Barnett Edwin S., ew Testament Soldiers A Few Sidelights on some N ee x grees ‘ ae 5 ; : gk . J fx a ’ mt ~ wen ie ee Beer ng. 5s ae riasaSil 4 = on 2 wat ° : One ; 4 ae =" < =~ P : : ‘4 : E a oa Ss a i “es , a ~ oo om a t at " 5 r 4 0) nt - SS “ Library of Che Theological Seminary PRINCETON - NEW JERSEY C=): PRESENTED BY Edwin S. Barnett BS 2448 S6B2 & Smet © Least A FEW SIDELIGHTS On Some NEW TESTAMENT SOLDIERS By EDWIN S. BARNETT COP wa | G Hee By PHILADELPHIA 1925 Dedication HIS book is dedicated by the author to those who have helped or hindered him in his progress through life. Foreword T HE author of this volume, Mr. Edwin S. Barnett, has chosen a most inter- esting, but somewhat neglected theme. New Testament readershave been favorably impressed by the fairness and manliness of the Roman soldiers mentioned therein. With scarcely an exception they appear to be men of excellent character, as well as of unusual military fitness. While strict in the discharge of their duties, they lack the cruelty generally found in the soldier of that time. Harshness and oppression against Chris- tians, an outlawed class of society, are lacking; kindness and consideration are frequently shown. Mr. Barnett has made an exhaustive study of the lives of these men, of whose personal history we know so little. He has gathered together all the authentic facts that have been discovered concerning them, together with the principal traditions that have been handed down from the distant past. The author has sifted his material care- fully and has recorded only that which he believes to be trustworthy. Every lover of the Bible will welcome this book, which has been prepared with so much care and which gives evidence of such patient. research. JOHN CALHOUN. Mt. Airy Presbyterian Church. August 6, 1926. A FEW SIDELIGHTS ON SOME NEW TESTAMENT SOLDIERS HILE possibly many of the descriptions, stories Y} or traditions related concerning the following soldiers are or may befound more or less scattered through various books of reference, the author hopes to gather in this modest volume a few facts for the edification and instruction of those desiringtolearn more of this little known and spoken of class of society, especially in the time of our SAviouR and the early apostolic church. It is quite noticeable in a close study of these military characters, that while perhaps some of the rank and file were coarse, tyrannical and cruel, the officers seem to have been men of some education, also consideration for the manners, customs, laws and religions (excepting when the two latter did not openly conflict with those of Romr) and frequently tried to make the rule of the Empirz less odious and galling to the conquered people. It is especially re- markable that our Savrour had but little trouble with the RomaN soldiers, who we learn from writers contemporary with the New TrstaMEnt, had a profound respect and regard for Him and His teaching, even from the time that Herop ordered the “SLAUGHTER OF THE INNOCENTS.’ (Although we can see in it a fulfillment of numerous prophecies and a part of Gon’s plan for the salvation of the world) when the legionaries according to some tradi- tions, killed the son of Hrrop himself, rather than the infant Curist, who was known at the time to be in easy reach of the imperial troops, down to His glorious resur- rection, we hear of but little unnecessary violence, barring the events of the last week of Curist’s earthly ministry. His arrest, mockery, scourging and crucifixion were per- formed by the soldiers it is true, but they had been undoubt- edly bribed or hired to do the first three mentioned by the leaders of the JEws and the death penalty, in whatever form employed, was never allowed by the ImpErRIAu government to be carried out by the conquered nation. 4 While Many of these soldiers undoubtedly obeyed with- out hesitation the behests of the spiritual rulers of the JEWISH nation, their officers did not seem so prone to attempt needless or unnecessary violence to one whom they noticed did little or nothing to incite the populace to revolt against the laws or sway of Romr. Then too, there is the possibility that while the legionaries and sub- alterns were largely ignorant or unmarried men, liable to be ordered about from one part of the Roman Empire to another, the centurions and higher officers it is known or may be presumed, married among the Jews and later among the CHRISTIANS, consequently were disposed to be more lenient toward our Saviour, His followers and His doctrines. Some months ago there was an article published by a Parisian newspaper, Le Matin, which was supposed to have been translated from a LATIN manuscript found in the Vatican LIBRARY containing among other items, a Roman officer’s report made to the royal proconsul at JERUSALEM, by name Pusirus Lentuuus, who has been thought to be the predecessor of Pontius Prnrate. The part descriptive of CuRIST’s appearance reads as follows: —* Hf has long fair hair falling in curls on the shoulders. They are parted in the middle. Curistus wears the double pointed beard, which is fairer than the hair. His eyes are light blue and wear a kind expression; but at times they flash under the stress of temper. HE is of normal build and stands erect. The voice is soft. HE was never seen to laugh, but people often saw Him weep. His hands are very well kept. Hb is called Jusus, the son of Mary, while His friends call Him the Son of Gop.”’ From the foregoing, it would seem that the RoMAan officials had more than a passing regard for Christ, for had He been an average JEWISH priest or teacher, it is hardly possible they would have taken any great notice of Him or His work. Let us now glance at some of those soldiers and their officers who had to do with Curist and His life here on 5 earth and whose names appear here and there in the GospEts, Acts of the AposTLEs, and in St. Patt’s EPISTLES. Among the more prominent references to soldiers and military men in the New TEstaMEnt are as follows:— (1) Souprers ordered to kill Curist when an infant. SEE St. MattTuew 2:16. (2) Sotprers advised by St. Joun the Baptist to do violence tono man. St. Luke 3:14. (3) CENTURION whose servant Curist healed. See St. Marruew 8:5-13, St. Luxe 7-10. (4) CENTURION who testified at Curist’s death about Him being the Son of Gop. See Sr. MattHeEw 27:54, St. Marx 15:39, St. LuKE 23:47. (5) SotprER who pierced Curist’s side with a spear. See St. JoHN 19:34. (6) SotpreRs who arrested Curist in the GARDEN of GETHSEMANE and who later guarded Him during His trial, and who took part in the scourging and mockery inflicted by order of PrLatE and HErop. See St. Matrrurew 26:47-50 inclusive, St. MatrrHEew 27 :26-38 inclusive, St. Marx 15:15—20 inclusive, St. LuKE 22:47-54 inclusive, St. Luke 3:11-25, 33-37 inclusive, St. JoHN 18:12 & 13, St. Jonnw 19:1-25 inclusive. (7) SouprERS who guarded Curist’s