£i>ifiodt W Htf'toTb*6 of fw*m. ft J3£* t {?? I 60 £.ne?Ml>$iS-TF:, P#f p er t-m 4 FAMILIAR ARCHITECTURE; Original Defigns of Houfes for Gentlemen and Tradefmen, Parfonages and Summer-Retreats 5 With Back-Fronts, Se&ions, &c. together with Banqueting-Rooms, Churches, and Chimney-Pieces O WHICH IS ADDED: The Mafonry of the Semicircular and Elliptical Arches, with practical Remarks. By THOMAS RAWLINS, Architect. Printed for the AUTHOR, m, dcc, lxviii. N.B. No Copy of this Work is authentic that has not my Name in my own Hand-Writing affixed to it in the Title Page, TO THE PUBLIC. 'CTURE is a Science fo well known, fo judici- ited by various Authors, and fo clearly exemplify d conducted Plans and Defigns, as to render any The many excellent Geniufes, who have largely expatiated on this Subject, have form’d Plans too extenfive for the plain Villa, the Paro¬ chial Church, and elegant Manfion: Their lofty Views, and unlimited ftrength of Imagination, have fo far hurried them away, that they have neglected to render their Defigns ufeful and inftructive to Country Builders. One of our ableft modern Writers on the Art of Structure (fpeak-- ing of Defigns in general) fays, that he means not fmall Houfes, tho at the fame time he confelfes they often require the Skill and Direc¬ tion of an Architect. The many Objections made by Gentlemen, and Artifls, to the Plans and Defigns already publilhed, are obvious : For, waving their Magnitude and Expence; the Offices being under Ground, no way an- fwer the Ufes required in the Country ; where, in general, there may be found fufficient Space above : Though in Town, indeed, Reftriction and Expence of Ground-Rent are often productive of many Inconveaiencies. A It To the PUBLIC. I t mu ft give the higheft Satisfaction to a fpeculative Genius, to conffder the utmoft Extent of Architeaure, and to weigh the different Effe&s it im- preffes on the Mind, according to the different Structures prefented to the \ iew .! How awe-ftruck muff be the Paffions, when we behold the antient Buildings of Greece and Rome ! How footh’d and mollify’d, when we defcend to the pleating rural Cot, where fimple Elegance, Proportion, and Convenience unite ! The Soul may then be laid to be tun’d and exhilarated by the Objects which ftrike the Attention. Conscious as I am of the difficulty of my Taflc, fo am I aware that feme may be inclined to queftton, whether a Man engaged in any par¬ ticular Branch of Buhnefs, can have leifure enough to cultivate fo copious a Study as that of Architecture in general: Such I muff refer to the Work itfelf--From thence let them draw their Anfwer. Thus far however, I prefume to plead in its Behalf: Every Man has fome favourite Aim in view, be it Study, Bnfmefs, or Pleafure. That which the Mind is molt earneftly bent upon, we molt clofely purfue : That which is molt clofely purfued, will doubtlefs be brought neareft to Perfection : The Study which Nature direCts us to, has unoueftionablv the ftrongeft Prevalence on the Mind : For while we labour, we may be faid to fport ; and Toils are converted into Delioht. fc> What I would infer from lienee is, that this Science having been from Infancy my conftant Amufement, the Entertainment of my leifure Hours, and being clofely connected with my Occupation *, it may not be deem’d extraordinary, if I ihould have made fome fmall Progrefs in it. ^ 1 n the Courfe of this Work, there is as little regard paid to Town- Buildings, as former Authors have beftow’d on thofe in the Country. U n m i X d Elegance, and explanative Ufefulnefs in the Offices, I ap¬ prehend to be one of the molt effential Parts of Defign : Which, together with the Grecian and Roman- Purity, join’d to the harmonious DiSiates of Na¬ ture and Science, are ftriCtly adher'd to ; therefore I have preferr’d them to * -A Srcne Mafon. Gaiety To the PUBLIC. UP Gaiety and Ornament. If they are any where touch’d upon, ’tis merely to fhew where fuch Embelliftiments may be juftly appropriated and difplay’d* A Person inclinable to build, if he duly furvey his intended Spot of Ground, and ftri&ly confider the Offices he may have occafion for, will find a great diffeience between a plealing, undecorated, convenient Pile, and a wild Mafs of fuperfluous Lumber, that muff unavoidably offend the Eye of every judicious Beholder: For Proportion, Convenience, and Noblenefs, may be feen in the molt native Simplicity. The lofty and extenfive Ideas of our great Authors, being folely confin’d to Statelinefs and Splendor, rife to fo fuperb a Strain, that they can be of little Afliftance to the Studies of the young Architect. For before he can be made acquainted with the neceffary Conveniencies of a Building fora fmall Family, he is huiried imperceptibly away with extatic Views of becoming great at once. ° ° ' F R ° M fuch Imaginations,. I muff, for my own Part, beg leave to dif- ient. My Plan being to form fomething that may be of great Utility to the Public in general, which I prefer to all other Views. - In Towns and Villas, Architects are rare to be met with: Therefore this Work is^fo calculated, that the meaneft Capacities may comprehend it: Vhe gieat Variety of Plans here explain’d, are to point out the many different Conveniencies that may be made in a Houfe from Thirty to Sixty Feet in Front, and upwards; This L thought would improve their Ideas, and make diem capable of conducting fmall Buildings with Freedom, Simplicity, and Elegance. The fuperb they muff not expect; as the Proprietor will certainly, confult Men of the greateft Abilities. A late ingenious Archited in his Treatife, fays, “ That he has not fet down the various Ufes and Diffributions of the Apartments in any Strucs- tme Tis to be with d he had-For if the young Students are to make Convenience their Study, without fome fix’d Balls, from whence are their To the PUBLIC. IV their Ideas to fpring ? That a foundation in Knowledge mull be laid in the lelfer Works, e’er he can hope to reach Perfection in the greater, will, I think, admit of no Difpute. I imagine, pointing out the nearelt Way of forming Plans agreeable to the Ground allotted, with as much Conveniency as the nature of the Place will admit of, mult give to real Geniufes a fair Opportunity of improving and bringing Delign to the greatelt Perfection. As I have before mentioned the Inconvenience of Offices under Ground, I may be allow’d to defcant fomewhat farther on them. The Heats and Steams ariling from Kitchens fo lituated, are not only difagreeable, but un¬ healthy :-Yet when the Offices are properly difpofed in Wings, or, at the molt dillant Parts of a Houfe, as here delineated, every Nufance will be carry d oft, every unplealing Stench avoided, and the whole render d com¬ modious as well as wholefome. Since I am fpeaking of the Wings, I mult take notice, that every particular Convenience is not conlider d : For it often happens, that Perfons polfefs’d of equal Property, as their Spirits or Tempers vary, may not require the fame Accommodations .• Thefe therefore may be either contracted or en¬ larged at pleafure. F R E Q_u e n t Obfervations have been made, that where there are large Halls, with crofs Palfages, in fmall Buildings, the Rooms in general are no better than Lobbies ; which Inconvenience is here carefully avoided, as far as the Plans inferted will admit of. A proper Entrance, with free Communications to each Apartment, without going through another, forms the whole commodious. Arithmetical Proportions being particularly regarded, the inter¬ nal Parts may be made tofuit the Temper, Genius, and Convenience of the Inhabitant, by enlarging, or reducing the Scale. And I flatter myfelf, (by the Diverlity of Examples) that it will enable Gentlemen to interchange any of the W ings which may molt pleafe them, with whatever Houfe bell fuits -their Conveniency: Or, to alter an old bad Plan to a more commodious one. and To the PUBLIC. and at the fame Time to give the neceflary Directions themfelves ; the whole being familiariz d and explain'd in the eafieft I erms, for that Purpofe. There are fome few Things more in this Undertaking neceflary to be obferv d. The Lengths and Widths of the Fronts, as expreft in the Refer¬ ences, are only the Clear of each Room. As all Perfons that build are not willing to go to an equal Expence, fome liking thick, others thin Walls, and fome only Stud-work: Yet, which ever they make ufe of, the Dimenfions will very nearly carry the fame Proportion. I have figur’d down the Di¬ menfions in each Room, and mark d the Kitchen with a K: fo that by exa¬ mining the Plan, every Apartment is prefented at once to the View • which will facilitate and ftrengthen the Conception. I have not fet down the Dimenfions of each Door or Window, refer¬ ring them to the Scale ; nor have I introduc’d any order for the Cornices * But wou’d recommend to the Student the avoiding fuperb Cornices and Door Lafes to plain Buildings. Nor have I given any Efti,nation to the feveral Defigns, as have been practis d by fome Authors; fuch as that by the great Square, the Prices of Materials and Work, &c. Thofe Methods appear to ine, not to have been fo well confiderd as they ought to be; but to have been the Caufe of many Contefts between the Owners and Builders, to the Prejudice of many indu- ftnous Men of Integrity in the County. I would only afk, how a Man can pretend to eftablifh certain and invariable Rules (if his Work is defign’d for general Ufe to the Public) when the Prices of Materials, Carriage, Wages, and other Charges, vary fo very confiderably in different Parts of the Nation,’ as well as the different Methods of Building ? I would therefore advife the young Architect or Builder, as foon as his Plans and Defigns are fix’d on, to inform himfelf of the Prices of all the Materials, (and other Expences’ at¬ tending it) that are to be had neareft to the Spot of the intended Edifice This is the only way of Eftimation : Such Rule as this clofely purfued, will be mofl lafting and fatisfadtory to the Proprietor, and is the only Method to eftablifh the Character of every judicious and honeft Workman. Many Gentlemen, &c. have made Objections to broken Pediments, that is, where the horizontal Cornice under them is continued only three, four] J VI To THE PUBLIC. or more Feet on the Front at each End. Now if that be a fault, the Blame- is not to be laid on the Defigners in the prefent Age, as their Invention ; be- caufe we have thefe Examples laid down to us by that great Mafter Andrea Palladio, and others : And if we were to coniine ourfelves only to whole Pediments, there would be no Variety.