?*"•*! DESCRIPTION O F THF T L A I N of TROT: i W I T H A MAP of that REGION. DESCRIPTION O F THE P L A I N or TROT W I T H A MAP of that REGION, DELINEATED FROM AN ACTUAL SURVEY. Read in French before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Feb. 21. and 28. and March 21. 1791. BY THE AUTHOR M. CHEVALIER, FELLOW OF THAT SOCIETY, AND OF THE ACADEMIES OF METZ, CASSEL AND ROME. Tranflated from the Original not yet publifhed, And the Verfîon accompanied with Notes and Illustrations, by ANDREW DALZEL, M. A. F. R. S. edin. PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND PRINCIPAL LIBRARIAN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. Hac ibat Simois ; hic ejl Sigc't'a tellus ; Hic JteUrat Priami regia celfa fenis. Illic JEacides, illic tendebat Ulyjfes ; Hic lacer admijfos terruit HeBor equos. OviD. EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR T. CADELL IN THE STRAND, LONDON. M DCCXCI. PREFACE. TH E ingenious Author of the following Me- moir, during a refidence of fix months in Edin- burgh, was diftinguifhed by the variety of his know- ledge, the vivacity of his converfation, and the agree- ablenefs of his manners. He foon acquired the friend- fhip of many perfons of eminence, and his fociety was particularly acceptable to the Men of Letters in this city. To ail fuch the account he gave of his travels in Greece and among the Greek iflands could not fail of being highly pleafing; but their attention was a chiefly VI PREFACE. chiefly attracted by the hiftory of his refearches and difcoveries in the Plain of Troy, which he had re- peatedly vifited, and of which he had taken an accu- rate furvey. The prefent ftate of that once renowned région, the mention of which recals to a claflical imagination fo many pleafing ideas, had never been explained with any fort of accuracy. Travellers indeed, both an- cient and modern, had occafionally been there ; but from various caufes, which the Reader will fmd ex- plained in the enfuing Memoir, they had ail failed of giving proper fatisfaction on this interefting fubject. One modern traveller in particular, I mean the late Mr Robert Wood, from whom much was expected, and who publiflied the refult of his enquiries under the title of A Comparative View of the a?icient and prefent State of the Troade, had been extremely un- iuccefsful in his refearches. Inftead of elucidating the fubjecl, he feemed to hâve involved it in greater obfcurity PREFACE. vii obfcurity than ever ; and he, who hac the higheft ad- miration of Homer, and who fbund that great Poet agreeing with Nature every where elfe, was reduced to the mortifying necefîity of acknowledging that he çould flnd fcarce any refemblance betwixt the pic- tures in the Iliad, and that part of a country which we may fuppofe the Poet would hâve been careful to defcribe with more than ordinary preciilon. Such a publication, by throwing a thick cloud over this por- tion of claffic ground, had the efFedr. of exciting in the mind of every élégant fcholar npthing but fen- fations of difappointment and regret. When M. Chevalier privately communicated to fome of the Members of the Royal Society of Edinburgh an account of the fuccefs of his tra- vels in the Troad, and pointed out to them how exaclily he found the prefent appearance of that country ftill to accord with the defcriptions and in- cidents in the Poems of Homer, they were, as may be fuppofed, highly gratified ; and they encouraged the vin PREFACE. the Author to lay his refearches befare the public Meetings of the Society. Accordingly he read the following Memoir and ex- hibited his own delineation of the région which he defcribed, at feveral of thofe Meetings, with great approbation ; and the Committee appointed for pu- blifhing papers, foon after, unanimoufly judged them highly deferving of a place in the next volume of the Society's Tranfaétions. They were of opinion that the Memoir fhould be prînted firft of the Pa- pers of the Literary Clafs, and that the Author fhould. be furnifhed with fome feparate copies, to give him an opportunity of obliging his particular friends with a perufal of his ingenious work long before the complète volume of Tranfaclions could be laid before the Public. In the mean time, to prevent ail hazard which this might occanon, of the appearance of any négli- gent and furreptitious Tranflation, the Committee thought PREFACE. ix thought proper to hâve a Verfion publiflied under their own infpe&ion, T>efore the Original fhould be printed ; and as the exécution of this feemed to de- volve upon me more naturally than on any other Member of the Society, I did not décline, but moft readily undertook the tafk ; efpecially as the Author had done me the honour to exprefs how agreeable it would be to him that I fhould not only tranilate his paper, but likewife adjuft ail the références, produce the proper quotations from ancient authors, accom- pany the tranflation with Notes and Illuftrations, and prépare the whole work for the prefs. This I promifed to the Author to perform when he was about to leave Edinburgh fome months ago; and though I hâve found the difcharging of my en- gagement much more laborious than I had at firft apprehended, I proceeded with alacrity in the work, in hopes that I was doing an acceptable fervice to every claflical fcholar, and to every admirer of the genius of Homer, b In x PREFACE. In the addition of the Notes and Illustrations, I was particulaily animated by the advice and appro- bation of two of my learned colleagues and much refpecled friends, Mr Frafer-Tytler, Profefïbr of Civil Hiftory, and Mr Playfair, Profefïbr of Mathematics, both of vvhom had taken a very early and warm in- térêt in the fate of this Paper, and had been among the forcmoft to difcern the merit of the Author, and to encourage him to lay the fruit of his labours befbre the Royal Society. With refpecl: to quotations from ancient authors, inftead of introducing into a tranflation from the French ail the paflages in the original languages at full length, wbich, if it had been done, muft hâve in- curred the cenfure of pedantry, if not inconfiftency, it was thought that, for the moft part, références to thefe would be quite fufficient for the Learned ; but that to give a considérable number of them in Englifh, was requiflte for making this DifTertation intelligible and entertaining to fuch readers as hâve no PREFACE. xi no other acquaintance with Homer than through the médium of a translation. At the famé time, if I may hâve been tempted now and then to indulge myfelf, — and 1 hope the clafîical reader, with the complète détail of a paffage in Greek or Latin, where it was not abfolutely neceffary, I fhall not, I truft, be cen- fured with much afperity. A. D. :din. coll.? SEPT. I. I 791. S POSTSCRIPT to the PREFACE. Edinburgh, Feb. 29. 1792. nr" 1 HE following Memoir was printed feveral months ago ; but as the principal Map was not till lately finifhed by the engraver, the publication was necefiarily delayed. In the mean time, the politenefs of his Excellency Baron de Alvenfleben, the Hanoverian Ambaffador at London, enabled me to tranfmit a copy to the author, who happened to be at Gottingen. The celebrated Mr Heyne, the ornament of that Univerfity, having expreffed a defire to perufe the performance, the author moft rea- dily fubmitted it to his examination, and had the fatisfattion to find, that he not only highly approved of it, but propofed to translate it into German, and publiih it in that language. They both, however, agreed in thinking it proper, that this propofal fhould be communicated to the Council of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, whofe confent they confidered to be neceffary, as the Memoir had not yet been publifhed by authority of that Committee, either in the original French or in Englifh. This, as may be fuppofed, was eafily obtained, efpecially as it did not appear probable, that the German tranflation could be finiihed previous to the time of publifhing the Englifh. Information of this being immediately conveyed to the author, he communicated it to Mr Heyne ; and as I underftood, that the latter of thofe gentlemen had fignified a defire to correfpond with me upon the fubjecl of the Memoir and the Maps, I was glad to embrace fuch an opportunity. I therefore wrote a letter to Mr Heyne, and was juft going to difpatch it, when I had the honour of receiving one fiom that emi- nent Scholar. It has been thought proper to fubjoin the correfpondence hère ; more efpecially as Mr Heyne's poftfcript contains information which cannot fail to give the higheft fatisfaftion to the learned reader, Mr (xlv) POSTSCRIPT to the PREFACE. Mr Heyne's LETTER to Mr Dalzel. Qum tes, vir clariffime, admodum follicitum ac fufpenfum me habuit, ex quo V. I. Lechevalier mihi fignificaverat, fe de confilio meo commentationis ab eo per- fcriptce in fermonem Germanicum vertendse ad Vos effe relaturum -, eam nunc audio ita effe tranfac~ram, ut non modo omni follicitudine me liberatum, verum etiam magna laetitia affeflum effe fentiam. Ea enim cum humanitate ac benevolentia meam roga- tionem admififti, ut admiratione atque amore Tui haud parum me conta&um profitear. Retulifli de confilio meo ad Societatem Illuftrem, et voluntatem ejus es expertus tam facilem ac proclivem, ut nuntiatum mihi fit ab amico noftro communi, licere con- filium exfequi, et bona cum venia veftra cum ipfam ejus commentationem, tum notas tuas doftiflimas Germanice converfas in publicum edere ; nec Vos intercidere, quo minus tabularum geographicarum exemplum ab artifice noftrate expreffum adjicien- dum curem. Agnofco in his verse gloriae fludioVos teneri, cum veftrarum curarum fruflum et laudem aliis non invideatis fed liberaliter impertiatis etiam extero et vo- bis vix nomine noto homini ; etfi nec minus fentio, hac ipfa veftra facilitate judicii veftri de me fignificationem admodum honorificam effe fa&am, annitendumque mihi effe in ipfainterpretatione operis curanda,ne expe&ationemveftram diligentiae fefelliffe videar. Qua in re, cum officio meo fatisfacere videar, rogatum Te effe volo, vir cla- riffime, ut Viris prseftantiffimis gratam meam mentem tefteris ; et ut Tu ipfe paratum me ad omne offkiorum genus, Tuique ftudiofilfimum habeas. Scr. Gottingae, d. xxv. Jan. 1792. Chr. G. Heyne. Ignofces fi literas Latine exaratas ad Te dedi ; nàm Anglici fermonis ufum fatis expe- ditum non habeam. Tu, fi voles aliquid refcribere, uteris fermone feu Anglico, feu Gallico, feu Latino, ut libuerit. Me in nova Homeri recenfione effe occupatum, ad Virgilii mei exemplum ador- handa, accepifti forte auditum a Lèche valierio noftro ; hoc illud eft quod ad iter ejus m Troadem faftum animum meum maxime convertit. Mr POSTSCRIPT to the PREFACE. (xv) MrDALZEL's LETTER to Mr Heyne, written, but not fent, before the receipt of the above. The Anfwer to Mr Heyne's Letter is contained in the Poftfcript. Viro eruditiffimo Chr. G, Heyne Andréas Dalzel S. Quum nuper a Chevalierio, viro ingeniofo mihique amiciffimo, certior faclus fui, Heyni eruditiffime atque celeberrime, Te interpretationem meam Anglicanam libelli fui de Campo ubi Troja fuit, meis qualibufcunque annotationibus inftruélam, legifle, laboremque tum ipfius au&oris tum interpretis comprobâffe, equidem magnopere lse- tatus fum ; gaudiumque meum auftum fenfi, fimul ac fpem ab auâore conceptam in- tellexerim fore ut Tu ipfe commentationem fuam cultu Germanico donares. Nam et illi, cui omnia ut féliciter eveniant vehementer opto, eum naétum fuifle interpretem quem dofta Germania atque univerfa Refpublica literaria, tanquam omnis politioris doftrinse decus ac tutamen, tamdiu refpexerint, magnum famse incrementum ; et mihi ipfi, talem tantumque virum collegam et adjutorem in eadem provincia fortitum effe, infignem honorem allaturum perfentire vifus fum. Feftinabam igitur, per literas ad amicum noftrum datas, fcrupulum illum amovere, quo te teneri audiveram ne fi commentationem hanc in Germanicum a Te converfam ederes, antequam apud nos interpretatio mea publici juris faéta foret, falcem tuam in meflem alienam immiffiffe videreris. Porro, quum ex literis etiam amici noftri accepiffem, Te fcire cupientem an fatis ampla copia exemplarium tabularum geographicarum, (quae funt pars omnino necef- faria hujus operis) ad interpretationem tuam Germanicam inftruendam, Tibi ex Anglia fuppeditari poffet, fcire fimul cupere poffetne per epiftolas mecum de hac re agi, nefas fore duxi talem negligere occafionem ultro oblatam fcribendi ad virum quem jampridem admirari foleo. Quo autem facilius Tibi fatisfacerem, fcripfi illico ad bi- bliopolam Londinenfem, editorem interpretationis mea;, et qui campi Trojani grandem tabulam geographicam, a Chevalierio noflro delineatam, Londini aère incidendam cu- rât, ad cognofcendum quid ille de hac re cenferet. Interea mea ipfius opinio eft, ut fimul ac ad manus tuas venerint fingula tabularum exemplaria, quse ad Te mittenda quam primum curabo, (et habes jam tabulas Popii et Wodii) facillimum erit alicui fculptori Germanico eorum accuratam imitationem exhibere. Primum fpecimen ta- bula; praecipuae, quod ad me nuper corrigendum mifïum fuerat, ante decem tantum hofce dies Londinum remifi. Artifex quidem pulcherrime navavit operam ; fed propter (xvi) . POSTSCRIPT to tue PREFACE. propter cnnclationem ejus, qui eft moshornm hominum, libellus nondum publici juris faclus eft ; prodibit tamen, ut fpero, propediem. Pergas interea, vir celeberrime, interpretationem tuam conficere ; Teque fofpitet Deus O. M. ad opéra multo majora molienda, ut Georgiae tua; Auguft*, adeoquc totius Reipublicre litcrariœ magnum ornamtntum diu vigeas. Vale, Tuique me ob- fervantiirunum crede. Scr. Edinburgi, in Acad. Jacobi VI. Scotorum Régis, d. xvii. Feb. 1792. Hactenus fcripferam, et jam in eo eram, vir eruditiffime, ut h;ec adTe dimitterem, quum ad manus meas allata; effent jucundiiïima; tua: literœ. Gaudeo equidem audire Te omni follicitudine jam efle liberatum, per ea quae cum Chevalierio noftro commu- nicaveram, Teque nunc fine mora tuum exfequi confilium defcriptionis Troadis Ger- manice vertendae ; quam non folum vertes, venim etiam, ut fpero, annotation ibus propriis locupletandam curabis, quod magno ernolumento operi certe erit. Magna; funt a me Tibi débita; grati*, propter amorem et laudes quibus me profe- qui dignatus fis, quibus autem quam fini indignus abunde fentio. Primam occafionera arripiam referendi ad Senatum Societatis Régis Edinburgenfis de benevolentia qua ejus exceperis obfervantiam ergaTe hominem quidem exterum,nequaquam tamen igno- tum, ut Tu de Teipfo nimis modefte loqueris ; quis enim eft ufquam gentium paulo huma- nior, ad quem fama eruditifîimi Heynii nondum pervenerit? Alia tua multa egregia opéra, prrefertim Virgilius tuus, diu nobis innotuere, atque nomen tuum omnibus literarum elegantiorum cultoribus celeberrimum, chariffimumque reddiderunt. Mentem igitur mcam fummo gaudio alleftam fenfi, poftquam ex tuis literis didi- cifi'cm Te jam in nova Homeri recenfione, ad exemplum Virgilii tui, efle occupatum. Quanquam enim vir prceftantiliïmus Sam. Clarke fua laude nequaquam fraudandus lit, tamen multa poft curas ejus facienda reftabant. Nec popularis tuus Erneftius aliquid magni poft Clarkium momenti prseftitit quod novam fummi Poetse editionem opus fupervacaneum reddiderit. Tua edendi methodus omnibus quidem Eruditis rrrififle videtur ; et fi novam Hemeri editionem, ejufmodi fere apparatu quo VirgU iius tuus adornatam, abfolveris ; commentario fcilicet perpetuo, varietate le&ionis, et excurfibus doétiflîmis ; additis infuper Grœcis fcholiis felecHoribus, atque notifia lite- raria critica priorum editionum, ingentem fine dubio laudem, doftis omnibus plau- dentibus, confequuturus es. Habes fubfidia varia quas tempore Clarkii nondum erant édita; habes e. g. lexicon Dammii, opus laboriofum et utiliffimum, habes Villoifoni nuperam editionem Venetam, habes denique tuum ingenium, quod ut diu pleno vigore gaudeat nunquam orare definam. Iterum vale. Edinb. d. xx. Feb. 1792. CONTENTS. C H A P. I. Page. Voyage from Venice to Cape Baba, on the coajî of AJia t i C H A P. IL Defcription of Alexandria Troas and its Ruins, - 5 C H A P. III. Journey from Alexandria Troas to the Cajlle in Afia called Koum-Kalé, - ri C H A P. IV. Journey from Koum-Kalé to mount Cotylus, one of the highejl fnmmits of the chain of Ida, - - 20 C H A P. V. Second and third voyage from Conjlantinople to Troy, - 35 C H A P. VI. Account of the mojl celebrated Travellers, both ancient and mo- de ni, who hâve vifited the Plain of Troy, - 39 C H A P. xiv CONTENTS. C H A P. VII. Page. Error of Strabo on the fubjecl ofthe Scamander, - 57 C H A P. VIII. Examination of/ome paffages of Strabo, - - 62 C H A P. IX. Examination of Pope' s Map ofthe Plain ofTroy, - 69 C H A P. X. Examination of Mr Wood's Map, " ~ 75 C H A P. XI. Comparifon of the Scamander with the Simois, - 82 C H A P. XII. The Tomb of JEfyetes, - - 88 C H A P. XIII. Situation ofthe Grecian Camp, - - 96 C H A P. XIV. The Tornb of Ajax, - - 106 C H A P. XV. The Valley of Thymbra, - - 109 C H A P. XVI. The Monument of llus, - - 112 G H A P. CONTENTS. xv C H A P. XVII. Page. The ftte of Ancient Troy, - - 115 C H A P. XVIII. The Tomb of Heclor, - - 121 C H A P. XIX. The Sources ofthe Scamander % - - 126 C H A P. XX. Achille s* s Purfuit of Heclor, - - 129 C H A P. XXI. The Tombs of Achille s > Patroclus and Antilochus, - 142 %* M. Chevalier's large Map oftbe Plain ofTroy toface Page 1. Mr Pope 's Map toface - - 69. Mr Wood's Map toface - - 75. M. Chevalier's Map of Ancient Troy and ils environs toface HJ. ERRATA. Page 12. line 20. for t'oot, read tops. 16. 1. for entered, read was going to enter. Set the lafl page* D E= f'iditithfli ,u fa .1.-1 .lir,.t: M.ir.h /",-„, /„ /-, DESCRIPTION O F THE ? L A 1 N of T R OT. CHAPTER I. Voyage from Vente e to Cape Baba, on the coajî of Afia, AFTER making the tour of Italy, I waited at Venice for a favourable opportunity to embark for Greece. The Chevalier Zuliani, who was appointed AmbalTador by the Republic to the Porte, was immediately to fet out for the place of his deftination. I begged to be admitted on board his vef- fel, and had the fatisfaction to obtain my requeft. That Mini- fter, in whom is united a moft exquifite tafte for the Arts and Sciences, with every quality of an able Negociator, had like- wife taken on board the celebrated Dr Spallanzanf, one of the moft ingenious Naturalifts of the prefent âge, whom the Emperor Joseph II. difpatched to the Levant, in order to en- rich the Science of Nature by new difeoveries. A Amidst 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE Amidst the fhining qualities which diftinguifhed my refpedt- able companions in this voyage, I foon difcovered a paillon for the monuments of Antiquity fimilar to that which I myfelf en- tertained. We immediately came to a right underftanding to~ gether ; and in every place where the veflel moored, our fenti- ments feemed to be the famé, and our fchemes diclated by a congenial inftinct. Having furveyed together the coafts and the iflands of the Adriatic, and vifited the antiquities of Pola, the mountains of Chimera, the iflands of Ithaca, Corfu, Cephalenia, Zanté, and Cythera, we landed, after a dreadful ftorm, at the promontory of Sunium, where are ftill to be feen the vénérable ruins of the temple of Minerva Sunias ' . I went afhore at that place, and by one of thofe accidents which often happen to tra- vellers, whom excefs of curiofity carries to a great^diftance from the harbour at the time when the arbitrary winds oblige the veflel to fet fail, I was reduced to the agreeable neceflity of feeing Athens and a part of the continent of Greece. On leaving Attica, I embarked at the port of Piraeeus, with the intention to proceed immediately to the mouth of theHelle- fpont, and there to explore The Plain of Troy, which 1 had deftined, even before my departure from Italy, to be the principal objedl of my inveftigation. But adverfe — I (hould rather fay favourable winds put me afhore fucceflîvely on the fineft iflands of the Archipelago, and at laft on that of Mitylené, whence I reached Cape Baba, the ancient promontory of Leâios. Finding 1 See Les Ruines des plus beaux monuments de la Grèce, par M. le Ror : and Cuandier's Ttavels in Aûa Minor, p. 9. PLAIN OF TROY. 3 Findinp myfelf in a région of Afia at a great diftance from the Hellefpont, I determined to trace the coafl with the moft fcrupulous care, and to obferve particularly the plains and ri- vers which in my progrefs I fhould meet with. This was the method moft to be depended upon for difcovering the plain of Troy, and the monuments mentioned in the Poems of Homer. The différent proofs which I had obtained of that great Poet's accuracy in thofe places which I had juft furveyed, authorifed me to think that he would not be déficient in this refpect in the defcription of the Troad ; and I was previoufly convinced that I fhould find it fuch as he has painted it in his verfes. It will not be difficult, faid I to myfelf, to find the two pro- montories which bounded the camp of the Greeks, and where Ajax and Achilles had their pofls '. Among the valleys contiguous to the plain of Troy, I fhall be able to difcover that of c Tby?nbra\ where the allies of the Trojans were encamped. I fhall diflinguifh the impetuous courfe of the rapid Simois ' , and the limpid ftream of the divine Scamander*, whofe banks are adorned with fiowers. The fources of that beautiful river, which the Poet has marked by charadters fo particular and fo prominent, will not be loft '. Why fhould not fome traces ftill remain of the tombs of thofe famous Warriors, which were to command the vénération of navigators to the lateft pofterity " ? Thofe deligbtful hills, which flretched along the banks of the Simois, will not furely hâve altered their pofition nor hâve loft their charms 7 . Perhaps I fhall be able ftill to find the Jeat of A 2 ancienî ' Iliad. viii. 222. xi. 5. 5 Iliad. xxii. 147. * Ib. x. 430. * Ib. vii. 86. xxiii. 45. 255. Od. xxiv. 80. ' lb. xii. 21, 22. xxi. 307. ' Iliad. xx. $$. 150. ' lb. vii. 329. xii. 21. ii. 467. v. 36. 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ancrent Troy, the tomb of the old ^Esyetes ', that of Ilus 1 , and the hill covered with tvild fig-trees, which occafioned fo much anxiety to Andromache '. You will hardly believe, Gentlemen, that I found this pleafing dream realized ; and I fhould hâve had reafon to be afraid of being looked upon by you as an enthufiaft or vifionary, if the greateft part of thofè monuments which I hâve juft mentioned, had not been beheld at leaft, if not accurateîy furveyed, by travellers whofe names command your refpect ; and were they not ftill to be feen by thofe who fhall afterwards take the trou- ble to afcertain their pofition, by means of the topographical Map which I hâve made. Intoxicated with the profpecl of the various pleafures I was to enjoy, though at that time very uncertain, I quitted the promontory of Leclos, attended by a Janizary, who was not wanting in his endeavours to alarm me with imaginary dangers, with a view to hâve his merit in undergoing them along with me, and the refolution he difplayed in defending me from them, more amply rewarded. After obferving on my way the ruins of a temple, and the falt-pits of Tragefaea, in winch the great quantity of fait, if we may believe Strabo 4 , formerly depended on certain perio- dical or etefîan winds, which ufed to convey it thither ready made, I arrived at the ruins of Alexandrin Troas, to which the Turks give the name of EJhi-Stamboul, Old Conjîantinople, as if, from its ftupendous remains, they judged it worthy of being the ancient capital of their Empire. CHAP. 1 Iliad. ii. 793. ' Uiad. vi. 433. xi. 167. xxii. 145. * Ib. x. 415. xi. 166. 371. xxiv. 349. 4 JLib. xiii. p. 902. edit. Amft. 1707, PLAIN OF TROY. C H A P. II. Defcription of Alexandrin Troas and its Ruins. " A Lexander the Great, fays Dr Chandler, inftead of -*V " marking his progrefs by devaftations, wifely provided " more lafting and honourable monuments of his paflage u through the countries which he fubdued ; caufing cities and " temples to be eredled, and forming plans for their improve- " ment and future profperity. As his ftay was commonly *' fhort, the exécution of his noble defigns was committed to *' the Governors whom he appointed ; men of grand ideas, " fitted to ferve fo magnificent a mafter. Alexandria Troas u was one of eighteen cities which bore his name. " This city was begun by Antigonus, and from him firft " called Antigonia ; but Lysimachus, to whom, as a fuccef- " for of Alexander, it devolved, changed the appellation in " honour of the deceafed King. In the war with Antiochus, " it was eminent for its fidelity to the Romans, who conferred *' on it the famé privilèges as the cities of Italy enjoyed. Un- " derAucusTUS it received a Roman colony, and increafed. " It was then the only confiderable place between Sigéum and " Leaos'." Suetonius relates, that Cjesar, out of refpect for the country from which his anceftors derived their origin, had projecled * Travels ia Afia Minor, chap. ix. Strabo, lib. xiii. p. 887. edit. Amft. 1707. 6 DESCRIPTION OF THE projected the fcheme of tranfporting the riches of the Empire thither 1 . It is believed that Augustus himfeîf had conceived the famé defign ; but that Mecœnas, Agrippa, and the principal courtiers of that Prince, knowing the influence of poetry upon his mind, prevailed upon Horace to infcribe that Ode to him, in which he has introduced, with admirable addrefs and delicacy, the goddefs Juno threatening the Ro- mans with the extremity of her refentment, if they fliould at- tempt to rebuild the walls of Troy. Sed bellicojîs fat a ^uiritibus Hac lege dico, ne nimium pii, Rebufque fidentes, avitœ Tecta velint reparare Trojœ. Lib. iii. Od. 3. Thus let the warlike Romans reign, So Juno and the fates ordain, But on thefe terms alone, no more to dare Through piety or pride their parent Troy repair. Francis. Cjesar poflibly might hâve had his reafons for being dif- gufted with refiding at Rome, and might hâve entertained thoughts of removing to a diftance from that city ; but one can hardly fuppofe that Augustus, who was adored by his fubjedts, could for an inftant entertain a thought of eftranging himfelf from them ; and that, after having given peace to the univerfe, he would prefer the obfcure city of Alexandria to the fplendid refidence of Rome. The • SuETON. C. 79. PLAIN OF TROY. 7 The warm baths, called by the Turks Lidja-Hamam, are the firft object which attradls the attention of ftrangers on their arrivai from Cape Baba at Efki-Stamboul. They are fupplied by two fprings, whofe heat is différent, although they are not thirty paces from each other. Fahrenheit's thermometer, which was at 82 degrees in the fhade, rofe in the one to 113, and in the other to 110 degrees. We learn by a tradition pre- ferved by the Turks who inhabit the neighbouring villages, that, in the laft century, thofe fprings failed in confequence of an earthquake, and did not make their appearance again till ten years after. The walls which encompafs them are filled with the ruins of ftatues, among which I diftinguifhed that of young Hercules, and that of a woman, of which the drapery appeared to me to be in the fineft ftyle. The hill, upon whofe declivity the baths of Lidja are fitu- ated, is covered with tombs. In furveying thefe onwards to the beach, Turks are to be found, at every ftep, employed in breaking Sarcophagi of white marble, adorned with bafs-reliefs and infcriptions, to make bullets of them, or décorations for their own burying-places. For a long while the cailles of the Dardanelles hâve been furnifhed with bullets from the ruins of Alexandria, and that magazine is not yet nearly exhaufted. The monument, which of ail others fituate without the town, the hand of time feems to hâve refpedled the moft, has the appearance of a column broken in pièces, ten feet in diame- ter. It is to be found near the ruins of an aquedudl, which ftill extends a great way towards the mouth of the Hellefpont, and whofe magnificence and folidity give an idea of the gene- rous patriotifm of the perfon who conftrucled it. Herodes 8 DESCRIPTION OF THE Herodes Atticus, Governor of the free cities of Afia, ob- ferving that the citizens of Alexandria were reduced to the ne- cefîity of making ufe of fetid water from ciflerns and wells, wrote to Adrian, requefting that he would not permit a ma- ritime city of fuch importance to be deprived of a comfort which he had granted to the common villages of Afia. Adrian complied with his requeft, and appointed him furveyor of the works which it was neceflary to conftrudl for bringing water into that city. The expence exceeded feven millions of drach- me 1 . The enemies of Herodes complained of this to the Emperor, and ftated to him that the tribute of five hundred cities had been facrificed to the exécution of this fingle work. Herodes owned that the expence had indeed exceeded his ori- ginal eftimate ; but he difappointed his flanderers, by proving that he had advanced the overplus out of his own funds. This aqueducl, whofe ruins extend more than a mile to the north, or towards the Hellefpont, is not the only monument erected by that great man during the courfe of his life. Among other works, he built the Stadium of Athens, which exifts at this day, and whofe magnificence is fo much extolled by Pau- sanias 2 . The walls of Alexandria are almoft entire. They are eight feet thick, built of eut ftone, and flanked with towers. The hill which they encompafs, and on which the town was fituated to great advantage, is feparated to the eaft from the long chain which compofes mount Ida, by the valley where the waters of the ' L. 239,583 : 6 : 8 Sterling; Computing the drachma at 8-f- d. See Sir Wiiliam mcs's Notes on his Tranflation ot" Is^us, p. 154. = Graeciae DtTcriptio, Lib. 1. p. 34. Edit. Hanov. 1613. PLAIN OF TROY. 9 the hot fprings flow, and extends in a doping direction to- wards the fea, for the fpace of about half a lcague fquare. The founders of this city muft hâve been fenfible of the ad- vantages it would enjoy from being fituate at the mouth of the Hellefpont, and from its vicinity to thofe hot minerai waters, ftill famous for their virtues in the cure of leprofy, rheuma- tifm, and cutaneous difeafes. It appears that its inhabitants were likewife well acquainted with the value of commerce and the utility of a harbour. Nature had fketched out the circulai' form of this, of which the ruins are ftill the objecl of admira- tion. It feems uncertain whether the ftupendous columns of granité, which are fcattered up and down within its vaft bafon, ferved formerly for its ornament, or whether the Turks, after having rolîed them down from the heights of the city, hâve given up thoughts of putting them on fhipboard, on account of their weight. Public buildings are thofe which beft refift the injuries of time. Among the ruins of Alexandria, are ftill to be feen a Stadium, a Théâtre, two Temples, and a large édifice, which may be difcerned by perfons at fea at a great diftance, through thickets of Valonia trees, which now cover the fpace once oc- cupied by the city. Pococke andCHANDLER look upon this édifice as a Gymna- fium where the youth were inftrucled in the fciences, and in bodily exercifes '. Mariners commonly give it the name of The Palace of Priam, without confidering that Priam's palace muft hâve been a great way from the fea, and that this is almoft clofe upon the fhore. B For * A Defcription of the Eaft, vol. ii. partii. p. 109. Travels in Afia Minor, p. 27. io DESCRIPTION OF THE For my own part, I was ftruck at firft fïght with the refem- blance betwixt this édifice and the baths of Dioclesian and Car a c alla, which are to be feen at Rome. But what com- pletely convinced me that it was intended for baths, was the large femicircular building which is to be found at the fouth angle of the fabric, and in which the canals of the aqueduct, which bring the water thither, terminate. If Pococke and Chandler had feen thefe canals ; if they had penetrated into their vaults, which are ftill incrufted with the fediment of wa- ter ; if they had obferved the direction of the aqueducl which terminâtes there, they would not furely hâve miftaken its de- fign. The valley comprehended within the walls, and which the Turks call Beian-deré, is partly artificial. Its whole length is divided by a large common fewer, into which it is not to be doubted that ail the water of the city difcharged itfelf, and whofe outlet, for fîze and workmanfhip, is inferior in no refpecl to the great common fewer at Rome, conftrucled by the Tar» quins. CHAP. PLAINOFTROY. n C H A P. III. Journey from Alexandrin, Troas to the CaJîU in Afin called Koum- Kalé. AFTER I had minutely examined, meafured and delineated ail the monuments of Alexandria Troas ; after I had geometrically afcertained their relative fituation, both as to each other, and to the ifland of Tenedos, which appears in front, I purfued ray journey along the more of the ^Egean fea. I soon arrived at a vafl plain, which I fhould hâve been tempted to take for that of Troy, if I had obferved in it the courfe of any river. I then left to the right the villages of Dahri, of GbeiJJik and of Bos, and arrived at laft, acrofs a long chain of low uncultivated hills, at the foot of a rifing ground of a conic fhape, and plainly a work of art, which 1 had obferved in the horizon, immediately on my quitting the walls of Alexandria. This ftriking objecl attracted my whole attention, by its regu- lar fhape, its enormous fize, and its height, which is not lefs than an hundred feet, and by the extent of its outline, which I found to be four hundred paces. I was extremely anxious to know, whether the Turks who dwell in the neighbouring villages, were accuftomed to give any particular name to this little mountain. My curiofity was completely fatisfied, on learning that they confidered it as a tomb of the infidels, and that they gave it the remarkable ap- B 2 pellation 12 DESCRIPTION OF THE pellation of Tapé or Tepé, with the addition"of the name of the neareft village, which is Udjek. On confidering the fhape of this monument, and the exact refemblance betwixt the name given to it by the Turks, and that which the Egyptians give to their tombs, I could fcarcely help believing that this was a tomb, or at leaft one of thofe facred mounts on which the people of Afia were wont to offer facrifices. But as I had not as yet any notion of the plain of Troy\ which however was now very near me, I could only form conjectures, without coming to any determined opinion refpect- ing the nature of this monument. It was not till afterwards, I may even fay after my third journey to the Troad, that I could pronounce a rational judgment on the fubjecl of this mound, and of ail thofe of the famé kind which are to be feen in the plain of Troy. I fatisfied myfelf at that time with meafuring its height, and its circumference, and enjoying from its top one of the fineft profpects in the world. At noon, at the diftance of more than four leagues, I perceived the ruins of Alexandria ; at my feet, towards the north, an immenfe plain, encompafTed with delightful hills ; to the eaft, the foot of the mountains of Ida ; and to the weft, the yEgean fea, the iilands of Tenedos, Imbros, Samothrace, Lemnos, and ail the way to the fummit of mount Athos. About a mile from this monument is to be found the village of Erkeffîghi, near to which, as I pafled that way, I faw an élé- gant Kiojk or Tchiftlek, which the famous Hassan, the laft Captain Pacha, had caufed to be built for the purpofe of re- poûng himfelf during the time that the Turkiih fleet, after a cruife PLAINOFTROY. 