ill! | o I 
 
 I l J . 
 
 t< iS *■ 
 
 2- 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ ,; f ■; ■* 1 si- ff U / ’' , ‘ 
 
 |WSi h ^ ^ii\ " ff • ^ 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/lecturesonarchit00morr_0 
 

O N 
 
 ARC HITE CTUR 1C 
 
 Confiding of 
 
 Founded upon 
 
 Harmonics and Arithmetical 
 
 Proportions in Building; 
 
 I O' 
 
 DESIGN’D 
 
 As an Agreeable Entertainmeht for 
 Gentlemen v 
 
 A N D 
 
 More particularly ufefu'l to all who' make 
 Architecture, or the Poli t e 
 A r t So their Study. 
 
 Read to a S e e i e t y eftablilh’d for the Improve- 
 ment of Arts and Sciences, and explain’d, 
 by Examples on Copper Plates j with the Propor- 
 tions applyM to Practice, 
 
 By R O B E R T M O R R t S'. 
 
 The Second Editio n\ 
 
 L O N D O N : 
 
 Printed for R. Saver, at the Golden Buck? oppofife 
 Fetter- Lane , FI eet-S treet . 
 
 M DCCL1X. 
 
| | 
 
 0 0 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 T is about three Years 
 and half fince I propos’d 
 the eftablifhing a Society 
 for the Improvement of 
 Knowledge in Arts and Sciences, 
 which being confented to by thofe 
 Friends to whom I communicated 
 my Thoughts, we were boon fet- 
 tled into the Form of a Society : Ar- 
 chitecture was the favourite Branch 
 of my Study , and as a Bafis to my 
 Defign, I read the following Lec- 
 tures^ as you will find them dated. 
 
 A 2 
 
 In 
 
PREFAC E. 
 
 In thefe Ledures are contain’d, 
 the Ufe and Neceffity of Societies, 
 the Advantage of Learning, the 
 Antiquity of Archite&ure , of the 
 Order's in general, their Applica- 
 tion to Ufe,, a proper Choice for 
 Situation ; Arithmetick and Har- 
 monick Proportions applied to 
 Pradiee, and exemplified in Cop- 
 per Plates, with neceffary Remarks 
 and Obfervations, to explain the 
 Subject treated on.. 
 
 It is not difficult to difcern the 
 fame Trad: of Thought run thro’ 
 the whole Performance, and the fa- 
 
 vourite Principle of the Harmo- 
 nick Proportions frill preferv’d and 
 adher’d to in the Performance' of 
 each Scheme laid down. It is ve- 
 rv eafy to difcover the Works of 
 
 2 crip rv. 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 « i i • 
 
 , 5 
 
 • 1 1 
 
 He r- i r* /*-, ? o 
 
 i a: id 
 
 his Stile is unconflant 
 , his Subjed inconfif- 
 
 rop ♦* 
 
 ccal 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 tent in its Parts, diverging into im- 
 proper Channels, and lofing Sight 
 of the Mark aim’d at in his fir ft fet- 
 ting out : This is the Cafe, where 
 the Perfon has, for want of Judg- 
 ment, chofe a Theme out of the 
 Ken of his Underftanding. 
 
 I have not Vanity enough to 
 fay the following Lectures confift 
 of nothing but what is entirely 
 new : But there are fuch Parts in 
 it, and, indeed, the Chiefeft, that 
 flow’d wholly from my own pri- 
 vate Sentiments. 
 
 Since my delivering thefe Lec- 
 tures to the Printer, I have read 
 the Critical Review of the Publick 
 Buildings, &c. His Obfervations, 
 it mu ft be acknowledg’d, are juft 
 in fome Places, in others more lu- 
 dicrous, and fometimes fo remote 
 from real Criticifm, that a florid 
 
 A 3 Ex- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Expreffion, a rhetorical Sentence, 
 or a partial Cenfure, muft atone 
 for the Deficiency of his Judgment 
 in the Principles of Architedure. 
 
 As I prefume, the Defign or At- 
 tempt of his Review of the Publick 
 Buildings, is to point out the Beau- 
 ties, or to inform the World of their 
 Blemifhes, that they might em- 
 brace the one, and endeavour to 
 avoid the other, in the Execution 
 of future Buildings, it would have 
 been necefiary to affign Reafons 
 for his Diftafte, and to fhew where 
 the Errors lay. But it is only his 
 own Opinion, which he would 
 force upon his Reader : And as I 
 had made an Observation upon 
 Grofvenor- Square before he at- 
 tempted it, I propofe to fhew that 
 Author all the real Defects of the 
 triple Houfe on the North Side, 
 
 which 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 which may be a Specimen for him 
 to follow in future Criticifms. 
 
 If the Attick Windows had been 
 fquare, all rang’d upon the fame 
 Level, and remov’d fo far lower 
 from the under Part of the Great- 
 Entablature, as to make the Mar- 
 gent, or Difiance, equal to thole of 
 one Window from another, that a 
 kind of Fret might have been pre- 
 ferv’d through the whole Range of 
 the Defign, and if the Drefs of the 
 principal Windows of the Center 
 Houfe, which are of Piiafters of 
 the Compofite Order, were not ruf- 
 ticated or block’d, and the Enta- 
 blatures without KeyStones: I fay, 
 except thofe little Impediments to 
 Harmony, there is no Defedt in the 
 whole Defign : It has a Grandeur 
 and Proportion in the Compofure, 
 the Parts are majeftick and of an 
 t ample 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ample Relievo, and the Tade is as 
 elegant as the mod agreeable De- 
 figns of thofe who boaft of being 
 exadt Copiers of Palladio or Inigo 
 Jones. 
 
 As to Situation, it was, perhaps, 
 impoifible to place it in the Center 
 oi that Side, the Ground not being 
 his Property ; and the fame Archi- 
 tect did compofe a regular Range for 
 that whole Side, in which he has 
 fhewnaNqblenefs oflnvention, and 
 the Spirit and Keeping of the De- 
 ll gn is not unworthy of the greated 
 Britijh Architect ; but the impolite 
 T ade of feyeral Proprietors of that 
 Ground prevented fo beautiful a 
 Performance from being theOrna- 
 ment of that Side of the Square. 
 
 It mud be obferv’d, that a regu- 
 lar and harmonious Defign, plac’d 
 among other Buildings, or indepenr 
 4entqfany, will confequently be dill 
 
 pleadng , 
 
P R E F A C E. 
 
 pleating ; it will be in itfelf ele- 
 gant, and at a proper Diftance to 
 view it, will always affe£t the ju- 
 dicious Eye. The intended Satire, 
 of faying the Defigner had a View 
 pf taking in feme young Heir, is 
 falfe Criticifm ; it is rather a Pa- 
 negyrick upon his Judgment ; it 
 fhews a Tafte in the Architect ca- 
 pable of pleating, for it is only 
 Proportion and Beauty that can af- 
 fect the Eye of the Judicious or 
 the Ignorant, fo as to pleafe ; it 
 mull therefore be a Politenefs of 
 Fancy in the Architect, to compofe 
 and blend together the Beauties of 
 Drefs and Decoration, and make 
 a Defign capable to give Satisfac- 
 tion to the Beholder. 
 
 What I have here faid, may be a 
 Defence of the Earl Side, where he 
 cannot deny a Regularity and Ele- 
 gance 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ganceof Tafte, but yet his Talent 
 of Satire will be predominant. Had 
 the Architect expanded the Pedi- 
 ment of thatHoufe in the Center of 
 the Line to a Proportion of the 
 whole Range, I fhould be glad to 
 know why, and what Part of the 
 Whole it muff have neceffarily af- 
 fign’d to it ? The Middle Houle 
 breaks forwards, is of another Spe- 
 cies than thofe adjoining, then con- 
 fequently is independant of any Pro- 
 portions belonging to them: It is a 
 Defign of itfelf, and not fuppos’d 
 to reprefent the Range as one Houfe, 
 only to preserve a Regularity in the 
 Difpofition of the feveral Buildings 
 which compofe the Line. 
 
 i. 
 
 But he may farther obferve, that 
 the Windows of the two extream 
 Houfes and the Center, are not of 
 the fame Magnitude or Level with 
 
 the 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 the reft, fo that the Floors cannot 
 be iuppos’d to range on a horizon- 
 tal Line with each other, and con- 
 fequently the Intent of the Delign 
 was to fuppofe each Houfe feparate 
 and independant of another ; and 
 as the Drefs and Ornaments vary, 
 and have not an Affinity, they can- 
 not be condemnable, the Defign be- 
 ing only to ffiew how far the Unit- 
 ing and changing of different Mo- 
 dufes and Proportions, when regu- 
 larly difpos’d, will affect the Eye. 
 In fhort, to diffike every thing we 
 fee, feems to favour of Ill-nature 
 and Self-opinion, which are Imper- 
 fections in our Conduct ; and fuch 
 little Blemiffies as are unpardona- 
 ble as an over Fond nefs of Novelty, 
 or an Affectation to Praife. 
 
 There 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 There is one Thing, however, 
 which deferves our Notice and Ap- 
 plaufe, and that is, that the Au- 
 thor of the Critical Review has the 
 Kappinefs of firil attempting to re- 
 fine .the Tafte of our Modern Ar- 
 chitects, by fire wing them Exam- 
 ples of pubiick Dehgns which have 
 been edcem’d the mod noble and 
 regular Productions of the prefent 
 Age, as well as preceding ones — - 
 And if thefe Lectures fhould, in 
 anyMeafure, contribute to the Ad- 
 vancement of improving the Ge- 
 nius of young Students in Archi- 
 tecture, I may at lead claim the 
 fecond Place, hnce I have laid 
 down Rules whereby we may dif- 
 tinguifh what is Proportion and 
 true Harmony, and have apply ’d 
 thofe Rules to practice by lundry 
 Examples, which may be laid to be 
 
 the 
 
 * 
 
P R E F A G E. 
 
 the firft Attempt in which xheBeati 
 Ideal has been publickly explain’d. 
 
 Since I have mentioned the Beau 
 Ideal, which was wrote by Her- 
 manfon Hen Kate in French) and 
 tranilated by M. Le Blon , Anno 
 1 73 2, 1 lTurPc acknowledge the firil 
 Hint I receiv’d of the Harmonick 
 Proportions, came from that inge- 
 nious Gentleman. In the Preface 
 to the Beau Ideal) he mentions the 
 Grecian Analogy, and to whom the 
 Secret was communicated ; but it 
 is to be wifh’d, imce Ten Kate's 
 Relations have not publifh’d it, 
 that M. Le Blon would oblige the 
 World with fo valuable a Piece, by 
 making; fuch ufeful Remarks which 
 he can lo well apply to Architecture 
 as well as Painting ; in which the 
 whole My Rery of Proportion would 
 be unravelled, and a Secret pre~ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ferv’d lb many Ages, might by him 
 be made publick, for the univerfal 
 Good of Mankind, and the per- 
 feding of Arts and Sciences, fo far 
 as to have every Branch of them 
 perform’d by unerring Rules ; a 
 Secret which was by the Antients 
 found out, and but by a few Mo- 
 derns known and pradis’d. 
 
 If the Reader can receive Bene- 
 fit or Pleafure in the Perufal of 
 thefe Ledures, I have fatisfy’d my- 
 felf in what I at firft propos’d in 
 publifhing them, which is a Defire 
 to be inftrumental to the Improve- 
 ment of Arts and Sciences, and fo 
 employing my Time, that no Part 
 of it may be faid to be ulelefs. 
 
 Man is naturally defign’d for a 
 Social Being, and made for noble 
 or ufeful Purpofes in the Creation ; 
 
 and 
 
I 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 and if it is not in his Power to im- 
 prove others in Knowledge, it is 
 an incumbent Duty in him to en- 
 deavour to refine his own Under- 
 ftanding, whereby he may be faid 
 to anfwer the End of his Exiftence, 
 in fome Meafure, and in which 
 Senfe I wifh to be underftood. 
 Now I fubfcribe myfelf, 
 
 'Tour humble Servant , 
 
 R. Morris. 
 
Advertifement. 
 
 T HIS and the two following Books are 
 the complete Works of Robert Morris , 
 dn Architecture. Printed for R. Sayer, op- 
 polite Fetter -Lane Fleet-Street. 
 
 I. Spied ARCHITECTURE, being, re- 
 gular Defigns of Plans and Elevations well 
 tinted to both Town and Country, in which 
 the Magnificence and Beauty, the Purity and 
 Simplicity of defigning lor every Species oi 
 that noble Art Is accurately treated, and with 
 great Variety exemplified, from the plain 
 Town-houfe to the flately Hotel, and in the 
 Country, from the genteel and convenient 
 Farm-houfe, to the parochial Church, with 
 fuitable Embeliilhments^ alfo Bridges, Baths, 
 £ummer-houfes, &c. to all which fuch Re- 
 marks, Explanations and Scales are annexed, 
 that the Comprehenfion is rendered eafy and 
 Sutjedl molt agreeable, illuffrated with fifty 
 Copper Plates, Quarto. Price ios. 6 tL 
 Bound 1 3 s. 
 
 H. ARCHITECTURE IMPROV’D, in 
 a Colledion of modern, elegant and ufeful 
 Defigns, from (light and graceful Recedes, 
 Lodges, and other ' Decorations in Parks, 
 Gardens, Woods and Forefts, to the Portico, 
 Bath, Obfervatory, and interior Ornaments 
 Of fuperb Buildings, with great Variety of 
 rich Embellifhments for Chimneys in the 
 Tafte of Inigo Jones , Mr. Kent, &c. all 
 curioufly engraved on fifty Copper Plate, Of- 
 icvo. Price 7 5 . 6 d. Bound ps. 
 
O N 
 
 ARCHIT E C T U R B; 
 
 Lecture L 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 T is with Fleam re I fee fo 
 many of you met here with 
 an unanimous Confent to 
 propagateKnowledge, with- 
 out fordid Views of Gain* 
 or any biafs’d Intereft ; and this mutual 
 communicating of fuch ufeful Branches 
 of Learning to each other, will render 
 
 B this 
 
2 
 
 LECTURES on 
 
 this a Society which even Envy itfelf 
 can no way diffolve : And as you have 
 done me the Honour to chufe me your 
 Prefident , I fhall endeavour to dis- 
 charge that Truft with the utmofl Af- 
 fiduity and Care ; communicating to 
 you fuch Parts of Architecture 
 which have not been fully explain’d, or 
 tranfmitted to us, by thofe who have 
 treated on that Subject, I (hall be as con- 
 cife in my Language as the Subject will 
 permit, endeavouring to fay nothing but 
 what I think will be NeceiTary 5 dill 
 aiming at the Defign for which this So- 
 ciety is propos’d to be militated. 
 
 As we are now forming ourfelves in- 
 to a kind of little Republick, for the 
 mutual Abidance of each other, I fhall 
 in this Ledure fhew you the abfolute 
 Neceffity and Advantages of Societies in 
 general, as they relate to the publick or 
 private Welfare of the Individuals 5 both 
 in refpedt to the Prelervation of Rights 
 and Properties, and Improvement of the 
 Intellects of the Mind. 
 
 Man is a Being, by his very Make 
 and Conilitution, incapable of fubfiding 
 alone, more things being wanting to 
 
 fup port 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 3 
 
 fupport him, than it is poffible he can 
 provide for himfelf. Food and Raiment 
 are abfolutely requifite, and if he alone 
 were to provide them for himfelf in time 
 of Health or Youth, and live upon 
 fuch Fruits which the Earth fpontane- 
 oufly produceth, or that Roots and 
 Herbs were capable of continuing Life 
 in that Health and Vigour of Age 3 
 yet which way mu ft he be provided for 
 when he comes to the Verge of Old 
 Age ? Or fuppofe Sicknefs ihould feize 
 him, and he could not be able to ftir from 
 his Cave or Retirement, how would 
 Nature languifh, and what Anxieties 
 would he have in that melancholy Con- 
 dition ? 
 
 But fuppofe Nature prompted him 
 to feek only the Help of the other Sex, 
 yet by that Means the Wants would un- 
 doubtedly encreale : Nature would re- 
 quire fomethirig more than Raiment and 
 Food ; the Inftindt of propagating the 
 Species would commence, and then more 
 Relief, and the greater neceffity of So- 
 ciety will be requir’d. 
 
 If it were poffible to overcome thefe 
 Inconveniencies, and that the little Fa- 
 
 B 2 mil 
 
miiy was grown up to Maturity, capa- 
 ble of providing for thernfelves what 
 was neceffary to fuftain Life, by culti- 
 vating the Ground near them, for the 
 produce of Corn, or Plants and Vege- 
 tables, and Food for Cattle, which are 
 neceffary for conveying the Fruits of 
 the Earth, ploughing, &c. I fay, fuppofe 
 thefe Difficulties furmounted, vet in 
 time they would form thernfelves natu- 
 rally into a kind of Society : It would 
 be aimoft impoffible, but fome amongft 
 the nr would be more lazy or covetous 
 than the red: ; and the more induftrous 
 part of the Family would be for fencing 
 and fecuring his Property, which by 
 his Labour he had acquir’d : Then Traf- 
 fick would be neceffary, in exchanging 
 fuch 'Things which they abounded in 
 mo ft, for fuch they flood in more need 
 of. 
 
 Besides, this Gardening, this Agri- 
 culture, &c. muff: luppofe Trades to fup- 
 p!y Tools neceffary for the Performance 
 of the feveral Parts j thefe could not be 
 done without Arts and Sciences, or at 
 lea ft as much as is requiffte to inft'rudt 
 them in the Nature and Qualities of 
 Metals, Wood, Stones, &c. to make and 
 
 provide 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 5 
 
 provide for the Purposes requir’d j and 
 in this Men would find fo much of their 
 Time fpent, that little would remain to 
 the manuring of thofe Plots which pro- 
 duc’d their f'ood ; and even the Care of 
 that would take off much of the Im- 
 provement which it is poffible he might 
 make in the Prog refs of the Art which 
 he moftly inclin’d to follow. 
 
 It may be farther obferv’d, that as 
 the Increafe of the Families would oc~ 
 cafion the little Plots they poffeis’d to 
 be enlarg’d or multiply’d, by degrees 
 they would find themfelves under many 
 Difficulties ; and there would foon he a 
 claffiing of Interefts, in which Difputes 
 and Quarrels would naturally follow : 
 Manv things would likewife occafion 
 Envy, according to the different Inte- 
 refts of the Individuals ; and likewife 
 feme Men are naturally troublefome, 
 more rapacious, and ungovernable than 
 others 3 fome thieviffi, vicious, &c. who 
 would continually be encroaching upon 
 the Properties of his Neighbour 3 and 
 the Ambition and Covetoufnefs of others 
 might prompt them, if they had any Ad- 
 vantage, to make themfelves greater or 
 ftronger, by taking away the Properties 
 
 B 3 of 
 
6 LECTURES on 
 
 of others s and by repeated Inftances of 
 their Tyranny, Men would find them- 
 felves, under a Neceffity of affociating 
 themfelves, for the better guarding and 
 feeuring their feveral Plots, &c. which 
 by their Induftry, or Patrimony, they 
 might have acquir'd. 
 
 In Time, Neceffity would induce Fa- 
 milies to friendly Engagements, for Com- 
 fort and Defence ; and as the Reafon of 
 it increas'd by Ties of Friendihip, or 
 Blood, or thofe ftronger Motives of 
 Self-prefervation, People would" mix and 
 unite ; the Weak and Innocent would 
 be glad to place themfelves under the 
 Protection of the more Abie, and natu- 
 rally giving Way for them to have the 
 Pre-eminence, the feveral Sorts would 
 fettle in time in their proper Places, ao* 
 cording to their feveral Capacities, with 
 refpedt to the Common Concern ; from 
 all which feme Form of Society mu ft 
 fpring ; Mankind could not other wife 
 fubfift. 
 
 A Society thus form'd, for the 
 common Good and Welfare of the Peo- 
 ple aflbeiated, muft naturally frame fome 
 Rules, or Laws, by which they agree to 
 
 be 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 7 
 
 be govern’d 5 for in fuch an irregular 
 Multitude, where the Caprice, or Judg- 
 ment, or Humour of every private Per- 
 fon is to be obferved, there would be a 
 Jargon of Inconfiftencies, and each opi- 
 nion would interfere with one another, 
 and from fuch an undigefted Chaos of 
 difienting Parts, mu ft fpring Confufton, 
 and would foon damnify and deftroy 
 each other, fpringing from the feveral 
 Turns of their Minds, from their Edu- 
 cation, way of Living, and other Cir- 
 cumftances. We mu ft fuppofe thofe 
 Laws to be under a Subordination of 
 Powers, to execute them for the I mere ft 
 of the Individuals: Some Government 
 mu ft arife in the forming thofe Laws, 
 and in all (those) whole Fortune or 
 Knowledge was predominant, would na- 
 turally fubfide. 
 
 Men being thus led from their Caves 
 and Retirements by Neceffity to affoci- 
 ate together, for the better accommo- 
 dating themfelves with the Convenien- 
 ces of Life, when the Wants of increa- 
 fing Families fet them to the Exercife of 
 their reafonable Faculties ; for the At- 
 tainment of Knowledge and Support, 
 their Ideas muft be confequently various, 
 
 B 4 and 
 
8 LECTURES on 
 
 and lead them to various ways of Think- 
 ing, according to the feveral Paffions, 
 Inch nations, or Opportunities which Na- 
 ture or Fortune afforded them ; fome 
 applied to Tillage, fome to Handicraft 
 Employments, others to Mathematical, 
 inch as Buildings, &c. as the feveral 
 Wants and NecefTities of the Community 
 requir’d. 
 
 As none can deny the Neceflity and 
 Advantage of Society, fo it muft be 
 equally allow’d, fuch Societies could not 
 well fubfift, without thofe ufeful and 
 convenient Buildings which keep in juft 
 Oeconomy and Order, every Man’s pe- 
 culiar Property. Beiides, Cold and Heat 
 in their Extreanis, could not well be en- 
 dur’d under the bare Canopy of Hea- 
 ven ; nor could fuch Societies be capa- 
 ble to fecure themfelves from the Infuhs 
 of Enemies, the Injuries of the extream 
 Seafons, the Pillage of Thieves and Rob- 
 bers, which would frequently attack 
 them, if they were not fecur’d by a De- 
 fence, wherein they mud manifeftly break 
 through all Reftridtions of Laws, in at- 
 tempting to deprive them of their Rights 
 or Repofe. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 9 
 
 Gentlemen, Societies thus 
 modelled and regulated , under the Pro- 
 tection of ufeful Laws, even thofe Laws 
 themfelves, or Form of Government, ab- 
 folutely require ufeful and convenient 
 Buildings to be ereCted ; for as thofe 
 Laws are made by the Direction and Ma- 
 nagement of Perfons fuperior in Learn- 
 ings Wifdom , or Quality, to the Bulk 
 of the Society, they muft have more 
 ample Poffefiions to diftieguiflh them 
 from the inferior Part of the Species, 
 to create an awful RefpeCt in them ; 
 and in fuch Buildings, convenient Apart- 
 ments will be wanting, to confult the 
 Benefit and Advantages of the Society, for 
 the Reception of Attendants, &c. And 
 as in all fuch Cafes, great will be the 
 Wants, fo much Judgment will be re- 
 quir’d to form a juft Difpofition of Ma- 
 terials, to make an ufeful and commodi- 
 ous Building. 
 
 If the End of Societies thus confifts, 
 or rather could not be kept together, in 
 juft Oeconomy and Order, unlefs fecur’d 
 and provided for in Building ; if we 
 could not be certain of our Rights, but 
 continually attack’d by the Infults of 
 * Enemies, 
 
IO 
 
 LECTURES on 
 
 Enemies, the Injuries of Weather, the 
 Storms and Tern pells of extream Sea- 
 ions, the Rapine and Pillage of Thieves, 
 &c . fo it is abfoiutely convenient that 
 fbch Societies fhould, as near as poffible, 
 aflemble together for the Advantage of 
 Commerce and Converfation. — — Man 
 would be but a dull and melancholy 
 Being, if alone ; his Wants would daily' 
 increafe, which are now reliev’d, ac- 
 cording to the feveral ways in which his 
 Neceffities confift, and correfpondent to 
 his feveral Defires 5 he is now furniflfd 
 in Cities and Towns, which could not be 
 accommodated, were Mankind to fe- 
 parate from Society, and whofe Habita- 
 tions were fituated as every one’s Fancy 
 
 I could have made ufe of many 
 reafonable Arguments to prove the Ne- 
 cefiity of Buildings in general, and the 
 Knowledge which every Individual of a 
 Society ought to have of this Science ; 
 for his own private Ufe and Inter efts, 
 for the better fecuring their Properties 
 to themfeives and Poflerity 5 hut as a 
 Di ereflion of this kind would lead me 
 
 o 
 
 from the Defign I propos’d by this Lec- 
 ture, I fiiall only fay, that a Knowledge 
 
ARCHITECTURE. it 
 
 of Building may, in fome Meafure, be 
 ufeful to Mankind through all the Qecx> 
 nomy of Life. 
 
 The Shell, the Cortex, of the Man, 
 thus provided for, let me point out the 
 Advantage of Society in the Improve- 
 ment of his Intellects, the Mind ; in 
 which the Benefit is more confpicuous, 
 more extenfive, and neceffary : For by 
 an Improvement of the Intellectual Fa- 
 
 A 
 
 culties, Laws were firft diftributed, Arts 
 and Sciences were improv’d, and all 
 thofe extended Progrefies made in Aftro- 
 nomy, Geography, Navigation, Painting, 
 Mufick, Architecture , &c. are owing to 
 the Affociation of Men of the fame Ge- 
 nius and Capacity, from Men of the 
 fame Turns of Mind, of the fame com- 
 municative Temper, whofe End of Study 
 was the publick and univerfal Good of 
 the Society . 
 
 We may fuppofe in the Infancy of 
 all Arts, they w r ere crude and indigefted, 
 and, perhaps, found out by Accidents. 
 The Search after one Branch of Lite- 
 rature, might produce the Difcovery of 
 fomething of more Moment, or foreign 
 to that which was enquir’d after : But 
 
 •f then 
 
12 LECTURES on 
 
 then the cultivating, the improving and 
 refining thofe Arts, are owing to Society. 
 Men in a State of Nature, without Books 
 or Inftrudtions in any Science , might, 
 perhaps, be their whole Life in endea- 
 vouring to prove, that the Square of the 
 Hypotheneufe of a Right angled Tri- 
 angle, is equal to the Square of the 
 Sides added together : And if Men had 
 not communicated, in Society, or by 
 Writing fuch Knowledge which they 
 had acquir’d, we fhould flill be fetting 
 out in - dark Uncertainties, and the Reft- 
 due of our Time might be employ’d in 
 folving fuch Things which now appear 
 familiar and demonftrative to every com- 
 mon Underftanding. Thofe things which 
 now are eafy to be underftood, if we had 
 not been taught, but by mere Nature were 
 forc’d to feek, would appear abftrufe and 
 difficult* and the Search after it might 
 require an uncommon Aftlduity, and, 
 perhaps, when our ftri&eft Application 
 had been made, much Time employ’d, 
 and weary’ d ourfelves in the Purfuit of 
 it, we might have gain’d juft as much 
 Knowledge as we had at our fir ft fetting 
 out. 
 
 t 
 
 All 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 *3 
 
 All Countries and Ages of the 
 World have experienc’d the Advantage 
 of this one important Truth, That So- 
 ciety is the Bafis of all Knowledge, the 
 Spring and Source of Arts and Science s, 
 which have been propagated, improv’d, 
 and handed down to us by fucceeding 
 Ages. Greece and Egypt had their pub- 
 lick Schools, which taught the fine Prin- 
 ciples of Philo fophy : Pythagoras , Pla- 
 to, and others, laid the Foundations of 
 them ; and Seneca , Cicero , and the Ro- 
 man Philofophers, built their Studies up- 
 on them. Later Times have produc’d 
 innumerable Inftances of the Succefs and 
 Progrefs of Learning in the feveral Se- 
 minaries of Literature. The Royal Aca- 
 demy at Paris , the Royal Society of Lon- 
 don, which by the Encouragement of 
 Princely Favour have carried it to its 
 molt extended Length. 
 
 The Univerfities of Great-Britain 
 of Holland , Germany , France , &c. have 
 all produc’d great and noble Geniufes. 
 Sir Ifaac Newton , Mr. Leibnitz, Mr,. 
 Whifton , Mr. Boyle , and infinite Num- 
 bers of this prefent Age, whofe exten- 
 five Knowledge has inform’d Mankind 
 
 in 
 
i 4 LECTURES o h 
 
 in many difficult and abftrufe Points, 
 who have led Men to Truth, and are 
 Patterns to future Ages ; owe the Seeds 
 of their Learning to fuch Education 
 which they receiv’d from publick Schools 
 and Societies to which they belong’d. 
 
 There is undoubtedly a fympathizing 
 and attradive Principle in the Souls of 
 the fame Geniufes : Men whofe Ideas 
 are nearly alike, are biafs’d by fome 
 hidden Secret in Nature to affociate 
 with each other. A philofophick Mind 
 would be illy entertain’d with a Defcrip- 
 tion of a Bear-baiting ; and a Porter, or 
 a Carman, would be little edify’d by a 
 Ledure on Aftronomy or Phyficks ; u ri- 
 le fs by Nature they had fuch internal 
 Ideas capable of retaining or receiving 
 an Impreffion from it : And you may 
 fee how fuch Men generally herd toge- 
 ther, and are, perhaps, diverted as much 
 with affociating with each other, as the 
 Philofopher, the Mathematician, the 
 Archited, can be with Men whofe Ge- 
 niufes fquare and tally with theirs. 
 
 From hence it mu ft be inferred, that 
 this Society con fiftieth of Men of the 
 fame Turn of Thought. There mu ft be 
 
 an 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 15 
 
 m Affinity in the Ideas, becaufe no Self- 
 interefted Views, I think, can arife from 
 our prefent Affociation j unlefs it be the 
 one common Concern, the Improve- 
 ment of each other in ufeful Know- 
 ledge. The Bafis of it is on a firm 
 Foundation, a friendly and amicable 
 Communication of Thoughts without 
 Referve : And as I have had the Plea- 
 fure of propofing it, feconded by your 
 ready joining with me in my Opinion 
 of its Ufefulnefs, I fhaU never be want- 
 ing to fhew you how much I am obliged 
 to efteern you for it, and for your favour- 
 able and ready Acceptance, of the Offer 
 I made in reading fome Lectures on the 
 Principles of Architecture. 
 
 I have propofed to divide them into 
 fuch Gaffes that they ilia 11 be eafily col- 
 lected together ; and when I have corn- 
 pleated the general Proportions, &c. 
 with your Approbation, I intend to pub- 
 lifh them, for the Service of fuch whcfc 
 Genius leads them to the Study of Archi- 
 
 J 
 
 teCture, or fuch Branches which have an 
 Affinity to that Science 3 and ! final! in- 
 terweave fuch Remarks with it, as {hall 
 make it an entertaining Amufement to 
 you in your more private Retirements. 
 
LECTURES on 
 
 1 6 
 
 I have but one thing more to add 
 at prefent, that is, if any of this Society 
 thinks it an Advantage, that they would 
 impartially remark the little Failures 
 which may poffibly happen in my Dif- 
 courfe, and point out in what Places I 
 am deficient, that I may rectify and en- 
 deavour to amend, or vindicate fuch 
 Overfights, as they may appear by the 
 differentLights in which they are view'd ; 
 and likewife join with me in ardently 
 wifhing an univerfai Succefs and En- 
 couragement to the Progrefs of Arts and 
 Sciences , and a kind Reception from 
 thofe capable of fupporting and encou- 
 raging fuch who are Profeflors of them ; 
 which will iatisfy the Willies of. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Tour Humble Servant. 
 
 Read to the Society Oftober 22, 1730. 
 
 Lecture 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 17 
 
 
 Lecture IL 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 T the firft Meeting of this So- 
 ciety, I endeavour’d to (hew 
 you the abfolute Neceffity and 
 Advantage of Societies in ge- 
 neral, as they relate to the publick or pri- 
 vate Welfare of the Individuals, both in 
 refpeft to the Prefer vation of Rights and 
 Properties, a Defence from Infults of 
 Enemies, &c, and as it related to the 
 Improvement of the Intellects of the 
 Mind. But as Time would not permit 
 to fhew you the Neceffity and Ufeful- 
 nefs of Learning, and the Obligations 
 we lie under to endeavour to cultivate 
 and improve the Natural Genius, as far 
 as Opportunity or Abilities will permit ; 
 I fhall make it now the Subject of my 
 Difcourfe, 
 
 Learning, in all its Branches, may 
 properly be faid to diftinguifh us from 
 
 C one 
 
i8 LECTURES on 
 
 one another, as well as from the reft of 
 the Animal Creation, more diftindtly 
 than Speech. Birds acquire the Faculty 
 of Speaking, but it is for the moft Part 
 mifplac’d ; it is only the retaining of fuch 
 Words and Accents, which they have by 
 frequent Repetition learn’d, but not 
 knowing how to apply ; like an Engine 
 performing its Rotation, but infenfible 
 of its own Ufe. 
 
 As to Learning in general, I fhall at 
 prefent confine it to three great Branches, 
 that is, Natural, Acquir’d, and Superfi- 
 cial 5 and, as far as they appear ufeful 
 to my prefent Intention, I fhall define 
 in their Turns. 
 
 Natural Knowledge, or what may 
 be call’d a Natural Genius, are Seeds of 
 Learning fown in the Mind at our firft 
 Formation in the Womb. Mr. Locke 
 terms them Innate Ideas, fuch which 
 Nature has implanted in us. Though 
 fome difpute, at the Conception of fome 
 new Idea, whether that Idea be not eter- 
 nally in the Mind, though our Faculty 
 of diftinguifhing it has been dormant. 
 But as this Speculation is too curious, 
 and foreign to my Defign, I fhall obferve, 
 
 as 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 19 
 
 as to the Natural Genius, that many 
 lively Inftances of it have appear’d in the 
 Hiftory of all Ages, The Man in whom 
 the Seeds of Knowledge are fown, in 
 fpite of all the Obftacles of Fortune, 
 will be flill the fame ; the Ideas which 
 Nature originally ftamps on the Mind 
 cannot be worn out. Poverty, Obfcu- 
 rity, want of Education, want of Oppor- 
 tunities of Improvement by Inftrudtion, 
 Books, Societies, &c. I fay, in fpite of 
 all theie Impediments, the bright Ideas 
 will fhine, they will appear beautiful 
 through all the little Clouds of Fortune, 
 and, like the Sun on the Surface of the 
 Water, they will reflect their benevolent 
 Beams on the Mind of thofe capable of 
 receiving them. How unhappy is the 
 Fate of that Man, whom Nature, in 
 fpite of all Obftrudtions, has fupplied 
 with a fine Genius, and yet wants the 
 nice Correction and Care of Art to cul- 
 tivate and improve, to draw by de- 
 grees from the Errors of ill-digefled 
 Opinions imbib’d in Minority, perhaps 
 through the Ignorance of thofe under 
 whofe Tuition he was plac’d, and by 
 fetting out in an improper Path, renders 
 him for ever incapable of making any 
 great Progrefs in any Art, without by fome 
 
 C 2 fkilful 
 
20 LECTURES on 
 
 fkilful Mind he is inftrudted in a more 
 perfedl Way, and taught the firft Princi- 
 ples by which the Knowledge of it is to 
 be attain’d. 
 
 Acquir’d Knowledge flows from 
 the improving and refining the Natural 
 Genius. The Seeds of Learning, when 
 fown firft, are a minute Embryo ; but by 
 proper Methods made ufe of in the cul- 
 tivating of them, they gradually arrive 
 to Maturity. They muft have fuitable 
 Principles inftill’d, fuch which have an 
 Affinity to the Nature of the Genius 
 which is to be improv’d. Thofe Princi- 
 ples take Root, dilate and fpread them- 
 felves flowly into Form, which, like a 
 young Fruit-Tree, by pruning and regu- 
 larly difpofing, keeps from (hooting into 
 fuperfluous Branches. As Thorns do not 
 produce Thirties, fo it is importable for 
 the Man who has by Nature the Seeds of 
 the Mathematicks born with him, to be 
 otherwife ; and the great Painter, the 
 great Architect, the fine Geniufes, are fo 
 by Nature as well as Art ; and I do not 
 doubt, but there are many great Men 
 now buried in Oblivion, who, if they 
 had the Happinefs of Education, and the 
 Fortune of Encouragement, might be- 
 come 
 
ARCHITECTURE, 21 
 
 come equal to the Great Sir Ifaac New- 
 ton in Philofophy, to Raphael in Paint- 
 ing, to Palladio , or Inigo Jones , in Archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 Superficial Learning is the Shell, 
 the Excrefcencies of both : It is a gay, 
 gaudy Outfide, without Value ; a Multi- 
 plicity of Ideas, without Order ; a Sha- 
 dow only, which the PoiTeiTor grafps at, 
 imagining it a Subftance. Mr. Pope has 
 very juftly defcrib’d the Character of fuch 
 a one in his Effay on Criticifm, where 
 he fays, 
 
 'The lookful Blockhead , ignorantly read , 
 
 With Loads of learned Lumber in his Head> Sec. 
 
 And in another Part of the fame Bflfay 
 juftly concludes. 
 
 One Science only , will one Genius fit , 
 
 So vaft is Art , fo narrow human Wit . 
 
 Such a one who has only the fuperficia! 
 Learning, may be eafily known by his 
 dwelling upon the Surface of Contro- 
 verfy, or Arts, not daring to fink into the 
 Principles or Spring of things, or not 
 having Abilities 5 they are generally fuch, 
 
 C 3 whom 
 
22 
 
 LECTURES on 
 
 whom Education has been illy applied 
 to, not having a Genius to receive it. 
 
 I have thus far ventur’d to give you 
 my Opinion of natural, acquir’d, and 
 fuperficial Learning ; I propofe now to 
 fhew you the Ufes of it, as far as it re- 
 lates to Mankind in general, and Socie- 
 ties in particular. 
 
