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CHRISTIAN STUDENTS 
 AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 REPORT OF THE yiNTH INTERNATIONAL CON- 
 VENTION OF THE ‘STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVE- 
 MENT FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS, INDIANAPOLIS, 
 INDIANA, DECEMBER 28, 1923, TO JANUARY 1, 1024. 
 
 Mitton T. STAUFFER 
 EDITOR 
 
 NEW YORK 
 STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
 FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 1924 
 
 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1924, BY 
 STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
 FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 As far back as February, 1922, the Student Volunteer Council 
 discussed the holding of another Quadrennial Convention during the 
 closing days of 1923 and the opening days of 1924. The action taken 
 by that Council is as follows: (1) It was the consensus of opinion 
 that the last convention was not too large, but that there is a danger 
 in too great numbers; (2) it was voted unanimously that the con- 
 vention should be devoted entirely to the subject of Foreign Mis- 
 sions; (3) the Council did not favor the selection of large cities, 
 such as New York or Chicago, but recommended that the Committee 
 consider a place as near the center of student population as possible, 
 some regard being given to the expense of coming from colleges 
 most distant from the convention city. 
 
 In November, 1922, the Student Volunteer Movement called 
 together a conference of about one hundred leaders in student work. 
 Among them were representatives of the Foreign Mission Boards 
 of Canada and the United States, of the Christian Associations, and 
 of the Student Volunteer Movement. They met to consider plans 
 for the convention and how far all these agencies could unite in 
 preparing for it. As a result a Committee on Arrangements, con- 
 sisting of thirty-six members, was appointed by the Executive Com- 
 mittee of the Student Volunteer Movement. It was made up of 
 representatives of the Foreign Mission Boards, Student Christian 
 Associations, Student Volunteer Movement in Canada and the 
 States, and of a few nationals from foreign lands. For a year this 
 Committee worked together with a remarkable degree of unanimity 
 in planning the program and selecting speakers. Out of several 
 cities which invited us, Indianapolis was the one finally selected for 
 the Convention chiefly because the center of student population is in 
 that vicinity. 
 
 This Committee early realized a marked change in the attitude 
 of students owing to altered world conditions, due to the aftermath 
 of the world war. The youth movements in Europe, Asia and South 
 America had profoundly influenced North American youth. Inter- 
 racial and international problems were being widely discussed in 
 Canada and the United States. Moreover, modern industrial condi- 
 tions seemed to be in marked variance with the Christian ideal. It 
 
iv CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 was evident that the proposed convention must meet these altered 
 conditions and show that Christianity is able to establish a Christian 
 brotherhood in spite of a non-Christian social order, and in the place 
 of interracial bitterness in our own and other lands, and that the 
 causes leading to war must be fought as never before, until war 
 itself is outlawed. 
 
 But the Committee also desired to sacrifice nothing of the valu- 
 able deposit received from past Student Volunteer Conventions, such 
 as the strength of a direct foreign missionary appeal, and the em- 
 phasis upon the need of Christ for the redemption of the individual 
 as well as for the changing of society and the altering of international 
 relationships. Unless He transforms a sufficient number of indi- 
 viduals, how can He transform society, which is made up of individ- 
 uals? Unless He controls the leaders of capital and labor sufficiently 
 to prevent class warfare within one nation, what hope is there of 
 military warfare between different nations ever ceasing? While most 
 members of the Committee were agreed that the Convention should 
 be devoted to foreign missions, all felt that the foreign missionary 
 appeal should have a broader approach through the presentation of 
 problems of world-wide importance, showing how the missionary 
 enterprise could help to solve these problems, by improving modern 
 industrial conditions in foreign lands, by removing interracial bitter- 
 ness through the establishment of Christian brotherhood everywhere 
 and by outlawing war through extending the sway of the Prince of 
 Peace all over the world. For “He is our peace,” and He alone can 
 break down every middle-wall of partition which separates races and 
 nations. 
 
 Accordingly these three problems were treated during the first 
 day of the Convention; the next forenoon the delegates separated 
 into forty-nine discussion groups under student leadership frankly to 
 discuss these problems; and that afternoon the fourth problem, the 
 Youth and Renaissance Movements, was presented. This was fol- 
 lowed by an address on the relation of the foreign missionary enter- 
 prise to the solution of all these problems. From this point on, the 
 work of foreign missions was much in evidence, in addresses delivered 
 by seven nationals from China, Japan, India, Latin America, Africa, 
 and by North Americans on the Moslem world, the “Missionary 
 Enterprise,” and “Why I purpose, God permitting, to become a for- 
 eign missionary.” In addition a speaker from Central Europe pre- 
 sented the moral and spiritual needs of Europe, and a student .spoke 
 in behalf of the Student Friendship Fund. Also an educational 
 missionary from Egypt gave a survey of the achievements of the 
 
INTRODUCTION Vv 
 
 foreign missionary enterprise. On Monday afternoon the Conven- 
 tion again broke up into forty-nine discussion groups. In the Satur- 
 day and Monday discussions two topics emerged as of greatest inter- 
 est, the interracial problem and the Christian ideal, and the inter- 
 national problem and Jesus’ way of life. These were presented on 
 Tuesday morning by eight student speakers at an open session 
 of the Convention, which was entirely under student control. That 
 session was closed by two stirring addresses calling upon the dele- 
 gates to commit themselves unreservedly to the leadership of Jesus 
 Christ. On Sunday afternoon denominational leaders met students 
 belonging to their own religious bodies; and on Tuesday afternoon 
 various phases of work abroad were presented in twenty-two forums. 
 
 Deeper, however, than the discussion of problems, clearer than 
 the calls from foreign lands, were the clamant claims of Jesus Christ 
 on each individual life. Men and women were profoundly impressed 
 by Rev. G. A. Studdert Kennedy’s address, “Be Still and Know that 
 I am God,” by Dr. Mott’s address on “The Commitment of Life,” 
 and by the four apologetic and inspirational addresses delivered by 
 Canon E. S. Woods. On eight occasions the great audience united 
 in periods of guided intercession. Have four and one-half days ever 
 contained so much information and inspiration and at the same time 
 furnished such an abundant opportunity for frank discussion? The 
 reports coming in from colleges and universities warrant the belief 
 that the method followed in arranging the program for this Con- 
 vention was the right one under the present conditions. 
 
 One of the most helpful features was the music. In addition 
 to a precentor, a piano, an organ and a cornet assisted the singing. 
 The Luther Quartet of students from the Twin Cities was a real 
 asset, and the new Student Volunteer Hymnal, which had been issued 
 just in time for the Convention, proved to be a great help. 
 
 Over the Convention platform was displayed the Watchword 
 of the Student Volunteer Movement, “The evangelization of the world 
 in this generation.” The greetings sent to the Convention from many 
 lands showed what a volume of prayer was ascending for the success 
 of this great gathering. 
 
 It is too early to estimate adequately the results, but I close this 
 introduction by giving some of the comments which are pouring in 
 from different parts of the student field. 
 
 “T have seen a few of our boys since I have been back and they 
 are all enthusiastic, with the kind of deep enthusiasm that speaks 
 
 well for the future.” 
 
vi CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 “The Conference is bearing great fruit everywhere. There is 
 much prayer.” 
 
 “I have followed every session with most earnest prayer and 
 thought: and I came away from Indianapolis feeling that God had 
 richly blessed us, not only in the plans as we originally made them 
 but in the execution of those plans. More and more as I look back 
 on those days and am able to bring the perspective of time to bear 
 on that gathering, I feel that it was a remarkably satisfactory Con- 
 vention. From the point of view of a Board Secretary, from the 
 point of view of a missionary, and from the point of view of the 
 mother of one of the delegates in attendance, I have nothing but 
 highest praise for the Convention.” 
 
 “Accept my heartiest congratulations on the wonderful Conven- 
 tion just closed. I believe that new levels have been reached not only 
 in the matter of our problems here in the homeland, but in the new 
 situations we are facing in connection with our foreign missionary 
 enterprises.” 
 
 “Allow me to join with many grateful souls in rejoicing with 
 you over the Indianapolis Convention. I have beén in five of the 
 conventions and this was, in my judgment, the strongest and best 
 we have ever had, especially in its appeal to students in their present 
 state of mind.” 
 
 “T think that most Canadians would agree even at this date that 
 the spirit of Indianapolis is showing signs of increase as the event 
 itself fades into the distance. Any reports I have indicate a very 
 hopeful thing, that is, newly-found power through prayer. Prayer 
 groups are springing up everywhere.” 
 
 “The Convention has revived and strengthened the Christian 
 faith of many Chinese students and aroused in them a deeper purpose 
 for a vital Christian experience. I have known personally many 
 Chinese students who had become Christians at home after having 
 listened to the beautiful story of Jesus told by the hard-working 
 missionaries and who were about to lose out entirely, when, after 
 coming over to this nominally Christian America, they saw most 
 pagan modes of life and received treatment anything but Chris- 
 tian; but they had their dying enthusiasm for Jesus reinforced by 
 coming into the midst of true Christian fellowship as manifested in 
 
INTRODUCTION Vii 
 
 the Convention. I myself would hardly have seen my way clear to 
 Him had I not attended the last Northfield Student Conference and 
 the Des Moines Convention in 1919. The Indianapolis Convention 
 
 helped me to go further and deeper into my experience with Jesus 
 and God.” 
 
 “At the last meeting of the Executive Committee of the Church 
 Federation, composed of a large number of the leading laymen of 
 the city, together with about a dozen of the outstanding preachers, 
 I was authorized to write you a letter telling you something of what 
 we all felt was the value of the Student Volunteer Convention to this 
 city. There was no difference of opinion; all in the group were 
 enthusiastic in their expressions to the effect that no gathering had 
 been held in this city within their memory, the moral, social, and 
 religious value of which would compare with that of the Student 
 Volunteer Convention. 
 
 “They wanted you to know that they were not disappointed in 
 any way in the fine character and high ideals of the great group of 
 young people who were here, or in the splendid influence exerted 
 by them on the churches and people of the city. It was in every 
 way a memorable gathering.” 
 
 “Your prayers certainly were answered. ... It was a great 
 convention and many, many lives were changed, and many have 
 determined to lead the Christ-like life, cost what it may. ... The 
 
 challenge given to our college generation I believe was such a chal- 
 lenge as was never given to any college generation before. Only as 
 we unreservedly give our all, and live the full Christ life, can we 
 accept that challenge and carry it through as He would have us carry 
 it through. . . . My'desire for each Volunteer in my Union is that 
 they may know Christ in His fulness and be determined to go over 
 the sea with no other purpose than to take Christ and Him crucified 
 to the fields where they go. It was such a joy to hear each of the 
 nationals say, ‘Come over and help us—we need Jesus.’ ” 
 Rogsert P. Witper, General Secretary. 
 
 
 

 
PREFACE 
 
 The purpose of this Convention Report is four-fold; first, to 
 present full verbatim reports of all platform addresses; second, to 
 set forth the organization of the Convention and describe its special 
 features; third, to give permanent form to the findings of the dis- 
 cussion groups and to as many of the forum addresses on specific 
 types of missionary service as we have been able to secure; and 
 fourth, to record the growth and activities of the Student Volunteer 
 Movement since the Des Moines Convention, 1920, as given in the 
 Quadrennial Report of the Executive Committee and the official 
 list of Sailed Volunteers, 1914-1924. 
 
 The number and nature of the editorial changes have been lim- 
 ited by a keen desire to preserve each speaker’s personality and lit- 
 erary style throughout. Several speakers requested that no altera- 
 tions be made, and except for a few grammatical changes, these 
 requests have been honored. 
 
 No forum addresses were stenographically reported. What- 
 ever appears in the chapter on Forums has been supplied at the 
 request of forum leaders by those speakers who later wrote down the 
 substance of their remarks as they recalled them, or sent in manu- 
 scripts prepared in advance. 
 
 Special features, such as the chapter on Discussion Groups, the 
 Student Session, the Convention Exhibit, etc., are self-explanatory 
 and for obvious reasons fully merit the space granted to them in this 
 report. . 
 
 Perhaps the most tangible evidence of the effectiveness of the 
 Student Volunteer Movement in meeting its responsibilities to 
 churches at home and in other lands is the quality and number of 
 volunteers who sail annually for Christian service abroad. A list 
 of those who have sailed during the past ten years is found in this 
 volume. Such a list was omitted from the Report of the Des Moines 
 Convention because of the excessive cost of printing at that time. 
 
 We owe special thanks to George W. Carpenter, the Registrar 
 of the Convention, who has prepared the manuscript for the printer, 
 and assumed full responsibilities for the proof reading, the index 
 and numerous business details incident to seeing this Report through 
 
x CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 the press. He has been assisted from the beginning by Miss Joan 
 Van der Spek, whose help in the preparation of the Index deserves 
 special mention. The Editor has been able to share his own responsi- 
 bilities with his associate in the Educational Department, Miss Helen 
 Bond Crane. Without the unfailing co-operation of these team- 
 mates, the appearance of this Report so soon after the close of the 
 Convention would not have been possible. Thanks also are due to 
 the speakers for correcting their manuscripts so promptly, and to 
 forum leaders for their co-operation in assembling the manuscripts 
 of forum addresses. 
 
 Having finished our work, there remains the privilege of follow- 
 ing this published volume with our prayers, that the educational and 
 spiritual values gained at Indianapolis may be conserved and re- 
 enforced by the printed page, carrying new determination and hope 
 to hundreds who were not privileged to attend the Indianapolis 
 Convention. 
 
 Mitton T. STAUFFER. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PREFACE 
 OPENING SESSION . : 
 The Purpose of the ‘Convention. . Walter HH. Judd : 
 Be Still and Know That I Am aa The Rev. G. A. Studdert 
 Kennedy 
 
 Devotional Period. Henry 'P, Van Dusen 
 Closing Prayer. The Rev. G. A. Studdert Kennedy . : 
 
 ADDRESSES ON CHRISTIAN FAITH . : : , : : / 
 What Do We Believe About God? Canon Edward S. Woods . 
 What Do We Believe About Sin and Forgiveness? Canon 
 
 Edward S. Woods : ‘ ; 
 What Do We Believe About the Kingdom of God? Canon 
 Edward S. Woods . : : 
 What Do We Believe About the Sources of "Power? Canon 
 Edward S. Woods ; : 
 
 Sunpay Morninc ApprEss . : : ; 
 oe ie eam of Life and How God Leads Men. John 
 Mott ; ; : : 
 
 A Prayer. David R. Porter . 
 THE STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT . 
 Report of the Executive Committee of the Student Volunteer 
 Movement for Foreign Missions. Presented by Joseph C. 
 Robbins : p : 3 3 y : ‘ : 
 
 ProBLEMS IN HuMAN RELATIONSHIPS 
 Human Relationship and Modern Industrialism. Paul Blanshard 
 Racial Relations and Christian Brotherhood. Willis J. King . 
 Racial Relations and Christian Brotherhood. Y. Y. Tsu . A 
 Racial Relations and Christian Brotherhood. Dr. Paul W. 
 Harrison . : ; : 
 International Affairs ‘and the Christian Ideal. ’ The Honorable 
 Newton W. Rowell . : : ; 
 “Present Day Social and Intellectual Unrest. ‘Sherwood Eddy 
 
 A Prayer. George L, Collins . 
 
 THE MIssIONARY ENTERPRISE . 
 The Relation of the Foreign Missionary Enterprise to the World 
 Situation Today. Robert E. Speer . 
 The Confidence Which Past Missionary Achievement Inspires in 
 Us for the Future. Charles R. Watson . 
 
 EvuropEAN SITUATION i ie . 
 Moral and Spiritual Conditions in Europe. Adolph Keller 
 Students in Europe and Russia. Glenn Harding 
 
 A Prayer. E, Fay Campbell . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 147 
 157-165 
 157 
 163 
 
 166 
 
xii CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 CouNTRIES 
 
 Africa. J. int Kwegyir Aggrey . 
 
 China. C. Y. Cheng . : 
 
 India. Yohan Mashih E 
 
 Japan. Hiroshi Hatanaka . 
 
 Latin America. Andres Osuna . : ; ; : 
 
 Mohammedanism in the Near East. Kingsley Birge . : ‘ 
 
 Mohammedanism and the Missionary’s Task. Dr. Paul W. 
 Harrison : 3 : : i ; : : : 
 
 Discussion Groups. Harrison S. Elliott and Miss Grace Loucks . 
 
 A Prayer. Dr. Paul W. Harrison . 
 
 STUDENT SESSION. Erdman Harris Presiding . 
 Student Addresses on Racial Relations: 
 Leonard S. Cottrell, Jr. ‘ 
 F. Eugene Corbie 
 Robert A. Mallory 
 P. M. Blanko 
 Student Addresses on War: 
 H. McAllister Griffiths 
 Theodore C. Sargent . 
 Wendell Berge 
 Allan A. Hunter . : : : y ; 
 Devotional Exercise. Samuel Shoemaker, Jr. . 
 Student Addresses on Consecration: 
 E. Fay Campbell 
 Henry P. Van Dusen . 
 Closing Prayer. The Rev. G. A. Studdert Kennedy . 
 
 A Prayer. Kenneth Scott Latourette 
 
 ForuMsS . 
 
 Syllabi of Forums on Types of Christian Service Throughout 
 the World . 
 
 Neglect of Country Districts. Quotation from H onan M essenger 
 
 Evangelism in Western India. A. R. Bryan . : ; ; 
 
 ¢ Rural Evangelistic Work in China. Peter Matson . 
 
 Preaching in the Villages of Arabia. G. D. Van Peursem . ; 
 
 Opportunities for Evangelistic Tours. Miss Agnes Thonstad . 
 
 Classes for Women in the Country Field. Miss Mary McClure 
 
 Training Bible Women for Rural Evangelistic Work. Miss 
 Mary Culler White . ; 
 
 Kind of Evangelistic Teachers Needed, Mrs. F, B. Watson : 
 
 Junior Sunday Schools. Miss Katharine R. Green . 
 
 Co-operation with Other Workers in Rural Fields. Miss Ella N. 
 Rudy . s : ; 
 
 City EyaLeiemeestnary of Opening Statement. A. L. Warns- 
 huis. : p é ; 
 
 Evangelism in Baghdad. H. A. Bilkert < 2 : : 
 
 City Evangelism and Work Among Students. Henry Smith Leiper 
 
 How Women Students Help in Evangelism. Miss Mary McClure 
 
 Some Opportunities in City Evangelistic Work in Japan. Miss 
 Bertha Starkey . 
 
 Mastery of the Language as an Aid to Evangelistic Work Among 
 Girl Students. Miss Edith Newlin , 
 
 Open Doors in Japan. Mrs. Gilbert Bowles ; 
 
 Medical Work Among Women. Dr. Mary L. James . 
 
 American Missionaries in Japanese City Churches. K. Hatanaka 
 
 Newspaper Evangelism in Japan. Albertus Pieters . 
 
 218 
 
 276 
 
CONTENTS xiii 
 
 Forums, continued PAGE 
 Professional Training of the Medical Missionary. E. M. Dodd . 313 
 Professional Training Needed for Specialized Forms of Medical 
 
 Missionary Service. E. H. Dodd . ; 2 , : ; 315 
 Medical Missions in India. David Rioch . 320 
 Co-operation of the Medical Missionary with His Fellow Mis- 
 
 sionaries. J. H. Ahlquist . : ; 323 
 Rural Evangelism—Medical. J. M. "Waters. ! 327 
 The Importance of Elementary Education from the Missionary 
 
 Standpoint in Latin America. Oscar Buck . : 331 
 Some Factors Influencing Elementary Education in Mission Fields 
 
 Todays MaG: Lehman. s : 333 
 Elementary Education in Africa. Mrs. E. A. “Johnston : ¢ 336 
 
 l Elementary Education in China. Miss Bernice M. Wood . : 337 
 Educational Work in Africa. Miss Edith Mae Bell . ; 337 
 Secondary and Higher Education for Men ‘(Report of Forum 
 
 Discussion). Lucius C. Porter . ‘ 339 
 
 «Secondary Education in China. William | H. Gleysteen ; % 340 
 Secondary and Higher Education for Women (Summary of 
 
 Forum Addresses). Miss Margaret Burton . : 341 
 Education and Its Importance in the Missionary Enterprise in 
 
 China. John W. Cline ‘ 346 
 Teaching of Special Subjects—Introductory Remarks. ate i. P. 
 
 J Sailer . 347 
 Teaching Specialties Most N eeded in China. 1}, C. Garritt | ‘ 348 
 Teaching Specific Subjects in the Philippines. E. K. Higdon : 348 
 Teaching Specific Subjects in East China. D. L. Sherertz . 349 
 The Relation of Teachers of Special Subjects to Mission Boards 350 
 Educational Requirements in India. Ralph D. Wellons . : 351 
 Opportunities for Educational Missionaries in China. Andrew 
 
 Cheng . : , : : 352 
 ee ean Missions. (Report of Forum). T. S. Donohugh .. 353 
 The Industrial Problems of a Great Oriental City and the Oppor- 
 
 tunities of the City Missionary. Elam J. Anderson . F 354 
 Industrial Opportunities in India. Ray E. Rice . : , 357 
 Literary Work—Outline of a General Statement. ey . Lovell 
 
 Murray 4 é : 3 359 
 Newspaper Evangelism. Albertus Pieters : ¥ : ‘ A 361 
 The Bible Societies. W.B. Cooper . 364 
 Young Men’s Christian Association Work (Summary of Forum 
 
 Addresses). Frank V. Slack : 304 
 The Young Women’s Christian Association, a Profession for 
 
 College Women. Miss Mabel Cratty . ie, 306 
 The Young Women’s Christian Association—in Relation to Mis- 
 
 sion Boards. Miss Ruth Smith . ; 367 
 The Young Women’s Christian Association Secretary in ‘South 
 
 America. Miss Anna Mae Stokely . 367 
 The Young Women’s Christian Association Secretary in ‘India. 
 
 Miss Marion Ferguson : 368 
 
 ‘\ Conditions and Terms of Service in the Young “Women’s Chris- 
 
 tian Association. Miss Katherine Aller . . 369 
 Social and Community Service (Summary of Introductory Re- 
 
 marks). D. J. Fleming . ; : , 369 
 Social Service and the Church. Ww. Ward Davis / : ‘ 370 
 The Need of Christian Social Leaders in Japan. Robert M. 
 
 Kamide : 372 
 
 J The Community Church as a Christian Social Agency in China. 
 
 AAR. Kepler : - , é ; : : 373 
 Boy Scouts in India. Ray BE Rice : 375 
 
 Opportunities for Christian Service Abroad Involving Business 
 and Technical Skill. E. C. Carter . f . : : 376 
 
xiv CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 ForuMs, continued 
 Christian Students and Unoccupied Areas in Industry. W. P. 
 Hapgood . 
 Government Service ‘Abroad as an ‘Opportunity for. Christian 
 Service. Frederic E. Lee . 
 Opportunities for Married Women “Within and Without the 
 Home. Mrs. Charles K. Roys . 
 
 Crosinc MESSAGES OF CONVENTION . ‘ , 
 What Jesus Christ Has Meant to Me and “My Pioniet Andrew 
 Thakar Dass Z F : 
 What Jesus Christ Has Meant to Me and My People. L. K. 
 Chang : . 
 S*Why Foreign Missions? Kenneth Scott Latourette . 
 Why I Purpose, God Permitting, to Become a Foreign Mission- 
 ary. James G. Endicott . 
 Why I Purpose, God Permitting, to Become a Foreign Mission- 
 ary. Miss Mary J. Baker . ‘ 
 What Jesus Christ and This Convention Ought to Mean on Our 
 Campuses. Arthur Rugh . 
 Closing Devotional Period. The Rev. G. A. Studdert Kennedy 
 
 THE STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
 ORGANIZATION FOR THE CONVENTION 
 THe Exuisir . 
 
 STATISTICS OF THE CONVENTION 
 MESSAGES TO THE CONVENTION: . 
 SatLtep List 
 
 SUMMARY OF SAILED VOLUNTEERS WITH FIELDS To WuHicH THEY 
 Have Gone 
 
 Honor Roi 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 377 
 379 
 386 
 395-420 
 395 
 
 399 
 402 
 
 406 
 409 
 
 412 
 418 
 
 421 
 422-427 
 428-451 
 
 452 
 
 - 453-454 
 
 455-533 
 
 534 
 535-536 
 537-546 
 
MORNING WATCH 
 
 MORNING WATCH 
 
 Saturday, December 29, 1923 
 SCRIPTURE 
 
 “This is the day which Jehovah hath made; we will rejoice 
 and be glad in it.” “I laid me down and slept: I awaked, for 
 Jehovah sustaineth me.” “How precious also are thy thoughts 
 unto me, O God; ... they are more in number than the sand; 
 when I awake, I am still with thee.” Ps. 118:24; 3:5; 139:17, 18. 
 
 “If thou, Jehovah, shouldst mark iniquities, O Lord, who 
 could stand?” “Behold, thou desirest truth in the inward parts.” 
 “Have mercy upon me, O God, according to thy loving kind- 
 ness.” “Forgive all my sins.” Ps. 130:3; 51:1, 6. 
 
 “Forthwith therefore I sent to thee: and thou hast well done 
 that thou art come. Now therefore we are all here present in 
 the sight of God, to hear the things which have been com- 
 manded thee of the Lord.” “Speak, Lord, for they servant 
 heareth.” Acts 10:33; I Sam. 3:9. ’ 
 
 MEDITATION 
 
 Lord, by what strength but thine shall I enter into the 
 hours and opportunities of this day? 
 
 Thou hast gathered us, to share with thee thy great pur- 
 poses, to search our hearts, to give each single life some clear 
 word of direction. 
 
 How shall I measure the import of these hours to countless 
 human beings, to thy Kingdom, or to my own spirit? Lord, 
 lead me, like a Shepherd, by the hand. 
 
 I thank thee that I need bring to the great assembly no 
 stumbling-block of a will unconsecrated, no mind unresponsive, 
 no burden of unforgiven sin. O Christ, who hast died, cleanse, 
 forgive, and fit me for this day. 
 
 Speak through thy servants. Speak to me, and to my fellow- 
 students. Speak through us at length, and speedily, to the 
 world, that all mankind may hear. In Christ’s name I pray. 
 Amen. 
 
 XV 
 
Xvi CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 SUBJECTS FOR INTERCESSION 
 
 That warring classes in all lands may catch a vision of 
 peaceful cooperation and modern industrialism be permeated 
 with the spirit of Christ. 
 
 That unjust discrimination and hatred between races may 
 die out and all may join hands in Christian brotherhood. 
 
 That international relations may bow before the Christian 
 ideal. 
 
MORNING WATCH 
 
 MORNING WATCH 
 
 Sunday, December 30, 1923 
 SCRIPTURE 
 
 “If I regard iniquity in my heart the Lord will not hear.” 
 Psalm 66:18. 
 
 “Who can understand his errors? Cleanse Thou me from 
 secret faults.” Psalm 19:12. 
 
 “I look for the Lord; my soul doth wait for Him; in His 
 word is my trust.” 
 
 “My soul fleeth unto the Lord: before the morning watch, 
 I say, before the morning watch.” Psalm 130:5, 6. 
 
 MEDITATION 
 
 Our loving Heavenly Father, on this day of rest and wor- 
 ship our hearts are restless until they rest in Thee. We give 
 Thee our thanks that through Jesus Christ our Lord Thou art 
 summoning us this Sunday morning unto Thy fellowship and 
 unto a deepening fellowship with all Thy needy children. We 
 are very sorry for our mistakes and willful sins, for our care- 
 lessness and apathy, for our blindness and lack of love. For- 
 give us we pray Thee these our many sins. Give us grace 
 today that we may enter into fellowship in spirit with all Thy 
 Church which Thou art redeeming to Thyself out of every race 
 and nation. Teach us how to worship Thee. Save us from 
 slothfulness of intellect as we strive toward that unity for which 
 our Lord himself prayed. 
 
 O Lord, who hast made of one blood all the nations of 
 men, give unto us the mind of Christ as we try today here 
 together to look with open minds and sympathetic hearts upon 
 the needs of our brothers and sisters around the world. Quicken 
 our imaginations to enter with them into their restless dissatis- 
 factions, their smarting injustice, their longings for a day of 
 human brotherhood. Grant us the gift of burning indignation 
 against wrongdoing and oppression and show us new and more 
 costly ways of giving our all for Christ and His Kingdom. Raise 
 up in the colleges of the world new champions of righteousness. 
 May our students be saved from selfishness, luxury and soft 
 
 XVii 
 
XVili 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 living. Kindle in our cold hearts the fires of true devotion, 
 through Jesus Christ, Our Lord. Amen. 
 
 SUBJECTS FOR INTERCESSION 
 
 That the intellectual and social unrest of the world may be 
 met and satisfied in Him who came to give a peace which the 
 world cannot give and cannot take away. 
 
 That the great foreign mission enterprise whose aim is to 
 build up the body of Christ in all the world may both stimulate 
 our imagination and enlist our enthusiastic cooperation. 
 
 That the Sun of Righteousness may rise over the millions 
 in the Middle Kingdom, the Sunrise Kingdom and the Land of 
 Morning Calm. g 
 
MORNING WATCH 
 
 MORNING WATCH 
 
 Monday, December 31, 1923 
 SCRIPTURE 
 
 “All kings shall fall down before Him; all nations shall 
 serve Him.” “Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, 
 neither shall they learn war any more.” “The earth shall be full 
 of the knowledge of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea.” 
 Psalm 72:11; Isaiah 2:4; 11:9. 
 
 “How long, O Jehovah?” “The kings of the earth set 
 themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against Jeho- 
 vah, and against his Anointed.” “We see not yet all things 
 subject unto Him.” Psalm 89:46; 2:2; Heb. 2:8. 
 
 “But we behold him... even Jesus.” “I am the way, the 
 truth, and the life.” “I, if I be lifted up, will draw all men unto 
 me.” “My word shall not return unto me void.” “O thou of 
 little faith, wherefore didst thou doubt?” Heb. 2:9; John 14:6; 
 12:32; Isaiah 55:11; Mat. 14:31. 
 
 “What shall I do, Lord?” “And I heard the voice of the 
 Lord saying, Whom shall I send? And who shall go for us? 
 Then I said, Here am I; send me.” Acts 22:10; Isaiah 6:8. 
 
 MEDITATION 
 
 Father, I pray for pardon and rest of heart in Thee; I 
 would remember the great world, sinful, distracted, going its 
 sorrowful way, neither resting nor worshiping. 
 
 I thank Thee for my own Christian inheritance; for the 
 Scriptures, and prayer, and a present Savior; for the challenging 
 facts and thoughts of this place; for the gift of life at such a 
 supreme time of crisis. O Christ, I would not live for myself: 
 humble me and lift me up with a vision, in which I shall see my 
 place in the task of Thy Kingdom, and have strength given me 
 to undertake it. 
 
 I thank Thee that amid evils so universal and overwhelm- 
 ing there is hope for mankind; hope of purity, hope of brother- 
 hood, hope of vanquished hate and ignorance and pain in the 
 coming Kingdom of God. Inspire believing intercession. Bless 
 the gatherings of this day. Anoint with faith and wisdom those 
 
 xix 
 
CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 who address us. Make the day a milestone of experience and 
 a stepping stone in human progress. I ask this in Thy name. 
 Amen. 
 
 SUBJECTS FOR INTERCESSION « 
 
 That the meaning of the cross of Christ may be a central 
 reality in our experience and service. 
 
 That all of us present at this Convention may make a com- 
 plete commitment of life to the leadership of Christ. 
 
 That our loyalty to the Church of Christ may be deepened. 
 
 That the clamant needs of India and Moslem lands may 
 be met and satisfied by the Redeemer of all men. 
 
 ¢ 
 
MORNING WATCH : 
 
 MORNING WATCH 
 
 Tuesday, January 1, 1924 
 SCRIPTURE 
 
 “Now on the last day, the great day of the feast, Jesus 
 stood and cried, saying, If any man thirst, let him come unto 
 me and drink. He that believeth on me, as the Scripture hath 
 said, from within him shall flow rivers of living water.” John 
 7:37, 38. 
 
 “But Simon Peter . .. fell down at Jesus’ knees, saying, 
 Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, O Lord. ... And Jesus 
 said unto Simon, Fear not; from henceforth thou shalt catch 
 men.” Luke 5:8, ro. 
 
 “Go ye into all the world,and preach the gospel to the 
 whole creation.” “I am with you alway.” Mark 16:15; Mat. 
 28:20. 
 
 “Now is my soul troubled; and what shall I say? Father, 
 save me from this hour? But for this cause came I unto this 
 hour. Father, glorify thy name.” “I will go in the strength 
 of the Lord God.” John 12:27, 28. Psalm 71:16. 
 
 MEDITATION 
 
 Lord, I would face Thee before I face this day. I would 
 be searched with lighted candle, before I emerge to walk amid 
 the treacherous lights that are leading so many of us astray. 
 
 What is this costly, flickering, momentous gift of life which 
 Thou hast given me? To what end are Thy past providences 
 and my presence here, as a selected one, amid thoughts so vast 
 and inspirations so great? Speak to me, I pray. 
 
 Thou hast wrought mightily through the missionary enter- 
 prise. Thou dost promise power. Lead me, the most unworthy 
 of Thy followers. Subdue lesser ambitions. Deliver me from 
 myself. If ever I have seen clearly, let it be today. If ever I 
 have felt generous love, pity, emancipating loyalty, let it be 
 today. 
 
 O Christ, draw near to this vast body of students. Cleanse, 
 restore, steady, inspire us all. For once may we feel as Thou 
 dost, as we survey restless humanity, lost as sheep having no 
 
 XxXi 
 
XxXil 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 shepherd, Thy self, Thy cross, the long unfinished task, and 
 ourselves, Thy friends and messengers. We beg this in Thy 
 name. Amen. 
 
 SUBJECTS FOR INTERCESSION 
 
 That we may realize our responsibility to help in every way 
 our brothers in Latin America and especially our nearest neigh- 
 bor to the South, Mexico. 
 
 That Africa’s awakening may be not only educational and 
 industrial, but also moral and spiritual, so that its peoples may 
 behold and be transformed by the Light of the world. 
 
 That the Student Volunteer Movement may remain true to 
 its trust and may be of increasing help to the missionary boards 
 in securing those who are qualified to serve overseas and in 
 strengthening the home base of missions through missionary 
 education and prayer. 
 
 That the achievements and opportunities of the foreign 
 missionary enterprise may deepen faith and strengthen effort for 
 the evangelization of the world in this generation. 
 
MORNING WATCH 
 
 MORNING WATCH 
 
 Wednesday, January 2, 1924 
 SCRIPTURE 
 
 “Only be strong and very courageous.” Joshua 1:7. 
 
 “Watch ye, stand fast in the faith, quit you like men, be 
 strong.” 1 Cor. 16:13. 
 
 “My meat is to do the Will of Him that sent me, and to 
 finish His work.” John 4:34. 
 
 “Watch and pray that ye enter not into temptation: the 
 spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.” Mat. 26:41. 
 
 MEDITATION 
 
 We thank Thee, our Father, for sunshine after the darkness 
 of night. We thank Thee that in a world of misery and woe 
 Thou hast set before us a great hope that Thy Kingdom shall 
 come on the whole earth; that Thou didst teach us to pray for 
 its coming. Even so come, Lord Jesus; create within me a 
 mind, heart and will fit to manifest Thee to the world; make 
 Thou a new world and begin with me; may the Kingdom of 
 God be first within me. 
 
 I thank Thee for the great Convention just closed, for the 
 messages Thou didst speak to me through human lips, for the 
 vision I saw of a whole world made obedient to Thy Will. 
 Help me to begin today to bring it to pass. May my friendly 
 circle of family and college be dominated by that ideal, purified 
 of all social hatreds and selfishness. May Canada and the 
 United States become far more and not less the home of the 
 oppressed of every land, shining examples of freedom and jus- 
 tice. We confess, to our shame, all that makes us unworthy 
 of being called Christian nations. As many men gladly gave 
 their lives in the war, teach us new ways of giving our lives 
 for our countries and the world that Christ may reign in the 
 hearts of men. 
 
 May groups in every college whose minds and hearts are 
 kindled by Thee so work in patience and faithfulness that a 
 New Day may indeed come. Through them may a knowledge 
 
 XXili 
 
XXIV 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 of Thy grace and power cover the whole earth as the waters 
 cover the sea. Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. 
 
 SUBJECTS FOR INTERCESSION 
 
 That the impression made and help received during the 
 Convention may be lasting and dynamic. 
 
 That each one of us may morning by morning take time 
 to draw upon the sources of power which are found in individual, 
 thoughtful study of the Bible and in prayer. 
 
 That we may live out on our campuses the ideals of Christ as 
 they have been presented to us in Indianapolis. 
 
 For a world-wide spiritual awakening...“Thy Kingdom 
 come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven.” The king- 
 doms of this world shall become the kingdoms of our Lord 
 and Savior Jesus Christ. 
 
Opening Prayer of the Convention 
 
 Rosert P. WILDER 
 
 Our Heavenly Father, we thank Thee that Thou hast 
 brought us from many different universities and from many 
 lands to this place in a common quest. We realize something 
 of the difficulties of the time in which we are living and our 
 great desire is that Thou wilt help us to find Thy will so that 
 we may serve our own generation well. We know something 
 of industrial bitterness and class divisions; we know something 
 also of interracial strife and hatred, of international jealousies 
 and of that seething tide of intellectual and social unrest in 
 different parts of the world. Today we thank Thee that we 
 can look to Thee with confidence, for we know that in Jesus 
 Christ we have the solution of all these and other problems. 
 
 We thank Thee for Him, for His wonderful teaching, teach- 
 ing not only that we should love Thee with all our heart and 
 mind and soul and strength, but that we should also love our 
 neighbors as ourselves. 
 
 We thank Thee not only for His teaching but for His won- 
 derful example, for Him who was the children’s friend, and the 
 outcast’s hope. We thank Thee for Him who breaks down every 
 middle wall of partition that is separating men from each 
 other. We thank Thee for His manliness and sympathy and 
 purity. We thank Thee for that love which led Him to the 
 very limit of self-sacrifice which led Him to the cross. 
 
 And here together this afternoon we would thank Thee for 
 the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the world, who 
 was wounded for our iniquities and upon whom is the chastise- 
 ment of our peace. 
 
 We thank Thee also that He was victorious over the grave 
 and that He can today give us power to live the life we should 
 live as individuals, to reconstruct society, to better international 
 relationships, to bring all war to cease, even unto the end of the 
 world. 
 
 In His name we come together to worship Thee and to seek 
 Thy guidance in these days. Grant, O God, that we may feel 
 Thy presence throughout every session of this great gathering. 
 
 We ask it in His name who has taught us to say when we 
 pray, “Our Father, Who art in Heaven, hallowed be Thy name, 
 Thy Kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in 
 Heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our 
 trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us, and lead 
 us not into temptation but deliver us from evil, for Thine is the 
 Kingdom, and the Power, and the Glory, forever.” Amen. 
 
a 
 
 
 
OPENING SESSION 
 
 THE PURPOSE ,OF THE CONVENTION 
 
 Dr. Water H. Jupp 
 
 Chairman of the National Student Council of the Student Volunteer Movement 
 and Vice-Chairman of the Convention 
 
 As Chairman of the Fourth Student Volunteer Council I have 
 been asked to talk to you this afternoon on the purpose of this 
 convention. I want to do this very informally, very simply and yet 
 very earnestly. Most of you have not seen me before, nor I you, 
 yet I wish that in these opening moments we could feel ourselves 
 acquainted, meeting together as friends, to consider some of the — 
 tremendously important problems of this world and our attitude 
 toward them, with the mind and in the spirit of Jesus Christ. 
 
 These are very serious days. This convention meets at a strategic 
 and most critical time in the world’s history. And even though in 
 these days of conference together, there may arise conflicting, almost 
 clashing opinions, it is my hope that right in this opening hour 
 we may so love each other that men may know we are disciples 
 of Him, that while we may hold diametrically opposed points 
 of view in regard to methods and definite, concrete programs, 
 yet we shall be united in a Christian fellowship, never doubting 
 or distrusting or failing to believe in each other as far as motives 
 and sincerity are concerned. 
 
 I am young, impetuous, and inexperienced as you might guess 
 by looking at me, and I may fail entirely this afternoon, but I am 
 going to try my level best to put into words what is in my own heart, 
 and what I believe is in the heart of a great majority of you, as you 
 come to this Convention after long months of looking forward to 
 it and preparing for it. 
 
2 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 This Convention program has been planned through a succession 
 of conferences, committees and sub-committees that have been meet- 
 ing for over a year. Last February a questionnaire was sent out 
 to about one thousand students and religious leaders of this country, 
 asking what they felt should be included in this program and calling 
 for their suggestions of what this Conveftion should seek to accom- 
 plish. Several of the leading issues have already been considered 
 in discussion groups on your campus. The Business Committee, 
 which is in direct control of the affairs of the next five days, consists 
 of twenty-four members. Eighteen of these are students, just like 
 ourselves. This is a student convention. It will be what we make 
 it, and I as a student this afternoon want to express as faithfully 
 and as nearly as I can sense it, what I believe to be the real purpose 
 of this great gathering. 
 
 After all, why are wevyhere? What came we out to see? What 
 is the justification for a great convention of this sort every four 
 years? 
 
 I think we are met today to consider with fair, sane, unpreju- 
 diced minds this troubled world and its desperate need. We are met 
 to ask what is wrong in the world and why. We are met to con- 
 sider not only those things that are wrong over there but some of 
 the things that are wrong here at home. We are here to discover and 
 then, after we have made the discovery, to admit that all the world, 
 including the United States and Canada, regardless of what it may 
 say it believes or professes to follow, in its actual life and living con- 
 ditions is today essentially pagan. 
 
 This world cannot be divided geographically or religiously into 
 water-tight compartments. No portion of it can be considered hon- 
 estly without all the rest of the world as a background. However, I 
 think there is today, and will continue to be for some time—the 
 shorter that time the better—a natural division into evangelized and 
 unevangelized portions of the world. As long as great, relatively 
 unoccupied territories remain, there will be this need of emphasis 
 upon the great, relatively unevangelized portions of the world. We 
 are met in this convention to consider with particular emphasis the 
 needs of these great unevangelized portions of the world, not in oppo- 
 sition to the needs at home—not for a minute—but as one part, the 
 greatest and most neglected part, religiously speaking, of the whole. 
 There is but one field, the world. The Bible does not say that God 
 so loved the U.S.A., nor does it say that God so loved China that 
 He gave His only begotten Son, but that God so loved the world. 
 
 We are met to consider with particular emphasis that great, rela- 
 
THE PURPOSE OF THE CONVENTION 3 
 
 tively unoccupied part of the world that we are in the habit of call- 
 ing the non-Christian lands. The needs here in. America are per- 
 haps no less urgent, no less acute, no less desperate than are those 
 over there. I mean the real spiritual needs. Yet the type of work 
 to be done, the barriers to be broken down, the special preparation 
 that is necessary, the peculiar obstacles to be overcome in any Chris- 
 tian work over there are so different in character from the peculiar 
 obstacles to be overcome here at home, where the needs are pre- 
 sented to us daily, if only our eyes are open and lifted up, and our 
 home religious forces are operating with any power, that surely there 
 is ample justification, yes, and urgent need for a presentation at 
 least once in every four years of a specific foreign missionary chal- 
 lenge. 
 
 What is wrong in the world today? During these next five days 
 you are going to hear a great deal of what is wrong with the world 
 over there from those who will follow me. I want to talk for a 
 moment about the needs right here in our own colleges—equally des- 
 perate. Are there things wrong in your college and my college, in 
 your life and my life as we come up to this Convention? I am not 
 excepting any man just because he happens to be a Y.M.C.A. presi- 
 dent or a student volunteer. 
 
 There are men on this platform who were present in 1886 at 
 the founding of the Student Volunteer Movement at Mount Her- 
 mon. ‘These formed with others a mere handful of men who were 
 burdened in their hearts about the needs of the world and who were 
 praying and thinking about these needs. They believed in God and 
 in his cause with such conviction, with such earnestness that they 
 were very willing to lay down their lives and their ambitions—the 
 same sort of selfish ambitions that you and I have—for that cause. 
 Three years before that conference a man stood on the platform and 
 said to them, “God is ready to give you his power, when you are ready 
 to receive it.” They were ready. They received his power. The 
 Student Volunteer Movement was born. 
 
 I am asking this today. Those men as students moved their 
 student generation as no group of students had ever done before. 
 Are we presenting the Christ as effectively today, we as students, 
 are we moving our student generation as those men did? If not, 
 let us examine the source of their power, the cause of our failure. 
 
 Those men not only during the years when they were students 
 but all through the years since then have continued to present Christ 
 effectively, to move and mold student thought and life. They have 
 remained in positions of leadership in our student movements, not 
 
4 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 because they desired to keep the control and to dominate these move- 
 ments by their own personalities, but chiefly because no students 
 have come up from the on-coming generations to take their places. 
 They would be the first to welcome such. Robert E. Speer, John R. 
 Mott, and Robert P. Wilder are the men of whom I speak. If they 
 were to step out today who of us could step in and move this, our - 
 generation, as they have moved theirs? 
 
 I heard a man the other day telling of a conference he attended 
 with Dr. Mott and Mr. Wilder when a reference was made to their 
 student days. After Dr. Mott had gone, Mr. Wilder said to this 
 individual who spoke to me, “Did you notice the glow on Mott’s 
 face when he spoke of the early days of the Movement?” 
 
 I want to ask this this afternoon. When you and I, fifteen or 
 twenty or thirty years from now, look back on our student days, will 
 there be any glow on our faces because of the way in which we have 
 lived for Christ? Not because of what we have said about Him, 
 but because of the way we have lived on our college campuses. Are 
 there men there who believe in Christ so desperately that they are 
 able to go out and present Christ with such force and conviction, yet 
 with such winsomeness that others want to know Him because of 
 what they see of Him in us? I do not mean going about arguing 
 for different theories regarding His birth, miracles, death and resur- 
 rection. A man may believe or disbelieve all of that and be rotten 
 at the core. I am asking why we are not holding up Jesus Christ 
 as a fact in our daily lives and conversation so boldly and so convinc- 
 ingly that men are drawn irresistibly to Him, wanting their lives and 
 not merely their opinions changed. 
 
 I am not preaching anything to you that I do not need myself. 
 I may stand up here and talk ever so glibly but unless the fellows 
 back in my medical school and fraternity are better men because I 
 have lived among them, unless some of these men, who are Christians 
 today, are Christians because I have been a Christian, then my words 
 are vain and are become as “sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal.” 
 As I look back right now I can’t recall a single student in my medical 
 school—just an average medical school, no better and no worse than 
 any other—who is a Christian today because of the way I have lived 
 Christ. 
 
 Is that true of you in your college? Of us who have planned to 
 enter some definite Christian work, in the foreign fields perhaps, or 
 here at home, but who in our lives are oblivious to the needs of the 
 fellow right next to us? Ina sort of indefinite, hazy way we plan 
 to go out at some future time and work perhaps for some man on the 
 
THE PURPOSE OF THE CONVENTION 5 
 
 foreign field, but meanwhile we are not in earnest about the man 
 whom we meet on the campus. Is that a fair statement? Are we 
 moving our student generation, are we producing the student leaders 
 comparable to those of yesterday and those developing in other 
 lands, even in those lands we sometimes call pagan? If not, why 
 not? We are here to consider that in this convention. 
 
 I want to ask you in all fairness this afternoon, why we are not 
 moving our student world and drawing it to Christ? Is it the fault 
 of Christ? Is He inadequate for this generation? Is His program 
 workable? Can it be put into actual practice and lived in our genera- 
 tion? Was the secret of those men’s power back at Mount Hermon 
 due to the fact that the average student of that day did not apply 
 such a coldly scientific mind to the things of religion as we do today? 
 Was he able, more or less, to hypnotize himself into a state where he 
 thought he was conscious of the presence of Jesus Christ, whereas 
 all that he experienced was a reflex effect of his own abnormal 
 psychological processes ? 
 
 Is the trouble with our generation due to the fact that the student 
 mind today is too logical, too practical, demanding too cold-blooded 
 proof of everything before it will accept anything? The great major- 
 ity of our students are very independent, even radical, if by being 
 radical they can find truth. They have little regard for form or 
 creed or convention or custom or authority as such. They seek after 
 truth. Is this what is wrong with our generation? 
 
 Please do not think that I speak of these students disparagingly. 
 I speak of them with sympathy because I fancy I am one of them. 
 I have never been able to trample what intellect and reason God has 
 given me into the dust in order to receive what someone else from 
 the past or present generation happens to give me with orders to 
 “swallow but do not masticate.” 
 
 Is the fault with Christ? Is He not adequate for this generation 
 of scientific thinking individuals who demand that they be shown, 
 intellectually first, and then that they be shown the power of Christ 
 in the lives of those about them? They want to know if Christ is 
 able to make a life more noble, more generous, more broad, or does 
 He make it narrow and petty, cynical and controversial? Students 
 have a right to ask such questions. They demand also that they 
 experience Jesus Christ in their own individual and social living 
 before they can go out and say anything definite for Him to others. 
 We cannot honestly say “Christ is sufficient for all the world’s needs” 
 until we have taken Christ in earnest and followed in His way even 
 unto the cross ourselves. 
 
6 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Is the fault with the church and its interpretation of Christ? 
 Because the church has lived Him so inadequately, so feebly, has 
 trimmed off the rough corners here and there in order not to offend 
 anybody until it has lost its prophetic vision and spiritual power. Is 
 that the trouble with our generation? Have we too much organiza- 
 tion? Or is the trouble with us who label ourselves Christians and 
 go through all the motions, active and enthusiastic in our student 
 organizations, the Student Volunteer Movement, the Y.W.C.A. 
 and what not, but who deliberately refuse to climb Calvary with 
 Christ daily? Is the fault with us who talk a great deal about His 
 principles and “kid” ourselves into believing we are in earnest about 
 Him, but who nevertheless do not believe in Him to the point where 
 we are willing to lay down our lives for Him? Is that a fair way to 
 put it? We do not believe in Him—really believe—enough to make 
 honest, persistent and completely consecrated efforts to live Him and 
 His way of life at the cost of everything—everything. How many 
 fellows and girls do you know absolutely surrendered to His will— 
 without one single reservation for themselves? How many? 
 
 We are here to look at this world, including our college world, 
 and see what is wrong in it and why. We are here to ask just as 
 honestly, seriously, and intelligently what is right in this world and 
 why. There are many encouraging things. We are here not only 
 to see and study what is right and wrong in the world, but we are 
 here to try to find the “way out.” Some one will suggest the League 
 of Nations, the outlawry of war, another some new social program, 
 economic equality, universal education, universal democracy, the 
 Christian faith and the Christian ideal. 
 
 This is a Christian convention, composed of Christian students. 
 The majority of us, I believe, are of the conviction that whatever will 
 change the heart of man from an attitude of hate, greed, and self- 
 interest, in other words, from an attitude of sinning into an attitude 
 of love, good will and unselfishness or an attitude of doing righteous- 
 ness—that is the way out. 
 
 Most of us believe that Jesus Christ can change the heart in 
 that way. No one else and nothing else in the world can. That is 
 why we are here. We are here to find Jesus’ “way out” of this 
 difficult situation for ourselves personally and for this world and for 
 our generation of students particularly. What is the secret of the 
 success of the men who have lived Christ, however imperfectly, before 
 our eyes? What is the secret of their power? We are here to 
 find that. We are here to get close to the sources of power, to get 
 such clear knowledge and intimate contact with Jesus, the perfect 
 
THE PURPOSE OF THE CONVENTION qT 
 
 revelation of our God, that we can go out and do the things that we 
 know we ought to do. 
 
 It is one thing to see a need; it is another to feel a need, whether 
 in New York City or in our southern mountains or over in Africa. 
 Then seeing with trained and informed minds and feeling with edu- 
 cated and sensitive hearts, we need cultured and consecrated wills 
 that will slip in like automatic clutches and hold fast to the thing 
 that we know we ought to do. To me that is what this convention 
 is for. We are here for these things. 
 
 The day is very hopeful, very encouraging. In recent years 
 there has been a great wave of careless, godless living, especially 
 during and since the war. We have had an alarming amount of 
 superficial, reckless thinking. The student has not met face to face 
 with himself, with his future, or with his God. Now I can’t help 
 believing that in the last year or year and a half the pendulum is 
 swinging back. Students may appear to be living the same care-free, 
 godless life but down deep in their hearts they are dissatisfied; they 
 are unsatisfied. Their lives are empty, superficial and without pur- 
 pose. They want something different. They want to come to know 
 God intellectually, yes, but they want still more an experience of Him, 
 a conscious certainty that He is, that He cares for them, and has a 
 definite work for each of them to do, not because someone else says 
 so—but because they can feel His power lifting them, forgiving them, 
 changing their lives now. They are yearning for the great eternal 
 realities of the soul. They are ready for any program, it may be 
 radical and revolutionary, it may be conservative and conventional, 
 it may be orthodox, it may be heterodox, it may employ present 
 movements, it may revise present student movements, it may create 
 new ones; but it must have reality and it must have power to blaze 
 out new trails of thought and of living. 
 
 Will you be willing in this convention, those of you who could 
 go out and make money, to choose deliberately to remain poor if 
 that is Jesus’ way for you? Those of you who could go out and 
 write your name in a hall of fame somewhere, will you deliberately 
 choose to remain obscure and unheard of, if that is Jesus’ way for 
 you? Those who could go out and become famous or popular, 
 are you willing to choose instead a cross on a hillside, despised, 
 deserted and rejected? Are we willing to do that today? 
 