-Notwithftanding this, I would not recommend them in large Buildings where there are Columns, or Pilafters,. nor where whole Entablatures are introduced. But in little Buildings with final! Cornices only, or a Cyma and Facia, in my Opinion, they have a light pleating look, efpecially if a little Ornament is introduced in them. There¬ fore, the greateft Part of the Elevations where I have defign’d them, may be made either way. In two late Publications, Difputes have arifen about the Qualifications requifite for an Arcliitedl: I cannot entirely acquiefce in the Opinion of either Author. The one alledges, That you mult be well acquainted with the Pri¬ ces of all the Sorts of Materials and Work, that you may not be liable to- the Impolitions of mercenary Workmen :-And I hope too, for better Reafons than lo illiberal and indifcriminate a Sufpicion. One Qualification for an Architecff, I prefume is, to be-thoroughly ac¬ quainted in the practical Part of Building, which mult be gained by a clofe Application and much Experience in the different Branches. Thus he will be the more able to form a Judgment, when he draws a Defign, whether it can be apply’d to Practice ; and whether all the Parts, when fix’d on their proper Balls, Hand in a State of Equilibrium. If this had been the firlt Principle of their Study, we fhould not fee the many Blunders in the execu¬ tive Part fo often committed. A s for adjulling the Prices, how can a Theorill, who gets his Knowledge only in a Study, judge the Value of Work ? when at the fame Time, if he knew how many Feet, Yards, or Squares, one or more Workmen can per¬ form in a Day or Week, &c. he might then have a thorough Knowdedge of Charges; be able to find out thofe who are more mercenary than honelt, and to diltinguifh and recommend Workmen of ftricft Integrity; who, I be¬ lieve, are many. The To the PUBLIC. vli The other Author wou’d infinuate, That a proficiency in Architec¬ ture can hardly be attain’d without Travelling. With refpeCt to this, my Opinion is, That the Seeds of Genius are fown in the Mind at our firft Formation in the Womb, which may be term’d innate Ideas, or fuch as Na¬ ture has implanted in us. And it this natural Genius be cherithed, improved, and refin’d by proper Methods of Study and a clofe Application, it gradually grows to Maturity. When a Man is fo happy as to be born with fuch a Talent, the dif¬ ference I believe would be very fmall, whether he travell’d, or clofely ex- amin d the Copies of the remains of thofe antient Monuments, taken by the many ingenious Gentlemen who have given us their Meafures; which are of ule to us in Study, for the Refinement of our Tatte in the Ornamental Part. I shall not pretend to fo many Sciences as forne do, but only to that of Architecture : For, as Mr. Pope obferves in his Elfay on Criticifm, One Science only, "will one Genius jit , So vaji is Art, Jo narrow human Wit. How far I have fucceeded in this my firft Attempt to form a Work of real Ufe to the Public, I fhall leave to the Determination of all candid, inge¬ nious and impartial Judges. Som e few Errors in the Drawings and Engravings may have efcapedmy Notice ; but I hope they are pardonable : And fhall conclude this Subject with faying, that as long as we carry Nature, Utility, and Harmony in our Ideas, ARCHITECTURE will be the Admiration of all Ages. *** What is here prefented to the Public, I undertook to calculate for the laying a Foundation for a Work of general Ufe, and efpecially in the remote Parts of the Country, where little or no Afliftance for Defigns is to be procured ; as alfo for the InftruCtion of Youth after their Study of the five Orders : (which I have not introduced in this Work, there being fufficient InftruCtions about them already pubhfhed.) And their clofe Application to this Treatife, I flatter rnyfelf, may be the means of improving their Ideas, and rendering their Works ufeful. I To the PUBLIC. \'iti I Must beg leave to caution the young Architect, not to let his Fancy flow into Luxuriancy by a Multiplicity of Members, Ornaments, and Drefs..As Elegance does not confifl; in an exceeding Superflu¬ ity, but in natural Proportions, Freedom, and Harmony mingled with Neatnefs and Simplicity: Thefe are the Foundations on "which he mutt build his Hopes for Succefs. And as I before obferv’d, let him ftudy and make himfelf well acquainted with the neceflary Conveni¬ ences for the Completion of fmall Buildings, before he afpires to Schemes of Palaces, which he may never probably have occafion to apply to rra&ice. rr J The AUTHOR. $ & & A ^ ^ 4 Practical Practical on REMARKS ARCHES, &c. F' li ^ ^ many ingenious Authors on the Subject of Arches have hitherto confin’d H themfelves to the Theory ; and by their exadt and judicious Calculations, have if endeavour’d to prove the Strength of each of their favourite Curves. As none, that I know of, has wrote on the Practical Part, and particularly in a late Difpute concerning the Strength of the Semicircular and Elliptical Arches : I have taken this Opportunity (without intending to engage in any intricate Difputes) to communicate my Sentiments, form’d from natural Ideas, cultivated in the Studies of my Occupation. Therefore my Defign is to explain the Pradtical Part, and to convey fuch Hints as will render it ufeful to thofe who make Architedlure their Study; but more particularly for the Improvement of the young Student; to whom I fhall propofe the two following Quef- tions. What is an ARCH in Geometry ? I t is any Part of the Circumference of a Circle or curv’d Line, extending from ono Point to another. What is an ARCH in Mafonry ? I t contains a number of Stones, hewn out and wrought, which when fet in their proper Places, are as one folid circular Courfe, whofe lower Ends form any Part of a Circle or curv’d Line, calculated to fupport any Weight, proportionate to their Strength and Figure. * “All folid Materials, free from Impediments, defeend perpendicularly; “ be- “ caufe Ponderofity is a natural Inclination to the Center of the Earth, and Nature per- “ formeth her Motions by the fhorteft Lines.” This proves, that all Arch-Stones mull be drawn from their central Points to form the Curve ; otherwife their Bearings will be rendered imperfedt. The firft Arch I Ihall deferibe is the Semicircular, without the additional Mafonry: Fig- I. Draw a Chord (or ftraight Line) from g to g, in the Middle of which fix your Cen¬ ter C. The Diameter from A to B I propofe to be 50 Feet. After having circumfcrib’d * From Sir Henry IVct ion's Theorems, C your io Practical Remarks on ARCHES, &c. your Line from A to D, and to B, divide it into 33 Part r ; then extend another Circle e e e. allowing three Feet for the Thicknefs of the Arch C to 1:1. From each of your 33 Divifions, with your Rule, draw a Line from C through the Point d to e : which when done, forms 33 VouiToirs or Arch-Stones. H a v 1 n c drawn your Arch, the next thing is to prepare a Mould for workino- each of the faid Stones. What is meant by a Mould, is, a piece of Deal or other Board about half an Inch thick, cut very exaft to fit the Front-Face of the Drawing for each Arch-Stone ; fo that all the Stones when wrought mull fit that Mould either Side upper- moll. By this Means, any Stone may be fet on either Side or Top of the Arch. 1 Any Segment of a Circle is wrought in the fame manner as the Semicircle, if the Lines be drawn from the fame Center : And the Bed of the Springing-Stone, which the Arch Hands upon, muft be drawn from the fame central Point. The Elliptical Arch I have drawn as generally defcrib’d by Workmen, viz. on three Centers, as 1 2 3. The Width on the Chord or ftraight Line, and the Thicknefs of the Arch, the fame as the Semicircle, and confifts of 29 Arch-Stones, each beino- nearly of the fame Dimenfions at the Bottom as the Semicircular, ////. Fi*. II. Draw a Chord or ftraight Line of the fame Length as the Diameter of the Semicircular; beintr 50 Feet in the Opening : divide the Diftance from a tot into four equal Parts, as a if 1 d, d 2, 2 e : From the Center 1 defcribe the circular Arch a b: alfo e g from the'center 2 ' then from the Center 3, defcribe the circular Arch bed. From thefe different Centers the outfide Curves are drawn h h h ., limiting the Thicknefs of the Arch / to m, which is 3 Feet; which Stones being defcrib’d from different Centers, they require different Moulds to form them. Thofe taken from the Center 3 are the number from k l to k : the others taken from 1 and 2, form each their Stones from a to b, and alfo from e to g. N. B. I have not drawn the Arches thicker at Bottom than Top, as has been propo- fed by fome ; which may be a very good way of doing them, if each Arch-Stone‘be wrought out of one Piece : but as fuch a number of large Blocks are