tomb between His burial and resurreclion. See St. MatTtHEw 27 :62-66 inclusive, St. MatTtHEw 28:11-15 inclusive. (8) CoRNELIUS, a centurion mentioned in Acts 10th CHAPTER. (9) SouprERS who guarded St. Peter while he was a prisoner during the first persecution of the apostolic church. See Acts 12th CuHaprter. (10) Who was chief captain (or centurion possibly) Cxiaupius Lysias mentioned in Acts 21:31-40 inel., 6 Acts 22:24-29 incl., Acts 23:10-380 incl., Acts 24 verses 7 & 22? (11) Who was soldier mentioned in Acts 24 verse 23? (12) Who was JuLIUusS, a centurion of AuGustus’ band? mentioned in Acts 27th CHAPTER? (13) Who was captain of guard mentioned in Acts 28:16? (14) Who was URBANE (mentioned in Romans 16:9)? (15 & 16) Canthe names of Vitatis and Cretsus, CuRIs- TIAN guards of St. Pau, be identified with any BIBLIcaL characters? (17) Puprns, mentioned in 2nd Timortuy 4:21. Concerning the first three characters or references spoken of in the foregoing table of contents, there is practically no information which is reliable. Of the fourth, we have but little more than his tradi- tional name, Petronius. He first comes into prominence as the centurion who was in charge of the soldiers who crucified Curist and the two thieves. Whether his name actually was PETRONIUs or not we are not quite positive, but the author Paprnr in his Lire or Curist, page 376, asserts that it was, and further goes onto say that he was one of the first four converts made by Curist among the GENTILES, and these were led to accept His teachings and doctrines within a few hours of His death. THE others were the Lapy Procuta, wife of Pontius PILATE, the Roman governor, the soldier who pierced Curist’s side to insure the fact that HE was actually dead, and to whom has been given the name of LoNeINus by early traditions (See REFERENCE 5), and lastly Dismas the penitent thief. Would it be too much for us to assume that on account of the expressed views and opinions of the Lapy PRocuLa and Prtrrontus that although unrelated by any historian or writer of whom we at present have knowledge, lead us to suppose that these two GENTILES must have met before Curist’s trial and discussed at some length the guilt or innocence of the prisoner. Then too it is quite fi possible that on account of his position in the RoMAN army, he would be admitted to the trial, and that the Lapy Procu ta, either by virtue of her position as wife of the GovERNOR, or through other channels, managed to hear or see much that was transpiring at the scene; and as is frequently the case when much excited or overwrought in our waking hours, our dreams but make more vivid or intensify these impressions, consequently she had it firmly stamped on her mind that the prisoner at her husband’s judgment seat was entirely innocent, and promptly acquainted him with the fact. Later, at the crucifixion, when Perronius heard and saw all the awful events connected with those dreadful hours, and related them to the Lapy Procuta, and she telling her version of it (as there is a likelihood that she too was an eye witness), it is extremely possibly that these two so-called PAGAN GENTILES were won completely over and converted to CuristTianity. Their after-life must undoubtedly have been filled with testimonies of their new faith and so exemplified with good deeds and noble living, that at their deaths (date and place at present unknown) they were canonized, Prrronius by the Cuurcu of Roms and Procuta by the GREEK CATHOLIC CHURCH, and great respect is paid to their memories. (5) The soldier occupying the fifth place in the “TABLE of ContENtTS”’ has been given the traditional name of Longinus by some of the carly writers of Courcu History. He is mentioned in St. Joun 19:34, being there spoken of © as the soldier who pierced Curist’s side with his spear. Whether or not this is his correct name is not known for acertainty, but we learn that in a miniature copy of the famous Syriac manuscript of the so-called LAuREN- TIAN LIBRARY at FLORENCE, ITALY, there is an illustration by an artist named Rasunas in the year 586 A. D., which portrays the scene described in St. JOHN’s account of the Crucifixion. ‘This pictures the subject of this sketch (St. Loneinus) in the act of thrusting the spear into Curist’s side, and directly over the soldier’s head 8 are inscribed the GREEK characters for the Latry word Lonerinus or Tue Houry Spear. It is recorded that pos- sibly the last miracle performed directly or indirectly by Curist before His death was wrought on St. LonGINnus. He had been afflicted with serious eyes before and up to the time of the crucifixion, when as he chanced to be either assisting to raise the cross or in passing under it, there were some drops of Curist’s blood either dropped or spurted into his diseased eyes, and immediately they were entirely healed. Also it is recorded that from thenceforth St. Loneinus was a devout Christian, living as a monk in Caesarea for twenty-eight years, when he too suffered martyrdom for his faith. It is supposed that Sr. Lonainus was the soldier who when Curist called out ‘*T thirst,’ hastened to moisten His lips before HE expired. The head of this spear or lance was said to have been taken and hidden immediately after the crucifixion or was buried in the principal church in Antioch, from which it was taken by the besieged Crusaders under Peter of AMIENS, and proved to be their salvation when they battled against the Moslem armies of the PrincrE of Mosut in the various battles they fought in the year 1098, during the First Crusapz. After this the ““Hoty SPpEAR”’ so called disappeared for several years, and then came into possession of the SULTAN BaJsazeErt, who in turn passed it into the care and keeping of Porpr InNocrntT: I, from whom it is thought to have gone to the ARMENIAN Church at ETSCHMIADZIN. It is also related that this same spear or lance was kept together with the AUSTRIAN imperial insignia at VIENNA and was called the “‘Lance of Sr. Maurice.’ This weapon was used as early as the year 1273, in the coronation ceremonies of the Emperors of the WresTERN RoMAN Empire, and as an emblem of in- vestiture even many years previous to that date. From VIENNA the relic drifted to NUREMBERG, GERMANY, in the year 1424, and was there called the “‘ Lance of Con- STANTINE”’ and fastened to it was a nail or a portion of a nail used in Curist’s crucifixion. Then there is a story told by an author named William of Malmesbury to the 9 effect that the famous FrENcH king, HugH Caprt, who reigned from 987-996 A. D., gave this same lance to King ATHLESTAN of England, but this has no foundation in fact. It is also reported that this lance or one identical with it has been preserved in one of the churches at Cracow, Pouanp, but that little is known of its earlier history. (6) The soldiers who guarded Curist at His arrest, during His trial, and on His way to Mount Calvary. Who were they? There are or have been no stories or traditions of any great value or consequence handed down to us through the years, and we must await Gop’s own way and time for revealing this information to us. (7) The soldiers who guarded Curist’s tomb from His burial to His resurrection. See St. MatrHew 27:62-66 inclusive and St. MarruEw 28:11-15 inclusive. According to early traditions, the names of the four legionaries who performed this duty were Trrus, Rurus (the subject of our paragraph), Prpius, and Kagus. These are the names found in the English translations of the Latin and German works written on the so-called “Passion Play” of OBERAMMERGAU, that quaint and wonderful spectacle, that survival of the religious dramas once so prevalent throughout ENGLAND and the continent termed “THE Miracte Puays.” As before stated, Rurus is only one of the quartette of whom we have any information, scanty though it may be. These four men undoubtedly were chosen because of their known fidelity, ability and courage, and in all probablity Rurus appointed leader for reasons at present unknown to us. It was indeed a high and wonderfully blessed dispensation of PROVIDENCE to be thus permitted to be a spectator, although not an actual eye witness (for Gop had reasons of His own for not allowing weak, human eyes to behold so transcendant a sight) of our Lorp’s resurrection, after guarding His lifeless form from the time it was laid in JOSEPH’s new tomb, to which spot it had been borne by JosEPH and NicopEMus themselves, or under their per- sonal supervision, directly after PruatE had granted his 10 permission to these two rich and influential friends that they could have the body for burial. It is hard to imagine what thoughts must have passed through the minds of these soldiers as they either paced to and fro before the ponderous door sealed with the signet of imperial Rome, to break or remove which meant speedy death or severe cruel punishment, wondering just what these preparations meant or what would be the outcome, as we may well imagine that these soldiers had heard either from some one of the disciples or possibly from the lips of Curist himself the various prophecies concerning his death and resurrection, all of which had come to pass so far, and thinking whether or not this would really take place. In all probability, these men had heard the rumors to the effect that there was a likelihood of some of Curist’s disciples or friends coming to the sepulcher and stealing the body, then circulating the report that He had risen from the dead. Rurus was determined that nothing untoward would happen if in his power to prevent it so renewed his activities, redoubled his vigilance, while he took his regular turn at standing guard, was rewarded on the third morning very early by seeing the heavenly visitors descend to earth, and welcome their Lorp and Master back to life and light again once more on that glad EAsTEeR morning. The splendor and wonders connected with the resurrec- tion of Jesus produced such a profound impression on the mind of Rurus that shortly after he was won overto Chris- tianity, and we may have strong hopes to believe that he was in all likelihood a delighted and eager witness of CuRIst’s appearing to the five hundred spoken of in I Cor. 15:6 and later at our Lorp’s ascension. Later on in the years (although we have no positive evidence as to when, where and by what means) it is believed Rurus was brought into contact with St. Pau, who saw in him one worthy of a high place in the early church, and after a probationary period, appointed him to be the first Bishop of AvIGNon, at which place his name is honored and several relics belonging to him are displayed. 1] (8) The centurion named Corneuius. See Acts CHAPTER 10. This officer was of a distinguished Roman family, being of the same line or stock as the Scipros and Sutua. While he was an ITALIAN in all probability, he bore this honored RoMAN name. He was stationed at CAESAREA as one of the commanders, if not indeed the tribune or centurion in command of the so-called “‘ITat1an Banp”’ or cohort, which had been recruited in ITAuy, and served to distin- guishitfrom other bands or cohorts that had been recruited locally ia PaLustiNE or elsewhere. Indeed, it is reported on excellent authority that a recently discovered inscrip- tion mentioning the “‘Conors 11 Iratica Crvium Roman- ORUM ”’ had been located in Syrta before the year 69 A. D. While CorNneE.ius was undoubtedly a devout man, fearing Gop and doing much to help those among whom his com- mand was stationed, and had become a JEWISH convert of the class known as a ‘‘Proselyte of the Gate’ or a GENTILE who worshipped JEHOVAH and observed some of the prescriptions of the JEwisH law, yet had noi been circumcised. We first meet Cornelius in Acts, 10th Chapter. Read the entire chapter to gather all the facts regarding the effect on the early Christian Church of the conversion and baptism of Cornelius and his family, also (may we safely assume) his fellow officers and soldiers of the [vaLIAN band and their admission to the Apostolic Church. This breaking down of religious prejudices and old established customs and ideas soon brought about some sharp discussions and arguments in the early church’s leaders, especially between St. Peter and Sr. Paut. These were finally adjusted by the “First Council of Jerusalem,”’ presided over by Sr. James, the Lorp’s brother, as we can read in Acts 15th chapter. It seems, according to some authorities, that the story of Cornelius was incorporated in the Acts by St. Luke to show the Jmws and early Christians of that time the fact that the salvation of Curist was intended for all classes and races of mankind, whoever had faith in Him and His teachings, whoever would acknowledge and confess their sins and be 12 baptised, would be on an equality in His church on earth and His kingdom in heaven. In any event, CORNELIUS was a most prominent and influential character in the community wherein he lived, and his conversion to Christianity, with his subsequent devout and pious life caused a large number of converts to the early church. Is it too much for us to assume that at once after his con- version and baptism, both by water and of the Hory Spirit, that Cornelius made haste to preach the glad tidings toevery one withwhom hecameincontact, his fellow officers and legionaries or whoever would give him a hearing, till large numbers were brought into the early church? lt is rather uncertain as to whether he continued any great length of time in the ImpEriau army, as there are traditions that he was consecrated by St. PETER as first bishop of CamsaREA, other authorities say he was the second, being preceded by ZaccHEus, mentioned in Sv. Luxe 19:2. Other traditions are that CoRNELIUS was consecrated by St. PrerEer as a bishop of Iurum, and according to some GREEK writers was sent by St. PETER as a bishop of SkEpsis, in Mysia on the HELLESPONT. There are even traditions to the effect that CoRNELIUS and the chief captain, CLtauprus Lysias, spoken of in Acts 21:23 & 23:33 were one and the same person, also that the centurion spoken of in St. LuKE 7: verses 2—10 inclusive was CORNELIUS. (9) The soldiers who guarded St. PreTER when he was imprisoned by Kina Heron, in the early days of the CHRISTIAN church. As far as can be learned, their names have not come down to us even in tradition. See Acts 12 for practically all the information we have about these men. (10) The chief captain (or centurion possibly) CLaupIus LysIas mentioned in Acts 21:31-40 inclusive, Acts 22 :24—-29 inclusive, Acts 23:10-80 inclusive, Acts 24 verses 7 and 22. According to an earlier paragraph, this officer was supposed to be the same as CoRNELIUs, but this has not been proven however. 