be obtained from the maker, with his guarantee as to horse-power — brake THE BEST ENGINE FOR A SAW MILL. 409 horse-power, if possible — the engine will give out at a certain steam pressure, and that it will work at its full speed and power without excessive vibration. See that the bed-plate and frame and working de- tails of the engine are of ample strength, also that the cylinder has sufficient metal to allow of its being rebored several times, that the steam passages are short, that the sliding and bearing surfaces are ample, and that they are adjustable for wear. The author prefers a medium piston speed — say 500 ft. per minute — to higher speeds, as he has found the cylinders of large horizon- tal engines run at high speeds rapidly wear hollow. An engine of ample, but not excessive, power for the work to be done should be selected, as too large an engine is as wasteful of steam as too small a one. For saw-mill work, the author prefers the bed-plate of the engine to be on the double girder box plan^ and to extend beyond the cylinder, which should be mounted on it, as this is undoubtedly the best form to resist heavy working strains. If a pair of engines are used, it will be found well to have one large fly-wheel for the two engines, placing it between them, with an extra pulley for driving the main shafting. Crankshaft to be fitted with an outside bearing. Connecting-rod ends to be made adjustable for wear, and fitted with straps and keys. Engine to be fitted with wide double motion bars and blocks, and made adjustable for wear. The bars should have oil recesses and grit cavities. Stop and starting valve to be provided, and so arranged that access can be had to the throttle valve without disturb- ing the steam pipe. The steam passages should be large, short, and direct, and the clearance in cylinder as small as possible. I VO OD- WORKING MA CHINER Y. For driving wood-working machinery, aiter repeated trials, the author is distinctly in favour of an engine with a long stroke, as it permits a higher piston speed without excessive vibration and wear and tear, and the steam can be expanded with greater facility. The steam ports should be as short as possible. This can be secured by dividing the slide valves, and placing them at each end of the steam chest ; and a high speed sensitive governor should be arranged to act on an equilibrium double- beat throttle valve, or on expansion gear. The exhaust should be of ample size, to admit of the instant escape of the steam and avoid back pressure. In crowded spaces it is sometimes necessary to use a vertical engine ; these can be compounded with advantage, and although necessarily of shorter stroke, they can be worked with less wear to the piston, cylinder, glands &c. than a horizontal engine, the wear being distributed, whilst in a horizontal engine the cylinder wears oval. Arrangements should be made for the continuous drainage of the cylinder, and it should be fitted with a good sight-feed lubricator, which is a distinct improve- ment over ordinary grease cups, as with these latter the piston may be running perfectly dry, and the cylinder may be scored and the rings cut out before the atten- dant is aware of it. A very considerable economy in oil is also effected by the use of a sight-feed lubricator, as it can be adjusted to supply the minimum amount of oil to keep the cylinder properly lubricated. On the other hand, the old-fashioned grease cup floods the cylinder with oil for a short time, and this being rapidly cleared away by the strokes of the piston, the cylinder is left comparatively dry in a little time. THE BEST ENGINE FOR A SAW MILL. 411 Compound engines have of late years come con- siderably into use, and are more economical than single- cylinder engines. This arises chiefly from the fact that much higher pressures of steam can be expanded with greater advantage in two cylinders than in one, and without the considerable loss from condensation which arises in a single cylinder when the steam is cut off very early in the stroke. Again, if a considerable range of expansion be attempted in a single cylinder, and the cut-off is very early, the strain on the working parts is great, necessitating excessive weight and strength in the engine. In the case of compound cylinders, how- ever, this strain is distributed. In single cylinders, if large expansion be attempted, the steam condensation is excessive and becomes a serious matter. Compound engines will work more steadily and with less friction and vibration, conse- quently the general details of the engines may be made lighter. Where a sufficiency of water is obtainable, a condenser can be fitted to an engine with considerable advantage, as in this case, instead of being exhausted into the open air or water tank after each stroke of the piston, the steam passes through the exhaust port into the condenser, and coming in contact with the water, which is in constant circulation therein, is itself im- mediately condensed or reduced to water. In working the condenser an air pump is employed, which keeps up a vacuum and relieves the piston from back pressure, thus increasing the effective power of the engine. The water made hot by the condensation of the steam is again used to feed the boiler, hence a second saving arises. A simple and convenient arrangement for working 412 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINER Y. the air-pump for a condenser is to prolong the engine piston-rod through the back cylinder cover. The air- pump should be double acting, and the valves arranged so as to give ready access for adjustment and repairs. The engine-bed should be prolonged and the condenser mounted on it, so as to secure perfect alignment. The author has found pump valves of India rubber, with gun-metal seats^ guards, and bolts, work very well. If there is no overhead tank for the injection water^ sluice valves will be found most useful for starting the engine. Automatic expansion gear is especially useful in a saw mill, and with varying loads effects a considerable saving, as the admission of the steam is regulated ac- cording to the speed or load on the engine. The gears of Corliss & Proel have proved themselves very effective. Another very satisfactory arrangement of automatic expansion gear is the Euston. In this the cut-off valve is made multiple-ported to give free admission of the steam, and is driven by a radius rod, the free end of which is moved up or down in an oscillating slot-link, which is driven by a separate eccentric, the precise position of the rod being determined by the governor. As the speed of the engine increases and the governor balls rise, the travel of the expansion valve is reduced, and the steam is cut off earlier ; should the engine run more slowly, the contrary occurs. The range of cut-off is from a fraction up to half stroke. A further advantage arising from the use of auto- matic expansion gear is that the steam is always delivered to the cylinder at the highest available pres- sure, whilst in the case of an ordinary slide-valve THE BEST ENGINE FOR A SAW MILL. 40 engine where the cut-oflf of the valve is always positive, the admission of the steam is governed by means of a throttle valve, the action of which ' wire draws,' and reduces the pressure of the steam. With efficient ex- pansion gear the amount of steam required to do the work on hand at the moment is practically measured at every stroke of the engine, and no more is used than is required, and this in turn is fully exhausted of its energy by expansion. Owing to the constant and great variation of the load in a saw mill, it is important that a governor be fitted sufficiently powerful to keep the engine perfectly under control, and the speed uniform. Various forms of high-speed governors have come into use, and several of these have proved themselves both sensitive and quiet in action, and are to be preferred to the older- fashioned type. For the guidance of readers we append a short speci- fication of a high-class engine, well adapted for saw-mill work : One improved horizontal compound tandem con- densing engine to indicate 340 horse-power mounted on double girder box plate, planed on face ; high-pressure cylinder, 18 in. diameter ; low-pressure cylinder, 34 in. diameter ; stroke of pistons, 36 in. ; number of revolu- tions per minute, 90 ; diameter of vertical air pump, 20 in. ; stroke of vertical air pump, 18 in. ; diameter of horizontal air pump, 14 in. ; diameter of crank shaft, 10 in., made of best fagotted scrap iron ; diameter of fly-wheel, 18 ft. ; width of face of fly-wheel, 28 in. ; diameter of stop valve on high-pressure cylinder, 5 in. 414 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. CHAPTER XLVII. THE BEST BOILER FOR A SAW MILL. Every possible type of boiler has been made to do duty in a saw mill, and it need hardly be said that many of these are quite unsuited for the work they have to do, consequently the economical result is unsatisfactory, and, taking the whole world over, boiler explosions are more frequent in saw mills than in any other class of manufactory. Most types of boiler possess some advantages and disadvantages ; in selecting one, how- ever, the chief points to be borne in mind are: 1. the quality of the feed water ; 2. the quality and nature of the fuel ; 3. if for temporary or permanent duty. It may be as well also to mention a few of the points to be desired in a steam boiler.^ 1. A boiler of a design that can be readily inspected, cleaned, or repaired. 2. A thorough circulation of the water through the boiler. 3. A large furnace or combustion chamber. 4. A suffi- ciency of water and steam space to avoid sudden fluctua- tions in the water level or steam pressure. 5. A large margin of strength over working pressure. 6. Stays, ends, strengthening rings &c. arranged with an allow- ance for expansion. 7. Ample heating surface, with no joints or rivet heads exposed to the direct action ^ A Handbookfor Steam Usei-s. By M. Powis Bale. (Longmans & Co.) THE BEST BOILER FOR A SAW MILL. 415 of the fire. 8. Boiler to be properly fixed and equipped with a full supply of fittings of the best type. 9. Chimney stack to be correctly proportioned to the boiler and to the fuel to be burnt. 10. Boiler to be of a type suitable to the feed-water and fuel used, and to be made of first-class materials, and with good work- manship. In saw mills the fuel used is usually small coal mixed with wood waste, which gives out a fierce fire, and should have a boiler with considerable grate surface to con- sume it economically. The locomotive type of boiler has the advantage of raising steam quickly ; it can be safely worked at a high pressure, and requires little foundation ; on the other hand it is un suited for burn- ing inferior fuel without a forced draught, and a specially large fire-box is necessary. With the fuel usually used in a saw mill the plates and tube ends are more easily burnt than in a plainer boiler, more parti- cularly if incrustation is allowed to accumulate ; in point of fact, should the feed water be bad, a locomotive boiler should never be used, unless special means be taken to purify the water before it enters the boiler. When burning small bituminous coal under ordinary conditions, locomotive boilers have a tendency to produce smoke ; this can, however, be modified considerably by the employment of a sufficient height of chimney to induce a quick draught, a fire-brick arch, and careful and even firing. Water-tube boilers have been introduced into saw mills in this country to a limited extent, and it is claimed for them that they are both safe and economical ; there appears to be little doubt, however, that some of them generate wetter steam than a good Lancashire 4.16 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. boiler, and with inferior fuel, they produce much smoke. Moreover, having many caps and joints, they are not so readily kept in order. On the other hand, it is claimed by the makers of water-tube boilers that they possess various advantages over other boilers, such as occupying less space, greater heating surface, less fuel used, perfect water circulation, sectional divisions, preventing disastrous explosions, &c. It must be admitted that many of these boilers are in use in America, and are spoken well of, and the smoke not complained about ; but this can be explained to a great extent by the fact that the fuel used consists largely of anthracite coal, which is practically smoke- less. It must also be conceded that where accidents or explosions occur with locomotive or tubular boilers they are usually not so disastrous as those with Lanca- shire and Cornish boilers, and higher pressures can be worked with safety. A combination of the double- fined or Lancashire boiler and tubular boiler has lately come into extended use for driving electric lighting plant, &c., and where the feed water is fairly pure can undoubtedly be re- commended, as they are found to be rapid steam raisers, and economical in the consumption of fuel. The boiler consists of an ordinary internally fired Lancashire boiler, with cross tubes, but, in addition, a series of horizontal tubes run the full length of the shell. It is claimed for this boiler that it has a considerably larger heating surface than a Lanca- shire boiler, a medium water capacity, occupies a minimum of space, small area of brickwork, and has a fair amount of steam space. In countries or districts where wood waste is the THE BEST BOILER FOR A SAW MILL. 417 only fuel, externally fired tubular boilers are largely used ; in this case the boiler is mounted over a brick furnace, in which the wood is burnt, the heat pass- ing under the boiler and back through brick flues on each side, and up the chimney. In using these boilers especial care should be taken to keep them entirely free from incrustation. In America, an under-fired cylindrical boiler, with return tubes of 3 in. or 4 in. diameter, is used considerably. These are low in first cost, and when arranged with a wide under-furnace and brick flues are said to be fairly economical. Under-fired boilers are not popular in this coun- try, and there is little doubt under-firing considerably strains the seams &c. of a boiler, especially if a long one. Except for small power and in crowded situations, vertical boilers cannot be recommended for saw-mill work, as they are apt to prime and produce wet steam. This arises from the water and steam space being small, consequently wet steam is drawn into the steam pipe to a greater or less extent at each stroke of the engine. High-speed engines mitigate this evil somewhat, but they themselves are unsuitable for saw- mills. Taking the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of boilers into consideration, the author, after a lengthened experience, is of opinion that for a permanent saw mill of any magnitude no boiler is superior to a well-designed and equipped Lancashire boiler, or, if the feed water be good, a Lancashire boiler fitted with cross-tubes and a series of horizontal tubes above the internal flues. E E 4i8 WOOD- WORKING MA CHINER Y. Amongst the disadvantages of Lancashire and Cornish boilers may be mentioned their cost — when the expensive nature of their fixing is borne in mind — for a given horse-power and the increased length of time necessary to get up steam as compared with a locomo- tive or tubular boiler. On the other hand they possess several important advantages in that they can be readily cleaned and repaired — a matter of great moment in cases where the feed water is bad — and inferior fuel, wood, waste &c. can be burnt in them without much trouble. If carefully fixed and fired, a Lancashire boiler can also be worked with comparatively little smoke. A well-designed Lancashire boiler has a much larger water and steam space than is usually found in locomotive or water-tube boilers, consequently when any special or sudden demand is made for steam it can usually be supplied without much inconvenience or fall in pressure. As already mentioned, the smoke nuisance may — in a Lancashire or Cornish boiler — be reduced to a minimum, as the grate surface is of considerable length, and by ' coking ' the fresh fuel at the furnace front the air admitted has time to rise in temperature and mix with the gases evolved before it reaches the bridge, and combustion is completed here and in the flue beyond. It may be as well to remark here that the employment of a fire-clay bridge or arch can be recommended both in Lancashire and locomotive boilers. Supposing for the time being that a Lancashire boiler be selected, it may not be out of place to briefly discuss some of the points to be desired in its construc- tion, as, although great improvements have taken place of late years in the manufacture of steam boilers, THE BEST BOILER FOR A SAW MILL. 419 boilers of inferior construction and equipment are still made. In selecting a boiler, a full detailed specification of sizes, materials, workmanship, and fittings should in all eases be obtained from the manufacturer, with the brands of the boiler-plates stated, and should these not be of well-established repute, a guarantee as to the tensile strength, ductility, and elasticity of the plates employed should be requested. As regards materials, mild steel plates (Siemens- Martin open-hearth process) are generally admitted to be the best and most reliable that can be used at present. In the best boilers the plates are specified to have a tensile strength of not less than 26 tons per square inch. The edges of the plates should in all cases be planed, and the seams are best made with butt joints and double butt- straps, which are the strongest and most reliable form. All rivet-holes should be drilled in position when possible, and the rivets closed by machine ; in point of fact, materials, workmanship, and fittings should all be of the highest class. The difference in price between a good and a bad boiler is not great, and a user should never be tempted to purchase a low-priced one, as he will probably find it a very costly economy. For the guidance of our readers we append a short specification of a 30 horse-power Lancashire boiler suitable for saw-mill work : — Material. — The boiler to be made throughout of the best selected mild steel plates adapted for boiler work, the tensile strength of which shall not be less than 26 tons per inch. Brands to be marked thereon. Shell.— Length of boiler, 28 ft. ; diameter, 6 ft. 6 in. ; diameter of flues, 2 ft. 3 in. ; thickness of circu- E E 2 420 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. lar plates, ^ in. : thickness of end plates, f in. ; thick- ness of flue plates, | in. The longitudinal seams to be double riveted, and to break joint not less than 12 in. All rivets to be subjected to a pressure of 26 tons, and all rivet-holes to be drilled in position where possible. All rivets to be closed as far as possible by machine. Ends of boiler to be flanged to shell, and supported by gusset staps riveted to double-angle rings at each end. All plate edges to be planed and carefully caulked inside and outside. The edges of end plates and angle- rings to be turned, and the holes for flues to be cut by machine. Flues. — The plates to be welded longitudinally and joined by Adamson's flanged seams or other approved method for resisting collapse. Each flue to be fitted with four Galloway cross-tubes, the first to be placed vertically in the fourth belt of plates. Fittings. — One steel double-flanged manhole double riveted to top of boiler outside, and strengthened with stiffening piece and ring inside fitted with strong manhole cover, bolts, &c. All bronches for receiving mountings to be faced. Eire-doors to be fitted with air-slides. Fire-box and bars to be arranged for burn- ing sawdust, shavings &c. as well as coke and coal. Two sets fire-bars with bearers, dead plates, damper, damper frame chains and weights. Suitable flue doors and frames and floor-plates, and frame for blow-off pit. Mountings. — One steam stop valve, valve of gun metal ; two dead weight safety valves of ample area ; one low- water alarm ; one combined feed-regulating and THE BEST BOILER FOR A SAW MILL 421 back-pressure valve; one gun-metal asbestos-packed blow-off cock ; two sets of asbestos-packed water-gauge fittings ; one 7 in. steam-pressure gauge, graduated to 180 lbs., fitted with siphon and tap; two fusible plugs to be placed in crown of furnaces ; one perforated anti- priming pipe ; two asbestos-packed water-gauge cocks. The boiler to be tested by hydraulic pressure to double the average working . pressure for which the boiler is intended, and whole completed to the satisfac- tion of Mr. The author in all cases recommends the use of a good feed- water heater in conjunction with the boiler, as there is little doubt a distinct economy is effected by raising the water to a high temperature be- fore it enters the boiler ; at the same time it precipitates many of the impurities contained in it, and prevents tbem entering the boiler. Feed-water heaters have not been hitherto as largely used as they should be, but as skilled boiler management becomes more and more necessary on account of economy they should be rapidly introduced. Complicated forms of heaters should be avoided; they should be capable of being readily cleaned and examined, and any tubes employed should be so arranged that they have freedom to expand and contract, and the water should have a rapid circu- lation. Whatever form of feed- water is employed, it is im- portant that provision be made to prevent any back pressure on the engine. This can be done by fitting a relief valve so arranged that whenever the pressure of the exhaust exceeds that of the atmosphere to any ap- preciable extent, the valve opens a communication be- tween the inlet and outlet. 