Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/architecturalill00bill_1 Znum lj lLWlttlmys Enur.iml In- Urn ,),iJM.r. EAST I'llOBT. tendon . /'M/fod fi, TX W A™,. I Jt if Mluui. WW. ARCHITECTURAL ILLUSTRATIONS, HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF CarUgU eatljctital, BY ROBERT WILLIAM BILLINGS. K. TV. Billings, del. East end of tije Cathedral. S. Williams, sc. HonUon : PUBLISHED BY THOMAS AND WILLIAM BOONE, 29, NEW BOND STREET, AND THE AUTHOR, MANOR HOUSE, KENTISH TOWN. 1840. PREFACE. Nearly all the works hitherto produced on the English Cathedrals, bear more of a picturesque than of an Architectural character, and are there- fore nearly useless for the practical uses of the architect. " For this purpose," says the reviewer of " Carter's Ancient Architecture" in the Quarterly Review, " simple but accurate outlines, on an intelligible scale, are alone required ; highly finished Plates on a small scale, though they may be liked by the amateur, are worse than useless to the art, as they encourage the builder who attempts Gothic architecture, to content himself with a general resemblance, and to blur all the minor features. A work, professing to treat on architec- ture, and wanting in plans and sections, is no better than a treatise on anatomy, which omits the representations of the bones." Entirely concurring with this view of the subject, the author has shaped his course accordingly, and, he trusts, with some degree of success, for the battered and comparatively unknown Church of St. Mary at Carlisle, has now a more extended architectural survey published, than any other Cathedral in Britain ; by which nearly the whole mass of the building might be rebuilt. It has been his particular study to preserve regular scales to all the Plates, instead of the general method of using imaginary ones merely to suit the size of the paper on which the work may happen to be printed : thus, the general Plans and Elevations are three-eighths of an inch to ten feet, and the details are either one-sixth, one-fourth, three-eighths, or half an inch to the foot, as will be found by the scales marked upon the Plates. With one excep- tion (Plate IV.) the whole of the Plans, Elevations, Sections and Details are engraved by the Author. It is at all times most desirable, that as much as PREFACE. possible of the engraving of any architectural work, should be executed by the draftsman, as, although there may be a certain roughness in the finish of such Plates, compared with the works of the practised engraver, he is enabled by re-considering the subject to correct errors, and give a truth to the work which no other person unacquainted with the building could produce. In completing this work, (the almost constant occupation of two years,) the author cannot quit the subject without expressing his acknowledge- ments to his numerous patrons at Carlisle. He begs also to tender his thanks to the Lord Bishop of Carlisle, for his kind encouragement of the work, and also to the Dean and Chapter, for granting him at all times free access to the Cathedral and Library, by which his labours have been materially lightened. R. W. BILLINGS. Manor House, Kentish Town, April 15, 1840. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. The Royal Library, Royal Folio, India Proofs and Etchings. His Grace the Lord Archbishop of York. His Grace the Duke of Buccleugh, Proofs on India Paper. His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, Proofs on IndiaPaper The Marquess of Anglesey, Large Paper. The Marquess of Northampton, Large Paper. The Earl of Derby, Large Paper. The Right Hon. the Earl of Lonsdale, Large Paper. The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Carlisle, Large Paper. The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Lichfield, Large Paper. The Rev. Sir Edward Bowyer Smyth, Bart. Sir George Musgrave, Bart. Large Paper. Sir Robert Smirke, R.A. Architect. Sir JefFery Wyatville, R.A. Architect. The Very Rev. the Dean of Carlisle, Large Paper. The Very Rev. the Dean and Chapter of Carlisle, LargePaper. The Very Rev. the Dean and Chapter of Durham. The Rev. S. J. Goodenough, Prebendary of Carlisle. The Rev. Vernon Harcourt, Prebendary of Carlisle. The Hon. and Rev. W. Vansittart, D.D., Prebendary of Carlisle. Robert Abraham, Esq. F. S. A. Architect. A Friend, Mr. A. Robert Allison, Esq. Carlisle. Joseph Allison, Esq. London. Joshua Anderson, Esq. Carlisle. Rev. J. Armstrong, Wallsend. Mr. C. Armstrong, Architect, Carlisle. George Bailey, Esq. Architect. William Bardwell, Esq. Architect. William Barnes, Esq. Architect, India Proofs. Charles Barry, Esq. Architect. Mr. Barton, Carlisle. John Birkett, Esq. John Blackmore, Esq. C. E. Newcastle. Edward Blore, Esq. F.S.A. Architect, Large Paper. John Blythe, Esq. Architect. Mr. James Bohn, Bookseller, Proofs and Etchings. Mr. Thomas Bonnell, Carlisle. Ignatius Bonomi, Esq. Architect, Durham. John Britton,Esq. F.S.A. Large Paper. Mr. James Bugden. James B. Bunning, Esq. Architect. Decimus Burton, Esq. F. S. A. Architect. Miss Carlyle, Carlisle. Mr. John Carrick, Carlisle. W. Carruthers, Esq. Carlisle. Mr. T. Carruthers, Carlisle. Richard Carruthers, Esq. Eden Grove. Thomas Chawner, Esq. Architect, Large Paper. Mr. G. A. Cheffins, Architect. Rev. Mr. Cornthwaite. Messrs. Colnaghi & Puckle, Printsellers. L. N. Cottingham, Esq. Architect. Robert Cowen, Esq. Carlisle. George Cowen, Esq. Carlisle. Mr. Robert Creighton, Carlisle. Edward Cresey, Esq. F.S.A. Architect. William Cubitt, Esq. Thomas Cundy, Esq. Architect. Miss Currer. The Rev. H. Curwen, Workington. Richard Cust, Esq. Abbey Street. Mr. Davies, George Street, Euston Square. Mr. N. L. De Carle, Architect, Newcastle. J. C. Denham, Esq. Large Paper. Mr. W. Dewar, Carlisle. John Dixon, Esq. Carlisle, Large Paper. Peter Dixon, Esq. Carlisle, Large Paper. George Dixon, Esq. Abbey Street. Joseph Dixon, Esq. Broadwath. John Dobson, Esq. Architect, Newcastle. Charles Dyer, Esq. Architect, Bristol. A. Easthope, Esq. C. Edge, Esq. Architect, Birmingham. Simon Ewart, Esq. Carlisle. Mr. R. Fawcett, Lancaster. The Rev. G. O. Fenwicke, Birmingham. Benjamin Ferrey, Esq. Architect. Rev. Henry Fielding, M. A. Chaplain of Christ Church, Man- chester, Large Paper. Sir William Browne Folkes, Bart. Illingdon Hall, Lynn, Large Paper. The Rev. William Ford, Cumwhitton. John Forster, Esq. Brampton. Thomas Foster, Esq. Architect, Bristol. Messrs. Gad and Keningale. Henry Garling, Esq. Architect. Mr. G. Gladwin. George Godwin, Jun. Esq. F.S.A. Architect. G. E. Goodridge, Esq, Architect, Bath. vi LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. F. Graham, Esq. St. Nicholas Place. John Graham, Esq. Carlisle. Rev. \V. Graham, Arthuret, Large Paper. Richard Grainger, Esq. Newcastle. Mr. W. Grapel, Bookseller, Liverpool. George Mounsey Gray, Esq. Large Paper. Mr. Gray, Carlisle. Messrs. J. and B. Green, Architects, Newcastle. Philip Hardwick, Esq. Architect, Large Paper. Isaac Harrison, Esq. Architect, Liverpool. George Head Head, Esq. Rickerby Hall. D. O. Hill, Esq. Architect, Birmingham. A. J. Iliscotk, Esq. Architect. John Hodgson, Esq. Bowness. Mr. John Hodgson, Architect. J. D. Hopkins, Esq. Architect. William Hosking, Esq. F.S.A Architect. Thomas Hudson, Esq. Roe Hill. Dr. Hudson, Carlisle. R. Hussey, Esq. Architect, Birmingham. Mr. Richard Ingham, Organist to the Cathedral. Wm. Inman, Esq. Architect. Mr. John Irving, Carlisle. Mr. Jefferson, Bookseller. H. E. Kendall, Esq. F.S.A. Architect. Mr. Larmer, Civil Engineer. Andrew Latimer, Esq. Newcastle. R. H. Lawrie, Esq. Carlisle. R. Leman, Esq. VVigton. Thomas Little, Esq. Architect. Miss Losh Mr. Duncan McAlpin, Carlisle. Mr. T. McAlpin, Cummersdale, Large Paper. Mr. Daniel McAlpin, London, Large Paper. Archibald M'Lellan, Esq. Glasgow, Large Paper. G. P. Manners, Esq. Architect, Bath. Mr. R. Martindale, Carlisle. Rev. R. Matthews, Wigton Hall. Joseph Miller, Esq. London, Large