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WORKS ISSUED BY Cl)e J?afclui>t tg. ROBERT HUES’ TRACTATUS DE GLOBIS. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR THE CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF ENGLAND. No. LXXIX. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/tractatusdeglobi00hues_0 THE MOLYNEUX CELESTIAL GLOBE. One of a Pair at the Middle Temple Library. (after a photograph.) TRACTATUS DE GLOBIS ET EORUM USU. A TREATISE DESCRIPTIVE OF THE GLOBES CONSTRUCTED BY EMERY MOLYNEUX, AND PUBLISHED IN 1592. BY ROBERT HUES. lEtittcti, bit!) ^nnotateti Entices atttr an Introduction, BY CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, C.B., F.R.S. LONDON : PRINTED FOR THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY, 4, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS, W.C. M.DCCC.LXXXIX. LONDON : 1 fllTING AND COMPANY, SARDINIA STREET , LINCOLN S INN FIELDS. THE GE1 [f-TER COUNC I I OF THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY. Sib HENRY YULE, K.C.S.I., LL.D., President. Major-General Sir HENRY RAWLINSON, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., Associe Etranger be L’Institut de France, Vice-President. Lord ABERDARE, G.O.B., F.R.S., late Pres. R. G.S. W. AMHURST T. AMHERST, Esq., M.P. JOHN BARROW, Fsq., F.R.S., F.S.A. WALTER DE GRAY BIRCH, Esq., F.S.A. Rear-Admiral LINDESAY BRINE. EDWARD BURNE-JONES, Esq., A.R.A., D.C.L. CECIL G. S. FOLJAMBE, Esq., M.P. The Right Hon. Sir MOUNTSTUART E. GRANT DUFF, G.C.S.I. ALBERT GRAY, .Esq. R. H. MAJOR, Esq., F.S.A. CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, Esq., C.B., F.R.S. Admiral Sir F. W. RICHARDS, K.C.B. Lord ARTHUR RUSSELL. ERNEST SATOW, Esq., C.M.G., Minister Resident in Uruguay. S. W. SILVER, Esq. COUTTS TROTTER, Esq. Sir CHARLES WILSON, R.E., K.C.B. , K.C.M.G., F.R.S. , D.C.L. , and LL.D. E. DELMAR MORGAN, Honorary Secretary. CONTENTS. PAGE Table of Contents . . . . , vii Introduction . . . . . xi Latin Title . . . . . . li English Title ..... liii Table of Contents from Edition of 1504 . . lv Dedicatory Epistle to Sir Walter Raleigh . . 1 Preface . . . . . .5 First Part. Of those things which are common both to the Coelestiall and Terrestriall Globe . . .19 Chap. I. What a G-lobe is, with the parts thereof, and of the Circles of the Globe . . ,19 Chap. II. Of the Circles which are described upon the Super- ficies of the Globe . . . .23 Chap. III. Of the three positions of Sphseres : Right, Parallel, and Oblique . . . .33 Chap. IV. Of the Zones . . . .37 Chap. Y. Of the Amphiscii, Heteroscii, and Periscii . 39 Chap. VI. Of the Periseci, Antseci, and Antipodes . . 40 Chap. YII. Of Climates and Parallels . . .42 Second Part. Chap. I. Of such things as are proper to the Coelestiall Globe ; and first of the Planets . . 44 Chap. II. Of the Fixed Stars and their Constellations . 47 Chap. III. Of the Constellations of the Northerne Hemisphere 50 Yin CONTENTS. Chap. Chap. Chap. Chap. Chap. Chap. Of the Chap. Chap. Chap. Chap. Chap. Chap. Chap. Chap. Chap. IY. Of the Northerne Signes of the Zodiaque . 55 Y. Of the Constellations of the Southerne Hemisphere and first of those in the Zodiaque . . 57 VI. Of the Constellations of the Southerne Hemisphere, which are without the Zodiaque . . 59 VII. Of the Starres which are not expressed in the Globe 62 Third Part. I. Of the Geographicall description of the Terrestriall Globe ; and the parts of the world yet knowne . 68 II. Of the Circumference of the Earth, or of a Greater Circle ; and of the Measure of a Degree . 80 Fourth Part. Use of Globes . . . . .95 I. How to finde the Longitude, Latitude, Distance, and Angle of Position, or situation of any place ex- pressed in the Terrestriall Globe . . 96 II. How to finde the Latitude of any place . . 98 III. How to find the distance of two places, and angle of position, or situation . . .99 IV. To finde the altitude of the Sunne, or other Starre 100 V. To finde the place and declination of the Sunne for any day given .... 100 VI. How to finde the latitude of any place by observing the Meridian Altitude of the Sunne or other Starre . . . . .102 VII. How to find the Right and Oblique Ascension of the Sunne and Starres for any Latitude of place and time assigned . . . .104 VIII. How to finde out the Horizontall difference betwixt the Meridian and Verticall circle of the Sunne or any other Starre (which they call the Azimuth), for any time or place assigned . . 106 IX. How to finde the houre of the day, as also the Am- plitude, of rising and setting of the Sunne and Starres, for any time or latitude of place . 107 CONTENTS. Chap. X. Of the threefold rising and setting of Stars Chap. XI. How to finde the beginning and end of Twilight for any time, and Latitude of Place Chap. XII. How to find the length of the Artificiall Day or Night, or quantity of the Sunne’s Parallel that remaines above the Horizon, and that is hid be- neath it, for any Latitude of place and time assigned. As also to find the same of any other Starres ..... Chap. XIII. How to finde out the houre of the Day or Night, both equall and unequall, for any time or Latitude of place ..... Chap. XIY. To finde out the Longitude, Latitude, and Declina- tion of any fixed Starre as it is expressed in the Globe ..... Chap. XY. To finde the variation of the Compasse for any Lati- tude of place Chap. XYI. How to make a Sunne Diall by the Globe for any Latitude of place .... Fifth Part. Of the Rombes that are described in the Terrestriall Globe, and their use ' . Of the use of Rumbes in the Terrestriall Globe I. The difference of Longitude and Latitude of two places being knowne, how to find out the Rumbe and Distance of the same ..... II. The Rumbe being known, and difference of Longitude ; how to find the difference of latitude and distance . III. The difference of Longitude and distance being given, how to find the Rumbe and difference of Latitude IY. The difference of latitude and Rumbe being given, how to find the difference of longitude and distance . Y. The difference of latitude and distance being given, the Rumbe and difference of longitude may be found YI. The Rumbe and difference being given, the difference of Longitude and Latitude may also be found IX 109 113 114 117 118 119 123 127 134 139 143 144 144 145 146 X CONTENTS. Index G-eographicus ..... 149 Biographical Index of Names . . . .176 Index of Names of Stars given by Hues in his “Tractatus DE GrLOBIS”, WITH REMARKS . . . 206 Index of Places Mentioned .... 222 Index to Subjects ..... 226 ILLUSTRATION. The Molyneux Celestial Globe (after a photograph, by kind permission of the Treasurer and Benchers of the Middle Temple) .... Frontispiece INTRODUCTION. At the time when English sailors began to make the reign of the great Queen illustrious by daring voyages and famous discoveries, it was natural that these deeds should be worthily recorded. When Drake and Cavendish had circumnavigated the globe, when Raleigh had planted Virginia, Davis had dis- covered his Straits, and Lancaster had found his way to India, the time had come for Hakluyt to publish his Principal Navigations , and for Moly- neux to construct his Globes. Englishmen were coming to the front rank as discoverers and explorers, and it naturally followed that maps and globes should be prepared by their countrymen at home, which should alike record the work already achieved and be useful for the guid- ance of future navigators. But the construction of globes entailed considerable expense, and there was need for liberal patronage to enable scientific men to enter upon such undertakings. In the days of Queen Elizabeth the merchants of England were ever ready to encourage enterprises having for their objects the improvement of naviga- tion and the advancement of the prosperity of their country. While the constructor of the first Xll INTRODUCTION. globes ever made in this country received help and advice from navigators and mathematicians, he was liberally supplied with funds by one of the most munificent of our merchant princes. The appear- ance of the globes naturally created a great sensa- tion, and much interest was taken in appliances which were equally useful to the student and to the practical navigator. Two treatises intended to describe these new appliances, and to serve as guides for their use, were published very soon after their completion. One of these, the Tractatus de Globis of the celebrated mathematician, Robert Hues, has been selected for republication by the Hakluyt Society. Before describing the Molyneux Globes, and the contents of the Guide to their use, it will be well to pass in review the celestial and terres- trial globes which preceded, or were contemporaneous with, the first that was made in England, so far as a knowledge of them has come down to us. The celestial preceded the terrestrial globes by many centuries. The ancients appear to have adopted this method of representing the heavenly bodies and their movements at a very early period. Dio- dorus Siculus asserts that the use of the globe was first discovered by Atlas of Libya, whence originated the fable of his bearing up the heavens on his shoulders. Others attribute the invention to Thales ; and subsequent geographers, such as Archimedes, Crates, and Proclus, are said to have improved upon it. Posidonius, who flourished 150 B.c., and is often quoted by Strabo, constructed a revolving INTRODUCTION. X1U sphere to exhibit the motions of the heavenly bodies ; and three hundred years afterwards Ptolemy laid down rules for the construction of globes. There are some other allusions to the use of globes among ancient writers ; the last being contained in a passage of Leontius Mechanicus, who flourished in the time of Justinian. He constructed a celestial globe in accordance with the rules of Ptolemy, and after the description of stars and constellations given by Aratus. Globes frequently occur on Poman coins. Generally the globe is merely used to denote univer- sal dominion. But in some instances, especially on a well-known medallion of the Emperor Commodus, a celestial globe, copied, no doubt, from those in use at the time, is clearly represented. No Greek or Roman globes have, however, come down to us. The oldest in existence are those made by the Arabian astronomers. The earliest form appears to have been the armil- lary sphere, consisting of metal rings fixed round a centre, and crossing each other on various planes, intended to represent the orbits of heavenly bodies. The Arab globes were of metal, and had the con- stellations and fixed stars engraved upon them. At least five dating from the thirteenth century have been preserved. One is in the National Museum at Naples, with the date 1225. Another, dated 1275, belongs to the Asiatic Society of London; and a third, dated 1289, is at Dresden. There are tw r o others, without date, but probably to be re- ferred to the same period, one belonging to the XIV INTRODUCTION. Astronomical Society of London, the other to the National Library of Paris. But the most ancient celestial globe is at Florence, and has been described bv Professor Meucci. 1 It belongs to the eleventh century. The astronomical knowledge of the Arabs in the East was communicated to their countrymen in Spain, and the schools of Cordova became so famous that they were frequented by students from Christian Europe ; among whom was the celebrated mathe- matician, Gerbert dAuvergne, afterwards Pope Sil- vester II. Valencia was one of the most flourish- ing centres of Arabian culture in Spain, at first under the Khalifahs of Cordova, and from 1031 to 1094 as the capital of a small, independent king- dom. It was in Valencia that the celestial globe, now at Florence, was constructed, in the year 1070 a.d . 2 It is 7.8 inches in diameter. All the forty- seven constellations of Ptolemy are engraved upon 1 II Clobo Celeste Arabico del Secolo XI esislente nel gabineto degli strumenti antichi di astronomia , di jisica , e di matematica del R. Instituto diStudi Superiori illustrato da F. Meucci (Firenze, 1878). 2 Professor Meucci observed that the star Regulus was placed on the globe at a distance of 16° 40' from the sign of Leo. Ptolemy, in 140 a,d., gave this distance as 2° 30'. According to Albategnius, the star advances 1° in sixty-six years. It had moved 14° 10' since 140 a.d., which would give 1070 as about the date of the globe. The Arabic inscription on the globe coincides remarkably with this calculation. It states that the globe was made at Valencia by Ibrahim ibn Said-as-Sahli, and his son Muhammad, in the year 473 of the Hegira, equivalent to 1080 a.d. It was con- INTRODUCTION. XV it, except the “ Cup ”, and 1,015 stars are shown, with the different magnitudes well indicated. It is a very precious relic of the civilisation of the Span- ish Arabs, and is specially interesting as the oldest globe in existence, and as showing the care with which the Arabian astronomers preserved and handed down to posterity the system of Ptolemy. The globe possessed by the Emperor Frederick II, with pearls to indicate the stars, doubtless resembled those of the same period which have come down to us. The oldest terrestrial globe in existence is that constructed by Martin Behaim, at Nuremburg, in 1492. It is made of pasteboard covered with parch- ment, and is 21 inches in diameter. The on]y lines drawn upon it are the equator, tropics, and polar circles, and the first meridian, which passes through Madeira. The meridian is of iron, and a brass horizon was added in 1500. The globe is illumi- nated and ornamented, and is rich in legends of interest and in geographical details. The author of this famous globe was born at Nuremburg of a good family. He had studied under Regiomontanus. He settled and married at Horta, the capital of Fayal, in the Azores, had made numerous voyages, and had been in the exploring expedition with Diogo Cam when that Portuguese navigator discovered the mouth of the Congo. Behaim had the reputa- tion of being a good astronomer, and is said by structed for Abu Isa ibn Labbun, a personage of note in the political and literary history of Muslim Spain during that cen- tury. XVI INTRODUCTION. Barros 1 to have invented a practical instrument for taking the altitude of the sun at sea. Baron Nordenskiold considers that the globe of Behaim is, without comparison, the most important geographical document that saw the light since the atlas of Ptolemy had been produced in about 150 a.d. He points out that it is the first which un- reservedly adopts the existence of antipodes, the first which clearly shows that there is a passage from Europe to India, the first which attempts to deal with the discoveries of Marco Polo. It is an exact representation of geographical knowledge im- mediately previous to the first voyage of Columbus. The terrestrial globe next in antiquity to that of Behaim is dated 1493. It was found in a shop at Laon, in 1860, by M, Leon Leroux, of the Adminis- tration de la Marine at Paris. It is of copper-gilt, engraved; with a first meridian passing through Madeira, mericlian-lines on the northern hemisphere at every fifteen degrees, crossed by parallels corre- sponding to the seven climates of Ptolemy. There are no lines on the southern hemisphere. The author is unknown, but M. D’Avezac considered that this globe represented geographical knowledge current at Lisbon in about 1486. It appears to have been part of an astronomical clock, or of an arm illary sphere, for it is only 6^ inches in diameter. 2 Baron Nordenskiold was the first to point out 1 Dec. /, lib. iv, cap. 2. 2 D’Avezac gives a projection of the Laon globe in the Bulletin de la Societe de Geographic de Paris , 4me Serie, viii (1860). INTRODUCTION. XVII that a globe constructed by John Cabot is men- tioned in a letter from Raimondo di Soncino to the Duke of Milan, dated December 18th, 1497. But it does not now exist. The earliest post-Columbian globe in existence dates from about a.d. 1510 or 1512. It was bought in Paris by Mr. R. M. Hunt, the architect, in 1855, and was presented by him to Mr. Lenox of New York ; it is now in the Lenox Library. This globe is a spherical copper box 4^- inches in diameter, and is pierced for an axis. It opens on the line of the equator, and may have been used as a ciborium. The outline of land and the names are engraved on it, but there is no graduation. The author is un- known. Among the papers of Leonardo da Vinci at Wind- sor Castle there is a map of the world drawn on eight gores, which appears to have been intended for a globe. It is interesting as one of the first maps on which the name America appears. Mr. Major has fully described this map in a paper in the Archceologia, 1 and he believes that it was actually drawn by Leonardo da Vinci himself. But Baron Nordenskiold gives reasons for the conclusion that it was copied from some earlier globe by an ignorant though careful draughtsman. In 1881 some ancient gores were brought to 1 “ A Memoir on a Mappemonde by Leonardo da Yinci, being the earliest map hitherto known containing the name of America ; now in the royal collection at Windsor.” By B. H. Major, Esq., F.S.A. ( Archceologia , vol. xl, 1865). b XV111 INTRODUCTION. light by M. Tross, in a copy of the Cosmograpliice Introductio of Waldseemiiller, printed at Lyons in 1514 or 1518. They are from engravings on copper by Ludovicus Boulenger. A globe was constructed at Bamberg in 1520, by Johann Schoner of Carlstadt, which is now in the town library at Nuremburg; it consists of twelve gores. There is a copy of the Schoner globe, 10-g- inches in diameter, at Frankfort, 1 and two others in the Military Library at Weimar. On the Schoner globe, North America is broken up into islands, but South America is shown as a continu- ous coast-line, with the word America written along it, as on the gores attributed to Leonardo da Vinci. 