422 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. CHAPTER XLVIII. RULES AND TABLES. Rules for Calculating Speeds of Shafts and Diameters of Pulleys. The speed of the driver and the diameter and speed of the driven being given, to find the diameter of the driver. PEOBLEM 1. Rule. — Multiply the diameter of the driven by its speed, and divide the product by the speed of the driver ; the quotient will be the diameter of the driver. PEOBLEM 2. The speed of the driven and the diameter and speed of the driver being given, to find the diameter of the driver. Rule. — Multiply the diameter of the driver by its speed, and divide the product by the speed of the driven ; the quotient will be the diameter of the driven. PEOBLEM 3. The diameter of the driven being given, to find its number of revolutions. Rule. — Multiply the diameter of the driven by its revolutions, and divide the product by the diameter of the driven ; the quotient will be the number of revolu- tions of the driven. RULES AND TABLES. 423 We give herewith tables of the specific cohesion and strength and the resistance of wood to pressure as calculated by Professor Wallace. Specific Cohesion and Strength ofi Wood. Alder ... . * 1 ouo Ash ... from 1 •'ilC\L X o\}± to 1 -971 „ red, seasoned . . . JL ovv „ white ,, . . . 1"509 Bay rrom +(-> LO Beech . . . . • 1'880 Cedar 0*528 Chestnut, a century in use 1"291 Citron .... irom 1"357 +n u 000 Cypress • )) U i Ou » 0*542 Elder .... 1*086 Elm ...... 1-432 Fir , . . . • from 1-380 to 0*879 „ pitch pine . . . . 1-398 » 0*380 „ strong red . 1-172 Memel, seasoned . ■ 1-154 „ Kussian from 1'062 to u*yoo „ American . „ yellow deal u yuu „ white „ . u ^too ,, Scotch \J iVi. „ Scotch, seasoned from U 00/ 10 U / 40 Lance wood 2-621 Larch . • . • 1-177 Lemon .... 1-004 Mahogany, Spanish . 1-283 Maple, Norway. 1-123 Mulberry .... 1-492 Oak from 1-891 to 0*955 „ English • » 1-085 0*936 „ „ seasoned 1-509 „ French from 1-060 to 0*960 „ „ seasoned • )> 1-559 1*363 „ Baltic „ 1-211 „ American white . 1-009 „ Dantzic . . • 0-818 Plum from 1-357 to 1-205 Pomegranate . . . 1-221 )> 0-882 424 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. Specific Cohesion and Strength of Wood — continued. Poplar from 0-705 to 0-488 Teak, Java, seasoned „ Pegu „ , „ Malabar . Willow from l-o09 1-400 1-395 1-375 to 0-809 Resistance of Wood to Pressure. In this table the experiments are with cubes of 1 inch on the Lbs. American pine Elm English oak .... . . White deal ... 1,606 1,284 3,860 1,928 Table of Specific Gravities of Seasoned Timber, by W. Templeton. 4^ cifi f 1 ° 2 ^ P o o Alcier 736 46 48f Apple tree 792 49^ 45i Ash . 845 52 43 Beech 852 53i 42 Birch, English . 792 49^ 45i „ black, Ameri- ) can . . \ 648 401 55 Blackwood, Austra- ) lian . . \ 662 54 Blue gum . 1,100 68f 32^ Box, French 1,328 83 27 „ Dutch 912 57 39 Cedar, American „ Sydney . 561 35 64 560 34i 64 „ Canadian 910 57" 39i Cherry tree 715 45 50 Chestnut . 610 38 59 Cork 240 15 149 Cowrie pine. New ) Zealand . ) 512 32 70 Crab tree . 768 48 46^ Ebony, Indian . 1,208 75i 29 „ American 1,331 83" 27 Elm . . ■ . 673 42 53 Hawthorn 610 38 59 Holly and hornbeam 760 47i 47i Iron bark, Australian 1,233 77' 29 Labixrnum 920 57^ 39 Lance wood 1,023 64 35 Larch Lemon tree Lignum vitae Lime tree Logwood . Mahogany, Spain „ Honduras Maple Oak, English „ American „ African Orange tree Pear tree . Pine, pitch „ red . „ white „ yellow Poona Poplar Plum tree . Eed gum, Australia Eosewood, black Sycamore . Teak Walnut . Willow . Yew, Spanish „ Dutch 530 704 1,336 760 913 720 560 752 934 672 944 705 660 736 672 456 448 640 384 785 901 1,280 624 750 671 585 807 788 31 44 83 471 57 45 35 47 58 42 59 44 41 46 42 28i 28" 40 24 49 56 80 39 46 42 36i 50| 49i 72J 51 2^ 47i 39i 50 64 47^ 38^ 53i 38 49| 54* 48| 53 lU 80" 35 93i 45f 40 28 57* RULES AND TABLES. 425 Composition of Woods. Woods Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Ash Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Beech 49-36 6-01 42-69 0-91 1-00 Birch 50-20 6-20 41-62 1-15 0-81 Oak 49-64 5-92 41-16 1-29 1-97 Poplar 49-37 6-21 41-60 0-96 1-86 Willow . 49-96 5-96 39-65 0-96 3-37 Measurement of Timber. In measuring standing timber the length is taken as high, as the tree will measure 24 inches in circum- ference. At half this height the measurement for the mean girth of the timber in the stem of the tree is taken. One-fourth this girth is assumed to be the side of the equivalent square area. The buyer has generally the option of choosing any spot between the butt end and the half-height of the stem as the girding place. All branches, as far as they measure 24 inches in girth, are measured in with the tree as timber. Fropo7-tions of Metals for the Production of Useful Alloys {W. Templeton). Copper Tin Zinc Eabbitt's 1 50 Bearings for machinery 16 Lell metal for large bells 8 2 0 „ „ small „ Brass, hard ..... 16 5 0 1 0 „ sheet 3 0 1 „ yellow .... 2 0 1 „ deep yellow 1 0 2 Bronze . . . 4i 1 0 9 1 0 Gun metal 11 2 0 8 1 1 Muntz's metal .... 1* 0 1 Spelter copper for brass 1 0 1 „ „ copper and iron 16 0 12 • Lead Glazier's solder .... 3 1 0 Plumber's „ .... 1 1 0 Tinman's „ .... 1 0 426 WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. Table of Mechanical Properties of the Materials of (}onstruction. S. Value of Value of a Weight of a the Coefficient Resistance Tenacity per Cubic Foot of Absolute to Crushing Square Inch iu Lbs. per Square in Lbs. Strength Inch in Lbs. Ash or bsGch. 4.7 iiS, loo 9,000 14,700 Box, dry 60 1 A QAA 19,800 Brass, cast . 525 1 8 (\r\r\ 1 A QAA 18,000 Bricks 1 3Q e/'A QAA 280 OOA OAr\ ^oU-oOO — — 10,660 11,900 Clay 1 1 Q — Coal . . . . 77-100 Copper, cast 549 1 y,uuu 19,000 Deals, red. oD— 'to Q QTO y,c5 / 6,586 — spruce 21 6,293 Earth, rammed 99 Elm . . . .' 36 6 690 1 A QAA 14,200 Fir, Riga 4-7 O,04o 6,000 12,000 Glass, plate IDD 9,400 9,400 Gold . . . . l,ZUo — Granite -100 — Gravel 120 Iron, wrought 481 49 AAO A A AAA 4U,UUU 51,000 cast so^id OQ AAA 115,000 20,000 Ivory . 1 1 A 1 14 Lance wood 63 1 7 ^^A 00 AAA i!o,000 Larch 32 PL 1 1 G 0,llO 5,5<0 9,500 Lead 719 o,oUU 3,300 Mahogany, S. OU lljOUU 8,200 19,000 164 6,060 — Marl ilo — Mercury 848 Mortar 1 A7 ou 50 Oak, E. . . . OO 1 A AO.") 1 0,000 13,300 Dantzic rr / ft 7zt9 0, / 4^ 7,700 Canadian . , 04 10,596 — Pine, pitch 4.1 Q 7Q9 y, /yj 6,790 ' 7,800 4Q 40 8,046 7,800 „ American yellow 28 6,612 5,400 Poplar 23 6,016 Sand, river 117 Silver 644 Slate .... 180 9,600 12,000 Steel .... 486 100,000 100,000 Stone .... 120-170 1,100-2,360 6.000 Teak .... 41 14,772 12,000 12,460 Tin, cast . 455 4,600 4,600 Walnut 41 7,227 8,460 Water 62 Zinc .... 439 7,000 7,000 INDEX. ABKUPT angles or changes of diameter ill spindles to be avoided, 283 Absorption of vibration by wooden framings, supposed, 15 Air cylinder for cushioning saw frame, 282 Adjustable packing pieces for circular saws, 24 Adjusting cutters, 273 Adjusting screws for regulating tenon- cutter slides, 175 Advantages in using band sawing ma- chines, 147 Alloy for bearings, 29S Alloys, pi'oduction of, 425 American circularsaws, ti~.ick gauge of,31 American planing machines, 88 American i-ack bench, origin of, 8 Amontons, 285 Ancient saw frame described, 35 Angle of cutting edge of cross-cutting cutters, 342 Angles of cutting edge of plane irons, 342 Angles of saw teeth for cutting hard and soft wood, 326 Antifriction metal. Babbitt's. 352 Arrangement of saw mills, 267 Arranging shafting for a saw mill, 306 Artificial seasoning of timber, 324 Asbestos for packing piston rods, &c., 265 Ashlar masonry for reciprocating ma- chine foundations, 301 Auger for circular tenoning, 205 Automatically adjustable side cutter for planing machines, 103 Automatic belt-tightener, 179 Automatic damper for steam boilers, 264 Automatic self-oiling bearings, 297 BABBITT, J., 294, 352 Backing and hollowing cask staves, 211, 218 BEA Band friction in lieu of clutch coupling, 310 Band knife machine for cutting cloth, 129 Band-saw blades, speed of, 147 Band-saw blades, sharpening, 223 Band-saw blades, setting teeth of, 147, 224 Band-saw blades for cutting iron, 338 Band-saw setting machine, 338 Band-saw blades, brazing of, 339 Band-saw blades, quality and temper of, 339 Band-saw blades, prevention of break- age, 340 Band-saw blades, gauges of, 341 Band-saw blades, expansion and con- traction of, 336 Band-saw blades, teeth of, 341 Band sawing machines, management of, 363 Band sawing machine, the first, 119 Band sawing machines, self-acting gear for, 145 Band or ribbon saws, strains on, 33G Band-saw guide, 1 35, 145 Band-saw wheels, wrought iron, 133 Band-saw wheels, wooden, 136 Band-saw wheels, to angle, 145 Band saws for cutting limber, 348 Band saws of thin gauge preferable, 147 Rand saws for cutting ships' timbers, 124 Bearings, adjustable for wear, 295 — alloy for, 32 — cadmium as an alloy for, 294 — cast in chills, 291 — cast iron for, 296 — conical, 299 — iiring or seizing, 295 — fitting, 295 — footstep, 298 — extended in length, 290 — kept cool by water, 290 428 INDEX. BEA nearings, metals used for, 291 — phosphor bronze for, 292 — self- lubricating, 309 — subject to great pressure, 399 — white metal alloys for, 294 Bearings for wood-working machinery, 286 Belt gearing, 313 Belts and toothed gearing compared, 312 — at short centres, 273 — cotton do., 313, 314 — driving of woven crucible steel, 316 — driving slip of, 314 — for high-speed machinery, 307 — hints on, 316 — leather, strength of, 315 — leather, Avorking tension table of, 315 — paper for driving, 313 — should run smooth surface to pulley, 273 — tightener, automatic, 179 — to increase driving power of, 307 — twisted, 315 Bending wooden hoops for casks, 209 Bentham, Sir Samuel, 2, 71, 73, 149, 166, 171, 186, 192, 227 Bevans, 76 Bevel, double, for cutters, 343 Bevel sawing, diagram for guiding, 243 Blancbard, 199 Blind slat tenoning machine, 176 Block, cutter, speed of, for planing, 107 Blyth, 290 Boilers, 259, 414 — corrosion of, 261 — steam, incrustation in, 260 — steam, setting, 264 Boring and mortising machines, de- signing, 169 Boring auger, expanding, 156 Bow saw, hand, 138 Box framing, introduction of, 15 Boyd, 198 Bramah, J., his first planing machine, 74 Breakage of band-saw blades, preven- tion of, 122 Brown and Flasket, 207 Brown, S., 209 Brunei, Sir I. K., 6, 149, 192 Bungs, cylindrical saw for cutting, 215 n ADMITJM as an alloy for bearings,294 ^ Calculating speeds of shafts and diameter of pulleys, 347 Cams for working mortising chisels, 154 Cam, triple action, 141 COU Cask staves, dressing, 216 hollowing and backing, 211, 218 jointing, 214, 217 mill-web saws for cutting, 210 Castings, contraction in, 280 — quality of iron for, 261 Cast iron' for bearings, 296 Cast steel, method of hardening, 352 Castor oil as a dressing for leather, 320 Chamfering cask staves, 214 Chain feed for deal frames, 54 Chisels, mortising, reversing motion of, 153, 154, 160, 164 Chisels, mortising, worked bj' cams, 154 Chisels, mortising, with serrated back, 159 Chisels, reciprocating, for cutting dove- tails, 186 Circular saws above 36 in. diameter, 32 adjustable packing pieces for, 24 American thick gauge of, 31 and straight, 325 arranged for cutting upwards, 234 bench, the first, 6 benches, designing, 32 for cutting veneers, 194 for surfacing, 9 for cutting dove-tails, 188 management of, 372 ' packing ' of, 328 prevention of undue friction in, 12 'dished,' 31, 93. 139 sharpening and setting, 331, 392 speed of teeth, 19 suitable gauges for, 330 trepanning, 168 Classes of saws, 325 Clutch coupling, friction band in lieu of, 820 Cog or mortise wheels, 311 Collars for 'drunken' saws, 34 Colour of veneers damaged by steaming, Compressed air utilised for stretching saws, 46 Compressive strain, 65 Composition of -woods, 425 Compound treadle for mortising ma- chine, 163 Cone vice coupling for line shafting, 306 ^' Contraction in castings, 280 Cork wood, difficulty of worlcing, 237 Corrosion of steam boilers, 261 Cotton driving belts, 313, 314 Coulomb on friction, 286 Couplings for mill shafting, 306 INDEX. 429 cou Counterbalanced or equilibrium saw- frame, 41 Covei'inf^, paper, for pulleys to increase driving, 307 Crank shafts, 65 Cross-cutting saws, 333 Cross-cutting cutters, angle of, 342 Croziug cask staves, 214 Cumberland, I., 87 Cushioning cylinder for saw frames, 280 Cutter block, speed of, for planing, 107 Cutter blocks, necessity of balancing, 283 Cutter blocks, 73 Cutter blocks, tenoning screws for ad- justing, 175 Cutter blocks, balancing, 107 Cutters, conical, for dove-tailing, 180, 189, 190 Cutters, adjusting, 273 Cutters, 342 Cutters, tempering, 343 Cutters for tenoning machine, 179-342 Cutters, planing, improved method of arranf,ang, 101, 102 Cutters, fixed, for planing, 102 Cutters, expanding, 153 Cutter tenoning machine working across the grain of the wood, 172 Cutting cork wood into sheets, 238 Cutting edge of plane irons, arigle of bevel, 342 Cutting iron, band saws for, 338 Cutting oval tenons, 174 Cutting piles under water, 40 Cutters, spiral, for chamfering and re- cessing, 215 Cutting timber from the circumference inwarls,'9 Cutting with the grain of the wood not recommended for dressing spokes, 201 Cylindrical gouges, 93, 345 Cylindrical saw for cutting bungs, 216 Cycloidal teeth for wheels, 311 DAMPER, automatic, for steam boflers, 264 Daniels' planing machine, 88 Deal frsme, feed motions for, 54 Decomposition of wood, 323 Designiig a band sawing machine, 143 — a circular saw bench, 32 — a geaeral joiner, 185 — mortising and boring machines, 169 — mouidingand planing machines, 104 — tenoning machine, 177 — timhjr and deal frames, 64 FIR Diagram for gmding bevel sawing, 243 Diameter of pulleys and speeds of shafts> calculating, 347 Difficultv of working cork wood, 237 'Dished"' circular saw, 31, 93, 139, 208 Disc feed for moulding machine, 9G Disc, steel, for dressing faces of grind- stones, 226 Disc, emerv, for sharpening saws, speed of, 220 Discs, frictional, 116 Double bevel for cutting tools, 343 Double-cone vice coupling, 306 Double rack feed for saw frames, 59 Dove-tailing, conical cutters for, 186, 189, 190 Dove-tailing, reciprocating chisels for, 186 Dressing staves for casks, 216 Dressing face of grindstones, 226 Driving belts, 313 cotton for, 313, 314 paper for, 313 Driving pulleys, width of, 33 • Drunken ' saws, collars for, 34 EASTMAN, E,, 9 Eccentric, variable, for altering throw of mortise chisels, 165 Edging staves for casks, 217 Emery disc, for sharpening saws, speed of, 220 vitrified, for sharpening saws, 220 — hone for finishing cutters, 225 Engines, high-pressure condensing, 256, 407 — small high-speed, 258 — vertical combined with boiler, 258 Expanding boring auger, 156 Expanding cutters, 153 Expansion and contraction of band-saw blades, 336 of saws, uniform, 330 Equilibrium or counterbalanced saw frame, 41 riARRAR, James, 91 i- East and loose pulleys, 309 Fay, J. A., 174 Feed, gradual, for mortising chisels, 1 62, 164 Feed,vertical,for mortising machines, 157 Felling trees, time for, 323 First band sawing machine, 119 Firsthand-power mortising machine,229 I First planing machine, 70 430 INDEX. FIR First tenoning machine, 174 Fitting bearings, 295 Fitting feather on mortising chisels, 230 Fixed cutters for planing, 102 Fixing machines on unsound founda- tions, 300 Fixing mortising chisels, 230 Fly press for guUeting saws dispensed M-ith, 222 Footstep bearings, 298 Forging spindles, 284 Foundations, machine, 300 Framing, box, introduction of, 15 Framing of machines with a recipro- cating motion, 282 Framings, vibrating strains on, 277 Framings of wood-working machines,277 Fret saws, method of holding, 143 Frictional discs, 116 Friction band in lieu of clutch coupling. 310 Friction on band or ribbon saws, 336 Friction, on, 286 Friction on line shafting, method of re- ducing, 308 Friction on saws, 330 GAUGE, thin, preferable for band saws, 147 Gauges suitable do. do., 340 Gauges suitable for circular saws, 330 Gauges suitable for straight saws, 331 Gear, Andrew, 113 Gearing and shafting, 305 Gearing,belt,for transmitting motion,3 13 Gearing, toothed, do. do., 310 General joiner, designing a, 185 Gibbs and Gatley, 41, 210 Gibbs, J., 249 Glue for fastening leather to iron, 320 Glue, waterproof, 319 Gouges, cylindrical, 93, 345 (jrouges, double, 157 Gouges, tempering, 346 Government inspection of steam boilers, 264 Gradual feed for mortising chisels, 162, 164 Graduated stroke for mortising ma- chines, 163 Gravities,specific, of seasoned timber,149 Green, 211 Green timber, sawing, 334 Greenwood and Sayner, 8 Grindstones, dressing the face of, 226 Guard, self-adjusting, 117 LIN Guard and guide for circular saws, 329 Guide for band saws, 135, 145 Gun stocks, recessing method of, 245 HAIGH, 40 Hammond, Charles, 10, 39 Hand planes, 67, 68 Hard woods, saws for cutting, 322, 326 Hardening cast steel, 352 Hatcon, 70 High-speeded deal frames, feed for, 55 High-speed engines, small, 258 High-speed machinery, belts for, 307 starting, 310 Hints on belts, 316 Holland, 329 Hollow auger for tenoning, 205 Hollow cutter-block and spindle for dressing spokes, 199 Hollowing and backing cask staves, 211, 217 Hone for finishing cutters, 225 j Hoops, wooden, bending, 209 ! Hunter, William, 93 Hydraulic or hydrostatic travelling ta- ble, 74 TLL-CONDITIONED timber, 324 j -L Increased feeding power for wet j timber, 53 Incrustation in steam boilers, 260 Intermediate pinions, 311 Involute teeth for wheels, 31 Irons, fixed, for planing, 345 Irons, moulding, 344 JOINER, general, designing a, 185 Jointing cask staves, 214, 217 Jointing or brazing band saws, method of, 339 Joints, compressed wood pulp for, 266 Jordan, 199, 249 KNIFE for cutting veneers, 193, 195, 196 T FATHER belting, hints on, 316 J-i Leather, dressing for, 320 Leather, to preserve, from mould, 319 Length and diameter of bearings, 290 Line shafting, speed of, 305 strains on, 305 INDEX. 431 LIN Line shafting, arranging, for saw mills, 306 Link motion on mortising machines, invention of, 151 Load, suddenly applied, 280 Loose pullej^s, 309 Lubricants for bearings, 296 Lubricants for bearings subject to heavy pressure, 299 Lubricating bearing, self, 309 MACHINE foundations, 300 Machinery, high-speed, starting, 310 Masonry for reciprocating machine foundations, 301 Maudsley, H., 10, 39 Measurement of timber, 425 Metals used for bearings, 291 Method, improved, of arranging cutters for planing machines, 101 Method of brazing band saws, 339 Method of hardening cast steel, 352 Method of holding fret saws, 143 Method of packing circular saws, 328 Method of pressing circular saws in- stead of hammering, 328 Method of sharpening and setting saw teeth, 331 Mill saws, method of stretching, 37 Mill shafting, speed of, 305 couplings for, 306 Mills, saw, arrangement of, 267 Mill-^veb saws in section, 334 Mill-web saws for cutting cask staves,210 should be ground thinner to- wards back, 334 Mortising and boring machines, de- signing, 169 — auger for forming square holes, 151 — chisels, gradual feed for, 162, 104 — chisel with serrated back, 159 — chisel, fitting feather to, 230 fixing, 230 Mortise or cog wheels, 311 Mortising machines, Brunei's, 148 chisels, reversing motion for, 153, 154, 160, 164 classes of, 148 double gouge for, 157 for forming carpenters' planes, 152 graduated stroke for, 163 linli luotion, on invention of, 151 triangular wedge piece for ob- viating jar on, 155 vertical feed for. 157 PLA Motion, gearing, toothed, for trans- mitting, 310 Motion, swivelling, for table of tenon- ing machine, 175 Motive power for driving wood- working machinery, 250 Moulding irons, 344, 397 Mouldings, preparing wood for, 272 Muir, Malcolm, 79 Murdock, 168 lUECESSITY of balancing cutter IN blocks, 283 Newberry, William, 119 Novel method of driving a saw frame, 42 Novel self-acting feed, 241 ABJECTIONS to punching saw teeth, U 328 Oil, castor, as a dressing for leather, 320 Outside cutter moulding machine, 109 Oval tenons, cutting, 174 PACKING for piston rods, 265 -L Packing pieces, adjustable, for cir- cular saws, 24 Page, E., 241 Paper covering for pulleys, to increase driving power of belts, 307 Paper for driving belts, 313 Parquet flooring, preparing, 98 Patterns for castings, 272 Peculiar motion given to circular saws for cuttiuii: dove-tails. 