13 cruife on the Archipelago, or any other expédition, waits at the mouth of the Hellefpont for the fouth winds. Some days before my arrivai, his Architects had direcled a magnificent Sarcophagus of white marble to be brought from Alexandria, to ferve as a ciftern or trough for a fountain. My regret was increafed at the mean ufe to which they had deftined this precious monument, when I difcovered, on one of its fronts, the remains of a Greek infcription, of which I had found the beginning at Alexandria, among the pièces fevered by the barbarians from the Sarcophagus, in fhaping it accor- ding to their whimfical fancy. Below the Kiojk which I hâve mentioned, is to be feen a confiderable ftream, whofe water being extremely limpid, after following the direction of the hills which ftretch along towards the higher part of the large plain, feems to deviate from its na- tural courfe into a new canal that conveys it into the adjacent valley. It is eafy to perceive that the altération made in the courfe of this rivulet has been produced by the hand of man. Its bed, which is in gênerai very fhallow and full of windings, before it arrives below the Kiojk, acquires fuddenly at that place a great depth ; and while the remainder of its progrefs rigidly retains the direction of a ftraight Une, its banks exhibit a very high floping terrace, formed of the earth which has been dug out at the formation of the canal. You will not wonder, Gentlemen, that I fliould infift thus minutely upon the defcription of what might be thought a common rivulet. When a traveller believes that he is ap- proaching the plain of Troy, every objecl becomes interefting. Nullum i 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE -Nullum ejl fine nomine faxum. Lucan, Pharf. Lib. ix. 973. No ftone is namelefs hère. On fuch an occafion it would be a crime to negleft any thingj nor is César, who pafled the Scamander without obferving it, the model one would wifh to copy. Infcius inficcoferpentemgram'ine rivuvi Tranjîerat qui Xanthus' 1 erat. Ib. A little gliding ftream, which Xanthus was, Unknown he paft, and in the lofty grafs Securely trod ! May. I followed therefore the courfe of this beautiful ftream to the place where it difcharges itfelf into the iEgean fea. There I obferved a fwamp covered with reeds, growing very thick and very tall, and, at a little diftance, a mill, which perhaps might hâve been the real caufe of the rivulet's being diverted from its ancient channel. Such a conjecture is ftrengthened from this ' *Oi HANGON KxXîtxri Siw, â'.îjfj il EK.AMANAPOV. Iliad. xx. 74. Xanthus his name with thofè of heavenly birth, But called Scamander by the fons of earth. Pope. Homer, in différent parts of the lliad, thus afcribes two names to the famé perfon or objedt. the one heavenly and the other earthly. See Iliad. i. 403. ii. 813. vi. 402. Un- der which paflage--, Dr Clarke, in his notes, has enumerated the opinions of différent an- cient authors upon this fubjedi. His own is, that the name given by the learned bas been repreiented by Homer as the divine name, and the vulgar one as the human. See alfo Bayle's Dicl. Artic. Scamandre. D. PLAINOFTROY. 15 this circumftance, that ail the villages thereabouts are obligée! to hâve recourfe to the ufe of wind-mills, a very precarious ex- pédient in a country fo temperate as that région of Afia. Nor would it be at ail furprifing, if the courfe of this ftream had been altered by Herodes Atticus, and that the aquedudt, whofe ruins extend towards the plain of Troy, had been in- tended to convey its waters to Alexandria Troas. From the mouth of this rivulet, I direcled my courfe to- wards the village of Je/ii-cbebr, along the coaft, which, ail the way, is compofed of rocks, eut perpendicularly, of a tremen- dous height. My curiofity prompted me to approach that part of the fhore, in order to hâve a nearer view of certain little hills which I had obferved from the top of the mount at Udjek, and which appeared to me to be of the famé fhape with that monument. The firft of thofe rifîng grounds which I met with on my road, is called by the Turks Beehik-Tapé. It is not by any means fo high as that at Udjek. Near it is to be feen an en- trenchment made acrofs the mountain, of which it is not eafy to point out the reafon or the ufe. A little farther onwards, I came to the other hillock, which feemed to me of the famé di- meniion with the former, and equally well expofed to the view of thofe who fail into the mouth of the Hellefpont. 1 was not able to difeover what name the Turks gave to this laft ; but I concluded that, like many others, it is called after the village in its neighbourhood. The village of Jeni-chehr, which is inhabited by Greeks, is fituate upon the extremity of a high promontory, which, to- gether with that of the Thracian Cherfonefus, forms the entry of. î6 DESCRIPTION OF THE of tlie canal of the Hellefpont. The moment I entered the church, I obferved upon a block of marble the two following words, which were fcarcely legible, <ï>ANOAIKO EIMI They are the beginning of the famous Sigéan Infcription, well known to the learned, and of which Chishull lias glven a minute détail'. Facing the" infcription on the left fide of the gâte of the famé church, there is to be feen a bafs-relief of marble of the fineft workmanfhip. It reprefents a woman feated. Nurfes, with children in their arms, wrapped in fwaddling clothes, feem to prefent them to the fitting figure. Another perfonage ap- pears behind the nurfes, carrying a coffer in his right-hand, and a fort of fhell in his left. Dr Chandler has given a complète explication of tins bafs^ relief. " The Greeks, fays he, were accuftomed to confign " their infants to the tutelar care of fome deity ; the midwife, ** dreffed in white, with her feet bare, carrying the child to be " prefented on the fifth day after its birth. The Romans had " the famé fuperftition ', and Caligula is on record as having " placed his daughter Livia Drusilla in the lap of Miner- " va 1 . That ufage is the fubjedt of the fculpture. The god- " defs is fitting, as defcribed by Homer, in her temple in " Troy. A little cheft, borne by one of the figures, may be " fuppofed to contain incenfe, or the offerings which accompa- " nied this ceremony *." You ' See his Antiquitates Afiatic» ; al'o Cbandlek's Infcriptiones Antiquse. ' SutTON. C. 25. 1 Travels in Afia Minor, c. 12. An élégant engraving is given of this bafs-relief, as the head-piece of the préface to Ionien Antiquititu PLAINOFTROY. 17 You will eafily imagine, Gentlemen, the violent inclination I had to carry ofF thefe two interefling relies ; and you will even exeufe me for the attempts I made, and the dangers to which I expofed myfelf, to refeue them from obfcurity and from immi- nent deftruclion. But the pièce of marble which exhibits the infeription, is famous among the Greeks as a remedy of fove- reign efficacy in the cure of agues. They place the patient upon it, and there he lies down, and rolls himfelf ', and every body believes him cured. Meanwhile this opération gradually obli- térâtes the precious characters of the monument, and perhaps, alas ! while I am now fpeaking, no trace of them remains. The fuperftition of the Greeks rendered them inexorable to my entreaties, and their artful vigilance baffled ail my ftratagems. Befides, how was it pofTible for me to fucceed in an undertaking, where the gold of Englifli Men of Letters, and the threats of Hassan, ftill more éloquent, had been employed without ef- fccl? At a fmall diftance from the village of Jeni-chehr, I went up to the top of the high promontory, which commands a view of the extenfive plain already mentioned. The torrent by which this plain is interfe&ed, was then dried up ; but the width and the irregularity of its channel fufficiently demon- ftrated the nature of its dévaluations and its rapidity. An exten- five mardi occupies the ground at the place of its difeharge, both on the right and left, and reaches almoft to the foot of a pakry fortrefs, called by the Turks Koum-Kalê, the cajîle of the fand, doubtlefs becaufe it is built upon the fands which are ac- cumulated at the mouth of the torrent. C WHEîf i8 DESCRIPTION ÔF THE When I was furveying thefe différent objedts, I perceived at the foot of the promontory vvhere I was fitting, two little hills near to each other, and perfeclly refembling thofe which I had juft obferved on the ridge of the promontory. A Greek inhabitant of Jeni-chehr informed me, that the moft consi- dérable of the two, which is neareft the fea-fhore, is called Dios-Tapé. This very remarkable name, as may be fuppofed, furnifhed me with a fubject for various refleclions, which I had an opportunity of unfolding, according to the advances I made in an acquaintance with the plain and the monuments which it exhibits ; but at that time I fatisfied myfelf with making fome meafurements of their dimenfions, and then proceeded on my journey. The caftle contiguous to the promontory, which is built at the mouth of the river that flows hard by it, confifts of an in- diffèrent inclofure of high walls, flanked with towers, which the Turks take great pains to whiten, as if they meant to render them more confpicuous, and expofe them the better to the guns of the enemy. The lower part of thefe walls is pierced with many large embrafures, where immenfe canon are pointed, fo as to difcharge marble bullets along the furface of the water. Thefe canon are placed juft upon thick logs of wood ; and they can never difcharge more than a fingle fhot at the famé veffel, becaufe the recoil déranges them, and an immenfe exer- tion is requifite to reftore them to their former pofition. Suc H a battery then is notable to ftop an enemy's fleet when favoured by a profperous wind. Thofe that are fituate on the oppofite coaft, at the extremity of the Thracian Cherfonefus, and PLAIN OF TROY. l 9 and which were ereéled by the celebrated Baron de Tott, would no doubt prove an excellent defence, if the Turks knew how to make ufe of them; but their uatural enemies the Ruffians are well acquainted with their want of fkill in the art military ; and if in the war which preceded the prefent, the Powers, whofe intereft it is to preferve the Turkifh empire, had not put a ftop to their progrefs, they were preparing to bid dé- fiance to the artillery of the caftles, and to conclude a treaty of peace under the walls of the Séraglio. C 2 G H A P. 20 DESCRIPTION OF THE C H A P. IV. Journey from Koum-Kalé to Mount Cotylus, one ofthe bighejîfummiti ofthe Chain of Ida. PHE fatigue of travelling having made it necefTary for me -■■ to take fome reft, I remained feveral days in a caravanfe- ray at the village of Koum-Kalé, fîtuate near the caille. When I was in a condition to refume my journey, I paffed the river near its mouth, and found it to be more than three hundred feet broad. In the marfh on its banks, I obferved certain fmall lakes of frelh and of fait water, and was ftruck with the prodigious quantity of reeds and of tamarrfks I met with as I proceeded along the fea-coaft. At length, after travelling for half an hour, I faw at a great diftance a mount of the famé kind with ail thofe I hâve already mentioned. On approaching it, I obferved a large aperture in its fide, and many fragments of walls in ruins, which feemed to be the fupport of the fabric. I quickly entered under this vault, and eagerly explored its whole length, and likewife a cavity in a tranfverfe direction which I found in it.* I examined the nature of the materials, and the cernent which bound them together, and was delighted to learn that it ftill bears the interefling name of Tapé. This was not ail. I obferved that this monument is fîtuate at the point of a prominence or tongue of land, which ad- i-ances into the plain exaclly oppofite to the Cape of Jeni- chehr. PLAIN OF TROY, 21 chehr. What fplendid conjectures then arofe in my mind S But ftill it is too foon to form a fyftem ; there are not yet fuf- ficient data. After taking a view of a fmall adjacent harbour, which the Turks call Karanlik- Limant, the Jhut haven, I continued my jour- ney along the fhore of the Hellefpont to the village of It-Guel- mes. I was furprifed at the great quantity of wild fig-trees growing in its neighbourhood, which induced me to afk for a répétition of the name, that I might difcover whether it con- veyed any allufion to the natural productions of the place. I was anfwered by a Greek, that they called it indifferently It- Guelmes or Erin-Keu. This laft name brought to my mind that of 'Egtvtoç. which fignifies a place abounding in wild fig-trces. At that inftant, I recollecled that there was a hill of this name near the city of Troy, to which Andromache endeavoured to di- rect the attention of Hector, as being the only place where the citycould be attacked". From this I wasgoing to conclude, that the city muft hâve been very near where I was. But nei- ther the Simois nor the Scamander was to be feen there j and moreover I was clofe upon the fea- fhore, a fituation incompati- ble with that of ancient Troy. It feemed to me at that time to be the more fruitlefs to ad- vance beyond Erin-Keu, as I had a profpect of nothing but a long range of hills reaching to the north and north-eafl ail the way to the horizon. I returned therefore nearly the famé way I came, with the defîgn to trace the circumference of the large plain, which I had admired from the fummit of the rifing ground at Udjek, and from the Cape of Jeni- chehr. I * lliad. vi. 433. xi. 167. xxii. 145, 22 DESCRIPTION OF THE I soon dcfcended into a delightful valley, which the Turks call Tbimbrei-Deré, the Valley of Tbimbrek. This valley termi- nâtes by a wide opening into the large plain. I had begun to afcend towards the fource of the rivulet which runs through it, when I was ftopped on its left bank, near the village of Halel- Eli, by an immenfe heap of ruins, amidfl which I obferved fome bafs-reliefs, columns, capirals, entablature9 and infcrip- tions. Without examining whether the monument which had formerly exifted at that place was a temple, or any other édi- fice ; and being hard preffed at the famé time by the threats of the inhabitants of the neighbouring village, who fufpedled I was fearching for treafures among thofe ruins, I haflily col- lecled ail the infcriptions, under the full perfuafion that fome of them might contain the characler of the monument, or at leaft furnifh me with the means of difcovering it. One of thofe infcriptions makes mention of a filver flatue, de- dicated to Jupiter by Diocletian or Maximian ; another, of a flatue erecled to Augustus, in the name of the inhabitants of Ilium, and of forty cities of Afia, which joined in celebrating the feftivals ; a third was carved at the pedeftal of a flatue of one Attalus, a celebrated wrefller,of whom iEscHiNES'fpeaks in his letter concerning the Troad ' ; a fourth contains the céré- monial of the feflival of the Panathenaea ; and the laft of ail is an expreffion of homageto Apollo by the inhabitants of llium. Thèse * Letter x. See Reiske's Edition of the Greek Orator% Vol, iii. p. 679. Alfc Oeuvres complettes de Demosthene et d'EscHiNE, traduites en François, par M. l'Abbé Auger, Tom. ii. 2 partie, p. 638. D. PLAINOFTROY. 23 Thèse infcriptions would hâve been fufBcient for afcertain- ing the nature of the monument whofe ruins I was furveying ; but the ftyle of the archite<5lure, and the plan of the building, which I decyphered with no great difficulty, completely con- vinced me that I had met with a temple. It was of the Doric order, at leaft its outfide was fo. The columns were eighteen inches diameter. Some Corinthian capitals which were fcat- tered up and down, made me fufpeét that the internai décora- tion might hâve been of that order. After I had got free from the anxiety occafioned by the inhabitants of Halil-Eli, while 1 was going over the ruins of the temple, I proceeded to afcertain the fource of the rivu- let which runs through the valley of Thimbrek ; and I after- wards traced it to the place of its difcharge into the great tor- rent of the plain which the Turks call Menderé. Again I approached the banks of that large river which feems to flow down from the upper extremity of the extenflve plain, a great part of which I had already encompafled. I undertook the tafk of afcending to its fource, and of obferving the other ftreams which it might receive in its progrefs. It was an ar- duous attempt, as there was a neceflîty for refolving fcrupuloully to trace ail its windings, to bid défiance to marfhes, brambles and difficulties of ail kinds, which were to be encountered at every ftep. The Turk too who acted as my guide, was ex- tremely lavifh in a difplay of unequivocal figns of compagnon for me. He looked upon me as very foolifh for coming fo far to expofe myfelf to fo many fatigues and dangers in queft of ruined buildings and fources of rivers. " Infidel," would he frequently 24 DESCRIPTION OF THE frequently fay, " Haft thou no rivers and rubbifli of old houfes ** in thy own country ?" After walking for about an hour, I obferved on the right the bed of a fmall river, at that time dry, and covered with plants and turf. I entered it, and made good my way, till I ar- rived at the banks of that beautiful rivulet which I had pafled in coming down from the village of Erkeflighi. I then no longer had any doubt that this ftream had formerly flowed into the large river, as I had at firfl fuppofed, and that the new canal in which it now runs was artificial. My guide perceiving how much I was interefted in obtain- ing a knowledge of the fburces and the mouths of rivers, in- formed me, that the origin of this beautiful current was at no great diftance. He even pointed out to me with his finger a thicket of trees with green foliage, at the extremity of the plain, from which he affured me that it iflued. Instead of proceeding immediately to examine the truth of his aflertion, I returned towards the large river, till I came to the fpot where I had left it ; and I had not advanced upwards along its banks a hundred paces, when I obferved the ruins of a bridge built of hewn ftone, and of fuch finifhed architecture, that it muft hâve been the work of the ancients. Fronting thefe remains, on the right of the river, I faw another rifing ground of the famé kind with thofe I had already difcovered, but in a much more ruinous condition ; it was even requiiite to be as well accuftomed as I was to the fight of fuch monu- ments to enable any one to diftinguifh its ancient Ihape amidft the wreck. Being PLAIN OF TRÔY. 2$ Being now perfectly convinced by the foregoing obferva- tions, that the two rivers had formerly united their waters in the vicinity of the ruins of the bridge, I then direcled my way towards the fource which my guide had pointed out to me. I prefently reached the banks of the little river, the tranfpa- rency of whofe water ftruck me more and more. It runs with great rapidity upon a bottom of fand and round pebbles, be- twixt two verdant banks, which are never overflowed, and which in the fpring are adorned with flowers. The bridge over which I pafled, confifted of an old willozv, flretched acrofs from the one bank to the other, near a mill, where I found a great number of Turks employed in catching ee/s. It is eafy to imagine the number of circumftances which the différent features of this beautiful rill called to my remem- brance, and the eagernefs which feized me to vifit its fource. Nothing can equal the pleafure and the furprife I felt, when, af- ter I had traverfed a great plain without meeting with a fingle tree, I found myfelf in the midft of a little foreft of willows, weeping willows, afli-trees and poplars, extending ail the way to the foot of the low hills which bound that plain. The fubftance of which thefe hills are formed, is a fort of pudding- ftone, which, at firft fight, has quite the appearance of mafonry. The pièces of which it confifts, are faftened to- gether by a fort of cernent of a reddifh colour ; and Nature hath fo exaclly imitated Art on this occafion, that a very mi- nute degree of obfervation is requifite for detecling the dé- ception. A number of fprings of limpid water fpout forth from the crevices in the rock, and form the fmall marlh ob- fervable in the adjacent valley, before they unité into one cur- D rent. 26 DESCRIPTION OF THE rent. Near fome of thefe crevices, I obferved certain ruins of walls, the perfecl: folidity of whofe conftrudion clearly évinces them tô hâve been the work of a more induftrious people than the Turks. On the road which leads to the neighbouring village, about forty paces from the hill juft mentioned, I found a folitary fpring, difcharging its waters in great abundance from the bottom of a bafon, whofe borders confifted of two pilafters of granité, and a great many pièces of marble. When I after- wards vifited the place about the end of September, a thick fmoke arofe over this fountain, and overfpread the furrounding trees and gardens. On immerfing my hand in it at that time, I found it warm; but my guide affured me that it was much warmer about the middle of winter. It is eafy to conceive that fprings fo copious muft be the means of increafing the fertility of the contiguous grounds. Ac- cordingly, after being divided into a variety of fmall ftreams, in order to water feveral delightful gardens, where the growth of ail forts of leguminous vegetables and fruits is thus promoted, ail thefe ftreams afterwards unité into one channel, which is bordered with a profufion of tall reeds» I advanced upwards to the village by a pleafant and eafy afcent, rifing imperceptibly from the plain, and prefently pafTed through a fpacious burying-ground, where each of the tombs is adorned with a column of marble or of granité ; and I per- ceived near the Mofque, a large bench of Parian marble, fup- ported by two props, one of which is a triglyph in the chafteft ftyle. Hère, faid I, are évident monuments of Art. Might not there formerly hâve been fome important city on this hill ? The vicinity of a fertile plain, and of the fine fprings which I hâve PLAIN OF TROY. 27 hâve juft viiited, in a country where water is fo fcarce, would undoubtedly hâve been a powerful allurement to its founders. The name Bounar or Pounar-Bachi, head of the fountain, which the Turks give to this village, is a literal tranflation of the Greek word Kgovvoç, which I remember to hâve met with in Homer, when he is defcribing the fources of the Scamander. — But ftill it is too foon to be making applications. Let us continue to eollec~t facls, and then inftitute a mutual comparifon of the objects we hâve difcovered. It is as efTential to know their fi- tuation and their relative diftance, as their abfolute qualities. In continuing to climb the hill, which rifes, as I hâve alrea/- dy faid, from the level of the plain, and which reaches near a mile beyond the village of Bounar-Bachi, I ftopped fhort fud- denly upon the abrupt borders of a précipice of an aftoniflnng height. The torrent which flows beneath is the famé that runs through the plain. When it cornes down with violence, its waters overflow the narrow valley, bounded on each fide by huge rocks, which feem to hâve been defigned by nature to confine its impetuofity. When it is dried up, the inhabitants of the neighbouring villages avail themfelves of that lucky in- terval to cultivate its banks, rendered fertile at the expence of thofe régions on which it hath committed its déprédations. From the fummit of that high ground, to which the Turks give the name of Balli-dahi^ mmintain of boney, on account of the numerous fwarms of bées which fréquent the rocks of which it is compofed, I obtained a view of the whole extent of the large plain. It feemed to me of a femi-circular fhape. Of the two chains of hills which furround it, one appears to run in a direction towards the promontory of Jeni-chehr, and the D 2 . other 28 DESCRIPTION OF THE other towards the point of Iti-Tapé-Gheulu. That part of thc hills to the right, which reaches between the villages of Aktcbé and Tchiblak, is more cheerful and more agreeable than the reft. I defcried at a diftance the iflands of Tenedos and lm- bros, Samothrace and Lemnos, the high top of mount Athos, and the Thracian Cherfonefus beyond the Hellefpont. While I was admiring the advantages of this fituation, and the beauty of the profpecls, my attention was attracled by a new objecl which prefented itfelf to my view. The wind blew from the fouth with great violence, of which I had alrea- dy felt the effects in the plain, but which became more impe- tuous the farther I advanced upon the eminence of Balli-dahi, which ail around was expofed to the fury of every blaft, with- out affording the fmallefl fhelter. The Turkifh fleet taking the advantage of this favourable gale, was doubling the Cape of Jeni-chehr with full fail, and entering the mouth of the Hel- lefpont. It was commanded by Hassan Pacha, who was returning viclorious from Egypt. With a handful of men, and by the terrors of his name, he had defeated the numerous army of the Mamalukes, he had eut off the rebel Beys, was carrying their treafures to Conftantinople, and leading their wives into captivity. In this manner are the cofFers of the Grand Seignior filled. It is thus, by repeated feenes of mafïacre, that the inceffant wants of an immenfe Empire are fupplied, whofe foie law is the will of a favage Defpot, and whofe only refources are the fruits of extortion. Thèse melancholy refleclions were not the fubject of my thoughts at that time. I did not know that the fleet of the cruel Hassan was loaded with unfortunate captives. If I had been PLAIN OF TROY. 29 been acquaintedwith this circumftance,inftead of being charmed with the fight of thofe beautiful veffels, I fhould only hâve felt émotions of horror. When this fleet had got beyond the Cape, I refumed my obfervations, and remarked with furprife, that I was fur- rounded with four hillocks, perfectly refembling ail thofe I had difcovered on my journey. One of them, however, ap- peared to hâve fomething fingular in its conftru&ion. On ap- proaching it, I perceived that it did not confift, like the others, of a heap of earth covered with green - turf, but of an enor- mous mafs of fmall ftones piled upon one another promifcu- oufly. Its conical fhape had evidently undergone an altération, and attempts appeared to hâve been made to penetrate into the infide of it, with a view to explore its contents. This was not ail. On examining carefully the furface of the rock of Balli-dahi, I diftinguiftied foundations of ancient buildings, the mafonry of which had affumed the confidence of the rock itfelf. Are not thefe the foundations of fome ancient city ? and are not the columns of marble or of granité which decorate the neighbouring tombs, the ruins of its tem- ples and its palaces ? I had then no rightr to décide in the affirm- ative, nor did I allow myfelf even to prefume that this had been the café ; but I was at leaft entitled to aver, that if a city ever exifted on this fpot, it had the advantage of being fîtuate at the extremity of a large and fertile plain, in the vicinity of water, pure, wholefome and copious ; that it was environed almoft on every fide with formidable précipices, which rendered it im- pregnable, and that no fltuation was ever more favourable for the conftru&ion of a city. A 3° DESCRIPTION OF THE A quarter of a league to the fouth-eaft of Bounar-Bachî, lies the village of Arabler. The hill which projecls betwixt thefe two villages, and which faces the plain, is the only place where it is pofîible to corne at the height of Bounar-Bachi, which on every fide is encompafled with précipices. As the torrent of Menderé was dried up when I went down to its banks, I determined to walk within its channel, and, fcram- bling over trunks of trees and rocks, borne down by the impe- tuofity of the current, to trace it up to the fource. Willows, poplars and plane trees- are to be feen growing there amidfl the havock and deftruction which furround them ; and though half torn away from the roots, they flill are ofFering to the fea- fon, perhaps for the lad time, the tribute of a ftinted ver- dure'. After having walked for near nve hours between the two chains of abrupt rocks which border the valley, I came into a plain not near fo large as that which I had left behind me, and at the entry into which there is a confiderable village, called by the Turks Inê or Ené. The wooden bridge which conducls paiïengers into this place, is fupported by two columns of gra- nité. The walls of the caravanferay are covered with Greek infcriptions, but which it is impofTible to decypher. Every circumflance feems to indicate that this village has been built upon the ruins of fome ancient city j and there adlually was one in this part of the country, which Strabo calls JEneas, a name eafily recognifed in that of Ené. He fays that this town was at the diftance of fifty ftadia from Palœfcepfis \ Thf * Ste Wood's Dtfcription of theTroade, p. 325. 3 Geograph. lib. xiù. p. yoo. PLAINOFTROY. 31 The torrent whîch walhes the walls of the village of Ené, and which difcharges itfelf into the Menderé, takes its rife near the village of Baharlar, five hours journey to the fouth- ward. It is dried up a great part of the year, and the country through which it pafles is mountainous and rugged. Might not this, however, be the Scamander, fo celebrated in the poems of Homer? It is plain that its waters unité with thofe of another torrent, which anfwers tothe defcription of the rapid Simois ; and it is well known that a junction formerly took place betwixt thofe rivers. But, on farther refleclion, I cannot allow myfelf to be of this opinion ; for the fources of the ftream in queftion are at the diftance of fifteen leagues from the fea, and from the fliips of the Greeks. Befides, how could the battles which were actually fought in a plain betwixt the banks of two rivers, be fuppofed to be fought among impaya- ble mountains. No fort of confidence could be repofed in an obferver who {hould not find himfelf at a ftand with thefe diffi- culties which Homer throws in his way, but who, determined, cofl what it would, to find a Scamander, fhould call to his aid the convulfions of nature, and, rather than renounce extrava- gant fyftems, make her bring forth mountains'. In a tedious and toilfome excurfion which I made in the neighbourhood of Ené, and to the fources of the torrent I hâve mentioned, I met with nothing very interefting. I only had an opportunity of obferving fome ruins at the village of Ejkuptchu, which l took for the ancient Palcefcepfis; a filver mine, which Strabo really places thereabouts % and at the village ' See Wood's Defcription of the Troade, pqfftm- ' Geograph. lib. xiii. p. 900. 32 DESCRIPTION OF THE village of Kemalli, a Latin infcription in honour of Dru* 8U8. I returned to Ené, and continued myjourney, conftantly tracing the bed of the Menderé, towards the high mountain whence I was afïured that it iiïued. On my way, I faw the différent villages of Baloukli, of Kefil and of Tehiaouch, and at laft I arrived at that of Auâgiler or the Hunters, fituate at the foot of the mountain which I was fo long in queft of, at the expence of every fort of fatigue and danger. For it is to be obferved, that ail Highlanders are not alike, and in particular thofe of the Troad are not near fb traclable or fo gentle as thofe of Switzerland, or of the north of Scotland. This mountain, called by the Turks Kas-Dabi, the mountain of the goofe, compofes a part of the long chain of Ida, which extends from north to fouth, and whofe branches projecT: with a graduai declivity to the eaft and weft. This is the famé mount Cotylns, from which Strabo, mifinformed by Deme- TRius, makes the Scamander to flow down, which he con- founds with the Simois 1 , as I (hall afterwards fhew. While I was taking meafures for reaching the fummit, and my guides were converfing with me about the périls to which they were to be expofed in conducling me thither, a dreadful fall of rain obliged me to put off that great undertaking. It behoved me to wait full three days till the foot-paths became paffable. I then fet out on my way through woods, abounding in fallow-deer and ail forts of game, which makes the chief nou- rifhment and commerce of the village of Audgiler^ whofe inha- bitants ' Geograph. lib. siii. p. 898. PLAINOFTROY. 