 Learning in general, is fubfervient 
 to all, in all the Stages and Stations of 
 Life : Our walking, fitting, lying down, 
 rifing, &c. are perform’d by Mechanick 
 Powers ; and though every one cannot 
 difcern it, or if it is not conceiv’d by the 
 unthinking Part of Mankind, yet every 
 Mathematician can demonftrate it : Every 
 Action is perform’d by the Laws of Me- 
 chanifm ; the Motion and fudden Velo- 
 city of our Bodies, are the Effects of a 
 Mathematical Power, and the Know- 
 ledge or Contemplation of it, elevates us 
 a Degree above the reft of our Species, 
 and diftinguifhes us in a more eminent 
 Manner from Brutes. 
 
 It is neceffary for the Direction of 
 Affairs in Societies, in making Laws, 
 diftributing Juftice, It is neceffary in 
 
 Trade, 
 
 * 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 23 
 
 Trade, Traffick, and Commerce ; in dis- 
 cerning the Motion of the Heavenly Bo- 
 dies 5 in Weighty Meafures, Travel ; in 
 ihort, in every Thing which concerns 
 Societies to be acquainted with. 
 
 With Reafon, and Wifdom, Men firfl 
 afTociated together, and form’d them- 
 felves into Societies ; and by it they firft 
 fram’d and modelPd the Laws by which 
 they propos’d to be govern’d : And with- 
 out Knowledge in Navigation, Traffick 
 and Commerce with diftant Countries 
 could not be had ; nor could we judge 
 of, or defcribe the Motion or Diftance of 
 the Planets, or the Time of their Revo- 
 lution ; byGeometry, Weights, Meafures, 
 and the Power of Bodies, are known 1 
 and indeed we find one Branch of Learn- 
 ing or another, ufeful in the whole Oeco- 
 nomy of Human Nature. 
 
 Besides all this, the Pleafures which 
 the thinking Mind takes, in a Purfuit 
 after Knowledge, are inexpreffible. The 
 AJlronomer can foar from one Planet to 
 another, and from one Region to ano- 
 ther, till the Mind is loft in infinite 
 Space; the Geographer can travel from 
 one Country to another, through vari- 
 
 C 4 ous 
 
24 LECTURES on 
 
 ous Climates, over Sea and Land, and 
 encompafs the whole Earth in his Imagi- 
 nation, and yet he only retir’d to his 
 Clofet, or contemplating in the Field ; 
 the Painter can fee Groupes of Figures 
 and lively Landfkips, fome {hocking Pre- 
 cipice, or lilent Glade, to divert his Ideas; 
 the ArchiteB raifes in his Idea, Numbers 
 of pleaftng Structures, beautiful and pro- 
 portion’d, with a regular Symmetry and 
 a juft ExaCtnefs; the Poet reprefents to 
 himfelf beautiful Hills and Lawns, plea- 
 ting Vales and circling Rivulets, the pur- 
 ling Streams gliding through fome gloomy 
 Shade, the Harmony of Numbers and Na- 
 ture. 
 
 The Mechanick ideally fees Multi- 
 tudes of various Machines for Convey- 
 ance of Timber, Stone, Water &c . all 
 perfeCt and pleafing to his Imagination : 
 The Mathematician has his Globes, Prifms, 
 Quadrants, Triangles, &c. his Lines ge- 
 nerated by the Parabola, Hyperbola, the 
 Cathenarian, and others. All thefe, by 
 a little Expanfion of the Mind, are feen 
 as natural as the Statuary , who ideally 
 views in a Block of Marble a beautiful 
 Statue, which only requires the Care and 
 Skill of his nice Hand, to take away the 
 I v grofs 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 25 
 
 grofs Particles of Matter which enclofe 
 it, whereby others may view it with equal 
 Pleafure as himfelf. 
 
 Learning is aTopick which leads 
 us from one Labyrinth "of Pleafure to 
 another ; it is as extenfive as the Uni- 
 verfe ; it confifteth of infinite Divifions, 
 which difperfe themfelves into innumer- 
 able Branches ; and if we trace it from 
 one Chain to another, it never lofes its 
 Luftre; its Beauties are always apparent, 
 and whatever fliape you view it in, it 
 ft ill charms you : It is a Jewel of ineftima- 
 ble Value, and he who poffeffethit enjoys 
 every Thing definable. The Goods of 
 Fortune, by Multitude of Cafualties, pe- 
 rifh, and are deftroyed : Earthquakes, 
 Inundations and Ternpefts, impoverifti 
 and ruin many Countries ; but no Mis- 
 fortunes can fhock the Mind of the Phi- 
 lofopher : In Profperity or Adverfity, he 
 is the fame : His Wifdom, by making 
 Excurfions into the Channels of Fortune,' 
 makes every Stage of Life equal. Know- 
 ledge is acquir’d by Study and Afiiduity, 
 and by cultivating thofe Natural Faculties 
 which are planted in us. 
 
 We 
 
26 
 
 LECTURES on 
 
 W e ftiould endeavour to difcover 
 which way Nature has directed the Chan- 
 nel of our Genius. If to the Mafhema- 
 ticks loch Branches of Learning which 
 lead to thofe Arts, Ihould be carefully 
 learnt, and not ftop the Current of that 
 Rivulet by throwing in Lumber of Law, 
 Hiftory, (Sc. which are contrary to Na- 
 ture’s Defign. Nor mu ft he who defigns 
 to be an Architect, load his Mind with 
 Politicks ; he will find Matter enough in 
 the feverai Branches of that alone, to em- 
 ploy his whole Study to become Mafter 
 of: No Art is fo narrow and confin’d, 
 but it will take up much Time to be ac- 
 quainted with $ and it is better to know 
 one Thing perfect, than fuperficially to 
 know many. There are many Branches 
 of Learning in every Art, and thofe Paths 
 which lead to them fhould be carefully 
 trod : Circumfpedtion and Diligence are 
 requir’d to compleat the Performance, 
 and aclofe Application fhould be obferv’d 
 in the Purfuit of our Studies. 
 
 Architecture is certainly not only 
 a pleafing, but extenfive Science ; for by 
 varying and changing the Modus, there 
 will always fpring new Ideas, new Scenes, 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 27 
 
 for the Imagination to work upon ; the 
 Fancy of the Defigner may be always en- 
 tertained, and the different Branches of 
 Archite&ure will furnifh him with fome- 
 thing of an Amufement, which gratifies 
 the Eye as well as the Underflanding. 
 
 It will be necefifary for the Architect 
 to know as much of Geometry , as will en- 
 able him to delineate regular or irregular 
 Plans, &c. to furnifh him with Reafons 
 for the Capacity of fupporting Weights, 
 which will often require Geometrical 
 Conftrudions to explain ; to defcribe the 
 external Part of a Fabrick by Perfpedtive 
 Elevations, or the internal by Sections, 
 &c. all which are founded on the Prin- 
 ciples of Geometry. 
 
 The Architect fhould be acquainted 
 with Arithmetic k, to be able to make an 
 Eftimate of the Expence of the Building; 
 to meafure and fettle the feveral Works 
 of the Artificers ; to make up the Quan- 
 tities of Monies expended, and the bal- 
 lancing the Accompts between the Work- 
 men and the Perfon who employs them. 
 Likewife Arithmetick furnifhes him with 
 Proportions of Numbers, in harmonick 
 and arithmetical Progreffions, to regu- 
 
 1 late 
 
-8 LECTURES on 
 
 late the external and internal Parts of the 
 Fabrick, which I fhall delineate in the 
 Courfe of thefe Ledtures. 
 
 He muft have fuch an Idea of Mufick , 
 as will conduce to judge the Nature of 
 Sounds, their Accords and Difcords, their 
 Affinity with Proportion, in ere&ing 
 Rooms of Entertainment, in Theatres, 
 Churches, &c. in which Places Sound is 
 more immediately concerned. 
 
 Opticks will be requifite to be un- 
 der flood, as far as they relate to Propor- 
 tion ©f Light in large or fmall Rooms, 
 or as the Situation is to the four Cardinal 
 Points, in which the adapting the in- 
 ternal Apartments, as the Hall, Salloon, 
 Parlours, Withdrawing-Room, Dining- 
 Room, Library, &c. are to have pro- 
 portional Lights, according to their Mag- 
 nitude and Situation ; or in Town Hou- 
 les, where Room is wanting, and Light 
 more difficult to attain, there will more 
 Knowledge of Opticks be requir'd. 
 
 History will be neceffary to inform 
 him of the State of Architecture in 
 Greece or Rome , in its Infancy : The 
 Manner of their publick and private 
 
 Buildings $ 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 29 
 
 Buildings ; their Magnitude, Beauty, &c\ 
 which have been handed down to us by 
 undoubted Records, and by which he 
 may regulate and difpofe the Apartments 
 in publick Buildings for the Convenience, 
 &c. which they require. 
 
 A little Philofophy will not be a- 
 mifs, to inform the Archited of the 
 Nature of Materials ; the Qualities of 
 Wood, Stones, Earth, Minerals, &c. 
 Even in the Choice of Situation, the 
 Temperature of the Air, the Nature of 
 Waters, Plants, Vegetables, &c. which 
 Nature produceth in different Situations, 
 
 These are the Ingredients of Learn- 
 ing, which are to be blended together 
 for the Ufe of an Archited. It is not 
 requir’d that he be a compleat Mafter of 
 each, but only to know as much of them 
 as he can explain for the foregoing Pur- 
 pofes. There are few who have a Ge- 
 nius to take in more than thefe Branches 
 for any Science, therefore a fkilful De- 
 figner mull confequently have taken 
 much Pains to become Mafter of Archi- 
 tecture , including thofe Diviiions of 
 Learning which are to be by him thus 
 underftood, 
 
 As 
 
3 ° 
 
 LECTURES on 
 
 As to a Knowledge of the Five Or- 
 ders of Architecture , indeed they are 
 commendable, but it is only the En- 
 trance, the firft Branches of the Art ; the 
 great and valuable Parts of it confift in 
 Defigning well, to appropriate the fe- 
 veral Parts to Ufe, and make them have 
 an Affinity with the whole : But this only 
 is the Gift of Nature, no Art can teach a 
 Man the way to attain it, unlefs Nature 
 has laid the Foundation ; and thofe which 
 I have mentioned, may be faid to be only 
 Affiftants in cultivating and improving 
 the natural Genius. 
 
 Before I proceed to the Application 
 of Buildings, to different Situations, or 
 the Ufes of the Orders , themfelves, I 
 fhall trace Architecture to its Fountain, 
 and conlider it in its infant State, and 
 by what Steps it has been handed to dif- 
 ferent Countries, and its Arrival to Per- 
 fection : But as that will take up too 
 much of your prefent Time, I ffiall make 
 it the Subject of another Ledture. 
 
 I shall only add, that I could wifh 
 to fee Emulation rife among us, ftriving 
 who fhould excel in doing good Offices 
 
 to 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 31 
 
 Co each other : to be inftrufted by, and 
 affiftant to each other, in every Science , 
 as far as your Abilities will extend : to 
 fee the Mathematicks and Architecture, 
 and the feveral dependent Branches of - 
 Literature , become the Pleafure of your 
 Difcourfe, the Delight of your Studies. 
 This, in the End, would be ufeful and 
 entertaining to yourfelves, and an Exam- 
 ple worthy of Imitation to others : and in 
 this we fhould raife a Monument which 
 neither Time nor Envy could deface ; 
 and, perhaps, in future Years, it maybe 
 faid, you laid the Foundation to a Society 
 chiefly inftituted for propagating Know- 
 ledge without felf-interefted Views. The 
 Memory of fuch an Undertaking, to be 
 tranfmitted to diftant Time, will redound 
 much to your Praife, and is the fincere 
 Wifhes of 
 
 Tour Humble Servant . 
 
 Read to the Society, October 29, 1730, 
 
 Lecture 
 
3 2 
 
 LECTURES on 
 
 Lecture III. 
 
 N my laft LeClure^ I propos’d 
 to give you a Defcription of 
 the Rife, Progrefs, and Extent 
 of Architecture^ which I intend 
 the Subject of this Difcourfe, having for 
 that Purpofe perus’d thofe Authors who 
 have tranfmitted to Pofterity the Labours 
 of the Antients. Building, in its Mino- 
 rity, was, doubtlefs, not only plain, but 
 irregular, Men fludying the Ufes of the 
 feveral Parts of the Fabrick, more than 
 Beauty, till Societies began to increafe 
 in Wealth and Number, by Traffick and 
 Commerce, then they rofe in their Idea 
 to the Knowledge of fome fort of Re- 
 gularity and Proportion in the difpofing 
 the feveral Parts of their Building ; but 
 even this Proportion may be fuppofed to 
 be known long before the Orders were 
 inftituted. 
 
 When 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 33 
 
 When Arts and Learning became 
 famous in Egypt , we may fuppofe with 
 them Architecture flour idl’d $ for we 
 find Works very Elaborate mention’d 
 even among the great Defigners Contem- 
 porary with Noah. In the Year of the 
 World 2038, the Walls of Babylon are 
 reported to be built by Semiramis very 
 magnificent, and efteem’d one of the 
 Seven Wonders of the World ; and the 
 Tower of Babel is a remarkable In dance 
 of the early Knowledge of Building : 
 Thofe two famous Pillars, the one of 
 Brick, the other Stone, erected foon 
 after the Flood by the Sons of Noah , 
 on which were recorded the remarkable 
 Pafiages from the Creation down to the 
 Flood : I fay thefe are Teflimonies of 
 an early Progrefs in the Mathematical and 
 Architectural Arts . 
 
 But the cultivating and Improvement 
 of Architecture is reported to be owing 
 to the Egyptians , from their famous 
 Labyrinth adorn’d with Columns oj Por- 
 phyry , The Grecians rais’d an everlading 
 Monument to their Geniufes in the La* 
 byrinth at Crete built by Dedalus . To 
 Egypt the firft Grecian Architects were 
 
 D ufed 
 
34 LECTURES on 
 
 ufed to travel, as our modern Architects 
 do to Rome , to refine and improve their 
 Geniufes, and to apply their Studies to 
 the Rules of their Art. Perhaps the 
 Egyptians , in building their Labyrinth, 
 imitated Nature for as Mazes are form’d 
 by various Turnings and Windings, cut 
 through the luxuriant Bufhes growing 
 wildly among Woods or Trees, and by 
 forming a kind of natural Arch , to fhade 
 and make the Paths more folemn and 
 fecret, fo the Support of thofe Arches 
 might be fome more eminent Trees, 
 which when pruned of their fuperfluous 
 Branches, reprefented fo many Columns, 
 and by a little more pleafing Form, as to 
 Difpofition and Shape, undoubtedly their 
 Labyrinth was delineated and erefted, and 
 even the Orders themfelves mu ft have 
 had their Rife and Inflitution from fuch 
 Imitation of Nature . 
 
 CADMUS, the Grandfon to Agenor 
 King of Tyre, 562 Years after the Walls 
 of Babylon were built, brought the Arts 
 into Greece from the Phoenicians , and 
 built Thebes, call’d fo from the famous 
 Thebes in Egypt ; And we find that 
 about 300 Years after the Foundation of 
 Rome was laid, that Phidias , an Athenian , 
 
 built 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 35 
 
 built a Temple of the Dorick Order, 
 whofe Height was 68 Feet to the Roof : 
 The Antients never made ufe of but one 
 Order in the Height of their Buildings, 
 after the Manner of St. Martins Church 
 built by Mr. Gibbs : Now let us fuppofe 
 the Bafe, Shaft, and Capital, of the Do- 
 rick Order, to be eight Diameters in 
 Height, and the Entablature two Diame- 
 ters, we find that the Diameter of thofe 
 Columns was fix Feet nine Inches and 
 half, which I only mention to fhew in 
 what Perfection Architecture was at that 
 Time, and in fuch Efteem, that the molt 
 facred and magnifice?it Structures were not 
 performed without an exaCt Regularity 
 and Proportion. 
 
 GREECE was furnifh’d with no- 
 ble Monuments of Building, which were 
 brought to Rome by Marcellas . The 
 
 Temple of Jupiter Olympus , the Tem- 
 ple of Cizcius , which Pliny reports was 
 fo rich and curioufly wrought, that in 
 all the Joints of the Stone, Threads of 
 Gold were inlaid to feparate them : The 
 Temple of Trallius , of Diana , of Pal- 
 las, of Minerva at Athens , of Apollo , 
 GV. all fo tefcify the Noblenefs, Ufe, and 
 Beauty of Architecture before it was 
 
 D 2 brought 
 
36 LECTURES on 
 
 brought to Rome , that the foremention’d 
 Author relates, that Cecrops , the firfl: 
 King of Athens , 200 Years before the 
 DeftruCtion of Troy, founded a School 
 for the InftruCtion and Encouragement 
 of Architects 5 and it would only weary 
 your Attention, to repeat more Inftances 
 of its Beauty and Perfection, in the early 
 Ages of the World. 
 
 I f we refled: on the beautiful Gran- 
 deur, and inexpreflible Magnificence, of 
 many of thofe never-dying Works of 
 antient Greece ; if we think on thofe 
 lively Ideas which many worthy and im- 
 mortal Geniufes have given us of its State, 
 and alfo reflect on the Felicity, the Hap- 
 pinefs we enjoy, in having the Art fo 
 carefully preferv’d, when all her ftately 
 Cities and Temples are deftroyed, and 
 their Names, perhaps, buried in their 
 Ruins : I fay, if we weigh this, we can- 
 not value or efteem Architecture too 
 much 5 its Beauties, in fpite of devour- 
 ing Time, will ftill charm us 5 the gay, 
 the glittering Image, fhines with gleam- 
 ing Rays of Light on the feveral Paf- 
 fions of the Mind ; according to the Sym- 
 metry and Difpofiiion of their Works, 
 we behold them with Admiration, and 
 1 they 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 37 
 
 they foften us into unutterable Plea- 
 fur c, 
 
 GREECE happily perfected the 
 -Arts ; but Rome , rais’d by Ambition, 
 Prometheus like, Role Architecture from 
 her, and laid defolate its Glory. The 
 Emperors pull'd down their (lately Edi- 
 fices and Temples , and tranfported to 
 Rome , and there confin'd, the Art and 
 Materials, to raife a Name to immor- 
 talize themfelves and Pofierity. 
 
 ROME , pofTefs’d of a Prize fo glo- 
 rious, and of fo ineftimable Value, and 
 at the fame Time Miftrefs of fo many 
 populous Kingdoms, feleCted together 
 the greateft Artifts of thofe Times, and, 
 by an unwearied Purfuit, trac’d the 
 Paths and Footfteps of the worthy Greci- 
 ans , both in Learning and Government . 
 ATHENS furnifh’d them with exem- 
 plary Rules ; and being naturally afpir- 
 ing, they endeavour'd to (hew the excel- 
 lent Perfection of Architecture , in the 
 feveral noble Structures and Temples 
 which they ereCted to the Honour of their 
 Emperors, and the victorious Ccnquefts 
 they made, whofe Remains continue even 
 to this Day, in the Works of thofe great 
 
 Geniufes 
 
38 LECTURES on 
 
 Geniufes who flourifti’d in the 14th and 
 15th Centuries. 
 
 MA RC E L LJJ S, happy in Victory 
 as well as a fine Genius, brought from 
 Greece one of the moft beautiful and 
 regular Pieces of Architecture extant, 
 which is in the Theatre call’d after his 
 Name. And Pcmpey the great, though 
 unfortunate Hero, is reported by Ta- 
 citus to have built the firft Amphi- 
 theatre at Rome . The Baths of Dio - 
 clejian , the Palace of Nero , the Rotunda , 
 the Theatres, and upwards of 50 Tem- 
 ples dedicated to their Deities, their Tri- 
 umphal Arches, &c. give us a vaft Idea 
 of the Perfection of Architecture at 
 Rome , in its flourishing State under the 
 Confuls and Emperors : They were fo 
 much given to building, that they endea- 
 vour’d to excel each other in Pomp and 
 Magnificence in the public Edifices they 
 ereded for the Ornament and Ufe of the 
 City. 
 
 It was a happy Time, when diftant 
 Ages, which long fince has roll’d away, 
 ftiould have fo juft a Tafte of the excel- 
 lent Perfedion of Architecture . The 
 Richnefs and Expence of fo many mag- 
 nificent 
 
ARCHITECTURE, 39 
 
 nificent Structures in Times of Peace, 
 exercis’d the bufy-minded, and kept their 
 Government in a quiet and regular Man- 
 ner : But when Architecture declin’d, 
 Infurredtionsand domeftick Wars chang d 
 their manner of Government, and un- 
 happily fell a Vidtim with it, after it had 
 been in a flourifhing State at Rome up- 
 wards of 700 Years, 
 
 W e have feen Architecture in its 
 beautiful State, in its meridian Luftre 
 and higheft Perfedtion. — Extreams in all 
 Things muft fuffer Change. — Architec- 
 ture flood long the Glory of Rome , but 
 Fate fuffers it to be buried in Oblivion 
 near 800 Years — fuccefilve ages of Ruin 
 and Defolation! Nothing but Fragments 
 are left 5 and where famous Cities and 
 noble and magnificent Strudlures once 
 rear’d their lofty Heads, now are nothing 
 but a wild uncultivated Scene of Defo- 
 lation. 
 
 AL LAR 1 CUS, King of the Goths > 
 about the Year of Redemption 412, took 
 Rome ; and after that Oadoacer : And 
 
 Genfericus King of the Vandals , brought 
 300,000 Men out of Africa , and made it 
 wafte and almofl defolate, in the Year 456. 
 
 D 4 In 
 
4 o LECTURES on 
 
 In (hort, Ignorance and Brutality had fo 
 infatuated that Age, that they confpir’d to 
 ruin and deftroy all the ftately Structures 
 which the Romans had built for the En- 
 couragement of Arts ; for which Pur- 
 pofe the Vijigoths in Spain , the French 
 in Gaul , and the Vandals in Ajrica , una- 
 nimoufly agree to compleat the Deftruc- 
 tion ; and in the Year 596, the Saracens 
 deftroy’d and laid in Afhes a fine City 
 named MeJJina , not far from which was 
 the beautiful City of Cuma, whereof is 
 the Remains of a fine Arch call’d Arco 
 felici , an antient Performance ; and at Na- 
 ples remains the Gate of Cajlor and Pol- 
 lux, whofe Meafures are tranfmitted to 
 us by Palladio . 
 
 I have pafs’d over a Scene fo (hock- 
 ing with as much Brevity as poffible, to 
 fhew you that though Architecture lay 
 buried in Pleaps of Ruins 800 Years, 
 though nothing was pradtifed but in the 
 rude Gothick Manner, yet the 14th Cen- 
 tury produc’d Geniufes who brought 
 Architecture from its Tomb, and rais’d 
 it, like the Phoenix , to new Life from 
 its Afhes ; which was by fettling an Ac- 
 cademy at Florence in the Year 1400, in 
 which were many great and noble Ge- 
 ' niufes 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 41 
 
 niufes and Students, who by infpedling 
 into the Ruins, (if it be not improperly 
 fpeaking) once more perfected the Art. 
 
 I n this Academy was Lawrence Gbi- 
 bertOy a Goldfmith by Profeffion, who 
 built the Church of St. Mary delli fiori 
 at Florence , which, among the Judges 
 of the Beauties of ArchiteBurey is had 
 in equal Efleem with the Productions of 
 the celebrated Palladio . 
 
 I t would be endiefs to mention the 
 great Geniufes of which the Academy 
 was compos’d, or who flourifli’d in the 
 14th and 15th Centuries, fince their 
 Works fufficiently teftify their Care and 
 Affiduity to preferve the Beauties of the 
 Antients in Building, and of which our 
 young Students in ArchiteBure have the 
 Pleafure of many of them tranflated in- 
 to Englifh for their Inftrudtion ; efpeci- 
 ally thofe of Palladio , which, by the 
 
 Care of Mr. Leoni and Mr. Cole, who 
 ) J 
 
 in a more particular Manner have made 
 the Works of that great Mafter ufeful 
 to all that make the Study of ArchiteBure 
 their Delight. 
 
 But 
 
At 
 
 LECTURES on 
 
 But the greateft Happinefs to us, is 
 the having Architecture in as much Per- 
 fection as ever it fhone in at Rome , and 
 even practis’d by a few Perfons, whofe 
 excellent Tafte of the Art leads them 
 to follow thefe Paths. But this is chiefly 
 owing to Inigo Jones , whofe Qualifica- 
 tions, join’d with a felicitous Opportu- 
 nity of travelling to Rome and other 
 contiguous Countries, gave him fo fen- 
 fible and ftrong Ideas of the Beauties of 
 the Ancients in Architecture , that he 
 met with a deferv’d Encouragement in 
 the Pradice of the Art ; which may be 
 feen in the many beautiful and regular 
 Buildings which he defign’d or ereded, 
 and by the Care of the Right Honoura- 
 ble the Earl of Burlington > are colleded 
 together in Miniature. 
 
 The Manner of the antient Architec- 
 ture is Grand and Augu ft ; there is fome- 
 thing Solemn and Awful in it : It confifts 
 of large and ample Divifions, a bold Re- 
 lievo, and regularly proportion’d : The 
 Parts were analogous to the Whole, and 
 ♦perform’d with fo exad Adherence to Har- 
 monick Rules, that their Buildings, as.wel! 
 
 Internal 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 43 
 
 Internal as External, fo charm’d the Mind 
 of the Beholder, that the Architects 
 were often, by the Vulgar, thought to 
 be infpir’d, when, in Fadt, the Beauty 
 and the Pleafure their Works gave, were 
 only the Effedfs of a well-chofen Sym- 
 metry connected together according to 
 the Harmonick Laws of Proportion ; 
 which of Necefiity produce that Effedt 
 upon the Mind through the Eye, as the 
 Chords or Difcords of Mufick affedt it 
 through the Ear. 
 
 Their Decorum was always juft in 
 every Reprefentation, whether ferious, 
 jovial, or charming : For this End they 
 eftabliftfd a certain Modus to be obferv’d 
 in the Ufe and Application of the fe- 
 veral Orders ; and by thefe Rules they 
 always kept Pace with Nature, and ftill, 
 by a ftridt Obfervance of them, they pro- 
 duc’d the various Effects for which they 
 were intended. The Dorick Order was 
 to grave and folemn Ufes, and call’d the 
 Dorian Modus : The lonick Order to 
 Riant Ufes, and call’d the loyiian Mo- 
 dus : The Corinthian Order was us’d in 
 Palaces, &c . and call’d the Lydian Mo- 
 dus. 
 
 T HE 
 
44 
 
 LECTURES on 
 
 The Ufe, Application, and Propor- 
 tion of thefe Orders , I intend the Sub- 
 ject of enfuing Leffiures $ in the mean 
 while remain. 
 
 Tours , &c. 
 
 Read to the Society, Nov . 12, 1730* 
 
 Lecture 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 45 
 
 Lecture IV. 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Subject fo beaten and ex- 
 ^ A ^ handed as that of Architect 
 k W¥ *d tnre y will undoubtedly require 
 a better Genius to engage your 
 Patience, to fome few Remarks and Ob- 
 fervations, which, for my own private 
 Amufement, I have made fince our la ft 
 Night’s Meeting ; and, perhaps, they may 
 be fo illy digefted, and irregularly plac’d, 
 as not to merit your Notice. How- 
 ever, as my chief End and Defign is rather 
 a Divertifement to fome few Friends, 
 by whofe Importunity I have been pre- 
 vail’d on to renew fome former Lec- 
 tures y I fhall, without farther Apology, 
 beg your Attention. 
 
 M y laft LeClure confided chiefly in an 
 hiftorical Defcription of Architecture in 
 general, confin’d to fuch particular dated 
 
 Periods 
 
46 LECTURES on 
 
 Periods of Time, as have been handed 
 down to us by Hiftory or Tradition ; and 
 I think I endeavour’d to make it appa- 
 rent, what Changes, and Viciflitudes of 
 Fate it has undergone; fince it receiv’d 
 that Perfection and Beauty from the Gre- 
 cians, even from Pericles to Marcellus y 
 and fo progreffively to Inigo Jones , and 
 that great Genius Sir Cbrijlopher Wren . 
 I now propofe to (hew the Difference 
 between the Antient, the Gothick , and 
 our Modern Architect, without Preju- 
 dice or Partiality, confining myfeif to 
 fuch particular Obfervations only, which 
 are neceffary to inftil the firfi: Principles 
 of De/igning into the Minds of young 
 Students in Architecture* 
 
 I t may not be amifs, for the better 
 underftanding my Defign in this Lec- 
 ture, to fhew what is the chief Care of 
 an Architect to obferve ; which is Re- 
 gularity and Proportion : thofe are the 
 mod effentiai Parts to be confider’d in 
 the Art of De/igning . That the An- 
 
 tic nts had this Happinefs of Thought in 
 View in their Performances, is undenia- 
 ble; and in many Particulars I fhallmake 
 it apparent, when I draw a Parallel be- 
 tween the Antients and Moderns ; and, 
 i perhaps. 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 47 
 
 perhaps, in fo obvious a Manner, that 
 none of you can miftake what that Dif- 
 ference confifteth in, and by what Me- 
 thods an adequate Knowledge of the An- 
 tients may be attain’d. 
 
 In my laft LeClure I obferv’d to you, 
 that the Gothick Architecture prevail’d 
 in Italy> and throughout the reft of 
 Europe , after the Defolation made by 
 the Vandals and Saracens , about 930 
 Years, and fo continu’d till the Year 
 1400, in which an Academy was fettled 
 at Florence , which reviv’d the antient 
 Architecture in many of thofe Buildings 
 now remaining, which were by them 
 then perfected. 
 
 Regularity and Proportion are 
 the fine Parts of Architecture , and thefe 
 are perform’d by ftated Rules, handed 
 down to us by the Care and Vigilance 
 of preceding Ages, to whom we owe 
 all our Knowledge, as well Hiftorical as 
 Architectural. I fay Buildings are to be 
 perform’d by ftated Rules, as the feveral 
 Parts of Mufick in Concert are ; in 
 which, if one Inftrument is illy tuned, 
 or in a different Key, it immediately 
 creates a jarring and Difcord, which is 
 
 not 
 
48 LECTURES on 
 
 not to be remedied without fetting aftde 
 that Inftrument, or putting it in a pro- 
 per Key with the reft : The fame Rules 
 perfect Architecture, and are effentially 
 neceffary in its Performance 5 which I 
 fhall fhew by and by. 
 
 The Goths and Vandals were a rude, 
 barbarous, and unpolifh’d People ; and, 
 perhaps, that Architecture which is call’d 
 the Gothick , deriv’d its Name only from 
 its rude and ill digefted Form, not much 
 differing from that unrefin’d Part of Man- 
 kind 3 having in their Afpedt and Deport- 
 ment, a Rufticity and Wildnefs not to 
 be imitated ; and as they ravag’d Eu- 
 rope, and fpread themfelves over mod 
 Part of Chriftendom, it might become a 
 Proverb amongft Men, to term every 
 Thing Gothick which was irregular, dif- 
 proportion’d, or deform’d. 
 
 The Art of De Signing was undoubt- 
 edly loft in thofe dark Ages, when Men 
 were led blindfold to Learning, through 
 the Caprice and Humour of a Set of Men 
 who endeavour’d to engrofs that refin’d 
 Part of our Species to themfelves ; and 
 their Care of fomething lefs material 
 might prevent them from fpeculative En- 
 quiries 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 49 
 
 quiries about Arts and Sciences, content- 
 ing themfelves with the vulgar Gout and 
 Opinion, efteeming the fevere Difcipline 
 of Study, either too difficult, or un- 
 worthy of their Notice ; fo Errors, by 
 Degrees, were introduc'd, cherifih’d, and 
 practis’d, without Regard or Enquiry into 
 the Reafonablenefs or Unreafonablenefs 
 of its Performance. 
 
 If we look upon that great expen five 
 Building of We t Ihninjler- Abbey , erected 
 by Edward the Confejfor , about the Y ear 
 1060, take in all its Parts, its Propor- 
 tions, or Symmetry, it appears only a 
 heavy, lumpifh, unrefin’d Mafs of Ma- 
 terials jumbled together without Defign, 
 Regularity, or Order ; the Middle Ifie is 
 too long and too high for its Breadth : 
 The Symmetry of the External Part has 
 no Analogy to the Internal ; the Multi- 
 tudes of little Pillars have no Proportion 
 to the Parts to which they are connec- 
 ted ; the Windows are perform’d with- 
 out Rule, without Beauty, or Defign ; 
 and if they happen to ftart into a kind of 
 Proportion, it is only blind Chance 
 which inadvertently leads them to it. If 
 we take a Survey of all our antient Cathe- 
 drals, fuch as Salijbury , fo much won- 
 
 E der’d 
 
50 LECTURES on 
 
 der’d at, there is nothing worthy our 
 Notice, but the Height of the Spire, and 
 prodigious Expence Men have been at to 
 perpetuate their Folly to future Times. 
 The Riches which have been exhaufted 
 from the Natives of this, as well as 
 other Countries, to ered Abbies, Monaf- 
 teries, Nunneries, Churches, &c. and 
 the large Endowments left to fupport 
 them, need not give Men much Trouble 
 to think why fo much Pains have been 
 taken to render them as beautiful as their 
 Geniufes would reach to make them. 
 
 If the profufe Millions of Money ex- 
 pended in forming fo many Gothick 
 Buildings in this Kingdom, had only been 
 appropriated to ereding Seminaries of 
 ufeful Learning, and in fo beautiful a 
 Form as even fome of our Moderns have 
 a Tafte of, with what Elegance and 
 Splendour would this Ifland fhine, and 
 become more than Competitor with 
 Rome in all its Glory. Compare old St. 
 Giles's , or old St. Martin s in the Fields , 
 Churches, with their new, and every 
 one will undoubtedly fee what that Sym- 
 metry is which gives fuch Pleafure to the 
 Eye of the Beholder. I do not fay tbefe 
 are without Faults, but they are fo few, 
 
 com- 
 
ARCHITECTURE, 51 
 
 compar'd with any Cothick Edifice, that 
 they feem not to be ; and I believe the 
 Expence of the old trebly exceeded either 
 of the new, in Proportion to the Value 
 of Money when each was built ; we fee 
 partly an Instance of this in the Repairs 
 of the Goihick Works • what Time, what 
 Waite of Materials, &c, do thofe Re- 
 parations make. 
 
 What I have faid is to iliew not their 
 Want of Encouragement, but Taite and 
 Genius, at the Times when that rude, ir- 
 regular way of Building prevail’d through- 
 out Europe ; while the noble Structures 
 of antient Rome , the Baths, Triumphal 
 Arches, Temples, &c. lay demolifli’d by 
 envious Time, and fcarce any thing re- 
 main’d of pure Architecture but its Ruins 
 and Name. 
 
 As Palladio , if not the firft, was the 
 chiefeft Reftorer of Antiquity, and by 
 whom our Moderns are principally guid- 
 ed ; I (hall endeavour to fhew you his 
 Blemifhes as well as Perfections, whereby 
 you will be render’d capable of avoiding 
 the one, and embracing the other. As 
 Buildings, by Time, were beautified and 
 regulated under certain Proportions allot- 
 
 E 2 ted 
 
•52 LECTURES on 
 
 ted by the Antients, fo they were adapt- 
 ed to the Strength requir’d in the Edi- 
 fice to be eredled 5 and under the Diffe- 
 rence of thefe Proportions of Heights 
 and Diftances which the Antients made 
 ufe of to each Order , are ftill prefer v’d 
 all the Beauties contain’d in Architecture, 
 and are to be varied as extenfively as the 
 Mind can invent, differing only in the 
 Form or Modus ; as the Multitudes of 
 Tunes are perform’d by only the feven 
 Notes in Mujick. 
 
 Under thefe Proportions may be 
 confider’d the Orders diflindtly, either 
 with, or without their Pede/lals , thofe 
 being contriv’d only to raife the Column 
 or Pilafler to fuch 2 Height which was 
 requifite to perform its Office, without 
 having the Affiftance of another Order 
 over it, which is repugnant to all the 
 Rules of Architecture , and the Practice, 
 in particular of the Antients. 
 
 PALLAD 10 juftly obferves, that 
 there is an abfolute Neceffity of a ftrid: 
 Adherence to the Practice of thofe Rules 
 and Proportions of the Antients, which 
 thofe Perfons who meafur’d the Ruins 
 of Antiquity laid down from the Build- 
 ings 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 53 
 
 ings themfelves, which they collected in 
 Fragments, and tranfmitted to us by par- 
 ticular Meafures 3 though, perhaps, he 
 fometimes follows the Caprice or Hu- 
 mour of the Perfon for whom he built, 
 or the C ii (torn which moft prevail’d in 
 Italy at that Time ; for he fometimes 
 deviates from that Noblenefs and Gran- 
 deur which appears in thofe Buildings 
 eredled with one Order , which may be 
 eafily difcern’d by comparing Plate 2d, 
 54th and 55th, with the 15th, 35th, 
 47th and 60th of the fecond Book ; the 
 two fir ft of which being of the Icmck % 
 and the other two of the Corinthian Or- 
 der, with proper Intercolumniations, on- 
 ly one Order in the Height of the Build- 
 ing. 
 
 The Antients never exceeded three 
 Diameters Intercolumniation, except in 
 the c Tufcan Order ; but then they never 
 made them lefs than one Diameter and 
 half, generally approving the Mean be- 
 tween three D iameters and one and a half, 
 which is that Proportion call’d Euflylos , of 
 two Diameters and one fourth, appropria- 
 ting it as a mean Proportion to the Ionic k 
 Order, the Diaftylos to the Derick , and 
 the Syjlylos to the Corinthian , which in 
 
 E 3 "all 
 
54 LECTURES on ' 
 
 all their Temples and Edifices they ft (id- 
 ly obferv’d ; as may be eafily prov’d by 
 the Temples of Vitruvius , and the Ro - 
 man Antiquities colie died by Serlio , Pal - 
 ladio , Defgodetz , Montjaucon , and others, 
 who meafur’d exactly the Remains which 
 Time had left. 
 