Paper. Geo. Moore, Esq. F.R.S. & F.S.A. Architect, Large Paper John Morice, Esq. F.S.A. G. G. Mounsey, Esq. Carlisle, Large Paper. Mr Thomas Nelson, Builder, Carlisle. John Nelson, Esq. Carlisle. John Newman, Esq. F.S.A. Architect, Large Paper. John Bowyer Nichols, Esq. F.S.A. Large Paper. William Patrickson, Esq. Crosby. John Pinch, Esq. Architect, Bath. J. Plevins, Esq. Architect, Birmingham. W. J. Pocock, Esq. Architect, Large Paper. R. S. Pope, Esq. Architect, Bristol. Messrs. Porter, Hinde, and Porter, Carlisle. The Rev. W. Rees, Abbey, Carlisle, Large Paper. Henry Rhodes, Esq. F.S.A. Architect. Mr. Richardson, Civil Engineer, Maryport. Mr. W. Richardson, Carlisle. C. J. Richardson, Esq. Architect. P. F. Robinson, Esq. F.S.A. Architect. Mr. Robson, Builder, Carlisle. Mr. Rodwell, India Proofs and Etchings. Mr. Joseph Rook, Carlisle. Mr. John Sadler. A. Salvin, Esq. F.S.A. Architect. J. Sanderson, Esq. Anglesey, Large Paper. George Saul, Esq. Brunstock House. Silas Saul, Jun. Esq. Carlisle. James Savage, Esq. F.S.A. Architect. J. J. Scoles, Esq. Architect. Mr. Hudson Scott, Bookseller, Carlisle. Henry Senhouse, Esq. Nether Hall. Mr. Setchell. Henry H. Seward, Esq. Architect. Mr. E. Sharpe, Architect, Lancaster. Mr. Simpson, Builder, Carlisle. C. H. Smith, Esq. W. S. Smith, Esq. Carlisle. George Smith, Esq. Architect, Large Paper. S. Staples, Esq. Architect, Large Paper. Arthur Steains, Esq. Liverpool. William Stordy, Esq. Carlisle. Mr. J. Stuart, Carlisle. William Stutfield, Esq. Large Paper. R. Tattersal, Esq. Architect, Manchester J. H. Taylor, Esq. Architect. G. L.Taylor, Esq. F.S.A. Architect. S. S. Teulon, Esq. Architect. Mr. C. Thurnam, Carlisle. W. Tite, Esq. F.R.S. & F.G.S. President of the Architectural Society, Large Paper. Ithiel Town, Esq. Newhaven, U. S. E. W. Trendall, Esq. Architect. C. Underwood, Esq. Architect, Bristol. The Rev. R. Waldy, Afpuddle, Dorset. Thomas L. Walker, Esq. Architect. Mr. George Walker, Architect, Newcastle. Thomas Walker, Esq. Carlisle. Robert Wallace, Esq. Architect. C. Wannop, Esq. Carlisle. The Rev. J. Ward, Bedwyn, Wilts. Samuel Ware, Esq. F.S.A. Mr. Joseph Welch, Architect, Newcastle. R. Williams, Esq. M.P. Samuel Williams, Esq. Large Paper. The Rev. Professor Willis, Cambridge. General Alexander Wilson, St. Petersburgli. Rev. J. Wilson, Coldale Hall. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF CAELISLE CATHEDKAL. The total destruction of all documents relative to the foundation of the Cathedral, during the numerous sieges sustained by this ancient and important city, has left us nothing but a bare statement of facts, and even in many cases mere conjecture as to the origin and progressive improvement of the once beautiful and interesting but now mutilated Priory of St. Mary. The wonder is, that exposed as it was so often to the ravages of war, so much remains at the present period. Browne Willis 1 conjectures, on the authority of Dr. Heylin, that the diocese formerly " belonged to the Bishop of Candida Casa, alias Whiterne in Scotland,"' and was A.D. 679 bestowed by Egfride, King of Northumberland, on St. Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne ; that the see became, one part subor- dinate to Durham, and the other portion to York. About the year 860, the city was laid waste by the Danes, and the priory remained in a desolated condition until William Rufus commenced the restoration, which was soon after completed by his successor Henry the First, who in 1101, founded a Priory of Regular Canons of the order of St. Augustin, 2 appointed Athcl- wald his Confessor the first Prior, and dedicated the Church to the blessed 1 Cathedrals, vol. 1. p. 284. 2 Tanner " Notitia Monastica " says, "that this was the only episcopal Chapter in England of the Order of St. Augustin." B CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. Virgin Mary. 3 The erection of the Cathedral was entrusted by William, to Walter, a wealthy Norman, who was "governor of these parts," but his death caused a temporary obstruction to the work, which was afterwards carried on by his successor. Walter is said to have assumed the priest's habit, and " became the head of the Society which he had instituted." 4 Henry the First, after the loss of his children who were drowned in their passage from Nor- mandy, "seeking relief, from the duties of religion," was persuaded by Athelwald to advance Carlisle into a distinct see. " He endowed it with the tithes of all lands broken up for cultivation within Inglewood forest, by giving an ivory horn. This horn, as it is called, is two teeth of an elephant now- remaining in the Cathedral." 5 " The cause alleged for dismembering Carlisle and constituting there a separate see, was on account of the distance from Durham, then the seat of the Episcopacy, and the consequent delays of episcopal duties there. According to Camden, the monks of Durham looked upon this act of the Sovereign as a grievous infringement of their ancient rights and privileges ; but from the abject disposition of the mind peculiar to that age, they avoided pointing the accusation where it was due, and alleged, " that when Ralph Bishop of Durham was banished, and the Church had none to protect it, certain Bishops joined Carlisle and Teviotdale to their diocese." 6 The Priory Church then became the Cathedral, and remained in the state in which it was erected till the year 1292, when the whole building eastward of the tower, as well as the north transept, was destroyed by an accidental fire. Willis (Cathedrals), without mentioning the fire, says that the Cathedral "being a mean fabrick in respect to other Cathedrals, Bishop Gilbert de Welton, with the assistance of some of the Priors, and help of money, as I 3 Jefferson's Carlisle (note p. 123), quoting the following from Nicolson and Burn, p. 252, states that the buildings do not appear to have been finished at that time, for in 1188 when the see was vacant, the following account was brought into the King's treasury. "In work of the great altar and pavement in the Church of St. Mary, Carlisle, 27s. 9d. In work of the dormi- tory of the Canons, 221. 19s. 2d." 4 Hutchinson's Cumberland. This is most probably a mistake for Walter, the second Prior, who was formerly a soldier. He was elected Prior upon Athelwald's being made first Bishop. s Camden's Britannia, folio ed. 1806. Vol. iii. p. 449. 6 Hutchinson's Cumberland. CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. 3 presume, left by Robert Ecclesfield, founder of Queen's College, Oxon, began the foundation of a new choir about the year 1354. which was perfected by his successors, Bishops Tho. de Appleby and William Strickland." Willis must have mistaken the foundation for the upper part of the choir, for the columns and arches of that part and the whole of the aisles (modern additions excepted) are of the style termed "Lancet" which prevailed from 1200 to 1300 ; and, were it not for the fire fixing the date of the re-construction of the choir aisles, we should be inclined to give it an earlier date than the year 1292. Between this and the year 1330 the great east window was erected, if we may judge by comparison with the great western window of York Cathedral, completed before that time. Gilbert Welton succeeded to the bishoprick in 1352, and according to his register, finding the Cathedral in a very incomplete state, " issued orders and letters patent, granting indulgences and remissions of penance for forty days to such of the laity as should by money, materials, or labour, contribute to the pious work." 7 To him may be attributed the triforium and part of the clere-story of the Choir. His successor Bishop Appleby, from the year 1363 to 1395, continued the building with the same zeal as his predecessor, and to his share is attributed the completion of the clere-story, and the wood ceilings of the Choir, and north and south transepts. The works were not, however, completed till the year 1401, when Bishop Strickland finished the tower and fitted up the Choir for cathedral service. The Magna Britannia et Nova, (vol. 1, 4to. 1720, page 384) states that on the 11th of Richard II. anno 1390, a second fire occurred, by which nearly 1500 houses were burnt, as well as the Cathedral. This is not men- tioned elsewhere, but whatever may have befallen the City, the Cathedral was untouched, as it was only eleven years after that the Tower, and stalls of the Choir were finished. Hutchinson in his History of Cumberland very naturally remarks that this " would have been an useless work when the Church was in ruins." 