33 bitants are ail Hunters. After having afcended for four hours, and pafTed over many torrents, which, being fwoln by the late rains, rolled their foaming waters at the bottom of précipices, .1 at laft reached.the fummit of that mountain, which Homer has fo well defcribed when he fpeaks of it as " difcharging " from its receffes a multitude of copious ftreams, and as " abounding in variety of game '." Ye Painters and Poets ! who are proud of your perform- ances, I long to greet you on a fine day, on the fummit of Ida. Corne hither, dafh your pencils in defpair againfl thefe nobleft " patterns of excelling Nature," and learn to be humble. Compare, if you are prefumptuous enough, your pitiful pro- ductions with her fublime works. Are you not confounded, — annihilated, before the magnificence and the inimitable va- riety of the objecls which fhe difplays to your view ? Which of you will attempt to paint me thisferene and azuré fky, ftreaked with light and floating clouds ? this formidable mafs of accumulated mountains, the dazzling luftre of the fnow which crowns their tops, the awful height of the préci- pices, the roaring of the torrent dafhing againfh the rocks, thefe thickets of fhrubs incumbent over the water, which, in refleéting their image from its furface, is tinged with a verdant hue, thefe prodigious blocks of granité, of which fome are fufpended over the head of the traveller, and others, already loofened from the mountain, feem to totter on the brink of the précipice ; the demolifhed tops of the inferior hills refembling the troubled billows of a raging fea, the many rivers which traverfe the valleys and plains in their courfe, and thofe two E immenfe 1 See Iliad. viii. 47. xi. 183. xiv. 157. 283. &c. 34 DESCRIPTION OF THE immenfe feas, the vEgean and the Propontis, whofe waters y ftruck by the rays of the fun, feem to kindle the two oppofite extremities of the horizon ? You may indeed, like ail men of fenfibility, expérience a. complète enjoyment of thefe beauties ; your heart may be fuf- ceptible of the immenfe variety of fenfations excited by the view of fuch a fcene ; but your colours are too faint for repre- fenting them, and the extent of your canvas is too limited to contain them ; you may in your works furpafs rivais lefs fuc- cefsful than yourfelves, but hope not that you are ever to reach the Sublime of Nature ! C H A P. PLAIN OF TROY. 35 C H A P. V. Second and third Voyage from Confiant inople to Troy. THough I hâve hitherto abftained from pafïing any judg- ment, and from determining my opinions, refpedting the greateft part of the objects which hâve occupied my attention, yet it may be perceived how very difficult it muft hâve been to fuperfede the recollerions which could not but occur to my memory, and to withftand the évidence arifing from the appli- cations which I might hâve made. I obtained glimpfes of im- portant difcoveries ; but they were ftill detached, and not yet properly arranged for entering into a fyftem. From mount Ida I went to Conftantinople. When I fpoke there of my travels in the Troad, and the extraordinary con- jectures I had formed, I was fufpected of lunacy. What they called my Tombs and my Scamander, afforded much mirth. But this pleafantry, though at my expence, did not make me lofe heart. I foon returned to the Troad in company with M. Ca- zas, one of the moft expert draughtfmen in Europe, who had then arrived from Palmyra ; and who is juft now at Rome, em- ployée! in preparing a valuable addition to the work of Mr WOOD. We left Conftantinople together, on board a Greek veffel, the Captain of which, then far advanced in life, had navigated the Archipelago from his infancy. I availed myfelf of his in- E 2 formation, $6 DESCRIPTION OF THE formation, when in the Hellefnont, to enable me to afcercain the fituation of Lampfacus, the havens pf Seftos and Abydos, tlie ancient Dardanus, and ail the rivers which difembogue themfelves into that famous lirait. But this is not the place for giving any account of my labours in that quarter of Greece. At prefent I hâve conflned myfelf merely to the Defcription of the Plain of Troy. The fcene of the Iliad, though circum- fcribed within narrow bounds, is fufncient to engrofs my whole attention. M. Cazas and I arrived at Koum-Kalé at the very time when the fun was fetting behind the peak of Mount Athos. The fky was ferene and without a cloud. The azuré colour of the tops of Imbros and Samothrace formed an admirable con- traft to the long fbreams of light which the fun darted athwart the pureft fky. This view recalled to my mind what I had formerly read in Pli^y, and confidered as a fable. It is pre- tended by that Naturalift, that the fhadow of Mount Athos, at certain times of the year, extends as far as the market- place of Myrina, a city of the ifland of Lemnos, at the dîftance of eighty-feven miles from that mountain'. The teflimony of Pliny in fupport of this facl, did not ap- pear to me to be entitled to a greater degree of crédit than the affertion of Strabo, who affirms, that thofe who inhabit the fummit of the famé mountain, fee the rifing fun three hours fopner than the inhabitants of the fea-coaft 1 . I was very much difpofed to reckon thefe affertions equally incredibîe. until look» ing towards the weft, I obferved an immenfe fliadow {haped like « H'tft. Nat. lib. iv. cap. xxiii. Chandler's Travels in Afia Miner, p. 23. * Geograph. l;b. vii. p. 510. PLAINOFTROY. 37 like a cône, whofe point was at the top of Mount Athos, and its bafe, horizontally projected, feemed to be in contact with the furface of the fea, and to extend towards the illand of Lemnos. In a few féconds, this fhadow, mounting into the atmofphere, was difperfed, gradually lofing its fhape, as the fun defcended below the horizon. Nothing farther was requifite to convince me that Pliny was in the right ; but the affertion of Strabo can never be juflified 1 . The vigilance of the Turks had the appearance of being a great obftacle to the geographical opérations which I was going to fet on foot. With a view to obviate this, I fell upon a con- trivance, in confequence of which I was permitted to difplay my apparatus in every part of the coxintry, without fuffering the fmalleft inconvenience. I erecled my graphometer boldly un- der the very guns of the caftle. The ' Janizaries immediately fîocked around me. Without feeming to be intimidated with their prefence, I endeavoured to fix their attention upon the coropafs of the graphometer, the compafs being an instrument with * In juftice however to Strabo, it ought to be remarked that the latter part of the feventh book of his Geography, which contained a Defcription of Macedon and Thrace, is now loft. This the editors hâve endeavoured to fupply from an Epitomê of his work, or Xj>iirri!//«S««i, Excerpts from it, fuppofed to hâve been compiled by foine perfbn, now unknown, betwixt the 976th and oo6th year of the Chriltian sera, and firli printed in Greek along with the Periplus of Hanno and Arrian, together with Plutarch's treatiie on Rwers and Mountain*, by Gelenlus, in 4to, at Eqfil, in 1533. SeeFABRicn Bib. Gr. Vol. iv. p. 5. The aflertion alluded to is taken from this Epitomê, and is contained in the tollowing words : 'En S' 'ASuv ïfoç pturoniéi' 'oi,Lxxim' i\n\atx-sin' i ci t>.» xofvÇh' oixsvt!;, oçii'o-t toi ijMov atUTfhXena. 7rçi ôiçà» y. tS; \t t» itxçx' ta. à.u.To'Afi<;. Atbo IS'a rnoun- tain of a cortical Jhape, very acute and very bigh, the inhabitanls of wbofe fummit fie the Sun rijîng three hours before bis rife upon the f.a-coaft. P. 510. Edit. Amlt, 1707. D- 3 8 DESCRIPTION OF THE with which they are acquainted from its ufe in navigation ; and I requefted their permiflion to adjuft it before I put to fea. The Turks pofTefs a large fhare of confidence and credulity, attached to their great character and the refult of their profound igno- ance. Every one of the Janizaries fhewed an eagernefs to aflift me. One carried the foot of the infiniment, another the chain, a third the pôles, and ail of them joined in aiding me to ac- complifh a work for which they would hâve impaled me if they had known its pernicious effets. This ftratagem I employed with equal fuccefs in every other part of the Troad. M. Cazas defigned ail the monuments ; but he abftained at the time from introducing the figures into his fketches, after an Emir ' had demonftrated to him, with a threatening and exafperated air, that he would be anfwerable to God for ail the little men which he engendered with his pencil. This fécond tour, and a third, which I made in the Troad, ftill furnilhed me with new ideas, and enabled me to correct the miftakes I had committed in the firft. * A particular fedt of Turks who believe that they are of the family of Mahomet, acd who are for that reafon prouder and more fanatical than the others. CHAP. PLAINOFTROY. 39 C H A P. VI. Account of the mqft célébrât ed Travellers, bot h ancient and modem, who bave vifited the Plain of Troy. IT is now rime, Gentlemen, to make you acquainted with the opinions and conjectures I hâve formed refpeéling the différent objecis above defcribed. But that you may be pre- pared for admitting them without reluclance, and without be- ing furprifed at their fingularity, I will, in the firft place, avail myfelf of fupport derived from the teftimony of the mofi ce- lebrated travellers both ancient and modem» It is well known that the long war which was carried on at Troy, is not a poetical fiction, but a hiflorical facV. For the fpace of ten years, the Greeks were employed in laying^wafte the coaft of Afia, together with the adjacent iflands. The ca- pital of the Trojan territory was not always the immédiate fub- jec"t of their dilputes. They, no doubt, ufed to afTail it occa- fionally, but they do not appear to hâve attacked it in full force till the tenth year of the war. Whether it was really taken, or, as fome hiftorians prétend, bafïled ail the efforts of the Greeks, I cannot take upon me to décide j but certain it is, that, during that laft campaign, there perifhed on both fides a great number of illuftrious warriors, to whofe memory, according to cuftom, monuments were erecled on the very field of battle. Thr 5 Ane. Univerf. Hift. Book I. ch. 13. Herodot. Lib. ii. 40 DESCRIPTION OF THE The interefting nature of this war muft, while it lafted, hâve occafioned a gênerai commotion in Greece and in Afîa ; and, after its termination, the chieftains and the men who bore an active part in it, on their return to their native land, muft hâve made it the fubjecT: of their rehearfals, and the fountain of their renown. History and Poetry immediately feized on thefe great events, and tranfmitted them to pofterity. Dictys of Crète, and Dares of Phrygia, are faid to hâve been the firft who gave a hiftorical détail of that war in which they themfelves had been actually engaged 1 . The ' The narratives, howcver, which pal''; under thefe names, are juflly exploded as fpu- rious by the Ltarned. The real author of the pirformance now infcribed with the name of Dictys of Crète, is fuppoftd to hâve lived in the time of Constantine, or not very long after. He probably aiïlimed this name, in conlequence of the report which prevailed, that a perfon focalled had accompanied Idomeneus, Kirig of Crète, to theTrojan war, and committed to writing the facls which happencd thtre ; of many of which he had been an eye-witnefs. Tzetzes alTerts that this was the author whom Homer followed. Chil. 5. hijl. 30. With refpecl to the vvork in queftion now extant in Latin, it has been fuppofcd to be a tranflation by Q^Septimius, a Roman. Vossius is of opinion that it is an ori- ginal performance, but that the amhor had read the Greek writers with great care. The ftyle is not inélégant. The ftory of a fifluxe of the earth having happened in the ifland of Crète, and having difclofed the tomb of Dictys, whtre his Hiftory of the Trojan war, written in Phcenician characters and depofited in r. leaden calket, was found by Ihepherds, is a palpable fkuon. It is pretended that the other performance now extant, and which bears the name of Dares the Phrygian, is a tranflation done hy Cornélius Nepos, according to a Let- ter commonly prefixed to 'he work, and addrefled to Sallust. But this Letter, and the work itfclf, are equally fpurious, and by no means worthy of the pen of the Author of the Lives of the excellent Commuiders. Dares, the prieft of Vulcan, is mentioned by Homer. nearthe beginning of the fifth hook ot the lliad ; alfo his two fon> Phegbus and 1d/EU9, the former of whom was flain b) Diombde, but ihe latter was refeued by Volcan. See PLAIN OF TROY. 41 The warriors who had perifhed under the walls of Troy, immediately partook of Divine honours. The tomb of Achil- le s fmoked with incenfe, and the plain of Troy became a fpa- cious temple, where ftrangers from ail nations confidered it as a religious duty to offer facrifices previous to their entering the Hellefpont. Methinks I behold the great Homer, at his firft arrivai on that famous coaft, doing the noblefl of ail homage to the fhade of Achilles. I fee him walking with a grave and thoughtful mien, between the banks of the Simois and the Scamander. His eye, " in a fine frenzy rolling, glances" over ail the fur- rounding objecls * ; a thoufand fcenes at once occur to his re- collection ; his heart melts ; his imagination catches fire ; the plan of the lliad is formed. Ut Ducis implevit vifus veneranda vetuflas — LucAN.Pharf. Lib. ix. 987, When long the Chief his vvand'ring eyes had caft On ancient monuments of âges paft— Rowe. Sec the Editions of thefe authors in ufum Delphini, by the learned Madame Dacier, par- ticularly that printed at Amfterdam in 1702 j to which is prefixed a Diflertation con- cerning Dictts, by Perizonius. See alfo jSllian. Var. Hift. Lib. xi. cap. 2. where it is faid that Dares the Phrygian exifled before Homer, and wrote a Phrygian.Iliad, which was estant in .£lian's time. D. 1 If Homer was blind, it is generally allowed that he was fa only in his old âge. " Homer," fays Madame Dacier, " has painted to the life a vaft number of circum- " fiance , of which he would never hâve had the leaft knowledge, if he had not had " very good eyes." Pref. to her tranflation of the lliad. D. F 42 DESCRIPTION OF THE 1 take Herodotus to be, next after Homer, the mofl an- cient author who lias given us any account of the Troad. Ac- cording to that hiflorian, the plain and places conriguous to Troy, were, long after the war, a fubject of contention betwixt the Athenians and the Mityleneans. The latter maintained, that their right to poffefs the Troad was as well founded as that of the other Greeks, who, along with Menelaus, had con- tributed to obtain the reftitution of Helen x . I find no proof that this Father of Hiflorians had ever made a journey to Troy ; but at leaft I can aver, that his de- fcription of the march of Xerxes "perfeclly agrées with my Map. " Xerxes's army," fays he, " on quitting Lydia, conti- " nued their march to the river Caïcus 2 and the territory of " Myfia; and then leaving mount Cana' on the left, they pro- " ceeded from the Caïcus by Atornis 4 to the city of Carina*. " Thence they marched through the plain of Thebé ', paffing " by the city of Adramyttium 7 and the Pelafgic Antandros 8 ; " and * Herodot. Lib. v. cap. 93. 1 A river of Myfia, to the north of the Hermus. It difcharges itfelf into the fea near the city of Elœa, oppofite the ifland of Lefbos. 3 A mountain fituate, according to Herodotus, to the north.weft of the river Caïcus. 4 A fmall town nearly oppofite to the ifland of Lefhos. s A town of Myfia to the north of Atornis. 6 A town fituate to the fouth of the city of Troy, called alfo Hypoplacia, and men. tioned repeatedly by Homer. It was the native place of Andromache. See Iliad. i. 366. vi. 397. txc] 7 A maritime town, with a haven, fituate a little to the north of the above mentioned places. 8 A city of the Troad to the north-wefl of Adramyttium. The left branch of the range of mount Ida reached near it. PLAINOFTROY. 43 " and then advancing towards the left branch of mount Ida*, " they entered the Trqjan territory. While they remained en- " camped ail night at the foot of that mountain, a dreadful " ftorm, accompanied with thunder and lightning, deftroyed a " confiderable number of the men. When the army arrived " at the Scamander, it was the firft river they had met with " fince they marched from Sardes, whofe ftream was imme- " diately exhaufted, and found infufficient to fupply the men " and the fumpter beafts with drink. When Xerxes arrived at " this river, he went up to the citadel of Pria m, being very " defirous to take a view of the place. When he had furveyed " it, and learned ail the particulars concerning it, he facrificed " a thoufand oxen to Minerva Iliasj and the Magi poured out " libations to the heroes. After thefe cérémonies, an alarm " fpread through the camp the enfuing night. At day-break " the army marched from thence, having on the left the cities " of Rhxtéum, Ophrynéum and Dardanus, which is contiguous " to Abydos ; and on the right the Gergithae-Teucrians *." ^schines the orator went to Troy out of mère curiofity, and to fearch for the monuments mentioned in the Iliad. He was accompanied in the journey by a young man called Cimon, the levity and imprudence of whofe deportment hindered F 2 him ' This is certainly the meaning of ri» lh» ai h*$ùi U é^is-sçi» X^*, — and not " having " Ida on the left," according to the common way of rendering it. For it was impoflïble that the army of Xerxes, marching along the coaft from Sardes to Abydos, could hâve Mount Ida on the left. Befides, if that had been the meaning, the hilforian would hâve faid î> àpis-fgi, as immediately above, and alfo a little below. Xle is u(ed mttaphorically to fignify a branch or arm of the range of hills of which Ida is compofed. D. 1 Eîi-oifSTo o't Ti» itti U tïs Avii'vs 'a fçarc; x. t. A, Herodot. Lib. vii. cap. 42. 44 DESCRIPTION OF THE him from executing his defign, and even expofed him to thc greatefl dangers. The adventure, which obliged them both to leave the Troad with ail poffible expédition, is much to be re- gretted. It istold very particularly in the tenth of the Letters afcribed to tEschines, to which I muft beg leave to refer the curious reader'. " When Alexander" (according towhat has been collecled from various ancient authors by Freinshemius, in his Supplé- ment to Quintus Curtfus) " arrived at Seftos, he com- " manded Par me ni o to proceed with the greateft part of hi$ " troops to Abydos on the oppofke {hore, having allotted for " this fervice an hundred and fixty gallies, with a great num- " ber of tranfports. Himfelf, at the head of the reft, marches " to Eleus, a place facred to Protesilaus, whofe fepulchre " under a mound of earth had been conftructed there, and " furrounded by a plantation of elms, pofTefTed of a miraculous " quality. The leaves which fpring forth in the early time of " the day from the boughs that are turned towards Troy, im- " mediately fall off, while the others retain an uniform ver- " dure ; and they are thus fancied to reprefent the hard fate of " that hero, who having, in the flower of his âge, accompanied " his countrymen into Afia, was the firft victim of the Trojan " war. On this occafion, Alexander performed funeral ho- " nours to his mânes, praying that his own lot might be more " aufpicious when he Ihould reach the hoftile fhore. He then " failed * See the note on p. 22 M. l'Albê Augir, the tranflator of Demosthenes, &c. thinks that three of thefe letters, v:z. the eventh and the two laft are not genuine j and Dr Taylor, the eduor of Demosthiines and ^scuines, is decidedly of opinion that they are ail fpurious. D. PLAINOFTROY. 45 " failed with fifty veiïels for Sigéum and the Grecian haven, fo 11 called becaufe it had received the Grecian fhips in the time " of the Trojan war. When he reached the middle of the " Hellefpont, acling as the pilot of his own fhip, he facrificed " a bull to Neptune and the Nereids, and he caft into the " deep, as a gift to the fea gods, the golden vafe out of which " he had poured a libation. When the fleet arrived at the " haven, the King, throwing a fpear upon the fliore, leaped 11 forth foremoft with great dexterity, and called the gods to " witnefs, That with their ajfijlance he claimed the pqffejjion of Jifia " by ajujl and honourable war. Then altars were erecled upon " the fpot where he had difembarked, to Jupiter the Protector, " to Minerva and Hercules. He alfo commanded altars to " be eredted in that part of Europe whence he had fet fail. " He next proceeded into the fields where the feat of ancient " Troy was ftill pointed out ; and there, while he was exploring " with avidity the monuments of heroic achievements, an in- " habitant of the place tendered to him the Lyre of Paris. " / fet no value, faid he, upon an injlrumeni which minijlers to la- " fciviou/hefs and JJothj but give me the lyre of Achilles, who " founded the praifes of heroes with the famé h and by which hefur- " P a lF e d their exploits. For as he was accuftomed to admire 11 Achilles, and to glory in his defcent from that hero, he " ftripped himfelf, and ran with his friends quite naked round " his tomb ; he even anointed it, and adorned it with a crown. " Hephjestion too crowned the tomb of Patroclus, as an *' emblem that the friendlhip which fubhfted between himfelf " and Alexander, was as ardent as that which Patroclus " had borne to Achilles. Amidft the variety of difcourfe " which 4 6 DESCRIPTION OF THE " which the character of that hero fuggefted, the King re- " marked, Tbat Achilles appeared to be donbly fortunate, in ba- " ving found afaitbful f ri end zvhile be lived, and an excellent poet " to celebrate bis praifes a/ter bis death. Alexander likewife " made oblations to the other heroes, whofe tombs are to be " feen in thofe régions ' ." When the Romans went over into Afia in order to drive An- tiochus out of the country which he poflefTed on this fide of Mount Taurus, they vvere not indiffèrent to the attractions of that territory from whence their chief men pretended to dérive their origin. But the cruel Fi m b ri a fliewed a difpofition the reverfe of that of his countrymen. Having affumed the comrnand of the army, in confequence of the death of Valerius Flaccus the Conful, whom he had caufed to be flain in Bithynia, he ad- vanced foon after to Ilium. The Trojans fhut their gâtes at his approach, but fent deputies to Sylla, offering to fubmit to that General. Sylla advifed them to fubmit to Fimbria, and promifed foon to corne to their relief, encouraging them, by putting them in mind that the Romans were originally defcend- ed from the Trojans. At the famé time, he fent a meffage to Fimbria, defiring him to ufe the Trojans with lenity. But this mandate of Sylla piqued the haughty Fimbria, who im- mediately befieged the town, took it on the eleventh day, and boafted that he had, in fo fhort a time, made himfelf mafter of a city which Agamemnon, with a thoufand mips, had em- ployed ten years in fubduing. " Yes," replied one of the Trojan inhabitants, " but we had not a Hector to défend us." Fimbria 1 Supplément, in Q^Curtium . Lib. II. cap. 3. P L A I N O F TROY. 47 Fi M bri A razcd the city to the ground, and maflacred every one of the inhabitants who fell in his way '. Sylla having made peace with Mithridates, led his army againft Fimbria, who being foon reduced to a defperate fituation, laid violent hands on himfelf. Sylla endeavoured to afFord fome confo- lation to the diflrefTed Trojans, and honoured them with many marks of his favour. C-Esar, a rival worthy of Alexander, and who even imi- tated him in his admiration of Homer, wifhed to renew the alliance which connedted him with the Trojans. He granted to them many privilèges, and loaded them with benefits. If we may believe the Author of Tbe Pharfalia, that warrior, while he was in purfuit of Pompey, penetrated into the Troad, with the defign to examine the monuments to be feen there. Sigeafque petit famœ mirator arenas, Et Simoentis aquas, et Graio nobile bujlo Rhœtion, et multum debentes vatibus umbras. Lucan. Pharf. ix. 961. From hence the curious Vidtor paffing o'er, Admiring, fought the famed Sigœan fhore. There might he tombs of Grecian Chiefs behold, Renown'd in facred verfe by Bards of old. Rowe. Pompey carried off the ftatue of Ajax which adorned the temple ere&ed near his tomb, and conveyed it into Egypt. AUGUSTUS * Strabo, p. 887, 888. Edit. Amft. 1707. Ane. Univ. Hift. Vol. IX. p. 560. &c, Edit. 8vo. Sandts, in his Relation ofajourney, begun A. D. 1610, coniaining a Descrip- tion of the Turii/b Empire, &c. fuppolès that the city deftroyed by Fimbria was Alex- andria Troas, above deferibed. D. 4» DESCRIPTION OF THE Augustus afterwards caufed it ta be reftored to the Trojans. Julia, the daughter of that Emperor, we are told, in croffing the plain of Troy, had well nigh been drowned in the Sca- mander. Agrippa her hufband fhewed that he was much af- fecled by that accident, and exprefled a great degree of indig- nation againft the Trojans, as if they could hâve been refponfî- ble for it \ From ail thefe illuftrious travellers we hâve learned nothing refpecling the Troad, farther than that its monuments, in their days, ftill excited the curiofky of perfonages of the higheft rank. We may conclude alfo, that Princes and women, in thofe times, travelled, as they do now, out of ambition or vanity, or to pre- vent the time from hanging heavy on their hands. Alexan- Der fliewed a refpect for Achilles, that he might eftablifh his kindred with that hero, and create a belief that he was the heir of his courage. The Julian faa-ily exempted the Trojans from taxes, in order to revive the idea of its being defcended from that of Priam ; and when the infamous Julia caufed them to be fubjected to an unjuft fine, it was no doubt becaufe fhe did not receive thofe honours from them which fhe thought fhe had reafon to expecl: a . But let us return to thofe enlightened travellers, whofe accounts hâve furvived the wreck of âges, and defcended to our times. It is a very furprifing circumftance that the greatefl Geo- graphers among the ancients, Pausanias and Strabo, never vifited the Troad. The former fpeaks of it upon the report of à. certain Myfian, who related to him a number of prodigies refpeâing * See Bayle's Difl. Art. Scamander, Note (f), * Batlî.'s Dift. ubifapra. PLAINOFTROY. 49 refpecling the tomb of Ajax'. The latter dépends upon the teftimony of one Demetrius of Scepfis, in whom he does not feem to hâve much confidence, whom he fometimes accufes of contradiction, whom he finds oftén differing from Homer, but whofe defcription he adopts for want, it fhould feem, of one that was more accurate 2 . I hâve not been able to find in ancient hiftory any farther traces of the monuments and the rivers of the Troad. I leave to the learned the taflc of continuing thefe refearches, and of filling up, if they can, by additional évidence, the vaft chafm which the barbarifm of the lower empire feems to hâve occa- fioned between the laft of the ancient authors, and the firft of the modems, who hâve fpoken of the Troad ' . G l * Graeciae Defcriptio, p. 66. Edit. Hanov. 1613. * Geograph. Lib. xiii. pqflim* 1 It is recorded by feveral of the Byzantine Writefs, that when Constantine had re- folved to build an Impérial City in the Eaft, he firft fele&ed the plain of Troy as the proper (pot for that great enterprife, and had aclually begun to carry into exécution a de- fîgn which had formerly been conceived, firft by Julius, and then by Augustus C«sar j nor did he defift, or give the préférence to Byzantium, till, as they fay, he was warned by a heavenly vifion. Hermias Sozomenus, who wrotean Ecclefiaftical Hiftory, and flourifhed aboutthe endof the tourth century, only fifty or fixty years after the building ofConftanti- nople, thus exprefles himlèlf : KaT«Aa|5ùv $i ri ■x-gi rS IA<« jrf&ov, va^à. rit 'EwiaTrttrtv, V7rtç riv''Aiavrt( râiÇot, ». r. K Having taken poffejjîon of the plain which lies before Ilium, near the Hellefpont, beyond the tomb of Ajax, wbere the Greeks, ai the time when they were tngagedin the expédition againft Troy, are faid to hâve had the ftation for their fbips and their tents, he there marked out the proper form andfrze ofacity, and he conftruiled gâtes in a confpicuous place, which ftill ai this day arefeen atfea by thofe who fail along the coafl. While he was employed in this undertaking, God appeared to him by night, and warned him 4o go in quejl of another place. Hift. Ecclef. Lib. ii. cap. 3. The S o DESCRIPTION OF THE I should not, however, be furprifed to find, that after the eftablifliment of Chriftianity, the temples and the tombs of the ancient warriors had been configned to oblivion. They mu(l hâve ceafed to attract the homage of the nations, when a new reli- gion reprefented them as the altars of a facrilegious worfhip. It is univerfally known with what zeal Clemens Alexantirinus oppofed this fpecies of idolatry, and how vehemently he in- veighed againft the firfl Chriftians for lavifhing on thofe nume- rous Tombs that incenfe which was due only to theDeity'. But why did not the priefts of the lower Empire demolifh thofe monuments ? Why did they leave a fingle trace of them behind ? It was becaufe they were well acquainted with the vé- nération entertained by the Greeks for the fepulchres of the Dead, and perhaps they could not hâve devifed a more effectuai method of bringing them back to their ancient worfhip, and of alienating them from the new, than to attempt to violate the tombs of their warriors 2 . The Turks, who hâve become the mafters of the Troad by the fubverfion and conqueft of the Empire, carry their refpecl for the Dead ftill farther perhaps than the Greeks over whom they hâve triumphed. Public or private intereft is not a fuffi- cient The famé circumftance b mcntioned by Zosimus, Hift. Lib. ii. cap. 34. j Theopha- nes, Chronogr. p. 14. Edit.Ventt. 1729; Zonaras, Anna]. Tom. ii. p. 4. EditduCANGE, Venet. 1729 ; and Nicephorus Callistus, Ecclef. Hift. Lib. vii. cap. 48. See alfo The Hiftory of the Décline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by the learned Mr Gibbon, chap. xvii. Vol. II. p. 9. Edit. 4to, who, in relatiug this fa<3, refers to the above authors as his authority. D. * Cohortatio ad Gentes, cap. iii. s See Diodor. Sicol. Lib.xiii. p. 610. Vol. I. Edit. Weffe.lingiic PLAIN OF TROY. 51 cient pretext with them, as it is with us, for violating the fe- pulchres of the dead. Wo be to the man who fhould be guilty of fuch a profanation ! Accordingly, they are moft vigilant in refifting the attempts of ftrangers, who are curious to pry into thofe facred mounts, the ufe of which they hâve learned from tradition, and for which they hâve preferved the famé name that was given to them. in the moft remote antiquity. Dr Pococke is, I believe, the firft of the Modems who pe- netrated into the Troad, or at leaft who has attempted to give a defcription of it. This part of his work, though full of er- rors, and in many refpecls obfcure, proved however to me a very ufeful guide in my refearches. That traveller had feen the greateft part of the tombs, the valley of Thymbra, and the river Thymbrius ; but he made no map of the country ; and being too fond an admirer of Strabo, he fuffered himfelf to be miiled by that geographer rather than truft to his own eyes, which probably woitld hâve brought him to agrée with Ho- me r, by a faithful furvey of Nature. It was not, however, in his time, either eafy or prtident to produce a geometrical appa- ratus to the view of the Turks. That people had not then ex- perienced the yoke of the Ruflîans, and they were not fo tracl:- able as they are now '. G 2 Since . * There were three modem travellers who fcverally vifîted the Troad before Pococke, and who deferve fome notice. The fe were Belon of Mans Sandys and Lady Marï Wortley Montague. Belon, or, as he is frequently called, Bellonius, travelled into feveral eaftern countries, and publiflied his remarks undtr the following title : Obferva- tions de plufteurs jingularite* et chofes mémorables, trouvées en Grèce, sljie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie, et autres pays ejlranges ; par Pierre Belon du Mans: à Paris, 1588. This book was trauflated into Latin, and repeatedly publimed by Clusius the Botanift. The author, v5 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE Since the time of Pococke, Dr Richard Chandler, of Magdalen Collège, Oxford, and of the Society of Antiquaries of author, in failing aTong the coaft near the ifle of Tenedos, evidently miftook the ruins of AlexandriaTroas, which he faw diftindlly, for thofe of ancient Troy ; and having gone artiore with fome of his attendants, he examined them, and has given a delcription of vvhat heobferved. He mentions in,particular, that " they were fourhours.fometimeson foot, and " fometimes on horfeback, in making the circuit of thefe ruins ; that without the walls, " large marble burying-places were to be feen, of ancient workmanfhip, made each of one " ftone, in the manner of a large coffin, with the lids entire ; that after they had en- * circled the ruins of the walls, they began to examine the interior parts of the city, " which confifted only of a mafs of ruins, amongft which they difcerned the bafe of a " certain fort of ftrufture, which they fuppofed to hâve formerly been a pharos or light- " houfe for the direction of mariners." They likewifè faw " many cifterns entire, for " the purpofe of collecling rain water, as there are very few fountains to be met with in " ail that part of the country." Liv. ii. chap. vi. He mentions alfo feveral other par- ticulars applicable to what might be fuppofed the ftate of Alexandria Troa% more thaD two centuries ago, the time when he vifited the place. For Cnce that period the Turks hâve been in the confiant habit of carrying offmany of the farcophagi and other marble remains, as hath been remarked both by Dr Chandler. and the Author of this Mer moir. " As to the rivers Simois and Xanthus," continues Belon, " fo much celebrated by " the poets, which watered the fieldsof Troy, we hâve nothing further to relate, than " that they are fuch diminutive brooks as would hardly maintain a loach or a minnow ; "■ for in fummer they are dried up, and in winter a goofe would find it difficult to fwim " in them." Ibii. It does not appear that this traveller penetrated at ail into the région of Troy. Im. mediately after examining the ruins of Alexandria Troas, we find him again at fea. But when he was off the Sigéan promontory, which he calls Cavo Santa Maria, he oblerved the ruins of ah ancient ftruéture, which they took to be that dedicated to Achilles, " And in reality," fays he, " there is flill to be feen in that place a large moundof earth " like a little-hill, which is poffibly the tomb of Achilles, and which the inhabitants of " Mitylené caufed to be erecled in honour of that hero." Ibid. Chap. vii. It is to be regretted that Sandts did not betlow more timt in examining the Troad, as he was a traveller of great iagacity and learning. We hâve the teftimouy of Pope i his favour, PLAINOFTROY. 