177 Pe'rin, M., 120 Phosphor bronze for bearings, 292 Piles, cutting, under water, 40 Pipes, steam, covering of, 265 Pinions, intermediate, 311 Pinus familj', 321, 326 Planing irons, fixed, 346 — machine, American, 88 automatically adjustable side cut- ter for, 103 balancing cutter block of, 107 bearings of, 106 cutters, spiral or twisted, 101 Daniels', 88 — •— designing, 104 duplicate set of top cutters, 106 flexible chain-feed bed for, 91 important element in working, 1 05 improved method of arranging cutters, 101, 102 432 INDEX. PLA Planing machine, outside cutter, 109 roller-feed, 89 spindles of, for finishing, 106 the first, 70 thin-wood, 109 traverse, 89 Woodworth, 88 Flasket and Brown, 207 Positive stroke in mortising machines objectionable, 161 Power gradually applied, 280 Power, transmitting, for high-speeded machinery, 815 Press, fly, for gulleting saws, dispensed with, 222 Prevention of breakage of band-saw blades, 346 Prevention of end play in mill shafting, 806 Prevention of slipping of belts, 807 Prevention of undue friction to circular saws, 12 Production of useful alloys, 350 Pulleys, diameter and sjpeeds of shafts, calculating, 347 Pullej's, fast and loose, of varying dia- meters, 869 Pulleys, loose, 809 QUALITY of iron for castings, 281 Quality and temper of band-saw blades, 339 RACK BENCH, American, origin of, 8 Rack feed, double, for saw frames, 59 improvement in, 81 Reasons for saws running out of truth, 330 Recessing and chamfering with spiral cutters, 215 — gun stocks, method of, 245 Reciprocating motion for mortising chisels, 153, 154, 160, 164 Reciprocating chisels for cutting dove- tails, 186 — saws for cutting cask staves, 210 Reducing friction on line shafting, me- thod of, 308 Rennie, G., 285, 287 Reversing cutter spindles, 115 Revolving tool box for mortising ma- chines, 233 — wedge, 30 Ribbon or band saws, 336 for cutting hard woods, 341 iron, 338 SEL Ribbon or band saws, setting of, 338 shape of teeth, 341 strains on, 336 Robertson, 211 Rods, piston, packing for, 265 Roller-feed planing machine, 89 Rolling action for reducing friction, 291 Rotative motion, 73 Rules and tables, 422 O AND-PAPERING flat surfaces, 240 ^ Saw frame, ancient, described, 35 counterbalanced or equilibrium, 41 novel method of driving, 42 Saw frames, reducing vibration in, 301 Sawing green timber, SS4 Saw mills, arrangement of, 267 Saw teeth, objections to gulleting with punch, 328 sharpened uniformly, 327 tendency to assume original posi- tion, 331 Saw-sharpening machine, speed of, 220 Saws, band, for cutting hard woods, 341 iron, 338 of thin gauge preferable, 147 or ribbon, 336 setting, 338 shape of teeth, 341 strains on, 836 Saws, circular, arranged to cut upwards, 254 shape of teeth of, 835 class of, 325 guard and guide, 329 for cutting soft woods, 322, 326 cedar, 322 hard woods, 322, 326 method of packing, 328 table of gauges, suitable, 330 Saws, cross-cutting, 333 — mill- web, for cutting cask staves, 210 — running out of truth, reason for, 330 — sharpening and setting teeth of, 331 — straight, in section, 334 and circular, 324 Sayner and Greenwood, 8 Screws for adjusting tenoning machine cutter-blocks, 175 Seasoning timber, artificial apparatus for, 324 Sectional or false teeth of circular saws, 9 Self-acting feed gear for band saws, 145 Self-acting feeds, 66 vertical feed for mortising ma- chines, 157 INDEX. 433 SEI- Self-actino; feed, novel, 241 — adjusting guard, 117 — oiling bearings, 297 — lubricating bearings, 309 Setting teeth of band-saw blades, 147 — veneer slicing knives, 197 Shafting and gearing, 305 Shafts, crank, 65 Sharpening band-saw blades, 223 — and setting teeth of saws, 331 Shell bearings kept cool by water, 290 Ships' block mortising machines (Bru- nei's), 150, 224 Short driving belts, 273 Siugle-bladed saw frames, 66 Slender grounds of novelty on which patents are granted, 221 Slicing veneers, 192 Slip of driving belts, 314 Southern, 287 Specific cohesion and strength, and the resistance of wood to pressure, 424 Specific gravities of seasoned timber, 349 Speed of band-saw blades, 147 for cutting iron, 146 cutter block for planing, 107 irregular moulding and shaping machines, 117 mill shafting, 305 teeth of circular saws, 19 saw-sharpening machine, 220 shafts and diameter of pulleys, calculating, 347 Spherical circular saw for stave-cutting, ^ -.'08 Spindles, reversing cutter, 115 Spindles, abrupt angles or changes of diameter in, to be avoided, 283 Spindles, forging, 284 Spiral cutters, for chamfering and re- versing, 215 Spi.ral or twisted cutters for planing, 101, Starting high-speed machinerj-, 310 Staves, cask,chamfering and crozing,214 Staves, cask, dressing, 216 Staves, cask, hollowing and backing, 211 Staves, cask, Jointing, 214, 217 Stiam boilers, 259 corrosion in, 261 Government inspection of, 264 incrustation in, 260 setting, 260 springing action in, 262 Steam joints, compressed wood pulp _ for, 266 Sttam pipes, covering for, 265 TIM Steel, cast, method of hardening, 352 — hardening, for cutters, 352 Stocks, gun, method of recessing, 245 Strains, compressive, 65 Strains on line shafting, 305 Strength of leather belts, 315 Stretching mill-web saws, method of, 37 Stretching mill-web saws by means of compressed air, 46 Stroke, graduated, for mortising ma- chines, 163 Suddenly applied load, 280 Surfacing, circular saw for, 9 Swing frame, on, 65 Swivelling motion for table of tenoning machines, 175 TABLE of suitable gauges for band- saw blades, 340 Table of do. circular saws, 330 straight saws, 331 Tables and rules, 422 Teeth, cycloidal, for wheels, 311 Teeth, involute, for wheels, 311 Teeth of band-saw blades, setting of, 147, 224 shape of, 341 for cutting iron, 336 saws, sharpening and setting, 331 Temperature necessary' to effect colour in hardening steel, 353 Temperature for artificial seasoning of timber, 324 Tempering cutting tools, 343 Tempering gouges, 346 Temper of band-saw blades, 347 Tendency' of saw teeth to assume origi- nal position, 331 Tenon-cutting, auger for, 205 Tenoning machines, classes of, 171 cutter blocks, screws for adjust- ing, 175 cutters working across the grain of the wood, 172, 342 designing, 177 swivelling motion for table of, 175 Tension, working, of leather belting, 315 Thin-gauge band saws are preferable, 147 Thin-wood planing machine, 109 Thouard, M., 120 Timber and deal frames, designing, 64 Timber, artificial, seasoning of, 324 Timber-cutting from exterior to centre, 9 Timber, green, sawing, 334 Timber, ill-conditioned, 324 Timber, measurement of, 350 F F 434 INDEX, TIM Timber, specific gravities of, 349 Tool box, revolving, for mortising ma- chines, 233 Toothed and belt gearing compared, 312 Toothed gearing for transmitting mo- tion, 310 Touroude, M., 119 Transmitting power in high-speed ma- chinery, 315 Ti-avelling table, hydraulic or hydro- static, 74 Traverse planing machine, 89 Treadle, compound, for mortising ma- chines, 163 Trepanning saw, IfiS Trees, time for felling, 323 Triangular wedge piece for obviating vibration, 155 Triple-action cam, 141 Trotter, 32 Turner's cement, 352 Turning up face of grindstone, 226 Twisted belts, 315 TTNGUENTS for bearings, 296 subject to heavy pressure, 299 YACUUM cylinder for counterba- lancing saw frame, 45 Variable eccentric for altering throw of mortising chisels, 165 Various forms of saw teeth, 335 Vegetable substances for bearing sur- face, 294 WRO Veneer-cutting machines, classes of, 192 — steaming process, 192 — knife for, 193, 195, 196 Vibrating strain on framings, 277 Vibration, supposed absorption of, 15 Vibration, reducing, in saw frames, 301 Vince, De, 286 Vitrified emery disc for sharpening saws, 220 WATERPROOF glue, 319 Wedge, revolving, 30 Wet or frozen timber, increased feeding power for, 53 White metal alloys for bearings, 294 Wheels, mortise or cog, 311 Wood, 321 Wood, decomposition of, 323 Wooden band-saw wheels, 136 Wooden hoops, bending, 209 Wood pulp, compressed, for steam joints, 266 Wood, preparing, for mouldings, 272 Wood, its resistance to pressure and specific cohesion and strength, 348 Wood, scraping surface of, 97 Woods, composition of, 350 Wood-working machines,framings of 277 Woodworth's planing machine, 88 Working tension of leather belting. table of, 315 Woven cruci ble steel for driving belts 31 6 Wrought-iron band-saw wheels, 133 Wrought iron faced with steel for cut- ters, 343 PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODK AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE LONDON M. POWIS BALE & Co. (^Formerly Kith the late Firm, POWIS, JABIES, & Co.), ESTABLISHED 1847, ENaiNEERS. Offices : APPOLD STREET, LONDON, E.G. SPECIALITIES: WOODWORKING MACHINERY, STONEWORKING MACHINERY, STEAM ENGINES & BOILERS. OF THE MOST ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION. ALSO PUMPING AND COLONIAL MACHINERY GENERALLY. MILLS PLANNED AND ERECTED COMPLETE. CATALOGUES FREE. ENGINEERING VALUATIONS, ARBITRATIONS, AND EXPERT EVIDENCE IN THE LAW COURTS. BOOKS BY M. POWIS BALE, M.Inst.M.E. " WOODWORKING MACHINERY." Second Editio7i. 9s. " SAW-MILLS, THEIR ARRANGEMENT & MANAGEMENT." 10s. &d. " STONE- WORKING MACHINERY." 9«. "STEAM AND MACHINERY MANAGEMENT." 3s. " PUMPS AND PUMPING." 2s. U. « A HANDBOOK FOR STEAM USERS." Fifth Editiun. 2s. Gd. " MODERN SHAFTING AND GEARING." 2s. 6d. Stationers' Hall Court, London, E.G. CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S Catalogue of Scientific, Technical and Industrial Books. PAGE PAGE MECHANICAL ENQINEERING . 1 CARPENTRY & TIMBER . . . 29 CIVIL ENGINEERING . . . . 10 31 MARINE ENGINEERING. &c. . 17 NATURAL SCIENCE 83 MINING & METALLURGY 19 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES . 34 COLLIERY WORKING. &c. . . 21 INDUSTRIAL ARTS 33 ELECTRICITY 23 COMMERCE, TABLES. Ac. . . 41 ARCHITECTURE & BUILDING . 26 AGRICULTURE & GARDENING. 43 SANITATION & WATER SUPPLY 28 AUCTIONEERING, VALUING. &o. 46 LAW & MISCELLANEOUS. . . 47 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, ETC. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK. Comprising Tables, Formulae, Rules, and Data : A Handy Book of Reference for Daily Use in Engineering Practice. By D. Kinnear Ci.ark. M. InM. C.E., Fifth Edition, thoroughly Revised and Enlarged. By H. H. P. Povvles, A.M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. Small 8vo, 700 pp., bound in flexible Leather Cover, rounded corners. [/ys( Published. Net 6/0 Summary of Contents :— Mathematical Tablf.s.— measuremhntof Surfaces AND Solids.— English weights and Measures.— French Metric Weights and Measures.— Foreign Weights and measures.— Moneys.— Specific Gravity, Weight, and volume.— Manufactured Metals.— Steel Pipes.— Bolts and nuts.— Sundry Articles in Wrought and Cast Iron, copper, Brass, Lead, Tin, Zinc- strength OF Materials. — Strength of Timber.- Strength of Cast iron — S rRENGTH of WROUGHT IRON,— STRENGTH OF STEEL.— TENSILE STRENGTH Of COPPER, Lead, &c.— Resistance of Stones and other building Materials.— Riveted Joints in Boiler Plates.— Boiler Shells.— wire Ropes and Hemp Ropes.— Chains and Chain Cables.— FRAMING.— HARDNESS OF metals. Alloys, and Stones.— Labour of animals.— Mechanical Principles.— Gravity and fall op Bodies.— accelerating AND Retarding Forces.— Mill Gearing, Shafting, &c.— Transmission of motive Power.— Heat.— Combustion : Fuels.— warm.ing, ventilation. Cooking Stoves.— Steam.— Steam Engines and boilers.— Railways.- Tramways.— Steam Ships.— Pumping steam Engines and pumps.— Coal Gas, Gas engines, &c.— Air in Motion. —Compressed air.— Hot air Engines.— water Power.— Speed of Cutting Tools. —Colours.— Electrical Engineering. " Mr. Clark manifests what is an innate perception of what is likely to be useful in a pocket- book, and he is really unrivalled in the art of condensation. It is very difficult to hit upon any mechanical engineering subject concerning which this work supplies no information, and the excellent index at the end adds to its utility. In one word, it is an exceedingly handy and efficient tool, possessed of which the engineer wiU be saved many a wearisome calculation, or yet more wearisome hunt through various text-books and treatises, and, as such, we can heartily recommend It to our readers." — The Engineer, " It would be found difficult to compress more matter within a similar compass, or produce a book of 700 pages which should be more compact or convenient for pocket reference. . . . Will be appreciated by mechanical engineers of ail classes." — Practical Engineer. 2 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S- SON'S CATALOGUE. MR. MUTTON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS. THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK. Comprising Modern Rules, Tables, and Data. For Engineers, Millwrights, and Boiler Makers ; Tool Makers, Machinists, and Metal Workers ; Iron and Brass Founders, &c. By W. S. Hutton, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Practical Engineer's Handbook." Sixth Edition, carefully Revised, and Enlarged. In One handsome Volume, medium 8vo, strongly bound 15/0 Qflf The Author having compiled Rules and Data for his own use in a great variety of modern engineering work, and having found his notes extremely useful, decided to publish them — revised to date — believing that a practical work, suited to the DAILY REQUIREMENTS OF MODERN ENGINEERS, would be favourably received. *'0f this edition we may repeat tiie appreciative remarlcs we made upon tiie first and tliird. Since the appearance of tlie latter very considerable modifications have been made, although the total number of pages remains almost the same. It is a very useful collection of rules, tables, and workshop and drawing ofiice data." — The E7i^ineer,^ May lo, 1895. " The author treats every subject from the point of view of one who has collected workshop notes for application in workshop practice, rather than from the theoretical or literary aspect. The volume contains a great deal of that kind of information which is gained only by practical experience, and is seldom written in books." — Th^ Engineer, June 5, 1885. " The volume is an exceedingly useful one, brimful with engineer's notes, memoranda, and rules, and well worthy of being on every mechanical engineer's bookshelf." — Mechatiical World, " The information is precisely that likely to be required in practice. . . . The work forms a desirable addition to the library not only of the works' manager, but of any one connected with general engineering." — Mining Journal, " Brimful of useful information, stated in a concise form, Mr. Button's books have met a pressing want among engineers. The book must prove extremely useful to every practical man possessmg a copy." — Practical Etigineer. THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HANDBOOK. Comprising a Treatise on Modern Engines and Boilers, Marine, Locomotive, and Stationary. And containing a large collection of Rules and Practical Data relating to Recent Practice in Designing and Constructing all kinds of Engines, Boilers, and other Engineering work. The whole constituting a com- prehensive Key to the Board of Trade and other Examinations for Certificates of Competency in Modern Mechanical Engineering. By Walter S. Hutton, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook for Engineers," &c. With upwards of 420 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Medium 8vo, nearly 560 pp., strongly bound. \Just Published. 1 8/0 B4r~ This Work is designed as a companion to the Author's "Works' Manager's Handbook." It possesses many new and original features, and con- tains, like its predecessor, a quantity of matter not originally intended for publication but collected by the Author for his own use in the construction of a great variety of Modern Engineering Work. The information is given in a condensed and concise form, and is illustrated by upwards of 420 Engravings ; and comprises a quantity of tabulated matter of great value to all engaged in designing, constructing, or estimating for Engines, Boilers, a«<3? other Engineering Work. "■We have kept it at hand^or several weeks, referring to it as occasion arose, and we have not on a single occasion consulted its pages without finding the information of which we were in quest." — Athenaum. " A thoroughly good practical handbook, which no engineer can go through without learning something that will be of service to him." — Marine Eyi^neer. '* An excellent book of reference for engineers, and a valuable text-book for students of engineering." — Scotsman. " This valuable manual embodies the results and experience of the leading authorities on mechanical engineering." — Bitilding News, " The author has collected together a surprising quantity of rules and practical data, and has shown much judgment in the selections he has made. . . . There is no doubt that this book is one of the most useful of its kind published, and will be a very popular compendium."— £«j7'««r. " A mass of information set down in simple language, and in such a fonn that it can be easily referred to at any time. The matter is uniformly good and well chosen, and is greatly elucidated by the illustrations. The book will find its way on to most engineers' shelves, where it will rank as one of the most useful books of reference." — Practical Engineer. " Full of useful information, and should be fouijd on the office shelf of all practical engineers," —English Mechanic, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. S-c. 3 MR. MUTTON'S PRACTICAL HAND BOO KS-co»«»««d. STEAM BOILER CONSTRUCTION. A Practical Handbook for Engineers, Boiler-Makers, and Steam Users Containing a large Collection of Rules and Data relating to Recent Practice m the Design Construction, and Working of all Kinds of Stationary, Loco- motive, and Marine Steam-Boilers. By Walter S. Hutton, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of " The Works' Manager's Handbook " "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. With upwards of 500 Illustrations. J hird Edition, thoroughly Revised, in part Re-*ritten, and much Enlarged. Medium 8vo, over 600 pages, cloth, strongly bound .... 18/0 I. .7. -^"'.^ Work is issued in continuation of the Series of Handbooks written by the Author VIZ. .--"The Works' Manager's Handbook " and " The Practical Engineers Handbook," which are so highly appreciated by engineers for the practical nature of their information ; and is consequently written in the same stvle as those works. The Author believes that the concentration, in a convenient form for easy reference, of such a large amount of thoroughly practical information on Steatn- tiouers, will be of considerable service to those for whom it is intended, and he trusts the book may be deemed worthy of as favourable a reception as has been accorded to %ts predecessors. m,n„„"-?"f ""-^ uff-- 'f °" that has ever been published. The infor- mation IS of the right lend in a simple and accessible form. So far as generation is concerned this Is, undoubtedly, the standard book on steam practice. R^ieiv concerned, this „„, V*^"^ 'j">i' J?""" '•^^'S" '^"d management, is clearly laid before the reader. The volume shows that boiler construction has been reduced to the condition of one of the most exact ^Marine^st^i^hr " ''^"^ '° * Engineer and Worli Mana|er?" n„w nlJo'^f ^lil''^ tS"E '^^t" '"^r^J"' ^ modern handbook on steam boilers ; there is not that room r„ J^'» .„n\. has filled it. It is a thoroughly practical book for those who are occupied In the construction, design, selection, or use of hoilers."— Engineer uccupicu lihr,^rj important and comprehensive a character that it must find its way into the nfntTn w^'^^""^ interested m boiler using or boiler manufacture if they wish to be thorougWy Market ' ""^o^Sly recommend the book for the intrinsic value of its iontents."-^a^A.««rj- PRACTICAL MECHANICS' WORKSHOP COMPANION. Comprising a great variety of the most useful Rules and Formula in Mechanical bcience, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calculated Results for facilitating Mechanical Operations. By William Templeton, Author of 1 he Engineer's Practical Assistant," &c., &c. Eighteenth Edition, Revised Modernised, and considerably Enlarged by Walter S. Hutton, C.E Author of 'The Works' Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Hand- book, &c. Fcap. 8vo, nearly 500 pp., with 8 Plates and upwards of 250 Illus- trative Diagrams, strongly bound for workshop or pocket wear and tear . 6/0 " In its modernised foi-m Mutton's ' Templeton ' should have a wide sale, for it contains much H^l^i^if.'r r"V"°" the mechanic will often find of use, and not a few tables and notes which he might look for m vam m other works. This modernised edition will be appreciated by all who have learned to value the original editions of • TempXeton.-"— English Mechanic " It has met with great success in the engineering workshop, as we can testify : and there are a^^eat many men who, m a great measure, owe their rise in life to this little hhoY."— Building "^"^'^ familiar text-book— well known to all mechanics and engineers-is of essential service to the every-day requirements of engineers, miUwrights, and the various trades connected with /^r^7sfconfNotke.f modernised edition is worth its weight in ^o\i.:'-Buill^g " This weU-known and largely-used book contains information, brought up to date of the ?f 1" V "'^ fo/e™*" and draughtsman. So much fresh information has b4en introduced as ''^^ ^ • " ''^ '^'■^'^'^ "''"^ "'^ ""^^ workshop."- hn.1, f'^M^ publishers wisely entrusted the task of revision of this popular, valuable, and usefu Dook to Mr. Hutton, than whom a more competent man they could not have found."— /row. ENGINEER'S AND MILLWRIGHT'S ASSISTANT. A Collection of Useful Tables, Rules, and Data. By William Templeton. Eighth Edition, with Additions. i8mo, cloth 2/6 " Occupies a foremost place among books of this kind. A more suitable present to an apprentice to any of the mechanical trades could not possibly be made."— £«i7a!i«.>- News deservedly popular work. It should be in the ' drawer ' of every m^hamc"— English CROSBY LOCKWOOD &• SON'S CATALOGUE. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S REFERENCE BOOK. For Machine and Boiler Construction. In Two Parts. Part I. General Engineering Data. Part II. Boiler Construction With 5i Plates and numerous Illustrations. By Nelson Foley, M.I N.A Second Edition, Revised throughout and much Enlarged. Folio, half-bound . A/et *,3 38. PATJT TI -TREATING OF POWER OF BOILERS.- USEFUL RATIOS.-NOTES ON CONSTRu'Sto"; -™INDRICAL BOILER SHELLS. - CIRCULAR F™CEs^ p^AT BOILER CALCULATIONS AND DRAWINGS OF MANY VARIETIES OF BOILERS. S^e o\\}rjL':'^ni^ec^^^^^^^^^^ mechanical engineers. "-^^W^. ^n^^... "We l,ave carefuUy exan,ined this work; and pronounce it a most excellent reference book ,e uYe of marine eng{neers."-y<.«ma/ o/A^^rican Society 0/ Naval Engtneers. or the 1 COAL AND SPEED TABLES. A Pocket Book for Engineers and Steam Users. „ By Nelson Foley, Author of "The Mechanical Engineer's Reference Book." Pocket size, cloth . 