 The Reafons which induc’d the An- 
 tients and their Imitators to follow thofe 
 due Proportions in Intercolumniations, 
 were, that if fmall Columns are made , 
 with large Intercolumniations, it will 
 very much diminifh their Beauty ; for the 
 too great Quantity of Air or Vacuity be- 
 tween, will leffen their Thicknefs in 
 Appearance to the Eye 5 and large Co- 
 1 lumns, fuch as thofe at the Admiralty, by 
 having fmall Intercolumniations, makes 
 them appear heavy, thick, and difagree- 
 ahie ; more efpecially as the Sides of the 
 Building, in ft dad of falling from the 
 Front, advance, and contrad the circum- 
 ambient Space which fhould add to the 
 Proportion of fo large Columns. 
 
 The Antients taught us, that if the 
 Diftance or Intercolumniation be three 
 Diameter?, the Column fhould be (even 
 and one half; or eight Diameters high, as 
 
 the 
 
 1 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 55 
 
 the Dorick , having the Diajiylos ; if two 
 and one fourth, the Columns fhould be 
 nine Diameters high, as the lonick , or 
 Proportion Eujtylos ; and if of two only, 
 the Columns fhould be nine Diameters 
 and one half high, as the Corinthian , with 
 the Proportion Syftylos 5 in which the 
 Ufes may ferve for that Variety of Ex- 
 amples of Intercolumniations which Vi- 
 truvius makes Mention of in the fecond 
 Chapter of his third Book. 
 
 If the Antients, and their Imitators in 
 Architecture , have been thus curious and 
 obfervant of the different Intercolumnia- 
 tions, they ought as clofely to be follow’d 
 as any Proportions of Architecture in 
 General and Particular ; and if to the Co- 
 rinthian Order I give fix Diameters Inter- 
 calumniation, I may as well make its 
 Height twelve, and let the Capital be 
 two Diameters, theMonflroufnefs offuch 
 Proportions would foon difcover the 
 Weaknefs and Singularity of the Perfon 
 who fhould fo far deviate from the efla- 
 blifh’d Rules of Antiquity : Therefore I 
 fhali from hence make it appear, that 
 two Orders erected one over the other 
 in the fame Range of Building, is con- 
 trary to all the ftated Rules of Architec - 
 
 E 4 ture. 
 
s 6 LECTURES on 
 
 ture and renders a Defign fo perform’d, 
 
 difagreeabie to the Eye, and contrary to 
 
 the Mathematical Principles of Architec- 
 ture* 
 
 First, It is contrary to all the ftated 
 
 Rules of Ar chi ieffiure. If the lonick 
 Order has been by the Antients allow’d 
 to have only two Diameters and one 
 fourth Intercolumniation, and on that 
 you eredt the Corinthian Order, whofe 
 Diameter at Bottom fhall be equal to 
 the Top of the Diameter of the lonick 
 Column underneath, then the Interco- 
 lumniation of the upper or Corinthian 
 Order, inftead of being the Proportion 
 Sy/iylos for the Corinthian Order, will 
 increafe to more than the Proportion 
 Dyaftylos , or three Diameters allow’d 
 only to the Derick: Therefore it is the 
 re veiling the Rules of Architecture^ to 
 give fuch Intercolumniations to one Or- 
 der , which have, perhaps, never been 
 extended to another more capable of 
 difeharging the W eight, which both Art 
 and Nature is fuppos’d to have Place there 
 to fupport. 
 
 Secondly, It renders a Defign fo 
 perform'd, difagreeabie to the Eye, and 
 
 contrary 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 57 
 
 contrary to the Principles of Architec- 
 ture , For Inftance, the Dorick Order is 
 more robuft and mafly, and by its Pro- 
 portions render'd more capable of fup- 
 porting any Weight, than the lonick , 
 for which Reafon it has a greater Inter- 
 columniation given to it 7 if therefore 
 to the lonick Order I allow the Interco- 
 lumniation of the Dorick , I confequent- 
 ly revert the ftated Rules of the Antients, 
 and lay on it a heavier Burden than Art 
 and Nature intended for it : And if on 
 the Dorick and lonick I place the Co- 
 rinthian Order, I give five Diameters or 
 more Intercolumniation, which even the 
 Tufcan is not allow’d, unlefs in Arcades ; 
 therefore they muft be contrary to the 
 Mathematical Principles of Architecture, 
 How can a light, effeminate, tender Or- 
 der, fupport at fuch prodigious Diftan- 
 ces, a Burden which the more robuft and 
 ftrong have been, by repeated Pra&ices, 
 prov’d incapable of fuftaining ? 
 
 Thirdly, The introducing more than 
 one Order in the Elevation of a Building, 
 if not a modern, is a capricious Invention. 
 Obferve the Temples and publick Edifices 
 of the Greeks and Romans ; they have 
 but one Order , becaufe the Orders can- 
 •f* not 
 
5 S LECTURES on 
 
 not be fuppos’d to fupport a Fioor if they 
 are Infuiar ; and being attach’d to a Build- 
 ing, the Walls difcharge the Weight of 
 the Floors, the Duty of the Columns be- 
 ing only to fupport the Entablature and 
 its dependant Weight. Likewife the 
 Beauty and Grandeur of thofe Defigns 
 of one Order only, may be feen in the 
 Temples, &c. I before mention’d ; efpe- 
 cially if you compare them with the 54th 
 and 55th Defign of Palladio s fecond 
 Book of Ar chit eel are. 
 
 When I mention thofe two Defigns 
 of Palladio , I am to obferve, that he 
 fo far difowns them for Examples of Prac- 
 tice, that he fays they were made while 
 he was young, and calls them in his De- 
 feription, New Inventions of his own, 
 and had not been executed ; and if Palla- 
 dio feerns fornetimes inconfiftent with 
 himfelf, our great Moderns have fallen 
 into as unpardonable Errors. Even the 
 immortal Mr. Gibbs , in that beautiful 
 and noble Building of St. Martins 
 Church, has fo far outdone that Defign 
 of St. Mary in the Strand \ that the Ge- 
 nius of the fame Author is no way vifi- 
 ble ; and they feem as different in the 
 Defign, as if it were one of Inigo 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 59 
 
 Jones, and the other of Sir John Van- 
 
 drug Vs. 
 
 I cannot help making Ufe of that 
 fine Biftich of Mr. Pope in his EJfay on 
 Criticifm , when he fpeaks of Men dif- 
 fering from themfelves at different Times* 
 he fays. 
 
 As when the Wit offome great Genius /hall 
 So overflow , that is , be none at all. 
 
 Therefore at that Time Palladio might 
 have a Superfluity or Overflowing of Ge- 
 nius. 
 
 • But to return to the Practice of the 
 Antients in raifirrg Buildings to a requir’d 
 Height : They either eredted the Orders 
 on a Pedeftal, or on a RuflickBafement j 
 or if that prov’d infuflicient for its Mag- 
 nitude, they plac’d an Attick over the 
 Order : This has among the Antients 
 been frequently practis’d, efpecialiy in 
 their Triumphal Arches, which our Mo- 
 derns may be faid to have juftly imi- 
 tated. 
 
 That which I now principally aim 
 at, is to have every one of you judge in 
 * ' this 
 
60 LECTURES on 
 
 this nice Grills of Defigning for him- 
 felfj for which Purpofe I propofe, for 
 your Speculation, two of the greateft, 
 the nobleft, and moll noted Buildings in 
 the World ; both erected in different 
 Countries, both dedicated to the fame 
 Ufe, and both the Glorv and Ornaments 
 of the greateft and moft renown’d Cities 
 in the Univerfe : I fay, thofe two Build- 
 ings St. Peter § at Rome , and St. Paul’s 
 London , I place before you, as Patterns, 
 to engage your Notice and decifive Judg- 
 menti St. Peter’s at Rome had its firft 
 Defign from Br ament e , a famous Archi- 
 ted, who flourifh’d in Italy about 250 
 Years fince $ and receiv’d its laft Model 
 from the great Michael Angelo , about 
 20 Years after the Deceafe of Bramante ; 
 and both defign’d it, as it is now ereded, 
 with only one Order . 
 
 St. PAU Ids was the Defign of our 
 own Countryman and great Archited Sir 
 Chrijlopher Wren , a Genius, for the Prin- 
 ciples of the Mathematicks and Archi- 
 tecture^ univerfally efteem’d 5 but, 1 think,, 
 has fo far deviated from the Paths Of his 
 Pattern, St Peter s, that he has thought 
 proper to omit the Attick above the Or- 
 der which is in St. Peter % and has made 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 6 i 
 
 two Orders one over another. The Si- 
 militude of the reft of the Parts, when 
 you compare them, will, perhaps, giv© 
 you a finguiar Pleafure, beyond what I 
 can defcribe, without delineating the Ob- 
 jects themfelves, and placing* them in that 
 juft View which of yourfelves von will 
 undoubtedly take. 
 
 Ffom this Point I might defcend to 
 many general Obfervations of Form, 
 Magnitude, and Proportion, and from 
 thence to Situations, Materials, and Or- 
 ders in particular ; but as this LeBure 
 has already intruded on your Patience, 
 I fhall refer it to, perhaps, fome enfuing, 
 when Time and Opportunity offers, and 
 that it may be thought worthy your 
 Notice. 
 
 Gentlemen, in a Defcription of 
 this Kind, it is impoftible to make trfe 
 of thofe florid Expreffions, thofe elo- 
 quent Defcriptions and rhetorical Sen- 
 tences, which might have been expected 
 from me, in a Difcourfe of another Na- 
 ture : Therefore the Defeats in my Lan- 
 guage, muft not be imputed to my want of 
 Abiliries in this Particular. I have only 
 confulted the Genius of my Friends, the 
 
62 LECTURES on 
 
 Truth of my Affertions, and the Since- 
 rity of my DefireSj in being acceflary to 
 every good Office which may procure 
 Knowledge ; and if I mifs in my Defign, 
 I hope the want of fuch Succefs will no 
 be imputed to the want of Judgment, in 
 one that at lead: meant well ; who is like- 
 wile, 
 
 Gentlemen , 
 
 Tour mojl humble Servant . 
 
 Read to the Society, Dec. 31, 1732. 
 
 Lecture 
 
 r* 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 63 
 
 
 Lecture V. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 ^ ^ Gothick , and our Modern 
 
 )OF^3Rck)K Achiteffiure) 1 propos’d to 
 fhew you what kind of Situations fuit 
 with the different Orders , and what kind 
 of Proportions are to be ufed, for pre- 
 ferving a drift Regularity and Harmony; 
 with fome ufefui Reflections on Exam- 
 ples of publick and private Buildings ; in 
 which the Application of the Orders , 
 and Choice of Situation, are, or have 
 not been confider’d by the Builder ; which 
 I now propofe to make the Subject of 
 this Le El ure. 
 
 When I fpeak of Situation, it mull 
 not be fuppos’d that I mean proper 
 Choice of it in Towns or Cities, .where 
 
 every 
 
 T the Conclufion of my laf 
 ^ LeEture y (which was a De 
 
 y A Q fcription of the Antient, th 
 
 / 
 
64 LECTURES on- 
 
 every Order is promifcuoufly perform'd* 
 and, perhaps, in the fame Pile of Build- 
 ing $ but I would be underdood, fuch 
 Situations which are the proper Choice 
 of Retirements, where a Samenefs fhould 
 be preierv’d between Art and Nature • 
 
 Convenience is certainly the firft 
 Thing to be confider’d in Choice of Si- 
 tuation ; what Supplies of Water, of Pro- 
 vifion, of Carriage, &c. can eafily and 
 fpeedily be attain’d : For without thefe 
 principal and neceffary Conveniences, 
 for the Support of little Commonwealths 
 of Farnil ies, a Structure would foon be 
 deferred, and left a Refidenee only for 
 the Fowls of the Air to retire to, from 
 the Inclemencies of the Seafons, and a 
 Place of Repofe, 
 
 But it is at the fame time to be ob- 
 feiVd, fuch Situations which produce 
 fuch Sunolies, are not difficult to be 
 found : And, perhaps, with the Addi- 
 tions of a healthy and fertile Soil, un- 
 interrupted Vidas and Avenues, an agree- 
 able River, or fome opening Lawn, or 
 at lead a didant Groupe of Hills and Vales 
 diminifliing from the Eye by a pleafing 
 Gradation : I fay fuch an agreeable Spot 
 
 of 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 65 
 
 of Ground, where Nature wantons in 
 Luxuriancy, is the firft Care of a Builder; 
 and by a proper Defign compos’d to 
 blend Art and Nature together, muft con- 
 fequently render it the Delight of the 
 Inhabitant, and give an unfpeakable Plea- 
 fur e to the Eye of every Beholder. 
 
 A Person who builds on fuch a ufe- 
 ful and delightful Glebe, muft doubtlefs 
 not only agreeably improve that Fortune 
 which Providence has fupplied him with, 
 but likewife perpetuate his Judgment to 
 his Pofterity ; it muft render his OfF-fpring 
 a Happinefs and Pleafure, which gives a 
 true Relifti to Life. But he who, on the 
 contrary, lays the Foundation of his Fa- 
 brick on a barren or unpleafant Soil, or 
 on a bleak Wild which Nature feems to 
 have defer ted, is, confequently, only per- 
 petuating his Folly to future Ages. 
 
 But it is to be obferv’d, that every 
 one that builds has not an equal Felicity 
 in the Opportunity of chufing a fine Situ- 
 ation ; therefore fome muft fall into lit- 
 tle Errors and Inconveniences : But it 
 were better to have an ill-fhap’d Hand 
 or Leg, than to have none. Therefore 
 Conveniency muft he preferr’d to Beauty ; 
 and the fine Profpedt, the opening Lawns, 
 
 F the 
 
66 LECTURES on 
 
 the diftant Views, muft give way to & 
 more healthy, a more temperate, or more 
 convenient Soil. 
 
 I might here defcend to fhew you 
 by what Methods you muft proceed to 
 diftinguifh a healthy Soil, fuch as by the 
 Complexion of the Inhabitants, the Health 
 of Cattle, and even bv the Soundnefs 
 of Stones and Trees, are known ; and in 
 the choice of Water , concerning its 
 Goodnefs, by being in running Streams, 
 not ftagnated, muddy, or leaving any 
 Sediment in the Veffel, its Remotenefs 
 from Lakes or Ponds of Water, &c. 
 But as this would divert your Thoughts 
 from the Application of Buildings, to a 
 proper Situation ; I fhall refer it to ano- 
 ther LeClure , or to Alberti , or Andrea 
 Palladio , who has faid what is neceffary 
 on this Subject, in his firft and fecond 
 Books of Architecture. 
 
 As Nature requires a Samenefs, w 7 hen 
 Art is made ufe of to add Luftre to her 
 Beauty ; fo Art never more agreeably 
 pleafes us, than when fhe has a Refem- 
 blance of Nature : Therefore, by a kind 
 of Sympathy and Attraction, when both 
 are blended or mingled together, fo as 
 to be preferv’d without ftarting into Ex- 
 
 treams. 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 67 
 
 treams, they muft neceflarily give that 
 Pleafare to the Senfes, which alone can 
 flow from the nice Hand and Skill of 
 the Defigner. 
 
 In this, I think, our modern Way of 
 planning Gardens is far preferable to 
 what was us'd 20 Years ago, where, in 
 large Parterres, you might fee Men, 
 Birds, and Dogs, cut in Trees ; or, per- 
 haps, fomething like the Shape of a Man 
 
 on Horfeback (pardon this Digref- 
 
 fion.) In Architecture Men have fell 
 
 into Methods equally abfurd. In fome 
 Places, may be feen little Boys fupporting 
 a Burden of a Monument that had been 
 the Labour of 10 or 12 Perfons to place 
 there ; or a Corinthian Column fet in a 
 Fith-pond, and a Tufcan at the Entrance 
 of a Summer- houfe. I fay, fuch Incon- 
 fiftencies in Nature always hurt the Ima- 
 gination, and we view fuch Objects with 
 more Pain and Surprize than any Pleafore 
 they can poffibly give us, 
 
 A champaign open Country, re- 
 quires a noble and plain Building, which 
 is always bed fupplied by the Dorick 
 Order, or fomething analogous to its 
 Simplicity. If it have a long extended 
 View, it were bed to range the Offices 
 
 Fa in 
 
68 LECTURES on 
 
 in a Line with the Building; for at dif- 
 tant Views it fills the Eye with a ma- 
 jeftick Pleafure. A Situation near the 
 Sea requires the fame, or rather a Ruf- 
 ticity and Lownefs : The Vapours of the 
 Sea, by its faline Qualities, expand 
 themfelves fome Diftance, and always are 
 a decaying Principle ; and with the boif- 
 terous Winds which blow from it, muft, 
 confequently, require a Power forcible 
 enough to withftand its corrofive Quality. 
 
 The chearful Vale requires more De- 
 coration and Drefs ; and if the View be 
 long, or fome adjacent River runs near 
 it ; the Ionic k Order is the moft proper ; 
 w r here Nature feems to wanton in Drefs, 
 and is gay in Verdure , {he requireth Art 
 to a (lift and embellifh her, and the Live- 
 linefs of the Ionic k Order can deck and 
 garnifh the Glebe. If the Spot be an 
 Afcent, and fome diftant Hills or Wood 
 environ the back Part, (in which I fup- 
 pofe the Front a South Afpedt) then a 
 few Ornaments may be fcatter’d in pro- 
 per Parts, to give it an enlivening Va- 
 riety; but Care muft be had not to 
 
 ufe Superfluity. If it be on an Emi- 
 nence, and furrounded with Woods, 
 the principal Avenues fhould be fpaci- 
 ous : Portico I give a grateful Pleafure to 
 
 us 
 
ARCHITECTURE, 69 
 
 us in the View, and more fo, if the Front 
 is not contra&ed by the Avenue, nor 
 continue too near it, to take off the 
 proper Shades and keeping of Defign. 
 
 The lonick Order is of the three 
 Greek Orders the mod applicable to Si- 
 tuations of various Kinds 5 and if I fay 
 her Meafures and Proportions more 
 pleafingly attradl the Eye, it is not with- 
 out Reafon : The Parts are analogous to 
 Nature, in which fhe has been fo nicely 
 pois’d between the Rufticity of the Do - 
 rick and the Luxuriancy of the Corin - 
 thiajiy that I am more apt to believe 
 the lonick Order was invented as a 
 Mean between the Dorick and the Co- 
 rinthian, than that the lonick was in fo 
 beautiful Proportion before the Corin- 
 thian Order was invented. 
 
 The filent Streams , the gay, the wan- 
 ton Scene , requires the Corinthian Order - y 
 where Nature is gilded with lively Land- 
 fkips, where the Verdure is blended with 
 Flowers, which fhe decks herfelf with, 
 and where the party-colour’d Painting 
 of fome opening Lawn garnifties her in 
 all her Pride ; then the Architect muft 
 have Recourfe to Fancy, muft mingle his 
 Flowers with Nature, his Feftoons of 
 
 F 3 Fruits, 
 
70 LECTURES on 
 
 Fruits, &c. mu ft deck the Fabrick, and 
 be Nature in every thing but Lavifh- 
 nefs; the fame Chain of Similitude 
 fhould run through the Defign, rifing 
 from one Degree of Drefs to another, 
 ftill preferving the Confiftency of the 
 Parts with the Whole, and keeping that 
 Mediocrity in Ornament which the Na- 
 ture of the Defign requires. 
 
 If this proper Application of the Or- 
 ders feem neceflary in Seats for Retire- 
 ment, I would beg leave to obferve, 
 that Cities and Towns require a juft and 
 nice Confiftency in Things. The Pro- 
 fpedl, it is true, cannot be had, but the 
 Expences of erecting many irregular 
 Buildings might be appropriated to bet- 
 ter Tafte and Fancy ; publick Buildings 
 in particular : A gay and lively Defign 
 of the Corinthian Order, is illy appro- 
 priated to an Hofpital, and a Palace would 
 be worfe with the Tufcan . 
 
 A spacious Square, or fuch an 
 open Place as Lincoln s- Inn-Fields y might 
 give room for Elegance and Defign; but 
 where a proper Diftance is wanting to 
 view a building at, it makes an uncouth 
 Figure. If you would fee the Propor- 
 tion of a Man, you muft be fo far dis- 
 tant 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 71 
 
 tant as to take the whole of him in the 
 Eye at once, and Buildings require the 
 fame Optical Rules. 
 
 GREE Nffl ICH- HO S P IT A L 
 has certainly a Noblenefs and Grandeur 
 in the Defign 5 but I could wifh that it 
 flood a Mile from the River, or that it 
 had been eredted with the Ionick Order : 
 And, I think in this too, the Defign 
 is not juftly appropriated, becaufe two 
 Orders finifh the fame Range, the Co- 
 rinthian is next the River, and the Do- 
 rick continueth through the Colonade to 
 the South Courts. I muft fay, York- St airs 
 have the jufteft Application of any thing 
 I ever faw yet attempted, in relation to a 
 proper Adaption of Defign. 
 
 If we retreat to a Rural Situation, 
 Hampton- Court furnifhes us with a pro- 
 per ’Scene, and Sir Chrijlopher Wren 
 has juftly appropriated his Decoration, 
 not running into the Extreams of Plain - 
 nefs or Luxuriancy . The fame Propriety 
 of Invention has attended that Defign of 
 Lord Cajllemain , in which Colen Camp- 
 hell was Architect. As that Situation 
 has a Mixture of Opennefs and Gaiety, 
 he has blended Solidity and Airinefs ex- 
 treamly agreeable. 
 
 KEN- 
 
7 2 
 
 LECTURES on 
 
 KENS ING TO N- PA LACE af- 
 fords a long Trad: of Defign, and the 
 Invention of an Architect need not be 
 rack'd to fuit a Front analogous to the 
 Situation : The Avenues are fpacious, 
 and afford all the Propriety and Delicacies 
 of a Corinthian Profile, which is now 
 funk into the moft irregular and difpro- 
 portion’d Simplicity that has been any 
 where perform’d. 
 
 This ill Application of Fancy in the 
 Defigner, has led many into unpardona- 
 ble Errors ; and that Situation of Sir 
 Gregory Page's, was not worthy of fo 
 regular a Pile ; the Glebe is unfertile, nor 
 does any diftant Profped, worthy Notice 
 invite the Eye, and the principal Front 
 is to a barren Wild, where no Rivulet 
 glides by, no Pidurefque Landfkip nor 
 pleafing Shades ; every thing finks into 
 Lownefs and an uncultivated Scene. 
 
 Gentlemen, This fhort Sketch of 
 Situation and Choice of Defign, will, I 
 hope, give you a juft Idea of what fort 
 of Buildings are requir’d by various 
 Scenes of Profped; for the Defigner is 
 to adapt his Building to the Situation, it 
 being, perhaps, impradicable to attain 
 
 one 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 73 
 
 one fuitable to his Delign 5 and it often 
 happens fuch Impropriety makes a Mo- 
 dern Building look either like an old an- 
 tiquated Caftle, or elfe it dwindles into 
 a luxuriant Folly. 
 
 But this proper Choice of Situation 
 is not the only Care of an Architect ; 
 Proportion likewife requires our niceft 
 Application to attain. To fee on a 
 confiderable Eminence, the length of a 
 Front little, and the Height difpropor- 
 tion’d, would appear as abfurd as to be- 
 hold a Front in a Vale long and extend- 
 ed, and elevated only one Story. And 
 this Choice mult likewife be dependant 
 upon Rules 3 for as the jarring of In- 
 ftruments by blind Chance cannot pof- 
 fibly pleafe the Ear, fo the Difpropor- 
 tion of the Parts of any Objedt mull na- 
 turally Ihock the Eye \ and in both un- 
 erring Rules mull fo proportion the 
 Sounds, and difpofe the Parts, that the 
 whole may be compleat Harmony. 
 
 Nature has taught Mankind in 
 Muflck certain Rules for Proportion of 
 Sounds, fo Architecture has its Rules 
 dependant on thofe Proportions, or at 
 lead: fuch Proportions which are Arith- 
 metical Harmony •, and thofe 1 take to 
 
 be 
 
c r vj 
 
 4 LECTURES on 
 
 e dependant on Nature. The Square 
 in Geometry , the Unifon or Circle in 
 Mufickt and the Cube in Building , have 
 all an inleparable Proportion ; the Parts 
 being equal, and the Sides, and Angles, 
 &c . give the Eye and Ear an agreeable 
 Pleafure ; from hence may lilcewife be 
 deduc’d the Cube and half, the Double 
 Cube ; the Diapafon, and Diapente, be- 
 ing founded on the fame Principles in 
 MuJicL 
 
 From hence may be confider’d like- 
 wife the Subduple Proportions of 2, 3, 
 and 4, and their Duplicates, and 3, 4, 
 and 5, likewife of 3, 4, and 6; all which 
 1 propofe to explain, and apply their 
 Ufes to the external Part of Building 5 
 and it may be obfeiVd, that as thefe Pro- 
 portions have never been publifh’d with 
 regard to Building, I hope this Appli- 
 cation of Numbers will be an agreeable 
 Speculation for your future Enquiries. 
 
 But I am to obferve, that even a 
 Building of jooo Foot long may have 
 the fame Proportions, by breaking for- 
 ward for the Cube, and finking to the 
 Diapafon, and changing the fame Line 
 to a Diapente, which Mixture of pro- 
 portion’d Parts will make the whole 
 
 agreeable. I f 
 
 o 
 
Pa .9 e - 75 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 75 
 
 I f any of the following Proportions 
 be to be perform’d, it mu ft be obferv’d, 
 that the Cube fhould never exceed 50 
 Foot ; the Cube and ]ialf never exceed 
 60 Foot Front, and the Double Cube 
 never fhould be more than 80 Foot. 
 
 If the Cube be 50 Foot Front con- 
 fequently the Depth and Height will 
 be the fame. See Fig. C. 
 
 The Cube and half, if the Front be 
 60 Foot, as Fig . D. the Depth will be 
 40, and Height 40. 
 
 The Double Cube of 60 Foot Front, 
 will be 30 Foot deep, and 30 Foot 
 high : This, which is call’d a Double 
 Cube in Building, is only the placing of 
 two Cubes together in Plano 5 as may 
 be feen by Fig . E. 
 
 The Arithmetical Proportions flow 
 in the fame progreffive Channel, and are 
 to be made Ufe of as Neceffity re- 
 quires. 4, 3 and 2, with their Dupli- 
 cates, make an agreeable Front. If the 
 Front be 60 Foot, the Depth is 45, and 
 Height 30; as is fhewn Fig. G. by di- 
 viding it into 4, the Depth is 3, 
 l Height 
 
76 LECTURES on 
 
 Height 2 ; or if it be 80 Foot Front, 
 the Depth will by the fame Rule be 60 
 Foot, and Height 40. 
 
 The Arithmetical Proportion of 5, 4 
 and 3, if the Front be 60 Foot, the 
 Depth will be 48 Feet, and the Height 
 
 6. See Fig. H. Or if the Front be 
 80 Foot, will produce 60 Foot deep, 
 and 48 Foot high ; divide the Front into 
 
 5 Parts, the Depth is 4, and Height 3. 
 
 / 
 
 The Arithmetical Proportion of 6, 4 
 and 3, will, if the Front be 60 Foot, 
 produce the Depth 40, and Height 30 
 Foot ; as the Fig. I. Or if the Front be 
 90 Foot, the Depth will be 60, and 
 Height 45* 
 
 I should now proceed to fhew the 
 Ufes of them, in their Application to 
 Situations and Orders *, but as I have, 
 perhaps, already intruded on your Pa- 
 tience, mud beg leave to make it the 
 Subject of my next Le&ure 5 and am in 
 the mean time, 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Your mofl Humble Servant. 
 
 Read to the Society, Jan. 21, 173^. 
 
 1 Lecture 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 77 
 
 ,-■•>'_• • . .1 
 
 Lecture VL 
 
 N my laft LeBure I defcrib’d 
 the Beauties of a Rural Situa- 
 tion, and a proper Choice of 
 the Orders to be erefted in 
 fuch Situations ; adapting them in their 
 Decoration and Drefs fimilar to the Beau- 
 ties fuch retir’d Villa’s require ; pointing 
 out likewife, where Nature feem’d to 
 wanton in Luxuriancy, how to blend 
 Art fo agreeably with her, to give a 
 Pleafure to the Eye of the Beholder ; and 
 compleating the fame with certain un- 
 erring Proportions to be made ufe of in 
 Buildings of various Magnitudes, fo as 
 to render thofe Proportions ufeful by 
 univerfal Rules. 
 
 I n Defcriptions of this kind, Gentle - 
 men^ it will be almoft impoffible to ex- 
 plain every Term in Art, or make my 
 felf fo intelligible, as by an ocular View 
 of the Defigns themfelves : I mu ft there- 
 
78 L E C T U R E S on 
 
 fore content myfelf with making only 
 fuch Remarks as are ufeful, in forming 
 a juft Idea of the general or particular 
 Extent of ArchiteBure , as it relates to 
 Beauty and Convenience ; in which I 
 fhall fo endeavour to explain myfelf, as 
 to give you ail the Satisfaction that can 
 be expeded from a bare Defcription, in 
 which Words only can convey the Ob- 
 ject to your Minds. 
 
 Beauty, in all Objects, fpring from 
 the fame unerring Law in Nature, which, 
 in Ar chit e Bur e> I would call Propor- 
 tion. The joint Union and Concor- 
 dance of the Parts, in an exaft Symmetry, 
 forms the whole a compkat Harmony, 
 which admits of no Medium ; it is agree- 
 ably blended through the whole, and 
 diffufes itfelf to the Imagination byfome 
 fyrapathifing Secret to the Soul, which 
 is all Union, ail Harmony, and Propor- 
 tion. 
 
 Convenience, is the juft {apply- 
 ing of Wants ; it is the Handmaid to Na- 
 ture, affifting us to what is neceffary in 
 Life ; withouc being incommoded by it, 
 we receive our Meat in due Seafon 3 our 
 Sleep without Difturbance $ our Bale, 
 
 our 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 79 
 
 our Pleafure, is centred in Convenience. 
 Our Choice of Situation may delight 
 the Eye, but I obferv’d in my lail Lec- 
 ture, that Beauty, or what I now call 
 Proportion, muft give way to this more 
 important one, Convenience. With 
 thefe two the Architect is to endeavour 
 to become not only acquainted, but like- 
 wife Mailer of, before he attempts to 
 launch into the Field of Deiigning : But 
 when thofe are attain’d, all the Difficul- 
 ties in ArchiteBure vanifh, and he can 
 delineate his Ideas from the Cottage to 
 the Palace, fo as to render them worthy 
 of the nobleil Encouragement and Imi- 
 tation. 
 
 There is this great Difadvantage 
 arifes in Buildings which are, or are to 
 be eredted in Cities or Towns, that nei- 
 ther Proportion or Convenience can be 
 had. The Irregularity or Littlenefs of 
 the Spot, prevent the Ar chit eft from 
 fhewing his Skill in Deiigning : But it 
 is to be obferv’d, that even that Irregu- 
 larity or Smalnefs requires his Judgment 
 to difpofe of in the moil advantageous 
 Manner; and fometimes Noblenels it- 
 felf may be feen in Miniature, when de- 
 lineated by a fkilful Hand. But, per- 
 
80 LECTURES on 
 
 haps, the fame Spot, defign’d by another, 
 would appear difproportion’d and incon- 
 venient. When I fpeak of Defigns in 
 general, I would not be underflood to 
 mean thofe little Buildings for Shops, 
 or fmall Tenements $ but thofe of a 
 higher Clafs, whofe Inhabitants may be 
 fuch to whom Fortune has been propi- 
 tious enough to make happy under her 
 Protection ; though fometimes thofe of 
 a lower Degree require the Direction of 
 the Architect, and his Skill to perform. 
 
 In Towns and Cities, where Trading, 
 and Bufinefs of other Natures, require the 
 Attendance of Perfons of fuperior Rank, 
 various Parts of it are wanted for their 
 Convenience : The Merchant requires 
 the City for his Refidence; Pleafure here 
 gives way for Bufinefs, and Proportion is 
 fet afide for Convenience of Warehoufes 
 for Stowage of Goods and Merchandize, 
 which are the Produce of various Coun- 
 tries ; the Wine-Merchant for Cellars, 
 the Cotton- Merchant for dryer Store- 
 Rooms, &c. in all which the Architeft 
 is to be acquainted with Convenience. 
 
 On the other Hand, the Courtier re- 
 fid es in the more retir’d Parts of the 
 
 Town, 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 8 x 
 
 Town, where Spacioufnefs and Gran- 
 deur are the Object of the Defigner : 
 Here, indeed, he finds generally the moft 
 Regularity in his Spot of Ground, and 
 more Space for his Fancy to move in : 
 But as their Refidence in Town is only a 
 fmall Part of the Year, and where the 
 Grandeur and Magnificence equal to 
 their Quality, is not fo much requir’d 
 as in their Country-Seats, fuch Noble- 
 mens Houfes are to be confider’d only 
 as an Accommodation for themfeives du- 
 ring a fhort Attendance on Court or Par- 
 liament; like the Merchant’s Houfe the 
 Architect is only to con fid er the Con- 
 venience, fuitable to the Dignity of the 
 Perfon, as far as the Spot will admit, re- 
 ferving fuch Apartments for Grandeur 
 as may be ieaft liable to be incommoded. 
 
 From what I have faid of Proportion 
 and Convenience, as they relate to Town 
 Houfes, there is one unfortunate Excep- 
 tion to both, in which, even by the Re- 
 port of all Travellers, Rome itfelf might 
 have been outdone, both in Magnificence 
 and Proportion, in Delicacy and Con- 
 venience : Space is not wanting, an ex- 
 cellent Foundation, the molt healthy 
 Part of this Noble City, and the Verge 
 
 G of 
 
82 LECTURES on 
 
 of Retirement to the Country, near the 
 Court, the Center of Bufinefs, fupplied 
 by Water, and all other Provifions, even 
 to Profufenefs 5 and yet that nice Appli- 
 cation of Dejign is wanting. There is a 
 .Field for Fancy, the World cannot {hew 
 a Spot of Ground built on fo Noble, and 
 fo capable of producing four magnificent 
 regular Sides : If every Builder had agreed 
 as to the external Part* to have made each 
 Range as regular as the Eaft Side, or with 
 that Grandeur of EfquireSz&^m/’s on the 
 North, I may affirm, future Ages might 
 boaft, that the greats ft and moft regular 
 Buildings on one Spot of Ground, was 
 erected near the City of London , call’d 
 Grojvenor- Square. 
 
 Let us now retreat into the Country, 
 and view the Advantages of a R ural Situ- 
 ation, where no impediment's lie in the 
 way to Proportion and Convenience, in 
 which the Care and Skill of the Archi - 
 tedl is under no Reftraint ; where there 
 is room for Drefs and Decoration, for 
 Grandeur and Ufefulnefs, appropriating 
 the Defign to Purpofes requir'd by the 
 Perfon who is to be the Inhabitant. A 
 Gentleman who delights in mixing Profit 
 With his Pleafures, by keeping fome Part 
 
 of 
 
ARCHITECTURE, 83 
 
 of his Eftate in his own Hands, and 
 making the moft Advantage of the Pro- 
 duce of his Ground, the Center of it is 
 the moft proper 5 for then* by a moderate 
 Fatigue, he may view the whole himfelf 
 whenever he thinks fit, and make Im- 
 provements round about it $ but if pof~ 
 Able it can be built near a River, it will 
 be vaftly advantageous, and greatly con- 
 duce to its Beauty and Convenience, for 
 by that Means, Carriage of Things in the 
 Produce of the Eftate is render’d lefs ex- 
 penfive, the Profpedt will be more agree-* 
 able, it will refrefti the Air, and ferve 
 the Purpofes of the Houfe, and, if re- 
 quir'd, in the watering the Meadows, or 
 Pafture Land, Gardens, &c. in all which 
 Convenience muft have the Prehemi- 
 nence* 
 
 I f the Situation cannot be had near 
 fome navigable River, at leaft, if poffible, 
 near fome Brook or running Water, and 
 as diftant from dead and ftagnant Waters 
 as conveniently can be, becaufe thofe 
 impregnate the grofieft and moft un whole- 
 feme Air, which by building in elevated 
 or more open Places, may be avoided 5 
 for where the Air is free, and in a perpe- 
 tual Motion, and the Earth through its 
 
 G 2 Declivity^ 
 
$4 LECTURES on 
 
 Declivity, purg’d from Damps and Va- 
 pours, it generally renders the Inhabi- 
 tants healthful, gay, and very well com- 
 plexion’d ; but due Care ought to be had 
 that the Houle be iit.ua ted near fuch Wa- 
 ter that has no particular or offensive 
 Tafte, that it be clear and light, its Bed 
 on Sand or Gravel, without Mud or 
 Slime to create a Sediment. 
 
 There is one principal Objection to 
 Situation in general, which is carefully 
 to be obferv’d, that is, not to build in 
 Vallies that are enclos'd by Mountains or 
 Hills ; becaufe Houfes which lie conceal'd 
 in fuch Obfcurity, befides the Difadvan- 
 tage of their being depriv d of Profped;, 
 are prejudicial to Health ; the Earth 
 being impregnated with Rains which 
 fettle there, will fend forth contagious 
 Vapours, and the Proviflons carried into 
 fuch Magazines and Granaries, are cor- 
 rupted with Moifture ; if, on the other 
 hand, the Sun can penetrate into thofe 
 Vallies, the Reflection of its Rays will 
 create exceffive Heats ; if not, then a 
 perpetual Shade will render the Xnhabi- 
 rants dull and indolent 5 when the Winds 
 blow into them, they are keen and boif- 
 rerous, becaufe of the narrow Paflage 
 * through 
 
ARCHITECTURE, 85 
 
 through which they muftpafs, and when 
 they ceafe to blow there, the Air will 
 become grofs and licldy through its Stag- 
 nation. Thefe Cautions obferv’d, I fhali 
 now pafs to Remarks on Seats built only 
 for Pleafure or Retirement, where the 
 command of an ample Fortune puts the 
 Inhabitant above the Fatigues attendant 
 on Rural Employment, in which they 
 partake the Pleafure without mixing with 
 it the Labour. 
 