3 Florida appears on it, and the Moluccas are in their true positions. A line shows the track of Magel- lan’s ships ; and the globe may be looked upon as illustrating the history of the first circumnaviga- tion. A beautiful globe was presented to the church at Nancy by Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, where it was used as a ciborium. It is now in the Nancy public library. It is of chased silver-gilt and blue enamel, 6 inches in diameter. 3 1 The Frankfort globe is given by Jomard in his Monuments de la Geographic ; see also J. R. G. S., xviii, 45. 2 Johann Schoner , Professor of Mathematics at Nuremburg . A reproduction of his Globe of 1523, long lost. By Henry Stevens of Vermont ; edited, with an Introduction and Bibliography, b}r C. H. Coote (London, 1888). 3 First described by M. Blau, Memoir es de la Societe Roy ale de Nancy , 1825, p. 97. INTRODUCTION. XIX There is a globe in the National Library at Paris very like that of Schoner, which has been believed to be of Spanish origin. Another globe in the same library, with the place of manufacture — “ Photo- magi” (Rouen) — marked upon it, but no date, is supposed to have been made in 1540. It belonged to Canon L’Ecuy of Premontre. This globe was the first to show North America disconnected with Asia. In 1541 Gerard Mercator completed his terres- trial globe at Louvain, dedicating it to Cardinal Granvelle. Its celestial companion was finished ten years afterwards. These globes were 16 inches in diameter. Many replicas were produced, and Blundeville 1 alludes to them as in common use in England in 1594. Yet only two sets now exist. In May 1868 the twelve gores for one of these was bought by the Royal Library of Brussels, at the sale of M. Benoni-Verelst of Ghent. The other was found in 1875 at the Imperial Court Library of Vienna. The terrestrial globe has rhumb lines, which had hitherto only been shown on plane- charts. The celestial globe has fifty-one constella- tions, containing 934 fixed stars. i Thomas Blundeville was a country gentleman, bom in 1568. He succeeded to Newton Flotman, in Norfolk, in 1571 ; and was an enthusiastic student of astronomy and navigation. In 1589 he published his Description of universal mappes and cardes , and his Exercises appeared in 1594. This work was very popular among the navigators of the period, and went through at least seven editions. Blundeville also wrote on horsemanship. His only son was slain in the Low Countries. b 2 XX INTRODUCTION. A copper globe was constructed at Rome by Euphrosinus Ulpius in 1542, and dedicated to Pope Marcellus II when he was a cardinal. It was bought in Spain in 1859, and is now in the library of the New York Historical Society. It is 15^ inches in diameter, divided in the line of the equa- tor, and fastened by iron pins, and it has an iron cross on the North Pole. Its height, with the stand, is 3 feet 8 inches. The meridian-lines are at distances of 30°, the first one passing through the Canaries. Prominence is also given to the line of demarcation between Spain and Portugal, laid down by Pope Alexander YI. There is another globe, found at Grenoble in 1855, and now in the National Library at Paris, by A. F. von Langeren, which may possibly antedate the Molyneux globes. 1 In the Oldnorske Museum at Copenhagen there is a small globe of 1543, mounted as an armillary sphere, with eleven brass rings. It was constructed by Caspar Vopell, and is believed to have belonged to Tycho Brahe. A small silver globe is part of the Swedish regalia, and was made in 1561 for the coronation of Eric XIY. Similar globes, forming goblets or ciboires, are preserved in the Rosenborg Palace at Copenhagen and in the Museum at Stock- holm. They are merely specimens of goldsmiths’ 1 After the globes of Molyneux followed those of Blaew and Hondius. Langeren and Hondius were rivals. They announced their intention of bringing out two globes in 1597, but no copies are known to exist. The globes of W. Janssen Blaew (1571- 1638) were of wood, the largest being 27 inches in diameter, the smallest 71 inches. INTRODUCTION. XXI work, useful only if other maps of the same period were wanting. Counting the gores of Tross and of Leonardo da Vinci, there are thus twelve terrestrial globes now in existence which preceded the first that was con- structed in England. The preparation of celestial globes and arm illary spheres received an impetus from the labours of the great astronomers who flourished for two centuries, from the time of Copernicus to that of Galileo. ^Nicolaus Copernicus was born at Thorn on the Vistula in 1473, and was educated at the Univer- sity of Cracow, studying medicine and painting, as well as mathematics. After passing some years at the University of Bologna and at Borne, he returned to his native country. The uncle of Copernicus was Bishop of Warmia or Warmland, on the Baltic, near Danzig ; with a cathedral at Frauenburg, on the shores of the Friske Haff. Here the great astronomer became a canon ; here he passed the remainder of his life ; and here he wrote his great work, De Revolutionibus Orbium Codestium . It was completed in 1530, but over ten more years were devoted to the work of correcting and alter- ing, and when, at last, it was printed at Nurem- berg, Copernicus was on his death-bed. He died on May 23rd, 1543, having just lived long enough to rest his hand on a printed copy of his work. It is not known that a sphere was ever constructed in his lifetime to illustrate his system. Tycho Brahe was born at Knudstrup, in December 1546, XXII INTRODUCTION. three years after the death of Copernicus. The one was a quiet ecclesiastic ; the other a man of noble birth, whose career was surrounded by diffi- culties, owing to the family prejudices, which were irreconcilable with the studies and occupations of his choice. The family of Tycho Brahe believed that the career of arms was the only one suited for a gentleman. He became a student at Copenhagen and at Wittenberg, and still further offended his relations by marrying a beautiful peasant girl of Knudstrup. The accident of his birth made it im- possible for him to avoid strife. At Rostock he felt bound to fight a duel with a Dane named Pasberg, to decide the question as to which was the best mathematician. Tycho Brahe had half his nose cut off, and ever afterwards he wore a golden nose. But, in spite of obstacles, he rose to eminence as an astronomer. He discovered errors in the Alphonsine Tables, and observed a new star in Cassiopeia in 1572. King Frederick II of Den- mark recognised the great merits of Tycho Brahe. He granted him the island of Hveen in 1576, where the illustrious astronomer built his chateau of LTranienberg and his observatories. 1 Here he made his catalogue of stars, and here he lived and observed for many years ; but, on the death of Frederick in 1588, the enemies of the great man poisoned the mind of Christian IV against him. His pension and all his allowances were withdrawn, 1 The instruments of Tycho Brahe and a plan of Uranienberg are given in vol. i of the Atlas Major of Blaew (Blasius). INTRODUCTION. XX1I1 and he was nearly ruined. In 1597 he left the island, and set sail, with his wife and children, for Holstein. In 1599 he accepted a cordial invitation from the Emperor Rudolph II to come to Bohemia, and was established in the Castle of Beneteck, five miles from Prague. He died at Prague in 1601, aged 55. The celestial globe constructed by Tycho Brahe is described by his pupil Pontanus. It was made of wood covered with plates of copper, and was six feet in diameter. It w r as considered to be a mag- nificent piece of work, and many strangers came to the island of Hveen on purpose to see it. But wdien Tycho Brahe was obliged to leave Denmark, he took the globe with him, and it was eventually deposited in the imperial castle at Prague. Of about the same date is the celestial globe at the South Kensington Museum, made for the Emperor Rudolph II at Augsburg in 1584. It is of copper- gilt, and is 7 -Jr inches in diameter. John Kepler, who was born at Weil in Wlirtem- berg in 1571, is also said to have been of noble parentage ; but his father was so poor that he was obliged to keep a public-house. A weak and sickly child, Kepler became a student at Tubingen, and devoted himself to astronomical studies. He visited Tycho Brahe at Prague in 1600, and succeeded him as principal mathematician to the Emperor Rudolph II. But he was always in pecuniary difficulties, and was irritable and quick-tempered, owing to ill- health and poverty. Nevertheless, he made great XXIV INTRODUCTION. advances in the science of astronomy. He com- pleted the Pudolphine Tables in 1627, being the first calculated on the supposition that the planets move in elliptical orbits. Kepler’s laws relate to the elliptic form of orbits, the equable description of areas, and to the proposition that the squares of the periodic times are proportional to the cubes of the mean distances from the sun. His work on the motions of the planet Mars was published in 1609. Kepler died in November 1630, aged 58. The great Italian astronomer was his contempo- rary. Galileo Galilei was born at Pisa in 1564, and was educated at the university of his native town. Here he discovered the isochronism of the vibrations of the pendulum ; and in 1592, when professor at Padua, he became a convert to the doctrines of Copernicus. His telescope, completed in 1609, enabled him to discover the ring of Saturn and the satellites of Jupiter; while the .latter dis- covery revealed another method of finding the lon- gitude. The latter years of the life of Galileo were clouded by persecution and misfortune. The Con- vent of Minerva at Pome, where stupid bigots forced him to recant, and where he whispered “ e pur se muove”, is now the Ministry of Public In- struction of an enlightened government. His trial before the Inquisition was in 1632 ; he lost his daughter in 1634 ; and in 1636 he became blind. Galileo died in the arms of his pupil Yiviani, in January 1642. There can be no more fitting monu- INTRODUCTION. XXV ment to the great astronomer than the “ Tribuna” which has been erected to his honour at Florence. Frescoes of the chief events in his life adorn the walls, while his instruments, and those of his pupils Yiviani and Torricelli, illustrate his labours and successes. Pontanus, who was a disciple of Tycho Brahe, mentions that Ferdinand I of Tuscany had two large globes, one terrestrial, and the other an armil- lary sphere with circles and orbs, both existing in the time of Galileo. The latter, which was designed by the cosmographer Antonio Santucci between 1588 and 1593, is still preserved, and has been described by Professor Meucci. 1 It is constructed on the Ptolemaic system, and consists of nine con- centric spheres, the outer one being 7 feet in dia- meter, and the earth being in the centre. The frame rests on a pedestal consisting of four caryatides, which represent the four cardinal points ; and it stands near the entrance to the “Tribuna” of Galileo. It is the last and most sumptuous illustration of the old Ptolemaic system, and a monument of the skill and ingenuity of the scientific artists of Florence. The celestial globe of Tycho Brahe and the arm il- lary sphere of Santucci cannot have been seen byMoly- neux. Their construction was nearly contemporane- ous with that of the first English globes. But all the 1 La Sfera Slrmillare di Tolomeo , construita da Antonio San- tucci (Firenze, 1876). XXVI INTRODUCTION. other globes that have been enumerated preceded the kindred work of our own countrymen ; and in their more complete development, under the able hands of Mercator, they served as the pattern on wdiich our mathematician built up his own enlarged and im- proved globes. We find very little recorded of Emery Molyneux, beyond the fact that he was a mathematician resid- ing in Lambeth. He was known to Sir Walter .Raleigh, to Hakluyt, and to Edward Wright, and was a friend of John Davis the Navigator. The words of one of the legends on his globe give some reason for the belief that Molyneux accompanied Cavendish in his voyage round the world. The construction of the globes appears to have been suggested by learned men to Mr. William Sander- son, one of the most munificent and patriotic of the merchant-princes of London, in the days of the great Queen. He fitted out the Arctic expeditions of Davis ; and the same liberal patron readily under- took to defray the expenses connected with the construction of the globes. There are grounds for thinking that it was Davis who suggested to Mr. Sanderson the employment of Emery Molyneux. The approaching publication of the globes was an- nounced at the end of the preface to the first edition of Hakluyt’s Voyages , which saw the light in 1589 . There was some delay before they were quite com- pleted, but they were actually published in the end of 1592 . The Molyneux globes are 2 feet 2 inches in INTRODUCTION. XXVII diameter, * 1 and are fixed on stands. They have graduated brass meridians, and on that of the terres- trial globe a dial circle or “Horarius” is fixed. The broad wooden equator, forming the upper part of the stand, is painted with the zodiac signs, the months, the Roman calendar, the points of the compass, and the same in Latin, in concentric circles. Rhumb lines are drawn from numerous centres over the surface of the terrestrial globe. The equator, ecliptic, and polar circles are painted boldly ; while the parallels of latitude and meridians, at every ten degrees, are very faint lines. The globe received additions, including the dis- coveries of Barents in N ovaya Zemlya, and the date has been altered with a pen from 1592 to 1603. The constellations and fixed stars on the celestial globe are the same as those on the globe of Mer- cator, except that the Southern Cross has been added. On both the celestial and terrestrial globes of Molyneux there is a square label with this inscrip- tion : — “ This globe belonging to the Middle Temple was repaired in the year 1818 by J. and W. Newton, Globe Makers, Chancery Lane.” 1 The largest that had been made up to the time of their pub- lication. The Behaim globe was 21 inches, the Mercator globes 16 inches, the Ulpius globe 15 J inches, and the Schoner globe 101 inches in diameter. The others, which are older than the Molyneux globes, are very small. The diameter of the Laon XXV 111 INTRODUCTION. Over North America are the arms of France and England quarterly ; supporters, a lion and dragon ; motto of the garter ; crown, crest, and baldrequin ; standing on a label, with a long dedication to Queen Elizabeth. The achievement of Mr. William Sanderson is painted on the imaginary southern continent to the south of Africa. The crest is a globe with the sun’s rays behind. It stands on a squire’s helmet with baldrequin. The shield is quarterly : 1st, paly of six azure and argent, over all a bend sable for Sander- son ; 2nd, gides, lions, and castles in the quarters for Skirne alias Castilion ; 3rd, or, a chevron between 3 eagles displayed sable, in chief a label of three points sable for Wall ; 4th, quarterly, or and azure, over all a bend gides for Langston. Beneath there is an address from William Sanderson to the gentle reader, English and Latin, in parallel columns. In the north polar regions there are several new additions, delineating the discoveries of English and Dutch explorers for the first time. John Davis wrote, in his World’s Hydrographical Discovery : “ How far I proceeded doth appear on the globe made by Master Emerie Molyneux.” Davis Strait is shown with all the names on its shores which were given by its discoverer, and the following legend : u Joannes Davis Anglus anno 1585-86-87 littora Americce circum spectantia a quinquagesimo quinto grado ad 73 sub polarem scutando perlegit On globe is 6J inches, of the Nancy globe 6 inches, and of the Lenox globe only 4| inches. INTRODUCTION. XXIX another legend we have, “ Additions in the north parts to 1603”; and below it are the discoveries of Barents, with his Novaya Zemlya winter quarters — “ Ilet hehouden huis .” Between Novaya Zemlya and Greenland there is an island called “Sir Hugo Willoghhi his land”. This insertion arose from a great error in longitude, Willoughby having sighted the coast of Novaya Zemlya ; and the island, of course, had no existence, though it long remained on the maps. To the north of Siberia there are two legends— “ Ed. Cancelarius et Stephanus Burrow Angli Lappice et Corelice or as marinas et Sinim. S. Nicolai vulgo dictum anno 1553 menso Augusto exploraverunt” ; and “ Joannes Mandevillanus eques Anglins ex Anglia anno 1322 Cathaice et Tartar i regiones penetravit.” Many imaginary islands, in the Atlantic, are retained on the Globe : including “ Frisland ”, “ Buss Ins ”, “ Brasil”, “ Maidas”, “ Heptapolis”, “ St. Brandon”. On the eastern side of North America are the countries of Florida, Virginia, and Norumbega ; and also a large town of Norumbega up a gulf full of islands. The learned Dr. Dee had composed a treatise on the title of Queen Elizabeth to Norumbega ; and in modern times Professor Hors- forth has written a memoir to identify Norumbega with a site up the Charles river, near Boston. On the Atlantic, near the American coast, is the- follow- ing legend : “ Virginia primum lustrata , habitata, et culta ab Anglis inpensis D. Gualteri de Ralegh Equitis Aurati anmenti Elizabethce In Anglice XXX INTRODUCTION. Regince” On the western side of North America are California and Quiriua of the Spaniards, and Nova Albion discovered by Drake. A legend in the Pacific Ocean furnishes direct evidence that information, for compiling the Globe, was furnished by Sir Walter Raleigh. It is in Spanish : “ Islas estas descubrio Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa por la corona de Castilla y Leon desde el ano 1568 llamolas Islas de Jesus aunque vulgarmente las llaman Islas de Salomon Pedro de Sarmiento was the officer who was sent to fortify the Straits of Magellan after Drake had passed through. He was taken prisoner by an English ship on his way to Spain, and was the guest of Raleigh in London for several weeks, so that it must have been on informa- tion communicated by Raleigh that the statement respecting Sarmiento on this legend was based. Besides “ Insulce Salomonis ” there are two islands in the Pacific — “ Y Sequenda de los Tubar ones' and “ San Pedro" , as well as the north coast of New Guinea, with the names as given on Mercator’s map. Cavendish also appears to have given assistance, or possibly Molyneux himself accompanied that circumnavigator in his voyage of 1587. The words of a legend off the Patagonian coast seem to counten- ance this idea. They are : “ Thomas Caundish 18 Dec. 1587 hmc terra sub nostris oculis primum obtulit sub latitud 47 cujus seu admodum salubris Incolse maturi ex parte proceri sunt gigantes et vasti magnitudinis.” The great southern continent is made to include Tierra del Fuego and the south INTRODUCTION. XXXI coast of Magellan’s Strait, and extends over the greater part of the south frigid zone. S. Matheo, an island in the Atlantic, south of the line, was visited by the Spanish ships under Loaysa and Sebastian del Cano, but has never been seen since. It appears on the Globe. In the south Atlantic there are painted a sea-serpent, a whale, Orpheus riding on a dolphin, and ships under full sail — fore and main courses and topsails, a -sprit sail, and the mizzen with a long lateen yard. The tracks of the voyages of Sir Francis Drake and Master Thomas Cavendish round the world are shown, the one by a red and the other by a blue line. That these tracks were put on when the Globe was first made is proved by the reference to them in Blundeville’s Exercises. The name of the author of the Globe is thus given : “ Emerum Mullineux Angl. sumptibus Gulielm Sanderson Londinensis descrip sit” On the Celestial Globe there are the same arms of Sanderson, the same label by Newton, 1818, a briefer dedication to the Queen, date 1592, and “ Judocus Hondius Eon Sc.” It would appear, therefore, that, when Molyneux had prepared the manuscript gores, they were entrusted to Hondius, the celebrated en- graver and cartographer at Amsterdam, to print. A number of the globes were manufactured and sold ; and some were made on a smaller scale, to serve for a cheaper edition. 