3/6 TliosP tibles are designed to meet the requirements of every-day use ; they are of sufficie scope ll ^^w^^^^M^VO^--. and n.ay be conunendod to eugmeersand users of steam. -l,on. TEXT-BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE. With a Supplement on Gas Engines, and Part "•""H^a'^. Engines By T M. Goodeve, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, Professor of Mechanics at the ^oyA —Uinini^- 'journal. ON GAS ENGINES. ^ ^ ^ With Appendix describing a Recent Engine with Tube Igniter. By T. M^ Goodeve, M.A. Crown 8vo, cloth • • • " Like all Mr. Goodeve's writings, the present is no exception in point of general excellence. It is a valuable little soXwae."— Mechanical World. THE QAS=ENQINE HANDBOOK. ~ ■ gner and the iLngineer. -avinp-s. Small FcaD. 8v , Net 8/6 "a Manual of Useful Information for the Designer and the Engineer. By E. W. Roberts, M.E. With Forty Full-page Engravings. Small Fcap. Svo^WAen A TREATISE ON STEAM BOILERS. Their Strength, Construction, and Economical Working. By R. Wilson, CE. Fifth Edition. i2mo, cloth ^ ' ' " The best treatise that has ever been published on steam boilers. •-Engtneer. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S COMPANION of Areas, Circumferences, Decimal Equivalents, in !"^hes and feet millimetres, snuares cubes roots, &c. ; Strerglh of Bolt?, Weight of Iron, &c. , Weights, Measures and other Data.' Also Practical Rules for Engine Proportions. By R Edwards, M.Inst.C.E. Fcap. 8vo, cloth. a/O "A very useful little volume. It contains many tables, classified data and memoranda ^^"""'^hruprof::srt:b^?ha'n^ informaUon likerto be required by mecLnical engineers In their everyday office work. -Aaturc. MECtiANtCAL ENCWE&RtMO, S-c. A HANDBOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE. With especial Reference to Small and Medium-sized Engines. For the Use of Engine Makers, Mechanical Draughtsmen, Engineering Students, and users of Steam Power. By Herman Haeder, C.E. Translated from the German with additions and alterations, by H. H. P. Powles, A.M.I. C.E.. M.I.M.E. Th'rJ Edition, Revised. With nearly i,ioo Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth Nc-t TIG " A perfect encyclopsedia of the steam engine and its details, and one which must take a per- manent place in English drawing-offices and workshops."—^ Foreman Pattern-maker. "This is an excellent book, and should be in the hands of all who are interested m the con- struction and design of medium-sized stationary engines. . . . A careful study of its contents and the arrangement of the sections leads to the conclusion that there is probably no other book like it In this country. The volume aims at showing the results of practical experience, and it certainly may claim a complete achievement of this idea." — Nature. "There can be no question as to its value. We cordially comniend it to all concerned in the design and construciion of tlic steam e\isme."—.Mahaincal World. BOILER AND FACTORY CH1MNEY5. Their Draught-Power and Stability. With a chapter on Lightning Conductors. By Robert Wilson, A.I.C.E., Author of "A Treatise on Steam Boilers," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 " A valuable contribution to the literature of scientific building."— TAe Builder. BOILER MAKER'S READY RECKONER & ASSISTANT. With Examples of Practical Geometry and Templating, for the Use of Platers, Smiths, and Riveters. By John Courtney, Edited by D. K. Clark, M.I. C.E. Fourth Edition, 480 pp., with 140 Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, half- bound 7/0 " No workman or apprentice should be without this book."— /row Trade Circular. REFRIGERATION, COLD STORAGE, & ICE-MAKING: A Practical Treatise on the Art and Science of Refrigeration. By A. J. Wallis-Tavler, A.M.Inst.C.E., Author of ' Refrigerating and Ice-Making Machinery." 600 pp., with 360 Illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth. ^ [Just Published. Net 1 5/0 "The author has to be congratulated on the completion and production of such an impor- tant work and it cannot fail to have a large body of readers, for it leaves out nothing that would in any way he of value to those interested in the subject."— 5feaOTjAj>>. , , " No one whose duty it is to handle the mammoth preserving installations of these latter clays can afford to be without this valuable 'boo'^." —Glasgmu Herald. THE POCKET BOOK OF REFRIGERATION AND ICE- MAKINQ FOR 1903. Edited by A. J. Wallis-Tavler, A.M.Inst.C.E. Author of " Refrigerating and Ice-making Machinery," &c. Small Crown 8vo, cloth. Uust Publislud. Net 2/6 REFRIGERATING & ICE-MAKING MACHINERY. A Descriptive Treatise for the Use of Persons Employing Refrigerating and Ice-Making Installations, and others. By A. J. Wallis-Tayler, A.-M. Inst. C.E. Third Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth. \]ust Published. 7/6 "Practical, explicit, and profusely illustrated."— Glasg-ow Herald. " We recommend the book, which gives the cost of various systems and illustrations showing details of parts of machinery and general arrangements of complete installations."— ^K»7rf«r. " May be recommended as a useful description of the machinery, the processes, and of the facts, figures, and tabulated physics of refrigerating. It is one of the best compilations on the subject. ' — Engineer. TEA MACHINERY AND TEA FACTORIES. A Descriptive Treatise on the Mechanical Appliances required in the Cultiva- tion of the Tea Plant and the Preparation of Tea for the Market. By A. J. Wallis-Tayler, A.-M. Inst. C.E. Medium 8vo, 468 pp. With 21S Illustrations. [Just Published. Net 25/0 " When tea planting was first introduced into the British possessions little, if any, machinery was employed, but now its use is almost universal. This volume contains a very full account of the machinery necessary for the proper outfit of a factory, and also a description of the processes best carried out by this macliinery."— yo«;-«a/ Society 0/ Arts. 6 CROSBY LOCK Wool) SOr^'S CATALOG VS. ENQINEERINQ ESTIMATES, COSTS, AND ACCOUNTS. A Guide to Commercial Engineering. With numerous examples of Estimates and Costs of Millwright Work, Miscellaneous Productions, Steam Engines and Steam Boilers ; and a Section on the Preparation of Costs Accounts. By A General Manager. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth 12/0 "This is an excellent and very useful book, covering subject-matter in constant requisition in every factory and workshop. . . . The book is invaluable, not only to the young engineer, but also to the estimate department of every works."— Builder. " We accord the work unqualified praise. The information is given in a plain, straightforward manner, and bears throughout evidence of the intimate practical acquaintance of the author with every phase of commercial engineering."— Mechanical IVorld. AERIAL OR WIRE=ROPE TRAMWAYS. Their Construction and Management. ByA. J.Wallis-Tayler, A.M.Inst.C.E. With Si Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 7/6 " This is in its way an excellent volume. Without going into the minutiae of the subject, it yet lays before its readers a very good exposition of the various systems of rope transmission in use, and gives as well not a little valuable information about their working, repair, and management. We can safely recommend it as a useful general treatise on the subject."— TAe Ensineer. MOTOR CARS OR POWER=CARRIAQES FOR COMMON ROADS. By A. J. Wallis-Tayler, A. M. Inst. C.E., Author of "Modern Cycles," &c. 212 pp., with 76 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth .... 4/6 . . , . " ^^'^ book is clearly expressed throughout, and is just the sort of work that an engineer, thmkmg of turning his attention to motor-carriage work, would do well to read as a preliminary to starting o^erA\.ions."~ Engineering. PLATING AND BOILER MAKING. A Practical Handbook for Workshop Operations. By Joseph G. Horner, A.M.I. M.E. 380 pp. with 338 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 7/6 " This work is characterised by that evidence of close acquaintance with workshop methods which wiU render the book exceedingly acceptable to the practical hand. We have- no hesitation in commciulinH' tlie work as a serviccalile and practical handbook on a subject which has not hitherto received much attention from those qualified to deal with it in a satisfactory manner." — Mechanical World. PATTERN MAKING. A Practical Treatise, embracing the Main Types of Engineering Construction, and including Gearing, Engine Work, Sheaves and Pulleys, Pipes and Columns, Screws, Machine Parts, Pumps and Cocks, the Moulding of Patterns in Loam and Greensand, estimating the weight of Castings &c. By Joseph G. Horner, A.M.I.M.E. Third Edition, Enlarged. With 4S6 Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth. \Ju%t Published. Net 7/6 • A " ^ well-written technical guide, evidently written by a man who understands and has prac- tised what he has written about. . . . We cordially recommend it to engineering students, young journeymen, and others desirous of being initiated into the mysteries of pattern-making." — Builder. "An excellent vade mecum for the apprentice who desires to become master of his trade." —English Mechanic. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS (Lockwood's Dictionary of). Embracing those current in the Drawing Office, Pattern Shop, Foundry, Fitting, Turning, Smiths', and Boiler Shops, &c. Com- prising upwards of 6, 000 Definitions. Edited by J. G. Horner, A. M.I. M.E. Third Edition, Revised, with Additicns. Crown Svo, cloth. . Net "JjQ "Just the sort of handy dictionary required by the various trades engaged in mechanical en- gineering. The practical engineering pupil will findthebookof great value in his studies, and every foreman engineer and mechanic should have a copy." — Building NeTvs. TOOTHED GEARING. A Practical Handbook for Offices and Workshops. By J. Horner, A.M. I. M.E, With 184 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 6/0 " We give the book our unqualified praise for its thoroughness of treatment, and recommend it to all interested as the most practical book on the subject yet v/ritten. '— Mechanical Ji'orld. FIRES, FIRE-ENGINES, AND FIRE BRIGADES. With a History of Fire-Engines, their Construction, Use, and Manage- ment ; Foreign Fire Systems ; Hints on Fire-Brigades, &c. By C. F. T. Young, C.E. Svo, cloth £1 4s. "To such of our readers as are interested in the subject of fires and fire apparatus we can most heartily commend this book." — Engineering. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. S-c. 7 AERIAL NAVIGATION. A Practical Handbook on the Construction of Dirigible Balloons, Aerostats, Aerop'aiies, and Aeretnotors. By Frederick Walker, C.E., Associate Member of the Aeronautic Inititute. With 104 Illustrations. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. Net. 7/6 STONE-WORKING MACHINERY. A Manual dealing with the Rapid and Economical Conversion of Stone. With Hints on the Arrangement and Management of Stone Works. By M. Powis Bale, M.I. M.E. Second Edition, enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 9/0 '* TIic book should be In the hands of every mason or student of stonework." — Celliery Guardian. " A capital handbook for all who manipulate stone for building or ornamental purposes."— Machinery Market. PUMPS AND PUMPING. A Handbook for Pump Users. Being Notes on Selection, Construction, and Management. By M. Powis Bale, M.I. M.E. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 "The matter is set forth as concisely as possible. In fact, condensation rather than diffuse- ness has been the author's aim throughout ; yet he does not seem to have omitted anything likely to t)e of use." — Journal 0/ Gas Lighting. " Thcrou^^ii'y practical and clearly written." — Glasgow Ht^yaltl. MILLING MACHINES AND PROCESSES. A Practical Treatise on Shaping Metals by Rotary Cutters. Including Information on Making and Grinding the Cutters. By Paul N. Hasluck, Author of " Lathe-Work." With upwards of 300 Engravings. Large crown Bvo, cloth 1 2/6 " A new departure in engineering literature. . . . We can recommend this work to all in- terested in milling machines ; it is what it professes to be — a practical treatise." — Engineer. " A capital and reliable book which will no doubt be of considerable service both to those who are already acquainted with the process as well as to those who contemplate its adoption.'*— Industries. LATHE=WORK. A Practical Treatise on the Tools, Appliances, and Processes employed in the Art of Turning. By Paul N. Hasluck. Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/0 *' Written by a man who knows not only how work ought to be done, but who also knows how to do It, and how to convey his knowledge to others. To all turners this book would be valuab'e."— Engineering. " We can safely recommend the work to young engineers. To the amateur it will simply be invaluable. To the student it will convey a great deal of useful Information." — Engineer. SCREW-THREADS, And Methods of Producing Them. With numerous Tables and complete Directions for using Screw-Cutting Lathes. By Paul N. Hasluck, Author of " Lathe- Work," &c. Fifth Edition. Waistcoat-pocket size . .1/6 " Full of useful information, hints and practical criticism. Taps, dies, and screwing tools generally are illustrated and their action Aexri'bed."— Mechanical World. " It is a complete compendium of all the details of the screw-cutting lathe j In fact, a multutr,- in-parvo on all the subjects it treats upon." — Carpenter and Builder. TABLES AND MEMORANDA FOR ENGINEERS, MECHANICS, ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, &c. Selected and Arranged by Francis Smith. Sixth Edition, Revised, including Electrical Tables, Formul.*:, and Memoranda. Waistcoat-pocket size, limp leather . . . . . . . . . . '1/6 "It would, perhaps, be as difficult to make a small pocket-book selection of notes and formulae to suit all engineers as it would be to make a universal medicine ; but Mr. Smith's waistcoat- pocket collection may be looked upon as a successful attempt." — Engineer. " The best example we have ever seen of 270 pages of useful matter packed Into the dimen- slons of a C3.rd-ca.se."— Building News. " A veritable pocket treasury of knowledge."— /»■««. POCKET GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. English-French, French-English ; with Tables suitable for the Architectural, Engineering, Manufacturing, and Nautical Professions. By John James Fletcher. Third Edition, 200 pp. Waistcoat-pocket size, limp leather 1/6 " It is a very great advantage for readers and correspondents in France and England to hav e so large a number of the words relating to engineering and manufacturers collected in a lUiputian volume. The little book will be useful both to students and travellers."— yircAjfec/. " The glossary of terms is very complete, and many of the Tables are new and well arranged. We cordially commend the book."— Mechanical tVorld, 8 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. THE ENGINEER'S YEAR BOOK FOR 1903. Comprising Formulae, Rules, Tables, Data and Memoranda in Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Marine and Mine Engineering. By H. R. Kempe, A.M. Inst. C.E., M.I.E.E., Principal Technical Officer, Engineer-in-Chief's Office, General Post Office, London, Author of "A Handbook of Electrical Testing," "The Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book," &c. With i,ooo Illustrations, specially Engraved for the work. Crown 8vo, about i,odo pp., leather. [Just Published. 8/0 "Kempe's Year Book really requires no commendation. Its sphere of usefulness is widely known, and it is used liy engineers tnc world over."— 7"/k ang'ineer. "The volume is distinctly in advance of most similar publications in this country."— Engineenn£: " This valuable and well-designed book of reference meets the demands of all descriptions of engineers." — Saturday Rnjiew. "Teems with up-to-date information in every branch of engineering and construction."— Building News. " The needs of the engineering profession could hardly be supplied in a more admirable, complete and convenient form. To say that it more than 3ustaii\s 2iU comparisons is praise of the highest sort, and that may justly be said of it." — Mining youmaL. " There is certainly room for the newcomer, which supplies explanations and directions, as well as formulae and tables. It deserves to become one of the most successful of the technical annuals. ■' — A rchitect. " Brings together with great skill all the technical information which an engineer has to use day by day. It is in every way admirably equipped, and is sure to prove successful." — Scots-man. " The up-to-dateness of Mr. Kempe's compilation is a quality that will not he lost on the busy people for whom the work is intended." — Glasgow Herald. THE PORTABLE ENGINE. A Practical Manual on its Construction and Management. For the use of Owners and Users of Steam Engines generally. By William Dyson Wansbrough. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 " This is a work of value to those who use steam machinery. . . . Should be read by every one who has a steam engine, on a farm or elsewhere." — Mark Lane Express. " We cordially commend this work to buyers and owners of steam-engines, and to those who have to do with their construction or use." — Timber Trades Journal. " Such a general knowledge of the steam-engine as Mr. Wansbrough furnishes to the reader should be acquired by all intelligent owners and others who use the steam-engine." — Building News. " An excellent text-book of this useful form of engine. The ' Hints to Purchasers ' contain a good deal of common-sense and practical wisdom." — English Mechanic. IRON AND STEEL. A Work for the Forge, Foundry, Factory, and Office. Containing ready, useful, and trustworthy Information for Ironmasters and their Stock-takers ; Managers of Bar, Rail, Plate, and Sheet Rolling Mills ; Iron and Metal Founders ; Iron Ship and Bridge Builders ; Mechanical, Mining, and Con- sulting Engineers ; Architects, Contractors, Builders, &c. By Charles Hoare, Author of " The Slide Rule," &c. Ninth Edition, samo, leather . 6/0 " For comprehensiveness the book has not its equal." — Iron. " One of the best of the pocket books." — English Mechanic, CONDENSED MECHANICS. A Selection of Formulae, Rules, Tables, and Data for the Use of Engineering Students, &c. By W. G. C. Hughes, A.M.I. C.E. Crown 8vo, cloth . 2/6 " The book is well fitted for those who are preparing for examination and wish to refresh their knowledge by going through their formulae again." — Marine Engineer. THE SAFE U5E OF STEAM. Containing Rules for Unprofessional Steam Users. By an Engineer. Seventh Edition. Sewed Qo. " If steam-users would but learn this little book by heart, boiler explosions would become sensations by their rarity." — English Mechanic. THE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF STATIONARY ENGINES. A Practical Handbook for Men-in-cbarge. By C. Hurst. Crown 8vo, cloth. IJust Published. Net 1 /O MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, S-c. 9 THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE. The Autobiography of an Old Locomotive Engine. By Robert Weather- burn, M.I.M.E. With Illustrations and Portraits of George and Robert Stephenson. Crown 8vo, cloth. JVet 2/6 SUMMAKv OF CONTENTS: — Prologue. — Cylinders. — Motions. — Connecting Rods.— frames.— wheels. — Pumps, Clacks, &c. — injectors. — Boilers.— Smoke Box.— Chimney.— Weather Board and Awning.— Internal Dissensions.— Engine Drivers, &c. " It would be difficult to imagine anything more ingeniously planned, more cleverly worked out, and more charmingly written. Readers, whether young or old of a mechanical turn, cannot fail to find the volume most enjoyable as well as most ins'ructivt;."— (r/aj^cw Herald. THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT. A Popular Treatise on the Gradual Improvements made in Railway Engines between 1803 and 1C03. By Clement E. Stretton, C.E. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With 130 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. \]u$t Published. Net 4/6 " Students of railway history and all who are interested in the evolution of the modem o-omotive will find much to attract and entertain in this volume." — The Times. LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE DRIVING. A Practical Manual for Engineers in Charge of Locomotive Engines. By Michael Reynolds, formerly Locomotive Inspector, L. B. & S. C. R. Eleventh Edition. Including a Key to the Locomotive Engine. Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6 " Mr. Reynolds has supplied a want, and has supplied t well. We can confidently recom- mend the book not only to the practical driver, but to everyone who takes an interest in the performance of locomotive engines." — The Engineer. " Mr. Reynolds has opened a new chapter in the literature of the day. This admirable practical treatise, of ttie practical utility of wliicli we have to speak in terms of warm commendation." — Athenaum. THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, Fireman, and Engine-Boy. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locomotive Engines and their Inventors. By Michael Reynolds. Second Edition, with Revised Appendix. Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6 " We should be glad to see this book in the possession of everyone in the kingdom who has ever laid, or is to lay, hands on a locomotive engine." — Iron. CONTINUOUS RAILW^AV BRAKES. A Practical Treatise on the several Systems in Use in the United Kingdom : their Construction and Performance. By Michael Reynolds. 