 Over in the fifth chapter of Luke, I think it is, there are these 
 words, “Now when he had left speaking, Jesus said unto Simon, 
 Launch out into the deep and let down your nets for a draught.” 
 It seems to me that Jesus is saying that to you and to me this after- 
 
8 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 noon. Ours is a careless generation. The burdens of the world are 
 not resting very heavily on our hearts. We are comfortable. We 
 have plenty. Why should we worry about the rest of the world? 
 I don’t know just what the sea ahead of us is. I don’t know where 
 next Tuesday night is going to bring us, but I believe He is in com- 
 mand of the ship. Perhaps radical changes in organization are 
 needed. Radical changes are needed in lives, that I do know. We 
 want His way. 
 
 But Simon said unto Jesus, “Master, we have toiled all the night 
 and have taken nothing.” There are folks here, sofne of us, who will 
 say, “Master, we have toiled for nineteen hundred years, ever since 
 Christ came, and still the world, great sections of the world, wait 
 for the full light of His revelation. Others will say, “But, Master, 
 we have toiled for fifty years in our colleges, the Y.M.C.A.’s and 
 Y.W.C.A.’s, and still there are fellows as far from God as when 
 we started.” There are still others here who will say, “Master, we 
 have toiled for thirty-seven years in the Student Volunteer Move- 
 ment, and still the world is not evangelized.” Listen! Simon did 
 not stop with the words, “Master, we have toiled all the night and 
 have taken nothing.” He added, “Nevertheless, at thy word, I will 
 let down the net.” . 
 
 Are you with Simon? Am I? Even though we can’t see the 
 way, not one step ahead, are we with him to the point where we are 
 willing to let down the net once more, a hundred times more, at 
 Jesus’ word? Are we willing to go back to our colleges to preach 
 Christ, undismayed, unafraid? We shall be ridiculed, we shall be 
 scorned, we shall be laughed at, misunderstood, condemned, criticized, 
 ostracized. Of course! Why not? This may be Jesus’ way. “Be- 
 hold, I send you forth as lambs among wolves.” Will we be willing 
 to do that? Will we here get that power which shall enable us, when — 
 we see His way, to follow, and to follow at tremendous cost to the 
 ends of the earth, if necessary? 
 
 There is one verse in the Bible that means everything to me. 
 It is just this, “He that willeth to do His will shall know.” It requires 
 a tremendous amount of faith for me to believe that. I can’t prove 
 it by any logical means, so that we can write Q. E. D. at the end of it. 
 “He that willeth to do His will shall know.” I don’t know His will 
 in many particulars, but if I will to do His will, step by step as this 
 is revealed, gradually the whole purpose of God for my life will 
 stand revealed before me. Are you with Christ in this, am I, as we 
 enter this first day of the convention to listen earnestly to Him? 
 I have only one thing to risk—my life. I’m staking all that I have 
 
BE STILL AND KNOW THAT I AM GOD 9 
 
 on the belief that He will do what He says in that verse. He that 
 willeth to do, shall know. 
 
 Perhaps I have failed. I said I might at the beginning, but I 
 have tried my level best to tell you what I believe is the great purpose 
 of this conference. If there are 828 men here whom God wants to 
 go to the foreign field, there ought to be 828 men who will go—no 
 more, no less. If there are 3,874 whom He wants to stay here, there 
 ought to be that many who stay here—no more, no less. Are we 
 surrendered? How many fellows are surrendered without one single 
 reservation? Are we consecrated? Are you? Am I? 
 
 I have told you the biggest thing I know. God help us as we 
 enter this convention to enter it seeking Jesus, His way out for this 
 world, His power to make us victorious. 
 
 BE STILL AND KNOW THAT I AM GOD 
 
 Tue Reverenp G. A. Stuppert KENNEDY 
 
 Rector of St. Edmund’s Church, Lombard, London 
 
 My mind goes back a great many years to the days, when as 
 a very small boy, I used to be called into my mother’s room on a 
 Sunday afternoon to have what we called Scripture lessons. I took 
 no active part in the lessons at that time of my life, except that at 
 a certain point my mother always turned to me and said, “Tell me 
 how many there be.” And I said “ten.” I had not the dimmest 
 notion what the Commandments were, but I knew that whatever they 
 were there were ten of them, so I said so. 
 
 But the real intetest in the proceedings began for me, when my 
 mother took down from the shelf an old book with brown and bat- 
 tered covers, and began to read in the soft Irish brogue which I shall 
 hear for the rest of my life, the immortal prose of Bunyan’s “Pil- 
 grim’s Progress.” And the opening words of that great book remain 
 still fixed in my mind with scarce the need of looking up to verify 
 them, and they come back to me again and again in words like these: 
 
 “As I walked through the wilderness of the world I lighted 
 upon a certain place where was a den, and as I slept I dreamed a 
 dream. I dreamt and behold a man standing in a certain place, 
 clothed with rags, with a great burden upon his back and a book in 
 his hand and I looked and saw that he opened the book and read 
 therein and as he read he wept and trembled, and not being able 
 
IO CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 longer to contain himself he broke out with a lamentable cry, saying, 
 ‘What shall I do?’ and I looked and saw that he turned this way and 
 that way as though he would run and yet stood still because, as I 
 perceived, he could not tell which way to go. 
 
 “Then came Evangelist unto him, and, pointing with his finger 
 over a very wide fae he said, ‘Seest thou that wicket gate?’ and 
 the man said, ‘No.’ Then said the other unto him, ‘Seest thou that 
 shining light?’ and the man said, ‘I think I do.’ Then said Evan- 
 gelist, “Keep that light in your eye and go up directly thereto and 
 thou shalt come unto the gate at which when thou knockest it shall 
 be told thee what thou shalt do.’ ” 
 
 What those great words meant to me in the days of my 
 childhood I cannot now remember, but they keep coming back to me 
 because I see word-painted there such a perfect picture of the world 
 in which we live. A man clothed in rags! The whole world is 
 full of them. Central Europe and the Near East, China and Japan 
 where industrial conditions are more awful than they were in my 
 own land at its most disgraceful and damnable period, are full of 
 men clothed with rags, and even in my own beloved country they 
 stand at the corners of the streets, growing daily more desperate, 
 and those of us who are more fortunate and have escaped poverty 
 are, thank God, beginning to feel that our own comfort is but filthy 
 rags as long as these awful sights are seen. 
 
 A man must be both hard in the heart and soft in the head at 
 does not feel the cloud of the world’s poverty resting upon him now. 
 A man clothed with rags, with his face turned from his own house,— 
 our faces are turned from our own houses because in the days before 
 the great war we thought that our homes were our own, that every 
 man’s home was his castle, that his children were his own, and that 
 once inside those peaceful doors he could shut the world outside, and 
 be independent. 
 
 Now we have learned and learned once for all that independence 
 is impossible, that our homes are built into the streets of the city of 
 destruction. War came once before like a thunder clap and tore our 
 children away from us and sent them out to be butchered like sheép 
 in a shambles, and those who came back came back to wake up and 
 wonder what it was all about. War did it once, and we know that 
 war may do it again. 
 
 So we stand no longer looking backward into our own homes, 
 but stand looking outward with our backs to them, out upon the 
 world in whose fate ours is bound up, and with whose destiny ours 
 forever rests. 
 
BE STILL AND KNOW .THAT I AM GOD ET 
 
 We have not as a world got the Book in our hands. We have 
 largely cast it away because it has ceased to have with many of us 
 the authority that it used to have. We have not learned completely 
 how to read it in the light of the new knowledge that we have gotten. 
 The new knowledge has upset very largely the old authority, and in 
 place of the Book we have a multitude of newspapers which we 
 eagerly and frantically read, and they tell us indeed of the parlous 
 state in which we stand, but they point to no road out, they detail 
 heart-breaking tragedy after heart-breaking tragedy, and if as we 
 read them we do not weep and tremble, it is either because we have 
 got hardened in our hearts and made up our minds that it is no good 
 trying to do anything, or it is because we are naturally selfish and 
 naturally stupid. We have gotten a burden on our backs, a burden 
 of debt and a burden of bereavement, a burden of fear and a burden 
 of hatred, a burden of bitter antagonism which has come down to us 
 from the last ten years. Again and again in the counsels of the 
 wisest and best men in Europe during the last year or two I have 
 heard go up that exceeding bitter cry, “What shall I do?” 
 
 Everybody who has a head and a heart feels the burning desire, 
 they turn this way and that way as though they would run to do 
 something, and yet stand still; nothing is done, we drift. There is 
 a multitude of activity and no real, definite determined action, because 
 as I perceive, we can not tell which way to go. 
 
 And when Evangelist comes to us and pointing with his finger 
 over this very wide field, he says to us, “Seest thou that wicket gate, 
 seest thou the old plan of salvation with the cross of Jesus as its 
 center and the old simple surrender, and the old call, only believe 
 and thou shalt find peace, the old call to surrender the heart to 
 Jesus that we may be saved for a world beyond?” and he says to us, 
 “Seest thou that wicket gate and that narrow way as the road to 
 salvation?’—many of us turn to him with an anger and an agony 
 behind our words and say, “No, I don’t; I don’t see what it has got 
 to do with a world like this; I don’t want to be saved and leave the 
 world behind; I would rather be damned with the masses than be 
 saved with the chosen self-righteous few. I want to help the world.” 
 That is the bitterness and the almost agony that come out behind a 
 great deal of the rebellion against traditional theology and against 
 merely traditional religion—‘“I don’t want to be saved unless I can 
 save the world. I don’t want to be comfortable and at peace and 
 leave the unemployed of my nation to bitterness and to atheism. I 
 want to save the world, and unless Jesus can help me to do that, Jesus 
 is no God for me.” 
 
I2 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 But when Evangelist turns to us and says, “Seest thou that 
 shining light, the light that shines in the face of Jesus Christ, as the 
 light of the highest beauty and the highest truth, the light that reveals 
 what man ought to be and what the world ought to be,” then I think 
 most of us answer with hesitancy and yet with hope, “I think I do.” 
 The light still shines in the darkness and the darkness, oh, thank God, 
 can not swallow it up. It still shines. 
 
 If you ask me what I want, I want to be like Him. If you oe 
 me what I want for the world, I can only answer I want it to be 
 what He would have it be. He is to me the highest and the best. 
 He is my Lord and my God. 
 
 To the arguments for and against his: divinity. there is literally 
 no end, but for me no one could disprove the divinity of Jesus save 
 one who would come and convince me that he was better and more 
 beautiful than He is. As long as He remains, by the sheer naked 
 power of His own tremendous personality, the highest and the best 
 of moral beauty and moral goodness that I can conceive, so long in 
 spite of any argument that might be brought to the contrary, will 
 He be my Lord and my God, before whom I bow down and worship 
 and from Whom I seek power to live. 
 
 You say that what you want is not worship but work, not religion 
 but reason, and there is no one who wants reason more passionately 
 than I do, but it is because I want reason that I must have religion. 
 I suppose that the great mistake of the nineteenth century civilization 
 builders was their assumption that men were rational by nature, the 
 teaching that men are born rational beings. We used to be taught 
 in the schools that men were wholly rational and animals wholly 
 instinctive. From that absurd position research and experience have 
 driven us helter-skelter. Experience first, for if the history of the 
 world during the last ten years is to be read as the story of com- 
 pletely rational beings, then either the word “‘rational’”’ loses its mean- 
 ing or history becomes an inexplicable enigma. The conduct of man 
 during the last ten years has been savagely irrational. No rational 
 beings could have behaved in the mad, brutal, cruel fashion in which 
 the most civilized, highly educated, splendidly developed men have 
 behaved during the last ten years. 
 
 Experience first of all drives us in complete rout from the posi- 
 tion that men are born rational beings and research verifies experi- 
 ence and reveals to us that men are born with a very powerful im- 
 pulsive and instinctive nature, and that that impulsive and instinctive 
 nature is the power center of their characters, the raw material of 
 their personalities, so that, as Prof. William McDoughall says, if 
 
BE STILL AND KNOW THAT I AM GOD 13 
 
 they were taken away or destroyed the human organism would lie 
 inert and motionless, like a beautiful piece of clock work of which 
 the main spring has been broken, or like an engine from which the 
 fires have been drawn. 
 
 We have learned that we have a very powerful, instinctive nature 
 and that that instinctive nature affects all our conduct and all our 
 thoughts. That discovery has led to a reaction and to an underrating’ 
 of the power of reason, so that men say we are not rational, and that 
 temperament and instinct are the ruling powers of our lives. That 
 is a gospel of despair and could only lead to chaos worse confounded. 
 
 In any case, with all of us, our instinctive, impulsive nature has 
 very much more to do with our thinking and our conduct than we 
 are willing to admit to ourselves. We are not born rational but we 
 are capable of becoming so, and in becoming so lies our one and 
 only hope. Unless we can become rational and can guide our con- 
 duct upon rational principles, based upon a rational foundation of 
 a real ethic, then the world is lost. But rationality is not a matter 
 of the intellect pure and simple; there is no such thing as pure 
 intellect; to talk about pure intellect is to talk bad psychology and 
 half-baked truth. Rationality involves the surrender of the whole 
 man, it involves the unification not merely of experience, but of all 
 those impulses and instincts around which experience inevitably tends 
 to gather itself in systems of associated ideas. 
 
 Men are not born rational but they have to become so through 
 stern discipline, and therefore it is not because we don’t want reason 
 that we plead with you for religion, it is just because we do want it; 
 it is not because we don’t want men to think that we plead with them 
 to worship, it is just because we do want it; it is because we want 
 reason and not ranting and raving; it is because we want thought 
 and not mere expression of prejudice; it is because we want con- 
 ference and not conflict, that we plead first that every man should 
 build up within him, and every woman too, a place of stillness, a 
 place of silence, into which he can retreat at will and out of which 
 he has, by the grace of God, barred passion, pride and conceit and 
 has found a silence where reigns only the Lord of Truth. 
 
 Clever men who are personally conceited are the curse of all 
 conferences. They want eternally to be jabbering, and even while 
 the other man is talking they are not listening to what he is saying; 
 they are thinking of what they are going to say. They are not out 
 to learn the truth, they are out to air their own rotten, wretched, 
 half-baked and half-thought-out ideas. It is because the conferences 
 of the world are such rotten conferences that what you want to do 
 
I4 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 is to teach the world how to confer. Conferring is not so much a 
 matter of wits as a matter of character. You say you want to think 
 things out for yourselves. That is splendid, provided you have three 
 things: First of all the apparatus ; and, secondly, the raw material, the 
 knowledge; and, thirdly, the patience and the perseverance of a 
 consecrated will. If you haven’t got those three things, it would be 
 better for you to do as you are told. 
 
 There is too much of this airing of your opinions, whierteek they 
 are founded or unfounded, reasonable or unreasonable, simply get- — 
 ting the idea that to have what is called an open mind, a completely 
 open mind, is the proper thing. That means that you take up quite 
 willingly with the latest craze and run that way, you are like a child 
 tossed to and fro by every wind of doctrine and by the cunning 
 craftiness of men whereby they lie in wait to deceive, and that you 
 have got no ultimate taste of reality. That simply means that you 
 are not fit to think out things for yourselves. And half the people 
 in the world are not fit to think things out for themselves. They 
 haven’t made the discipline and the preparation that are necessary 
 to make a man really rational. 
 
 I am not prepared to trust a man’s judgment on a question of 
 chemistry and physics until I know something about his character. 
 It is all nonsense to suppose that religion does not come into the study. 
 Religion comes right into the heart of the subject, and the search 
 for truth is every bit as much a matter of character as it is of brain 
 ability. 
 
 Therefore, what I plead with you to do is to find the peace of 
 God, surrender to the great eternal beauty of our Lord Jesus Christ. 
 That surrender which I want to make and which I have never com- 
 pletely made, will not make you irrational or unreasonable; it will 
 set you free from folly, from pride, from conceit, from prejudice, 
 from fear of your fellows, fear of what they will say; it will set you 
 free from the herd,—and there is a danger lest this vast body be 
 just a herd, a herd in which thinking can’t be done because the pres- 
 sure of its opinion is too terrible and too heavy. It will set you free 
 from fear and from all those things that can warp and wound and 
 destroy the beautiful balance of judgment, and the direct seeking of 
 truth which are absolutely essential in these days. It will protect 
 you from that dreadful state of mind in which we become bitter, 
 bellicose pacifists, people who shake their fists in your eyes and tell 
 you to love your enemies as if they were going to hit you the next 
 minute if you didn’t; the kind of people who bid you love Chinese 
 and hate Americans, who bid you love the worker and detest the 
 
BE STILL AND KNOW THAT I AM GOD 15 
 
 millionaire, who go in for a revolution, which means that they go 
 clean ’round to the same place they started from, and call it by a 
 different name, and start all over again; that kind of thing which 
 continually shirks the cross of real thought, shirks the cross of real 
 effort, and substitutes ranting and raving and fighting and appeal to 
 the bellicose emotions for the real hard cross of thinking and sacri- 
 ficial action. 
 
 It is from futility and folly that the worship of the light that 
 never was on land or sea, the light that shone in Jesus, will deliver 
 you. There is nothing contradictory between rationality and religion. 
 Religion is the essential condition of the highest form of free 
 thought; freely moving, freely surveying thought must be based upon 
 a surrender to the highest moral values, and that means surrender 
 to the highest personality that we know, and that means surrender 
 to Jesus Christ. 
 
 So I bid you, so far as in you lie, “Be still and know that I am 
 God”—and that “I”? means no other than He who was crucified and 
 rose again—make it not a thing of emotion that you catch now, 
 make it the attitude of mind with which you go into every confer- 
 ence. Don’t say, “We will get the prayers over and then we will 
 get down to business,” and the business will be only busyness and 
 chatter and talk and the airing of clever people’s opinions. Make 
 up your minds that the prayer before is the most important part of 
 the business; it is the settling of your minds into such a condition 
 that you will be a reasonable being, that you will desire to see the 
 truth and to follow the truth, no matter how much it costs you and 
 no matter how much it hurts, that it will be the part of the business 
 that sets you free from the pride and the frivolity and the folly 
 which mar and maim nine conferences out of ten. Make up your 
 minds that this being’ still and knowing that Christ is God, making 
 anew your surrender to the highest that you know, is not just an 
 addendum to a conference, but is of the very core and heart and 
 essence of its being. 
 
 Before I read a book I pray; before I listen to a speech I pray; 
 before I enter into a conversation that is important, I pray that my 
 mind may be balanced, steady, clean, and clear. I don’t underrate 
 the mind. I have only got a third-rate one, but the one I have got 
 I was taught by my father to keep clean and clear and keen and 
 balanced, and to look upon dishonesty as degradation; but it is because 
 I want to preserve reason, because I want to make men rational above 
 all other things, that I plead with them that they should be un- 
 
16 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 ashamedly, openly, without any reserve, religious, worshippers of 
 the highest and the best that they know. 
 
 Finally it brings peace, not the kind of peace that bids a man 
 fold his hands and let things be, not the kind of peace which means 
 that you’re all right and the whole world can go drifting, drifting 
 downwards, not the kind of peace that means your own comfort, 
 but the kind of peace which must be the basis of all fruitful war 
 against evil in the world. 
 
 Unless there is peace in your heart, unless there is peace that 
 passeth understanding at the depth of your being, you cannot bring 
 peace to a stricken and wounded world; you cannot give away what 
 you haven’t got; you cannot give away what is not in you, and before 
 you can really bring healing to the wounds of the world, and peace 
 to its war stripes, there must be in you that peace that passeth under- 
 standing, which is the power of all effectual fighting against evil, for: 
 
 Peace does not mean the end of all our striving; 
 Joy does not mean the drying of our tears; 
 
 Peace is the power that comes to souls arriving, 
 Up to the light where God himself appears. 
 
 Joy is the wine that God is ever pouring, 
 Into the hearts of those who strive with him, 
 Lighting their eyes to vision and adoring, 
 Strengthening their arms to warfare, glad and grim. 
 
 Bread of Thy body give me for my fighting, 
 Give me to drink Thy sacred blood for wine, 
 While there are wrongs that need me for the righting 
 While there is warfare splendid and divine. 
 
 Give me for light the sunshine of Thy sorrow, 
 Give me for shelter the shadow of Thy cross, 
 Give me to share the glory of tomorrow 
 And gone from my heart is the bitterness of loss. 
 
 And so may the peace of God that passeth all understanding 
 keep your hearts and minds in the knowledge and the love of God and’ 
 of his son, Jesus Christ our Lord. 
 
DEVOTIONAL PERIOD 
 
 Henry P. Van Dusen 
 
 President of the Students’ Association, Union Theological Seminary, 
 New York 
 
 After an address such as that to which we have just listened, I 
 take it that no call to prayer is necessary, that every one of us feels 
 within us the urge unitedly to seek God’s presence. The more one 
 looks out upon life, and upon the world which we confront today, 
 the more deeply one seems to be able to discern its meaning, the 
 more does one become convinced that there will be no salvation, no 
 way out for this world, no attainment of the life abundant for you 
 and me, no successful issue of this conference except as there is born 
 in the very cores of our hearts a consciousness of a vibrant com- 
 munion with the living God. 
 
 Many of us have come here seeking and expecting great things 
 from this convention, and we shall not be disappointed. Yet as one 
 looks back over centuries of Christians, it seems that the periods 
 when the Life of God has vitally touched the life of man, have been 
 those times and periods when groups of men and women, like our- 
 selves, in twos and threes, in hundreds and in thousands, have united 
 their hearts in earnest intercession. If that is the lesson of Christian 
 history, one suspects that God has not changed his methods of speak- 
 ing to men. 
 
 The will of God can be revealed, the spirit of God can be pos- 
 sessed, the work of God can be done, only where groups of men and 
 women, praying men and women, unitedly seek him. 
 
 Shall we, therefore, for a few minutes this afternoon turn our 
 _ thoughts to the supreme purpose of this Convention and unite in 
 intercession together. | 
 
 Let us turn our hearts unto God, unto Him who is never absent 
 from us, “closer than breathing, nearer than hands and feet,” His 
 presence ever with us except insofar as we refuse to acknowledge His 
 nearness to us. “Be still, and know that I am God.” “God is spirit, 
 and they that worship Him must worship Him in spirit and in truth,” 
 
 y 
 
18 ' CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Let us pray for wisdom that in these hours of conference 
 together the baffling clouds which surround us may be dispelled, and 
 we may see with a clearness we have never known before what it is 
 that God would have us do. ‘They shall know the truth and the 
 truth shall make them free.” 
 
 Let us pray for deep sympathy and understanding with men and 
 women of all races, all nations, all creeds, remembering that “there 
 is neither Greek nor Jew, bond nor free, male nor female, but all 
 are one in Christ Jesus,” with one another and with different points 
 of view, recalling that where the spirit of Christ truly is there is unity. 
 
 And then, let us pray for power that through the weakness, 
 impotency and baseness of our human lives the infinite resources of 
 the living God may flow. “I can do all things in Him that strengthen- 
 eth me.” 
 
 Let us pray for courage, that God may find us ready to live up 
 to the leading of His Spirit and the revelation of His will which we 
 see in these days together, send us where it may, cost what it may. 
 “No man having put his hand to the plow, and looking back is fit 
 for the kingdom of God.” 
 
 And then let us pray, each one, for purity of heart, that purity 
 without which there is no wisdom, there is no power, there is no 
 courage; purity of personal life first of all, purity of motive, purity 
 of unconditioned surrender of ourselves for the life of others. 
 “Blessed are the pure in heart for they shall see God.” 
 
 And then, most of all, let us pray that in these hours together 
 there may be held constantly before us the vision of Jesus Christ, 
 in whose presence there can be no impurity, no selfishness, no jealousy, 
 no cowardliness, that our weakness may be caught up in His strength, 
 that our pettiness may be purified by His love, and that our wills 
 may be indissolubly united with His for the inbringing of His King- 
 dom here on earth. 
 
 Oh, thou eternal God, our Father, who through all the centuries 
 hast been calling men one by one to serve Thee, who dost encompass 
 our lives with a love and a watchfulness which are never weary, all 
 that is fine and noble within us cries out to Thee for a great pouring 
 of Thy spirit upon this Convention. 
 
 Thou who knowest us better than we know ourselves, who 
 seest and hearest not only our spoken petitions, but those silent 
 aspirations of our hearts, known alone to Thee and to us, to whom 
 every thought is a prayer, every desire an intercession, .grant that 
 in our days here together we may see those things which are essential 
 and fundamental and vital to our life with Thee. 
 
INTERCESSION 19 
 
 Thou speakest to men in many ways, Thou touchest our hearts 
 in diverse manners. Grant, our Father, that as the hours and days 
 pass, every one of us may be drawn by bonds which we little under- 
 stand, but in which we tremendously believe, to be close to thine own 
 life, that Thou mayest become real to us, our Father, our Savior, 
 our God. 
 
 We face a world which we recognize in desperate need, need 
 of leadership which can save, need of men who can lead, men and 
 women such as we are not now and such as we, save by Thy strength, 
 cannot become. 
 
 O grant, our Father, that our hearts may be so purified, our 
 lives so wholly given to Thee that we may go forth from here as men 
 and women who have met face to face with God and who because 
 they carry the imprint of Thy love and Thy power and Thy self on 
 their lives, can meet and satisfy a world which in all its needs 
 supremely needs Thee, and which, except it find Thee, cannot endure. 
 
 And now, our Father, hear not only the words and thoughts 
 which we have uttered together, but also those deeper, purer and 
 truer aspirations in the center of the heart of every one of us, reach- 
 ing out to Thee this day, and grant them not in accordance with our 
 asking but in accordance with Thy infinite wisdom, through Jesus 
 Christ, whom we call our Master, and our Savior. Amen. 
 
 CLOSING PRAYER 
 
 Rev. G. A. StuppErT KENNEDY 
 
 O Jesus Christ, who art the light of the world, help us to be 
 honest, help us to face the facts and to follow where the facts lead 
 no matter how much it hurts us, no matter how big the sacrifice may 
 be. Help us to follow where Thy light leads. Deliver us from fear, 
 from pride, from prejudice. Give us open eyes and brave hearts. 
 Keep us, O God, from shutting our ears to the sounds of the world’s 
 distress, blinding our eyes to the wrong that is being done among 
 men. And while Thou deliverest us from hatred, keep us from 
 taking refuge in sentimental and unreal dreamings and thoughts of 
 a better age which is to come, without our giving anything for it. 
 
 O Lord Jesus, make us honest even if we are crucified for it. 
 
 BENEDICTION 
 
 Into God’s gracious keeping we commit you. May the Lord bless 
 you and keep you. May the Lord make his face to shine on you 
 
20 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 and be gracious unto you, in your going out and in your coming in; 
 in your lying down and in your rising up; in your labor and in your 
 leisure; in your laughter and in your tears, until you come to stand 
 before Him in the day to which there is no sunset and no dawn. 
 Amen. 
 
ADDRESSES ON THE CHRISTIAN 
 FAITH 
 
 WHAT DO WE BELIEVE ABOUT GOD? 
 
 CaNon Epwarp S. Woops 
 
 Rector, Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge, England, and formerly Chairman of 
 the British Student Movement 
 
 May I take this opportunity straightaway of conveying to you 
 cordial and fraternal greetings from the British Student Movement, 
 of which I have the honor to be a member? ‘There has been for 
 many years a rich contact between your Movement and ours and I 
 shall endeavor to carry back to our Movement something of the 
 teaching and inspiration that I am finding at this great gathering. 
 
 I may be permitted to add that this is my first visit to your 
 great country. I set foot in this land for the first time only six days 
 ago, and I should like to say that I have come here to learn as well 
 as to teach, to receive as well as to give, and I know as I make the 
 attempt to handle these great themes each morning, that you will 
 extend to me the forbearance of your friendliness and courtesy. 
 
 I have been asked to handle four topics, “What do we believe 
 about God; about sin and forgiveness; about the Kingdom of God; 
 and about the sources of Power?” 
 
 The first of those we will take up this morning, “What do we be- 
 lieve about God?” I can imagine a cynical observer saying to us, 
 “Well, it doesn’t very much matter what you do believe about God. 
 What you need to do is to get on with your job.” 
 
 Now I should reply to this that most of the muddled doing in 
 this chaotic world of ours today is due to muddled thinking, and 
 the most practical thing that a man can do is to get his thinking 
 straightened out, and especially his thinking about God. 
 
 21 
 
22 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 All action is governed by the thought behind it. History is the 
 finished product of ideas. I think it will not be a waste of time, if 
 at this gathering, and in the discussion groups, we do make some 
 pretty definite attempt to clear up our thinking about God. The most 
 powerful ideas that move men are their deep instinctive ideas about 
 man, the universe and God Himself, and it does vitally matter that 
 our thoughts about God should be right thoughts. Many of the © 
 mistakes and tragedies of Christian history have been due to think- 
 ing about God which has been imperfectly Christianized. Only a 
 week or so ago I happened to be standing again at a certain spot in 
 the famous Smithfield Square in London, the very spot where the 
 martyrs were burnt in the sixteenth century. It came home to me 
 then again, as it has come home to me before, ‘“What were these men 
 doing?” They thought they were doing right. They thought they 
 were doing God’s service in burning those victims. The tragedy was 
 that they had got hold of a wrong idea of God. 
 
 There are people in religion still who fall into the error which 
 is perpetually cropping up in all institutional religion,—the error of 
 ore their religion instead of God. “Beware,” said some one 
 once, “of worshiping your pan little pet infinite, which is sublime to 
 you chiefly because it is yours.” 
 
 If we can do nothing else at this conference, it will be inetd 
 worth while, if, through coming here, we can get our thought of 
 God brought closer to the teaching and the standards which have 
 been set us by Jesus Christ. As that great teacher, Dr. Glover, has 
 insisted, there is no task more necessary for Christians of today than 
 to think of God in terms of Jesus Christ, and I should like in this 
 connection to endorse emphatically everything that was said on this 
 platform yesterday by my old friend, Studdert Kennedy, about the 
 need of bringing your religion and your thinking into the closest 
 possible connection. 
 
 The main theme that I want to put before you this morning is 
 simply this: that any revealing of God which is adequate must be 
 made in a personal way, and that there has in fact been such a per- 
 sonal revealing of Him in and through Jesus Christ. 
 
 This claim, to know God in Christ, is the claim of all normal 
 Christian experience; and it is from the side of Christian experience 
 that we shall do well, I suggest, to begin our investigations. What- 
 ever interpretations of the fact you may prefer, there is no denying 
 the fact itself that, ever since Jesus was on this earth of ours, men 
 and women in every generation, vast numbers of them, have claimed 
 that through Him they have found themselves in vital contact with 
 
WHAT DO WE BELIEVE ABOUT GOD 23 
 
 God Himself, with transfiguring results for life and character, as well 
 as for events and circumstances. That experience dates from a 
 certain Spring morning somewhere about the year a.p. 29, when a 
 little group of men and women found that the master and friend 
 they so dearly loved was not, after all, dead, but was in fact alive. 
 From that hour they were completely transformed, and proceeded 
 to impress their transforming experience on the world in which they 
 lived. Indeed it is not too much to say that from that hour, history 
 itself took a new turn. The happy friendship which these men had 
 enjoyed with Jesus on the hillsides and in the villages of Galilee, was 
 for them now carried over into the region of the unseen and the 
 eternal; their friendship with Him became, in a way they hardly 
 could define or interpret, identical with their experience of God 
 Himself. In Christ they found that God was good, that God was 
 love, that God was available; that this world was His world, not the 
 devil’s; and that He was only waiting for human faith and coopera- 
 tion to execute His purpose of a complete, satisfying, universal 
 redemption. And in the strength of this conviction this little band 
 of ardent souls proceeded to turn the world upside down. 
 
 From that time to this, there have been multitudes of men and 
 women, in every generation and every country, who claim to have 
 entered into some such experience of God. In every town, in every 
 college, you can find people who are perfectly certain that apart from 
 Jesus and all He has brought them of God, their life would be just 
 a disastrous moral failure. In every profession you can find men 
 with a fine and lofty conception of human life and human work, 
 and they will tell you unhesitatingly, that it is from God they have 
 got this sense of vision and purpose. And, again and again, there 
 are lives where the relentless pressure of suffering, mental and physi- 
 cal, would drive to hopelessness, pessimism and despair, were it not 
 for the sense of the Great Companion standing by to share the ter- 
 rible burden. I came across a touching and significant incident re- 
 cently in the life of the great pioneer missionary to the New Hebrides, 
 J. G. Paton. He landed on one of the islands on November 5, 1858, 
 with his young wife. Some months later a son was born. In two 
 days, from fever and ague, the wife was dead; a month later, the 
 babe died too. “Stunned by that dreadful loss,” he records in his 
 journal, “my reason seemed for a time almost to give way. . . . But 
 I was never altogether forsaken. . . . But for Jesus, and the fellow- 
 ship he vouchsafed me there, I must have gone mad and died beside 
 that lonely grave.” 
 
 Such testimony might be multiplied a thousand-fold. Christian- 
 
24 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 ity, past and present, teems with data of this kind, and the solid 
 reality of the beneficent and life-giving results of Christian experi- 
 ence few will be found to deny. The point where the modern chal- 
 lenge is directed is the nature of the experience itself. Is that expe- 
 rience ultimately objective or subjective? Is the object of the experi- 
 ence really God revealed in Christ, as Christianity alleges, or is the 
 explanation to be sought, as some of the psychologists are arguing, 
 along the lines of mob-suggestion and auto-suggestion? To attempt 
 to indicate at all fully the answer to these questions would demand 
 a whole lecture, or series of lectures, on the relation of Christian 
 experience to modern psychology; and for that there is not the time, 
 even if I had the equipment. I would only make one comment before 
 passing on; namely, that it is highly unscientific, in fact very foolish, 
 to brush aside all alleged Christian experience as having no evidential 
 value. Science’s own method represents a combination of authority 
 and experiment. No scientist in his senses would dream of ignoring 
 the accumulated knowledge which he finds already in existence. In 
 every department of human thought and life, the authority of the 
 expert has its due place. In religion as in science there are masters, 
 who attain a higher knowledge than is attainable by ordinary folk, 
 and to dismiss their discoveries as illusions is mere folly. I should 
 like to quote here a timely protest in this matter made by the writer 
 of a recent valuable book, “Js Christian Experience an IlIlusion?” 
 “Those who disallow from the start the experience of Christian saints 
 and mystics, who are our masters in the realm of religion, are not 
 acting in conformity with scientific principles as they sometimes 
 imagine they are. ‘They are doing exactly the opposite and falling 
 into that a priori dogmatism which is the negation of scientific 
 methods. The religious expert may be wrong; we may all be wrong. 
 Our knowledge may be a tissue of falsehood and our learned men 
 deluded triflers with a world radically irreducible to reason. But 
 that is improbable. We are willing to take the slight risk involved 
 in any affirmation of truth. And nine-tenths of our true statements 
 are based on authority, the authority of the experts in the several 
 branches of human knowledge. Whether or not we are able to test 
 their statements for ourselves, the only reasonable attitude is to be 
 willing to believe that there is a settled body of truth which we can 
 accept.” 
 
 “Trust a man in his own art,’ says the old Latin proverb. Why 
 should it be so in science and art and not be so in the field of 
 religious experience? Is it reasonable to think that just in that very 
 department which makes them great, just where they have risen 
 
WHAT DO WE BELIEVE ABOUT GOD 25 
 
 above their fellows and attained their fame, religious geniuses are 
 nothing but deluded simpletons? Baron von Hugel says very perti- 
 nently, ‘It is impossible to see why Plato, Aristotle, Leibnitz and 
 Kant, and why again Phidias and Michael Angelo, Raphael and 
 Rembrandt, Bach and Beethoven, Homer and Shakespeare, are to 
 be held in deepest gratitude, as revealers respectively of various kinds 
 of reality and truth, if Amos and Isaiah, Paul, Augustine and 
 Aquinas, Francis of Assisi and Joan of Arc are to be treated as pure 
 illusionists, in precisely what constitutes their specific greatness.’ ” 
 
 Having made that proviso about the reality of Christian experi- 
 ence, I want to go on at once to trace this experience back to its 
 original source in the Jesus of history, for the very good reason that 
 the content of the Christian belief in God is, ultimately, determined 
 by certain events that took place on the plane of history, somewhere 
 between the years B. c. 4 and a.p. 29. The question which is the topic 
 of this lecture—What do we believe about God—is, for me at any 
 rate and surely for most of us, quite unanswerable apart from Jesus 
 Christ. In saying this I do not mean to suggest that you can com- 
 pletely isolate the historic fact of Christ from all that went before 
 and all that has followed since. You cannot adequately estimate the 
 significance of that short span of years of Jesus’ life in Palestine, 
 without all the time taking into account what He has meant, and goes 
 on meaning, to uncounted multitudes since. The final significance 
 of the revelation of God in Christ must be looked for in the whole 
 of what it has meant in human history. Hence the immense impor- 
 tance of investigating the nature and results of Christian experience. 
 But, as I have already said, it is equally important to examine very 
 closely the original historical occurrences without which there would 
 have been no Christian experience to investigate. 
 
 It may be well, first, to say a word about the documents in which 
 these original occurrences are recorded. 
 
 The Christian position involves an affirmation of facts and an 
 interpretation of the facts. We are not at the moment concerned 
 with interpretations but with the facts themselves. These facts are 
 contained in various documents. Are the documents reliable? Was 
 Jesus an actual historical fact, the sort of person He is described as 
 being in the documents? Did the recorder invent him or did he 
 give rise to the records? Most historians have no doubt as to the 
 answer. 
 
 I say to you unhesitatingly that the main trend of a critical and 
 historical investigation of the last fifty years has been unquestionably 
 to establish the trustworthiness of the records in their main layout. 
 
26 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 No doubt there is plenty of critical work still to be done. The exact 
 relation to one another of the documents that are thought to underlie 
 the first three Gospels are not yet settled conclusively. There are 
 some details that are uncertain, there are gaps in the story; the 
 accounts are in some ways meager and unsatisfactory; they fail to 
 tell us a great many things that we would like to know. On the 
 other hand, they do succeed in conveying to us a vivid conception of 
 the personality of Jesus, and a sufficiently trustworthy record of what 
 he was and did. There is even good non-Christian documentary 
 evidence, especially Tacitus, for Jesus as the founder of Christianity 
 and for His execution. 
 
 The evidence for further details about Him in the Gospels them- 
 selves and in the Pauline documents is now generally admitted to 
 have a very high degree of value. In the last resort, in considering 
 this question of the written record, one is always thrust back on the 
 old dilemma, either ignorant or unlearned men have accomplished a 
 literary miracle or the gospel story is substantially true. 
 
 As we contemplate that figure, with whom the documents bring 
 us face to face, we are conscious that He is unique. He exhibits a 
 moral wholeness, a moral beauty, that is new in human history. He 
 is evidently a real man, mixing with men in easy, sympathetic, un- 
 embarrassed fashion. At the same time He gives the impression of 
 living in a harmony with God that is unclouded, continuous, all- 
 embracing. He seems to have access to limitless divine resources, 
 and he employs them without stint to help and serve his fellow men. 
 I am not at this moment attempting to interpret His unique person- 
 ality; I only want, just now, to note the fact that His friends when 
 they considered Him said to themselves, “This is what God is like” — 
 a conviction that deepened as time went on. They reflected further 
 that this is no accidental resemblance but constituted an intentional, 
 deliberate, self-revealing on God’s part. “God is in Christ, reconciling 
 the world unto Himself.” 
 
 What then is the main content of this self-revealing of God in 
 Jesus? What are the features in the character of God that you can 
 deduce from the examination of this portrait? I will try to indicate’ 
 some of them in rough outline. Think first of Jesus among men, 
 rejoicing in their company, really interested in their concerns, mixing 
 on ordinary, equal terms with the very ordinary men and women 
 whom He met in the days of His ministry. What may we infer about 
 God from this side of Jesus’ life? We may surely infer, if our 
 hypothesis is correct, that God is personal and personally interested 
 in all the details of human living. “Are not five sparrows sold for a 
 
WHAT DO WE BELIEVE ABOUT GOD 27 
 
 farthing and not one of them falls to the ground without your 
 Father ?” 
 
 God is not afar off, a sort of dim and distant potentate behind 
 the heavens, but quite near and really concerned with all that makes 
 up the sum of human life. As Augustine says, “God did not make 
 the world and then go away. In all that life holds of goodness, of 
 truth, and of beauty—God is there.” 
 
 Look again at Jesus among men not merely as a passive sharer 
 of their life, but with them to help, stretching out His hands to heal 
 and bless, giving Himself in utter friendliness, indomitable kindness 
 to all who seek Him. All the time He is up against the evil in the 
 world; He has to battle with the darkness of men’s hearts and minds. 
 But gently, patiently, quietly He sets out to win them in the only way, 
 the way of love. And this way leads at last, as it must inevitably 
 lead, to the cross where love and sin met in the final grip. God, He 
 urges, is likewise generosity and love and utter kindliness. “He 
 maketh His sun to rise on the just and on the unjust. He giveth 
 rain to good and bad men alike.’ His purpose for this world is one 
 of love, and has nothing whatever to do with force. 
 
 Now look again at Jesus’ life, and note that this love of His is 
 not just a general amiability toward men in the mass. He cared 
 deeply for men and women as individual personalities. He had a 
 genius for friendship. He spent time and thought over His friend- 
 ship with men like Peter, like Zacchaeus, yes, with men like Judas. 
 That, He insists, is God’s own attitude towards human personalities. 
 God, he says in effect, is father and wants to enter into a personal 
 filial relationship with all His children. Read again some time today 
 the matchless story of the prodigal son and you will find there in a 
 few words the very essence of Jesus’ thought about God. “He ran 
 and fell on his neck and kissed him. . . . Son, thou art ever with 
 me and all that I have is thine. . . . There is joy in the presence of 
 God over one sinner that repenteth.” 
 
 Once more, think of the new conception of goodness which Jesus 
 brought to men. It stood out in sharp contrast to the conception 
 held by many of His religious contemporaries. You can read in the 
 “Mishnah,” for instance, that if a tailor carried his needle on the 
 Sabbath, he was doing an act which invited religious condemnation, 
 But if he repaired to the temple and selected and paid for an appro- 
 priate animal and had his sacrifice, then all was well. 
 
 Jesus says that God has nothing to do with that kind of thing. 
 God demands of men a real goodness, a goodness that corresponds 
 to His own. You constantly find this gap between men’s thought of 
 
28 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 righteousness and God’s demand for a sheer reality of goodness. 
 “Forgiving love and unselfish service,” Jesus says in His Sermon on 
 the Mount—I quote from a paraphrase by G. R. H. Shafto, “that is 
 how God acts towards men and that is how men must act towards 
 each other. . . . You are to be God’s children to all the world; your 
 goodness is to be of your heavenly father’s quality and stamp.” 
 
 What I have tried to do thus far has been to look at the human 
 life of Jesus of Nazareth, and draw certain inferences and deductions 
 about the character of God from that life, believing that the only 
 satisfactory line of investigation for all of us lies along the line of 
 the answer which Jesus once made to one of His disciples when He 
 was speaking with him, “He that hath seen me hath seen the Father.” 
 
 We pass on now in the concluding part of this address to face 
 a question which must be squarely faced: Who was this Man who 
 has changed the whole course of the world’s thought of God? 
 
 I noticed a sentence in a leader in the Indianapolis News last 
 night quoting a remark which was made at the conference which I 
 understand just preceded this, “It is much easier to talk about the 
 deity of Jesus than about the child labor law.” 
 
 Well, there is a sense in which that is true, and as a clergyman 
 of the Church of England I should be quite willing to admit that 
 very often in the history of religion, the organized church has been 
 too much concerned with Christian doctrine and too little concerned 
 with Christian ethics. Nevertheless, I venture to think that behind 
 this quotation there does lurk what the grammarians call a false 
 antithesis. For I submit it has been abundantly shown in history 
 and in present experience, that those men and women who are most 
 profoundly concerned about the welfare not only of children but of 
 all their brother men and women in the world, are precisely those 
 who are impelled to it by the motive of loyalty to the living Christ. 
 And I venture to think that that means ultimately we cannot sever 
 questions of ethics from questions of creed. 
 
 Now, there is no doubt at all that as a historic fact those men 
 who first kept company with Jesus, when they tried to shape out in 
 their minds what he meant to them, could not do it without using ’ 
 the word “God.” He had, for them, the “value” of God. Their 
 thought of Him and their thought of God converged, coalesced. 
 They found their friendship with Jesus carried over after the Resur- 
 rection, into the region of the invisible and the eternal, into the realm 
 of faith. The earliest document of the New Testament (1: Thessa- 
 lonians) brackets Christ with God quite explicitly. If, therefore, you 
 were to ask me straightly and simply, “Do you believe that Jesus 
 
WHAT DO WE BELIEVE ABOUT GOD 29 
 
 Christ was God?” for me the answer is in the affirmative. I am as 
 certain as I can be of anything that Jesus Christ is actually alive and 
 is standing in this hall this morning, and that we can talk to Him. 
 If I did not believe that I should not be here, and I should have abso-. 
 lutely no Gospel for you or for anybody else. 
 
 If you go on to say, “Well, how and in what sense do you think 
 this?” I think I should reply in some way like this. I should be 
 careful, first of all, to lay great stress on the humanity of Jesus. 
 In my own judgment, one of the greatest achievements of Christian 
 thinking during the last fifty years has been to recover the reality of 
 the humanity of Jesus of Nazareth. He was a real man, not just 
 disguised as a man, not wearing a kind of artificial, temporary, human 
 dress, but a real, strong, vigorous, virile man. 
 
 I must say that one of the things I am enjoying here as a new- 
 comer to your land is your talk and your vocabulary. I was 
 talking about a mutual friend with the Chairman yesterday, a 
 man we both respect very much. He was up at Cambridge with me, 
 and he got “blue” for football. My friend described him to me as 
 “a two-fisted he-man.” I like that description. I am making note 
 of it for further use when I get back to my own country. We do 
 not have quite such an enlightened vocabulary. 
 
 I mention it to show something of what I mean by this emphasis 
 on the humanity of Jesus. The thing has been obscured. If you 
 had met Him on the road, He would have struck you as just an ordi- 
 nary healthy person, wearing the same kind of clothes as any other 
 man, and not looking in the least like a figure in a stained-glass win- 
 dow. I know of few more unattractive things than what you may 
 call “official religiousness,” alien from the attractiveness, the human- 
 ity of Jesus. 
 
 It reminds me of a story I heard of a man,—this was in our 
 land,—who went to preach a sermon at a distant place and had to 
 travel by train. He had never been there before, and his host, who 
 was to entertain him, came to meet him at the station. He somehow 
 missed him so he went up and accosted a stranger. He said to the 
 stranger, “Excuse me, sir, but are you a clergyman?” The man 
 looked at him sadly and said, “Oh, no, I am not a clergyman; it is 
 my indigestion that makes me look like this.” 
 
 I tell you that story because I do want you to see very fully 
 how really human Jesus was and is. I have no shade of doubt in 
 my own mind that many a time as He sat on the hillside with His 
 friends, He enjoyed a good laugh with them. | 
 
 But perhaps the thought occurs to you: “If you press His 
 
30 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 humanity like this, does that not make what is called His divinity 
 recede ?” 
 
 I venture to think not. It seems to me a great mistake to regard 
 Him as a kind of mixture, a hybrid, half man and half God, doing 
 some things as a man, other things as God. We cannot conceive of 
 a sane human being with two wills or two quite different centers of — 
 consciousness. Surely, the fundamental mistake here is to assume, 
 as is often assumed, that God and man are opposites, and that the 
 more Jesus is man the less He is God. That, I believe, is where our 
 thinking has often tended to go wrong. God is inconceivably greater 
 than we, but He is not the opposite. We are made in His image and 
 our highest thought of God necessarily fashions itself in terms of 
 the highest we know in man. May it not be that the “Godhead” of 
 Jesus is to be looked for in and not apart from His absolutely perfect 
 humanity. In Jesus Christ, in fact, you have a revelation—to use a 
 definition suggested by Dr. Moberley—not of “God and man” but of 
 “God as man.” 
 
 All I would say before I sit down is this: Don’t think of all this 
 matter in purely intellectual terms. The greatest discovery that any 
 man can ever make is the discovery that God is what Jesus has 
 asserted Him to be. Jesus Himself said that this was an epoch- 
 making thing for any man. It is like finding the pearl of great 
 price; and there are many, I am sure, in this vast audience today 
 who know with me that the one vital thing, the one thing worth 
 while, is to launch out, to take the risk, to try with every faculty that 
 God has given you, to find out who and what God is. 
 
 If you reach Jesus’ conclusion, happy will you be. As one has 
 put it beautifully, “thereafter one goes about the world like one who 
 was lonely and has found a lover, like one who was perplexed and 
 has found a solution.” 
 
 WHAT DO WE BELIEVE ABOUT SIN: AND 
 FORGIVENESS? 
 
 Canon Epwarp S. Woops 
 
 I don’t think it is necessary for me to try to paint a picture of 
 sin for you. I will only ask you to use your imagination and do just 
 two things. Think first of the glorious manhood, the true humanity 
 of Jesus Christ. Recall the kind of man that He was; think of the 
 impression that He made upon His disciples; consider the standard 
 
SIN AND FORGIVENESS 31 
 
 of goodness that He shows; and then reflect upon the fact that He 
 says, “This is the true life for every man to live.” There is the 
 standard ; there is the ideal. 
 
 Now think of the other side—think for the nonce of all that 
 lies behind what you have been hearing from this platform the last 
 two days. Consider, for example, what really lay behind that moving 
 address of Sherwood Eddy’s yesterday afternoon, with its passionate 
 indictment of our civilization for its materialism, its autocracy and 
 its militarism. What is the cause of all this evil? You and I know 
 perfectly well. This thing does not stand outside of us. We cannot 
 look on at it as a spectator. It is futile for you and me to sit down 
 in this great convention and try to look at these things in any really 
 detached way as if they were problems apart from us. They are not 
 problems apart from us. We are the social problem. We are the 
 international problem. We are the racial problem. These problems 
 exist simply because the millions of men and women, just ordinary 
 men and women like ourselves, prefer the way of selfishness to the 
 way of God. There are, of course, the two sides in every one of us. 
 There is that which links us to the stars. Why, again and again you 
 can see it in your brother man. I saw it times without number during 
 the war, when I had the honor of being an army chaplain in our 
 forces all through those years. But there is also that in us which 
 pulls us down to the devil. You can see manifestations of that side 
 of us at any place, and in any moment in the streets or houses of 
 our great cities; but the nearest view you can get of it is in your 
 own heart. 
 
 Now I think it should be made plain that we have the power 
 to choose between these two tendencies. I do not propose now to 
 embark on any theoretical discussion of the problem of free will. 
 As some great philosopher once put it—I forget who he was—“All 
 theory is against it (free will), but all experience is in its favor.” 
 However men may argue about it, most of them do at bottom believe 
 that their choice is a free choice, or at least has in it a very large 
 element of freedom. You might press this still further back and 
 ask, “Why do men so often choose wrong? Where does this flaw 
 in them come from? Why does God let us mar and ruin and waste 
 our lives and the lives of others? Is He in any sense responsible 
 for this flaw in man which for large sections of humanity produces 
 a hell on earth?” To such questions I would answer unhesitatingly 
 that God is not directly responsible for the awful mass of suffering 
 and evil in the world as we know it. He made a world of free men 
 and he took the risk that such creation might involve; the abuse of 
 
32 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 freedom and the mess and chaos in the world of today is man’s doing 
 and not God’s. 
 
 We have gone seriously astray, it seems to me, with our con- 
 ceptions of almightiness, and too often we have allowed ourselves 
 to think of God as an arbitrary tyrant, sitting on His throne armed 
 with pestilence and disease, war and sudden death, to vindicate His. 
 majesty and punish sinners. I hope we are gradually beginning to 
 learn that God knows no omnipotence but the omnipotence of love, 
 an omnipotence—to quote a phrase of Bishop Neville Talbot—that 
 does not mean the power to do anything, anywhere, at any time, but 
 an omnipotence that does mean the power to do whatever love can do. 
 
 I would go on to say—and that brings me to the climax of what 
 I want to put before you this morning for your thinking out—that 
 the final divine answer to all the sufferings and sin in the world is 
 to be found at the Cross of Jesus Christ. 
 
 I dare say some of you have read that very widely known and 
 much discussed novel by A. S. M. Hutchinson, “Jf Winter Comes.” 
 Do you remember the trial scene at the end of that novel, when Mark 
 Sabre stands, a beaten man, with everybody and everything arrayed 
 against him, and then suddenly, dramatically, the woman who loves 
 him, the woman of rank and fashion, with everything to lose and 
 nothing to gain, takes her stand by the man she loves?’ The Cross, 
 as I understand it, means God coming right down into the arena of 
 this world, to make us see once and for all that He is not standing 
 aside, either as a kind of benevolent but helpless spectator, or as a 
 remorseless judge waiting to execute a sentence. His attitude is that 
 of the father who should go and take his stand by his son in the dock 
 and then go with him to share his prison cell. The New Testament 
 tells of a God who comes to the rescue, and the central act of God’s 
 redemptive intervention in this world of ours took place on that 
 green hill outside a city wall. 
 
 I would remind you again that I am not dealing with theory. 
 The Cross is one of the best attested facts of history. It is an unques- 
 tionable and astounding fact that that group of men who succeeded 
 in turning the world upside down, did put in the very forefront of 
 their preaching and their message this fact of a criminal crucified— 
 foolishness indeed to the Greeks and a stumbling block to the Jews— 
 but the very heart and the soul of the tidings that they came to bring. 
 
 Why did they? Because unless Christianity is meaningless, the 
 Cross does signify the assertion, in time on the plane of history, of 
 the eternal nature of the very love of God. Let me try to illustrate. 
 Some of the most remarkable moments that I think I have lived in, 
 
SIN AND FORGIVENESS 33 
 
 have been the two-minute periods of silence on Armistice Day, which 
 in England we observe very universally and very carefully. At the 
 first armistice anniversary I happened to be in Whitehall in London, 
 at that central spot in the heart of the Empire, and I stood there in 
 a great gathering of many thousands of people. I think the deep 
 corporate consciousness, the sense of awe, of common memory and 
 common aspiration in that two-minute silence is one of the most 
 remarkable experiences I have ever shared. There seemed to be a 
 summing up, a focussing of a whole world of thought, and regret, 
 and longing, and hope, and aspiration, nation-wide, empire-wide in 
 its scope. 
 