1 Yet only one set has been preserved. It is in the library of the Middle See page 16. i XXX11 INTRODUCTION. Temple, and is the property of the Benchers of that Inn. This is certainly a strange depository for geographical documents of such interest and import- ance ; and it becomes a curious question how these globes, which would be so valuable to geographical and naval students, have found a final resting-place among the lawyers. It is probable that they once belonged to Robert Ashley, who left his books to the Middle Temple, and whose portrait hangs in the library. This gentleman was descended from those of his name settled at Nashill, in Wiltshire. His father, Anthony Ashley, 1 married Dorothy Lyte, of Lytes. Carey, in Somersetshire ; and Robert was born at Damerham, seven miles from Salisbury, in 1565. He was at school at Southampton, under the well- known Master, Hadrian Saravia ; and, as a boy, he had read Bevis of Hampton , Guy of Warwick , Valen- tine and Orson , Arthur and- the Knights of the Round Table. When rather older, he perused the Decameron , and the Heptameron of the Queen of Navarre. In 1580 he went to Oxford, and in due time became a Barrister of the Middle Temple. Robert Ashley was an ardent geographer, and a very likely man to be the possessor of a set of the Molyneux Globes. He studied languages, and was 1 Not to be confounded with Sir Anthony Ashley, who was at the sack of Cadiz, under the Earl of Essex, was Clerk to the Privy Council, and translated the Mariner's Mirror of Lucas Jansz Wagenaar into English in 1588. This Sir Anthony is the ancestor of the Earls of Shaftesbury. INTRODUCTION. XXXLll master of French, Spanish, Italian, and Dutch. Fond of history and topography, he travelled over a great part of Europe, making the chambers in the Middle Temple his head-quarters. Ashley was an indefatigable collector, and made several transla- tions. 1 He lived amongst his books in the Temple almost entirely during the latter years of his long life. Ashley reached the age of seventy-six, dying in October 1641. He was buried in the Temple Church, and, by his will, the old Templar left all his books to the Inn in which he had dwelt so long. In April 1642 there was an order from the Benchers that the books left by Master Ashley should be kept under lock and key until a library was built. Thus Ashley’s library formed the original nucleus of that of the Middle Temple. It contained a number of works on cosmography, including copies of two editions of the Tractatus on the Molyneux Globes by Hues. It is, therefore, highly probable that the globes themselves were included in Ashley’s library, and that it was in this way that they found a last resting-place — one may almost say a burial-place — in the library of the Middle Temple. 1 Relation of the Kingdom of Cochin China (1633, Bodleian, 4to.), from an Italian relation by Chr. Borri. Uranie , or the Celestial Muse , translated from the French of Bartas (1589). Almansor, the Learned and Victorious King that Conquered Spain (1627), from the edition printed at Salamanca in 1603. The Arabic original was in the Escurial, where Ashley saw it. A translation from the Italian of II Davide Rersequitate of Malvezzi (1637). c XXXIV INTRODUCTION. Almost as soon as the globes made their appear- ance, a manual for their use was published by Dr. Hood, of Trinity College, Cambridge, who gave lectures on navigation at Sir Thomas Smith’s house in Philpot Lane. 1 In 1594 they were described by Blundeville in his Exercises , and in the same year a manual for their use was published in Latin by Robert Hues. The Tractatus de Globis of Hues passed through several editions, and as it has now been decided that it shall form one of the volumes of the Hakluyt Society, it will be well that a bio- graphical notice of the author should precede the enumeration of former editions of his work. Robert Hues (or Husius) was born in 1553, in a village called Little Hereford (pronounced Harford), in Herefordshire, eight miles north-east of Leomin- ster. The parish is separated from Worcestershire by the river Teme. The church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, is an ancient stone building in the Norman transition style, but unfortunately the registers only commence in 1697, and throw no light on the parentage of the great mathematician. He was well grounded at some local school, before he was sent up to Brasenose College at Oxford in 1571, where he was among the Servitors — “Pauperes Scholares”. Here he continued for some time, as a very sober and serious student, but afterwards 1 “ The Use of both the Globes , Celestial and Terrestrial , most ‘plainly delivered in form of a dialogue. D. Hood , Mathematical Lecturer in the City of London , Fellow of Trinity College , Cam- bridge.” (London, 1592, not paged. Bound up with Hues.) INTRODUCTION. XXXV removed to St. Mary Hall, taking his degree in about 1578. He was then noted for a good Greek scholar, and he is mentioned by Chapman as his learned and valued friend, to whose advice he was beholden in his translation of Homer. 1 Hues appears to have travelled on the Continent soon after he took his degree, and on his return he devoted himself to the study of geography and mathematics, becoming well skilled in those sciences. He also made at least two voyages across the Atlantic, both probably with Thomas Cavendish. He mentions having observed for variation off the coast of North America 2 * ; so that he may have been with Cavendish when that navigator went with Sir Richard Grenville to Virginia. We learn from his epitaph that he accompanied Cavendish, and he himself says that he was sailing in the southern hemisphere in the years 1591 and 1592. 3 He must, therefore, have been on board the Leicester in the last voyage of Cavendish. It was a rough experi- ence — gales of wind and wild weather in the Straits of Magellan, privations and hardships of all kinds, and on the passage home Cavendish died, and was buried at sea. Hues twice refers to the observations he made in this voyage in his Treatise on the Globes . 4 He must have returned to England just at the time when the Molyneux Globes were published, and 1 Warton, History of English Poetry , iii, p. 442. 2 See p. 121. 5 See p. 66. 4 Pp. 66, 67, 121. XXXVI INTRODUCTION. his manual was written in the following year, and published in 1594. The Oxford student had now added practical ex- perience at sea to his theoretical knowledge. He had seen and observed the Southern Cross and the .other stars of the Southern Hemisphere. He had ascertained the variation of the compass in the north, on the equator, and in the far south. He had acquired a knowledge of the requirements of naviga- tors, and his Tractatus de Globis was intended to supply them with practically useful information. His Breviarium Totius Orbis was designed with the same object, and also went through several editions. Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, granted a yearly pension to Robert Hues for the encourage- ment of his studies ; and the accomplished scholar acted, for a year or two, as tutor to the Earl’s son, Algernon, at Christ Church. During Northumber- land’s long and unjust imprisonment in the Tower he was solaced by the companionship of learned men, among whom were Thomas Heriot and Robert Hues ; who also imparted their knowledge to Sir Walter Raleigh. Hues was one of Raleigh’s executors. During the last years of his life Robert Hues resided almost entirely at Oxford, and there he died, in his eightieth year, on the 24th of May 1632, in the “Stone House”, then belonging to John Smith, M.A., son of J. Smith, the cook of Christ Church. He was buried in Christ Church Cathedral, and a brass plate was put up to his memory, with the following in- scription : — INTRODUCTION. XXXVll “Depositum viri literatissimi, morum ac religionis integer- rimi, Hoberti Husia, ob eruditionem omnigenem, Theologicam turn Historicam, turn Scholasticam, Philologicam, Philosophi- am, prsesertim vero Mathematicam (cujus insigne monumen- tum in typis reliquit) Primum Thomae Candishio conjunctis- simi, cujus in consortio, explorabundis velis ambivit orbem : deinde Domino Baroni Gray ; cui solator accessit in area Londinensi. Quo defuncto, ad studia Henrici Comitis Northumbriensis ibidem vocatus est. cujus filio instruendo cum aliquot annorum operam in hac Ecclesia dedisset, et Academise confinium locum valetudinariae senectuti commo- dum censuisset ; in aedibus Joliannis Smith, corpore exhaus- tus, sed animo vividus, expiravit die Maii 24, anno reparatae salutis 1632, aetatis suae 79.” 1 The first edition of the Manual for the Globes , by Robert Hues, is in the British Museum, and also at the Inner Temple. Tractatus de Globis et eorum usu , accomodatus Us qui Londini editi sunt anno 1593 (London, T. Dawson, 1594, 8vo.). The second was % Dutch translation, printed at Antwerp. Tractaut of te handebingen van liet gebruyeh der kernel siker ende aertscher globe. 1 Wood’s History and Antiquities of Oxford was written in Eng- lish ; bought by the University, in 1670, for £100, and published in Latin under the superintendence of Dr. Fell and the Curators of the Printing Office. Many things were altered, and there were some additions. Historia et Antiquitatis U niver sit aiisOxoni- ertsis duobus voluminibas comprehensee (Oxon., 1674), folio. Trans- lation, 1786, 4to. The inscription is in the Latin edition (ii, p. 534). Under St. Mary Hall there is a notice of the death of Hues : — “ Oxonii in parochia Sancti Aldati, inque Domicilio speciatim la- pides, e regione insignis Afri cserulei, fatis concessit, et in ecclesia JEdis Christi Cathedrali humatus fuit an : dom : ciodxxxii (ii, p. 361) In lamina oenea, eidem pariati impacta talern cernis iuscrip- tionern” (ii, p. 288). XXXV1L1 INTRODUCTION. (Arnb., 1597, 4to.). There are copies at the Univer- sities of Louvain and Ghent. The third is a reprint of the first edition, published at Amsterdam in 1 6 L 1 ( ludocus Hondius , 8vo.). There are copies in the British Museum and Inner Temple. The fourth reprint was in Dutch, also published at Amsterdam, Tractaet of te hcmdebingen van liet ge- bruyeh dev hemelsike ende aertscher globe (Amstelo- dami, 1613, 4to.). A copy exists in the. Boyal Library at Brussels. The fifth reprint appeared at Heidelberg in 1613, and contains the Index Geographicus. There are copies at the British Museum and in the Temple Library. The sixth appeared at Amsterdam. Tractatus de . globis coelesti et terrestri ceorumque usu (Amst., lu- docus Hondius , 1617, 4to.). There are copies at Louvain, Ghent, and Liege. The seventh reprint was in a French translation by M. Haurion — Traite des globes et de leur usage , traduit par Haurion [ Paris, 1618, 8vo.). There are copies in the Library of the Middle Temple, and at Louvain, Ghent, and Namur. Of the eighth edition, published by Hondius at Amsterdam in 1624, in 4to., there are copies in the British Museum and at the Temple. The ninth edition was published at Frankfort in 1627, in 12mo. There is a copy in the Musee Plantin at Antwerp. The tenth edition is an English translation. A Learned Treatise of Globes, both Codlestial and Terres- INTRODUCTION. XXXIX triall , ivritten first in Latin .... afterwards illustrated with notes by I. I. Pontanus , and now made English by J . Chilmead (London, 1638). Copies at the Bri- tish Museum and in the Temple. The translator, John Chilmead, was of Christ Church College at Oxford. It is generally supposed that the name John was printed on the title-page in error, and that the translator was really Edmund Chilmead, who was born at Stow-in-the-Wold in Gloucestershire in 1610. This Edmund graduated in 1628, and was a Chaplain of Christ Church. Having been ejected in 1648 as a Royalist, he got his living in London by making translations and teaching music. He died in 1653, and was buried in the churchyard of St. Boltoph’s Without, Aldersgate. Among his transla- tions were the Erotomania of Ferrand, and a work on the Jews by Leo Modena; and he assisted in the translation of Procopius by Sir Henry Holbrooke. He also wrote a treatise on the music of the Greeks, which was printed at the end of the Oxford edition of Aratus, of 1672 ; and another on sound, which was never published. The translation of the Tractatus de Globis of Hues certainly has John Chilmead on the title-page; but it is usually attributed to Edmund, and, as no John Chilmead, who was a translator and man of letters, is known to have lived at that time, the attribution is probably correct. But it is certainly a strange error to have made. A Latin version of the Tractatus de Globis of Hues, by Jod. Hondius and I. I. Pontanus, ap- xl INTRODUCTION. peared in London in 1659 (8vo.). There is a copy in the British Museum. The twelfth edition of the work, and the second of the English version, with the notes of Pontanus, appeared in London in 1659 (8vo.). There is a copy in the Library of Sion College. The last edition of the Latin version was pub- lished at Oxford in 1663. There is a copy in the Bodleian Library. I. Isaac Pontanus, who annotated the Amsterdam editions of the Tractatus de Globis, and whose notes were translated for the English editions, was a cosmographer and historian of great eminence. He was the son of a merchant originally from Haarlem, who was Consul at Elsinore for the States-General. Pontanus was born while his parents were residing at Elsinore, on the 21st of January 1571. For three years he was the pupil of Tycho Brahe, on the Island of Hveen, and he always retained a feeling of pro- found veneration for his illustrious master. He afterwards studied at Basle and Montpellier. On his return to Holland he was appointed Professor of Philosophy and History in the College of Harder- wyck, a post which he retained until his death, and in 1620 he was nominated Historiographer to the King of Denmark. He wrote many learned works, in- cluding a ponderous Danish history 1 ; but his most valuable contribution to geographical literature was his History of Amsterdam . 2 Pontanus was a constant 1 Eerum Danicarum, Historia (Amst., 1631). 