8vo, cloth 9/0 " A popular explanation of the different brakes. It will be of great assistance in forming public opinion, and will be studied with benefit by those who take an interest in the brake." — English Mechanic. STATIONARY ENGINE DRIVING. A Practical Manual for Engineers in Charge of Stationary Engines. By Michael Reynolds. Sixth Edition. With Plates and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6 " The author's advice on the various points created is clear and practical." — Engineering. " Our author leaves no stone untunied. He is determined that his readers shall not only know something about the stationary engine, but all about it." — Engineer, ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE. Stirring Adventures and Incidents in the Lives of Locomotive Engine- Drivers. By Michael Reynolds. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . 1/6 " From first to last perfectly fascinating. Wilkie Collins's most thrilling conceptions are thrown into the shade by true incidents, endless in their variety, related in every page." — North British Mail. THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION, And Practical Educator for Enginemen, Boiler Attendants, and Mechanics. By Michael Reynolds. With 45 Illustrations and numerous Diagrams. Fourth Edition, Revised. Royal i8mo, strongly bound for pocket wear. 3/6 " A most meritorious work, ^^iving in a succiiicl and practical form all the information an cngine-niinder desirous of m.'istering the scientific principles of his daily calling would requiie." — The Miller, -to CkOSBV LOCKWOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, ETC. LIGHT RAILWAYS FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM, INDIA, AND THE COLONIES. A Practical Handbook setting forth the Principles on which Light Railways should be Constructed, Worked, and Financed ; and detailing the Cost of Construction, Equipment, Revenue and Working Expenses. By J. C. Mackay, F.G.S., A.M. Inst. C.E. Illustrated with Plates and Diagrams. 8vo, cloth 15/0 " Mr. Mackay 's volume is clearly and concisely written, admirably arranged, and freely illustrated. The book is exactly what has been long wanted. We recommend it to all interested in the subject. It is sure to have a wide sale." — Rail-way News. TUNNELLING. A Practical Treatise. Ey Charles Prelini, C.E. With additions by Charles S. Hill, C.E. With 150 Diagrams and Illustrations. Royal 8vo, cloth ;Vei 1 6/0 PRACTICAL TUNNELLING. Explaining in detail Setting-out the Works, Shaft -sinking, and Heading-driving, Ranging the Lines and Levelling underground, Sub-Excavating, Timbering and the Construction of the Brickwork of Tunnels. By F. W. Simms, M.Inst. C.E. Fourth Edition, Revised and Further Extended, including the most recent (1895) Examples of Sub-aqueous and other Tunnels, by D. Kinnear Clark, M. Inst. C.E. With 34 Folding Plates. Imperial 8vo, cloth £2 2s. " The present (1896) edition has been brought right up to date, and is thus rendered a work to which_ civil engineers generally should have ready access, and to which engineers who have con- struction work can hardly afford to be without, but which to the younger members of the profession is invaluable, as from its pages they can learn the state to which the science of tunnelling bets McaineA." —Rail-way Neius. THE WATER SUPPLY OF TOWNS AND THE CON- STRUCTION OF WATER-WORKS. A Practical Treatise for the Use of Engineers and Students of Engineering. By W. K. Burton, A.M. Inst. C.E., Consulting Engineer to the Tokyo Water-works. Second Edition, Revised and Extended. With numerous Plates and Illustrations. Super-royal Svo, buckram. [Just Published. 25/0 I. Introductory. — II. Different Qualities of water. — ill. Quantity of Water to be Provided.— IV. On Ascertaining whether a proposed Source of Supply is Sufficient. — V. On Estimating the Storage Capacity required TO BE Provided.— VI. Classification of water-works.— VII. Impounding Reser- voirs.— VIII. Earthwork Dams.— IX. masonry Dams.— X. The Purification of Water.— XI. Settling Reservoirs.— XII. Sand filtration.— XIII. Purification OF Water by action of Iron, Softening of water by Action of Lime, Natural Filtration.— XIV. Service or Clean Water Reservoirs— Water Towers— Stand Pipes.— XV. The Connection of Settling Reservoirs, Filter beds and Service Reservoirs.— XVI. Pumping Machinery.— XVII. Flow of Water in Conduits- Pipes AND Open Channels.— XVIII. Distribution Systems.— XIX. Special pro- visions for the Extinction of Fire.— XX. pipes for water-works.— XXI. pre- vention of Waste of Water.— XXII. Various Appliances used in Connection with Water-works. Appendix I. By Prof. JOHN MILNE, l-'.R.S.— Considerations concerning the Probable effects of Earthquakes on Water-works, and the Special Pre- cautions TO BE TAKEN IN EARTHQUAKE COUNTRIES. Appendix II. By JOHN DE RIJKE, C.E.— On Sand Dunes and Dune Sand as A Source of Water Supply. " The chapter upon filtration of water is very complete, and the details of construction well Illustrated. . . . The work should be specially valuable to civil engineers engaged in work in Japan, but the interest is by no means confined to that locality." — Engineer. " We congratulate the author upon the practical commonsense shovm in the preparation of this work. . . . The plates and diagrams have evidently been prepared with great care, and cannot fail to be of great assistance to the student." — Builder. RURAL WATER SUPPLY. A Practical Handbook on the Supply of Water and Construction of Water- works for small Country Districts. By Allan Greenwell, A.M.I.C.E., and W. T. Curry, A.M.I. C.E., F.G.S. With Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. Crown Svo, cloth 5/0 " We conscientiously recommend it as a very useful book for those concerned in obtaining water for small districts, giving a great deal of practical information in a small compass." — Builder. " The volume contains valuable information upon all matters connected with water supply. . . It ib full of d tails on points which are continually before_water- works engineers." — Nature^ CtVtL EtfGlNEBRim. SVRVEYWG. ^c. it THE WATER SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS. By William Humber, A. M. Inst. C.E., and M.Inst M.E., Author of "Cast and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction," &c., &c. Illustrated with 50 Double Plates, I Single Plate, Coloured Frontispiece, and upwards of 250 Woodcuts, and containing 400 pp. of Text. Imp. 4to, elegantly and substantially half-bound in morocco ........ Net £6 Ss. List of Contents. I. Historical Sketch of some of the means that have been adopted for THE Supply of Water to Cities and Towns.— II. Water and the Foreign matter USUALLY associated WITH IT.— III. RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION.— IV. SPRINGS AND THE WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS OF VARIOUS DISTRICTS.— V. MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF THE FLOW OF WATER.— VI. ON THE SELECTION OF THE SOURCE OF Supply.— VII. Wells.— Vlll. Reservoirs.— IX. The purification of Water.— X. Pumps.— XI. pumping Machinery.— XII. Conduits.— XIII. Distribution of Water. —XIV. Meters, Service Pipes, and House Fittings.— XV. The Law and economy op Water-works.— xyi. Constant and Intermittent Supply.— XVII. description of Plates.— Appendices, giving Tables of Rates of Supply, Velocities, &c., &c., together with specifications of several works illustrated, among which will be found : aberdeen, bideford, canterbury, dundee, halifax, lambeth, rotherham, dublin, and others. " The most systematic and valuable work upon water supply hitherto produced in English, or ill any other language. Mr. Huniber's work is characterised almost throughout by an exhaustiveness much more distinctive of French and German than of English technical treatises." — Engineer. HYDRAULIC POWER ENQINEERINQ. A Practical Manual on the Concentration and Transmission of Power by Hydraulic Machinery. By G. Croydon Marks, A.M. Inst. C.E. With nearly 200 Illustrations. 8vo, cloth. Published. Net 9/0 Summary of Contents Principles of Hydraulics.— the Flow of Water.— Hydraulic Pressures, Material.— Test Load Packings for Sliding Surfaces.— Pipe Joints.— Con- trolling Valves.— Platform Lifts.— Workshop and Foi'ndrv Cranes.— Ware- Hot!SE AND Dock crane?.— Hydraulic accumulators.— Presses I''0R B.\ling and other Pi-RPu^Es.— Sheet Metal working and Forging Machinery.— hydraulic Rivetters.— Hand, Power, and Steam Pumps.— Turbines.— impulse turbines. —REACTION Turhines,— Design of turbines in Detail.--Water Wheels.— Hydraulic Engines.— Recent Achievements.— Pressure of Water.— action of Pumps, &c. " We have nothing but praise for this thoroughly valuable work. The author has succeeded in rendering his subject interesting as well as instructive." — Practical. Engineer. "Can be unhesitatingly recommended as a useful and up-to-date manual on hydraulic trans- mission and utilisation of power." — Mechanical IVorld. HYDRAULIC TABLES, CO-EFFICIENTS, & FORMULA. For Finding the Discharge of Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, Pipes, and Rivers. With New Formulae, Tables, and General Information on Rain-fall, Catchment-Basins, Drainage, Sewerage, Water Supply for Towns and Mill Power. By John Neville, Civil Engineer, M.R.I. A. Third Edition, revised, with considerable additions. Numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 1 4/0 " It is, of all English books on the subject, the one nearest to completeness." — ArchiUcU HYDRAULIC MANUAL. Consisting of Working Tables and Explanatory Text. Intended as a Guide in Hydraulic Calculations and Field Operations. By Lowis D'A. Jackson, Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," "Modern Metrology," &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Large crown 8vo, cloth 1 6/0 " The author has constructed a manual which may be accepted as a trustworthy guide to this branch of the engineer s profession." — Engineering. WATER ENQINEERINQ. A Practical Treatise on the Measurement, Storage, Conveyance, and Utilisa- tion of Water for the Supply of Towns, for Mill Power, and for other Purposes. By Charles Slagg, A.M. Inst.C.E. Second Edition. Crown Svo, cloth . 7/6 *' As a small practical treatise on the water supply of towns, and on some applications of water- power, the work is in many respects excellent." — Ensrineerinp. "The authnr has collated the results deduced from the cxiierimciUs of the most eminent inthorities, and has presented tliciu in a compact and practicol foi 111, accompanied by very clear uid detailed explanations. . . . The application 'of water as a motive power is treated ver carefully and exhaustively." — Builder, 12 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S- SOM'S CAtALOGUE. THE RECLAMATION OF LAND FROM TIDAL WATERS. A Handbook for Engineers, Landed Proprietors, and others interested in Works of Reclamation. By Alex. Beazeley, M.Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth. I^ei 10/6 " The book shows in a concise way what has to be done in reclaiming land from the sea, and the best way of doing it. The work contains a great deal of practical and useful information which cannot fail to be of service to engineers entrusted with the enclosure of salt marshes, and to land- owners intending to reclaim land from the sea." — The En^neer. "The author has carried out his task efficiently and well, and his book contains a large amount of information of great service to engineers and others interested in works of reclamation." — Nat%i.re, MASONRY DAMS FROM INCEPTION TO COMPLETION. Including numerous Formulae, Forms of Specification and Tender, Pocket Diagram of Forces, &c. For the use of Civil and Mining Engineers. By C. F. Courtney, M. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth 9/0 '* The volume contains a good deal of valuable data. Many useful suggestions will be found in the remarks on site and position, location of dam, foundations and construction." — Building JVeTus. RIVER BARS. The Causes of their Formation, and their Treatment by " Induced Tidal Scour " ; with a Description of the Successful Reduction by this Method of the Bar at Dublin. By I. J. Mann, Assist. Eng. to the Dublin Port and Docks Board. Royal 8vo, cloth 7/6 " We recommend all interested in harbour works — and, indeed, those concerned In the mprovements of rivers generally — to read Mr. Mann's interesting work." — Engineer. TRAMWAYS: THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING. Embracing a Comprehensive History of the System ; with an exhaustive Analysis of the Various Modes of Traction, including Horse Power, Steam, Cable Traction, Electric Traction, &c. ; a Description of the Varieties of Rolling Stock ; and ample Details of Cost and Working Expenses. New Edition, Thoroughljr Revised, and Including the Progress recently made in Tramway Construction, &c., &c. By D. Kinnear Clark, M. Inst. C.E. With 400 Illustrations. Svo, 780 pp., buckram. 28/0 " The new volume is one which will rank, among tramway engineers and those interested in tramway worlcing, with the Author's world-famed book on railway machinery." — The Engineer. SURVEYING AS PRACTISED BY CIVIL ENGINEERS AND 5URVEY0R5, Including the Setting-out of Works for Construction and Surveys Abroad, with many Examples taken from Actual Practice. A Handbook for use in the Field and the Office, intended also as a Text-book for Students. By John White- law, Jun., A.M. Inst. C.E., Author of " Points and Crossings." With about 260 Illustrations. Demy Svo, cloth. [Just Published. Net "[QIQ "This work is written with atlniirabic lucidity, and will certainly be found of distinct value both to students and to those engaged in actual practice." — TJic Btnldcr. PRACTICAL SURVEYING. A Text-Book for Students preparing for Examinations or for Survey-work in the Colonies. By George W. Usill, A.M. I. C.E. With 4 Lithographic Plates and upwards of 330 Illustrations. Seventh Edition. Including Tables of Natural Sines, Tangents, Secant,', &c. Crown Svo, 7/6 cloth; or, on Thin Paper, leather, gilt edges, rounded corners, for pocket use . . .1 J2/6 *' The best lorms of instruments are described as to their construction, uses and modes of employment, and there are innumerable hints on work and equipment such as the author. In his experience as surveyor, draughtsman and teacher, has found necessary, and which the student In his mexperience will find most serviceable." — Engineer. " The first book which should be put in the hands of a pupil of Civil Engineering."— Architect, AID TO SURVEY PRACTICE. For Reference in Surveying, Levelling, and Setting-out ; and in Route Sur- veys of Travellers by Land and Sea. With Tables, Illustrations, and Records. By Lowis D'A. Jackson, A.M. I. C.E. Second Edition, JCnlarged. 8vo, cloth 1 2/6 " Mr. Jackson has produced a valuable vade-mecum for the suiveyor. We can recommend this book as containing an admirable supplement to the teaching of the accomplished surveyor." — Athenaum. " The author brings to his work a fortunate union of theory and practical experience which, aided by a clear and lucid style of writing, renders the book a very useful one." — Builder, CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING. &-c. SURVEYING WITH THE TACHEOMETER. A p^acucal Manual ^he - of Civil and ^l^^ Inl't: Crn?esl'LrDe^g.ees. By N.. Kkkn^.v M Inst C E With Diagrams and Plates. Demy 8vo, cloth. Net 1 0/6 "Tl>; work is ver; clearly written, and should remove all difficnlties the way of any surveyor desiiroul of making us7of this useful and rapid instrunient. -Nature. EINQINEER'S & MINING SURVEYOR'S FIELD BOOK. • „ , q^rJps nf Tables with Rules, Explanations of Systems, and SeT^^b'eolfite for xlSe Su^^^^^^ Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Crown Bvo, cloth .... ; '*'V ..The bookls very handy; the separa^^^^^^^^^^^^ it uiseful for many other purposes, the genuine traverse taoies exisung <. LAND AND MARINE SURVEYING. In Reference to the Preparation of Plans for Roads and Railways ; Canals, Rivers Towns" ^ Supplies; Docks and Harbours. Wuh Description ^Tuse of Surveying Instr^iWnts. By W. Davis Haskoll, C.E. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. Large crown 8vo, cloth . . • 9/0 1 recom- PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LEVELLING. "The te^t-book on levelling in most of our engmeermg schoo^^^ ^p^o^fe^lKpe^J^^,^^ v,oung:7iVbeS?i;rb^^^^^^^^ AN OUTLINE OF THE METHOD OF CONDUCTING A TRiQONOMETRlCAL 5URVEY. For the Formation of G«>gr.gcal and Topo^^^^^^^^^ '^d%''air"~eut':™V'^^^^^ Fourth Edition Revved and ^tly Re writtL by Major-General Sir Charles Warren, G.C.M.G. I^E^ With iq Plates and US Woodcuts, royal 8vo, cloth . . • • TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES AND MULTIPLES FOR 5ETTINQ-OUT CURVES. F,!,rn = tn 200 Radius By A. Beazeley, M. Inst. C.E. 6th Edition, RevTsed WUh an Appendix on the use of the Tables .for Measuring up Cu^es Printed on so'^Cards, and sold in a cloth box, waistcoat.pocket^z|. "Each table is printed on a small card, which Pl-^^ on 'he theodolHe^ 1^^^^^^^^^^ - "'^.te'^'ird;n=r;Lrwihat^^^^^^^^^ he puts ln1?^hi^own card-case, iid leaves the rest behmd."-^^A.»««»«. HANDY GENERAL EARTH=WORK TABLES. Oivin? the Contents in Cubic Yards of Centre and Slopes of Cuttings ^d On a Sheet mounted in cloth case, 14 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. EARTHWORK TABLES. Showing the Contents in Cubic Yards of Embankments, Cuttings, &c of Heights or Depths up to an average of 80 feet. By Joseph Broadbent, C E . and Francis Campin, C.E. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/0 ^\^^Jr!J^^^ '1 ^t''^'^ accuracy is attained, by a simple division of each cross section into three elements, two m which are constant and one variable, is ingenious."-^/A««««»«. A MANUAL ON EARTHWORK. By Alex. J. Graham, C.E. With numerous Diagrams. Second Edition i8mo, cloth jjyg THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS. A Practical and Theoretical Essay. By J. H. Watson Buck, M. Inst C E ^^Resident Engineer, L. and N. W. R. With Folding Plates, 8vo, cloth 1 2/0 f;«nc I'Jf^"? °' "V^ methods given are of extreme practical value to the mason, and the observa- tions on the form of arch, the rules for ordering the stone, and the construction of the templates Sui^iJ^'jV^s considerable use. We commend the book to the engineering profession."-! time aSbSe m^any misLVey:- '° CAST & WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION (A Complete and Practical Treatise on), including Iron Foundations. In i hree Parts.— Theoretical, Practical, and Descriptive. By William Humber, A. M. Inst. C.E., and M. Inst. M.E. Third Edition, revised and much im- proved, with IIS Double Plates (20 of which now first appear in this edition) and numerous Additions to the Text. In 2 vols., imp. 4to, half-bound iil ..r™"",- , iS6 16s. 6d. A very valuable contribution to the standard literature of civil engineering. In addition to In^^^^r"' P'^ilf' ?'\'^ sections, large scale details are given, which very much enhance the Instructive worth of those illustrations. "-Civil Engineer and A rch itecfs Journal ^.^^^^A a' ■ stately volumes, lately issued-in which the most important bridges erected during the last five years, under the direction of the late Mr. Brunei. Sir W Cubitt Mr Hawkshaw, Mr. Page, Mr. Fowler, Mr. Hemans, and others among our mosr embient engineers, are drawn and specified in great detail. "-£«^7««r. Bumiem ESSAY ON OBLIQUE BRIDGES (Practical and Theoretical). With 13 large Plates. By the late George Watson Buck, M.I.C.E. Fourth Edition, revised by his Son, J. H. Watson Buck, M.I.C.E. ; and with the addition of Description to Diagrams for iacilitating the Construction of Oblique Bridges, by W. H. Barlow MICE Royal 8vo, cloth _ -j r^jQ A i/'^'^ij J'^?''3f J M'-^Graham's book will find a place wherever graphic and analytic statics are used or studied. — Engineer, ■^u "The work is excellent from a practical point of view, and has evidently been prepared with much care. The directions for working are ample, and are illustrated by an abundance of weU-selected examples. It is an excellent text-book for the practical draughtsman."— A thenaum. WEIGHTS OF WROUGHT IRON & STEEL GIRDERS. A Graphic Table for Facilitating the Computation of the Weights of Wrought Iron and Steel Girders, &c., for Parliamentary and other Estimates, By J. H. Watson Bock, M. Inst. C.E. On a Sheet . . 2/6 CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, S-c. 13 PRACTICAL QEOMETRY. For the Architect, Engineer, and Mechanic. Giving Rules for the Delineation and Application of various Geometrical Lines, Figures, and Curves. By E. W. Tarn, M.A., Architect. 8vo, cloth 9/0 " No book with the same objects in view has ever been published in which the clearness of the rules laid down and the illustrative diagrams have been so satisfactory."— 5co/j»mi». THE QEOMETRY OF COMPASSES. Or, Problems Resolved by the mere Description of Circles and the Use of Coloured Diagrams and Symbols. By Oliver Byrne. Coloured Plates. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 HANDY BOOK FOR THE CALCULATION OF STRAINS In Girders and Similar Structures and their Strength. Consisting of Formulae and Corresponding Diagrams, with numerous details for Practical Applica- tion, &c. By William Humber, A. M. Inst. C.E., &c. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, with nearly 100 Woodcuts and 3 Plates, cloth . . • 7IS " The formulae are neatly expressed, and the diagrams good." — Athenaum. "We heartily commend this really handy book to our engineer and architect readers." — Bng^lisk Mechanic, TRUSSES OF WOOD AND IRON. Practical Applications of Science in Determining the Stresses, Breaking Weights, Safe Loads, Scantlings, and Details of Construction. With Complete Working Drawings. By William Griffiths, Surveyor, Assistant Master, Tranmere School of Science and Art. Oblong, Svo, cloth . . . 