53 of London, vifited the Troad fome years ago. The confidence and eafe wkh which this learned and refpeclable traveller fpeaks favour who fays that he " was both a geographer and critic of great accuracy, as well " as a traveller of great veracity." See the note on the I96th line of book xxii. of Pope's tranflation of the lliad. " With the monàng," fays this traveller, " they [the " mariners renewtd their labour, rowing along the chalky fhore of the leffer Phrygia. " Now, againft Cape Janizari (defirous to fee thole celebrated fields where once ftood " llium the glory of Afia, that had afforded to rareft wits fo plentiful an argument) with " much importunity and promife of reward (ît being a matter of danger) I got tliem to " fet me afhore. When accompanied with two or three of them, we alcended the not " high Promontory, level above, and crowned with a ruinous city, whofe imperftft walls " do fhew to the fea their antiquity. — This is that famous Promontory of Sigéum, ho- " noured with the fepulchre of Achilles, whxh Alexander (vifiting in his Afian ex- " pedition) covered with flowers, and ran naked about it, as then the cuftom was in fu- " nerals, facrificing to the ghoft of his knifman, whom he reputed moft happy, that had " fuch a trumpet as Homïr to relbund his virtues. " In the plain beyond us (for we durft not flraggle farther from the fhore) we beheld " where once ftood llium, by Ilus founded ; called Troy promifcuoufly of Tros. — Who " hath not heard of this glorious city, the former taking, the ten years war, and latter, " final fubverfion ? " North of this Promontory is that of R hcctéum, celebrated for the fepulchre of Ajax " and his ftatue ; by Antonius tranfported into Egypt, and jreftored unto the Rhœtenjt " by Augostus 'Twixt thefe two Capes there lieth a fpacious valley. Nearer Sigéum " was the ftation for the Grecian navy ; but nearer Rkatéum, the river Simois (now called " Simores) difchargeth hfelf into the Hellefpont. This draweth his birth from the top of " Ida, the higheft mountain of Phrygia ; — from whence defcend four rivers of principal " réputé, JEfepui and Granicus ; — thefe turn their ftreams to the north : Simois and Scm- " mander that regard the Mgeum. Two not far disjoining valJeys there are that ftretch- " to each other, and join in an ample plain, (the théâtre of thofe fo renowned bickcr- " ments) where ftood that ancient llium, if not fortunate, not inglorious nor unrevenged. " — Through thefe valleys glide Simois and divine Scamande.r. — Thefe rivers, though now " poor in ftreams, are not yet fo contemptible as made by Bellonius, who perhaps mi- " ftaketh others for them (there being fundry rivulcts that defcend from the mountains) *' as by ail likelihood he h3th done the jïte of the ancient Troy, For the rusns that are " now 54 DESCRIPTION OF THE fpeaks of the tombs of Achilles, Patrqclus, Antilochus and ^Esyetes forra a flriking contrafl: to the cautious circum- fpeftion " now fo perfpicuous, and by him related, do ftand four miles weft from the forefaid place, " defcribed by the poets, and determined of by Geographers," &c. A Relation of a Jovrney, begun An. Dom. 1610, conlaining a Defcriplion of the Turii/b Empire, of Egyf>t, &c. p. 19. &c. 3dEdit. Lond. 1627. See alfo Di£i. Hijh par Bayle, Artic. Scamander, Reniark (e). Sandys does not feem to hâve remained longer than one day in the région of Troy. The (prightly and ingenious Lady Mary Wortlet Mgntague, (b well known as the boldeft traveller of her fex, and as the author ofthe beft written letters that ever were pu- bliflied in the Englifli tongue, could not think of bidding adieu to Conftantinople and the Hellefpont, without paying a fhort vifit to the région of Troy. This was fo long ago as the year 1718. She mentions particularly Seftos and Abydos, from the former of which places fhe had a full view of Mount Ida. Her veuel anchored at the Promontory of Sigé* um. " My curiofity," fays fhe, " fupplied me with ftrength to climb to the top of it, to " fee the place where Achilles was buried, and where Alexander. ran naked round " his tomb in honour of him." Amidft the ruins of à city which fhe faw there, fhe found a curious marble, which Mr Montagde ordered on board the fhip, and which is the famé with that jnentioned by Dr Chandler, as now preferved in the Library of Trin. Coll. Cambridge. She alfo obfèrved the famous Sigéan infcription, and the bafs- rtlief, both already mentioned, p. 16. " We faw," adds fhe, " very plainly from this ' : promontory the river Simois rolling from Mount Ida, and running through a very fpa- " cious valley. It is now a confîderable river, and is called Simores. It is joined in the " vale by the Scamander, which appeared a ftream half choaked with mud, but is per- " haps large in the winter. — North ofthe Promontory of Sigéum we faw that of Rhaeté- " um, famed for the fepulchre of Ajax. While I viewed thefe celebrated fields, I ad- " mired the exaél geography of Homer, whom I had in my hand." — Without penetrating however into the country, the failed next night to the coaft near Alexandria Troas, rofe at two in the morning, and wentafhore to view thofe ruins. See her xliv th Letter. Le Bruyn, in his account of A Voyage to the Levant, menions hi* having been afhore at the plain of Troy. He took fome drawings, but made no obfervations of any import- ance. Spon and Wheler, travellers of great réputation, wtre alfo in the Troad in the year 1676; but they made a very fhort ftay, and they hâve recorded nothing worthy of attention. See Voyage d'Italie, &c. par Spon et Whsler, Tom. i. p. Il 7. A la Haye, 1724. D. P L A I N O F T R O Y. 55 fpedtion of Pococke. " I cannot but rcmark," fays the latter, " if I may not be thought to give too much into conjectures, " that thefe pojjibly may be very extraordinary pièces of anti- " quity, and the great one might be raifed over the fepulchre " of Achilles, as the other two might be on thofe of Fatro- " clus and Antilochus, who were buried hère'." — " We " came between two barrows," fays the former, " ftanding " each in a vineyard or inclofure. One was that of Achilles " and Patroclus, the other that of Antilochus fon of Nes- " TGR. We had likewife in view the barrow of Aj Ax Tela- " mon, and at a diftance from it, on the fide next Lectos, that " of iEsYETEsV* When we readthe work of Dr Chandler, we cannot fup- pofe that he ofFered an ill founded opinion relative to the mo- numents of which he fpeaks. I am perfuaded that he had good reafons for what he fays ; but I regret exceedingly that he fhould feem to annex fo little importance to objecls which de- manded a mofl minute inveftigation. I blâme him for having relied fo much upon the credulity or upon the knowledge o£ his readers, to take it for granted that they would adopt, upon a bare aflertion, the wonderful things which he tells them ; and I blâme him too for not deriving fupport from the conjectures of his celebrated countryman \ I find, however, in the union of * A Defcription of the Eaft, Vol. ii. Part ii. p. 105. * Travels in Afîa Minor, p. 42. • ' In juftice to Dr Chandler, it ought to be obferved, that our Author had not ad- verted to the laft paragraph of the Préface to Travels in Afia Minor. It is there faid that " the Writer is awarethat he may be afked by the more curious Reader, on what "• foundation he has mentioned in this volume certain Barrows now extant, as thofè of " Achilles 5 S DESCRIPTION OF THE of their refpectable teftimonies, fufficient authority to enable me to meet miflruft and incredulity with confidence, and I hope with fuccefs. I should hâve wifhed moft cordially likewife to hâve called to my aid the obfervations of Mr Wood, the celebrated author of the Defcription of Paîmyra t and of the EJfay on the Genius of Ho mer. But I hâve not the fmallefl hefiration to déclare, for I will prefently prove it, that Mr Wood was quite bewildered in the Troad '. C H A P. " Aciiilles and other claflical Heroes. The ElTay advertifed at the end of it is partly " intended to fatisfy any fuch Enquirer." The advertifement hère referred to is as follows : " Speedily will be publi/hed, " An Essay on the Troad ; Or, a Review of the Geography, Hiftory and Antiquitie3 " of the Région of Troy." I cannot find, however, that this EJJay has ever yet been publifhed, though advertifed more than fifteen years ago. From what Dr Chandler fâys in his Traveis, it appears, that after penetrating into the région of Troy no farther than a journey of two hours, he abandoned the defigû of proceeding to the fources of the Simois and Scamander, having apprehended danger from defperate parties ranging about the country. In his EfTay therefore on the Troad, no new information refpefting the plain, the fîtuation of ancient Troy, or the fources of the rivers, was to be expefted. But as he faw, and had an opportunity of examining the monument of Achilles and of other claflical Heroes, it is to be regretted, that fo refpeclable and intelligent an Obferver has not favoured the world with his particular remarks on thefe fubjecls. See Uravels in JJia Minor, p. 41. D. 1 See A comparative View of the Ancient and Prefent State of the Troad, fubjoined to Mr Wood's Eflay on the Genius and Writings of Homer. PLAIN OF TROY, 57 C H A P. VIL Error of Strabo on tbefubjetl ofthe Scamander, STrabo could not fpeak concerning theTïoad to his readers from his own proper obfervations, as he had never been upon the fpot ; he therefore endeavoured to procure intelligence from fome well informed Geographer. Demetrius of Scepfis was the perfon whofe defcription he adopted ; but the manner in which he endeavours to create in others a confidence in that Author, feems to prove that he repofed but little in him hiin- felf. " There is a contradiction in this," fays he in one place, " but I approve of the reft, and think that in moft things we " fhould rely on Demetrius, a man of knowledge, and who u was a native of the place, and fo much interefted in the " fubjecl, that he compofed thirty books on little more than M fixty Unes of Homer's catalogue of the Trojans '." — " De- " metrius of Scepfis," adds he in another place, " a man " well acquainted with the country, as he was born there, gives " the following defcription : There is a hillof Ida, called Cotylus, " fituate about 120 Jladia above Scepfis. From tbis ijfues the Sca- " mander, the Granicus and the JEJepus.^ He mentions likewife, . H from ' TavTx fih J» "»î-«o-i» 'xti x. t. A. Geograph. p. 900. Edit. Amft. 17075 p. 603. I.dit. Paris. 1620. 5 8 DESCRIPTION OF THE from thé famé author, that " the Scamander runs towards the " ivejï, whïle the two others run towards the north '." Strabo having once admitted the doctrine of this obferver, fhould hâve endeavoured in the next place to reconcile it with the poems of Homer. He feels the neceffity of this ; and he is candid enough not to difguife the difEculty. " But, fays he, " the Poetjs defcription furnifhes a difBcult fubject for dif- " cuffion : — Kgxvà ÏÏikolvov xaXXippôu, bâa èî -xriycù Aciuï à.va.i ùt tu» t«V«» *. t. A. p. 898. Edit. Amft. 1707; p, 602. Edit. Paris. 1620. * Iliad. xxii. 147, PLAIN OF TROY. 59 " hâve difappeared, but that the cold fpring running from the " Scamander by a fubterraneous pafTage, rifes up near this " place ; or becaufe this water is hard by the Scamander, it " likewife is called the fountain of that river ; for in this way " a river may be faid to hâve many fources '." This is cer- tainly a very obfcure and unfatisfa&ory explication ; and De- metrius and Strabo are equally cenfurable, the one for his négligence in committing the blunder, and the other for adopt- ing it, and endeavouring to give it authenticity *. Mount » Geograph. Lib. xiii. p. 899. Edit. Amft. 1707. * From the latter part of the partage quoted, it is not indeed eafy to col- lent any precife meaning ; but in the preceding part Strabo is clear and ex- plicit in following Demetrius, who places the fource of the Scamander in Mount Cotylus : And this may be confidered as the partage which lias mifled, in a greater or lefs degree, almoft ail the modem travellers who hâve vifited the Troad. Into what errors and abfurdities it contributed to lead Mr Wood in particular, will be point- ed out in a fubfequent chapter. But there is a partage even in Homer, which, on a flight view, might be thought by fome to favour Strabo's idea on this fubject. Near the be- ginning of the xiith book of the Iliad, the Poet mentions, in the way of a prophecy.that the rampart which had been conftru&ed by the Greeks to défend them from the violence of the Trojans, would foon be demolifhed by the torrents which were to defcend from the Idcean mountains : and in the enumeration of thefc ftreams, we find the name of the Scamander : 'Ocro-ot xt* 'ioa/ivv hft&iv x>a.àt 9^gog;l^ff , * 'Pï»-o{ S', 'Ewreiropoç, Kafnri;, n 'PcH»; t« Tcwix.it; ri, xui &1.aiM>Jj«s h.liSucri, Sif^u» tb 'lAis o-t«S/«ç ity.oait. For the Jlation is near Sigéum ; and the Scamander difeharges itfilf liieivife near il, at the dijlance of tuentyfadiafrom llium. Strabo, p 894. What immediately follows is very obfcure ; but if it were rightly ex- plained, perliaps it might free Strabo from the charge of inconfiftrncy. This valuable author flill ftands very much in need ol an inielligent and expert editor ; for though much was done by the learned IsaacCasaueon, much is Itill requifiie for elucidating many difR- eulties and obfcurities which occur in the text of Strabo. The verlion of Xtlander ts extremely crrotieous. Casaubon complained of it, but he ltft it unteuched. D. PLA1N0FTROY. 65 " diftant from New-Ilium, and ten ftadia above the village of " the Ilians, is the beautiful Colorié, a fort of gently rifing ground, " extending five ftadia, and near to which the Simois flows V There are ftill fome traces of refemblance hère betwixt Strabo's defcription and our Map; but after the fpecimen of inaccuracy juft remarked in a preceding meafurement, we rnuft be cautious in trufting implicitly to the prefent. The pleafant Hills, which extend between the villages of Tchiblak and Aktché on the banks of the Simois, can be no other than Callicolons, from whofe fummits Mars, " like a black tempefl, exhorted the " Trojans with a loud voice \" Strabo places thefe Hills forty ftadia higher "up than New llium, and informs tis, that they ftretched five ftadia along the banks of the Simois. In reality, according as they remove from Tchiblak, which lies about forty ftadia from AncientTroy, their tops, which are covered with turf, gradually lofe their rich and mellow appearance, and become fterile, rocky and fteep. With refpect to the village of the Ilians, which was thought to occupy the feat of Ancient Troy, Strabo cannot be fuppofed to hâve adopted that opinion, fince he had faid before, that Ancient Troy was fituate on the fpot where. the two femi-circular chains of hills bave their origin V I " The 1 Strabo, p. 892. ad fin. Edit. Amft, 1707. a lliad. xx- 50. 3 The pafiage bere referred to is tranflated above, p. 62. The original is as follows : TSto \xii Si /«ST«?ù T1Ï5 Ti*tt/TÎs Twr ^e^SsiT»!» àyxûiut iïtut' vô & 3-aAaià» x-xiopu. jaix^v t?ç âgvïj. This townindeed [New llium j is fttuate in the intermediate fpace betwixt the termioation ■ of thefe bending hills we bave mentiorted, as the ancient flrudure was betwixt that of their commencement. Strabo, p. 892. This is quite clear and explictt. Xtlander en- tirely miftakes the meaning of dyxûvuv, when he tranflates it convallium, as if it had beec iyxwv, D. 66 DESCRIPTION OF THE " The plain of Thymbra is at no great diftance from Ancient " Troy j and it is watered by the river Thymbrius, which dif- " charges itfelf into the Scamander. On the banks of the " Thymbrius is the temple of Thymbra:an Apollo '." The opening into the valley of Thymbra is betwixt New and Old Troy ; and whatever it be that Strabo is pleafed to fay of it, (for it is again difficult to difcover his real rneaning) it was nearer the former than the latter of thefe two cities. The Thymbrius, after wafhing this valley, formerly difcharged itfelf into the united waters of the Simois and Scamander, which united ftream Strabo calls the Scamander only, with- out doubt becaufe the Simois being frequently dried up, the two rivers, after their confluence, retained the name of that one of them which was the moft confiant in bear- ing the tribute of its waters to the fea. The mouth of the Thymbrius has not changed its place ; but its waters, ever fince the diverfion of the Scamander into another channel, are received by the Simois alone. The ruins of the temple of Apollo are ftill to be feen in the valley of Thymbra, upon the banks of the Thymbrius, near the village of Halil eli *. " The monument which is fhewn for the tomb of ^Esyetes, " is near the road leading to Alexandria '." About a mile above ErkeiTighi, where that large monument is ftill to be feen, it appears in reality by the fide of the road which formerly led from New Ilium to Alexandria Troas. It is even impoflible, by reafon of the mountains, to go from Bounarbachi ' Strabo, p. 893. xx-ù tS QujxB^xi» 'AiroX>.«»oç î=çoi — is hère tranflated as if it were ■»è 0^,?çoia AtoAAuiïoç isjov fj-n xâr« — a (cnfe which it is thought it may admit of. * See above, p. 22, 23. 5 Strabo, p. 895. Edit. Amlt. 1707. PLAIN OF TROY. 67 Bounarbachi to Alexandria, without paffing near this monu- ment ; and thus it is fituate upon the road both from New and from Old Troy to Alexandria. " That part of the plain which enters among the moun- " tains is narrow, extending partly to the fouth ail the way " to the vicinity of Scepfis, and partly to the north, ail the " way to Zeleia, a city of the Lycians V In this defcription of Strabo, we may diftinclly recognife the narrow valley bordered with précipices, where the Simois rolls its courfe, and which reaches to the fouth from the plain of Bounarbachi, of which it is only a continuation ail the way to that of Ené near to EJkikuptchu, the ancient Scepfis. It may be obferved likewife, that this fécond part of the plain changes its 'direction at £/?/away from the fouth ; but the limits of the Map are not fufficiently comprehenfive to admit a reprefentation of it to its full extent, that is to fay, ail the way to Cotylus, and the ancient territories of the Lycians, which in facl are fituate towards the north. The plain of Troy then has not changed its appearance fince the days of Strabo. I had fufficient authority for placing Ancient Troy at the commencement of thè chains of hills, and New llium at their terminât ion ; nor could that Geographer ac- eufe me of inaccuracy refpecting fituations fo clearly pointed out by himfelf. A minute inveftigation has enabled me to dif- cover the fite of both the Cities 5 and therefore there never will be any necefhty to hâve recourfe, with Mr Wood, to eanh- quakes, of which no fymptoms can be difeovered in the plain of Troy j but where, on the contrary, every circumftance con- I 2 curs * Strabo, p. 891. Edit. Amft. 1707, 68 DESCRIPTION OF THE curs to prove, that never any fuch hâve exifted : — there will, I fay, be no neceffity to hâve recourfe to any fuch expédient, with a view to explain the difappearance or the deftrudtion of monu- ments, rivers, and valleys, which are flill to be found in the very place where Homer faw them ' ; and where Strabo him- ■felf could not hâve failed to find them, if, inftead of referring to the authority of Demetrius of Scepfis, he had taken the trouble to vifit the Troad in perfon. It is furprifing that Dr Chandler, while he thinks it pro- per to inform his readers, that " the Simois has been miftaken " for the Scamander," fhould hâve fallen into the very error he wiihes to prevent, by afïerting, that " the Simois was the " river next Sigéum and Cape Baba or Lectos j" when he ought to hâve affirmed this of the Scamander 2 . Homer, more accurate than ail the travellers who hâve fol- lowed him in the plain of Troy, points out to us the relative fituation of the Scamander with the utmoft precifion and accu- racy, when he fays : »Sê Tu''EKra/o Nor did Hector know what was paffing, as he ivas fighting on ihe left of ail the army, near the banks of the river Scamander. CHAP, ' See Mr Wood's Defcription of the Troad. * Travels in Afia Minor, p. 40. ' Iliad. xi. 497, 1 PLAIN OF TROY. 6 9 CHAR IX. Examinât ion qf Pope' 1 s Map of the Plain of Troy. THE afperity with winch Mr Wood has cenfured the Map which accompanies the tranflation of the Iliad by the ce- lebrated Mr Pope, excited my curiofity to examine it, and to compare it with my own '. From the manner in which it is drawn, it is eafy to perceive that it is not the work of a Geo- grapher ; for it does not exhibit a geometrical plan of the country, according to the ufual method, but gives a fort of perfpeclive view of it, in the manner of a landfkip. This error is of little confequence in the eyes of the learn- ed ; and I would excufe Pope himfelf for committing it, pro- vided his draught, fuch as it is, had been accurate, and if we could hâve properly applied to it the différent circumftances of the Trojan war, of which, in his EfTay, he gives a mofl mi- nute and complète defcription. But fuch extraordinary mi- ftakes appear upon the face of this Map, that I was immedi- ately difpofed to believe with Mr Wood, that they could only hâve arifen from the unfkilfulnefs of the engraver, who had transferred to the right the obje<51s which were intended to oc- cupy the left. How indeed can it be fuppofed that Pope was fo very ignorant, as to place the promontory of Sigéum on. the left of the Grecian army ? His 1 See An Eflay on the Original Genius and Writings of Homer, p. 87. yo DESCRIPTION OF THE , His errors refpecting the tombs of ^Esyetes and Ilus are not fo grofs or fo unpardonable as the other. He has placed the former of thefe monuments betwixt the two rivers on the left bank of the Scamander, while, in fact, it is to be found upon the right. But the Poet is fatisfied with pointing out this tomb, as the moft advantageous fpot which Polîtes, the fon of Priam, could hâve pitched upon for obferving the motions of the Greeks '; he was not fo fcrupulous as to mark out the pre- cife mathematical point of its fituation. With refpect to the tomb of Ilus, Pope has evidently in- terpreted Homer's meaning too ftridly, when he places it half way betwixt the camp of the Greeks and the city of Troy. That was not the fpot which Homer meant to point out, when he tells us that the tomb of Ilus was in the middle of the plain. Strabo explains his meaning, by telling us, that Ilus was bu- ried in the middle of the plain, becaufe he was the firft who had ventured to inhabit it *; As to the reft, his notion is perfedlly right refpecling the fi- tuation of the Grecian camp betwixt the two promontories, the confluence of the two rivers at no great diftance from the fiiips, the gênerai ihape of the plain, the courfe of the Simois of greater extent than that of the Scamander, the diftance of the city from the fea, and the two fburces of the Scaman- der in the neighbourhood of the city. But what could be his motive for placing thefe laft on the fide oppofite to that where they are found in reality ? I beftowed a good deal of re- fteclion on this circumllance, and with the greater anxiety, that » lliad. ii. 791. * Strabo, p. 886. Edit. Amft. 1707,1 PLAIN OF TROY. 71 that among ail thofe who hâve written any thing on the fub- ject of the Troad, few are fo interefting as Pope. Might not we fuppofe that this eminent author, having re- marked fomewhere in the Iliad, that the fources of the Sca- mander were to the weftj and accuftomed, moreover, to confi- der the left fide of the map as the weft, as is ufually the café, did thus adjuft every other fituation, fuch as that of Sigéurn, that of the Simois, &c. fo as to agrée with this fundamental principle ? It is thus (if I may be allowed to fuppofe an eminent poet to be but an indiffèrent geographer) that the errors of the map in queftion may perhaps be accounted for, which, how- ever, with ail its imperfections, muft hâve coft Pope an infi- nité deal of pains, and required on his part an uncommon power of arrangement. This at leaft is the'moft fatisfaclory way I can difcover of explaining how the famé perfon might produce an erroneous Map, and a moft complète and accurate ££ay on Homer's Battiez. 1 was fo much delighted, Gentlemen, with the exact con- formity of that Effay with my own Map, that I could not deny myfelf the fatisfaélion of fubmitting it to your review, in hopes that I Ihould thus enhance your confidence in my labours, by an authority which not only has great weight among you, but with the reft of the Republic of Letters. " The ancient city of Troy," fays Pope ', " ftood at a " greater diftance from the fea than thofe ruins which hâve " fince been fhewn for it. This may be gathered from the ' 79i ft verfe of the fifth book of the Iliad, where it is faid, " that 1 Conclufion of An Eiïay on Homer's Battles, prefixed to the fifth book of his Tranfla tion of the Iliad. 7 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE " that the Trojans never durft fally ont of the walls of their " town till the retirement of Achilles, but afterwards com- " bated the Grecians at their very fhips far from the city. For " had Troy ftoôd (as Strabo obferves) fo nigh the feœ-fiore, " it had been madnefs in the Greeks not to hâve built any for- " tification before their fleet till the tenth year of the fiege, " when the enemy was fo near them ; and, on the other u hand, it had been covvardice in the Trojans not to hâve at- " tempted any thing ail that time, againfl an army that lay un- " fortified and unintrenched '. Befîdes, the intermediate fpace " had been too fmall to afford a field for fo many various ad- " ventures and actions of war. The places about Troy parti- " cularly mentioned by Homer, lie in this order : " i. The Scœan gâte. This opened to the field of battle, " and was that through which the Trojans made their ex- " curfions. Clofe to this flood the beech-tree, facred to Jupi- " ter. 2. The hill of wiidjïg-trees. Itjoined to the walls of " Troy on one fide, and extended to the high-way on the other. " The firft appears from what Andromache fays, that the " walls were in danger of being fcaled from this hill z ; and the " laft from what is mentioned in the twenty- fécond book of " thelliad'. 3. The two fprings of Scamander. The fe were a " little higher on the famé high-way 4 . 4. GaUicolonê, the name u of a pleafant hill that lay near the Simois, on the other fide " of the town 5 . 5. Batieia, or the fepulchre of Myrinna, 6i flood a little before the city in the plain". 6. The monument " of " Strabo, p. 893. Edit.Amft.1707. * Iliad xxii. 147. * Iliad. vi. 432. s Ibid. xx. 53. > lbid. xxii. 145. 6 Ibid. ii. 813. PLAIN OF TROY, 73 " of Ilus, near the middle of the plain '. 7. The tomb o/JEsye- " tes commanded the profpe<5t of the fleet, and that part of " the fea-coaft »." After having made us acquainted with the fituation of the principal objecls near the city, and which were fituate in the plain, our author traces out the fields of the différent battles. " It feems," fays he, " by the 467^ verfe of the fécond " Iliad, that the Grecian army was drawn up, under thefeve- " rai leaders, by the banks of Scamander, on that fide towards " the fhips ; in the mean time, that of Troy and the auxiliaries " was ranged in order at Myrinna's fepulchre'. The place " of the firji battle, where Diomede perfonns his exploits, was " near the joining of Simois and Scamander; for Juno and " Pallas coming to him, alight at the confluence of thofe " rivers * ; and that the Greeks had not yet paft the ftream, " but fought on that fide next the fleet, appears from the place " where Juno fays, the Trojans now brave tbem at their very " Jhips '. But in the beginning of the fixth book, the place of " the battle is fpecified to be between the rivers Simois and " Scamander. — " The engagement in the eighth book, is evidently clofe to " the Grecian fortification on the fhore ; and in the eleventh " book, the battle is chiefly about Ilus's tomb. In the twelfth, 11 thirteenth and fourteenth, about the fortification of the " Greeks ; and in the fifteenth, at the Jhips. K " In 1 Iliad. xi. 166. * Iliad. v. 773. * Ibid. ii. 793. ' Ibid. 791. 5 Ibid. 815. 74 DESCRIPTION OF THE " In the fixteenth, the Trojans being repulfed by Patro- clus, they engage between the fleet, the river and the Gre- cianwall'. Patroclus flill advancing, they fight at the gâtes of Troy \ In the feventeenth, the fight about the body of Patroclus is under the Trojan wall'. His body being carried o£F, Hector and tEneas purfue the Greeks to the fortification 4 . And in the eighteenth, upon Achil- les's appearing, they retire and encamp without the fortifi- cation. " In the twentieth, the fight is flill on that fide next the fea, becaufe the Trojans, being purfued by Achilles, pafs over the Scamander as they run towards Troy V' Pope feems furprifed that Homer has not exprefled the manner in which the armies pafled the river. 1 he reafon of his filence on that fubjedt is eafily explained. The Scamander is but a rivulet about fifteen feet broad, and three feet deep. Pope might hâve fufpedled this to be the reafon, fince he has himfelf very properly remarked, that " the following battles " are either in the river i'/e/f, or between that and the city." How could an engagement hâve taken place in a river of any confiderable depth ? CHAR 1 Iliad. xvi. 396. * Diad. xvii. 760. 1 l id. 700. ' Ibid. xx. i. &c. 3 Ibid. xvii. 403. PLAIN OF TROY. C H A P. X. Examinaîion of Mr Wood' s Map. ANeglect of the opinion and of the efforts of others, is the natural refult of a confcioufnefs of one's own fupe- riority ; and though a fentiment of that kind may be deemed fomewhat arrogant, yet it has fome claim to indulgence when it is really attended with fuccefs. But when, in open contempt of every guide, we wander far away from the truth, we then forfeit ail title to mercy, and become obnoxious to the rigour of criticifm. I do not hefitate to affert, as I fhall prefently prove it, that Mr Wood ' has viewed the Troad erroneoufly. That part of his EfTay on Homer is not merely imperfecl ; it is moft un- doubtedly deftitute of ail merit. But we need not be furprifed that, while the principal objecl of that traveller was to commu- nicate a knowledge of the interefting ruins of Palmyra and Balbec, he was not able to beflow fuch time and attention upon the plain of Troy as it merited. It would not hâve been any crime in Mr Wood to hâve overlooked it entirely ; but he has certainly incurred a high degree of blâme, by having allowed K 2 himfelf * " An author," fays the accurate Mr Gibbon, " who in gênerai feems to hâve difap- " pointed the expedtation of the public as a critic, and ftill more as a traveller." See the Hift. of the Décline and Fall of the Rom. Emp. Vol. ii. p. 8. Edit. 4to. 76 DESCRIPTION OF THE himfelf to convert the whole into a mafs of confufioiî, when he might hâve ftudied it with Pococke's book in his hand. By tracing this otherwife refpeclable writer, you will be fur- prifed at the trouble he has taken to find out the fite of ancient Troy, and the fources of the Scamander, at the diftance of upwards of fifteen leagues from the fea. You will be furprifed that he fhould hâve feen the Scamander 1 , that he (hould even hâve fketched it in his map without knowing it. You will wonder that he fhould hâve made no mention of thofe extra- ordinary monuments which at leaft attracled the attention of Pococke ; and that he fliould not hâve taken the fmallefl no- tice of that celebrated traveller. " When we lookupon the régions of Troas," fays Mr Wood, u as reprefented in my Map, it will be found, I believe, H to differ from the hiflory of the country, as exhibited by " Homer \" So much the worfe. How happens it that you hâve found the great Poet every where agreeing with Nature, and only failing in point of accuracy in the very places which he ought to hâve obferved and painted with the utmoft de- gree of care ' ? " This. " Defcription of the Troade, p. 326. * Ibid. p. 328. 3 «« N 0T on ]y the permanent nnd durable objefts of his defcription, fuch as his rock, " hill, dale. promonti r> , &c. continue in many inliances to bear unqueftionable teftimony " of his correclnefs, and fhew, by a ftricl propriety <;f his epithets, how faithfully they " were cnpied ; but evên hi^ more fading aiul changt-ab'c landfcape, his fliady grove, ver. " dant lawn. and flowery mead.his pafture and tillagc, with ail his varieties of corn, wine " and oil, agrie fuiprifingly with thi .retut face of thofe countries." Wood on the o'-i. filial Genius of Homer, p. 75. See alfo p. 131, &c. p. 295. PLAIN OF TROY. 77 " This différence," continues Mr Wood, " confifts in 41 having the diftance of Troy from the fea increafed ; for the " fea, by an accretion of land, is farther off than it was of " old\" But pray, Mr Wood, what proof hâve you that the Troad is farther enlarged to the extent of ten leagues ; for no fewer are requifite to authorife you to place the city of Troy at the fources of that torrent which you call the Scamander ? Befides, in what particular part of the Troad has this accretion happened, and to what caufe can it be afcribed ? Has the Si- mois extended the plain by the fand brought down by its in- undations, and lodged at its mouth l It is eafy to afcertain by meafurement any increafe that may hâve happened to the plain between the two promontories. It is even eafy to prove that no confiderable increafe can exift there, becaufe the impe- tuous currents of the Hellefpont conftantly prevent this, by fweeping the fands away into the ^Egean ièa, as fait as the river accumulâtes them at its mouth 2 . It is not at the mouth of the Simois then that the accretion in queftion can hâve taken place. The ruins of Alexandria Troas are flill feen in the famé fpot where that city formerly ftood. The high promontory of Sigéum, together with the projecting point of the Cherfonefus, ftill formj. the entry to the Hellefpont the famé as in the days of Achilles and Homer '. The * Defcription of the Troade, p. 329. * " Nothingcan expref- more happily than this term (injhniens) the contrariety of cur- " rents for -which that ftreight (the Hellefpont) isremarkable." Defcription of the Troade, p. 319. See alfo at the bottoni of p. 320. 