2 Historia urbis et rerum Amstelodamensium (Amst., 1611). INTRODUCTION. xli advocate of exploring enterprise, and gave much assistance to the cartographer Hondius in his arduous undertakings. Owing to his profound learning, the deep interest he took in the science of navigation, and his knowledge of mathematics, no better editor of the Dutch editions of the work of Hues could have been found than Isaac Pontanus. He died at Harderwyck on the 6th of October 1639, aged 68. Hues opened his work with an epistle dedicatory to his intimate friend, Sir Walter Raleigh 1 ; in which he recapitulated the discoveries made by English- men during the reign of the great Queen ; and urged that his countrymen would already have sur- passed the Spaniards and Portuguese, if they had taken more pains to acquire a complete knowledge of geometry and astronomy. The efforts of English- men, he believed, had been rendered less effective, owing to their ignorance of the sciences, a know- ledge of which is essential to a successful navigator. He concluded by saying that he had composed his treatise in the hope that it might be useful in ad- vancing a study of the seaman’s art. In his Preface, Master Hues went to the root of the matter, and proceeded to prove the sphericity of the earth ; first advancing the usual arguments, and then refuting the theories of those who disputed them. He devoted some space to those who argued that the mountains prevented the earth’s surface from being 1 The opening lines of the address, and the name of Sir Walter Raleigh, are omitted in the English translations. xlii INTRODUCTION. round ; and to others who maintained that a liquid surface is flat and not concave. Having established his points, the conclusion that a globe is the best form by which to represent a spherical body was inevitable. He concluded with some remarks in commendation of the Molyneux Globes, constructed through the liberality of Master Sanderson. They are more than twice the size ot Mercator’s globes, which is a great advantage ; and they contained all the most recent discoveries. The treatise itself is divided into five parts, the first treating of things which are common to both globes ; the second devoted to the planets, fixed stars, and their constellations ; the third to a de- scription of land and sea portrayed on the Terres- trial Globe, and to a discussion respecting the cir- cumference of the earth ; and the fourth explains the use of the globes. The fifth part consists of a learned treatise by Master Herriot on the rhumb lines and their uses. In the first part the frame is described, on which the globe is set ; the broad wooden horizon, with its various divisions ; and the brass meridian at right angles to it, on the poles of which the globe itself is fixed. The Horarius is a small circle of brass, divided into twenty-four equal parts, to be fixed on one of the poles of the meridian with a pin, called the Index Horarius , made to point to each of the twenty-four divisions as the globe turns on its axis. Having described these accessories of the crlobe, Hues next turns to the circles and lines INTRODUCTION. xliii drawn on the globe itself, discussing questions relat- ing to them in very full detail, and also treating of the zones and climates. His frequent references to the theories and calculations both of the ancients and of his contemporaries give that kind of bio- graphical interest to his dissertations which serves, better than any other method, to impress scientific facts on the memory. The second part treats of the celestial globe and of the Ptolemaic constellations and stars, with the stories of the origin of their Greek names, and of those adopted, in later days, by the Arabian astronomers. Pontanus, in his foot-notes, brings our thoughts back to the supposed double origin of the constellations in the remotest antiquity . 1 He suggests that the ideas were conceived, and the names given, by tw T o classes of men, the sailors of the Phoenician coasts and the husbandmen of the Chaldean plains. It was a more modern theory that some of the constellations, derived from the Phoenicians, represented the figure-heads of ships, or the emblematic replicas of them hung up in the temples ; such as Aries, Taurus, Pegasus, Cygnus, Hydra, Cetus, Delphinus. Taurus and Pegasus are actually represented as half figures, just as figure-heads would be. The most ancient constella- tions, the Geniculator , or man doomed to labour on his knee (converted by the Greeks into Hercules ), the Nimrod or Orion, the Centaur, and the Ser- pentarius w T ere, it is supposed, of Chaldean origin. 1 Notes, pp. 49 and 59. xliv INTRODUCTION. Sometimes both the names given by the sailors and those of the shepherds were continued, as in the case of the Bear, also known as the Waggon or Chariot. Pontanus, in his foot-notes, twice refers to the pas- sages in the book of Job where certain Hebrew words are translated as stars — Arcturus, Orion, the Pleiades, and Mazzaroth ; but the idea that the equivalent Hebrew words have any allusion to stars is a mere conjecture, and, it would seem, an improbable one. 1 The immense antiquity of the names for constel- lations is proved by the lines in Homer : “ The Pleiads, Hyads, with the northern team, And great Orion’s more effulgent beam, To which, around the axle of the slyy, The Bear revolving, points his golden eye, Still shines exalted in the ethereal plain, Nor bathes his blazing forehead in the main.” (Pope’s Iliad .) 1 “Which niaketh Arcturus (Ash), Orion ( Kesil ), and Pleiades (. Kimah ), and the chambers of the south.” (Job ix, 9.) “ Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades ( Kimah ) or loose the bands of Orion [Kesil). Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth in his season or canst thou guide Arcturus (Ash) with his sons '?” (Job xxxviii, 31, 32.) “ Seek him that maketh the seven stars and Orion, and turn- eth the shadow of death into the morning.” (Amos v, 8.) In a foot-note (p. 52), Pontanus discusses the name of Arc- turus, and mentions that the word which is given as Arcturus in the Septuagint is Ash in Hebrew, from the root Grusch — “con- gregabit”. Ash is also translated as “ vapour”, Kesil as “cold” or “snow” (“rage” or '“ madness”, according to Pontanus), and Kimah as “rain”. Mazzaroth , a periodical pestilential wind. No similar words are used for stars by the Arabian astronomers ; and it is supposed, by some authorities, that no reference to stars was intended either in Job or Amos. INTRODUCTION. xlv This passage shows that the constellations in the days of Homer were the same as those enumerated in the poem of Aratus, who is constantly referred to by Hues. Ptolemy adopted the names in Aratus, and thus they have been transmitted, through the Arabs, to modern times. In this second part our author passes them all in review, with their Arabic names, here and there noticing the assertions and theories of later or contemporaneous writers, such as Cardan, Patricius, and Corsalius. In correcting the errors of some of these authors, based on the vague narrative of Amerigo Vespucci, Hues takes occasion to give his impressions of the stars in the southern hemisphere, derived from a severe service of more than a year in those seas, on board the Leicester , with Cavendish. 1 The second part of the Tractatus supplied an admirable explanatory guide to the Celestial Globe. In the third part Hues undertook to describe the lands and seas delineated on the Terrestrial Globe. He begins by explaining the ideas respecting the three continents of the old world which were enter- tained by the ancients, and shows how these early speculations were corrected by subsequent dis- coveries. He then reviews the bounds of the know- ledge of his own times, when the northern limits had been extended to 73°, with fair hopes that the ocean bounds the northern shores of America; and the south had been made known as far as the Straits of Ma- gellan. He evidently inclined to a belief in a vast 1 Pp. 66, 67. xlvi INTRODUCTION. southern continent, such as is delineated on the globe. Next, he enumerates the countries contained in the four continents ; and refers to the unknown regions of Australia to the south of New Guinea, and to the vast tracts in the far north, which then, as now, remain to be discovered. But this part of his work is confessedly incomplete, and in his pre- face he refers his readers to the more detailed in- formation given by Ortelius and Mercator. In a second chapter of his third part Hues dis- cusses the various methods that had been adopted to ascertain the circumference of the earth and the length of a degree. He gives an interesting account of the labours of Eratosthenes and Posidonius ; and as the great differences in the results of various ancient authorities were partly due to the standards of measurement, he devotes some space to a discus- sion of the various lengths given to a degree. The fourth part of the Tractatus , in which the practical uses to which the Globe may be put by the navigator are described, was the most important in the eyes of the author, and the one by means of which he hoped to be of most service to his country- men. Previous to the discovery of logarithms, the problems of nautical astronomy could only be worked out with the help of very prolix mathema- tical calculations by practical scholars. But the globe supplied methods of finding the place of the sun, latitude, course, and distance, amplitudes and azimuths, time and declination, by inspection. This was a great boon to navigation, and the globe INTRODUCTION. xlvii came into very general use on board ship. As a practical guide to its use the treatise of Hues became a most valuable book to sailors ; so that it played no unimportant part in furthering the exploring en- terprises of Englishmen in the seventeenth century. The fourth part opens with a definition of longi- tude, and the various ways of finding it. Observa- tions of eclipses of the moon are pronounced to be the most accurate method, but one very seldom used. As to proposals for finding longitude by observations of differences of time, with clocks or hour-glasses, Hues scouts the idea, which had been rejected by all learned men ; the clocks of that period being altogether unable to perform that which was required over them. Navigators would have to wait for nearly two centuries before mechanical skill had reached to the height of constructing a chronometer. Meanwhile, the sub- stitutes were worthless, and those who sold them were impostors. “ Aw r ay,” cried Mr. Hues, “ with all such trifling, cheating rascals !” As regards lati- tude Hues reminds his readers that it is always the same as the height of the pole above the horizon, a measurement which was easily made. He then explains the methods of using the globe for finding the altitude of a heavenly body, its place and declination, the latitude by meridian altitude, the right ascension of heavenly bodies, their azimuths and amplitudes, the time and duration of twilight, the variation of the compass, and how to make a sun-dial by the globe. xlvili INTRODUCTION. The fifth part is a valuable treatise by Thomas Herriot , 1 another eminent mathematician, on the 1 Thomas Herriot was born at Oxford in 1560, was a Commoner of St. Mary Hall, and took his M.A. degree in 1579. He was an excellent mathematician, and was employed by Sir Walter Raleigh to instruct him in that science, becoming a member of his family for some time. When Raleigh fitted out the expedition to Virginia, under Sir Richard Greville, in 1585, young Herriot became a member of it, and made a map of the country. On his return he published a Brief and True Report of the newfound, land of Virginia which was reprinted by Hakluyt. Herriot devoted himself to mathema- tical studies, especially to algebra, and was also an astronomer and a practical navigator. Raleigh introduced him to the Earl of Northumberland, who gave him a pension of £120 a year, and he resided for some time at Sion College. When Northumberland was committed to the Tower, Thomas Herriot, with his learned friends, Robert Hues and Walter Warner, solaced his long imprisonment by their conversation. They were called the Earl’s three Magi. Herriot corresponded with Kepler on the theory of the rainbow. He died on July 2nd, 1621, of a cancer on the lip ; and was buried in St. Christopher’s Church, where. there was a monument to his memory, with the following inscription : “ Siste viator, leviter preme, Jacet hie juxta quod mortale fuit C. V. Thomse Harriot! Hie fuit doctissimus ille Harriotus de Svon ad flumen Thamesin Patria et educatione Oxoniensis Qui omnes scientias calluit Qui in omnibus excelluit Mathematicis, Philosophicis, Theologicis Veritatis indagator studiosissimus Dei Trini unius cultor piissimus Sexagenarius aut eo circiter Mortalitati valedixit, Non vitae Anno Christ! mdcxxi, Julii 2.” INTRODUCTION. xlix rhumb lines described on the Terrestrial Globe, and their uses. Herriot shows that five nautical problems may be solved by the rhumb lines, and that if any two of the four elements — course, distance, diff. long., and diff. lat. — are known, the other two can be found. Each of these five problems is given, with a practical example ; and the only one which presented serious difficulty is that in which it is required to find the course and diff. lat. when diff. long, and distance are given. This cannot be puzzled out on the globe without long and tedious calculation, and even then the result is useless. The Index Geographicus is only given in one or two editions. It is a long and very complete list of places, with their latitudes and longitudes as shown on the globe. The list may often be useful to geo- graphical students, as a help towards the identifica- tion of old names, or of names made obscure by peculiar spellings, and it has, therefore, been thought desirable that it should be reprinted. The only foot-notes to the text are those referring to the annotations of Pontanus in the Amsterdam editions. Information respecting the names of astro- nomers and others mentioned in the text, the stars and constellations, the names of places, and scientific terms will be found in the Indices. The Biographical Index contains short notices of astronomers and mathematicians, as well as references to the places in the text where their names occur. The Astrono- mical Index, for most valuable help in the prepara- tion of which I am indebted to Professor Robertson el 1 INTRODUCTION. Smith of Cambridge, has been prepared on the same plan. The Index of Names of Places, and that of Scientific Terms, are merely intended for furnishing references to the pages in the text. (Latin Title.) TRACTATVS DE GLOBIS ET EORVM VSV, Accomodatvs iis qui Londini editi svnt anno /jpj, Sumptibus Guglielmi Sandersoni Ciuis Londinensis, Conscriptvs a ROBERTO HUES. Londini In sedibvs Thomse Dawson. J 594- ■ (English Title.) A LEARNED TREATISE OF Globes, Both Coelestiall and Terrestriall : with their fevered ufes. Written first in Latine, by M r Robert Hues : and by him fo Published. Afterward Illustrated with Notes, by Io. I fa. Pontanus. And now lastly made English, for the benefit of the Vnlearned. By John Chilmead M r A. of Christ-Church in Oxon. LONDON, Printed by the Affigne of T. P. for P. Stephens and C. Meredith, and are to be sold at their Shop at the Gold[en Li]on in Pauls- Church-yard. T638.] N.B. — Letters within brackets torn out of original ; the date, also torn out, is given at the end of the work. \ ■ THE CONTENTS OF THE CHAPTERS OF THIS TREATISE. The Preface : wherein is shewed the Antiquity and excellency of Globes, in comparison of all other instruments, as being of a forme most apt to expresse the figure of the Heavens and Earth. — The round- ness of the Earth is defended against Patricius. — The height of Hilles, how much it may detract from the roundnesse of the Earth. THE FIRST PART. CHAPTER I. What a Globe is, with the parts thereof ; and the circles without the Globe. — What the Horizon is, with the things described thereon in a Materiall Globe. — What the Meridian is, the Poles and Axis ; as also the Houre-circle and Index. CHAPTER II. Of the circles which are described on the superficies of the Globes. — Of the JEquator or iEq.uinoctiall circle. — What a day is, both naturall and artificial! ; as also of Houres, both Equall and Unequall. — Of the Zodiackeand Eccliptick. — What a Yeare is, and the indeterminate limits thereof ; together with the diverse opinions of Authors concerning the same ; as also many of their errours. — What the iEquinoctium and Solstices are, with changing of their places, and Anticipation in the Calendar, confirmed by many observations. — The errour of Sosigenes and Iulius Caesar in designing the place of the iEquinoctium. — Of the Colures. — The Longitude and latitude of the fixed Starres are proved by observations to have beene altered. — A place of Ptolomy, lib. 1, cap. 7. Geograph., is vindicated from the injury of his interpreters, and confirmed by the authority of Strabo. — Of the Tropickes : with the changing of their declination. — What the Arcticke and Antarck- ticke Circles are. — Of the Yerticall Circles, and Quadrant of Altitude. CHAPTER III. Of the three positions of Sphere : Right, Parallel, and Oblique : with their severall affections. lvi THE CONTENTS OF THE CHAPTERS CHAPTER IV. Of the Zones and their number. — The vaine opinions of the Ancients, concerning the temperature of the Zones, are rejected ; both by the Testimonies of some of the Ancients themselves, as also by the expe- rience of later times. CHAPTER V. Of the Amphiscij, Periscij, and Heteroscij. CHAPTER VI. Of the Periseci, Antseci, and Antipodes compared to each other. CHAPTER VII. Of Climates and Parallels. THE SECOND PART. CHAPTER I. Of such things as are proper to the Coelestiall G-lobe ; as namely of the Stars. And first of the Planets, or Wandering Stars. CHAPTER II. Of the fixed Starres and their Constellations. CHAPTER III. Of the Constellations of the Northerne Hemisphsere. CHAPTER IV. The signes of the Zodiacke ; and first of the Northerne. CHAPTER V. The Constellations of the Southerne Hemisphsere ; and first of those in the Zodiacke. CHAPTER VI. Of the rest of the Constellations of the Southerne Hemisphsere. CHAPTER VII. Of the other Stars which are not expressed in Globes. — Why the Stars appeare sometimes in greater numbers than at other times, and sometimes greater and at other times lesse ; with the confutation of some vain opinions concerning the same. — The idle relations of Americus Vespasius, Cardan, and Patricius concerning the extraordin- ary greatnesse of the Stars about the South Pole are refuted out of the Author’s own experience. OF THIS TREATISE. Vll THE THIRD PART. CHAPTER I. The Geographicall description of ihe Terrestriall Globe, with the parts of the world that are yet knowne. The errours of Ptolomy concerning the Southerne bounds of Africa and Asia, as also of the IsTortherne limits of Europe, are condemned out of the writings of the Ancients and various experience of later Writers. CHAPTER II. Of the compasse of the Earth and the measure of a degree : with diverse opinions concerning the fame