4/6 "This handy little book enters so minutely into every detail connected with the con- struction of roof trusses that no student need be ignorant of these ■mdXX&x'!,."— Practical Engineer. THE STRAINS ON STRUCTURES OF IRONWORK. With Practical Remarks on Iron Construction. By F. W. Sheilds, M.I.C.E. Svo, cloth 5/0 A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. With Rules for Application in Architecture, the Construction of Suspension Bridges, Railways, &c. By Peter Barlow, F.R.S. A new Edition, revised by his Sons, P. W. Barlow, F.R.S., and W. H. Barlow, F.R.S. ; to which are added, Experiments by Hodgkinson, Fairbairn, and Kirkaldy ; and Formulae for calculating Girders, &c. Arranged and Edited by Wm. Humber, A. M.Inst. C.E. Demy Svo, 400 pp., with 19 large Plates and numerous Woodcuts, cloth 1 8/0 "Valuable alike to the student, tyro, and the experienced practitioner, it will always rank in future as it has hitherto done, as the standard treatise on that particular subject."— jS«f^««»«»-. INFLAMMABLE GAS AND VAPOUR IN THE AIR (The Detection and Measurement of). By Frank Clowes, D.Sc, Lond., F.l.C. With a Chapter on The Detection and Measurement of Petro- leum Vapour by Boverton Redwood, F.R.S.E., Consulting Adviser to the Corporation of London under the Petroleum Acts. Crown 8vo, cloth. Net SIQ " Professor Clowes has given us a volume on a subject of much industrial importance . . . Those interested in these matters may be recommended to study this book, which is easy of compre- hension and contains many good things." — The Engineer. COAL & IRON INDUSTRIES of the UNITED KINGDOM. Comprising a Description of the Coal Fields, and of the Principal Seams of Coal, with Returns of their Produce and its Distribution, and Analyses of Special Varieties. Also, an Account of the Occurrence of Iron Ores in Veins or Seams ; Analyses of each Variety ; and a History of the Rise and Progress of Pig Iron Manufacture. By Richard Meade. 8vo, cloth . . £1 Ss. " Of this book we may unreservedly say that it is the best of its class which we have ever met. ... A book of reference which no one engaged in the iron or coal trades should omit from his library. i—/ro« a«a! C»a/ Trades Review. ASBESTOS AND ASBESTIC. Their Properties, Occurrence, and Use. By Robert H. Jones, F.S.A., Mineralogist, Hon. Mem. Asbestos Club, Black Lake, Canada. With Ten Collotype Plates and other Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. . 16/0 " An interesting and invaluable work." — Colliery Guardian. GRANITES AND OUR GRANITE INDUSTRIES. By George F. Harris, F.G.S. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 2/6 TRAVERSE TABLES. For use in Mine Surveying. By William Lintkrn, C.E. With two plates. Small crown 8vo, cloth. \Jusl J'uHished. Net 3/0 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. S-c. 23 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, ETC. THE ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. A. First Year's Course for Students. By Tyson Sewell, AI.E.E., Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in Electrical Engineering at the Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. With upwards of 200 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. {Just Published. Net 7/6 Ohm's I.avv.— Units Employed in Electrical engineering.-Series and Parallel Circuits; Current Density and Potential drdr in the circuit.— The Heating Ei-fect of the Electric Current.— The Magnetic Ei-eect of an Electric Current.— The magnetisation of Iron.— Electro-chemistry ; primary Batteries.— Accumulators.— Indicating Instruments ; Ammeters, voltmeters, Ohmmeters.— Electricity .Sutply Meters.— Measurinc; Instruments, and the Measurement oi- ivi.ix i ricai. RI'Sisi ance. — measurement of potential Dif- FERENCE, CAI'ACI I 'l', Cl KKIiN I S I KIINC I H, AND PERMEABILITY.— ARC LAMPS.— INCAN- PESCEN]' LAhJl'S; M ANU 1 AC 1' I ' ki: AND INSTALLATION; PHOTOMETRY. — THE CON- TINUOUS Current Dyna.mo.— Direct Current Motors. "An excellent treati.se for students of the elementary facts connected with electrical engineering,"— 7"/;i' Electrician. " Distinctly one of the best l)ooks for those commencing the study of electrical engineering, Everything is explained in simple language which even a beginner cannot fail to understand."— /"/zt; Jin^ineer. " One welcomes this book, which is soimd in its treatment, and admirably calculated to give students the knowledge and information they most require,"— AW;(;-c. CONDUCTORS FOR ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION. Their Materials and Manufacture, The Calculation of C rcuits, Pole-Llna Construction, Underground Working, and other Uses. By F. A C. Perfine, A. M , D.Sc. ; formerly Professor of Electrical Engineering, Leland Stanford, Jr., University ; Member American Institute Electrical Engineers. Demy 8vo, clo'h. \]ust Published. JVft 20l~ CONDUCTOR Materials— ALLOYED conductors— Manufacture of Wire— WiRE-EiNisHiNG— Wire Insulation— Cables— Calculation of circuits— Kelvin's Eaw of Economy in Conductors— multiple Arc Distribution- Alti-:rnating current Calculation— On'erhead Eines— Pole Line— Line Insulators— Under- ground Conductors. ARMATURE WINDINGS OF DIRECT CURRENT DYNAMOS. Extension and Application of a General Winding Rule. By E Arnold, Engineer. As^i.stant Professor in Eleclrotechnics and Machine Design at the Riga Polytechnic School Translated from the Original German by Francis B. De Gress, M.E , Chief of Testing Department, CrocV-e;--Wheeler Com- pany. With 146 Illustrations. Medium 8\o, cloth. [Just Published. Net ^0.1- ELECTRICITY A5 APPLIED TO MINING. By Arnold Lupton, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E., M.I.P^.E., late Professor of Coal Mining at the Yorkshire College, Victoria University, Mining Eng'neer and Colliery Manager; G. D. Aspinall Parr, M.I.E.E., A M.I ivf.E., Associate of the Central Technical College, City ai d Guilds of London, Head of the Electrical Engineering D.-p^rtment, Yorkshire Co leje, Vic oria University; and Hesbert Pefkin, M.I.M E. Certificated Colliery Manager, Ass'stant Lectii'er in the Mining Deparlmen: of the Yorkshire College, Victoria University. Withabcut 170 Illustrations Medium Svo, cloth, [Just Published. Net 91- INTRODUCTORY. — DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY. — DRUTNG OF THE DYNAMO. — THE Steam turbine.— Distrihution of electrical l-:Ni;RGY.— St arting and s toppini; Electrical Generators and Motors.— lii.i-x i kic (■Aiii.i'.s.--(:i'.\TkAL !■ i.i:ci rical Plants.— Electricity applied to pumping anu ii.\it.i\c,.— rkin i n ^im'i.ied TO Coal-Cutting.— TYPICAL Electric Plants l^l:<•],N^l,^ I ki i m d. . I i,i;ci ric Lightinc; ky Arc and (Jlow Lamps— Miscin.i.ANi ors .\ppi.ica 1 k )\s oi- 1 RifTTY. —Electricity as Compared with urni;R mudes ov Transmititni; Power. — Dangers of Electricity. CROSBY LOCKWOOD S- SON'S CATALOGUE. DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINERY: its CONSTRUC- TION, DESIGN, and OPERATION. By Samuel Sheldon, A.M., Ph.D , Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, assisted by Holiakt Mason, B.S. In tioo volumes, sold separately, as follows : — Vol. I.— DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES. Tdird Edition, Revised. Large crown 8vo. 2S0 pages, with 200 Illustrations. Uust Published. Net 1 2/0 Vol. II.— ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES. Large crown 8vo. 260 pages, with 184 Illustrations. Published. Net 1 2/0 Desigrned as Text-books for use in Technical Educational Institutions, and by Engineers whose work includes the liandlin^ of Direct and Alternating Current Machines respectively, and fpr Students proficient in matiiematics. ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC CALCULATIONS. For the Use of Electrical Engineers and Artisans, Teachers, Students, and all others interested in the Theory and Application of Electricity and Magnetism. Bv A. A. Atkinson, Professor of Electricity in Ohio University. Crown 8vo, cloth. ijust Published. Net SIO "To teachers and those avIio a' ready possess a fair knowledge of their subject we can recom- liicnd this book as l)eing useful to consult when rcquirinjj data or fornnilte which it is neither con- venient nor p.ccessary to retain by memory, " — 7'/u- Jikctrician. HANDBOOK FOR THE USE OF ELECTRICIANS In the Operation and C^re of Electrical Machinery and App3ratiis of the U. S. Sea-coast Defence;. By Geo. L. Anderson, A.M., Ca^tain U. S. Artillery Prepared under the direction of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army. Royal 8 vo, cloth [Just Published. Net 21/0 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHS. Their History, Construction, and Working. Founded in part on WiiNSCHKN- dorff's " Trait6 de Telegraphic Sous-Marine," and Compiled from Authorita- tive and Exclusive Sources. ByCHARLES Bright, F.R.S.E., A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.E.E. 780 pp., fully Illustrated, including Maps and Folding Plates. Royal Svo, cloth. Net £3 3s. •' There are few, if any, persons more fitted to write a treatise on submarine telegraphy than Mr. Charles Bright. He has done his work admirably, and has written in a way which will appeal as much to the layman as to the engineer. This admirable volume must, for many years to come, hold the position of the English classic on submarine telegraphy." — Enj^ineer. "This book is full of information. It makes a book of reference which should be in every engineer's library." — Nature. " Mr. Bright's interestingly written and admirably illustrated book will meet with a welcome reception from cable men." — Electrician. " The author deals with his subject from all points of view — political and strategical as well as scientific. The work will be of interest, not only to men of science, but to the general public. We can strongly recommend it." — Athenceiim. THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK. Consisting cf Modern Rules, Formute, Tables, and Data. By H. R. Kempe, M.I.E.E., A.M.Inst.C.E., Technical Officer Postal Telegraphs, Author of "A Handbook of Electrical Testing," &c. Second Edition, thoroughly Revised, with Additions. With numerous Illustrations. Royal 32mo, oblong, leather 6/0 " It is the best book of its kind." — Electrical Engineer, " The Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book is a good one." — Electrician. " Strongly recommended to those engaged in the electrical industries." — Electrical Review, POWER TRANSMITTED BY ELECTRICITY. And applied by the Electric Motor, including Electric Railway Construction. By P. Atkinson, A.M., Ph.D. Third Edition, Fully Revised, and New Matter added. With 94 Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth . . Net 9/0 DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. By Philip Atkinson, A.M., Ph.D., Author of " Elements of Static Electricity," &c. Crown Svo, 417 pp., with 120 Illustrations, cloth . 10/6 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. S-c. 25 THE MANAGEMENT OF DYNAM05. A Handyljook of Theory and Practice for the Use of Mechanics, Engineers, Students, and others in Charge of Dynamos. By G. W. Lummis-Paterson. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. 4/6 " An example which deserves to be taken as a model by other authors. The subject is treated In a manner which any intelligent man who is fit to be entrusted with charge of an engine should be able to understand. It is a useful book to all who make, tend, or employ electric machinery." — Architect. THE STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. A Popular Encyclopaedia of Words and Terms Used in the Practice of Electrical Engineering. Containing upwards of 3,000 definitions. By T. O'CoNOR Sloane, A.m., Ph.D. Third Edition, with Appendix. Crown 8vo, 6go pp., 390 Illustrations, cloth. \.]ust Published.. Net 7/6 " The work has many attractive features in It, and is, beyond doubt, a well put together and useful publication. The amount of ground covered may be gathered from the fact that in the index about 5,000 references will be found." — Electrical Review, ELECTRIC LIGHT FITTING. A Handbook for Working Electrical Engineers, embodying Practical Notes on Installation Management. By J. W. Urquhart, Electrician, Author of " Electric Light," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised, with Additio.-.s, Crown 8vo, cloth 5/0 " This volume deals with the mechanics or electric lighting, and is addressed to men who are already engaged in the work, or are training for it. The work traverses a great deal of ground, and may be read as a "sequel to the author's useful work on 'Electric Light.'" — Electrician. " The book is well Ivor. h the i)era=al of the workman, for \vho.-n it is vnXX^w."— Electrical Review. ELECTRIC LIGHT. Its Production and Use, Embodying Plain Directions for the Treatment of Dynamo-Electric Machines, Batteries, Accumulators, and Electric Lamps. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E. Sixth Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth. 7/6 '* The whole ground of electric lighting Is more or less covered and explained in a very clear and concise manner." — Electrical Review. *'A vade-mecum of the salient facts connected with the science of electric lighting."— Elech-ician, DYNAMO CONSTRUCTION. A Practical Handbook for the Use of Engineer-Constructors and Electricians- in-Charge. Embracing Framework Building, Field Magnet and Armature Winding and Grouping, Compounding, &c. By J. W. Urquhart. Second Edition, Enlarged, with 114 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 7/6 "Mr. Urquhart's book is the first one which deals with these matters in such a way that the engineering student can understand thera. The book is very readable, and the author leads his rea iers up to difficult subjects by reasonably simple tests." — Engineering Review. ELECTRIC SHIP=LIQHTING. A Handbook on the Practical Fitting and Running of Ships' Electrical Plant. For the Use of Shipowners and Builders, Marine Electricians, and Seagoing Engineers-in-Charge. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E. Second Edition, Revised and Extended. With 88 Illustrations, Crown 8vc, doth . . . 7/6 "The subject of ship electric lighting is one of vast importance, and Mr. Urquhart is to be highly complimented for placing such a valuable work at the service of marine electricians." — The Steamship. ELECTRIC LIGHTING (ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF). By Alan A. Campbell Swinton, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.E.E. Fourth Edition, • Revised. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 1/6 ELECTRIC LIGHT FOR COUNTRY HOUSES. A Practical Handbook on the Erection and Running of Small Installations, with Particulars of the Cost of Plant and Working. By J. H. Knight. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, wrapper. \,Just Published. 1 /Q HOW TO MAKE A DYNAMO. A Practical Treatise for Amateurs. Containing Illustrations and Detailed Instructions for Constructing a Small Dynamo to Produce the Electric Light. By Alfred Crofts. Sixth Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth . 2/0 THE STUDENT'S TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY. By H. M. NoAD, F.R.S. 650 pp., with 470 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. 9/0 26 CROSBY LOCK WOOD «• SON'S CATALOGUE. ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, ETC. PRACTICAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. A Handbook for Students Preparing for Examinations, and a Book of Reference for Persons Engaged in Building. By John Parnell Allen, Surveyor, Lecturer on Building Construction at the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Medium 8vo, 450 pp., with 1,000 Illustrations, cloth .... 7IB " The most complete exposition of building construction we have seen. It contains all that is necessary to prepare students for the various examinations in building construction." — Building News. " The author depends nearly as much on his diagrams as on his type. The pages suggest the hand of a man of experience in building operations — and the volume must be a blessing to many teachers as well as to students. "— 7V« Architect. " The work is sure to prove a formidable rival to great and small competitors alike, and bids fair to take a permanent place as a favourite student's text-book. The large number of illus- trations deserve particular mention for the great merit they possess for purposes of reference in exactly corresponding to convenient %C!!x.%."— Journal 0/ the Royal Institute of British Architects. PRACTICAL MASONRY. A Guide to the Art of Stone Cutting. Comprising the Construction, Setting Out, and Working of Stairs, Circular Work, Arches, Niches, Domes, Penden- lives. Vaults, Tracery Windows, &c. For the Use of Students, Masons, and other Workmen. By William R. Purchase, Building Inspector to the Borough of Hove. Third Edition, with Glossary of Terms. Royal 8 vo, 142 pp., with 52 Lithographic Plates, comprising 400 separate Diagrams, cloth . 7/6 " Mr. Purchase's ' Practical Masonry ' will undoubtedly be found useful to all interested in this important subject, whether theoretically or practically. Most of the examples given are from actual work carried out, the diagrams being carefully drawn. The book is a practical treatise on the subject, the author himself having commenced as an operative mason, and afterwards acted as forenian mason on many large and important building^s prior to the attainment of his present position. It should be found of general utility to architectural students and others, as well as to those to whom it is specially addressed. "—yc«rKa/^-«a/ of the Royal Institute of British Architects. LOCKWOOD'S BUILDER'S PRICE BOOK for 1903. A Comprehensive Handbook of the Latest Prices and Data for Builders, Architects, Engineers, and Contractors. Re-constructed, Re-written, and Greatly Enlarged. By Francis T. W. Miller. 800 closely-printed pages, crown 8vo, cloth 4/0 " This book is a very useful one, and should find a place in every English office connected with the building and engineering professions. " — Industries. "An excellent book of reference." — Architect. " In its new and revised form this Price Book is what a work of this kind should be— compre- hensive, reliable, well arranged, legible, and well bound. ' — British Architect. DECORATIVE PART OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. By Sir William Chambers, F.R.S. With Portrait, Illustrations, Notes, and an Examination of Grecian Architecture, by Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A. Revised and Edited by W. H. Lesds. 66 Plates, 4to, cloth . . 21 /Q ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, S-c. 27 THE MECHANICS OF ARCHITECTURE. A Treatise on Applied Mechanics, especially Adapted to the Use of Architects. By E. W. Tarn, M.A., Author of " The Science of Building," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. Illustrated with 125 Diagrams. Crown 8vo, cloth 7/6 "The book is a very useful and helpful manual of architectural mechanics."— ^Ki/rfer. A HANDY BOOK OF VILLA ARCHITECTURE. Being a Series of Designs for Villa Residences in various Styles. With Outline Specifications and Estimates. By C. Wickes, Architect, Author or " The Spires and Towers of England," &c. 61 Plates, 4to, half-morocco, giU edges £1 118. 6d. "The whole of the designs bear evidence of their being the work of an artistic architect, and theyr will prove very valuable and suggestive."— Buildittgr JVews. THE ARCHITECT'S GUIDE. Being a Text-book of Useful Information for Architects, Engineers, Surveyors, Contractors, Clerks of Works, &c., &c. By F. Rogers. Crown 8vo, cloth. ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE. The whole Course and Operations of the Draughtsman in Drawing a Large House in Linear Perspective. Illustrated by 43 Folding Plates. By b.U. Ferguson. Third Edition. 8vo, boards [Just Pubhshed. 3IO •• It is the most intelligfible of the treatises on this iU-treated subject that I have met with."— E. INGRESS BELL, ESQ., in the R.J.B.A. Jourtiai. PRACTICAL RULES ON DRAWING. For the Operative Builder and Young Student in Architecture. By George Pyne. 14 Plates, 410, boards • '° MEASURING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS' WORK (The Student's Guide to the Practice of). Containing Directions for taking Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into Bill, witti Tables of Constants for Valuation of Labour, and for the Calculation of Areas and Solidities. Originally edited by E. Dobson, Architect.^ With Additions by E. W. Tarn, M.A. Seventh Edition, Revised. With 8 Plates and 63 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, cloth «'6 "This edition will be found the most complete treatise on the principles of measuring and valuing artificers' work that has yet been ^uhXvs'aeA"— Building News. TECHNICAL GUIDE, MEASURER, AND ESTIMATOR. For Builders and Surveyors. Containing Technical Directions for Me^unng Work in all the Building Trades, Complete Specifications for Houses, Koads, and Drains, and an Easy Method of Estimating the parts of a Building collectively. By A. C. Beaton. Ninth Edition. Waistcoat-pocket size gilt edges 1/6 No buUder, architect, surveyor, or valuer should be without his ' Beaton. ' "—Buildinz News. SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE. A Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder. With a.n Essay on the Structure and Science of Modern Buildings. Upon the Basis ot the Work by Alfred Bartholomew, thoroughly Revised, Corrected, and greatly added to by Frederick Rogers, Architect. Third Edition, Revised. 