7 Bishop Welton' s Register. From the Register of Bishop Kirby his predecessor, we learn that in 1342, the vicarages of Addingham and of Sowerby were allowed to remain vacant for some time, that their revenues might be apphed to the necessary repairs of the Cathedral. Jefferson '$ Carlisle, p. 154. I CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. According to Dr. Todd's MS. History of the Cathedral, the tabernacle work of the stalls was erected, as he judged by the arms, by Robert Ecclesfield, before mentioned, soon after 1354. Thomas de Haythwaite, Prior about 1460, erected the Bishop's throne, on the back of which he had his name inscribed. Thomas Gondibour, who was Prior from 1484 to 1511, appears to have been the builder of the screen work in St. Catherine's Chapel, (as his initials occur on one of the panels, 2 ) and consequently, from many fragments remaining in the same style, of the screen work which separated the Choir from the aisles, previous to the alterations of 1764. Gondibour's labours were not confined to the Choir, for he erected the Fratery or Refectory, and many of the Monastic buildings, whose foundations alone remain to testify his industry. In the years 1597 and 1598, the plague ravaged Carlisle, and according to Nicolson and Burn, 1196 or nearly one-third of the population died from it. During its continuance, subscriptions were raised for the relief of the inhabitants, and among the names is Bishop Robinson 61. 13s. 4>d., Bishop Meye who succeeded him 2/., and the Dean and Chapter 51. Js. Previous to the siege of the City, by the Parliamentary forces in 1644, we find among the names of those who voluntarily forwarded provisions for the garrison, that of the Dean and Chapter to the amount of 10/, that is, the Dean 41, and every Prebend 30s. 3 To the period of the Reformation Carlisle Cathedral appears to have remained in a tolerably perfect state, but from that time to the present, it has gone in a downward course. The first blow was given during the Reformation, when it is supposed, that the whole of the statues from the niches of the stalls were destroyed, besides many monuments, brasses, and ancient stained glass. The next and greatest destruction, was upon the surrender of the City 2 This panel, which was in the door of the Chapel, was wantonly destroyed during the year 1839 ; a small portion of the initials only being left. s " During the siege, notwithstanding the provisions that had been sent in voluntarily by the country, and otherwise provided by the governor upon the apprehension of a siege, the city was so reduced that horseflesh without bread or salt, hempseed, dogs and rats were eaten." Nicolson and Bum, ii. 234. CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. 5 to the Parliamentary forces, after a siege of nine months, on June 25, 1645, when in direct violation of the third article in the terms of capitulation, "that no Church should be defaced," they destroyed nearly the whole of the Nave, the Chapter-house, Dormitory, Cloisters, Prebendal houses, and part of the Deanery. " The body of St. Mary's Church was, before the civil wars in 1641 a spacious building - , comprehending all the western part of the church from the great tower, and extending in length 135 feet. But this being deemed superfluous by the fanatical reformers was in a great measure demolished, as the Cloisters and Chapter-house were afterwards, and the materials applied to build a guard house at every gate, erecting two batteries in the castle, and a main guard house in the market place." 4 This building is now modernised and used as a fish market. Dr. Todd, in his MS. History of Carlisle, says, " the Parliamentary officers were so moved with zeal, and somewhat else, against magnificent Churches, that they were designing to pull down the whole Cathedral." 5 The remaining part of the nave was afterwards walled up, with the addition of two huge buttresses which rest partially upon two columns of the dismantled portion. Sir Walter Scott, in his Border Antiquities, thus laments the destruction. " Those walls that were first erected to enshrine the peaceful, but magnificent teachers of the Catholic religion, were in a subsequent generation torn from their base, by a usurper and a fanatic, to construct a receptacle for the sangui- nary agents of civil strife and discord." Bishop Smith, who presided over the see from 1684 to 1702, presented the Cathedral with a new organ at a cost of 220/, and a set of silver gilt communion plate, (used at the present day) at a cost of 100/, besides large sums of money expended on the Abbey buildings, noticed in his Memoir. Part of the original communion plate, (two large pewter jugs,) is preserved in one of the ancient Almerys in St. Catherine's Chapel. 1 ' 4 Nicolson and Burn, ii. 238 5 Jefferson's Carlisle, p. 157. "Tradition imputes the destruction of the west end of the Cathedral to Cromwell; but he does not appear to have been concerned in it. There is no con- clusive evidence to shew that that extraordinary man was ever in Carlisle, except in 1 65 1 , when he passed through in pursuit of the King, previous to the battle of Worcester." 6 Another proof that the screen work of the Choir was Gonbibour's will be found from the 6 CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. In the year 1745, Carlisle fell into the hands of the Pretender, and when retaken by the Duke of Cumberland, the whole of the garrison were made prisoners of war, and confined in the Cathedral. The ponderous gates of entrance to the aisles (more fitted for a prison than a Church) were erected at that time. " It is somewhat remarkable that on the basement wall of the north aisle and transept, on the outside, are to be seen many hundred holes, such as might be made by musket shot ; the soldiers, when the danger was over, might here have idly discharged their pieces, or the citizens in some one or other of the numerous sieges which the city endured, may here for a time, have held out against a victorious foe." 1 The last dismantling suffered by this unfortunate Church, was in 1764, by modern improving and beautifying. Hutchinson (Cumberland) states that the " wood-ceiling of the Choir having gone greatly to decay, repairs were made, and the ceiling was stuccoed in the form of a groined vault, which is a great advantage to its appearance" 2 We shall in a subsequent portion of the work, again refer to this subject. At the same time the ancient Bishop's throne, the whole of the screens round the Choir, (excepting one next to the stalls erected by Lancelot Salkeld the last Prior,) and the high altar, were removed and replaced by the present barbarous masses of Gothic 3 wood work, viz. the Bishop's throne, the pulpit, altar, and all the decorations of the Choir from the east end to the stalls. They were designed by Lord Camelford, nephew of Bishop Lyttleton, who held the see when the last repairs were effected. 4 The expense of these alterations was 1300/.; towards following inscription on a beam of one of these Almerys, (whose place was formerly behind the altar.) " En. doms. hec floruit Godibour sub tegminae Thomse cii bonus immensis merces sint didirna lusis." Another beam has the initials P. T. G. repeated all along it. 1 Jefferson's Carlisle, p. 158. 