of the Greeks ; as namely, Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, Posidonius, Cleomedes, and Ptolomy ; as also of the Arabians, Italians, Germans, English, and Spanish. — Posidonius and Eratosthenes are confuted out of their owne observa- tions and propositions. Ptolomyes opinion is preferred before the rest, and he freed from the calumnies of Maurolycus ; who is also taxed in that without cause favouring Posidonius he unjustly con- demns Ptolomy. THE FOURTH PART. CHAPTER I. How to finde out the longitude, latitude, distance and angle of posi- tion or situation of any places expressed in the Terrestriall Globe. CHAPTER II. Of the Latitude of any place. CHAPTER III. How to finde the distance and angle of position of any two places. CHAPTER IV. To finde the Altitude of the Sunne or Starres. CHAPTER V. To finde the place and declination of the Sunne for any day given. CHAPTER VI. To finde the Latitude of any place by observing the Meridian alti- tude of the Sunne or Starres. CHAPTER VII. How to finde the Right and Oblique Ascension of the Sunne and Starres for any latitude of Place and Time. CHAPTER VIII. How to finde the Horizontall difference betwixt the Meridian and the verticall circle of the Sunne or any other Starre which they call the Azimuth, for any time or place assigned. Ivin THE CONTENTS OF THE CHAPTERS. CHAPTER IX. To find the Honre of the day, as also the amplitude of rising and setting of the Sunne and Starres at any time and latitude of place. CHAPTER X. Of the threefold rising and setting of Starres. CHAPTER XI. How to finde the beginning and end of the Twilight for any lati- tude of place and time. CHAPTER XII. To finde for any latitude of place and time the length of the Arti- ficiall day or night, or the quantity of the Sunnes Parallel that remaines above the Horizon and that is hid beneath it ; and to perform the same by any other Starre. CHAPTER XIII. To finde the houre of the Day and Night both Equall and Unequall for any time and latitude of place. CHAPTER XIV. To finde the longitude, latitude, and declination of the fixed Stars, as they are expressed in the Globe. CHAPTER XV. To finde the declination of the needle from the true Meridian, which they commonly call the Variation of the Compasse, for any latitude assigned : where the errours of those are discovered, who assigne to the Magneticall Needle a certain Meridian and fixed point which it alwayes respects ; and that affirm this change of variation to be regu- lar. All which vaine conjectures of theirs, and ungrounded Hypo- theses, are refuted both by more certaine observations of others, as also of the Author himselfe. CHAPTER XVI. How to make a Sun Diall by the helpe of the Globe, for any lati- tude of Place. THE FIFTH AND LAST PART. Of the Rumbes that are described upon the Terrestriall Globe ; wherein their nature, originall, and use in Navigation is declared. MEMORANDUM. Postremo est tabula Geographica in qua Regionum, Insu- larum, fluviorii, Promontoriorum, Sinnurn, Montium & reli- quarum quae in Terrestri Globo exprimuntur, nomina omnia ordine Alphabetico digesta est : adjecta singulis sua longi- t udine & latitudine. To the most illustrious and honourable Sir Walter Raleigh, Knight, Captain of the Queen’s Guard, Lord Warden of the Stannaries in the Counties of Cornwall and Devon, Yice- Admiral of Devon, Robert Hues wishes lasting happiness. Most illustrious Sir, That nothing is at once brought forth, and perfected, is an observation wee may make as from other things, so in a more especial manner from Arts and Sciences. For (not to speake anything of the rest which yet have all of them in succession of times had their accessions of perfection), if wee but take the astronomicall writings of Aratus, or of Eudoxus (according to whose observations Aratus is reported by Leon- tius Mechanicus to have composed his Phsenomena), and compare the same with the later writings of Ptolomy : what errours and imperfections shall we meet withall ? And in the Geograpliicall workes of the Ancients, whether we compare them among themselves, the later with the former ; or either of them with the more accurate descrip- tions of our Moderne Geographers : how many things shall we meet withall therein, that need either to be corrected as erroneous, or else supplied as defective ? There shall wee finde Strabo everywhere harshly censuring the extravagances of Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, Polybius, and Posidonius : Authors among the Ancients of very high esteem. For as for Pytheas, Eutliemeres, Antiphanes, and those Indian Histo- EPISTOLA. riographers Megasthenes, Nearchus, and Daimachus, whose writings are stuffed with so many fabulous idle relations, he accounts them unworthy of his censure. In like manner Marinus Tyrius, however a most diligent writer, is yet hardly dealt with all by Ptolomy. And even Ptolomy himselfe, a man that for his great knowledge and experience may seem to have excelled all those that went before him ; yet, if a man shall but compare his Geographical! Tables with the more perfect discoveries of our later times, what defects and imperfections shall hee there discover ? Who sees not his errours in the bounds he sets to the Southern parts of Asia and Africa? How imperfect are his descriptions of the Northern coasts of Europe ? These errours of Ptolomy and of the Ancient Geographers have now at length been discovered by the late Sea voyages of the Portugalls and English ; the Southern coasts of Africa and Asia having beene most diligently searched into by the Portugalls as the North erne parts of Europe have in like manner beene by our owne Country-men. Among whom the first that adventured on the discovery of these parts were, Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chanceler, after them Stephen Borough. And further yet then either of these, did Arthur Pet and Charles Iackman discover these parts. And these voyages were all taken by the instigation of Sebastian Cabot ; that so, if it were possible, there might be found out a nearer passage to Cathay and China : yet all in vaine ; save only that by this meanes a course of trafficke was confirmed betwixt us and the Muscovite. When their attempts succeeded not this way, their next designe was then to try what might be done on the North erne coasts of America ; and the first undertaker of these voyages was Mr. Martin Frobisher : who was afterwards seconded by Mr. Iohn Davis. By means of all whicli Navigation many EPISTOLA. errours of the Ancients, and their great ignorance, was dis- covered. But now that all these their endeavours succeeded not, our Kingdome at that time being well furnished in ships and impatient of idlenesse, they resolved at length to adventure upon other parts. And first Sir Humphrey Gilbert with great courage and Forces attempted to make a discovery of those parts of America which were yet unknown© to the Spaniard, but the successe was not answerable. Which attempt of his was afterward more prosperously prosecuted by Sir Walter Bawleigh ; by whose meanes Virginia was first discovered unto us ; the Generali of his forces being Sir Bichard Greenvile ; which Countrey was afterwards very exactly surveighed and described by Mr. Thomas Hariot. Neither have our country-men within these limits bounded their Navigations. For Sir Francis Drake, passing through the Straites of Magellane, and bearing up along the Westerne Coasts of America, discovered as farre as 50 degrees of Northerne Latitude. After whom Mr. Thomas Candish, tracing the same steps, hath purchased himselfe as large a monument of his fame with all succeeding aees. I shall not need to reckon with these our Countryman, Sirlohn Man- devil, who almost 300 years since in a 33 years voyage by land took a strict view of all India, China, Tartary, and Persia, with the Begions adjoyning. By these and the like expeditions by Sea, the matter is brought to that passe that our English Nation may seeme to contend even with the Spaniard and Portugall himselfe for the glory of navigation. And without all doubt, had they but taken along with them a very reasonable com- petency of skill in Geometry and Astronomy, they had by this gotten themselves a farre more honourable name at Sea than they. And, indeed, it is the opinion of many B 2 4 EPISTOLA. understanding men that their endeavours have taken the lesse effect meerely through ignorance in these Sciences. That, therefore, there might be some small accrument to their study and paines that take delight in these Arts, I have composed this small treatise, which that it may be for their profit I earnestly desire. Farewell. THE PREFACE. There are two kinds of Instruments by which Artificers have conceived that the figure of this so beautifull and various fabricke of the whole Universe might most aptly be expressed, and as it were at once presented to the view. The one exhibiting this Idea in a round solid is called a Globe, or Sphsere. The other, expressing the same in a Plaine, they tearme a Planisphsere, or Map. Both of which having been long since invented by the Ancients have yet even to our times in a continued succession received still more ripenesse and perfection. The Sphsere or Globe, and the use thereof, is reported by Diodorus Siculus to have been first found out by Atlas of Libya : whence afterward sprung the Fable of his bearing up the Heavens with his Shoulders. Others attribute the invention of the same to Thales. And it was afterward brought to perfection by Crates (of whom Strabo makes mention), Archimedes, and Proclus ; but most of all by Ptolomy ; according to whose rules, and observa- tions especially, succeeding times composed their Globes, as Leontius Mechanicus affirmes. And now there hath been much perfection added to the same in these our later times by the industry and diligence of Gemma Frisius and Gerardus' Mercator ; as it may appear by those Globes that were set forth at London, Anno 1593, so that now there seemes not to be anything that may be added to them. The Planisphsere, indeed, is a fine invention, and hath in it wonderfull varietie of workmanship, if so be that the composition of it be rightly deduced out of Geometricall and Opticall principles ; and it wants not its great delightfulness and beauty also. But yet 6 THE PREFACE. Strabo. Pliny. Cleom., lib. 1. that Other, being the more ancient, hath also the priority in Nature, and is of the most convenient forme ; and therefore more aptly accomodated for the understanding and fancy (not to speake any of the beauty and gracefulnesse of it), for it represented the things themselves in proper genuine figures. For as concerning the figure of the Heavens whether it was round was scarcely ever questioned by any. So like- wise touching the figure of the earth, notwithstanding many and sundry opinions have been broached among the ancient Philosophers, some of them contending for a plaine, others an hollow, others a cubical 1, and some a pyramidall forme ; yet the opinion of its roundnesse with greatest consent of reason at length prevailed, the rest being all exploded. Now wee assume it to be round, yet so as that wee also admit of its inequalities, by reason of those so great eminences of liilles and depression of vallies. Eratosthenes, as he is cited by Strabo in his first books, saitli that the fashion of the Earth is like that of a Globe, not so exactly round as an artificiall Globe is, but that it hath certain inequalities. The earth cannot be said to be of an exact orbicular forme, by reason of so many liilles and low plaines, as Pliny rightly observes. And Strabo, also, in his first book of his Geography, saitli that the earth and the water together make up one sphsericall body, not of so exact a forme as that of the Heavens, although not much unlike it. This assertion of the roundnesse of the Earth with the intervening Sea is con- firmed also by these reasons. For, first, that it is round from East to West is proved by the Sun, Moon, and the other Starres, which are seen to rise and set first with those that inhabite more Eastwardly, and afterward with them that are farther West. The Sun riseth with the Persians that dwell in the Easterne parts foure hours sooner than it doth with those that dwell in Spaine, more Westward, as Cleomedes affirms. The same is also proved by the observing of Eclipses, THE PREFACE. 7 especially those of the Moon, which, although they happen at the same time, are not yet observed in all places at the same home of the day or night, but the houre of their ap- pearing is later with them that inhabite Eastward then it is with the more Westerne people. An Eclipse of the Moon, which Ptolomy reports, lib. 1, Geogr., Cap. 4, to have been pt ing the distances betwixt the places of his. observation, that PtoL a perpendicular drawn from the top of the highest moun- taine down to the lowest bottome or vally, did not exceed ten furlongs. Cleomedes saith that there is no hill found to be above fifteene furlongs in height, and so high as this was that vast steepe rocke in Bactriana, which is called Sisimitra? Petra, mentioned by Strabo in his II booke of his Geography. The toppes of the Thessalian Mountaines are raised to a greater height by Solinus then ever it is possible for any hill to reach. Yet, if we may believe Bliuy, Dicciearchus l. 1 , c. 63 . being employed by the king’s command in the same busi- nesse, found that the height of Pelion, which is the highest of all, exceeded not 1,250 parses, which is but ten furlongs. But to proceed yet a little further, lest we should seem too sparing herein, and to restraine them within narrower limits than wee ought, wee wiil adde to the height of liilles the depth also of the Sea. Of which the illustrious Iulius Scaliger, in his 38 exer citations against Cardan, writeth thus : The depth of the Sea (saith he) is not very great, for it selclome exceeds 80 pases, inmost places it is not 20 pases, and in many places not above 6 ; in few places it reacheth 100 pases, and very seldome, or never, exceeds this number. But because this falles very short of the truth, as is testified by the daily experience of those that passe the Sea, let us 12 THE PREFACE. Cleom. Plinius. make tlie depth of the Sea equal! to the height of Moun- taines : so that suppose the depth thereof to he 10 furlongs, which is the measure of the Sardinian Sea in the deepest places, as Posidonius in Strabo affirmes. Or, if you please, let it be 15 furlongs, as Cleomedes and Fabianus, cited by Pliny, lib. 2, c. 102, will have it. (For Georg. Yalla, in his interpretation of Cleomedes, deales not fairely with his Authour, where he makes him assigne 30 furlongs to be the measure of the Sea’s depth.) These grounds being thus laid, let us now see what proportion the height of hilles may bear to the Diameter of the whole Earth ; that so we may hence gather that the extuberancy of hilles are able to detract little or nothing from the roundnesse of the Earth, but that this excrescency will be but like a little knob or dust upon a ball, as Cleomedes saith. For if wee suppose the circum- ference of the whole Earth to be 180,000 furlongs, according to Ptolomies account (neither did ever any of the Ancients assigne a lesse measure than this, as Strabo witnesseth), the Diameter therefore will be (according to the proportion be- twixt a circle and its diameter found out by Archimedes) above 57,272 furlongs. If, then, we grant the highest hilles to be ten furlongs high, according to Eratosthenes and Dicsearchus, they will beare the same proportion to the Diameter of the Earth that is betwixt 1 and 5,727. (Peu- cerus mistakes himselfe when he saith that the Diameter of the Earth to the perpendicular of ten furlongs is as 18,000 to 1, for this is the proportion it beareth to the whole cir- cumference, and not the diameter. Or suppose the toppes of the highest hilles to ascend to the perpendicular of fifteene furlongs, as Cleomedes would have it, the proportion then will be of one to 3,818. Or if you please let it be thirtie furlongs, of which height is a certain rock in Sogdiana spoken of by Strabo in the eleventh Booke of his Geography (notwithstanding Cleomedes is of opinion that a perpen- dicular drawne from the top of the highest hill to the THE PREFACE. 