 I sometimes think it is something like that you find in the Incar- 
 nation. There, in Jesus—living, crucified and living again—is the 
 expression, the summing up, the focussing, at one place, at a certain 
 moment in history, of that which God eternally is. 
 
 It is this sort of objectiveness in Christianity which constitutes 
 its supreme value to the human race. At the Cross you see God in 
 action. Here in Jesus is the one completely good man the world has 
 ever known. What did men do with Him? They crucified Him. 
 Here in this act of those men is the pent-up sin of the world con- 
 verging on Jesus, bearing down upon God revealed in Jesus. And 
 what does God do about it? His only response, His only retaliation, 
 is to bear it all, to reveal a love which will endure anything, which 
 will go all lengths of suffering, go down and seek the heart of 
 iniquity in its very lair. That is God’s answer to the sin and suffer- 
 ing of the world. 
 
 Now that is not all the story. I want you to see that it is useless 
 for you or me to contemplate this business of the Cross and the love 
 of God without the use of personal pronouns. It is never done in 
 the New Testament without personal pronouns—“Who loved us and 
 gave Himself for us.” What does love really mean? What does 
 forgiveness mean? Forgiveness cannot mean less than the restoration 
 of a broken relationship. 
 
 I remember hearing of a man in England who had a son whom 
 he loved very much indeed. The son was grown up; he was living 
 at home with his father. The father had no cause to suspect that 
 anything was going wrong, though now and again he had some mis- 
 giving, until one night to his amazement and horror, the son came 
 home very late, blind drunk. It was the beginning of a career of 
 vice and wretchedness, and it nearly broke the father’s heart. What 
 was the father to do? To stop loving was inconceivable. He was 
 utterly ready to forgive all the time, but a man’s willingness to for- 
 
34 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 give goes into thin air unless the wrong-doer is forgivable; the only 
 forgiveness worth talking about is that father and son shall come 
 together again in an affectionate and sacred intimacy, that is new, 
 and that carries with it a healing power. 
 
 If you ask how far the love of God is to go in searching for 
 his straying children, Christ’s Cross is the answer. Jesus went all 
 lengths, and it seems that God is ready to go all lengths. And there 
 is no other way in which the broken relationship may be restored. 
 I don’t think that there is any other power on earth which will turn 
 a man away from his sin and bring him back to truth and goodness, 
 unless and until he can see the love of God and feel the love of God 
 beating against the door of his heart. There are millions of men and 
 women who know that to be true, who have found it out. If you 
 raise the question about the past, it is, of course, true that history 
 cannot be unwritten; that what is done cannot be undone. But it is 
 also true that God wants the wrongdoer back into fellowship, and 
 will go all lengths to bring him back. Moreover, and this is vital, 
 the past is stripped of its power to paralyze the present. When and 
 if you are forgiven, the sting of sin is taken away, and you do find 
 at work in your own heart and life an uplifting, redemptive, regen- 
 erative power, which is greater than anything you could have con- 
 ceived of. You find that He, the Christ, sets you on your feet again; 
 He trusts you; He believes in you, and when you know that He is 
 treating you like that, then you respond; you cannot help it. 
 
 Forgiveness is not a goal but a threshold. There can be no man 
 or woman of us, who was not deeply moved yesterday afternoon by 
 those appeals which came to us from Sherwood Eddy and Robert 
 Speer. I cannot conceive that any man or woman of you is at 
 bottom unwilling to respond. I believe you want to do the very best 
 with the one life which God has given you. As Eddy put it, the ball 
 is passed to you, now, in your generation. What if you would move 
 but can’t? What if you long to respond but find a weight around 
 your neck and shackles of evil habits around your feet which you 
 have never broken? Come and make your own this amazing gift 
 of God’s forgiveness, and you shall go forth a free man or a free 
 woman to do His will and respond to His call. 
 
WHAT DO WE BELIEVE ABOUT THE KINGDOM 
 OF GOD? 
 
 Canon Epwarp S. Woops 
 
 When at about thirty years of age Jesus emerged from the seclu- 
 sion of life in the carpenter’s shop in the little village of Nazareth, 
 He went out to the world of that day with His message. The burden 
 of His message was the arrival of the Kingdom of God. That which 
 set men’s hearts alight was His proclamation of the fact that the 
 Kingdom of God was actually arriving; as Mark has recorded it of 
 His first preaching, “The time has come, the Kingdom is near, repent. 
 ye and believe the gospel.” 
 
 What exactly did he mean for them and for us by that proclama- 
 tion of the Kingdom of God? To see something of that meaning is 
 the task that I address myself to this morning along with you. I 
 think it might be said truthfully that there were two great main sides 
 to what He came to tell men. He wanted to make them understand, 
 first of all, what God is like, what He is, what His plan is for the 
 world, and then He also tried to make men see what man really is in 
 his true nature, and what he can become, and the kind of life he is 
 called to live. We spent the first two mornings over the first of these 
 two aspects of Christ’s message of the Kingdom of God, and to-day 
 we take up the second. 
 
 In proclaiming the Kingdom Jesus says this in effect: “This 
 new ideal life for man is available and may be lived here and now, 
 may be realized by humanity, and there is nothing to prevent it, except 
 the obstacles that are in humanity itself.” The Kingdom of God is 
 this realized realm of good, this order of things in which men on the 
 large scale can live by God’s law of love, and at the same time can 
 find all God’s resources available for living that life, and for defeat- 
 ing evil within and without. 
 
 Now I want you first to consider something of what is practically 
 involved in the way of living demanded by membership in God’s 
 Kingdom. The first point I would draw your attention to in this con- 
 nection is a simple one, but one that is perpetually overlooked. It is 
 that God and the Christ way of life are concerned with the whole 
 and not just with a part of human living. It seems to me that much 
 
 35 
 
36 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 of the religion of our day suffers from what can only be described as 
 the curse of a kind of departmentalism. We make a little compart- 
 ment in life, like those compartments we have in our English railway 
 carriages, and into that compartment we dump the things which we 
 are pleased to think belong to religion—churches and meetings and 
 sermons, pious books and pious people and the whole paraphernalia 
 of piety, and then outside that fence we carry on the real business 
 of life. That is all wrong. It is not what Christ intended. Jesus 
 insists that God is concerned with everything in human life, and that 
 the principles which He enumerates are applicable to the whole range 
 of human activity. 
 
 He goes on to say that there is one great law by which men are 
 called to live, and that is the law of love. Now, at this point I want 
 to take what little time I can get in this segment of this lecture to get 
 you right back to Jesus Himself and His own words. I have a feeling 
 that we don’t take Him seriously. Listen to this, from a paraphrase 
 of the Sermon on the Mount.* Listen to it as if it were something 
 new, as if you were ascertaining for the first time the kind of life 
 which Jesus wants you to live. “You all know another command- 
 ment. Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. The scribes infer 
 that this means you are to hate all foreigners. I tell you to love 
 those whom you have learned to think of as your enemies, and if they 
 ill-use you, pray for them. Then you will really be like God, your . 
 Father, who cares for all men, no matter how badly they treat Him. 
 He gives sunshine to bad and good men alike. He sends rain for 
 all, for those who do right and for those who do wrong as well. 
 Forgiving love and unselfish service—that is how God acts towards 
 men, and that is how men must act towards each other. Suppose you 
 do love those who love you in return, there is nothing very meritorious 
 about that. People who make no profession of religion do as much. 
 If you are on friendly terms only with people of your own set, that 
 is merely ordinary good nature. Heathen folk do as much as that. 
 You are to be God’s children to all the world. Your goodness is to 
 be of your heavenly Father’s quality and stamp.”’. 
 
 The men of the first generation caught the meaning of that and 
 they lived it; and here is an unsurpassed description in human 
 language of what a life looks like, when it is lived out on that principle. 
 I refer to St. Paul’s matchless hymn of love in first Corinthians, the 
 thirteenth chapter. I give it you in a paraphrase done by a friend 
 of mine, Mr. F. R. Barry. 
 
 
 
 *G. R. H. Shafto, “In the School of Jesus.” 
 
THE KINGDOM OF GOD 37 
 
 “Tf I have all the gifts of a revivalist, and have not love, I am 
 merely a braying trumpet or the clapper of a bell. Though I am a 
 preacher and know all God’s secrets, and all the theology there is, 
 and though I believe in God so much that I can remove mountains, 
 but have not love, I do not count. Though I spend all my income on 
 philanthropy, though I am ready even for the stake, but have not love, 
 there is nothing in it. Love does not take offense. Love is always 
 trying to do good turns to others. Love is not jealous, does not 
 swagger, does not stand on its dignity, always behaves like a gentle- 
 man, never plays for its own hand, does not get peevish, sees the 
 best in others, always champions the underdog, is glad when other 
 people find the truth, never loses courage, never loses faith, never 
 loses hope, always sees it through to the end.” 
 
 Did you ever hear the story of the Korean Christian and the 
 “Sermon on the Mount’? I should like to find out from my friend 
 here if he has heard that. I believe it is absolutely true. A Korean 
 Christian came into a missionary’s study one day, and said that he 
 had succeeded in learning all of the “Sermon on the Mount” by heart, 
 and he could recite it, and so he stood up and recited it. When he 
 had finished the missionary thought he ought to say something ap- 
 propriate and so he said, “Well, my good man, this is very nice. I 
 am delighted to hear it, but of course the point is, it is not enough 
 if you just say it, you must practice it.” 
 
 “Oh,” said the man, “that is how I learnt it.” 
 
 The missionary didn’t quite catch what he meant. He asked him 
 to explain. 
 
 What he said was this: “You see, sir, I am just a simple farmer. 
 When first I tried to learn the sermon I found the words would not 
 stick, and so I hit on this plan: I took one verse and I went out and 
 practiced it on my neighbors until I had it. Then I took the next 
 verse and did the same. And so I got the whole thing in that way.” 
 
 I think we might well take a leaf out of the book of that Korean’s 
 Christianity. I want to add this, and say it with some emphasis, that 
 this kind of living in the Kingdom involves all manner of things that 
 have been coming up in this great convention of ours. It involves 
 the sacredness of human personality. It involves this matter of value 
 —living not to get, but to give. You in your country and we in ours, 
 have the gospel of success dinned into us every day. 
 
 It is for each of us, personally and individually, to find out for 
 ourselves what it means to apply to our own lives the law of Jesus 
 Christ. We from this platform make what attempts we can to give 
 you our own interpretation. I think I can see with some clearness 
 
38 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 something of what Jesus Christ wants me to do. I am not prepared 
 to say what it may involve for you. You must find that out for 
 yourself. What I am quite clear about is, that any one who sets out 
 to be a Christian is committed to living by the law of membership 
 in the Kingdom of God. The real trouble is that most of us are still 
 strangers in a strange country. We have not yet really got the hang 
 of the geography of the Kingdom of God. Just as I, an Englishman, 
 have not yet quite got the hang of things in your country. When I 
 first came here five days ago, the first night, before I went to bed, 
 in my innocent English heart and in the belief that I was following 
 a civilized plan, I put my shoes outside the door. I thought that 
 when I woke up I would find them shined. I am still looking for 
 those shoes. I am beginning to give up hope of ever seeing them 
 again. 
 
 But now to come on to a further stage in this great subject— 
 and this is the heart of what I want to try to say to you this morning 
 —at every turn in everything that is said at this convention, we are 
 always, as we dream dreams of the Kingdom’s coming, finding our- 
 selves up against the apparently insurmountable obstacle of the 
 stubborn and sinful heart of unregenerate man. Now Jesus insists, 
 and He proves His words to the hilt, that all the resources of God 
 are available to fight and defeat the evil, physical and spiritual, which 
 besets humanity. I think that needs emphasizing. History is strewn 
 with the wrecks of unrealized Utopias because in every case the 
 would-be reformer has omitted the essential preliminary of human 
 regeneration. Jesus is the only reformer who has not omitted that. 
 He gives you the program and its secret; He does actually show how 
 the heart of man can be changed. I think there is very little doubt 
 that in Jesus’ own mind this conception of the absolute availability of 
 the Father-God, was the determining factor in His thinking and 
 vocation and Messianic work. 
 
 May I assume in you a certain knowledge of the teaching of the 
 Old Testament, and of what is commonly called Jewish apocalyptic 
 literature of the first and second centuries before Christ’s time, 
 revealing a profound dissatisfaction with things as they are, and a 
 certainty that the day must come when God would, as it were, let 
 Himself go, to bring in the good order which He had planned for 
 humanity. Jesus came and said to men, “The time is not soon but 
 now. God’s Kingdom is arriving, God’s resources are available.” 
 
 He proceeded to act on the faith that the Kingdom ‘of God is 
 here, that God is on the spot; His is a vital religion which refused 
 to be put off with evasive vagueness; and in Him and through Him 
 
THE KINGDOM OF GOD 39 
 
 something tremendous did happen. I do want you to get hold of that 
 fact. There and then, on the plane of history, did take place a 
 translating of ideal into concrete fact. This is akin to what I was 
 trying to say to you yesterday about the “objectivity” of Christianity 
 as shown in the Cross of Jesus Christ. When Jesus took hold of 
 God, something new, something concrete, did actually happen. Think 
 of Him, for instance, confronted by a messenger come to say that 
 the little girl He was going to heal had died. What did He do? Did 
 He turn back? No, He went on. I sometimes think that is one of the 
 most significant things in the whole gospel record. He went on. He 
 believed absolutely that all the resources of the Father-God were 
 available for the good of humanity. He left no stone unturned to 
 make men see this. In the main men turned away; but the offer 
 still holds, and I for one believe absolutely that the main reason why 
 the Kingdom of God tarries is simply because there are not yet enough 
 men and women in the world who are prepared to take the risk of 
 taking Jesus at His word and claiming the available life and goodness 
 of God for the blessing of humanity. 
 
 A good deal of what I have been saying to you I owe to the 
 thought that I find in those books by Prof. Hogg, of Madras, and 
 particularly a book of his published recently called “Redemption from 
 this World,’ a book which I strongly advise you to get and study. 
 
 It is not necessary for me to say anything at this point about the 
 implications of Christ’s message of the Kingdom of God. The whole 
 of this convention is concerned with those implications—social, eco- 
 nomic, industrial, racial, international. I would only take leave to 
 say just this about the Kingdom of God and international affairs, and 
 I know you will allow me to seize this opportunity to say such a thing. 
 I do verily believe that if your nation and mine could in some way 
 come together and act, together in this thing, we might under God 
 deal a blow at the forces which make for war from which they would 
 never recover. I can only say that men and women in my country 
 are longing with a deep passion for a real and lasting peace, a world 
 peace that shall be based on mutual understanding and on international 
 righteousness. And we are looking eagerly to see if you will make 
 any new gesture. We know that you long for peace as we do. But 
 we have a great desire that you and we may work together, in this 
 generation, for the peace of the world. 
 
 I am going to appeal to you, as I conclude, to do two things, if 
 you are in earnest about this business. I appeal to you to believe in 
 the feasibility of the kingdom of God. Reference was made yesterday 
 to that disastrous, and as I think, utterly pagan speech of our Lord 
 
40 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Birkenhead the other day, wherein he gives expression to the old clap- 
 trap about the world still offering glittering prizes for keen heads and 
 stout hearts; human nature is human nature, and you will never 
 change it. You have got to fight that miserable scepticism. If 
 Jesus’ message of the Kingdom of God means anything, it means 
 that the hard heart of man can be changed, it means that this new and 
 better order of things is feasible, can be achieved. 
 
 Our great statesman, Cobden, in the middle of the last century, 
 having a project described to him by a friend as impossible, replied, 
 “Tf that is all, then we had better set about it at once.” That is the 
 spirit in which you are to approach the enterprise of the Kingdom 
 of God. 
 
 My other appeal to you is to make some new adventure in claim- 
 ing or reclaiming some areas in your own personal life for the 
 Kingdom of God. It is no picnic to do this. As I said just now, I 
 don’t know what it will involve for you. Whatever it involves, it 
 will be a stiff proposition; and you could not look at it unless you were 
 to go up to it, as I believe you can do, in the company of Jesus Christ. 
 
 Studdert Kennedy was quoting two nights ago a passage at the 
 beginning of Pilgrim’s Progress. Do you remember, further on in the 
 book, how Christian falls in with a man named By-ends and they 
 discuss the journey and By-ends is rather afraid, and he is asking 
 Christian for further information about the proposition. He is not 
 much less afraid by the time Christian has answered him. What 
 Christian said to him was this, “If you will go with us, you must go 
 against wind and tide. You must own Religion in his rags as well 
 as when in his silver slippers, and stand by him, too, when bound in 
 irons, as well as when he walketh the streets with applause.” Today 
 Jesus is summoning you to something like that. What kind of re- 
 sponse are you going to make? 
 
 WHAT DO WE BELIEVE ABOUT THE SOURCES OF 
 POWER? 
 
 Canon Epwarp S. Woops 
 
 I think I know the kind of thing that is probably running in the 
 mind of a good many here at the end of the convention, after all that 
 you have been hearing and thinking. You are keenly aware that there 
 is now in front of you a course to follow, there is a life to live, there 
 
THE SOURCES OF POWER 4I 
 
 is a service to render; you are conscious of a demand having been 
 made upon you ; a demand to which conscience would bid you respond ; 
 but now, at the end of the conference, you are possibly feeling con- 
 siderable doubt as to whether you can do it. “Can I? Where is the 
 power ?” 
 
 I want to try quite simply this morning to help you answer that 
 question, because I believe absolutely that the power is to be had, if 
 you will look for it in the right direction. 
 
 Let us get quite rid of any misconception of this great word 
 “power.” We must banish from the word any kind of significance 
 or meaning that it has in a worldly sense. The power that I am 
 talking about has nothing whatever to do with power as it is usually 
 conceived in the world of our day. 
 
 In its common use it generally means money or some sort of 
 visible and material success, or possibly some sort of exploitation of 
 things or people, an asserting of your will over other persons. Power 
 in the Christian sense of the word has nothing whatever to do with 
 that kind of thing. I dare say you could get that kind of power if 
 you wanted it. I am not concerned with that, nor is Christianity. 
 What I believe Christianity means is that there is a power which may 
 be had, the power to realize the way of living which Jesus invites 
 men to follow,—and that is quite another thing. 
 
 There are many who can and do recognize the beauty, originality, 
 and supreme value of the kind of way of life which Jesus Christ 
 has set before men. The man of power is the man who finds out how 
 to translate that ideal into concrete, daily fact. It seems to me to be 
 rather a disquieting symptom of a good deal of our modern religious 
 life that you find an immense amount of highly organized and very 
 energetic religious activity, coupled with a serious moral and spiritual 
 impotence. I believe that that is why the church today, using the 
 word in the biggest sense, is making relatively little headway in the 
 prosecution of its tremendous task. There are relatively few who 
 bear the name of Christian who have yet discovered that Christianity 
 is a religion of power. I remember a story about that curious old 
 woman, the late Chinese Empress Dowager. Many years ago when 
 railways were first introduced into China, she wished to have one in 
 order to see what this new foreign invention was like. So she gave 
 orders that there should be an engine put up on a line in the ground 
 of the Forbidden City. The day came for the first trial of this 
 engine. Of course you will remember that in those days no one 
 could ever get admission to the Forbidden City or its grounds under 
 penalty of death. However, one foreigner did succeed in secreting 
 
42 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 himself somewhere in order to see what happened. What happened 
 was this: He heard a great shouting, first ‘of all, and then he peered 
 forth from his hiding place and saw a vast crowd of Chinese coolies 
 tugging at a rope, and at the end of the rope was the engine. They 
 didn’t know how to make the thing work and so they were reduced 
 
 to pulling it. ; 
 
 I have often thought that that is a picture of a good deal of 
 modern religion. There are men who carry about their religion and 
 their creed as so much luggage and have never made the tremendous 
 discovery that the real point of religion is that it can carry you. To 
 quote a significant phrase of F. R. Barry, “The limp benevolence of 
 our post war age needs new galvanic force to make it taut and vital 
 and effective.” 
 
 Now I want you to go back with me once more to the original 
 sources of our Christianity. I want you to note something of the 
 experience of power as recorded in the New Testament documents. 
 The Bible is a book of power, it is the book of power. It is full of 
 unexploded dynamite. Consider again, what we looked at yesterday, 
 the fact that Jesus was the first man in the whole long history of the 
 human race to find, take hold of, and utilize the imperishable resources 
 of the eternal God. I am not asking you to make at this moment any 
 particular assertion about the nature of Jesus and His personality, 
 but I do ask you to see what I think is a rational thing to ask—that 
 He did in point of fact translate the ideal which He showed men into 
 literal, visible, concrete fact before their eyes. 
 
 In this connection I should like to quote to you a paragraph from 
 an article by one of our foremost thinkers in England, a man of very 
 considerable philosophical attainments, Mr. Edwyn Bevan. “The 
 essential thing about the activity of Christ was not that He held up 
 certain values, ideals of conduct and temper, but that He revealed the 
 power by which the values were going to be embodied in fact. We 
 are accustomed to the distinction between existence and value, be- 
 tween that which is and that which ought to be, but when existence 
 is joined to value, existence has a value of its own in the combination. 
 The artist is not satisfied with knowing that beauty is real as an ideal 
 value. He wants concrete, beautiful things to exist. The Platonist 
 might perhaps be satisfied with contemplating the idea of God in 
 Heaven, but Christ wanted the will of God to be done on earth. 
 Power has essential relation to existence. It means the shaping of 
 the concrete world by will and so the creation of fresh’ realities. 
 Whatever pictures Christ may have in His imagination of the King- 
 dom of God which He said was near—already beginning to arrive, 
 
THE SOURCES OF POWER 43 
 
 we may be sure that His idea of it was dynamic, not static. Some- 
 thing was coming about by which the world of hard, concrete facts 
 was going to be subdued to God.” 
 
 That is to say, there is a real sense in which Jesus took hold of 
 and made available in a new way the whole might and power of God, 
 to be interpreted never in terms of coercion but in terms of life and 
 truth and goodness and love. And He goes on to say that this thing 
 of His is not a peculiarity of His own, it can and should be shared by 
 His disciples. Again and again He tried to make this plain to them. 
 
 - You will find St. John referring to it perhaps in the clearest 
 fashion, in the way he records some of the last conversations that 
 took place between our Lord and His disciples just before His death, 
 “The things that I do ye shall do and greater things than these shall 
 ye do because I go to my Father.” 
 
 And you will recall that those words proved true. This did 
 happen. Those men at that time did become aware of God in a new 
 way. They became conscious of the incoming of the life of God into 
 their personalities, in an altogether new fashion and the result was, 
 as you know perfectly well, that the face of the world as it then ex- 
 isted was changed within a century. 
 
 I do not think it is possible to exaggerate the enormous signifi- 
 cance of the way in which the first generation of Christians took 
 Jesus at His word and found it to come true in their lives, the very 
 thing that He said would happen. They were themselves completely 
 transformed and they went out and they succeeded in transforming 
 the world of their day. 
 
 I want to say as clearly as I possibly can that that experience of 
 power which the early Christians enjoyed is still available for Chris- 
 tians today. Most of us are living far below the limits of our pos- 
 sible selves, and there are sources of power open to us which as yet 
 we have hardly begun to tap. 
 
 As to the conditions of discovering and using that power I think 
 it can be said without fear of contradiction that there is only one 
 fundamental condition, and that is that you should really want God, 
 that you should sincerely desire to explore the way of living which 
 Jesus is inviting you to follow. “Blessed are they that hunger and 
 thirst after righteousness for they shall be filled’”—or, in Shafto’s 
 paraphrase, “The secret of happiness is yours. If you are filled with 
 a passionate desire for the true way of life, as now presented to you, 
 your life shall be full of achievement.” In this, as in the other aspects 
 of the Kingdom I have been trying to put before you, we must face 
 the fact that there is nothing in Christianity for any Christian until 
 
44 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 he really does take Jesus at His word when He says that God is 
 personal, is Father, is available, is concerned with us and our in- 
 dividual lives; that God is a person with Whom you can enter into 
 a real personal relationship. 
 
 Christianity, as I understand it, consists largely in the individual 
 personality opening up to the incoming of the personality of God. 
 That did happen completely and perfectly with Jesus, and it does 
 happen in a measure with every true follower of Jesus, and there, I 
 believe, you get at the very heart of Christianity ; and any experience 
 of “power” in the Christian sense of the word depends absolutely on 
 this reality of personal contact with a God who is love, and who 
 means good for you and for the whole race. 
 
 That, as I understand it, is simply what the New Testament 
 means by that word “faith,’ which only means last and not first, 
 believing in certain creedal statements. The essence of faith is the 
 going forth of our human personality in love and trust unto the 
 great, divine personality of the eternal God outside us. 
 
 Now in the closing minutes I would like to point out, if I may, 
 a little of the significance of this. To know God in this sense and to 
 find in Him the source of power means a great process, a process in 
 which there are a great many different elements and factors which I 
 cannot deal with fully this morning. I will only pick out two. 
 
 When in any real sense God enters into a human personality 
 (in the kind of way that I have been describing) he does bring with 
 Him the priceless gift of inner harmony. Is there any one present 
 here who does not know something of the misery and the impotence 
 of a divided mind—the good that you want to do you can’t do and 
 the evil which you hate is precisely that which you do? The’ in- 
 coming of God alters that: His coming gives harmony. He unifies 
 your personality into one great whole, and He does it by changing the 
 center. 
 
 Did you ever read of the Englishman who fought in the War 
 and gave his life, who had an enormous influence on our side of the 
 water by his life and by his writings? I refer to Donald Hankey. 
 I remember one of his sayings. It ran something like this: “To, 
 be the center of your universe is misery. To have your universe 
 centered on God is the peace that passeth understanding.” That 
 is true. 
 
 Besides, the incoming of God gives you a new confidence. When 
 you find yourself clean up against the question “Am I strong enough 
 to do this thing which I know I ought to do?” at last, if you are in 
 this kind of contact with God you can say, “I can.” When you hear 
 
THE SOURCES OF POWER 45 
 
 God in Christ saying to you, “You can,” then you begin to say to 
 yourself, “I can.” And when a man with absolute sincerity and 
 true confidence can say to himself, “I can,” the battle is as good as 
 won; “in Christ I am able for everything.” 
 
 It must be added that this gift of power is never given you just 
 for your own sake. This inexhaustible power is yours only so far 
 as you are prepared to spend it freely. In this connection I ask you to 
 gather up all that you have heard and all that you know, all that this 
 convention has presented to you of the idea of service. Power in 
 this sense must always be interpreted in terms of service. It is never 
 given to a man simply as a thing by itself. It is never unrelated to 
 human relationships. It is never unrelated to what you have to do, 
 and it is only in so far as a man is prepared, as I was trying to say 
 yesterday, to face the music, to go right ahead against every obstacle, 
 to give himself without stint in the service of his fellowmen and in 
 the service of the Kingdom of God—it is only in so far as a man is 
 really ready to do that that he will find this power of God streaming 
 in to him. But if he is ready for that, then the power does come, 
 and you begin to explore something of the extraordinary joy of 
 self-giving. 
 
 I remember during the War hearing about a young fellow writ- 
 ing home from.the front to his mother. In his letter were some 
 words like this, “Never have I been so happy as of late and I think 
 the reason is that I have never before known what it is to be com- 
 pletely taken out of myself.” Blessed are you when you can begin 
 to forget yourself and lose yourself in the cause of the Kingdom of 
 God. Then this power of God will come simply streaming into you 
 and coursing through you. 
 
 If this is all true, you must take time to be with Him. You 
 must be faithful about. your morning watch. How do you suppose 
 we can know anything about this life with God if we are just going 
 to give Him nothing but a few odd scraps of time? It is absurd. If 
 you want to know anything about the life in God you have just got 
 to take time to be alone with Him. Get out of all bustle and rush 
 _and hurry and the “tear” of the world in which you live and guard 
 carefully that quiet half-hour, preferably before breakfast, before 
 you see your friends, before you look at the newspaper, before you 
 open your letters, and have that time alone with God and give Him 
 His chance. If you will give God His chance He will take it all 
 right. 
 
 Let my last word to you be this: I think the phrase in the whole 
 of the New Testament which perhaps means most to me comes in 
 
46 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 that sequel to the story of the prodigal son. Do you remember the 
 conversation between the father and the elder son? Do you remem- 
 ber how that son had mistaken the whole idea of the family life? 
 And do you remember how the father said to him, and Jesus says 
 that that is what God is saying to us, “Son, son, thou art ever with 
 me, and all that I have is thine.” 
 
 Have you begun to take hold of any of those inexhaustible 
 riches? The best thing I can hope for you as we part from this 
 glorious convention is that you shall find out in your own life what 
 it means to put out your open hand and take hold of—something that 
 you have never had before—the life and the love of the Eternal God. 
 
 As David Cairns once put it so truly and beautifully, “God is all 
 around us, a breaking sea of truth and love and life and joy, and all 
 our task is to let Him in.” 
 
SUNDAY MORNING ADDRESS 
 
 THE COMMITMENT OF LIFE AND HOW 
 GOD LEADS MEN 
 
 Joun R. Mort 
 
 General Secretary of the International Committee of the Y.M.C.A., and for 
 thirty-three years Chairman of the Student Volunteer Movement 
 
 Unquestionably Christ has been the conscience of this Con- 
 vention. Has not the hour come when through us all He shall become 
 the will of the Convention? I am inclined to think that this gather- 
 ing has already reached a stage which its predecessors in the long 
 line of Volunteer Conventions did not reach until the final day. The 
 word for which thousands hére have listened and have prayed has 
 already been proclaimed. It has been a word of alarm, and we have 
 been startled from our inertia and apathy. It has been a word of 
 humbling, and we have bent low with the vivid consciousness of our 
 personal and corporate sins. It has been a word of prophecy, and, 
 lo, there dawns a yet more glorious day. It has been a word of stern 
 challenge to the heroic and sacrificial strain running through the 
 lives of the thousands of undergraduates and graduates here assem- 
 bled. Has not the hour come, therefore, when the self-same Christ 
 who has caused conscience to tremble and become afraid shall like- 
 wise bring to bear upon our wills the superinduced current of His 
 unselfish, almighty and regnant will! 
 
 It has been my lot to attend the entire series of Volunteer Con- 
 ventions. I can remember, as though it were but yesterday, when 
 in a rowboat on Lake Geneva with my friend, Robert Wilder, the 
 vision came to us of a continent-wide, international convention of the 
 Student Volunteer Movement. There resulted that first convention 
 of the series, which met in Cleveland back in 1891 when some six 
 : 47 
 
48 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 or seven hundred students assembled, from the colleges, universities 
 and professional schools of the United States and Canada, in a 
 gathering of great vision-imparting and creative power. Then fol- 
 lowed, as a rule at quadrennial intervals, the like historic dynamic 
 assemblies at Detroit, and Cleveland again, and Toronto, and Nash- 
 ville, and Rochester, and Kansas City, and Des Moines, and now, 
 in one of the most fateful moments of all time, we find ourselves 
 here in Indianapolis, seven thousand of us, under the call and under 
 the power of the same great expansive purpose which rallied our 
 fellow students in the preceding gatherings. Those of us whose 
 lives have spanned these notable Conventions and who have had 
 opportunity to observe their immediate and remote influence, have 
 come to regard the Conventions of the Student Volunteer Movement 
 as the highest mounts of vision in the history of student life through- 
 out the centuries. Have they not been also the principal generating 
 grounds of unselfish leadership in the sense that Christ defined leader- 
 ship when He said: “He who would be greatest among you shall be 
 the servant of all.” 
 
 A life of incessant travel which has taken me first and last to 
 more than fifty nations, and to most of them again and again during 
 the last thirty years and more, has enabled me to follow through or 
 trace the marvelous influence of these gatherings. Throughout the 
 battlefields of Christianity are to be found the ten thousand student 
 volunteers of North America who have already sailed. I have found 
 them absorbed in their great unselfish cause—the greatest of all 
 causes, the world-wide extension of Christ’s Kingdom. I am proud 
 of those men and women and also of their children. In countless 
 conferences and retreats, and as a guest in their homes, I have thus 
 met and observed the work and felt the spirit of these North Ameri- 
 can volunteers, not to mention those of the universities of other 
 Christian lands. I see them now working out the vision that came 
 to them in conventions like this. How deeply have I been impressed 
 by their abandon to their great cause; their unwearying work of 
 seed-sowing, watering, and nurturing; their wisdom in laying foun- 
 dations and in rearing the superstructure; their ability to cooperate 
 with and to serve the peoples of the lands of their adoption; their 
 genuine self-effacement ; their undying allegiance to their living Lord. 
 Moreover, frequent journeys throughout the United States of Amer- 
 ica and among the Canadian Provinces have enabled me to follow 
 into their life work many other thousands of North American students 
 who also attended Volunteer Conventions. It has been reassuring 
 and inspiring to find so many of them filling in or realizing the 
 
THE COMMITMENT OF LIFE 49 
 
 visions which came to them in the never-to-be-forgotten sessions and 
 fellowship of these gatherings. I have found these delegates at home 
 or abroad under the spell of the common vision and purpose to make 
 the Kingdoms of this world become the Kingdoms of our Lord and 
 of His Christ. Such a solidarity made possible by a common loyalty 
 to our one Lord must inevitably become triumphant. 
 
 The present Convention will be no exception. In fact, my faith 
 from the beginning, as that of many of you, has claimed that the 
 Indianapolis Convention would far transcend any of its predecessors 
 in vision-giving power, in life-propelling power. Why should this 
 not be so? Without doubt this should be the result, because we 
 have assembled in one of the great days of God. It should be so, 
 moreover, because there is gathered in this hall a body of young men 
 and young women the like of which has never been assembled in any 
 preceding Student Convention. I think I know this generation not 
 only in my own country but in many other lands. I know that I love 
 it. I know that I trust it. I know that I will serve it to the end of 
 the day. I am glad to follow its lead. If I were to try to characterize 
 this generation I would say that it has traits which give ample ground 
 for the prophecy that the members of this Convention can and should 
 achieve results which will surpass those accomplished by our prede- 
 cessors. The generation represented here are dissatisfied with the 
 past and they certainly have a right to be. They are very much 
 dissatisfied also with the present, and again I say they have a right 
 to be. They are keenly critical, What have they not criticised? 
 How much better this is, however, than the apathy, indifference and 
 inertia which have characterized far too many in the past. The 
 present generation is the most alert and inquiring generation that 
 the world has ever known. They are asking leading questions and 
 they are determined to have satisfying answers. They hate sham 
 and hypocrisy with bitter hatred but are courageously responsive to 
 the note of reality wherever they find it. Surging in their minds and 
 hearts are tides of new thought and social passion; where may not 
 these tides bear them if but controlled by the living Christ and His 
 unselfish representatives ? 
 
 This generation has some. other very attractive traits much 
 needed in the present day and in the years right before us; hopeful- 
 ness, and how much this is needed, at a time when the zone of 
 pessimism is so perceptibly widening on every hand; idealism, at a 
 time when so many whom we saw yesterday on the mountains are 
 now down in the mists of the low valleys; the spirit of vision or 
 penetration which sees what the crowd do not see,—and without this 
 
50 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 trait the peoples must inevitably perish; the spirit of adventure never 
 quite so much needed as in these coming days of warfare, if the 
 principles of Jesus are to have right of way in all human relation- 
 ships. Some remind us that students of today have a trait which 
 causes them solicitude, namely, that they are prone to go to extremes. 
 Is this not, however, a most hopeful sign? Has not the time come 
 to break away from the old and chart new courses for mankind? 
 At such a moment we need to remember that Jesus Christ went to 
 extremes. He went to the greatest extreme—to the Cross; and thus 
 with compelling reality He revealed the great central purpose which 
 commanded Him. For reasons like these, I repeat, my faith claims 
 from this Convention something unique and wonderful, which will 
 far transcend its predecessors. And there could be nothing quite so 
 dishonoring to the past as for this not to be true. Those who have 
 gone before and have made possible this Convention would have been 
 poor builders indeed if they had not laid foundations which would 
 sustain a truly great superstructure—one of such noble proportions, 
 of such commanding height of vision, of such wide-open windows of 
 outlook as would make possible the guidance and the leadership neces- 
 sary to bring in the new day and the new world. If this inspiring 
 hope is to be realized, how essential it is that Jesus Christ be made 
 not only the conscience but also the will of the Convention. 
 
 With literally thousands of those present the uppermost question 
 is that of the investment of their lives. With many the chief concern 
 is the nature of their life work, that is, the particular calling or phase 
 of activity to which they should devote themselves. With others the 
 main problem just now is to determine the field where they should 
 spend their lives and use their powers. I would emphasize, however, 
 that these questions are relatively minor; I mean in contrast with the 
 deeper and more central question of one’s life purpose. Personally, 
 I have little concern as to the form or phase of the life work of any 
 student here, or as to the field where that life work is to be accom- 
 plished, provided that life is dominated consciously and actually by 
 the right life purpose. What is the greatest purpose that can pos- . 
 sibly dominate any student’s life? Is it not unquestionably the pur- 
 pose which dominated the life of our Lord? With Him the govern- 
 ing purpose was to do the will of God. I make bold to say that with 
 every one of us likewise the great central, controlling purpose should 
 be to commit our lives absolutely and irrevocably to the Lord Jesus 
 Christ, henceforth to do His will, and not our own, cost what it may. 
 If any among us were not already Christians, it would be entirely 
 proper for us in open forum and in private interviews to debate the 
 
THE COMMITMENT OF LIFE 51 
 
 question as to whether or not we would become Christians ; but having 
 become Christians, that is, having taken Jesus Christ as our Savior 
 and Lord, there can no longer be any ground or room for discussion 
 as to whether or not He shall control our lives. 
 
 Why has Jesus Christ the right to dominate each Christian 
 student here? He has this right because of Who He is. Was it 
 not Charles Lamb who said that if Shakespeare were to enter the 
 room we would all stand, but that if Christ were to come in we would 
 all kneel? A prominent educator in one of our Eastern colleges not 
 long since ventured to prophesy that in the new religion of the com- 
 ing day there will be no deification of remarkable human beings. Let 
 us think straight with reference to this claim. If his language means 
 anything, it means that you and I in reposing our faith in the Lord 
 Jesus Christ have misplaced it, and therefore must withdraw it. But 
 we take square issue, for everyone of us well knows that in that 
 Name which is above every name, and in allegiance to His Divine 
 Person have been and ever will be all of the largest, most vital and 
 most enduring achievements. With ever deepening conviction we 
 recognize His absolute uniqueness and supremacy. 
 
 In my world travels I have been profoundly impressed as I 
 have observed that it is as Christ is known that God is believed in. 
 Without doubt we see in Him a true descent of God among men. 
 In Him we see one “Other than all the rest, strong among the weak, 
 erect among the fallen, believing among the faithless, clean among 
 the defiled, living among the dead.” Humbly, therefore, we bow 
 down again this morning before Him and worship Him, “King of 
 Kings, Lord of Lords, His Name shall be called Wonderful, Coun- 
 sellor, Mighty God, the Everlasting Father, the Prince of Peace.” 
 The other day I read a very interesting and striking thing in a paper 
 which a friend in India sent to me. The writer reminds us that there 
 have been Mohammedans in India for over a thousand years, but 
 you never hear a Hindu say, “I wish you were more like the Prophet.” 
 The writer then proceeds to point out that they had only known of 
 Christianity in India for a quarter of that time, but there was no 
 educated Hindu who would not say, “I wish you were more like 
 Jesus Christ.” 
 
 “OQ Lord and Master of us all, 
 Whate’er our name or sign, 
 
 We own Thy sway, we hear Thy call, 
 We test our lives by Thine.” 
 
 Jesus Christ has the right to dominate each one of us because 
 of what He has done. In view of what we have heard during the 
 
52 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 past hour from our trusted friend and guide, Canon Woods, in his 
 discerning and most helpful message concerning the deeper meaning 
 of the Cross, no extended word of mine is needed to demonstrate 
 the validity of this claim. If anyone has any doubt, however, I 
 would earnestly request him to ask himself and answer the question, 
 What would you have Jesus Christ do which He has not already _ 
 done to convince you that He has the full right to your life, the right 
 to dominate its choices and the use of its powers? With you I see 
 again that lonely hill; with you I see the three crosses and on the one 
 in the center the One bearing the sin of the World. 
 
 One day Zinzendorf, a proud, cultured and rich young man, was 
 loitering in a church when his attention was arrested by a painting 
 over the altar showing Christ on the Cross and below the figure these 
 words, 
 
 “All this I did for thee, 
 What hast thou done for Me?” 
 
 Suddenly his pride was melted, his spirit subdued; he fell upon his 
 knees and yielded himself wholly and irrevocably to Christ his Lord. 
 Henceforth he placed all his possessions, all his powers, all his life 
 at the disposal of Christ, and the life of Christ surging through him 
 brought inestimable blessings to his own and subsequent generations. 
 So today may any of us who hitherto have not made a complete sur- 
 render, humbly and with genuine contrition and with hearts over- 
 flowing with gratitude, be constrained by His love to hand ourselves 
 over with all that we are and possess, to do His will. 
 
 Jesus Christ has the right to dominate each one of us because 
 of what His dominance over us makes possible. Those students who 
 yield to His sway and live in obedience to Him will be admitted into 
 the secrets of His mind, for “He that doeth the will of God shall 
 know of the teaching.” The organ of spiritual knowledge is and 
 ever has been an obedient spirit. The student who acknowledges 
 Christ as Lord and Master in the round of life’s daily decisions and 
 actions will be ushered into the inner circle of Christ’s fellowship, 
 because “Whosoever shall do the will of my Father which is in’ 
 heaven, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother.” In what 
 a wondrous intimacy with our Lord and His followers we thus find 
 ourselves! As we thus become conscious of His reality and near- 
 ness, there can be no sense of loneliness, no possibility of defeat and 
 unproductivity. 
 
 In yielding ourselves to Christ in all things, we find ourselves 
 in the full tide of His power. He not only liberates our compara- 
 
THE COMMITMENT OF LIFE 53 
 
 ‘tively latent energies and calls out from us undreamed-of powers, 
 but also bears us along with His superhuman might. There are some 
 delegates present who think they have been used by Christ, but whose 
 experience in the past is as nothing in comparison with what awaits 
 them when they have made complete and unconditional surrender. 
 Why be satisfied living weak, stumbling and palsied lives, when we 
 may one and all abound in His might? The lives that are placed at 
 His disposal and steadfastly kept under His sway take on new 
 dimensions and new powers. He claimed that He came that we might 
 have life, and life more abundant. This means infinitely more than 
 length of life. It means breadth of life, depth of life, height of life, 
 volume of life, momentum of life, intensity of life, liberty of life, 
 reality of life, purity of life, hopefulness of life, joy of life, con- 
 tagion of life, and redundant though it seems, vitality of life. 
 
 “Thou of life the fountain art, 
 
 Freely let me take of Thee; 
 
 Spring Thou up within my heart, 
 
 Rise to all eternity.” 
 
 Jesus Christ has the right to dominate us because He has the 
 program and the word for our particular generation and for this 
 moment in the life of the world. The War and even more the Peace 
 have revealed the bankruptcy of vision and spiritual energy of man- 
 kind. I think of the past decade as having constituted a vast process 
 of exclusion, serving, as it were, to withdraw the gaze of confidence 
 of mankind from one after the other of the so-called pillars of civi- 
 lization,—except one, the Lord Jesus Christ. He was never so unique, 
 certainly never more necessary, and, thank God, never more sufficient. 
 To whom else shall we go? Everything else has been shaken—agnos- 
 ticism, atheism, materialism, positivism, rationalism. None of the 
 non-Christian religions hold out to us the word of assurance and hope. 
 
 Next to the last time I crossed the Pacific I found among my 
 fellow passengers the Japanese delegation of the Washington Con- 
 ference who were on their way home. I had many interesting con- 
 versations with some of their number. In a memorable talk with 
 their leader, Admiral Baron Kato, he described the way diplomacy 
 and statescraft had done their best at Washington. He then said to 
 me as we rose at the end of the interview, “we must now look to the 
 leaders of religion.” A few weeks later in Shanghai in looking over 
 a paper from England I noticed that Lord Balfour, one of the great 
 Christian statesmen of our day, in a speech which he made on his 
 return from the Washington Conference, used almost identically the 
 same language that I have quoted from Admiral Kato. We do well 
 
54 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 to take to heart that Jesus Christ, and Jesus Christ only, has the sure 
 word for meeting all the ills of this world and of this time—ills 
 personal, social, industrial, interracial, international. He is the only 
 hope, but praise God the sufficient hope, of equalizing, stabilizing, 
 reconstructing and regenerating the world. 
 
 The second thing to bear in mind is that whether or not He will 
 release in us His marvelous and sufficient power depends upon the 
 measure of obedience with which we individually, for the sake of our 
 vision, take up the Cross and follow Him as Lord. In view of some 
 things which have been said in this Convention, I wish to voice one 
 of my deepest convictions, and that is, that a Christ who is not large 
 enough to deal simultaneously and triumphantly with the present 
 overwhelming situation all over the world, is not large enough to 
 meet the problems in front of our own doors here at home, nay more, 
 is not large enough to meet the longings and needs of our own hearts. 
 Let us give out no uncertain note on this transcendently important 
 point. This Convention is built around the central fact of the ages— 
 the sufficiency and the supremacy of Jesus Christ as Lord. With 
 unshakable conviction, therefore, may we through our lives singly 
 and collectively make Him the will of the Convention. 
 
 What is involved in committing our lives to Jesus Christ, the 
 Lord? It means an act of choice and surrender. We definitely choose 
 Jesus Christ as our Guide and Leader in all that pertains to the invest- 
 ment of our lives. We place ourselves definitely at His disposal. 
 We yield irrevocably to the control of Christ the lives which hitherto 
 we have sought to direct and control. After this most significant 
 and most momentous initial act, the commitment of our lives to Jesus 
 Christ involves an attitude, a process, a life of willing, heroic and 
 glad obedience to Him as Lord. In choosing Him as Lord we burn 
 the bridges between our past life and our new life; henceforth we 
 do not reopen this question. We never withdraw ourselves from 
 His unerring hand, His almighty hand, His loving hand, His pierced 
 hand—and the pierced hand invariably points to limitless opportuni- 
 ties and to indescribable need. In other words, commitment to Christ 
 as Lord does not signify an occasional attempt to do His will but » 
 rather a perpetual expression of His mind and will in word, deed 
 and influence. This attitude or life of acknowledgment of the Lord- 
 ship of Christ involves the cultivation of the habit of finding out 
 what His will is and then doing it. It thus involves the earnest 
 employment of the intellect as well as the steady action of the will. 
 
 It is a wonderful power which each student here possesses—the 
 power of will, the power to choose, the power to decide, the power 
 
THE COMMITMENT OF LIFE 55 
 
 to take initiative. The weakest student within the sound of my voice, 
 the one with the most palsied will, possesses this marvelous power. 
 Each one knows right now that he has this power. God did not make 
 us mere machines. He does not force Himself upon us. With Him 
 the value of the will lies in its freedom. 
 
 “Our wills are ours we know not how; 
 Our wills are ours to make them Thine.” 
 
 At times we hear the remark, “That man has too much will.” There 
 is no such thing as having too much will. The question is as to the 
 purpose, ideals, motives and ambitions which are guiding the will. 
 Or again we hear it said, “You must break your will, or give it up.” 
 Not so. Rather the life of commitment to Christ means that we 
 merge or blend our wills with that good and acceptable and perfect 
 will of God. The word uttered by Christ Himself in that most 
 solemn hour in the Garden leads us into the depth of the meaning 
 of it all, “Thy will be done.” It is a declaration of renunciation, 
 that is, we cease to regard ourselves as the center of the universe. 
 Moreover, it is a declaration of acceptance, that is, we accept Him 
 henceforth and forever as the center of our lives and therefore of 
 out purposes, decisions and activities. Let us follow Christ in this 
 great central act and process. With Him the doing of the will of 
 God was His meat and drink, His daily life. 
 
 The commitment of one’s life to Christ as Lord means a life 
 lived in dead earnest. No student can follow Christ whithersoever 
 He goeth and leadeth and not be aflame. We should be aflame with 
 anger and bitter indignation against the hypocrisies, injustices, cruel- 
 ties, abominations and sins that burden and oppress mankind. Still 
 more should we be aflame with compassion and love and a real pas- 
 sion of helpfulness for darkened, groping, lonely, suffering, encum- 
 bered and enslaved individuals and multitudes near and far. We must 
 take Christ in earnest or choose some other master. 
 
 The dominance of Christ over our lives means enduring hard- 
 ness. To go Christ’s way will be glorious but not easy. My study 
 of the different religions of the world has convinced me that the 
 Christian religion is the most difficult of all. Some may differ from 
 me on this point. Be that as it may, I believe that the Christian 
 religion is to have a particularly hard time during the next fifteen 
 years, and that Christian leaders are to be on trial in these coming 
 fateful and creative years possibly as never before. Some one asks, 
 why? Because Christians are awakening to the severe and heroic 
 implications of the Gospel. An increasingly great company of dis- 
 
56 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 cerning Christians have come to believe that war is completely con- 
 trary to the mind of Christ. To lead the multitudes of Christians 
 across the world to see this and to realize it may involve being mis- 
 understood, opposed and persecuted. In the industrial area, more- 
 over, Christians in increasing numbers are coming to regard as intol- 
 erable two standards—one proclaimed in our pulpits and the. other 
 practiced in business, commerce, and finance. Again, think of Islam 
 with its 225,000,000 adherents. Any who listen during these days 
 to voices like those of Harrison, Watson, Harlow and Birge will 
 come to realize vividly that not without great self-denial and the 
 highest order of heroism, and doubtless not without martyrdom, will 
 Christ ever come to be recognized and obeyed by those who are now 
 the followers of the Prophet. As we think also of racial discrimi- 
 nation and bitterness which so seriously menace the peace of the 
 coming day, and follow through the challenge this presents to many 
 of us in our daily relationship with men of other races, have we not 
 come to see that we must pay great prices if we are to follow our 
 Lord where he unmistakably leads? 
 
 Without doubt the world today must have a generation of Chris- 
 tian leaders of heroic mold and sacrificial spirit. Why? Because we 
 are summoned not only to deal with the wounded on and behind the 
 different battlefields on which our gaze has been riveted in this 
 Convention but also to stop the fight. This means that we are called 
 upon to deal with causes and that has ever meant the way of lone- 
 liness, the way of the Cross. It is a way that inevitably leads to 
 rugged, chill and precipitous heights. He who sets out to follow 
 Christ will have to follow Him a long way and will have to follow 
 Him into some dark places. Many, many will be tempted, as of old, 
 to forsake Him and flee. The time will never come when it will 
 not be necessary for Christian student leaders to take up unpopular 
 causes and to stand by them until these causes win out. Herein lies 
 the glory of our spiritual warfare. Christ in these days and in this 
 Convention is summoning young men and young women to great 
 renunciations, to fearless breaks with precedent, to daring and lonely 
 adventures,—in a word, to whole-hearted commitment to Christ’s « 
 way and sway. 
 
 The other day I received from a friend in Italy a clipping from 
 a newspaper from which I will now read an extract from a speech 
 by Mussolini, that young and inspiring leader of the youth of his 
 native land. I quote exactly from the paper: 
 
 My followers, I ask you, if the sacrifices of tomorrow were greater thaz 
 those of yesterday, would you endure them? [Loud cries of yes] 
 
THE COMMITMENT OF LIFE 57 
 
 If I asked you tomorrow to give me the supreme proof of your discipline, 
 would you give it to me? [Renewed cries of assent] 
 
 If tomorrow I gave the alarm, the alarm of a great test of endurance of 
 the type which decides the destiny of nations, would you answer the call? 
 [Cries of yes, we swear that we would] 
 
 If tomorrow I told you that it was necessary to take up the march again, 
 carry it still further in other directions, would you do so? [Loud and renewed 
 cries of assent] 
 
 Are your souls ready to endure every trial that discipline exacts, even 
 of the most ignoble and humiliating kind, that of the daily round and common 
 task? [Cries of assent] 
 
 You are henceforth blended in one spirit, one heart and one conscience. 
 
 Without irreverence may I not invite you to imagine Jesus Christ 
 asking these same questions with reference to His present-day pro- 
 gram for all mankind and its penetrating implications? As you do 
 so, I do not call upon you to make audible reply but would implore 
 that each one, in the quiet place within where he meets God, make 
 known to Him what I earnestly hope and pray may be whole-hearted, 
 affirmative responses to His appeal. 
 
 Committing our lives to Jesus Christ as Lord, henceforth to do 
 His will and not our own, cost what it may, not only involves lives 
 lived in dead earnest, and lives which heroically welcome and endure 
 hardness, if need be to the end, but also results inevitably in larger, 
 richer and more abounding lives. It is a wonderful time in which 
 to be a genuine Christian and to have a life to place at the disposal 
 of the Lord of Life. Going Christ’s way ever involves much greater 
 and much better things than we plan for ourselves, or than those 
 who are nearest and dearest to us plan for us. There is a certain 
 advantage in living the life of world-wide travel which has been mine. 
 Visiting our colleges and universities repeatedly during the past 
 thirty years and more, and then going again and again to the various 
 fields where the American, Canadian and other students are accom- 
 plishing their life work, has enabled me to observe the effect on their 
 character, achievements and influence of coming during their student 
 days under the sway of certain ideals, principles and personalities, 
 and continuing to let these dominate them in after life. Such obser- 
 vation has profoundly impressed me with the expansive influence 
 exerted in and through a life in which Jesus Christ and His program 
 are given right of way. How many students of ordinary attainments 
 have gone out from the colleges under the spell and rule of Christ 
 to become extraordinary in their development, achievements and in- 
 fluence. Moreover, in how many cases has Christ shown His ability 
 to take students of largest capacity and to raise them to unimagined 
 
58 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 heights of attainment and achievement. I remind you once more of 
 the secret of it all, The students of whom I am speaking in their 
 undergraduate days, or possibly in their school days, received a vision 
 of the possibilities of a life of unselfish and heroic service such as 
 that offered and required by Christ. They recognized and accepted 
 His rightful place as Lord or Master, that is, owner and director | 
 of their lives. They then related their lives to His great plan. They 
 went forth with a sense of mission. This projected them into fields, 
 situations and positions which they never would have reached in the 
 ordinary course of events. 
 