not always to be had from a Quarry without fome Difficulty; the manner Thave here laid down in Sc£l. 1, is equally as ftrong, for Arches can never give way at the Foot (if the Piers will Hand) but will delcend perpendicularly from the Crown of the Arch or thereabouts. The fnfide Figure of an Arch does not alone determine its Strength ; it is, the diffe¬ rent d hicknefs of the Stones and Joints taken trom one or more Centers, that does it. Now, as I have already obferv’d, the Proportions of the Semicircular (Fig. 1.) are every where equal, are all wrought by one Mould, taken from one Center, and 'form all their Joints al ke; which when fet in their Places, muft receive an equal Preffure on each of them, and will appear the moft graceful, natural, and eafy. And, relpcfcin" its Offices in bearing, it appears to me not to have a perpendicular Preffure on the Iffcrs: and 1 think, it cannot have a lateral Preffure; as it fuftains itiell from the Top to the Bottom in a State of Equilibrium. And wherever an Arch is taken from more than one Center, it ca n not be in Equilibrio; and the Reafon of this you may form a Judgment of by the following Elliptical Arch. 0 ' The Practical Remarks on ARCHES, &c. 11 The Elliptical Arch, as in Fig. II. being taken from more than one Center, requires two different Moulds to form the Stones by : The ffiortnefs of the one Radius, from r and 2, and the extraordinary length of the other from 3, occaffon fuch conffderable Dif¬ ference in the Form of the Arch-Stones, that the upper ones are nearly to a Parallel in the Joints •, and thofe from the Centers 1 and 2, are about i wider at their Top than they are at the Bottom : The Difference being fo great in their Beds, (as you will obierve in the Drawings) muff caufe a very unequal preffure : For if their Joints or Beds are unequal, the preffure confequently will be fo too, and the Stones that fhould be the ftrongeff are at bottom inftead of the top : That the nearer they come to a parallel in the Joints or Beds (as mention’d above) on the upper Part of an Arch, the weaker it is ; and the wider they are on top, the ftronger ; will, I think, admit of no difpute. For if an Arch of this kind give way, the Stones that are neareft to the top are in the greateft danger of falling, as it will naturally fpring at K, being furtheft from the Line of the lateral Preffure. I am treating only of the Arch itfelf: For Art may be made ufe of, to fecure it in the Joints, as well as the Spandrels and Haunches. A s many Difputes have arifen, relating to the Strength of Arches ; I take the liberty to offer my Opinion on that Subjedt ; which is, That, that Arch (of whatever Curve) where all the Stones are wrought by one Mould, and their upper Ends in a wider Proportion to the low¬ er than any other, is the ftrongeff Arch that can be, (fuppoftng it 50 Feet opening, and the Ends no more or lefs than as figured in the Plate.) For, if by Torrents, the ftux and re¬ flux of Tides, or iome other Caufe, the Foundation fhou’d give way, (as I prefume that Bridges are not always eredted on Rock or Chalk Bottoms) fo that you find the Piers finking, and in con¬ sequence the Strength of the Mafonry in the Piers and Spandrels broken, and the Arch-Stones in danger of dropping through ; then, which Key or Arch-Stone will ftand longeft ? that which is 2 F. 4 t In. at Bottom, and 2 1.8 In. at the Top \ or that which is 2 F. 3 £ In. at Bottom, and 2 I. 6 i In. at l op ? I believe this requires very little Confideration to determine. In re- ipedt to their Beauties in defign, I would only afk, which is moft pleafing to the Eye ; a ftraight wcll-proportion’d Man, with a ftrong plain Coat on, or a Man with hunch’d Shoulders bedeck’d with gaudy Trappings. Having perufed the Opinions of fome of the Mathematicians, I fliall here make fome Remarks on what the ingenious Mr. Emmerfon has faid upon Arches, in his Work entitled, 1 he Principles of Mechanics. Fig. 307, 44 D. B. F. is the Arch of a Bridge, which fhall luf- “ taan hlelf, and all the Parts of it in equilibrio. Such an Arch will be ftronger than any other, “ becaufe an Arch that can fuftain itfelf, will more eafily fuftain an additional Weight, than an 44 Arch that cannot fuftain itfelf, but only by the cohefion of the Morter. This Arch, D. B.F. “ is a Semicircle.” 1 nus far he fupports me in my Opinion of the Semicircle. But in the 10th Line he fays, 44 But as this form is not commodious for a Bridge”- 1 prefume he thinks it will rife too high on the Top ; efpecially, if the Banks fhould be lower than ordinary, fo that it may occaffon the Afcent to be tirefome. A s much has been faid of the Catenary, I fhall here borrow his Sentiments at large on the Strength of fuch an Arch. Fig. 311. 44 If any Architedts or Builders of Churches or Bridges, 44 fhall pleafe to make ufe of this Curve here conftrudted {Fig. 311) for the Form of an Arch, 44 they will find it the ftrongeff Arch poflible to be made, for thefe given Dimenfions. And where many thoufand Pounds are laid out in building a firigle Bridge, it is certainly worth the 44 pains, to feck after the Form of an Arch which fliall be the ftrongeff poflible, for fupporting fo 44 great a Weight. And it is very furprizing that no body has attempted it. Inftead of that,°all People have contented themfelves with conftrudting circular Arches •, not knowing that different * 4 prellures againft the Aren, in different Places, require different Curvatures, which does not anfwer 13 Pra&ical Remarks on ARCHES, &c. “ anfwer in a Circle where the Curvature is all alike. A Circle, it is very true, is very eafily de- “ lcribed, and that may be one reafon for making ufe of it : But furely, the Defcription of the “ Curve here given, is very eafy by the foregoing Table, and can create no difficulty at all. If “ there be any difficulty in the Pradtice, it is only in cutting the Stones of a true Curvature, to “ fit the Arch exactly in all Places; but this is eaiily managed with a little care, by taking pro- “ per Dimenfions, obferving that every Joint mult be perpendicular to the Curve in that Point. “ A Circle, or any other Curve where the Curvature is not properly adapted to the “ Weight fuftained, is not capable of fuftaining fo vaft a Weight, but mult in time give way, “ and tall to ruin ; except the Morter happen to be fo ftrong as to keep it together. On the “ contrary, the Arch here defcribed, fuftaining every where a quantity of PreiTure proportio- “ nal to its Strength will never give way, fo long as the Piers, which are its Bafis, Hand good; “ but by virtue of its Figure, will Hand firm and unlhaken, as long as the Materials the Arch “ is made of will laft.” I n afferting this Arch to be the ftrongeft poflible, I prefume he does not mean to prefer it to the Semicircular ; becaufe this wou’d be manifeftly to contradift what he fays himfelf concern¬ ing the Semicircular Arch in the 307 Fig. “ That fuch an Arch will be ftronger than any other.” As to the Form of the Catenary, it io call’d, (its Name being not mentioned in Fig. 3 11) it ap¬ pears to be a veiy ftrong one : The Height and Width on the Chord or ftraight Line being the fame as the Semicircular, and drawing nearer to the Line of the lateral Preffure, if built on Piers, the Arches will form fuch a Truls againft each other, as to caufe a central Preffure diredfc on the middle of the Pier or Piers, which makes the bearing of the Foundations on the Ground the more eafy. But I cannot fee, why this Form fhould be of a better Conftrudtion than the Semicircular, which he fays indeed (but for what Reafon I know not) “ Is not a commodious “ one for a Bridge though their Heights and Widths on the Chord are the fame. As for "the different Preffures againft the Arch in different Places requiring different Curvatures, &c.” if by the different Preffures againft the Arch he means againft the Sides, the Semicircular is ftronger than the Catenary; and if the Preffure is extraordinary great there, then the Semicir¬ cular mull be the very ftrongeft ; “ becaufe an Arch that can fuftain itfelf will more eafily fuf- “ tain an additional Weight and being further from the Line of the lateral Preffure than the Catenary, is the more able to refill that inward Preffure; notwithstanding they arc both able to bear any Weight proportionate to their different Forms. For the numbir of Stones which form the circular Courfe were defign’d with Joints to render the Arch flexible, as in all Build¬ ings they will-naturally fettle to each other, for the fupport of various and unequal Bearings. I’ll only alk one C ■ ■ •• hetl e • the Ponderofity that is laid on the Arch itfelf can be equal on the To] Bott ind Si ?'If not, then this oves, that a .. different Pref- fures on them, and none can equal the Semicircular for their Support. Now in cafe of an extraordinary Preffure on the Spandrel K, in the Ellipfis, it would be the only means of fecuring the Crown of that Arch from falling in. The Conftrudtion of the Mafonry of this Form greatly furprifed me; when on examining . 41. and 1 . 