13 bottom of the deepest Sea exceeds not this measure), the proportion will be no greater than of one to 1,908. Or let us extend it yet further if you will to foure miles, or thirty-two furlongs (of which height the mountaine Casius, in Syria, is reported by Pliny to be), the proportion will yet be somewhat lesse then of one to 1,789. I am therefore so Lib. 2 , c. farre from giving any credit to Patricius, his relations of Tenariffes being seventy-two miles high (unlesse it be measured by many oblique and crooked turnings and wind- ings, in which manner Pliny measureth the height of the Alpes also to be fiftie miles), so that I cannot assent to Alhazan, Cre an Arabian, who would have the toppes of the highest hilles to reach to eight Arabian miles, or eighty furlongs, as I thinke ; neither yet to Pliny, who, in his quarto lib., cap. ii, affirmes the mountaine Hsemus to be six miles in height, and I can scarcely yield to the same Pliny when as he speaks of other hilles foure miles in height. And whoever should affirme any hill to be higher than this, though it were Mercury himselfe, I should hardly believe him. Thus much of the height of hilles which seemed to derogate from the roundnesse of the Terrestriall Globe. Patricius proceeds, and goes about to prove that the water also is not round or sphsericalL And he borroweth his argument from the observations of those that conveigh or levell waters, who find by their Dioptricall Instruments that waters have all an equall and plaine superficies, except they be troubled by the violence of windes. On the contrary side, Eratosthenes, in Strabo, affirmes that the superficies of the Sea is in some places higher then it is in other. And he also produceth as assertors of his ignorance those Water-levellers, who, being employed by Demetrius about the cutting away of the Isthmus, or necke of land betwixt Peloponessus and Greece, returned him answere that they found by their Instruments that that part of the Sea which was on Corinth’s side was higher than it was at Cenchrsee. The like is also storied of 14 THE PREFACE. Aristotle. Sesostris, one of the kings of Egypt, who, going about to make a passage out of the Mediterranean into the Arabian Gulfe, is said to have desisted from his purpose because he found that the superficies of the Arabian Gulfe was higher than was the Mediterranean, as it is reported by Aristotle in the end of his first booke of Meteors. The like is also said in the same place by the same Authour to have happened afterward to Darius. Now whether the Architects or Water-levellers employed by Demetrius, Sesostris, and Darius deserve more credit than those whom Patricius nameth I shall not much trouble my selfe to examine. Yet Strabo inveiglieth against Eratosthenes for attributing any such eminences and depressions to the superficies of the Sea, And Archimedes his doctrine is that every humid body standing still and without disturbance hath a sphsericall superficies whose centre is the same with that of the Earth. So that wee have just cause to regret the opinions, both of those that contend that the superficies of the Sea is plaine, as also of those that will have it to be in some places higher than in other. Although wee cannot in reason but confesse that so small a portion of the whole Terrestriall Globe as may be comprehended within the reach of our sight, cannot be dis- tinguished by the helpe of any Instruments from a plaine superficies. So that we may conclude Patricius his argument, which he alleadgeth from the experience of Water-con- veighers, to be of no weight at all. But liee goes on and labours to prove his assertion from the elevation and depression, rising and setting of the Poles and Starres, which were observed daily by those that traverse the Seas ; all which he saith may come to passe, although the surface of the water were plaine. Eor if any Starre be observed that is in the verticall point of any place, which way soever you travell from that place, the same Starre will seeme to be depressed, and abate something of its elevation, though it were on a plaine superficies. But THE PREFACE. 15 there is something more in it than Patricius takes notice of. For if wee goe an equall measure of miles, either toward the North or toward the South, the elevation or depression of the Starre will always bee found to be equall : which that it can possibly bee so in a plaine superficies is more than hee will ever be able to demonstrate. If wee take any Starre situate neare the AEquator, the same, when you have removed thence 60 English miles, will be elevated about a degree higher above the Horizon, whether the Starre be directly over your head, or whether you depart thence that so it may bee depressed from your Zenith for 30 or 50 or any other number of degrees. Which that it cannot thus be on a plaine superficies may bee demonstrated out of the principles of Geometry. But yet methinks this one thing might have persuaded Patricius (being so well versed in the Histories of the Spanish Navigations, as his writings suffi- ciently testifie) that the superficies of the Sea is not plaine, because that the Ship called the Victory , wherein Ferdinand Magellane, losing from Spain e and directing his course to- ward the South-west parts, passed through the Straits, called since by his name, and so touching upon the Cape of Good Hope, having encompassed the whole world about, returned again into Spaine. And here I shall not need to mention the famous voyages of our owne countriemen, Sir Francis Drake and Master Thomas Candish, not so well knowne perhaps abroad, wdiich yet convince Patricius of the same errour. And thus have we lightly touched the chiefe foundations that his cause is built upon ; but as for those ill- understood experiments which he brings for the confirmation of the same, I shall let them passe, for that they seeme rather to subvert his opinion than confirme it. Thus, having proved the Globe of the Earth to be of a Spherical! figure, seeing that the eminency of the highest hills hath scarcely the same proportion to the semidiameter of the Earth that there is betwixt 1 and 1,000, which how 16 THE PREFACE. small it is any one may easily perceive ; I hold it very superfluous to goe about to prove that a Globe is of a figure most proper and apt to expresse the fashion of the Heavens and Earth as being most agreeable to nature, easiest to be understood, and also very beautifull to behold. How in Materiall Globes, besides the true and exact description of places, which is, indeed, the chiefest matter to be considered, there are two things especially required. The first whereof is the magnitude and capacity of them, that so there may be convenient space for the description of each particular place or region. The second is the light- nesse of them, that so their weight be not cumbersome. Strabo, in his eleventh booke, would have a Globe to have tenne foot in Diameter, that so it might in some reasonable manner admit the description of particular places. But this bulke is too vast to bee conveniently dealt withall. And in this regard I think that these Globes, of which I intend to speak in this ensuing discourse, may justly bee preferred before all other that have been set before them, as beinge more capa- cious than any other ; for they are in Diameter two foot and two inches, whereas Mercator’s Globes (which are bigger than any other ever set before him) are scarcely sixteene inches Diameter. The proportion therefore of the superficies of these Globes to Mercator’s will be as 1 to 2§, and somewhat more. Every country, therefore, in these Globes will be above twice as large as it is in Mercator’s, so that each par- ticular place may the more easily bee described. And this I would have to bee understood of those great Globes made by William Saunderson of London ; concerning the use of which especially we have written this discourse. For he hath set forth other smaller Globes, also, which as they are of a lesser bulke and magnitude, so are they of a cheaper price, that so the meaner Students might herein also be provided for. How concerning the geographicall part of them, seeing that it is taken out of the newest Charts and THE PREFACE. 17 descriptions ; I am bold to think them more perfect than any other : however they want not their errours. And I tliinke it may bee the authors glory to have performed thus much in the edition of these Globes. One thing by the way you are to take notice of, which is that the descrip- tions of particular places are to be sought for elsewhere, for this is not to be expected in a Globe. And for these descriptions of particular countries, you may have recourse to the Geographicall Tables of Abrahamus Ortelius , 1 whose diligence and industry in this regard seemes to exceed all other before him. To him, therefore, we referre you . 2 1 In the edition of 1659 the name of Gerardus Mercator is substi- tuted for that of Abrahamus Ortelius. 2 In the Dutch editions here follows a long note by Pontanus, describing the globe of Tycho Brahe at Prague, and those of the Duke of Tuscany ; and giving the definitions of Euclid. C THE FIRST PART. Of those things which are common both to the Coelestiall and Terrestrial! Globe. CHAPTER I. What a Globe is, vnth the parts thereof, and of the Circles of the Globe. A Globe, in relation to our present purpose, we define to be an Analogicall representation either of the Heavens or the Earth. And we call it Analogicall, not only in regard of its forme expressing the Sphsericall figure as well of the Heavens, as also of the Terrestriall Globe, consisting of the Earth itselfe, together with the interflowing Seas ; but rather because that it representeth unto us in a just proportion and distance each particular constellation in the Heavens, and every severall region and tract of ground in the Earth ; together with certaine circles, both greater and lesser, in- vented by Artificers for the more ready computation of the same. The greater Circles we call those which divide the whole superficies of the Globe into two equall parts or halves ; and those the lesser which divide the same into two unequall parts. 1 Besides the body of the Globe itselfe, and those things which we have said to be thereon inscribed, there is also annexed a certain frame with necessary instruments thereto belonging, which we shall declare in order. 1 Here Pontanus inserts another long note, in the Dutch edition, respecting a discussion between Tycho Braye and Peter Ramus, on the method of astronomical computation in use among the ancient Egyptians. c 2 20 A TREATISE OF THE The fabricke of the frame is thus : First of all there is a Base, or foot to rest upon, on which there are raised perpen- dicularly sixe Columnes or Pillars of equall length and dis- tance ; upon the top of which there is fastened to a levell and parallel to the Base a round plate or circle of wood, of a sufficient breadth and tliicknesse, which they call the Hori- Horizon. zon, because that the uppermost superficies thereof performetli the office of the true Horizon. For it is so placed that it divideth the whole Globe into two equall parts. Whereof that which is uppermost representeth unto us the visible Hemisphsere, and the other that which is hid from us. So likewise that Circle which divides that part of the world which wee see from that other which wee see not, is called the Horizon. And that point which is directly over our heads in our Hemisphsere, and is on every side equidistant from the Horizon, is commonly called Zenith ; but the Arabians name it Semith. But yet the former corrupted name hath prevailed, so that it is always used among Writers generally. And that point which is opposite to it in the lower Hemisphsere the Arabians call Nathir; but it is commonly written Nadir. These two points are called also the Poles of the Horizon. Furthermore, upon the superficies of the Horizon in a Materiall Globe, there are described, first, the twelve Signes of the Zodiaque, and each of these is again divided into thirty lesser portions ; so that the whole Horizon is divided into 360 parts, which they also call degrees. And if every degree be divided into sixtie parts also, each of them is then called a Scruple or Minute ; and so by the like subdivision of minutes into sixtie parts will arise Seconds, and of these Thirds, and likewise Fourths and Fifths, etc., by the like partition still of each into sixtie parts. 1 There is also described upon the Horizon the Roman 1 Pontanus adds, in a note, that the days of the month, and the Roman Kalends, Nones, and Ides, are also marked on the modern horizon. CCELESTIALL AND TERRESTRIALL GLOBE. 21 Calendar, and that three severall ways ; to wit, the ancient way, which is still in use with us here in England ; and the new way appointed by Pope Gregory 13, wherein the Equi- noxes and Solstices were restored to the same places wherein they were at the time of the celebration of the Councell of Nice ; in the third, the said Equinoctiall and Solsticiall points are restored to the places that they were in at the time of our Saviour Christ’s nativity. The months in the Calendar are divided into dayes and weekes, to which are annexed, as their peculiar characters, the seven first letters of the Latine Alphabet. Which manner of designing the dayes of the Monetli was first brought in by Dionysius Exiguus, a Romane Abbot, after the Councell of Nice. The innermost border of the Horizon is divided into 32 parts, according to the number of the Windes, which are observed by our moderne Sea-faring men in their Naviga- tions ; by which also they are wont to designe forth the quar- ters of the Heavens and the coasts of Countries. For the Ancients observed but foure winds only, to which were after added foure more ; but after ages, not content with this number, increased it to twelve, and at length they brought it to twenty-foure, as Vitruvius notes. And now these later times have made them up thirty-two, the names whereof both in English and Latine are set down in the Horizon of Materiall Globes. 1 There is also let into this Horizon two notches opposite one to the other, a circle of brasse, making right angles with the said Horizon, and placed so that it may be moved at pleasure both up and downe by those notches, as neede shall require. This Circle is called the Meridian, because that Meridianus. one side of it, which is in like manner divided into 360 degrees, supply eth the office of the true Meridian. Now the meridian is one of the greater circles passing through the Poles of the World and also of the Horizon ; to which, when 1 Pontanus here inserts a note on the uses of the horizon. 22 A TREATISE OF THE tlie Sunne in his daily revolution is arrived in the upper Hemi- sphere, it is midday ; and when it toucheth the same in the lower Hemisphere it is midnight at that place whose Meri- dian it is. These two Circles, the Horizon and Meridian, are various and mutable in the Heavens and Earth, according as the place is changed. But in the Materiall Globe they are made fixed and constant ; and the earth is made moveable, that so the Meridian may be applied to the Yerticall point of any place. 1 In two opposite poynts of this Meridian are fastened the Poii. Boreus two ends of an iron pinne passing through the body of the and Aus- trinus. Globe and its center. One of which ends is called the Arc- ticke or North Pole of the World ; and the other the Antarc- ticke or South Pole ; and the pinne itselfe is called the Axis. For the Axis of the World is the Diameter about which it is turned; and the extreme ends of the Axis are called the Poles. To either of these Poles, when need shall require, there is Horarius. a certain brasse circle or ring of a reasonable strong making to be fastened, which circle is divided into 24 equall parts, according to the number of the lioures of the day and night ; and it is therefore called the Houre circle. And this circle is to be applied to either of the Pole's in such sort as that the Section where 12 is described may precisely agree with the points of mid-day and mid-night in the superficies of the true Meridian. There is also another little pinne or stile to be fastened to the end of the Axis, and in the very center of the Houre index circle ; and this pinne is called in Latine, Index Horarius, Horarius. . and so made as that it turnes about and pomteth to every ol the 24 sections in the Houre Circle, according as the Globe it selfe is moved about ; so that you may place the point of it to what houre you please. 2 1 Pontanus here has a note on the uses of the meridian. 2 Here Pontanus has a note on using the hour circle, meridian, and quadrant of altitude. CCELESTIALL AND TERRESTRIALL GLOBE. CHAPTER II. Of the Circles which are described upon the Superficies of the Globe. And now in the next place we will shew what Circles are described upon the Globe it selfe. And first of all there is drawne a circle in an equall distance from both the Poles, that is 90 degrees, which is called the AEquinoctiall or Equa- Equator, tor ; because that when the Sunne is in this Circle days and nights are of equall length in all places. By the revolution of Circle is defined a naturall day, which the Greeks call vvx6v/ jie P 01 '- For a day is twofold : Naturall and Artificiall. SS: A Naturall day is defined to be the space of time wherein the whole AEquator makes a full revolution ; and this is done in 24 houres. An Artificiall day is the space wherein the Sunne is passing through our upper Hemisphere ; to which is opposed the Artificiall night, while the Sunne is carried about in the lower Hemisphere. So that an Artificiall day and night are comprehended within a Naturall day. The Parts of a day are called houres ; which are either equall or unequal! An Equall houre is the 24tli part of a Naturall day, in which space 15 degrees of the AEquator doe always rise, and as many are depressed on the opposite part. An in^quaiea. Unequall houre is the 12th part of an Artificiall day, betwixt the time of the Suns rising and setting againe. These Houres are againe divided into Minutes. Now a minute is the 60th part of an houre ; in which space of time a quarter of a degree in the AEquator, that is 15 minutes, doe rise and as many set. 1 The AEquator is crossed or cut in two opposite points by an oblique Circle, which is called the Zodiack. The obli- zodiacus. quity of this Circle is said to have beene first observed by 1 Here Pontanus has a note on the uses of the equator. 