 I think of Robert Gailey of Princeton, especially remembered 
 by students as one of the great college athletes of his day. Under 
 the leadership and dominance of Christ he went forth to China and 
 has devoted his life during the past two decades to serving the 
 students and other young men of China. His athletic distinction was 
 in a sense a handicap in the day when he went to China to work 
 among the ancient literati. It was not regarded then as quite the 
 thing for scholars to become noted for physical prowess. Inciden- 
 tally, however, Gailey helped to bring in the new conception of the 
 care of the body and of healthy sport life which is so finely illus- 
 trated among the young men of the new China. He buried himself 
 in the hearts and life purposes of the men of China—both those of 
 the old school and those of the new school. Gradually and then 
 rapidly his influence widened. He became the confidant and advisor 
 of members of the Wai Wu Pu and of a great many of the other 
 influential statesmen and officials of the old régime. The same was 
 true when the new order set in. He became the friend and helper 
 of three or four Presidents of the new China. A great host of 
 modern Chinese students, including those who went abroad to study 
 in Japan, America and Europe, as well as those who thronged the 
 schools and universities of China, came to look upon him as a wise 
 counsellor. He gathered around him splendid groups of workers, 
 both Chinese and Americans. He was one of the most influential 
 factors in the development of the faith and life of service of General 
 Feng, the head of the famous Christian Chinese Army. A discern-» 
 ing friend of mine in China told me that he could think of no one 
 person of our day who has had a more extensive and wholesome 
 influence on China than Robert Gailey. From his college days down 
 to the present moment the governing purpose of his life has been to 
 discover and do the will of God. : 
 
 Think also of Arthur Jackson, one of the student volunteers of 
 the British Isles. In his college, Peterhouse, at Cambridge, he was 
 
THE COMMITMENT OF LIFE 59 
 
 a leader in rowing and football, and was also President of the Chris- 
 tian Union in one of its most fruitful periods. He was a moving 
 spirit in the British Student Movement in those days and later during 
 the period of his medical studies. Under the call of Christ as Lord 
 he went out at the age of twenty-six to work in Manchuria as a 
 medical missionary. He had been there but a few weeks when the 
 pneumonic plague broke out with great malignity. With unselfish 
 abandon he plunged in to help meet the desperate and alarming 
 situation. He was working for plague-stricken coolies in the danger 
 zone at the railway station in Moukden when he also contracted the 
 disease and died in thirty hours. As one has said, “How few knew 
 that he had gone to Moukden; how many know that he died there.” 
 Non-Christian officials at his grave said, “He died for us.” The 
 Viceroy insisted on sending $10,000 to his lonely mother in England, 
 but she sent it back to Manchuria. It was used to add a wing to 
 the Christian Medical College of the Scotch Mission in Moukden. 
 I had the honor of participating in the dedication, My visit at that 
 time and my subsequent visits revealed to me the marvelous influence 
 that Jackson’s life and death have exerted upon successive generations 
 of Chinese students and officials both non-Christians and Christians. 
 In England it has been most inspiring to hear incidents telling of 
 his undying influence on British students who never knew him. 
 Who can measure the expansive influence of an unselfish life? 
 
 Not a few in this Convention have heard of Caroline Macdonald, 
 one of the Canadian student volunteers who, after rendering helpful 
 service among the young women of her own country, went out to 
 serve those of Japan. In the early years of her life work in that 
 chosen field she concentrated her unselfish efforts largely upon the 
 Japanese women students and school girls, and this with most blessed 
 and highly-multiplying results. Not a few of those into whose lives 
 she poured her loving service have become recognized leaders of the 
 Japanese Christian forces. It would be difficult to exaggerate the 
 character and permanent value of her ministry to many of the most 
 influential families of Tokyo. In later years, true to Christ’s un- 
 erring leading, she has devoted herself also to helping criminals, 
 prisoners and outcasts. Her joy and privilege it is to cast life-giving 
 rays of hope into many darkened lives throughout areas of social 
 neglect. 
 
 The life of Ransford Miller, one of my classmates at Cornell, 
 comes to mind. In the university he stood at the top of his class in 
 the classical course. He also became one of the most intensive stu- 
 dents of the Bible, notably of the New Testament. I remember 
 
60 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 with joy the long hours that he and I spent week by week during 
 our senior year in the study of that vital subject, the Spirit of God. 
 I fancy it was during those fruitful hours that he came for the first 
 time under the sway of the Living Christ. This projected him first 
 into the service of the Young Men’s Christian Association in his own 
 university, from which it was easy to transfer to a field of wider and 
 deeper need—the students and other young men of Japan. He be- 
 came so proficient in the study and use of the Japanese language 
 that, in line with the advice and approval of his colleagues among 
 the missionaries, he accepted the call to become Language Secretary 
 of the American Legation in Tokyo. This led him on into other 
 positions in the diplomatic service including that of Director of the 
 Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs. Then he was promoted to become 
 Consul General of Korea. I am in a position to know that in count- 
 less difficult situations and in the midst of very real temptations he 
 has been true to his Lord, and with conscientiousness and courage 
 has applied the principles of Jesus in his diplomatic career and has 
 greatly strengthened the hands of the Christian Movement in Japan 
 and Korea. 
 
 With tender and grateful memory many of us recall the life and 
 work of Grace Coppock. She left her impress on her generation 
 at the University of Nebraska. Along the pathway of her travelling 
 work among the women students of North America, she proclaimed 
 and illustrated the unerring, guiding principles of Jesus Christ her 
 Lord. The following of these principles in her own life soon led her 
 into the vast opportunity presented by the young womanhood and girl- 
 hood of the new China. Though the years spent among them were 
 few, before she was called to her exceeding great reward she had 
 become universally loved and trusted by the Chinese as well as by 
 her countless friends of the West. One wonders whether Christ has 
 ever been lived more simply, more winsomely and more contagiously 
 than in the life of this devoted and ee ore loyal Christian and 
 Christian leader. 
 
 “Dri” Davis went forth from Syracuse University not only witha 
 good record in studies and in athletics but also with a life purpose , 
 set on doing the will of God. After serving young men in America 
 during a fruitful preparatory period, he went to that great political 
 capital of the Mohammedan world, Constantinople, and witnessed by 
 life and word to men of many faiths. When the war came he 
 plunged with abandon into the unselfish ministry among enemy pris- 
 oners in the lonely prisoner-of-war camps of France. Later he 
 helped to organize and conduct welfare work in the French and 
 
THE COMMITMENT OF LIFE 61 
 
 other allied armies, and, since the war, has spread the work of Christ 
 among the young men and boys of many countries in Europe and the 
 Near East. He has won the confidence of governments and rulers, 
 Seest thou a man absorbed in the service of his generation, he shall 
 stand before kings, he shall not stand before mean men. 
 
 The story of Baron Paul Nicolay of Finland is another illus- 
 tration of what God can do through a life fully surrendered to Him. 
 In the pathway of faithfully doing the will of God in little things, 
 he was led out into one of the greatest opportunities of his generation. 
 I refer to his part in founding the Russian Christian Student Move- 
 ment. Having been a student in a Russian university, he had a vivid 
 sense of the desperate need of the tens of thousands of students in 
 the institutions scattered across the breadth of Russia as sheep with- 
 out a shepherd. He had the spiritual discernment to see and the 
 consecrated will to seize the opportunity. Although of noble family 
 and having great possessions, he denied himself and lived a life of 
 simplicity and frugality in helping to meet the deep needs of the stu- 
 dents. His work was of such thorough quality in its intensive 
 aspect that it ultimately and inevitably reached out to all parts of 
 Russia and its example served to raise the faith and powerfully stimu- 
 late the sacrificial zeal of Christian students the world over. Baron 
 Nicolay died five years ago but his work will never die, for “He that 
 loves not lives not, and he that lives by the Life shall never die.” 
 The seed that he sowed was so vital and was so truly watered with 
 tears and nurtured in prayer, that even in the midst of revolutionary 
 upheavals, of the powerful opposition of both the reactionary gov- 
 ernment of the old régime and of the anti-Christian government of 
 our time, and of the recent fierce persecutions, this Movement has 
 survived and continued to expand. I am told that one of its circles 
 has added to its membership test the requirement indicated in these 
 words, “Are you willing to die for Christ ?” 
 
 At this very hour while I am speaking, I would remind you 
 that in Battell Chapel at Yale is being conducted the funeral service 
 of our friend, Henry B. Wright. I use the word “our” advisedly 
 for he was in truth the friend of all college men and women who 
 had at heart the bringing of students under the sway of Christ and 
 relating them to the plans of His Kingdom. He was a model 
 Christian student in his college life. He was a model Christian 
 professor—would that we had one like him in every university !—and 
 hundreds here who knew him will agree with me that he was also 
 a model Christian worker. I know of no better example in char- 
 acter and in service of one’s generation. His life was truly Christ- 
 
62 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 like. Through him countless Yale men in undergraduate days, and 
 students of other colleges who sat under his teaching at intercollegi- 
 ate conferences, were led out into a reasonable and vital faith in 
 Christ and into lives of unselfish service. God spoke through his 
 life, through his teaching, through his selfless deeds. Although liv- 
 ing on a most slender margin of physical strength, his life literally 
 abounded in fruitfulness, because he preserved a life of unbroken 
 union with his Divine Lord. He embodied, illustrated and made 
 contagious that of which I am speaking this morning—the commit- 
 ment of life to the Lord of Life. He was the author of a number 
 of valuable writings, but I venture to state that the one book which 
 has had by far the largest formative influence on the lives of stu- 
 dents, and which will continue to have a message to successive gen- 
 erations of students everywhere, is the one entitled, “The Will of 
 God and a Man’s Lifework.” Henry Wright served his generation 
 by the will of God. He was wont to visit Northfield and while there 
 to attend and participate in meetings on Round Top where Mr. 
 Moody was buried. As I think of him this morning I recall those 
 words engraved on Mr. Moody’s tombstone—words which tell of the 
 motive power of the lives of both Moody and Henry Wright and 
 which reveal to all of us the secret of undying influence—“He that 
 doeth the will of God abideth forever.” 
 
 Illustrations like these throng my memory as I think of the col- 
 leges and countries represented here. Those which have been brought 
 before us are typical. Let God speak to us through them. One 
 and all they accepted Jesus Christ not only as Saviour but also as 
 Lord. They recognized His rightful claim upon their lives and 
 also upon their powers whether little or great. They were true to 
 their heavenly vision. They heard God speak in conferences like 
 this. They both heard and heeded His call. They lost themselves 
 in great unselfish causes. He that saveth his life shall lose it; he 
 that loseth his life in the service of his generation by the will of God 
 shall find it again in ever deepening, ever widening, ever multiplying 
 influence for good. It is through such men and women that God 
 effects permanent, beneficent changes in the lives of individuals and 
 in the life of society. 
 
 What hinders our placing our lives this morning at the disposal 
 of Christ henceforth to do His will and not our own? With some 
 of you it may be, as it once was with me, a selfish ambition. Let it 
 be repeated, there are two views of one’s life. One is that a.man’s 
 life is his own, to do with as he pleases; the other is that it belongs 
 to another, and, in the case of a Christian, that the other to whom 
 
THE COMMITMENT OF LIFE 63 
 
 it belongs is Christ Himself. At first, although I bore the name of 
 Christian, I held the former, or selfish view. I have been urged to 
 mention here the circumstances showing the way God led me to re- 
 linquish this view. I was studying in a Christian college in the 
 West preparing myself for a money-making pursuit. That college 
 became too religious for me, so much so that I decided to go to an- 
 other in order to get away from religious impressions. I went to a 
 university in the East which then had the reputation—unfounded as 
 I too late discovered—of being a Godless institution. But I found 
 it impossible to get away from God, or from my conscience, or from 
 the outreach of the prayers of others. Not many weeks after I en- 
 tered this Eastern university, there visited the place, under the aus- 
 pices of the Christian Association, that famous cricketer of Cam- 
 bridge University, J. E. K. Studd. He was advertised to speak on 
 religious subjects from the point of view of students. I ventured 
 one night to go to hear him, being curious to know what a college 
 athlete might have to say on personal religion. No sooner had I 
 taken a seat in the rear of the Botanical Lecture Room, where the 
 meeting was being held, than I heard the speaker give three short 
 sentences which proved to be the turning point in my life. These 
 were the three sentences: “Seekest thou great things for thyself. 
 Seek them not. Seek ye first the Kingdom of God.” Iam ashamed 
 to say that when I heard these words that night I did not know 
 where they came from, but they went straight to the springs of my 
 motive life. I have forgotten all else that the speaker said but on 
 these few words hinged my life investment decision. I went back 
 to my room not to study but to fight. It took long days and nights. 
 to fight to the end of selfi—that is, to the point of surrender. Studd, 
 in a most discerning and sympathetic interview, which I finally mus- 
 tered up courage to have with him, helped me to see the wisdom of 
 using my will to follow the gleam of light leading Christ’s way. The 
 great surrender to Christ as Lord came later. One friend helped 
 me on the way Christward by advising me to forget myself in the 
 service of men in real need. That led me to pick out a dark place 
 of desperate need—the county jail—and to devote much time that 
 year to helping unfortunate, hardened, debased, enslaved men. This 
 experience helped greatly to bring near to me Christ Himself as a 
 reality.. Another friend counselled me to give myself to hard, honest 
 study of the original writings or records about Christ. In following 
 this advice I undertook a somewhat thorough study of the Resur- 
 rection. I shall never forget the day when with the papers contain- 
 ing my notes spread out on the table, 1 was able with St. Thomas 
 
64 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 to say to Christ with intellectual honesty, ““My Lord and my God.” 
 I at once wrote to my father who had held for me, an only son, a 
 prosperous business, and told him to dispose of it for I had seen a 
 vision. That vision of Christ as Lord—and, therefore, the One 
 Who alone has the right to determine the investment of one’s life— 
 has never faded but has continued to command me. 
 
 Another factor almost as great in influencing my life plans and 
 activities is the one which came to me in the course of the intense 
 group thinking, discussions and intercession leading to the adoption 
 of the Watchword—“The Evangelization of the World in. this 
 Generation.”” Since I came to this Convention, a group of men 
 have asked me what this Watchword had meant to me. I can truth- 
 fully answer that next to the decision to take Christ as the Leader 
 and Lord of my life, the Watchword has had more influence than 
 all other ideals and objectives combined to widen my horizon and 
 enlarge my conception of the Kingdom of God; to hold me stedfast 
 in the face of criticism, opposition and other obstacles to the great 
 Christ-commanded purpose of seeking first the Kingdom of God; 
 to stimulate my personal preparation for service to my generation; 
 to deepen my conviction as to the necessity of furthering the more 
 intensive aspects of the missionary enterprise such as educational 
 missions, the building up of strong native Churches, and the raising 
 up of an able indigenous leadership; to recognize and promote the 
 essential strategy involved in establishing an adequate home base, 
 and in Christianizing the impact of the so-called Christian nations on 
 the non-Christian world; to appreciate vividly both the social and 
 the individual aspects of the Christian Gospel and likewise their 
 essential unity; to see the necessity of linking together the Christian 
 students of all lands and races and of raising up from among them 
 an army of well furnished, God-called, heroic volunteers; to realize 
 and live under the spell of the great urgency of the task of giving 
 each generation an adequate opportunity to know Christ; and, above 
 all, to deepen acquaintance with God and to throw us back on Him 
 for ever fresh accessions of superhuman wisdom, love and power. 
 If the Watchword has been helpful to those who belong to my gen-, 
 eration, may it not be made to mean more to yours? With all my 
 soul I endorse what my friend, Dr. Speer, said yesterday as to its 
 peculiar timeliness, aptness and power for the period immediately 
 before us. Let no selfish ambition keep any delegate here from 
 placing his life in the hands of Christ and blending his life purpose 
 with this world-wide program of Christ. 
 
 It may be that hidden away in the life of a student, here and there 
 
THE COMMITMENT OF LIFE 65 
 
 in this great company, is some unconfessed or unforsaken sin. If 
 so, that inevitably stands in the way of hearing the clear call of Christ 
 claiming our lives and powers. Sin is a veil; no student ever saw 
 Christ as Lord through it. If you wish to wage triumphant warfare 
 in the world battlefields in front of you, you must have no untaken 
 forts in the rear. 
 
 A habit of drifting keeps many a student from the great com- 
 mitment. No man ever discovered God’s wonderful plan for his 
 life through dawdling or waiting for something to turn up. No 
 student ever drifted into a great opportunity, or into a great adven- 
 ture, or into a great achievement, and this for the simple reason that 
 no student drifts into Christlikeness. No, it is by design, by con- 
 scious choice, by taking initiative that we find ourselves going Christ’s 
 way through following His beckoning hand. 
 
 Closely akin to the hindrance just indicated is that of inde- 
 cision, or the lack of conclusive thinking. I find that the students 
 everywhere may be divided into two classes—the resolute natures and 
 the irresolute natures; that is, those who seek evidence, who make 
 up their minds on evidence and use their wills acting on the evidence, 
 and those who do not. How many students we find who keep on 
 investigating, discussing, interviewing or conferring, and pondering, 
 but not combining with these valuable processes the invaluable prac- 
 tice of using their wills diligently and resolutely in making decisions 
 as fast as the light they seek makes wise conclusions or decisions 
 possible. Thus too many get lost in the chasm between knowing 
 duty and doing duty. A convention like this may become posi- 
 tively dangerous unless the delegate calls out the cooperation of his 
 volitional powers to give true effect to new truth to which his mind 
 gives assent and to unselfish emotions which move his heart. What 
 can be more dangerous than to see visions which were designed by 
 a loving God to command us, and not to follow them; to be con- 
 fronted with open doors which God Himself has opened before us, 
 and not to enter; to hear Him calling us from the mountains, and 
 not to go His way? 
 
 It is tragic to learn of students in a gathering like this where 
 heroes of so many conflicts have foregathered, and which is designed 
 to be a veritable council of war, who through fear or cowardice shrink 
 from handing their lives over to the great Leader. And yet Christ 
 never hid His scars to win a disciple, still less an apostle. The 
 world takes no notice of a man until it sees that he is willing to suffer 
 and, if need be, die for a cause. If the Student Volunteer Move- 
 ment has taught the modern age anything, it is that when you make 
 
66 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 the Gospel difficult you make it triumphant. Let it be said to the 
 credit of this Movement, and even more of the students of the past 
 generation, that in response to the Movement’s appeal volunteers have 
 not been wanting for the most difficult and most dangerous fields. 
 
 The saddest sight of all is to find a student who has heard the 
 call of Christ, and who admits that he ought to yield his life to the 
 direction and control of Christ, and still deliberately refuses to do 
 so. Such disobedience constitutes the great refusal. It marks the 
 beginning of a dwarfed life and of a contracting influence. It was 
 said of Robert Burns that he was afraid to stand before Jesus Christ. 
 What was the reason? We know not all that held him back, but 
 probably he argued, if I confront this Central Figure of the Ages 
 with open mind, sensitive conscience and responsive will, it may 
 mean that I will have to change my manner of life and also that I 
 will have to obey Him and travel His way. And he shrank from 
 the implications. He dug the grave of his largest possibilities. God 
 grant that years hence it may not have to be said of any of the thou- 
 sands of students here that away back in the closing hours of the 
 year 1923, in the midst of the Indianapolis Convention, there opened 
 before them a great door and that they heard the clear call of Christ 
 to commit their lives wholly and irrevocably to Him, but that they 
 were disobedient to the Sovereign Voice. . 
 
 It may be that there are some among us who hesitate to make 
 a complete surrender to Christ fearing that, should this involve their 
 going forth as missionaries, they would not have an adequate mes- 
 sage. I am reminded of a question asked me by a student vol- 
 unteer at the end of the War. He was planning to go out to India 
 as a missionary, and, in taking counsel with me, asked this search- 
 ing question, “Do you think we have a Gospel which is really worth 
 propagating to India?” In reply I said to him what I would say to 
 all in this Convention who may have been at all disturbed by facts 
 and comments which they have heard during these days as to un- 
 Christian conditions and practices here in so-called Christian Amer- 
 ica. “Do not let that delay or deflect you from your purpose; we 
 have a Christ who is infinitely worth propagating, not only to India ° 
 but to every land under heaven, and there is no corner of the earth 
 where the people do not absolutely and urgently need Him.” There- 
 fore, let us become more and more faithful in unveiling His face 
 through our own lives and words and more and more effective in 
 fixing the gaze and the attention of men on Him. We go not forth 
 at home or abroad to proclaim ourselves, or our theologies, or our 
 denominational differences, or anything short of Christ Himself. 
 As we confront men with Him, He will without fail make His own 
 
THE COMMITMENT OF LIFE 67 
 
 impression. And it will be a profound impression, a transforming 
 impression, a lasting impression because a superhuman impression. 
 
 It is both solemnizing and inspiring to remind ourselves again 
 of the limitless possibilities of this Convention; yes, and of the life 
 of each delegate. It has been my lot to make several visits to Russia, 
 the land of the Russian Orthodox Church with its more than one 
 hundred million communicants. I have also visited the Balkan 
 states, the Near East, and the other lands where we find the various 
 other autonomous Eastern Churches. All these Eastern Churches 
 have a number of things in common; for example, it is the custom 
 for their worshipers to stand during the church services, no matter 
 how long these may continue. I can see now the great St. Isaac’s 
 Cathedral in Petrograd with its vast enclosure crowded with thou- 
 -sands of reverent worshipers. Another thing common to all these 
 Eastern Churches is that on Easter Eve, during the hours preceding 
 midnight, every communicant member who can do so comes to the 
 Church. Thus the Church may be packed to suffocation. Some- 
 times when all cannot be accommodated within the enclosure, you 
 will find them standing outside beyond the doors and even down 
 the narrow streets. That night both within and outside the Church 
 all those who can bear an unlighted candle. At the midnight hour, 
 beginning with the candles by the altar, the fire is spread from candle 
 to candle reaching out even into the streets, and I am told that often 
 the worshipers bear their lighted candles back to their homes to 
 kindle other unlighted candles which may be waiting there. 
 
 I like to think of our Convention here today with this figure 
 in mind. Jesus Christ, the Light of the World, is unmistakably in 
 our midst. And He says to us this Sabbath morning as He said to 
 His followers gathered around Him centuries ago, “Ye are the light 
 of the world.” The title of one of the great sermons of Phillips 
 Brooks is “The Candle of the Lord,” based on the text, “The spirit 
 of man is the candle of the Lord.” The spirit of each one of us is a 
 candle of the Lord. We draw near Him. It may be that the spirit 
 of a few among us has never been lighted by Him. It may be that 
 with some of us the light has been allowed to become dim, there 
 remaining, perchance, only a little ember. We draw near Him to 
 be rekindled. With all of us is it not our desire to have the flame of 
 our spirit quickened by Him that it may burn more purely, more 
 brightly, more intensely? Then we shall go forth to bear our 
 torches near and far, to enable Him, through us, to lighten and set 
 aflame other spirits in our colleges and universities and in all areas 
 of gloom and neglect, of injustice and cruelty, of hatred and strife, 
 at home and abroad. 
 
Q@| Praper 
 
 Davin R. Porter 
 
 O Thou Father of our spirits, forgive us for listening 
 to these great messages and making no costly resolves 
 to live them out in our lives. We pause in Thy presence 
 before we go out from this place. Forgive us for our 
 hypocrisy. 
 
 We are not able to think through these great ques- 
 tions because of the slothfulness of our minds. 
 
 We are not able to banish war from the world be- 
 cause in our daily lives the spirit of war dominates us. 
 
 We are not worthy to carry freedom to the world 
 because many of us this morning are shackled hand and 
 foot. We can not deceive Thee, our Father now, even 
 though we deceive the rest of our delegations here, and 
 to this moment have deceived ourselves. 
 
 We are not furnishing help of body or spirit to our 
 needy brothers, because we are chained in lives of luxury 
 and softness. 
 
 We can not follow in the train of that noble army 
 who have gone out in other years from conventions like 
 this, because we are tied down by tradition and our wills 
 are flabby. 
 
 O Thou giver of all good gifts, give unto this con- 
 vention this morning Thy gift of penitence. Just because 
 we are so powerless and sinful and conceited we thank Thee 
 for the heritage of Thy church, which in spite of us and 
 without our help is going forward throughout the world. 
 In this closing moment we would put our impoverished 
 lives at Thy disposal, asking Thee to use them for the 
 strengthening of others more worthy than we, who now at 
 this hour, the hour on which our Lord hung on the cross, 
 are in His name paying the last full measure of devotion to 
 Him, and if it can be Thy will, spare us a little longer that 
 we by Thy grace may give ourselves to Thee until Thy 
 kingdom come. Amen! 
 
THE STUDENT VOLUNTEER 
 MOVEMENT 
 
 REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE 
 STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT FOR 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 
 PRESENTED BY JOSEPH C. Roppins, CHAIRMAN 
 
 The past four years have been marked by disillusionment for 
 those who had hoped that the World War was being waged to end all 
 war, by dismay on the part of statesmen who have seen nations that 
 were together drifting apart, and by distress of millions, especially 
 in central Europe, the Near East, the Far East, and Russia. 
 
 In our own country it has been a time of readjustment of con- 
 ditions and reappraisement of values. The churches have experi- 
 enced an unrest in their membership, which is evidenced in theologi- 
 cal controversies on the part of some, selfish materialism on the part 
 of others and increasing zeal on the part of still others. Many 
 official boards of the Churches have experienced financial difficulties 
 due to the increased cost of living abroad and the multiplying agencies 
 appealing for support at home. Students in Canada and the States 
 while questioning as never before the central verities of the Christian 
 faith are also insisting on more reality in religion and greater courage 
 in following truth, whatever the cost. 
 
 One of the grounds of great hope in the current situation is 
 that the past four years in the history of the Student Volunteer 
 Movement have been characterized by expansion and adaptation. 
 The Executive Committee of seven members has become since 1920 
 a committee of thirty members, composed of fifteen undergraduate 
 student volunteers, five representatives of Foreign Mission Boards, 
 four representatives of the Student Christian Movement of Canada 
 
 69 
 
70 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 and the Student Association Movements of the United States of 
 America, and six members at large. It will be observed at once that 
 at least fifteen members, i.e., half of the Committee, must be under- 
 graduate Student Volunteers, thus assuring student counsel and 
 leadership in all activities and decisions of the Movement. 
 
 The fifteen volunteers on the Executive Committee are chosen 
 by the Student Volunteer Council, a body composed of two students 
 (a man and a woman) from each of the forty-one Student Volunteer 
 Unions in Canada and the United States. Each of these Unions is 
 composed of the volunteers in a given area, which may be metropolitan 
 centers such as Greater New York, Toronto, or states or provinces 
 as Nebraska, or a portion of small states, as the Connecticut Valley. 
 Though this fundamental change in the organization of the Move- 
 ment was planned in 1919, nearly a year preceding the Des Moines 
 Convention, the first meeting of the Student Volunteer Council was. 
 not held until February, 1920, immediately following our last 
 Quadrennial Convention. Since then it has met annually, to select 
 its representatives on the Executive Committee, to review the work 
 of the year, and to make suggestions to the Executive Committee in 
 matters of policy. The Executive Committee is deeply indebted to 
 the Council for its Findings on Missionary Education, on the secur- 
 ing and preparing of volunteers, on the Quadrennial Convention, 
 on the finances of the Movement, and on the further development 
 of democracy within the Movement. In accordance with the Coun- 
 cil’s recommendation the Executive Committee has decided to urge 
 each volunteer to take a medical examination as soon as possible 
 after volunteering so as to correct any physical defects and build up 
 a strong constitution before applying for foreign service. In accord- 
 ance with the Council’s suggestion various State Unions have ap- 
 pointed alumni secretaries to keep in touch with graduate Volunteers 
 who are temporarily or permanently hindered. Throughout the year 
 Council subcommittees work on problems of the Movement. At 
 Association summer conferences Council members constitute a cabi- 
 net to counsel with Movement secretaries. In these and other ways 
 the Council has deepened a Movement consciousness and has strength- 
 ened the Movement’s work. No single fact has done more for the 
 development of the work of the Movement than the establishment of 
 this Council composed of volunteers who are still students. 
 
 During the past quadrennium there has been a marked growth 
 of the Student Volunteer Unions which now number forty-one. Last 
 year these Unions conducted thirty-nine conferences with 4,116 
 registered delegates. If we include also unregistered attendance it 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 71 
 
 is safe to say that about 10,000 students have heard the missionary 
 message at these gatherings annually. These Unions have developed 
 deputation work among preparatory schools, churches, hospitals and 
 nurses’ training schools. Many Unions publish Bulletins or news- 
 letters to stimulate their membership. Twenty-nine Unions have 
 during the past year held leaders’ conferences and all the Unions 
 are assuming greater responsibility for stimulating missionary inter- 
 est in institutions where there are as yet no volunteers for foreign 
 service. While the securing of recruits for such service is one of 
 the purposes of the Movement, it is only one of the four purposes— 
 the others being: 
 
 To awaken and maintain among all Christian students of the United States 
 and Canada intelligent and active interest in foreign missions. 
 
 To help all such intending missionaries to prepare for their life-work and 
 to enlist their cooperation in developing the missionary life of home churches. 
 
 To lay an equal burden of responsibility on all students who are to remain 
 as ministers and lay workers at home, that they may actively promote the mis- 
 sionary enterprise by their intelligent advocacy, by their gifts and by their 
 prayers. 
 
 The Unions are seeking to promote all these purposes. With a 
 view to accomplishing this fourfold purpose more effectively each 
 Union has an Advisory Committee composed of the Association secre- 
 taries who are responsible for supervision of Association work in 
 that area, one or two faculty members, one or two representatives 
 of Foreign Mission Boards and a secretary from headquarters. 
 
 During the past quadrennium a majority of the new volunteers 
 enrolled in the membership of the Movement attributed their decision 
 to, the example and efforts of fellow students who had themselves 
 volunteered for missionary service. .This is a striking evidence of 
 the fact that the greatest recruiting force in the student field is the 
 volunteer who is still in college. 
 
 The Union conferences furnish secretaries of the Movement an 
 opportunity to touch representatives of institutions which they can- 
 not visit. Thus in a single year traveling secretaries came into con- 
 tact with students from 193 institutions which they could not them- 
 selves reach. 
 
 The traveling secretaries of the Movement, coming as most of 
 them do straight from college or the theological seminary, interpret 
 to students in their own language the work of the Movement and 
 of the Foreign Mission Boards. Since it is a principle of the Move- 
 ment not to have any traveling secretaries who are not actually on 
 their way to the mission field, these secretaries have a unique oppor- 
 
72 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 tunity to challenge their fellow-students to think in terms of the 
 world’s needs and to face present-day facts. Perhaps no phase of 
 our work more truly represents the purpose and spirit of the Move- 
 ment than does the work of these secretaries. 
 
 Each year the staff of traveling secretaries includes one or two 
 missionaries on furlough. These bring to the students of our colleges 
 their experience from work accomplished abroad and they can speak 
 as eye witnesses of the progress and need in foreign lands. Of one 
 of these we heard the testimony that he “radiated spiritual power.” 
 Of another, the General Secretary of a State University Association 
 wrote: “He gave me a larger conception of my job.” This secretary 
 has since volunteered for foreign missionary service. A State Stu- 
 dent Association secretary writes: “Your secretaries have a wonder- 
 ful capacity for understanding and entering into the life and prob- 
 lems of students.” 
 
 The Candidate work of the Movement consists in acknowledging 
 information forms which are sent in by those who have signed dec- 
 laration cards, corresponding with volunteers in order to help 
 them in their work of preparation for missionary service, and keep- 
 ing in helpful contact with volunteers after they graduate until 
 they are appointed to some mission field. The utmost care is exer- 
 cised to see that every student understands the significance of signing 
 the declaration card before he is enrolled as a volunteer. Personal. 
 problems in preparation of volunteers constitute an increasing ele- 
 ment in the work of these secretaries. Considerable time is also 
 given by the two Candidate Secretaries to correspondence with send- 
 ing societies regarding men and women needed in the fields for which 
 these societies are responsible. These secretaries also keep in touch 
 with detained volunteers enlisting their support through prayer and 
 gifts for Christian work abroad. Some of these detained volunteers © 
 have been helped into needy fields at home under Home Mission 
 Boards. Out of the work of sailed volunteers have come indigenous 
 Student Volunteer Movements in several of the larger mission fields. 
 The Chinese Student Volunteer Movement had its first National Con- 
 ference last August. 
 
 The past four years have witnessed important adaptations in 
 the Educational work of our Movement. For some years the promo- 
 tion of missionary education by the use of textbooks, generally featur- 
 ing the needs and work in a single country, has been increasingly 
 difficult. Changes in campus life, in mental attitudes and, it may be, 
 in the religious antecedents of present-day students require change 
 both in the content of missionary literature and in the educational 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 73 
 
 methods employed. In view of this the Educational Department of 
 the Movement has begun a thorough study of principles and methods 
 of missionary education best suited to students, calling to its aid 
 representatives of cooperating student movements, educational secre- 
 taries of church boards, missionaries on furlough, nationals of other 
 lands and undergraduate students from different sections of the coun- 
 try. The final results of this study will not be available for at least 
 another year but enough progress has been made to convince the 
 Movement that it must become a pioneer again in seeking to adapt 
 the form of our material and our educational methods to the changing 
 needs of a new student generation. 
 
 Valuable educational work continues to be done through the 
 pamphlets published by the Movement. Recently these have been 
 re-studied and with the help of student criticisms re-evaluated. 
 Pamphlets which are not of sufficiently recent date or which for 
 good reasons no longer meet the needs of students today, have been 
 stricken from the list of current publications. Recently the supply 
 has been replenished and enriched by a number of new pamphlets. 
 One cannot ask for any better index of the Movement’s point of 
 view and educational standards for the future. 
 
 The preparation and promotion of discussion courses marks 
 another attempt to meet the changing situation. Before the interest 
 of students can be won for the Christian enterprise as such, it is 
 necessary to awaken an appreciation and interest in the world as a 
 whole, and in those problems of human relationship which cut across 
 all national, racial and class distinctions. The four discussion courses 
 which are so closely related to the four major addresses of the open- 
 ing sessions of this Convention, and which have been prepared at the 
 suggestion and largely under the direction of our Educational Sec- 
 retaries, present a distinct departure from the text-book method. 
 The Movement was encouraged in this experiment by the popularity 
 of a small discussion course on the Near East prepared immediately 
 after the Smyrna disaster. It was evident that this method of pre- 
 senting facts and awakening interest in conditions abroad, while not 
 ideal perhaps, nevertheless promised to meet the need of students 
 better than any method yet employed. One Eastern University re- 
 ports fifty discussion groups during the past term—all of which are 
 devoting their thought to “International Problems and the Christian 
 Way of Life.’ Over 5,000 copies of this single pamphlet have been 
 sold within three months to college students. The course on “Racial 
 Relations and the Christian Ideal” promises to be even more widely 
 used. “Youth and Renaissance Movements’ and “Economic Prob- 
 
74 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 lems and the Christian Ideal’ have just come from the press. All 
 four courses have strong Christian international emphases. If the 
 present interest and demand among students is any indication of the 
 future use of these courses, we may conclude that they will be very 
 widely used throughout this year. 
 
 But while the Movement has been stressing an educational pro- 
 gram suited to an extensive cultivation of the student field through 
 the promotion of discussion groups, reading courses, posters, forums 
 and dramatics, it has been equally ambitious and diligent in empha- 
 sizing the more intensive side of missionary education and in pre- 
 senting with no adulteration the work of Christian missions and in- 
 digenous churches abroad. The pre-convention study pamphlet en- 
 titled “The Christian Enterprise Abroad” mailed free to every dele- 
 gate of this Convention, is an index of the quality and directness of 
 this educational work. There is much misunderstanding among stu- 
 dents of the real spirit, aim and character of modern missions. A 
 supreme need therefore is a strong educational program which shall 
 present a more correct interpretation of the extent, status and prob- 
 lems of Christianity the world over, enlisting the intelligent coopera- 
 tion and enthusiasm of students in what the Christian churches are 
 doing. In this connection the Movement, through its educational 
 program and with the help of its membership faces one of its greatest, 
 if not its greatest opportunity in the immediate future, namely to in- 
 terpret the Christian enterprise in its modern setting to fellow-stu- 
 dents and indirectly to insure a more intelligent response to the mis- 
 sionary appeal. 
 
 In all this, it must be remembered that apart from education of 
 a general kind, the Movement has a peculiar responsibility toward 
 Volunteers in imparting information that will guide them in their 
 preparation for the service they contemplate in cooperation with 
 Christian churches abroad. This is no light responsibility, nor is it 
 secondary in our thoughts. The emergence of strong native leader- 
 ship and the consequent change in the kind of assistance which for- 
 eign workers can best render in countries like India, China and Japan 
 make it imperative that only those of highest mental as well as spir- 
 itual qualifications shall be sent. In this educational responsibility 
 the Movement joins hands with the Candidate Secretaries of the 
 Boards. It may be that the increased emphasis in this direction, 
 already apparent in the cooperation afforded by the Movement in the 
 publication of Dr. Fleming’s recent book entitled “Contacts with non- 
 Christian Cultures,’ should be increasingly stressed until it becomes 
 the chief. educational activity of the Movement. 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 75 
 
 The request of the last National Student Volunteer Council 
 that the Bulletin be increased from four to eight issues for each aca- 
 demic year and have as its main purpose the interpretation of the 
 missionary enterprise in such ways as shall contribute most to better 
 understanding and higher qualifications among Volunteers themselves, 
 indicates the progressive attitude of the Movement’s membership. It 
 is the hope of the Executive Committee that in the Bulletin we shall 
 have a technical publication of high quality, devoted to the presenta- 
 tion of those aspects of missionary service and church developments 
 abroad which no prospective missionary or intelligent supporter of 
 missions can afford not to know. Through the columns of the Bul- 
 letin, occasional leaflets and an annual pamphlet for the use of campus 
 committees, the Educational Secretaries direct attention to the best 
 and most recent literature on foreign countries and especially on the 
 religious needs and activities of these countries. The January issue 
 contains the Life-service Calls of Home and Foreign Mission Boards. 
 A supplement to the “General Bibliography on Missionary Litera- 
 ture” issued three years ago has been prepared during the last two 
 months by Miss Hering of the Missionary Research Library at the 
 request of the Movement, thus supplying the public with a compre- 
 hensive up-to-date bibliography of very great value. 
 
 The major responsibility for missionary education among stu- 
 dents rests upon the religious organizations of each campus. Our 
 function as a movement is to help or stimulate, not to promote or 
 control. The recent appointment of a committee on Christian World 
 Education by the Council of Christian Associations should increase 
 the effectiveness of this cooperation. 
 
 During the past quadrennium several changes have occurred in 
 Canada. At the Guelph Conference of Canadian students in Janu- 
 ary, I92I, a new Canadian Student Christian Movement was organ- 
 ized. and the question was raised at that time as to what should be 
 the relation of Canadian Student Volunteers to this Movement. Ac- 
 cordingly the Volunteers present at Guelph passed the following 
 resolution: 
 
 “The Student Volunteer representatives recommend that the present rela- 
 . tionship to the International Student Volunteer Movement be maintained with 
 a further development of the Canadian committee, secretaries, and sub-office 
 during this year when the opinion of the Student Volunteers of Canada will be 
 ascertained. Recognizing how vital is the connection between the missionary 
 interests and the other spiritual interests of the college, we would suggest that 
 some form of federation be worked out with the Student Christian Movement, 
 and that there be mutual representation on the committees in the meantime.” 
 
76 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Before the Guelph Conference the Canadian Student Volunteer 
 Committee had come into being with headquarters in Toronto. The 
 position of the Executive Committee has always been that the Cana- 
 dian Volunteers must decide for themselves whether they can better 
 serve the Kingdom of Christ by separating from our Movement or 
 by remaining a part of it as they have been since the Student Vol- 
 unteer Movement came into existence in 1886. On December 27-28, 
 1922, a large and representative Convention of Canadian Student 
 Volunteers met in Toronto to decide this matter. Only delegates ac- 
 credited to this Convention were allowed to vote. After a full and 
 frank discussion action was taken with only two or three dissenting 
 votes in favor of their remaining a part of the North American Move- 
 ment. That action is as follows: 
 
 “That the Conference of Canadian Student Volunteers, while recognizing 
 the General Secretary of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions 
 as head of all the Student Volunteers and accepting all the principles of the 
 Student Volunteer Movement, recommend the following modifications of present 
 practices in order to meet the Canadian situation. 
 
 (1) Election by Canadians of their own Committee. 
 
 (2) Appointment by the Canadian Committee of their own secretary or 
 
 secretaries who shall be responsible to the Canadian Committee. 
 
 (3) That the Canadian Committee outline and carry out its own program. 
 
 (4) That the Canadian Branch of the Student Volunteer Movement assume 
 responsibility for its own budget. 
 
 (5) That the Canadian Secretary be empowered to ‘pass’ on declaration 
 cards and forward duplicates of same to the New York office for 
 acceptance. 
 
 (6) That in other matters, existing practice be continued subject to adjust- 
 ment as necessity may arise between the Canadian Committee and the 
 North American Committee of the Student Volunteer Movement.” 
 
 Mr. MacMillan, the Canadian Secretary of the Movement, says 
 that “the aim of the Canadian Student Volunteer Committee is to 
 cooperate to every possible extent with the Canadian Student Chris- 
 tian Movement, while seeking to conserve as much as possible the 
 glorious traditions of the Student Volunteer Movement.” We 
 heartily welcome the Canadian contingent to our Quadrennial Con-’ 
 vention and rejoice that they and we can continue to work together 
 for the evangelization of the world. 
 
 Reference should be made in this report to the finances of the 
 Movement. The Movement has no endowments or invested funds, 
 but depends for its support entirely upon gifts of friends. * During 
 the past vear $12,000 were sent in by Student Volunteers in college, 
 while the total student contribution exceeded $30,000 (about one- 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 7/4 
 
 third of the annual budget). This reveals how loyally students stand 
 behind the Movement in its work. The sum of $1,650 came from 
 sailed Volunteers in five-dollar gifts. 
 
 BUDGET FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1924 ...... $95,850.00 
 The distribution of this amount, worked out on a percentage 
 basis, is as follows: 
 
 Salaries: Pct: 
 POPOL eTariCSui wets ecisln nema abit Wvda dt a ale daly $35,080.00 36.62 
 PMACT ICAL (HOLCE Te Cacti EM rod LiCl anu ay a 25,695.00 26,81 
 
 RENtVand CUPKEEP Saad reesei rea Mie atten 3,800.00 3.06 
 
 Stationery, Supplies and Sundries .............. 1,750.00 1.83 
 
 dexchangerzand «Interests Vapansyyaelesaiaeteree a aie areas 400.00 41 
 
 Mravelino dE x PeNnsesiiee. jue ctemeat netted els 13,000.00 13.57 
 
 Conferences and Committee Meetings........... 2,000.00 2.09 
 
 POSEAO CRE ain Te thtan talc aalat ashe tate a ste ele oie ah eel ar 2,300.00 2.39 
 
 TEA mbOUM TOYA peice t est ya ZU AL Ute Sh LR LA CLR UR High, 2,875.00 2.99 
 
 uhelegramsp ana ml eclephonesrrenelae areola lus 1,240.00 1.29 
 
 FeMeINOaeritren cite ee Wale fe ele wicks tote die ale intlera i ste 1,005.00 1.05 
 
 eiletinu( erent tssttes y cde aye ies Wala 4,005.00 4.18 
 
 Prperacire: Pena eo cist wail Wen reg UR aed te 2,500.00 2.61 
 
 Appropriations—Committee of Reference and 
 Counsel and Federation of Woman’s Boards.. 200.00 .20 
 
 $95,850.00 100.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 The very genius and purpose of the Student Volunteer Move- 
 ment brings it into the closest, most vital and most practical relation 
 to the churches and to the foreign mission boards of the United 
 States and Canada. 
 
 The missionary movement has been a most potent factor in 
 widening the vision, deepening the social passion and enriching the 
 entire life of the church. The student volunteers in our colleges 
 and other institutions have brought the missionary message and appeal 
 to the churches first of all by the influence of their life purpose. 
 Through the Student Volunteer Conferences and the deputation work 
 of the individual volunteers among the churches, and also by litera- 
 ture and mission study classes, the student volunteers have kept 
 continually before the churches in a fresh and living way the re- 
 sponsibility of the church for the evangelization of the whole world. 
 This living body of student volunteers continually pressing upon 
 the foreign mission boards of the churches has been a very impor- 
 tant influence in keeping these mission boards in touch with the 
 living, throbbing currents of the life, thought, and ideals of the youth 
 of the world. 
 
 While this Movement is a student movement and is therefore 
 
78 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 most vitally related to the other student movements of the United 
 States and Canada, the Student Volunteer Movement exists pri- 
 marily to serve the churches of North America, and is absolutely 
 loyal to the church. 
 
 One of the main purposes of the Student Volunteer Movement 
 is to enroll a sufficient number of properly qualified student vol-. 
 unteers to meet the successive demands of the various boards of 
 North America, and to help all such intending missionaries to pre- 
 pare for their life-work and to enlist their cooperation in developing 
 the missionary life of home churches. 
 
 The fact that more than 10,000 student volunteers have see 
 gone to the mission fields as missionaries of the churches of the 
 United States and Canada makes it clearly evident that the Student 
 Volunteer Movement has faithfully met this its most important obli- 
 gation. 
 
 The Foreign Mission Boards have during the past quadrennium 
 again expressed their confidence in the work of the Movement. At 
 the Conference of the Foreign Mission Boards of Canada and the 
 United States in 1920 the following action was taken: 
 
 “That the Foreign Missions Conference expresses its deep thanksgiving to 
 God for the origin, growth, influence and work of the Student Volunteer Move- 
 ment and draws the attention of the leaders of the Movement to the large mis- 
 sionary reinforcements required by the programs of the several Forward 
 Movements; the Conference pledges its hearty support to the Movement in 
 carrying forward the enlarged campaign needed, which campaign should be 
 characterized by all the old-time ardor, energy, and directness—while at the 
 same time the Movement will continue to call attention to the high order of 
 qualifications demanded by the conditions of modern missionary service—which 
 the Conference believes were, under God, vital elements in the enlistment of 
 the hundreds of men and women, who, in their college days, dedicated their 
 lives to the foreign missionary cause and who are now in the front lines of 
 that service both abroad and at home.” 
 
 The problem of Christian leadership is the paramount problem 
 facing the Christian church today in all its manifold activities at home 
 and abroad. In a most important and direct way the future of the 
 church of Jesus Christ, and the purity and unselfish character of our 
 world civilization depend upon the ability and sacrificial spirit of the 
 Christian leadership of this generation. 
 
 The Volunteer Movement has from the first exerted a powerful 
 influence on the thinking and policy of the church in this most impor- 
 tant matter of Christian leadership. With its primary insistence 
 upon the will of God as fundamental in the determination of a life 
 purpose and its challenging appeal, “The evangelization of the world 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 79 
 
 in this generation,” the Student Volunteer Movement has been a most 
 fruitful agent of the church in securing and inspiring an adequate 
 leadership for the church, not only for its missionary service abroad, 
 but also for its various forms of home missionary service. The 
 Student Volunteer Movement has always emphasized the greatness 
 and overwhelming difficulties of the task of world evangelization, 
 and has constantly based its appeal on the heroic and sacrificial ele- 
 ments in student life. Mr. Mott has truly said: ‘How true this 
 was in the pathway of the ministry of Jesus Christ, who ever called 
 upon men to count the cost and who never hid His scars to win a 
 disciple or a worker. In waging the propaganda of the Volunteer 
 Movement on behalf of the great citadels of the non-Christian world, 
 countless times we have had proof that if you make the Gospel diffi- 
 cult, you make it triumphant.” 
 
 . The foreign missionary movement is now entering upon a new 
 and most important phase of its history. The vital seed of pure 
 Christianity is already coming to full fruitage in our work in non- 
 Christian lands. The indigenous church rather than the mission is 
 today the all-important factor in the maintenance and development 
 of the Christian movement in these lands. The increasing readiness 
 of the churches on the mission field and of their representative bodies 
 and Christian leaders to assume full responsibility for the support 
 and conduct of all Christian work is most welcome and should be 
 encouraged. 
 
 “It has long been generally accepted that the establishment of an indigenous 
 church is a primary aim of foreign missions, and that this aim implies the 
 development of responsibility and leadership in the Church in the mission field. 
 ‘The apostles founded everywhere not missions but churches, and made them 
 the center of all activities.’ ‘All things are yours.’ Paul or Apollos or Cephas! 
 ‘Missionaries belong to you; you do not belong to missionaries,’ was the cry 
 of that master-builder. What then was the place of the missionary? ‘Our- 
 selves, your servants for Jesus’ sake.’ The missionary is the servant, not the 
 master of the Church; not lords over God’s heritage, but examples; not masters 
 
 over the faith of the disciples, but helpers.” (Church Missionary Society 
 Deputation Report.) 
 
 The voice of the indigenous church will henceforth be the de- 
 termining influence in the extension of Christianity in these lands. 
 It will in time largely determine the policies of the foreign mission 
 boards both in America and in Europe. It will have a decided in- 
 fluence in determining the number and qualifications of the mission- 
 aries to be sent to these lands. To meet the present situation on the 
 foreign field Christianity must become thoroughly indigenous in such 
 a way that it can make its full and rightful contribution to every 
 
80 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 phase of life in the lands to which it has been taken. Christianity 
 must not only speak with authority and power to the individual, but 
 in a much more emphatic way than ever before must influence the 
 life of the nation in all its relationships. The missionary movement 
 is not a sponsor of Western civilization or Western Christianity. It 
 has, however, implicit faith that the religion of Jesus Christ is today 
 the only solution of all individual, national and international prob- 
 lems. The Student Volunteer Movement recognizes clearly and 
 welcomes most heartily and enthusiastically this new day. The move- 
 ment is continually and consistently pressing upon every Student 
 Volunteer the implications of the present missionary emphasis with 
 its enlarged opportunities and heavier responsibilities and insists that 
 only those who are ready and eager to cooperate in the fullest and 
 heartiest way with the Christian church and the Christian leaders in 
 the foreign mission fields are today qualified for this most exacting 
 and important service as foreign missionaries. 
 
 During the past quadrennium our Movement has continued its 
 relationship to the Foreign Missions Conference of which it is a 
 member. A secretary of the Movement has been serving as Secretary 
 of the Federation of Women’s Boards of Foreign Missions of North 
 America. The Student Volunteer Movement continues to be one of 
 the four bodies which constitute the Council of North American Stu- 
 dent Movements. Its General Secretary is a member of the General 
 Committee of the World’s Student Christian Federation representing 
 the students in lands without national organization. 
 
 Two new relationships have been established during the quad- 
 rennium. In October, 1920, the Movement accepted the invitation 
 of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America to be 
 represented on its Administrative Committee as a consultative mem- 
 ber on the same basis as the Foreign Missions Conference. On Feb- 
 ruary 24, 1922, the Movement agreed to be represented on the 
 Executive Committee of the International Association of Agricul- 
 tural Missions. We have also been glad to cooperate with the Home 
 Missions Council by listing in the January Bulletin the calls of the 
 Home Mission Boards and publishing courses of study on North , 
 American problems. For some time the Home Missions Council 
 representative on recruiting occupied one of our offices. Later this 
 office was used for almost a year by the Student Fellowship for Chris- 
 tian Life-Service. It has been a privilege to cooperate thus with 
 other organizations which are also deeply interested in the extension 
 of Christ’s Kingdom. 
 
 Changes in the personnel of our leadership during the past quad- 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 81 
 
 rennium have been considerable. Dr. John R. Mott, who has been 
 chairman of the Executive Committee since the Movement was organ- 
 ized in 1888, has resigned and Dr. J. C. Robbins has succeeded him. 
 It would be difficult adequately to express what the Movement owes 
 to Dr. Mott’s wise, faithful and energetic leadership. President 
 J. Ross Stevenson, who served the Movement for twenty-two years 
 as its vice chairman, also resigned and was succeeded after a short 
 interval by two vice chairmen, Professor Kenneth S. Latourette and 
 Dr. W. E. Taylor of Canada. The Movement counts President 
 Stevenson among its best helpers and truest friends. Dr. J. Lovell 
 Murray, who served for sixteen years as Educational Secretary of 
 the Movement, has resigned to become Director of the Canadian 
 Schoo! of Missions in Toronto. His service to our Movement is a 
 far-reaching and permanent one because of the books which he has 
 produced and because of his promotional work in the colleges extend- 
 ing over a long term of years. He is succeeded by Milton T. Stauffer 
 who prepared the Survey of missionary work in China for the Shang- 
 hai Conference last year. Another great loss has been since the Des 
 Moines Convention, the resignation of W. P. McCulloch as Business 
 Secretary in order to become Assistant Treasurer of Princeton Theo- 
 logical Seminary. For sixteen years he has served the movement 
 most faithfully and has endeared himself to a host of students by 
 his business ability and strong Christian character. He is succeeded 
 by Stanhope R. Pier who has been a travelling secretary of the Stu- 
 dent Volunteer Movement. 
 
