jada emarcarerpinh jar ~ .. 7 Le : ean gas Si 26 AY ah TRAPS ST a BE ee _ ee ce a a eee Se : A Friend of World Peace Go Princeton WO MeeGe Seminary. 4 We as > / . Hs we Division B s fe ie cae : he 6 mane lt hy th Prt i 8 tek na Z an Ae | A ‘ : we fa caw oie oF Wy Pi ‘ 8 AST ne er ae ee teat Hien if RO Meh a el : 2 Ai “a L} 4 , * arf ) ft s W a ee ae ‘- A, i , ‘ | Te ag pr Ns ; pita A ety ie vans Sih ' f ¥ af Oe c a at, oat p / ‘ r : ; ; : POR RE oT Ly ie cy “Digitized by the intone Archive me sin ee with ue from 3 i ve - ie M i) , ai hy haut Aarne 3 { . 4 4 \ fi . " at ie Th : i > OS ou t La { ‘ oe a Mt he : re 4 “ ye i ‘7 { rs e yal 4 yaa a . é nat OF PRINCE DP, I G Ee THE POLITICAL STATUS OF HUNGARY IN 1914 To the diplomatic world, Hungary was known in 1914 as the Kingdom of Hungary, which included Hungary proper, the city and territory of Fiume and Croatia- Slavonia. Each of these three divisions was an inde- pendent political entity, but all were joined together under the Hungarian crown for administrative purposes. Each had its own autonomy and legislative assembly, but above them all was the Hungarian Parliament in which each political division was proportionately repre- sented. The union of these three divsions had one king, in the person of the Emperor of Austria, known as the Apostolic King of Hungary and King of Croatia- Slavonia. The Kingdom of Hungary thus composed, was one of the members of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Hungary proper, covering a territory of 109,216 square miles, included Transylvania and all the terri- tory which the Hungarians occupied ever since they set- tled in that country, more than one thousand years ago. It was Hungary proper that comprised the Hungarian Nation. The Hungarian Nation had its own constitution, its parliament and a ministry responsible to the parlia- ment. The King of Hungary proper was the Emperor of Austria. Theoretically and on paper Hungary was an inde- pendent kingdom and, as such, an independent member of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. In fact, however, she was virtually a vassal State controlled by the Austrian Empire. While she had her own constitution and parliament and ministry, Hungary was not permit- 87 88 THE TRAGEDY OF HUNGARY ted to have laws passed for her own advancement, unless sanctioned by the Emperor of Austria under his title as King of Hungary. It followed, therefore, that political and economic Hungary was a sealed book to the world. The meager information given to the world concerning Hungary was mostly inspired by and given through Austrian sources; and such information was usually biased and incorrect, the purpose of Austria throughout the past centuries be- ing to show Hungary to the world in an unfavorable light. Against the isolation from the world Hungary had no remedy, having no foreign commerce, or diplo- matic or consular service of her own. What foreign trade she should have had was swallowed by Austria, eighty (80) per cent of Hungary’s exports having been consigned to Austria where the goods or raw material lost their Hungarian identity. Under these conditions the benefit of foreign commerce and diplomatic service always inured to the benefit of Austria, whereas the responsibilities for diplomatic blunders were heavily visited upon Hungary, as is plainly evinced by the treat- ment accorded to her by the Peace Conference of Paris. XIV. THE POPULATION OF HUNGARY IN 1914 The population of Hungary proper, in 1914, was com- posed chiefly of Hungarians. Beside the Hungarians, descendants of various other races were living in Hun- gary, creating a situation somewhat similar to the racial condition in the United States of America. The Hun- garians had ever since they settled the country, known as Hungary proper, encouraged immigration into Hun- gary, and gave special privileges to those who settled in the country. These settlers retained their racial char- acteristics. Thus resulted a racial variation among the population of the country. As far back as 1200 A. D., foreigners were attracted to Hungary by reason of the political and religious ad- vantages prevailing in that country from the time it was settled by the Hungarians. The Hungarian Nation was, after England, the second in Europe to have her own constitution: therefore, foreigners who sought political advantages, flocked to and settled on Hungarian soil. In addition to political advantages, Hungary, while gov- erned by the Hungarians themselves, offered religious advantages to those living on Hungarian soil. Indeed, Pope Pius II in a letter to Frederick III, in 1459, called Hungary the “Shield of Christianity” and the ‘defender of western civilization.’’* In addition.to political and religious advantages, economic privileges were given to the settlers. Large tracts of land were given them, and in some instances they were relieved even of the payment of taxes. The Roumanians began to settle in the eastern part *George De Szégényi’s “Nothing but the Truth,” p. 4. 