1 See Mr Wood's own exaft defcription of ihe coaft, as it appeared to him failing northwards from Cape Baba ; which completely réfutes his hypothefis of an accretion 01 land atthe mouth of the Simois. Fag. 31^, 317. D. 7 8 DESCRIPTION OF THE The queftion then yet recurs, where has that prodigious révo- lution been produced which Mr Wood fummons to his aid ? " I am likewife very certain," fays the famé author a little after, " that the fituation of the Scamander is confiderably " changed from what it was in the days of Homer ; and the H reafons for my opinion are thefe : The hot fpring, according " to the Poet, was one of the fources of this river ; but it is " now rriuch lower than the prefent fource, and has no commu- " nication with the Scamander'." One needs only to take a flight view of Mr Wood's Map to be convinced that it is a négligent performance, and done in a hurry. Neither villages nor roads nor monuments are obferv- able in it. When the author fpeaks of a hot fpring lower down, he does not mean that of Eounarbachi ; for he was ig- norant of it : He doubtlefs fpeaks of: the hot minerai fprings of Lïdja near Alexandria 2 . In fhort, that I may not dwell need- lefsly on a criticifm to which this author has expofed himfelf throughout his defcription, the following I take to be the me- thod in which he has proceeded in his obfervations, and to be the origin of the errors he has committed. Persuaded that there was a confluence fome-where of the waters of the Simois and the Scamander, he traced the courfe of the former ail the way up to Bounarbachi, where the plain terminâtes, without attaining his objecl ; becaufe the Scamander by that time had been diverted from its ancient bed, and he had not the good luck to perceive this change, the obfervation of which proved the real caufe of my principal difcoveries. He faw indeed the fprings of Bounarbachi ; but whether he had * Dtfcription of the Troade, p. 329. * See above, p. 7. PLAINOFTROY. 79 had examinée! them with no degree of attention, or had feen them at a titne of the year when there is little différence in their température ' ; whether he was ignorant of the Turkiih and Greek languages, fo as to be able to dérive no information from the Aga, and from the inhabitants of the neighbouring village, the fact is, that he did not know the real fources of the Scamander. From the inftant he quitted the plain, and penetrated among the défiles and mountains of Ida, his error became incu- rable. The farther he receded from the fea, the deferiptions of Homer appeared to him the more inexplicable. Any other perfon in his fîtuation, either more modeft or lefs obftinate, would 1 The time of the year when Mr Wood faw them was the end of July, or beginning of Auguft. See the commencement of his Defcription, p. 310. That he never (hould once fuppofe that the fprings of Bounarbachi were the fources of the Scamander, muft be afcribed to the preconceived idea he had flrongly formed from reading Strabo, that the origin of that river was in mount Cotylus. See above, p. 59. note. Nor conld his at- tention be rouled during the particular feafon he happeued to be there, (as M. Cheva- jlxer's was, in the end of Septrmber) by feelingthe water warm, or by obferving a fmoke arifîng from it ; the cold feafon being requifite for exhibiting that phenomenon. Indeed he only takes notice of thofe fprings which gufhed from the rock. But it Mr Wood was not fortunate enough to think of the fprings of Bounarbachi being the 'ources of the Scamander, it is not to be fuppoled that he could fancy what he calls " a drain made by a Turkifh governor," to be the new canal of that river ; for it is probable that this is the famé which M. Chevalier deferibes as fuch. " Bornabafchi," fays Mi Wood, p. 325. " fignifies the fuuntain-head, and there is a fne rivulet fo called. " This gives name to the village which confifts of half a dozen huts. The water •' her gujhes out of the rock in fuch quantifies, as to form immediately a ftream more " confiderable fhan anv that we law in the channel of the Scamander. However, hard- " ]y any of this water joins that river, but ftagnates among :he reeds of the marfhy " plain, notwîthftaivi ng ;i drain has been made by a Turkiih governor to carry it doren<- " ward to the jEgeanfea." D. 80 DESCRIPTION OF THE would hâve returned the way he went, or at leaft hâve relin- quiûSed the purfuit, and owned that he had been unfuccefs- fui. But our traveller is intrepid ; difficulties only hâve the ef- fect to augment his courage ; he ceafes not in his progrefs till he arrives beyond inhofpitable mountains, at a torrent which unités itfelf with the Simois in the neighbourhood of Ené ; and this is the Scamander of Mr Wood ! The next thing to be done is to fearch for the city of Troy at the fources of this torrent. Our traveller's courage does not fail him ; he fées plainly that he has gone aftray, but he is loth to leave the Troad till he has transformed it into a chaos. He feeks for a partner in misfortue, and finds one in Strabo, who indeed is miftaken like himfelf, but not upon the fpot, as Mr Wood allèges'; for it is well known, and he ought not to hâve been ignorant of it, that Strabo fpeaks of the Troad only on the authority of Demetrius of Scepfis. After invoking earthquakes and convulfions of nature; af- ter defcanting idly upon the fituation of Ancient Troy ; after giving even a flowery defcription of the fource of that hideous torrent which wafhes the walls of Ené j after condefcending to embellifh it with a fine bafon, a beautiful plane-tree, and a ro- mande wood * ; in fhort, after finding in this torrent ail the marks of the Scamander, he concludes, upon authorities de- rived from hiftory, that the modem map of Troy muft be cur- tailed of feveral miles, in order to accommodate it to the an- cient'. Thus m 1 Defcription of the Troade, p. 330. ! Ibid. p. 332. 1 Ibid. p. 308. 323, 324. PLAIN OF TROY. 81 Thus we fee that Mr Wood could compofe maps and tear them to pièces with equal facility ; but Nature will not fuffer herfelf thus to be mutilated ; and when any of her révolutions are appealed to for the purpofe of fupporting a fyftem, autho- rity for them muft be derived from hiftorical facls well au- thenticated, or from fome remaining traces of the former ex- iftence of fuch diforders. I, C H A P. 82 DESCRIPTION OF THE CHAR XI. Comparifon of the Scamander witb the Simoisi / TH E velocity with which the fources of the Scamander gufh forth, fhews that they defcend from a place of great élévation * . The river formed by them preferves this extraor- dinary rapidity till it arrives at the place where it enters its new artificial canal 2 . The fréquent eddies which its furface exhi- bits, and which are caufed by the dafhing of its waters againft the great number of winding banks they meet with, are pro- bably the reaibn why the poet gives it the epithet of Aima, whirling, or full of eddies '. This river is never fubjedl to any increafe or diminution; its waters are as pure and pellucid as cryftal 4 ; its borders arc 1 See above, p. 25. * See above, p. 24. ' 'AAA* oTi iij iriçoi i|o» &g|eîo; irarcepoî» £dt$v A1NHENTOS Uiad. xxi. I. But when they arrived at the bed of the beautifully flowing river, the whirling Xanthus. See alfo Uiad. vii. 329. o1.ii', TC, % î^^vsf,— — Ibid. xxi. 350, The trees in flaming rows to afhes turn The flow'ry lotos, and the tam'riik burn, Broad elm, and cyprefs rifing in a fpire j The watery willows hift before the fire, Now glow the waves, the filhes pant for breath, The eels lie twifting in the pangs of death. Pope. See above, p. 25. It may be remarked that Pope has rendered xlmiçov, the cyprefs, which ought to hâve been cyperus or cyperum. See Pun. Hift. Nat. Lib. xxi. c. 70. 8 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE AXX' lirufAWi râ.^is'a, ko.) \[JL7riir'hr\'àt pi&gx ' Xoaroç ex ■ntiyîw, Trûvrcts o oçô'àvvov ivtzvXtsç' 'Isy iïï f^iya xvpct,' iïoXvv iï ogu^ay^ov ogive (ptrgtov xa.i Xccay • Corne, my brother, let us unité our Jlrength to rejlrain this redoubted hero, — corne injiantfy to my aid, and let your current fiow with abun- dan ce of water from its four ce s, mujîer up ail your Jlreams, raife a mighty torrent, and corne roaring down witb a profufion of rocks, and of trees torn from the roots. — Homer could nothave given a truer pi&ure of the feeblenefs of the Scamander and the furious power of the Simois \ But 1 Iliad. xxi. 308. See above, p. 30. 3 It is remarkable that Homer, always true to Nature, never fpeaks of Jijhes being m the Simois, which he reprefcnts as an impetuous torrent. Kàiriric-ct it xotiyri, kJ riptiSïvt yivoç àti^uv. Iliad* xii. 22. And gulphy Simois, rolling to the main Helmets and fhïelds and godlike heroes flain. Pope. He may be fuppofed to allude to the characler of this river in fuch a fimile as the foU lowing : 'flj tf hirort irhASut 7roT«/xô; 9Ttîïo»Jj r.KTim Xtîpuçfef xxt' ofiiriptt, ôraÇafttuoç Aiôç Z[if3çw TleXXccç èl SfîSç à^ahiaf rro^hài et Te 7TIvkcc; "Es, 0-nu.x, and x"^" ?*'*> ' n Latin, tumulus, monumentum, tumulus aggcflus. 'Atwvrm **çà riu.?», near the tomb of JE.?ytvs. Iliad. ii. 604. Tt'n/?u i«nS^«J»x*i Mnixâv, t> ampling upon the tomb of Menelaus. Ibid. iv. 177. See alfo vu. }${>. 435. where mention is made of a mound to be heaped up for ail indifcriminately in the plain, axçirov è» r.-hu, which was done in the café of die multitude flaiu in batile. X^j-x «as more emphatic than ti!(*jJoî, and denoted a monument that was very confpicuous, as the word evidently imports, èo-ijtojKS tô» ràrc-a» tÏ; Ta^ijç, it marks out the fpot oj interment. See Iliad ii. S14. vii. 86. xxiv. 16. Xut« yxïx particularly expreflès the nature of the m nurnents, which confifled of accumulated tarth. 'Ax>à pt n^mÙTa. x" 7 ' 1 """ yxTx kxXvkvm. But let a mound of earth cover me uhen I am dead. Iliad. vi. 464. It is HtcroR. who fpeaks. See alfo xiv. 114. xxiii. 256. Homer likewif'e uies the compound verb tv/*/3»;jo«*i, which fignifies to conftruEl a monument with a heap of earth. See Iliad. xxi. 723. Englilh writers commonly call fuch monuments by the name of Barrows. " I call them Bar- " rows," fays Dr Borlase, " becaufe that name is commonly ufed ; but in Cormval) we " call them much more properly Burrows; for Barrow fignifies a place of defence, but " Burrow is from Byrig, to hide or bury, and fignifies a fcpulchre, as what we call Bar- " rows moft certainly are." Antiquités of Cormval/, p. 2JI. 2d Edit. But Homer is not the only ancient author who mentions this fort of fepulchral monu- ment : Tè» ii N^o» » Xt^ifXfUi tâx-i/m it> toÎç /3çj KaTUnciixel* «17' ovtZ X^¥- % *"*,«• fisysSiç, x. t. A. Semiramis buried Ninus ivithin the precintls of the palace, and encled over him a huge mound, in height nine Jladia, and in breadih ten, according to Ctesias ; and as the a'ty wasjituate near the Euphrates on the plain, the mound was feen at the dijlance of many Jladia like a fort of ciladel. Diooor. Sicul. Lib. II. p. 120. Edit. Wefl'elingii. This heighj, however, may be fuppofed to be not perpendicular, but from the circumfe- rence of the bafe of the cône to its top, as Dr Borlase has oblerved ; for thofe mounds were ail of a conical lhape. Xày», the word uléd by Diodorus, is literally a mound f in Latin, agger, tumulus. Xsnophun and Pausanias both vife fi»î/*«. To p^a m^ùaS-ai M >,«ylT«i 9 o DESCRIPTION OF THE Barrows of a fîmilar fhape, and of the famé fort, are to be found in ail countries ; and wherever any trouble has been Xiytrai, their monument is faidto be heaped uf>. Xenophon. Cyrop. lib. vii. cap. 4. The monument hère meant is that which Cyrus conftrucled for Abradatas and Panthea. Invite ail the Perfians, fays the lame Cyrus on liis deathbed, to repair to my monument ['fri to fctïfix Tdùft.it'] to congratulate with me, as IJhall then be in a place of fafety. Ibid. lib. viii. c. 8. In the former of thefe paffages from Xenophon, mention is alfo made of a pillar, fij*D, erefted overthe monument of the deceafed, with an infcription in Syriac cha- rafters. A pillar likewifé, in the way of ornament, was not uncommon in thetimeof the Trojan war, as we learn from Homer. See Iliad. xvi. 457. where mention is made of conveying the body of the virtuous-SARPEDON home to Lycia, that it may be particu- larly honoured — ti^£« ts ru'** ts, both with a barrow and a pillar. See alfo lib. xvii. 434. Pausanias, after mentioning that a tomb was conftruîted in the plain of Marathon for the Athenians who fell in the famou< battle fought there againft the Perfians; and another for the Platseans and for the flaves ; as the flaves then for the firft time had ferved in the army j adds — K«,l ùtcfîs irlit liia ftiï/*« MiAti«Jb tô Kifiwioç. And there is a monument apart for Miltiades the fon ofCiiaou. Graecias Defcrip. p. 60. Edit. Hanov. 1613. See alfo Virg. iEneid. xi. 210. Liv. lib. xxx. cap. 25. There are a great many Barrows or conical hillocks in Cornwall, of fome of which, viz. thofe near St Auftle, Dr Stephen Williams has given an account in the Philofb- phical Tranladions. " The height and dimenfions," fays he, " of thefe Barrows are " various from four to thirty feet high, and from fifteen to one hundred and thirty " broad ; but they always bear a regular proportion in their form. Some hâve a Foffa " or ditch round their circumferences, others none ; fome a final] circle of ftones at the " top, others none ; fome a circle of ftones round the extrême verge of their bafis." He faw four of them opened by fix Tinners, who were employed on purpofe by himfelf and another gentleman. After they had opened three of the number — " though we had hi- " therto,'' fays Dr Williams, " found no Urn, yet being perfuaded by the unftuous " black earth, and the cylindrical pits, in the centre of every one of the Barrows, the " arlful pofnion of the ftones to cover and guard them, and the foreign earth, that thefe " Barrows were ertBedfor Sepukhres, we refolved to proceed farther." And then he gives a particular defeription of the opening of the fourth ; in which they found an Urn, carefully guarded by a great many ftones, placed artfully ail around it. " This urn," continues he, " is made of burnt or calcined earth, very hard, and vtry black in the in- " fide i PLAIN OF TROY. 9 r been taken to ranfack them, the remains of human bodies hâve always been found within them. Some few of them might " fide ; it has four little ears or handles ; its fides are not half an inch thick ; in it were " feven quarts of burnt bones and ajhes ; we could eafily dilîinguilh the bones, but fo al- " tered by the fire as not to be known what part of the fkeleton they compofcd. The •' urn will hold two gallons and more ; its height is thirteen inches and a half diameter, " at the mouth eight, at the middle eleven, and at the bottom fix and a half." A figure ofthisUrn accompanies the DifTertation ; al fo a m ap of Par Bay, and of the country, with the Barrows. The author then proceeds to enquire into the acquaintance the Phœ- nicians and Grecians had with thefe iflands ; which laft people knew them under the name of Cajiterides, the Tin-iflands. See Phil. Tranf. Vol. xli. part ii. years 1740, 1741. p. 465. In Scotland, mounds of this kind are called Cairns, a name by which they are known alfo in Ireland, the ifle of Man, and fometimes too in Cornwall. Mr Pennant, in both h|s Tours in Scotland, has taken notice of feveral cairns. " In this country," (Banff) fays ne, " are feveral Cairns or Barrows* the places of interment of the ancient Caledo- " niant, or of the Danes; for the method was common to both nations." A "Tour in Scotland, 1769, p. 138. $d Edit. He mentions feveral of them that were opened ; in one of which was found a ftone coffin, containing the complète fkeleton of a human body } in another a coffin with a fkeleton ; alfb an urn ; in a third the famé, and in a fourth a large ornamented urn, with other three lefler one^ quite plain : the largtft w.,s thirteen inches high ; of which he has given an engraving ; the drawing having been communicated to him by the Révérend Mr Lautie, Minifter of Fordyce. lbid. p. 139, 14c. See alfb his Voyage to the Hébrides, 1772, p. 183. 186. 199. Mr Jefferson has obferved, that there are " many Barrows to be found ail over the " country" in America. " Thefe," fays he, " are of différent fizes, fome of them con- " ftructed of earth, and others of loofe ftones. That they were repofitories of the dead, " has been obvious to ail 5 but on what particular occafion conftrucled, was marer of " doubt." Notes on the State of Virginia, p. 173. He had the curiofity to hâve one of them, which was in his neighbourhood, opened. It was about forty feet diameter at the bafe, and had been of about twelve feet altitude. He found in it collections of human bonts, in différent ftrata; and conjeftured, that in this Barrow, there might hâve been a thoufand fkeletons. Thefe Barrows, he remarks, are well known to the Indians, who re- gard them with great vénération, lbid. p. 174. &c. M 2 Whjlb 9 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE might be particularly confecrated to the cérémonies of religion, but it cannot be denied that the greateft number was deflined ta While I was engaged in the Tranflation of this Memoir, and before I had written any of thel'e Notes, the Author left Edinburgh, about the beginning of May (1791.) He went on a tour to the fouth of England, where he fàw, for the firft time, Salifbury Plain, and Stonehenge, the ftupeadous and interefting work of the Druids. The fullow- ing is an Extracl of a letter I received from him on his return to London, dated the l6th of Jane. ' I cannot exprefs to you my chagrin at not being acquainted with tliofe ' monuments, and the author whi> has deferibed them, before I compoied my Memoir. ' Endeavour, I pray you, to find that pamphlet, which \o happily illustrâtes and (upports ' my dilcoveries in the plain of Troy. It is entitled, A Defcription of Stonehenge, Abiry, ' &c. in Wiltjhire. " Very numerous," fays the author, " are the Barrows in the neigh- " bourhood of Stonehenge. — We may readily count fifty at a time in figlit from the " place, eafily diftinguifhable — They are artificial ornaments of this vaft and open plain. " In gênerai they are upon elevated grounds. — Thofe people are but fuperficial infpeftors " of things who faocy great battles. fought on the fpots where the Barrows are, and that " they are the tumultuary fepulchres of the flain. Far otherwife ! They are the fingle " monuments of great perfonages, buried during a confiderable fpace of time, and that " in peace. — In fome are found only urns filled with bones, in others burnt bones with- " out any fign of an urn. Mort of them are furrounded with ditches. — The tomb of " Acuilles was a Barrow," &c — There are in the book many other particularpaflages ' favourable to the doétrine I maintain, fuch as the remote antiquity of thofe monuments, ' the détail which is given concerning their internai ftruéture, and their form, &c. &c. I ' muft beg of you to make a long note on this little book, and infert it when you corne ' to the article of the Tombs; it will make the fubjeft more interefting. If I had time, ' I would alfo fend you fome reflétions of my own.' — But this note is, I am afraid, al- ready too long. Befides, upon the fubjecl of Stonehenge and Sali/bury Plain, it may be fufncient juft to name Jones, Stukeley, and Webb. 1 cannot however conclude this annotation, without mentioning particularly, 1. DrBûR. lase's Antiqiiitiesofthe County o/Cornwall, in which the fubjefl of Barrows is treated in the rnofl full, luminous and fatisfaétory manner, Chap. vii. p. 211. &c. 2d Edit. 2. Various interefting Memoirs on différent Barrows contained in Arcbœelogia, publiflied by the So- cietv of Antiquaries of London. See particularly under the word Barrow, in the in- dexe 5 o f Vo' II. and III. — to which works I refer the reader who wiflies for the ampleû information upon this curious topic. D. PL A T N O F TRO Y. 9$ to the purpofe of containing the alhes of heroes and other great perfonages . It is a very extraordinary circumftance, that the Turks hâve preferved the famé name "for them which was ufed by the Egyptians. This tradition, which I hâve carefully confidered, has not, like many others, been tranfmitted by the Greeks to their conquerors. The Turks who dwell in the moft remote parts of Afia, and the mountains of Caucafus, who hâve had no communication with the Greeks, employ the famé name to exprefs that fort of monument, and could only hâve received it from the Arabians.. I hâve not the fmalleft hefitation then in believing, that the hillock in the vicinity of Udjek % and which is known by the name * " Ma#? are of opinion that temples owe their firft original to the fuperftitious re. u verence and dévotion paid by the ancients to the memory of their decealed friends, u relations and benefàftors. A confirmation of this is, that thofe words, which, in their " proper acceptation, fignify no more than a Tomb or Sepulchre, are, by ancient wri- " ters, applied to the temples of the gods. Thus Lycophron, a noted affecter of obfo* " lete words has ufed Tt'pfe. See Cqffartd. ver. 613 — I will give you but one inftance, '* more, and that out of Virgil : " — — — Tumul um antiques Cereris, fedemque facratam '" Venimus JEneid. II. 742. " The temple and the hallow'd feat " Of ancient Ceres we approach'd Potter's Antiq. o/Gr. B. II. ch. 2. " The fepulchres of the Ancients being always looked upon with a kind of vénération, " they became afterwards applied to the folemnization of their higheft rites of religion u and feftivity. No fooner was Alexander arrîved upon the plains before Troy, but " he performed facrifices and other ufual rites at the Tumulus of Achille s." Bor- lase's Antiquities of Cornwall, p. 222. See above, p. 41. and 44.- *• See above, p. 12. 94 DESCRIPTION OF THE name of Udjek-Tap?, is a fepulchre ; and every circumftance induces me to think that it is the tomb of .ZEsyetes, a monu- ment of the moft remote antiquky, as it exifted even beforc the time of the Trojan war. This tomb, if we may believe Homer, was of a great height, at leaft fuch is the import of the epithet he gives it '. Polîtes, the fon of Pria m, trufting to his agility, had left the city, and taken his ftation on the top of this monument, to watch the motions of the Grecian afmy \ He could not indeed hâve chofen a more advantageous ftation, to hâve a full view of the fpace betwixt the two capes ; it behoved him too to repofe a great degree of confidence in his agility, for he was then at a great diftance from the city. What Strabo lias written refpecling the fituation of Old and New Ilium, contributes admirably to afcertain the pofition of the tomb of ^syetes. He is proving, by the afliftance of Demetrius, that Old Ilium was at a much greater diftance from the fea than the New. 'O te IToX/t^s — 'Oç Tpûuv trxoftoç <£ê TToo&iKeirtiri ffsvoitfwç Tvpfiu iv àxgOTUTw ' Aktvyitu.0 yiçovroç , pârKioç h' »• «"■ h- " And," fays he, upon the fuppofition that Old and New Ilium were the famé, " Polîtes mufthave bee afool, " //, of little weight. D. g6 DESCRIPTION OF THE C H A P. XIII. Situation of the Grecian Camp. I"T was a cuftom among the ancient Greeks, and it is ftill -*- preferved by the modems, to draw afiiore their velTels en- tirely out of the water, when they were to make any ftay in the place where they had landed '. The fleet of Agamemnon being compofed of a thoufand lhips % and not having room for a proper arrangement in a fingle Une betwixt the Sigéan and Rheetéan ' promontories, he was under the neceffity of difpo- fing it in rows, in the manner of a fcaling ladder ; fo that fuch of the vefTels as had arrived firft were advanced farther towards the plain, and thofe which came after remained nearer the * See Potter's Archaeol. Gr. Book iii. ch. 20. 1 In reality, according to Homer, thcre were 1186 fhips. (See the Catal. Iliad. ii.) Thuctdides fays, a little inaccuratcly, r20O. Lib. i. c. ic. It was ufual hovrever to fpeak of them as 1000, the round number. Thus, Lucian, in the Dialogue betwixt Memppus aod Mercury : F.Tt« >:;,- x. t. A. Were the thoufand fhips monned on this account from ail Greece ? — And Virgil, Non anni domuere decem non mille carina. /En. ii. J98. In this fleet there were, according to the beft calculation, about 100,800 men. See Wallace on the Numbers of Mankind, p. 38. and Barnes's note on the Andromachi of Edripides, ver. 106. D. 3 Thkse nameb are not uiêd by Homer ; but he may be fuppofed to mark them fuf- ficiently by the appellative word ifcu, promontories, otherwife, lays Eustathius, called inçi'T^fia. D. PLAIN OF TROY. 97 the beach. In the intermediate fpace betwixt the rows of fhips, the tents were pitched, the ftatues of the gods were exhibited, and the councils held\ The tent of the commander in chief occupied the centre of the camp, Achilles had his flation at the right wing, near the Sigéan promontory, and Ajax at the left near that of Rhcetéum. Homer himfelf defcribes the ar- rangement of this camp in the fourteenth book of the Iliad *. M. « See Iliad. xi. 805. ! The defcription alludedto is contained in the folluvting verle» HÇVtTCtV, tZUTXÇ TitfcOÇ ZTTt 'ST(V[Xiri<7tV "ÎHUlV.V* Ovdl yxp èff, tvçu', Trtp tuv, îSv*Ktr4To 7râtruL% Alyixhoç v««j xxmhv* çuvovtc Si Xaoï. Tu/ px vçoKçatro-xç *çv&xt, k^ tf-XrçcTifcV «ffai^ç 'Hïiioç fifix ftaxçà», oVoy s-tmÉgyaSa» âwai, . Ibid. xiv. 30. VVhich may be thus tranflated literally : For the Jhips of thefe htroes, (the particular /hips, viz. of Diomede, Ulysses and Agamemnon, as Dr Clarke has rightly ob- ferved) were drawn up at thejhore of the hoaryfea, at a great dijlance from the place of engagement, for the army had dragged fuch of the fhips as were foremofl towardr the plain ; and near the Jlerns of thefe, they had conftruEled the wall ; the beacb, though extenfive, not heing capable to contain ail the fhips in one Une ; [_^u^j fays Eustath.] but the troops were compreffed together ; and for that purpofe they had arranged the fhips in the forrn of a théâtre, and had f lied With them the whole opetv'ng of the Jhore, contained betwixt the promonlories. The difficulty of this partage conflits entirely in the word tçokçuVcvks, which in the common Latin verfion is rendered alias ante alias more fcalarum, before one another, liée a fight ofjîepr, or liie the fteps of afcaling ladder. Pope therefore wonders that Madame Dacier fhould conclude that there were only two Unes of fhips, as he thinks it more than probable that there were feveral inter- mediate lines, not only from this idea conveyed by the word TçcKçitrtrxç, but from what may be inferred from a partage in the beginning of the eleventh book, where it is faid that the voice of Difcord, ftanding on the fliip of Ulysses, in the middle of the Jleet, N «ras v8 DESCRIPTION OF THE M. cTAnville and Mr Wood agrée in placing the Rhœtéan proraontory at cape Berbier l , which lies more than fix miles from was heard as far as the ftationsof Achilles and Ajax, ■wbofejhips were drawn tip in the two cxtremities. So far Pope's idea feems to agrée nearly with the meaning of the Poet ; but the explanation he adds of the extremities, where the ftations of Achilles and Ajax were, is certainly altogether erroneous. " The ftiips of Ajax," ïay he, " were nearejl the wall, (as is exprefsly faid in the 682d verfe of the thirteenth book in " tbe original) and thofe of Achilles nearejl the fea, as appears from many partages " fcattered through tfie Uiad." But no fuch thing is faid, either exprefsly or indireclly t in the place referred to ; nor does the Poet ever, in any part of the Iliad, contradict the notion of the dation of Achilles bemg at the Sigéan promontory, and that of Ajax at the Rhœtéan, the two wings cf the flect, and both equally near the fea. " Hector," (àys Homer, in the partage particularly referred to by Pope, " was occupied in the " place where he had firft ruihed into the gâte of the rampart, after breaking the thick " ranks of the Grecian warriors, where the flups of Ajax and Protesilaus were drawn " up on the beach of the hoary main, and where the wall conflrutted ior the defence of " the army _iVs r -9=] was loweft." Hector had pitched upou the gâte at this wing as the proper place for an aiTault, as he no doubt perceived the circumftance hère men- tioned by Homer. ; who, in the reafon he gives for it, pays a very great compliment to the prowefs of Ajax ; " becaufe," fays he, " the braveft of the men and fteeds were " pofted there." If indeed Achilles had ftood forward in defence of the Greeks, there would hâve been no more occafion for a ftrong wall at the Sigéan extremity cf the fleet than at the Rhœtéan. Indeed Homer feems to infinuate elfewhere, that in fuch a café there would hâve been no occaGon at ail for a rampart and trench; in this manner flill referving the higheft panegync of ail for Achilles. The notion that Pope had conceived reipefting the ftations of Achilles and Ajax, viz. that the former was neareft the fea, and the larter iiearelt the rampart at the centre- part of it, has caufed him to give the following wondrrfully confufed verfiou of the âbove partage, which in the original is perfectly perfpicuous and diftinél : But in the centre Hector fix'd remain'd Where firft the gâtes were forc'd, and bulwarks gain'd ; There * Mem. de l'Acad. des Infcriptions, Tons, xxviii. p. 318. Defcription of the Troade, PL A IN OF TROY. 99 from the cape of Jeni-chehr, or Sigcan promontory. Cer- tainly, if the thoufand fhips, or rather boats, of Agamemnon had There on the margin of the hoary deep, (Their naval ftation where the Ajaces keep, And where low walls confine the beating tides, Whofe humble barrier fcarce the foes divides ; Where late in fight, both foot and horfe engag'd, And ail the thunder of the battle rag'd) — Book xiii. 851. In a note on the 845 th line, this eminent Tranflator has exprefTed himfelf in a manner equally embarrafled ; and he evidently mifunderflands the Poet, where he wifhes to guard his readers againft fuch danger. I refer to the note itfelf, where the attentive reader cannot but perceive a great degree of inconfiftency and abfurdity. As to Madame Dac^er's fuppofing there were only two Unes of (liips, (lie is fupport- ed in this idea by Eustathius, in whom that learned lady was much better read than Pope. At the famé time, the explications which Eustathius gives of irpxf co-a-cu, feem rather to be in favour of a greater number of lines than two. He fays, " that Home! " ufes this word to exprefs that the fhips were placed in the manner of a fcaling " ladder, on account of the declivity of the ground ; for the fimple word xpoVc-a» " fignifies Tsipeojta'x" **£•**«» ladders ufed in the attack of walls.'" He adds, that " the " Ancients meant by îrçoxçoWai, fhips placed before each otherin ranges, in fuch a W3y " that their ftation might hâve the appearance of a théâtre." Herodotus, who bor- rows Homer's phrafeology in this and many other inftances, feems to annex this idea to the word. See lib. vii. c. 188. Perhaps then Homer's meaning will be properly and completely comprehended, if we fuppofe the line of fhips fartheft from the fea, to be a fegment of a large circle, de- fcribed betwixt the Sigéan and Rhœtéan promontories, with its convexity towards the plain, and, within that, two or three other fmaller fegments, at a confiderable diflance from each other, fo that the whole might exhibit the appearance of a crefcent encom- pafling a bay atthe mouth of the Scamander ; the poft of Achijlles being at the one horn, and that of Ajax at the other, (fee Iliad. viii. 224. xi. 7.) j that of Agamemnon in the centre, with one line within his poft, and perhaps two without it ; and the fhips of Ulysses clofè upon the fea, immediately in the line within Agamemnon's, and equi- diftant from the ports of Achilies and Ajax. Iliad. viii. 222. xi. 5. For it is not to be N 2 doubted, ico DESCRIPTION OF THE had found fuch a large fpace as this, to admit of an arrange- ment in the line of battle, there would hâve been no occafion for placing them in more rows than one. I excufe M. d'AN ville for committing a miftake of this fort, as he was never out of Paris ; though that circumftance did not hinder him from being one of the beft geographers in Europe ; but Mr Wood's conduct appears to me to be the more culpable and unjuftifiable, that Dr Pococke had marked out for him the way to the tomb of Ajax ; and indeed I owe the difcovery of it myfelf to that excellent traveller *. " When doubted, that the prominence of foil now obfervable at the mouth of the river, is an ac- cumulation of fand gradually formed by the repeated torrents of the Simois, upon the fpot which might hâve been a bay in the time of Homer, (fee Iliad. vii. 462.) ; though «he current of the rapid Hellefpont (fee I'.iad. xii. 30.) muft render it impoffible for any accretion ever to be formed there, of the magnitude which Mr Wood has fancied. The fhips, efpecially thofe of the outermoft and longeft line, we may fuppofe were arranged with their fterns direâled towards the plain, and elevated fomewhat higher than their prows. (See lliad. xii. 403. xiii. 333. xiv. 51. xv. 385. 