 The Student Volunteer Movement has stood for certain prin- 
 ciples which, we believe, have contributed to its success. One is 
 that of concentration. Frequently the Executive Committee has been 
 asked to widen its activities and to recruit for home as well as foreign 
 missionary service. Four years ago such an appeal was made to it 
 by the Home Missions Council. After careful consideration the 
 Committee decided not to change its policy. This decision was not 
 due to any failure on the part of the Committee to realize or appreci- 
 ate the needs of home mission fields. Neither was it due to our 
 Committee’s belief that foreign service demands a higher type of 
 heroism than service in needy fields at home. There are home mis- 
 sionaries who endure more hardships than many foreign missionaries. 
 But the Executive Committee felt that its present task is more than 
 enough to engage all its energies—namely the task of helping the 
 foreign mission boards to find a sufficient number of well qualified 
 men and women for service abroad. Even if present missionary 
 work in other lands were not increased, the approximate number 
 
82 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 of new missionaries needed each year to replace those who have died 
 or who have had to return to Canada and the United States because 
 of health or other reasons, would exceed twelve hundred. 
 
 While we rejoice in the growing influence of the church on the 
 mission field, it would be most unfortunate for us to be led to expect 
 that the need for a much larger number of foreign missionaries no - 
 longer exists. The mission boards of the United States and Canada 
 must continue to send an adequate supply of fully qualified missionaries 
 to assist and stimulate the indigenous churches abroad in their evan- 
 gelical ministry, Christian education, home missions and social welfare 
 programs. Some of the larger foreign mission boards of North 
 America, while clearly recognizing and rejoicing in the growing influ- 
 ence and power of the indigenous church, must, if they are to meet 
 in full the opportunity and responsibility now pressing upon them 
 in the fields for which they are responsible, send out more mis- 
 sionaries in the next decade than in the last. In some cases the in- 
 digenous church itself has definitely petitioned these boards for 
 larger reinforcements than we can hope to send. 
 
 Even in mission fields like China where the indigenous church 
 is already supplying able leaders; these very leaders are saying em- 
 phatically that for the present there must be no diminution in the 
 number of foreign missionaries at work in their country. How shall 
 the vast unreached areas of inland China be evangelized in our gen- 
 eration unless workers from western lands enter them? The Chi- 
 nese Church at present is able to undertake only a limited home mis- 
 sionary work. 
 
 In addition to the more advanced fields like China, Japan, Korea, 
 South America and India, where there are large areas which the 
 indigenous churches in these lands are not yet able to evangelize, 
 there are yet unoccupied fields that call for immediate occupation. 
 
 It is tragically true even today that 
 
 “The string of camels come in single file, 
 Bearing their burdens o’er the desert sand; 
 Swiftly the boats go plying on the Nile, 
 The needs of men are met on every hand. 
 But still I wait 
 For the messenger of God that cometh late. 
 
 “I see the cloud of dust rise in the plain, 
 The measured tread of troops falls on my ear; 
 The soldier comes the Empire to maintain, 
 Bringing the pomp of war, the reign of fear. 
 But still I wait 
 For the messenger of God that cometh late. 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 83 
 
 “They set me looking o’er the desert drear, 
 Where broodeth darkness as the darkest night 
 From many a mosque there comes the call to prayer; 
 I hear no voice that calls on Christ for light. 
 But still I wait 
 For the messenger of God that cometh late.” 
 
 The Executive Committee feel the truth of the statement that 
 electricity when spread over a brush accomplishes but little; whereas 
 the same amount of electricity concentrated at the point of a needle 
 quickly burns its way through. The Student Volunteer Council at 
 its last meeting reached a similar conclusion in its findings on the 
 question of expansion, when it urged the Movement to maintain its 
 complete identity and singleness of purpose. 
 
 Along with these clamant calls comes increasing emphasis on 
 the raising of standards of qualifications of missionary candidates. 
 
 The National Christian Conference held recently in China empha- 
 sized “that only those with large vision and trained in the best that 
 the West can give can hope to meet successfully the multitude of 
 problems that press upon the Chinese Church in these days of change. 
 Hence we here record our appeal. to the various boards of missions 
 that they will hereafter send to China men and women of the best 
 quality, with large visions, of broad mind, large heart, and if possible 
 of large experience and high attainments. The mission work has 
 grown larger and needs larger men.” What is true of China is true 
 of all the great mission fields. 
 
 The primary aim of the Student Volunteer Movement is not to 
 secure Volunteers, but to bring students to such a committal of life 
 to God as will enable them to find His will for service whether that 
 may be at home or abroad. The declaration of the Movement “It is 
 my purpose, if God permit, to become a foreign missionary,” is a 
 helpful and arresting challenge which enables a student to search his 
 heart and the motives behind life service. It does this by putting 
 the burden of proof on the homeland and stating that the pre- 
 sumption is in favor of service in foreign lands where Christian 
 laborers are fewer and the unreached masses greater than at home. 
 Such a challenge makes concrete the test of consecration. Many a 
 graduate has testified to the spiritual deepening which came into his 
 own religious experience when he honestly faced the declaration of 
 the Student Volunteer Movement even though he was not led to sign 
 it or to labor as a foreign missionary. 
 
 All earnest disciples of Jesus Christ, who love their brother men, 
 whatever their race, color or creed, look out upon the world today 
 
84 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 with sore hearts and bewildered minds. Great international and 
 interracial problems are pressing for immediate solution. James 
 Harvey Robinson, in that stimulating book, “The Mind in the 
 Making,” has said, “When we contemplate the shocking derange- 
 ment of human affairs which now prevails in most civilized countries, 
 including our own, often the best minds are puzzled and uncertain 
 in their attempts to grasp the situation.” And he adds, “There can 
 be no secure peace now, but a common peace for the whole world; 
 no prosperity but a general prosperity, and this for the simple reason 
 that we are all now brought so near together and are so pathetically 
 and intricately interdependent, that the old notions of noble isolation 
 and national sovereignty are magnificently criminal.” The world is 
 one and we must in some way internationalize the thinking of our 
 people against the falseness of smug isolation, insular satisfaction, 
 self-consciousness, and self-conceit. As students, we have an addi- 
 tional responsibility, because of our intimate and friendly contacts 
 with other races, to be apostles of international understanding and 
 good will. Along with this new emphasis on internationalism there 
 is a growing hatred of war. The utter futility, cruelty, destructive- 
 ness and awful waste and wickedness of war together with the abso- 
 lute incompatibility of the war spirit with the missionary spirit and 
 the Christian ideal are becoming more and more apparent to thought- 
 ful leaders of Church and State. “Either civilization must conquer 
 war or war will conquer civilization.” 
 
 Another important principle of the Movement is that suggested 
 by its Watchword “The evangelization of the world in this genera- 
 tion.” The note of urgency struck by this Watchword explains 
 much in the life of the Movement. It has deepened loyalty to Christ 
 who we believe means that the Christians of each generation should 
 do their very utmost to bring His Gospel to the non-Christians of 
 their generation. It has strengthened faith in the promises of God 
 who willeth not that any should perish, but that all should come to 
 a knowledge of the truth. It has awakened hope that the redeeming 
 love of Christ can be made known to all peoples in a single genera- 
 tion. It has led students to inquire whether the evangel is adequate 
 for the solution of present-day problems in all parts of the world, 
 or whether there are sections of humanity incapable of appreciating 
 and appropriating its message. 
 
 By the evangelization of the world in this generation is not 
 meant a superficial proclamation of the Gospel. To evangelize means 
 “to permeate with the Spirit of the Gospel.” Our purpose is to 
 permeate with the spirit of the Gospel not only individuals, but also 
 
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 85 
 
 society and international relationships. We do not mean by these 
 words the Christianization of the world, which must require several 
 generations for its accomplishment. Nor do we mean the conversion 
 of the world. This is the work of God’s spirit wrought on wills that 
 are surrendered to the influence of that Spirit. By our Watchword 
 is not meant the civilization of the world. This can only take place 
 in full measure after the truth has been widely proclaimed and 
 accepted. But by the Watchword is meant such a world-wide proc- 
 lamation of the Evangel that every one will have an intelligent oppor- 
 tunity to accept it and such a thorough proclamation of the Evangel 
 that its spirit will permeate masses of humanity and through these 
 changed lives reconstruct society and alter international relationships. 
 
 Moreover, the past two tragic years have led us to see the in- 
 creasing scope and urgency of the Watchword. The very life of 
 the race is being threatened by great systems, institutions, and move- 
 ments—war, economic selfishness and exploitation, race hatreds and 
 materialistic philosophies. In the light of these conditions our great 
 commission “go ye into all the world and make disciples of all the 
 nations . . . teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have 
 commanded you” takes on new and even greater meaning, for it 
 involves transforming political, economic and social institutions the 
 world around to make them conform to the commands and to the 
 spirit of our Lord, and doing it sufficiently in each generation to 
 make possible the eventual coming of the day when God’s will shall 
 be done on earth as it is in heaven. 
 
 But it may be said, has not a generation passed since the Watch- 
 word was adopted? Is it not true that it is still far from being 
 fulfilled? Yes, but suppose that instead of a few Christians adopting 
 it, it had become the Watchword of the rank and file of the Church, 
 might not its realization have become a fact? In the words of A. G. 
 Hogg in his book Redemption from this World: “That which God 
 lays it upon me here and now to accomplish must be a link in the 
 purpose for which the whole cosmos exists. Therefore there must 
 lie to my hand the resources necessary for such an achievement; 
 if they are not to be found within the barrier which bounds the world 
 of ordinary experience, they must be ready to break in from the 
 unfathomed deeps beyond.” . . . “Supernatural or redemptive phe- 
 nomena involve real breaches of a very practical barrier within the 
 natural order, but in their occurrence there is nothing irrational, 
 nothing unnatural or incompatible with universal orderliness.” “All 
 things whatsoever ye pray and ask for, believe that ye have received, 
 and ye shall have them.” The world cannot be evangelized in this, 
 
86 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 or in any generation without the linking of God’s power to and its 
 working through a believing Church. Christ came to give this power. 
 His Spirit is still poured out from on high on those who believe and 
 obey. Dr. Fleming Stevenson has well said: “There is a Kingdom 
 into which none enter but children, in which the children play with 
 infinite forces, where the child’s little finger becomes stronger than 
 the giant world.” Let us through faith and prayer claim the power 
 and perform the task committed by redeeming love to the Christians 
 of our generation. 
 
PROBLEMS IN HUMAN 
 RELATIONSHIPS 
 
 HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS AND MODERN 
 INDUSTRIALISM 
 
 Paut BLANSHARD 
 
 Secretary for the League for Industrial Democracy, Organizer and Educational 
 Director of the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers of America. 
 
 I speak to you as one who went forth from a Student Volunteer 
 Convention many years ago and who has spent much time during 
 recent years as an active fighter and worker in the American labor 
 movement. 
 
 Some half serious jester once remarked that the way to civilize 
 an uncivilized nation was to send first a missionary, then a capitalist, 
 and then a gunboat. The old-fashioned missionary did not discuss 
 very often this relation of himself to the capitalist and the gunboat. 
 In this convention we are to face four-square the social as well as 
 _ the personal challenge of missions, for the problem of modern indus- 
 trialism, for example, is not only related to Christianity but is a vital 
 part of the whole Christian problem. | 
 
 Modern industrialism has transformed the world since the first 
 Christian leader left American shores with a Christian message. It 
 has given us the railroad, the steamboat, the sky-scraper, the radio, 
 the telephone, the Bessemer steel process and the airplane. We here 
 in America occupy the apex of this great development of modern 
 industrialism. We build the greatest sky-scraper; we have the 
 biggest millionaires; we construct the greatest locomotives; we have 
 the largest headlines about football games; we kill the most pigs; 
 we can kill a pig and make him into canned sausage in thirty minutes. 
 Behind this building fifty-seven stories high, the greatest in the world, 
 stands a great architectural and financial genius, and beneath it are 
 
 87 
 
88 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 the bodies of girls who have worked in the five and ten cent stores 
 for five and eight dollars a week. These great locomotives that we 
 build are sometimes made in shops where men haven’t even the right 
 to belong to a union, and the men down there in the pit of the 
 slaughterhouse in our great stockyards who kill pigs have nothing 
 to say concerning the control of the factories in which they work. 
 
 What has modern industrialism done to human life? It has 
 created wealth, more wealth than ever existed in the world before, 
 but how has it distributed that wealth? Go to Peking or Shanghai 
 or Bombay or New York or Indianapolis and look at the two ends 
 of these cities—Fifth Avenue and the East Side, poverty and wealth. 
 In Japan ninety-two per cent of the people get less than $250 a year. 
 In China, 300,000 workers are averaging thirty-seven cents a day. 
 In India the common laborers are getting from eight to fourteen 
 cents a day. In the last steel strike in the United States, the Inter- 
 church World Movement stated that seventy-two per cent of the 
 steel strikers received less than a minimum of comfort wage. The 
 Industrial Relations Commission of President Wilson declared that 
 one-third to one-half of the workers of this, the richest country in the 
 world, are not yet getting a living wage. 
 
 I have fought in strikes with Italian workers who’ ate spaghetti, 
 water and bread for weeks and then went back to work and ate the 
 same things because their wages were so low. The workers of China — 
 live on a little corn and a little rice and a little warm water to wash 
 it down. 
 
 These things mean human things. They mean that fifty-seven 
 per cent of the babies in Cawnpore die in their first year, that is, the 
 babies of the working class. They mean that the babies of the work- 
 ers in America don’t have the best milk and don’t live in decent 
 houses. They mean that the children of the workers in every land 
 rarely get to college. Even if they should get to college, we still would 
 ask ourselves this question: “Has human intelligence the moral right 
 to develop a social system in which there are people on top who have 
 ten times as much as they need and people on the bottom who haven’t 
 enough to eat?’ So to-day people point at them and say, “We are 
 intelligent—they are not.” 
 
 In this modern industrialism there are millions of workers walk- 
 ing the streets. All they ask for is the privilege of making shoes 
 and clothes. There are other millions who need clothes and shoes. 
 Those who want to make clothes and shoes often lack the chance 
 to work because under our industrial system they can not produce 
 
MODERN INDUSTRIALISM 89 
 
 things for human need unless in addition they produce them for the 
 private profit of some individual investor. 
 
 I have seen men come to the union office, day after day, week 
 after week, looking for work. I have seen them day by day, a little 
 more dirty, a little more unshaven, a little more broken down. I have 
 seen men go insane from the insanity of unemployment. I have 
 seen homes destroyed by the horror, the snarling horror of the unem- 
 
 ‘ployed father. These men that are walking the streets, holding out 
 their hands for work, sometimes look through club windows, and 
 see other men sitting in comfortable chairs also unemployed, only 
 those men behind the club windows are not holding out their hands 
 for work. 
 
 Some people say that this system of modern industrialism 
 causes war, because when you invest dollars in foreign markets, you 
 establish economic imperialism, and as the flag follows the dollar, 
 so the military spirit follows the flag. 
 
 Woodrow Wilson pointed out during the last war that the cause 
 of that war was the search of great nations for foreign markets. 
 The men who died in that war died for the noblest ideals in the 
 world, but modern industrialism made a joke, a ghastly joke of their 
 death, because it had no place for their ideals. . 
 
 This system of modern industrialism ties men down to the ma- 
 chine. JI remember seeing men in the knit goods factories in New 
 York, when I tried to organize them. Here would be a man who 
 had worked two years at that knitting machine, pushing the handle 
 up and down—fairly lithe, fairly erect, with life in his face. And 
 here would be a man who had worked five years at the machine, push- 
 ing the handle up and down. Only he was a little more stooped, a 
 little more lined. And here would be a man who had worked twenty 
 years at the machine, broken down, his face lined with care, vacancy 
 there. And beyond him would be a scrap pile of old yarn. That is 
 what the machines do to men in modern industry. 
 
 I was a seam presser for just a little while, and pressed two 
 seams in the back of a coat before it was turned right-side out. We 
 don’t make coats in the modern clothing industry. We press seams, 
 or we sew on a button, or we make welts on pockets, or put canvass 
 under collars—we don’t make clothes, and we do these things for 
 twenty and thirty years. 
 
 But to me the most serious indictment against modern indus- 
 trialism is this, that it denies to men human freedom. I have talked 
 to groups of workers, not as large as this, but like this, aspiring for 
 the same great ideals in life that you aspire to for the world. But 
 
go CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 in American industry, and in most industry throughout the world, 
 men are denied the freedom which makes the realization of these 
 ideals possible. 
 
 I think that if Jesus had worked in the modern factory He might 
 have been discharged as an agitator, for He would stand firmly for 
 the rights of the working class. For after all, the workers don’t 
 own the walls of the factory in which they work, they don’t own 
 the machines. Some man can tell them when to come and when-to 
 go. They are part of the machine itself. They are bought and sold 
 like cakes of soap and sacks of flour. And when they fight for their 
 rights, even after they have been working for twenty and thirty 
 years, some other man has the authority to say to them, “You have 
 got to get out of here. We don’t want any agitators in this plant.” 
 
 In Japan they are sending labor leaders to jail because these 
 men are fighting for a decent wage. I have been in strikes in this 
 country in America where every one of us leading the strike was 
 either sent to prison without a trial by jury or shipped out of the 
 city without a warrant of arrest, because we stood for the right of 
 people to belong to an organization. 
 
 Now it is easy to point out faults in any system. It is tre- 
 mendously more difficult to suggest possible ways out.. I do not 
 wish to speak this afternoon in terms of principles or programs, 
 because there are as many principles and programs as there are 
 human beings here. I want to talk in terms of illustrations. We 
 all earnestly seek a way out. How shall we find that way? 
 
 First, let me refer to what one great Christian employer has 
 tried to do, Seebohm Rowntree of the great chocolate works of 
 York, England. I might give an illustration nearer home, right here 
 in Indianapolis, where we have the Columbia Conserve Company, if 
 I were more familiar with it. Seebohm Rowntree says that if we 
 are going to solve the problems of modern industrialism the em- 
 ployers must stand for five great planks in an industrial platform. 
 First of all, a living wage. “If you can’t run a factory,” he says, 
 “and pay living wages, then close it down, or have the government 
 set a time beyond which industry shall not be allowed to operate with 
 wages below a living standard.” 
 
 Second, the eight hour day. 
 
 Third, Rowntree believes that the employers must bear the 
 risk of unemployment. He says that capitalism is in an absolutely 
 indefensible position so long as it does not bear the risks of unem- 
 ployment. The investor risks his money; the worker often risks his 
 life. And when he has worked for twenty, thirty or forty years in 
 
MODERN INDUSTRIALISM gt 
 
 a modern factory, it is the duty of the employer to guarantee that 
 man against future unemployment. He himself has provided in his 
 own factory an unemployment fund, and an old age fund, in order 
 that the workers in his industry shall be protected both against unem- 
 ployment and against the poverty of old age. 
 
 In the fourth place, Mr. Rowntree believes that the employers 
 should agree to a fair measure of joint control over industrial rela- 
 tions. He is not opposed to the unions. He recognizes them. He 
 says, “I am glad to cooperate with organized labor.” In his plant 
 there are workers’ councils, composed half of workers, and half of 
 employers, with impartial men to see that the law of reason applies 
 to the hiring and the firing of workers and to the industrial condi- 
 tions in his plants. 
 
 Finally he stands for a measure of cooperative ownership in 
 his industry. So much for an employer. 
 
 Now we in the labor field like to see great Christian employers, 
 but we say this: we are not contented with the personal kindness of 
 a Christian employer. We want the power to say to that employer, 
 “You must treat us right whether you are Christian or not.” We 
 want the power to compel industry to treat workers decently. And 
 so my second illustration is taken from the clothing industry of our 
 own country. 
 
 Here we have on one side 200,000 workers in the Amalgamated 
 Clothing Workers, and on the other side we have great employers’ 
 associations including the biggest firms in this country, Hart, Schaff- 
 ner and Marx, Hickey-Freeman, Stein Block, Kuppenheimers, and 
 many others, making almost all of the high quality clothing that is 
 made for men in America. These two great sides have gotten to- 
 gether and signed agreements, and they say in these agreements, 
 which are in force in Chicago, Rochester and other cities, “We won’t 
 lock you out. We won’t go on strike. We will try to solve the 
 problems that rise between us by reason.” Under the terms of these 
 agreements by the law of reason, they will hire an impartial chair- 
 man and the union will pay half of his salary and the manufacturers 
 will pay half of his salary, and when they try to fire a man in the 
 plant just because he does not like the boss, that man can go before 
 this industrial court, and the industrial court can say to the employer, 
 “What have you against this man?” and to the workers, “What have 
 you got in favor of this man?” and if he has been wrongfully dis- 
 charged, he goes back to work with back pay for lost time. 
 
 In wages, in hours, in protection of the worker inside of the 
 shop, we have in the American clothing industry what has been re- 
 
Q2 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 garded by many experts as the most forward looking Christian scheme 
 that is in operation in industry anywhere. But this scheme has been 
 launched and developed and nurtured chiefly by Jews. 
 
 And then I want to use a larger illustration. There is a great 
 labor movement in England today that has over a hundred and eighty 
 representatives in the House of Commons. The British labor move- 
 ment is inspired in large measure and largely led by men who have 
 
 come out from the ranks of the Christian church. Many of them | 
 
 were former preachers and still are preachers, men who are attempt- 
 ing to put the ideals of Christianity in operation in a great labor move- 
 ment. And this party says, “We are not willing to stand merely for 
 collective bargaining. We are not willing to stand merely for good 
 employers, but we want to stand for a social order in which there 
 shall be a chasm between rich and poor no longer; for a social order 
 in which there shall be no longer a privileged class in England, own- 
 ing property and getting a living from that property without work- 
 ing.” 
 
 And so the British Labor Party, led not only by workers but 
 by some of the great intellectual and social thinkers of the world, 
 men like Bernard Shaw, Sidney Webb, H. G. Wells and J. A. Hobson, 
 this party is fighting for a new social order, not by dynamite, not 
 by the dictatorship of the proletariat, but by the development of the 
 workers as a great democratic force to establish a social order based 
 on law and on public will. 
 
 Here are the illustrations, now what is the challenge to us? 
 
 First of all, I think we must realize that this is a world prob- 
 lem, that if I could go out and organize the silk workers of Pater- 
 son, N. J., it wouldn’t do much good, if the silk workers of China 
 were working seven days a week, as they are. That is, it wouldn’t 
 do much good in the long run. We will never save the coal miners 
 of the United States in the long run while the coal miners of Great 
 Britain are getting $10 a week, as they are. More real than the 
 League of Nations is this great league of economic power, the league 
 of modern industrialism. It transcends all boundaries and sends in- 
 vestments to every corner of the world, and we can’t save the people 
 who are oppressed by that system, unless we save them as a whole, 
 unless we save the world as a whole. 
 
 I picked up a book the other day, and maybe you have read it. 
 It had this title, “Unoccupied Mission Fields.” I’d like to put that 
 on a sign and hang it on the silk factories of China, on the textile 
 mills of North Carolina, on the Five and Ten Cent Stores of Indian- 
 apolis, on the New York Stock Exchange. I’d like to hang that on 
 
CHRISTIANITY AND RACE RELATIONS 93 
 
 the doors of some of our Christian churches, because the church has 
 been all too slow in realizing that there is such a thing in the world 
 as a social system which can damn men’s souls before they are born. 
 
 Eight years ago in a Massachusetts town at a meeting of Italian 
 textile strikers, I stood on a kitchen table in a great hall and ad- 
 dressed the men. I told those laborers, “You ought to go back to 
 work and accept the five per cent increase that the employers have 
 offered you.” On the other end of the kitchen table there jumped 
 up a leader of the I. W. W. and he pointed his finger at me, and he 
 said, “Don’t pay any attention to that man. He comes from the 
 church. He has white hands.” 
 
 There are men pointing the finger at you today, from the work- 
 ing groups of Japan and China and India and America, and they 
 are saying, “Have you white hands?” You have come here to this 
 Convention to learn the way of Jesus. Jesus didn’t use His knowl- 
 edge to get rich. Jesus fought and worked with the workers. Jesus 
 didn’t play safe. 
 
 RACIAL RELATIONS AND CHRISTIAN BROTHERHOOD 
 
 Wiis J. Kine 
 
 President of Gammon Theological Seminary, Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 One of the most difficult problems in our world today is that 
 commonly known as the race problem. Fundamentally it is the 
 problem of human relationships, aggravated and intensified by dif- 
 ferences of race, language and customs; for wherever you find as 
 many as two people attempting to live together you have a prob- 
 lem. 
 
 Perhaps we have all heard of the Quaker who said to his wife, 
 “Mary, everybody is a little queer except thee and me, and sometimes 
 thou art a little queer,” meaning, of course, that everybody was a 
 little queer but himself. 
 
 The problem that individuals have in living together comes 
 from each insisting that all other people must accept his point of 
 view and live his life. When this is brought into the realm of race 
 relations, it all but makes living together impossible, for whatever the 
 theory, the fact is that the question of the races is the most pressing 
 question of the present time. 
 
 This is true from whichever angle we view it, whether racial, 
 
04 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 national or international. There are a great many people who say 
 that the next great war is already in the making, and that it will be 
 a race war, and that in comparison the recent World War will hardly 
 be a circumstance in the ferocity with which the struggle will be 
 waged, and the ruin and destruction that will result from this battle 
 of the races. ; 
 
 The majority of the most liberal minded people in our country 
 approach this subject from the narrow viewpoint of our own racial 
 situation here in the United States of America. With us it is a 
 question of how 90,000,000 of whites will be able to handle 12,000,- 
 ooo of Negroes so as to give them certain basal rights and privileges, 
 and yet retain what some organizations call bluntly “white suprem- 
 acy.” But what all of us must realize is that our world is filled 
 with millions of folks of different hues and languages and customs, 
 and our problem is to find the way for these diverse types to live 
 together in some degree of harmony. 
 
 I think Lothrop Stoddard has done us a real service in one 
 respect, in that he has set forth in concrete and graphic terms this 
 most difficult of the world’s problems. Incidentally, he has laid bare 
 the cold-blooded policy on which mankind has been disposed to pro- 
 ceed in his determination to exploit other peoples since the cave man 
 struggled with the cave bear for existence. His philosophy is the 
 old law of the jungle, the survival of the fittest. 
 
 As over against his attitude we have the view of a number of 
 negro writers. Take this from Dr. Du Bois’ book, entitled “Dark- 
 water,’ for example: “What then is this dark world thinking? It 
 is thinking that wild and awful as this shameful war was, it is nothing 
 to compare with that fight for freedom which black and brown and 
 yellow men must and will make unless their oppression and humilia- 
 tion and insult at the hands of the white world cease. The dark . 
 world is going to submit to its present treatment just as long as it 
 must and no longer.” 
 
 Nor is one’s anxiety relieved when he reviews the situation in 
 our own country. For example, we have this from the Imperial 
 Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan in an address delivered to the Knights, 
 Klokards, Klabus, Cyclops, Grand Dragons and others of that mys- 
 terious Invisible Empire, “Without being unkind or unjust, this 
 problem of a melting pot is made many times more difficult 
 by reason of the fact that we have at least three powerful and 
 numerous elements that do now, and forever will defy every funda- 
 mental requirement of assimilation. They can not be merged be- 
 cause of insurmountable social, racial and religious barriers. They 
 
CHRISTIANITY AND RACE RELATIONS 95 
 
 will always stand apart from our own people.” He then refers to 
 the Negroes, Jews and Catholics by name. 
 
 Over against this position of the Ku Klux Klan is the rising 
 race consciousness on the part of Negroes. They resent bitterly the 
 methods used by many of the dominant race to keep the “Negro in 
 his place.” One of the greatest causes for apprehension on the part 
 of a number of Negro leaders is the rising spirit of hatred on the 
 part of Negroes. The Negro, who has been so cheerful, so buoyant, 
 and so good-natured, and who was disposed to take everything as it 
 came, is learning to hate, and that, to our mind, is one of the most 
 serious elements in our problem here in America. 
 
 It does not take a prophet to see what the outcome will be. 
 We have had intimations in the bloody riots which took place in 
 Washington, Chicago, and Tulsa. How shall we meet this grave 
 issue of racial relations? Shall we establish here another Turk- 
 ish Empire, where pogroms and massacres will be the order of 
 the day, and minorities will have no rights worthy of the name, but 
 must be exterminated or deported? It hardly meets the issue to 
 say that if the arbitrament of the sword is ever resorted to, the domi- 
 nant race need have no fear, due to its overwhelming superiority in 
 numbers, resources and intellectual advancement. That has been 
 Turkey’s way of handling a similar situation for all the centuries, and 
 with what tragic results. 
 
 Is America attempting the impossible when she endeavors to 
 build a nation of the most diverse races of the earth? Is there no 
 possibility of amity and good-will among the racial groups, who must 
 live together in this country? Must there be hatreds and blood- 
 spilling forever? I would suggest to you a more excellent way. It 
 is neither new nor original with me, and yet it has never been tried 
 on any broad scale in the matter of race relationships. It is the way 
 of Jesus. It is the way of love. But by love I do not mean a nega- 
 tive, colorless thing; not a love that simply bears and suffers and 
 hopes and endures; but a positive, forward-looking, mountain-climb- 
 ing passion for human brotherhood. Not a one-sided proposition, 
 but a joint enterprise, where youthful crusaders, white, yellow, red, 
 black, and brown, forget the things that are behind—the prejudices, 
 the traditional dislikes, and even hatreds—and stretch forward to the 
 goal which is before—namely, Christ’s conceptton of human brother- 
 hood. 
 
 Admittedly our difficulty comes in applying this wonderful ideal 
 in practical life. It is the more difficult when it is remembered that 
 our racial attitudes were formed in the long ago, and were diamet- 
 
96 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 rically opposed to the principles set forth by Jesus. But it was this 
 very similar situation which Jesus faced at every new statement of 
 His kingdom ideals. The acceptance of His viewpoint meant a com- 
 plete change in the existing order. He came to “turn the world 
 upside down.” And so while we admit the difficulty in Christianiz- 
 ing race relations, we, nevertheless, believe it possible, and so would 
 suggest the following ways in which the Christian ideal ought to be 
 evidenced in our race relations: 
 
 First, human personality should be regarded as sacred. That 
 means, of course, that lynching will have to go. Without doubt 
 America is the greatest sinner when it comes to this lack of regard 
 for human life. I quote from an article in the Christian Work, 
 written by Dr. Sherwood Eddy: “Since 1885 we have put to death 
 over 4,096 by lynching and mob violence, or an average of two a 
 week, or over one hundred every year. This is not a sectional matter, 
 as all but five states of the Union have been implicated. Has any 
 nation in the world such a record? During the writer’s life in Asia, 
 in twenty-five years, he never knew of a case of lynching in Japan, 
 China, India, or the lands where he has worked. He has not met 
 with lynching in Europe. It is not practiced in South America. In 
 the British Empire, where the whites are outnumbered more than 
 five to one, or in the West Indies, where they are outnumbered 
 twenty to one, the writer has never known of a single case of 
 lynching.” 
 
 I cannot believe that Americans who have not gone abroad can 
 appreciate the criticism that is heaped upon our country by this bar- 
 barous practice of lynching. I have in mind particularly an experi- 
 ence of mine in Shanghai, China. A group of Chinese girls had 
 invited me to speak to them in the Y. W. C. A. building one evening, 
 and I remember talking on the subject of human brotherhood and 
 the need of the various groups of the world coming to a better under- 
 standing and appreciation of one another. At the close of the ad- 
 dress these young women inquired if they might ask questions, and 
 I consented. They ignored practically everything I had said, and 
 began to ask me questions like these: “Why do they lynch your 
 people in America? Why don’t they stop? We thought Americans 
 were Christians.” Well, it was exceedingly embarrassing and I 
 couldn’t make a very satisfactory answer. My chagrin was deep- 
 ened when the next morning I picked up a newspaper and read of 
 four lynchings in my own home state. 
 
 If we are to have the respect of the other peoples of the world, 
 we simply must find a way to stop lynchings. The work of Chris- 
 
CHRISTIANITY AND RACE RELATIONS 97 
 
 tian missions abroad has not been helped by lynching. In the arti- 
 cle from which I quoted above, Dr. Eddy quotes Tagore, the great 
 Indian writer, as saying, “As long as lynching continues to take place 
 in America, I do not think the American people have enough brother- 
 hood to warrant their exporting it.” 
 
 A second evidence of our Christianity and our acceptance of the 
 ideas of Jesus must be found in a recognition of the fact that each 
 group has a distinct contribution to make to the life of the whole. 
 At Peking we spoke of the fundamental equality of the races. This 
 does not mean that we are to ignore their manifest differences, or 
 the belated development of some in comparison with others. It sim- 
 ply means that each racial group has a contribution to make to the 
 total life of the human race, without which mankind will be pro- 
 portionately less symmetrical in its development. 
 
 I was walking down the street in New Orleans recently. A 
 friend was with me and he saw a man pushing a banana cart. He 
 said, ‘Look at that ‘dago’ yonder.” I began to think of some “dagoes”’ 
 that I had known something about. I thought of Christopher Colum- 
 bus who got a wild notion in his head that there was a nearer route 
 to India, and set sail after he got the permission and the money from 
 those who believed in his dream. Finally he bumped into these shores 
 over here. I wonder if it had not been for his wild dream where 
 the rest of us would have been by this time. Just a “dago,” that 
 is all. 
 
 Then I have heard of “sheenies,” and I have thought of Moses 
 and all that wonderful galaxy of men whom we study in our Old 
 Testament. “Sheenies,” that is all! I wonder how we would have 
 gotten along without them. 
 
 We of the Negro race sometimes wonder if the other groups in 
 America realize the contribution we have made and are making to 
 American life. I wonder what America would do without the Negro’s 
 gift of humor and song, or his cheerfulness under the most distress- 
 ing circumstances. I wonder if the Irishman and the Negro were 
 out of it how in the world you would have a chance to enjoy your- 
 selves. 
 
 We are happy to make our contribution to your enjoyment. 
 We want you to recognize it as a real contribution and to realize that 
 perhaps there are other phases of life to which we also can contribute. 
 
 What I have said of the Negro can be said with equal force of 
 other racial groups in America who are regarded as aliens. When 
 the fundamental equality of each racial group is recognized our 
 epithets will be a thing of the past. Instead of “sheeny,” “chink” 
 
98 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 and “nigger” we shall be Americans all, each doing his share toward 
 making America a blessing to the rest of the world. 
 
 . Then there is the recognition of the fact that the salvation of 
 one race is bound up in the salvation of all. Dr. Melden, President 
 of New Orleans College, in his book, “From Slave to Citizen,” gives 
 an interesting illustration which will help to clarify my thought here. 
 A Negro washer-woman comes to the home of the lady for whom 
 she does laundry work, to get her clothes, as is the custom quite 
 largely in the Southland. The lady of the house protests because of 
 the presence of diphtheria in her home. “Jane,” she says, “you need 
 not take the clothes this morning, because our two children have 
 diphtheria.” ‘Oh, never mind, Miss Mary,” says Jane, “my children 
 had diphtheria two weeks ago, and the fact that your children have 
 it now offers no risk to my family.” The truth about it is that Miss 
 Mary’s children caught diphtheria from Jane’s children. There 
 would have been no diphtheria in Miss Mary’s home if Jane’s home 
 had been protected. You simply cannot take care of Miss Mary’s 
 home without taking care of Jane’s. All the safeguards thrown 
 around one group ought be given to all others. 
 
 There also must be the recognition of the fact that all men are 
 brothers. From what I have said in the preceding paragraph, one 
 might get the impression that the interracial ideal had reached its 
 highest expression in the granting on the part of a dominant race to 
 a subject or backward race some of the advantages and comforts of 
 civilization. Nothing is further from the truth. The fundamental 
 basis on which the races in this country, or any other country, can 
 build an enduring program of harmonious relations is not merely a 
 matter of one group’s bestowing upon another better educational 
 facilities, well-paved streets, improved sanitary conditions—these are 
 the inevitable outcroppings of right racial relations; but it goes much 
 deeper than that. It is a recognition of the oneness of the human 
 family. It is the acceptance of the principle of the Fatherhood of 
 God, and the Brotherhood of all men. 
 
 The reason it is so easy to discriminate against one man, the 
 reason it is so easy to impose burdens upon him that you would not 
 impose upon another, is that you somehow ease your conscience by 
 imagining that he is not in the same category with the rest of the 
 folks, and so you really aren’t committing a great crime when you 
 discriminate against him, and when you inflict things upon him that 
 you would not inflict upon other people. 
 
 There is no question that is to come before us here that is more 
 important than this problem of the races. America has a wonderful 
 
CHRISTIANITY AND RACE RELATIONS 99 
 
 opportunity to help the world in this problem. The world is looking 
 to America for light and leading, but America can give no light and 
 leading on this problem until she has settled it right herself. Your 
 foreign missionary enterprise must absolutely fail unless you can 
 solve this race problem here at home, because you bump right into it 
 all around the world; and unless somehow we can come to grips with 
 this, the most difficult problem in all the world, and settle it here, and 
 settle it right, our missionary enterprise will become a farce all around 
 the world. 
 
 RACIAL RELATIONS AND CHRISTIAN BROTHERHOOD 
 
 ig Pd Wye) 
 
 General Secretary Chinese Students’ Christian Association of North America 
 
 Since coming to America I have made a very profound discovery, 
 profound in the sense that it reveals to me the heart of America. 
 Professor King, in fact, has referred to it in his speech. I refer to 
 the excessive fondness of the American people for applying names 
 to alien peoples. For instance, instead of calling an Englishman an 
 Englishman, you call him sometimes a “limey.”’ Instead of calling a 
 Frenchman a Frenchman you sometimes call him a “froggey.” 
 You speak of “greasers,” “dagoes,” “wops,” “polacks,”’ “gringos,” 
 and, of course, the oriental races come in for a share of your ex- 
 uberant spirit. And so we are known as “Japs” and “Chinks.” As 
 for myself, when I hear a stranger accosting me on the street, “Hello, 
 Charlie; where is your laundry?” I keep silence; and when another 
 man comes to me and says, “How is this heathen Chinee today?” I 
 try to maintain my heathen equanimity of spirit. But when a man 
 comes to me and says, “How is the chink?” then it is with great dif- 
 ficulty that I maintain my Christian virtue of patience. I feel like 
 retorting in the way that our great ambassador, Wu Ting Fang, once 
 did when, after a brilliant address in this country, he was accosted 
 by a man in such words as these, ‘““What are you?) A Chinee or a 
 Japanee?” With that flash of his quick wit for which he was well 
 known, he replied, ‘““Let me ask, What are you? A Yankee, a donkey 
 or a monkey?” 
 
 To be sure, these nicknames which you apply to people of other 
 races may mean nothing in particular. Sometimes they may even 
 be terms of endearment. But, unfortunately and as a general rule, 
 
100 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 they indicate an attitude of mind not nobler than contempt and an 
 assumed sense of superiority. No wonder you meet in return resent- 
 ment and racial antipathy. 
 
 Now in the first place this attitude of mind as revealed by this 
 excessive fondness for nicknames is based upon ignorance. For do 
 you know the people of Italy whom the “dago” represents? Was not 
 Michael Angelo also a “dago” and Dante a “wop’? As for the 
 Chinese, do you know anything about Chinese culture, Chinese his- 
 tory, Chinese civilization? Was not Confucius also a “chink”? As 
 an illustration of almost hopeless ignorance about people other than 
 one’s own, I recall how a very refined and elderly American lady 
 once approached me and said, “Do you people in China eat rats?” 
 In great deference to her age, though not to her refinement, I said to 
 her as politely as I knew how, “It seems to me different peoples have 
 different tastes, for in America I note how very fond of eating dogs 
 you are—hot dogs.” 
 
 In the second place, race prejudice is directly engendered and 
 fostered by politicians and politically controlled papers in this country. 
 If you read the great work on Chinese immigration on the Pacific 
 Coast, by Prof. Mary Coolidge, you will know how true this is. In 
 those exciting days of anti-Chinese sentiment on the Coast, eight 
 times in fourteen years anti-Chinese legislation was passed, in every 
 case except one on the eve of some political election. Today the 
 same thing is happening in the Pacific states against another oriental 
 people. 
 
 To show how low politicians are willing to stoop in order to 
 stir up race prejudice for selfish aims, let me read to you this descrip- 
 tion of my people which was given as the testimony of a public official 
 of San Francisco before a Congressional Committee in 1876: “The 
 Chinese people are inferior to any race God ever made—their people 
 have got the perfection of crime of four thousand years—I believe the 
 Chinese have no souls to save, and if they have, they are not worth 
 saving.” 
 
 In the third place, race prejudice is based upon a fallacy, a mis- 
 taken theory of race superiority. Anthropologists and ethnologists 
 all agree that racial traits and strains in the world today are so 
 inextricably mixed up that you can not tell which is which. No less 
 an authority than Ratzel, the famous ethnologist, said, “There is only 
 one race, whose differences are many but not deep.” 
 
 In spite of this testimony, you find a recrudescence of the theory 
 of racial superiority, claimed by certain: biologists and certain pub- 
 licists in America. I refer to men like Madison Grant and Lothrop 
 
CHRISTIANITY AND RACE RELATIONS IOI 
 
 Stoddard, who are championing the threatened greatness of the so- 
 called Nordic race. 
 
 This theory is not new. Long before the American advocates 
 took it up, a Frenchman by the name of Gobineau in the middle of 
 the nineteenth century said that there was one supremely great race 
 from whom all civilization sprang. He called it the Aryan race and 
 identified it with the Teutonic peoples of Central Europe. No wonder 
 the French people did not like Gobineau’s theory very much, but the 
 Germans swallowed it entire, and as Edward A. Steiner wrote in a 
 recent number of the Christian Century, “It will take them a long 
 time to recover from the severe case of megalomaniac dyspepsia which 
 it gave them.” How these advocates of racial superiority can push 
 their theory to ludicrous extremes, appears in the following passage 
 from Mr. Madison Grant’s recent book. Notice what he said about 
 the greatness of Jesus Christ as being due to the Nordic blood in 
 him. Where it came from he did not say. This is what he wrote: 
 “The Gods of Olympus were almost all described as blond. It would 
 be difficult to imagine a Greek artist painting a brunette Venus. In 
 church pictures all angels are blond, while the denizens of the lower 
 regions revel in deep brunetteness.”’ “In depicting the crucifixion, no 
 artist hesitates to make the two thieves brunette in contrast to the 
 blond Savior.” (I wonder whether there was any differentiation of 
 hue in the two thieves, for one, as you know, died penitent and the 
 other impenitent.) “This is something more than a tradition, for 
 the traditions strongly suggest his Nordic physical and moral at- 
 tributes.” Theologians ought to take note of this contribution of 
 biology. 
 
 In the fourth place, aside from the fact that race prejudice is 
 due to ignorance, stirred up by political influence, and based upon 
 the false theory of racial superiority, race prejudice is due to that 
 paganism which still lingers in the Western World after 2,000 years 
 of the influence of Christianity. 
 
 Listen to these great words that have come down the ages from 
 the hills of Galilee and from the coasts of Asia Minor: “God has 
 made of one blood all the nations to dwell on the face of this earth.” 
 “Tn the new nature there is no room for Greek and Jew, circumcised 
 and uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian slave or free, for Christ is 
 everything.” “Whosoever doeth the will of my Father, the same is 
 my mother, my brother, and sister.” “Go and make disciples of all 
 nations.” 
 
 Those are great words. Sometimes we who belong to a non- 
 Christian civilization, we who come from a non-Caucasian race, some- 
 
102 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 times, I say, we outside of Christendom have our hearts filled with 
 pity when we see Christians in it struggling between two incom- 
 patible ideas in their minds: on the one hand, the great idea of the 
 brotherhood of man; on the other, a presumption of racial superiority. 
 On the one hand, the teaching to love all men as thyself, on the other 
 pride and prejudice. You have a moral disharmony in your hearts 
 which we don’t have and you have to overcome it in order to be 
 Christians in truth. 
 
 It is a very difficult question, for race prejudice springs pri- 
 marily from the instinctive reaction of man against whatever is 
 strange and unknown. We naturally dislike anything that we are not 
 accustomed to. But are we going to let our instincts born of the 
 jungle days, those instincts of fear, dominate in our human relation- 
 ships, or the principles of Christ? How are we to overcome our 
 racial prejudice and cultivate better fraternal relationships between 
 the different races? 
 
 I would commend to you the advice of Bishop Brent, that great 
 Christian statesman whom America sent to the Philippines and the 
 Far East some years ago. Bishop Brent said once, “We can not 
 know the meaning of the word ‘fraternal’ until we have learned the 
 meaning of the word ‘filial.’ Let us build then the fraternal, this 
 human brotherhood upon the filial, upon our sonship in Christ.” I 
 see no other way to overcome race prejudice. I see no other way 
 to build up human brotherhood except first of all by learning to 
 appreciate our sonship through Christ. 
 
 The question before us today is not how can we remove race 
 prejudice, but can Christianity remove race prejudice? In the words 
 of a Japanese, “If in two thousand years Christianity has failed in 
 that task, then we must look around for something that will work 
 better.” Shall we say Christianity has failed and tell the non-Chris- 
 tian peoples to look around and find something that will work better? 
 
 RACIAL RELATIONS AND CHRISTIAN BROTHERHOOD 
 
 Pau.t W. Harrison 
 
 Medical Missionary to Arabia 
 
 We all listened together this afternoon to a discussion of the 
 industrial situation and I haven’t heard anything for a long time that 
 
RACIAL RELATIONS AND CHRISTIAN BROTHERHOOD 103 
 
 made the thrills run up and down my back the way that did, because 
 I am proud, too, to be numbered among those who look for the co- 
 operative commonwealth in the future and hope to vote for Eugene 
 Debs in the present. But I think that we are discussing tonight 
 a more important topic still, and a more difficult one. It is difficult 
 in the first place because we have made it complex. We hear about 
 international relationships and we listen to talks about racial dif- 
 ferences and divergent racial endowments and we gain the impression 
 that there is no way to understand the right and the just and the 
 proper relationships between races until a man is at least as old as 
 Methusaleh and knows all of history and all of biology and most of 
 economics—to say nothing of pretty near all of theology. 
 
 Now the first thing to be said about the problem of racial rela- 
 tionships is that it is absolutely simple. The way of Christ is all you 
 and I are interested in. We are not interested in the nonsense of 
 Lothrop Stoddard and we are not particularly concerned about the 
 half-baked ideas of Madison Grant, but you and I want to know 
 what the way of Christ is in racial relationships, and the way of Christ 
 is just as simple as the nature of the omnipotent God. 
 
 It is first, last, and all the time based upon the absolutely simple 
 and the absolutely just foundation of racial equality, and the man 
 who thinks that he finds anything else in Christ’s teaching and sees 
 anything else in Christ’s example, simply fails to see what is there. 
 
 The second thing that makes the question of race relationships 
 difficult is the fact that in this, as in nothing else, we are fond of that 
 subtle hypocrisy, in which we satisfy our own conscience by con- 
 fessing the sins of other people. Now we are very fond, you know, 
 of discussing the mistakes and the failures of the British in India, 
 and we like to talk about the enormous iniquity of the British Empire 
 in forcing opium upon China. We discuss lynching in the South 
 and we forget that last week when there was a man burned at the 
 stake in the south or in the north, in the east or in the west, every 
 man and woman of us tonight who can’t eat with a Negro, stood 
 around in that circle and helped pile faggots on that fire. We talk 
 about the iniquity of the British Empire in fastening opium upon 
 China and we forget that every man and every woman of us who 
 belongs to a fraternity that blackballs the Chinese is back of that 
 very thing yesterday and today and all the time. 
 
 Now let us get over confessing the sins of other people and try 
 to put our finger upon our own sin. It is not going to help much 
 for any man in this room to explain to the Viceroy of India how to 
 run that country, but it is going to help a very great deal if we will 
 
104 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 get down right into our own personal lives and examine them, and 
 see that we follow the way of Christ, that way which is as simple 
 and just and clear as the nature of Jesus Christ and His example. 
 
 Now it is not only utterly simple, this solution of Christ, but 
 it is absolutely adequate. There isn’t an international situation to 
 date that needs one other thing than just that. There is not a single 
 question of race relationships which requires anything else. 
 
 What do you think India wants at our hands? Of course, we 
 are fond of supposing that it is our destiny to go over and revise 
 the methods of thought in India, and India today is better capable, 
 I suppose, of revising our methods of thought than we are of re- 
 vising India’s methods of thought. 
 
 It may be true, and no doubt it is, that over in China today 
 little boys and little girls are marched right into the jaws of the 
 industrial machine as pieces of meat into a sausage grinder, hundreds 
 of them—no question about it,—but do you suppose that China wants 
 any advice from us as to how to revise her industrial situation ? 
 
 Why, out in Arabia once I walked down the street and one of 
 my friends, who was sick with the smallpox—lI didn’t know till I 
 went to Arabia how well people could feel after they had blossomed 
 out with a great crop of postules all over their face and body—came 
 out to meet me and put out his hand to shake hands. Here he was 
 with his eyes puffed shut and he himself a perfect mass of smallpox 
 postules, and my mind hastily ran back over my past history to see 
 whether I could remember a successful vaccination in the immedi- 
 ate past. 
 
 Now suppose a man like that came down to meet you in the 
 aisle of this room and he said to you, “Do you know, I have an ex- 
 ceptionally good medicine for smallpox?” and here he was with his 
 eyes swollen shut with it, fifteen postules this side of his face and 
 twelve on this side, and his hands swollen half as big as a football— 
 well, that is how he looked—yes, I shook hands with him. 
 
 When a man tells me that we want to go out to China to revise 
 their industrial system, and go out to India to teach those people how 
 to think and to revise their educational systems for them, it makes 
 me think of that man in Arabia. All that China wants and all that 
 India wants from us is the right hand of fellowship, nothing else 
 than that. And all that India needs and all that China needs is the 
 power of Jesus Christ which is transmitted through that right hand 
 of fellowship. 
 
 It is simple enough, yes, just as simple and just as difficult as 
 every other Christian duty is, and the glory of the missionary enter- 
 
CHRISTIANITY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 105 
 
 prise is that essentially it is exactly that right hand of fellowship. 
 Men and women go out to carry to India and to carry to China no 
 economic theories. No nation is less qualified to carry such theories 
 than ours. The missionary goes out to carry no notions of educa- 
 tion, nothing of that kind. He goes out to take the right hand of 
 fellowship to men and women who are struggling up toward a better 
 civilization and a better life. And he knows that through that right 
 hand of fellowship Jesus Christ in His power is going to come into 
 the lives of those men and those women over in India and over in 
 China, not so that the missionary can guide them into a better civiliza- 
 tion, but so that they themselves can grow up into all that magnificent 
 endowment and possibility that God intends they shall develop ;— 
 grow up to be members of the family of nations, in which all shall 
 be equals and all be brothers, that family of nations that one day is 
 going to be the family of God. 
 
 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AND THE CHRISTIAN 
 IDEAL 
 
 Tue HonorastE Newton W. Rowe tt, K.C. 
 
 Canadian Representative at the First Assembly of the League of Nations, and 
 during the War Years President of the Council and Vice- 
 Chairman of the War Commitee of the Cabinet of 
 the Government of Canada. 
 
 Some time ago Mr. Robert Wilder wrote asking if I would 
 speak at this conference on “International Affairs and the Christian 
 Ideal.” During the intervening five months we have all read some 
 very important pronouncements on this question by men occupying 
 high positions in the political world. We have been told with author- 
 ity that Christian idealism has no place in international relations, 
 that national self-interest is and should continue to be the motive, 
 the main-spring of national action, that idealism may become a 
 national menace, and that the world still has many glittering prizes 
 for the men of stout heart and sharp sword. 
 
 If one were to review past history one might find much to 
 justify that estimate of international relations, and if one were deal- 
 ing only with past history it might be pointed out that it was a very 
 incomplete and inadequate review. Still one could not successfully 
 controvert the proposition that national self-interest, and national 
 
106 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 self-interest alone, has been in the main the determining factor in 
 national action. But when one states that that condition of affairs 
 should continue, and that Christian idealism is not only impracticable 
 but that idealism may be a menace to international relations, we are 
 brought face to face with a problem of fundamental importance, and 
 for you or me there is no escape from considering and answering 
 the problem presented. If Christian idealism has no place in inter- 
 national relations, then Christianity cannot make good its claims in 
 the world. The only Christ I know of claims the allegiance of 
 the human spirit and demands that allegiance in every department 
 of life. I repeat, if Christian idealism has no place in international 
 relations, then Christianity cannot make good its claim to be a 
 universal religion. 
 
 We, as students interested in international affairs, seeking to 
 know the truth, prepared to follow wherever the truth may lead us, 
 must face that issue and endeavor to give an answer to that question. 
 
 What does Christian idealism in international affairs involve? 
 In discussing this aspect of the question I shall try to confine myself 
 to certain practical considerations which I submit are capable of 
 present and world-wide application. It may be in the days to come, 
 as we apply Christian principles more fully to international affairs, 
 we shall be able to take higher ground. I venture to express the 
 hope that this may prove to be the case. But if we desire to approach 
 this question from the standpoint of reaching some practical solution, 
 I think it is undesirable and unprofitable to picture to ourselves ideals 
 at present quite hopeless of attainment and ignore practical con- 
 siderations which do appear to be within the realm of attainment 
 at the present time. 
 
 Approaching the consideration of the question from this stand- 
 point, what, one may ask, are the practical considerations involved 
 in a Christian conception of international relations? 
 
 I shall mention five this evening, not because they embrace all, 
 but because they represent principles of action which urgently require 
 immediate consideration. 
 
 I would put as the first and the basis of all others, respect for — 
 
 international agreements,—the sanctity of international obligations. 
 You may say that is only common business morality. Well, it may 
 be so, but we have not yet reached the stage in international affairs 
 where it is so recognized by even so-called Christian nations. 
 
 When you say of a man “he is the soul of honor,” you know 
 what that means—he is a man of his word, a man who swears to his 
 own hurt and changeth not, but when some men speak of national 
 
 EE 
 
CHRISTIANITY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 107 
 
 honor they raise that issue with a view to enlisting national patrio- 
 tism behind some international action which will not stand free dis- 
 cussion in the open light of day. 
 
 I repeat, I would put at the very foundation of the application 
 of the Christian ideal to international relations, the sanctity of inter- 
 national agreements. 
 