8vo, cloth ;.V ? " The work is too well known to need any recommendation from us. It is one of the boolcs with which every young architect must be equipped."— vircAi/ert. THE HOUSE-OWNER'S ESTIMATOR. Or, What will it Cost to Build, Alter, or Repair ? A Price Book f » Un- professional People as well as the Architectural Surveyor and Builder. By J. D. Simon. Edited by F. T. W. Miller, A.R.I.B.A. Fifth Edmon^ Carefully Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth. . ... . . J^et 3/6 " In two years it will repay its cost a hundred times over."— Field. 28 CROSBY LOCK WOOD * SON'S CATALOGUE. SANITATION AND WATER SUPPLY. THE HEALTH OFFICER'5 POCKET=BOOK. A Guide to Sanitary Practice and Law. For Medical Officers of Health, Sanitary Inspectors, Members of Sanitary Authorities, &c. By Edward F. WiLLOUGHBY, M.D. (Lond.), &c. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, leather. [/usi Published. Net 1 0/6 " It is a mine of condensed infonnntion of a pertinent and useful Icind on tlie various subjects of wliicli it treats. Tlie different snlijects are succinctly but fully and scientifically dealt with."— 'I'liv J.cnicet. " Wo recommend all those entf.asied in practical sanitary work to furnish themselves with a copy for reference."— i'«;«V«r_y •yonrnal. THE BACTERIAL PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE: Being a Practical Account of the Various Modern Biological Methods of Purifying Sewage. By Sidney Barwise, M.D. (Lond.), D.P.H. (Camb.), etc. With lo Page Plates and 2 Folding Diagrams. Royal Svo, cloth. Net 6/0 THE PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE. Being a Brief Account of the Scientific Principles of Sewage Purification, and their Practical Application. By Sidney Barwise, M.D. (Lond.), M.R.C.S., D.P.H. (Camb.), Fellow of the Sanitary Institute, Medical Officer of Health to the Derbyshire County Council. Crown Svo, cloth 5/0 WATER AND ITS PURIFICATION, A Handbook for the Use of Local Authorities, Sanitary Officers, and others interested in Water Supply. By S. Rideal, D.Sc. Lond., F.I.C. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions, including numerous Illustrations and Tables. Large Crown Svo, cloth Net QIO RURAL WATER SUPPLY. A Practical Handbook on the Supply of Water and Construction of Water- works for Small Country Districts. By Allan Greenwkll, A.M.I.C.E., andW. T. Curry, A.M.I.C.E. Revised Edition. Crown Svo, cloth 5/0 THE WATER SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS. By William Humber, A.M. Inst. C.E., and M.Inst. M.E. Imp. 410, half- bound morocco. (See page II.) Net Qs. THE WATER SUPPLY OF TOWNS AND THE CON-' STRUCTION OF WATER- WORKS. By Professor W. K. Burton, A.M. Inst. C.E. Second Edition, Revised and Extended. Royal Svo, cloth. (See page 10.) . . . £1 5 s. WATER ENGINEERING. A Practical Treatise on the Measurement, Storage, Conveyance, and Utilisa- tion of Water for the Supply of Towns. By C. Slagg, A.M. Inst. C.E. 7/6 SANITARY WORK IN SMALL TOWNS AND VILLAGES. By Charles Slagg, A. M. Inst. C.E. Crown Svo, cloth . . . 3/0 PLUMBING. A Text-book to the Practice of the Art or Craft of the Plumber. By W. P. Buchan. Ninth Edition, Enlarged, with 500 Illustrations. Crown Svo, 3/6 VENTILATION. A Text-book to the Practice of the Art of Ventilating Buildings. By W. P. Buchan, R.P. Crown Svo, cloth 3/6 CARPENTRY, TIMBER, *c. 29 CARPENTRY, TIMBER, ETC. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY. A Treatise on the Pressure and Equilibrium of Timber Framing, the Resistance of Timber, and the Construction of Floors, Arches, Bridges, Roofs, Uniting Iron and Stone with Timber, &c. To which is added an Essay on the Nature and Properties of Timber, &c., with Descriptions of the kinds of Wood used in Building; also numerous Tables of the Scantlings of Timber for different purposes, the Specific Gravities of Materials, &c. By Thomas Tredgold, C.E. With an Appendix of Specimens of Various Roofs of Iron and Stone, Illus- trated. Seventh Edition, thoroughly Revised and considerably Enlarged by E WVNDHAM Tarn, M.A., Author of " The Science of Building, &c. With 61 Plates, Portrait of the Author, and several Woodcuts. In One large Vol., 4to, cloth £1 OS. "Oueht to be in every architect's and every builder's liht^ry "— Builder. "A work whose monumental excellence must commend it wherever Wilful carpentry Is concerned. The author s principles are rather confirmed than unpaired by time. The additional plates are of great intrinsic yahi^."— Building News. WOODWORKINQ MACHINERY. Its Rise Progress, and Construction. With Hints on the Management of Saw Mills and the Economical Conversion of Timber. Illustrated with Examples of Recent Designs by leading English, French, and American Engineers. _ ay M. Powis Bale, A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E. Second Edition, Revised, with large Additions, large crown 8vo, 440 pp., cloth .... 9/0 "Mr Bale is evidently an expert on the subject, and he has coUected so much 'nfo^^tion that his book is aU-sufficient for builders and others engaged in the conversion of timber. mac nis Doo ^^^^ comprehensive compendium of wood- working machinery we have seen. The author is a thorough master of his suhjecX.."— Building- News. SAW MILLS. Their Arrangement and Management, and the Economical Conversion of Tim.ber. By M. Powis Bale, A.M.Inst.C.E. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth ■ ~i " The administration of a large sawing establishment is discussed, and the S"bj<:ct examined from a financial standpoint. Hence the size, shape, order, and disposition °fsaw m'Us and the like are gone into in detail^ and the course of the timber is traced from its reception to "s delivery m its converted state. We could not desire a more complete or practical treatise. —Butlder. THE CARPENTER'S QUIDE. . Or, Book of Lines for Carpenters ; comprising all the Elementary Principles essential for acquiring a knowledge of Carpentry. Founded on the late Peter Nicholson's standard work. A New Edition, Revised by Arthur Ashpitel, F.S.A. Together with Practical Rules on Drawing, by George Pyne. With 74 Plates, 410, cloth *J I a. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HANDRAILINQ. Showing New and Simple Methods for Finding the Pitch of the Plank, Drawing the Moulds, Bevelling, Jointing-up, and Squaring the Wreath. _ By (jEORGE CoLLiNGS. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, to which is added A Treatise on Stair-building. With Plates and Diagrams. i2mo, clot^ •■ •wm be found of practical utility in the execution of this difficult branch of j°'"^'y;";T^^^ " Almost every difficult phase of this somewhat intricate branch of jomery is elucidated by the aid of plates and explanatory XeXiex^x^ss." —Furniture Gazette. CIRCULAR WORK IN CARPENTRY AND JOINERY. A Practical Treatise on Circular Work of Single and Double Curvature. By George Collings. With Diagrams. Third Edition, lamo, cloth . Z/B " An exceUent example of what a book of this kind should be. Cheap In price, clear in definition, and practical in the examples selected."— 5 THE CABINET-MAKER'5 QUIDE TO THE ENTIRE CONSTRUCTION OF CABINET WORK. By Richard Bitmead. Illustrated with Plans, Sections and Working Drawings. Crown 8vo, cloth 2/0 30 CROSBY LOCK WOOD * SON'S CATALOGUE. HANDRAILINQ COMPLETE IN EIGHT LESSONS. On '^«.,Sq"are.Cut Svstem. By J. S. GoLnrHORP, Teacher of Geometry and l.uilding Construction at the Halifax Mechanics' Institute. With Eieht riates and over 150 Practical Exercises. 4to, cloth .... 3/6 TK^ " '-'■'^'y '° of considerable value to joiners and others who take a oride in ?ood work TIMBER MERCHANT'S and BUILDER'S COMPANION. Containing New and Copious Tables of the Reduced Weight and Measure- ment of Deals and Battens, of all sizes, and other Useful Tables for the use of Innbei- Merchants and Builders. By William Dowsing. Fourth Edition, Kevised and Corrected. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/0 .■,.„..iil'y^^c"^ ^'''^ '° ^^f * edition of these admirable tables, which for correctness and simplicity of arrangement leave nothing to be desired. "-T-.^.fer Tra■• it leads one from a forest to a treenail, and m, as a niakeHeiglit, a host of material concerning bricks, columns, cisterns, Sic"-linir/ish Median DECORATIVE ARTS. S-c. 31 DECORATIVE ARTS, ETC. SCHOOL OF PAINTING FOR THE IMITATION OF WOODS AND MARBLES. As Taught and Practised by A. R. Van der Burg and P. Van der Burg, Directors of the Rotterdam Painting Institution. Royal folio, iSJ by I2| in., Illustrated with 24 full-size Coloured Plates ; also 12 plain Plates, comprising 154 Figures. Fourth Edition , cloth . ijust Published. Net £t\ 5s. List of Plates. I Various tools required for wood Painting.— 2, 3- Walnut; Preliminary Stages of Graining and Finished specimen. — 4. Tools Used for Marble Painting and method of Manipulation.— 5, 6. St. Remi marble-, Earlier Operations and finished Specimen. — 7. methods of Sketching Different Grains knots, &c.— 8, 9. Ash: preliminary Stages and Finished Speci- men —'10. Methods of Sketching Marble Grains. — n, 12. Breche Marble ; Preliminary Stages of working and Finished Specimen.— 13. Maple ; Methods of producing the Different Grains.— 14, 15. Bird's-Eye maple; Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen.— 16. Methods of Sketching the different Species of White Marble.— 17, 18. White Marble ; preliminary Stages of Process and Finished Specimen.— 19. Mahogany; Specimens of Various Grains and methods of Manipulation.— 20, 21. Mahogany; Earlier Stages and Finished Specimen.— 22, 23, 24. Sienna Marble ; Varieties of Grain, preliminary stages and Finished Specimen.-2s, 26, 27. juniper Wood; Methods of Pro- ducing Grain, &c. ; Preliminary Stages and finished Specimen.— 28, 29, 30. vert DE MER MARBLE; VARIETIES OF GRAIN AND METHODS OF WORKING, UNFINISHED and Finished Specimens. -31, 32, 33- Oak; Varieties of Grain, tools employed and methods of manipulation, preliminary stages and finished specimen.— 34, 35. 36. WAULSORT MARBLE; VARIETIES OF GRAIN, UNFINISHED AND FINISHED SPECIMENS. " Those who desire to attain skill in the art of painting woods and marbles will find advantage In consulting this book. . . . Some of the Working Men's Clubs should give their young men the opportunity to study W— Builder. . , „ '•A comprehensive guide to the art. The explanations of the processes, the manipulation and management of the colours, and the beautifully executed plates wiU not be the least valuable to the student who aims at making his work a faithful transcript of nature. "—Building News. " Students and novices are fortunate who are able to become the possessors of so noble a work."— r/w Architect. ELEMENTARY DECORATION. A Guide to the Simpler Forms of Everyday Art. Together with PRACTICAL HOUSE DECORATION. By James W. Facey. With numerous Illus- trations. In One Vol., strongly half-bound 5/0 H0U5E PAINTING, GRAINING, MARBLING, AND SIQN WRITING. A Practical Manual of. By Ellis A. Davidson. Eighth Edition. With Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 6/0 "A mass of information of use to the amateur and of value to the practical \a.w.."— English Mechanic. THE DECORATOR'5 ASSISTANT. A Modern Guide for Decorative Artists and Amateurs, Painters, Writers, Gilders, &c. Containing upwards of 600 Receipts, Rules, and Instructions ; with a variety of Information for General Work connected with every Class of Interior and Exterior Decorations, &c. Seventh Edition. Cr. 8vo . 1 /O " Full of receipts of value to decorators, painters, gilders, &c. The book contains the gist of larger treatises on colour and technical processes. It would be difficult to meet with a work so full of varied information on the painter s m."— Building News. MARBLE DECORATION And the Terminology of British and Foreign Marbles. A Handbook for Students. By George H. Blagrove, Author of " Shoring and its Applica. tion," &c. With 28 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth .... 3/6 "This most useful and much wanted handbook should be in the hands of every architect and haWiet."— Building World. . , „ ^ ^ "A carefully and usefully written treatise; the work is essentially practical. —Scotsman. 32 CROSBY LOCK WOOD * SON'S CATALOGUE. DELAMOTTES WORKS ON ILLUMINATION AND ALPHABETS. ORNAMENTAL ALPHABETS, ANCIENT & MEDI/EVAL. From the Eighth Century, with Numerals; including Gothic, Church-Text, large and small, German, Italian, Arabesque, Initials for Illumination, Monograms, Crosses, &c., &c., for the use of Architectural and Engineering Draughtsmen, Missal Painters, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. Collected and Engraved by F. Delamotte, and printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, ornamental boards . 2/6 " For those who insert enamelled sentences round gilded chalices, who blazon shop legends over shop-doors, who letter church walls with pithy sentences from the Decaloeue, this book will be nsefnV'—Athenaiim. MODERN ALPHABETS, PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL. Including German, Old English, Saxon, Italic, Perspective, Greek, Hebrew, Court Hand, Engrossing, Tuscan, Riband, Gothic, Rustic, and Arabesque ; with several Original Designs, and an Analysis of the Roman and Old English Alphabets, large and small, and Numerals, for the use of Draughtsmen, Surveyors, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. Collected and Engraved by F. Delamotte, and printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, ornamentt^l boards . 2/6 " There is comprised in it every possible shape into which the letters of the alphabet and numerals can be formed, and the talent which has been expended in the conception of the various plain and ornamental letters is wonderful."— 5to«rfar' necessary for the proper outfit of a factory, and also a description of the processes best carried out by this machinery." — Joimtal Society o/Arts. FLOUR MANUFACTURE. A Treatise on Milling Science and Practice. By Friedrich Kick, Imperial Regierungsrath, Professor of Mechanical Technology in the Imperial German Polytechnic Institute, Prague. Translated from the Second Enlarged and Revised Edition with Supplement. By H. H. P. Powles, Assoc. Memb. Institution of Civil Engineers. Nearly 400 pp. Illustrated with 28 Folding Plates, and 167 Woodcuts. Royal Bvo, cloth £"1 gs. "This invaluable work is, and will remain, the standard authority on the science of milling. . . . The miller who has read and digested this work will have laid the foundation, so to speak, of a successful career ; he will have acquired a number of general principles which he can proceed to apply. In this handsome volume we at last have the accepted text-book of modem milling in good, sound English, which has little, if any. trace of the German idiom." — The Miller. " The appearance of this celebrated work in English is very opportune, an(i British millers will, we are sure, not be slow in availing themselves of its pages." — Millers^ Gazette. COTTON MANUFACTURE. A Manual of Practical Instruction of the Processes of Opening, Carding, Combing, Drawing, Doubling and Spinning of Cotton, the Methods of Dyeing, &c. For the Use of Operatives, Overlookers, and Manufacturers. By John Lister, Technical Instructor, Pendleton. Bvo, cloth . . Y/6 "This invaluable volume is a distinct advance in the literature of cotton manufacture." — Machinery, " It is thoroughly reliable, fulfilling nearly all the requirements desired." — Glasg-oiv Herald. MODERN CYCLES. A Practical Handbook on their Construction and Repair. By A. J. Wallis- Tayler, a. M. Inst. C. E., Author of " Refrigerating Machinery," &c. With upwards of 300 Illustrations. Crown Bvo, cloth "1 0/6 "The large trade that is done in the component parts of bicycles has placed in the way of men mechanically inclined extraordinary facilities for building bicycles for their own use. . . . The book will prove a valuable guide for all those who aspire to the manufacture or repair of their own machines."— The Field. "A most comprehensive and up-to-date treatise." — The Cycle. " A very useful book, which is quite entitled to rank as a standard work for students of cycle construction. "— //ViCf/iVij,'-. MOTOR CARS OR POWER CARRIAGES FOR COMMON ROADS. By A. J. Wallis-Tayler, Assoc. Memb. Inst. C.E., Author of "Modern Cycles," &c. 212 pp., with 76 Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth . . 4/6 "The book is clearly expressed throughout, and is just the sort of work that an engineer, thinking of turning his aitention to motor.carriage work, would do well to read as a preliminary to starting operations." — Hn^incei'iHg, INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 37 PRACTICAL TANNING. A Handbook of Modern Procesess and Receipts for the Treatment of Hides, Skins, and Pelts of every Description. By L. A. Flemming, Practical Tanner. Upwards of 400 pages. 8vo, cloth. \_ Just Published. JVei 2510 THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE. Being a Practical Handbook, in which the Operations of Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing are fully Described, and the Principles of Tanning Explained and many Recent Processes Introduced ; as also Methods tor the Estimation of Tannin, and a Description of the Arts of Glue Boiling, Gu Dressing, &c. By Alexandkr Watt. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, '^'^"^ •• A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and its accessories. The book is an eminently ■valuable production, which redounds to the credit of both author and pubhshers. -Chemical Reviem. THE ART OF 50AP-MAKINQ. A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps &c Including many New Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste Leys. By Alexander Watt. Sixth Edition, including an Appendix on Modern Candlemaking. Crown 8vo, cloth . 7/B "The work will prove very useful, not merely to the technologfical student, but to the tirarUrM man boiler who wishes to understand the theory of his azt."— Chemical Ne-ws. P'^"'?.Y°horoughly practical treatise. We congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour to fill a void in EngUsh technical literature."— Aa/«r«. PRACTICAL PAPER-MAKING. A Manual for Paper-Makers and Owners and Managers of Paper-Mills. With Tables, Calculations, &c. By G. Clapperton, Paper-Maker. With Illus- trations of Fibres from Micro-Photographs. Crown 8vo, cloth . . O/U " The author caters for the requirements of responsible mill hands, apprentices, &c , whilst his manual till be found of great service to students of technology, as well as to veteran paper- mISand miU owners. The illustrations form an excellent feature. "-rA* World's Paper Trade Review. THE ART OF PAPER=MAKING. A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Paper from Rags, Esparto, Straw and other Fibrous Materials. Including the Manufacture of Pulp from Wood' Fibre, with a Description of the Machinery and Appliances used. To which are added Details of Processes for Recovering Soda from Waste Liquors. By Alexander Watt. With Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth . . 7/6 It mav be regarded as the standard work on the subject. The book is full of valuable information The ' Art of Paper-Making ' is in every respect a niodel of a text-book, either for a te?h™cal c"ass, or for the private AsiA^nV-Paper and Printing Trades Journal. A TREATISE ON PAPER. For Printers and Stationers. With an Outline of Paper Manufacture ; Complete Tables of Sizes, and Specimens of Different Kinds of Paper. By Richard Parkinson, late of the Manchester Technical School. Demy Svo, cloth 3/6 CEMENT5, PASTES, QLUES, AND QUMS- A Practical Guide to the Manufacture and Application of the various Aggluti- nants required in the Building, Metal- Working, Wood-Working, and Leather- Working Trades, and for Workshop and Office Use. With upwards of 900 Recipes. By H. C. Standage. Third Edition. Crown Svo, cloth . 2/0 "We have pleasure in speaking favourably of this volume. So far as we have lad experience, which is not inconsiderable, this manual is trustworthy.' —Athenaum. THE CABINET=MAKER'S GUIDE TO THE ENTIRE CONSTRUCTION OF CABINET WORK. Including Veneering, Marquetrie, Buhlwork, Mosaic, Inlaying, &c. _ By Richard Bitmead. Illustrated with Plans, Sections, and Working Drawings. Small crown Svo, cloth , . 2iO FRENCH POLISHING AND ENAMELLING. A Practical Work of Instruction. Including Numerous Recipes fcr makirg Polishes, Varnishes, Glaze-Lacquers, Revivers, &c. By K'Chard Bitmead, Author of " The Cabinet-Msker's Guide." Small crown Svo, cloth . 1 /O 38 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &■ SON'S CATALOGUE. WOOD ENQRAVINQ. A Practical and Easy Introduction to the Study of the Art. By W. N Brown i2nio, cloth '1/6 "The book is clear and complete, and will be useful to any one wanting to understand the first elements of the beautiful art of wood engraving."— Gra/A.c. uuucriidiiu cne MODERN HOROLOGY, IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. Translated from the French of Claudius Saunier, ex-Director of the School of Horology at Macon, by Julien Tripplin, P'.R.A.S., Besan^on Watch Manufacturer, and Edward Rigg, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. With Seventy-eight Woodcuts and Twenty-two Coloured Copper Plates. Second Edition. Super-royal 8vo, £2 2s. cloth ; half-calf . . . £2 lOs. n f Vf"'!'® horological work in the English language at all to be compared to this produc- tion ot M. baunier s for clearness and completeness. It is alike good as a guide for the student and ^ ' „ i.?""^^ "'^ experienced horologist and skilled mTkvaa.a."—Horoto^cal Joumal. ' The latest, the most complete, and the most reliable of those literary productions to which contmental watchmakers are indebted for the mechanical superiority over their English brethren — m fact, the Book of Books is M. Saunier's ' Treatise.'"