13 This officer (CLauprius LystAs) held the very important post of chiliarch or military tribune of the ROMAN garrison stationedin JERUSALEM in the early days of the Apostolic church. First comes into prominence in connection with uproar in JERUSALEM as recorded in Acts 21:31-40 in- clusive, regarding his treatment of Sr. Paut and his ideas concerning him. As he would be held to account by the RoMAN government by the Procurator’s report to the Emperor for not maintaining order and discipline among the conquered Jews, he took two centurions with their soldiers down from the CastiEe of ANTONIA (which at that time was the headquarters of the Roman army in JERUSALEM), and forcing their way through the frenzied mob, seized St. Pauu and after binding him with two chains, led him back to the castle, intending later to scourge him as a disturber of the people. At that period in Jerusalem’s history there was a sect or class of religious fanatics called “‘Stcarit”’ or ““Dagger Men” and were described by JosEPHuUs and other profane writers as very active and prominent in JUDAEA in those days, more especially during the great religious festivals, when they would cause intense excitement and rioting by their accustomed habit of picking out their victim, stealthily and silently approaching him from the rear, then quickly and noiselessly stabbing him with the short dagger or sword they carried concealed in their flowing robes, made their escape by mingling with the crowd and sharing in the excitement which such an act would inevitably produce. For more extended details, consult the works of JOSEPHUS. Just prior to St. Paut’s arrest by Cuaupius Lysias, there had been an EayptiaAn, who had led out 4000 *“Srcaru,’’ part of an army of probably 30,000 men, who after much tumult and disorder in JERUSALEM, retired to the wilderness. Seeing the disorder and excitement, the tribune took troops to quell it and disperse the mob. Sr. Paut having been apprehended and arrested as the leader of the disturbance, was led away to the CastTLE of AnToNIA, there to be scourged and imprisoned. On 14 learning from the centurion appointed to oversee the scourging that St. Pau. was a freeborn RomMaN citizen and had invoked the so-called ““Lex Porcta”’ in his behalf, CLauprus Lystas took immediate steps to prevent further indignities to him, sending him to CAESAREA by night under a guard of 200 foot soldiers, 70 horsemen, and 200 spearmen, together with a letter to the PRocURATOR FELIx, securing from that official perhaps kinder treatment than that which otherwise might have been accorded him. There are some authorities who cast doubt on the letter of this officer, intimating that inasmuch as it was written in Latin, St. Luke would not have used it entirely, but merely quoted it from hearsay. But there are good reasons that the interview between Ciaupius Lysias and St. Pauu in regard to the latter’s claim to RoMAN citizen- ship is based on fact, for the tribune’s admission of the fact that he having paid a large amount of money to secure the coveted honor and distinction, while St. Paut’s plain, almost shabby appearance belied his statements, indeed the tribune was astonished that a native of Tarsus should look so poverty-stricken and actually be so poor and down- cast in countenance. It was a practice of the emperors of the CLAUDIAN line, and which lasted for a long time in Roman history, for the ruler to sell the privileges of RoMAN citizenship, high offices and places of preferment in the Empire for large sums of money, thus enriching the trea- sury, and bringing into power vast numbers of mercenary officeholers, who brought no credit on themselves and the office they held for the wisdom or abilities they possessed, and simply held their office because of their having paid more than their competitors were willing to give. It was frequently remarked in RoMAN conversation in those days, that a Roman official who held an office of any prominence in the province of Criuicrta (from which Sr. Pau came), for two years and was not much richer at that time than when he assumed office, could be considered stupid or one who did not take full advantage of his opportunities to replenish his exchequer. We have 15 practically no definite information as to the latter part of the life of CLauprus Lysras. (11) Who was the centurion or soldier spoken of in Acts 24:23 as the guardian or custodian of St. Pau. during his imprisonment in CAESAREA? His name does not appear in any of either the sacred or secular records, but apparently he was a kindhearted official, since he gave St. Paut the privilege of seeing and meeting his friends, who doubtless were not slow to take advantage of the opportunity to administer to the comfort and happiness of the ApostLE. It is unfortunate for us that some of these worthy characters’ names have been withheld from us by an allwise PROVIDENCE. (12) Who was Juttus, a centurion in Auaustus’ band? His name is mentioned in Acts 27th CHAPTER, verses land3 directly andthen possibly alluded to several other places through the chapter. Read the entire chapter to get a good idea of him. He first comes into notice as the centurion in command of the so-called AuGusTAN band, spoken of in Acts 27:1. This band has beeu described by JosEpuus as being largely made up of SEBASTENE or SAMARITAN auxiliaries, and formed a greater portion of the RoMaAN garrisons of Pa.LEsTINE. The racial and religious antipathies be- tween the JEws and SAMARITANS Were a constant source of irritation and open strife. JuL1us however seemed to be a different type of man from the usual RoMAN cen- turion, since he was possessed of a noticeable degree of kindness, especially toward St. Pau, as shown in Acts 27:3. He also was quick to see the force of the apostle’s words concerning the cutting of the anchor ropes, as shown in Acts 27:31 and 32, neither did he believe in exercising any unnecessary cruelty, such as killing all the prisoners who were travelling to RoME at this time with