 Now, without elaborating, permit me to illustrate what I mean. 
 While I imagine there is no nation from whose history one might 
 not draw illustrations, let us take the case uppermost in our minds, 
 the situation which arose between Germany and Belgium in July, 
 1914. We know the obligation which bound Germany and other 
 nations to Belgium, and we know how Germany, to serve her own 
 selfish interests, treated her obligation to Belgium as a scrap of paper. 
 That was in accordance with a certain theory, propounded by states- 
 men whose names are honoured in history, that a treaty should only 
 be binding on a nation so long as it served the nation’s interests, and 
 when it ceased to serve the nation’s interests the nation was free to 
 disregard it. Germany acted on this theory, and we know the wrong 
 she inflicted on Belgium and the loss and suffering which ensued. 
 
 The war with Germany came to an end on an agreement nego- 
 tiated between the government at Washington and the government 
 at Berlin, with the approval of all the allied powers engaged in the 
 war. The Peace Conference at Paris which resulted in the Treaty 
 of Versailles was called to give effect to the terms and principles 
 already agreed upon and set out in that agreement. Have you ever 
 read the agreement? I have read it many times. It consists of 
 several addresses of the President of the United States outlining 
 conditions of peace, and certain correspondence between the govern- 
 ments concerned. I say no fair-minded man can take that agree- 
 ment to which all the allied and associated powers pledged them- 
 selves and, reviewing the conduct of those powers since that date, 
 honestly and fairly say that the powers have carried out that agree- 
 ment. The powers parties to that agreement, when they had the 
 power to do so, either added to the obligations imposed upon the 
 defeated foe or they failed to discharge obligations which they had 
 accepted under that agreement. 
 
 I have not time to point them out or dwell upon them to-night, 
 but I wish to say that apart from the consequences which must have 
 followed the world war in any case and from which the world would 
 have taken years to recover, the troubles which during the past four 
 years have disturbed the world’s peace and which today are the 
 cause of almost untold misery in the world, have not been due to toa 
 
' 108 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 much idealism on the part of the nations parties to that agreement, 
 but because these nations have not carried out the agreement they 
 made at that time. 
 
 There is no sure basis for permanent peace, and there is no sure 
 basis for human progress until nations recognize the sanctity of inter- 
 national obligations and public opinion supports the government 
 which honestly endeavors to discharge these obligations. 
 
 The second proposition I would submit to you is: that justice 
 and right should be the governing considerations in determining the 
 relation of nation to nation rather than national self-interest alone. 
 
 Here again we come face to face with two not necessarily dia- 
 metrically opposed views of international relations, but two views 
 which may prove to be diametrically opposed when applied to a par- 
 ticular international situation—one, that a nation’s attitude to other 
 nations should be governed solely from the standpoint of its own 
 self-interest ; the other, that considerations of justice and right should 
 determine the relation of nation to nation. 
 
 Perhaps that idea was never better expressed than by that great 
 tribune of the English-speaking world who stood for the Christian 
 ideal in international relations, the late William Ewart Gladstone, 
 when he declared that public right should be the governing idea in 
 international relations. And, Mr. Chairman, that touches very 
 directly the whole racial problem which you have been considering at 
 this convention—should the relation of the so-called more progressive 
 races to the so-called less progressive ones be governed wholly by 
 national self-interest or by considerations of public right and of 
 justice? Should the attitude of the more powerful nations to the 
 weaker, the less powerful nations, be governed by justice or by force? 
 
 The Christian ideal demands that public right and justice should 
 govern the conduct of nation to nation whether the nation be small 
 or weak or backward, or whether it be powerful. The agreements 
 relating to China, concluded at the Washington Conference, are an 
 excellent illustration of the application of this principle. 
 
 The third proposition is: we must substitute the “reign of law” 
 for the “rule of force.” President Wilson, in a memorable address 
 delivered at Mt. Vernon on the Fourth of July, 1918, set forth the 
 objects of the allied and associated powers in the prosecution of the 
 war, and summed up these in this sentence—“What we seek is the 
 reign of law, based upon the consent of the governed and sustained 
 by the organized opinion of mankind.” In other words, the great 
 objective of the allied and associated powers was to substitute the 
 
CHRISTIANITY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 109 
 
 reign of law, sustained by the organized public opinion of mankind, 
 for the rule of force. 
 
 It just so happened, Mr. Chairman, that on the morning of the 
 day President Wilson spoke those memorable words in that historic 
 spot at Mt. Vernon, it was my privilege to stand on an elevated 
 plateau to the northeast of Amiens and see an Australian division, 
 an American infantry brigade, a Canadian cavalry brigade and 
 British artillery attack the German position, to wipe out the salient 
 which the Germans had driven into that vital and vulnerable part 
 of the allied line. They accomplished their task, they broke the 
 German line, and they carried the Allied line beyond the objective. 
 I cannot believe, I will not believe, that those men did not give their 
 lives fighting for a great principle and a great cause. The American 
 soldiers who laid down their lives in that engagement and in others 
 thought they were fighting for what your President proclaimed— 
 “a new and better international order after this war is over.” They 
 were fighting for the reign of law in place of lawless force, in place 
 of militarism which was threatening the peace and security of the 
 world. 
 
 The Christian ideal in international relations demands that we 
 should substitute the reign of law for the rule of force as speedily 
 as it is possible for us to do so. We cannot expect so great a revolu- 
 tion to be brought about in a year, or a decade, but we should expect 
 and demand that this ideal be steadily and persistently pursued. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, may I pause just a moment to pay a tribute to 
 the statesmen of this nation for the contribution they have made 
 toward the realization of that ideal and to say that in some respects 
 that ideal is being realized? It was the American Government, 
 through Mr. Choate, as its chief representative, who presented at the 
 second Hague Peace Conference the proposal for the establishment 
 of a Permanent Court of International Justice for the settlement of 
 juridical disputes between nations. The proposal failed of success be- 
 cause the Allied jurists and statesmen there assembled were unable 
 to agree upon a method of choosing the judges. In the year 1921 it 
 was my privilege as a member of the first assembly of the League 
 of Nations to help give final form to the constitution of the Perma- 
 nent Court of International Justice of which Mr. John Bassett 
 Moore, one of your distinguished jurists, was elected a member. 
 Today there is functioning at The Hague a Permanent Court of 
 International Justice, composed of jurists of international repute, for 
 the purpose of settling juridical disputes between nations. The Con- 
 
IIO CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 stitution of this Court marks a great advance in the peaceable settle- 
 ment of international disputes. 
 
 During this year, for the first time in human history, one nation 
 has hailed another before an international court of justice for an 
 alleged violation of a treaty and that dispute has been determined 
 and settled not by the arbitrament of the sword but by the peaceful 
 and orderly processes of a court of justice, just as you would settle 
 a dispute between citizens in this country. 
 
 I am glad to note that this nation which took the lead in sub- 
 mitting this proposal to the world, nay, which made its consumma- 
 tion possible—for without your leadership and help it would not have 
 been possible—not only through its late President but through its 
 present President, has recommended that you should adhere to that 
 Court. 
 
 You were the leaders in the movement; you carried the flag on 
 to the point of victory. We have held the position which you helped 
 us win. We are waiting for you to resume your place of leadership 
 so that all the forces which stand for right and justice in inter- 
 national relations may march on together to establish the reign of law 
 in the world. 
 
 My fourth proposition is: we must substitute co-operation for 
 the preservation of peace for competition in preparation for war. 
 In the past, nations have felt themselves bound to devote a large 
 part of their energies and resources to maintaining armaments on 
 land and sea for the ostensible purpose of protecting themselves 
 against the aggression of other nations and of preserving peace and 
 security within their own territories. 
 
 Is that the best way to preserve peace in the world? The World 
 War was the culmination and let us earnestly hope the final con- 
 demnation of that old system. Is there not a more excellent way? 
 Can we not substitute co-operation for the preservation of peace for 
 competition in preparation for war? I respectfully submit that the 
 Christian ideal demands that we should apply the principle of co- 
 operation to maintain peace. If so, the nations must meet together 
 in conference to discuss and to plan and to co-operate for the preser-— 
 vation of peace. 
 
 The Washington Conference held some months ago was a splen- 
 did illustration of what may be accomplished when nations meet to 
 plan together for the preservation of peace rather than to compete 
 with each other in preparation for war. 
 
 The naval limitation agreement concluded at the Washington 
 Conference, the agreement in reference to the Pacific, and the agree- 
 
CHRISTIANITY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS EDI 
 
 ments in reference to China, marked the real application of true 
 Christian principles to international relations, and recorded a great 
 step in advance in the development of a better international order. 
 
 But that conference has met and that conference has ceased to 
 function. We must have some other in which all the nations will 
 meet to confer together, to plan together. I care not by what name 
 you call it. I care not what its exact powers may be. What I plead 
 for is the spirit and the principle of co-operating together. And 
 here again may I pause to pay a tribute to the work of this nation 
 in providing the world with a means for international co-operation. 
 I refer to the basic agreement upon which hostilities came to an end, 
 negotiated between Washington and Berlin. 
 
 In that agreement your government stipulated for the organiza- 
 tion of a league of nations to preserve the peace once established. 
 I verily believe if your government had not insisted that this should 
 be in the basic agreement, and subsequently insisted that it should 
 be in the Treaty of Versailles, the world might have been without 
 the League of Nations to this day. And for the work you have done 
 in that respect all those interested in a better international order and 
 in the application of the Christian ideal to international relations 
 have great reason for gratitude to you. 
 
 If you have now got something better to propose than that which 
 you formerly proposed, and which the nations accepted, let the world 
 have it. If it is practical we will join with you in working it out; 
 but if you haven’t, then lend a sympathetic ear and a helping hand 
 to this child which you helped to bring into the world and which, 
 with the World Court, is the one remaining hope of a disturbed and 
 distracted world for a better international order. 
 
 The fifth and last proposal I shall submit is that a Christian 
 conception of international relations requires the recognition of the 
 fundamental unity of our humanity, irrespective of race, of national- 
 ity, of religion, or of state of development. 
 
 I know of no Christianity that confines the life and teaching 
 and blessings of Christ to any limited section of our common hu- 
 manity. They are all children of a common father. If we do not 
 believe Paul’s statement on Mars Hill which has been quoted to us 
 to-night, then modern science, economics and history all come for- 
 ward to re-enforce the truth that our humanity is one, one humanity 
 of many members, and if one member suffers all suffer with it. 
 I would not minimize the responsibility which each of us owes to 
 his own state and nation; but our responsibilities are broader and 
 our sympathies must be broader; they must be as broad as our 
 
II2 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 humanity. No nation can separate itself from all others unless it 
 moves to another planet. We are here on this earth to live together 
 for better or for worse. 
 
 May I ask, in conclusion, is there any contribution, any dis- 
 tinctive contribution, that our sister nations—the United States and 
 Canada, sprung from the loins of the same mother across the seas, 
 to which both nations owe more than they will ever acknowledge or 
 be able to pay—can make to human welfare and a better world? Is 
 there anything by which either of our nations will be remembered 
 in the generations to come that is better than that we in Canada are 
 now the greatest wheat exporting country in the world or that you 
 are the greatest steel-producing country in the world and have the 
 highest sky-scrapers? Are we to be known simply because of our 
 contribution to material progress and to material well being? Why 
 is Syria famous in human history? Because of the contribution she 
 made to the spiritual life of the world. Why is Greece famous? 
 Because of her contribution to art and to literature. Why Rome? 
 Because of her contribution to law. 
 
 One might go through the nations; it is their contribution to the 
 moral and spiritual and ethical and esthetic in the life of the world 
 that has given them a secure place in history. What shall our con- 
 tribution be? I venture to suggest we can make a contribution 
 which is one of the world’s greatest needs at this time, a contribution 
 to a new and better order in international affairs. 
 
 For more than one hundred years we have lived side by side 
 along a common frontier of many thousands of miles. We have 
 lived without battleships on our Great Lakes, without land forti- 
 fications and without armed forces, and we have lived at peace. We 
 have learned from more than one hundred years’ experience—an 
 experience sometimes trying and difficult to bear—that in the end 
 good-will is a better protection along an international boundary than 
 huge fortresses or standing armies. 
 
 We have also learned that it is possible to settle all disputes that 
 arise between nations by reason and conciliation rather than by force. 
 We have found that possible not because the disputes have been 
 trifling and unimportant. The disputes have related to territory, to 
 fishing rights, to water rights, to those very questions which in other 
 times and between other countries have been the fruitful cause of 
 wars. 
 
 Why is it that all these disputes for more than one hundred 
 years have been settled by peaceable means? Permit me to ask you 
 this question: has there been any dispute throughout this hundred 
 
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL UNREST hs 
 
 years, even where you may have thought you got the worst of the 
 settlement or where we thought we got the worst of it,—and I know 
 we thought we got the worst of it many times,—in which the settle- 
 ment was not ten thousand times better for your nation and mine 
 than any possible settlement by the arbitrament of the sword with 
 all the legacy of hate and ill-will which would have followed such a 
 settlement. 
 
 In view of our joint experience for the past one hundred years, 
 cannot we make this contribution to a new international order; 
 cannot we show to the world that the best foundation for peace is 
 not fortifications along a frontier and regiments of soldiers, and 
 battleships upon lakes or rivers, but mutual confidence and mutual 
 good-will, and that reason and conciliation are vastly better than the 
 sword to all parties concerned as a method of settling international 
 disputes ? 
 
 I believe it is the contribution the world most needs at the 
 present time to start the healing processes of peace and good-will, 
 but we cannot make it unless we are prepared to make some sacrifice. 
 We must prove our faith by our works. If we insist upon playing 
 the part of the Priest and the Levite and passing by on the other 
 side, the hour of our opportunity for making this contribution may 
 pass, and pass forever. But if we are prepared as nations to play 
 the part of the good Samaritan, the Christlike part of the good 
 Samaritan, to extend the helping hand and seek to heal the wounds 
 of the war, to establish mutual confidence and the reign of law, and 
 the spirit of co-operation, then our action will be the hope and in- 
 spiration of the world. 
 
 PRESENT DAY SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL UNREST 
 
 SHERWOOD Eppy 
 
 Associate General Secretary of the International Committee of the Young 
 Men’s Christian Association 
 
 On my last trip, extending for more than a year through twenty- 
 two countries, across Asia and Europe, I found in almost every land 
 unmistakable signs of social and intellectual unrest. We face an 
 insurgent world. Revolution is astir. Mankind is torn with strife— 
 national, racial and industrial. In Orient and Occident alike, I found 
 a semi-pagan social order of selfish materialism, autocratic exploita- 
 
II4 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 tion and strife. Everywhere men are in revolt, especially in the ranks 
 of youth, against these three great evils of the present social order. 
 
 Many are in revolt against the materialism of “our machine- 
 made civilization.” We have progressed in the development of mate- 
 rial resources by scientific invention more than in the discovery of 
 moral and spiritual forces with which to control them. Since 1914 | 
 the world has made more advance in the science of destruction than 
 in spiritual and social reconstruction. There has been an overdevel- 
 opment of the material to the neglect of the spiritual. “The world 
 is too much with us,” with its mad hurry, its feverish activity, its 
 enslaving unremitting toil, its over-work and under-pay for some, 
 its hoarded wealth and frivolous dissipation for others. 
 
 Men are in rebellion against authority, against the exploitation 
 of the many by and for the few, against autocracy in all its forms— 
 intellectual, political, industrial and racial. They are against intel- 
 lectual autocracy where the dead hand of tradition lays its paralyzing 
 restraint upon the rising generation; against conservatism, reaction, 
 formalism and all repression of freedom of thought, speech and 
 action. There is a revolt against political autocracy in the rising 
 demand for liberty and self-determination, as the tides of democracy 
 are sweeping round the world. There is a revolt also against indus- 
 trial autocracy, as labor everywhere is demanding a voice in deter- 
 mining the conditions of its working life. We found an increasing 
 number of strikes and signs of industrial unrest throughout Asia, 
 Europe and America. 
 
 There is a revolt against racial autocracy, especially against the 
 claim of racial “superiority” and all exploitation of weaker races or 
 defenceless peoples. It seems like hypocritical cant to speak of “the 
 white man’s burden,” the so-called “yellow peril,” the brown or black 
 peril, when it is the white peril that has actually caused nine-tenths 
 of the wars of the modern world, occasioned by the land-grabbing, 
 the economic imperialism, the military exploitation and the colonial 
 subjugation of peoples in the interests of a supposedly “superior” 
 white race. } 
 
 Let us observe the signs of present-day social and intellectual 
 unrest in certain typical nations of the Orient and Occident, espe- 
 cially in Japan, Korea, the Philippines, China, India, Soviet Russia 
 and North America. 
 
 In Japan we found the rise of a new liberal movement in revolt 
 against the old order of materialism, autocracy and militarism. The 
 earthquake which shook Japan to its foundations was a good outward 
 symbol of the growing demand for the overturning of this old order. 
 
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL UNREST II5 
 
 Japan has inherited the materialism and militarism of western civi- 
 lization and the autocracy of an infallible throne with its system of 
 “dual government.” Fourteen families and firms control most of 
 the wealth and industry while 92.7 per cent of the families in Japan 
 are living on an income of less than $250 a year, or sixty-eight cents 
 a day for a family of five. 
 
 Japan is in the grip of world competition and is being ground 
 between the upper and nether millstones of the cheap labor of the 
 Orient on the one hand, and the massed wealth and efficient industrial 
 organization of the Occident on the other. On the one side she is 
 forced to compete with the cheap labor of China where children of 
 ten are working for a daily wage of five and ten cents, and women 
 for twenty cents a day. On the other side are the western countries 
 with their great stores of raw material, well-organized factories with 
 modern machinery, and accumulated wealth which make competition 
 so difficult for the new industrial Japan. 
 
 We saw the awful poverty of her slums. We noted the evidence 
 of deep social and industrial unrest, with more than four hundred 
 strikes a year. The leaders of the rising generation are in revolt 
 against the old order. We found a new liberal movement among the 
 youth both of the proletariat and the peasants. As Dr. Ebina, Presi- 
 dent of the Doshisha University, expressed it, like a chick breaking 
 from its shell, the liberal Japan is today breaking through the hard, 
 encrusted repression of feudal militarism. A new nation is coming 
 to birth. 
 
 In Korea we found a silent revolution in the social and intel- 
 lectual unrest which has leavened this awakening people. We found 
 a new spirit of independence and of courage steadily sustained in 
 the face of past imprisonment and persecution. There is an entrance 
 of liberal and radical thought which is now flooding this ancient 
 hermit nation; there is a new thirst for education on the part of the 
 Koreans and a new era of larger liberty and conciliation on the part 
 of the Japanese government. This “Land of the Morning Calm” 
 has been swept by the blasts and storms of world events, by former 
 invasions from China, Russia and Japan and, since the war, by a 
 ferment of modern ideas of radicalism, Bolshevism and revolution. 
 The Koreans bore their foreign rule of force with sullen silence 
 until the Declaration of Independence of March 1, 1919. At the 
 appointed hour, the declaration was read in the public squares through- 
 out Korea as the elated populace thronged the streets. The signers 
 then voluntarily surrendered themselves to the police. They were 
 imprisoned by thousands. Today, although under a more liberal 
 
116 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 government, they are nevertheless in unanimous protest against the 
 old order of materialism, autocracy and foreign militarism imposed 
 upon them from without. 
 
 In the Philippines we found the same revolt among both stu- 
 dents and older people. They admit the benefits conferred upon 
 them by the American government, but instead of what they regard — 
 as the paternal, autocratic control of authority, they demand imme- 
 diate and complete independence. Whether they are ready or un- 
 ready, there is the same demand for liberty and independence in 
 Korea, and the Philippines today that there was in America in 1776. 
 
 In China a deep social and intellectual unrest possesses the 
 whole student body. The revolution of 1911 threw off the autocracy 
 of the corrupt Manchus, the last of China’s twenty-four long dynas- 
 ties. In 1919, four years ago, the youth movement, called the 
 Renaissance, or “Tide of New Thought,” gathered momentum in 
 the student strike of Peking, and spread throughout China. It was 
 a violent protest against the assault on China’s sovereignty in the 
 treaty of Versailles, which proposed to hand over to Japan much of 
 China’s sacred province of Shantung. The New Thought movement 
 is a revolt against the autocracy and militarism of the present corrupt 
 central and provincial régime of the military governors,. with their 
 useless armies numbering over a million men. 
 
 The youth movement of China is an intellectual revolt in the 
 new spirit of scientific and historic criticism against the enslaving 
 traditions of the past. It stands against the patriarchal joint-family 
 system, demanding the reform of the family; against the subjuga- 
 tion of women, demanding full equality of the sexes; against the 
 pedantic classic language for the privileged few, demanding vernacu- 
 lar literature and mass education for all. 
 
 Finally, the students and leaders of China are in revolt against 
 industrial autocracy and exploitation, both in the modern factory 
 system of the industrial revolution which has entered the country 
 as a terrific invasion, and against the long hours and low wages of 
 the primitive industries. No wonder the students of China are in. 
 revolt. /We found typical factories with their officially published 
 profit’ of over one hundred per cent a year following the war, and 
 a wage scale running from three and a half cents a day for small 
 girls of ten, up to a maximum of thirty cents for foremen. We 
 visited certain factories in China to ascertain present conditions of 
 labor. We first visited a match factory under Chinese management. 
 We found in this factory eleven hundred employees, mostly boys 
 from nine to fifteen years of age, working from 4 A. M. to 8:30 P.M. 
 
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL UNREST I17 
 
 with a short intermission for meals. They work an average of fifteen 
 hours a day, seven days a week, with no Sunday of rest. The boys 
 receive from six to twelve cents and the men about twenty-five cents 
 gold a day. The poisonous fumes of the white or “yellow” phos- 
 phorous, and the dust from the other chemicals burned our lungs 
 within half an hour. Some seventy men and boys in this plant have 
 to visit the hospital each day for treatment. Many suffer from 
 “phossy jaw,” where the bones of the face decay on account of the 
 cheap grade of phosphorus used. Such chemicals have been out- 
 lawed in all countries having any regard for the welfare of labor. 
 
 We visited a Chinese weaving establishment making cloth upon 
 primitive hand looms. At present there are 15,000 boys in the city 
 working on these looms. One manager informed us that in most of 
 these weaving factories the workers average eighteen hours a day, 
 from 5 A.M. to II P. M., with short intermissions for meals, working 
 seven days a week. The majority of the boys are apprentices who 
 receive no wage whatever, only their food. 
 
 We next visited the dwellings of these workers. Here in a 
 two-story house that is subdivided into little rooms, dark holes and 
 shelves, forty people were living. We found one room ten feet 
 square with ten people living in it. 
 
 Here is a shelf serving as a home for six people with just room 
 enough to lie side by side. One man is dying of tuberculosis, cough- 
 ing day and night. The five other inmates are packed in with him 
 on this shelf, which rents for $1.15 per month. For these masses 
 there is no available park, no playground, church, Y.M.C.A. club or 
 reading room. They cannot read or write. Life is bounded by the 
 factory, one dark street, and the hole or hovel in which they exist. 
 
 Do you wonder that the Renaissance, or youth movement of 
 China, is in revolt against this whole social order, with its crushing 
 materialism, its intellectual, political and industrial autocracy, and its 
 feudal militarism? / 
 
 In India the soul of the people has been stirred by a deep under- 
 current of revolution, non-violent and passive, but none the less 
 profound. I have always believed that under British rule India fur- 
 nished the finest instance in history of the government of one people 
 by another. Yet, the tides of social unrest have not only swept the 
 students and educated leaders, but to a considerable extent even the 
 masses of India’s 320,000,000. The revolt in India is against the 
 materialism and militarism of our whole western civilization, and 
 what they consider the political and racial autocracy of the foreign 
 government. Mr. Gandhi has been the leader of this revolt against 
 
118 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 western civilization. Following him, the youth of India have de- 
 manded liberty as the birthright of every mature people. They quote 
 Sir John Seeley in his “Expansion of England” to show that “sub- 
 jugation for a long time to a foreign yoke is one of the most potent 
 causes of national deterioration.” Mr. Gandhi has been a follower 
 of Tolstoi in his non-resistant pacifism and of John Ruskin in a 
 repudiation of western industrialism. 
 
 Time forbids a description of the demand for independence and 
 self-determination in Egypt, Palestine and Mesopotamia. But the 
 examples already considered will suffice to show that the awakening 
 lands of Asia are in revolt against the old order and in deep social 
 and intellectual unrest. 
 
 The youth movement of Europe, like that of Asia, presents the 
 same revolt against the old order. It is an insurgent uprising against 
 sordid materialism with its massed wealth and sensuous pleasure on 
 the one hand, and its grinding toil and poverty of the masses on the 
 other. Over Europe as a whole, one-tenth of the people possess 
 approximately nine-tenths of the wealth, and the remaining nine- 
 tenths of the people have only one-tenth of the wealth. The youth 
 movement of Europe is in revolt against all autocracy, whether in- 
 tellectual, political, industrial or racial. 
 
 The youth movement of Germany began some twenty-five years 
 ago in the protest of the gymnasia or high school students against 
 the tyranny of the Prussian military and educational system. Organ- 
 izing as “Wandervogel,” or “birds of passage,” the students of Ger- 
 many, in negligée attire, with their musical instruments, took to the 
 open country on hikes. They turned against the tyranny of the 
 materialism, autocracy and militarism of the old order and sought 
 communion with one another in the heart of nature. The movement 
 spread through Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the continent of 
 Europe. In all of its three forms, Idealistic, Proletarian and Chris- 
 tian, whether among the young liberals, the workers or among the 
 religious youth, the movement is a protest against the old social order. 
 German students in bitter poverty are now working their way through , 
 school and university. Many have a new sympathy with labor and 
 are inviting working men to address their student gatherings. They 
 are trying to bridge the gulf that has long existed between privileged 
 and unprivileged classes, between the Church and labor, between the 
 universities and workers. The youth go ‘out in bands for week-end 
 excursions in the country to get away from the detested convention- 
 ality of the existing social order and together face their common 
 
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL UNREST I1g 
 
 problems of the next day. They are organizing cooperative societies 
 and engaging in many forms of social service. 
 
 Nowhere is that old order more in evidence than in central 
 Europe. The occupation of the Ruhr and the Rhine under the mili- 
 taristic policy of the Poincaré cabinet not only menaces Germany 
 with hunger, starvation and revolution, but theatens to drag the whole 
 world back again into the abyss of war. Organized labor and the 
 youth movement of Europe are increasingly rising in protest against 
 recurring war. Ina recent convention of the youth of Europe from 
 a score of countries in “The Third Democratic International Con- 
 gress for Peace,” some of the leaders of the French youth move- 
 ment admitted with shame the injustice of the French military occu- 
 pation of the Ruhr, while the German youth pressed forward offering 
 their money, their personal possessions, and their very lives to help 
 rebuild the devastated areas. 
 
 Russia is the final example of social and intellectual unrest. A 
 vast volcanic upheaval has shaken that land to its foundations. The 
 statue of the royal autocrat, Alexander III, in Petrograd, which 
 embodies the insolence of autocracy, now has inscribed beneath it, 
 “T stand here as a miserable scarecrow to warn all nations of the sin 
 of autocracy.” All Russia, as well as this statue, stands before the 
 world today both as a warning and a challenge. She is a warning 
 not to drift blindly, as her former government did, to its impending 
 doom; she is a challenge to every other nation to set its house in 
 order before it is too late. The revolution in Russia followed after 
 five hundred years of oppressive autocratic Czarism. Eighty per cent 
 of the population had been left in illiteracy, sixty per cent were 
 underfed, in poverty, living often in hovels scarcely fit for beasts. 
 Little liberty was allowed and liberal ideas were met with bayonets. 
 Repression and reaction in time brought the inevitable revolution 
 which was a century overdue. 
 
 With all its own faults, Soviet Russia today stands as a chal- 
 lenge to the rest of the world wherever capitalism is ruthless, wher- 
 ever there is monopolistic exploitation of natural resources for the 
 profit of the few, regardless of the welfare of the many, wherever 
 business and industry are conducted solely for private profit rather 
 than for public service. 
 
 On my recent visit to Russia, although conditions were better 
 than under the hideous régime of the Czars, there was evidence of 
 widespread social and intellectual unrest. Soviet Russia has not yet 
 found the solution of its social problems in the frankly avowed mate- 
 rialism, atheism and anti-religious policy of the Communist Party, 
 
I20 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 in the avowed disbelief in democracy, the dictatorship of the pro- 
 letariat, and the denial of liberty which will not allow freedom of 
 speech, of the press, or of action in opposition to the government. 
 
 We will all agree that there is a deep, fundamental social and 
 intellectual unrest possessing the youth, the leaders of thought, and 
 often even the masses, both in Asia and Europe. What of America? 
 A Christian leader recently refused to allow any discussion of social 
 problems, saying “America is all right—at least 98 per cent all right.” 
 With reference to our own country, let us examine the three evils 
 against which the youth of other lands are in insurgent rebellion— 
 materialism, autocracy and militarism. Is the United States 98 per 
 cent all right, in the face of our widespread materialism? We have 
 emerged from the war possessing approximately one-third of all the 
 world’s wealth and about half of its gold supply—the richest and 
 most favored nation on earth. Nowhere in the world, perhaps at 
 no time in history, has there been such a vast and dangerous con- 
 centration of wealth in the hands of a few. According to Professor 
 W. I. King, two per cent of our people possess over sixty per cent 
 of the national wealth, while two-thirds of the people have no land, 
 no homes of their own, no tools, no secure means of livelihood. 
 
 According to a recent writer, one hundred families now own or 
 control most of the railways and a large proportion of the fourteen 
 basic industries of the country. Yet think of the poverty of the 
 many at the other end of the scale. Over seven hundred thousand 
 are injured in industry every year. Much of this human waste is 
 preventable. Some two millions are unemployed from four to six 
 months of each year. Ten millions or one-tenth of our population 
 are in poverty in normal times. Ten millions of our people will die 
 prematurely of preventable diseases at the present death rate, and 
 the date rate of the poor is three times as great as that of the well- 
 to-do. It is estimated that there are 1,750,000 children at work in 
 ‘America who ought to be in school. In the religious sphere 26,000,- 
 000 youths are growing up without religious education in the home, in 
 the Sunday School, or in the Church; and 56,000,000 persons are: 
 entirely outside the churches, both Catholic and Protestant. 
 
 Think of the menace of materialism revealed by the lawlessness 
 in America today. Chicago in certain recent years has had more 
 murders than all England and Wales. New York, with its almost 
 daily bandit hold-ups and robberies, has six times as many murders 
 as London. Justice Taft testifies that “the administration of our 
 criminal law is a disgrace to civilization.” The flagrant violation of 
 
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL UNREST (iar 
 
 the Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution is both humiliating 
 and alarming. 
 
 Or take the question of exploitation and autocratic control. Is 
 there no autocracy in industry, when for twenty-five years from 1881 
 to 1906, we averaged 1,470 strikes a year, and for five years follow- 
 ing our entrance into the war, 3,342 strikes yearly, or an average of 
 nine or ten each day? According to the official copy of the Final 
 Report of the Commission on Industrial Relations, “The sources 
 from which this unrest springs group themselves almost without ex- 
 ception under four main classifications which include all the others: 
 (1) Unjust distribution of wealth and income; (2) unemployment 
 and denial of an opportunity to earn a living; (3) denial of justice 
 in the creation, the adjudication and the administration of law; (4) 
 denial of the right and opportunity to form effective organizations. 
 If these truly represent the attitude of labor we are indeed facing 
 serious social unrest in our industrial life. 
 
 Again are we ninety-eight per cent all right in the matter of 
 racial autocracy? What treatment have we meted out to our four- 
 teen million foreigners and our twelve million Negroes? Since 1885 
 we have had some 4,000 lynchings, an average of two a week, or 
 one hundred a year. A southern Methodist minister, who is an 
 authority upon the subject, testified that in certain regions nearly 
 all the lynchings had been Methodist or Baptist lynchings; that is, 
 the majority of the mob were professing Christian church members. 
 I have never known a single case of lynching during the last twenty- 
 seven years that I have been working in Asia among the people of 
 Japan, China and India, or on the continent of Europe, or in Latin 
 America. This barbarous and inhuman practice is a serious and 
 growing hindrance to our mission work abroad. I found the papers 
 of Japan, China and India not only publishing accounts of the latest 
 lynchings in America, but sometimes giving horrible photographs of 
 the same. 
 
 I have just returned from Russia, where I have seen the effects 
 of a “class war” where some hundreds of thousands perished in the 
 red terror, to find our commonwealth of America now in the begin- 
 ning of what may lead us to a class war. I refer to the activities of 
 the Ku Klux Klan. In Indiana, Ohio, and certain other states, I 
 have found well-meaning Protestant ministers and laymen leading in 
 this movement against the Jew, the Catholic, the Negro, the foreigner 
 and the liberal. We owe to the Jew more than to any other people 
 in the world, more even than to the Greek or Roman. And to One 
 member of that race, we owe more than to all the rest of humanity 
 
I22 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 combined. Can we in the spirit of Jesus start a campaign of racial 
 and religious hatred against the brethren of our Lord? 
 
 I found the poor Negroes in one city arming by hundreds with 
 cheap revolvers in deadly terror against this campaign of racial and 
 religious class war, led by Protestant followers of the meek and lowly 
 Jesus. I know many good men who are members of this Klan and 
 they have done many good things. Some of them are my friends. 
 But I cannot believe in this movement with its denial of democracy 
 by an “invisible empire,” its dictatorship, its secrecy, its racial su- 
 premacy and class war. I say this with sorrow, looking into 
 the faces of some of my friends in this very audience who are mem- 
 bers of this secret order. Some of us feel that we Protestants are 
 one hundred per cent American but that Jews, Catholics, Negroes, 
 and others cannot be trusted to respond to fair treatment and legal 
 processes; with them coercion and intimidation must be used. This 
 inevitably leads to racial and religious war. 
 
 “America holds the moral leadership of the world—if she will 
 take it.” Shall we forfeit that leadership for materialism, auto- 
 cratic imperialism, or militarism? The expenditure of the United 
 States government for all civil expenditures, on government educa- 
 tion and public works for 1922 was 14.2 per cent of the national 
 budget; for wars past and future, including interest, pensions, direct 
 and indirect military expenditures, 85.8 per cent. Our Secretary of 
 War is now asking for a larger army. Is the course of America to 
 be one of competitive militarism and economic imperialism, or that 
 of high moral leadership for the world back to the paths of peace? 
 
 Is America 98 per cent all right? Herbert Gray, that discerning 
 and kindly critic, after visiting our colleges, found our student life 
 distracted by college “activities’—-dances, games and jazz, while the 
 rest of the world is seething with social and intellectual unrest and 
 drifting back toward war. He says, “Your students are strangely 
 docile in mind. Everywhere else in the world I find the rising gen- 
 eration in conscious and intense rebellion against the conventions and 
 methods of life and thought which dominated their fathers, and which 
 led the world to the present disaster. But young Americans are not 
 rebelling to discover a new way for mankind, which is the real hope 
 of the world today.” 
 
 In the light of the glaring evils of America, let us ask in common 
 honesty, “Is America 98 per cent all right?” Why have we no real 
 youth movement in America? Why is there no widespread passion- 
 ate demand for a new social order? 
 
 This morning our conference broke up into some fifty discussion 
 
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL UNREST 123 
 
 groups. I inquired of the leaders of thirty of these groups and found 
 that eighty per cent focussed their discussion on this burning race 
 question. We are glad for these discussion groups, for student ex- 
 pression and for evidence of a new day in this convention. We are 
 glad for the beginning we have made in open frankness and free 
 discussion. And yet several men who reported to me, far-sighted, 
 experienced leaders, said, “Those discussion groups were a grave in- 
 dictment on our whole American system of education. Many of the 
 students had evidently never realized the necessity of being informed 
 on these great questions, of seeing both sides, of seeking opposite 
 points of view, and of constructively thinking together after truth. 
 Instead there was the constant assumption that we were all right to 
 start with.” There was a readiness to defend ourselves rather than to 
 seek new truth. We were like Aristotle who finds slavery on his 
 hands and then writes his philosophy to justify it. Much of our 
 philosophy for more than two thousand years since has been of the 
 same order. So we find the mores, the customs of our group, our 
 race, our fraternity, our class, and then we argue to defend our 
 point of view. But new truth is not discovered by argument in de- 
 fense of our practices and prejudices. 
 
 Speaking of the principles of Jesus as applied to the race ques- 
 tion, one man said in the discussion, “Ideally, yes; practically, no. 
 It just won’t work.” 
 
 Friends, are we going back in that spirit to our colleges? Then 
 it means war! Men of two nations in the discussion groups this 
 morning, one from Japan and one from China, said that if we could 
 find no solution, the day would come when two-thirds of humanity 
 would demand it by force. Two-thirds of humanity are colored 
 people. About one-third are white, about one-third yellow, one-third 
 black or brown. The day will come when that two-thirds of humanity 
 will demand their rights if we will not acknowledge or give them. 
 
 If Jesus Christ’s method is not practical, if we say “ideally, 
 yes; but practically, no; it just won’t work,” then war will work, 
 and God have mercy on our civilization. 
 
 Lord Grey, that great Christian statesman, known as Sir Edward 
 Grey in 1914 when he was striving to avert the world war, said 
 recently, “Things look very dark. Another great war will probably 
 mean the break-up of civilization in Europe. Then all over Europe 
 we shall see what we have already seen in Russia.” In Russia I 
 saw one of my friends who had been through the terrible famine. 
 He said, ““We were there on a train in the famine area with snow- 
 drifts higher than the railway coaches. The engine was blown up, 
 
124 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 and we were likely to starve before provisions could reach us. I 
 looked out of the window and on a parallel track in an open car I 
 could count fourteen bodies, starved and frozen stiff. I looked out 
 on the other side and I could see the living push out with their feet 
 the dead, as they died of starvation one by one in that train. Over 
 yonder in a barn, with no time or strength to dig in frozen ground 
 and bury the dead, for three million were perishing in the famine, 
 men were piling frozen corpses like cord wood.” 
 
 Then he said a thing I would not have believed save at the mouth 
 of more than one:sober witness, “Those corpses were stolen and 
 eaten.’ Some children were eaten. Dogs were eaten. Young girls 
 could be seen licking out an empty lard tin or hanging about restau- 
 rants for scraps of food, as humanity went down over the brink 
 almost into savagery and barbarism. 
 
 In the light of the present-day world-wide social and intellectual 
 unrest, let us ask what is the solution of our problems. Ex-President 
 Woodrow Wilson broke the silence of his long retirement to warn 
 the nation in an article in the August “Atlantic” entitled “The Road 
 away from Revolution.” He says, “There must be some real ground 
 for the universal unrest and perturbation. . . . It probably lies deep 
 in the sources of the spiritual life of our time. It leads to revolution. 
 The road that leads away from revolution is clearly marked... . 
 The sum of the whole matter is this——that our civilization cannot 
 survive materially unless it be redeemed spiritually. It can be saved 
 only by becoming permeated with the spirit of Christ.” If we ask 
 for the solution of present-day social and intellectual unrest, many 
 of us, like Woodrow Wilson, are driven to the conclusion, after 
 considering various proposed panaceas, programs and principles, that 
 One only has found the solution in a new way of life. 
 
 Jesus came to launch a constructive spiritual revolution. It 
 involved a radical transformation of human nature and society, in 
 the building of a new social order which He called the Kingdom of 
 God. He came not to add patch-work to an old system nor to put 
 new wine in the wine-skins of old institutions. He and His followers 
 were those who had “turned the world upside down.” He delib- 
 erately breaks with the oral tradition of the Pharisees and their harsh 
 legalism. He challenges the vested interests of the rich Sadducees, 
 and clears the temple of their lucrative traffic, even at the risk of His 
 own life. He substitutes for the elaborate, ceremonial system of the 
 sacrifices of the temple worship immediate access to God. He shocks 
 the Herodians, calling His people’s royal master, Herod, “that fox.” 
 He refuses to follow the methods of the fourth party, the Zealots, 
 
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL UNREST 125 
 
 in their militant Messianism of a conquering Messiah, for He regards 
 violent revolution and the use of coercive force as un-spiritual and 
 non-moral means. 
 
 He amends, alters or abrogates the teaching of Moses and the 
 Law with his “I say unto you.” Seven times He deliberately violates 
 the sacred rabbinical tradition of Sabbath observance. He breaks 
 the system of social caste and moves freely with outcasts, sinners, 
 Samaritans and Gentiles. Deliberately He does not keep the weekly 
 fasts, the ceremonial washings, forms and ceremonies. He chal- 
 lenges the ethics of Deuteronomy on the subject of divorce, and 
 abolishes the system of oaths. Against the patriotic duty. of hatred 
 of enemies, contrary to the teaching of the Old Testament regarding 
 legal retribution, and against universal human intinct He substitutes 
 for hatred of enemies His mighty revolutionary innovation of love 
 for all men. Against the old order of materialism, of exploitation 
 and the pagan method of war, He launches His “great offensive” of 
 love. His way of sacrifice in the cross is traced back to a universal 
 principle in the very heart of God. 
 
 Jesus’ constructive revolution was a new way of life. For self- 
 ish materialism, He substitutes the truth of God as the loving Father, 
 and of abundant spiritual life for man. For autocracy’s inhuman 
 methods of exploitation, He substitutes the infinite worth of each 
 individual and the brotherhood of all in the commonwealth of a new 
 democracy of good will. Against the strife of hatred and war, He 
 launches the great offensive of love, as the full sharing of life, in 
 limitless self-giving, even unto death, resulting in peace on earth and 
 good will among men. This was the spiritual revolution of Jesus. 
 And judged by actual results He was the greatest revolutionary in 
 all history. 
 
 This life He lived’and shared with a little inner group that 
 caught His spirit and went out to turn the world “upside down”; 
 to lift it from selfishness to life abundant; from lust to love; from 
 war to peace; from the old social order to the new. Where men 
 followed His way of life, they achieved His victory. All down the 
 centuries little groups have caught His spirit, His purpose and pas- 
 sion, and have gone out to make a new world. There was the group 
 of Jesus and the twelve; the group of Paul and his companions, who 
 carried the Gospel across the Roman world; the group at Alex- 
 andria, about Clement and Origen; the group in North Africa led 
 by Tertullian and Cyprian; the group of Augustine and Ambrose; 
 the group of Francis of Assisi and his “little brothers of the poor”; 
 the group of Loyola and Xavier, who carried their message like a 
 
126 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 flame across Europe and Asia; the group at Wittenberg, gathered 
 about Luther and Melancthon, who led northern Europe in a revolu- 
 tion for religious liberty; the group of the Wesleys at Oxford, who 
 “changed the whole tone of English society” during the eighteenth 
 century. There was the group of William Carey which started the 
 modern missionary movement a century ago. There was the revolu- 
 tionary Haystack group at Williamstown that launched the first great 
 missionary offensive among the self-centred churches of America. 
 And there was the little gathering of the first one hundred volunteers 
 at Mount Hermon in 1886, a generation ago. They launched a 
 Student Volunteer Movement, and during the generation that has 
 passed they have raised up over ten thousand volunteers who have 
 reached the foreign field. I can see now the old faded photograph of 
 the first one hundred volunteers, that still hangs at Mount Hermon, 
 and I have watched their record of achievement across the world as 
 Wilder, Mott, Speer, Brockman, Zwemer, and the ten thousand 
 others went out into all the world at the challenge of their watch- 
 word, “The Evangelization of the World in this Generation.” 
 
 Finally, in this great succession, we are gathered here with 
 6,500 students from nearly 1,000 institutions of North America and 
 other lands. We face today a larger world, a greater challenge, a 
 vaster undertaking than those hundred volunteers at Mount Hermon 
 a generation ago. 
 
 Our call is to no mere sudden proclamation of a personal mes- 
 sage. It includes that, but it involves nothing less than the Christian- 
 ization of the whole of life. It calls for the transformation of all 
 our institutions and relations in the spirit of Jesus, “beginning at 
 Jerusalem” with semi-pagan America. We can not hypocritically 
 profess to be a “superior” race with all our lynchings, our lawless- 
 ness, our mob violence, our sordid materialism, our un-Christian 
 politics, industry and race relations. Our task is to build a new social 
 order, the Kingdom of God on earth, until His will shall be done on 
 this earth as it is done in Heaven. 
 
 The call today is not merely for a handful of volunteers. Thou- _ 
 sands here will be needed to press into those distant and needy lands. 
 Shirkers of that foreign challenge will never perform the task at 
 home. Every man here is called to follow Jesus’ way of life, of love 
 and of peace. “I came not to send peace, but a sword” in Indianapolis 
 as well as in Galilee—a sword of division that will cleave and divide 
 this audience, as it divided John and Judas. Many here will 
 be ready to say, “Lord, Lord.” They will assent to a profession of 
 words, creeds, forms—anything, except simply to follow the arduous 
 
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL UNREST 127 
 
 call to live His way of life. Many here will go out to join the old 
 order for which Herbert Gray on his visit to America found so many 
 of our students preparing. 
 
 Many here are going out to make money, to grow rich in a poor 
 world, to grow fat while others starve. They will lay up for them- 
 selves “treasures on earth,” or serve “Mammon,” which is simply the 
 Aramaic vernacular word for riches. Professor Rauschenbusch in 
 his “Dare we be Christian?” says, “Whoever utilizes a woman to 
 satisfy his desires, without respecting her soul and her equal human 
 worth, prostitutes her. Whoever utilizes a man to satisfy his desire 
 for wealth, without respecting his soul and his equal human worth, 
 and without realizing the beating heart and hopes of his fellow, pros- 
 titutes him. Whoever gives the consent of his mind to getting un- 
 earned gains, to getting more from his fellows than he returns to 
 them in service, steps outside of the realm of love. If the Church 
 looks on injustice without holy anger it allows the institution of 
 redemptive love to give shelter to lovelessness, and is itself involved 
 in the charge of hypocrisy.” Jesus challenges your purpose of going 
 out to “make money.” He challenges your right to take more from 
 the community than your service is worth. You may amass a fortune 
 by the monopoly of God’s natural resources for your private gain, 
 instead of their use for the public good for which they were intended. 
 Or you may make money by exploiting labor, beating it down to a 
 bare living wage, breaking up its trade unions and every organized 
 effort to improve its conditions. You may be a rich and respectable 
 Christian and say, “Lord, Lord!” but will you do the things which 
 He says? Will you dare to “live dangerously” Jesus’ way of life? 
 Are you going out to turn the world upside down, or slavishly con- 
 form to the old order of Mammon? 
 
 Many will go out to gain autocratic control over industry, saying, 
 “This is my business, and I will do with it what I please.’ But is 
 business yours for private profit, or is it for public service, for God 
 and man? Many will go out as members of a “superior” white race 
 to “take up the white man’s burden,” to warn the world against the 
 yellow peril, against the black peril, and to continue our disgraceful 
 record of lynchings, lawlessness, racial prejudice and injustice. 
 
 Many here will go out to enlist in the perpetuation of the pagan 
 institution of war. They will advocate trial by battle rather than 
 trial by jury. They would have America repudiate her moral leader- 
 ship and hold aloof in selfish isolation, until she is dragged into the 
 next world war as she was into the last. 
 
 But there are some here who will not bow the knee to Baal. 
 
128 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 There are some in revolt against the status quo. There are some 
 who will join the constructive revolution of Jesus. There are some 
 who will lead a youth movement in America. Some will go back as 
 individuals and as groups to stand for a life abundant, lived with 
 God as Father, as new men with a new vision, to live Jesus’ way of 
 life. We will go back to stand for Jesus’ principle of the worth of 
 each and the brotherhood of all, whether white or black, rich or 
 poor, employer or laborer, Jew or Gentile, Catholic or Protestant. 
 We will not merely dream of some Utopian future but will begin 
 now to apply these principles on the campus for real brotherhood, 
 to make our fraternities a training ground for wide friendship and 
 limitless brotherhood, not for exclusive snobbery. We will treat as 
 
 a brother every foreign student, every man in college. We will go 
 
 out to apply Jesus’ way of life to clean up politics, to build a new 
 industrial order, to transform business from the dominant motive of 
 private profit to that of public service. We will determine to trans- 
 form our race antagonisms into one brotherhood of cooperant good 
 will. 
 
 We will go out to stand with that ever-increasing army of men 
 lining up in solid phalanx behind the Son of Man, who goes forth 
 not to war, but for the great crusade of peace, for the great offensive 
 of love. Even as our fathers a generation ago stood on this free 
 soil for “no more slavery,” we will stand for “no more war.” 
 
 This is the challenge of the present-day social and intellectual 
 unrest against sordid and selfish materialism, autocratic exploitation, 
 and the strife of pagan militarism. This is the call to Jesus’ way of 
 life, of love and of peace on earth and good will among men. This 
 is the call to you. Will you rise up and follow, not only for the 
 evangelization of foreign lands, but the Christianization of a new 
 social order which shall enthrone Jesus’ way of life? 
 
 My friends, all of the evils of the old order are right here on 
 our campus now. There is sordid materialism in our commercialized 
 athletics, in the determination to win at any cost. We will spend 
 more on a single college dance or game, more on our commercialized 
 athletics, than we will give to starving Europe when our fellow stu- 
 dents are in need in fourteen countries. I saw them in Germany 
 actually starving before my eyes. Some of us won’t have a cent 
 for that great student relief campaign this year. Some of us are 
 going back to our dances, back to our jazz, back to our “netting,” 
 back to our trifling life, not with a great passion of Jesus to change 
 that campus. A single big football game this year cost a million 
 
 EE—— se 
 
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL UNREST 129 
 
 dollars, but all the students in America will not give that sum for 
 the starving in Europe. 
 
 Oh, brothers, what are you going back for? Some of us are 
 going back to end this social evil of war. We may have to end our 
 lives in Fort Leavenworth prison. But we are going back together, 
 whether as absolutists like William Lloyd Garrison or as oppor- 
 tunists like Abraham Lincoln; and just as our fathers said “no more 
 slavery,” we are going to say here ‘“‘no more war.” The Son of God 
 goes forth to Jove, and to win by love. Who follows in His train? 
 
 My time is gone. The whistle has blown. Ten yards to gain! 
 Ten seconds to play and all your life to think about it! The ball 
 will be passed to you for one last run. The old line is breaking. 
 That great generation that has flung its ten thousand volunteers 
 abroad has almost rounded out its work. Robert Wilder has fought 
 the good fight; Mott starts next week to organize that last mission 
 field in the Near East; Robert Speer, who played tackle on the old 
 football team at Princeton, has rounded out a full generation of 
 glorious service. Brockman is just starting back to China. Zwemer 
 may lay down his life in North Africa where Raymond Lull was 
 stoned to death like Stephen of old. Henry Wright, as we received 
 the message an hour ago, died of his last hemorrhage day before 
 yesterday, after having fought off tuberculosis for a decade. There 
 is a vacant place in the line. Call in the first substitute. 
 
 The older generation will soon complete its course. Thirty-seven 
 years of a full generation finished. The ball will be passed to you. 
 Center, quarter, give the signal. One, nine,—for God’s sake don’t 
 fail us now! It’s coming to you, I—9Q—2—4. 
 
Q@ Devotional Period 
 GEORGE COLLINS 
 
 University of California, Secretary of the Fellowship of Reconciliation 
 
 We have faced today tremendous challenges to our com- 
 mon Christian faith, We have glimpsed the violation of human 
 personality in modern industry; we have seen something of the 
 violation of brotherhood in race relations, and then we have 
 realized the dire need of applying Christianity in international 
 life. The basis of the world thinking and acting today is not that 
 of Christ, is not that of love, but is that of coercion, fear, coercion 
 expressed in racial relations, the attempt to keep down the so- 
 called inferior races, the attempt to deal with our colored brother 
 by force, coercion expressed in international life by the gospel of 
 preparedness to which we as a nation are committed. 
 
 Have we the courage to step out in advance of the principles 
 that are generally accepted today and base our lives on the 
 Christian law of love? It may mean hardship for us, because 
 going counter to long traditions means trouble for those who 
 dare to take the step. 
 
 Some one has said that “the divine order is ready to break 
 into the world when we are ready to let it break into our hearts.” 
 
 A young business man in England expressed his faith before 
 an English court martial during the war as follows: “I stand 
 here reverently, a witness for the heroic Christianity of Jesus 
 Christ, for the belief that the only way to overcome evil is to 
 conquer it by indominatable love and unwearied service. By this 
 I mean a love that never admits defeat, that goes on loving 
 and serving regardless of risk, regardless of possible conse- 
 quences, in the literal interpretation of our Master’s orders, 
 “Love your enemies; do good to them that hate you and pray 
 for them that despitefully use you and persecute you.” 
 
 “Tt will no doubt be urged that such a belief is hopelessly 
 Utopian and idealistic, and can not be brought down into the 
 practical world of today. I am convinced that what I can see 
 others can see, and nothing will persuade me that the world is 
 not ready for an ideal for which I am ready. Truth is more to 
 me than victory and if the great forces of love and service are 
 ever to triumph over those of fear and mistrust, some one must 
 try to make a beginning. 
 
 “I am anxious to take my place among those beginners, 
 and shall count it a privilege to make sacrifices and if need be 
 to face punishment in such a cause.” 
 
 Let us bow in prayer. 
 
 May we ask first of all, our Lord and Master, for forgive- 
 ness for the way that we have helped in perpetuating industrial 
 injustice, forgiveness for our share in racial discrimination, for- 
 giveness for our share in international hatred and mistrust. 
 Then let us be thankful for that revolutionary gospel that is 
 equal to meet all these challenges that have been presented today. 
 Let us ask for vision, to see what it means to apply uncompro- 
 misingly Jesus’ revolutionary principles of love today. 
 
 And then finally let us ask for courage that we may have 
 the manhood and the womanhood to carry out all of the im- 
 lications of our Master’s will as we see them. 
 