722.) Ail about the fhips the tents were pitched, but fo as to allow abundance of room for going from one place to another. " There are many paths," fays Agamemnon, " through the camp.'' Iliad. x. 66- At fome diflance from the fhips towards the plain, the Greeks fortified their camp with that famous rampart and trench fo often mentioned in the lliad, and particularly de- fcribed near the end of the feventh book, (fee alfo Potter's Archaeologia, Vol. ii. p. 153.) which they found fo neceffary, after Achilles, who was formerly confïdered as the bul- wark of the hoft, (lliad. i. 284.) had withdrawn himfelf from the war. D. 1 Whoeveb. reads the Travels of Pococke, will be apt to conclude, that the author of this Mémoire has over-rated his merit. He is fo very déficient in fkill in the art of compofition, or arrangement in his narration, that the ideas he conveys are for the moft part extremely confufed. His veracity, however, fo far as he is intelligible, may be relied on ; and it is probable that his defcriptions, indiftinft as they are, may be of great ufe to any traveller vrho vifits the countries where he was ; as he does not defcribe from PL A I N" OF TRO Y. ior " When I had pafled thefe hills," fays he, " I faw from the " fouth a high pointed hill over the fea, which looked as if it " had been fortified, and I judged that it was near weft of " Telmefh. The Aiantéum, where the fepulchre and ftatue of " Ajax were, is mentioned as near Rhœtéum on the fhore , " and I obferved at the defcent to the plain of Troy, a little " hillock, on which a barrow was raifed, and there were forne " broken pièces of marble about it ; but whether this was the " tomb of Ajax, would be difficult to détermine '." Too diffident Pococke ! What reafon could you hâve for exprefling yourfelf with fo much referve upon the fubjecl of the Tombs in the Troad ? Did you never hear that the modem nations hâve erecled fuch monuments to the memory of their warriors ? Did you not know that the fhape and conftruclion of thefe tombs were adopted by the moft ancient people of the world ? Why did you permit your exceffive caution to expofe others to the cenfure of temerity, when fthey were to hold that for certain, which you only had confidered as probable 2 ? As from hearfay, but from aftual infpection, without any fort of attempt at ornament of ftyle. It is matter of regret that a man, concerning whom the late MrTocp has ufed the expreflion — " Vir docbffimus qui " mores hominum multorum vidit et urbes," (Emendatt. in Sdidam, par. iii.) fhould not hâve been able to tell diftiniflly what he fa-w. Mr Gibbon 'ndeed fays, " That Pocock.e's plan of the feven hills on which Con- " ftantinople is built, is clear and accurate ;" but adds, " That this traveller is feldom " fo fatisfaûory." Hift. of the Décline and Fall of the Rom. Emp. Vol. ii. p. 9. not. 22. D. * A Defcription of the Eaft, Vol. ii. part ii. p. 104. * Bot the fubjecl of Barrows, or fepulchral mounds, was not fo completely underftood when Pococke travelled, as it is now in confequence of what Dr Borlase in particular has written, and the authors of the memoirs in the Archeeologia, referred to above, p. 89, 102 DESCRIPTION OF THE As Mr Wood underftood the diftance betwixt cape JenU chehr and cape Berbier, (which laft he took to be the Rhcetéan promontory) to be no lefs than twelve miles, it is no wonder that he looked upon the aflertion of the Poet as incredible, where Agamemnon is reprefented as making his voice be heardfromULYSSEs's fhip, which was about the centre of the two extremities '. But both Mr Wood and M. d'ANViLLE feem to hâve been mifled by Strabo, who afTerts, that the diftance be- tween the Rhcetéan and the Sigéan promontories was fixty fta- dia \ I was at the pains to afeertain this diftance geometrically, and found it to be three thoufand fathoms, a meafure which agrées exaclly with Pliny's account, who fays it is thirty fta- dia 5 . On * See the Defcription of the Troade, p. 336. ; alfo Iliad. viii. 220. * Strabo, p. 890. Edit. Amft. 1707. J Hift. Nat. lib. v. ^. Levvenklau, or Leunclavius, the Editor of Xeno- phon's Works, déclares that he himfelf had failed in the Hellcfpont ; and he gives us the following curious particulars upon this fubjed in a note on the firft book of Xeno- phon's Hellenics. " In this place is fituate Rhœtéum, a promontory of the Troad, ce- " lebrated for the monument of Ajax ; and Sigéum, famous for that of Achili.es, " which lafl our failors called Cape Jenùzûri, or the promontory of Jtni%ari. That " the reader may know the diftances betwixt the places, according to their modéra " names, it may be proper to add, that from the cafile of the Dardanelles on the Afiatic " fide, formerly called Abydos, on the left as you fail out of the Hellefpont, Cbifime is " diftant one Greek mile, a place which feems to be fo called from the river Simois, " whofe moutli is hère. From ChiGme to Pefiia, the diftance is eight Greek miles. " Fefkia is diftant from Jenitzari, the famé with Sigéum, four miles. Whence it may " be inferred that Pefkia is the famé with Rhœtéum." This account anfwers as to the diftance betwixt the two promontories 5 but Leunclavius's conjecture about the moutli -of the Simois being near Chiiime, feems erroneous. D. PLAIN OF TROY. 103 On taking a view of the marfhes which now occupy a part of the fpace between the two capes, and which was alfo the café in the time of Strabo ; and on reflecling on the inunda- tions of the Simois, we fhall think it ftrange, that the army of the Greeks fhould hâve pitched their campupon fuch difadvan- tageous ground, and efpecially that they were able to maintain their ftation on that ground for the fpace of ten years. But though the war continued fo many years, it does not appear from Ho mer that the Greeks were encamped betwixt thé Si- géan and Rhœtéan promontories ail that time. It is generally underftood that they did not vigoroufly attack the city of Troy till the fpring and fummer of the laft year, but had till then carried on a fort of predatory war againft différent parts of the Trojan territories, with a view to weaken the enemy, by di- minifhing or intercepring their refources, and thus to render the city lefs capable of defence, which had appeared at firft to be impregnable, In the courfe of this war, the Greeks no doubt would fhift their ftation from one part of the coaft to another, as they found it moft convenient for their opérations or their fafety ; and there is even reafon to believe, from fome paffages in the Uiad, that in carrying on their predatory expé- ditions, the forces were feparated into various detachments under their refpe'ctive leaders, who returned to fome place of rendezvous with the booty which they had collecled'. At 1 It appears from various paffages in the Iliad, that Achilles had greatly diilin- guifhed himi'elf in expéditions of this fort. See his account of the expédition ro Thebé - , the l'acred city of Eetion, Iliad. i. $f)$. and alfo where he Temples not to mention his own merit to Agamemnon, Ibid. 165. In his fpeech to the deputies fent to endeavour tOa io 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE At laft, in the tenth year, they may be fuppofed to hâve encamped in full force at the mouth of the Scamander in the fummer feafon ', (when the Simois, except in the café of oc- cafional falls of rain, was dried up) with a refolution to make a vigorous effort againft the foe. In this fituation, the army was viiited with the plague, probably very foon after their en- campment ; and that dreadful malady which Homer, in the true fpirit of poetry, afcribed to the wrath of Apollo and the imprécations of Chryses the prieft, we may conclude to hâve been in reality the effecl of the mephitical exhalations ariûng from the marfhes where the camp was pitched. -I to prevail with him to return to the war, he boafts that " he had facked twelve cities in " iflands, and eleven in the Trojan territory on the Continent." Ibid. ix. 328. See alfo where he meets with Lvcaon in the Scamander, and particularly the fpeech he makes in anfwer to the fupplication of that unfortunate Prince, riçù ^c-» yà( nàrfoxA»» h. t. >. Ibid. xxi. 34. 54. 100. D. 1 Tue Scamander, even in the fummer, continued to convey îts pure and perennial, though lefs copious ftream, through the midft of the camp, in the famé channel, through which the Simois, after having joined it, dilcharged its winter torrents. (See above, p. 66.) It may be concluded, that the Scamander fupplied the camp with frefh water, at the famé time that its current, being diffufed over the wide channel in which the Si- mois alfo occafionally flowed, was fo fliallow as to prove no inconvenience to the comba- tants at the time of the engagements near the mips. Higher up, above the confluence of the two rivers, the ftream of the Scamander, being more confined, was no doubt deeper, and fuitable to the fcene of Achilles's exploits, defcribed near the beginning of the 2lft book of the Iliad. As to the time of the year when Troy was taken, fee Dionts. Halicarn. Antiquit. Rom. Lib. i. c. 63. There is however a difpute among the editors, whether the true reading be 'aj.s or 9;f»;, ffing or fummer. See the excellent Tranflation of Dionys. by Spelman ; alfo Pope's note upon the 1037^ line of the xiiith book of his verfion of the Iliad. D. PLAIN OF TROY. 105 I hâve already remarked in my journal, that reeds and ta- marifks ftill abound in thefe marfhes 1 . This obfervation fug- gefts to our remembrance the incident of Diomede's having flain Dolon the Trojan fpy, in the neighbourhood of the camp, his having fufpended his arms on a tamarifk, and his taking care to mark the fpot by a heap of reeds, and tamarifk- boughs, to prevent him from miftaking it on his return during the night '. With refpedl to the large circular bafon to be feen near the Rhœtéan promontory, and which, becaufe in reality it is ob- ftructed by a fand-bank, the Turks call KarajiHk-Limani, the pat haven, 1 fhotild be tempted to believe that this was the haven of the Greeks '. O C H A P. ' See above, p. if. * Iliad. x. 314. 470. ' 'O Ax*w Aifii». Strabo, lib» xiii. p. 890. 923. Edit. Amft. J707. io6 DESCRIPTION OF THË C H A P. XIV. The Tomb of Ajax. HO MER does not point out precifely the fituation of thc tombofAjAx, but at leaft he informs us that his re- mains were depofited in the plain of Troy with thofe of the other Grecian warriors. " Would to heaven," fays Ulysses, when vifiting the infernal régions, " that I had not been vie* " torious over Ajax, in fuch a combat for the arms of Achil- " les ; for it was on their account that the earth covered the " body of fuch a refpedted hero * !" In the account which Nestor gives to Telemachus, he fays, " There lies the war- " like Ajax, and Achilles, and the godlike Patroclus, and " my valiant and amiable fon Antilochus 2 ." Ajax, according to Dictys the Cretan, provoked becaufe the Palladium had been adjudged to Ulysses, threatened both his judges and his rival with his vengeance. As they dreaded his courage, they were on their guard during the enfuing night ; and when they found next day that the warrior had loft his life, each of them fhewed great eagernefs to know the caufe of his death. Meanwhile, Neoptolemus ordered wood to be brought for burning his body, he collecled his aflies in a golden un, * Odyfl". si. 547. * Ibid. iii. 109. PLAÏN OF TROY. 107 urn, and depofked them in a fepulchre which he ere&ed to his memory near the Rhœtéan promontory ' . Strabo, as has been already obferved, exprefles himfelf clearly enough as to the fituation of this tomb, in his gênerai account of the plain of Troy -. Pausanias was informed by a certain Myfîan, that the monument of Ajax on the fide next the ihore, was rendered of eafy accefs by means of an inundation of the fea, which had defaced it ; and that an idea of the enormous ftature of that hero might be formed by the bones found there '. The aperture hère alluded to by Pausanias on the tefti- mony of the Myfîan, is flill to be obferved at the Rhœtéan promontory ; and the Turks, as I hâve already mentioned, call it In Tapé Gheulu, the cavern of the marjh *. As the monument is demolilhed from top to bottom, its whole interior conftruc- tion may be difcerned ; and it now confifts of a vault in the O 2 form * De Bello Trojano, Lib. v. cap. xv. See above, p. 40. note. * See above, p. 64. ; alfo Plin. Hift. Nat. lib.v. c. 33. ' According to Pausanias, this Myfian had told him that he might form an idea of the bulk of Ajax, from the magnitude of his patella or knee-pan, which refembled the difcus thrown by young men in the exercilè of the Pentathlon. Graeciae Defcrip. lib. i. p. 66. Edit. Hanov. 1613. It feems to be uncertain whether Ajax wasburned, or laid in the ground entire. If the author of the performance which goes under the name of Dictys the Cretan, jufl: quôted in the text, may be believed, the former was the café ; and Quintus Calaber, or Cointus Smyrnaeus, even gives a particular defcription of the conftrucYion of the funeral pile, and the burning of Ajax's body. Lib. v. 616. But So- phocles favours the other opinion. See AIAS MAETiro*. Ver. 1 165. Edit. Brunck» It is certain that burning and interring were bothpraftifed in thofe days, See Pottjsr's Archaeol. Book iv. ch. 6. D. * See, above, p. 28» io8 DESCRIPTION OF THE form of a crofs, fituate about the centre of ics height, and a cône of mafonry, around which circular walls are ere&ed at a fmall diftance from each other, and defcribed from différent centres ' . History is filent refpecting the time when the tomb of Ajax was rifled. Are we to believe, with the Myfian, that the gods, enraged againft this blafphemer *, direcled the waves of the Hellefpont to attack his fepulchre ? No. I am rather dif- pofed to think that Pompey the Great J , when he carried off the flatue of Ajax, took pofleffion of his afhes at the famé time, and removed them to Egypt *. C H A P. 1 See Governor Pownall's Defcriptîon of the fepulchral monument at New Grange in Ireland. Archcealogia, vol. ii. p. 236. D. * See theproofs of the impietyof Ajax adduced by Bayle, art. Ajax, remark [e]. D. 3 I fufpeét that inftead of Pompey, we fhould read Mark Anthony, both hère and above in*p. 48. See Strabo, Iib. xiii. p. 890. Edit. Amfl:. 1707. al. p. 595. D. * Whoever witlies to fee many curious particulars concerning the charader of Ajah collefted together, may confult the word in Bayle's Dicfiionary. D. PLAIN OF TROY. io<> C H A P. XV. The Valley of Thymbra. THE appellation of Thymbrek, given by the Turks, with fo little variation from the ancient name, to the beautiful valley which opens towards the north into the plain of Troy ; and its fituation in the vicinity of the tomb of II us and the camp of the Greeks, immediately recalled to my mind the in- formation which the traitor Dolon, in order to fave his life, gave to Ulysses and Diomede refpecling the différent ports occupied by the Trojans and their auxiliaries. " Hector," faid he, " is employed in clofe deUberation among his coun- " fellors near the monument of the divine Ilus, apart from ail •" noife '. — The Carians and Pseonians, armed with bows, the Le- " leges and the Cauconians, together with the noble Pelafgi, are " ftationed a little away from the fea ; the Lycians and proud " Myfians, the Phrygians famed for managing fteeds, and the " warlike Maeonians, are pofled at Thymbra *." When, after I had made myfelf acquainted with this valley, and the river which runs through it, I obferved, in the midft of a large marfh, the place where this river falls into the Si- mois, or, as this part of it was formerly called, the Scaman- der ', it feemed to me impoflible to explain how the Ancients, who * Iliad. x. 414. ' See the reafon afligned above, p. 66. » Ibid.428. no DESCRIPTION OF THE who commonly placed their temples in the moft favourable fi- tuations, either on high promontories, or in the middle of de- lightful valleys, had made fo bad a choice of a fite for the temple of Apollo. Befides, this fpot, which is afïigned by Strabo, or rather by his tranilators, does not correfpond to the diftance of fifty ftadia, which- that geographer fixes as the fpace betwixt New Ilium and the temple of Apollo *. I there- fore fufpe&ed that Strabo had fallen into fome miftake, or that his tranflators had mifunderftood his meaning ; and I was immediately convinced of it upon my difcovering the ruins of a temple near the village of Halil-Eli in the valley of Thym» brek ; and more efpecially when I found amidft thefe ruins the infcription of a confecrated gift offered to Apollo by the inha- bitants of Ilium., Indeed, why fhould the furname of Ihymbrctan hâve been given to the god adored in that temple, if it had not been fîtuate in the valley of Thymb'a ? We know. that Achilles, attended only by a few trufly friends, was flain in that temple, when he was going to efpoufe Polyxena, and when he depended upon the faith of treaties î . How 1 See above, p. 66. 1 The account of Achilles's death hère adopted, is that glven by the author who allumes the name of Dares the Phrygian : De Excidio Trq/ee, c. xxiv. See likewife Dictys of Crète, lib. iv. ex. who fays it happened in the time of a truce. It is alfo mentioned by Servius, on the 57'h line of the vith book of the iEneid, and by other au- thors. See Dict. de Bayle, Vol. i. p. 58. 3'ne Edit. In the dying fpeech which Homer puts into the mouth ot Hector, that hero prophecies that Achilles will fall by the hand of Paris, affifted by Apollo, j>i Sku/?. i vi^rn-i-/, in the Scœan gâte. IKad. xxii. 360. But whoever wifhes toknow what ancient authors hâve faid upon this fubjeét> rnay fee the références enumerated by the learned Drelincourt in his Homericu« Achilles, p. 50, 51. ; a performance of wonderful érudition, to which Bayle has owned his PLAIN OF TROY. m How would Paris and the Trojans hâve had the boldnefs to lay fuch a fnare for the valiant Achilles, and hâve a&ually eut him ofF, if they had not been at a confiderable diftance from the camp of the Greeks ? Strabo perhaps will be found to fupport this idea, if we are allowed to make a fmall change cf the common punctua- tion in the paflage where he fpeaks of this temple. " The " Thymbrivis," fays he, " difeharges itfelf into the Scaman- " der" — If we fuppofe a ftop hère, we learn from the phrafe which immediately follows, " That the temple of Apollo is " to be found near the Thymbrius, at the diftance of fifty fta- " dia from New Ilium." This appears to be the true meaning of the Geographer, and not that the Thymbrius flows into the Scamander " near the temple of Thyrobraean Apollo V CH A P. / his obligations at the conclusion of his account of Achilles ; and bas in the firft édition •f his Dictionary, deviated from the plan of his work, by prefacing that article with a panicular eulogium on Drelincourt, who was his intitnate friend. It deferves to be remarked, that though the plan of the Iliad did not admit of Homer's introducing the death of Achilles into that poem, he contrives to let us know that it happened foon after that of Hector., by his reprefenting the goddefs Thetis employed in bewailing the lofs of her fo:., which (lie forefaw was loon to happen. Ibid. xxiv. 85. D. 1 The paflage hère referred to is as follows : HXipi'ov yàç Ic-Ti ti miSioi h QvpISça, k) i> ii «ira eîi)t w«T«(*ôç 0t(*(3p«i©', èftff«AXi and the monument of Ilus were the famé. In facl, Diomede, at the inftigation of Nestor, whofe great expérience and wifdom caufed him to be confider.ed as a fort of prophet, fets out, accompanied by Ulysses, with a view to afcertain the pofture of the enemy. In their way, they meet with Dolon, the Trojan fpy ', who, in order to (hun death, with which they threaten him, ihforms them, " That the Tro- " jans are really encamped in the neighbourhood," (as Nestor had already told them) " and that Hector is holding a coun- " cil with the Trojan chiefs at the monument of Ilus *." If the concurrence of thefe teftimonies does not amount to a demonftration that the "Throfihos and the tomb of Ilus are the famé, it is clear at leaft that thefe two monuments could not be at any great diftance from each other. — Let us now follow the route of Priam, when he goes to beg the body of his fon from Achilles. Mercury meets with the old Ring, in the evening twilight, juft as he arrived at the tomb of Ilus ', and blâmes him for ex- pofing himfelf to danger, by thus travelling with fo much treafure in the plain of Troy during the night *. The tomb of Ilus then was at a confiderable diftance from the city of Troy, fince Priam, who had fet out early in the afternoon, as may be collected from the preceding part of the xxiv th book, did not arrive there till it was almoft dark ; and the diftance from the famé monument to the entrenchments of the Greeks muft hâve been far lefs ', for Mercury fays to Priam that he had juft corne from thence, and that he would inftantly conduct the chariot thither '. P We * See above, p. 105. * Iliad. xxiv. $6$. » Iliad. x. 414. * Ibid. 401. 443, ' Ibid. xxiv. 349. ii 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE We may add, that the tomb of Ii.us could not be far from the banks of the river, as Priam had ftopped his mules and horfes to drink there ' . CHAP. ' Iliad. sxiv. 350. The Poet fays, 'Eï 7roTae/xfc. They ftopped the mules and horfes toJrini in the river. Which Pope tranflates, What time the herald and the hoary king, (Their chariots ftopping at the filver fpring That circling Ilos' ancient marble flows) Allow'd their mules and fleeds a fhort repofe. Jnfteadof the river, he feigns a fpring in the neighbourhood of the monument, becaufe, according to the notion he had of it, the river could not be near it. But \i ^rorafià can never fignify at a fpring. In the eleventh bookofthe Iliad, Agamemnon is defcribed as " purfuing the Trojans, " and eagerly animating the Greeks ; while the Trojans in their flight were rufhing along, " paft the monument of Ilds, through the middleof the plain, near the grove of wild figs." Iliad. xi. 165. This is ftill confiftent with the ingenious author's fuppofition. For if it fliould be objeifled, that the former explication of the middle of the plain, taken from Strabo, is not fatisfattory, [fee above, p. 70.] the anfwer is, that the monument in que- ftion may be faid to be in the middle, by being fo with refpeft to the breadth, though not with refpedt to the length of the plain. In the famé book it is faid, that " Paris, lean- " ing on the pillar at the monument of Ilus, aimed an arrow at Diomede." Ibid. 36g. But though from the context it is moft probable that the fight was maintained not far from the walls ; yet we may fuppofe that after Agamemnon was wounded, and had retired, the Trojans, on taking advantage of this, had repelled the Greeks a great way down the plain, D. I^&AIWM de TMOIM Srw i KF du Sairmv, -S CARTE de 1'ancietone T R O I E , ■t de ces Environs . Source Chaude \ * * Scalï cr 1000 Toises. Irn.ù-fi l'ub :' March y."/7fi-2, h- T.ùuUUStnmd ■ J'. /. .VuiejaA PLAIN OF TROY. itc C H A P. XVII. the fite of Ancient Troy, THE tombs found on the eminence of Bounarbachi ma\ not perhaps be thought fufficient to prove the fituation of the ancient city of Troy ; but there are many circumftances in the poems of Homer which would be inexplicable and im- poflible, if we fuppofe it to hâve been in any other place. The village of Bounarbachi is fituate on the fide of an eminence, which is expofed to every wind. — Homer, in fpeak- ing of the city of Troy, gives it the epithet of tivep,otçj ÏMç ÛBN> Ttl^Sffi 7T8WT11WTEÇ KuptSa.- Odyfl". xiv. 473, 3 Iliad. vi. 433. xxii. 145. 4 'O ts 'Epihôç Tfdvi/i T(ç tcbm;, xj IjivswJik, tu p.1» «ç^oiw xTiV(i«Tt v&eiriïTTaKiv. jind tht Erineos is a place that is rougb and abounding in luild fig-trees : it is Jituate under the, an. tient jlruEiiirt. Strabo, lib. xiii. p. 893. " Ac fi dicas caprificetum." Ciauke ad Iliad. vj. 433- PL AIN OF TROY. 117 hood of Troy. Near that hill were fituate the gardens of Pria m, whereL.YCAON,when cuttingwood,was furprifedbyAci illes 1 ; and on that fpot are ftill fituate at this day the gardens of the Aga of Bounarbachi, who, after forty" centuries, fucceeds to the King of the Trojans in his capital, in a part of his poflef- fions, and in his abfolute fway over the inhabitants of the plain of Troy, and over the inferior Agas who command them. The epithets of axgoç, high, casçorâroç, very high, which Homer every where gives to the citadel of Troy, were fufficient au- thority for believing that it was fituate on an eminence % But I was always furprifed that the great Poet fhould make no men- tion of thofe précipices of Bounarbachi which overlook the Simois, efpecially as their awful and picturefque appearance was a fubjecl fo worthy of his pencil. By tracing him in every line and every word of his two poems, I was at laft enabled to dîfcover that thefe high rocks which formed the fureft defence of Ancient Troy had not been unobferved by him. Demodo- cus, in extolling the exploits and the ftratagems of Ulysses, relates the manner in which the wooden horfe was conducled into the citadel. " The Trojans themfelves," fays he, " drag- " ged it into the acropolis, and thus there it ftood ; while they, "■ feated around it, fpoke with uncertainty about what ought " to be doA. They thovight of three différent methods, " either with the fharp fteel to open a paflage into its fide, or "■ to drag it up to the fiimmit of the rock, and tofs it dozvn headlong % " or * Iliad. xxi. 35. 1 Iliad. v. 460. vi. 88. 257. 317. 512. xx. 52. xxii. 172.. See aliblbid. iv. 508. vii. 21. xxiv. 700. Ody (T. viii. 494. 504. . n8 DESCRIPTION OF THE " or fuffer the huge figure to be dedicated as an expiatory gift " to the gods V The hill called Batieia, or the tomb of the nimble Myrin- na, was in the front of the city 2 . It was near this place where the Trojans, with their auxiliaries, arranged themfelves in the order of battle, while the Grecian army was drawn up in the neighbourhood of the fhips '. — That monument no longer ex- ifts ; but on examining the map, it appears, that by arranging the Trojan armybetwixt the banks of the two rivers, fo that one of the wings fhould be fupported by the border of the Simois towards Atchi-Keu near Callicoloné, and the other ex- tend towards the borders of the Scamander, a little below Bou- narbachi, where the tomb of Myrinna muft hâve been fitu- ate, it would hâve the Grecian army exaclly in front betwixt the Sigéan and Rhœtéan promontories. The tutelary deities of thefe two armies could not hâve fti- mulated the courage of the combatants more fuccefsfully than by taking a clofe furvey of their lines. It is thus that ail Gê- nerais aél when they are to conducl their troops againft the enemy. Therefore we find Mars calling aloud to the Trojans from the top of the citadel, and then flying like a tempeft on the borders of the Simois near Callicoloné ; while Pallas, on her part, animating the Grecian army, appears fometimes be- fide the trench without the Grecian wall, and fometimes on the refounding fea-fhore \ The ■ OdyfT. viii. 504. See Virg. iEneid. ii. 31. where the Poet varies a little from Ho- mer, and fometvhat inconfifttntly. 3 Iliad. ii. 811. ' Ibid. ii. 464. * Ibid. xx. 48. PLAIN OF TROT. 119 * The public road pafled near the fources of the Scamander ; for Hector, when purfued by AcHrLLES, came to thefe fources juftafterhe had crofTed it '. — Still at this day, in coming from the fhore of the Hellefpontto the village of Bounarbachi, you pafs by the fources of the Scamander. If ail thefe circumftances united are not fufficient to afcer- tain the fituation of Ancient Troy, I hope that the following ftrict mathematical demonftration will prove it beyond ail doubt. The Scaean or weftern gâte 2 was that which faced the plain, From this gâte the Trojans iflued forth, in order to engage on that plain 3 ; near this gâte Hector flood, when Priam and Hecuba wanted to diffuade him from entering the lifts with Achilles 4 ; and, laftly, it was from the top of this gâte that thefe unfortunate parents beheld their fon perifh near the fources of the Scamander 5 . — The fources of the Scamander then lay in front and in view of the Scsean gâte. This gâte was there- fore on the weft of the city. When it is once granted that I am 1 Uiad. xxii. 145. * T«« TkcÙuç itiXaç, &ctfdutlstç trioTi' OpYie©' A£ysi, to (ilv, air)> Actgja>a, to Ss, v âira XxatS iiti xk>,b/x£ih tï^vit», 5 on ôWixâi. trx.xtà. yàç, jjtoi àfioltfà, Ta èWixa. ri SitTt axxtuï, >)TO» jw i.-1-ii», roi; Tuolv ly-vovTo, h^a^ivoi; «n' ùvràç toi Wjeiov "in-nm. Home-r. ufes the appel- lation of Scœan or Davdanian gâtes indifcriminately, the latter name being derived from Dardanus, the former either from an artifl called Sc*us, or becaufe they were fituate to the weft ; for what are on the left or on the wefl are called Scxan j or becaufe they were rxai*!, unlucky, or iwa^alsfci, ill-omened, to the Trojans, by having given admittance to the wooden horfe. Eustath. in Hom. Iliad. Vol. i. p. 394. Edit. Rom. 155°. * Iliad. vi. 393. xvi. 71 1. xxii. 360. &c, * lbid. xxii. 35,]. ' lbid. 405. 120 DESCRIPTION OF THE am exadl with refpecl to the pofition of the fources of the Scamander, it muft be allowed that I am right as to the fitu- ation of the city of Troy. That this is to the eaft of the fources, is ftriclly and unqueftionably demonftrated. C H A P. PLAIN OF TROY. 121 C H A P. XVIII. The Tomb of Heclor. IT is an opinion generally received among the learned, that the ancients feldom conftrudted their burying-places within their cities. The ruins of fuch of them as hâve been difco- vered, and the cuftom which prevails at this day among the nations of the eaft, feem to confirm this opinion x . It is well known, however, that certain people, fuch, for inftance, as the Lacedaemonians, did not imitate others in this particular, but crowded together, with as much barbarity as ourfelves, the dead and the living within the narrow liraits of their city. It may be afked, whether fuch a favage cuftom prevailed among the Trojans ? and are not thofe monuments a proof of it, which are to be feen on the height of Bounarbachi, and which, according to their prefent fituation, muft hâve been in- clofed within the precincls of the city, or at leaft within the- citadel? No. The tombs of ^Esyetes, of Ilus, and of the nimble Myrinna, were without the walls, and even at a great diftance from the city ; why then fhould thofe others be ftrand within it Mt is by no means difhcult to alTign the caufe of this. Q^ When * See Potter's Archseol. Book iv. chap. vii. }. alfo Pope's note on Une 399. of Bock vii. of his Tranflation of the Iliad. 122 DESCRIPTION OF THE When any one of the Grecian Chieftains happened to be flain in battle, they conveyed him to the fhips, and erecled his monu- ment under the immédiate protection of the camp. On the other hand, when the Trojans wanted to perform the funeral obfequies of their warriors, they h ad no other defence againft the incurfions of the Greeks than the walls of their city. It would not then be furprifing, if, during the time of the war, they fhould hâve been obliged to deviate from their ancient pradtice, and to bury their dead within the town. I hâve already faid, that of the four monuments upon the cminence of Bounarbachi, three are precifely fimilar to thofe which are to be feen on the fhore of the Hellefpont, and the fourth confifts of an enormous mafs of flones, which feem to be the remains of a demolifhed flruclure. After fatisfying my- felf beyond ail doubt refpecling the fituation of Troy, my firft idea was, that they contained the afhes of the Trojan war- riors. This conjecture appeared the more rational, that feveral ancient authors inform us that long after the Trojan war, the monuments of the Trojans, as well as of the Greeks, were fhewn to travellers. " The body of Paris," fays Dares the Phrygian, " was carried within the city, and Pria m conflrutt- " ed a tomb for him V César, in traverfing the plain of Troy, was walking in- advertently over a heap of flones and of turf, which no longer retained the fhape of a tomb. " Stop, César," cried his guide, " you are treading upon the afhes of Hector." Securui De Excidio Trojse, cap. xxxv. See above, p. 40. note. PLAIN OF TROY. 123 Securus in alto Gramme ponebat grejfus ; Phryx incola mânes Hectoreos calcare vetat. Lucan. Pharf. ix. 975. While carelefs and fecurely on they pafs, The Phrygian guide forbids to prefs the grafs ; This place, he faid, for ever facred keep, For hère the facred bones of Hector fleep. Rowe. Pausanias, to whom we owe the fabuleras account of the caufes of the démolition of the tomb of Ajax, informs us alfo of the .circumftance winch gave occafion to the opening of Hector's. He fays that the inhabitants of Thebes, in confe- quence of a refponfe of the oracle, went, according to their own account, in queft of Hector's bones, and carried thetn away with them from Troy'. Virgil takes a very ingenious method of pointing out the true fituation of Hector's tomb. He tells us, " That ^Eneas, on arriving at the coaft of Epire, found there, to his great furprife, a city of Troy, a Scamander, a citadel and a Scaean gâte V And he had, a little before, rnade the hero relate his meeting with Andromache before the city, while fhe was offering to the afhes of Hector a folemn facrifice and funeral oblations in a grove, watered by a ftream to which iS fhe had given the name of Simois ; and there fhe was in- Q_2 " voking J i Graec. Defcript. lib. ix. p. 569. Edit. Hanov. 1613. 1 Procedo, et parvam Trcjam,fimulataque magnis Pergama, et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum jigti'ifco, Scœ/xque ampleRor limina portée, 2$Ln. iii, 34g . i2 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE " voking his fhade by a cenotaph which fhe had conftrucled of " green turf to his memory, with two altars, the furvey of " which foflered her grief, and furniûHed fréquent caufe for " her tears '." This unfortunate princefs feeks in a new country that confolation which (he had loft in the old. Shc gives to a brook which was dried up, the name of Scamander, whofe limpid waters are never exhaufled, and whofe banks are adorned with flowers. She rears a cenotaph to Hector upon the border of a counterfeit Simois. Her mournful recolleclions excite her tears, and are too precious ever to admit a fufpicion of their fmcerity. We may fafely truft to this afflicled widow the care of imitating the tomb of her beloved Hector ; and fince Andromache weeps upon the borders of the counterfeit Simois in Epirus, we may conclude, that the aflies of her huf- band repofe upon the borders of the real Simois in the plain of Troy. I myself, Gentlemen, hâve feen thofe very mores of Epi- rus where Helenus formerly reigned. The plain of Butrinto, which lies oppofite to the ifland of Corfu, wonderfully refem- bles the plain of Troy ; and the village of Butrinto, like that of Bounarbachi, is likewife ikuate on an eminence at the ex- tremity of a plain environed with mountains, watered with two fmall ftreams, and extending ail the way to the fea. The defcription which Homer himfelf has left of Hec- TOR's funeral, agrées wonderfully with ail thofe teftimonies which * Solennes tum forte àapes et trîjlia dona Ante urbem, in luco, falfi Simoentis ad undam, Libabat cineri Andromache, manefque vocabat Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quem ctfpitt ina»em M Et gemmas, cau/am /acrymis,/acraverat aras. 2En. iii. 30 1 PLA1N OFTROY. 