St. Paut and his little company (as shown in Acts 27:42 and 43) and which would have been permitted and carried out under the stern and unrelenting military régime prevailing at that time, which allowed and even condoned 16 such barbarous actions. It may also be safely assumed thai it was owing in large part to the good reports brought by Juxius to his superiors in Rome that Sr. Paun was accorded the privileges and favors allowed him, such as living ia his own hired house, permitting his friends to visit him in his cell, or as stated by some authorities, was even relieved of the guard’s coupling chain and allowed to have free and unrestricted conversation with these friends or visitors in an ante-room of the prison. Before leaving the character Jutius, it might be well to examine a little more closely something about this so- called ““AuGgustan”’ band, wherein Junius figures so prominently. From some profane writers we learn that there was in the Roman army at that period and which had come down from the time of the emperor AUGUSTUS, a certain picked body of troops called the *‘Conors PEREGRINO- RUM,” or Cohort of the Travellers, whose special duty seemed to be travelling back and forth to Roms, guarding prisoners of prominence. ‘The very act of so frequently meeting with and being in the company of such people of the type of St. Paun, St. LUKE and their travelling com- panions, made them a somewhat higher grade, intellec- tually at least, of soldier than the usual average legionary, and St. Luxe being such a quick-witted and discerning character, was not slow in taking cognizance of such a notable fact as the treatment of St. Paut on their voyage to Romr. Some authorities say that the name AUGUSTAN has no particular significance, but in all events, these soldiers must have been undoubtedly men of more than average intelligence and ability, invested with powers, rights and privileges not accorded to the regular troops. In our times, we might almost call them ‘Secret Service Men,”’ as their duties were very similar. According to some writers, this ““AuGustaN BANpD”’ only existed in the time of the Emprror HapriANn, but St. Luxe, being such a close observer and truthful writer and historian, expresses positively about the organization in his time, so conclude it must have been known in early Apostolic times. 17 We may well assume that since Jutrus and the members of his AuGusTAN cohort or band, or at least some of the principal officers, were sent to give dignity and grace, as well as represent the imperial power of Roms, when Porcrus Frstus ascended to the Procuratorship of JUDAEA, and had the privilege and opportunity of hearing Sr. Paut deliver his famous address before King Hrrop Aarippa II, such remarks were not without their usual results, so we may rest assured that if JuLIus was not entirely converted to Christianity, he had his opinions changed mightily concerning the new sect or religion. We are not told as to whether or not JULIUS ever person- ally met St. Pau at that time, or had conversation with him, but we may be sure that the Spirit of Gop strove earnestly with the worthy centurion, and in all probability, he was either won entirely to Christianity or led to view it in an entirely different aspect than he had before St. Paut’s address. We havebutlittleinformation regarding theearly history or antecedents of JuLius, his career oras to when, where, and how he died, but hesurely must have been a man of ability and worth, or he could not have enjoyed the confidences and friendship of AFRANIUS Burpuus or Burrus and Corsuto, Pretorian prefects of that day, as well as VespaAsIAN and Titus and many other leading characters of the military class or faction of Rome. (13) Who was the Captain of the Guard spoken of in Acts 28:16? From competent translators and con- temporary profane writers, we may safely assign the famous Pretorian prefect AFRANIUS BuRRHUs or BURRUS the place indicated by this title. Burruus, although he was one of those who caused Nero to ascend the throne, was not one of the same style of creatures as his imperial master. His name was honored then and has been since handed down to us as one who constantly endeavored to practice moderation and love of justice toward those who were imprisoned under his régime, and strove earnestly to inculcate those principles among the troops of his command. At the beginning of Nmro’s reign, he had 18 considerable influeace with that inhuman monster, and kept him pretty well under control, and repressed many of the earlier vicious inclinations of his reign. According to some authorities, BuRRuusS combined the offices of PRimE MINISTER with PRETORIAN PREFECT, thus having the civil as well as the military powers to support and carry out any laws or reforms he should see fit to have introduced and passed by the legislative bodies then holding office. He was quick to seein St. Paut that he was no common. man, no ordinary prisoner, but a victim of JEwIsH bigotry and intolerance. Doubtless he acted on some information received from JuLius, who had conducted the Apostle to Rome, and these facts combined with his proverbial moderation and love of justice, determined at all hazards to see that St. Paut should have a fair trial, and in the meantime while waiting for it, should be treated with such kindness and consideration as was in his power to bestow. But as is so frequently the case, BurRuvs had many enemies in and near the person and household of Nero, who was rapidly losing what little manhood and few ideas of wise, virtuous government he once possessed, and was degenerating into a mere animal by his vile habits, unbridled passions, unchecked extravagances, and had a host of informers, who to curry his royal favor and win some trifling gift from him, would stoop to any crime or hasten to bring some innocent person toabiased court, committing the most unblushing perjuries in their testi- mony, and rejoicing with fiendish glee when an innocent person or persons (especially among the despised sect of the CurRIsTIANS) was cruelly tortured or put to death in the amphitheatre. The noble nature of Burruus revolted at such crimes, and in his frank, manly way did not hesitate to denounce them, both in and out of NERO’s presence, and his enemies only too ready and happy to find some- thing by which to condemn him or bring him under the royal displeasure, accused him of disloyalty and aiding and abetting the enemies of RomnE, working so upon the EMPEROR’S whims and caprices as to actually make him believe that BuRRHUS was an avowed enemy and traitor 19 to his ruler and his government, and had Nero been influenced as quickly and readily for the right as he was for the wrong, he could have seen that these witnesses were giving false testimony, that the accusations had no basis of fact, and the whole affair was planned to get rid of BurRRuUS as soon as possible, so