 Our Heavenly Father, we thank Thee for the opportunity 
 to live in an age like this, when youth is challenged by tremen- 
 dous problems and by magnificent opportunities, because we 
 know that opportunities grasped mean great men and great 
 women. We thank Thee that we may have a share in living 
 courageously and nobly today. Grant that none of us may 
 hesitate to follow the gleam, to follow the vision of whole- 
 heartedly placing our lives in our Master’s hand, at whatever 
 cost, to help build the Kingdom of God on earth. For Jesus’ 
 sake. Amen. 
 
THE MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE 
 
 THE RELATION OF THE FOREIGN MISSIONARY EN- 
 TERPRISE TO THE WORLD SITUATION TODAY 
 
 Ropert FE. Speer 
 
 Secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the 
 U.S.A., and Chairman of the Federal Council of the Churches 
 of Christ in America 
 
 In one sense, there is no such a reality as today. What we call 
 today is only an instantaneously fleeting moment that unites and 
 divides the future and the past. Yet in a far more true sense, today 
 for each of us is our full generation, our time of life and influence. 
 And we might wisely change the phraseology of the theme we are to 
 consider now and ask ourselves what the relation of the foreign 
 missionary enterprise may be to the world situation of our generation, 
 to our opportunity to determine the content of history, to our one 
 chance to mold the great running stream of human life. 
 
 It would be sufficiently serious and glorious if this stream were 
 what some conceive it to be—a current pouring, unladen with any 
 argosies, out of the future into the past. It is a far more serious and 
 glorious thing when we realize that life is no stream running clean 
 and unencumbered out of the future into the past, but a great laden 
 torrent, pouring down out of the past into the future, marked by 
 much that we are intended to subtract from it, lacking much which 
 it is to be the business of our lives to contribute to it. 
 
 We have had passed before our thought in the addresses of 
 yesterday afternoon and last evening and today, some of the char- 
 acteristics of this stream as it flows by us now. Perhaps it would 
 be well for us, as essential to what we are to consider, briefly to review 
 in our minds the outlines of this picture of our day which so vividly 
 and yet so incompletely has passed before our eyes. 
 
 131 
 
132 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 We have come to a time when we have to deal with a unified 
 and compacted world, from which all distances and separations are 
 forever gone, a world that is bound to live henceforth a common life, 
 for which nevertheless the instrumentalities essential to the function- 
 ing of a common life have not yet been provided. We are dealing, 
 as has been so often said, with a world which has become a neighbor- 
 hood but has not yet been turned into a brotherhood, with a compacted 
 life of all humanity for which the indispensable organizations have 
 not yet been supplied. Before the Great War, the instrumentalities 
 for a common economic life had been in some measure provided, in 
 part for honorable trade, in part for dishonorable and destructive 
 exploitation. That old world was organized also in some measure 
 for war, but never in those days and not today has our world, com- 
 pelled of necessity to live one common life, been organized adequately 
 for peace and brotherhood and common service. 
 
 We are dealing today with a world, as we have been again and 
 again shown in these past hours, which is swayed by great common 
 thoughts. Long before we discovered it, these common thoughts 
 were abroad. A generation ago the late Dr. D. C. Green, one of the 
 wisest and ablest men we have sent out from this country to serve 
 other nations, tried to show us how true it was even of -that day, 
 that there were no dividing lines any longer in the thoughts of the 
 nations, but that what was happening was simply the universal opera- 
 tion on every race and in every nation of common liberating and 
 transforming ideas. Common thoughts are beating through all the 
 minds of all men today. 
 
 Yet the thoughts of honor and of justice and of freedom and of 
 truth and of service have not yet won their dominant place in these 
 common ideas that are fashioning the thoughts of all mankind. Far 
 from it. For once again and more subtly and more dangerously than 
 ever before in human history, great forces are beating against the 
 unity of mankind and resisting the new fellowship that God wills to 
 prevail upon His earth. 
 
 Within the last five years the old conceptions of struggle and , 
 conflict have come back again stronger and more subtle and more 
 dangerous than they were before. Great forces are weaving once 
 again the war patterns into the plastic minds of the new genera- 
 tion. Mr. Rowell spoke last night of Lord Birkenhead’s challenge 
 to the young men of our day not to lose the old ideals of warfare 
 and of conflict, nor to lay aside the sharp sword. It is quite true of 
 Lord Birkenhead, as Maud Royden has said, “that he hath a devil,” 
 but he is not the only man in the world demon-possessed with these 
 
MISSIONS AND THE WORLD TODAY 133 
 
 old Satanic ideas that in our day, through many agents, directly and 
 indirectly, consciously and unconsciously, more subtly and powerfully 
 even than twenty years ago, are printing anew the war patterns on 
 the minds of men. 
 
 We have to reckon afresh also with old racial passions, dressed 
 in new garments, built on new sanctions, making their way with more 
 insidious power than ever into the life of the world. One is not 
 greatly afraid of the folly of Mr. Lothrop Stoddard and his school, 
 but behind all that befogged and befogging attempt to interpret the 
 actual life of the world and to poison it with hatred there are men 
 who are clothing those fatal ideals with garments that make them the 
 more perilous because the more plausible. We read a book like Prof. 
 Josey’s “Race and National Solidarity” and what have we got there, 
 expressed in philosophical terms, but the old nationalistic morals that 
 brought on the war as applied now not to any one nationality but to 
 the white race? Here is the rejection of the ideals of brotherhood 
 and of humanity with open eyes, and the assertion instead of the 
 right of the white race to dominate the rest of mankind and to exploit 
 the colored races, in order that the white race may enjoy its leisure 
 and have its full opportunity for artistic self-expression and for a 
 rich life. There can be but one result of such a doctrine,—the same 
 result which came in 1914 only on a wider and more deadly scale. 
 We have to face again, I say, the recrudescence of the old devil’s 
 theory of conflict rather than service as the law of the progress of 
 mankind. 
 
 War patterns and race passion are matched by economic exploita- 
 tion not yet humanized. Again and again since we gathered in this 
 conference I have heard the patter of the clogged feet of those little 
 Chinese children along the highways of Shanghai on their way to 
 their long thirteen- and fourteen-hour shifts in the cotton mills and 
 the silk filatures. All of us who have been abroad in recent days 
 have thronging back into our minds image after image of the 
 places; the ideas, the forces of hurt and wrong against which you 
 and I are called upon to wage relentless war, to see if in our gen- 
 eration we cannot get these things torn out of human life, to 
 send it on cleaner and kinder to the generation following. Do not 
 fear that war is to pass out of the world. The objects of war are 
 to change. The character and instruments and weapons and instru- 
 mentalities and rules of war are to change, but the generation to 
 which you belong, you younger men and women, is called to the 
 same great fight in which men and women have been engaged before 
 you, the war against injustice and wrong and inequality and bondage 
 
134 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 and hate and everything that hinders or prevents the coming of the 
 Kingdom of Christ, His reign of righteousness and of love and of 
 peace upon our earth. 
 
 We are facing a world situation, as we have been reminded, in 
 which no race can any longer cherish an uncontested claim to racial 
 superiority. There was a day perhaps when that claim was con- 
 ceded. It is not conceded any more. It is not refused in any bad 
 spirit. There is no rising tide of color across the world in the sense 
 in which some have described it to us. I have been across the Asiatic 
 world twice since the Great War first broke, and I found no rising 
 tide of color, of anger or of hate or of will for injustice anywhere. 
 There is, thank God, an awakened sense of human rights in every 
 race, but the hearts of common men all the world around are hearts 
 of good will, of kindliness and of peace. War has not been because 
 the common heart of mankind has hated but because the great masses 
 of men have not been able to have their will or God’s will through 
 them, and have been hopelessly entangled and confused and mis- 
 guided by false leadership and involved in great crises from which 
 they could not escape, though they would fain have escaped, in love 
 and peace. 
 
 The trouble with our time is not something external or 
 superficial. There are fundamental errors that have to be dug into 
 beyond all that lies on the surface of institution or of relationship. 
 You may define them in any way that you will; the conscious chasm 
 between capacity and claim; the want of coordination in individual 
 and racial and national life; the battle between only half-formed 
 desires; the great struggle of men to gain a goal which they cannot 
 discern, the conflict of ideals with evil or inadequate wills. You may 
 define it in any way you please. In the generation that is passing 
 we called it sin, and after all you cannot find a better name for it in 
 any generation. Sin is not something vague and misty. Take the 
 old, simple definition of it in the Westminster Catechism. Can you 
 find a diagnosis that cuts deeper into all the social and the economic 
 and the political problems of the new day than that? “Sin is any 
 transgression of or any want of conformity unto the will of God.” 
 We have got all this sin and confusion and discord in the world today 
 against the will of God, because of sin. And all that we need to 
 remedy it you can put in one word. I was recalling a moment ago 
 an editorial years since in the New York Sun in which it was so 
 expressed, written by the same editorial writer, I think, who. wrote 
 the letter to the little girl who had asked the New York Sun whether 
 there was any Santa Claus. He was referring to the world’s need 
 
MISSIONS AND THE WORLD TODAY 135 
 
 and the approach which good people were making to it. And he 
 suggested that the old faith regarded the central and vital remedy 
 to be just one thing, and he expressed it in the lines from Bishop 
 Heber’s hymn,— 
 
 “Salvation, O, Salvation, the joyful sound proclaim, 
 Till earth’s remotest nation has learned Messiah’s name.” 
 
 This is the world situation as we are confronting it now, ex- 
 pressed incompletely, as it must needs be, in the hurried moments 
 of our gathering here, with many balancing considerations left out, 
 made up of half lights, glimmerings here and there, only partial 
 views, but still reflecting a real, seething world, a new age struggling 
 to be born, great goods pouring down out of a great past, great evils 
 lingering on still to curse mankind, which we have to try to tear out, 
 that the great inheritance of the past may be passed on purified and 
 enriched to the generations following. 
 
 And now within this world situation, has the enterprise which 
 has brought us here to this gathering any work to do, any great and 
 living relationship to sustain? Thirty-seven years ago we believed 
 it had. As yesterday afternoon Dr. Mott and Dr. Sailer and I were 
 sitting together (I think we are the only ones here who have been 
 at all the Student Volunteer Conventions from the beginning), there 
 came pouring back the memories of those days thirty-seven years 
 ago, and I can see the little room in old North Middle Reunion in 
 Princeton where some of us gathered that Sunday night to face the 
 great, critical issues of our lives. We had been looking forward to 
 banking, or business, or medicine, or law, but there we faced our 
 present world and a man’s duty to his generation by the will of God. 
 I do not think we understood very much of these things that have 
 been laid before us here. There was no such world as this in those 
 days. We had no such knowledge of it as men possess today. But 
 there were two things vivid and commanding in our minds and in 
 our hearts; we knew that there was a world in dire need and we 
 believed with boyish confidence perhaps, with very little thinking 
 through of all that was involved, but still clearly and surely, that 
 Jesus Christ, and He alone, had the power to meet all the needs of 
 the world, whatever they might be. 
 
 If I had to do it over again, looking back across the thirty-seven 
 years, I would do what we did then, and turn again from the other 
 calls, however so many and alluring they were, in the belief that this 
 was the greatest task for our generation, and that it is the greatest 
 
136 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 for yours,—to bring Christ’s salvation to bear upon all the needs of - 
 men in their personal lives and in all their human relationships. 
 
 Yes, I believe this more today than thirty-seven years ago, for 
 we have got behind us now the massed evidence of a whole genera- 
 tion of living and indisputable experience. We have seen with our 
 own eyes that the missionary enterprise embodies the ideas that define 
 and the forces which alone can produce, the order that is God’s will, 
 that Christ described and that will remake men and displace war and 
 hate and greed and fear with peace and love and service and hope. 
 
 We have seen the power of Christ at work creating the kind of 
 men by whom alone a new order can be brought in upon the world. 
 There is no order that does not rest on persons. We shall never 
 build a new day in the world until we have enough new men to build 
 iton. I do not say that we have to wait until we have made a world 
 wholly composed of new men. There is no plenary inspiration in 
 majorities. The minorities have determined history in the years that 
 have gone and the minorities can make history still. But there will be 
 no peace and justice on earth until there are enough men of good will 
 and righteousness. 
 
 But as we look back over this generation we can see how clearly 
 and creatively the great forces that are in the Christian Gospel and 
 which we feel swelling through us in this gathering, have been making 
 the men by whom the new day will have to be brought in. There 
 are representatives of them here in the midst of us today. These 
 Christian men and women from these other lands,—who brought 
 them to Christ? What were the agencies in their nations that have 
 been raising up during the last genetation the only kind of men and 
 women who can create in those nations the ideal or accomplish ‘the 
 realization of the new order that is to be? Ask these men. Christ 
 made them. He is making thousands more. We have got them here 
 and in every land, our Christian equals and our superiors, men and 
 women to whom we gave Christ, our best inheritance, and who are 
 to give back to us a new knowledge and a richer understanding of 
 that which we at first gave to them. 
 
 And far beyond the numbers of those who thus far have openly 
 taken their places as the men and women who are to supply the 
 Christian leadership of the new day, there are the men like Mr. 
 Gandhi, who have never allied themselves openly with the Christian 
 fellowship, but who look up to our Lord as their supreme master 
 and ideal and inspiration, and who have gathered the purpose of 
 their lives out of His life. It was through the men and women 
 whom He made and through whom He worked that Christ began. 
 
MISSIONS AND. THE WORLD TODAY 137 
 
 It is through them alone that He can finish. A better day will come 
 not through processes or institutions or organizations but through 
 enough new men. The missionary enterprise is indispensable and 
 effective toward dealing with this situation of wrong and folly 
 throughout the world, because it represents the faith that the needed 
 persons can be produced by and the power that alone can produce 
 them. 
 
 In the second place, the foreign missionary enterprise plants 
 the Christian Church in the life of the world. We have seen it 
 establishing all over the world the units of the new life, on which the 
 new world must be built. Again and again we have heard quoted 
 here those words of St. Paul about there being in Christ and in 
 the Church of Christ no foreigner and no citizen, no bondman and 
 no freeman, no male and no female. But that was a statement not 
 so much of realized fact as of principle and hope within the early 
 Christian Church. There was both slavery and sex inequality then. 
 What St. Paul meant was that far off in the background of unfolding 
 time and hope he beheld the realization of that ideal. It would be 
 a long time before great conceptions like these could be wrought into 
 the actual texture of human society, but still he knew that in those 
 little gatherings of Christian folk that he called his churches, he 
 had the germ of a new organization of mankind, that there he had 
 the solution of problems of the relationship of race to race in the 
 wiping out of all cleavage in the unity of Christ, that there he had 
 the solution of the problem of the relationship of nation to nation 
 in the building up in every great nationality of a member of Christ’s 
 body and relating that to all the other members of Christ’s body 
 throughout the nations. Time will show us again what it showed 
 us in the first centuries, that the Christian Church founded in a 
 nation is the most germinal and formative of all institutions. No 
 doubt our churches in the mission fields are crude and imperfect but 
 they contain in them the best seed we have for the solution of the 
 race problem and a clear foreshadowing of the way in which at last 
 national sovereignty and international fellowship are to be realized 
 and coordinated. St. Paul was the great missionary of the first 
 century in the Roman Empire. He was also, as we see now, its 
 great statesman. 
 
 Yes, and in ways, I will not say beyond these, but in ways that 
 were inevitably to flow out from these, we have seen the missionary 
 enterprise across a full generation doing what it can do in the coming 
 generation too,—releasing the great vitalizing and regenerating tides 
 of progress and power. The foreign missionary enterprise has often 
 
138 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 been called a narrow, individualistic, although worthy undertaking,’ 
 and its representatives, especially the earlier missionaries, have been 
 regarded as men whose one concern was to rescue brands, one by one, 
 from a future burning, and who had no conception of the social 
 principles of the Gospel and no purpose to try to establish the King- 
 dom of God on the earth. Well, they did believe in another life 
 that is greater than this life and in an eternal judgment and they 
 did preach to men the infinite significance of deed and character. 
 Let us not fall below them in this. But neither let us suppose that 
 we have only now discovered that Christ came to save the world, 
 the whole of life and all the interests and relations and concerns 
 of man. 
 
 I would like to vindicate the memory of the missionary founders 
 in this regard. Whatever is said of the rigorous and personal char- 
 acter of the religious experience and theological view of the early 
 missionaries is true of William Carey. And at the same time it is 
 true that in social and community service, in consciously influencing 
 the economic and intellectual life of the nation to which he had gone, 
 and in purposely affecting the forces of progress and civilization, 
 Carey was one of the most powerful personalities of whom history 
 has any record. Let me read one of his letters written in 1794. 
 He is writing to the Society which sent him out to India. And what 
 is he asking for? Tracts and Bibles? Well, he used these. But 
 listen: “I wish you also to send me a few instruments of husbandry, 
 viz., scythes, sickles, plough-wheels and such things; and a yearly 
 assortment of all garden and flowering seeds, and seeds of fruit trees, 
 that you can possibly procure; and let them be packed in papers, or 
 bottles well stopped, which is the best method. All these things at 
 whatever price you can procure them, and the seeds of all sorts of 
 field and forest trees, etc., I will regularly remit you the money for 
 every year; and I hope that I may depend upon the exertions of my 
 numerous friends to procure them. Apply to London seedsmen and 
 others, as it will be a lasting advantage to this country; and I shall 
 have it in my power to do this for what I now call my own country, 
 Only take care that they are new and dry.” He founded in 1820 
 “The Agricultural and Horticultural Society in India” and Carey 
 prepared its inquiries which, as Dr. George Smith said, “Show a grasp 
 of principles, a mastery of detail, and a kindliness of spirit which 
 reveal the practical farmer, the accomplished observer, and the 
 thoughtful philanthropist all in one.” This Society became a great in- 
 fluence for good in India, and later grew into three and formed the 
 model for the Royal Agricultural Society of England, founded in 
 
MISSIONS AND THE WORLD TODAY 139 
 
 1838. He justified his action in these matters “by quoting his hero, 
 Brainerd, who was constrained to assist his Indian converts with his 
 counsel in sowing their maize and arranging their secular concerns. 
 ‘Few,’ he adds with the true breadth of genius which converted the 
 Baptist shoemaker into the Christian statesman and scholar, ‘who are 
 extensively acquainted with human life, will esteem these cares either 
 unworthy of religion or incongruous with its highest enjoyments.’ ” 
 He protested against the narrowness of supporters of the work in 
 America who had given money for theological teaching which was 
 not to be used for teaching science. “I never heard anything more 
 illiberal. Pray, can youth be trained up for the Christian ministry 
 without science? Do you in America train up youths for it without 
 any knowledge of science?” He began the great movements for the 
 care of the leper, for the abolition of widow burning and infanticide, 
 and for the abatement of other moral evils which “he opposed all 
 his life with a practical reasonableness till he saw the public opinion 
 he had done so much to create triumph. He knew the people of 
 India, their religious, social, and economic condition, as no English- 
 man before him had done. He stood between them and their foreign 
 Government at the beginning of our intimate contact with all classes 
 as detailed administrators and rulers.” Carey’s biography is one 
 long record of ceaseless fidelity to his central individual, spiritual aim 
 at the same time that he served society with more power and vigor, 
 _ pouring out of this one man, than can be found in some whole present- 
 day governments. 
 
 But above all the foreign missionary enterprise has been the 
 errand of men and women who have gone out to love and serve the 
 world in the name and the spirit of Christ, to bring his redeeming 
 life to bear upon all the needs of the world. 
 
 One looks back with reverence to those great men. They do 
 not deserve the slurs that now and again slip into our references to 
 them. We can thank God if we are one-tenth the men that they 
 were. “These who founded the missionary enterprise had as large 
 and rich a vision of human interests and the Kingdom of God as 
 any of us here in this gathering now. I could prove, if there were 
 time, that if they erred at all, some of them erred not in their indi- 
 vidualistic interpretation of the Christian Gospel but because they 
 over-socialized its aim and did not see with adequate clearness what 
 their primary duty was in founding the institutions of the Christian 
 Church in the lands to which they went. 
 
 And as foreign missions began, so they have wrought through 
 these past three generations. They have opened everywhere the 
 
I40 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 fountains of Christian life and ideal. It was missions which unsealed 
 the gateways of light. They introduced modern education into every 
 one of the great countries of Asia. If you trace back the government 
 educational systems of today, you will find at the beginning of every 
 one of them the inspiration and influence of the foreign missionary. 
 It was he who made possible the modern literature of China, printed 
 no longer from the old cumbersome wooden blocks but from movable 
 type... I think often with satisfaction of the contribution made by 
 our own Mission Board, under the leadership of Walter Lowrie, 
 when in the days of its poverty, and when as we are sometimes told, 
 the missionary enterprise was conducted in a narrow and pinched 
 vision of its functions, it still raised the considerable sum of money 
 necessary to join with King Louis Philippe of France and with the 
 British Museum in providing the first fonts of movable Chinese type. 
 
 I have heard Carey referred to slightingly because of his intense 
 evangelistic purpose, his conviction of the reality of sin and of Christ 
 as the only Savior, and for the words carved on his gravestone at 
 Serampore: 
 
 { 
 
 “A wretched, poor and helpless worm, 
 On Thy kind arms I fali.” 
 
 But what will you say of the testimony of Sir William Hunter, as 
 high an authority as you could find, with regard to Carey and his 
 associates: “They created a prose vernacular literature for Bengal. - 
 They established the modern method of popular education. They 
 gave the first great impulse to the native press. They set up the first 
 steam engine in India. With its help they introduced the manufacture 
 of paper on a large scale. In ten years they translated and printed 
 a Bible, or parts thereof, in 31 languages.” And what missionaries 
 did in China and India they have done everywhere. They went out 
 to preach Christ but the result of their work, as John Oxenham wrote 
 of David Livingston, was: 
 
 “To lift the sombre fringes of the night, 
 To open lands long darkened from the light, 
 To heal grim wounds, to give the blind new sight.” 
 
 We have seen the missionary enterprise actually produce inter- 
 racial good will and the international understanding of which we 
 are talking today. When the United States sent out its Embassy in 
 1856 to negotiate a treaty with Siam, Dr. Wood of the Embassy 
 reported to the American Government that “the unselfish kindness 
 of the American missionaries, their patience, sincerity and faithful- 
 
MISSIONS AND THE WORLD TODAY I4!I 
 
 ness, have won the confidence and esteem of the natives, and in some 
 degree transferred those sentiments to the nation represented by the 
 missionary and prepared the way for the free and national inter- 
 course now commencing. It was very evident that much of the appre- 
 hension they felt in taking upon themselves the responsibilities of a 
 treaty with us would be diminished if they could have the Rev. Mr. 
 Mattoon as the first United States Consul to set the treaty in motion.” 
 
 Mr. Fukuzawa, the geatest unofficial personality in Japan in the 
 last century, once said “that if no missionaries had ever come to our 
 country, the dissoluteness and wantonness of foreigners would have 
 come to be much greater and our relations to foreigners would not 
 be what they are now.” And Mr. Fukuzawa’s great newspaper, the 
 Jiji Shimpo, declared: “There can be no doubt that many serious 
 troubles would have occurred if the Christian missionary had not 
 only showed to the Japanese the altruistic side of the Occidental 
 character, but also by his teaching and his preaching imparted a new 
 and attractive aspect to the intercourse which otherwise would have 
 been masterful and repellent. The Japanese cannot thank the mis- 
 sionary too much for the admirable leaven that he introduced into 
 their relation with foreigners.” 
 
 Testimony like this might be piled up as high as this desk with 
 regard to the influence of the Christian spirit in the missionary enter- 
 prise in supplying the right ideals for the only solution of the problem 
 of racial and national relationships. 
 
 Yes, and we have seen foreign missions making, as St. Paul 
 said, “those a people who were no people,” and laying the founda- 
 tions of new nations. Listen to as competent a witness as can be 
 provided regarding Africa, Sir H. H. Johnston. “It is the mission- 
 aries,” says he in British, Central Africa, “who in many cases have 
 first taught the natives carpentry, joinery, masonry, tailoring, cob- 
 bling, engineering, bookkeeping, printing, and European cookery; to 
 say nothing of reading, writing, arithmetic, and a smattering of gen- 
 eral knowledge. Almost invariably, it has been to missionaries that 
 the natives of Interior Africa have owed their first acquaintance 
 with a printing press, the turning lathe, the mangle, the flat-iron, the 
 sawmill, and the brick mould.” And the same witness has said else- 
 where that “when the history of the great African States of the 
 future comes to be written, the arrival of the first missionary will 
 with many of these new nations be the first historical event in their 
 annals.” 
 
 Measuring one’s words carefully, one can boldly say on the 
 evidence which is piled up in Dr. Dennis’s great volumes of “Chris- 
 
142 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 tian Missions and Social Progress” that wherever they have gone, 
 the missionaries have promoted temperance, opposed the liquor and 
 opium traffics which are fatal to wise commerce, checked gambling, 
 established higher standards of personal purity, cultivated industry 
 and frugality, elevated women, restrained anti-social customs such 
 as polygamy, concubinage, adultery, child marriage and infanticide, 
 fostered the suppression of the slave trade and slave traffic, abolished 
 cannibalism and human sacrifice and cruelty, organized famine relief, 
 improved husbandry and agriculture, introduced Western medicines 
 and medical science, founded leper asylums and colonies, promoted 
 cleanliness and sanitation, and checked war. 
 
 Once again let a competent and unimpeachable witness be called, 
 Sir William Mackworth Young, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant Governor of 
 the Punjab. “As a business man speaking to business men I am 
 prepared to say that the work which has been done by missionary 
 agency in India exceeds in importance all that has been done (and 
 much has been done) by the British Government in India since its 
 commencement. Let me take the Province which I know best. I 
 ask myself what has been the most potent influence which has been 
 working among the people since annexation fifty-four years ago, and 
 to that question I feel there is but one answer—Christianity, as set 
 forth in the lives and teaching of Christian missionaries. I do not 
 underestimate the forces which have been brought to bear on the 
 races in the Punjab by our beneficent rule, by British justice and 
 enlightenment ; but I am convinced that the effect on native character 
 produced by the self-denying labors of missionaries is far greater. 
 The Punjab bears on its historical roll the names of many Christian 
 statesmen who have honored God by their lives and endeared them- 
 selves to the people by their faithful work; but I venture to say that 
 if they could speak to us from the great unseen, there is not one of 
 them who would not proclaim that the work done by men like French, 
 Clark, Newton, and Forman, who went in and out among the people 
 for a whole generation or more, and who preached by their lives the 
 nobility of self-sacrifice, and the lesson of love to God and man, is 
 a higher and nobler work, and more far-reaching in its consequences.” 
 
 So I can say to you students here today that we know now what 
 by faith we believed thirty-seven years ago; that if a man wants to 
 lay out his life with wealth and power and influence unending, there 
 is no richer opportunity than this. And that opportunity has not 
 passed by. The foreign missionary enterprise has not begun to 
 wane. As it passes into your hands it is not a contracting enterprise 
 needing scantier recruits and wielding a lesser influence than in the 
 
MISSIONS AND THE WORLD TODAY 143 
 
 past. It is true that Christianity is now planted indigenously in most 
 lands and that native Churches are growing up which are the glory 
 of missions and whose work is to wax more and more, but still the 
 stronger churches of the West are called to work with these new 
 churches. Still the power of Christ in Church and Mission is driv- 
 ing on through the world. We listen sometimes to statements which 
 seem to question the present penetrating power of the Christian 
 enterprise, but once again listen to the competent witnesses. 
 
 Here is Sir Narayan Chanda-varkar, whom Mr. Eddy and I 
 knew in Bombay and who died last spring after a great career. He 
 never openly connected himself with the Christian Church but he 
 kept a picture of the Savior, of whom he would speak as our Lord, 
 in his bedroom, and few Christians could speak of Him with more 
 faith and devotion. He was the leading Hindu in Western India, 
 Judge of the High Court, President of the Legislative Council, 
 and for a long time Vice Chancellor of the University, and leader 
 of the Prarthana Samaj. This was his testimony: “The process 
 of the conversion of India to Christ may not be growing as rapidly 
 or in exactly the measure you hope, but I say that India is being 
 converted. The ideals that lie at the heart of the Gospel of Christ 
 are slowly but surely permeating every part of Hindu society and 
 modifying every phase of Hindu thought.” Or hear Mr. F. W. 
 Stevens of the University of Michigan Law School, now our Amer- 
 ican representative in the Banking Consortium in Peking, a man of 
 the highest integrity and trustworthiness. “I have come to believe,” 
 says he, “that America’s greatest contribution to China, greater even 
 than America’s political friendship, is the work of the American 
 Christian missionaries in China. This statement may indicate the 
 importance I attach to the need of moral regeneration which must 
 precede any great political and industrial improvement. In all China 
 there is not a single organization on a scale of importance that aims 
 at moral improvement or that is calculated to bring it about that is 
 not traceable in its origin to the Christian Missions. I have inquired 
 among all kinds of people from all parts of China for such an activity 
 of non-Christian origin without finding one.” 
 
 Review again the present world situation as I tried to summarize 
 it a few moments ago and as it has been set before us in the addresses 
 to which we have listened. How are you going actually to deal with 
 these conditions and to bring influence to bear upon the ‘world? 
 
 I will tell you now last of all how it can be done. Not by any 
 of those easy transformations of the missionary enterprise which 
 we can so light-heartedly suggest. I can propose some changes my- 
 
144 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS © 
 
 self and they would be more radical and revolutionary than I have 
 ever heard from anybody else. But there would still be three great 
 constant elements remaining. There would be the need of men and 
 women who would concretely and locally lay hold upon actual places 
 and persons. You remember Mr. Chesterton’s remark that there is 
 nothing living that is not local. It is a truth that this new genera- 
 tion is in danger of missing, and that is vital to its power as it seeks 
 to influence the world. If you and I want to pour life across the 
 world, there are no generalized processes by which it can be done. 
 It has to be done by the old, old method of men and women laying 
 their personal lives like grains of corn in the ground and letting 
 them die that they may not abide alone. 
 
 Do not let yourselves be told that there is not as large a call and 
 as rich an opportunity for such concrete life investment now as ever. 
 Mr. Eddy referred a moment ago to President Ebina in Japan. I 
 suppose we would pick him out as one of the ablest Christian men 
 in Asia. I have here with me his diagnosis of the present situation 
 in Japan and Japan’s most urgent and critical need. Let me read 
 from it his account of the present situation in Japan and then his 
 statement of its need: “Japan has begun to drift. Whither is she 
 drifting? How shall we interpret the signs of the times? I firmly 
 believe that Japan’s real regeneration depends entirely on the united 
 efforts of Christians, especially the Christians of Japan, America and 
 Great Britain. If Christians lose Japan it will be an irremediable loss 
 to Christendom. . . . I do not ignore the work in China. It is im- 
 portant, just as in any other part of the world. But China is an 
 immense country. The work there is the work of centuries. Here 
 in Japan we have a small but powerful nation, similar to the ancient 
 Greek, or the Jewish nation. She will be converted within half a 
 century if we are fully prepared to meet her need. If we under- 
 stood rightly the real need and situation in Japan, we would not hesi- 
 tate to advocate a fourfold increase of missionary forces—forces 
 sufficient to make short work of the evangelization of Japan. Then 
 Japan as a converted nation would herself become the vanguard of 
 the missionary forces on the Asiatic continent.” There are men 
 telling us today that the day of the foreign missionary is over. No, 
 it is not over now and it will not be in your day. 
 
 Not only is there the need of laying concrete and definite hold 
 upon life, but there is in the second place the need of doing it with 
 the same old deathless, generation-long tenacity that characterized the 
 missionary enterprise across the last hundred years. Do not think 
 that the work can be done by any probationary, temporary, experi- 
 
MISSIONS AND THE WORLD TODAY 145 
 
 mental attempts to meet the need of mankind. You have to have 
 men and women who will lay grip upon this great problem of human 
 suffering and human want and whom nothing can shake loose until 
 death itself shall come. We celebrated not long ago the centennial 
 of the completion of Robert Morrison’s dictionary of the Chinese 
 language which began a new era. Would Robert Morrison have 
 ever written his dictionary, would he ever have laid the foundations 
 of the Christian Church in Southern China, if he had attacked the 
 problem in that experimental probationary way in which some of us 
 now are coming at life’s great task? Would David Livingston have 
 opened Africa on a three year term of service? Oh, no. Some of 
 us have got to take long risks and burn the bridges behind us. We 
 have to throw our lives out and away with all that there is of them, 
 in the great venture of unselfish love and sacrificial service of our 
 world. 
 
 Last of all, we have to go right down to the central need and 
 heart of things, and with all our other doings do the thing without 
 which all of them will be vain, make Jesus Christ our Lord, so far 
 as we ourselves know Him—better than that we cannot do—known 
 to all the rest of the world, known as the personal Savior of man 
 from sin, known as the purifier of human society and inter-racial 
 relationships, known in village and town and city, known in all the 
 life of man. 
 
 You have to come back to the old motto written above us here, 
 
 “The Evangelization of the World in this Generation.” Don’t throw 
 it away too light-heartedly. The new generation requires it just as 
 the old generation. You have a different world from the world that 
 we knew when we coined those words. It is a far more accessible 
 and easy world to work for than ours. We have a new and larger 
 conception of what evangelization means, perhaps, than we had then. 
 But after all there is nothing before and there is nothing after that; 
 » making Christ known, that is evangelization. 
 And as for those words that come at the end, “In this genera- 
 tion,” they belong to you far more than they belonged to us. It was 
 a bold dream for us to think of doing it in our generation. It is a 
 real and present and practical possibility for you. 
 
 You remember the words in Mr. Benjamin Kidd’s posthumous 
 book, “The Science of Power”: “So far as civilization being prac- 
 ticably unchangeable, or only changeable through influences operating 
 slowly over long periods of time, the world can be changed in a brief 
 space of time. Within the life of a single generation it can be made 
 to undergo changes so profound, so revolutionary, so permanent that 
 
146 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 it would almost appear as if human nature itself had been completely 
 altered in the interval. There is not an existing institution in the 
 world of humanity which cannot be profoundly modified or altered 
 or abolished in one generation. There is no form or order of gov- 
 ernment or of the dominion of force which cannot be removed out 
 of the world within a generation. There is no ideal dreamed of by 
 any dreamer or idealist which cannot be realized within the lifetime 
 of those around us. ‘Treitschke, as a young university lecturer, 
 speaking in 1863, was prophesying further and truer than he knew 
 when he said there was no ideal which a living people chose to put 
 before themselves that they had not the power of realizing in his- 
 tory.” 
 
 We know now that that truth has its limitations. Germany tried 
 and failed; and in falsehood and untruth and dishonor it can never 
 be done. But there is nothing true and right that cannot be done. 
 Do not surrender the dream that we dreamed in far harder days a 
 generation past. This generation is your generation; there is nothing 
 you cannot do with it, by and in the will of God. There is no 
 wrong that you cannot tear out; there is no right that you cannot 
 build in, if only here in this place now we hand ourselves over body 
 and soul to the strength of Christ who can recreate mankind. — 
 
 I tore off the program in my home church last Sunday after- 
 noon at the Christmas service of the little children, the old and for- 
 gotten lines of Longfellow: 
 
 I heard the bells on Christmas Day, 
 Their old familiar carols play, 
 
 And wild and sweet, the words repeat, 
 Of peace on earth, good will to men. 
 
 I thought how, as the day had come, 
 The belfries of all Christendom 
 Had rolled along the unbroken song 
 Of peace on earth, good will to men. 
 
 And in despair I bowed my head: 
 “There is no peace on earth,” I said, 
 “For hate is strong and mocks the song 
 
 Of peace on earth, good will to men.” 
 
 Then pealed the bells more loud and deep: 
 “God is not dead nor doth He sleep, 
 The wrong shall fail, the right prevail, 
 Of peace on earth, good will to men.” 
 
 
 
 If only we—! If only we ! 
 
THE CONFIDENCE WHICH PAST MISSIONARY 
 ACHIEVEMENT INSPIRES IN US FOR 
 THE FUTURE 
 
 CHARLES R. WaTSON 
 
 President of the American University, Cairo, Egypt 
 
 It is my task during these next few moments to direct your look 
 toward the past. As we look toward the past it will be well for us 
 to have clearly in mind what this does not imply. 
 
 It does not imply that the missionary enterprise is completed, 
 so that you can at this time write a history of it as you might write 
 a history of the Great War. On the contrary, although we are com- 
 pleting a century and a quarter of modern missions, we are just at 
 the beginning of our task. We are so completely at the beginning 
 that, using the analogy of the Great War, surprises may be in store 
 for us because of the lengths that we yet have to go, and it may be 
 that there shall be such swingings of the spiritual pendulum that all 
 the gains we have achieved will be wiped out and we will be left 
 wondering whether we shall have any victory and whether we are 
 really to achieve success in the end. 
 
 For, in this missionary enterprise, there is nothing static. The 
 past may be written down almost as a failure unless it leads us on to 
 something more complete.. You may recall what Walt Whitman said, 
 “Tt is inherent in the nature of things that from any fruition of 
 success, however complete, shall come forth something that shall 
 make a greater struggle necessary.” So, with reference to the past 
 work and to the workers of the past, we might almost use the words 
 of the writer to the Hebrews and say, “These all, having had witness 
 borne to them through their faith, received not the promise, God 
 having provided some better thing involving us of the future, that 
 apart from us of the future they and their work should not be made 
 perfect.” 
 
 Again, in looking at the past this evening, we do not for a 
 moment propose to endorse it unqualifiedly. If we have come to the 
 end of a century and a quarter of missions, it is indeed an occasion 
 of thanksgiving to God for His marvelous grace and power in these 
 
 147 
 
148 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 decades, but it is also quite fully as much an occasion for confession 
 
 and humiliation that there has been so much imperfect and so much 
 
 at fault in the quantity and in the quality of our human achievement. 
 We have no intention tonight of fastening upon the future the mis- 
 takes of the past; the scope and the scale of that past were inadequate 
 as we shall confess. We have no intention of adopting motives and 
 methods that ought to be criticised. 
 
 But, having said all this, we must also add that as we gather 
 tonight to look at the past, we have a deep conviction that it has 
 rich values. We are not so foolish as to undervalue actual experi- 
 ence. We are not so foolish as to belittle the steadying influence of 
 wholesome traditions, and the increasing effectiveness of an organi- 
 zational development. We are not so foolish as to imagine that we 
 can create, out of nothing, overnight, a new missionary enterprise 
 that can succeed in this world. We see human development as a 
 continuing process and we find that even the most revolutionary 
 systems, after the dust has cleared away, tend to draw values out of 
 the very past that they have repudiated. We would tonight adjudge 
 that man to be narrow and provincial who would limit his vision to 
 a narrow section of time in history just as we would adjudge him 
 to be narrow and provincial if he should limit his vision to a mere 
 section of the world. 
 
 We look at the past, therefore, to ask what values it has in it 
 for the days to come? What confidence may it give us, what guiding 
 principles, what assurance? 
 
 Now may I say in the first place that as we go into the future, 
 we may draw out of past missionary experience the assurance that 
 in this enterprise, for every man who will identify himself with tt 
 at home or abroad, there is a purifying and an enriching influence, 
 and that, for every church that will enthrone it in its program of 
 activities, there is the sure guarantee of fresh accession of power and 
 of clearer spiritual vision. 
 
 Of course, this is only to say that experience has taught us what 
 Jesus Christ said long ago, “He that loseth his life for My sake, the 
 same shall save it,” and it may be some one will say, “The point is 
 irrelevant. I have no interest in it. If it is my duty to do this work, 
 I will do it. I want no consolation prize for my self-sacrifice.” It 
 may be that there are those who have this brand of stoical loyalty to 
 duty, but I would remind you that our Lord Himself thought it wise, 
 in issuing His call, to give this comforting assurance and to tell men 
 who were wistfully longing for the realization of their own lives, 
 
INSPIRATION OF MISSIONARY ACHIEVEMENT I49 
 
 that in this call to service they would find the richest realization life 
 is capable of experiencing. 
 
 Now this is just what the past has revealed to us. For one thing, 
 this missionary enterprise purifies motive. Some of you have read 
 that most interesting article by J. C. Winslow. It was published in 
 the International Review of Missions and then again has been pub- 
 lished in pamphlet form, entitled, “Not Leaders, but Saints and Serv- 
 ants.’ I think there is a great deal of the autobiographical in it, but 
 I am quite sure it is just the picture of many a man who has gone 
 into this missionary enterprise with an inadequate motive, such as 
 this motive of an ambition for human leadership and then has grad- 
 ually found his motive purified until men came to think of him no 
 longer in the capacity of leader, but rather in that greater capacity 
 of saint and servant, a servant of men and a servant of Jesus Christ. 
 
 In this missionary movement also we find a reflex value in its 
 development of courage and daring. This is not only a thing that 
 was true for the earlier days of missions, but it is true, abundantly 
 true, even today. There is in all the world no enterprise that is so 
 absurd and so foolhardy, judged by human standards, as this mis- 
 sionary enterprise. It sends men and women out to rebuke great 
 wrongs, wrongs that have been intrenched in the world and that 
 have stalked up and down unrebuked and unrestrained. It sends 
 men out to hold up moral ideals and spiritual standards that are re- 
 garded by the rest of the world as absolutely impossible, and then as 
 though-that were not enough, it asks of these same men and women 
 that they constantly, incessantly, discover still higher moral standards 
 and still higher spiritual ideals and press them upon humanity. It 
 has sent men out and it sends them out today to stand the strain of 
 leadership in difficult movements or to carry the anxiety of founding 
 and maintaining institutions. And it requires these things from men 
 without giving them any assurance of support, such as that of great 
 wealth or of political influence or of great armies. Yet, just be- 
 cause it does this, it is all the time challenging men to courage and 
 to daring. 
 
 In still another way, the reflex value of a missionary enterprise 
 has been shown in the past, namely, in the widening of men’s hori- 
 zons. This missionary enterprise has always been bringing to men 
 the test of the universal. Will this message grip the world? Will 
 this conception appeal to the Hindu mind, to the Chinese, to the 
 Moslem? And this test of the universal has resulted in a broadening 
 of men’s horizons. With the broadening of the horizon of their 
 
150 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 minds, there has come the broadening of the horizon of their sym- 
 pathies. 
 
 Then, may I add under this heading that the reflex value of the 
 missionary enterprise in the past has been shown in tts development 
 of the spiritual quality? I mention this because I think it will bring 
 a response of sympathy from every heart here. How conscious we 
 are of the tide of materialism that is sweeping over the world. How 
 often we have asked ourselves how we may protect our own hearts 
 and lives from its threatening advance; by what method we may 
 attain to those spiritual heights where, at least to ourselves, 
 we might say that we walk with God and He with us, that we talk 
 with God and He with us, that we work with God and He with us. 
 
 Now, I know that prayer and meditation go a long way in de- 
 veloping this spiritual quality, but the missionary enterprise has re- 
 vealed yet another way: the missionary enterprise has taken men 
 and flung them upon great spiritual tasks. The missionary enter- 
 prise is essentially a spiritual movement. Its commission is from 
 God, its chief message is about God, its resources are divine, its 
 processes are rooted in the supernatural, it sees God everywhere—in 
 human life, in human history, in science, in nature, everywhere. 
 
 I am not giving you a rhapsody about this thing. I am giving 
 you the testimony of countless witnesses of the past. So enriching 
 has this movement been to men and women that if there had been no 
 such movement for the sake of the world, these men and women 
 would have wanted just this movement for the sake of their own 
 lives. 
 
 Now, what I have said of the individual is true likewise of the 
 church, or any organization that will take this missionary passion 
 and enthrone it in its life. If there were time, one could unfold the 
 proof of it in history, that the times when the spiritual springs have 
 gushed forth most abundantly have been just the times when the 
 missionary passion was the strongest in the heart of the church. As 
 we go into the future, therefore, we go with this strong assurance; 
 an assurance born of the experience of the past; an assurance that 
 is no longer a matter of faith but that has been demonstrated and to 
 which there are many witnesses. 
 
 In the second place, as we go out of the past into the future, 
 we have the assurance that the missionary enterprise has in it a power 
 to start and stimulate in non-Christian lands intellectual awakenings 
 and social and national movements of the profoundest significance. 
 “Does it work?” is the question that is asked again and again. Ina 
 moment we shall consider how it works in the hearts of those who 
 
INSPIRATION OF MISSIONARY ACHIEVEMENT I51I 
 
 receive it freely. But just here we are making the point that it has 
 a power of working, even in the lives of those who reject it formally. 
 In non-Christian communities, it has this power. This is a common- 
 place of misisonary experience. You find it in every level of life. 
 The missionary visits an outcast home in India; that visit is the occa- 
 sion for the stirring of intellectual life, for stirring life that has been 
 almost on the low level of animal thinking, in a way that it has never 
 been stirred before. 
 
 You can take it to the highest levels of non-Christian culture. 
 Here, again, you will find Christian teaching and truth so fresh, so 
 challenging that in these higher levels of culture and development 
 new thinking develops that leads to still greater heights. Let a Chris- 
 tian home be established in a non-Christian community; immedi- 
 ately, it forms an irritating center for all kinds of social discussion 
 and for social stirrings. Let a school be established in a non-Chris- 
 tian community and the educational outlook of the community begins 
 to change. Other schools are established in imitation or in com- 
 petition. New forces begin to operate whose full significance one 
 can never foretell, but whose dynamic testifies to the power strangely 
 inherent in the missionary enterprise. 
 
 The Turks are not far wrong when they say that it is the work 
 of the missionary that has inspired the awakening of the Armenians 
 to economic activity and new national aspirations. I was interested 
 in reading a short time ago an address by Mr. K. T. Paul of India, 
 much in line with the address we heard last night, where he was point- 
 ing out how the Christian message had swept over India and had 
 worked its way into the national consciousness to such a degree that 
 men found a peculiar satisfaction in identifying Gandhi with Jesus. 
 And Mr. K. T. Paul points out that this identification has moved 
 along these lines: The selflessness of Jesus and of Gandhi; their 
 absolute adherence to principle; their tender treatment of women and 
 children; the utter transparency of their characters; their failure to 
 win in the judgment of the world and yet their ability to win in the 
 hearts of men. 
 
 Now this is a great assurance to have, as we go into the future, 
 to know out of past experience that the Christian message has this 
 strange dynamic force by which it rouses communities that have been 
 torpid and dead and stirs them into new activity and life. 
 
 There is a third assurance that we may carry out of the past 
 into the future and that is with reference to the power of the Chris- 
 tian enterprise to work miracles of moral and spiritual transformation 
 in countless individual lives. I know the sneers that are cast at the 
 
152 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Christian convert. I know the skepticism that denies these moral 
 and spiritual transformations. Yet, out of these 120 years of the 
 modern missionary movement, we have simply in profusion the proofs 
 of the miracle-working power of the living Christ. This, again, 
 you may find in every level of human life. You may go into the 
 jungle of Africa, where life is in its most primitive state and you 
 will see it there, in countless instances, like that of Apolo of the 
 Pigmy Forest, which you may have read. Or you may go to the 
 very highest levels of a Brahmin pundit’s home and there in a life 
 like that of Ramabai, you will see the fresh spiritual vision, the greater 
 spiritual heights attained, when the gospel of Jesus Christ has en- 
 tered into the heart and life. 
 
 And yet I do not think that individual transformations consti- 
 tute really as remarkable a proof of the power of the gospel as do 
 communal transformations. As a result of the modern missionary 
 enterprise, we have today something like 3,500,000 church members, 
 communicants, throughout the world in non-Christian lands. You 
 may multiply those figures by about five and you will get the Chris- 
 tian community. You may take the Christian communities formed 
 by these twenty million Christianized people and you may apply any 
 test that you please and compare them with communities alongside 
 drawn out of the same social levels, and by every test you will get 
 results that prove the transforming and uplifting power of the gospel 
 of Christ. 
 
 For example, in China, five per cent of the people generally are 
 literate. You go to the Christian community and it is not five per 
 cent, it is sixty per cent of the men, forty per cent of the women. 
 This is all the more remarkable because these Christian communities 
 are, seventy-five per cent of them, in the villages, in the country dis- 
 tricts, where literacy is usually lower. You may make the same 
 comparison along other lines, along the line of the monogamous ideal, 
 or the treatment of women and children, or public conscience, or 
 service for public good, or social purity, or inner unity and loyalty, 
 or thrift and industry. In all of these ways, you will find proof of 
 the power of the gospel of Jesus Christ to uplift humanity. Now, it 
 is a great thing to go into the future with this assurance, with the 
 assurance that the gospel of Jesus Christ has this power both indi- 
 vidually and in a communal way. 
 
 But I want to press on to tell you of a fourth value that we 
 may take out of the past into the future, and it has to do with the 
 organizational development of the missionary enterprise. Perhaps 
 
INSPIRATION OF MISSIONARY ACHIEVEMENT 153 
 
 we are in need of the contribution which the past may make at this 
 point, for I find in our day a strange aversion, almost a hostility to 
 institutional religion. If you want to get your Christian program 
 across in a school or college you almost have to give it an unorgan- 
 ized, unconventional form. This attitude, carried over to the mis- 
 sionary enterprise, is quite likely to create in us a sort of hostility 
 to the organizational development of the missionary enterprise. 
 
 Now the past gives us abundant proof of the value of just this 
 thing which we are so likely to disregard. It shows us the absolute 
 necessity of organizational development. There are whole chapters 
 of missionary history that would prove to you the futility of human 
 effort, the pitiful waste of individual effort, when it is not properly 
 accompanied by the conserving power of an organization, which may 
 project it across the years and give to it stability. 
 
 Then again, I think that the past teaches us some lessons with 
 reference to the need for functional distinctions in our organizational 
 life. We hear in these days much concerning the necessity for 
 broadening the scope of the missionary enterprise. A recent article 
 in the Atlantic Monthly suggested that there should be a complete 
 change in the objective of foreign missions, and that the missionary 
 enterprise should focus itself upon inter-racial and international diffi- 
 culties. Others suggest purely social and industrial programs. Now, 
 no one will deny the importance of these issues; their solutions all 
 lie within the will of God. They all lie under the over-arching 
 conception of the kingdom of God, but out of these past years I 
 think we can also draw rich proof of the value of functional dis- 
 tinctions, such as we observe in the organizational development of 
 state and government, such as we observe in business and in our com- 
 mercial enterprises. The foreign missionary enterprise has had a 
 distinct functional, organizational development and the past bears 
 abundant witness to the great efficiency it has possessed as a distinct 
 movement within Christendom. 
 
 And yet it is not this that I wanted to bring chiefly to your 
 attention. What I wanted to bring to you was the realization that 
 as you go out into the missionary enterprise today, into the future 
 that is so intimately connected with the past, you do not go as a free 
 lance missionary, as an individual working alone. You go out to 
 connect yourself with a great organizational development. How 
 great it is! You will realize its development here at the home base; 
 the different denominational boards and their complex organization ; 
 then these different mission boards have united together to form a 
 
154 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Foreign Missions Conference of North America; similar unifying 
 committees are found in Great Britain, in Switzerland, in France, in 
 Germany, in Sweden, in South Africa. Then the realization came 
 that all these national groups needed to be brought together; so there 
 was organized the International Missionary Council. All of this is 
 at the home base, a great organizational development through. which 
 there go coursing into the foreign field from the home base lands 
 something like $55,000,000 annually, while something like 29,000 mis- 
 sionaries are supported continuously in the mission fields. 
 
 When you go to the foreign field you find a similar organiza- 
 tional development. Here you have (and I need merely remind you 
 of it) the double development of the church, on the one hand, and 
 of the mission, on the other. The mission represents the projection 
 of the home base to the foreign field, a temporary organization; the 
 church represents the indigenous planting of the kingdom of God 
 in each of these lands. 
 
 I say I do not need to describe to you this complex organiza- 
 tional development, for you will have gotten a conception of it from 
 that splendid survey that Dr. Warnshuis has given you in the little 
 booklet that was put in your hands as you came to this convention. 
 But as you go into the future, remember that you do not go into 
 the missionary enterprise in that simple, individual way in which men 
 went into it one hundred years ago. You go to take your place in a 
 great organizational development which you must understand if you 
 would relate yourself properly to it. It is not something to be ignored 
 
 or trifled with. It represents measureless toil and patience, count-- 
 
 less negotiations and conferences, the wisdom and foresight of worthy 
 men and women in the past who sought to gain efficiency and stability 
 and coordination for the work of the Kingdom of God. 
 
 And yet having said all this, I must ask you, before I leave this 
 point, to face about, to remember that this elaborate organizational 
 development must always be looked upon with a measure of sus- 
 picion, or at least we must always be on our guard against its tyranny 
 over us. We must control it; it must not control us. The great 
 conference that was recently held in Shanghai gave us some intima- 
 tion of how the native churches may be groaning and straining be- 
 neath an organizational development that does not give adequate ex- 
 pression to their life, to the very life that it is supposed to conserve 
 and that it is supposed to project. So we must be prepared in the 
 days to come for changes, changes that will reshape the organizational 
 life of the Church of Christ in foreign lands, so as to adapt it to the 
 life and spirit of the lands across the sea. 
 
 — 
 
INSPIRATION OF MISSIONARY ACHIEVEMENT 155 
 
 I come from a Moslem country. As yet there is no church 
 formed out of Moslem material. Sometimes I dream of the future 
 when Christ shall be enthroned in the life of those lovable Moslem 
 peoples. As I think of that future I like to think of it not in terms 
 of the destruction of the mosques and the minarets; I like to think 
 of the day rather when there will be the call to Christian prayer in 
 the minarets of these mosques; when in the great silences of those 
 vast enclosures open to the sky there will be the abundant worship 
 of the Christian God, instead of the accentuated intellectual human 
 discourses that characterize our western church services. 
 
 We go into the future, therefore, with full recognition of the 
 necessity and value of organizational equipment in the performance 
 of our great task, but resolved to modify and mould mercilessly the 
 form of that organization so that it may express and subserve more 
 perfectly the life that it is meant both to conserve and project. 
 