89 90 THE TRAGEDY OF HUNGARY of Hungary, Transylvania, early in 1241. The Servians began to settle in the southern part of Hungary in 1389, when, by a royal decree, special privileges were given them. The Slovaks settled in the upper part of Hun- gary along the slopes of the Carpathian mountains. About 1255, a large number of Germans settled in the country, and a large tract of land was donated them by a royal decree.* These settlers were treated by the Hungarians with the utmost consideration. They were allowed to keep their customs, language, and educational system if they had any. It resulted, therefore, that in 1914, there were in Hungary proper a number of various races, each speaking its own language and tenaciously clinging to its racial customs. According to the census of 1910, the population and races in Hungary proper ranged as follows. Descend- ants of: Huncarians hee hoc 2 a ee 9,938,134 German setclers y= star ee 1,901,042 Groatian :settlers.2= as" sees 181,882 SlOVAakHSelllensieln at a aie ee 1,946,165 Serbianssettlerdan cere eee 461,091 Roumanianesettlersi. =e sane 2,948,049 Ruthenian settlers 7) ews 464,359 Other: settlersa@esc yo ees 423,911 Ota Sa sOr eh eee eee 18,264,533 In terms of percentage. Descendants of: Hunganlanse es eee eee ee 54.5% Germanwsettlers i a ee eee 10.4% Slovakascttlersu sca = eee ee 10.7% ROUManIan Settlers eee ee 16.1% Otherssettiers 0 ear ae ee oe 8.3% 100% Jews comprising 5.8% of the entire population. *George De Szégényi’s “Nothing but the Truth.” AN APPEAL FOR WORLD PEACE 91 These various races enjoyed in Hungary equal political, religious, economical and educational advantages with the Hungarians. After the compromise with Austria, a system of compulsory education was established in Hungary and thenceforth, beside the native language of the various races, the Hungarian language was com- pulsory in every school. The result was that in 1910, there was comparatively little illiteracy in Hungary. The following table shows vividly the result of the system of education. The percentage of those who could read and write the Hungarian language in 1910 is as follows. Descendants of: Be UTUUSE EA Ul ch Sane et ee eee ee et 13.3% Sere UTIL Sameea ee ere cetee Comet re, eer A 82.4% By vie) Kecmnep tee et yee kr oe) Pe Can 69.7% P(CLANA EY OVS ange ald slpt aaea sak a) emg ena 59.8% Roumanians (children attended Pune arian sCOOQIs ee ee err 52.1% By comparing this table with that of free and inde- pendent Servia and Roumania of 1910, it is found that the percentage of illiteracy in those countries is much below that of Hungary. In Servia the percentage of those who could read and write was 16.9%; while in Hungary the percentage of those of Servian extraction who could read and write was 59.8%. In Roumania, according to the census of 1909, 60.1% of the total population could neither read nor write. The percentage of those who could read and write in Roumania was only 39.9%, of which about 4% were Jews. It can be safely stated, therefore, that the edu- cational advantages in Roumania were much lower than those of Hungary; while in Servia the percentage of il- literates was woefully high. And if the fact is con- sidered that the literates in Servia and Roumania in- clude the old and literate families, while in Hungary the 92 THE TRAGEDY OF HUNGARY Servians and Roumanians are mostly farmers, it will be seen that, on the average, education in Hungary in 1914 was on a higher plane than in Servia and Roumania.* There was complete religious freedom in Hungary. Without molestation or interference of any kind, every- one could worship according to the dictates of his own conscience. No political or other disability existed on account of religion. It followed, therefore, that in 1914 there were a number of established religions in Hun- gary, which in percentage ranged as follows :+ Roman and Greek Catholics (united) ____--____~- 60% Eastern Greek Orthodox (not united) _____- aaa oS 2 TUtherans poh eae ee oO ee ae eee 71% Calvinists (Presbyterian-Reformed) ~______-_---- 13% Unitarians se go 22 es ee Roe eee 1B% DF} 54 SMa neal ol ips A el al a cen EN ag rl Wt sell PA 4% In addition to the foregoing religions, the Baptist Church has gained a strong foothold in Hungary and its adherents now number many thousands. Such was the cosmopolitan feature of Hungary in 1914. These various races, with.their various customs but common ideals, were united in one common aim,— the betterment and advancement of the country. Hun- gary proper was their country and they proudly called themselves Hungarians. *George De Szoégenyi’s ‘Nothing but the Truth.’ See also: Pam- phiet: ‘“‘The Protestant Churches of Hungary,” III, p. 10. ~Vambéry, “The Story of Hungary,” p. 14. XV: THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND ECONOMIC UNITY OF HUNGARY PROPER IN 1914 Hungary proper, covering an area of 282,870 square kilometers, is situated in the southeastern part of Europe. This territory included in 1914, Transylvania and all the land which the Hungarians settled in 896 A. D., and which, ever since it was so settled, was known and recognized by the world as Hungary. In its geographical structure, Hungary proper is the most beautifully perfect handiwork of Nature. With the pos- sible exception of a few islands, there is hardly any other country in the world beside Hungary proper which is blessed with a more perfect geographical, organic, and economic unity. If the Creator of the universe had a definite aim and purpose in mind at the time He mapped out the various parts of the world, He purposely mapped out and care- fully drew the lines around that piece of territory which became known as Hungary; for by its natural “lay” and geographical position, Hungary is a most perfect geomorphological, geographical, hydrographical, and economic unit. Its chains of mountains, its river system, the distribution of its minerals and its fertile land are so planned and created, that the entire country is economically interdependent. This is true to such an unusually great extent that by severing one section from another the entire country is thrown into economic ruin. Hungary proper is an organic unit. In the Northwest from the banks of the river Danube it is encircled by the range of the Carpathian mountains “like a gigantic ever- green wreath.” This range extends along the northern 93 94 THE TRAGEDY OF HUNGARY boundary, enclosing the eastern portion of the country, and thence stretches westward where it is intersected by the waters of the Danube. This mountain range serves as a natural boundary and also as a bulwark against the enemies of the country. From the south- eastern part, where the Carpathian range ceases, the country is separated from the neighboring states by the great rivers, the Danube, Drave, and Morave to the be- ginning of the Carpathian mountain range, thus com- pleting in a circle its natural boundaries. The geomorphological structure of Hungary also testi- fies to the organic unity of the country. Its natural re- sources are so distributed that the various parts of the country are economically dependent upon one another. The northern and northwestern part of the country is rich in timber, coal, iron, ore, and salt; the southeastern part abounds in natural gas, oil, coal, table salt, copper, gold and silver mines; but both these sections are poor in agricultural products. The grain and vegetable pro- ducing section of Hungary is the great plains of Hun- gary, which in fertility may fairly be compared to the best wheat producing section of North America. ‘The great Hungarian plain, so-called Alfold (Lowland), boasts of the best soil for the production of wheat, and stretching down from the off-shoots of the Central Carpathian Mountains to the frontiers of Servia, con- tains upward of 35,000 square miles.” Each section produces that which is needed by the other section. Thus, by the distribution of its natural resources, Hun- gary is one indivisable geographical and economic unit. Each section needs the surplus products of the other sections. Separately they cannot exist, while together they form a most perfect self-supporting organism. To complete this organic unity, Hungary is blessed with the most perfect hydrographical system. With rivers the country is abundantly supplied. The two largest rivers in Hungary are the Danube and the Tisza THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND ORGANIC UNITY OF HUNGARY PROPER This is an accurate map of Hungary proper, as she was in 1914. From the was the granary of this beautiful geographical and organic unit. The mit main Northwest (1) to the North (2), East (3), and Southeast (4) she was encircled by rivers, the Danube, (on the left) and the Trisza (on the right) supplied the country the Carpathian Mountains, “like a gigantic with transportation and _ irrigation facilities. TN yl NeeATeeSK SSUES Bl ol : evergreen wreath.” In the South and South- Pull Ne PAO een ant i } ss = ee Il accu pesldtorepi aNd Roche ia a west Hungary was separated from the neigh- boring countries by the great rivers, the np ae pri par ae ae none a Danube, Drave, and Save. In its entirety, in the mountainous sectio ; country is rich in natural resources, but the territory of Hungary is somewhat like : hi ate an amphitheatre. The center of the poor for agriculture purposes; while B ter of the country is rich country was once the bed of a sea; ; = 5 imo DS i z Hi. the cen ‘ y around the center the land height of rill Ry 204S¢! OY. eee we a Ay ened ji —— Zp L in food adi tie pare rises until it reaches the wl of — Pe : natura hee: ea are above 2400 feet. Mm as timber, iron, In the mountain (lb ear i es 4 : 2 55 1 (e Ga | aoe : Wer : copper, silver, gold, salt, uA regions are the etc. Hence, the forests, coal, iron, ana ao copper, silver, , vai " of the por, gold, and table LE | try are io er- salt deposits, oil, gar —— depen wei gas, and other Separately natural resources, they can- and pastures. not exist ; The central and while to- lower section of the country ies 0 Kecskemét 4 ° y Ba Oe Hodmez6 - yasarhely Mm eat y } ee oy = ; is ss : a m Dy OC, e. 7 a r' ale 2 4 : G o oe yf i S ; | LY ih rae val ALTITUDES ua above 2400 ft. = from 15-2400 ft. | 6-1500 ft. dS 5) we Ms UNIAN " a | DL Sees i 0- 600 ft. gether they form a self-supporting organism. It would seem that the Creator had Organic unit. It would therefore, appear nothing less than a desecration and sacrilege purposely intended the territory of Hungary to be one inseparable geographical and to attempt to cut apart and tear asunder this beautiful creation of God. (This map is a reprint from the Map Section of the “Pesti Hirlap.”) 