24 A TREATISE OF THE Anaximander Milesius, in the 58 Olympiad, as Pliny writeth in his lib. 2, cap. 8. Who also in the same place affirmes that it was first divided into 12 parts which they call Signes by Cleostratus Tenedius, in like manner as we see it at this day. Each of these Signes is again subdivided into 30 Parts, so that the whole Zodiack is divided in all into 360 parts, like as the other circles are. The first twelfth part whereof, beginning at the Yernall Intersection, where the ^Equator and Zodiack crosse each other, is assigned to Aries, the second to Taurus, etc., reckoning from West to East. But here a young beginner in Astronomy may justly doubt what is the reason that the first 30 degrees or 12th part of the Zodiack is attributed to Aries, whereas the first Starre of Aries falls short of the Intersection of the iEquinoctiall and Zodiacke no less than 27 degrees. The reason of this is because that in the time of the Ancient Greeks, who first of all observed the places and situation of the fixed Starres and expressed the same by Asterismes and Constellations, the first Starre of Aries was then a very small space distant from the very Intersection. For in Thales Milesius his time it was two degrees before the Intersection ; in the time of Meton the Athenian, it was in the very Intersection. In Timocharis his time it came two degrees after the Intersec- tion. And so by reason of its vicinity the Ancients assigned the first part of the Zodiack to Aries, the second to Taurus, and so the rest in their order ; as it is observed by succeed- ing ages even to this very day. 1 Under this Circle the Sunne and the rest of the Planets finish their severall courses and periods in their severall manner and time. The Sunne keepes his course in the middest of the Zodiack, and therewith describeth the Eclip- tick circle. But the rest have all of them their latitude and deviations from the Suns course or Ecliptick. By reason of which their digressions and extravagancies the 1 Pontanus here gives a note on Thales and Meton. CCELESTIALL AND TEKRESTRIALL GLOBE. 25 Ancients assigned the Zodiaque 12 degrees of latitude. But our moderne Astronomers, by reason of the Evagations of Mars and Venus, have added on each side two degrees more ; so that the whole latitude of the Zodiack is confined within 16 degrees. But the Ecliptick onely is described on the Globe, and is divided in like manner as the other Circles into 360 degrees. 1 The Sunne runneth thorough this Circle in his yearly motion, finishing every day in the yeare almost a degree by his Meane motion, that is 59 min. 8 seconds. And in this space he twice crosseth the ZEquator in two poynts equally distant from each other. So that when he passeth over the ^Equator at the beginnings of Aries and Libra, the dayes and nights are then of equall length. And so likewise when the Sunne is now at the farthest distance from the ^Equator, and is gotten to the beginning of Cancer or Capricorne, he then causeth the Winter and Summer Solstices. I am not ignorant that Vitruvius, Pliny, Theon Alexandrinus,Censorinus, and Co- lumella, are of another opinion (but they are upon another ground) ; when as they say that the ^Equinoxes are, when as the Sunne passeth through the eighth degree of Aries and Libra, and then it was the midst of Summer and Winter, when the San entered the same degree of Cancer and Capri- corne. But all these authors defined the Solstices by the returning of the shadow of dials : which shadow cannot bee perceived to returne backe againe, as Theon saith, till the q U0 2 d Censor Sunne is entered into the eighth degree of Libra and Aries. 2 adlungltur - The Space wherein the Sunne is finishing his course through the Zodiack is defined to be a Yeare, which consists Annus, of 365 dayes, and almost 6 lioures. But they that think to find the exact measure of this period will find themselves frus- trate ; for it is finished in an unequall time. It hath beene alwayes a controversie very much agitated among the 1 Pontanus here has a note on the ecliptic and zodiac. 2 Here Pontanus inserts a note on the uses of the zodiac. 26 A TREATISE OF THE Joseph. Seal, de Em. temp. Ad C. 15. Alfrag. Ancient Astronomers, and not yet determined. Philolaus, a Pythagorean, determines it to be 365 dayes ; but all the rest have added something more to this number. Harpalus would have it to be 365 dayes and a halfe ; Democritus 365 dayes and a quarter, adding beside the 164 part of a day. CEnopides would have it to be 365 dayes 6 houres, and almost 9 houres. Meton the Athenian determined it to be 365 dayes, 6 houres and almost 19 minutes. After him Calippus reduced it to 365 dayes and 6 houres, which account of his was fol- lowed by Aristarchus of Samos, and Archimedes of Syracusa. And according to this determination of theirs Julius Cesar defined the measure of his Civile year, having first consulted (as the report goes) with one Sosigenes, a Peripateticke and a great Mathematician. But all these, except Philolaus (who came short of the just measure), assigned too much to the quantity of a yeare. For that it is somewhat lesse than 365 dayes 6 houres is a truth confirmed by the most accurate observations of all times, and the skilfullest artists in Astro- nomicall affaires. But how much this space exceedeth the just quantity of a yeare is not so easy a matter to determine. Hip- parchus, and after him Ptolomy, would have the 300 part of a day subtracted from this measure (for Jacobus Christ- mannus was mistaken when he affirmed that a Tropicall yeare, according to the opinions of Plipparchus and Ptolomy, did consist of 365 dayes and the 300 part of a day). For they doe not say so, but that the just quantity of a yeare is 365 dayes and 6 houres, abating the 300 part of a day, as may be plainely gathered out of Ptolomy, Almagest ., lib. 3, cap. 2, and as Christmannus himselfe hath elsewhere rightly observed. Now, Ptolomy would have this to be the just quantity of a yeare perpetually and immutably ; neither would he be pers waded to the contrary, notwithstanding the observations of Hipparchus concerning the inequallity of the Sunnes periodicall revolution. But yet the observations of succeeding times, compared with those of Hipparchus and CCELESTIALL AND TERRE STRIALL GLOBE. Ptolomy, doe evince tlie contrary. The Indians and Jewes subtract the 120 part of a day ; Albategnius, the 600 part ; the Persians, the 115 part, according to whose account Mes- sahalah and Albumazar wrote their tables of the Meane Motion of the Sunne. Azaphius Avarius and Arzachel affirmed that the quantity assigned was too much by the 136 part of a day ; Alphonsus abatetli the 122 part of a day ; some others, the 128 part of a day; and some, the 130 part of a day. Those that were lately employed in the restitu- tion of the Eomane Calendar would have almost the 133 part of a day to be subtracted, which they conceived in 400 years would come to three whole dayes. But Copernicus observed that this quantity fell short by the 115 part of a day. Most true therefore was that conclusion of Censorinus, that a yeare consisted of 365 dayes, and I know not what certain e portion, not yet discovered by Astrologers. By these divers opinions here alledged is manifestly dis- covered the error of Dion, which is indeed a very ridiculous one. For he had conceit that in the space of 1461 Julian yeares there would be wanting a whole day for the just measure of a yeare ; which he would have to be intercaled, and so the Civile Julian Yeare would accurately agree with the revolution of the Sunne. And Galen also, the Prince of Physitians, was grossly deceived when he thought that the yeare consisted of 365 dayes 6 houres, and besides almost the 100 part of a day ; so that at every hundred yeares end there must be a new intercalation of a whole day. Now, because the Julian yeare (which was instituted by Julius Csesar, and afterwards received and is still in use) was somewhat longer than it ought to have beene, hence it is that the ^Equinoxes and Solstices have gotten before their Ancient situation in the Calendar. Por about 432 yeares before the incarnation of our Saviour Christ, the Yernall JEquinoxe was observed by Meton and Euctemon to fall on the 8 of the Kalends of April], which is the 25 of March Censo. c. 21. Dion, 1. 43, L. 4, c. 3. Progn. JEquinoc, et solatis mutatio. 28 A TREATISE OF THE Gaza de Mens. A.ttic. according to the Computation of the Julian Yeare. In the yeare 146 before Christ it appeares, by the observation of Hipparchus, that it is to be placed on the 24 of the 'same moneth, that is the 9 of the Kalends of Aprill. So that from hence we may observe the error of Sosigenes (notwith- standing he was a great Mathematician), in that above 100 yeares after Hipparchus, in instituting the Julian Calendar, he assigned the ^Equinoxes to be on the 25 of March or the 8 of the Kalends of Aprill, which is the place it ought to have had almost 400 years before his time. This error of Sosigenes was derived to succeeding ages also ; insomuch that in Galens time, which was almost 200 yeares after Julius Csesar, the ^Equinoxes were wont to be placed on the 24 day of March and September, as Theodoras Gaza reports. In the yeare of our Saviours Incarnation it happened on the 10 of the Kalends of April or the 23 of March. And 140 years after, Ptolomy observed it to fall on the 11 of the Kalends. And in the time -of the Councell of Nice, about the yeare of our Lord 328, it was found to be on the 21 of March, or the 12 of the Kalends of Aprill. In the yeare 831 Thebit Ben Cliorah observed the Vernall YEquinoxe to fall on the 17 day of March : in Alfraganus his time it came to the 16 of March. Arzachel, a Spaniard, in the yeare 1090, observed to fall on the Ides of March, that is the 15 day. In the yeare 1316 it was observed to be on 13 day of March. And in our times it has come to be on the 11 and 10 of the same moneth. So that in the space of 1020 yeares, or there- about, the YEquinoctiall points are gotten forward no lesse then 14 dayes. The time of the Solstice also, about 388 yeares before Christ, was observed by Meton and Euctemon to fall upon the 18 day of June, as Joseph Scaliger and Jacobus Christmannus have observed. But the same in our time is found to be on the 12 of the same moneth. The Eclipticke and ^Equator are crossed by two great Circles also, which are called Colures ; both which are CQELESTIALL AND TERRESTRIALL GLOBE. 29 drawne through the Poles of the world, and cut the AEquator at right Angles. The one of them passing through the points of both the Intersections, and is called the Eqinoc- tiall Colure ; the other passing through the points of the greatest distance of the Zodiack from the AEquator, is there- fore called the Solsticiall Colure. 1 Now that both the colures, as also the AEquinoctiall points have left the places where they were anciently found to be in the Heavens, is a matter agreed upon by all those that have applyed themselves to the observations of the Coelestiall motions ; only the doubt is whether fixed Starres have gone forward unto the preceding Signes, as Ptolomy would have it, or else whether the AEquinoctiall and Solsticiall points have gone back to the subsequent Signes, according to the Series of the Zodiack, as Copernicus opinion is. 2 The first Starre of Aries, which in the time of Meton the steiiarum Athenian, was in the very Yernall Intersection, in the time Ss Ktatse. of Thales Milesius was two degrees before the Intersection. The same in Timochares his time, was behind it two degrees 24 minutes ; in Hipparchus time, 4 degrees 40 minutes ; in Albumazars time, 17 degrees 50 minutes ; in Albarenus his time, 18 degrees 10 minutes ; in Arzachels time, 19 gr. 37 minutes ; in Alphonsus his time, 23 degrees 48 minutes ; in Copernicus and Khceticus his time, 27 degrees 21 minutes ln H , eronis x ° Geodesiam. Whence Franciscus Baroccius is convinced of manifest error in that he affirmes that the first Starre of Aries, at the time of our Saviours Nativity, was in the very Yernall Intersec- tion, especially contending to prove it, as he doth, out of Ptolomy’s observations, out of which it plainly appears that it was behind in no lesse then 5 degrees. In like manner the places of the Solstices are also changed, as being alwayes equally distant from the AEquinoctiall 1 Pontanus here inserts a note on the office of the colnres. 2 Pontanus, in a long note, here gives the opinions of Scaliger and Tycho Brahe on the precession of the equinoxes. 30 A TREATISE OF THE Mutata declivat, Stell. fixarum. Strabo, points. This motion is finished upon the Poles of the Eclip- tick, as is agreed upon both by Hipparchus and Ptolomy, and all the rest that have come after them. Which is the reason that the fixed Starres have always kept the same latitude though they have changed their declination. For confirmation whereof many testimonies may be brought out of Ptolomy, lib. 7, cap. 3 Almag. I will only alleadge one more notable then the rest out of Ptolomies Geogr. lib. 1, cap. 7. The Starre which we call the Polar Starre, and is the last in the taile of the Beare, is certainely knowne in our time to be scarce three degrees distant from the Pole, which very Starre in Hipparchus his time was above 12 degrees distant from the Pole, as Marinus in Ptolomy affirmes. I will produce the whole passage which is thus. In the Torrid Zone (saith he) the whole Zodiacke passeth over it, and therefore the shadowes are cast both wayes, and all Starres there are seen to rise and set. Onely the little Beare begins to appeare above the Horizon in those places that are 500 furlongs northward from Ocele. For the Parallel that passeth through Ocele is distant from the ^Equator 11 gra. §. And Hipparchus affirmes that the Starre in the end of the little Beares taile, which is the most Southward of that Constellation, is distant from the Pole 12 gr. |. This excellent testimony of his, the Interpreters have, in their translating, the place most strangely corrupted (as both Johannes Wernerus and after him P. Nonius have observed), setting down instead of 500 Quinque Mille 5000, and for Australissimam, the most Southerne, Borealissimam, the most Northerly: being led into this error perhaps, because that this Starre is indeed in our times the most Northerly. But if these testimonies of Marinus and Ptolomy in this point be suspected, Strabo in his lib. 2, Geogr., shall acquit them of this crime. And he writes thus. It is affirmed by Hipparchus (saith he) that those that inhabit under the Parallel that runneth thorough the Coun- CCELESTIALL AND TERRESTRIALL GLOBE. 31 trey called Cinnamomifera (which is distant from Meroe, Southward 3000 furlongs, and from the iEquinoctiall 8800), are situated almost in the midst betwixt the iEquator and the Summer Tropicke, which passeth through Syene (which is distant from Meroe 5000 furlongs), and these that dwell here are the first that have the Constellation of the little Beare inclosed within their Arcticke Circle, so that it never sets with them, for the bright Starre that is seen in the end of the taile (which is also the most Southward of all) is so placed in the very Circle itselfe, that it doth touch the Hori- zon. This is the testimony of Strabo, which is the very same that Ptolomy and Marinus affirme, saving that both in this place and elsewhere he alwayes assignes 700 furlongs in the Earth to a degree in the Heavens, according to the doc- trine of Eratosthenes, whereas both Marinus and Ptolomy allow but 500 onely ; of which we shall speak more hereafter. Let us now come to the lesser circles which are described in the Globe. And these are all parallel to the Equator ; as first of all the Tropickes, which are Circles drawn through the points of the greatest declination of the Eclipticke on each side of the iEquator. Of which, that which looks toward the North Pole is called the Tropicke of Cancer ; and the other, bordering on the South, the Tropicke of Capricorne. For the Sunne in his yearely motion through the Eclipticke arriveing at these points, as his utmost bounds, returneth againe toward the iEquator. This Eetrocession is called by the Greeks Tpoirri, and the parallel circles drawne through the same points are likewise called Tropickes. 1 The distance of the Tropickes from the iEquator is diversely altered, as it may plainely appear, by comparing the observations of later times with these of the Ancients. Eor not to speake anything of Strabo, Proclus, and Leontius Mechanicus, who all assigned the distance of either Tropicke from the iEquator to be 24 degrees (for these seeme to have 1 Pontanus here adds a note on the uses of the tropics. Tropici Canceri et Capricorni. Mutatis Solis decli- natio Mun. 32 A TREATISE OF THE Circuli Arct. et Antarct. handled the matter but carelessly) we may observe the same from the more accurate observations of the greatest Artists. For Ptolomy found the distance of either Tropicke to be 23 gr. 51 min. and -J- just as great as Eratosthenes and Hipparchus had found it before him ; and therefore he con- ceived it to be immutable. Machomethes Aratensis observed this distance to be 23 degrees 35 minutes, right as Almamon, King of Arabia, had done before him. Arzahel, the Spaniard, found it to be in his time 23 degrees 34 minutes ; Almehon the Sonne of Almuhazar, 23 degrees 33 minutes and halfe a minute; Prophatius, a Jew, 23 degrees 32 minutes; Pur- bachius and Eegiomontanus, 25 degrees 28 minutes ; Johan Wernerus, 23 degrees 28 minutes and an halfe ; and Coper- nicus found it in his time to be just as much. 1 There are two other lesser circles described in an equall distance from the Poles to that of the Tropickes from the ^Equator, which circles take their denomination from the Pole on which they border. So that one of them is called the Arcticke or North Circle, and the opposite Circle the Antarcticke or Southerne. In these Circles the Poles of the Eclipticke are fixed, the Solsticiali Colure crossing them in the same place. Strabo, Proclus, Cleomedes, all Greeke Authors, and some of the Latines also, assigne no certaine distance to these circles from the Poles ; but make them various and mutable, according to the diversity of the eleva- tion of the Pole or diverse position of the Sphsere ; so that one of them must be conceived to be described round about that Pole which is elevated, and to touch the very Horizon, and is therefore the greatest of all the parallels that are always in sight ; and the other must be imagined as drawne in an equall distance from the opposite Pole ; and this is the greatest of those parallels that are always hidden. 