 Noblemens Seats, befides Grandeur, 
 are ereded for a Retirement, or as a 
 Retreat from publick Cares, perhaps in. 
 fome filent unfrequented Glade, where 
 Nature feems to be lull’d into a kind of 
 pleafmg Repofe, and confpires to foften 
 Mankind into folid and awful Contem- 
 plations, efpecially a curious and fpecu- 
 lative Genius, who in fuch diftant and 
 remote Reedies, are free from the Noife 
 and Interruptions of Vifitors or Buiinefs 3 
 or the Tumult of the Populace, which 
 are continually diverting the Ideas into 
 different Channels : Here Proportion, 
 Regularity, and Convenience, are to be 
 aim’d at in the Performance of the Fa- 
 brick, which fhould be erefted with the 
 utmoft Symmetry and Exadlnefs. 
 
 G 3 The; 
 
LEG TUPLES on 
 
 The firft Care in refpect to Decora* 
 lion, is the juftly appropriating the Defign 
 to the Situation, purfuant to the Rules I 
 laid down in my laft Lecture ^ fo blend- 
 ing Art and Nature together as to ren- 
 der it convenient. As thefe Seats are 
 moft ufed in the warmed; Seafons of the 
 Year, Shade is chiefly wanted ; and 
 Vista's through the Defign each Way* 
 befides the Pieafures of fome diftant Pro- 
 fpedt, are Inlets to the refreshing Breezes, 
 which enliven the Spirits, and, by cool- 
 ing the Rooms, make the Seafons more 
 agreeable : The Entrances fhould be 
 Grand, the Rooms Noble and Spacious, 
 and fhould be contiguous to each other, 
 without the Interruption of Paffages or 
 Stair-cafes, which fhould be fo plac’d, 
 that each Room might have a Commu- 
 nication to them without incommoding 
 another. 
 
 The South Afpedl is mod preferable 
 for the principal Front, if it can be con- 
 veniently had, in which fhould be the 
 Rooms of State and Grandeur. The Eaft 
 is the moft proper for a Library, becaufe 
 fhe Morning Sun gives an enlivening 
 Warmth to Nature, and then the Spirits 
 
 are 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 87 
 
 are more open, more adlive and free in 
 the Choice of beautiful Ideas, to furnifh 
 the Fancy of thofe whofe Genius leads 
 them to the Study of the Curiofities of 
 Art or Nature. 
 
 The principal Floor fhould be elevated 
 above the Level of the Ground at leaft 
 two Foot, becaufe it gives you the more 
 extended Profpedt, by being rais’d above 
 Objedts which may be an Impediment in 
 the View ; it likewife is more advanta- 
 geous in having proper Lights to the lower 
 Offices ; in Noblenefs of Afpedl : In 
 fhort, the Magnificence of a Building is 
 dependant on the elevating it fo far above 
 the Eye as to invite the Beholder to con» 
 fider the taking in of the whole Scene at 
 one View, where Diflance can be had ; 
 and which fhould be at fuch an Angle 
 that the whole may be feen without 
 moving the Eye, which is by making the 
 Point of Diflance from the Center of the 
 Building equal to half the Length and 
 Height of the Building added together. 
 Suppofing a Front 100 Foot and the 
 Height 40, thofe added together, half that 
 Length, which is 70 Foot, is the proper 
 Point of Sight where to view the whole 
 Fabrick diflindlly, without breaking 
 
 G 4 through 
 
SB LECTURES on 
 
 through the Rules of Opticks, in lofty 
 Buildings. 
 
 In low Buildings which are of an ex« 
 tended Length, another Point of DiL 
 tance may be ufed, which is by making 
 the Diftance or Point of Sight from the 
 Houfe equal to the Length of the Front ; 
 that is, if the Building be low and 100 
 Foot Front, the Point of Diftance will be 
 100 Foot : And fame Mathematicians 
 have to this preferr’d another Rule, which 
 is by making the Point of Diftance an 
 Equiangled Triangle ; that is, if the Front 
 be ioo Foot, the Point of Diftance fhall 
 be ioo Foot from the Extremity of the 
 Building, and not from the Center, as 
 is propos’d in the preceding Method. 
 
 In Hunting- Seats, which are proper 
 for an open Champaign Country, one 
 Story in Height is fufticient ; for as the 
 Seafons for Hunting are in that Part of 
 the Year which is generally cold, and 
 require a temperate Warmth, to keep 
 equal to that created by the Exercife; 
 it muft be the Care of the Arc hit eB to 
 preferve the Lodgings as warm as" can be, 
 by making as few Doors and Windows 
 into thofe Rooms as Conveniency will 
 
 permit, 
 
ARCHITECTURE, 89 
 
 permit, for as they are fo many Inlets 
 of Air, they mu ft confequently render the 
 Rooms more Cold, and uncomfortable 
 for Lodging. All Winter Houfes fhould 
 be fo contriv’d, while thofe for the Sum- 
 mer fhould be more open, to cool and 
 make the Dwellings pleafant and agree- 
 able. 
 
 If the Soil be dry, and the principal 
 Floor be level with a beautiful Garden 
 on a Terras, with fome remarkable Pro» 
 fpedt, it were beft to place the lower Of- 
 fices in a Foffee, in which thefe Advan- 
 tages will arife; an eafy Accefs to the 
 Apartments, and Pleafure of Retirement 
 into the Garden, without being over- 
 look’d by Servants from the lower Of- 
 fices ; and by the Foffee a clear open Air 
 is communicated to the Offices, and a 
 Light equal to that of the principal Floor, 
 and this Convenience, that all the Ground 
 (which in other Buildings not fo plac’d) 
 that lieth againft the lower Part, and con- 
 tinually damps and renders it unhealthy, 
 is this way remov’d, and the lower Of- 
 fices become dry enough for Lodgings, if 
 requir’d. As to the Diftribution of the 
 Apartments of the lower Offices, they 
 are always to be confider’d, with the 
 
 Wants 
 
g o LECTURES on 
 
 Wants and Conveniences requir’d by 
 the Difference of Families, Fortune, or 
 Ufes ; where the Architect is to confult 
 the general Defign of the Building, and 
 fo adapt his Proportion and Conveni- 
 ence. In the principal Apartment, Pro- 
 portion is to be chiefly confider’d, and 
 join’d with Convenience ; where I am 
 to obferve fuch Proportions as are to be 
 perform’d by Rules. As in my laft Lec- 
 ture I propos’d Proportions for Buildings 
 themfelves, as to the Magnitude of the 
 external Part, by the fame Proportions I 
 intend now to defcribe the internal Apart- 
 ments, fo that each Room may bear an 
 Analogy and Connection to each other ; 
 And if in fome Places I am conftrain’d to 
 fall in with the Opinion of others, in 
 this Part I have Recourfe only to my own 
 Fancy : I love to firike out of a beaten 
 Path fometimes, only to walk the more 
 eafy, or at leaft to prevent Difturbance 
 from the bufy Multitude , and then I 
 have more Room for the Imagination to 
 work upon, and, perhaps, not a little 
 Pleafure in communicating my Sentw 
 ments to Friends without endangering 
 their Cenfure, 
 
 As 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 91 
 
 As I confider the Affinity between 
 Architecture and Mufick , fo I have pro- 
 duc'd thofe Proportions from the fame 
 Rules : In Mufick are only feven diftindt 
 Notes, in Architecture likewife are only 
 feven diftindt Proportions, which pro- 
 duce all the different Buildings in the 
 Univerfe, viz. 
 
 The Cube,— -the Cube and half,—™ 
 the Double Cube,-— the Duplicates of 
 
 3, 2, and 1, of 4, 3, and 2,— of 5, 4, 
 
 and 3,-- and of 6, 4, and 3, produce 
 
 all the Harmonick Proportions of Rooms. 
 
 Let me, for Example, propofe a 
 Building whofe principal Floor is 12 
 Foot high, how to proportion thofe 
 Rooms which are to be in the internal 
 Part by the preceding Rules. 
 
 If 
 
SHALL 
 
 9 2 
 
 LECTURES om 
 
 V J-'K. 
 
 £ 3 g 1 
 
 - i: § £ 
 
 *1 
 
 S S* EL w 
 
 v3 w CD M 
 ^ CO P 
 
 p -t 
 
 O D » CD 
 
 ° a." r* 
 
 U «-h •— r* 
 
 ° 3 
 
 «-* P ►*. 
 
 xr^< r 1 <v 
 
 ° cr d S 
 
 jp" 
 
 s 5 3 ^ 
 
 g *-t * H 
 
 3 g.3- 1 ^ 
 
 P-«"° 
 
 ■° Os- 
 
 t &> D 
 
 *— ‘•'XS CO 
 
 '^3 O 
 
 h- »~n 
 2 on 
 
 « L S* 
 o S*g 
 
 Sal 
 
 rS S' 
 
 E. ^ cl 
 
 3. «-> 
 
 c ^* 
 
 *” J >-~ o 
 
 Cu ^ 3 - 
 
 n> 
 
 ^ g- p 
 
 < o 3 
 
 <3 _ 
 
 SO"* CCD *—*% 
 
 ITT’ IT 1 3 
 
 2 *c 3 
 3L cl 
 
 ^ f— V" CL 
 
 n> 
 
 *3, ^ £ 
 
 ■H JE *"0 
 
 Cg <5° 
 
 o r- 3 
 
 ^ CT 
 
 Crq ai cd 
 
 cr cr cr |cr 
 
 CD CD CD CD 
 
 DOOO 
 
 c c e c 
 
 ►— * • • »— * • )— * • 
 
 noon 
 
 p p p p 
 
 «-*• t-t^ rf r-t- 
 
 CD CD CD CD 
 
 O o ° o 
 
 M-J ^ 
 
 QsCri CO 
 • • • * 
 
 W 
 
 p p p p 
 3 O D D 
 CL P- D- CL 
 
 CO CO to M 
 
 V# ** «*# \» 
 
 IW • M • k— * • 
 
 t-rj ►”*“! *•■**> M-j 
 
 f*^ rt* rt rt* 
 
 cr cr cr cr 
 
 O CD CD CD 
 
 tCSKS 
 
 CD CD CD CD 
 
 *J« + M • fc— * • »“* * 
 
 CTQ OQ QTQ CTQ 
 
 cr cr cr cr 
 
 r-r •-*■ r+ •“+ 
 
 ►_. . >-«• Mi •“* * 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 P 
 
 4=“ 
 
 t-t^ »-j-. t- 1 -j 
 
 r* ft ft- 
 
 cr cr cr 
 
 CD CD CD 
 
 ffiffitC 
 
 CD CD^ CD^ 
 
 cfq'c^'ofQ* 
 cr cr cr 
 
 cr cr cr 
 
 CD CD CD 
 
 »— « »— * t— < <^ J 
 
 N> W N> ^ 
 
 cr cr 3 -* 
 
 CD CD CD 
 
 apo 
 
 o c c 
 
 c cr cr 
 
 cr CD cd 
 
 CD g ^ 
 
 Oilc: 
 
 c 
 
 a* cr cr 
 
 CD P CD 
 
 to to N> 
 
 W V» y W 
 
 a t- 1 r a 
 
 CD CD CD CD 
 3 D 3 D 
 CTQ CTQ oo CTQ 
 
 «-* rf r-r 
 
 cr cr 3 - cr 
 
 C5 
 
 CO 
 
 to to Co 
 
 O O 
 
 to 
 
 •— < 
 
 ►— < 
 
 4- 
 
 cc 
 
 to 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 •S o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 C 5 J 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 S CTQ OTQ erg 
 
 W ^ V# 
 
 td td to td 
 *— » ^ >— ; (— : 
 CD CD CD CD 
 
 p pi co JD 
 
 D- Cl 3 CL 
 
 r~^ *~t- ft r-t- 
 
 dr 3^ tr‘ cr 
 
 k “ 3 ►—* M-t M 
 
 os o 004^ 
 
 
 be dc 5^ ^ 
 
 6 o o 
 
 &I.S.S. 
 
 g • 
 
ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 Cu 
 
 O n 
 
 ^ ft < .. 
 
 9*^ Sic 
 
 JS “ co ^ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 cT* 
 
 ^ tTO'rf 
 
 3 p - 
 ffi 
 
 3 g 2 2. 
 G'S'g.'W 
 
 ^ 3- ^ 
 
 O* - ^ 
 
 „ EJ* H* 
 
 2^3 0 00 
 
 p 
 
 £: .- c o 
 
 3 O O fO 
 
 r- *“f> *"P 
 
 ^1* 3 CD ^ 
 
 ^ _3* 3 ^ 
 
 [3 -O r* 3 
 
 I/S* g- ^ fe u 
 
 ' 3 
 
 CTQ 
 
 cr 
 
 x$ 
 
 O £ 
 
 ' 0 tq 
 
 £?i, 
 
 3- S5k 
 
 cu 3* 
 
 3 
 
 .*0 c 
 
 V,/ ■'i 
 
 CD 
 
 5*5 
 
 *-: 
 
 O £ . 
 
 cu ^ o 
 
 53 iO*"° 
 o Ay o 
 
 CD /3 *-: 
 
 C”* > o r ” f 
 
 cr ^ 
 
 ^ ►-* * 
 
 cd 
 
 AO 3 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 On 
 
 ««* 
 
 j T o 
 
 *■•»• x; « 
 cr . K 
 o 
 
 (T^x p 
 
 CD ~. 3 
 
 H 
 
 &* 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 cr 
 
 cu 
 
 c 
 
 XL 
 
 oT 
 
 J~M rfr ^r 
 
 r r « 
 o r 
 
 O t0 t-H 
 
 * cp fr 
 “ *_* • 
 
 g CTQ 
 
 X E3- 
 
 r-f* 
 
 ^ o 
 
 00 
 
 0000 
 
 •“*> «-i^ *-*> M-, 
 GO OUr, -jU 
 
 • • • 9 
 
 to -p» 4± 00 
 
 P p p pa 
 
 3 3 3 3 
 
 Cu cu cu £u 
 
 M tjM Cm to 
 
 ^ m »* u, 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 cr 
 
 c 3 
 
 cr cr 
 
 CD CD 
 
 « § 4 
 
 P 
 
 3 
 
 o o- 
 
 c J-J- 
 
 CT rj 
 0 ^ 
 
 cr 
 
 CD 
 
 w-* ►*-• • ♦— * 
 
 3 3 
 
 r^rrrrd 
 
 CD Hi CD CD CD CD CD 
 
 -•3 3 3 3 3 3 
 
 OTQ OP CfQ OQ ug OQ og 
 
 rt rf rf rf rf 
 
 £T 3 - cr 3- 3 - 3- Er 
 
 0~i OO OO O-D OO tO 
 
 •4^ OO O On XI 
 
 w v> w 
 
 93 
 
 CO 
 
 3! 
 
 > 
 
 tr 
 
 tr 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 x; 
 
 3 
 
 *-s 
 
 f-t* 
 
 CD 
 
 3" 3* cr 
 
 CD CD CD 
 
 con « 
 
 O OXI CO ^ 
 
 ^ w» * r» 
 
 *53 
 
 cr 
 
 <0 
 
 3 
 
 >■■'■■ ■ . ' $ 
 
 CD 
 
 cr 
 
 XJ 
 
 CD 
 
 M 
 
 x 
 
 p 
 
 3 
 — > 
 
 ‘IL 
 
 CD 
 
 bd td w td td td 
 
 *-n •“t *-t | -t >-t »-t ^ 
 
 CD CD CD CD CD CD CD 
 
 P P p p p pa p 
 
 CU Cu cu cu 3^ cu cu 
 
 r~t- r-+ f»-> (— r rr r'“!- ^-c 
 
 cr 3“ cr 3* cr p“* 3^ 
 
 00 to to to »- 
 
 O-T^ 4^ 'X 
 
 
 t» {w 
 
 00 00 00 § 
 
 CD 
 
 cr 
 
 x; 
 
 w 3 
 
 o 
 
 3D 
 
94 
 
 LECTURES om 
 
 This Angular way of Thinking, led 
 me to another new Thought, in pro- 
 portioning the Magnitude of the Open** 
 ing of Chimnies to thofe Rooms by an 
 univerfal Rule, which will likewife ferve 
 for all manner of Rooms whatever. By 
 fhefe Rules the Breath of the Chim- 
 ney, its Height, Depth, and Square of 
 the Funnel for Conveyance of Smoke, 
 are demonftrated, and in fo eafv a Man- 
 ner, , that none of you can miftake their 
 Application and Ufe. 
 
 Rule I. To find the Height of the 
 Opening of the Chimney from any given 
 Magnitude of a Room, add the Length 
 and Height of the Room together, and 
 extrafl: the Square Root of that Sum, and 
 half that Root will be the Height of the 
 Chimney. 
 
 Rule IL To find the Breadth of a 
 Chimney from any given Magnitude of 
 a Room, add the Length, Breadth and 
 Height of the Room together, and ex- 
 tras the Square Root of that Sum, and 
 half that Root will be the Height of your 
 
 Fule 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 95 
 
 Rule III. To find the Depth of a 
 Chimney from any given Magnitude, 
 including the Breadth and Height of the 
 fame, add the Breadth and Height of the 
 Chimney together, take one fourth of 
 that Sum, and it is the Depth of the 
 Chimney. 
 
 Rule IV. To find the fide of the 
 Square of a Funnel proportion’d to clear 
 the Smoke, from any given Depth of the 
 Chimney, take three fourths of the gi- 
 ven Depth, and that Sum is the Side of 
 
 the Square of the Funnel. Obferve 
 
 only, that in Cube Rooms the Height is 
 equal to the Breadth, and the foregoing 
 Rules are univerfal. 
 
 To prove the Rule univerfally life- 
 ful, I nave a Table of all the foregoing 
 Proportions calculated in the preceding 
 Manner, from which I (hall fhew you 
 an Example of the Proportions of the 
 fame, as is before defcrib’d, and in the 
 following Manner, 
 
 
 if 
 
Thus 
 
 96 
 
 LECTURES on 
 
 Hi 
 
 0- cr 
 
 C CD 
 
 ►o 
 
 u* 
 
 I 
 
 *-i H ££ 
 er tr ~ 
 
 n> « CT- 
 
 op" 
 
 cr 
 
 o o o o 
 
 *"<n ‘-In *-+■> ) -f- l 
 
 00 OCn 4 ^ 
 
 • • • • 
 
 TO 4 N. 4 ^ 03 
 
 P so pa p 
 S 3 3 £J D 
 O- cu Cu Cl, 
 
 h(a>OJ M J 
 
 Gg m i-i 1-1 
 
 ^ B U » 5 
 
 g §■£ 
 
 0* 0 8 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 O ^ cr 
 c tr a> 
 cr ro 
 
 • - I— - C 
 
 ? ^ 3 
 
 X 
 
 a 
 
 W-* • 
 
 CfQ 
 
 cr 
 
 rt- . 
 M 
 
 C 5 
 
 tO to tO tsj» 
 
 * w w • 
 
 ..a. 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~>8 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 4 » 
 
 0 
 
 4 » 
 
 4^ 
 
 00 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oq 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 c 
 
 K 
 
 8 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 CL 
 
 L 
 
 to 
 
 1-4 
 
 I — 1 
 
 fc-» 
 
 h-f 
 
 1— 1 
 
 1— ( 
 
 
 O 
 
 On 
 
 OO 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 s* 
 
 V# 
 
 Vft 
 
 w 
 
 
 V/ 
 
 V# 
 
 • 
 
 00 
 
 OO 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 bs 
 
 vr 
 
 G/n 
 
 00 
 
 On UO 
 
 0 
 
 • 
 
 
 fr»|H 
 
 
 WlM 
 
 
 
 
 OO 
 
 to 00 
 
 OO 
 
 to 00 
 
 *0 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 O 
 
 CO 0 
 
 $• 
 
 
 NlW 
 
 
 1 iT 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 MS OD 
 
 4 >|ck» 
 
 M 1—4 F«t 
 
 v* ^ On^ 
 
 W|H 4*1 W> 
 
 > 
 
 ►H 
 
 to 00 
 
 N|H 
 
 to 
 
 WlM tJ|w 
 
 • Co 
 
 W « 
 
 © 
 **» . 
 
 , 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 97 
 
 Thus, Gentlemen, I have not omit- 
 ed any Obfervation that might prove 
 ufeful to you, efpecially in the Arid Ad- 
 herence to Proportions, perform’d by 
 Rules. My next Lecture will contain 
 fome ufeful Obfervations on Light fuf- 
 ficient to illuminate Rooms of any Mag- 
 nitude, by an infallible Method ; and 
 fome general Reflections, which will 
 prove a Angular Ufe to you, if obferv’d, 
 in the Performance of any Branch of 
 Architecture* 
 
 Give me Leave, in the mean time, 
 to affure you I am with due RelpeCt, 
 
 Tours, &c„ 
 
 H 
 
 A Table 
 
9 S LECTURESon 
 
 A Table of Harmonick and Arith* 
 Rooms and Chimnies by 
 Rooms. Chimnies. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Breadth, 
 
 4-1 
 
 5.0 
 
 CD 
 
 trj 
 
 Depth. 
 
 J Square of Funnel 
 
 12 12 12 
 
 3 0 
 
 3 0 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 1 i 
 
 14 .14 14 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 3 1 
 
 1 7 f 
 
 1 2 f 
 
 16 16 16 
 
 3 5 I 
 
 3 5 f 
 
 * 8 i 
 
 1 3 £ 
 
 18 18 18 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 8 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 4 ¥ 
 
 20 20 20 
 
 3 io| 
 
 3 
 
 1 ii| 
 
 1 5 
 
 22 22 22 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 1 
 
 2 0 | 
 
 1 6 f 
 
 18 12 12 
 
 3 3 
 
 2 8 f 
 
 1 5 I 
 
 I 1 z 
 
 2 1 14 14 
 
 3 6 
 
 2 1 if 
 
 1 7 
 
 I 2 f 
 
 24 16 16 
 
 3 9 T 
 
 3 2 
 
 1 8 l 
 
 I 3 £ 
 
 27 18 18 
 
 3 nf 
 
 3 4 1 
 
 1 9 f 
 
 1 4 f 
 
 30 20 20 
 
 4 2 f 
 
 3 6 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 5 ? 
 
 33 22 22 
 
 4 5 
 
 3 8 
 
 2 0 | 
 
 1 6 
 
 24 12 12 
 
 3 5 I 
 
 3 0 
 
 1 7 1 
 
 1 2 f 
 
 28 14 14 
 
 3 9 
 
 3 3 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 3 1 
 
 32 16 16 
 
 4 0 
 
 3 5 i 
 
 1 iof 
 
 1 4 f 
 
 36 18 18 
 
 4 3 T 
 
 3 « 
 
 1 nf 
 
 1 6 
 
 40 20 20 
 
 + 5 i 
 
 3 i°f 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 6 § 
 
 44 22 22 
 
 4 8 
 
 4 1 
 
 2 3 
 
 1 8 
 
 24 18 12 
 
 3 8 
 
 3 0 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 3 
 
 28 21 14 
 
 4 0 
 
 3 3 t 
 
 1 9 \ 
 
 1 4 
 
 32 24 1 6 
 
 4 3 
 
 3 5 f 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 5 
 
 36 27 18 
 
 4 6 
 
 3 8 
 
 2 0 f 
 
 1 6 
 
 40 30 20 
 
 4 8 1 
 
 3 io| 
 
 2 1 f 
 
 ■ 7 1 
 
 4 L 33 22 
 
 4 1 if 
 
 14 1 
 
 2 3 
 
 1 8 
 
 *rhc U te of the Table. 
 
 Let the given Height of the Room be 12 Foot to the 
 of the Room 12 Foot, the Leneth 18, in the fame Line 
 2 Foot 8 f Height, 1 5 f the Depth of the Chimney, 
 to of the Proportion of any Chimney to the given Mag- 
 
Examples. Proportion. Proportion. Proportion. 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 99 
 
 metical Proportions, for Magnitudes of 
 Universal Rules. 
 
 Rooms. Chimnies. 
 
 Cube and f, the 2d Proportion; you will find the Breadth 
 is the Proportion of the Chimney 3 Foot 3 the Breadth, 
 and 1 1 \ the Side of the Square of the Funnel : And 
 nicude by the preceding Rules. 
 
 H z Lkctvre 
 
ioo LECTURES on 
 
 es^^98^^9G^^sai%:^i3es^^e^^9 
 
 Lecture VII. 
 
 \ ' 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Y fifth and fixth Lectures con- 
 S M w fitted chiefly of the general Pro- 
 ^ % sP portions which are requir’d to 
 b e made ufe of in the exter- 
 nal and internal Parts of Building : When 
 I confider Proportions, their Efficacy and 
 Ufe, I am led into a Profundity of 
 Thought; each Part of the Creation, 
 confidebd diftindtly, or the amazing 
 Structure of the Whole, or the Animal 
 and Vegetable World, fills us with noble 
 Ideas of the Power which fuch Propor- 
 tions have on the Mind ; I mean thofe 
 that are made conformable to the un- 
 erring Laws of Nature. 
 
 If we immerfe our Ideas into the in- 
 finite Tradt of unbounded Space, and 
 with the Imagination paint out the num- 
 ber lei's Multitudes of Planets, or little 
 
 Worlds, 
 
IOI 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Worlds, regularly revolving round their 
 deftin’d Orbs ; if we confider with what 
 wondrous Skill and Bxadnefs they per- 
 form their Revolutions, and how har- 
 monioufly they are whirl’d by their Ec- 
 centrick and Cotitentrick Motions, into 
 their proper Trads of Revolution ; if we 
 imagine the exaft Proportion, Diftanc e, 
 or Ufe of every one of them, we muft 
 feel Emanations of the Harmony of Na- 
 ture defus’d in us ; and muft immediate- 
 ly acknowledge the Neceffity of Propor- 
 tion in the Prefervation of the whole 
 Oeconomy of the Univerfe. Were the 
 Planets to move irregularly, without 
 ftated Laws or Order, all things would 
 foonjumble together into original Chaos. 
 
 If we fink lower into the Animal 
 Creation, we fhall find the fame Propor- 
 tions and Order preferv’d through the 
 whole Race of Beings ; and even the 
 Vegetative Tribe, in their feveral Gaffes, 
 fpring from the fame uniform and exad 
 Rules ; and their Proportions infenfibly 
 ftrike the Imagination by fome fympa- 
 thizing Secret, which, perhaps, Futurity 
 only can unravel. 
 
 h 3 
 
 Men, 
 
102 
 
 LECTURES on 
 
 Men, from the repeated Inftances of 
 Order in Nature, undoubtedly, firft found 
 the Neceffity of performing every thing 
 by ftated Rules 3 there being the greater 
 Certainty of the Exadtnefs of their Per- 
 formance, than if blind Chance were to 
 diredt them to the Choice of thofe Pro- 
 portions : From hence the Study of Arts 
 and Sciences necefiarily fprung ; more 
 particularly, thofe Branches which are 
 dependant on the Mathematicks , fuch 
 as Mujicky Sculpture , Painting , Archi- 
 tecture, and the like ; all being depen- 
 dant on fuch Rules and Proportions 
 which are the Dictates of Nature, and 
 infallibly pleafe the Imagination 3 efpe- 
 cially in Architecture 3 the Ancients fo 
 beautifully perform’d their Works they 
 always gave a Pleafure to the Beholder. 
 
 These Obfervations will be ufeful to 
 you in the Choice of Defigns, or in the 
 Directions of the Performance of them : 
 Firft, that the internal Parts may be pro- 
 portion’d to the external; that is, afmall 
 Building fhould have little Rooms 3 in a 
 larger, the Rooms muft be more fpacious ; 
 having an Analogy to the Magnitude of 
 the Fabrick ; and their Heights muft: 
 
 have 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 103 
 
 have a Proportion, regulated by fome of 
 the preceding Rules. Palladio has ob- 
 ferv’d, that there are (even beautiful Pro- 
 portions, and has likewife pointed them 
 out, viz. A Circle or a Square, or the 
 Diagonal of a Square, or a Square and 
 one third, or a Square and half, a Square 
 and two thirds, or laftly, two Squares ; 
 and has given a Section of each of thofe 
 Proportions, which though different 
 from the Rules I have laid down, are 
 agreeing in the Number Seven, and that 
 the Length of no Room exceed a Double 
 Cube, or what he there terms two 
 Squares; and, with one Obfervation 
 worthy your Notice, that the nearer 
 a Room (in particular a Hall) is to a 
 Square, the more uniform and commo- 
 dious they will be : Though he, perhaps, 
 conceals the Reafon why fuch Propor- 
 tions affedt the Eye and Imagination, 
 which are only becaufe they are fuch 
 which Nature herfelf dictates, Uni fan, 
 being always Harmony. 
 
 It will be neceffary in Country Seats, 
 to have each Side of the Entrance or 
 Middle of the Building alike ; not only 
 to preferve a Harmony in the feveral 
 Parts, but as the Walls are anfwerable 
 
 H 4 to 
 
104 LECTURES on 
 
 to each other, they will be equally prefs’d 
 by the Roof ; and if the Building is fo 
 difpos’d, that more Walls are on one 
 Side than the other, or of different Mag- 
 nitudes, then the Roof preffing, or be- 
 ing not fo eafily fupported by the weakeft 
 Side, there will be Gaps and Chafms, oc- 
 cafion’d by greater Settlements, which 
 will render the Building unfirm and in- 
 commodious. 
 
 In each Room likewife the Piers on 
 one Side fhould anfwer, and be equal to 
 the other Side of the Middle of it, thofe 
 on one Side the Chimney fhould be the 
 fame Magnitude as thofe on the other, 
 and on the Window Side the fame Uni- 
 formity fhould be obferv’d ; the Doors 
 .fhould anfwer one another, either by 
 real or falfe 5 and a Vifta through the 
 Middle of the Building fhould be always 
 had, and, if poffible, to each Front ; 
 and the Doors of one Room, in a Range 
 of Rooms, fhould be difpos’d to anfwer 
 each other in a Line, to preferve a Gran- 
 deur proportion’d to the Magnitude of 
 the Building. 
 
 In a fpacious Building, as fome prin- 
 cipal Rooms will be wanting, (mailer 
 
 will 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 105 
 
 will doubtlefs occur 5 but thefe mu ft lie 
 contiguous to each other, not interrupt- 
 ing the State and Magnificence of the 
 others ; and by making Mezonina’s or 
 half Stories, will render thofe little 
 Rooms of an elegant Proportion, which 
 by placing near the Back- Stairs, or more 
 convenient PafTage, become Lodging- 
 Rooms, which are much warmer than 
 thofe {lately fpacious Rooms, having lefs 
 Inlets of Air, and are (boner heated by 
 Fewel. There are Rules like wife for 
 proportioning of Light, according to the 
 Magnitude of the Room, by which any 
 Room may be illuminated more or lefs, 
 according to the Ufes of them, and at the 
 fame time preferve an external Regula- 
 rity ; which, as it is ’on an uncommon 
 Bafts, I fh all explain it to you as well as I 
 conveniently can. 
 
 Let the Magnitude of the Room be 
 given, and one of thofe Proportions I 
 have propos’d to be made ufe of, or any 
 other ; multiply the Length and Breath 
 of the Room together, and that Pro- 
 dud: multiply by the Height, and the 
 Square Root of that Sum will be the 
 Area or fuperficial Content in Feet, &c. 
 of Light requir’d. 
 
 Example 
 
jo6 LECTURES on 
 
 Example, Suppofe a Room (mark’d 
 A.) whofe Magnitude is the Arithmeti- 
 cal Proportion of 5, 4, and 3, and is 20 
 Foot long, 16 Foot broad, and 12 Foot 
 high, the Cube or Produdt of its Length, 
 Breadth, and Height, multiplied together, 
 is 3840, the Square Root of which Sum 
 is 62 Foot, if the Height of the Story 
 is 12 Foot, as is before mention’d, di- 
 vide that 62 Foot into three Windows, 
 each Window will contain 20 Foot 8 
 Inches of fuperficial Light, and thofe 
 will be found to be 3 Foot 2 Inches and 
 one half broad, and 6 Foot 5 Inches 
 high, which are Windows of two Dia- 
 meters. 
 
 Let us now fuppofe another Room 
 (mark’d B) on the fame Range, whofe 
 Height is 12 Foot, as the preceding Ex- 
 ample is, and its Proportion fhall be the 
 Cube, the Product of rhat Cube is 1728, 
 and its Root is 41 Foot 4 Inches, or 
 thereabouts; divide that 41 Foot 4 In- 
 ches in two Parts for two Windows, and 
 each will be 20 Foot 8 Inches of fuper- 
 facial Light, and thofe will be two Dia- 
 meters in Height, and the Magnitude the 
 fame as the preceding Room. 
 
 For 
 

 <) 
 
 
 me et de£n. 
 
 Tcr/nj y2u/fi. 
 
 ' J# 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 107 
 
 For Example fake I will only fup- 
 pofe one more Room (mark'd C.) upon 
 the fame Range, and i2 Foot in Height, 
 whofe Proportion {hall be the Arithme- 
 tical of 3, 2, and 1, that is, its Height 
 being 12 Foot, the Breadth will be 24, 
 and Length 36 Foot, the Product of 
 thofe Numbers multiplied together will 
 be 10368, and its Root 10 1 Foot 8 In- 
 ches, or thereabouts $ divide this Room 
 into five Windows, each Window will 
 have 20 Foot 4 Inches fuperficial Light, 
 and the Magnitude will be near or equal 
 to the others 5 and if the Proportion be 6, 
 4, and 3, and cov’d, the Light is the fame* 
 
 There is but one Objection to this 
 Rule to make it univerfal for all kinds of 
 proportion’d Rooms on the fame Floor, 
 and that is, the Square Root doth not al- 
 ways happen to be exadl enough for to 
 make them alike 5 but as the Variation 
 will be fo fmail, it may be made ufe of 5 
 and if the Area fomething exceeds the 
 Standard of the principal Rooms, that 
 Room may be converted to a Ufe which 
 requires more than Standard Light, and 
 the Neceffities of Families fometimes 
 require it. — But however, the Rule 
 
io8 LECTURES on 
 
 will ferve for the Purpofe near enough 
 for any Practice. 
 
 I f you extend the Rule to larger 
 Rooms, the fame Methods will be pre- 
 ferv’d, even if their Height be continued 
 through two Stories, if the upper Win- 
 dows be made fquare, and to have two 
 Tier of Windows. Let us fuppofe the 
 Room (mark’d D.) with two Tier of 
 Windows in Height, to be 50 Foot long, 
 40 Foot wide, and 30 Foot high, the 
 Arithmetical Proportion of 5,4, and 3, 
 the Produft of thofe Numbers mul- 
 tiplied together will be 60000, the 
 Square Root of which Sum is 245 fuper- 
 ficial Feet ; divide that Sum for the Tier 
 of Windows into three Parts, or take 
 one third of it, and that makes the At- 
 ttck or Square Window 81 Foot 8 Inches 
 fuperficial Light, divide this into five 
 Windows, and they are four Foot and 
 half an Inch Square, and the five lower 
 Windows confiding of 163 Foot 4 In- 
 ches fuperficial Light, being what re- 
 mains out of the 245 Foot the Root, each 
 of thefe V/indows is 4 Foot half an Inch 
 by 8 Foot 1 Inch, or two Diameters, 
 which 245 Foot, the whole Sum of the 
 
 Square 
 
 1 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 109 
 
 Square Root of the Room, will fuffici- 
 ently illuminate the fame. 
 
 I have been the more prolix in this 
 Defcription, becaufe the giving a proper 
 Light to a Room by a Rule, has been, 
 perhaps, the leaft thought of in the Dif- 
 pofition of the internal Part of a Build- 
 ing j and as I efteem it a neceffary Part 
 to be underftood, I thought it incum- 
 bent on me to form fome Rule, where- 
 by the Knowledge of it might be at- 
 tain’d. 
 
 Stair-Cases are the next Part of 
 internal Deiigning, and require jud- 
 ment in the Difpofal ; they mud be fo 
 plac’d as to be well illuminated, conti- 
 guous to the Center of the Building, or 
 elfe more than one in Number ; and fo 
 plac’d, that each Room may be near 
 them, and have an eafy Accefs to them, 
 without incommoding any of the reft ot 
 the Rooms : Their Going fhould be large, 
 the ' Tread broad, and the Rife eafy for 
 principal Stairs $ for Back Stairs, lefts of 
 each is requir’d, being more for fervile 
 Ufes than Grandeur ; and they fhould be 
 fo plac’d as to be more remote from the 
 Eye, and in the more common Apart- 
 ments 
 
IIO LECTURES on 
 
 ments of the Building, either as they 
 lead to Servants Lodging-Rooms, or are 
 the Accefs to the ufeful Apartments in 
 the lower Offices of the Building. 
 
 Their Form is various, as Rooms 
 are ; but one Obfervation is neceflary, 
 which is, that the Flights be not too 
 long, and to have no Winders in prin- 
 cipal Stair-cafes : The firft give an Un- 
 eafinefs, and foon weary the Afcender, 
 for want of half-Paces to reft on 5 and 
 the latter is very incommodious, if by 
 Chance two Perfons meet on a Stair-cafe 
 with Winders, and the Going is not 
 more than ordinarily large, their PalTage 
 is incommoded, and often proves ill-con- 
 venient. 
 
 Buildings in Town require Con- 
 trivance more for Convenience than 
 Grandeur $ the Rooms cannot be fo fpa- 
 cious as thofe in the Country, but how- 
 ever Regularity is to be obferv’d ; the 
 Chambers or Lodging-Emoms, require 
 to be as far from the-Noife and Tumult 
 of the Street as conveniently can be 
 plac'd, and fo near a Stair- cafe, that if 
 any Accident by Fire (which too fre- 
 quently) happens, an eafy Accefs may be 
 
ARCHITECTURE, ur 
 
 had to it ; for which Purpofe all Back 
 Stair-cafes in Town- Houles, as they ge- 
 nerally are carried from the lower Of- 
 fices to the Roof, fhould be of Stone, 
 and the Walls of them Stucco, that no 
 Danger might prevent the Safety of get- 
 ting down them, to avoid the Fury of 
 the Flames ; and fuch which are plac’d 
 about the Middle of the Building and il- 
 luminated by a Sky-light, are by far the 
 moll convenient. 
 
 A s in Town-Houfes, fo in the Coun- 
 try, the Kitchen fhould be remote from 
 the Houfe ; the Steams arifing from 
 thence are offenfive, and the extream 
 Heat of it often renders the Apartment 
 over it very irkfome to bear : The fer- 
 vile Offices are beft always to be feme 
 Diftance from the main Building, the 
 Houfe will be lefs troubled with Noife, 
 and lefs incumber’d with fuch Things 
 which are requir’d to ferve the Purpofes 
 of a Family. 
 