125 which I hâve adduced. " The body of the hero is firft burn- " ed ; the fire is fchen extinguiflied with wine ; his relations and " friends colïeft his afhes, and weep over them ; they inclofe " them in a golden urn, and depofit them in a grave, which " they cover with a great number of Jiones, and upon which they « û rif*iKi7o"i saurai KXTiçoçitrxi fiîyu\^t> lliad. xxiv. 797 It is added, • ■■ C£f! Si «rxoTT»! ûxro irâ\nr lt Centinels were pofted allaround, lejl the Greets Jhould invade them before the termination of the time. For Priam, a little above, had told the Trojans, that previous to his leaving the tent of Achilles with the body of his fon, that hero had promifcd not to moleft the Trojans for the fpace of twelve days. Ibid. 781. Nine of thefè days had been employed in preparing and conftrufting the funeral pile in the plain in the front of the city ; and HoMERexprefsly f3ys, that on the tenth day, the body of Hector was brought out, and laid on the pile without the walls. Ibid. 785. The reafon of which is évident ; the burn- ing of a body on a pile of fuch magnitude within the city, would hâve been extremely inconvénient on various accounts j and as to the pofting of centinels during the ceremony, the Trojans rhight be fufpicious, that the enemy would not rigidly adhère td the promife made by Achilles to Priam. Homer indeed is filent with refpeft to the precife fpot where the a(hes of Hector were depofited ; but Priam had faid to Achil- les, " that they would bury him on the tenth day, raife a mound over him on the ele. " venth, and recommence hoflilities on the twelfth, if that (hould be necefiTary." Ibid. 665. As therefore one day was rather too fhort a time for the pufpofe of raifing a Barrow over Hector, and as the employing of more time would hâve expofed the Trojans to the attack of the enemy, it may be concluded that this work was performed within the <-..ty, probably within the citadel. D. 126 DESCRIPTION OF THE C H A P. XIX. The Sources of the Scamander. T N the defcription contained in my journal of the fountains -■- which give rife to the fmallefl of the rivers in the plain of Troy, I mentioned that they are to be feen in the neighbour- hood of Bounarbachi ; and added that one of them, which is in a detached fkuation, and rifes from the bottom of a bafon bordered with pillars of marble and granité, is warm in winter and covered with fmoke ; whilft the other, which is formed by the union of a great number of fmall rills gufhing from the foot of the adjacent Hills, conftantly preferves the famé cold tem- pérature'. Let us now fee whether thefe marks correfpond with the defcription which Homer has given of the fources of the Scamander. Thèse, according to the Poet, were at no great diftance from the city, fince the Trojan women ufed to go thither " to " wafh their garments before the arrivai of the Greeks V It likewife appears, that the very extraordinary phenomenon which diftinguiflies thefe two fources, had not efcaped the ob- fervation of the great Poet. It is plain from the particular ac- count which he gives of them, that he was no lefs ftruck with their fingular différence than with their copioufnefs and their beauty ; * See above, p. 25, 26. * Iliad. xxii. 154. PLAIN OF TROY. 127 beauty ; but the idea which he gives us of them is not altoge- ther conformable to nature, or at leaft is not quite corre&ly expreffed. " The one of thefefottrces," fays he, " flows with a " warm flream, and a fmoke arifing from it is diffufed ail " around, as if it proceeded from a burning fire ; the other in " the fummer flows out cold as the hail, the chill fnow, or the " ice 1 ." The one of thefe fources is in reality warm and co- vered with fmoke ; but it is not fo altvays, as Ho mer feems to infinuate ; it is only fo in the winter ; and the other is always cold. The places ail around the fources of the Scamander were covered with reeds very thick and very tall. It was there the young Trojan damfels were wont to bathe on occafion of their approaching nuptials ; and there the young Callirrhoe was violated by Cimon, the difhpated Athenian, according to the adventure related in the tenth letter afcribed to tEschines j which was the caufe of the abrupt departure of that oratof from the Troad ; a circumftance cver to be regretted, as it pre- vented him from entering upon a minute examination of the plain of Troy, and from giving the refult of his enquiries to the world 2 . From that letter, however, we may conclude, that the city of Troy ftill exifled in the time of ^Eschines, that it was fi- tuate near the Scamander, that this river was then covered with ' Iliad. xxii. 149. See the original above, as quoted by Strabo, p. 58. 1 See above. p. 22. note, and p. 44. An abflradl of thi^ letter of TEschines has been given by Mr Wood, Eflay on Homer, p. 2. allb by Bayle, Dict. artic. Scamander, re- mark [d], who has accompanieii hi^ account with a very curious commentary. Lady M. W. Montague has likewife alluded to this flory in her xlivth letter. D. 128 DESCRIPTION OF THE with reeds, as it flill is, and that ^Eschines expe&ed to find the plain nearly in the famé fkuation as Homer has painted it. It may likewife be remarked, that Attalus the wreftler, recorded in ^Eschines's letter, is the famé who is mentioned in the infcription found among the ruins of the temple of Thymbraean Apollo '. If I were not afraid of appearing romantic, I would add, in defcribing the plain of Troy, that 1 found the Turkifh wo- men of the village of Bounarbachi wafhing their garments at the fources of the Scamander, as the wives and daughters of the Trojans were wont to do when they ehjoyed the fweets of peace, before the arrivai of the Greeks : ïlXuvsffKov Tçâwj ÛKofcoi, xct.'ka.l t& Suyctrgie, Toirglv lit ùçwriç, sr^ii* tX^tlv i/iuç 'A^uia/v. Iliad. xxil. 154* Where Trojan dames (e'er yet alarm'd by Greece) Wafh'd their fair garments in the days of peace. Pope. n h a p See above, p. 22, PLAIN OF TROY. 129 C H A P. XX. Achille s* s Purfuit of Heclor, TT7HEN Achilles is advancing to the attack of Hector * * at the Scaean gâte *, the Grecian army is drawn up in battle array within view of the walls of Troy- ; the Trojans are reduced to the laft extremity ; the fufpenfion of their ruin dépends on Hector alone ; the citizens are upon the walls facing the plain and the fburces of the Scamander ; Pria m and Hecuba are upon the Scxan gâte 2 ; the whole force of thé city is direcled to the fpot where the enemy threaten an attack ; every breaft trembles for the fate of the valiant Hector, who at that moment is the only bulwark they hâve to oppofe to the viclorious Greeks. Achilles advances to the combat ; but Hector, difmayed at his appearance, betakes himfelf to flight ' ; and (if we are to dépend upon the common opinion of Homer's interpreters) directs his courfe arcand the walls of the great city of Troy *. Whenever he endeavours to make for the gâte, or to approach the walls, Achilles turns him off towards the plain, and beckons to the Grecian troops to pre- vent them from making any attempt upon his life J . R Thèse * Iliad. xxii. 35. 131. 4 Iliad. xxii. 144. 165. 1 Ibid. 76. 78. » lbid. 194. 205. 3 Ibid. J36. i 3 o DESCRIPTION OF THE Thèse two warriors do not run for " a viclim or a fhield ; M the life of the noble Hector is at ftake 1 ;" that is to fay, the fafety or the ruin of Troy dépends upon the fate of her hero. Ail his fellow-citizens and his relations ftand upon the walls, anxioufly expecling to know to which fide the balance of Jupiter will incline M The career of the two warriors is the moft critical period, and the moft interefling fpeétacle, both for the Trojans and the Greeks ; it was impoffible they Ihould not be attentive to every fingle circumftance of it ; every ftep of Hector's progrefs, muft needs hâve alarmed the inmoft recefTes of the heart of Priam and of Hecuba ; and the brave Myrmidons, on the other hand, with fhouts muft hâve prompt- ed the fpeed of their Prince. If thefe two warriors had retired from the fight of the ar- mies, and continued their career quite round the walls of the great city- of Priam, would the Scaean gâte hâve been fpared by the Grecian army ? No longer awed by the prefence of their hero, and in a ftate of uncertainty refpecling the fate of the two warriors, while out of their view at the oppofite fide of the city, would thofe troops hâve remained inactive ? And would they hâve been able to reftrain their impatience till the chiefs fhould run no lefs than three times round the city ? Let us now compare the combat of Turnus and vEneas with that of Hector and Achilles. The former engaged under the walls of Laurentum, between two armies which waited the decifion of their fate with no lefs impatience. Let us obferve the iflue of this encounter, according to Virgil. Turnus 1 iiiad. xxii. 158, a i bidi 209# 4I2 . 42 p p PLAIN OF TROY. 151 Turnus having refolved to engage ^Eneas in fîngle com- bat, and ^Eneas being apprifed of his refolution, they botli prépare for the field. Early in the morning, the Rutulians and Trojans mark out the ground for the combatants, " under the " walls of the great city'." — " The anxious Matrons, the " vulgar throng, and the feeble old men placed themfelves " upon the turrets and the roofs of the houfes, and fome ftood " aloft above the gâtes 2 ." Juno from the top of a neighbour- ing mountain, " furveys the field, both the armies, and the city " of Latinus '." King Latinus, accompanied by Turnus, and ^Eneas by his fon Ascanius, adjuft the preliminaries of the combat, and enter into a treaty, which is confirmed by the folemn oaths of ./Eneas and Latinus. Meanwhile, Juturna, the fifter of Turnus, at the inftigation of Juno, prépares to efFecT: a vio- lation of the treaty, and to difconcert the projecled combat. In confequence of this machinery, a battle takes place, zEneas is wounded, and retires from the field. His wound is healed foon after by the affiftance of Venus ; but Turnus takes ad- vantage of his abfence, and makes dreadful havock among the troops of his rival. Various incidents are defcribed by the Poetj zEneas returns to the field, attacks the city of Lauren- R 2 tum, » ■ magna fub moenibus nrbis. J£.n. xii. 1 16. Tumjludio effufts maires, et vulgus tnertnum, Invalidique fines, turres et teBa domorum Obfedere : alii portis fublimibus adflant. Ibid. 131. — — - — campum afpe&abat, et ambas Laurentum Troumque actes, urbemque Latini. Ibid. 136. i 3 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE tum, and fets fire to the houfes neareft the rarnpart. Turnus at laft, in a fit of violence and defpair, fearches for his rival. " He advances clofe to the walls where the fury of the battle " rages, and the weapons are hiffing through the air. He " beckons to the Rutulians with his hand, and calls aloud to " them to defift from the fight, declaring that the fortune of " the day, whatever it may be, concerns himfelf alone ; and that " it is incumbent upon him to fulfil the conditions of the " treaty for them ail, by the decifion of his own fword. Upon " this the troops divide, and open a large fpace between the " armies \" On perceiving this, ^Eneas abandons his attack of the walls, and repairs to the combat with Turnus. They engage ; and the attention of both the hofts is fixed en- tirely on the two Chiefs. Jupiter weighs their feveral fates in his balance, as he had, according to Homer, formerly weighed thofe of Hector and Achilles. The fword of Turnus (which was not his own, but that of his charioteer Metiscus, and which he had fnatched up in a miftake) breaks in pièces on the divine armour of tEneas. His only refource is flight ; and now the combatants, " as they run, encircle the fidd five " times, and as often return upon the famé ground \" Turnus. 1 Sic ut bis ruit ad muros, ubi plurima fufo Sanguine terra madet , Jlridentque bq/Wibus aura?; Significatque manu, et magno Jtmul incipit ore : Parcite jam Eutuli} et vos tela inhibtte Latini : Qucecunque ejt fortuna, tnea ejl : me vertus unum Pro vobisfœdus luere, et difcernere ferro. Difcejirt omnes medii, fpatiumque dedere. JEu. xii. 690. J punique orbes expient curfu, totidemque retexunt Hue, illuc, , Ibid. 763. TU PLAIN OF TROY. 133 Turnus at lad flops near a wild olive confecrated to the god Faunus, juft as Hector ftops near the fources of the Sca- mander. If, in the engagement, Hector difcharges his lance without effecl againft the divine armour of Achilles ; if he calls on Deiphobus to no purpofe to give him another ' ; in like manner, Turnus feels the treacherous fw ord break in pièces The Poet adds, neque enirn levia aut ludicra peluntur Prœmia,fed Turni de vita et fanguine cet tant. No liglit reward muft crown the eagcr ftrife, The long-contended prize is Turnus' noble life. Pitt. This is an obvious imitation of the following lines of Homer : ■ îwù ù% Ugriiei, s'ïs (3osiV,n 'Aç»L5"9/jv, â t ts 7TQ>hà çrifï \|/K^ïs Sics'Exiof.ç iWiitfuid Iliad. xxii. 1 59* Swift was the courfe ; no vulgar prize they play, No vulgar vicftim muft reward the day, (Such as in races crown the fpeedy ftrife) The prize contendcd was great Hector's life. Pope. ■ *£4I7CCT0 E*TWÇ, 'Otti Iol 01 iSsA©- àlKV iTUVlav îxtpvyi X l 'i"-' "Hr'u fii> Jofw pixKçi-' o o sT( ôi iyytSit nt>. Ib. 2ÇI. refulting with a bound From off the ringing orb it ftruck the ground. Hector beheld his javelin fall in vain, Nor other lance, nor other hope remain ; He calls Deiphobus, dcmaiuls a fpear, In vain, for no Deiphobus was there. Pope. i 3 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE pièces in his hand ; and he calls out for another to the troops, whom jEneas attempts by menaces to intimidate'. This circular flight of Turnus when purfued by tEneas, is not direcled around Laurentum, but under the walls of that city, always on the famé fide, and within a fpace of ground, " encompafled by the thick ranks of the Trojans, the walls of " the city, and an extenfive marili* :" — a circumltance which Virgil feems to hâve imagined, on purpofe to produce for his combatants a field fomewhat analogous to the plain of Troy, that they might thus be conflned to the famé fcene, conftantly expofed to the view of their countrymen ; and, in fhort, that his composition might preferve a confiftency, free from every violation of probability and good tafte. Why, it may be a£ked, did Virgil, after following his mo- del fo implicitly from the beginning of the epifode, feem to deviate from him refpecting the particular courfe in which his warriors ran ? Would he hâve ventured to corred his great ori- ginal * Ille Jimuï ' fugitns, Rutulos Jlmul increpat omnes, Nomine quemque votons; notumque efflagitat enjem. ./Eneas mortem contra preejenfque minatur Exitium,Ji quifquam adeat. iEn. xii. 758. Thus fi^ing in diitrefs the Daunian lord Calls on his friends ; demands his trufty fword. But the great Trojan, with a lofty cry, Forbids the bands the weapon to fupply. Pitt. * Undique enim denfa Teucri inclufere coronâ; Atque hinc vqfta palus bine ardua mœnia cingunt. JEs\. xii. 744. For htre he views the embattled Trojan pow'rs j Hère a vaft lake } and there the Latian tow'rs. Pitt. PL AIN OF TROY. 135 ginal in fo material a circumflance ? did his copy of the Uiad exhibit a reading différent from thofe now extant ? or, is the text of Homer capable of fuch an explication as Virgil feems to hâve given it ? Taking it for granted that the text has undergone no al- tération, perhaps it may be pofTible to find in it a meaning fi- milar to that which Virgil has exprefTed ; and thus, at the famé time, to vindicate the original from the charge of violating probability. After carefully examining the whole pafTage, I am perfuaded that the difficulty in queftion proceeds entirely from the way of explaining the prepofition veg) y which often fignifies round or round about ; but is alfo xxfed by other authors, as well as Homer himfelf, to exprefs the Latin juxta, prope, ad, or the Englifh near, befide, hard by, thus marking vicinity in point of place ' . If, inftead of taking viçt in the former fenfe, we fhould * The flight of Hector has been the fubjecr of cenfure on two accounts ; f>rjt, as in kferf iaconfiftent with the character of that hero ; and, fecondly, as ablurd and improba- ble with refpedl to the manner in which it is undcrftood to hâve been direcled and conti- nued ; and the whole is generally conCdered, even by the greateft admirers of Homer, as one of the moft unaccountable incidents in the Iliad. Any attempt therefore to givc a rational explication of it, feems entitled to indulgence. As the conducl of the Poet in allowing Hector to give way to fear, and to betake himfelf to flight, does not fall within the fubject of this paper, v\hich profefles only to exhibit the topography of Homer refpcdling the fcene of the lliad, the render is re- ferred for fatisfa&ion on that point to Pope's note upoii the iSoth line of the xxii f^iirec. Tregî ç'iov OvXv^vti» And ihcn I woiild bind a chain round the fummit of Olympus. Iliad. viii. 25. ■ mç) vsxçôv round about the de ad body. lbid. xvii. 412. 7Ti[] T ÙÇfoç OOlVTCtÇ Tiy.Txt The foatn arifes ail around his teeth. Ibid. xx. i63. But v.gi is certainly ufed likewife toexprefs an idea of vicinity, without that of complète tncompaffing -, in which fenfe we fometimes alfo ufe the Englifh prepofition about; thus, when Hecuba afks Hector why he had left the battle, and corne within the city ? fhe adds, " Surely the hated Greeks bear hard upon thee, M«ç»o/xi>ei «cl fou, Jighting about " the city, or near the city." Ibid. vi. 256. The Poet does not mean hère that they were fighting round the city, but about the wall in the front of the city. Hector fays «0 Paris — Auct nu *jrl?.ir. The people are perijhing near the city, Ibid. 327. Jon* PLAIN OF TROY. 137 city; — and thus there no longer remains any effential diffé- rence Juno fays to Jupiter, when he is deliberating whether he fhall refeue Sarpedon froro death ; WaWti yàç ireçt et?v (Aiya TÏ^<&•«>• Iliad. xvi. 448. Fer manyfons of the immortalgods are fghting near the great city of Priam. Pope ren- ders it, " before proud Ilion." The Poet, in a paflfage formerly quoted, (fee above, p. 83.) mentions the différent forts of trees and fhrubs — Ta arifi xxKa. çitâçx a.Kt( KHTccpaïo 7riplx.u. Iliad. xxii. 2$2. which grow in abundance near or about tbe pure ftreams of the river. See likewife, Iliad. xxiv. 402. 548. Od. iii. 107. xi. 42. Can the prepofition then bear this laft fenfe in the différent places where the Poet fpeaks of the flight of Hector ? In the firfl of thefe it occurs in compofition : Kxçirxhînito-i iroJiaroV Iliad. xxii. 165/ Thus Hector and Achilles ran with nimble feet, thrice, in a circular direction, near tbe city of Priam, or fetched a compafs thrice near the city, &c. Perhaps the verb Ai>i&>, which fignifies inftar vorticis circumago, may be thought to favour this interprétation. We find this propofition next ufed fimply, when Jupiter is reprefented as lamenting the fate of Hector : 'OpSuhitôÏTW ôfàjxxi' Ibid. 168. Ah me ! that I Jbould behold a favourite hero thus purfued near the wall — at the very wali, or, as Plato quotes it, wefi ôVv , near the city. De Republ. lib. iii. tom. ii. p. 388. Edit. Serrani. — — — — — — i iïoç 'A^iAAtiç "Aïv wif) Tlçiâpoto troa-it rtcxuaa-t J(«x«. Ibid. 173» The noble Achilles, with nimble Jleps, is purfuing him at the city of Priam. And if this fevife is admifTible in thefe three pafTages, it muft be fo in the remaining two alfo. See Ibid. 230. 251. — The following lines, attentively confidered, may feem to confirm this explication : S 'Ore-a'*» j 3 8 DESCRIPTION OF THE rence betwixt thefe two parallel incidents in the lliad and the tiWi'Ç ûl XuSvXifîi» BcbiiXKQiilf $lhilÇ?L' Tlçlf sriA'oi y'' awTts Jî 5TOTi ffTcAioç tstn-t au. lbid. 194. As oflen cj Hector endeavoured to rvjh direBly againji the Dardanian gâte [the lame witr. the Scsean gâte, as has been already fhewn, p. 119. note] toivards the Jitong-built turrets, expefling to be ajjifled wilh miflik weapons from above; fo often did Achilles contrive to intercept him, and drive him away to the plains ivhile Achilles himfelf was conjlantly trying to Jbun the ci/y. From this it would appear, thaï when Hector arrived at the fources of the Scamander, Achilles had driven him away from the wall, after which lie continued toturn to the right ; and in fetching a compafs fo as to get back again to the gâte of the city, this neceffarily brought him clofe to the Grecian army, which was drawn up in the plain, at a little diftance to the north-weft, near the banks of the Simois ; and hère, as the Poet tells us, " Achilles beckoned to the troops, to hinder them from " difcharging their mortal weapons at Hector as he paffed, in café any of them fhould " deprive him of the glory of flaying that warrior." lbid. 205. Hector then having thus approached the Grecian army, keeping them on his left, a^ain paffed the gâte, and returned to the fources of the Scamander ; and after being purfued thrice round, in the famé circular direction, he ilopped, on arriving the fourth time at the fources, the fatal fpot where he was to perifh by the hand of Achilles* lbid. 208. That the courfe was direfted in fome fuch way as this, near the city, and not round the city, feems to be farther confirmed by an expreffion of the Poet, where he ufes the prepofition «-{as or »?«■;, as fynonymous with îreçi. Achilles is defcribed as having laid himfelf down on the fea-fhore, where flecp foon overpowered him ; " for," fays Homer, " his beautiful ' limbs were exceedingly fatigued with purfuing Hector at the airy llium :" "Ektoç' 'fautu-rm I1POTI "lhiov h'ipote.r. Iliad. xxiii. 64. If this is not altogether decifive, it mufl be at leafl allowed to hâve much weight in fup- port of the argument. In oppofition, however, to the ingenious author's hypothefis, it ftill may be urged, that Homer's meauing has univerfally been underftond, even by ancient writers, to be. — That Achilles purfued Hector thra times round about the walh of Troy. When Plato is cenfunng Homer for the improper manner in which he often reprefents the godî Ï>LATN OF TROY. 139 the ^Eneid; and the great Homer is vindicated frora the charge gods, he gives, as an inftance, a part of Jupitir's fpeech already quoted : " Alas ! that " 1 ftiould behold a favourite hero thus purfued round the city." De Republ. ubi fupra. A little afterwards, when that philofopher doubts of the truth of Achil- le s having dragged the body of Hector round the tomb of Patroclus, he u(ês the expreflion, t«s "Extoçoî ï^m vnfl rï tri/tx ri n«Tg<>KXK, the repeated dragging o^Hector round the tomb of Patroclus. It is not to be doubted that in both cafés, he annexes the ufual meaning of round about to the prepofition. Euripides makes Andromache fay that Achilles dragged Hector wtçî Tt/^Ti, round the walls ; and the Scholiaft re- marks, that this is contrary to the ufual hiftory, where it is faid, " that Hector was " only purfued round the walls by Achilles :" «-sçi to tsî^oç é^w^S» vwo 'Ax^'iuç h 'Ext»£' Androm. ver. 108. We are told by Quintus Curtius, that Alexander, in imitation of Achilles, from whom he was fond of deducing his origin, punifhed Betis, the Governor of Gaza, by ordering his ankles tobe pierced while he was yet breathingj and after he was thus bound with thongs to the chariot, " the horfes dragged him round " the city," circa urbem. Lib. iv. cap. vi. In thefc partages, and others that might be quoted, it muft be owned that wegi and circa are ufed in the common acceptation, and mean in Englilh round or round about. Add to this, that Virgil himielf, in his de- scription of the figure of Achilles, as feen by /Eneas in the pi&ure in the temple of Juno atCarthage, fays : Ter circum lliacos raptaverat Hectora muros Exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achilles. JEa. i. 483. Virgil hère evidently means that " Achilles had dragged the dead body of Hector " thrice round about the walls ofTroy ;" though this is acircumflance no where to be found in Homer. (See Hetne's note, and his Excurfus at thelè lines.) Several other ancient poets mention the dragging of Hector's body around the walls of Troy, as Euripides in the partage already quoted, (fee Drelin. Hom. Achil. No. 337. p. 67.) ; but no one of them, except Virgil, fpeaks of the number of times. Drelincourt thertfore concludes it to be a fiction of Virgil. " Stet ergo Virgilii id figmentum eue, quo " Hectoreum cadaver raptaret ad numerum." Ausonius is the only ancient wr.ter who lias followed Virgil in this : " Hector interfe&us, et religatus ad currum, ter " circum mœnia Trojana raptatur." Perioch. 22. lliad. " But this," fays a commen- tait*. " sçrees not with Homer. For in the xxiid book of the lliad, the Poet telK us, " that Hector was purfued thrice round theTrojan walls juft before his death, by A- S 2 " CHILLES i 4 o DESCRIPTION OF THE charge of a deficiency in point of tafte, which ought to " chilles, for whom he was not a match ; but that, after he was vanquilhed and flain by " Achilles, he was dragged by the feet ftraight to the fliips. In the xxivth book in- " deed he fays that Hector was thrice dragged by Achilles round the tomb of Pa- " troclis, but not round the walls of Troy. Whence proceeds this variety ? Did the " genuine copies of Homer ftate the thing differently ? Hâve Virgil and Ausonius " taken this circumftance from fome other author than Homer ? Hâve they inaccu- " rately transferred what palfed at the tomb of Patroclus to the walls of Troy V Note on the above paffage, from the Edit. of Auson. m ufum Delph. See alfo the note of the élégant Broukhusius ad Propert. lib. iii. eleg. i. 28. From ail this it may be inferred that Virgil, though he imagined it praticable for Achilles even to drive his chariot quite round the Trojan walls, yet declined imitating Homer by making his two warriors run round the walls of Laurentum, folely becaufe that circumftance muft hâve appeared to him awkward and improbable. It appears indeed that Virgil did not always adhère ftrictly to Homer's poetical method of repreftnting fa&s, but often followed other an- cient authors where they differed from Homer. See this proved by the celebrated Heyne, in his firfl Excurfus at the iid Book of the iEneid. Wherefore, after ail, many may flill be difpoled to acquiefce in the opinion of Aris- totle, who in ftating the différence betwixt Epie poetry and Tragedy, has faid : A« fût a» it 7u7i TfuyuotMç k.t. >. De Poet. p. 89. Edit. Winstanl. " The furprifing is ne- '* ceflary in Tragedy j but the Epie poem goes farther, and admits even the improbable " and incredible , from which the higiieft degree of the furprifing refults, becaufe there " the action is not feen. The circumftances, for example, of the purfuit of Hector by " Achilles, are fuch as upon the ftage would appear ridiculous ; — the Grecian army " ftanding flill, and taking no part in the purfuit, and Achilles making figns to them^ " by the motion of his head, not to interfère. But in the Epie poem this efeapes our " no.ice. Now the wonderful always pleafes ; as is évident from the additions which men " always make in relating any thing inorderto gratify the hearers." MrTwiNiNG^ new Tranjl. p. 118. At the famé time, it is rtmarkablt that Aristotle does not fay hère that Achilles purfutd Hector round the walls of Troy ; his words are — r« wigi Tq/'ErTo»; i.v%ir, the anumftances relating to the purfuit of Hector ; which feem rather to favour the idea of theflight being direfted in the circular manner already deferibed. The Critic founds his notion of the incredibility of the incident upon the Grecian army flanding flill, and Achilles nodding to them with his head. He nrver leems to luppofe, that Homer reprefents the cl iefs out of fight, on the farther fide of the city. Somi' PLAIN OF TROY. i 4I to be imputed folely to the unfkilfulnefs of his Tranflators. C H A P. Some may be willing to joia wlth Pope, who found himfelf under the nectflity of abandoning this incident to the fury of the critics. " I really think," fays he, " almoft " ail thofe parts of Homer whichhave been objected againft with moft clamour and fury, " are honeftly defenfible, and none of them (to confefs my private fentiment) feem to " me to be faults of any confédération, except the condutt in the death of Patroclus, " the length of Nestor's difcourfe in lib. xi. the fpeechof Achilles's horfe in the nine- " teenth, the converfation of that hero with ^Eneas in lib. xx. and the manner of Hec- " tor's flight round the walls of Troy, lib. xxii." Note et the conclujion of Book xvi. Such as agrée with Pope on this occafion will naturally dérive additional fupport from the well known verfes of Horace : Verum ubi plura nitent in carminé, non ego pauvis Offendar maculis, quas aut incuriafudit, Aut humana parum cavit natura. Ars Poet. 351. And they may add, if they will, the peroration of the animated account of the great. Poet, which the learned and éloquent Abbé Barthélémy puts into the mouth of his Scythian : " Let thofe who are able to refift the beauties of Homer, brood over his de- " fefb. For why fhould we difTtmble ? he frtquently repofes himfelf, and fometime3 " he flumbers ; but his repofe is like that of the eagle, who, afcer having traverfed his " vaft aerial domains, finks, overwhelmed with fatigue, upon a lofty mountain; and his " lleep relembles that of Jupiter, who, according to Homer himfi-lf, awakes in the a£i " of launching the thunder '." Vjyage du Jeune Anacharsis en Grèce. Tom. i. p. 57, Edit. in 4to. D. • Iliad. xv. 377. r 4 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE C H A P. XXl. The Tombs of Achilles, Patroclus, and Antiîochus. THE dulleft obferver, even the common failor, is ftruck with thofe eminences of a conical fhape ranged upon the coaft, which fucceflively attract his notice as he advances in the Hellefpont. Thofe monuments mufl necefTarily hâve been deftined for fome purpofe. Maflfes of fuch a magnitude are not piled up without fome fort of objec"t in view. The Turks, who hâve no doubt received the tradition from the Greeks, prétend that they are the tombs of ancient Sultans and Viziers ; that is to fay of ancient Kings and Gênerais : for it is well known, that the Turks, as well as other nations, give the famé appellation to ail Sovereigns and Chiefs which they give to their own. The Sultans and the Viziers were never buried in the manner of the Grecian warriors. At Burfa, at Magnefia. at Conflantinople, and in ail the towns where they hâve refided, their alhes repofe in magnificent Mofques, almoft ail of which they hâve erecled in their own lifetime. Dr Poe oc ke has given a wrong explication of this tradition of the Turks. If he had annexed the true meaning to it, his doubts would hâve been removed, and he would hâve judged with lefs diffidence refpecting the monuments of the Troad 1 . Pliny, * A Defcription of tl.c Eaft, Vol.ti. partii. p. 29. 119, 120. See alfo above, p. loi. PLAIN OF TROY. 143 Pltny, Strabo, Pausanias, Dio Chrvsostom, and ma- ny other ancient authors, mention, as I hâve already faid, that in their davs the tombs of the Grecian warriors were di- ftinctly to be feen on the mores of the Hellefpont. Thefe mo- numents then had refiiled the inclemency of the feafons more than'a thoufand years. The vénération of the nations, as well as their own folidity, had fecured them from deftrudion. Why might they not endure two thoufand years longer, efpe- cially as thofe who afterwards became mafters of the country where they were to be feen, hâve been infpired with as great a vénération for the fepulchres of the dead as the people whoni they hâve fupplanted ? It is not in the leaft furprifîng then that the two celebrated Englifli travellers who preceded me in the Troad, were not afraid, the one of them to fuppofe, and the other to affirm boldly that the monuments in queftion ftill exift. But though I had not been direcled in my refearches by ail the travellers both ancient and modem, the precifîon with which Homer defcribes the fituation, the construction and form of thefe monuments, and the confidence with which he feems to prophefy their everlafting duration, were fufficient to guide me to their difcovery, and to authorife me to believe in their pre- fent exiftence. Let us attend to the words of Achille s when. he is giving orders refpecting the funeral of Patroclus : Tvftfiov à' s ^â.'ktt. iroXkov îym 7rovti 'AM.' imeiKici rôïov' ivuru hz xj tûv ' Ayaioi ILVÇVV &' V^/JjXûV 76 rtàTlfAZVCU, o\ X.ÎV Ifjuùo Atôrtçoi Iv vr\ii 'ss&kXvtS 'HÇoûfoio' 'Ev rm roi kStcu "kiv-À àfict, ÇcûèiyS 'Ay^iXXtv, M/y^a 0%, îlaTgôxXoto M««Ti«Jao S-aeoyr© ' Xcu^<î $', ' AvrtXÔy^oio' tov éfo^a rïiç kitâvrav T*v àXXai'j iraowj, çmto. Ylctrçox'kov yt Savût/ra, App' avroiffi h' 'vzura. piyav xxï àuviAtax rôi/,fioy, XtvcAfAev 'Agy&vv Uçoç ççctroç càyj/$a.m, ' AkIt, its) Tzgxyjurri, êsri srXarsT 'EM^cs-ovra»* *fl; Kiv rr l \i, î)â>n o% [toi tùy,©* A.%ô}kuvi Tiôffct iiAïïot hçmi'jovla, xciïixluvz Çicûèif^oç ' Qxlaç. "Oj KOTi TIÇ iç'iil' TQ £' tfiOV XhiOÇ XftOT oXttJcU. Iliad. vii. 81. And if Apollo, in whofe aid I truft, Shall ftretcH your daring champion in thc duft j If mine the glory to defpoil the foe ; On Phoebus' temple 1*11 his arms beftow ; The breathlefs carcafe to your navy fent, Greece on the fhore fhall raife a monument; Which vvhen fome future mariner furveys, Wafh'd by broad Hellefpont's refounding feas, Thus (hall he fay, " A valiant Greek lies there, By Hector flain, the mighty marr of war." The ftone fhall tell your vanquifh'd hero's name, And diftant âges learn the victor's lame '. Pope. Ho mer exprefsly informs us, that fuch was the fort of mo- nument ere&ed for Patroclus and Achilles, and that it was fituate upon the fea-fhore. " Thofe," fays he, " who were *' charged * Sce A. Gellii Nocl. Ait, lib. xv. c. 6. PLAIN OF TROY. 147 " charged with the providing of wopd for the funeral pile of " Patroclus executed their tafk properly ; and they arranged " the wood in due order upon the fhore, xvhere Achille s had " pitched upon the f pot for afpacious fepulchre for Patroclus, and " alfo for himfelj "' ." He afterwards defcribes the conftruttion and the fhape of the monument. " The chiefs," fays he, fpeaking of the tomb of Patroclus, " marked out the circu- " lar form of the monument, laid the foundations of it around " the pile, and immcdiately heaped up the duclile earth, and " returned when they had finilhed their work V I dwell with the greatefl: pleafure upon this defcription, the particulars of which contribute fo efFeclually towards efta- blifhing the authenticity of the antiquities of which I am fpeaking. " They formed the monument of a circular " fhape ' ;" — indeed ail the tombs of the plain of Troy are of a circular fhape : — " they then laid the foundations 4 ." This fhews that there was an internai fabric, and Homer points out T 2 • its 1 Iliad. xxiii. 