2 Hutchinson's Cumberland. The works recently published on Carlisle, repeat that the Cathedral was beautified, from not knowing what it lost. :i By the term " barbarous" we only mean in point of design. It is a great pity that tbose who executed the work had not better materials to bestow their talents upon. The groining of the Bishop's throne especially, shows what they were capable of accomplishing with good models. * Jefferson's Carlisle, p. 107. CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. 7 which Dean Bolton gave 50/; Bishop Lyttleton 100/; the Dowager Countess Gower 200/ ; the rest was defrayed by the Dean and Chapter. About ten years since the Dean and Chapter commenced a restoration of the clere-story windows of the Choir, but it only extended to the first from the east end on each side. During the year 1838, an enriched Gothic railing and gate was erected along the north front of the Cathedral yard, in Castle Street, from a design by the author of this work. Its place was formerly occupied by a ruinated stone wall. The expense exceeded 300/ ; towards this about 100/ was given in contributions, and the rest paid by the Dean and Chapter. The only material alteration in the interior of the Cathedral since the repairs of 1764, was the erection of the Parish Church of St. Mary, or rather that portion of it constituting the east wall, (between the openings on the west side of the Tower,) the ceiling, and the galleries in the remains of the Nave and its Aisles, about twenty-five years back. The only separation of the Parish Church from the Choir, previous to this addition, was the lower part of the present wall at the transepts, about ten feet high. To prevent the services of the Church and Choir interfering with each other, the former began at nine o'clock A.M. and terminated at eleven, when the latter com- menced. It is not known how long the Nave of the Cathedral has been used as the Parish Church of St. Mary's, but the following quotation 1 will shew the re- moteness of its origin. In 1356, " John de Caldesmyth, chaplain, makes his will ; and amongst other legacies bequeaths Luminaribus beate Marie, Karl, infra chorum et extra in ecclesia parochiali equaliter iijs. iiij d." 2 Which, says Bishop Nicolson in his MS., " plainly intimates that ye body of ye Church, as at this day, was designed to the parishioners who had nothing to do in the Quire." The outline of its central ceiling is seen in the Section, Plate VI.; the ceilings of the aisles are flat. All are panelled in the same style as the tran- septs, with painted bosses and initials in old English letters gilt upon them, at the intersection of the ribs. The gallery front, between the Norman columns of the Nave is orna- 1 Jefferson's Carlisle, p. 157, note. 2 Bishop Welton's Register. 8 CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. merited with the shield and trefoil corbel table of the exterior. Two pointed windows introduced at the west end after the civil wars, were removed and replaced by plain windows of Norman architecture in character with the building. Between these the Pulpit and Clerk's desk is placed. Carlisle has perhaps suffered more from spoliation and neglect than any cathedral church in England. Situate in a border city, where nothing was formerly thought of or enacted but war and scenes of plunder, we should have thought that the only damage would have been the consequence of its devasta- tions. Such, however, is not the case ; a great part of the mutilation of this venerable building having been consummated long after the happy termination of the troubles which so often attended this part of the country, and at a time when it would be thought that, instead of allowing any destruction, every energy and means would have been used to renovate so noble a monument of the piety of our forefathers to its original beauty. Although but the mere shadow of its former perfection, it still forms, in the variety of style, as well as in the beauty of much of its detail, an important feature towards the elucidation of the history of ecclesiastical architecture, containing, as it does, specimens of every variety from the time of the Conquest, until its total decline in the revival of Italian architecture. Instead of restoring that portion of the Cathedral destroyed during the civil wars, and rendering it an ornament to the city, what has been the case during the last eighty years? The total destruction of the ancient fittings of the choir (stalls excepted) and their being replaced by modern panelling and walls completely at variance with the architecture of the Cathedral, inde- pendent of their own extreme incongruity of design. The erection of the walls just named, nearly as high as the capitals of the choir columns, so darkened it, by taking away the light formerly received through the open screens, that the wiseacres who performed the work, commenced another work of demolition to gain additional light from the clere-story, namely, the removal of the beautiful and unique quatrefoil open parapet at its base. (See Section Plate V.) There can be no doubt that this expedient was a perfect failure, from the great height of the clere-story from the floor : the only portion of the Cathedral shown more clearly by the alteration, was that which would be much better hidden, namely, the modern lath and plaster ceiling. The choir is most completely deprived of its fair proportions by the CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. 9 destruction of this parapet making the triforium look exceedingly mean and low, compared with the now unbroken height of the clere-story. During the fifteenth century, when the screen-work of the choir was executed, the architect, to gain light upon the altar, destroyed two of the lancet windows of the aisles, and introduced large perpendicular windows, filling the whole of each compartment. Their use was very apparent before the removal of the screenwork, and in some measure atoned for their want of harmony with the building. Now, their appearance is incongruous in the extreme. 1 Perhaps the greatest work of destruction was the beautiful and unique oak ceiling of the choir in 1764, and the erection, in its place, of the present plaister-groined ceiling. The old ceiling was removed upon the pretence of its being rotten ; but sufficient remains (covered by its successor) to prove the contrary : and the only conclusion we can arrive at is, that the officers of the Cathedral were grossly imposed upon by some person anxious to make a job. There is, however, some consolation in the fact, that the present ceiling will be rotten long before the remains of its predecessor will exhibit any signs of decay, and that there will be some chance of its being then restored, particularly as its cost would be as little, or less, than any ceiling which could be devised. The modern ceiling in itself is not the only ugly addition to the choir, for, in order to secure the walls of the clere-story from being thrust out, in consequence of the bad construction of the ceiling, an iron rod is fixed across each compartment, immediately above the capitals of the bracketed columns, and fastened on the outside by screws and plates in the form of crosses. Altogether, this modern ceiling v the gem of the beautifying of Carlisle) is the most unsightly ever put up. The last addition of consequence to this Cathedral occurred in I78O, when, by order of the Dean and Chapter, a considerable sum was disposed of 1 On looking at the exterior of the aisles, it is gratifying to perceive the great care bestowed by those who introduced the perpendicular windows, in the preservation of the old corbel tables which had to be raised to suit the additional height of the more modern windows, in contra- distinction to the wanton manner in which many parts of the building were hacked about when the Cathedral was last beautified, particularly the bases of the choir columns. C 10 CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. in erecting two houses