1 Pontanus here inserts a table of the distances of the tropics from the equator, at various epochs, as calculated by the astronomers men- tioned in the text, adding remarks by Tycho Brahe on the subject. CCELESTIALL AND TERKESTRIALL GLOBE. Besides the circles expressed in the Globe there are also some certaine other circles in familiar use with the Practicall Astronomers, which they call verticall circles. These are £ irculi J Vesticules. greater circles drawne from the verticall point through the Horizon, in what number you please ; and they are called by the Arabians Azimuth, which appellation is also in common use among our Astronomers. The Office of these circles is supplied by the helpe of a quadrant of Altitude, which is a A?tit d ud£! thin plate of brasse divided into 90 degrees. This quadrant must bee applied to the vertex of any place when you desire to use it, so that the lowest end of it, noted with the number of 90, may just touch the horizon in every place. The quadrant is made moveable, that so it may be fastened to the verticall point of any place. CHAPTER III. Of the three positions of Sphceres : Eight , Parallel, and Oblique. According to the diverse habitude of the ^Equator to the Horizon (which is either parallel to it, or cutteth it, and that either in oblique or else in right angles) there is a three- fold position or situation of Spheres. The first is of those p0Sltl0 ‘ that have either Pole for their verticall point, for with these the ^Equator and Horizon are Parallel to each other, or indeed rather make but one circle betwixt them both. The 2d is of those whose Zenith is under the ^Equator. The third agreeth to all other places else. The first of these situations is called a Parallel Sphere ; the second, a Right ; paSieia and the third an Oblique Sphere. Of these severall kindes oSiqua. of position the two first are simple, but the third is manifold and divers, according to the diversity of the latitude of places. Each of these have their peculiar properties. 34 A TREATISE OF THE Sph. Parall. accidentia. Affectiones. Sphse. Rect. Spbee. Oblique conuenient. Those that inhabite in a Parallel Sphaere see not the Sun or other Stars either rising or setting, or higher or lower, in the diurnall revolution. Besides, seeing that the Sun in his yearely motion traverseth the Zodiaque which is divided by the ^Equator into 2 equall parts ; one whereof lietli toward the North, and the other toward the South ; by this means it comes to passe, that while the sun is in his course through those figures that are nearest the Verticall Pole, all this while hee never setteth, and so maketh but one continued artificiall day, which is about the space of sixe moneths. And so contrariwise, while he runneth over the other remoter figures lying toward the Opposite Pole, hee maketh a long continuall night of the like space of time or thereabout. Now at such time as the Sun in his diurnall revolution shall come to touch the very .Equator, he is carried about in such sort as that he is not wholly apparent above the Horizon, nor yet wholly hidden under it, but as it were halfe cut off. The affections of a Eight Sphaere are these. All the Stars are observed to rise and set in an equall space of time, and continue as long above the Horizon as they doe under it. So that the day and night here is always of equall length. 1 An Oblique Sphaere hath these properties. Their dayes sometimes are longer then their nig? ts, sometimes shorter, and sometimes of equall length. For when the Sun is placed in the .Equinoctiall points, which (as wee have said) hap- peneth twice in the yeare, the daies and nights are then equall. But as he draweth nearer to the elevated Pole the dayes are observed to increase and the nights to decrease, till such time as hee comes to the Tropique, when as he there maketh the longest dayes and the shortest nights in the yeare. But when he returneth toward the Opposite Pole 1 Pontanus, in a note, doubts whether this does not agree with the rational or intelligible rather than with the sensible horizon : because, even in a right sphere, the sight can hardly reach both the Poles, by reason of the exuberancy of the earth. CCELESTIALL AND TEREESTRIALL GLOBE. 35 the dayes then decrease till he toucheth the Tropique that lieth nearer the same Pole, at which time the nights are at the longest and the dayes shortest. In this position of Sphere also some Starres are never seene to set ; such as are all those that lie within the compasse of a Circle described about the Elevated Pole and touching the Horizon ; and some in like manner are never observed to appeare above the Horizon ; and these are all such Starres as are circum- scribed within the like Circle drawne about the Opposite Pole. These Parallel Circles (as wee have said) are those which the Greekes, and some of the Latines also, call the Arctique and Antarctique Circles, the one alwayes appearing and the other always lying hid. All the other Starres which are not comprehended within these two Circles have their rising and settings by course. Of which those that are placed between the .Equator and this always apparent Circle, continue a longer space in the upper Hemisphsere and a lesse while in the lower. So, on the contrary, those that are nearer to the Opposite Circle are longer under the Horizon, and the lesse while above it. Of all which affec- tion this is the cause. The Sunne being placed in the Equa- tor (or any other Starre) in his daily revolution describeth the Equinoctiall circle ; but being without the Equator he describeth a greater or lesser Parallel, according to the diversity of his declination from the ^Equator. All which Parallels, together with the Equator itselfe, are cut by the Horizon in a Eight Sphere to right angles. Eor when the Poles lie both in the very Horizon, and the Zenith in the Equator, it must needs follow that the Horizon must cut the ^Equator in right angles, because it passeth through its Poles. Now, because it cutteth the Equator at right angles, it must also necessarily cut all other circles that are Parallel to it in right angles ; and, therefore, it must needs divide them into two equall parts. So that if halfe of all these Parallels, as also of the Equator, be above the Horizon, and 36 A TREATISE OF THE the other halfe lye hid under it, it must necessarily follow that the Sunne, and other Starres, must be as long in pass- ing through tho Upper Hemisphaere as through the lower. And so the daies must be as long as the nights, as all the Starres in like manner will he 12 houres above the Horizon, and so many under it. But in an Oblique Sphsere, because one of the Poles is elevated above the Horizon and the other is depressed under it, all things happen cleane otherwise. For seeing that the Horizon doth not passe through the Poles of the ^Equator, it will not therefore cut the Parallels in the same manner as it doth the ^Equator ; but those Parallels that are nearest to the elevated Pole will have the greatest portion of them above the Horizon and the least under. But those that are nearest the opposite Pole will have the least part of them seene, and the greatest part hid; only the ^Equator is still divided into two equall parts, so that the conspicuous part is equall to that which is not seene. And hence it is that in all kinds of Obliquitie of Sphsere, when the Sun is in the ^Equator, the day and night is alwayes of equall length. And as he approacheth towards the elevated Pole the dayes encrease ; because the greater Arch or por- tion of the Parallels is seene. But when he is nearer the hidden Pole the nights are then the longest, because the greatest segment of those Parallels are under the Horizon. And by how much Higher either Pole is elevated above the Horizon of any Place, by so much the dayes are the longer in Summer and the nights in Winter. 1 1 Pontanus here explains the errors of Clavius and Sacrobosco respecting the spheres, while expressing concurrence with our author. CCELESTIALL AND TEERESTKIALL GLOBE. CHAPTER IIIL Of the Zones. The foure lesser Circles which are Parallel to the ^Equa- tor divide the whole Earth into 5 partes, called, by the Greekes, Zones. Which appellation hath also beene received and is still in use among our Latine Writers ; notwithstand- ing they sometimes also use the Latine word, Elagci , in the same signification. But the Greekes do sometimes apply the word Zona to the Orbes of the Planets (in a different sense than is ever used by our Authors), as may appear by that pass- age of Theon Alexandrinus in his commentaries upon Aratus — eyei , which signifies Clamator , a Cryer, call it also Al- hava, that is to say, Vociferator. one that maketh a great Noyse or Clamor; and Alsamech Alramech, that is, the E 2 A TREATISE OF THE 52 Launce bearer. Betwixt the legs of this Constellation there stands an unformed star of the first magnitude, which is called both in Greeke and Latine Arcturus and in Arabique Alramech, or the brightest Starre, Samech haramach. This Starre Tlieon placeth in the midst of Bootes his belt or girdle. The whole Constellation consisteth of 22 Starres. 1 The sixth Constellation is Corona Borea, the North Crowne, called by the Arabians Aclilaschemali, and that bright Starre which is placed where it seemeth to be fastened together, and which is the first in number, is called in Arabique Alphecca, which signifieth Solutio, an untying or unloosing. It is also called Munic ; but this name is common to all bright Starres. The whole Constellation consisteth of eight Starres. The seventh is Hercules, in Arabique Alcheti hale recha- batch, that is, one falling upon knees, and sometimes abso- lutely Alcheti, for it resembles one that is weary with labour (as Aratus conceives), whence it is also called in Latine Nisus or Nixus (which in Vitruvius is corrupted into Nesses), and the Greeks call it evyouaaL, that is to say, One on his knees. The Starre which is first in number in the head of this Constellation is called in Arabique Basacheti, not Rasaben, as the Alfonsines corruptly have it ; and the 4 Starre is called Marsic, or Marfic Beclinatorium, that part of the Arme on which we leane. The eight Starre, which is the last of the three, in his Arme, is called Mazim, or Maa- sim, which signifieth Strength. This Constellation hath eight Starres, besides that which is in the end of his right foote, which is betwixt him and Bootes, and one unformed Starre at his right Arme. The eight is the Harpe, called in Latine Lyra, in Ara- bique Schaliaf and Alvakah, i.e., Cadens, sc. Vultur, the 1 Pontanus discusses the word Arcturus, and mentions that the word in Job, which is given as Arcturus in the Septuagint, is Ash in Hebrew, from the root Gnusch (“ congregaW). CCELESTIALL AND TERRESTRIALL GLOBE. falling Vulture. It consisteth of ten Starres, according to Hipparchus and Ptolomy ; but Timochares attributed to it but 8, as Theon affirmeth, and Alfraganus 11. The bright, Starre in this Constellation, being the first in number, Alfonsus calleth Vega. The ninth is Gallina or Cygnus, the Hen or Swan, and is called in Arabique Aldigaga and Altayr, that is, the flying Vulture. To this Asterisme they attribute, besides those two unformed neare the left wing, 17 Starres, the 5 of which is called in Arabique Deneb Adigege, the taile of the hen, and by a peculiar name Arided, which they interpret quasi redo- lens lilium, smelling as it were of lilies. 1 The 10th is Cassiopeia, in Arabique Dhath Alcursi, the Ladye in the Chayre ; and it consisteth of 13 Starres, among which the 2d in number Alfonsus calleth Scheder, Scaliger Seder, which signifieth a breast. 2 The 11th is Perseus, Chamil Eas Algol, that is to say, bearing the head of Medusa; for that Starre which is on the top of his left hand is called in Arabic Eas Algol, and in Hebrew Eosch hasaitan, the Divels Head. This Constella- tion hath, besides those three unformed, 26 other Starres ; of which that which is the seventh in number Alfonsus calleth Alchcemb for Alchenib, or Algeneb, according to Scaliger, which signifieth a side. The 12th is Auriga the Wagoner, in Arabique Eoha, and Memassich Alhanam. That is one holding the raines of a bridle in his hand. This Asterisme hath 14 Stars ; of which that bright one in the left shoulder, which is also the third in number, is called in Greeke at Capra, a Goate ; and in Arabique Alhaisk, or, as Scaliger saith, Alatod, which signi- 1 Pontanus here mentions the appearance of a new star in the breast of the swan, in 1600, which was observed by Kepler and others. 2 A new star which appeared in Cassiopeia, in 1572, is here referred to by Pontanus. 54 A TREATISE OF THE Antinous. fieth a He Goate ; and the two which are in his left hand, and are 8th and 9th, are called epLcfroc, Hoedi, Kids ; and in Arabique, as Alfonsns hath it, Saclateni ; but according to Scaliger, Sadateni, the hindmost arme. This Configuration of these Starres was first observed by Cleostratus Tenedius, as Higinus reporteth. The 13th is Aquila, Alhakkah, the Eagle ; the moderne Astronomers call it the flying Vulture, in Arabique Altayr ; but Alfraganus is of a contrary opinion, for he ealleth the Swanne by this name, as we have already said. They reckon in this Asterisme 9 Starres, besides 6 unformed, which the Emperor Hadrian caused to be called Antinous, in memory of Antinous his minion. The 14th is the Dolphin, in Arabique Aldelphin, and it hath in it 10 Stars. The 15th is called in Latine Sagitta or Telum, the Arrow or Dart, in Arabic Alsoham ; it is also called Istuse, which word Grotius thinkes is derived from the Greeke word otcro?, signifying an arrow. It containeth 5 Stars in all. The 16th is Serpentarius, the Serpent bearer, in Arabic Alhava and Hasalangue. It consisteth of 24 Starres, and 5 other unformed. The first Starre of these is called in Ara- bique Kasalangue. 1 The 17th is Serpens, the Serpent, in Arabique Alhasa ; it consisteth of 18 Starres. The 18th is Equiculus, the little Horse, and in Arabique Katarat Alfaras, that is in Greeke irpoTafiT] litito #, as it were the fore part of a Horse cut off. It consisteth of 4 obscure Starres. The 19th is Pegasus, the Great Horse, in Arabique Alfaras Alathem; and it hath in it 10 Stars. The Starre on the right shoulder, which is called Almenkeh, and is the third in number, is also called Seat Alfaras, Brachium Equi. 1 In 1605 a new star was discovered in the foot of Serpentarius, which disappeared in 1606. Kepler wrote a treatise on it. CCELESTIALL AND TERRESTRIALL GLOBE. 55 And that which is in the opening of his mouth, and is num- bered the 17th, is called in Arabique Enif Alfaras, the nose of the Horse. The 20th is Andromeda, in Arabique Almara Almasulsela, that is, the Chained Woman ; Alfraganus interprets it Fseminam quae non est experta virum: A Woman that hath not knowen a man. This Constellation containeth in it 23 Stars ; whereof that which is the 12th in number, and is in the girdling place, is commonly called in Arabique Mirach, or, according to Scaliger, Moza ; and that which is the fifth is called Alamec, or rather Almaac, which signifies a socke or buskin. The 21st is the Triangle, in Arabique Almutaleh and Mutlathun, which signifies Triplicity. It consistetli of 4 Starres. 1 CHAPTEE IV. Of the Norther ne Signes of the Zodiague. The first is Aries, the Earn, in Arabique Alhamel ; this Constellation hath 13 Starres, according to Ptolomies ac- count. Yet Alfraganus reckoneth but 12, beside the other 5 unformed ones that belong to it. The 2d is Taurus, the Bull, in Arabique Altor or Ataur ; in the eye of this Constellation there is a very bright Star, called by the Ancient Eomans Palilicium, and by the Arabians Aldebaram, which is to say, a very bright Star, and also Hain Altor, that is, the Bull’s Eye. And those five Stars that are in his forehead, and are called in Latine Suculse, the Grecians call uaSe?, because, as Theon and Hero Theon in Aratum , 1 Pontanus says that the whole number of stars in the northern part of the heaven is 360, of which only three are of the first magni- tude, Capella, Yega, and Arcturus. 56 A TREATISE OF THE Mechanicus conceive, they represent the forme of the letter T ; although perhaps it is rather because they usually cause raine and stormy weather. Thales Milesius said that there were two of these Hyades, one in the North erne Hemisphere and one in the South ; Euripides will have them to be 3, Achseus 4, Hippias and Pherecides 7. Those other 6, or rather 7 Stars that appeare on the back of the Bull, the Greekes call Pleiades (perhaps from their multitude) ; the Latines Vergilke; the Arabians Ataurke, quasi Taurinse, be- longing to the Bull. Nicander, and after him Vitruvius, and Pliny place these Stars in the taile of the Bull ; and Hip- parchus quite out of the Bull, in the left foot of Perseus. These Stars are reported by Pliny and Solinus to be never seene at all in the Isle Taprobana ; but this is ridiculous, and fit to bee reported by none but such as Pliny and Solinus. For those that inhabite that Isle have them almost over their heads. This Constellation hath 33 Stars in it, besides the unformed Stars belonging to it, which are 11 in number. 1 The third is Gemini, the Twinnes, in Arabique Algeuze. These some will have to bee Castor and Pollux, and others Apollo and Hercules ; whence, with the Arabians, the one is called Apellor or Apheleon, and the other Abracaleus, for Grac- leus, as Scaliger conceiveth. It containeth in it (beside the 7 unformed) 18 Stars, amongst which that which is in their head is called in Arabique Rasalgeuze. The fourth is Cancer, the Crab, in Arabique Alsartan ; consisting of 9 Stars, beside 4 unformed ; of which that cloudy one which is in the breast, and is the first of all, is called Mellef in Arabique, which, as Scaliger saith, signifieth thicke or well compact. The fifth is Leo, the lion, in Arabique Alased, in the breast whereof there is a very bright Starre, being the 8th in number, and is called in Arabique Kale Alased, the 1 Pontanus says that the words of Pliny do not convey the sense attributed to them in the text CCELESTIALL AND TERRESTRIALL GLOBE. 57 heart of the Lion, in Greeke (3cl