123. " There is a pafiage in Homer. which very happily (though no where, as I remem- " ber, taken notice of by commentators) exprefTes the diligence and expédition with " which they worked on fuch (èpulchres : ■ il^jcp et x VT "' ""' yx7a> "ffivcH' XiixvTtç il tô c-iï/^a, "mixn r.tei Iliad. xx.ni. 256. " Where x" 7 ' 1 "' "x lv ' lv > K*t*mt — corne fo thick on the back of one the other, on purpofe " to exprefs the quicknefs and a<3ivity with which the ioldiers poured out their helmets " full of earth one upon the other, in order to complète the Barrow as foon as poflible." Borlase's Antiq. of Cornwall, p. 215. 2d Edit. ' Tog»w;a, the c;ip of Bacchus; Cafland. 273. and the Greek Scholiatl on the palTage, gives the foilo.wng cu- riou = account of it. " Bacchus," fays he, " the fon of Jupiter and Semele, having " goi purification from Rhea in Phrygia, audobtained every fort of equipment from the "" goddefs, fet out on his travels over the whole earth ; and having corne into Thrace, " Lycurgus the fon of Dryas drove him out of the country by mtans of a wafp or " gad-fly, which infefted bnth him and his nurlès. Bemg thus terrified, he dived i:ito " the fea, a^d was hofpitably received by Thetis, to whom he gave a golden Urn, in " which the bones of Achilles, Patroclus and Antilochus were afterwards depofi- *' ted." Homer himfelf, in the fpeech of Diomede to Glaucus, mentiuns the ftory of Lycurgus having affaulted Bacchus. Iliad. vi. 130. And the Schoiiaft, in a note on the Ç2d vervirtuous Abbé Bar- thélémy 1 ; " thofe clufters of grapes attached to the Urn, are " executed in a ftyle of excellence which accords not with the " âge of Homer." To this objection I might anfwer with Boulanger, that " the âge of Homer, whatever it might " be, was followed by many âges of ignorance, amidft the " duft of which his book was with difficulty preferved, and " during which the author himfelf was forgotten *." Of that author, fuch as he ftill appears to be, I might fay, that he could only hâve appeared in an enlightened âge, fince he difplays a fublime genius, embellifhed with moft extenfive knowledge ; and tcs Calaber, otherwife Cointus Smyrnceus, mentions this vafevery pnrticularly : '' His " friends," fays he, " with lamentation, cclledtcd ail his bones into a capacious and " mafTyUrnof filver, but it was ail ovtr decorated wtthfplendid gold :" — yjv<>ù S : - Swytï vur' ix.ir.»ç<>. Lib. iii. 728. It is remarkable that Cointus does not fay that the Urn was of gold, but only of filver exquifitely gilt, or fomehow adorned with gold. He adds too, a little after, " that Achilles's mother gave it to him, having herfelf received it from " Baccrus, and that it was the workmaofliip of Vulcan." lbid. 733. Photius men- tions from Heph/«stion, another golden Urn, with a Cupid carved upon it, (iyyîyhvji- ftîrrx) which Venus gave to Thetis on her marriage with Peleus. Biblivth. col. 488» Edit. Gen. 1612. See alfo Drelin. Achil. Hom. No. 288. D. 1 lu a con»erfation with the author of this Memoirat Paris. D. 1 Recherches fur l'origine du defpotifme, iide partie. PLAIN OF TROY. 153 and fince the language of Greece poiTeiTes in the Iliad a degree of beauty, élégance and perfection, which only could be the refult of a very advanced date of improvement in commerce, in the Arts and in Letters. However, that I may not, by any hypothefis which may feem ill founded, give timbrage to the Learned ; that I may not run any rifk of contradiding the annals, the marbles and the chronology of Greece, we may, I imagine, at leaft be allowed to compare the degree of civilization of the Greeks in the time of Home'r, and even of Achilles, with that of the Turks in. our own times. The former, though very ignorant of the Arts, carried on a commerce with Egypt and Afia, as the Turks do with France and with England. I hâve feen in the polîellïon of fève rai Pachas, both pendulum clocks and globes, and I never on that account fufpecled them of being alîronomers. Achilles might purchafe a fhield from an Egyptian, as a Ja~ nizary buys a firelock from an Engliihman ; and he might hâve had in his poffeffion an Urn of exquifite workmanlhip, pro- cured in fome fuch manner, and in which his friends mighc hâve depofked his alhes. To thofe who aile whether I hâve found any inferiptions on the tombs of the Troad, I anfwer, that it does not appear for certain that inferiptions, in written characters. were in ufe in the time of the Trojan war ; for Homer makes no mention of any fuch ' . But the verfes of a great Poet, when they deferibe the fituation and the fhape of a monument whofe awful folklity U and * If there had been any fuch, it behov-ed themtobe ofthe famé Jbrt with tholè fï-ir* ùvy^à, which Proetds lent with Bel le hop h on into Lycia. See lliad vi. 168. Alto Txanf. of the Koyal Society of Edin. Vol.ii. p. 114. Lit. Cl. D. 154 DESCRIPTION, ,fcf<\ and fi 7e protêt it from the injuries of time, are infcriptions more durable than thofe on a plate of marble or of brafs. Homer trufted that the tombs which he celebrated, would partake of the immortality of his defcriptions ; and he fung — To7ç, o'i vuv ytyccafft, xj c'i [JATOTitr^nv itrovlai ". — to thofe now bor/i, and to tkofe wbojhall bereajter exiji. If thefe évidences, Gentlemen, are fufficient to remove ail your doubts refpecling the exiitence of thofe precious remains of Antiqviity, I fliall hâve reafon to expecl the confidence of ail the Learned ; and I indulge myfelf with the pleafing hope, that when the • Royal Society of Edinburgh (hall hâve pro- nounced a favourable judgment concerning the authenticity of thofe famous monuments, ail the Académies of Europe will be eager to adopt it ; and enlightened travellers of ail nations, whom bufinefs or curiofity may conducl to the Hellefpont, will confider it as incumbent upon them, by a new vénération paid to the tombs of the heroes of the Iliad, to make fome amends for the criminal oblivion in which barbarifm has involved them for fo many âges. * Odyfl". xxiv. 84. INDEX. I N D EX. /fBRALA'ÏAS and Panthea, their tno- k/ -* miment, 90. n. Achilles, his tomb fmokes with incenfe, 41. it 13 feen by Dr Chandler, 54. by Pococke, 55. facrifices oliered there by Alexander, 48. 93. n. his ftation where, 97. the bulwark of the Grecian hoft, ioc. n. diftinguifh.es himfelf in many predatory expéditions, 103. n. his ex- ploits in the Sc^mander, 104. n. his death mentioned, 110. ib. n. m. n. furprifes Lycaon, 117. purfues Hec- tor, 129. nature of that purfuit exa- mined, 130. '$y n. his orders re- fpei'ting the tomb of Patroc'us, 143. his own monument where fitnate, 146. his tomb how contrived to pened, I4y. a ftaïut of Miner va and an urn fbund there, ib. U JEfchines, the orator, vifksthe Troad, 43, accompanied by Cimon, ib. whofe im- prudence hinders him from executing his delign, 44. 127. his letter on the Troad, ib. n. city of Troy exifted in his time, ib. JEfyetes, his tomb, 4. feen by Dr Chand- ler, 55. mentioned by Strabo, 63. near the road to Alexandria, 66. the famé with the mount at Udjek, 93. nowcal- led Udjek-Tapé, 94. of great height, ib. the ftation of Polites, ion of Primn, ib. lituation of, afcertained by Strabo, ib. farther proved, 95. Aineas, where he meets with Androma- che, 123. his combat with Turnus, 130. Agu, of Bounarbachi, 117. inferior Agas, ib. Jgamemnon, the number of fhips in his fleet, 96. ib. n. his account of the céré- monies at the funeral of Achilles, 144. 2 Agrippa, N X. .{grippa, the reafon of his indignation againfl thc Trojans, 48. Aiantêum, wherc fituate, 64. toi. Ajax, his tomb feen by Dr Chandler, 5 ^. his itation in the fleet, where, 97. his tomb not pointed out precifely by Ho- mer, 106. threatens his judges, ib. his death, ib. his tomb near the Rhœtean promontory, 107. faid to be violated by an inundation of the fea, ib. his bones found of an enormous lize, ib. the aperture in his tomb now called In- Tapé-Gheulu, ib. the interior con- firmation of his tomb defcribed, 108. when riiled unceîtain, ib. his afhes, with his flatue perhaps, carried to E- gypt by Pompey, ib. or rather M. An- thony, ib. n his impiety mention- ed, ib. n. fize of his patella, 107. n. uncertain whether his body was burn- ed or buried entire, ib. n. Ahtchê, village of, 28. Alexandrin Troas called by the Turks Elki-Stamboul, ib. defcription of its ruins, 5, 6, &c. Aîexandcr the Great, account of his vi- lïting the Troad, 44, 45. caufe of his refpect for Achilles, 48. facrifices at the tumulus of that hero, ib. and 93. n. Andromache, where ihe facriàces to the fhade of Hector, 123. and conftrufts a cenotaph to him, 124. how me feeks confolation, ib. Antilocbus, his tomb feen by Dr Chand- ler, 55. by Pococke, ib. where fituate, 148. An-ville, M. d', miftaken as to the fitua- tion of the Rhœte'an promontory, 98. probably mifl-.-d by Strabo, 102. one of the beft geographers in Europe. 100. Apollo, Thymbiaan, his temple where fituate, 66. ne, ni. Aqucduèl at Alexandria Troas, 7. con- ftrufted by Herodes Atticus, 8. its probable ufe, 15. Arabler, village of, 30. Archœologia, by the Society of Antiqua- ries, account of Barrows to be found there, 92. n, • Arijlotle, his opinion refpefting the im- probable and incredible in Epie poe- try, 140. n. Athos, mount, its fhadow, 56. Attulus, the wreftler mentioned by /Ef- chines, 128. A-udgiler, village of the Hunters, why fo called, 52. Augujlus Caelar, his defign of removing to Alexandria Troas, 6. diffuaded by Mecaenas, Agrippa and Horace, ib. caufes the flatue of Ajax to be reflored to the Trojans, 48. Aufonius, his agreement with Virgil re- fpeâing the dragging of HeiSor's bo- dy, 139. n. Avthor of this Memoir embarks at Ve- nice for Greece, 1. viiits the coaftsand iflands of the Adriatic, 2. lands at the promontory of Sunium, ib. left be- hind, and reduced to the agreeable ne- ceffity of feeing Greece, ib. embarks at the port of Piraeeus, ib. arrives at Cape Baba, ib. traces the coaft, 3. fées the ruins of a temple, and the falt-pits of Tragefœa, 4. arrives at Alexandria Troas, ib. journey to the caflle of Koum-Kalé, 11. arrives at a rifing- ground of a conic fhape, and artificial, ib. which the Turks call Tapé or Te- pé, 12. obferves a beautiful ftream near a Kiolk, and deferibes it, 13, 14, 15. arrives at Jeni-chehr, 15. fées hil- locks, and deferibes them, ib. deferibes Jeni-chehr, 16. fées there the Sigéan infeription, ib. alfo a fine bafs-relief, ib. wifhes to carry them off, 17. furveys from the top of the promontory a fpa- cious plain, ib. and the bed of a tor- rent then dried up, ib. obferves two hillocks, 18. one of them called Dios- Tapé, which he meafures, ib. deferibes the caftle of Koum-Kalé, ib. takesreft there, 20. proceeds in his journey to mount Cotylus, ib. fées a hillock, with an aperture in its fide, and deferibes it, ib. viewsKaranlik-Limani,2i. proceeds to It-Guelmes, or Erin-keu. ib. his remarks on this, ib. returns and de- feends N D fcends into a delightful valley, 22. col- ' lefts infcriptions, ib. firtds the vuins of a temple, 23. traces the rivulet in the valley of Thymbrek, ib. examines the rivers in the large plain,z'5. obfervesthe bed of a fmall river dry, 24. traces it up to the artificial canal, ib. his guide points out its origin, ib. he returns to the bed of the great river, and fées the ruins of a bridge and mound there, ib. then examines the fmall river, and de- fcribes it, and particularly its fources, 25, 26. its warm fource, ib. afcends to the village of Bounarbachi, 27. his conjectures, ib. defcribes the Menderé, ib. from the height of Ballidahi, de- fcribes the plain, ib. and thé profpefr, 28. fées the Turkiih fleet, ib. obferves hillocks at Ballidahi, 29. his conjec- tures, ib. traces the bed of the Men- deré, 30. arrives at the village of Ene, ib. defcribes a torrent there, 31. traces its fources, and is fatisfied it cannot be the Scamander, ib. returns to Ené, 32. contiues to trace the Menderé, ib. fées différent villages, ib. arrives at that of Audgiler, ib. and at the foot of the mountain Kas-dahi, the famé vvith Co- tylus, ib. afcends this mountain, 33. his dofcription of the fcene, ib. at Con- ftantinople, 35. his fécond and third voyage to Troy, ib. accompanied by M. Cazas, ib. they arrive at Koum- Kalé, 36. his rsmarks upon an affer- tion of Pliny and of Strabo, ib. fets on foot his geographical opérations, and éludes the vigilance of the Turks, 37. his letter toMrDalzel refpefting Stone- henge, 92. n. his obligation to Po- cockeacknowledged, 100. meafures the diftance between the Sigean and Rhœ- tean promontories, and agrées with Pliny, 102. his opinion of Ilus's mo- nument fupported, H4-n. pitches up- on the tomb of Achilles for the opér- ation of digging advifed by him, 149. his hope refpe&ing the fate of his Me- moir, 154. Auxiliaries Trojan, their pofts, 109. Baba, cape, the ancierit promontory of Leâos, 2. v Bacchus, his prefent of an urn to Thetis, 150, 151.0. Baharîar, village of, 31. Ballidahi, mountain of honey, why fo called, 27. Barrows, or fepulchral hillocks or mounds, the ancients preferved the afhes of the dead under them, 89. why called Barrows, ib. n. how called by Homer, ib. what authors mentioned by, ib. and 90, 91. n. called Cairns in Scotland, 91. n. Barrows in Cornwall, ib. n. in America, ib. n. particular ac- connt of, where to be found, 92. n. fub- jecT: of, not fo well underltood till late- ly, 101. n. Barrow of Patroclus a mo- derate one, 144. n. Barthélémy, Abbé, the conclufion of his account of Homer, in his Travels of the younger Anacharfis, 141. n. his remark on the urn found in Achilles's monument, 152. Bafs-relief, at Jeni-chehr, defcribed, 16. Batieia, or the tomb of Myiinna, 4. 63. 112. in front of the city, 118. ar- rangement near it, ib. Battery, Turkilh, defcribed, 18. thofe ere&ed by Baron de Tott, 19. Bayle, his proofs of Ajax's impiety, ic8. colle&s cnrious particulars of Ajax,_/3i Bcebik-Tapé, rifing ground, fo called by the Turks^ij. defcribed, ib. Belon of Mans vifits the Troad, 51. n. his account of what he faw there, 51, 52. Berhier, the cape or point of, miftaken by Wood and dAnville for the Rhœtean promontory, 98. 102. Betis, governor of Gaza, how puniihed by Alexander, 139. n. Beys, rebel, eut off by Haffan Pacha, 28. Borlafe, Dr, his account of the name Barrow, 89. his obfervation on the Barrow of Ninus, ib. his excellent account N D X. account of Barrows, 92. n. quoted, 112. n. Bounarbachi, village of, account of, 27. tombs there, 115. 121. defcribed, 122. expofed to the winds, 115. précipices, 116. where fituate, ib. itsdiltance froru the fea, 1 1 6. a mardi with recds near it, ib. its Aga, 1 17. Bridge, rums of, near New Ilium, 112. Y, Mr, quoted, 85. Burying, manner of, among the ancients, 89. ib. n. whether they ever conftruct- ed their burying-places within their ci- ties, 121. Bntrinto, village of, its plain, 1 24. Byzantine writers, feveral of them record that Conftantine began to found a city in the plain of Troy, 49. n. Cafar, Julius, projecTs the fcheme of tranfporting the riches of the Empire to Alexandria Troas, 6. pafles the Scamander, 14. wifhes to renew his connection with the Trojans, 47. grants them faveurs, ib. according to Lucan, he vifits the Troad, ib. walks over Hediov's tomb, 122. Ciiirns, fee Barrows. Callicoluné, mentioned by Strabo, 6$. ex- tends betwîxt the villages of Tchiblak and Aktche. ib. defcribed, ib. Mars exhorts the Trojans froni its iuminits, ib. Callirrhoé, where and by whom violated, 127. Camp, Grecian, its arrangement de- fcribed, 96. enquiry concerning its li- tuation, the time it was pitched, and how long it remained in the famé place, 103. Causas, M. acconipariies the author to the Troad, 35. arrives at Koum-Kalé, 36. dcfigns the monuments in the Tro*d, 38. reafon why he abflains from in- troducing the figures into his fketches, ib. ■ CaJJiteridcs or tin-iflands, what, 91, n. Cenotaph, conftructed by Andromaché t» Heftor, 124. the tombs of Patioclus and Antilochus mère cenotaphs, u8. Chandler, Dr, his account of Alexandria Troas quoted, 5. thinks an édifice there a gymnafmm, 9. his defciipiion of a bafs-relief, 16. vifits the Troad, 52. the monuments he faw there, Ç4. compared with Pococke, 55. blamed, ib. vindicated, ib. n. an error of his refpe&ing the rivers of the Troad, 68. his notion of the tombs of Antilo- chus and Peneleus, 148. Choifeul, Comte de, the urn found in A- chilles's tomb in his pofleflion, 149. Clcmens Alexandrin us, why he inveighs againft the firft Chriftians, 50. Cointus Smyrnaeus, fee ÇX Galaber. ComvL'all, Barrows there, 9c, 91. n. Cotylus, mount, defeription of the feene on its top, 33, 34. its diftancr from the fea, 60. the famé with Kas-dahi, ib. D Dacier, Madame, her notion of the ar- rangement of the Grecian fleet, 97. 99. n. better read than Pope in- Eufta- thius, ib. Dardanian gâte, the famé with the Scae- ■ an, which fee. Dardanelles, caftles of, whence fupplied with bullets, 7. Dures, fee Diclys. Déifies, tutelary of the two armies, how they ilimulate their courage, 118. Deme'rius of bcepfis, the author from whom Strabo dérives his knowledge of the Troad, 49. 57. a contradiction of his, ib. commended by Strabo, ib* mifleads that geographer in his account ot tiie fources of the Scamander, 58. Demodocus extols the exploits of Ulyffes, Defeription, particular, of the feene on the top of mount Cotylus, 33, 34. Diclys of Crète, and Darer of Phrygia, an account of thefe authors 40. n. Diodorus Siculus, quoted, 89. n. Diomedt N D Liomede fets out in the night with Ulyf- fcs, 113. flays Dolon, and fufpends his arms on a tamarilk, 105. Dolon, the Trojan fpy, flain by Diomede, 105. his account of the Trojan {ta- rions, 109. 113. Drdincourt, the learned, his Homericus Achilles, 110. n. G Gâte, fee Scaean and Dardanian. Greeks, modem, their fuperftition, 17 ancient, carry on a predatory war a- gainft the Trojans, 103. encamp in lull force the tenth year of the war, 104. where they buried, 122. Egypt, Mr Bryant's opinion of the bil- locks there, 88. Ené, or !né, village of, defcribed, 30. a torrent there, 31. but cannot be the Scamander, ib. Erùi, village of, 116. Erineos, grove of wild figs, 21. 116. ib. n. Erin-keu, fee It-Guelmes. ErkeJJighi, village of, Kiolk or Tchiflek near it, 12. Ejkuptchu, the famé with Palaefcepfis, 3 1 . 67. EJJay, Pope's, on Homer's battles praifed, 71. quoted, ib Epitus, Andromaché, feen by TEneas there, 123. its fhores feen by the au- thor, 124. Eujiatbius, his explication of 'srçoK^a-jxs, 99. n. Tig-t>-ees, wild, great number of them, 21. abound in the plain of Troy, 116. Fimhria puts V. Flaccus to death, 46. his cruelty to the Trojans, 47. over- come by Sylla, ib. Fleet, Turkilh, commanded by HafTan Pacha, entersthe Hellefpont, 28. of the Greeks how arranged, 96. Freinjhemius, his account of Alexander's vifiting the Troad, in his Supplément *o Q^Curtius, 44, 45. H Halil-eli, village of, ruins near it, 22. thefe the ruins of the temple of Apol- lo, 66. 110. HaJJlin, Pacha, Kiofk built by him, and its defign, 12. his architeiSs direcT: a farcophagus to be ufed as a ciftern, 13» his threats, 17. enters the Hellefpont as admirai of the Turkilh fleet, 28/ his cruelty, ib. Haven, Karanlik-Limani, the haven of the Greeks, 105. HeElor fights on the left of the army, 68. holds a council at the tomb of Ilus, 113. ftands near the Scsean gâte, 119. his tomb where, 122. by whom open- ed, 123. pointed out by Virgil ; ib. his funeral defcribed by Homer, 125. pur- fued by Achilles, 129. was he purfued round the walls of Troy? 135. his propofal when he challenges the Gre- cian chiefs, 145. Helenus, where he formerly reigned, 124. Hercules, young, his ftatue, 7. Herodes Atticus, appointed by Adrian furveyor of the works at Alexandria Troas, 8. his magnificence, ib. his a- queduft. ib. its probable ufe, 15. Herodotvs, next to Homer, who gives any account of the Troad, 42. no proof that he ever vifited' Troy, ib. his de- fcription of Xerxes's march quoted, ib* and 43. Hillocks, fee Barrows. Homer, fancy refpefting him, 41. of his blindnefs, ib. n. a paflage in tht; Iliad refpefting the Scamander explained, 59- N D X. 59. n. his account of the fources of that river quoted by Strabo, 58. more accurate than ail tbe travellers, 68. his exact defcription of the Scamander aifd the Simois, 82. — 87. his teflimony concerning the fepukhres of the dead, 8y. his account of the tomb of /Efye- tes, 94. his defcription of the arrange- ment of the Grecian fleet cited, 97. n. and explained, ib. and 99, ico. n. epi- thets he gives the citadel of Troy, 1 17. his defcription of Heélor's funeral, 125. remarks on that defcription, ib.n. his account of Achiilc^'s purfuit of Hc&or critically examined, 135, &cc the precifion with which he defcribes the monuments in the ïroad, 143. his acquaintance with the fources of fenfi- bility, 145. his account of the fituation of the monuments of Patroclus and Achilles, 146. the âge in which he lived, 152. his verfesmore durable than any infcription, 153. none in ufe in the time of the Trojan war, ib. to whom he fung, 154. Horace, quoted, 6. 141. n. 148. n. Jiorfe, the wooden, 117. Trojans delibe- rate about it, ib. 'jcfferfon, Mr, his account of Barrows in America, 91, 92. n. Jtni-chehr, village of, hillocks near it, 15. defcription of it, j 6. Jliatis, the village of, 64. thought the feat of ancient Troy, 6j. Ilium, New, placed at the termination of two chains of hills, 62. 67. Ilus. his monument, 4. 63. where fitu- ate, 112. probably the famé with Sfur/ùi -ntàicto, ib. why at a confider- able diftince from Troy, 113. why near the Grecian entrenchments, ib. w • the river, 114. Info : ..', none could be found in the monuments of the Troad, 153. It-Guelmes, arrivai of the author at, other- wife caljed Erin-keu, 21. Ji/lia, the daughter of Auguftus, weli nigh drowned in the Scamander, 48. Jttlian family, why they exempted the Trojans from taxes, 48. 'Jupiter, his balance, 130. K Karanlik-Limani, the fhut haven, feen by the author, ai. • Kas-dabi, mountain of the goofe, the famé with mount Cotylus, 60. Kemalli, village of, a Latin infcription found there, 32. Kiojî, or Tchifleck, built by Haflân Pacha, 12. beautiful ftream near it de- fcribed, 13. Koum Kalé, caftle of the fand, why fo called, 17. defcribed, 18. Lautie, Rev. Mr, his drawing of an urn, 91. n. Leclos, promontory of, the famé with cape Baba, 2. Letter from the author to Mr Dalzel, 92. n. Lcunclavius or Lewenklau, editor of Xe- nophon's Works, fails in the Helle- fpont, 102. n. his account of diftances on the coaft there, ib. Lidja-Hamam, warm baths at Alexan- dria Troas, fo called by the Turks, 7. defcribed, ib. Lacan quoted, 14. 41. 47. 123. Lucian quoted, 96. n. Lycaon, where fuiprifed by Achilles,. 117. Lycophron, his mention of Achilles's uin, iji. M. INDEX. M Mamalukes, fubdued by Haffan Pacha, '28. Map, Pope's, of the plain of Troy exa- minée!, 69 — 73. extraordinarytniftak.es in it, 69. its merit, 70. an error in it endeavoured to be accounted for, 71. the conformity of Pope's Effay with the author's Map, ib. Mr Wood's Map examined, 75. 81. a négligent per- formance, 78. Mars, where he exhorts the Trojans, 118. Menderé, the great torrent of the plain fo calledby the Turks, 23. deferibed, 27. , 3°- Mercury, where and when he meets with Priam, 113. why he blâmes that king, ib. Miltiades, his tomb mentioned by Paufa- nias, 90. n. Mine, a fil ver one near Efkuptchu, 31. Minerai waters, hot, at Alexandria Tro- as, 7. 9. their quality, ib. Minerva, her ftatue found in the tomb of Achilles, 149. Monuments, erefted on the field of battle, 39. in the Troad, by whom mention- ed, 143. their exiftence at this day, ib. deferibed by Homer, 147, 148. Montagne, Lady Mary Wortley, vifits the Troad, her account of it, 54. Mounds, fee Barrows. Mounts, or hillocks, deferibed by the Author, at Udjek, 15. at Jeni-chehr, 18. on the road to It-Guelmes, 20. See Barrows. Myrinna, her tomb, called alfo Batieia, 6 3 . 118. N Nejlor, his anxiety, 112. he awakes Dio- mede, ib. Ninus, how buried, 89. n. X Pantbea, fee Abradatas. Palafcepjis, the famé with Eikuptchu, 3 1 . Pallas, where Aie exhorts the Greeks, n8. Paris lays a fnare for Achilles, and kills him, m. his anfwer to the inve&ives of He&or, 115. Patroclus, his tomb feen by Dr Chandler, 55. by Pococke, ib. deferibed by Ho- mer, 147. ib. n. his ghoft demands of Achilles the rites of fepulture, 151. n. Paufanias, never vifited the Troad, 48. dérives information from aMyfian, 49. quoted, 90. n. told by this Myfian of the fize of Ajax's bones,i07. his account of the opening of Heflor's tomb, 123. Pennant, Mr, his account of Barrows in Scotland, 91. n. Tïipî, the prepofition, an enquiry into its lignification when governing the accu- fative in Homer, 136. n. Pillar, fometimes erefted over fepulchral mounds, 90. n. Pirteeus, the author embarks at that port, 2. Plague, the real caufe of its infefting the Grecian army, 104. Plain, among the mountains, narrow, ex- tending ail the way to Scepfis, 67. P//Vy,his account of the fhadow of mount Athos, 36. his account of the diftance between the Sigéan and Rhœtéan pro- montories agrées with the author's meafurement, 102. Pococke, Dr, takes an édifice at Alexan- dria Troas for a gymnafium, 9. the firft of tbe modems who penetrated into the Troad, 51. his description ufeful though in fome refpefts errone- ous and obfcure, ib. what he faw there, ib. marks out diftinc~Uy the tomb of Ajax, 100. charafter of that traveller, ib. n. too diffident as to the monuments of the Troad, 101. 142. Polites, the fonof Priam, furveys the Gre- cian army from the tomb of jÊfyetes,94. Pompey, I N D X. Pompey, (perhaps M. Anthony) carries the ftatue of Ajax to Egypt, 47. Pope, his inaccurate tranflation of a paf- iage of Homer, 60. n. his Map of the plain of Troy examined, 69 — 73. his Efîay on Homer's battles praifed, 71. quoted particularly, ib. its conformity with the author's map, ib. his miftaken notion of the ftations of Achilles and Ajax, 98. n. his confufed tranflation of a paflage in Homer, in confequence of that error, 99. n. his opinion of certain partages in the Iliad, 141. n. Potter, his antiquities quoted, 93. n. Pownal, Governor, his defcription of a fepulchral monument, 108. n. Priam, his palace, 9. he goes to beg the body of Hector, 113. his gardens, 117. Priejls of the lower empire, why they did notdemoliih thePagan monuments, lïçoxpïircraç, that Word explained, 99. n. Purfuit of Heftor by Achilles, the nature of, examined, 136, &-c. §>uintus Calaber, defcribes the funeral of Ajax, 107. n. R Rai/i, a great fall of, 3a. Reeds abound in the marfhes near the mouth of the Scamander, 105. Rhœtcum, or the Rhœtéan promontory, 64. 101. the Grecian fleet arrangéd betwixt that and the Sigéan promon- tory, and how, 96, 97, 98. n. diftance betwixt it and the Sigéan promontory, miftaken by Strabo, 102. meafured by the author, ib. River, a beautiful frnall one defcribed, 25. its fources, 26. one of them warm, ib. Road, public, where, 118. Romans, their attachaient to ancient Troy, 46. Salijbury plain, the author vifits it, 92. n. Sandys, his account of the Troad, 53. n. Sarcophagi, of white marble, why broken by the Turks, 7. Sarpedon, the virtuous, how to be buried in Lycia, 90. n. Scaan gâte, defcription of, 119. ib. n. the famé with the Dardanian, ib. where placed, ib. Scamander, called alfo Xanthus, and why, 14. n. cannot be the famé with the torrent at Ene', 3 1 . Homer's account of its fources quoted by Strabo, 58. diverfion of its waters into another channel, 66. called by that name after its junftion with the Simois, ib. its di- mensions, 74. miftaken by Mr Wood, 80. compared with the Simois, 82, 83. its rapidity,'îi. why called by Homer whirling, ib. fubjett to no in- creafe or diminution, ib. the tranfpa- rency of its waters, ib. its borders flowery, 83. what fort of trees ftill grow there, ib. Homer's defcription of it accurate, ib. his charafter of it and of the Simois, 83, 84. its breadth ac- cording to Homer, 85. defcribed by Délia Vallé, 86. n. conveys its peren- nial ftream through the camp, and fup- plies it with frefli water, 104. n. its fources where, 119. 126. the famé with the fprings of Bounarbachi, ib. its warm fource and its cold fource, 127. reeds near them, ib. Scotland, Barrows or cairns there, 91. n. Semiramis, how ihe buried Ninus, 89. n. Sigéan infcription, defcribed by Chilhull, 16. Sigéan and Rhœtéan promontories, di- ftance between them, 64. the Grecian fleet arrangéd between them, and in what manner, 96, 97, 98. n. See Rhœ- téan. Simois, the fource of that river in mount Cotylus, 6c. it flows near Callicoloné, 65, its union with the Scamander, 66. rolls N D rolls its courfe through a narrow Val- ley, 67. Pope mifplaces it, 71. com- parée! with the Scamander, 8 }. an im- petuous torrent, 84. n. mentioned by Délia Vallé, 86. n. Sopl-ocles, his opinion of the interment of Ajax, 107. n. Sources of the Scamander, where, 119. the famé with the fprings of Bounar- bachi, 126. See Scamander. Sozome/ius, Hermias, his account of Con- flantine's founding a city in the plain of Troy, 49. n. Spallanxani, Dr, fails on board the famé veiTel with the author, 1. his charac- ter, ib. why difpatched by the Empe- ror Jofeph II. to the Levant, ib. Stonehcnge, defeription of, 92. n. Barrows there, ib. Strabo, his affirmation concerning the in- habitants of mount Athos falfe, 37. apology for, ib. n. never vifited the Troad, 48. dérives his information from Demetrius of Scepfis, 49. 57. his account of the fources of the Scaman- der erroneous and obfcure, 58, 59, 60. his account has mifled other travellers, 59. n. in many reTpcfts agrées with the author's map, 62. inftances, ib. 63. 64. miftaken as to the diflance between the Sigéan and Rhœtéan promontories, 64. fit 11 needs an intelligent editor, ib. n. emendation of a paffage of, propofed, ni. Sunias, Minerva, the ruins of her tem- ple, ^. Sunium, the promontory of, the author lands there, 2. Sylla, advifes the Trojans to fubmit to Fimbria, 46. overcomes Fimbria, 47. affords fome confolation to the Trojans, il. Tamarijls abound near the mouth of the Scamander, ioj. Tchiblak, village of, 26. 'Temple, ruins of one, 23. Tbetis, her lamentation at the profpecT: of Achilles's de?th, m. n. ®pu7lA?jl, and the monument of Uus, pro- bably the famé, 112, 113. Thucydides, the number of fhips in the Grecian fleet according to that hiftori- an, 96. n. Thymbra, valley of, 66. watered by the Thymbrius, ib. deferibed, 109. Thymbnean Apollo, his temple where fî- tuate, 66. 110. Thymbrek-Deré, the valley of Thymbrek, opens into a large plain, 22. the rivu- let which runs through it, ib. ruins on its banks, ib. "Thymbrius, river of, waters the valley of Thymbra, 66. runs into the Scaman- der, ib. 109. Torrent dried up, 17. mardi at the place of its difeharge, ib. Tott, Baron de, his batteries, 19. Toup, the late Mr, quoted, 101. n. Tragefea, the fait pits of, 4. Travellers who hâve vifited the Troad, 39—52. $6. Troad, travellers who vifited it, 40 — 56. 85. Mr Wood bewildered there, 56. 75. transformed by him into a chaos, 80. ■ Trojan v/àr, not a poetical fiftion, ^g. Trojans, where they buried, 122. wo- men, where they walhed their gar- ments, 128. Troy, the plain of, vifited by Homer, 41. by iEfchines, 43. by Alexander, 44. by Julius Caefar, 47. by Conflantine, 49. n. by Dr Pococke, 51. by Belon, ib. n. by Sandys, 52, 53. n. by Lady M. W. Montague, 54. n. by Délia Valle, 84 — 87. n. has not changed its ap- pearance fince Strabo's time, 67. Troy, ancient city of, piaced at the com- mencement of two chains of hills, 62. 67. what time of the year taken, 104. 11. its fituation proved, 115 — 120. why called ivepoio-aa by Homer, 115. plain of, very fertile, ib. a great way from the N X. the fea, 116. reeds near it, ib. impreg- iiable except on one fide, ib. its citadel, Turks, their vigilance, 37. their charac- ter, 38. their refpeÉt for the tombs of the dead, 50. give the famé name to fepulchral mounds with theEgyptians, 93. Turkifh women where they wafh- ed their garments, 128. their opinion of the tombs in the Troad, 143. com- pared with the ancient Greeks in Ho- mer's time, 153. Turnus, his combat with iEneas com- pared with that of He&or with Achil- les, 130. Twining, Mr, his new tranflation of Ari- ftotle's Poetics quoted, 140. n. V Virgil, his ingenious method of pointing out Heftor's tomb, 123. quoted, 123, 124. a fidtion of his refpetting the dragging of He&or's body, 139. n. does not always agrée in faéfe with Ho- mer, 140. n. Udjek, artiiîcial mount near it, defcribed, 11, 12. profpeft from it, ib. the mo- nument of jËfyetes, 93. Ulyjfes, by whom his exploits extolled, 117. Uni, one dug up in Cornwall, 90. n. urns dug up in Scotland, 91. n. an urn found in the tomb of Achilles, 149. what it contained, ib. how decorated, ib. the poetical hiftory of it, 150. ib.n. how it might hâve been preferved, 152. how it might hâve been obtain- ed, 153. W IVallace, the Rev. Dr, on the Numbers of Mankind, 96. n. Williams, Dr Stephen, his accoant of Barrows in Cornwall, 90, 91. n. Wood, Mr, bewildered in the Troad, 56. cenfured, 67. lie cenfures Pope's Map with afperity, 69. his own Map exa- mined, 75. viewed the Troad errone- oufly, ib. did not know the Scaman- der, 76. took no notice of the monu- ments in the Troad, ib. cannot find the country to agrée with Homer's de- fcriptions, ib. his vain endeavours to account for this, 77. quoted, 76, 77. thinks the Scamander changed, 78, his Map a négligent performance, ib. his miftakes accounted for, ib. 79. why he did not know the fources of the Scamander, ib. time of the year when he faw them, ib. n. defcribes that river without knowing it, ib. n. totally be- wildered as he advances among the mountains, ib. his obftinacy, 80. trans- forms the Troad into a chaos', ib. mi- ftakes the hideous torrent that wafhes the walls of Ené for the Scamander, ib. his flowery defcription, ib. his ac- count exploded, 81. miftaken as to the Rhœtéan promontory, 98. 102. cen- fured, 100. JCenophon quoted, 89, 90. n. Xylander miftakes a word in Strabo, 6$. Zuliani, the Chevalier, Ambaffador from the Republic of Venice to the Porte, receives the author on board his veflel, 1 . charafter of that Minifter, ib. ERRATA. Page 117. line 4. for forty, read thirty. 132. 8. from the bottom, for hojlilibus read hufiilibus. 136. 16. for xii. readxxn. THE END. 'S+& C °)0-(b IS-M3 .0 _ 'iû^ oOl ' °)0% 90- G 1642-1 fHEBETTYCi Q/O-Av 1^42-5