— WjfcA»ta:.6«>-, jfewcUer, and Silversmith. THE WATCH ADJUSTER'5 MANUAL. A Practical Guide for the Watch and Chronometer Adjuster in Making, Springing, Timing and Adjusting for Isochronism, Positions and Temperatures! By C. E. Fritts. 370 pp., with Illustrations, 8vo, cloth . . . 16/0 THE WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. Intended as a Workshop Companion for those engaged in Watchmaking and the Allied Mechanical Arts. Translated from the French of Claudius Saunier, and enlarged by Julien Tripplin, F.R.A.S., and Edward Rigg, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 9/0 Each part is truly a treatise in itself. The arrangement is good and the language is clear and concise. It is an admirable guide for the j'oung watchmaker."— "' It is impossible to speak too highly of its excellence. It fulffls every requirement in a handbook mtended for the use of a workman. Should be found m every workshop."— f^aicA and Clockmaker. HISTORY OF WATCHES & OTHER TIMEKEEPERS. By James F. Kendal, M.B.H. Inst. 1/6 boards ; or cloth, gilt . 2/6 "The best which has yet appeared on this subject in the English \3.-a%\i?L%e.."— Industries. " Open the book where you may, there is interesting matter in it concerning the ingenious devices of the zmcient or modem \ioxo\o^ex." —Saturday Review. ELECTRO-PLATING &ELECTRO REFINING OFMETALS. Being anew edition of Alexander Watt's "Electro-Deposition." Re- vised and Largely Rewritten by Arnold Philip, B.Sc, A.I.E.E., Piincipal Assistant to the Admiralty Chemist. Large Crown Svo, cloth. [just Published. Net 12/6 "Altogether the work can be highly recommended to every electro-plater, and is of un- doubted interest to every electro-metallurgist."— /;Vc(Y;-/<-«/ Keviem. "Eminently a book for the practical worker in electro-deposition. It contains practical descriptions of methods, processes and materials, as actually pursued and used in the workshoD "— hyigxneer. ^' ELECTRO-METALLURGY. Practically Treated. By Alexander Watt. Tenth Edition, including the most recent Processes. i2rao, cloth gyg prosecut^onf'ellcKoplath'g^^^^^^ ^"''"'^ '"''^ '^"^ everything necessary for 'the successful JEWECLER'S assistant IN WORKING IN GOLD. A Practical Treatise for Masters and Workmen, Compiled from the Experience of Thirty Years' Workshop Practice. By George E. Gee, Author of " The Goldsmith's Handbook," &c. Crown Svo, cloth 7/6 u.,„.i-"'^^J''*v'?^?^°'^'?'^''"''=^ education Is apparently destined to be a valuable auxiliary to a handicraft which is certainly capable of great Improvement. "-rAc Tinies. -uxmary INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 39 ELECTROPLATINQ. A Practical Handbook on the Deposition of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, Aluminium, Brass, Platinum, &c., &c. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E. Fourth Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth 6/0 "An excellent practical manual."— £'«^'««»-t«£-. " An excellent work, giving the newest information. —Horologrcal Journal. ELECTROTYPINQ. The Reproduction and Multiplication of Printing Surfaces and Works of Art by the Electro-Deposition of Metals. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E. Crown Svo, cloth , 5/0 " The book is thoroughly practical ; the reader is. therefore, conducted through the leading laws of electricity, then through the metals used by electrotypers, the apparatus, and the depositing processes, up to the final preparation of the work."— ^r/ Journal. QOLDSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By George E. Gee, Jeweller, &c. Fifth Edition. i2mo, cloth . . 3/0 "A good, sound educator, and will be generally accepted as an authority."— /ftfro/o^^a/ yournal. SILVERSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By George E. Gee, Jeweller, &c. Third Edition, with numerous lustra- tions. i2mo, cloth 3/0 "The chief merit of the work is its practical character. . . . The workers in the trade will speedily discover its merits when they sit down to study W— English Mechanic. *i* The above two works together, strongly half-bound, price 7s. SHEET METAL WORKER'S INSTRUCTOR. Comprising a Selection of Geometrical Problems and Practical Rules for, Describing the Various Patterns Required by Zinc, Sheet-Iron, Copper, and Tin-Plate Workers. By Reuben Henry Warn, Practical Tin-Plate Worker. New Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged by Joseph G. Horner^ A.M.I.M.E. Crown Svo, 254 pp., with 430 Illustrations, cloth . . 7/6 BREAD & BISCUIT BAKER'S & SUQAR-BOILER'S ASSISTANT. Including a large variety of Modern Recipes. With Remarks on the Art of Bread-making. By Robert Wells. Third Edition. Crown Svo, cloth . 2/0 ' ' A large number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook, as well as the baker. "—Saturday Remew. PASTRYCOOK & CONFECTIONER'S GUIDE. For Hotels, Restaurants, and the Trade in general, adapted also for Family Use By R. Wells, Author of " The Bread and Biscuit Baker." Crown Svo, cloth 2(0 " We cannot speak too highly of this really excellent work. In these days of keen competition our readers cannot do better than purchase this \>ooY."— Bakers' Times. ORNAMENTAL CONFECTIONERY. A Guide for Bakers, Confectioners and Pastrycooks ; including a v^»ety of Modern Recipes, and Remarks on Decorative and Coloured Work. With 129 Original Designs. By Robert Wells. Second Edition. Crown Svo, c'o'i]- 6/0 "A valuable work, practical, and should be in the hands of every baker and confectioner. The illustrative designs are alone worth treble the amount charged for the whole work. —UaHers Times. MODERN FLOUR CONFECTIONER. Containing a large Collection of Recipes for Cheap Cakes, Biscuits, &c. With remarks on the Ingredients Used in their Manufacture. By Robert Wells, Author of " The Bread and Biscuit Baker," &c. Crown Svo, cloth . 2.\%J " The work is of a decidedly practical character, and in every recipe regard is had to economical working."— A'tfr/A British Daily Mail. RUBBER HAND STAMPS And the Manipulation of Rubber. A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Indiarubber Hand Stamps, Small Articles of Indiarubber, The Hektograph, Special Inks, Cements, and Allied Subjects. By T. O Conor Sloane, A.M^ Ph.D. With numerous Illustrations. Square Svo, cloth . . . ■ O/U 40 CROSBY LOCK WOOD <&- SON'S CATALOGUE. HANDYBOOKS FOR HANDICRAFTS. BY PAUL N. HASLUCK. Editor of "Work" (New Series), Author of " Lathe Work," "Milling Machines, " &c. Crown 8vo, 144 pp., price is. each. IS= These Handybooks have been written to supply information for Workmen Students, and. Amateurs in the several- Handicrafts, on the actual Practice of ike Workshop, and are intended to convey in plain language Technical Know- ledge of the several Crafts. In describing the processes employed, and the manipu- lation of material, workshop terras are used ; workshop practice is fully explained ; ■and the text is freely illustrated with drawings of modern tools, appliances and processes. METAL TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Foot-Lathe. With 100 Illustrations. "The book will be of service alike to the amateur and the artisan turner. It displays "thorough knowledge of the subject."— 5<:o/jwia«. WOOD TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Lathe. With over 100 Illustrations. 1' ^® recommend the book to young turners and amateurs. A multitude of workmen have 'hitherto sought m vam for a manual of this special mdnstiy."— Mechanical World. WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of 100 Illustrations 1/0 this in;xSetoVv'la:"^^^^^^^^^ "'"^ ''^"^'^ ''^^^ study PATTERN MAKER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on the Construction of Patterns for Founders. With upwards of 100 Illustrations \lQ " A most valuable, if not indispensable manual for the pattern maker."— K'nowled£-e. ' MECHANIC'S WORKSHOP HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Mechanical Manipulation, embracing Information on various Handicraft Processes. With Useful Notes and Miscellaneous Memoranda. Comprising about 200 Subjects "i IQ '■ A very clever and useful book, which should be found in every workshop ■ and it should certamly find a place in all technical schools."— Saturday Review. f , ^ n »iiuuiu MODEL ENGINEER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on the Construction of Model Steam Engines. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. I/O "Mr. Hasluck has produced a very good little book."— ^Mz'Wer. ' ' • "Vi CLOCK JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of ^ 100 Illustrations -j/q " It is of inestimable serrice to those commencing the X.rs.Ae."— Coventry Standard. ' CABINET WORKER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on the Tools, Materials, Appliances, and Processes employed in Cabinet Work. With upwards of 100 Illustrations . .I/O " Mr. Hasluck's thorough-going little Handybook is amongst the most practical guides we have seen for beginners in cabinet-work. "—5art<>->erta:^o>-. THE LAND VALUER'S COMPLETE POCKET=BOOK. Being the above Two Works bound together. Leather. . . .7/6 HANDBOOK OF HOUSE PROPERTY. A Popular and Practical Guide to the Purchase, Tenancy, and Com- pulsory Sale of Houses and Land, including Dilapidations and Fixtures : with Examples of all kinds of Valuations, Information on Building and on the right use of Decorative Art. By E. L. Tarbuck, Architect and Surveyor. Sixth Edition. i2mo, cloth 5/0 "The advice is thoroughly practical."— Z,aw yoK?-Ka/. " For all who have dealings with house property, this is an indispensable guide. —Decoration. " Carefully brought up to date, and much improved by the addition of a division on Fine Art. A well-y/ritten and thoughtful work."— i:.a«a! Agents' Record. LAW AND MISCELLANEOUS. MODERN JOURNALISM. A Handbook of Instruction and Counsel for the Young Journalist. By John B. Mackie, Fellow of the Institute of Journalists. Crown 8vo, cloth . 2/0 " This invaluable guide to journalism is a work which all aspirants to a journalistic career will read with advantage."— yoKrwa/iV/. HANDBOOK FOR SOLICITORS AND ENGINEERS Engaged in Promoting Private Acts of Parliament and Provisional Orders for the Authorisation of Railways, Tramways, Gas and Water Works, &c. By L. L Macassev, of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law, M.I. C.E. 8vo, cloth £1 6a. PATENTS for INVENTIONS, HOW^ to PROCURE THEM. Compiled for the Use of Inventors, Patentees and others. By G. G. M. Hardingham, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., &c. Demy 8vo, cloth . .1/6 CONCILIATION & ARBITRATION in LABOUR DISPUTES. A Historical Sketch and Brief Statement of the Present Position of the Question at Home and Abroad. By J. S. Jeans. Crown Svo, 200 op., doth 2/6 48 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &• SON'S CATALOGUE. EVERY MAN'S OWN LAWYER. A Handy-Book of the Principles of Law and Equity. With a Concise Dictionary of Legal Terms. By A Barrister. Fortieth Edition, carefully Revised, and including New Acts of Parliament of 1902. Comprising the Licensins^ Act, igo2 ; the Sliop Cbihs Act, IQ02 ; the Midunves Act, IQ02 ; the Cronation Act, iQOS, and other enactments of the year. Judicial Decisions during the year have also been duly noted. Crown 8vo, 800 pp., strongly bound in cioth. \Just Published. 6/8 *♦* This Standard Work 0/ Reference forms A Complete Epitome of the Laws of England, comprising {amongst other ^natter) ; THE RIGHTS AND WRONGS OF INDIVIDUALS landlord and tenant Vendors and Purchasers Leases and Mortgages Joint-stock Companies masters, Servants and Workmen Contracts and Agreements Money Lenders, Suretiship Partnership, shipping Law Sale and purchase of Goods Cheques. 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With numerous Illustrations. Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged .... 5/0 The Mineral Surveyor and Valuer's Complete Guide. By W. LiNTERN. Fourth Edition, with an Appendix on Magnetic and Angular Surveying 3/6 Slate and Slate Quarrying: Scientific, Practical, and Commercial. By D. C. Davies, F.G.S. With numerous Illustrations and Folding Plates. Fourth Edition . . 3/0 A First Book of Mining and Quarrying, With the Sciences connected therewith, for Primary Schools and Self In- struction. By J. H. Collins, F.G.S. Second Edition . . .1/6 Subterraneous Surveying, With and without the Magnetic Needle. By T. Fenwick and T. Baker, C.E. Illustrated 2/6 Mining Tools. Manual of. By William Morgans, Lecturer on Practical Mining at the Bristol School of Mines 2/6 Mining Tools, Atlas Of Engravings to Illustrate the .above, containing 235 Illustrations of Mining Tools, drawn to Scale. 4to ^IQ Physical Geology, Partly based on Major-General Portlock's " Rudiments of Geology." 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Being an Extension of the Treatise on the Steam The Stiam En^gin^r ^'^^-' ^•^^ ^^o-^ Edition 3/6 Pra«d M:n" XTt^^lltc K^"'^ ^^^^P'", [SJ The Steam Engine. By Dr. Lardner. Illustrated ... « liocomotive Engines, 1/0 ByG. D. Demp.sev, C.E. With large Additions treating of the Modern Locomotive, by D. K. Clark, M.Inst. C.E. -s/rj Liocomotive Engine-Driving. ... o/u A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Locomotive Engines Bv Michael Reynolds. Tenth Edition. 3^. td. limp ; cloth boards . 4./6 Stationary Engine-Driving. A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Stationary Entwines Bv rru a^I^l"- ^E^NOLDS^ Sixth Edition. 3^. 6J. limp ; cloth boards . 4/6 The Smithy and Forge. Including the Farrier's Art and Coach Smithing. By W. I. E Crank rourlh Edition ... O IR Modern Workshop Practice, ' As applied to Marine, Land, and Locomotive Engines, Floating Docks Dredging Machines, Bridges, Ship-building, &c. By J. G, Winton' fourth Edition, Illustrated .... Mechanical Engineering. 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Fifteenth Edition .... I/O 8 WEALE's SC'IENTIFJC Als'D TECHNICAL SERIES. Masonry and Stone-Cutting. The Principles of Masonic Projection and their application to Construction By Edward DoBSON, M.R.I. B. A 2/6 Arches, Piers, Buttresses, &c. : Experimental Essays on the Principles of Construction. By W. Bland. 1 /6 Quantities and Measurements, In Bricklayers', Masons', Plasterers', Plumbers', Painters', Paperhangers', Gilders , Smiths', Carpenters' and Joiners' Work. By A. C. Beaton 1 /6 The Complete Measurer: Setting forth the Measurement of Boards, Glass, Timber and Stone. By R. HoRTON. Sixth Edition ^jq *•* ^'/'^ aiove, strongly bound in leather, price 5/0 Light: An Introduction to the Science of Optics. Designed for the Use of Students of Architecture, Eugineerini^, and other Applied Sciences. By E Wvnd- HAM Tarn, M. A., Author of " The Sjience of Building," &c. . .1 /6 Hints to Young Architects. By George Wightwick, Architect. Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged by G. HusKissoN Gi;illaume, Architect 3/Q Architecture— Orders : The Orders and their Esthetic Principles. By W. H. Leeds. Illustrated. Architecture— Styles : ^ The History and Description of the Styles of Architecture of Various Countries from the Earliest to the Present Period. By T. Talbot Bury, r.K.l.B.A. Illustrated 2/0 *s* Orders and Styles of Akchitecture, in One Vol., 3/6. Architecture — Design : The Principles of Design in Architecture, as deducible from Nature and exemplified in the Works of the Greek and Gothic Architects. Bv Edw Lacy Garbett, Architect. Illustraied 2/6 *** '^^J^^'-^^P'-ececiing; IVorks in One handsome Vol., Iialf bound, entitled Modern Archi TECTURE,"/r2V^ 6/0- Perspective for Beginners. Adapted to Young Students and Amateurs iu Architecture, Paintine &r cy George Pvne 2/0 Architectural Modelling in Paper. By T. A. Richardson. Wiih lilustrations, engraved by O. Jewitt \ /Q Glass Staining, and the Art of Painting on Glass. From the German of Dr. Gessert and Emanl el Otto From berg Wi'th an Appendix on The Art of Enamelling ' 2/6 Yitruvius— The Architecture of. i"Tj'rc ^"^u "-. '^''■■jpslated from the Latin by Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A . li.K.A.S. W ith 23 Plates gyQ* N.B. — This is the only Edition <7/VrrRUvius /•rocurable at a moderate firice. Grecian Architecture, An Inquiry into the Principles of Beauty in. With an Historical View of the Kise and Progress of the Art in Greece. By the Earl of Aberdeen 1 /Q The two preceding IV orks in One handsome Vol., half bound, entitled "Ancient Architecture," /S?-/^^ 6/0. weale's scientific and technical series. 9 INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. Cements, Pastes, Glues, and Gums. A Guide to the Manufacture and Application of Agglutinants. With 900 Recipes and Formula;. By H. C. Standage 2/0 Clocks and Watches, and Bells, A Rudimentary Treatise on. By Sir Edmund Beckett, Q.C. (Lord Grimthor-pk). Seventh Edition . 4/6 Electro-Metallurgy, Practically Treated. By Alexander Watt. Tenth Edition, enlarged and revised including the most Recent Processes .... 3/6 The Goldsmith's Handbook. Containing full Instructions in the Art of Alloying, Melting, Reducing, Colouring, Collecting and Refining, Recovery of Waste, Solders, Enamels, &c., &c. By George E. Gee. Fifth Edition 3/0 The Silversmith's Handbook, On the same plan as the Goldsmith's Handbook. By G. E. Gek. 3/0 *»* The iasi two ll^orks, in One handsome Vol., half-bound, 7/0- The Hall-Marking of Jewellery. Comprising an account of all the different Assay Towns of the United Kingdom ; with the Stamps and Laws relating to the Standards and Hall Marks at the various Assay Offices. By Georob E. Gee . . 3/0 French Polishing and Enamelling. A Practical Work of Instruction, including numerous Recipes for making Polishes, Varnishes, Glaze-Lacquers, &c. By R. BiTmead . -1/6 Practical Organ Building. By W. E. 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With 12 full-page Engravings of Examples . 1/6 The Art of Boot and Shoemaking. Including Measurement, Last-fitting, Cutting-out, Closing and Making. By John Bkuford Leno. With numerous Illustrations. Fourth Edition 2/0 Mechanical Dentistry : . . , A Practical Treatise on the Construction of the Various Kinds of Artificial Dentures. By Charles Hunter. Fourth Edition . . . 3/0 Wood Engraving : A Practical an.i Easy Introduction to the Art. By W. N. Brown . \ /» Laundry Management. A Handbook for Use in Private and Public Laundries . . . 2/0 10 WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. AGRICULTURE, GARDENING, ETC. , Draining and Embanking: A Practical Treatise. I'.y Prof. John Scott. With 68 Illustrations 1 /&. Irrigation and Water Supply: A Practical Treatise on Water Meadows, .Sewage Irrigation, Warping, &r • on the Consiruction of Wells, Ponds, Reservoirs, &c. Hv Prof Iohn bcoTT. With 34 Illustrations .1/6 Farm Roads, Fences, and Gates: A Practical Treatise on the Roads, Tramways, and Waterways of the- !■ arm ; the Principles of Enclosures ; and the different kinds of Fences. Oates, and Stiles. By Prof. John Scott. With 75 Illustrations . 1 /& Farm Buildings : A Practical Treatise on the liuildin-s necessary for various kinds of Farms, their Arrangement and Construction, with Plans and Estimates. Bv Prof John Scott. With 105 Illustrations ; 2/(> Barn Implements and Machines : Treating of the Application of Power and Machines used in the Threshine- barn, Stockyard, Dairy, &c. By Prof. J. Scott. With 123 lllustratioul Field Implements and Machines: With Principles and Details of Construction and Points of Excellence their Management, (kc. By Prof. John Scott. With 138 Illustrations 2/a Agricultural Surveying: A Treatise on Land Surveying, Levelling, and Setting-out ; with Directions for Valuing Estates. By Pi of. J. Scott. With 62 Illustrations . 1 /6 Farm Engineering, By Professor John Scott. Comprising th-^ above Seven Volumes in One 1,150 pages, and over 600 Illustrations. Half-bound . . . 12/0' Outlines of Farm Management. Treating of the General Work of the Farm; Stock; Contract Work; Labour, &c. By R. Scott Burn 2/6 Outlines of Landed Estates Management. Treating of the Varieties of Lands, Methods of Fanning, Setting-out of farms, Roads, Fences, Gates, Drainage, &c. By R. Scott Burn . 2/S *»* T/ie above Two Vols, in One, liandsotiieiy half-bound, price 6/0 Soils, Manures, and Crops. (Vol. I. Outlines of Modekn Farming.) liy R. Scott Burn . 2/0 Farming and Farming Economy. (Vol. II. Outlines op Modern Farming.) By R. Scott Burn 3/0 Stock : Cattle, Sheep, and Horses. (Vol. III. Outlines ok Modern Farming.) By R. Scott Burn 2/6 Dairy, Pigs, and Poultry. (VoL IV. Outlines of Modern Farming.) By R. Scott Burn 2/0 Utilization of Sewage, Irrigation, and Reclamation of Waste Land. (Vol. V. 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By Henry Law, C.E. . 2/6 So/ii a/so se/iarntelv, viz: — Euclid. The First Three Books. By He.nuv Law, C.E. . . -1/6 Euclid. Books 4, 5, 6, II, 12. By Henkv Law, C.E. . • .1/6 Plane Trigonometry, The Elements of. By James Hann. . . . , , .1/6 Spherical Trigonometry, I'he Elements of. By Ja.mes Hank. Revised by Chari.es H. Dow- ling, C.E. iQ *»* Orivnk " The Elements of Plaiie Tn^onoiuetry" in One Volume, 2 6 Differential Calculus, Elements of the. By W. S. B. Woolhouse, F.R.A.S., &c. . -1/6 Integral Calculus. By Homersham Cox, B.A. ^ yg Algebra, The Elements of. By James Haddon, M.A. With Appendix, containing Miscellaneous Investigations, and a Collection of Problems . . 2/0 A Key and Companion to the Above. An extensive Repository of Solved Examples and Problems in Algebra. By J. R. Young ^1/6 Commercial Book-keeping. With Commercial Phrases and Forms in English, French, Italian, and German. By James Haddon, M..A \ IQ Arithmetic, A Rudimentary Treatise on. 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