against its north-east corner in Castle-street. The consequence of this addition has been the total obstruction of the only view which could be obtained of the most beautiful portion of the Cathedral — the east end. The buttresses at the north-east angle now form two sides of a scullery; and an upholsterer's workshop most picturesquely fills up the space between the buttresses of the north aisle, as high as the base of the window. We must lament, (although like most of our regrets it comes too late,) that the money expended on these houses had not been reserved for the necessary repairs of the Cathedral, and employed in remedying, instead of hiding its lamentable state of decay, which, if not checked by timely restora- tions, must end in the total destruction of the most beautiful portions of the building. THE BISHOPS OF CARLISLE. Athelwald, the first Prior, upon the establishment being made a Cathedral, was, by Henry I., appointed Bishop. His principal act appears to have been, taking an active part in the election of Murdac, Abbot of Fountains, to the archbishoprick of York, in opposition to the commands of King Stephen. He was succeeded in 1165 by Bernard, who in 1169 consecrated the now ruinous Abbey of Lanercost, After his death (1186) the bishoprick remained vacant thirty-two years, prin- cipally on account of the smallness of its revenues. Paulinus de Leedes, to whom it was offered by Henry II., with an additional income of three hundred marks, refused it, as is supposed, on this account ; and it was also refused by two other individuals. Another reason assigned for the refusals of the bishoprick was, that " the respective possessions of the convent and the new see not having been properly defined, frequent difficulties arose between the Prior and the Bishop as to the appropriation of the revenues, each seeking to promote his own interest." 1 In 1188, the temporalities continuing in the King's hands, the following amongst other items was brought into account at the treasury : — " For oil for the Sacrament at Easter, two terms, and carrying the same from London to Carlisle, 14/." 2 King John, in 1200, granted the revenues to the Archbishop of Sclavonia, " to support him for the present ;" and in 1203, agreed to an order from the Pope, giving the same to the ex- Archbishop of Ragusa, who had been previously expelled from his own see, " and had not wherewithal to support himself." Owing no doubt principally to the want of the head of their church, the affairs of the Cathedral assumed a very serious aspect. The Canons publicly 1 Jefferson's Carlisle, 125. - Nicolson and Burn, ii. 252. 12 CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. avowed their contempt for the censures of the Pope ; swore fealty to the King of Scots ; " yea, elected an interdicted and excommunicated Clerk for their Bishop, against the King's and the Legate's will ;" and, to sum it up, appro- priated the revenues of the bishoprick to themselves. In consequence of these acts, Henry III. applied to Pope Honorius III. to " totally remove these schismatic Canons," 1 as well as their Bishop, and replace them by Prebends, and to augment the revenues of the bishoprick ; for it was so small that no able or respectable person would accept of it. Hugh de Bello Loco, Abbot of Beaulicu, Hampshire, was in conse- quence of this application made Bishop by the Pope. He made several grants of lands within his bishoprick to the Abbey of St. Mary at York, and obliged the Priory of Lanercost to give up a reserved rent which they claimed out of the church of Burgh upon Sands. In consequence of this interference the Chronicle states, " Hugh, Bishop of Carlisle, who alienated the possessions of the see, and made a fraudulent division thereof, returning from the Roman court, by the just judgment of God, perished miserably at the Abbey of La Ferte in Burgundy." Walter Malclerk, (so named from his ignorance) confirmed the grants of his predecessor to St. Mary's Abbey at York. He was a patron of the Domi- nicans, who had just established themselves in England, and gave them some property at Oxford. In 1232, he was appointed treasurer of the Exchequer for life, but was soon after discharged in disgrace, and finally resigned the bishoprick, in 1246, and entered the order of Dominicans at Oxford. Sylvester de Evedon, his successor, was killed by a fall from his horse, in 12,05. Thomas Vipont, of the family of the Earls of Westmorland, only pre- sided until October, 1256, when he died. From this date to February, 1258, the see was vacant, and the revenues were claimed and granted, during the interval, to the Bishop of Durham. Robert Chause. His only important act appears to have been a quarrel with the High Sheriff of Cumberland. After his death, the election fell upon William, Dean of York, who, refusing to accept it, the Convent and Prior 1 The Chronicle of Lanercost, as quoted by Nicolson and Burn, gives a different version of the affair. " The Canons of Carlisle were banished by Gualo, the Pope's legate, because, through fear of death, they had performed divine service to the excommunicated King of Scotland." THE BISHOPS. 13 were attached to answer the King, (Edward I.) for having, after William's refusal, proceeded without leave to elect another Bishop, to the King's damage of " sixty thousand pounds ;" and after an inhibition of the King's justiciars, for again proceeding to elect another Bishop, in " contempt of the King, and to his damage of forty thousand pounds.'''" 1 These matters were referred to the Pope, who settled them by confirming the choice of the Convent, which fell upon Ralph Irton. Although elected in opposition to the King, he was afterwards created one of his confidential commissioners, upon the affairs of Scotland. In March 1292, he died at Linstock, in the Bishop's Palace, from the bursting of a blood vessel, consequent upon the fatigue of a journey from London, where he had been attending Parliament. His successor was John Halton, who was also, in 1302, governor of Carlisle Castle. In 1314, when summoned to his place in parliament, he was obliged to appear by deputy, in consequence of the city being blockaded by the Scotch, under Robert Bruce. In 1318, as a recompense for his many services, the King petitioned the Pope to grant him and his successors the appropriation of the Church of Horncastle, in the diocese of Lincoln, that he and they might have a refuge during the ravages of the neighbouring enemy. When he died in 1324, the Convent elected William de Ermyn, Canon of York, and although their choice was confirmed by the King, the Pope annulled the appointment," and gave the bishoprick to John Ross, whose whole time from 1325 to 1332, (when he died) appears to have been occupied in quarrelling with the Prior and Convent, and seizing their rents, for which he was (upon their petition to the Pope) cited to defend himself before the Prior of Durham, and a delegation from Rome. John Kirby, his successor, previously Prior, came to the see " in a most unhappy era,"' from the failure of the King's expedition against the Scots, and the litigious disposition of the clergy. Owing to the first, in 1337, he • Nicolson and Burn, ii. 259. 3 " The Prior and Convent enjoyed the privilege of electing, either from their own or any other body, the prelates of the diocese ; but it will be found in the history of the see, that their elections, even after having received the King's sanction and confirmation, were frequently over- ruled by the arbitrary authority of the see of Rome, and strangers forced upon them : this was also a fruitful source of jealousies and heart burnings." Jefferson, p. 12/. 