as to bring one of their own kind into power, so they could plan and carry out more of their nefarious schemes. Evil triumphed over good, and the worthy BurRruus was brutally slain in his own modest home sometime early in JUNE 62 A. D. about the same date as Nrro’s illfated first wife, the EmprREssS Octavia, to whom Burruus had been a true, devoted friend, strongly attached to her and her younger brother BrittTanicus and their cause, which was quite sufficient to bring upon him the wrath and hatred of the monster of infamy who occupied the imperial throne. (14) What information have we concerning URBANE, mentioned in the ErisTLE to the Romans 16:9? This soldier has been identified with a legionary named UrsBanus, one of St. Pauu’s devoted friends, admirers, and in all likelihood, helpers, while he was imprisoned in Rome. We are not informed exactly as to the nature of his labors with or for St. PAUL, or at what time he and the Apostle, or under what circumstances, but from some records we glean that a legionary named URBANUS was a bodyguard of Nero’s partner in crime, one AFRANIUS TIGELLINUS, and although the fact was unknown or un- suspected by his master, nevertheless was a firm friend and secret patron of the CHRISTIAN sect, afterward coming out boldly and confessing Curtist, thus bringing upon him the wrath and vengeance of Nero and ‘TIGELLINUS. URBANUS, we may well assume, must have undoubtedly been an officer or a man of marked ability and trust- worthiness, or we would not have found him in such a prominent, responsible position, at a time when every one who did not openly proclaim his devotion and undi- vided allegiance to the Emperor and the imperial power, also worship and flatter him to the extreme limit, would be immediately classed as a traitor, then subjected to 20 cruel tortures and death, after which their property and estates would be confiscated by the Emperor, and claimed as his own. Apparently, being an officer or some one vested with authority, UrBaNus at once took notice of St. PAu, perceiving that he was no common or ordinary prisoner, and did much to alleviate or mitigate the dis- comforts and sufferings in the dreaded Tullianum Prison. These little attentions may have been such as providing him with warmth, plain, wholesome food, and more comfortable quarters (if such a combination could be gotten together in a collection of cold, damp and wellnigh uninhabitable dungeons), affording him numerous oppor- tuaities to meet his friends, or anyone sincerely desirous of learning something concerning the new religion, insist- ing upon it that his guards were kindly disposed toward him, and that no undue or unnecessary violence was to be exercised upon him or his frieads when they called on the aged prisoner. From the meagre accounts we have of URBANus, we learn that he rose to a somewhat exalted position in the early church, one authority giving him the place of Bishop of Macrpontia, another that he was consecrated Bishop of Tarsus by St. PETER. URBANUS was one of many who suffered for his faith and died a martyr’s death during the reign of NERo. Being of a commanding figure and heroic cast of counte- nance he was selected to take the part of HERCULES in a heathen drama that was given for the special benefit of Nero, and after being compelled to take part ia what was distasteful and repugnant to him, both as a soldier and as a CHRISTIAN, then was forced to ascend a funeral pyre di- rectly in front of the Emperor and burned alive that the inhuman brute could see and gloai over his sufferings and death agonies. (15) Virauis. Although his name does not occur in the Seriptures, from one authority we learn that V1TA.is had a place in the ranks of the soldiers of the early apostolic church. He came into notice on account of having given encouragement and help to one of the saints of the early apostolic church, St. Ursinus, who was 21 © eing ried for his faith in Curist before a judge named Pavutinus. On being suspected of embracing Christianity, VITALIS was brought before this same judge, and on confessing his faith with boldness, was sentenced to be first broken on the rack and then buried alive. He was the husband of St. VALERIA, who met a martyr’s death in Miuan, Iraty, and was the father of two fam- ous sons, St. GerRvasius and St. Prorasirus. Again it is reported that St. ViTaxis was converied to Chris- tianity during Sr. Paut’s first imprisonment in Roms, whether through the Apostle’s own efforts or one of his helpers, and suffered martyrdom in the first great perse- cution of the Christian Church in the year 60 A. D., by being burnc alive in the amphitheatre in full view of NERO. (16) Crxsus, a soldier supposed to have been one of St. Pauy’s guards. Although his name is not given in the Scriptures, from traditions related by profane writers, we have every reason to believe that Crexsus is entitled to a place in the ranks of the military men connected with the early Apostolic church. One writer says that CrELsus and a certain close, devoted friend and fellow-soldier, NAZARIUS, were converted at an early period to Curis- TIANITY, and proceeded at once to preach the GOSPEL through Traty and Gauxt. As may be supposed, their labors for the new religion brought upon them wrath and displeasure of Romer, (and if these traditions are to have any truth placed in them) were first imprisoned in MiLan and then beheaded in theso-called Basitica of the ApostLEs, in which location the bodies, still stained with blood and with severed heads were found by Sr. AMBROSE about three years before his death, which took place in 397 A. D. Another tradition has it that these two were martyred in NERO’s reign, as Ceusus had been converted to CurisTiaAniry under the preaching of St. Pau, whose jailer and later his guardian he had been, while connected with the PrReTor1AN guard attached to the Emperor's palace at Romer, and that atter he had attached himself to the new sect, his friend and fellow 22 soldier, by name Nazartus, had promptly accepted the ministrations of St. PauL, and become an humble, albeit an energetic member of the early church. CrLsus was but one of many of the imperial soldiery who by Gop’s providence, were thus brought into intimate contact and relations with St. Paun, who did not miss any oppor- tunity to speak a word in season, although he was human enough to be deeply interested in the life and doings of the world outside his prison, and doubtless conversed familiarly with his guards on secular topics as well as religious. It has been surmised thai it was in the course of some of these conversations between the Apostle and CrLsus, wherein the Pretorian hero described at length and in detail, some of his varied experiences in the different campaigns he had undergone, and when the Apostle had contemplated his armor and various weapons and their uses, gave some valuable hints to him