 Offices to Buildings are varioufiy 
 fituated : Some are continu’d in a Range 
 with the Front of the Fabrick, fome join 
 them by a circular Colonade, and others 
 are environ’d to the principal Front : As 
 
 Burlington - 
 
U2 LECTURES on 
 
 Burlingtoji-Houfe , and Mont ague -Mon fe 
 in Great-Rujjel- Street . A Pattern of a 
 
 circular Colonade is Buckingham- Houfe , 
 and that which the late unhappy Con- 
 flagration deftroyed of the Duke of De- 
 c oonfhire\ . Thefe, indeed, are under 
 
 fome Reftridion for want of Pvoom : but 
 I think it not advifeable to contrad or 
 enclofe a regular Front, but rather leave 
 the Opening fpacious and clear ; an In- 
 convenience attends it likewife, that is, 
 the Smoke of thofe environing OfRces 
 often proves offenfive to the Houfe. 
 
 In the Country, where Room is to be 
 had, the Architect has Scope for Fancy, 
 and the Offices fhould be fomething ana- 
 logous to the Front of the Houfe, al- 
 ways obferving to ‘make them plainer ; 
 and where Decoration and Drefs adorn 
 a Front, in the Offices it fhould be ufed 
 very fparingly. 
 
 If the Offices are continued long ia 
 a Range with the Front, they fhould fall 
 gradually away, by Breakings, and ter- 
 minate, as it were in a Point. I can 
 bed: defcribe this beautiful Manner of 
 Befigning, by a*Building erected near the 
 Town, and is (I think) the Defign of 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 113 
 
 Inigo Jones , and that is Chelje a -College ; 
 
 to the North Front there you find that 
 eafy declining of the Range, like a beau- 
 tiful LandiTdp diminifhing from the Eye 
 by a gradual Shade 5 perhaps here and 
 there a little Hill arifing, from thence 
 finking into a Lawn, which by alternate 
 Changes are extreamly pleafing : There 
 is nothing wanting to make that a perfect 
 Defign, but to have made the middle 
 Part a Portico, to be brought out as far 
 as the Steps. 
 
 Portico’s, or Porches , undoubtedly 
 give a Grace and Noblenefs to a Defign ; 
 iomething Majeftick ftrikes the Imagi- 
 nation, if they are duly proportion’d. 
 It is to be obferv’d, that they lhould 
 never be lefs than four Columns, nor 
 more than eight to them ; except at the 
 Angle of it a Pilafter and Column are 
 join’d at their Plinths, and the Interco- 
 lumniation be of the Corinthian or Pro- 
 portion Syjlylos ,— — and always are fup- 
 pos’d to fupport the Roof, as in the 
 Manner of the Ancients, lo juftly imi- 
 tated in the Front of Covent -Gar den 
 Church, the Defign of Inigo Jones. 
 
 I 
 
 PeDS- 
 
H4 LECTUP.ES on 
 
 Pediments are generally, and in- 
 deed the moft beautiful Manner of co- 
 vering a Portico ; as St. Martin's Church, 
 and St. George's Hanover- Square : And, 
 indeed, moft of the antient Temples of 
 Greece had their Entrances in the fame 
 Manner ; and many Noble Palaces ftill 
 are adorn'd with them. The Propor- 
 tions are To well known, I fhall not 
 trouble you now with a Repetition of 
 them. 
 
 When we confide r the Drefs of a 
 Fabrick, either in the internal or exter- 
 nal Part, it is there the Architect is to 
 (hew his Skill ; he is to adapt that to 
 the Magnitude, or Situation of the Build- 
 ing, always rather below Profufenefs, 
 than to attempt it. Drefs is the moft 
 
 i 
 
 expen five Part, either within Side or 
 without ; but wherever Enrichments are 
 applied, they fhould be few, and more 
 particularly without Side. If Carving is 
 to be introduc'd to Ornaments, it fhould 
 be in fuch Places as are defended from 
 the Weather, as in Cornices, &c. for 
 where Snow or Rain can lodge in it, 
 they are of a decaying Principle, and 
 1 ime will icon wafte away thofe ten- 
 
 J 
 
 der 
 
 $ 
 
Architecture. h 5 
 
 tier Parts, the Beauty of it will fade foon ; 
 for the Parts where the Rain lodges will 
 receive Du ft, and when it overflows, that 
 will ftaih and fully it 5 which Inconveni- 
 encies would be prevented, were the 
 Members entirely plain. 
 
 Stone will endure long, but among 
 thofe we have, Portland is the mod 
 beautiful as well as durable ; and if a 
 Front is not wholly of Stone, the Drefs 
 to Windows, Strings, Fafcia’s, Cornices, 
 &c. will be very agreeable - y but of all 
 things Stucco, or Finishing, to external 
 Ufes, are to be avoided ; a few Years 
 deftroys it, and its Colour foon fades ; 
 if it be painted, it will prove a continual 
 Expence, and the Incidents of the Sea- 
 fours will even then deftroy it in a little 
 Time. 
 
 In Buildings of Brickwork, a Plinth 
 of Stone is requifiie, though no Drefs is 
 applied to the other Parts, Stone is 
 not only more durable, but as they are 
 in large Pieces for the Foundation, they 
 will be a better Tie, and not fo eafily 
 crufh’d by the Weight above, to occa~ 
 fion a Settlement. The Rains which 
 fall near a Foundation from a Cornice, ©V. 
 
 I 2 often 
 
1 1 6 LECTURES on 
 
 often penetrate into the Joints of Brick- 
 work, and by that Means weaken it, and 
 if requir’d to be clean’d, cannot be fo well 
 done as Stone ; but then it may be ob- 
 ferv’d, that where-ever it be ufed, it will 
 be an Enlargement of Expence. 
 
 An Architect has, undoubtedly, many 
 Difficulties to meet with in the erecting 
 a Building ; want of Materials, of pro- 
 per ’Workmen, and too often of Sub- 
 ftance \ whereby his Skill in the Execu- 
 tion is requir’d to Supply Such Defect, 
 by adapting Things neceffary in the 
 Room of thofe which would be un- 
 doubtedly more ufeful : But then the 
 greateft Part of his Judgment will yet 
 appear, and that is in the Order, Regu- 
 larity, and Convenience of the Fabripk ; 
 and if a fkilful Defign be perform’d with 
 Brick inftead of Marble, it will have the 
 fame Beauty, the Proportion muft infal- 
 libly pleafe. 
 
 A plain regular Front, without 
 Drefs or Ornament, if juftly proporti- 
 on’d will better Satisfy the Tade of the 
 Judicious, and more immediately Strike 
 the Eye, than all the gay Drefs and De- 
 coration of an ill-proportion’d Defign : 
 
 *TT‘ t 
 
 i here 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 117 
 
 There is a kind of fympathizing Plea- 
 fure from Nature, when a juft Propor- 
 tion is obferv’d in the Performance of a 
 
 Building. 
 
 Internal and external Drefs re- 
 quire Rules to be applied to them, and 
 even the minuteft Parts require a cer- 
 tain Proportion; there is a Way which 
 both Art and Nature have pav’d for us, 
 and when we deviate from that Path, 
 we wander in Uncertainties. If we ap- 
 ply our Reafon to things, we fhall foon 
 find it true, that every thing requires to 
 be perform’d by infallible Rules : This 
 is what I have all along aim’d at in thefe 
 he Bures as to Generals, and if in par- 
 ticular Things it be attempted, the fame 
 univerfal Law of Nature holds good ; I 
 fhall therefore in my next LeBure treat 
 more particularly of Decoration and 
 Drefs, internal and external. 
 
 I t is impoffible by Words to explain 
 things to your entire Satisfadfion ; but 
 as far as the Nature of fuch Definitions 
 will extend by verbal Explanation, I 
 fhall endeavour at ; hoping you will 
 confider how defective fuch Deicriptions 
 are, compar’d to a Defign delineated on 
 
 I 3 Paper ; 
 
1 1 8 LECTURES 
 
 Paper ; and when you are pleas’d to 
 give Allowance for fuch De r e£t, I fhall 
 efteem it a Favour, and fhall communi- 
 cate any thing to you worthy your No- 
 tice : In the mean time I am, 
 
 Gentlemen , 
 
 i 
 
 Tours . 
 
 Read to the Society, March 1 1, 173-. 
 
 Lecture 
 
ARCHITECTURE. u 9 
 
 
 Lecture VIII. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 ry&c* Y preceding Ledtures confifleth 
 0 M || chiefly of a Defcription of Pro- 
 
 k MMM P ort * ons t0 b e u f e d * n Build- 
 ings, in which the external Part 
 as well as the internal, are confined to 
 ftated Rules . I have endeavoured fo to 
 explain thofe Rules, to make them ufefui 
 in the Practice as well as Theory of all kinds 
 of Building, and with as much Brevity as 
 fuch Definitions would admit. There 
 remains now to compleat my Deiign, 
 only a proper Difpofition and Proportion 
 of Ornaments , to be apply’d to deck the 
 Fabrick ; and indeed, this is the moft dif- 
 ficult Part of Architecture , fo to difpofe 
 of Ornaments as to fill up ufelefs Vacui- 
 ties, and to give a proper Alleviation to 
 the Eye as it pafies from Space to Space, 
 preferving an Analogy through the keep- 
 ing of the whole Defign, and fo filling 
 
 I 4 and 
 
120 L E C T U R E S on 
 
 and decorating the Vacancies, as not to 
 crowd and incumber the Parts with fu- 
 perfluous Drefs or Ornament. 
 
 Beauty and Proportion are infepara- 
 bie, for which Reafon Beauty is always 
 center’d in Proportion, and Proportion 
 is ever beautiful ; therefore, in Nature 
 there are ftated Laws, whereby they are 
 form’d : But when we deviate from Na- 
 ture, the farther we recede, the more 
 remote we are from Elegance, becaufe 
 Nature is conftant and invariable in her 
 Production, and admits of nothing to 
 make her pleafing or beautiful but Pro- 
 portion and Harmony * 
 
 I n Architecture, therefore Rules are 
 to be made ufe of, which when ob- 
 ferved by an Architect, his Fancy, or 
 Genius, will give a proper Contraft to 
 a Defign. A Statue may have an ele- 
 gant Proportion without Drefs, and be 
 in Nature juft, yet Nudities are not fo 
 pleating to the Eye, as a Statue in 
 Cloathing, after the antique Drefs of 
 Drapery, and even in Drefs, the fine 
 Proportion of the Statue may be pre- 
 served 5 the tender Softnefs of a Venus , 
 or the mufcular Robuftneis of a Mars 
 
 or 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 121 
 
 or a Hercules, may be fhewn through 
 the Drapery in proper Parts ; but then 
 a fine proportion'd Statue may have a 
 Superfluity of Drefs, or be illy plac’d, 
 or want Elegance in Defign, which de- 
 ft roys even the Beauty of the Statue; 
 fo in Buildings, a plain juft proportion’d 
 Defign will always pleafe the judicious 
 Eye, but a proper Difpofition of pro- 
 portioned Ornaments adds to it a pleafing 
 Gracefulnefs, and renders it abundantly 
 more agreeable, where the Parts which 
 deck the Fabrick, are only juft what 
 are neceffary, without Superfluity or 
 Want . 
 
 Our modern Archite&s have made 
 Ornament or Drefs, the principal Part 
 of their Performance, and have given 
 Decoration to ilhproportiorfd Fabricks, 
 and indeed, Superfluity is generally the 
 thing to attract the Eye; they garnifh 
 the in-elegant Defign, to attone for the 
 Difproportion of the Parts, and croud 
 and fill the Spaces by fome gay Drefs, 
 to conceal the want of Proportion 5 
 which is only a kind of unmeaning 
 Attempt at Elegance, which our greateft 
 Architects are not exempt from, tho’ 
 in other Places have fhewn a refin'd 
 
 Elegance 
 
122 
 
 LECTURES 
 
 Elegance of Tafte worthy Imitation, 
 Examples of the former Cl afs are too 
 numerous, and the latter are more en- 
 vied, perhaps, than admired $ which 
 makes fuch Examples lefs known by 
 young Students in Architecture, to at- 
 tract their Attention. ; 
 
 t. « * 
 
 That the Rules which I have laid 
 down may be of ufe to apply to Build- 
 ings, I have chofe a Defigm whofe Pro- 
 portions are the fame which I have 
 made ufe of in the' internal Parts of a 
 Building, .as is fhewn in the Sections 
 Plate the lid, p. 105, in which is the fquare 
 and arithmetical Proportion 5, 4 and 3, 
 which 1 have chofe for the Plan and 
 Profile before us, Plate the Hid. The 
 Plan is 50 Feet Front, 40 Feet deep, 
 and the Height of the Building is 30 
 Feet from the furface of the Ground, 
 to the top of the Blocking Courfe. 
 
 A s the Defign is frnall, I have di- 
 vided the internal Parts in proportion 
 to the Magnitude of the Defign, as 
 may be feen by the Plan which is of 
 the principal Floor. I propofe the 
 Houle to Hand in a FoJJee , and fuch 
 Cilices for the u’e of the Houfe to 
 
 be 
 
£o. Feet Fronfi 
 
 fftarr/j uw:et deh/i. 
 
 TbwjJ c-aJfr / 
 
\ 
 
ARCHITECTURE 125 
 
 be below the Plinth, as (hewn in the 
 Profile above it; the Entrance to thofe 
 Offices being propos’d at the End, 
 mark'd G — — by the Stair-cafe : As 
 thofe Offices are principally for Ser- 
 vants, I have omitted the Plan. On 
 the principal Floor are four Rooms, 
 three of which have the Proportion 
 Sefquialter, or the Cube and half, pro- 
 poling all that Floor to be 12 Feet 
 high in the Clear, in which the Rooms 
 mark'd C, D, E, are 1 8 Feet long, 
 12 Feet wide, and 12 Feet high, which 
 is the Cube and half. 
 
 The principal Room mark'd B, I 
 have given the Proportion of 4, 3, and 
 2, it being 24 Feet long, 18 Feet wide, 
 and 12 Feet high. The Front Walls 
 are two Bricks thick, or one Foot fix 
 Inches each ; which makes 
 
 F. I. 
 
 The two Walls 3 o 
 
 The Room mark'd A, is 24 o Length, 
 The Partition is thick 1 o 
 The Room C, is width 12 o 
 
 Makes Feet 40 o which is 
 the Depth of the Building. 
 
 The 
 
I2 4 "LECTURES on 
 
 The Front being 50 Feet, I pro- 
 pofe the end Wails one Foot ten each* 
 which is two Bricks and half ; 
 
 F. I. 
 
 Both making 3 8 
 
 The Room B, is 180 
 
 The Wall next PafTage A ? 1 2 
 The Paffage mark’d A, is 
 in the Clear 
 
 The middle Wall next the 
 Stairs, an d Rooms mar- 
 ked C 5 D, and E, is 
 The Rooms mark’d E, D, 18 o 
 
 o 
 
 1 2 
 
 Breadth 
 
 Thick 
 
 Wide 
 
 Thick 
 
 Long 
 
 Makes 50 o Feet the 
 Front of the Building. 
 
 In the Plan I have endeavour’d to 
 prefer ve a ftridt Uniformity and Con- 
 venience ; each Room I have illumi- 
 nated with a proper Light, without 
 changing the Regularity of the Front $ 
 and at the End G, l have made a Ve- 
 netian Window the whole opening of the 
 Stairs, which will be an Illumination to 
 the Paffage mark’d A. At the Land- 
 ing-Place F, I have made a Screen of 
 Columns to the Stairs, which will form 
 
 a Gal- 
 
ARCHITECTURE, r 25 
 
 a Gallery in the Attick Story ; and each 
 Chamber be convenient and private, by 
 making Clofets over the Paflage. The 
 Attick Story will be the fame Plan, 
 without altering the Proportion of the 
 Rooms ; and as they are intended for 
 Lodgings, will be fufficiently lighted. 
 
 I t may be further obferved, that 
 each Room has a Communication to 
 the Stairs, and to each other, with- 
 out incommoding any, and renders 
 them private as well as regularly pro- 
 portioned. I would propofe as to in- 
 ternal finifhing, to have the lower Of- 
 fices, except one Room, all plaifter’d, 
 or done with Stucco, and thofe Rooms 
 pav’d with Tile or Stone, as can be 
 mod; conveniently had in the Country, 
 for which this is dehgned. The Stairs 
 likewife I would have of Stone for 
 the fafety of the Inhabitant in cafe of 
 Fire. The Walls of the principal Floor 
 fhould be wainfcotted with Deal, and 
 the Cornices plaifter’d and enrich’d in 
 proportion to the external Drefs of the 
 Deiign ; boarding the Floors with the 
 beft fort of Deal, and enriching the 
 Ceilings, eipecialiy in the Room mark’d 
 B, in which the Chimney-piece, the 
 
126 LECTURES on 
 
 Brefs, and Ornaments to the Doors 
 and Windows, being all to be fuited 
 to the Elegance of the external Part, 
 which is to be the Guide to finifh the 
 internal. 
 
 The Profile mark’d A, I have di- 
 vided into fuch proportion’d Windows 
 and 4 Piers, that gives an equal Margint 
 round like the running of a Frett, which 
 always give a Beauty to the mo ft 
 plain- and fimple Defigns $ and it is 
 this, when rightly applied, that makes 
 Drefs and Decoration pleafing, where 
 it is ufed to preferve an equal Space 
 from Vacuity to Vacuity. To contract 
 a large plain Space, or to alleviate the 
 Eye in pa fling from one part of the 
 Defign to the other, which by break- 
 ing into various Parts anfwers the End 
 of enriching a Building. As the Pro- 
 file before us is complied of the mod 
 natural Numbers, to give Pleafure to 
 the Eye, you may fee Elarmony even 
 in its PJainnefs. But if the Situation, or 
 the Inhabitant or Owner require more 
 Vivacity and Gaiety , the front B Plate 
 the 4th, will be a proper finifhing ; 
 and here, the Windows, Piers, Heights, 
 and every thing are the fame as that 
 
 mark’d 
 
I 
 
 
 
 \Vv 
 
 
 
 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 127 
 
 (mark’d A.) only fuppofing the Orna- 
 ments lain on it without altering any 
 part of the Dijpo/ition or Magnitude 5 
 yet the Margints or Spaces are preferved, 
 and a proper keeping to the Defign. 
 
 If the mod: elegant Drefs is requir- 
 ed, let the 'Profile C. be- fop po fed to 
 be the fame ‘with A- in Magnitude^ ©V. 
 as is before obferved ; ’ only laying on 
 the Enrichments to adorn the Fabrick, 
 the Spaces are prefer ved by breaking 
 the Diflahces with- Feftoons : cr Drape- 
 ry, &c. which give a Graceful nefs and 
 well proportion’d Symmetry to the 
 whole. It is eafy to fee the fame 
 Graces in the beautiful Statue orna- 
 mented with proper Drapery ; and 
 you may trace the plain Profile through 
 all the Elegancy of Architecture, where 
 a juft Proportion has been us’d in the 
 Parts which compote the Defign; and 
 as in a Statue the Mufcles, Nerves, &e . 
 have a juft ‘pfopojtion to the Magni- 
 tude of the whole ; fp, in a well pro- 
 portioned Budding, r every Fai t fhould 
 he confider’di as it relates to the corn- 
 pleating ; the Defign., to make it Jlrong , 
 
 ' beaut ij ul, and convenient . 
 
 The minuter Orn aments made ufb 
 of to adorn Doors. Windows. &c. have 
 
128 LECTURES on 
 
 fuch Proportions already affign’d them, 
 that no Addition can be made to beau- 
 tify them ; only it muft be remembered 
 the fewer Divifions they confift of, the 
 more elegant they will appear j and when 
 Mouldings are ufed at any considerable 
 diftance from the Eye, they .fhould be 
 few in number and of an ample Relievo ; 
 for where they are fmall, a redundancy 
 of Parts fcatters the Angles of Sight into a 
 Multitude of Rays crowded together, and 
 renders the Objedt we view a perfect Con- 
 fufion. 
 
 It has been the juft Obfervation of 
 an ingenious Friend, that in Drefs and De- 
 coration the Ornaments which deck the 
 Defign fhould be natural, and all the Parts 
 fhould have an Analogy one to the other : 
 As fuppofe in particular, the ornament- 
 ing a Ceiling of a Room, the Beams which 
 are enrich’d fhould be lain over Piers , the 
 Pannels anlwer Doors or Windows, and 
 the Margints be preferved the fame as the 
 Sides of the Room $ for in ftanding on 
 one Side of a Room, the Ceiling of 
 the oppofife Side fhould anfwer the Di- 
 vifion of the Walls, that they might ap- 
 pear in one Line. Few Per Tons have 
 ftriflly obferv’d this Method ; but as 
 a Proof of its Beauty when perform’d, 
 
 + obferve 
 
ARCHITECTURE, rt 9 
 
 ebferve the Ceiling of the Banqueting- 
 hoofe at Whitehall , where it is ftribtly ex- 
 ecuted ; and compare it with the Ceiling 
 of the new Building of St. Bartholomew § 
 Hofpital, and you will yourfelves readily 
 judge the neceffity of obferving thofe Me- 
 thods in dividing the Compartments of a 
 Defign, and what Effect they have where 
 Fancy only has directed the Defigner in 
 his Choice of Decoration. 
 
 Gentlemen, It has been my chief 
 Defign in thefe Lectures to lay down 
 Rules for mo ft of the principal Branches 
 of Architecture ; and if I have any where 
 deviated from the common Path, your 
 own Judgments will guide you to the 
 propereft Choice. I do not lay them 
 down for abfolute, but if they are prac- 
 ticable they may be ufeful. Our Judg- 
 ments vary much in the mo ft common 
 
 o' 
 
 Opinions ; and if there ihould be diffe- 
 rent Sentiments about the improvement 
 and refining fo noble and extenfive an 
 Ar tvs Architecture, yet it is certain, where 
 Rules are the Guide to our Judgment, 
 fuch Opinions are built upon the moft 
 folid and lading Foundation. 
 
 K 
 
 W HEN 
 
i 3 o LECTURES on 
 
 When Iconfider Architecture in its ut- 
 tnoft Extent, and how many different 
 Defigns may be compos’d from thofe few 
 Rules which I have laid down for the 
 general Proportions, it always gives me an 
 agreeable Pleafure in the Refledion, to fee 
 from one fniall Fabrick new E m belli fh- 
 ments, and rifing to noble Buildings and 
 Palaces ; and all performed by the fame 
 Rules, the fame analogous Proportions, 
 muff be a pleafing Theme to employ the 
 Thoughts of a fpeculative Genius. When 
 1 confider how many fucceffive Ages of 
 Time have roil’d away fince the Art was 
 perfected, and how the noble Adieus of 
 eminent Perfons have been tranfmitted to 
 us by public k Buildings and monumental Or- 
 naments , and how future Ages may view 
 the Works of our prefect Worthies in 
 their Palaces and Seats of Retirement : 
 When I am led to fuch Contemplations, 
 it always gives me an unfpeakable Satis- 
 fadion. 
 
 To acquire a juft Tafte of Befigning, 
 fSmft be to be well acquainted with the 
 Defigns of the Antients, to traverfe the 
 antique Buildings of Greece and Rome , 
 and compare them with the Works of 
 
 Scrlio 9 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 131 
 
 Serlio , Palladio , and others ; and fee which 
 is moil agreeable to Rule, or moil affeCts 
 our Paffions in the Review ; where Na- 
 ture is moil apparent, there undoubtedly 
 Harmony refides, whether the Defign be 
 plain and coniift of but few Parts, or whe- 
 ther it be enrich’d with Ornament or 
 Decoration ; if Rules or Nature have 
 been applied, thofe are the Examples 
 worthy our Choice. 
 
 Compare the Portico of St. Martin ' s 
 Church with fome of the antient Temples 
 of Greece , in the Works of Vitruvius, or 
 the Pantheon at Rome , and there you will 
 difcover true elegance of Defign, and a 
 happy refinement of Tafte. To fee 
 Buildings of more than 2000 Years dii- 
 tance in Date be thought worthy of Imi- 
 tation, fhews not only the Excellency of 
 Architecture in thofe Times, but the 
 Genius of this prefent Age, who can di- 
 vert themfelves of modern Error, to trace 
 the Paths of Antiquity. The Antients 
 were generally grave and folemn in the de- 
 coration of their Temples, but their 
 Theatres and Palaces had Gaiety and Drefs 
 to enliven the Defign, and were never 
 fparing in Ornament, fo it did not 
 border upon Profufenefs . 
 
 Or- 
 
132 LECTURES, . &c. 
 
 Ornaments certainly give a noble 
 Contrail to a Befign, where they' are ap- 
 propriated to the Purpofes of the Build- 
 ing ; but it mail be conlider’d, Feiloons 
 of Fruits and Flowers would illy become 
 the Entrance of a Pri on, or frofted ruf- 
 tick Work the Approach of a Palace : 
 Propriety in Ornaments is therefore a grand 
 part of Defigning, and where it is juftly 
 introduc’d with Elegance of Taile in Dif- 
 po fit ion and Proportion , ihews an Accom- 
 plishment in Judgment, which is requi- 
 site for a compleat Architect. 
 
 As I have now compleated the gene- 
 ral Proportions, it may be expeded that 
 1 Should proceed to treat of the particular 
 Magnitude and Form of Ornaments which 
 deck and embelliih the Fabrick ; but as 
 that will be as exteniive in Defcription, 
 as what I have hitherto defcrib’d to you 
 in my Seven preceding Difcourfes, I Shall 
 make the Orders and Ornaments of Ar- 
 chitecture the Subjed of future Ledures, 
 when Opportunity gives me leave to trace 
 a Subjed fo agreeable, and of fo univer- 
 fal extent as Architecture. 
 
 In the mean time I remain, 
 
 Genelemen, 
 
 Tours 9 &c. 
 
LECTURES 
 
 O N 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Confifting of 
 
 RULES 
 
 Founded upon 
 
 Harmonick and Arithmetical 
 Proportions in Building, appli- 
 cable to various Situations. 
 
 D E SIGN’D 
 
 As an agreeable Etttertainment for 
 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 BUT 
 
 More Particularly UJ'eful, to all who 
 make Architecture, or the 
 Polite Arts their Study. 
 
 Part the Second. 
 
 Read to a Society eftablifhed for the Im- 
 provement of Arts and Sciences, and 
 Explain’d byExamples 0033 Copper-plates* 
 with the Proportions apply’d to Pradlice. 
 
 By Robert Morris. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for the AUTHOR, 1736. and Sold by 
 j. Brindley , in New Bond-Street $ J. Wilcox , 
 againft the New Church in the Strand 3 and 
 J. Millan , near the Admiralty Office. 
 
 (Price Hitch’d, 3 s.) 
 
T>' r * 
 
 
 O’ T l 
 
 ' .14 1 
 
 
 So- ! s W 
 
 -r . ff -o 
 
 * f •' ” i . 
 
 .. - V, 
 
 . 
 
 O •‘^.O 
 
 L i;. 
 
 \ V ; j?JS 
 
 I- 
 
 , 
 
 t T I O 
 
 ■ 
 
 ?:«•> ■■ 
 
 i , ,■ •. . , - .i- - 
 
 5 1 f! 
 
 fe A 
 
 o ' 
 
 j. o ' v ■ 
 
 < r lOl ' : • . t 
 
 * z, s cr 
 
 ;■ T 
 
 -V <■» .O * *■ 
 
 , . . 
 
 * ; 3 ± ; .w. 
 
 ) .< .rv , 
 
 -T V- 
 
 • / ... i '■ 
 
 - nn - 
 
 Ub ;o v \?Xj VWi 
 
 w o 
 
 y ■ : '' 
 
 - ’ 
 
 . . 
 
 J , •;:> ' k'/j : - 'K u 3 * 
 
 / SCO 
 
 i 1 ... 4 gi v - 
 
 
 U f '3 ' . K V r 
 
 ..v 
 
 r ,v {{ 
 
 
 
 :.? '10 O. 
 % S t: '.i. ' ::;0 
 
 
 r .-r 
 
 ■O .- 0,0 
 
 . ' .. . V; . - rirvo 1 C 
 
 ■ > ; . 
 
 ss- ; -‘ r * ‘ ' 
 
 o . coo . : ■:>. . jo: c 1 
 
 » > v ' . ‘ . 
 
 m 
 
 ’V /V i 
 
 . ’ ’ } ' ' J - •' . 
 
 V. . \ • k ■ 
 
 ■ r s iiJ w;o ; 1; jO 3:1 
 
 c - -- • 
 
 root: c:no; 
 
T O 
 
 ROGER MORRIS, Efq; 
 
 A rchite<£l' ? &c. 
 
 F oor Affinity or Friendjhip* 
 are Motives to induce me to 
 addrefs this Second Part of 
 my Lectures to You, I am 
 more immediately obliged to it, from 
 the Erudition I have received in your 
 Service . From thence arofe the Ideasof 
 the following Befigns, which I have in- 
 terfperfed in this abftra&ed Effay < — — » 
 If I have any where produced Jometking 
 that may be free from severe Cenfure, 
 they are fuch Parts only, where I have 
 taken the moft pains to imitate Your 
 Manner of Defigning, in the Practice 
 as well as Iheory of the Art. Where 
 the Imperfections and Blemifies of Taste 
 are more vifible, those are owing to 
 Negligence, the want of juftly adhering 
 
 to 
 
 a 2 
 
iv Dedication, 
 
 to Yours, or, perhaps, a Angularity of 
 Opinion, a Fault which I find a Dif- 
 ficulty to furmount. 
 
 Where Arch ite cure, among other 
 Topicks engrofs the Converfation of the 
 Beau-Monde , Your Productions muft 
 fometimesbe th dTheme ; thereforejCrws. thefe 
 petit Sallies of my Imagination may be 
 known by the generality of Mankind, from 
 thofe nobler Patterns You have produced, 
 I (belter myfelf under the Sanction of 
 Your Name $ Comparifon will foon di- 
 dinguifli the great Difference between 
 EJJays in Theory , and Practical Demon- 
 fixations. 
 
 Be pleas'd, Sir, to receive this Amufe- 
 ment of a few vacant Hours, as an Ac- 
 knowledgment of the fincere Duty and 
 Obligation I lie under to You. I {hall 
 ftill efteem myfelf happy in the Con- 
 tinuance of Your Friendfloipy and in fub- 
 feribing myfelf, with all due Refpcct, 
 
 Your Loving Kinfman, 
 x and Humble Servant, 
 
 Robert Morris. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Think it neceffary to fay Jome- 
 thing of this Second Part 
 my LeBures , as they confiji chief y 
 of Demon fir at ions to the Firfi ; 
 thofe are the Bafis on which the fever al 
 Defigns of thefe are ereBed . It may he 
 obfervd , I have by Examples provd the 
 Rules praBicable both by internal and ex- 
 ternal Magnitudes . Verbal Explanations 
 
 of the minute Parts of Building I think 
 unnecefary , fuppofi?ig the Reader qualified 
 to comprehend the Proportions of the Orders , 
 and the fever al Parts of the Orthography 
 and Ichnography of the Building. 
 
 Situation has been my next Care , 
 and in this 1 have been vigilant to ap- 
 propriate my Defgn to the imaginary 
 Spot . If I have been poetick in Defcrip - 
 tion^ the Remarks are only from fuch 
 Situations which I have frequently taken 
 
 from 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE, 
 
 from Nature it felf , and 1 ejleem Situa- 
 tion fo extenfive a Branch of Architecture, 
 that no Building fhould be defigri d to be 
 ereBed , without fir ft confidering the Extent 
 0/Trofpe6t, Hills, Vales, Scc.wbich expand 
 or encircle it ; its Avenues, Paftures and 
 W aters ; all which furnifh the A rchitect 
 with proper Ideas , and the Modus mu ft 
 be Jiff ted from one Scene to another , as 
 Necefjity requires . 
 
 These LeBurcs, therefore, are rather 
 a brief Explanation of the Art of De- 
 fig n mg ^ and may , perhaps , contain fome 
 Hints not unufeful to our great eft Ar- 
 tifts ; few have fo extenfively defer iV d Si - 
 tuation y and a proper Application of De- 
 figns to it , as may be found in this ab fir ac- 
 ted EfTay, in which 1 have attempted to lay 
 a Foundation to an Art which muft infal- 
 libly be ufefuf being ejiablijk' d on fo firm 
 a Bafis as Rules and Proportion. I have 
 been an Eye-witnefsoffuch an infinite Num- 
 ber of ill- appropriated , as well as difi- 
 proporiion d Defigns *, Rufticity in the room 
 ofi Elegance, and Gaiety where Plainnefs 
 and Simplicity would have been far more 
 pkafing . I fay y fuch frequent Errata V 
 led me to confide r (ome Jure unending Rules 
 for appropriating Buildings to the Spot , 
 which the Hints of theje Examples may 
 prove the Necefjity of As I believe few 
 
 Situ - 
 
PREFACE. vii 
 
 Situations can be , but what will come un- 
 der Jome of the Rules I have laid down , fo 
 there are few Situations but what I have 
 in feme meafure touch'd upon . 
 
 In Situation I have not carried my 
 Hefcription fo far as Shakefpear, in that 
 beautiful one tf/’Dover-Cliff, in the fourth 
 Act of the tragedy of King Lear, becaufe 
 I imagine fuch a Spot improper to build 
 on 5 but if any Attempt of this kind is re- 
 quired^ to erect a Fabrick on fo uncouth 
 a Scene , it Jhould be the Proportion 3, 2, 
 and 1, without Decoration or Drefs, and 
 its Finifhing the mojl plain and majfy that 
 could be invented . Such Profpects generally 
 fill the Eye ; but with Wonder and Surprize 
 we furvey the dijlant Scene , it only leaves a 
 kind of mingled dread upon the Mind , and 
 that pie afing Horror foon vanifheth . Such an 
 extended Ocean is fill one continued Image ; 
 ' the Seas are only varied from a Storm to a 
 Calm y and fo vice verfa to a Storm again. 
 Whereas the Land affords a vafi Variety 
 of Hills, Woods, Shades, Rivers, Corn, 
 Fruits and Paftures. Fhe Seafons change 
 dll thefe ; the Spring decks it with a va- 
 ried Verdure, a particoloured Painting 
 of Flowers and Bloffoms. Floe Summer 
 fioifts the Scene to ripening Fruits ; the 
 Meads and Paftures wear another Face. 
 
 In 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 In Autumn the fpacious Fields are gilded 
 with a Yellow Hew . — 
 
 - Bedeck t with Beauties in a fwift Decline, 
 For hoary Winter lops the loaded Bough, 
 Swells up the Surface of the gliding Stream , 
 Pours out its Rain , or whitens all the Hills , 
 Makes Nature naked till the Spring returns. 
 Then, round the fame Variety again ; 
 Revolving Beauties ev’ry where appear. 
 
 And la ft refembled this fucceeding Year, 
 
 I have oft been deceived by a pompous 
 Title to a Book , and which has fcarce 
 touch'd upon thofe Parts which in the Title 
 feem d mojl fonorous, therefore I hope the 
 Reader will give him f elf the trouble of a 
 fair perufal before he pafs "Judgment in 
 Favour or Diflike to this; and when he 
 candidly declares his Opinion y he may pro- 
 bably fay some Things have pleas'd him . 
 This has been one Aim of my Writing, 
 and whatever is the Fate of it , I am 
 content to be cenfur'd \ fmce , as Cato ob- 
 ferves , The Best may Err. 
 
 LECTURE 
 
( r 35 ) 
 
 LECTURE 
 
 The Ninth. 
 
 P A R C T the Second. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 H E Reception which the frit 
 Part of my Leftures on Archi- 
 tecture hath found fince their 
 Publication, hath in fome mea- 
 fureincourag’d me to continue ’em. Hav- 
 ing always propos’d those only to be a 
 preparatory Introduction to the more im- 
 portant Branches of that noble and use- 
 ful Art, I intend not to omit any 
 thing that can be conducive to the 
 Improvement of it, and which I /hall at- 
 tempt in the following Ledures, which I 
 have prepar’d for the enfuing Seafon for 
 your Entertainment. 
 
 T 
 
 True 
 
136 Lectures on 
 
 0 
 
 True Architecture is a Science 
 almoft univerfally talk’d of, and even 
 attempted to be pradifed, but it is not 
 fo well underftood 3 the fuperficial Part 
 of it is known by many, but fomething 
 more than that is wanting. The judi- 
 cious Architect hath many Difficulties to 
 meet, many Obftacles to encounter in the 
 Art of Deligning 3 and even Pr^r^/nt felf 
 is not all 3 there is the Application, the Af- 
 femblage of thole Proportions requir’d to be 
 juftly appropriated to the Ufes of the in- 
 tended Fabrick. The Orders of Archi- 
 tecture are only the Drefs and Garnifh 
 of Building 3 Proportion is the principal 
 Bails 3 and the applying thofe Proportions 
 to proper Situations, is the moft noble, 
 the moil exceniive, and difficult Branch 
 of the Art. Embelliihments require Skill 
 in their Difpohtion and Arrangement, 
 and a nice Genius fo to life them, 
 that they may be faid to have neither 
 Superfluity, nor Want 3 the fir ft betrays a 
 Laviffmefs of Fancy, the latter a Mean - 
 nefs of Tafte. But it is to be obferved, 
 
 that Situation is in fame meafure to di- 
 
 * 
 
 red; the Archited how to apply his Or- 
 naments 3 making Art, as it were, an 
 Handmaid to Nature, by appropriating 
 them to the Spot on which the Fabrick 
 is to be ereded. 
 