14 CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. was continually harassed in his own diocese, 1 and the Bishop's Palace at Rose Castle sacked and burnt. From the latter cause he was continually involved in law suits. In 1342, he was suspended by the Ecclesiastical Court at York for refusing to appoint a vicar to St. Mary's Church, and the same vear was excommunicated by the Pope for nonpayment of tenths in Lincolnshire. He died in 1352, when the Chapter, with the King's consent, chose their Prior, John de Horncastle. His election was also set aside by the Pope, who preferred Gilusrt Welton, who in 13,59, was one of the wardens of the western marches. By the previous notices of the History of the Cathedral, he has been mentioned as a benefactor to the building : in his " register, are many letters and commissions for the raising charitable contributions towards the repair of the public bridges of Carlisle, as likewise for the support of his own and other Cathedrals."-' Upon his death, the Prior and Convent, by the King's permission, elected Thomas Appleby. The Pope again interfered and declared the election void, most probably to show his authority, for he immediately re-appointed Appleby. In 1366, he was warden of the western marches, and afterwards one of the King's commissioners on the affairs of Scotland. He has also been noticed as continuing the re-edification of the Cathedral. The Convent upon his death elected William Strickland, but the Pope refused to allow his consecration, and gave the see to Robert Reed, who was the same year translated to Chichester. Thomas Merks, his successor, was the attached friend of Richard the Second, who appointed him one of his executors. Upon Henry the Fourth coming to the throne, in 1399, his advocacy of the deposed monarch, in par- liament, was so pointed, that he was committed to the Tower, and deprived of his bishoprick. After some time he was released from his confinement, and allowed to become rector of Todenham, Gloucestershire. \\ illiam Strickland, before noticed as the rejected of the Pope, was 1 In an action against the Scotch forces in 1345, he was dismounted and nearly made priso- ner ; but recovering his saddle, fought so valiantly, and so much animated his men, that he gained a complete victory. Ridpath's Border History, Ed. 1776, p. 336. Nicolson and Bum, 267. THE BISHOPS. 15 now appointed by him. " It is said that he built the tower and belfry, and furnished it with four large bells, (only one of which now remains,) covering the pyramid formerly on the tower with lead, and that he furnished the taber- nacle work in the quire." 3 He also appears to have built extensively at Rose Castle ; one of the towers there still retaining his name. Roger Whelpdale, who succeeded him, left by his will £200 for found- ing and endowing a chantry within the Cathedral for Sir Thomas Skelton, and Mr. John Glaston, who were his particular friends. The remains of the tomb of Sir Thomas are in the south aisle of the choir. William Barrow, before he came to the see, was three successive years Chancellor of Oxford University, and was translated here from Bangor. He was buried in St. Catherine's Chapel, where a monument commemorates him. In 1429, he was succeeded by Marmaduke Lumley, who found great difficulty in raising funds to support his dignity, owing to the incursions of the Scots. NrcoLAS Close, Archdeacon of Colchester and the King's chaplain, was raised to the bishoprick, for his services in concluding a treaty of peace with the King of Scots. William Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, next succeeded. He was previously Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. John Kingscott, it appears, owed his election to being a creditor to the King's father to the amount of £600, which fie was to pay himself out of the revenues. Unfortunately for his money, he died about a year after his conse- cration, having " hardly enjoyed the bishoprick so long as to have all his score paid off." 4 The temporalities were granted on December 16, 1463, to Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick and Salisbury. Richard Scroop, or Scrope, was advanced to the see, in June, 1464, upon the recommendation of Pope Pius II. He was succeeded, in 1468, by Edward Story, who was in 1477 translated to Chichester. He appears as a great benefactor to other places, although nothing is known that he did for Carlisle. Archdeacon Bowchier in a letter to Bishop Nicolson, says, " I persuade myself that he left some remembrance or considerable benefaction either to the see, church, or city of Carlisle : otherwise it is the only place 3 Nicolson and Burn, ii. 272. 1 Ibid. ii. 275. 16 CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. to which he had any relation, whereunto he was not a benefactor. He gave to Pembroke Hall a good estate ; was benefactor to the church of Ely ; founded the free school at Chichester, and built a new market cross there, leaving a good estate to the corporation for its constant repair ; bestowed lands on his see, and also on the Dean and Chapter." 1 Richard Bell, Prior of Durham, was consecrated by his predecessor, by command of the Pope. He built a tower at Rose Castle, which still bears his name. Dying in 14Q6, he was buried in the choir of his own Cathedral, where an elaborately executed brass commemorates him. William Sever, was appointed herefrom the Abbey of St. Mary's, at York, which he still held in commendam. Upon his translation to Dur- ham in 1502, he was replaced by Roger Leyburn, Archdeacon and Chancellor of Durham. John Penny, was translated here from Bangor. Dr. Todd's MS. states that his effigy (without inscription), is in St. Margaret's Church, Leicester, where he was buried. His successor, John Kyte, was a friend of Cardinal Wolsey's, and was in 1613, through his interest, made Archbishop of Armagh, which he resigned on being made Bishop of Carlisle. In 1521, he was likewise made Bishop of Thebes. He appears to have been very active in political affairs, particularly in his endea- vours to stem the progress of the Reformation. " He built not only the tower on the west side of the castle at Rose ; but as it is thought the whole pile of building from the south end to what is now the servant's hall to the present staircase (which was built by Bishop Rainbow.") 2 Robert Aldridge succeeded him in 1537- In Henry VIII. 's mandate for his consecration, he is called chaplain and almoner of Jane, Queen of England. In 1547, the King's commissioners visited this diocese, and ad- ministered the oath of supremacy, as well as to the whole province of York. " Anthony a Wood observes of him, that he lived during the time that many and great changes were made both in church and state ; that he held his preferments during those changes, and consequently complied with all." 1 Owen Oglethorp. In consequence of the see of Canterbury being vacant, when Queen Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558, the Archbishop 1 Nicolson and Burn, ii. 278. Ibid ! Ibid. 280. THE BISHOPS. 17 of York and the other Prelates refused to crown her. In this dilemma, Ogle- thorp was the only Bishop who could be persuaded to perform the ceremony. " In 1559, May 11, he was fined by the Queen's council 250/. for his contempt amongst others of her Majesty's commands to appear at a public disputation on the challenge of Jewell. And he was not long after deprived of his bishop- rick, the reputed value thereof at that time, was 268/." 1 After his death the see was offered to the celebrated Bernard Gilpin, rector of Houghton le Spring, Co. Durham, but he refused it. His words are, " the case is truly this, if any other bishoprick besides Carlisle had been offered to me, I might possibly have accepted it ; but in that diocese, I have so many acquaintances and friends, of whom I have not the best opinion, that I must either connive at many irregularities, or draw upon myself so much hatred, that I should be less able to do good there, than any one else.'"-' John Best, during his prelacy, procured the Queen's commission to arm himself and his defendants against the " ill dealings of papists and other disaffected persons in his diocese." 