311, I found ail the Comics of the Stones let horizontally, and only the Lnds curv’d or fitted to the form of the Arch (fo call’d.) This manner 1 thought could not be his Defign y ’till I examined the Defcription, where he fays, “If there be any difficulty in the “ Practice, it is only in cutting the Stones of a true Curvature to fit the Arch exadlly in all Pia- “ ces.” I hope he does not imagine; that an Arch or fuch Conftrudlion, can be put in prac¬ tice ; or, “by virtue of : are, will fiand firm and unlhaken." I abfolutely declare to the contrary : It will ftand no longer than the Center remain under it ; and no Morter can be made lor the Arches ol a Bridge that will preferve it from falling ; that being always fubjedt to wet and dry. PratfHcal Remarks on AR GH E S, &c. *3 dry, and all changes of Weather. No Curve can ftand without being form’d with a circular Courfe in Stone, Bricks, or fuchlike Materials, (Wood work is out of the queftion) therefore it is no way “ furprizing that it has not been attempted.” But the way to form a Judgment of its Strength and Utility, would be, to divide it into a number of Arch-Stones; and to point out where the Center or Centers mull: be for the Joints or Beds to be drawn from. I f he thinks I err in what I have aflerted, let him perufe the Works of antique and modern Archite£ture, and try whether he can find an Arch of his Conftruttion. If any l'uch have been feen, it muft firft be turn’d over rough, and then plaifter’d over, and marked with artificial Lines for Beds and Joints drawn to amufe I Or elfe it muft be fet with a very ftrong Cement, and pla¬ ced only for fhow, and the Span or Width very fmall : Or, like the flat Arches by Monjteur le Comte D'Efpie , whofe Conftrudtion depends entirely on the ftrength of the Plaifter, not on his flat Bricks. But they cannot be put in praftice for Bridges, or for any other Works, where there is a great Preffure : No Arch can ftand without a Key in Stone, Bricks, or fuch like Mate¬ rials. Observations on Mr. Muller's Elliptical Arch, in his Treatife on Praftical Fortifica¬ tions, &c. I n the Preface Page ioth, “ It has hitherto been imagined, though without any Foundation, “ that an Elliptical Arch is weaker, and preffes the Piers with a greater force than a circular one. “ The Reafon which Authors pretend to give for this Suppofition is, that all the Joints of a “ circular Arch when produced meet in the fame Point, without confidering that all low Arches require lefs Mafonry than thofe which are higher.” The Strength of the Semicircular requires no better Illuftration to convince this Author of its Superiority, than the Form (not the pradtical Work or Mafonry) deferib’d by Mr. Emitter- foil in Fig. 307. And I muft beg leave to inform him, it is not the Quantity of Materials, whether more or lefs ; but it is the Make or Shape of the Arch-Stones that forms the Curve. Belides, in the Semicircular, the greateft Preffure falls on the Haunches, which keep the Arch iecure on the Crown : But in an Ellipfis, there is certainly greater Preffure on the Crown (efpe- cially when Buddings are over them) than the Semicircular, as it is longer and flatter on the Top ; therefore an Ellipfis cannot refift the extraordinary Preffure that the Semicircular will bear •, and therefore may fpring in the Haunches, which is the weakeft Fart, but in the Semi¬ circular it is the ftrongeft : And the further you extend the Center below the Chord or ftraight Line of an Arch, the weaker it will be, as in the Ellipfis, becaufe the Joints or Beds will be nearer to a parallel, as I before obferv’d. A Segment cfa Circle the fame Height as an Ellipfis, is ftronger than the Ellipfis, if the Stones are drawn from the center point of a Semidiameter, and will have lefs Preffure on the Piers, they being nearer to the Line cf the lateral Preffure, therefore will trufs with great force againft the foot of each other, and throw their whole Preffure on the Center or middle cf the Pier, which cannot be the cafe in the Ellipfis. 1 Again, (fee Page 63) “ The erroneous Notions of other Authors, who have looked up-’ “ on the circular one as the ftrongeft and the beft, without being able to give any other Reafon “ than becaule all the Joints meet in the fame Point, not confidering that the fame thing is fo “ in all Arches made of parts of Circles”—I hope he does not mean in the Ellipfis : If he does, that I deny, and muft inform him, that his Affertion is erroneous. If rn Arch is drawn from different Centers its Curvature varies, therefore the Moulds cr Patterns muft be made by Lines D r 4 Practical Remarks on ARCHES, Lines drawn from each Center, not from one as in the Semicircular. For I prefume, if he was ask’d, how I fhould find a central Point for the forming the Arch-Stones in a Semicircular one, he would order me to take it from the central Point on the bafe Line : If fo, then why fhould not I take it from the two central Points on the bafe Line in the Ellipfis ? If they were all taken from the lower Center, their Bearings would be imperfebt, for their Joints mud all meet in the fame Points they are drawn from, and you may as well take a central Point confiderably below or above the Chord or ftraight Line in a Semidiameter, and by fuch wrong Points you may make the Semicircular Arch to fall as foon as the Center on which it is fet is taken away from, under it. Falfe central Points will caui'e falfe and unequal Preffures and Bearings. I shall here make an Obfervation or two on this Author’s Remarks on WeStminJler Bridge. In the firft Place he tells you, “ That this Bridge, (Page 64th) is fo very high, that it “ is with the utmoft difficulty, that heavy loaded Carriages can get over it.” " Page 259, “ I “ fhould be glad to know how far this Defcent may be carried,, fince it is plain, that the Slope of- “ WcStminKer Bridge is too much by a good deal, according to the beft Judges ; for the Beauty- “ of any Bridge confifts, in that one may fee from one End to the other, like a Street.” Page 265, “ Two Drains orGutters are made lengthways over the Bridge,, one on each fide next the “ Foot-Path, of about fix Feet wide, and a Foot deep ; which being filled with fmall pebble. “ Stones, ferve to carry off the Rain Water that falls on the Bridge, and to prevent its filtering “ through the Joints of the Arches, as often happens. Again, For when the Water paffes thro’ “■ the Joints of the Arch-Stones, as it does at WeJtminJler-Bridge, it has an ill effebl to the Eye, “ becaufe thofe Stones that are wet, look of a black Colour, &c.” I Ail of opinion, this Cfitick deals only in hearfay. There’s no doubt but the ingenious Mr. Labely had a juft reafon for the Afcent and Defcent he has given it ; for ’tis plain, that by fuch proportionable Rife it would appear noble and graceful: befides, fuch a Fall is the only means to keep it dry and carry off the Water, which would otherwife fink into the Haunches, and alib filter through the Joints of the Arches. But he fays, “ the Beauty of any Bridge confifts, in that 11 one may fee from one End to the other,” which (without Buildings erected on it) would look. fiat indeed, efpecially in a Bridge of 1220 Feet long. I would only aik, which is the moll eafy for heavy loaded Carriages to be drawn over ? A Bridge that is dry with a Fall as at Weftmin- fter, or, the drawing fuch Loads through a Slough, as mult be the cafe, if he can Hand at one end and fee the Ground at the other: And, whether the Water will not filter through his more t-han Mr Labely’s Fall ? How is the Water, after a fudden Thaw, &c. to be carry’d off a. Bridge of fuch extent ? I anfwer, not with fuch a Fall as he recommends, “ fo that you can fee “ the Ground at both Ends, or with Drains or Gutters fill’d up with fmall Pebbles (fix Feet “ wide and one Foot deep) made length ways over, the Bridge.” I wish this Author had kept his Language within the Bounds of Candour, and not fet fo great an Eftimation on his own Abilities, by attempting to leffen-the Reputation of Men of real Merit. I shall now offer fome Obfervations relating to the Appendages or additional Supports to Arches, wherein Art may be made ufe of for their Security. Thf. Semicircular wants no addition in the Arch itfelf, but ’tis very neceffary to have a ft rift regard for the Security of the Spandrels and Haunches, and the Abutments cannot be too ftro.ng. The overloading the Crown and flighting the Spandrels and Haunches may endanger this, or any other Curve. Therefore ail Arches mult be well fecured at the Foot, and to fave Expence, Rouble-work may be apply’d (though in general mifapply’d, being put where the Strels if the Archlies. Therefore I have given a Section of the Infide-work, wherein I have drawn a rough. Arch, Practical Remarks on ARCHES, &c. 1 5 Arch 0 , extending itfelf unto the middle Arch-Stone on the fide mark’d L. This, I prefume,' will fecure the Rouble-work, and keep the Arch in its Center. As for Arches revers’d in the Spandrels of a Bridge, I think they can be of no ufe •, but in the Foundation of a Building under the Voids, they are very neceffary to keep the Building in Equilibrio. For their Preffures being unequal, you muft obferve, that there is the weight of one, two, three, or more Stories to keep the foot of each of them in their Places •, for which reafon the Crowns muft naturally fink equal¬ ly with the reft of the Foundation. But in their Conftru6lion on the Spandrels, &c. of a Bridge, there does not appear a fufficient Weight on the foot of this counter Arch, to refift the Preffure, which will be upwards, efpecially againft an Arch of a large Extent. A s to the Elliptical Arch, we are not to fuppofe it placed on a Rock : were it fo indeed, it wants no Aid, only great Care is to be taken of the Spandrels and Haunches, (the Abutments, as I before obferv’d, cannot be tooftrong:) But where it is placed on a foft Bottom, and fubjedt to Torrents, or the flux and reflux of the Tide, a little Addition of Art would not be amifs. Concerning a Propofal for an additional Strength to the Elliptical Arch, Mr. Marter delivers his Opinion thus : ( a ) “The Joggles, propofed to be put in to keep the Arch-Stones from Hiding by each other, “ and by that means to take off -is of the weaknefs of the Elliptical Arch, and laid to be of (B) “ a new Invention, I