95 AN APPEAL FOR WORLD PEACE ‘pluBA[ASUBIT, UI UJOg SBM YOINY’) UBIIEU_) 94Z, “AsesuNPY jo Jsed usajsve 94} St BIUBA]ASUBJ] ‘“UMOYS BIB SOpIIIO (TT) SYA OFsB_ OM} OY} SJayA AIJUNOD 3U} jo Wed Jamo] 94} SI JeuRG 94 "AIJUNOD 343 ynoysno1y} purl guionpoid poo PUB SBIINOSII IIUIOUOIA 9Y} JO UOTINGIIISIP 9Y} SRBOIPUL SOOIID Bz YT ‘souve oesasoy fiq unnig sysosoy “7 seg ‘jIo “Bory “9 4903s BAIT “SG wHdO0udd AUYVDNNH AO ALINA SIWONODA AHL Jegng “p IESE ]90}3S8 ‘UOI] *Z ‘QAI JOU T 96 THE TRAGEDY OF HUNGARY (Theiss). These and other smaller rivers are navigable by steamships, and in their course converge and unite in the Plains (Alf6ld) of Hungary. In addition, there are a number of large and small lakes abounding in fish and other sea food. Insofar as the transportation, water power and sea food producing facilities of the waters of Hungary are concerned, they fairly rival the water system of any country in the world. As if to season this beautiful geographical unit, Nature has gifted Hungary with the most favorable climate. The country lies between the forty-fourth and fiftieth degrees of northern latitude which is the most favorable part of the temperate zone. The climatic condition of the country is excellent. Along the shores of the Adriatic the air is most genial and there are grown the fruits of Southern Europe. In the plains the air is dry; while in the mountainous regions it is balmy and in- vigorating. ; To more fully complete this perfect work of Nature, Hungary was endowed with various kinds of mineral waters, baths and health resorts. Perhaps there is no other country in the world of the size of Hungary that has been provided by Nature with as much natural hot water of medicinal qualities. There is enough natural steaming hot water under the city of Budapest to supply every possible hot water need of that city, provided the necessary means were available to install the necessary piping and pumping system. Indeed, it appears as if Nature aimed and purposed to create in Hungary a most perfect geographical, economical and organic unit. Such was the topography and climate of Hungary, be- fore the Peace Conference of Paris, with unholy hands, dissected, dismembered and mutilated this most perfect handiwork of the Maker. Highways.—These natural endowments were aug- mented by the engineering skill and never ceasing in- dustry of the Hungarians. During the last one thousand AN APPEAL FOR WORLD PEACE 97 and more years, the Hungarians built substantial high- ways leading into Budapest as a center. In addition to the highways a systematic network of railways were built throughout Hungary, these also being concentrated in Budapest. Both the highways and the railways were built along the natural water courses and thus com- pleted the natural economic connection among the vari- ous sections of the country. Railways.—The total length of the Hungarian rail- ways in 1918 amounted to 21,806 kilometers, of which 9,076 kilometers (41.6%) were first class lines, 11,462 kilometers (5%) third class lines. The length of the double track lines amounted to 1,389 kilometers and that of the single track lines 20,414 kilometers. The stations and stopping places numbered 4,625. The merchandise transported amounted to 87,175,009 tons. The passen- gers numbered 166,097,000, each passenger having trav- eled on the average of 30.2 kilometers. There were with- in the normal frontiers of the country 28 terminals. Post Offices.—Hungary had also a complete postal system. In 1913 there were two post offices for every 100 square kilometers, and thirty-one post offices for every 100,000 souls. In all, there were, in 1918, 6,610 post offices in Hungary. Telegraph.—The total length of the telegraph lines in Hungary, in 1913, was 26,000 kilometers, and that of the wires 161,000 kilometers. The stations numbered 5,171, and the total number of telegrams handled was 26,000,000. Telephone.—The total length of the telephone lines in Hungary, in 1918, was 38,000 kilometers; the total length of the wires was 453,000 kilometers, and the num- ber of stations was 86,000. The length of interurban telephone lines was 10,000 kilometers, and the total length of the wires was 62,000 kilometers. 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