 As 
 
Architecture. 137 
 
 As in my 5th Ledture, Page the 68 th 
 and 69th, I have fhewn what kind of 
 Drefs different Situations require, and how 
 to appropriate the Decorations of the De- 
 sign, that they may be analagous to the 
 Spot : I propofe in thefe enfuing Lec- 
 
 tures to affign feme certain Situations, 
 and apply one of each of my Propor~ 
 tiom to them, fo changing them to an- 
 fwer the Purpofes of Defigning ; ufing 
 Ornament or Drefs as a neceflary Branch 
 of the Art, not as if it was intended 
 for Profufion, but as a ufeful Embellifh- 
 ment ; and in the fame manner fo to dif- 
 pofe the internal Parts of Building, ac- 
 cording to the Proportions I have already 
 affignd, Page the 75th, that no Part of 
 the Structure may be faid to be undeferi- 
 bed, or unintelligible, as far as a Deli- 
 neation or Draught is capable to exprefs. 
 This is the Bafis upon which I propofe 
 to continue this Second Part of my Lec- 
 tures, which will render this Undertaking, 
 though a kind of abftrafted Syftem of 
 Building, ufeful to all who are imme- 
 diately concerned in the Practice of Ar- 
 fhitefture. 
 
 The grand Branches of the Art are 
 unlimited in Extent, they are not con- 
 fin’d in Space, or cuxumfcribed by 
 
 T 2 Bounds ; 
 
138 Lectures on 
 
 Bounds ; for by changing the Modus, 
 or Style of Defigning, the fame Analogy 
 may be prefer ved through the njoft mag- 
 nificent Pile that can be invented ; and 
 even thofe Proportions may be differently 
 modified, and differently embellifh’d.with- 
 out changing the General Proportions, 
 thofe being only the Ground-work for 
 an Architect to entertain his Genius. The 
 Cube may be divided into more or lefs 
 Parts; it may be only 20 Feet, or ex- 
 tended to 50, &c. The fame Proportion 
 in both will have equal Graces ; and even 
 in a Room in Miniature, just Propor- 
 tions will have their Charms \ 
 
 I n delineating the Plan or Elevation 
 of a Building, the Out-line is to be fir ft 
 form’d, as in the Plan and Profile be- 
 fore us, which are compofed of 3 Cubes, 
 as reprefen ted by the circumfcribing Cir- 
 cles. It is from thence the internal Parts, 
 as well as the ornamenting and dijpofing 
 the proper Voids, and Decoration of the 
 Front, are to be regulated ; and thofe in- 
 ternal Parts are proportion’d by firft de- 
 termining the Height of the principal 
 Story, as may be feen at the End of the 
 Profile ; each Story being figur'd 10 Feet 
 in the Clear, this, as a Standard to the 
 whole, gives the Length and Breadth of 
 each Room by fome of thofe Propor- 
 tions : 
 

 
 f: 9 
 
 
 
 o • • 
 
 
 <*> 
 
 fA' ^ \ 
 
 
 k- 
 
 i — 1 
 
 i — . 
 
 1 
 
 i gi 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 P3 
 
 
 ^sa o-o/ 
 
 t •• £/ 
 
 
 'O B55 
 
 \ 
 
 | ^ 
 
 X3 
 
 $ c'f pfrva' 
 
 «5t> 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 r:'*\ 
 
 \ 
 
 •I 
 
 :3 
 
 . c. 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
Architecture. 139 
 
 tioris: So that by-dividing the Height of the 
 Room which you intend to allot by fome 
 of the Proportions , into a certain Num- 
 ber of equal Parts, the fame Parts are the 
 Standard by which you affign fome al- 
 lotted Parts for the Length and Breadth 
 of the faid Room. To make my feif 
 more clearly underftood, I will call a 
 Room the Arithmetical Proportion of 5, 
 4iand 3 ; that Room may be 12 Feet 
 high, 15 Feet wide, and 20 Feet long : 
 Or that Proportion may be extended to 
 18 Feet high, 24 Feet wide, and 30 Feet 
 long, which are the fame Divifions, and 
 
 in each of which Feet and Inches are 
 
 * * 
 
 not confider’d as the Divifions by which 
 they are regulated ; but I only life the 
 Term Feet and Inches as they are more 
 univerfally pradifed and known, and to 
 fhew what harmonick Numbers fpring 
 from fuch Arithmetical Preportions ; 
 
 It may perhaps appear an Innova- 
 tion, as well as Novelty, to introduce 
 in Architecture a Method fo different 
 from the common Ideas People have 
 conceiv’d of Building, and which has 
 been an eftablifhed Rule fo long prac- 
 tifed ; but if Men would impartially di- 
 ved themfelves of fuch miftaken Prin- 
 ciples, which may have milled their 
 Genius, I cannot fee what Objection 
 
 T 3 can 
 
140 Lectures on 
 
 can be made to this Method, that is , 
 to .prevent its being pra&ifed. Sup- 
 pofe in the Plan before us, that the 
 Room marked A is the Proportion 4, 
 
 3 and 2 ; the Height is divided into 
 2 equal Parts, each in Your Terms is 
 called 5 feet ; the Breadth is 3 of thefe 
 Parts, call’d 15 feet, and the Length 
 
 4 of thofe Parts equal to 20 feet, 
 all which amounts only to Proportion 
 4 > 3 > 2* 
 
 Suppose the Rooms which I have 
 made in the fame Plan, &c. are 
 marked B, C, E, F, and G , to be the 
 Cube and half ; that is, the Height be- 
 ing 10 feet, the Breadth is 10, and the 
 Length 15 feet; that is, the Cube and 
 half exprefs’d by the Denomination of 
 feet : the Height I divide into 2 equal 
 Parts, the Breadth into 2, and the 
 Length into 3, without Numbers. This 
 Proportion I have in fome Places called 
 the Sefquialter. 
 
 The Room marked H is the Propor- 
 tion 5, 4, and 3, which is form'd by di- 
 viding the Height into 3 equal Parts ; 
 each is 3 feet 4 ; the Breadth contain- 
 ing 4 fuch Parts, is equal to 13 feet 
 4 inches ; and the Length being 5 of 
 thofe Parts, is 16 feet 8 inches. 
 
 The 
 
Architecture. 141 
 
 The Room marked D, is the fame 
 Proportion as that marked A; but it 
 muft be obferved, that Room is 12 feet 
 high, which makes it 2 feet higher 
 than the lower Apartment ; and in 
 the Chamber Story, the Room over it 
 becomes 2 feet lower than the other 
 Rooms of that Floor. There may be 
 a Paffage and Communication to the 
 Stair-cafes over the Place marked D, 
 reprefented by the dotted Line. The 
 Magnitude of this Room is form'd by 
 dividing the Height (12 feet) into 2 
 equal Parts 5 each contains 6 feet; the 
 Breadth (being 3 of thofe Parts) is e- 
 qual to 18 feet, and the Length (4 of 
 thofe Parts) is equal to 24 feet, or 
 Proportion 4, 3, and 2 0 
 
 The Room N is continued through 
 the Chamber- ftory and forms the Cube 
 25 Feet. 
 
 Thus I have endeavour'd to demon* 
 ftrate the Poffibility of Pradlifing the 
 harmonick Proportions by this Me- 
 thod ; and I hope you will receive fuch 
 an Idea of the Neceffity of Proportions 
 to be ufed in Buildings that their Ufe- 
 fulnefs will become your Care to im- 
 prove in and preferve. The Method is 
 
 T 4 fo 
 
142 Lectures on 
 
 fo concife, and the Proportions are fo 
 eafily retain'd in the Memory , that they" 
 will prove an important Bafis for a 
 young Architect to build his Study on : 
 Rules fo eafily digefted, fo extenfive, 
 and fitted fo exadly to, tally with me- 
 dia nick Numbers, mu ft undoubtedly 
 meet with a Reception equal to their 
 Merit. I fliall more particularly (hew, 
 n the Courfe of my Ledures, an Ex- 
 ample of a Plan and Profile of each 
 Proportion, whereby you may be con- 
 vinced of the Veracity and Extent of thofe 
 Proportions, which I have laid down 
 and eftabliftfd as an univerfal Rule to 
 proceed by. 
 
 The Situation of the Defign be- 
 fore us, I propofe on an Eminence a- 
 bout half a Mile diftant from fome pub- 
 lick Road, or fmall Heath, to which I 
 would have only a Fojfee to feparate an 
 Avenue leading from thence to the 
 Building ; each fide of that Avenue I 
 would plant thick with Under-wood, 
 and always kept fo Low, that they 
 might not prevent a Profped from the 
 Houfe to remote Objeds. About the 
 middle I ‘would propofe a Canal, or 
 large Fountain, to crofs the Avenue; 
 and from thence to the Building, I 
 would have it by a gradual, eafy Af- 
 
 cent, 
 
Architecture. 143 
 
 cent, end in a femicircular, ampitheatri- 
 cal Verdure of Ever-greens, in which 
 fhould be Openings to verdant Walks, 
 terminated by fome diftanc Landfcape, 
 a beautiful Profped to a fruitful Vale, 
 or fome remarkable Qbjedt. 
 
 The Avenue I would propofe a Ver- 
 dure, therefore the Approach to the Home 
 fhould be through the Wood on one 
 fide that Avenue; thole Woods to be 
 cut through with Serpentine Walks, 
 either regularly prun’d, or luxuriantly 
 Shooting their Branches in a wild Dis- 
 order ; the Paths ftrew’d with Sand, to 
 render them more eafy to walk on. 
 From thefe agreable Retreats, fome more 
 open Walks fhould invite the penfive 
 Wanderer to roam, in which little 
 Temples, or Seats for Eafe, Repaft, 
 or Retirement fhould be placed to ter- 
 minate the View. The Offices fhould 
 be extended in a right Line from the 
 Building Northwards (propofing .the 
 Front a South Afpedl) join’d only by 
 a Corridore, and fo low built, that the 
 Vifta’s from the Chamber Windows 
 might not be prevented being feen at 
 the Ends of the Houfe. 
 
 The Back or North Front fhould 
 have on opening to fome Vifta, be- 
 
 i Q> 
 
 tween 
 
144 Lectures on 
 
 tween which and the Houfe Ihould 
 be an Ampitheater 160 Feet fquare, 
 and environ'd with lofty Groves on 
 each fide, to keep off the Keennefs of 
 the North Winds. I would have few 
 Villa's cut in them ; for the Winds 
 palling through, would render the Back 
 Front lels pleafant to refide in. I 
 would in fome Places, at certain Dif- 
 tances, eredt fome Statue, or little 
 Building, to retire to in the Summer’s 
 Heat, or in the Coolnefs of an Even- 
 ing’s pleafing Shade, when all Nature is 
 calm, and undiflurb’d, and the Mind un- 
 bent from Cares or Fatigue. Such Re- 
 treats would give unfpeakable Raptures 
 to a Soul capable to purfue a Tradt of 
 Thought in Infinity of Space, or con- 
 templating upon the immenfe Won- 
 ders of the Univerfe. 
 
 The Diftance from any Town I 
 would have at leaft a Mile, and, if pof- 
 fible, one Villa to it from the V enetian 
 Window in the Room marked N, 
 making that the chief Reception for 
 Company; and by having your Win- 
 dows to the South and Eafi Fronts, you 
 would render that Room lefs cold in 
 the Winter. The Kitchen I would 
 place at the Eaft End of the Houfe, and 
 to be built low in a Foflee. The Ac- 
 
 cefs 
 
Architecture. 145 
 
 cels to the Houfe, for common Ufes, 
 Ihould be under the Level of the 
 Ground, and by the Stair-cafes marked 
 L ; fo the Ground-floor of the Houfe 
 would be no way incommoded by Ser- 
 vants, but wholly appropriated to the 
 Ufes of the Mafter, or Principal of the 
 Family. 
 
 If the Situation would admit, I Ihould 
 choofe fome Verdant Hill to the North 
 Front, at about a Mile Diftance, to {bel- 
 ter the Grove on that fide the Houfe, 
 lying as it were one third of a Circle 
 round, that would render the Refidence 
 there in the Winter more tolerable ; 
 the South Front being all open, and 
 the Profped: no way interrupted, joyn’d 
 with the little Walks and Avenues cut 
 through the Woods, would be always 
 agreeable. 
 
 Thus far with refpedt to the Si- 
 tuation it felf. The Building which 
 I would ere£t on that Spot , is the Plan 
 and Profile before us, compos’d of 3 
 Cubes ; the middle one is forty-two 
 feet, and the contiguous ones 28 feet 
 6 inches each. As the Offices are not 
 join’d to the Houfe, but by a Corri- 
 dore about 30 feet in length, to render 
 the Building independant of them, I 
 
 would 
 
146 Lectures on 
 
 would propofe Vaults under the Stables'; 
 which fhould be Groyn'd, and placed to the 
 W ejl Side the Houfb. On the Eaft fhould 
 be the Kitchen, below the Surface of the 
 Ground, and a Laundry ovef it, level with 
 the Ground, theUfeof the Corridore being 
 only to make a Fence from the Garden on 
 the North Front, and the common Ap- 
 proach to the Houfe. The applying Rooms 
 to proper Ufes, is beft done by thofe 
 who confider the Wants for which 
 Families require them, according to the 
 Number or Quality of the Inhabitants ; 
 therefore I fhall fliew only the Form, 
 and Magnitude, and Manner of coni- 
 pleating thofe Rooms, leaving their 
 Ufes to thofe who beft can apply 
 them according to the Nece {Tides which 
 are moft requifite. 
 
 Before I proceed to more particu- 
 lar Obfervations, it may not be impro- 
 per to explain how the Proportions afteft 
 the Imagination. The External Parts 
 of a Building, at a proper Diftance, are 
 circumfcribed by the Retina of the Eye ; 
 the Internal Parts terminate the Rays 
 of Sight, which ftrike on the Retina , and 
 circumfcribe them within the Focus or 
 Point of Sight, by a Reverberation of 
 Rays. So that all external Objefe are 
 more diftindtly and more intelligibly 
 
 view’d 
 
Architecture. 147 
 
 view'd and confider'd, by having a pro- 
 per Diftance affigrvd for the Point of 
 Sight. Whereas, the internal Parts be- 
 ing fo near the Eye, it muft roll or 
 travel from Place to Place, and the Ideas 
 of the Objedls only can affedt the Senfes. 
 This General Obfervation will be of Ufe 
 to lhew, that the Idea of an external 
 Cube, being ftrongly feated in the Imagi- 
 nation , by only viewing two Sides of 
 an internal one, the fame Idea will ren- 
 der fuch Proportion equally agreeable. It 
 is to be further underftood, that all 
 Cube Rooms, exceeding 28 or 50 Feet, 
 requiring the Parts to be proportion'd to 
 it felf, muft render them difficult to be 
 comprehended at one view ; therefore 
 an 18 Feet Cube for Rooms is preferable 
 to one of 40 Feet. And all internal Parts 
 do not fo immediately ftrike the Idea as 
 an external one, where a proper Diftance 
 can be had to take in all its Parts at 
 one View ; but if a Cube be view'd 
 in Profile, not having any Depth to be 
 conceiv’d at the fame Inftant, an inter- 
 nal Cube may equally affecft the Eye, 
 iince at the entrance into a Room, the 
 one Side and Height may be compre- 
 hendedthe fame as a Building thus view’d 
 in Profile., which is only then confider’d 
 as a Square or Unifon. 
 
 It 
 
X4§ Lectures on 
 
 It is in a great meafure Cujlom which 
 familiarizes us to 'Proportion . A double 
 Square for Doors or Windows, or any 
 other Proportion with which we are 
 more immediately acquainted, have fo 
 ftrong a Propenfion in the Mind, that 
 any Parallelogram , a little different from 
 it more or lefs, may eafily be difcern’d. 
 For the truth of this Affertion, I appeal 
 to yourfelves, whether the Eye is not 
 capable of fo nice a Diftindtion. I men- 
 tion this only to fhew, that the JirJi 
 Principles of the Art being firmly feated 
 in the Mind, it will be difficult to im- 
 pofe a Proportion on you, that is different 
 from fuch which have been familiar to 
 you in the Theory , or Prattice of the 
 art. I hope I need no Apology for 
 this Digreffion, becaufe it feems of fome 
 Importance to fettle Proportion , which is 
 the firfl Principle of Architecture. 
 
 The Plan of the Ground-floor and 
 Profile before us conftfts of 3 conne&ed 
 Cubes, which extend 99 Feet. The 
 Building I propole to be of Bricks, ex- 
 cept the Strings , Cornice , and Blocking- 
 l ourfe round the Building , and the mid- 
 dle Part, which is ruflicated , the Pedejlal 
 of the Order y the Pilajiers and Columns 
 of the Portico , the Entablature , and the 
 
 BaU 
 
Architecture. 149. 
 
 Ballujlrades round the Houfe, thefe, and 
 the Fejloons of Fruit, &c. I propofe of 
 Stone. The Feftoons I introduc'd to 
 keep an equal Margin round the Win- 
 dows, which are fo placed, that they 
 are capable of receiving an elegant Drefs : 
 and by continuing the String round the 
 Buildings the breadth of the Impojl , or 
 Cornice of the Pedestal to the Columns y 
 &c. of the Portico , it becomes a proper 
 Bearing for the Architraves to ftand on. 
 The Drefs I purpofely omitted, that at 
 your leifure Hours you might fee what 
 Effect a proper Decoration of Ornaments 
 to thofe Windows would have, and what 
 Elegance it would introduce by being re- 
 gularly applied. 
 
 The Internal part I would finilh in 
 the Modern Tajle ; the Entrance or 
 Room A, and that marked D, to be 
 done with Stucco , or finifhing, on the 
 Walls, as like wife thofe Rooms marked 
 E, and F ; all the refl of the Rooms of 
 that Floor to be boarded ; the Cornice of 
 all the Rooms done in Plajler> and en- 
 rich'd. The Room D, to have an Enta- 
 blature of the Jonick Order, and the 
 Cieling ornamented with Pannels, divi- 
 ded by a fmali Moulding ; and the Cen- 
 ter fome trite Ornament oiMofaick Work, 
 &c* The Doors and Windows to have a 
 
 proper 
 
150 Lectures on 
 
 proper Drefs in Wood, and fuch Rooms 
 as are Wainfcotted, to have Marble 
 Chimney-pieces, and Ornaments over 
 them, pmd the other Portland or other 
 Stone, intending a plain Dado or Pedef- 
 tal Part to continue round each Room, 
 the Height to the Bottom of the Win- 
 dow-Sills. 
 
 The Room N, I propofe to be 
 Cov’d, and half thofe upper Windows 
 being, ftopt up, as is fhewn by the 
 dotted Line crofs the Window in the 
 Profile, that Teer will become Attick 
 or fquare Windows under the Cornice, 
 which continues round the Bottom of 
 the Cove, which I would enrich with 
 Oetogon Pannels , and Flowers in them, 
 and a Frame ernbelljfh’d with Ornaments 
 at the top of the Cove next the Ceil- 
 ing. This Room I would wainfeot to 
 the Under-fide of the Cornice. The Vene- 
 tian Window, I propofe to be of the 
 lonick Order , to be fet on the Pe- 
 deft a!, which goeth round the Room 1 
 the Pillafters of the Window to be 1 1 
 Inches Diameter, the middle Openings 
 to he 5 Feet, the fmall ones 2 Feet 6, 
 each ; fo that the middle Window will 
 be 2 Diameters high to the Cornice, 
 and, with the Semi-circle above it, will 
 be 2 Diameters and a half. The out- 
 
 fids 
 
Architecture, i «; i 
 
 fide Pilasters to be of Stone, the infide 
 of Wood, The Piers between the Win- 
 dows, and thole between the Doors, and 
 on each fide the Venetian Window, I 
 would elegantly decorate. The Chim- 
 ney-piece of Statuary Marble ; and over 
 the Doors and lower Windows, Feftoons 
 of Fruit, &c. to prefer ve a Keeping in 
 the Defign. 
 
 The two Stair-cafes marked L, are 
 defigned to be of Stone, and to be con- 
 tinued from the lower Offices to the At- 
 tick Story. That marked I, to be of 
 Wood, and to go no higher than the 
 Chambers over the Rooms marked G, 
 H, K. On the Ground-floor I would 
 have a Communication to the Rooms 
 marked C, and G, in the thicknefs of 
 the Walls at the Faffage M, which may 
 be had under the Stairs adjoining to thole 
 leading, to the lower Offices. 
 
 Th e Chamber-floor to be wainfcotcd 
 throughout to receive Hangings. The 
 Floors laid with clean Deals; the Cor- 
 nices of Plaifter, and the Chimney-pieces 
 of Marble, decorated with few Orna- 
 ments. The Cielings all plain, and only 
 an QvqIo, or Architrave, with Cornice 
 and Frieze, &c. over the Doors, and an 
 Architrave round the Windows.. 
 
j 5 2 Lectures on 
 
 The Attick Story of the middle Cube, 
 I propofe to be wainfcoted throughout 
 in a plain manner ; common boarded 
 Flooring ; and the Chimney-pieces to be 
 of Stone, fui table to the Plainnefs of the 
 Rooms. The reft of the internal Fi- 
 nishing will naturally occur to the Me- 
 mory of the ingenious Pheorifi, fo to ap- 
 ply to make it analagous to the whole 
 Defign. I Should obferve, that over the Hall 
 at A, and over D, will be Partitions, 
 whereby that Room will become a PaL 
 fige to the Portico, as may be better 
 conceiv'd by the dotted Lines reprefenting 
 thofe Partitions on the Chamber-floor ; 
 the reft may more intelligibly be explain’d 
 by the Plan and Profile , thofe requiring 
 no other Defcription than what a De- 
 lineation or Draught can exprefs. 
 
 A s Objections may a rife to the Uni- 
 verfality of the Proportion of the Cube, 
 when it is extended beyond certain Li- 
 mits, both to external and internal Parts 
 of Building, and like wife to the Pro- 
 portion 3, 2, and i, when it is not cir- 
 cumfcrib’d within fome allotted Extent ; 
 I intend, in my 12th Leffure, in defcri- 
 bing the Analogy of that Proportion , to 
 explain their Limits and Ufes. There are 
 many noble Defigns which may be form’d 
 
 from 
 
Architecture, 153 
 
 from both, to refcue thofe from Cenfure 3 
 whic^ I fliall demonftrate ip fome ocher 
 Lecture. 
 
 Th e Task I have undertaken, may have 
 underwent fevere Criticifms from Men 
 fway’d by their own ProduBions ; but 
 if I can gain a favourable Opinion from 
 the few whofe lafte and Genius d ifti ri- 
 gid (h Things without Partiality, I efteem 
 rny fe If happy . I have purpofely ftarted 
 out of the common Road, . not only as 
 an Amufement to my felf, but to exer- 
 cife the Pens of abler Artifts ; or at leaf!; 
 to fet them to the Practice of fomething 
 which may bear the Teft of Examination. 
 If all Arts and Sciences are confin’d by 
 fated Rules, Architecture is one of 
 the Number ; and if not the noble ft , may 
 be efteem’d one of the moft extenfive in 
 Fancy andDefign : It requires a nice Judg- 
 ment, to compofe the Parts of which it 
 confifts into a regular Symetry. Design- 
 ing requires a noble andyrz/i//z// Imagina- 
 tion, a true Fafte of Beauty , a Fertility of 
 Invention , a Delicacy o f Fancy , to diverfi- 
 fy and preferve the Analogy of the De- 
 fign within that Mediocrity, that ren- 
 ders Proportion always the Delight and 
 Pleafure of the Eye, either in its plain, na- 
 tural Simplicity, or when it is more ele- 
 gantly deck’d with Ornaments. 
 
 S 2 
 
 If 
 
154 Lectures, &c. 
 
 If I fall infinitely fliort of that nice 
 Tafte, I (hall, however, attempt fome- 
 thing which Rules will produce, and 
 where I have erred, (hall efteem it a Fa- 
 vour to be guided by fome better Genius . 
 I might perhaps (with AJjiflance) refcue 
 Architecture from that Oblivion in 
 which it has long continued ^ and thofe 
 Impediments and Difficulties which are 
 to be met with in Defigning, may be 
 compriz’d in a few plain and eafy Rules , 
 fitted to every Capacity. To attain the 
 knowledge of fo noble and ujeful an Art, 
 are the fincere Wifhesof, 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Tour humble Servant , &c. 
 
 Read to the Society 
 Sept. 30. 1734. 
 
 LECTURE 
 
T/teOifieSc k -Ftv. D . 
 
( i55 ) 
 
 LECTURE 
 
 The Tenth. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 N my lafi LeEture , it may be 
 remembred, that 1 propos’d to 
 divide the external and internal 
 Parts of a Building by harmo- 
 nick Proportions, not ufing Feet and 
 Inches for the Diviftons , but by the ana- 
 lagous Principles contain’d in my firft 
 Part, for which I have compos'd diffe- 
 rent Defigns of each Proportion, This 
 before us being one appropriated to the 
 Cube and half \ its Height is 34 feet, 
 Breadth or Depth 34 feet, and the Length 
 or Front 5 1 feet. 
 
 I think it neceffary, the better to 
 explain the Ufes of fuch harmonick Di - 
 vifions , to fhew how the fame Divilions 
 of the fame Defign may be enlarg d or 
 contracted) and fill preierve all the Pro- 
 
 S 3 portions 
 
 1 
 
156 Lectures on 
 
 portions in the Plan , as well as the Pro - 
 file of the Defign, fo that each (hall 
 have all its Parts analogous to it felf. 
 I fhall therefore fuppofe a Building to be 
 60 feet Front, and to be the Proportion 
 Cube and half> and the Plan and Profile 
 the fame as this Defign before us. If 
 the Front be 60 feet, and to be the Cube 
 and halfi the Depth will confequently 
 be 40 feet, and the Height 40. This 
 is found harmonically, by dividing the 
 Front into 3 equal Parts, and allow 2 
 of them to the Depth of the Building, 
 and 2 to the Height. Or by Arithme- 
 tical Proportions, if 51 feet give 34, 
 the Depth, &c. what will 60 feet give 
 for a fuppofed Depth, &c. which Ope- 
 ration is ftated by the common Rule of 
 ‘Three, thus : 
 
 ft. ft. ft. 
 
 If 51 : 34 : 60 
 
 34 f 
 
 5 1)2040(40 the Depth requir'd. 
 
 204 
 
 o 
 
 IF 
 
If the fame Defign is required to be con- 
 tracted, the Front to be 45 feet, the fame 
 Rules will produce 30 feet, the Depth 
 and Height of the Building. 
 
 ft, ft. fto 
 
 For if 51 : 34 : 45 
 
 180 
 
 3 35 
 
 ■ ■ ■■ — ft. 
 
 51)1530(30 the Depth, &c. 
 153 (requir’d,. 
 
 o 
 
 Thus far with relation to the increas- 
 ing and decreafing the Proportions both 
 external and internal , by Harmonick and 
 Arithmetical Proportions. I fhall now 
 lhew the Analogy of all the Parts to the 
 Whole. And firffc for the Proportion of 
 
 Rooms.- In the Profile before us, at the 
 
 End mark’d 8 : 12 : u, you find the 
 principal Floor 12 ft. high. Therefore, 
 if 51 ft. require 12 ft. for the Height of 
 the Story, 60 ft. will require 14 ft. 1 
 Inch and a half, which is the Height of 
 the fuppofed Story, found by the prece- 
 ding Rules. The Height of the Story be- 
 
 s 4 ipg 
 
158 Lectures^, &c. 
 
 s ng thus augmented, the Length and. 
 Breadth of each Room will be propor- 
 tionally enlarg'd. Therefore I (hall fup- 
 pofe the fame Defign, both enlarged and 
 contracted, and each Front and Rooms, 
 &c. will appear thus explain'd. 
 
 ft. long. ft. high. f.deep 
 If the Standard Front be 51 and 34 and 34 
 
 The fuppofed Front 60 will be 40 and 40 
 
 And the fuppofed Front 45 will be 30 and 30 
 
 So the internal Parts, to the 51 ft. Front, if the Height 
 of the Story be 1 2 ft. ft. inch. 
 
 To 'the 60 ft. Front, the Height will be 14 : i-| 
 
 To the 43 ft. Front, the Height will be 10 : 7 
 
 In the Rooms A and B in the Plan. 
 
 ft. ft long. ft. broad. ft. high. 
 
 If the 51 Front be 18 : o and 12:0 and 12:0 
 The 60 f. Front is 21 : 2 and 14 : i-E and 14:1- 
 The 45 f. Front is ir : 104 and 10 : 7 and 10:7 
 
 Again, in the Rooms D and C in the Front of the Plan. 
 
 ft. ft. long. ft. ft high. 
 
 If the 3 1 Front be 20 : o & breadth 16:0 & 1 2 : o 
 
 The 60 ft. Front is 23 : 6“ & breadth 18:10 & 14 : 1 
 The 45 ft. Front is 17:8 & breadth 14:14- & 10 : 7 
 
 The Harmoniek Terms for the Pro- 
 portion of thefe Rooms, are A and B, 
 the Cube .and half ; and thole marked C 
 and D, are the Proportion 5, 4, and 3. 
 The fame Rules are universal for the 
 increafing or diminishing all the other Pro- 
 non ions. 
 
 r-f - 1 
 
 1 H I $ 
 
 
Arch i te c t u r e. i 59 
 
 This little Villa is defign’d for a 
 ftnall Family, or one of moderate For- 
 tune, where only Retirement it felf is 
 wanted by the Inhabitant ; therefore I 
 would choofe to have it fituate on the 
 Afcentof a Hill, in a fruitful and open 
 Country, with the Defcent either to the 
 Eaft or South, the Back-part environ’d 
 with Hills to the North. Some of the 
 Lands below I w T ouId have cultivated, 
 others wild and woody : nor fhould it 
 he far from fome River , and the better 
 if it were navigable . The Champain ly- 
 ing low to the Front, I would difpofe 
 into Grounds for Pafture and ‘Tillage. 
 Some of the neighbouring Hills I would 
 have naked , and without Trees, that 
 they might ferve for Corn only, which 
 grows in a Soil moderately dry and rich, 
 better than in fceep or low Grounds. 
 Some of the other Hills fhould be planted 
 with Timber Trees neceffary for Build- 
 ings, or Uteniils for Agriculture. And 
 if poffible, to render the Situation ftill 
 more agreeable, I would wifh for con- 
 ftant Rivulets of Water, to defcend from 
 thofe Hills upon the Meadows ; or to be 
 convey’d by Aqueducts to the Service 
 and beautifying the Garden, by Foun- 
 tains or Cafcades, GV.Thefe fhould be the 
 JDecorations and Ornaments of the Villa . 
 
 The 
 
i6o Lectures on 
 
 The Water would ferve for the Ufe 
 of Cattle , grazing in the Fields or Thick- 
 ets 9 and a thoufand other Conveniences 
 which Families require. As there are a 
 multitude of Domeftick Wants in a Coun- 
 try Seat, therefore as much Judgment, 
 or more, is required in the Choice of a 
 Situation for a Fill a y than a Houfe for 
 a City, and more Knowledge of Nature 
 is neceflary in the Application for the Ser- 
 vices of a Villa . 
 
 Buildings in Cities, erefted for pub- 
 lick Convenience , Religion , or Diverfions y 
 are more magnificent, and require the 
 knowledge of forne particular things not 
 neceflary to the Country Architect; yet the 
 latter , in the Care he is obliged to take 
 in providing for all things dependant upon 
 Agriculture, for the Convenience and 
 Ufes of fuch little Common-wealths , whofe 
 Provifions are to be fupply’d within its 
 own Territories, not furnifh’d perhaps 
 by Markets, or Neighbours, as in Cities ; 
 I fay, the Country Architect has as 
 many different things to meet with, and 
 furmount, that are not needful to be 
 known by the Architect who is wholly 
 employ’d in Buildings in the City ; and 
 few ArchiteBs , perhaps, have a nice and 
 diftinguifhing Judgment for both. 
 
Architecture* 161 
 
 As the Defign before us is fmall ? the 
 little Garden I would plant fhould be 
 proportion'd, and Care fhould be taken 
 fo to lay out and difpofe of the feverai 
 Parts, that the neighbouring Hills, the 
 Rivulets , the Woods and little Buildings 
 interfpers’d in various Avenues, &c . to 
 give the more agreeable and entertaining 
 Views, fhould render the Spot a kind of a- 
 greeable Dijorder , or artf ul Confufion ; fo 
 that by fhifting from Scene to Scene, and 
 by ferpentine or windingPaths, one fhould, 
 as it were, accidentally fall upon fome re- 
 markably beautiful Profpe<ft, or other 
 pleafing Objedt. 
 
 The Offices which I propofe for Sta- 
 bling and Agriculture, &c. (hould be re- 
 mote from the Houfe, which I would, 
 as it were, furround with the Garden, ex- 
 cept at one End ; there I would pro- 
 pofe the publick or common Accefs un- 
 der the Room mark’d D, which fhould 
 lead by a Paffage to Stairs at the Weft 
 End of the Building. Thefe lower Offi- 
 fices I would propofe for the Ufe of Ser- 
 vants ; the Kitchen, and other Apart- 
 ments for the Ufe of the Houfe, fhould 
 be placed between the Stables and Houfe 
 at the Weft End, not joining to either. 
 The Offices under Ground fhould be 
 
 pav’d 
 
1 6 2 Lectures on 
 
 pav’d with Stone, and appropriated to 
 fuch Ufes which fhould be thought molt 
 proper by the Inhabitant. 
 
 The principal Floor being elevated 
 about 6 Feet from the Surface of the 
 Garden, will make th§ Apartment to 
 the South and Baft Parts extreamly plea- 
 fant \ as it is on the Afcent of a Hill \ 
 and the Garden difpofed in the manner 
 I defcribed, would render it a kind of 
 little Par adise. The Room marked C, 
 I propofe to be the Entrance of the South 
 Front, divided by a Screen of Columns, 
 at F. This Room I propofe to be done 
 with Stucco , the Cornice plaifter’d, and 
 Ceiling enrich’d with Ornaments ; the 
 Walls decorated with Feftoons of Fruit 
 and Flowers, and the Windows and 
 Doors dreiied with proper Ornaments, 
 and all the Mouldings, where neceffary, 
 to be carved. The Rooms marked D, 
 B, and A, to be fi niCh’d with Wainfcot 
 to the Walls, the Cornices enrich’d with 
 PI abler, and fuch neceflary Ornaments 
 introduc’d., as fhal! be appropriated to the 
 Services to which thofe Rooms ftiall be 
 delign’d. All the Floors to be of clean 
 Deal ; the Chimney-pieces to be orna- 
 mented in proportion to the manner of 
 finishing the Rooms ; and the Stair-cafe 
 
 to 
 
Architecture. 163 
 
 to be of Stone from the lower Offices to 
 the Attic k Story. 
 
 The Attick , or Chamber Story, I pro- 
 pofe to be wainfcoted throughout with 
 plain Wainfcot, or prepar’d for Hang- 
 ings ; the Cornices of Wood, and the 
 Cielings plain ; the Floors to be of 
 fecond clean Deals, and the Chimney- 
 pieces plain, or ornamented only with 
 a few Enrichments. There will be a 
 convenient Beauty in the difpoiing the 
 Room over C, either by placing an Al- 
 cove over the Screen of Columns, or by 
 putting it at the other End of the Room, 
 that that over B might become a Dref- 
 iing Room to it. And if the Wants of 
 the Family requir’d it, Lodging Rooms 
 for Servants might be made in the Roof, 
 and a proper Illumination might be had 
 to them by little Sky -lights, or fecondary 
 Lights from the Stairs ; obferving only, 
 that the Floors of thefe Garrets fhould 
 be laid with Plaifter, for a Reafon I have 
 elfewhere affign’d. 
 
 The external Part I propofe all of 
 Stone, if the Country near would pro- 
 duce it , or, as I propos’d it, near fome 
 navigable River, to render Land Carriage 
 lefs expenfive, it might, perhaps, be ea~ 
 lily attain’d. If fo, I would propofe the 
 Bafement Story, in the Dado Part of the 
 PeAeflal \ between the Plinth and String , 
 
 to 
 
164 Lectures on 
 
 to be nifticated all round. This would 
 give a Grandeur and Airinefs to the 
 principal Front, and render the back 
 Front like wife very agreeable, which be- 
 ing to the North, I would have it en- 
 tirely plain, without Drefs or Ornament 
 to the Doors or Windows. 
 
 I f Stone could not be fo conveniently 
 had, I would have only the Columns, 
 and the Stens and external Drefs of it, 
 and the other Parts of fuch Bricks as 
 were the Produce of the Country ; if 
 Red, the better, becaufe the blank Parts 
 are fmail, and few in number j and that 
 would be the means of adding a parti- 
 cular Beauty to fuch Parts as are Stone. 
 The Reafon which I affign, that I omit 
 the Drefs of the Windows in the Portico, 
 is, that the Parts are lefs crowded, and 
 it gives an Awfulnefs and Solemnity to 
 the Spot or Situation. If you would give 
 you Helves the trouble to perufe the 68 th 
 and 69th Pages of my firft Part, yourfelves 
 will difcover how I have appropriated 
 my Defign to that Defer iption. 
 
 It may be obferv’d, that the fame 
 analogous Proportions are preferv’d in the 
 Margins, or Spaces round the Windows, 
 and by adding thofe Feftoons, the fame 
 is preferv’d through the whole Front, and 
 
 the 
 
Architecture. 165 
 
 the Windows of the back Front are fo 
 placed, that the fame keeping of Defign 
 is continued through all the Parts of 
 which it is compofed. At the Ends I 
 have added Windows for the fake of the 
 Profped ; but in the Room over C, if 
 your Alcove is placed there, a Blank muff 
 be made where the Vacuity now is, each 
 Room having fufficient Light without 'em. 
 
 Th is Plan, if required, might be al- 
 ter’d on the principal Floor, by making 
 at the Baft End only one Room, which 
 fhould be from the North to the South 
 Front; and would be 30 feet long, and 
 20 feet wide, by making it range with 
 the Screen of Columns, and placing a Ve- 
 netian Window in the middle of the Eaft 
 End ; but then that Room mu ft he 15 
 ft. high, which Proportion would be 6, 4, 
 and 3. and the Attick Story from being 1 1 
 ft. would be only 8 ft. high over thatRoom; 
 but two Lodging Rooms the fame Length 
 and Breadth, as thofe now are, might 
 be had with this Alteration. 
 