believe, have not been fo well confidered as they ought to be. I appre- “ hend.thefe Joggles to he expenfive and to add no ftrength. Joggles properly plac’d, whether wrought on the Arch-Stone, or a piece of Stone propor¬ tionate to each let into them, about fix Inches thick, being three Inches into each, fee Fig. 4th, are far better for the ftrengthening of a weak Arch, becaufe no Arch-Stone can Hide from them, where they are introduced •, befides, their extending into each other further than the top of each Arch-Stone, makes it fo ftrong, that no juft Calculation can be afcertain’d of the fuperior Strength. If it was fo to happen, that the Preffure of each Bed or Joint was taken off, the Joggles would fupport the Arch from falling, where the Preffure is not too violent, and they are not lo expen¬ five as may be imagined. This Method, is far preferable to the driving Wedges of Iron* into the top of the Joints, which Projedt appears to me to be very ill judged. For when the Arch is fet on the Wood Cen¬ ter, it fhould not be confin’d too clofe on the upper part towards the Crown •, for on ftriking, or taking down the Center, there are very few Arches but will fettle a little, and by that means will throw an equal Preffure of each Bed or Joint againft each Arch-Stone : but if confin’d on the tipper part of the Beds or Joints, and any Accident fhould happen to the Piers or Abutments, the confequence would be, that the Joints would open below, which will take off that Preffure on each Bed, and throw the whole Force on the upper Ends of each Joint-, and the Wedges would prevent the Stones clofing againft each other, fo that the whole Dependance would be on the Iron Wedges. But as long as an Arch is well loaded on the Crown, and continues clofe on the infide, there is no danger of its falling, as the wider part of the Vouffoirs or Arch-Stones cannot drop a Mr. Matter's Opinion—Sec London Magazine, March, 1760, through , ^ Not new : for Joggles are often ufed in Mafonry to prevent Stones flipping from each other, as in the Joints of the Architrave over Columns in large Porticoes, Sec. being flmilar to ftraight Arches. 1 * X* 1 ? ^. c P ort or Hos Method being made ufe of, I hope, is entirely without any Foundation, as Clamour, and per¬ haps Prejudice may have fpread its Wings abroad. Therefore I have given my Sentiments on that PraACr, that the yc upg Student may avoid it. Practical Remarks on ARCHES 16 &c. thro lgh the fpace of the leffer Ends. But if Iron Rails be placed over Arches to eafe the Crowns, this would be taking off the very Preffure that Ihould refill the Preffure from the Haunches. N o general exafl Rule can be given for the Proportions of Bridges, becaufe all Bridges have not their Foundations alike, and therefore mult come under the various Confidera- tions of their Lengths and Widths •, Strength, Safety, Utility, and eafe of Afcending. Some Soils requiring large Foundations where there are fmall Arches: Others, where they are built on Chalk, &c. leffer Foundations, with large Arches. Where the Soil is inclining to be foft, the Arches fhould not be too large, (I mean only where Piles are not ufed.) And laftly. Care muft be taken to proportion the Foundations fo as to keep them and the different Preffures of the Arches in a State of Equilibrium. The ingenious Mr. Simpfon, delivering his Opinion on the Strength of the Elliptical and Semicircular Arches for a * Bridge, mentions the Efforts of Arches to overturn their Piers. To this it may be reply’d — That if the Mafonry of the Piers be properly exe¬ cuted, and proportion’d to the Weights and Preffures they are to receive, whether great¬ er or lefs •, — and if the Arches and Piers be fo proportion’d as to have an equal Pref¬ fure on the whole Foundation they are fix’d on,—they cannot be in danger of overturn¬ ing. For, if the Bed of the River (though of equal Texture) fhould not be able to fuf- tain the whole Preffure, and the Arches on the Piers, together with their Foundations, (though calculated to be in a State of Equilibrio) fhou’d fettle, yet will they defeend equally, and remain in a fix’d perpendicular State. But if Arches be fo conftrudled, as to have a very unequal Preffure, and the Bottom of the River be foft or defedtive, then there is a probability of the Piers fettling more on one fide than the other. As is the Cafe of an old § Stone Bridge, where the Center Arch is a Gothic one, 19 Feet wide*, and the two leffer ones are long Ellipfes, 17 Feet 8 Inches each. The Height from high Water to the Crown of the Center Arch is exactly double the Height of each of the Side Arches ; and notwithflanding the Piers are above -f of the Width or Opening on the Chord of the Center Arch, and the Ellipfis on the Chord or ftraight Line about 1 Foot 10 Inches lower than the Chord of the Center .Arch, yet each Pier is fettled five Inches lower on the Sides ff next to the Banks than they are next to the Center Arch ; which proves that the Conftrudlion of the Elliptical Arches was not fuffi- cient to refill the Preffure of the Center Gothic Arch, fo as to keep the Piers in a per¬ pendicular State. After the many Experiments and Calculations of Mathematicians, to prove the Strength of an Arch, they never thought of one of the moil principal Parts, which is, the Piers. For inlfance : I think it has been a common Direction to Workmen and the Student, never to make the Pier in Thicknefs above one fourth of the Width of the Arch, nor lefs than one fixth. But fuppofe a Pier to be placed, to receive the Feet of two Arches, the one 50 Feet in the Opening on the Chord or ftraight Line, and the other about 42 Feet 6 Inches. Then, if the Foundation projects equally on each Side of the Pier, Quere, Whether the Arch 42 Feet 6 Inches is equal in preffure on the Pier and Ground with the Arch 50 Feet, to be calculated according to the different Curves ? This I would humbly recommend to their Conftderation. And in order to find out the true Preffure, I would alfo recommend, to form a Model in Miniature, with Pieces of Wood, or foft Stone, and prepare them as directed at large in the Sections, (Fig. 5th, Plate For Black Frycr'i Bridge. St. Oliavc’s in K»>-folk. f Ercdted Cn an Dozy Sod. Practical Remark* on ARCHES, &c. Plate 6oth) with a Pier between'each of them out of a folid piece or pieces, placing the Ends on Blocks for Abutments, and fetting the Piers on fomething, that the Weight and Preflurc of the Apparatus will fink into*. Such practical Experiment will enable us to form a more cxafl: Judgment of the Strength and PrelTure of fo many Tons weight, than a fpecuiative Divifion and Subdivifion upon Paper ; or the chipping out the Stone of a large folid Block to form the Arch, See Fig. 6 . and fetting it on two Blocks and loading the Top, to prove its Strength : That will not prove it, neither is this an Arch in Mafonry, but a Curve or Arch Line ; tor this being without Flexibility, will break in the weakeft Part, which is the Top : for ’tis impoliible to break on the Sides, becaufe the Block is left folid. But where there are Arch-Stones, if any Wring or unequal PrelTure happen, they will naturally fettle clofe to each other, without its being viiible to the Eye. Now if two Blocks of equal Dimenfions were chipt out with a femicircular or ellip¬ tical Form, for a Bridge, Piazza, &c. and one end of each of them fixed together, fo as to make one upright Joint in the middle on the top of the Pier that fupports them and the other Ends on Abutments, then the upper Beds of the Blocks would be level. Suppofe, that by loading or building on that upper Bed, the Pier fhould fettle with its Weight (as it is rare to find Buildings that will not) or Ihould fink by fome unexpetted Caufe : How would thefe two chipt-ouc Blocks and upright Joint a< 5 t on that Pier ?—Or how can the true PrelTure of an Arch of any Cut- vature be found in one Block of Stone ?- 1 anfwer, it cannot be found at all, as it will not fettle towards theCenter of the lateral PrelTure, nor can fpring in the Haunches. But an Arch with Arch-Stones will prefs towards the lateral PrelTure, or fpring in the Haunches (as I before oblerv’d) becaufe of its being flexible. So that in an Arch of this latter Conftrudtion, a more exadt Judg¬ ment can be form’d of the Center of Gravity, Prefiures and Bearings, than from one made out of a folid Block of Stone. On Suppofition that every part of an Arch was of equal Thicknefs, cut out of one Piece, and proportioned to the Opening for the Weights it is to receive, then, before it receive its Burdens proportionate to thofe of Curves with Arch-Stones, it would break in more chan one Part and fall, as Arches mud receive various and unequal Prefiures. Where Arches with Arch-Stones are properly conftrufted, and on a Soil that can be depended on, even then, no exadt Calculation can be made of their Weights and Prefiures : For we mult confider, that the very Materials apply’d are not of an equal Body, the Denfity of Stone being various. There- iore, in the Conftrudtion of a Bridge, Piazza, &c. if they pretend to afcertain the exadt Weight and PrelTure to a Pound, Hundred, or Ton, they will be liable to frequent Miftakes. Let them take a Piece of each of the following Stones, fuppofe 8, io Inches, or a Foot Cube of Port¬ land, Bath, Ketton, or various other Stones from the North, &c. nay even a Piece from each of the different Beds of Portland—and weigh each of them ; fo may they detedt the Uncertainty of their general Calculations, and perceive the fuperior weight of Evidence from Experience ground¬ ed on Fadls. * The following Method, I prefume, would anfwer for its TryaL Take two or more Tin-Pans or Wood Boxes, ac¬ cording to the Number of Piers, to be longer and wider than your intended Foundation ; and to be made a proportionate Depth according to the Size of the Model. Fill thefe Pans with Pipe-Clay well beaten and tempered ; and with a ftraight (Rule ftrike it oft level with the top Edge of your Pans. Around the infxde Edge make a Trench to the Bottom, and let it ftand ’till it become ftiff. Then place your Piers on them, and fix them in their proper Place, taking care that the whole Apparatus when put together be exadtly level on the Clay. When done, keep tempering your Clay by (low Degrees with an equal Quantity of Water in each Trench. This will aifcover a true PrelTure : by the linking of the Piers into the Clay, .and by moiftening it gradually, you may form fome Judgment of its Effefts on a Chalk Bottom, a GraveJ, and an Ooze. By this Method, you will difeover how far a Pier will fink before the Arch will fall in : and if you put the whole Appa¬ ratus together dry and without any thing in the Joints, you will fee how every par,t will att when it is finking, by the opening or clofing of the Joints. Alfo, if one part of the Foundation for a Pier of a Bridge is a Gravel, and the other inclining to be loofe and Tandy, by putting a larger Quantity of Water into your Tin Pan for the Sandy Bottom, than you ■do for tne Grave], you may form a Judgment of the different PrelTures on each Bottom, and what Proportion will be ne- ceflary for the Foundation on the Sandy Soil, to keep the Pier in Equilibrio with the Pier on the Gravel; and will alfo difeover the true PrelTure of the Arches of different Dimenfions on one Pier. When the Mathematician has by his Calculations form’d an Arch which he imagines to be the ftrongeft, let him make or caufe to be made a Model or Apparatus as deferib’d, whether from one or more Centers ; and by tempering the Clay, he may difeover whether his Calculations will anfwer with the Actions of the Apparatus, and what Weight luch Arches arfc able to bear for the different Soils. N. B. The Lead for the Parapet is to ferve each Model, which will prove the different Prefiures of the Semicircular, EL lipfis,&c. with the fame Weight. E Thus Pra&ical Remarks on ARCHES, &c. T Hus have we feen the Neceflity for Arch-Stones, which will always fupport themfelves with their Burdens, where the finking of the Piers is not very confiderable : But no Arch with Arch-Stones can Hand, without fame proper Foundation. I have alfo given an Elliptic Arch, which comas nearer to the Semicircle with its Dimen- fions. See Fig. 4. I shall conclude with a Remark, omitted in the former part of this Work. * Mr. Em- nterfon fays, “ A Circle, it is very true, is very eafily defcrib’d, and that may be one reafon for “ making ufe of it.”-This feems to imply, That the Antients were ignorant of the C011- ftruftion of any Arches except the Semicircular, becaufe they conftantly pradtifed this; whereas I rather account for it thus. T h e Origin of Science was from natural Ideas; and when the Semicircular Form of an Arcji was introduced, no doubt but it was adjudg’d to be the ftrongeft, on account of its eafy Bear¬ ings, requiring no Aid or Embellifhments to add to its Beauty or Strength. There want no new Proofs of the mafterly Skill of the Antients, as fufficient Monuments remain to teftify their no¬ ble fafte, not only in Architecture, but in Sculpture, Painting, &c. and even in Geometry.; though the inceffant Revolutions and Depredations of Time may have depriv’d us of many of their moll valuable Works. If in thofe Ages of Simplicity and natural Knowledge, they arrived to fo great a pitch in Architedlure, Sculpture, and Painting, &c. there’s no doubt but the Geo¬ metricians were as eminent; fince all real Science is equally founded on Nature and natural Pro¬ portions. But Manufcripts are form’d of lefs durable Materials than Marble or Brafs. The Greeks and Romans built for fucceeding Ages, as being confeious that their Models would be the Admiration of all Pofterity. But though this enlighten’d Age has thofe noble Originals to copy from (a great Advantage) yet, inftead of endeavouring to improve upon them, we are fond of’ every childifh gaudy Toy. And thus it mull be, while we. negledt to ftudy Nature, and prefer the Illusions of Fancy to the Dictates of folid Judgment. The Remarks I have made in this Traft, I hope will be acceptable to every impartial- Judo-e-; and likewife tend to form the Ideas of the young Student by the molt familiar Method of JlTuf' tration. And if what I have offer’d fhould meet with any fevere Criticifm, I have the Confoli- lion to know', that if call’d upon, I can apply thefe eafy Principles to Praftice. A W e : P PLATE I. PLATE II. SLATE III. SLATE IV. X P L A T O NATION EACH T -H E Plan and Elevation of a final! Building 30 ft. in front by 28 ft. deep. TheRooms are divided in the following manner. <7, Paffage b , Parlour £, Large Parlour d, Stair-Cafe 11 ft. high. . Clofet /, Pantry k , Kitchen 1 he Chamber Floor .confifts of three (Rooms, and Clofets over f and a io ft. high. Another final! Plan and Elevation 30 //. fquare, divided in the following manner, e, Scullery /, Clofet g , Stair-Cafe K, Kitchen 1 he Chamber floor has one Room over K, with recefs for a Bed over d and/; two Chambers over b and c , and Clofets over a and e .—10 ft. high. Plan and Elevation of a fmall Building defign’d for a Summer-Retreat, to be placed on a- pleafing Eminence, and divided as follows. f’ 1 f f a nd Scullery. b > Parlour ! ! g, Store-Room or large Pantry c, Stair-Cafe y ^ Paffage to Dining-Parlour j j *7, two fmall Lodgings for Servants e , Door-way to Stair-cafe J K Kitchen N. B. The Stair-Cafe is illuminated with Attic Windows oppolite to each other. Over b and d are two Chambers, each Story being. 12 ft. high, as alfo a and K. railage b , Parlour c, Large ditto d , Pantry [ 1 ft. high. Plan and Elevation of a Building defign’d to be fituate near a City or Market- Town, for a Gentleman or Merchant, with the adjoining Apartments, extends ft. in front, and divided as follows. Hall and Stair-Cafe b^ d , Parlours r, Dining-Room *, D relTing-Room t\ Study ] r j- i* ft- tigh. j X X S? h, K K, Back-Kitchen or Scullery Pantry Clofets Clofet to Drdling-Room Kitchen Note, 20 to each PLATE. An EXPLANATION Note. If for a Merchant, e and / are Accompting-Rooms, the Communication to them at k .—The Chamber-Story confifts of three Rooms io ft. high, viz. over t, c , and d, and the PafTage mark’d 4 is 5 ft. 6 In. wide, for a Stair-Cate .to the four Garrets, which are illuminated with Sky-Lights. PLATE V. A Building defign’d for a fmall Family in a City or large Town. Its Front extends 42 by 33, and contains the following Rooms. b , Parlour a, Hall c, Dining-Pa d, Stair-Cale e, Back-Stairs £,£,Two large Clofets K, Kitchen Dining-Parlour The upper Story 10 ft. high, confifts of three Chambers over b , c, and K. Over g, g, are two Clofets. Room over a, may be made a Drefting-Room. The Cellar Story y ft. 6 In. high to be apply’d to fuch neceffary Ufes as belt fuit the Inhabitant. PLATE VI. The Plan and Elevation of a Building defign’d for a City or Town : Its F ront ex¬ tends 46 ft. and confifts of the following Rooms: a. Hall and Stair-Cafe b&c, Parlours d, Dining-Room e, Clofet The Cellar-Story 7 ft. 6 In. high. The Chamber-Floor 10 ft. high, confifts of the four Rooms over b, c, d, and K: over e,f,g, i, Clofets. The Back-Stairs communicate to the Garret-Story, which confifts of 6 Rooms. PLATE VII. The Plan and Elevation of a Houfe for a fmall Family in a City, &c. 40 ft. 6 In. in front, and is laid out as follows. /, The Store-Room a, Veftibule b, i. Two large Parlours c, Stair-Cale d, Small Parlour r, Back-Stairs illuminated g. Pantry h. Scullery K, Kitchen from the Roof J L The Chamber-Floor, 10 ft, 6 In. high, contains five Rooms over b, b, g, and h, K and d, Dreffing-Room. Over a and /, Clofets. Only the Back-Stairs commu¬ nicate with the Garret-Floor, conftfting of 5 Rooms 1 oft. high. P LATE VIII. A Plan and Elevation of a Building which extends 41 •//. in front, by 39 ft. 6 In. and is defigned for a Gentleman who is center’d in a Row of Houfes two Stories high, being his own Eftate. But his adjoining Neighbours may retain Shops in front, tho’ it (houid fo happen that he is in want of additional Rooms, in order as little as poffible to leflen the Value of his Rentals. This Hint I have given, to take from the back part, and leave the Shops in front, to anfwer his Plan, and build as here laid out if the Ground will fuit. Store-Room t < 7 , Clofets K, Kitchen g. Pantry b. Scullery The An EXPLANATION to each PLATE. 21 The Chamber-Floor confifts of 4 Rooms, 11 ft. high, b, c, K, and f which laft is a Drefling-Room. The Garrets have no other going to but by the backStairs, and they confift of four large Rooms; or the Room over a and / may be divided into two, the whole being h, h h K, Back Stairs Palfage Pantry Clofet Scullery Kitchen The Chamber Floor is 11 ft. high, and contains live Rooms over b, c,d, K, over 2 and h is a Drelfmg-Room, andy a Clofet. The Communication over e is illumi¬ nated with three Openings as below, with Banifters at each end-opening. The Garret Floor is 9 ft. high, and contains a Landry and five Lodging-Rooms, hav¬ ing only the back Stairs to them, and being illuminated with Sky-Lights on the ends of the Roof. N. B. The Bow is carried no higher than the Parapet. PLATE X. Is a Defign for a Building 56 ft. in front, for a Gentleman or Tradefman in a City or Market-Town, or on a Spot where there is a Plan of an old Building of the fame external Form.