3 His successor, Richard Barnes, was in 1577 translated to Durham. John Meye presided from that time until 1597* Henry Robinson was a native of Carlisle, and for eighteen years pro- vost of Queen's College, Oxford. Both Bishop Meye and himself are said to have died of the plague. A monumental plate (of copper, gilt) to his memory, preserved in one of the almerys in St. Catherine's chapel, was, before the repairs of the choir in 17^4, at the back of the high altar; itis minutely described, and engraved in Jefferson's Carlisle, p. 180. Robert Snowden presided from 1616 till 1621, when he was succeeded bv Richard Milburne who was translated from St. Davids. By his will he left 600/. for endowing a school and building a hospital, but where it is not stated. Richard Senhouse of the family of Nether Hall, Cumberland, previously Dean of Glocester, was greatly distinguished for his eloquence, and preached the Coronation Sermon to Charles the First. On May 6, 1626, he was killed by a fall from his horse. His successor was Francis White, before Dean of Carlisle. Dr. Heylin says " he grew suddenly into esteem by his zealous preaching against the Papists, and his book against the jesuit Fisher." 4 In 1628, he was translated to Norwich. 1 Nicolson and Burn, ii. 281. 2 Jefferson's Carlisle, 214. 3 Nicolson and Burn, ii. 282. * Ibid. 285. D 18 CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. Barnaby Potter, chaplain to Charles the First, presided until 1641. His successor was the celebrated writer and divine, James Usher, who was first Bishop of Meath, then Archbishop of Armagh, 1624. In consequence of his losses from the unsettled state of Ireland, Charles the First (whose chaplain he was) gave him the bishoprick of Carlisle, in commendam. He accompanied the celebrated Earl of Strafford to the scaffold, and when residing during the latter portion of his life, with the Dowager Countess of Peterborough, witnessed from her town house in White- hall, the execution of his patron, Charles. When the parliamentary officers seized upon the Bishop's lands, a pension of 400/. was voted to him, and upon his death Oliver Cromwell, who evidently appreciated his talents, ordered the expenses of his funeral to the amount of 200/. to be paid by the Lords of the Treasury, and also decided that his library should not be sold. That portion of it saved, constitutes part of the Dublin College library. His life, and an account of his works, have been written by the Rev. R. B. Hone, in " The Lives of Eminent Christians." Upon the restoration of Charles the Second, Richard Sterne was advanced to this see. He was Archbishop Laud's chaplain, and when that prelate was executed attended him on the scaffold. When Master of Jesus College at Cambridge, he was, with others, confined in the Tower by Oliver Cromwell, for conveying the university plate to Charles the First, at York. In 1664, he was translated to the archbishoprick of York, where he died at the age of 87- According to the York Guide, he wrote a treatise on logic, and was one of the translators of the Polyglot Bible. He built a chapel at Rose Castle, but made the arched ceiling so heavy that the walls were insufficient to sustain it, and his successor Edward Rainbow, (previously Dean of Peterborough) was obliged to rebuild it. Besides doing this, at the cost of 400/. he repaired the palace generally at the additional charge of 1100/. He instituted a suit against Archbishop Sterne, for dilapidations, and was paid 400/. ; but as each party had to pay their own costs he gained nothing by it. He died at Rose, March 26, 1684, aged 76 ; and although so near Carlisle Cathedral, was, by his own wish, buried in the church-yard at Dalston, (a village between Rose and Carlisle) where a flat stone over his grave is simply inscribed with his name and the date of his desease. Thomas Smith. The talents of this divine as a preacher, may be inferred from the singular fact of his being appointed, when Charles the First resided THE BISHOPS. 19 at Oxford, to preach before him at Christ Church, and also before the par- liamentary party at St. Mary's. During the Commonwealth, he retired in obscurity to the north of England. Charles II. made him his chaplain. His first connection with the Cathedral here was as prebend in 1660: in I67I, he was made Dean, and Bishop in 1684. His extraordinary liberality with regard to the Church and Abbey buildings, besides many other matters, forms a most conspicuous object, in the history of the Cathedral. While Dean, he rebuilt the Deanery, (with the exception of the old tower), and when Bishop, presented the Cathedral with a new organ and communion plate. He is buried in the choir by the side of his wife, and a large blue stone with an inscription covers each grave. His own is D. S. Thomas Smith, S. T. P. Hujus ecclesise primum canonicus Dein decanus, tandemque episcopus, Placide in Domino requiescit Vixit annos lxxviii. Obit duodecimo die Aprilis, MDCCII. The following is the amount of the various sums he expended, as given by Nicolson and Burn : — School and Master's House at Appleby, Westmorland - - .£626 To the Poor and School at Asby - - - - 100 Towards building St. Paul's Cathedral - - 150 New Library at Queen's College, £100. To the College, £500 - 600 To other Colleges and Chapels - - - 50 Prebendal House at Durham, and a New Organ there - - 300 For the School, Court-house, and Vicarage at Dalston - - 460 To Parishes in his Diocese by Will .... 230 Vicarage at Penrith ..... 500 At Carlisle— Prebendal House - - - 50 „ Building the Deanery - - - 600 Organ £220— Communion Plate £100 - - 320 ,, Library and Register's Office - - r - 120 „ To the Dean and Chapter - - - 100 „ The Grammar School - - - 500 Rose Castle - - - - - - 520 Total, £5226 <20 CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. William Nicolson, his successor, is celebrated as the author of the " English Historical Library,"' and many other valuable books ; also for his extraordinary knowledge as a linguist. " In 1713, he wrote an Essay or Discourse, to be affixed to Mr. Chamberlain's book, containing the Lord's Prayer in one hundred different languages." 1 In 1704, he was involved in a quarrel with Dr. Atterbury, who waited upon him to be instituted as Dean. Owing to the letters patent being directed to the Chaplain, instead of the Bishop, he objected to institute the Doctor, unless the Queen repeated her commands to the Bishop ; which being done, the Doctor was installed. The Dean appears to have been an ill-tempered subject, continually disputing with the Chapter. The Bishop, under power of the statutes of Henry VIII., visited them, in order to appease their quarrels. Dr. Todd (who has been mentioned as the author of the MS. Collections relating to the Cathedral), instigated by the Dean, denied the validity of the statutes, and insisted that the Queen was local visitor. Bishop Nicolson, in consequence, suspended, and afterwards excommunicated him, and obtained an Act of Parliament establishing the validity of Henry VIII. 's laws. He was translated to Lon- donderry in 171 8 ; on February 9, 17^6, to the archbishoprick of Cashel ; and died suddenly on the 14th of the same month, aged 71. In " Letters, Literary, Political, and Ecclesiastical, to and from William Nicolson, D.D., by John Nicholls, F.S.A.," are the particulars of the affair with Dean Atterbury and Dr. Todd. Samuel Bradford was also Prebendary of Westminster. He was tutor to Archbishop Tillotson's family, and afterwards edited his Works. Upon Bishop Atterbury (late Dean of Carlisle) being expelled from the see of Rochester, for maintaining the cause of the Pretender, he was translated to that see, in possession of which he died 1731. John Waugh was previous to his election Prebendary of Lincoln, and Dean of Gloucester. He died at the age of 79, and was buried under the altar table of St. Peter's, Cornhill, to which church he was appointed Rector in 1708. Sir George Fleming, Bart. His connection with Carlisle Cathedral began as domestic chaplain to Bishop Smith, by whom he was appointed Pre- 1 Nicolson and Burn, ii. 295. THE BISHOPS. 