 If by thus altering the Plan, that 
 Room might be had on the principal 
 Floor, it might be objected, that fuch 
 a Room would be too large for the 
 Magnitude of the Building ; and if the 
 Quality of the Inhabitant fometimes 
 
 required 
 
1 66 Lectures on 
 
 required fo fpacious a Place for Enter- 
 tainment, then confequently Conveni- 
 ency on that Floor would be wanted; 
 and inftead of fupplying thofe wants 
 with more Rooms, one of thole which 
 now are, would be omitted. It is cer- 
 tain, for a Family foch Alteration is 
 not preferable to the Plan before us ; 
 but for a Angle Perfon, not over-fond 
 of Company, one ftudious, and who 
 prefer’d a contemplative, rural Life , 
 with few Attendants, to one Generally 
 efteemfd fafmonable and gay, by con- 
 verting that Room to a Library* in 
 which, perhaps, might be his chief 
 Refidence ; to fuch a Perfon, that Al- 
 teration would be more ufeful, and 
 the other 2 Rooms of this Floor might 
 be fufficient for his Ufe or Conveni- 
 ence. I would then propofe to make 
 the 2 North Windows of that Room 
 Blanks , that in Winter it might be 
 Warmer ; the back Parlour, markt 
 A, being proper for a Summer Eat- 
 ing-room, in which the Vista would 
 be continued the fame as it now is. 
 
 There are doubtlefs many things 
 
 may have efcap'd my Notice, which 
 
 had been more needful for me to 
 
 Explain ; but as tilings occur to my 
 
 Memory, which I think of fome Im- 
 • * 
 
 porta nee, 
 
Architecture. 167 
 
 portancc, you will, I hope, excufe Pro- 
 lixity ; too much cannot be faid, if it 
 tends only to render an Undertaking 
 intelligible and univerfally ufeful 5 and 
 there are fome branches in many Arts 
 that require extenfive DemonftrationS to 
 be comprehended. However, if I have 
 not wearied your Attention, I am care- 
 ful of being too tedious : Therefore 
 
 till another, or a more favourable Op- 
 portunity offers, I beg leave at prefent 
 to efteem my felf s 
 
 Tour humble Servant^ &c. 
 
 Read to the Society 
 Oftob. 14. 1734* 
 
 
 LECTURE 
 
' i6S ) 
 
 LECTURE 
 
 The Eleventh. 
 
 N Two preceding Lectures I 
 have endeavour’d, in a par- 
 ticular manner, to defcribe 
 the Beauties of two diffe- 
 rent Situations. The Defign be- 
 fore us affords a Delicacy of Tafle 
 and Invention to appropriate a Spot ana- 
 logous to its Decoration. It is of the 
 Corinthian Order , drefs’d with fuch 
 Ornaments and Garnifhing as are 
 neceffary to perfedt the Compofition. 
 Here the Architect mufi be fup- 
 ply’d by an artificial Scene to entertain 
 his Fancy : He muff, by agreeable 
 
 Images of rural Beauties, furnifh him- 
 felf with what is ufeful , and adapted 
 to the defign, fo joining Art and Na- 
 ture together to render the Scene the 
 more delightful. 
 
 The 
 
??V *VJ2> 3T 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 - • *'*>■> : <s»- 
 
Cwb-e 
 
Architecture, i 69 
 
 The firft thing to be confider’d, is* 
 the Ufe to which this Defign is pro- 
 pofs’d to be apply’d, it being intended 
 for Pleafure as well as a Retirement in fome 
 Garden, or agreeable decorated Spot. 
 Few Conveniencies are wanting, there- 
 fore I fuppofe it only as a Summer- 
 houfe a little remote from fome no- 
 ble Villa \ and the Building I would 
 place in fome Avenue leading thereto. 
 It is here in the cooler Hours of Re- 
 flection, a Man might retire, to con- 
 template the important 1 hemes of Hu- 
 man Life ; reclufe from gay Fancies, he 
 might fecrete himfelf, not envying the 
 more External Grandeur of Power, or 
 defpifing the humbler, or lower Clafs 
 of Beings, to whom Providence or For- 
 tune hath been lefs aufpicious. In the 
 filent Receffes of Life, are more noble 
 and jt licit ous Ideas, and which more 
 immediately concern our Attention. 
 
 A Man, whole Genius leads him to 
 ftudy Architecture, may fee in the 
 Viciffitudes and Changes it has under- 
 gone, what Revolutions of oppofing 
 Fates have been in the World ; how 
 the Materials , which have been apply M 
 to Eredt noble and magnificent Build- 
 ing s, Palaces , &c. to immortalize the 
 Name of the Founder, are now crumb- 
 
 T 2 ling 
 
i jo Lecture % on 
 
 ling into Duft, and perhaps a few Years 
 more may totally annihilate them : 
 How many populous Cities, which once 
 were the Nurfery of Learning , , and the 
 Refidence of fucceeding Kings, are now 
 no more, and even their Names fcarce 
 tranfmitted to us. By fuch Reflections 
 as thefe he may be led to confider, 
 that thofe innumerable flourifhing and 
 populous Cities, now celebrated through- 
 out the World, may undergo the fame 
 Change. He may alfo conlider him- 
 fe If as the Offspring of Parents which he 
 can trace but a few Generations back ; 
 and in which no remarkable TranfaCtion 
 performed by them, worthy of notice, 
 has been tranfmitted to him, to render 
 their Exiftence here of any particularMo- 
 ment or Regard. He may contemplate 
 the Numbers of fucceeding Parents, be- 
 tween himfelf and the firft Being of 
 Human Species from whom he fprung, 
 and look forward, and confider the infi- 
 nite Numbers which may derive their 
 Being from himfelf, and all to undergo 
 the fame Change. I fay, fuch Reflections 
 as thefe, are always a noble and pleafing 
 T heme for a fpeculative Mind. 
 
 If 
 
Architecture, 171 
 
 If from Arts and Sciences , fuch en- 
 tertaining Thoughts may fpring, let the 
 Geographer trace the various Beau- 
 ties of this Terrene Sphere ; let his Ima- 
 gination roll from Pole to Pole , and 
 view ail the diverfifying Scenes of Hills % 
 VallieSy Rivers , Woods , Defarts , Moun- 
 tains ; and that he can meet with 
 
 in Travelling from place to place; let 
 him confider the Ufes % Beauty , and 
 
 of fuch a Multiplicity of different 
 Scenes , for Warmth , Shade , and 
 
 C0A/, in the feveral Climates ; let him 
 trace the Vejligies of one e-vener able Ci- 
 ties , the Foundations of Trey and C#r- 
 thage , or tjie fam’d Hellice and Burice y 
 memorable Cities on the Hellefpon />, 
 whofe Foot-fteps are no more, or no 
 where to be found ; let him fearch for 
 the Places of many Iflands, once the 
 Refidence of imiumerable Inhabitants, 
 either long lince funk in the fathomlefs 
 Ocean, or chang’d their Stations ; let 
 him trace the pathlefs Face of the 
 Deep y which hath tempted Millions to 
 feek their Fate at the Bottom of the 
 Unmeafurable Abyfs. I fay, let the Geo- 
 grapher expand his Ideas from one 
 Chain of Thought to another, and he 
 will find what Pleafures are attendant 
 upon a Calm undifturb’d Retirement ; 
 
 T 3 what 
 
172 Lectures on 
 
 what Tranquillity and Serenenefs of Tem- 
 per he may poflefs, thus fecreted In 
 thefe filent Retreats of Solitude. 
 
 If the Earth with its Beauties , fo 
 familiar to us, are capable of fuch no- 
 ble and improving Thoughts, let the 
 AJlronomer expand his Ideas into the 
 endlefs and unknown Tracks of infi- 
 nite Space ; what Wijdom and Harmony 
 appears in the Contrivance, and how 
 wonderful fuch Multitudes of Planets 
 perform their Revolutions at their ap- 
 pointed Periods round their alloted Orbs ; 
 how the Earth’s Elipfick-M-Otion fur- 
 prizingiy diverfifies the Seafons of the 
 Year, by its Diurnal and Annual Re- 
 volutions, and how each Part, in fome 
 meafure, at certain Seafons, from Pole 
 to Pole , enjoys the Sun’s benevolent Beams 
 of Light and Warmth; how each Pla- 
 net performs its alloted Courfe at 
 inflantaneous Periods, and to the feveral 
 purpofes for which Providence defign’d 
 them ; and all fubfervient to fome no- 
 ble Ends, of Wifdom> and Omnipotency . 
 When he purfues this Thought ft ill 
 farther, and conceives Millions of un- 
 feen Worlds, which may be difperfed 
 through this endlefs Scene of Space ; 
 when he can (till rufh forward, and 
 fuppofe each of thofe Worlds capa- 
 
Architecture, 173 
 
 ble of Inhabitants, and all ferving for 
 the fame wife and providential Ends, 
 with Amazement he can no longer pur- 
 fue the tra&lefs Thought, only have 
 frefh Reafons to adore that Being who 
 firft form’d them, and is pleas’d to 
 make our Exiftence here of fome Mo- 
 ment or Concern with the reft of tho 
 Creation . 
 
 Reflections of this kind, are the 
 Growth of Retirement to a contempla- 
 tive Genius ; and the De/ign before us, 
 decorated with thofe Embeliifhments, re- 
 quires a Situation capable of railing 
 fuch elevated Ideas . I fhall therefore 
 fuppofe it erefted in the Center of a 
 Wood y and each Front to have an Open- 
 ing or Vijla only the breadth of the 
 Building. If it were on a little Afcent 
 it would be better, and more advantage- 
 ous for Prolpedh Not far remote from 
 the back Front I would choofe a Ri- 
 vulet or Canal . The Woods I would 
 plant with low Ilrees or Bu/keSy with 
 little Vifta’s and private Walks ; and 
 thofe left wild and unprun’d, that at 
 Noon-day they fhould receive only Light 
 enough to diftinguilh the Blaze of Day 
 from Evening Shade , there the Chorus 
 of the Birds would afford new Plea- 
 fures, and by difperling Seats, &c. a- 
 
 T 4 • mong 
 
iy4 Lectures on 
 
 mong the Walks , would greatly add to 
 its Beauty. 
 
 Without the Woods I would have 
 Meadows ftrew’d with various Flowers, 
 which being difpers'd among thofe of 
 the Earth's natural Produce, would ren- 
 der the Glebe more delightful to behold. 
 If the River ran through it, and was 
 difpoftd into multitudes of little Streams, 
 ? £ would ftill add to its Beauty, and make 
 the Ground more fertile ; ’twould diver- 
 jfify the Scene, and by a Chain of rifing 
 Hills beyond, to terminate the View, 
 would make a beautiful Landfcape. In 
 one part of the Wood I propofe a Grotto , 
 and in it a Bath This (hould be placed 
 in the moft unfrequented Part, fur- 
 rounded with Ever-greens , and the Ac- 
 cefs to it by a declining fpiral Walk, to 
 terminate in a circular Theatre, about io 
 ft. below the Surface of the Garden. 
 This, by fubterranean Aquedudts, might 
 be fupply’d by the Rivulet, and artifi- 
 cially difpers’d among craggy, mofiy Rocks, 
 form'd by a skilful Hand, which would be 
 a pleafing Scene to gratify the curious Eye 
 and Ear. The little murmuring Rills of 
 Water, trickling down in difordcr’d 
 Streams, would create a kind of me l an- 
 cholly mufical Tone, not altogether unplea- 
 fant. 
 
 Still 
 
Architecture. 175 
 
 Still to render the Retirement com- 
 pleat, the Walks fhould be a continued 
 Verdure , and fo planted, that fome of 
 them fhould always afford perpetual 
 Shade. The tmorous Hare fhould be 
 proteded from the Artifice of enfnaring 
 Men ; and the Birds poflefs perpetual 
 Freedom without Annoyance . Here a 
 Mind innocently employ’d by its Starts 
 and Sallies , and its Excursions into phi - 
 lofophic Depths , by a Propenfity to So- 
 litude, always meets with Entertainment. 
 Every Sprig of Grafs may afford a mul- 
 titude of fine Thoughts, to employ the 
 Imagination ; and by a Genius turn’d to mi- 
 crofcopical Speculations, a Way is open’d 
 to entertain the Fancy with unbounded 
 Refled ions. 
 
 The Proportion of the Defign before 
 us is the Double Cube ; a Proportion whofe 
 Graces pleafe in Profile, but when a 
 Depth is fuppofed to it, is not always 
 fo agreeable. However, the Parts of 
 which this is compofed. , difclofes to us a 
 Neatnefs and Simplicity in its Decora- 
 tion, and are diverfify’d in a certain 
 Analogy peculiar to themfelves; and the 
 Drefs preferves fuch a Chain of Simi- 
 litude, as renders it pleaiing and va- 
 rious. 
 
 The 
 
176 Lectures on 
 
 The Front is 70 ft. Length, and it§ 
 Height as well as Depth is 35 ft. The 
 Great Order extends in Breadth 35 ft. 
 or one half of the Front, which is com- 
 pofed of 4 Columns, and 2 extream in- 
 fulate Pillafters at the Angle of the Por- 
 tico, 2 ft. Diameter^ of the Corinthian 
 Order- The remaining 35 ft. or half 
 Front, is left to the 2 Sides next the 
 Portico. So that the Height being 35 ft. 
 each of the Sides are 17 ft. 6 Inches, or 
 a double Square. The Parts being re- 
 prefen ted by dotted Circles, require no 
 farther Demonftration. 
 
 The Portico I have placedonaPedeftal, 
 whofe Height is one fourth of the whole 
 Order, placing at the End a double Pe- 
 el dial for the injulate Pillajier and Co- 
 lumn. This Pedeftal is brought forward 
 from the Range of Columns to the Range 
 of the Steps, after the Antique manner ; 
 and, by placing a Statue on each, they 
 would give a noble Contrail: to the De- 
 iign. The Drefs between the Columns 
 I have been very fparing in, not ufing 
 any Ornament round the Windows, be- 
 caufe that will fill the intermediate Spa- 
 ces between the Columns too much ; and 
 to prefer ve the generalKeeping, I have -ad- 
 ded a Feftoon of Fruit, to keep the Mar- 
 
Architecture. 177 
 
 gins or Spaces round the Windows, in 
 the Intercolumniation, as equal as Con- 
 yeniency would permit. 
 
 As forae have raifed the following 
 Objections, I propofe to anfwer them, 
 to flhew that thofe little feeming Er- 
 rors are difcover’d by my felf, and 
 thought no way material to amend. 
 
 Obj ection the i ft. In the Cor- 
 nice of the 2 proceeding Dejigns , I have 
 not drawn Modillions , nor in this Pro- 
 file of the Corinthian Order . 
 
 Answer’d. In fuch minute Draw- 
 ings, as the particular Form of the 
 Members cannot be preferv’d, fo the 
 introducing Dentils , or Modillions y 
 would confufe the Parts in which 
 they are plac’d, and remain unintelli- 
 gible, It is fufficient that the General 
 Proportions are juft, and the minuter 
 may be conceiv’d in the Mind. I am 
 not about teaching a Knowledge of the 
 five Orders of Architecture , fuppofing 
 thofe to be well underftood by you ; 
 but it is the Art of Defigning, which 
 I am endeavouring to cultivate and 
 improve. I am not curious whether 
 a Cornice of the lonick Order, or the 
 Corinthian , be grac’d with Dentils or 
 
17$ Lectures on 
 
 Modillions^ for external Ufes ; thofe 
 things feeing not eflentially neceflary 
 in the Art of Defigning, tfee Harmony 
 of the whole being the Care of the 
 Architedl to preferve. 
 
 Objection the 2d. 7 he Dejigns 
 
 themfelves are finally and internal Con- 
 veniences have been my leajl care to in- 
 troduce. 
 
 Answered. As to the Magnitude of 
 the Pefigns themfelves, I am to obferve 
 they may be extended to what Length 
 your felves would propofe, by chang- 
 ing the Proportion with Breaks, after 
 the manner of my Defign, Leffure the 
 13th; where you fee the Proportion 
 I have laid down clofely follow'd, the 
 Parts are analogous to its felf, and 
 renders that Range truly Harmonick, 
 as may be obferv'd in my Defcription 
 of it. And if a large extended Defign 
 was to be introduc'd, in fo fmall a 
 Volume as this Work is compriz'd, 
 the feveral Parts of a magnificent Build- 
 ing would remain unintelligible. 
 
 Objection the 3d. In the Propor- 
 tions which I have laid down as abfo- 
 lute , I have forgot the Conveniences of 
 Defigning , and have facrific d Ufe to Pro- 
 portion , 
 
Architecture, 179 
 
 portion, becaufe I would have all the in- 
 ternal parts , as well as external , tally 
 with my Rules , 
 
 Answer’d, The Ufes of a Building 
 which is defign’d only for an Amufement, 
 are uncertain, therefore cannot be properly 
 appropriated to every Want, or hit every 
 Tafte : It is fufficient that they are com- 
 modious, and ferve fuch Purpofes as I 
 intend them. Thofe who are pleafed to 
 give themfelves the trouble of examin- 
 ing, will find they may be converted 
 to more Ufes than one, and ferve many 
 Purpofes, which would be too tedious 
 for me to defcribe. As to what relates to 
 the Proportions which I have limned, 
 and fince their Publication have been ob- 
 jected to, I here beg the favour of fuch 
 ObjeCtor to read ferioufly the 131ft Page 
 of the firft Part of my LeCtures, which 
 I think a fatisfaCtory Anfwer to all Ob- 
 jections of this kind, as well as thofe I 
 have now endeavour’d to clear, for the 
 better removing fuch Impediments which 
 may prevent young Students in Archi- 
 tecture from having recourfe to Rules 
 in the Performance of Defigning. But 
 to return. 
 
 The 
 
I 8o L E C T U RES oH 
 
 The other three Fronts I would only 
 drefs the Windows of with an Archi- 
 trave , Freeze and Cornice $ and in the 
 North or back Front have Pediments 
 over the Windows of the principal Floor, 
 opening the Pedeftal which is above the 
 Cornice that goeth round the Building, 
 for Ballufters over the Windows, as in 
 the Front. The Materials I propofe all 
 of Stone 5 the Covering of the Roof, of 
 Lead, intending it flat on the Top, and 
 the Stairs to lead to the fame for the 
 advantage of a remote Profpedh 
 
 The Plan con lifts of five Rooms on 
 the principal Floor, the Entrance being 
 through the Portico at A. The common 
 Entrance to the lower Apartments being 
 under the half Pace of the Portico. The 
 Room markt B is a double Cube, being 
 34 ft. long, 1 7 ft. wide, 17 ft. high, the 
 reft of the Story being only 15 ft. the 
 Floor of the Attick Story over this Room 
 becomes two ft. higher, making thofe 
 Rooms only 6 ft. high, as a Metzanino , 
 or half Story, the reft of the Attick be- 
 ing 8 ft. in the Clean The Rooms 
 markt C and G, are Cubes of 15 ft. 
 The Room D, a double Cube of 30 
 ft. long, 15 ft. wide, and 15 ft. high. The 
 Room marked H,a Cube of 12 ft. to the 
 
 top 
 
Architecture, i 8i 
 
 top of the Cornice, above which I propofe 
 a Cove one fourth of that Heights which 
 3 ft makes that Room the fame height 
 as the other. The Paffage markt E, I 
 propofe 7 ft. wide, and to be Groyn'd. 
 The Stair- cafe markt F, 12 ft. fqr. of 
 Stone or Marble, and to lead from the 
 lower Offices to the Attick Story. 
 
 The lower Offices have Light fuffici- 
 ent for any Ufes ; and lying but a fmall 
 part below the Surface of the Ground, 
 the Floors may be boarded, and Walls 
 wainfcoted in fuch Rooms as may be 
 thought neceffary ; and thofe Rooms 
 under B and D, may, if required, be 
 each of them divided into two, and 
 illuminated at the End and North Front, 
 &c. 
 
 The principal Floor to be embellish'd 
 with Ornaments in the moft beautiful 
 manner ; propoling the Room B to have 
 an Entablature of the Corinthian Order, 
 fully enrich'd ; the Opening to the 
 Paffage of the North Front to have a 
 Venetian Arch, cohlifting of detach’d 
 Columns and Pillafters in Couplets, as in 
 the Portico, 10 Inches Diameter, to fup- 
 port an enrich'd Arch, the fame Periphery 
 as the Groyns ; the other Doors drefs’d 
 with proper Ornaments; the Chimney- 
 
1 82 Lectures on 
 
 pieces appropriated to the fame man- 
 ner of Finilhing; all the Mouldings, where 
 neceflary, to be carv'd ; the Ceiling di- 
 vided into Pannels, with Ornaments, &c. 
 anfwerable to the reft of the Room, 
 
 % 
 
 The Room marked D, being at the 
 Eaft End, I propofe to be a Library, 
 The Cornice as the Room B, of the 
 Corinthian Order. 1 propofe the fame 
 Pedeftals which fupport the Pillafters 
 of the Venetian Window, to continue 
 round the Room $ the remaining Height 
 to the Cornice to be filled up with 
 Shelves for Books, ornamenting the Doors 
 and Windows as in the Room B. The 
 Ceiling deck’d with Ornaments of 
 Fruit and Flowers, and the Chimney- 
 piece fuited to the manner of finifhing 
 a Room appropriated to that Ufe. The 
 circular Part, or Head of the Venetian 
 Window, to be a Blank, otherwife the 
 Cornice of the Room would be bro- 
 ken or interrupted from continuing 
 round. 
 
 The Attick Story intended for Lodg- 
 ing Rooms, to what Purpofes may be 
 thought moft ufeful, I would propofe 
 to finilh in a plain manner throughout : 
 The Chimney-pieces, and Ornaments to 
 Doors and Windows, few, and 
 
 appro- 
 
 priated 
 
priated more to life than Decoration : 
 Or fuch Rooms which are rnofl conve- 
 nient, might be prepared for Hangings 
 with Tapeftry, or other Funiture. The 
 Stairs leading to the Flat on the Houfe 
 Ihould be over the Paffage marked E. 
 
 From an Eminence thus fituate many 
 agreeable Views might be had to diftant 
 Objeds, which would afford an a mu ling 
 Entertainment in the Serenenefs of a 
 declining Sun and calm Air, when Na- 
 ture feems lull’d into a kind of plea- 
 ling Reverie. As this Profile before us 
 is to terminate a Walk in a Garden, 
 
 I propofe, in the Courfe of thefe 
 LeFlures, to delineate lb me little Tem- 
 ple or Building, with its Plan, fuited 
 to this purpofe. The ancient Romans 
 planted their Plots in this rural manner ; 
 and their * Temples , dedicated to their pe- 
 culiar Gods, were difperfed among the 
 Groves and Woods , which Art or Na- 
 ture had made, with Fiji as to them, 
 or fome more fecret Approach, to which, 
 for the moll part, Devotion or Luxury led 
 the Mailer of the Filial o retire to. In fuch 
 Retreats the Roman Senators were wont 
 to talle the Pleafures of Retirement, to 
 unbend their Minds from the more 
 weighty Concerns of their Common- 
 wealth; till, perhaps, fatiated with too 
 
 U great 
 
184 Lectures on 
 
 great an Excefs of Indolence, and enner - 
 vated by Luxury, fucceeding Tyrants 
 claim’d a Superiority over them, and 
 by degrees they loft their Liberty. — 
 Then their noble Palaces , their magni- 
 ficent and beautiful Villa 1 s, their deli- 
 cious Situations were wrefted from them, 
 and at length the whole Empire became 
 a Seat of wild Defolation . 
 
 Yet ft ill their Arts furvive, and we 
 may boaft of many noble Genius’s with 
 fuitable Fortunes, who are Copiers of 
 thofe fam’d Romans ^ Cato and Pliny , 
 Varro and Columella , with their Villa’s 
 decorated in as beautijuU rural , or mag- 
 nificent a manner as thofe of the An- 
 cients. —But choice of different Situa- 
 
 tions muft much diverfify the intended 
 Pile. 
 
 —T 'ofome , perhaps , the pleafing filent Vale, 
 Where filver Streams in Eddies glide along : 
 Or elfe the vernal Bloom , or ripening Glebe , 
 Or fertile Fields , with yellow Harvefts crown'd , 
 Seems mo ft engaging to the wand' ring Eye . 
 
 — Others delight in long extended Views , 
 
 A noble ProfpeB to fome Champain Plain > 
 
 A 
 
Architecture. 185 
 
 A riling Summit, or declining Vale, 
 
 Half featur'd o'er with Flocks of fleecy Sheep. 
 Other s, perhaps , a rude and barren Heath . 
 
 --The Gloom of Woods , andfolemnlofty Groves 9 
 The calm Recejfes of a penfive Mind , 
 
 be the happy Choice of one whofe Thoughts 
 No empty Glares of Pageantry pojfefs \ 
 
 Or falfe , fugacious Vanities allure . 
 
 Another's Eye the craggy Cliff may pleafe 9 
 The fhocking Precipice, or uncouth Wild ; 
 Where Nature no prolific Seed hath Jhed , 
 Beyond the Art of Man to cultivate , 
 
 A kind of pleafing, dreadful, rugged Scene. 
 
 The boifi’rous Billows of tempefiuous Seas y 
 May more invite another's changing Mind y 
 To trace the rolling Veflel in its Courfe, 
 
 Rais'd on the Summit of the foaming Surge, 
 Now mounting on a Wave, whofe tow' ringH eight 
 Another Wave fucceeding , finks as low. 
 Alternate Scenes , like thefe , hath Nature made , 
 And different Sentiments do each pojfefs : 
 
 What one delights, maybe another' s Pain. 
 
 All thefe the Architect mufl ftudy well ; 
 
 Be well inform'd , what Nature moft requires 
 To fit and tally Art in all thefe Scenes *, 
 
 To give a Greatnefs to the opening Lawn, 
 
 TJ 2 And 
 
i86 Lectures^, &c. 
 
 And pleafing Softnefs to the rural Glade. 
 
 This is the Art’s Perfection well to know ; 
 And he who traceth be ft the different Climes , 
 And mo ft refembles Nature, in his Choice 
 Of Juft Proportion, Garnifhing, and Drefs, 
 Appropriates Art moft nobly to its Ufe. 
 
 A Genius born to penetrate fo far , 
 
 To trace the intricate Labyrinths of Art , 
 
 And teach Mankind f improve the glorious 
 Thought , 
 
 Let ev’ry Artift celebrate his Fame *, 
 
 His Praftice be Example to us All, 
 
 And He doth heft, that beft can Imitate. 
 
 Gentlemen, I hope you willexcufe 
 this Digreflion, when you confider, that 
 Art and Science in general is the End 
 for which this Society was eftabliftfd 
 to improve in. But particularly, as it 
 is Architecture, when I reflect on 
 the Beauty of its Rules , I am led into 
 a kind of poeiick Rhapfody ; the conti- 
 nuance of which, as Time and Oppor- 
 tunity offers, will be a Pleafure to me 
 to communicate. Till then, I fhall con- 
 tinue with due Refpedt, 
 
 Your devoted Servant , &c„ 
 
 Read to the Society 
 Nov. ii. 1734. 
 
( I? 7 ) 
 
 LECTURE 
 
 The T W E L F TH. 
 
 Y Three preceding Defigns, 
 of this fecond part of my 
 Leisures, have been difpos’d 
 chiefly to a Rural and Plea- 
 Jant Soil, I propofe in this to change 
 the Scene for one more Robufi and 
 Ruftick, a Defign capable of fuftaining 
 the Storms and tempeftuous Inclemen- 
 cy of the Elements; it being plain, and 
 the Plan, fitted by its Strength and 
 Contrivance to withftand the Injuries of 
 Winds and Weather ; and its Propor- 
 tion apt to apply to fuch durable 
 Ufes, being the Proportion 3, 2, and 1 ; 
 the Length is 90 feet, the Depth 60 
 feer, and Height 30 feet. 
 
 *- T 3 
 
 This 
 
1 88 Lectures on 
 
 / 
 
 This Defign I would propofe to 
 place on the Summit of a Hill, a 
 long-extended Vale to the principal 
 Front 5 and not far remote from the de- 
 clining Verge of the Hill, I would 
 have a navigable River : Windsor, or 
 Greenwich, or Richmond, orSHooT- 
 er’s-hill, afford a Scene fomething like 
 this ; and the Profile before us being in- 
 tended for the chief Front, I would pro- 
 pofe it for a South Afpedt to the Vale 
 below, bounded only by the declining 
 Horifon. 
 
 With the Variety of Woods and 
 Meadows, and different Views of the 
 River, I would wifh to have fome beau- 
 tifully fituated ViVas , interfperfed with 
 little Villages and Towns ; in the Scene 
 fome Views fhould be to Paflures 
 cover'd with Flocks of Sheep, from 
 thence to Fields of Corn, in which the 
 ripening Harvefts would afford Delight 
 to the Eye. 
 
 Another Spot , a verdant gradual Rife 
 To Orchards laden with delicious Fruits, 
 
 At once to gratify the Eye and Tafte . — 
 Another Scene , to Groups of lofty Pines, 
 
 The Entrance to fo?ne pleafmg , folemn Grove, 
 
 Where 
 

 
 
 'I 
 
< 7t*£-r? l fct,v'lr Jfot,. ■ Cff' Scu^t 
 
Architecture. 189 
 Where Demi- Deities are feign'd to dwell : 
 Such as the Bard, who fung Achilles 9 Fame*, 
 Defcrib'd : Or Maro, of Anchifes 3 Race j 
 Or fweet-tongu' d Ovid, in a f of ter Strain . 
 Such Groves , whofe lofty Tops afpiring rife , 
 And Jhade in folemn Form the winding Paths 
 Thofem Retreats, that footh the penfive Mind^ 
 Retir'd fecretely in an Ev'ning Shade , 
 
 Or when the Rays of Light refrefh the Morn . 
 
 Another View ^circling River fhews. 
 
 On which the Veffels , with their fwelling Sailsy 
 Among the Woods and Gardens feem to move , 
 Now in a Line diredt, obliquely now. 
 
 Or Line Eliptick, as the Streams , or Wind 9 
 Or rolling Tide directs 'em in their Courfe. 
 
 Such • a Variety of rural Scenes , 
 
 Mingled with little Villages and Towns, 
 
 Would fill the Eye with Wonder and Delight . 
 
 I would have no Garden laid out by 
 Art, but fuch only as Nature it felf pro- 
 duc’d ; the Vale below would afford all 
 the Pleafures of a diftant View. I would 
 have a little Spot fufficient to ferve the 
 Houfe with Fruits and Herbage. 
 
 Nature would there require no large Parterre , 
 No fwelling Terrace , nor the Tulip Bed ; 
 
 U 4 Nq 
 
 
i go Lectures on 
 
 No Grove to ramble in , in Summer's Shade , 
 Nor Spot luxuriant, deck'd with lavifih Art. 
 Northward Pd choofe a wild , or barren Heath \ 
 Or elfe a Profpeffi to fome diftant Sea ; 
 
 Or elfe a Group of v a ft and fteepy Hills, 
 Whofe craggy Summits , with their diftant Views , 
 Alternate Rtjings , and their different Shades , 
 Shifting in various Forms from Hill to Hill, 
 
 A wild , romantick Profpehi would create. 
 
 When Summer's verdant Fields do grace the 
 Plain 
 
 With wanton Flocks of Sheeps within the Meads , 
 In fportive Motions , kind of my (lie Dance, 
 
 And other rural Scenes to fill the Eye , 
 
 Fhere centers all the Pleafures of the Vale . 
 
 Not fo , Winter's Storms North invades j 
 
 JfTr/z the wild Waters dafh refifting Rocks, 
 And bear the tatter’d Veffels to the Shore : 
 
 Nor Rigging, Tackle, Sails, or Mail you fee ; 
 Phe Winds refiftlefs Force have torn away\ 
 
 And drove the (hiver’d Wreck upon the Beach, 
 Mu ft he a moving , jympathiAng Scene. 
 
 If to the [hocking Precipice you look , 
 
 And view the hideous Landlcape, or the Cliffs 
 Where barrenWildnef re'ig ns — No pie afing Path 
 F 'invite the wand' ring ‘Traveller to attempt 
 A Place unknown , or an untrodden Wild, 
 
 No 
 
Architecture. 191 
 
 No Cultivation to allure the Eye » 
 
 No verdant Spot % nor azure Violet Beds , 
 
 But Wilds, where Birds of Prey delight to dwells 
 The rav’nous Vulture* or the towTing Eagle : 
 Or Refidenee , perhaps , of favage Beafts , 
 
 0#/y ^ propagate and breed their Young 
 Within the Caverns of their craggy Sides* 
 Where the moft Hardy would not be allur'd 
 By Profit , orby Nature's Choice to climb ; 
 
 Such Scenes are Derby- Peak, or BoverV 
 Cliff. 
 
 From one end of a Buildings thus 
 form’d in Plan , and a Situation, a 
 View half rural, the other half a rocky 
 Wild, or open to the Sea, would af- 
 ford a delightful Variety, a pleafant 
 Landfcape. And from each Front, fo 
 many different Views might be had, in 
 every Seafon of the Year, as would 
 render the Spot always agreeable ; and 
 if Bulinefs required a Refidenee in fome 
 populous Town or City y half that Plea- 
 fure might be there enjoy'd, by having 
 feveral Views of thole Landfcapes at 
 different Seafons, taken by a skilful 
 Hand, at the Villa it felf. This would 
 renew the Felicity, to fee a beautiful 
 Vale with all the finenefs of a rural Scene 
 from one Front, and a Building capable 
 
 of 
 
ig 2 Lectures m 
 
 of being erefted at fueh a Point of Sight $ 
 and to the other, the well-defigned Pidure 
 would difclofe to View, all the Horrors 
 of romantick Precipices , or the Incle- 
 mency of the Elements in a fempejl. 
 
 There may be an Objection ftarted 
 to this Defign, that is, Making the Front 
 of the Ionic k Order , and a Portico to it, 
 and placing it on an Eminence . I anfwer. 
 That the Front being to the South , or 
 South-Eajl , and to fo agreeable a Vale 
 below, I thought it more proper than the 
 Z) orick Order. And to the Back-frcnt I 
 propofe no Portico ; the whole Building 
 likewife being as plain as it is poffible 
 to compofe one of this Order, or even 
 the Doric k. But then, to add to its Beauty 
 in the Vale, the Portico will afford a ma- 
 jeftick Appearance, and render the Build- 
 ing nobler in Afpect, than if it was o~ 
 mitted. 
 
 And as I have in the 69th Page of 
 the firft Part obferv’d, that the lonick 
 Order is the moft applicable to Situa- 
 tions of various Kinds, I hope I have 
 not deviated from thofe Rules which I 
 have all along fo ftrenuoufly endeavour’d 
 to propagate in the Application of Pro~ 
 portions as well as Defgns , analagous 
 
 to 
 
Architecture. 193 
 
 £0 certain Situations for which a Fabrick 
 is propos ? d to be appropriated. 
 
 TnxsBuilding is defign'd to be eredted 
 with Stone^ which it is not unlikely fuch 
 a Spot may produce y and if it was pre- 
 par'd from a Quarry fome time before 
 it be us'd, that it might harden in the 
 Air, the Building would be lefs liable 
 to Fradtures, efpecially at the Quoins or 
 Angles in carrying up, than when Stone 
 is ufed green, juft raifed from the Quar- 
 ries, The Venetian Windows, at the 
 Ends, I propofe entirely plain ; and each 
 Front will preferve a regular Affinity, 
 and the internal Parts have thofe Pro- 
 portions which my preceding Rules have 
 render’d pradticable. The Ufes mu ft be 
 fubmitted to fuch whofejudgment, Wants, 
 or Conveniencies more immediately re- 
 quire them, referring the internal Fh« 
 nifhing to the Pleafure of the more 
 judicious Artift. 
 
 It may be objected, That the Dome 
 had been better placed in the Center of 
 the Building from North to South. I 
 anfwer, Its Situation does not require it, 
 having no Approach to the Houfe at 
 either End y and viewing it only in Pro- 
 file from the two Fronts, cannot be dis- 
 cern’d how the Center of it is ft tuate in 
 
 Depth : 
 
ig4 Lectures on 
 
 Depth : Befides, one more prevalent 
 Reafon, which requires no Demonftra- 
 tion. 
 
 The Entrance at the South Front 
 through the Portico leads to the Room A, 
 whofe Proportion is 6, 4, and 3, the 
 Length being 30 ft. the Breadth 20 ft. 
 and Height 15. The reft of the Rooms 
 of this Story being only 12 ft. high, I 
 have made the Back- flairs mark’d N, 
 the Way to the Room over it, which 
 becomes a Metzanino of 7 ft. high, and 
 the reft of the Rooms of that Story 10 
 ft. high in the Clear. The Rooms of 
 the Ground-floor mark’d B, C, D, E, are 
 Proportion 4, 3, and 2 5 the Length 24 
 ft. Breadth 18 ft. and Height 12 ft. The 
 Room mark’d F, is 22 ft. Diameter, and 
 44 ft. high ; and the Rooms G and H 
 Cubes of 12 ft. The two Stair-cafes 
 marked R and M, propos’d to lead to the 
 Attick Story ; intending that marked R, 
 to go to the lower Offices, and apply ’d 
 to the molt common Ufes, and to be 
 of Stone, the other of Wood. 
 
 The Place marked P, is intended for 
 a Stool-Room, in which excellent Pro- 
 v if on may be made for Conveyance 
 of the Rffluvias of the Soil, to prevent 
 Offence, At the circular dotted Line in the 
 
 Room 
 
Architecture. 195 
 
 Room F, on the Chamber-' floor, I pro- 
 pole a Gallery fupponed by Brackets, 
 as are reprefented there, to have a Com- 
 munication from each Stair-cafe to all 
 the Apartments of that Story, intending 
 the Plan of that Floor the fame as 
 the Principal. 
 
 The Front confifts of 3 Parts equal- 
 ly divided for the Length, and one of 
 thofe 3 Parts make the Height ; they 
 are reprefented by the dotted Circles 
 in the Profile, in which it may be ob« 
 ferv'd the Portico is circumfcribed by 
 one of them ; and the 2 Tides being equal 
 to the Portico, makes the whole three 
 equal Squares. The Roof is intended to 
 be fram'd with a Yally round the Dome, 
 in order to give Light to the Room 
 markt F in the Plan, the Windows be- 
 ing plac'd at A A in the Profile, and 
 to have 4 of them in Number, this 
 Room having no other Vacuity where- 
 by it may be Illuminated. The 2 final! 
 dotted Circles which meet in the Freeze 
 of the Entablature of the Portico, cir- 
 eumfcrib'd within the internal Height 
 of the Dome, are only to reprefent the 
 Height of that Room of two Diameters. 
 The reft of the Profile explains it felf. 
 
ig 6 Lectures on 
 
 or may be better comprehended by exa- 
 inining the Plan. 
 