—The Rooms are divided as follows. The Hall divided from the Stair-Cafe with 3 Openings fupporting the Landing Small Parlour Great'Parlour Dining-Room • 12 ft. high. - e, Palfage /, Back Stairs g, Back Kitchen b,h. Pantry and Clofet 2, Clofet to Kitchen and lit¬ tle Parlour K, Kitchen PLATE XI. Is the Chamber-Plan and Garden-Front to the foregoing Plate : the Rooms as follow. k s Palfage and landing ~] f m, Dreffing Room to Stair-Cafes y 11 ft. high. \ n, A Clolet 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , Four Bed-Rooms j (_ Over k’s, n, m, are 3 Rooms for Garrets, as dotted, 10 ft. high. Communication by back Stairs 0. PLATE XII. Is another Defign with a lefs Court for a Gentleman or Wine-Merchant, in a laro-e Town, &c. the Front extending 69 ft. 6 In. The Rooms are prepared for the fol¬ lowing Ufes. r Hall and Stair-Cafe Keeping Parlour and x, Clofet Great Parlour Dining-Room Store-Room r 12 ft. high. /, Study or Compting-Room g. Back Stairs h. Scullery i&cj. Pantry and Clofet K, Kitchen F k.B. t% An EXPLANATION to each PLATE. N. B. The Cellar Story, 8 ft. high, to be vaulted for the Reception of Liquors.’ The Cells I would recommend to the Direction of the Proprietor, as knowing what will beft fuit his Conveniency. PLATE XIII. Is the Chamber Plan of the Garden Front to the foregoing Plate. /, /, Landings r o, o. Small Lodging Rooms m, m, m, m, Four Bed Rooms \-io ft. 6 In. high.-; p, Landing to back Stairs n, Dreffmg-Room j (_ q, A Clofet The Garrets y ft. 6 In. high, have only Sky-Lights, and are to be partitioned off as the Owner thinks proper for the Convenience of his Family. PLATE XIV. The Plan and Elevation of a Building, which extends, with the adjoining Apart¬ ments, ioo ft. in front •, to be fituated on an agreeable Spot in a City or Vil¬ la: The Rooms defign’d as follows. a, b, d A G /. h, N, ► 15 ft. high. Store-Room Butler’s Pantry China, &c. Room Kitchen Pantry to Kitchen o , Back Kitchen m y m y Two Clofets /, tn, K , 7Z, Hall •, Parlours Dining-Room, with 2 Niches for Tables Withdrawing-Room Stair-Cafe Back Stairs Study B. Servant’s Hall and the other requifite Conveniencies in the Cellar Story, 9 ft. high : the going to them is under the Stairs, g. The Chamber Floor confifts of the following Rooms, 12 ft. 6 In. high. Over a y is a Lodging Room and two Clofets as dotted : b y Dreffing-Rooin : c , d y e , Lodg¬ ing Rooms: 10, is a landing to both Stair-Cafes. Only the backStairs lead to the Garrets, which are fix in number, over the two large d and e are three Lodging Rooms, 9//. 6 In. high. PLATE XV. Plan and Elevation of a Building for a Gentleman with a middling Family. (It often happens in a City or Town that the Ground is lower on the back fide than the front: I have therefore placed the Kitchen (under d y ) Pantry and Convenien¬ cies 10 ft. high, level with the Ground on the back or Garden front.) The prin¬ cipal Rooms are divided as follows. a. Hall b, Parlour r. Eating Parlour dj Dining Room 1 j 12 ft. high. t , Withdrawing Room /, Study g, Stair-Cafe h. Back Stairs PLATE XVI. The back or Garden front and Chamber Floor to the foregoing Plan, as follows. i’s Are Palfages to each Room~| f l, DrelTing Room j, j, Clofets >■ 11 ft. high, -j m. Small ditto, or large k, k,k,k,k. Five Bed Rooms j (_ Clofet Note, There are the fame number of Rooms and Clofets on the Garret as the Chamber Floor, being 9 ft. high. PLATE XVII. A Defign of a Building for a Gentleman of opule'nt Fortune, adapted for a City or Villa, 80 ft. in front. The Ruftic or Bafcment Story I propofe to be 9 ft. high, and by defending 2 ft. that there might not be too many Steps to the principal Floor, and are deligi.’d only for Offices, for the Servant’s Hall, Pantry, Src. and Cellars under fg, i. The Kitchen is to be at forne fmall Diftance from the Manfion, communicating by a fmall Arcade. The Apartments on the principal F loor as follows. An EXPLANATION a, The Hall and Stair-Cafe 25//. cube b, Parlour c, Eating Parlour d, Library or Study e, Dining-Room ("with a cove Cieling, 20 ft. high.) Vide Section 15 ft- hi S h The upper Story 10 ft. high, and to be divided into 7 Rooms over £, r, d, f g^ h, h : a fmall Stair-Cafe over 8 to e, which e is divided into two Lodging Rooms for Servants. I propofe no Rooms in the Roof: If there are, to be lighted with Sky-Lights in the Valley. PL. XVIII. Elevation and Section to the foregoing Defign. PL. XIX. Is a Plan for a Perfon of Quality’s Manfion in a Town or Villa : The Area ol the Rooms in front extends 130 ft. long : The Ruftic or Bafement Story, 10 ft. high, is divided into a number of Rooms for the Conveniencies of the principal Servants. The Kitchen and Conveniencies belonging thereto are to be detached at fome aiftance with a Colonade adjoining to the Manfion, in order to prevent Steams and Heats afeending into the principal Apartments, which would be very incommoding. The Rooms on the principal Floor are diftributed as follows. a , Hall b , Saloon r, r, Withdrawing Rooms d, d , Parlours e , Dining Parlour /, State-Bed Room f, Dreffing-Room 20 ft. high. In the Attic Story are the fame number of Rooms, only with an Addition, viz.' The middle Room over the Gallery is to be divided into three Rooms, and/and h into two, deducing room for fmall Stair-Cafes into the upper Rooms over /,/,/, and f,g, h, which run through, and alfo communicate to the two Roofs, which are lighted from Sky-Lights in the Infidc. N. B. I have not introduced a Library, but propofe a fpacious one to be ere&ed, with a communication by a Colonade, to anfwer the Kitchen-wing. PLATE XX. Elevation to the foregoing Plan. PLATEXXI. Is a Defign for a fmall Parfonage, 35 ft. in front, by 20, confuting of the follow¬ ing Apartments. h £■> }■> & h. Veftibule Keeping Parlour Belt Parlour Back Kitchen Pantry Stable 11 ft. high. 9 ft- hi g h - Clofet Stair-Cafes lighted from the Roof A fmall Stair-Cafe up to Dining Parlour and Side-board Pifture-Gallery Stair-Cafe Study Clofet Kitchen and Clofet over a. Moreover, In the Chamber Story are two Chambers over b. e,f, g, b, i,K, is a Lean-to, and by railing the Walls over/and K, may be made fmall Lodging Rooms, afeended by Steps off the Landing to Stair-Cafe. KtesamgSaSBk 24 An EXPLANATION to each PLATE. PL, XXII. PL. XXIII. Is another Parfonage, 3 1 ft. by 29 ft. and divided as follows. a , Paffage and Stair-Cafe 3 , c, Large Parlour b, Parlour ? 10 ft. high. ) d , Clol’et ' c tt Study f. Back Kitchen and Stair- O C h, Stable Cafe / 9 ft. high. \ i, Chaife-Houfe g , g, Clofets J o K, Kitchen The Chamber Story confifts of two Lodging Rooms and Clofets over a and d, 9 ft. high. Over f,g, g, K, are two Lodging Rooms. N. B. If the Stair-Cale a is continued, there may be a Room in the Roof, Is a Plan and Elevation for a Parfonage or Summer Retreat, the Front of which, extends 34//. by 32 ft. wide, without the Offices, and divided as follows. Veftibule 3 Parlour ( 11 ft. Beft Parlour Paffage to Kitchen ~1 Kitchen ! Scullery j- Palfage to Clofetand Pan- j try b and k J C d. Study high. 1 e, Store-Room ^ /, Stair-Cafe f m, Small Clofet j », ti, Stables 10 ft. high. -1 0, Chaife-Houfe p,p,p , May be open or cover'd C with Lights on the Roof PL. XXIV. The Chamber Story has three Chambers, 10 ft. 6 In. high, over b, c, d. Over a and e are two Clofets. The Stair-Cale is carry’d up to the Garrets in the Roof, where the Partitions may be adj lifted to the Convenience of the Inhabitant. Is a Defign for a fmall Building to be frtuate in a pleafant airy Villa, as a Retreat for a Merchant, &c. where diverted of the cares of Bufinefs he may enjoy the Con- verfe of a few feledt Friends. The Length of the Front without its Offices is 4a ft. by 34 wide, and laid down as under. a, Veftibule and Stair-Cafe 1 high, i lighted from the Roof Parlour c, 12 ft. high, j f, Paffage /, Stair-Cafe , m. The Gardener’s Apart- z, K h Dining-Room Study, with covered Cieling - Paffage to Kitchen, ciofcV i- 10 a hi § h Store-Room with a Sky-Light ments Stable Coach-Houfe Harnefs-Room Stair-Cafe p, is a Paffage into the Cellar Story, which is 8 ft. high, leading to the Servants* Hall, Store-Room, &c. and to the Stair-Cafe/. 'J Chamber Floor 1 2 ft. high, confffts of three Chambers over £, c , d , with a Drefs- ing-Room over a: There are alfo Lodging-Rooms for Servants, &c. over the Kitchen Wing z, k , k , and Stables 0 , p. PL, XXVIII. Isa Defign. 