and suggested to his fertile mind that he could employ them in some way to make plain to the minds of some of his converts in other cities and towns wherein he had labored during the course of his ministry, the actual reality of the Christian's warfare, with the necessary weapons to be employed in the spiritual warfare to be waged against the forces of sin and wickedness in the world, the precautions to be observed, as shown so accurately and vividly in EPHESIANS 6th Cuap. verses 11-17 inclusive. By some writers, it has been thought that CeLisus became so devoted to the cause of St. Paun that he was ever ready to take other soldiers’ places and times of being chained to him, in addition to his own period of duty, as he was so anxious to be in his company, hear his words and render what services he could to cheer and brighten the dark hours of his imprisonment. Up till now, it has not been found possible to identify CreLsus with any Biblical character mentioned in the New TrstaMEntT, but we may be quite sure in Gop’s own way and time, it will be revealed to us. (17) PupENsS, mentioned in the second Epistle to Timotuy 4:21. It is a somewhat difficult matter to find the exact time and place ir which to locate and identify 23 him, although there are several traditions related of a character named PupEns in the early Christian centuries. In one, he is spoken of as the husband of CLaupia Rurtina, who was the daughter of a BrimisH king named CaRaAct- Acus or CoGIDUBNUS, at that time living with his wife and daughter almost as hostages for their tribe, the SiLuRI, who occupied modern WaLEs and who had given the ImprRIAL government several hard battles to the troops of the tribune AuLuUs PLautius, before he subdued them some time prior to 48 A. D. These Siturtt were restive under imperial rule, and did not all relish the idea that their king was virtually a prisoner of state in RoME, and little urging would have been needed to cause a rup- ture of their treaty promises, and declaring war upon the hated oppressors. However, the better element of the SrLurii were prevailed upon by Kina Caractacus to listen to the doctrines of Christianity, as it was preached during the governorship of AuLus PLautius43 A.D. The doughty old warrior was much impressed by the Gospel story, most probably by the doctrine of a future life and being reunited once more with deceased friends and kindred (since his wife had died some years previously), had openly declared his intentions of adopting the new religion, and was baptized together with several of his family and countrymen. His daughter had attracted the notice of the Governor, AuLus PuautTtius and his wife PomponiA GRECINA, whose promising son and heir, Avuuus, had died (some say by order of the cruel Emperor CLAupivs) aad on permission from her father had legally adopted her, giving her the love, care and attention that otherwise would have been bestowed ontheson. Although possibly at this time PupgEns had not been won entirely over to Christianity, nevertheless was much impressed by its teachings and the lives of its converts. Possibly too, the fact that PupENs was held in high esteem and regard by AuLus PuLavttus, his superior officer, as a brave, loyal assistant, one who could and did command the respect of officers and legionaries alike, and in the course of his duties frequently came into contact and intercourse 24 with the Governor’s family, had met and formed a strong attachment for Cuiaupta, afterward marrying her and living with her and her father in Rome near her foster parents. Another story told concerning PUDENs was that he was known as AuLus PupENs, whose wife, CLAUDIA RUFINA, was a character made famous by the Latrn poet Martrau. Her name, Cuaupis, would make it seem al- most possible that she was not of RomAN but of BRITISH birth and ancestry. Since so much of MaArRTIAL’s poetry is not of a high order or elevating style, and there being but few, if any hints as to his conversion to Christianity or friendliness to its teachings, it hardly seems possible or probable that a man of the stamp or type of PuDENS would care to associate much with MartIA.. However, the man PupENs spoken of in the reference, undoubtedly must have been on rather intimate terms with St. Paux (just how we are not precisely told) and must in some way as yet unknown to us, been connected with the events of his last imprisonment, since he and his wife CiauptA, together with Eusutus and Linus joined with St. Paut in sending greetings to TimoTHy as men- tioned in 2nd Tim. 4:21. While, as we have before stated, there has not been much spoken concerning the part played by PuDENS in the life of Sr. Paut and the early Christian church, there are several persons of his name, of RoMAN parentage, born of good family quite frequently, who had a prestige and a reputation in the community. We will leave the reader to decide which of the following descriptions answer for the subject of the sketch. AuLus PupEns—a soldier, the friend of Marriau the poet, and husband of a Britisu lady named Cuauptia. Titus Ciaupius PupEens—husband of CLaupia QUIN- TILLA, whose inscription to a lost child was found carved on a marble slab in the year 1722, between Romer and OsTIA. PupENns,—a son of PupENTIUS, a ROMAN citizen who gave to Kina CoenipusNnus of the Britons, the ground 25 on which was afterward built atemple to Neptune. This king CoGniDUBNUS or CARACTACUS was afterward con- verted to Christianity together with his family, and it was supposed to be his daughter Cuaup1a who married the Puprens of New TESTAMENT times. Marvius Pupens—who was employed by the Roman Emperor Otuo, to win over the friends of the EMPEROR GALBA to his (OTHO’s) cause. PupENsS—a member of the knightly faction of Romeg, who was killed in the siege of JERUSALEM, under the leadership of Titus, Emprror of Rome. PupENs—a Roman senator, according to some tradi- tions, entertained St. PrTEr at his own residence on the VimInau Hix, while the great Apostle was in RoME. PuprEns—father of PupENTIA and PRAxEpDEs, probably a character in the early church. Name appears about the year 160 A. D. Other authorities speak of PupENs as an ordinary soldier, who had no special claim for distinction, who probably took his turn with others in being chained to St. PAUL in prison. Another tradition concerning PupDENS of perhaps more than passing interest is the one relating to the story that probably the first large house of worship used by the Christians, that was not concealed from either the imperial authorities or troops, was the socalled Baths of Novatus, which PupENs bought, fitted out and presented to the early Christian community of Roms. It is said this build- ing has survived the havoc, destruction and hardships attending the various wars or political upheavals that have raged in and around Rome through all the centuries, can be readily found by the tourist, and seen among the relics of the ancient city. PupENS omitted. ‘There is also a tradition to the effect that PupENs, Aristarchus, aad Trophimus suffered martyrdom at the same time and place as did Str. Pauvt. 