 It may be remembred, that ill my 
 Ninth Lecture I propos’d to affign fome 
 allotted Proportion , not to be exceeded in 
 the Application, to ufe either external 
 or internal , and this Proportion 3, 2, 
 and i, as far as they relate to Building. 
 The Reafons which induce me to ad- 
 here to fuch reftridted Proportions, are 
 founded on the following Obfervations. 
 An Objedt who (^Proportion, Bulky ov Mag- 
 nitude cannot be ftrictly circumfcrib’d by 
 the Eye at one View, the whole of that 
 Object cannot be comprehended in the 
 Idea ; nor are the Parts fo eafily retain’d 
 in the Memory, when the Chain of Pro- 
 portion is broke by introducing a new 
 Idea, which it mu ft receive when the 
 Eye is forced to travel from Objedt to 
 Objedt, to circumfcribe all its Parts. 
 Therefore the Point of Sight, or pro- 
 per Center to view all Buildings in Ge- 
 neral, is, where the Eye can at one 
 View fee the Extent of Length and 
 Height, which is to be circumfcrib’d by 
 the Eye in the Focus y or Point of Con- 
 vergence ; then the feparate Parts. As, 
 fuppofe a PorticOy or other diftindl Breaks 
 ingy which compofeth the general 
 Keeping of the Defign, thefe are to 
 
Architecture. 197 
 
 be view’d at a nearer Approach, and at 
 fuch a Point only where the Eye cm 
 take in fuch Parts as are to be view'd, 
 according to the General Building, in pro- 
 portion to the Altitude or Extent of the 
 Objed. But, to examine the Corredlnefs 
 of the Particular Members, the Neatnefs , 
 Beauty, and Spirit of its Ornaments, the 
 Eye mu ft ftill advance nearer to fuch a 
 Point where the Rays are not reverbera- 
 ted on the Retina of the Eye, but unite 
 in one Point of Convergence, like the 
 Rays of Light in the Focus of a Burning- 
 Glafs, which unite at a Point determina- 
 ble by its Radius . 
 
 It will not be improper to obferve 
 here, that the fame Diftance required 
 to view the Profile of a Cube, or any 
 other Proportion aflign’d, will be “the 
 Point of View to a Square in a com- 
 pound Profile. Here Note , That a 
 Building by it fe]f, independent of other 
 Proportions, fuch as the Cube, the 
 Cube and half, the Double Cube, &c. has 
 alfo the Depth to be confider’d in its 
 Compofition ; and that is depend rit on 
 the Proportion of its Length. But in a 
 compound Profile, where the Face of the 
 Building is extended to 5 or 600 ft. the 
 Depth is not to be fuppofed as a ne- 
 ceffary Proportion to that General De- 
 
 fign j 
 
ig 8 Lectures on 
 
 fign, therefore the Cube is then call'd a 
 Square, the Cube and half is call'd the 
 Square and half, and the Double Cube 
 is only fuppofs'd a Double Square in- 
 dependent of Depth. 
 
 Suppose, for Example , that a Building 
 is 700 ft. Length, its Proportions are then 
 to be compounded of fuch Parts as 
 will introduce a Noblenefs and Variety in 
 its Compofition ; which, by Breakings 
 into the Square , the Square and half , 
 Double Square , &c. to preferve fuch Ge- 
 neral Proportions, and by changing the 
 Drefs , or Modus of the Defign, renders 
 that Gracefulnefs requir'd to form a 
 Defign of fuch Extent. And no Build- 
 ing, exceeding 140 ft. in Length, with- 
 out Breaking for the preferving fuch 
 Proportion, can ever appear beautiful ; 
 and each Part muft have an Affinity to 
 the whole, and yet be independently a- 
 
 greeable. And note , all fuch Proportions 
 
 are to be view’d for their own particular 
 Graces at a proper Point of Sight, de- 
 terminable by its own Rules, which you 
 may fee by the Defign in my next Ledture. 
 But when they are confider’d as a Part 
 of the whole Compofition, they are then 
 fuppos’d only proper Parts of the whole 
 Range, in which each is to be fuppos'd 
 dependent upon the Point of View , where 
 
 the 
 
the Focus , or Retina of the Eye can 
 £ircumfcribe ah Objedt 700 ft. Lengthy 
 which is fometimes fuppos’d at a Point 
 where the Length makes the Ex cream 
 Rays to the Eye an equilateral Triangle, 
 each Angle then becoming Acute, and of 
 60 Degrees^ 
 
 Gentlemen, I have extended this 
 Difcourfe farther than at fir ft I propofed, 
 that I might better inculcate the Idea 
 of Proportion, a Thing fo effentially 
 necefifary in the Art ofDefigning, as well as 
 the Bafis of Arts and Sciences , that with- 
 out it nothing can be perform’d to give 
 Pleafure to the E^e. And I muft at 
 the fame time obferve, that all Propor- 
 tions are founded upon Rules and all 
 Rules are dependent on Nature ; and if 
 in Nature there happen fome Deviation, 
 fome Luxuriance or Want , even thofe 
 Ph^nomLna may be moftly accounted 
 for. The wanton Vine may be directed 
 by Art not to (hoot into fuperfluous 
 Branches, and the more fturdy Oak may, 
 by Rules, be directed in its Growth. 
 Both flow from Caufes in Nature, and 
 both are to be guided by the skilful Hand 
 of the Artift, 
 
200 Lectures##, &c. 
 
 Th is Chain of Thought opens to the 
 Mind a vaft Field to entertain the 
 Tongue or Pen of a Philofopher 3 to 
 plunge into the deep R.eceffes of Nature. 
 
 To trace the Mazes of this myjiick World , 
 The Form , the Motion of this terrene Sphere ; 
 The fecret Springs which guide it in its Courfe , 
 And all the vegetative Tribes preferve \ 
 
 The more amazing Structure of our f elves ; 
 
 Or the cel eftial Orbs which move above : 
 
 v. 
 
 There let the great Imagination dwell , 
 
 And) with the Planets, roll through endlefs Space. 
 
 Pardon this Deviation from my Sub- 
 ject, I muft defer that till another Op- 
 portunity. I am, during the Interval, 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Tour mofl humble Servant. 
 
 Read to the Society 
 
 ' Nov. 25. 1734. 
 
 LECTURE 
 
— £o--o-- 
 
 
 
 /L'c:rftts /TLjrru /ni-.tf de/. 
 
 XJ 
 
 -6*-:e- 
 
 m 
 
 -78.0 
 
 -^o-.-o 
 
 £ Z/tfu/j 5 jf- D 
 
202 Lectures on 
 
 falling back from the Break B, be- 
 comes a new Proportion independent of 
 the other two, and is the Square and 
 half, being 78 ft. long and 52 ft. 
 high, and like the middle Part is far- 
 ther defcrib’d by the dotted Circles . 
 The next Part mark’d D, is the Square 
 of 60 ft. and a Proportion not attach’d 
 to the Part mark’d C, but breaks for- 
 ward five feet ; its Decorations are ana- 
 lagous to the Center. The remaining 
 part of the Range mark’d E, is a dou- 
 ble Square, its Length 72 ft. and Pleight 
 36, and falls back from D nine feet ; 
 the Circles explain its Analogy , and its 
 Decorations have an Affinity to the 
 whole. 
 
 This Range might be ftill continued, 
 by joining the Proportion F, or three 
 and one^ confiding of three Squares, the 
 Length 120 ft. and the Height 40 ft. 
 and, to terminate the whole Range at 
 each End, I would place a Square of 
 36 ft. with a fmall Tower, fupported by 
 Columns of the Corinthian Order, with 
 a Dome on the T op ; the whole would 
 then make an elegant and magnificent 
 Defign, its Length would then be 852 fr. 
 I at firft propos’d to delineate the whole 
 Range, and to have added a General 
 Plan of the principal Floor 5 but the 
 
 minutenefs 
 
Architecture. 203 
 
 minutenefs of this Volume, the Trouble 
 and Inconvenience of folding Plates, pre- 
 vented that taking Place $ befides , the 
 omitting this Part, will doubtlefs engage 
 fome of you to try what Effedt that 
 Addition will have to the whole Range, 
 and what Beauty fuch Proportions con- 
 nected together will produce* To ana- 
 logize and terminate the Range, the 
 Cupola on the Center mark'd F, is 22 ft* 
 Diameter, circumfcrib'd by a Circle, 
 and is the Proportion Unifon , or a 
 Square. 
 
 The Drefs and Decoration of this 
 Profile have been fparingly applied, 
 and have been my lead Care to pre- 
 ferve, becaufe the Parts being fo minute, 
 cannot reprefent the Form of the Mem- 
 bers ; therefore I would have the In- 
 genious liheorift take any of thefe Pro- 
 portions alone, and draw 'em to a large 
 Scale , prefer ve the fame general Mag- 
 nitudes, then decorate the Parts in the 
 mod profufe and luxuriant manner, and 
 fee what Effedt Ornament has upon an 
 elegant well-proportioned Defign. To 
 carry this dill further, let him take each 
 Part drawn to one Scale , embellifli them 
 with Ornaments even to Lavijhnefs , 
 and differently, then place them toge- 
 fher in the fame Order as they are here 
 
 X 3. done, 
 
204 Lectures on 
 
 done, view them join’d in one Range, 
 examine them feparate, tranfpofe them 
 to different Places, and in whatever View 
 you place them join’d or feparate, I be- 
 lieve every Part will be found to have 
 their peculiar Graces : Nay, even void 
 qf Decoration or Drefs, Proportion 
 muff infallibly give Pleafure to the Eye. 
 
 If you turn back to the 75th Page 
 of my Erft Part, Lecture the Fifth, you 
 will find the Cube, the Cube and half , and 
 the • double Cube , confin’d within cer- 
 
 tain Limits. I am here to obferve , as they 
 are not con lid ere d as Cubes when join d 
 with other Proportions to conftkute a 
 Range, therefore thofe Proportions are 
 not under fuch Reitri&ions as they are 
 when only confidered as the Square , the 
 Square and half, and the double Square , 
 &c. but each of thefe are under limi- 
 ted 'Magnitudes :* The Square in Pro- 
 file iToiild never exceed 70 ft. the Square 
 and half icq ft. Length, nor the double 
 Square 140 ; the Proportion three and 
 one fhould not exceed 180 ft. Length, 
 &c. Thefe are to be obferved when 
 any of them are ufed as Squares, &c. 
 in a Range to form a long Extent of 
 Defign. 
 
 Thus 
 
Architecture. 205 
 
 Thus I have endeavoured to explain 
 what I intended in my iaft LeBure ; 
 and by thus joining the Proportions, 
 and comparing the fame iingie, you 
 may eafily difcern the neceflity of 
 ufing them in the Cempofition of any 
 Defign. 
 
 The whole Building I would propofe 
 to be of Stone , if the Spot I intend it 
 to be eredted on would with Conveni- 
 ence permit; to the Front fhoald be 
 a large Canal or River, about half a 
 Mile diftant; and on the eafy Afcent 
 of a little riling Ground (hould be placed 
 the Profile before us; a Per race or large 
 Parterre to be the opening of the whole 
 Front, and with a Declivity to the Verge 
 of the Water. 
 
 ■ From a Building thus fit a ate , 
 
 Noble Cafcades and Fountains might M form? d\ 
 Rais’d from the Silver Surface of the Stream , 
 
 In wanton Eddies flowing , circling round 
 Fhe verdant Softnefs of its rifeng Side — 
 
 — — Mark , in the Stream , the harmlefs finny 
 Prey , 
 
 Sportive , and fearlejs of th* alluring Bait , 
 
 With filent Motion cut the yeilding Flood , 
 
 X 4 And 
 
2o6 Lectures on 
 
 And heedlefs glide along the J, hallow Shorty 
 Untaught by Guile to fear the barbed Hooky 
 Securely happy in their Element — 
 
 This Front , thus open to the fruitful Vale , 
 
 The Ends by Woods and Gardens circumfcrih* d 9 
 Thro 5 which the Vifta's , or more private Walks , 
 Form'd by the skillful Artift in Defign , 
 
 And well difpos'd more diftant Views to take ; 
 Or winding Labyrinths, or fecret Paths , 
 Where fcatter'd Temples ft and obfeurely plac* d 
 Within the Limits of fome folemn Grove , 
 
 Or Seats to terminate a fhady Walk. 
 
 — //m? the foft Muftck of the. feather'd 
 Broody 
 
 Whofe warbling Sonnets echo thro 5 the Woods , 
 J/z Strains melodious chant from Spray to Spray ; 
 Some nicely binding up the tender Roots 
 In circling Forms , hold their feeble Toung ; 
 
 Others fit filenty with uncommon Carey 
 To hatch the fhapelefs Embryo in the Shell ; 
 Another's Care the callow Toung to feedy 
 Or by Example lead them on the Wingy 
 Teach them thro 9 tracUefs Air to Jhape the 
 Wa h 
 
 And fhun the Dangers common to them all. 
 
 — Here 
 
Architecture. 207 
 
 Here Nature likewife lavijhly Jhould reign , 
 
 Sport in the Azure, or the verdant Bloom % 
 
 Or blended with the Rofe, or Tulip gay 9 
 Or more obfcure , within the Violet Bed % 
 
 Wofe Borders Nature varioufly adorns : 
 
 Or mark the yellow Glebe, or ripening Fruity 
 'The Uujhing Peach, or Nectral deeper dfd. 
 
 — . All thefe has Nature made for life of 
 Man , 
 
 His Eye to pleafe , or nicely hit his Tafte 3 
 To mingle Pleafure with his common Cares , 
 
 And make the Toil of Life glide fmoother on . 
 If Providence fo wifely has ordain 9 d 
 The humbler Clafs of Beings to preferve , 
 
 To cherifto all the Vegetative Tribe , 
 
 And lead the Animal by Inftincl on. 
 
 And all to ferve that nobler Being Man ; 
 What Pleafure s may from fuch Retirement flow * 
 Where mingled Charms and Contemplation dwell ? 
 
 Ev 9 n thofe who 9 re born to govern Human 
 kind , 
 
 Might here feel Blifs to captivate the Mind. 
 
 A s fome Walks would be more fpa~ 
 cions, and Vijlas of large Extent, I 
 
 would 
 
20 8 Lectures on 
 
 would propofe in fome Avenue to place 
 the other Defign before us, as a little 
 Retirement for Repaft or Eafe, fo that 
 from each Front in the Portico's mark’d 
 A or B, a Shelter might be had, and 
 the Profpedt not interrupted. The De- 
 iign is the Proportion 4, 3, and 2 ; 
 the Front 60 ft. the Depth 45 ft. and 
 Height 30 ft. ThcPortico is circumfcrib’d 
 by a Circle of 30 ft. Diameter 5 the re- 
 maining Pans on each fide the Portico 
 eonfift of 15 ft. each, and are 30 ft. 
 high, fo that each of thefe becomes a 
 double Square^ the Columns and Pill afters 
 are two ft. Diameter, the Sub-plinth is 
 one ft. Diameter, which continues round 
 the Building ; the Columns with their 
 Bafe and Capitals are 10 Diameters high, 
 the Entablature two Diameters, and the 
 Balluflrade one fifth of the height of 
 the Column. The Fronts A and B are 
 alike; the Height of the firft Story is 
 12 ft. and the upper Rooms 10 ft; the 
 Entrance is through the Portico to the 
 Room mark’d C, which, is a Cube of 
 30 ft. and to the Room D on the left, 
 and F on the right of the Portico, 
 mark’d A. 
 
 The Room mark’d E, faceth a little 
 Walk, which I propofe lituate South; 
 the Portico A to the Weft, and the 
 
 other 
 
rfertas /forrztf z/w: c-t de/cn. 
 
 
 Tams ctity . 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 ■? 
 
 

Architecture, 209 
 
 other Portico to the Eaft. From hence 
 it may be obferved, that if the Front 
 of the Villa be a South Afpedt, this 
 Avenue I propofe at the Eaft end of 
 it, then the Portico A faceth the Par- 
 terre before the Houfe, which by giving 
 that Walk an eafy Defcent to the Par- 
 terre^ it would command 
 
 —'The more remoter Objects to its View : 
 Perhaps , the diftant Group of woody Hills , 
 Or the more humble Verdure of theV ale; 
 
 The flowery Meadows , or the purling Stream , 
 And all the Beauties of a rural Scene . 
 
 The Room C, I propofe to cove one 
 fifth of its Height, then the circular 
 Windows in the Portico come under the 
 Cornice , which ihould continue round 
 the Room at the Foot of the Cove, and 
 be of the Corinthian Order. The Rooms 
 mark’d E and D are the Cube and half, 
 and thoie mark’d F and G Cubes of 
 12 ft. The two Staircafes lead to the 
 Attick Story, and the Top of the Build- 
 ing. The finifiiing of the internal Part I 
 would propofe to be in an elegant 
 manner $ the Rooms being regular, 
 would admit of Drejs and Decoration 
 more adyantageoufly than where that 
 Nicenefs cf Symmetry is not regarded, by 
 the Architect, The external Part I pro- 
 
 pole 
 
2io Lectures on 
 
 pole to be of Stone, and the cover- 
 ing of the Roof of fuch Materials as 
 would madly contribute to add Beauty 
 to the Defign. The Ufes of little Fa- 
 bricks erefted in the Gardens of fome 
 noble Patron of Arts are many, as 
 well as the additional Beauty it gives 
 to a Spot of Ground difpos’d in a re- 
 gular and well compacted manner : 
 where Water can be had eafily, and 
 by Aqueducts convey it from place to 
 place, from one Fountain to another, 
 and ferve the Purpofes which Gardens 
 require for Ufe as well as Beauty , mu ft 
 render a Villa an endlefs Delight to 
 the Inhabitants, a Pleafure and Felicity 
 which a contemplative Genius can be 
 faid truly to poffefs. 
 
 Temples, Seats, Grotto’s, &c . 
 the Embellijhment and Decoration of 
 Gardens , fhould have a nice Affinity 
 with Nature. 
 
 The filent Groves require a little Pile , 
 
 Not deck'd with Lavijhnefs , nor yet too grave , 
 7 ‘he middle Path's the fafeft way to pleafe. 
 
 Not Jo the Op’ning to fome dijlant View, 
 
 if 
 
 The Vifta, or the Pleafure-Gardens grace *, 
 Fhere let the Drefs Profufenefs border on y 
 Be wanton like the Spot , with Flowers or Fruit , 
 
 <To 
 
Architecture. 211 
 
 * To fill and. decorate the proper Voids , 
 
 And fympathize with Nature and the Glebe. 
 
 * The murm'ring Streams , which Grotto’s 
 moftly grace , 
 
 The Mofs, the Shells, the Sc a’s productive Store , 
 The calcin’d Mate rude Variety , 
 
 Require a S&menefs to th ’ external Part : 
 
 The Dorick Pillar* s majfy Strength fupply. 
 
 Its well robufted Form, with Rufiicks 
 by the skilful Artift into Shape . 
 
 The frozen Ificles refemhled , form , 
 
 The Sea-greenWeed, //j^Flain Scallop'd Shell. 
 
 —Thus ev'ry Spot a various Shape ajfumes , 
 Tb garnifti or diverfify S##*. 
 
 The lively This, z/z That folemn grave, 
 JVbif unlike the various Scenes 0/ Lzjb .* 
 
 The Gaiety of Youth’ j lively Glebe, 
 
 The graver Spot's the Verge of Age and Death* 
 
 My Friends, — could Cuftom be ffook off 
 that Yoke of Art, 
 
 Where blinded Fancy guides the fickly Eye, 
 Rules and diredts the vain, the weakly Mind , 
 And leads the wandring Thought from Maze to 
 Maze *, 
 
 Could greater Genius's affert the Right, 
 
 The Beauty, Ufe, Extent, a/Naturi’sLaws, 
 
 Trace 
 
2 r 2 Lectures^, &c. 
 
 Trace well the unerring Rules which Jhe directs. 
 And glory falfer Cuftom to difdain ; 
 
 Then might we hope the my flick Art to 
 find , 
 
 And joy in being Patterns to Mankind. 
 
 As I am convinced that fome of 
 You have well conlidered the Neceffity 
 of adhering to Rules; I am at the 
 fame time perfuaded, many who have 
 defpifed them will find an unerring 
 Truth diffus’d through all its Glare 
 of Beauty, and will (I doubt not) be as 
 ftrenuous to aflert the Pleafures which 
 are the Refult of practifing them, as I do, 
 who am, with all due Refpecc, 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Tours , &c, 
 
 R-ead to the Society, 
 
 Dec. 1 6, 1734. 
 
 LECTURE 
 
( 213 ) 
 
 LECTURE 
 
 The Fourteenth. 
 
 Jfggjg Y Five preceding LeBures of this 
 Second Part, have been on Ex- 
 amples of the Proportions which 
 I have laid down in the Firft ; 
 in this I have delineated a Plan and 
 Profile of each. They conftft of the 
 Cube, page the 139 ; the Cube and half, 
 Page the 155; the Double Cubb 5 Page 
 the 169 5 the Proportion 3, 2, and >1, Page 
 the 188, the Proportion 4, 3, and 2, Page 
 the 208. The Proportion 5, 4, and 3, is in 
 the firft Part, pag. 124. There remains 
 now only the Example before us, which 
 is Fig. I. which is the Proportion 6, 4. 
 and 3, to compleat the Title I at firft 
 affixed to thefe Lectures, of which I have 
 been fo ftricdy obfervant, that your je- 
 nous perufal of them will convince you 
 what Care I have taken topreferve the 
 Rules 1 have all along recommended to 
 
 you 
 
ai4 Le ctuers on 
 
 you for your Choice in the Compofitioii 
 of Defigning . , whether acceptable to the 
 World, I am uncertain. However it be, 
 if there are no more Blemifhes than the 
 Novelty of thofe Rules to prevent their 
 progrefs, I have happily fucceeded in 
 the Task I had voluntarily undertaken 
 for your Amufement. Situation has 
 likewife been confider’d as a neceffary 
 Branch of Architecture, for the skilful 
 Defigner to appropriate thofe Propor- 
 tions to fuitable and proper Ufes. The 
 iaft Defign was fitted to a Sempervernal 
 Spot, this before us is more aptly deco- 
 rated to fuftain the corroding Quality of 
 the Elements. The Length of the Front 
 is 80 ft. the Depth 53 ft. 4 Inches, and 
 the Height 40 ft. equal to the Propor- 
 tion 6, 4, and 3. 
 
 The Length of the Front I have di- 
 vided into four equal Parts ; the Height 
 into two of thofe 4 Parts. The middle 
 Part breaks forward to receive the Or- 
 der above, and confifts of two of thofe 
 four Parts in Breadth, and being equal 
 in Height, becomes a Square, which is 
 reorefented by the doited Circle that is 
 infcrib’d within the Sotiare ; and the two 
 
 JL 
 
 Sides, confining of one of thofe Parts 
 in Breadth, and two in Height, forms 
 each a double Square 5 thofe are like- 
 
Architecture. 215 
 
 wife explain’d by the two. infcribed 
 Circles on the Profile ; the reft of the 
 Parts may be more particularly exa- 
 min’d by the Scale thereto annexed. 
 The Spot for Situation I propofe 
 
 By Severn, Trent, or Thames’* ouzy Side , 
 Where gliding Floods in circling Eddies play 
 Thro' flow'ry Meads, whofe verdant Banks 
 enfold 
 
 The Silver Surface of the limpid Stream *, 
 
 The Artift there the firm Foundation lays , 
 Graces and decorates the proper Parts> 
 
 And nicely garnifheth the opening Voids : 
 
 The Ruftick Center rifeth to fupport ^ 
 
 The gayer Beauties of the Dorian Mode . 
 
 To mingle Art with Nature’s folemn 
 Form , 
 
 Not far remote a fteepy Rock Jhould rife , 
 Plac'd in the Center of a large Canal. 
 
 Around its Bafe and craggy Sides JJoould grow , 
 In wild Diforder, various Ever-greens ; 
 Blended with thefe , hefpangled Shells Jhould fhine , 
 Redeeming Rays to chear the weaken'd Eye , 
 
 By Beams alternate from the fluid Wave. 
 
 By nicer Art, upon the Summit's Top , 
 
 A little Ruftick, well- proportion’d Pile , 
 
 y By 
 
216 Lectures on 
 By painful Steps the Curious Jhould afcend ; 
 
 W Approach lefs fteep, lefs craggy than the 
 reft. 
 
 Here , open to the Stream on ev'ry Side , 
 
 An Engine’* Force Jloould raife the flowing 
 Wave, 
 
 And round the File in thoufand Caverns play *, 
 By fleer et Pipes , diffus'd from Shell to Shell, 
 A Reservoir collects them as they flail: 
 whence, in one Torrent, Cataracts defleend 
 With rapid Force , rebounding as they run 
 From Cliff to Cliff \ to the diforder’d Stream \ 
 From thence— in bubbling Murmurs die away . 
 
 Besides thefe Embellifhments of 
 Art to Situation , Nature might find 
 many Beauties to grace the Spot ; fome 
 diftant Hills , or W ooch on rifing Grounds, 
 or elfe a more open Profpect to the 
 contiguous Country. As Seats thus fi- 
 tuate have the Advantage of being ea- 
 fily fupplied with Provifion , and ren- 
 dred lefs Expenfive by the Reafonable- 
 nefs of their Conveyance, with generally 
 a clear temperate Air, provided the Build- 
 i ng: be a little from the River , and on a 
 rifing Ground ; this, by a large Amphi- 
 theatre, and eafy Slopes of continued Ver- 
 dure to the Edge of the River, would 
 
 make 
 
Architecture. 2x7 
 
 mate it extreamly pleafant for a Som- 
 mer Retreat ; for which purpofe I would 
 choofe to have it as far from a "Town 
 as I could conveniently, or at leafl from 
 a populous one. Here might be enjoy’d 
 all thofe Pleafures that rural Retreats can 
 afford to the penfive ftudious Mind ; and 
 few others can be faid truly to poffefs 
 that inward Happinefs and Tranquillity. 
 
 The Plan is of a Magnitude capa- 
 cious for a middling Family’s Refidence, 
 intending the Offices to lie on the back- 
 part, and the common Entrance from 
 thence to be at the Room marked H ; 
 the principal Entrance being defign’d to be 
 at the Garden Front, at the Room marked 
 A. I have propofed the Height of the 
 Ground and Chamber-Stories each to be 
 12ft. therefore, by dividing the Hall, or 
 Entrance A, by a Screen of Columns, 
 it is form’d into the Proportion of 5, 
 4, and 3, being 20 ft. long, 16 ft. broad, 
 and 12 ft. high. The Room marked B 
 is likewife the fame Proportion. The 
 Rooms marked C, D, E, F, are the Pro- 
 portion 6, 4, and 3, the fame as the 
 external Part of the Building • the Length 
 24 feet, Breadth 16 feet, and Height 12 
 feet. 
 
 Y 2 
 
 T H E 
 
2i 8 Lectures 0*2 
 
 The Room marked G, is a Circle 
 12 feet Diameter, and its Height 12 
 feet. And the Room marked H is 
 a double Cube, being 24 ft. long, 12 
 ft. wide, and 12 ft. high ; through which 
 from the back Front to the PafTage M, 
 leads to two Stair-cafes which lie conti- 
 guous to each Apartment, and are 16 
 feet Diameter ; they are feparated below 
 by a Screen of Columns to that mark’d I, 
 and by a Wall to that mark’d K, which 
 I propofe for common Ufe. On the 
 Chamber Floor the Plan is continued 
 after the fame manner, the Stairs being 
 open to a Gallery as a Communication 
 to the Apartments and Back-flairs ; they 
 may finifli in an Octagon^ or Circle , and 
 be illuminated at the Top by an oB an- 
 gular or circular Sky-light ; the Stairs 
 being with an open Newel 7 ft. 6 Inches 
 in the Clear, for the more advantageous 
 Reception of Light. 
 
 The Chamber-floor fhould be the 
 Principal ; and over the Rooms mark’d 
 A, B, I propofe to difconcinue the Wall, 
 and make one Room the Length of the 
 Break, which is 40 ft. long ; and by 
 continuing it through the Attick Story, 
 it will be 20 ft. high. The Wall be- 
 tween 
 
Architecture, 219 
 
 tween that and the Stair-cafes is to go 
 through the Attick Story ; fo that Room 
 will be, as below, 20 feet wide, which 
 makes it a Double Cube, having no 
 Room over it. In the Attick Story, over 
 the Crofs-walls of the four principal 
 Rooms, might Alcoves be made to each 
 Room for the placing Beds, and a Com- 
 munication from the Stair-cafes ^ and 
 if required, on the Side oppofite the 
 Entrance, a private Way might be made 
 to all the other Apartments, without 
 paffing the Stair-cafes, and they have a 
 Paffage each by a Door-way to the 
 Stairs. On the Ground- door a Situation 
 like this might make the Place mark’d 
 L, always free from being offenfive to 
 the Houfe, if converted to a Water- 
 clofet by Vents y &c. convey’d in the 
 Spandrils of the Stair-cafe. 
 
 The Building I propofe all of Stone $ 
 at leaft, all th eRu/licks,Columns, Entabla- 
 ture , Strings, Drefs, and other Orna- 
 ments, and the Parts to confift of few 
 Members, the fewer are lefs liable to 
 Injuries, which Gafualty or Time may 
 produce ; the more plain and Ample 
 they are, be ft fuit the Dorick Order : 
 There is fomenting grave and folemn in 
 this Order, with a maietlick majculire 
 
 Y 3 Afpecft, 
 
220 Lectures on 
 
 Afpect, that renders it pleafing and aw- 
 ful I have chofe to omit Drefs to the 
 middle Part, to give the Columns a bolder 
 Relievo, and to preferve that Affem- 
 blage of Drefs and Proportion which 
 grace the Delign. 
 
 I have now by Examples fhewn, 
 that Proportion is abfolutely necef- 
 fary in the performance of every De- 
 lign, and Beauty is founded on it, and 
 both are dependent upon the unerring 
 Laws of Nature. Drefs and Decoration 
 are the next EJfentiais to Harmony, and 
 they are dependent upon Situation , and 
 the joint Union and Concordance of the 
 Whole afiembled together artfully , is 
 the Care of the judicious Architect: 
 His proper Choice and juft Compofure 
 makes every Defign pleafing to the Eye; 
 and if the Energy of DeJ'cription , join'd 
 with thofe little Buildings in Miniature , 
 are capable of giving you a juft Idea 
 of what Importance this Law of Nature, 
 Proportion, is of, to grace . and 
 beautify the different Scenes of Situation, 
 I imagine I have nobly aim'd : There 
 the utmoft of my Wifhes extend, to do 
 fomething, that may not only be thought 
 worthy notice, but likewfe endeavour- 
 ing to render thofe few and secret 
 
 Rules, 
 
Architecture. 221 
 
 Rules, which were the Care of the An- 
 cients to preferve, even now practicable, 
 and worthy Imitation. 
 
 Fk om this manner of Defigning flow 
 all the Beauties of Architecture , The 
 Modus may be (hifted, extended, va- 
 ried, decorated, difpofed, and methodically 
 ranged into any Form , Thefe Propor- 
 tions may be embeilifh’d, garnifh’d, and 
 beautified with Enrichments to Profuji- 
 nefs , or more difcreetly tranfpofed by 
 Rules, juft as the Tafte and Genius of 
 the Architect is directed ; all arifing from 
 that one unerring Rule Proportion, 
 The fine Features , the well- turn'd Arm 
 alone, did not compofe the fine Venus; 
 it was the joint Concurrence of thefepa- 
 rate Parts, whofe juft Proportions fi- 
 niih’d the inimitable Piece. — — 
 
 t 
 
 v ' • 
 
 Proportion! when I name that pleating 
 
 Word , 
 
 In filent contemplative Raptures loft , 
 
 All Nature Jeems to ft art, and fay, ’Ti$ here. 
 The humble ft Shrub our Admiration craves , 
 
 Its Form and Growth proportion’d toitsStrength „ 
 T'h’afpiring Cedar, or the fturdy Oak, 
 
 4 
 
 By juft Proportions riftng in their Growth , 
 Held by proportion’d Fibres in the Earth , 
 
 To bind, fuitain, and nouriih as they Jhoot . 
 
 Abe 
 
222 Lectures on 
 
 The cr aiding Ant's proportion’d to its Ufe 
 The Legs and Parts are fitted to fuftairi. 
 
 Dir eft, and guide it , when it feeksfor Food , 
 And Power proportion’d to convey it home. 
 The Dog, the Florie, the Elephant, have all 
 Their Parts proportion’d, each to proper Ufe: 
 The finny Element, the feather’d Brood, 
 
 In thoufand different Forms and Shapes appear 
 Proportion’d, as their different Magnitudes 
 For Ufe , or different Nutriment , as each 
 Provide , receive , or well digeft their Food. 
 
 Laft made in the Creation , finifh’d Piece ! 
 That juft proportion’d, noble Beings Man ! 
 How apt each Part is fitted to its End , 
 
 All nicely ferving each to proper Ufe , 
 
 In beauteous Form, and in Proportion juft! 
 
 Mark how the Orbits, equal pois'd above. 
 
 In juft Proportion ftarted at a JVord , 
 
 Keep ftill their Courfe in their alloted Sphere, 
 Nor fly diverging from their proper Orbs , 
 
 But fwiftly move in their amazing Paths , 
 
 By Powers attractive or expulfive held , 
 
 Self- balanc’d by P ro port ion’ d Magnitudes* 
 (Tremendous Thought!) their long eter^ 
 nal Round . 
 
 The 
 
 
Architecture. 223 
 
 Ybe ancient Grecian Deities derive 
 From human Paffions all their boafted Fame . 
 From Strength (Vain Power! ) that Hero 
 Ma rs was nam'd j 
 And Beauty, Venusb Deity proclaim'd y 
 Tet Strength and Beauty fade and die away , 
 While just Proportion never can decay. 
 This greater Power will endlefs Ages run , 
 For ever blooming, and for ever young. 
 
 Gentlemen, As the Subject of thefe 
 TLeHures have been a Defcription and 
 Recommendation of Rules to be applied 
 to the Practice of Architecture, and that 
 all Rides are founded on natural and 
 harmonick Principles, Proportion has 
 been that one neceffary Branch on which 
 thofe Rules are eftablifhed; and what 
 I have faid already on that Head, as 
 an Inducement to your acceptance for 
 praCtife, is fufficient. 
 
 Situation, however fidlitious or ro- 
 ma?itick I may have defer ibed it, falls 
 immediately among the firft Clads of 
 the innocent and felicitous Enjoyments 
 of human Life : What a vaft infight is 
 it capable of giving to a fpeculative 
 Mind, in the Contrivance and Wijdom 
 
 7, of 
 
# 
 
 224 Lectures on 
 
 of Providence! What innumerable 
 Subjects for Meditation, are different 
 Scenes capable of furnifhing the Imagi- 
 nation with ! Companion and Humanity 
 are rais’d by the Calmnefs and Tranquil- 
 lity of the Spot; and the more turbu- 
 lent Paffions of the Soul, which the Ri- 
 gours of the Elements excite , are foftned 
 into a Serenity inexpreffible. 
 
 Architecture is that great exten - 
 five Art that is capable of furnifhing the 
 Mind with a multitude of pleafmg 
 1 Themes : It is not confin’d in a narrow 
 Orb, nor limited to one fpot of the 
 Earth ; the frigid or torrid Zone may 
 have the fame general Rules appropri- 
 ated to each ; the Glebe in the greateft 
 Profufion and Luxuriancy , in its full 
 Verdure and Fragrancy , has fet Limits 
 to the Fancy of the Architect, as well 
 as the moft wild and irregular; the 
 wanton Streams, which form themfelves 
 into a thoufand little Meanders, have 
 the fame Proportions to direff the Zlr- 
 chitedi in his choice of Defign, as the 
 dijorderd Borders of the Ocean, or near 
 the Rocks and Precipices of hideous un- 
 payable Cliffs. 
 
 The 
 
Architecture. 225 
 
 The few who have treated on this 
 Subject have wholly conceal'd this Branch 
 of the Art , Situation , how to apply, 
 decorate, or proportion the Delign $ 
 their Aim has been more to perplex 
 the Underftanding of the Reader with 
 difficult and intricate Rules for the far 
 lels important parts of Architecture, by 
 different T)ivifions of Parts and Members 
 ot no Signification in the grand Branch 
 of that Art, Designings fc that the 
 great and valuable Parts of it are neg- 
 leded to be fearch’d into, and by fuch 
 Intricacies they meet with in the En- 
 trance, are hinder’d in the further pur- 
 fuit of their Studies. 
 
 I have now gone through fuch Re- 
 marks and Obfervations as I thought 
 might be ufeful in the Courfe of thefe 
 Leisures, omitting nothing which might 
 be conducive to the Inftrudion of others, 
 as well as the Revival of an Art , the 
 Name only much the prefent Efteem 
 of the Age. I fliall therefore conclude 
 with an Obfervation I have met with to 
 this Purpofe. The Author tells you, “ the 
 C£ Egyptians in their Hieroglypbicks , ex- 
 prefs’d a Man that confin’d his Know- 
 ledge or Difcoveries altogether with- 
 
 Z 2 in 
 
228 Lectures fe, &c. 
 
 <c in himfelf, by the Figure of a Dark- 
 cc Lanthorn enclofed round, which, tho* 
 €< illuminated within, afforded no Ad- 
 <c vantage of Light to thofe about it.” 
 For my part, as I fhall communicate to 
 the Publick whatever Difcoveries I may 
 hereafter further happen to make, I 
 fhould much rather be compar’d to an 
 ordinary Lamp , that wajles arid tonfumes 
 itfelf for every Pafleriger’s Ufe. I remain 
 in the mean time, with due Refpect, 
 
 Gentlemen* 
 
 Tour humble Servant , See* 
 
 Read to the Society 
 Jan. 13 . i734>5- 
 
 FINIS , 
 

 
 
 
 
 
t **** jt** 
 
 i ■ 
 
 I 
 
 THE GETTY CENTER 
 
 I i RfMSV