40 ft. by 36, for a Summer Retreat, to be fituated on an Eminence commanding fome extenffve Profpedts which may exhilarate and add frefli Vigour to the Mind of the wealthy and induftrious Inhabitant. Hall b , Little Parlour r, Dining-Parlour /, Paffage gi Study £, Paffage z. Back Kitchen k , Pantry 7 , Stair-Cafe to Lodging Rooms ovei z, K | 14 ft- high. | Stair-Cafe Clofet . to ft. iigh. ^ 0. Kitchen Store-Room Clofets Stable Stair-Cafe to Lodging Rooms over g, p Coach-Houfe The 10 ft. high. The Chamber Story n ft. high : the Apartments divided into three Lodging Rooms, a , b , e , and Drefiing-Room as dotted over c. The Cellar Story 8 ft. high, and the going to be under the Stair-Cafe d. ADefign of a Houfe for a Gentleman or Merchant retired from Bufinefs, to be pla¬ ced on fome pleafing Eminence in a healthful Soil, and commanding fome agreea¬ ble Profpedfts. The Apartments are laid out in the following manner. e , Stair-Cafe f P adage to K K , Kitchen /, Study f Clofets } m. Stable I n , Coach-Houfe J L Coachman’s Apartments p , />, are two Yards. The Chamber Story con lifts of three Lodging Rooms, b , r, d^ and DrelTing-Room over £ 12 : alfo Clofets over/and a, n ft. high : The Stair-Cafe to be continued for Rooms in the Roof to be enlightened with Sky-Lights at each end. There are Lodging Rooms for Women Servants over g, h , /,—and Lodgings for Men over o and n. The reft of the Conveniences in the Cellar Story, 9 ft. high : a Commu¬ nication to be under the Stairs, e and k. Is another Defign of a Retreat for a Perfon of Quality or wealthy Merchant : The Rooms diftributed as under. a. Hall and Stair-Cafe j 1 5 ft- high' r Breakfafting-Room Parlour Dining-Room Scullery Store-Room Kitchen kjk, Clofets e , Withdrawing-Room /,/, Communication to each Wing £, Library 11 ft. high. /, Stairs m, m. Bed Rooms n , Drefiing-Room 14 ft. high. < e , Elliptical Dining-Room c, c, Bell; and back Stairs J L /, Withdrawing-Room g and i, Colonades and Pafiage to Library Kitchen and Store-Room />, Library o ft. high to the Roof. Kitchen 5 J Small Stairs to Cellars'] Clofets K, k, U, m. Butler’s Pantry Scullery Store-Room Larder , Courts Lean-to’s conceal’d below the Walls J The Chamber Floor confifts of Bed Rooms over a, d, e, f: Drefling-Room over i x8, and Clofet over b, 13 ft. high. The Garret Floor has the fame number of Rooms over each, and one over the beft Stair-Cafe, 9 ft. high. The Cellar Story 8 ft. 6 In. high, for Servant’s Hall, &c. &c. PL. XXXIII. Is another Defign for a Gentleman in the Country. The Diftribution of the Apart¬ ments as under. a. Hall b, b, Parlours f, Dining-Room d , Withdrawing-Room r, Stair-Cafe ff. Communication to the Wings to. Stairs 71, Scullery 0 , Servant’s Hall f,f. Pantry and Clofet K, l. Library or Study Drefling-Room Stair-Cafe Palfage to Kitchen Store-Room q, Clofet r. Stable /, /, Coach-Houfes t, Stair-Cafe The Chamber Floor confits of.four Rooms over b,b,c,d: Drefling-Room and Clofet over a ; and a Clofet over 8, in c, ft. high. Alfo the fame number ot Rooms to Garret Floor, 1 o ft. high. N. B. Lodging Rooms for Servants over g in the Wing and Landry, and Rooms over K. The Cellar Story 8 ft. high. PL. XXXIV. Is a Defign of a Houfe with four Fronts, the Area of the Rooms being 50 ft- fquare, to be fituated on a rifing Spot which commands an extenfive and agreeable Profpedt from every Front, and is divided as follows. Hall, &c. Saloon, lighted from 8 Windows on Gal lery. vid. Sedtion Dining-Room Parlours EXP L ANATION to eacft PLATE. 2$ An The Chamber Floor confifts of 6 Rooms, and a Clofet over /, being 11 ft. 6 In* high, with Communications to each Room through ^’s and to Stair-Cafe leading to the oCtagon Gallery over the Saloon: no Rooms in the Roof. The Chimnies are carried up in the four Corners of the Balluftrade on the Roof. The Kitchen and other Offices are in the Cellar Story, 9 ft. 6 In. high. PL. XXXV. Is a Section to the foregoing Plate. PL, XXXVI. Is another Defign of a Houfe to be placed on an. Eminence. [As lofty Hall's are often introduced, which generally fpoil the Rooms over them, I have given one which has no Connection with the Rooms in the Chamber Story} (Vide Sedlion) The Diftribution as follows. a, Hall 24/f. high. b, Dining-Room 1 c, Drawing-Room I d, Stair-Cale V e, Paffage f f f Small Parlours I h , Great Parlour 14 ft, high. ■< i, Paffage j k , Study [ /, Clofet The Chamber Story confifts of two large Rooms over b and c , a Dreffing-Room over f x , and Bed Rooms over /, h , k: alfo a Clofet over /, 13 ft. high. The two Stair-Cafes are carry’d up to Garrets 9 ft. high, over b s c , h , k. The Kitchen or Cellar Story is u ft. high, being divided into Apartments for theConveniencies of the Family. The Stables, &c. in this and the laft Defign, are intended to be in a. Bottom at fome Diftance from the Houfe, that the ProfpeCts may be obftruCted as little as poffible. PL. XXXVII. SeCtion to the foregoing Plate. P.L.XXXVIII. A Plan and Elevation of an equilateral Triangular Building, each Side between'the Towers being 100 ft. long (on the outfide) defigned to command three Viftos. [Having obferv’d in fome eminent Authors *, that this Figure is utterly rejected, as incapable of any tolerable Divifion within, except into other Triangles, 1 have here endeavour’d to make fome regular Diftribution of it. Flow far 1 have lucceeded in die Attempt, refpeCting Strength, Utility, and Figure, muft be left to the Can¬ did and judicious.] The Rooms are delineated as under. r /, it, Hall b , b , Parlours c , Dining-Parlour- d , Belt Stair-Cafe, il¬ luminated from a triangular Roof of Glafs in the Val¬ ley £, A lfnall Flail or common Entrance The reft of the Offices in the Cellar-Plan, 10 ft. high. 12 ft. high. / I, i, k, l & m , Study A Water Clofet Dreffing-Room Clofet^ Back Stairs Paffage to Fioulekeeper’s Apart¬ ments and Store-Room Butler’s Pantry PLa XXXIX. The principal Floor to the foregoing Plate, confifting of the following Rooms.. 0 , Dining-Room 1 f q, q, q , Lodging Rooms p, Withdrawing Room I r. i - 1 J r, r, Dreffing or Lodging q x, Bell Bed Room [ $ * ' ° * i Rooms r .v, Dreffing-Room to ditto J l A L /> Clofets. o Ware's compleat Body of Architecture, P. 303, Chambers' and other Dictionaries. In PLATE XL. An EXPLANATION to each PLATE. 29 In the Attic Story are the fame number of Rooms; and if «, „ are ; ud „ ed too Kootel 6 d T d rV nt , 0t T each h IO /{- hi § h - There^are alfo Carets in the Hoof, the Floor of which lies lower than the Cornice, that the Windows may Lv foTni d bC ° W ^ Para P ct - Pa ^ges taken out, and Lights next to the Val- Jh ,, Communications to each Room. Chimneys to be carry’d up through the middle of the Roofs to Towers. 3 P s Is a Flan of the principal Floor of a Building adapted for a Perfon of Quality. I iiL Rooms are divided as follows. ' Flail 40 ft. cube 1 r b, Saloon c, c. Withdrawing Rooms d, State-Bed Room f, Drefling Room f. Bed Room r 20 ft. high. - gi b. ~ , , . „ b, ceit otair-Lale The Chamber or Attic Story is divided into a number of Lodging Rooms • that over £ divided as dotted ; no Garrets over a, nor in the Roof, but Rooms’to be provided m the Wings or additional Apartments. The Bafement Story to be 11 ft. high, and is laid out as follows. Under « is a Hall and a PafTage that leads to each Stair-Cafe : b Library: c,e. Parlours: d, Dining-Parlour: e and k, Houfekeep- er s Store-Room and Apartment: / is a Room for upper Servants: g, Steward’s Ac- comptmg-Room : b Butler’s Room : APaflageto be taken out off into the Kit¬ chen-Wing. F he Cellar under them to be vaulted. Elevation to the foregoing Plan. a ^ ma !j Banquetting-Room 15 ft. high at the Termination of a M alk, with three fmall Roofs no higher than the Top of the Parapet ; or it may be cover d with Lead, if this be not thought too expenfive. r 3 Is a Plan for a Banquetting-Room at the end of a Walk, whence you have the command of lome extenfive and plealing Profpedcs. <7, Semicircular Portico b , c, Side-Boards d, A Landing and Stair-Cafe into the lower Story, which may be divided into Apartments for requifite Ufes, as a Kitchen, &c. Elevation and Seftionto the foregoing Plan : The Room is defign’d to be 20 ft. Is a Defign for a Perfon of Quality, of an oftangular Church, being 45 ft. internal Diameter, to be placed on an Eminence at a fmall Diftance from the Manfion for the ufe of his Family, and a Panlh that has but few Inhabitants ; to be finilh’d with a Cove-Cieling 30 ft. high. Dining-Room A fmall Ante-Room, or if there be a Partition as dotted, a Drefling-Room Stair-Cafe Beft Stair-Cafe PL. XLI. PL XLII. PL. XLIII. PL. XLIV. PT XLV. PL. XLVI. I* a Defign of an oftangular Church or Chapel, 75 //. the internal Diameter. a. Two Stair-Cafes leading to the Galleries, which are fupported with the efoht Columns that fupport the odtagon Doom, 55 ft. high. ° l, b, Vellries 5 c, Communion Table, and no Gallery over it. N. B. This Defign was drawn in the Year 1753, for a Diffenting Congregation in A enmeb, but was thought too expenfive, and was therefore reduced to 60 ft within, having a very plain Outfide. It is a very advantageous Structure for Hear- \ Ing, H 3 o An EXPLANATION to each PLATE, ing, notwithftanding the Objedtions made to the Figure by Mr, Morrifs, in his Work entitled Seletl ArchiteRare. There may indeed be fome Reafon to obiedt againft his Sketch, wherein the Arches are to be fupportedwith large angular Jambs forming an IHe or Paffage round them, which may caufe a confufed Reverberation of the Voice interrupted by the Piers : But this will not be the cafe where Co¬ lumns are introduced. PL. XLV 1 I. Is another Defign for a fmall Church or Chapel soft. Diameter within, and 32=6 to the Center of the Dome, which is fupported by eight Columns. a. The Altar i. The Portico On the Outfide is a Stair-Cafe which leads into the Family Vault under a. [Wide Sedtion, with Receptacles for each Coffin.] PL. XLVIII. The Weft End and Sedtion to the foregoing Defign. PL. XLIX. Are the Half of two Defigns of Small Chimney-Pieces,' PLATE L. Are two ditto. PLATES LI, LII, Till, LIV, LV, LVI, LVII, are Chimney-Pieces of various Finifhings, with Profiles. There are no Scales to them, becaufe they mult be made to the Openings fuitable to their refpedtive Rooms. PL. LVIII. Is the Mafonry of the Semicircular Arch. PL. LIX. Are two Elliptical Arches. PL LX. Are three different Apparafufes to try the Strength and Preffures of ArcheY AS FOLLOWS. A and B, Are Blocks for Abuttments C’s Are Pieces of Wood or Stone by which the Arches are form’d : the Length of each being the Breadth of the Bridge or Arcade, &c. D ’s Are folid Pieces for Piers e’s Are Pieces laid on each other for Foundations f’s Bed3 of temper’d Clay ^’s Are Tin-pans or Wood-Boxes to receive Water H’s Are Pieces of the fame Length as the Arch-Stones The Heights regular The Lengths /, /, no exadt Rule for them /’s Are Pieces of Lead K’ s Are three chipt out Blocks S 4 F I N I L I O F S U B S C E R S. xxxx>c X ? XXXXXXXXXX^XXXXXXXX>C0 .. . . • ' ' . - ‘ * PI. Lin. FI . X.VI. Pl. Lvn. P1.LVUI. n. xx.