21 bendary in 1700. Bishop Nicolson, in 1705, appointed him Archdeacon ; in 1727 he was made Dean, and in that capacity presided until 1734, when he was appointed Bishop. He died at Rose Castle, aged 81, and was buried in the south aisle of the choir, where, against the wall of the east end, is a monument describing his virtues. " This Bishop having cut down and sold some wood belonging to the bishoprick, ordered an exact account thereof, and how the money raised thereby was disposed of, to be entered in his registry." 2 Upon his death, the see was given to Richard Osbaldiston, then Dean of York, who was in 1J6 C 2 translated to London. When Carlisle surrendered to the Pretender's forces in November 1745, (exactly a century after it was taken by the Parliamentary forces,) the Chevalier installed a young priest, named James Cappock, as Bishop of Carlisle in the Cathedral : and in this capacity he acted until the surrender of the city to the Duke of Cumberland on the 30th of December following, when he was taken prisoner and executed for high treason, and his head placed at the Scotch Gate. 3 It is rather singular that none of the memoirs or notices of Bishop Fleming notice this extraordinary interruption of his prelacy. Charles Lyttleton, elected in 1762, was Dean of Exeter. This prelate originally studied for, and was called to the Bar, in the Middle Temple, London ; but his health would not permit him to follow the profession, and he changed from law to the church. He was sometime President of the Society of Antiquaries, and upon his death in 17GS, Dr. Mills, Dean of Exeter, who succeeded him in the presidency, pronounced an address to the Society, highly eulogistic of his talents and character. " He was of a noble, generous, and humane disposition, a friend to all mankind, and never had an enemy."* Edmund Law succeeded to this see in 1768. In 1743, Bishop Fleming appointed him Archdeacon of Carlisle, which office he resigned upon beinu appointed Master of Peter House in Cambridge. He was successivelv Arch- deacon and Prebend of Lichfield, Prebend of Lincoln, and in 1767 Prebend of Durham. He died at Rose Castle in 1787, aged 84, and was buried in the Cathedral, where a monument against the central column on the north side of 2 Nicolson and Burn, 298. 3 His trial was reprinted by Mr. Samuel Jefferson of Carlisle, 8vo. 1839. * Nicolson and Burn, ii. 299. If this part of the sentence be true, he was a most singularly fortunate man. CARLISLE CATHEDRAL. the choir, executed by T. Banks, R. A. commemorates him. A memoir, giving an account of his numerous literary works, written by Archdeacon Paley, was inserted in the Encyclopedia Britannica, and in Hutchinson's Cumberland. His second son was Bishop of Elphin ; his fourth, celebrated in the law as Lord Ellenborough ; and his eighth son is George Henry Law, D.D., present Bishop of Bath and Wells, formerly a Prebend of Carlisle. John Douglas, from the union of this country with Scotland, appears to have been the only prelate of Carlisle connected with warfare, having been chaplain of the third regiment of Foot Guards, and in that capacity present at the battle of Fontenoy. He was a friend of Dr. Samuel Johnson, and besides writing some works, edited the Second and Third Voyages of Captain Cook. 1 He was in 1791 translated to Salisbury, and died on May 18, 1807, aged 71- His successor was The Hon. Edward Venables Vernon, who was translated to the arch- bishoprick of York in 1808, over which see his Grace still presides at the advanced age of 83. Upon his translation the see was offered to Dr. Thomas Zouch, Prebendary of Durham, who declined it, as is said, on account of his advanced age, when Samuel Goodenough was appointed to the see from the Deanery at Rochester. He was a Vice-President of the Royal and Linnsean Societies, and several papers by him are in the Transactions of the latter body. " He was at one time engaged in preparing a learned work for publication, entitled, • Botanica Metrica,' containing the etymology of all botanical names, &c, for which he was well qualified by his eminent skill as a botanist. But he afterwards laid aside his design." • His successor, The Hon. Hugh Percy, the present Bishop, was Dean of Canterbury. That appointment he resigned on being made Bishop of Rochester in 1827- During the same year he was translated to Carlisle. Since his Lordship's appointment, he has at an enormous expense almost rebuilt the Bishop's Palace at Rose Castle, under the direction of Messrs. Rickman and Hutchin- son. His Lordship's liberality and judicious taste has rendered the palace, from an incongruous mass of half-ruinous buildings of all dates and styles, a most enviable residence. Rose Castle, formerly the principal, and now the only official residence of the Bishops of Carlisle, was granted by Henry III. in 1229 to Bishop 1 Jefferson's Carlisle, p. 243. • Ibid. 243. THE BISHOPS. 23 Walter Malclerk and his successors there. It is situate about six miles south- west from Carlisle. Nicolson and Burn's History of Cumberland 3 contains the history of the Palace, and of the various sieges it has sustained, both from the Scotch and civil wars ; also a copy of the survey or rather valuation made by order of the Parliamentary Commissioners in the time of Cromwell, in order to fix a price for the sale of the Castle and grounds. Colonel Evering- ham, on account of his services to the Commonwealth, was allowed to pur- chase it, together with the manors of Dalston and Linstock, for the sum of il6ll. lis. lOd. The more recent work by Mr. Jefferson, on Carlisle, has an account of Bishop Percy's improvements, with a plan as it existed in I67I " The jurisdiction of the Bishops of Carlisle extends into the two coun- ties, but does not embrace the whole of either ; for all that part of Cum- berland, called Allerdale ward above Derwent, and the barony of Kendal, and the east and west wards of Westmorland, are in the diocese of Chester. 1 ' 4 The revenues of the bishoprick, according to the report of the ecclesias- tical commissioners, for 1829, 1850, and 1831, averaged 2213/. per annum. In the valuation, 26 Henry VIII. (according to Tanner) they were estimated at 577^ in the whole, and 531/. 4s. 11c?. clear. Nicolson and Burn 5 state, that notwithstanding the poverty of this see, the bishops here lived formerlv in great splendour. For at the end of Bishop White's rental in 1627, a very large family establishment is mentioned ; and after reciting the name and office of every servant, concludes thus : " The constant household, besides workfolk and strangers, about 35 or 36 ; amongst whom are, a gentleman usher, a steward, a chamberlain, and the bishop's solicitor." With regard to the period each Bishop has occupied the see, the average is 13 years nearly, the bishoprick having been founded in 1133, and conse- quently existed 707 years ; the number of Bishops is 55. A singular coinci- dence between Carlisle and York is, that dating the Archbishops of that see with Thurstan, who occupied it from 1119 to 1139, the number is precisely the same, viz. 55. Referring to the table of Deans, we find that the Dean and Chapter has been established 298 years, and that the number of Deans is 23, making the average duration of each in the office the same as the Bishops, namely thirteen years, within a fraction. 3 Jefferson's Carlisle, vol. ii. pp. 312, 316. 5 Cumberland, vol. ii. p. 316. ' Ibid. 245. o S x < fa CJ 02 = S3 t3 £ 13 w cj s K — ei fa a S3 cj >» b >> - s a 13 a Cv oj OJ 3 a S3 S3 S3 S! >~. ■ 1 id a 03 o ■ 1 is Sh 13 cj o Sh so CO fa — es XI s* OS Ss fa O o a ■ti -ij n3 -51 es es eS — > >. > t> > >> >> ^» c 3 a fl oj t> t> t> 1- H 13 13 fa 3 — »-Q ^3 ^3 >a ^| Bf ^| W w *W www ' w WWWfaHfafaK!x!WffiS3S3fafafa fa. 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