26 CONCLUSION {" THE curtain of silence falls on these military characters, what thoughts or suggestions are likely to arise in our minds regarding them? As a traveller on surmounting a difficult mountain, looks back to see what he has accomplished and forward, to discern what is before him, what higher and more difficult, more dangerous summits are to be scaled and conquered, so let us gaze upon the before mentioned “‘mighty men of valor’? and endeavor if possible, to see to what their lives, deeds and thoughts lead us. As we have learned that even though a tiny pebble be dropt upon the smooth surface of the mighty ocean, causes a series of waves, tiny and infinitesimal it is true, that they ultimately reach all over the earth, and has been recently stated by the eminent and lately deceased French astronomer Camille Flammarion, in his masterly book ‘‘ Dreams of an Astron- omer,’ that it is within the bounds of possibility and truth to believe that even the beating of aninfant’s pulse here on earth sooner or later will be felt in the extreme limits of space, so these military heroes left memorials and impressions behind them, that followed up and acted on by those coming across the pages of history after them, and which we too may do well to follow and hold up as examples to those coming after us. Is it to be thought for a moment by every reasonable, open-minded reader that each and every oae of these military men, more especially those who had come into direct personal contact with Christ, later on Saint Peter and Saint Paul, could not or did not receive some vivid and lasting impressions concerning them, their mode of living, how they conducted themselves under different occasions in life and finally when they were summoned to go to death, their behavior during their trial (providing they were granted a hearing and an opportunity of facing their accusers) and while the preparations were being made to deprive them of life. 27 As we know that St. Paul was a prisoner once over two years in Caesarea and possibly for a much longer period in Rome, and with the constant succession of guardian soldiers, changing at regular intervals, thus bringing very frequently an entirely new legionary into contact with the Apostle, we may be quite sure that he took advantage of his opportunity to present the cause of Christ to his jailer and great was his joy and satisfaction when first one then another confessed and forsook their evil ways and joined the rapidly growing ranks of the early apostolic church, were enrolled in the ranks of the church militant —asthereader is aware these legionaries came from all over the then known world. and naturally when their term of enlistment in the Imperial army had either expired or they were retired on a pension. perhaps by hard work or having performed some deed of bravery or extra labor. had showed great and unusual fidelity to the Imperial cause, went to their respective homes, taking with them lasting impressions of the saint whose jailer they had been and perhaps a precious roll containing parts of the Gospels or words of their prisoner. These weak feeble sparks of the divine fire, these few seeds of truth thus were carried to the ends of the earth, and under the guidauce and blessing of God, fell upon favorable condi- tions and burst into vigorous fires and healthy plants. The siruggling bands of humble believers ere long began to assemble in plainly built churches, which later on in many instances were displaced by elaborate brick, stone and marble edifices, with costly furnishings, such as stained glass windows, gold, silver and brass altars, pulpits and the like, with elaborately embroidered silken hangings and vestmenis, rare woods for pewsand so forth, such as we see exemplified in that justly famed house of worship, Santa Sophia, in Constantinople, said by some authorities to surpass even Sclomon’s Temple in Jerusalem in its magnificent grandeur. But the great masses of the people did not favor these elaborate houses of worship and furnishings, as they had begun to see that as they had understood the early saints 28 and soldiers of the early apostolic times did and would not countenance or tolerate such prodigality of expense, deeming that the money thus used could have been em- ployed to better purpose in ministering to the worthy deserving poor and suffering. Although we have as yet only fragmentary and incomplete information as to just how, when and where the successors of the dauntless, persevering soldier saints of the early apostolic age and times reached the various parts of the known world, yet we may be assured that God led His servants on to larger fields of usefulness, cheering and encouraging their hearts by causing those antagonistic to their views or ideas to become reconciled to the new faith, to make inquiries concerning it, to diligently study it, finally announcing their decision to renounce their old religion, aad cast in their lot with the worshippers of God. It is recorded that great numbers of people from the monarch on the throne down to the peasantry were baptized and added to the church membership, thus reminding us of the **seven thousand in Israel who bowed not their knees to Baal” as recorded in 1 Kings 19:18 and thus paving the way for the preservation of a godly seed through the centuries. Indeed, it may well be assumed that the Crusades were but the outgrowth of the vigorous, fiery preaching of some of these early pioneers of the apostolic church from thence all down through the ages, in the var- ious wars of or for religion (which may be studied more at length in the various histories and books of reference in the libraries) even the Great World War, we can readily see (if we examine closely) that the seed sown by the early military men did not lie dormant, but germinated and grew inio wonderful, bounteous harvests, to the credit of those who humbly and faithfully toiled at the beginning, and last but not least, to the honor and glory of God, who nurtured the tender growing plants, afforded the ways and means for producing large yields and at last, giving abundant harvests. Shall we too living in this wonderful period of the world’s history, hesitate to do our humble part in the ever growing Army of God? 29 Let us give a positive, decisive answer in the affirmative to this question, and may our Lord and Master help us to carry it into effect. eS at pe Sy PAN ere ; ‘ 7 f i A Tete Pats hp a 2 ape es heme Syracuse, N. Y. Stockton, ; Calif. u i AW Nh va’ Vike 11h a wh ah i ¥ {) ~ iJ a & oO pe) n a tee = av rd vo & ° an © °o n ~ = = @ Ro “ = ov = < BS2448 .S6B2 | > © - 4 am - a rt) Q ? = o = = Cv) n ro m4 Da £ ° ov = - c 3 a 2° c = a