 In closing, I would point out that we can carry out of the past 
 into the future one more assurance. It is the assurance that this 
 Christian enterprise constitutes one of the most dynamic agencies for 
 providing a stable and adequate foundation for international and 
 inter-racial friendliness and cooperation. I imagine that today we 
 realize the importance of international and inter-racial problems as 
 we did not realize them even four days ago. Everywhere we are 
 hearing about them. As Mr. John Dewey has said, “The war has 
 churned up and brought to the surface all the passions, and racial 
 feeling is now in its most exacerbated state.” How shall we solve 
 these problems? Where shall we put our lives in order to help pro- 
 vide a solution? I know of no place where that solution may be 
 found more perfectly than in the missionary enterprise, in this enter- 
 prise where men are seeking to find a solution of the trouble by 
 establishing a real spiritual foundation for the brotherhood of man; 
 where men are presenting the richest conception of God that there 
 is, the Fatherhood of God; where men have cast their lives into 
 these different countries in order that they may discover the best 
 that is in them and in order that they interpret the best to men of 
 other lands; this enterprise where men by their sacrificial service 
 and by their sacrificial institutions,—orphanages and asylums and 
 hospitals and relief agencies,—are illustrating to men of other races 
 a love and friendliness that can bridge the great racial divides. It is 
 a great thing to go into the future knowing that we have an enter- 
 prise that ministers so directly and effectively to one of the most 
 crucial problems of our times. 
 
156 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 My friends, as we go out from this past into the future, we 
 propose to go out as free men, not at all shackled by the traditions 
 of the past. But surely we want to go also undergirded with the 
 convictions and the experience and the guiding principles and the in- 
 spiration of that past, to build our lives and the work of our lives on 
 the sure foundation of the countless men and women of the past, 
 of whom one can only speak with high admiration and with deep 
 emotion, men and women to whom one may well apply the lines 
 penned by the same pen that gave us our beautiful hymn, “The 
 Church’s One Foundation,” 
 
 “Their names are names of kings 
 Of heavenly line; 
 
 The bliss of earthly things 
 Who did resign. 
 
 “Chieftains they were who warred 
 With sword and shield, 
 
 Victors for God, the Lord, 
 On foughten field. 
 
 “A city of great name 
 Is built for them, 
 
 Of golden, glorious fame, 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 “Redeemed by precious blood 
 From death and sin, 
 Sons of the triune God, 
 They entered in. 
 
 “Thus did their life of pain 
 In glory close, 
 
 Lord God, may we attain 
 Their grand repose.” 
 
THE EUROPEAN SITUATION 
 
 MORAL AND SPIRITUAL CONDITIONS IN EUROPE 
 
 ApotepH KELLER 
 
 Secretary of the European Central Bureau for Relief and European Repre- 
 sentative of the Federal Council of Churches in America 
 
 One of the most striking differences between American and 
 European Protestantism is that American Protestantism is dynamic, 
 optimistic, forward-looking and aggressive, while European Prot- 
 estantism, at least on the continent, seems to be defensive, pessimistic 
 and passive. 
 
 I can illustrate this difference by two words. On the walls of 
 a dungeon where Huguenot prisoners were kept in past centuries, 
 you still can find the French word “resistez’”’ written by the trem- 
 bling hands of a brave Huguenot woman in an effort to encourage her 
 fellow sufferers. Your slogan is another one. I hear it sounding 
 imperiously through the addresses before this large gathering. It 
 is the word ““attack.” Resist! on the one side, attack! on the other. 
 
 The defensive attitude of European, or at least of Continental 
 Protestantism, is not the result of a lack of faith, but is due to the 
 fact that it has been too long connected perhaps with the political 
 powers, that it has had to fight harder for its very existence and 
 that at the present time it is face to face with destructive powers 
 which seem to be more demoniac than human. 
 
 Of these the most destructive is the power of hatred, which 
 makes it extremely difficult for the Prince of Peace to find any place 
 which He can call His own. Official America turns away her face 
 from this spectacle but Christian America should remember that 
 Christ never turned away His face from a world of chaos, sin and 
 distress, but was moved with compassion and on one occasion wept 
 over the walls of Jerusalem because there was no peace there, 
 
 157 
 
158 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Beside this hatred, there is a spirit of disintegration at work at 
 the very foundations of old Europe. Your life shows a marked 
 tendency towards standardization, not only of life habits but of moral 
 ideals and the essentials of Christianity. Our European life tends 
 more towards disintegration, dissolving the authority of the state, 
 the communion of the family and the unity of a common conception 
 of life and its ideals. 
 
 But while this disintegration is visible only to the more dis- 
 cerning minds, there is another power of destruction at work of 
 which even the man in the street is conscious, and which is menac- 
 ing not only the life and health of millions, but the morality, the faith 
 and the ideals of a whole generation. I refer to the material needs, 
 the famine and starvation throughout Central Europe. 
 
 We have not known until the present how closely morality and 
 ideals are connected with sane economic and hygienic conditions. 
 We thought our moral ideals were like stars, high above us, and not 
 to be obscured from below by any earthly conditions. We have 
 learned now that hunger, cold and isolation have most terrible effects 
 on the inner life of man. It is humiliating for us to admit that 
 hunger, cold and isolation have this power to lower the ideals, to 
 reduce the sense of responsibility, to paralyze the will, to envenom 
 the soul and to lead strong men and women to unbelief:and even to 
 crime. But we must admit it, for we have seen it with our own eyes. 
 The European Central Bureau of Relief, which I represent, could 
 give many examples of the distress throughout Europe and its terrible 
 moral and religious. consequences. 
 
 Let me say just a few words about the condition of students and 
 the general spiritual crisis of the European religious world. Three 
 weeks ago I made a trip through Germany, Czecho-Slovakia, Austria 
 and France. I saw in Berlin the thin wooden huts for students, 
 erected in the courtyard of a former military barrack. While you 
 are well fed, lodged and clothed, dear friends, these poor students 
 live in small, bare and miserable rooms, many not warmly clothed, 
 sleeping on mattresses without linen, and thousands of them under- 
 nourished. ; 
 
 In Vienna, in the Christian Students’ Home, there is such a lack 
 of rooms that often two or three students have to sleep in one bed. 
 Many of these German students do eight hours daily work, not in 
 the holidays but during the school year, in order to earn their living 
 and to be able to continue their studies. They go into banks and 
 other offices, or serve as waiters in the cafeterias, or as piano players 
 in the cinemas, and are glad for any sort of work which offers them 
 
MORAL AND SPIRITUAL CONDITIONS IN EUROPE 159 
 
 a living during their school years. Thousands of students can no 
 longer buy the necessary books. J had an interview in Berlin with 
 Professor Richter and Professor Deissmann. The latter told me 
 that they have in his Seminary two hundred theological students, 
 many of whom are no longer able to buy a Greek New Testament, 
 or handbooks or dictionaries. J heard the same complaint in Vienna. 
 
 You will understand now why many are afraid to enter a career 
 which begins with hunger and sometimes ends in starvation. It de- 
 mands heroism today to be a student in Europe. You see now from 
 these examples why it is difficult for us to adopt your slogan “at- 
 tack.” We have to resist hunger and cold, to resist materialism, to 
 resist isolation, to resist despair. 
 
 You will remember how the Swedish king, Gustav Adolf, went 
 to the Continent during the seventeenth century in order to save 
 European Protestantism. Later on, a chapel was erected on the bat- 
 tlefield of Lutzen where he fell. Recently the bell has been stolen 
 from this memorial chapel. May I take that as a symbol? The bell 
 has been stolen from many European churches. In Germany the 
 religious press—a mighty bell—is disappearing. Evangelical insti- 
 tutions—another sounding bell—are being closed. The work of pas- 
 tors and social workers, which should give the clearest gospel sound, 
 is feeble because many of these men are exhausted or starving. 
 Many pastors have been forced to abandon their pastoral work and 
 go into banks, even into mines and factories to earn a living for 
 themselves and their families. 
 
 There are innumerable institutions, orphanages, deaconess houses, 
 homes, etc., which can no longer be run without foreign help. The 
 faculties of some of the universities are menaced. An assistant pro- 
 fessor could not accept the call of another university because he 
 could not pay the expenses incident to the transfer. The libraries 
 can no longer be supplied with the necessary books. In Germany 
 more than five hundred church papers and periodicals have disap- 
 peared within the last two years. The religious press in Germany re- 
 ports forty-five per cent fewer subscribers than before. The Evan- 
 gelical Federation in Berlin recently had to sell its stock of paper, 
 which was needed for printing supplies, in order to pay the salaries of 
 the workers. The German Bible societies are in the greatest diffi- 
 culties. Thousands are crying out for the Bible, especially in Russia 
 where the Bible is passing out of the hands of the people because the 
 few existing copies have fallen to pieces and many cannot afford to 
 buy new ones. In some countries like Austria Bible colporteurs sell 
 
160 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 as many as three hundred Bibles per month; in Russia a license cost- 
 ing one franc is necessary before one can import Bibles. 
 
 The middle class in Germany is dying. This class generously 
 supported all kinds of Protestant work before the war. Their disap- 
 pearance means a severe blow to Protestantism. 
 
 On the other hand, Catholicism’ is progressing. We have a_ 
 common saying over in Europe that from the military point of view, 
 France won the war; from the political, England; from the economic, 
 America; from the racial, the Slav; from the cultural, the Jews, and 
 from the religious viewpoint, the Roman Catholic Church. There 
 is much truth in this saying. 
 
 You understand now why I said the bell has been stolen, but 
 remember that before this distress, this bell was ringing. Do not 
 forget that ours was not a “do nothing” Christianity over in Europe. 
 Remember, for instance, the wonderful contribution of Germany to 
 missionary work in every part of the non-Christian world during the 
 last two centuries. Before the war a great number of missionary 
 societies flourished in Germany. Professor Richter said to me three 
 weeks ago, “We are nearly in despair over our missionary societies. 
 We have men, we have training schools, we still retain some mission 
 fields, but we have no funds to send our men out. A Scotch Society 
 has asked us to send back fifty missionaries to a former German 
 mission field which was taken over temporarily during the war, but 
 we cannot afford it, for lack of money.” 
 
 Or take France. There are 800,000 French Protestants. These 
 devoted Christians have undertaken a great and wonderful mis- 
 sionary task which is now too big for this small group. Although 
 supported by most heroic missionary zeal, the work has had to be re- 
 duced because these French Protestants must first take care of their 
 home churches, their students, eighty-eight of whom are now studying 
 in the theological schools of France, their pastors, and their evan- 
 gelistic work. Without help from other countries they cannot con- 
 tinue to finance their missionary work. 
 
 At the present time the task of supporting these European mis- 
 sionary societies, especially those in Germany, rests on the shoulders 
 of the churches in neutral countries. The churches of Sweden, 
 Holland, Switzerland, Denmark and Norway not only have to bear 
 the burden of their own missionary work but also of the work of 
 missionary societies in neighboring countries. 
 
 In countries like Czecho-Slovakia, with a million Protestants, 
 as also in Belgium, Hungary, Austria and Poland, the Protestant 
 churches are still occupied chiefly with building up their own church 
 
MORAL AND SPIRITUAL CONDITIONS IN EUROPE 161 
 
 organization. The churches in several of these countries are still 
 too young and undeveloped for foreign burdens; first they must 
 develop the home church, then home evangelism, and then foreign 
 missionary work. 
 
 The bell is stolen, but the spirit is still there. European Prot- 
 estantism at the present time is passing through the most serious 
 crisis we have ever had since the Reformation. Nevertheless, Euro- 
 pean Protestant Churches have not lost courage, even though they 
 are at grips with a most godless world in tune with the devil. 
 
 One of the books which is most read at the present time in Cen- 
 tral Europe, in fact, in the whole German speaking world, is a book 
 by Professor Spengler entitled “The Downfall of Western Culture.” 
 The value of science, of education, of psychological and social meth- 
 ods have indeed become problematic. The Church itself and its 
 work have become problematic. Even the knowledge of God has 
 become problematic and we are passing through a spiritual crisis, as 
 is shown in an amazing movement, led by Professor Barth, among 
 the younger pastors and students in the German speaking world. 
 He lays a new emphasis on the transcendency of God and says, “God 
 was too much and too easily identified with men’s aims, with church 
 work, with our moral ideals, in fact, with the world. God is not 
 to be found in this world.” He finds that God and men are oppo- 
 sites; that there is no bridge from mankind to Him. No theology, 
 neither orthodox nor liberal, no piety, no morality can build this 
 bridge—only Christ alone. 
 
 The Christians were sometimes called “Strangers” in the world 
 but now God Himself has become the Stranger Who is no longer 
 understoad in this world. It seems not to be His work but the work 
 of a bad demon, as was said centuries before by the agnostic sect 
 of Marcion. 
 
 All that we know is that we are under the overhanging rock 
 of eternity, that we cannot climb it by our own efforts, but only as 
 God lends us His hand through Jesus Christ. That means a crisis 
 in religious activity in our best moral and religious endeavors, in 
 religion itself as we have understood it hitherto. 
 
 You will find, as a result of this crisis, among many of the 
 young men and women, a noble revolt against all that is formal and 
 merely institutional in religion; against the spirit of war, against the 
 spirit of Mammon in our world. Professor Deissman told me in 
 Berlin just recently that a fine spirit is pervading the two hundred 
 theological students in that city, and that he now looks with hope 
 
162 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 on these young men who have to maintain their faith amidst such 
 difficulties and in such a crisis. 
 
 They want a new heroism of faith, even if it is not expressed 
 immediately in active work but must wait for God’s action. God’s 
 spirit seems to lead us just now not into progressive work, but 
 keeps us waiting by hunger, distress, isolation and humiliation. We _ 
 implore you, dear friends, to respect for a while this waiting atti- 
 tude, this humiliation, this listening for God’s word in an abyss of 
 misery and distress. Kes sacra miser. The unfortunate man is 
 sacred. . 
 
 I feel sure that when we have gone through this dark valley, 
 then a new period of activity will come. Only now we have to wait, 
 to resist, to cry for help. You can attack; you can go out into the 
 world; you wish to save it. Well then, listen to the call which comes 
 once more from Europe: ‘Come over and help us!” 
 
 But this should not be done by an Americanization of the Euro- 
 pean churches, or of their religious life. They are different from 
 you; they have another history; though they are in need, they wish 
 to maintain their own life. By sharing in a brotherly way their 
 need, their humiliation, their weakness, and their despair, by helping 
 them to maintain their own religious life, American Protestantism 
 will do spiritual relief work in the right way and render much needed 
 help. 
 
 We in the neutral countries of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, 
 Holland, Switzerland and Great Britain will try to do the same. We 
 want your help because we, as helping countries, are too small for 
 the tremendous task of saving European Protestantism. We want 
 your cooperation in saving the old Mother Churches. We must first 
 save what remains in Protestantism, and then perhaps increase the 
 spirit of evangelism in other European Churches where it is so greatly 
 needed today. 
 
 You, as students, continue to be confronted with the same tasks 
 that have confronted you during the last few years. Your Euro- 
 pean comrades are waiting for your help because they are suffering, 
 many of them even more at the present time than ever before. They 
 make splendid efforts of their own, in the neutral countries as well 
 as in the suffering ones, to help themselves by mutual support and 
 cooperation; but they cannot go on unless you help them a little 
 longer with your friendly cooperation and your gifts. In granting 
 this, you build for the future and contribute in a considerable. measure 
 to the forming of a new internationalism of service and goodwill. 
 
 Relief work at the present time means more than help to hun- 
 
STUDENTS IN EUROPE AND RUSSIA 163 
 
 gering and starving peoples. It means preparing an atmosphere, a 
 new understanding, a stimulating influence towards great coopera- 
 tive and federative movements. In helping the suffering churches, 
 educational institutions and faculties over there, we do not mean to 
 relieve them of extreme effort and struggle. On the contrary, if I 
 may again refer to my former illustration, we are merely helping to 
 hang up the old bell, that they may ring it again themselves. 
 
 STUDENTS IN EUROPE AND RUSSIA 
 
 GLENN HarbDING 
 
 Graduate Student at the University of Chicago and Chairman of the Executive 
 Committee of the Student Fellowship for Christian Life Service 
 
 We have just received a cablegram from Germany, and I will 
 read you the translation: 
 
 “Remembering with deep gratitude your most generous help we send you 
 all Christmas greetings and New Year’s wishes, convinced beyond doubt that 
 with your brotherly help we shall be able to conquer the hopelessly increasing 
 suffering of the German students.” 
 
 (Signed) Srtr-Hetp BurEAU oF THE GERMAN STUDENT UNION. 
 
 I wish that each one of you might have had the opportunity of 
 coming in contact with these brothers of ours in foreign lands. There 
 is a great fraternity of youth abroad in the world. It is not based 
 upon the gratitude of a less fortunate people, but upon a common 
 bond which finds expression in a common task, in common thinking 
 upon the problems that we have been facing in this convention, and 
 in a common appreciation of and mutual respect for one another. 
 
 I want you people clearly to understand that when I was abroad, 
 meeting many European people, I had no feeling of superiority. The 
 talk that passed between those students centered around serious prob- 
 lems, and they have thought so deeply and so seriously upon these 
 problems that, as I listened, I felt I had missed a great deal. 
 
 I want to relate one incident that will show you the nature of 
 our friendship. I entered the city of Prague late at night with only - 
 the address of a friend. I imagined it would be a simple matter to 
 find him. I didn’t realize the complexity of the language that was 
 facing me. I confess I never had such a lost feeling in my life. The 
 only word in the vocabulary that I could hang on to was “Studentskt.” 
 
164 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 I managed to put that across to a street car conductor, and he put 
 me off at dormitories that the students had built for themselves. 
 It turned out to be the wrong address, because I was after the 
 “Studentski Domov,” which is a product of the gifts of you students. 
 
 I could not find my friend there. There was a great international 
 affair in Prague, which filled every available lodging space with 
 people coming from other countries. I had the prospect of facing 
 a cold and dreary night, out upon the streets. At last I met a German 
 student, and in very halting fashion asked him if he could direct me 
 to the home of this friend of mine. He informed me that he knew 
 the gentleman, but that he was out of town. ; 
 
 Now, I want you to think how many of you people would have 
 done what this student did on meeting a strange American, look- 
 ing none too respectable, out there at night without a home. This 
 German friend invited me to spend the night with him; I did so, 
 I had an opportunity to see the poverty in which he was living. He 
 offered to give me his bed clothes. He would sleep on the bare, 
 homemade straw mattress. He gave me some sort of a pie, I don’t 
 know how to describe it, a prune affair of immense proportions, that 
 he had brought from home. I took some of it, but I did not realize 
 until the next day that he was living on that. He shared with me 
 without the slightest restraint, and there was no reason why he should 
 have done so, judging by practices current in this land of profit and 
 selfishness. 
 
 For this reason I am glad to read to you another cablegram 
 that we have received: 
 
 “Anonymous contributor promises at least $50,000 German Student Relief 
 to match student gift dollar for dollar, relying on students to raise their pro- 
 portion as promptly as possible.” 
 
 You have heard of the situation in those countries. You know 
 the need. It is only necessary to say that from the reports we have 
 received from such men as Jerry Voorhees conditions are getting 
 worse. It has been necessary to incorporate in the budget of the 
 Student Friendship Fund an additional $150,000 to cover the Ger- 
 man situation; $75,000 of that is the students’ share. 
 
 I wish to ask you if we have been facing up to the challenge 
 ‘ of this convention. Have you been looking for something concrete 
 to lay hold upon? Let us not overlook this simple expedient, because 
 we are so anxious to do something bigger and better. It is harder 
 for us, perhaps, to realize the immense influence of this friendly 
 action between students of this land and students of those needy 
 
STUDENTS IN EUROPE AND RUSSIA 165 
 
 lands, but it is a real opportunity for us to show our Christian 
 sincerity. 
 
 Do we realize what we are contributing to? The clothes that 
 go to those students go not for society use, but to keep them warm 
 enough that they may continue to work in their cold rooms. The 
 food that goes to them is not for gratification of an Epicurean desire, 
 but it is to enable their minds to continue to function actively and 
 clearly, and not to falter from sheer weariness. The books that go 
 to them are the workman’s tools, and all of these things are con- 
 tributing towards our common world task. 
 
 Christ’s friendship was a continuing one. It did not go in 
 spurts and starts and flag in the middle, but it was continued at all 
 times. Has that been our desire in this Student Friendship Fund? 
 Do we need continual crises to draw out our finer selves? Can we 
 not go back to the campus determined to take the initiative in this 
 thing and put it across? Let this Student Friendship Fund, so simple 
 in method, so powerful in influence, be Christ’s friendship in action. 
 
QA Praper 
 
 E. Fay CAMPBELL 
 
 We thank Thee tonight, O God, that Thou hast given us 
 food for our health. We thank Thee that Thou hast given 
 us the privilege of college and all the other opportunities that 
 are ours and make our live abundant, full of freedom and fun. 
 Tonight, our God, we come to Thee to ask Thy forgiveness for 
 the misuse of all these things that Thou has given us. We ask 
 Thee that Thou wouldst forgive us for wanting so much food 
 when so many of our brothers and sisters are hungry tonight; 
 that Thou wouldst forgive us for having such expensive clothes 
 and so many, when many of our brothers and sisters are in 
 rags tonight; that Thou wouldst forgive us for our lazy and 
 disorganized lives which keep us from getting the most out of 
 our college work. 
 
 O God, we ask Thee that Thou wouldst enable us to really 
 care for folks, care enough that we will share everything that 
 we have with others. 
 
 We pray that we may listen tonight with an interest that 
 is grounded in love, that will not let us go. In the name of 
 Christ our Savior. Amen 
 
COUNTRIES 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 ProFessor J. E. Kwecyir AGGREY 
 
 Member of the Educational Commission to East Africa 
 
 I would have been ready with my overcoat off, but I thought I 
 was to be the last speaker.* The snow that was scheduled to reach 
 here this. morning was delayed. I was scheduled to speak here this 
 morning. I was delayed. The snow decided to come this afternoon 
 and be a true representative of the spirit of this gathering, but the 
 snow falls tonight, and Africa is on deck. The meeting of the East 
 and the West, the meeting of the tropics and the snow, prophetic of 
 a union that is going to transform this world and bring the races to 
 the foot of the cross. 
 
 My country ’tis of thee, 
 Dear land of Africa, 
 Of thee I sing. 
 Land where my fathers died, 
 Land of the Negroes’ pride, 
 From every mountain-side, 
 God’s truth shall ring. 
 
 God’s truth shall ring until Africa, too, will have her chance to 
 make a contribution, not only to civilization but to the Christianization 
 of this world. 
 
 “Crown Him with many crowns,” we sing, and I am wondering 
 when we sing that, if we remember that the Kingdom of our Lord 
 and his Christ will not be completed until every single race through- 
 out the whole world has had a chance to make its contribution and 
 win its crown. “Crown Him with many crowns.” 
 
 * The Chairman’s introduction of Dr. Aggrey as the next speaker was 
 unexpected, and accounts for the apologetic character of this opening para- 
 graph.—EDIror. 
 
 167 
 
168 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 As the representative of between two and four hundred million 
 black peoples scattered all over the world, but especially throughout 
 Africa and the Americas, I come principally to thank America, the 
 United States of America and Canada, for what she has done for us; 
 —for the great work you have done for my people and for me; for 
 the love that you have exhibited; for the funds you have poured out. 
 For all these we want to thank you. 
 
 A telegram has just come from an African of South Africa, 
 asking this convention in the name of that great country to “come 
 over to Macedonia and help us.” | 
 
 You will not blame me if I insist on continuing to thank you 
 because the educational work of that continent, ninety-five per cent 
 of it at least, is the gift of the missionaries. But for the missionaries 
 ninety-five per cent of the education and training, now being given, 
 would not be given. Therefore you will not blame me if I say, that 
 very humbly do I come to thank you. 
 
 As I sat here and listened to the many speakers from Latin 
 America, the Near East, the Far East, beloved China, great Japan, 
 classical India and all of the others, I looked upon my country, and 
 I said, “What shall I say?” and I said, “When I stand up, I will 
 tell them that my case reminds me of a young woman who went to 
 a Roman Catholic father to confess. 
 
 The Father said, “Daughter, what can I do for you? What 
 have you done?” 
 
 She said, “Father, a young man kissed me.” 
 
 The Father said, “Well, daughter, how many times did he kiss 
 you?” 
 
 She looked into the face of the Father and said, “Father, I came 
 to confess and not to boast.” 
 
 I come tonight, therefore, to confess how much we are indebted 
 to you. I also come to say that two or three years ago when I went 
 back to Africa on the Educational Commission there were about 
 eleven of us who were black, and all the others were white. I always 
 say that I was put on to lend color to the situation. 
 
 We went over to Senagambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gold 
 Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, French Congo, Angola, Orange Free 
 State, Transvaal, the head-waters of the Congo, and then we swept 
 back. As we went we found a lot of restlessness all over Africa. It 
 was vocal in the British colonies, subdued in the other colonies. 
 Wherever the missionaries have been for any time it was still more 
 vocal, and I thank God for that restlessness. Some people are afraid 
 of it. You talk about the Youth Movements in other countries. 
 
AFRICA 169 
 
 There is a Youth Movement coming in Africa that some day may 
 startle the world. 
 
 Why was I happy because this restlessness was more vocal in the 
 British colonies and where the missionaries have been longest? 
 Because those people who were allowed to speak, were speaking to 
 the credit of Great Britain and some of the other countries. For 
 example, we are told that when you are paralyzed, and the leg that 
 is paralyzed is run through with a needle, if you don’t feel any pain 
 it is a sign of death. When you begin to feel the pain, it is a sign 
 of life. So wherever the missionaries have gone, they are giving 
 life and the people are becoming vocal. Why are they more vocal 
 in the British colonies? The reason is that Great Britain has a pe- 
 culiar way of stopping revolution. Revolution never occurs unless 
 there has been pent up feeling for a long time, steam that wants to 
 get out, but can’t get out. 
 
 I was at Hyde Park, and I heard people say things against the 
 king, against the premier, and against parliament that they would 
 not dare to say even in this free country. I watched and I said, “I 
 see the genius of Great Britain.” The feelings are pent up. These 
 speeches let the gas out and when it comes to revolution, there is not 
 enough steam to blow anything up. So in the colonies they allow the 
 people to let off steam, they permit them to say what they feel. Then 
 they know what the natives are thinking about, and can go ahead 
 to find out the right remedy. 
 
 This restlessness all over Africa stands for self-discovery and 
 self-realization. It tells of power just breaking through. The great 
 continent has been asleep for a long time. It is now waking up. 
 This restlessness is sweeping over the country. In the west is the 
 British West African Congress; in the South is the Native Con- 
 gress; in the East there is another Congress, and throughout the 
 other countries where I went and where I could understand things 
 that other folks could not, I knew this restlessness was everywhere. 
 
 It is one of the greatest challenges to Christianity. This 
 Niagara, if allowed to sweep through the land, may deluge and inun- 
 date cities and towns and bring forth ruin. If under God it can 
 be harnessed, it will turn a dynamo and generate electricity, that 
 will illuminate that great continent, chase out the utter darkness, 
 and bring a new Africa into being. It is left to us, Christians of this 
 country, who have seen the light, to go and harness that Niagara. 
 
 A few years ago, when the war was going on, the African of 
 the East, the African of the South and the African of the West, 
 with some West Indies and some American Negroes, met together 
 
170 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 for the first time, in East Africa. There they exchanged views and 
 ideas. They found out that they were going through the same ex- 
 periences. When they parted they had new ideas, and the Africa 
 of twenty years ago is now gone and gone forever. There is a new 
 Africa coming today, and it is a challenge to civilization. 
 
 There are many people here who say that Mohammedanism is 
 a menace, that it is sweeping over my country and is beating back the 
 Cross. We native Africans aren’t afraid of that. Mohammedanism 
 is the greatest challenge to Christianity in Africa. 
 
 Other countries have appealed to you, and they ask you to come 
 to their lands. Some of them have been appealing for ten years, 
 some for twenty years, some for thirty years; but my country, Africa, 
 has been appealing to America, the great continent of America, not 
 for ten years, not for twenty years, but for three hundred years. 
 
 When in 1619 the first black slaves were landed in Jamestown 
 the first challenge was given to this country to come over to Africa 
 and help us. When the people who came from Morocco met my 
 people, we refused to be made Mohammedans. We retreated into 
 the tall trees, and by some sort of providence, quite a number of 
 my people were brought into this country, to appeal to you to come 
 over and help us. But you looked into our faces instead of heeding 
 our call and said, “Black man, are you good for anything? Is there 
 any hope for your country?” 
 
 We said, “Try us.” 
 
 You took us to the wilderness and with our song and joy we 
 helped you make the wilderness blossom as the rose. You took us 
 to the rivers and we helped to bridge them. You took us to the 
 mountains and we helped to tunnel them. 
 
 Then we looked at you again and said, “Won’t you go over to 
 our country and help us?” 
 
 “Black man of Africa, is there any future for you?” 
 
 We answered, “Try us.” 
 
 “You have given brawn,” you said. “Can you give blood?” 
 
 We said, “Try us,” and you tried us, thank God, and on Christ- 
 mas of 1770 on Boston Common the first blood in the Revolutionary 
 War was spilled. We went on until Salem Poor did his part, and 
 Peter Salem away out yonder answered, and John Freeman at Gris- 
 wold also answered, and all through the line in New Orleans under 
 General Jackson we did what we could. 
 
 But that was not enough. Then the war between the brothers 
 of the North and the brothers of the South came. 
 
 “Black man, can you do anything ?” 
 
AFRICA 171 
 
 We said, “Try us.” 
 
 _ Abraham Lincoln called and we said, “We are coming, Father 
 Abraham, 100,000 strong.” 
 
 And they gave us the flag. They said, “You may die, but never 
 surrender this flag,” and one black sergeant said, “Master, I will 
 bring back these colors in honor or report to God the reason why.” 
 He did report to his God with his blood, but the colors were brought 
 back. 
 
 You know what William Carney did when they told him, “Carry 
 these colors.” He did it. He was shot, wounded and came back 
 and as he fell exhausted, he said, “Boys, the old flag never touched 
 the ground.” 
 
 But the South said, “Yes, black people, you can give blood all 
 right, but are you able to give that which is more important than 
 blood ?” 
 
 We said, “Try us.” And, thank God, when they were going to 
 war, they left their daughters, their wives, their sons in our charge, 
 and there has not been one record where the black man, the slave man 
 or the slave woman went back on his or her charge. We went 
 through and were loyal. 
 
 Both sides can look at us. The Gray can look at us and say, 
 “You did your part.” The Blue can look at us and say, “You did 
 your part.” 
 
 Then another war came, the Spanish-American War, and they 
 asked us, “Black man, can you do your part?” 
 
 We said, “Try us again.” 
 
 We went over there, and somebody said at San Juan as they 
 began to charge, “Let us sing a song.” “What shall we sing?” 
 
 They said, “My Country, ’Tis of Thee.” 
 
 Then some one said, “Oh, you can’t sing that, because it is not 
 your country.” 
 
 Some one else said, “Sing the Stars and Stripes Forever.” 
 
 “No,” some one answered, “the other fellows get all the stars 
 and we get all the stripes.” 
 
 So they sang a song that was never heard on the battlefield 
 before :—“There’ll be a hot time in the old town tonight.” Uphill 
 we went, and the Spanish people said they were scared more by the 
 yell and whoop of the black people than by their shot and shell. 
 
 Again, the World War came, and they said, “Black people of 
 America, can you play your part?” 
 
 We said, “Try us,” and the white people went over there singing 
 and swinging to the rhythm of great American music. They went 
 
172 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 to Paris and said, ‘Mother France, here we are, because you gave 
 us Lafayette.” 
 
 Then some one, who always liked to joke, said, “What can you 
 black folks say?” 
 
 The black people said, “We have come, France, because you 
 gave us Alexandre Dumas.” 
 
 When the train, filled with white boys, good ieolane soldiers 
 ready to do battle, swept through Salisbury, this slogan was on the 
 outside of one of the coaches, ““We are going to show the Kaiser 
 that he cannot rule the white world.” 
 
 Then somebody joked us and said, “Now what can you black 
 folks say?” Then we also swung a train from Asheville, going up 
 by way of Greensboro to Washington, and we had this slogan on 
 it: ‘We are going to show the Kaiser that fast black won’t run.” 
 
 I, coming from Africa, want to thank the colored members of 
 this great country for what you have done. Your loyalty has stirred 
 us, and you want to keep on. If you fail and are disloyal, it makes 
 us bow our heads in shame. You have never done it, and we, back 
 there, are not going to do it. We are going to stand by you. Some 
 day Africa may be able to make some small contribution. — 
 
 I haven’t much time, I must move on. I bring, therefore, the 
 challenge of Africa. Africa has tried in the best way she knows 
 to help all nations. I could tell about Spain and Portugal. Of 
 France you all know. When Marshal Foch was mustering his people 
 against the onrush of the Germans, somebody went and said, “Mar- 
 shal, supposing they come and kill all of us and take Paris, what are 
 you going to do?” He said, “Bring up the Africans, they will stop 
 them,” and they brought up the Senegalese. 
 
 Just now we are having a lot of trouble Christianizing the world. 
 The white, the brown, the red and the yellow are being brought into. 
 the ranks, but don’t you know that this big war, the war of the 
 Cross, is never going to end in victory until some one comes and 
 brings up the Africans? They will come with their song, with their 
 joy, with their hope, and with their loyalty. Never, thank God, have 
 we produced a man who has been guilty of treason, and we hope 
 never to produce one. 
 
 Some people took to war; we took to love; some people took 
 to hate; we took to song; some people took to anger; we took to 
 laughter ; some people took to despair; we took to hope. 
 
 “Patrol is going to get you; the bloodhound is going.to get you; 
 you can’t run as fast as the bloodhounds; what are you going to do, 
 black man?” In the darkest part of the night when everybody else 
 
AFRICA 173 
 
 may have despaired, we looked and we saw, long before our white 
 brothers thought of an airplane, “Swing Low, Sweet Chariot, Coming 
 for to Carry Me Home.” 
 
 This is the race that pleads with America now. We come with 
 our love and our loyalty. Please help us. But I may say one thing 
 in passing. It is this: I want to thank you all for the new signs 
 of hope. In my pocket I have that discussion book on Racial Rela- 
 tions. Ten years ago nobody would have thought that a book like 
 this could be written and be discussed in the colleges and universi- 
 ties of this country. It is a sign of hope. 
 
 I leave tomorrow afternoon for my home in Salisbury. On 
 Saturday morning I sail on the Aquitania. I am going to Marseilles, 
 then to Dr. Watson’s native country, Egypt. He was born in Africa 
 and I was born in Africa. He is a native and I am a native, but 
 I am indigenous. From Egypt I expect to go on to the Sudan, then 
 to Southern and Northern Rhodesia. Wherever I go, I shall give 
 this message, which I have found in the colleges and universities of 
 this continent. A new spirit is coming throughout the South and 
 the North. Let us be patient. You can never beat prejudice by a 
 frontal attack, because there is mere emotion at the root of it. When 
 there is emotion at the root of anything you cannot beat it by a 
 frontal attack. Always flank it. You can catch more flies with 
 molasses and sugar than you can with vinegar. 
 
 I went to Washington and Lee University on one occasion and 
 spoke eight times. Half of the graduating students stood up and 
 gave their lives to Africa. That is a sign. I spoke at Columbus, and 
 when I made the appeal for Africa and my people in this country, 
 one man stood up and said, “I was born in Mobile, and I stand here 
 to say that I am going to go back and spend the rest of my life in 
 seeing that there is more justice between whites and blacks.” An- 
 other man said he was from Kentucky. Another old man said, “Son, 
 I was a Confederate officer, but the war is over; we are going to make 
 this country the best country in the world.” 
 
 You can’t tell North from South today. Let us be patient. It 
 will take time, and I want to back up you young men of the South. 
 I know what you have to go through, and you, young men and 
 young women of the North, I also know what you are going through. 
 We know our friends from our enemies, and we know that things 
 are going to be better. As we get closer we shall find out that all 
 of us are the sons and daughters of the same Father. 
 
 Once upon a time there was a great show in the South. Into 
 that show they brought a cage, in which was a great Bengal tiger. 
 
174 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 The tiger turned around and around and tried to scare everybody. 
 There was a man who would go into that cage and put his hand on 
 the tiger’s neck, but this time, the man who used to go in there took 
 sick, so he went to an Irishman and said, “Pat, I want you to go in 
 there,” and Pat said, “All right.” 
 
 When the time came and the Bengal tiger was brought in, he 
 turned around in his cage and was so ferocious that Pat got scared. 
 
 The man said, “Put your hand on him.” 
 
 Just as he was about to do this, the Bengal tiger quickly turned 
 around, ready to pounce on him. 
 
 The Irishman said, “Faith and begorra, I’m dead, I’m Mead. 4 
 
 But as he said that, up spoke the tiger, “Don’t be afraid. I 
 am nothing but an old Irishman myself.” 
 
 And so when we get closer and closer together, we will soon 
 learn not to be afraid, because we are nothing but old Irishmen 
 ourselves. 
 
 Somebody spoke of the rising tide of color. Stoddard is a 
 great writer but he misses his point. He is not a scientific writer, 
 only pseudo-scientific. I don’t believe in the rising tide of color. 
 
 There is restlessness among the races, to be sure, but I don’t 
 believe that the Nordic race ought to be put down, by the red, black 
 and yellow getting together with the brown and putting down the 
 white. What you win by war, you have to keep by war. What I 
 say is this—no man down, all men up, each of us as races making 
 our best contributions to the life of all. 
 
 There is a lesson for us in football. We have the quarter back 
 and the right and left tackle and the right and left half, and then 
 the center and the full back. Somebody calls the signals, but there 
 must be interference, the ball must be carried over and when it is 
 carried over it will be not one person, not the team, but the college . 
 that won. All of them, white, black, yellow, brown, all—all men 
 up and no man down, for each of us has a contribution to make. 
 
 Now, can anything good come out of Africa? Yes, most cer- 
 tainly. I am sorry my time is gone. I want to say one thing more 
 before I sit down. Africa has a contribution to make to the Chris- 
 tianity of the world. They brought gifts unto Christ—“gold, frank- 
 incense, and myrrh.” Gold may stand for the white race with its 
 great banks, material civilization, subways, elevators, huge buildings 
 and fine educational institutions. That is their contribution. Frank- — 
 incense may be the contribution of the brown and yellow races. 
 Yesterday our friend from India spoke of emotionalism and mys- 
 ticism as contributions the Indian people are going to bring to Chris- 
 
AFRICA 175 
 
 tianity, and how much we need these. Myrrh, in my mind, stands 
 for sentiment, child-like faith in spite of the darkness, still believing 
 in God and rejoicing always. The black race will contribute that, 
 and the gifts to Christianity will not be complete until we bring our 
 myrrh. You bring your gold, let them bring their frankincense, we 
 will bring the myrrh. 
 
 A white man once saw an African, and said, “African, you are 
 not going to Heaven, for only white folks are going to Heaven be- 
 cause God is white, and the devil is black. And when you die you 
 are going to go where the devil belongs, and we will go to Heaven.” 
 
 Of course, he was not a missionary, and the African who be- 
 lieved in God with child-like faith was not a theologian, only more 
 or less sensible. 
 
 He said, “Well, I have found out in the Bible that no white 
 people are going to Heaven, only colored folks.” 
 
 “How do you know that?” asked the white man. 
 
 “Well, I discovered it in the Bible. Doesn’t it say that on the 
 last day the sheep will be on the right and that the goats will be on 
 the left, and doesn’t it say that to the goats it will be said, ‘Depart ye’ 
 and to the sheep, ‘Come, ye blessed’ ?”’ 
 
 “Well,” asked the white man, “what does that have to do with 
 the black folks getting into Heaven?” 
 
 “What race on earth, except the black race,’ answered the 
 negro, “has anything on his head that reminds you of the wool on 
 the sheep?” 
 
 May I close with these words? It is Jesus we want. There are 
 some people who don’t bother much about Jesus now, but so far as 
 I am concerned, it is Jesus we want. The only God we know is 
 following after us to punish ‘us. I would not want to pray to God 
 when hungry, because God is sitting up there on His mighty throne 
 with the.stars at his feet and He has never known what it is to be 
 hungry. If my ‘friends were to go back on me I could not pray 
 to God, for God, with the angels ever before him, has never had 
 any one go back on Him, And if I had nowhere to lay my head 
 I could not pray to God, no, because the Heavens are His and the 
 earth is His footstool. I am talking just as the native African talks 
 —for the God we know over there is not the God revealed in Jesus 
 Christ. God knew that we needed someone who could reveal Him 
 to us, so he sent Jesus, Jesus the name high over all. When I am 
 hungry and I go to Jesus, he says, “Yes, I was hungry, too.” When I 
 have nowhere to lay my head, and go to Jesus, He says, “I under- 
 stand. Foxes have holes, the birds of the air have their nests, but 
 
176 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 the Son of man hath nowhere to lay His head.” When my friends 
 go back on me, give me Jesus, with a heart full of love to bring me 
 back to my God. That is what I want. 
 
 There was a convention of the rivers. The Brahmaputra was 
 there, the Ganges was there, the Thames was there, the Hudson was 
 there and all the rivers were there. When the convention was over, 
 the chairman asked them where they were going and what were they 
 going todo. The Thames said, “I am going to a place called London, 
 where I will be known as the mistress of all the rivers in the world.” 
 The Hudson said, “On my banks are going to be great tall sky- 
 scrapers and I will be the wealthiest river of the world.” The Ganges 
 said, “Children will be thrown into my bosom and I will be the most 
 sacred river in all the world.” The Mississippi said, “I will be the 
 father of all the waters.” But there was another river that didn’t 
 say a word, 
 
 “Who are you?” 
 
 “T am the Nile.” 
 
 “Where are you going and what are you going to do?” 
 
 The Nile replied, “A long time ago when they were making 
 this world there was one place called Sahara, as big as the United 
 States, where no man could live, and no life grow. Then I said, 
 ‘I am going to roll down my waters from the mountains and_ bring 
 down life from the mountains into the desert, and I am going to 
 flow on into the Mediterranean Sea.’” 
 
 All the other rivers laughed, “Africa, Africa! Why, Nile, why 
 don’t you go some place worth while, why don’t you stay at home 
 -where you belong?” 
 
 But the Nile said, “I will go,” and the Nile went. 
 
 God Almighty sitting upon His throne saw what the Nile had 
 done and said, “I am going to make the Nile the most beautiful, 
 the most holy river in the world.” And so when the old religions 
 were tottering, and the new religion was growing up, He brought it 
 Moses, who was rocked in the cradle of the self-sacrificing Nile, | 
 and when Moses was gone and all the prophets, and another higher 
 one was needed to teach us of God, Jesus was born, and even this 
 Jesus Himself might not have done the work He did, were it not for 
 one thing—“Go, take the child and His mother to Egypt, by the side 
 of the self-sacrificing Nile, so that it can be said, out of Egypt have 
 I called my son.” 
 
 Then you remember how, when Jesus was going to be crucified, 
 nobody was able to bear His cross but Simon, who was born by the 
 banks of the self-sacrificing Nile. 
 
AFRICA 177 
 
 So, my friends, don’t look down on Africa. Africa that has 
 helped all races, needs also to be saved for the Master. God is 
 ready, Africa is ready, Africa is more ready to be saved than the 
 Christians are ready to come and save it. There are native kings 
 who have no religion, who never heard, who are building school 
 houses and little churches and appealing to the missionaries, “Bring 
 us a teacher,” but you are not ready. 
 
 A nation is going to be born today. Come then all of you. 
 Don’t preach denominationalism but preach Christ. If you have 
 any trouble about denominations fix it up over here and come to us 
 with a united front. We need all of the denominations, the Chris- 
 tians, the Disciples, the Methodists and all the other folks; and then 
 we need the Baptists for the submarine and the Navy. We need 
 the Episcopal for the aviation corps and we need the Holy Rollers 
 and the sanctified folks for the gas contingent. 
 
 But come united, and come to help us, not only as missionaries 
 but as agriculturists, teachers, and business men; and may I tell you 
 that Africa will never be converted until it is converted by the black 
 people themselves. All you can do is to come and train us. Send 
 some of our brothers here, the black people here. They have been 
 away three hundred years. Some of you come back and help us. 
 Come and stay in the stations. Stay there. It is not what you say 
 that pleases us; it is what you do; it is how you act. 
 
 Come to help us. Many are fussing about the blood of Jesus 
 now. I don’t fuss about it. It stands for sacrifice. If only the 
 white race could make the supreme sacrifice, not of blood, but of 
 what we generally call race superiority, if you could give that up and 
 become brothers with us. Men look to the East for the beginning of 
 things, for the light of a rising sun, but they look to the West, the 
 crimson West, for things that are done. For out of the East there 
 have always come cradles that personified the birth of all the high, 
 hard-won hopes of men, out of the East came Christ, and there in 
 the East men dreamed the bravest dreams, the greatest dream that 
 mortals have ever dreamed: 
 
 “And into the West they came with a dream child of the East, 
 
 And hoped to find the hopes of old a hundredfold increased, 
 
 For there in the East men dreamed the dreams of things they wanted to do, 
 But here in the West, the crimson West, the dreams of the East come true.” 
 
CHINA 
 
 C. Y. CHENG 
 
 Honorary Secretary of the National Christian Council of China, Shanghai 
 
 It is a great privilege as well as a pleasure to me to have the 
 opportunity of being present at this great gathering and of speaking 
 a few words on the country which I represent. It is indeed an in- 
 spiration to see so large a company of men and women who have come 
 together to consider the world task of the religion of Christ. One 
 can foresee the day when the ideal and spirit of Jesus will be more 
 forcefully and convincingly presented to the thoughtful people of the 
 non-Christian world, leading many to accept Jesus as “the Way, the 
 Truth and the Life.” 
 
 When your General Secretary asked me to. speak on the little 
 word “China” he gave me a very large order! However, I will give 
 you, to the best of my ability, a word-picture of the present situation 
 in China, especially from the Christian’s point of view. If I am 
 able to help you to see more clearly the unparalleled opportunity that 
 is facing the Christian Movement in the Orient, and to feel more 
 than ever determined to have a share in the divine task, I shall feel 
 more than happy and grateful. 
 
 To begin with we have to acknowledge, to our great humiliation 
 and distress, the present political chaos in China. For more than a 
 decade, since the change of China’s form of government from an 
 absolute monarchy to that of a republic, destructive activities have 
 continued, and constructive work has hardly begun. Self-seeking 
 militarists and politicians have been holding the reins of the govern- 
 ment, and the innocent and helpless people are suffering under their 
 tyranny. The wound of the present political disintegration is not 
 healed, military hostilities continue even up to the present time. Party 
 strife and political scheming for unworthy ends are to be found 
 both in the North and in the South. Suspicion and distrust among 
 the military governors of the various provinces cause them to live 
 in constant fear. Because of this unfortunate state of affairs much 
 lawlessness is being witnessed in many parts of the country. Open’ 
 banditry and hold-ups have been reported. These, we are sorry to 
 
 178 
 
CHINA 179 
 
 say, have even affected some foreign residents in our country. While 
 there is no direct anti-foreign manifestation, such movements have 
 indeed put China in a bad light before the other nations of the world. 
 It is humiliating to make such admissions, but the truth must be told, 
 if you are to have a clear understanding of the true situation. 
 
 Nevertheless, this is but one side of the picture. There is the 
 other side to be considered. In China today we still have some people 
 who are not bandits. Not all the officials are corrupt. While the 
 progress of China has been greatly retarded by the inefficiency and 
 divisions of the Chinese government, we are happy to say that at 
 the present time there are signs of better life to be seen in many 
 directions. The development of public opinion, the birth of a new 
 national spirit, the growth of modern education and of industry, 
 the Renaissance movement, the expansion of religion—these and 
 other things seem to show the silver lining in an otherwise dark 
 and stormy sky. There may be tumult and tempest upon the surface 
 of the sea, but there is essential calm in the deep which is not dis- 
 turbed by the storm on the surface. In like manner while China is 
 now undergoing her hour of severe trial, there is at the same time a 
 new vitality which is showing its energy and power in many direc- 
 tions and upon which we can safely predict China’s future salvation. 
 To draw conclusions of China’s destiny from present political 
 troubles is not to know the real China. It may sound strange to you 
 people of the West that the Chinese people seem to be undisturbed 
 and unconcerned by the activities of the military masters and un- 
 worthy politicians. No doubt progress has been retarded by the 
 great handicaps created by those who hold the reins of the govern- 
 ment, nevertheless the people are pressing forward in spite of 
 many difficulties. This may seem to be incredible but it is never- 
 theless true. The world need not be afraid of. China’s moving for- 
 ward. There can be a “yellow peril” only if China should continue 
 to make retrograde steps. Now that China is awakened and is eager 
 to march forward for the world’s progress she will prove herself a 
 great “golden blessing” to mankind. It is within the duty and power 
 of the nations in the West to manifest such a friendly spirit towards 
 the nations of the Orient that this great blessing may be more speedily 
 and fully realized. 
 
 Take, for instance, the growth of public opinion on things na- 
 tional and international. Brought up in the old tradition, under the 
 rule of one man, the common people of China usually kept their 
 minds far away from political and governmental affairs. It was not 
 uncommon in the olden days to see a little sign-board displayed in 
 
180 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 every tea shop, where many gathered for pastime and recreation, 
 with this significant warning, “mo tan kuo shih,’ meaning “don’t 
 talk on national affairs.” People were afraid of getting into trouble 
 with the authorities, who alone, it was believed, were responsible for 
 the nation’s destiny. Under the present enlightenment which, by 
 the way, is not out of keeping with the ideals of ancient sages, the 
 people are beginning to assume their rights as citizens, and therefore 
 as proprietors of the nation. Interest has been shown in the affairs 
 of the country in a way unknown in earlier days in China. When the 
 _ revolution broke out in 1911, and when China failed to get satisfac- 
 tory results from the Peace Conference in Paris in 1918, the people, 
 under the leadership of the student classes, united in a patriotic dem- 
 onstration that startled the conservative element of the population 
 and inspired the progressive. Students and merchants, and even a 
 vast number of less educated people, were keen to see the nation 
 delivered from the absolute monarchy and from foreign exploitation. 
 While we are not ready to declare that this outburst of patriotism 
 has been well balanced and without faults, we believe this new sign 
 of life promises a great future for China. 
 
 The one great passion of the Chinese people at the present time 
 is to learn, particularly from Europe and America, the secrets that 
 have made the nations of the West great and strong. If we were 
 asked to write one single word upon the map of China, that would 
 indicate the general desire of the Chinese people, we would unhesi- 
 tatingly write the word “Hsueh,’ meaning to learn. There was a 
 time when China was self-sufficient and unwilling to learn from 
 others, whom she regarded as semi-civilized or totally barbarous. 
 China was the center of the world. China was the most highly 
 civilized nation in existence. China had no need of the outside 
 world. By bitter experience, however, she has been taught to see 
 her false position. Today she is eager to receive whatever contri- 
 bution the western world can make to her national progress. Some 
 115,000 schools and colleges are already established in various parts 
 of the country with five or six millions boys and girls under instruc- 
 tion along modern lines. Thousands of Chinese students have gone 
 abroad in quest of advanced learning. Many have done this at great 
 sacrifice and self-denial. Simplified forms of writing have been 
 prepared to unify the many dialects in the country, and to make the 
 writing and reading of the ancient language easier to acquire. The 
 use of the “pai-hua,” national speech, is another attempt to simplify 
 the difficult classical style. It can be reasonably expected that in the 
 not distant future, the Chinese people in general will be able to 
 
CHINA I8I 
 
 acquire the education necessary to meet the modern requirements of 
 the Western world in political, social, and domestic life. 
 
 Industrial development in China is still in its infancy. Never- 
 theless, the day is not very far off when China will enter upon the 
 industrial stage of the world and show forth her power and eff- 
 ciency. In centers like Shanghai, Nanking, Nantungchow, Chefoo, 
 Tientsin, Tsinanfu, Chengchow, and many other places, industrial 
 forces are already beginning to show themselves. Modern machinery 
 is taking the place of the old-fashioned and primitive methods of 
 production, 
 
 China will soon become one of the best markets for the absorp- 
 tion of the machinery produced by the West. Industrial problems 
 are also beginning to challenge the wisdom and energy of those who 
 are concerned about the welfare of the men and women and even 
 children who are working and sweating for less than a living wage 
 in these modern factories. Chinese workers are not yet fully organ- 
 ized, nor is sufficient care taken by employers for the health and 
 welfare of this class of our people. Happily the Christian church, 
 the Y.M.C.A., the Y.W.C.A. and many public minded individuals 
 have already raised their voices in support of proper protection for 
 the workers and fair and humane treatment of them. At its first 
 annual meeting, held in Shanghai last May, the National Christian 
 Council recommended these three simple standards for the protec- 
 tion of the working class, namely, one day in seven to be observed 
 as a day of rest, the working hours to be limited, and special pro- 
 tection to be ensured to child labor. 
 
 The advent of the so-called Renaissance Movement in recent 
 years offers further evidence of China’s determination to move for- 
 ward with the rest of the civilized world. This is an outlet for the 
 newly awakened spirit especially among the young and educated 
 classes. With very little organization and few great leaders the 
 movement has found its way to the hearts of literally millions of the 
 Chinese people. The manifestation of a democratic spirit, the fear- 
 less seeking after truth, the unity of purpose, the willingness to learn 
 from others, the desire to revalue accepted and traditional ideals, by 
 this and other ways the dry bones of the valley are beginning to 
 gather together and to show signs of life. To be sure, this youthful 
 movement has its defects and failures. It has sometimes played into 
 the hands of cunning politicians. It has made blunders and false 
 moves. But in spite of all this, no one can question for a moment 
 that this so-called Renaissance movement will play a very important 
 part in the future destiny of China. 
 
182 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 New life can also be seen in the religious world. Ancient re- 
 ligions in China have awakened to the fact that they must move with 
 the tide of the time, otherwise they will not be able to meet the 
 demands of the present generation. There are signs of revival in 
 the old religions and also in the formation of new ones. Faithful 
 disciples of Confucius are trying to make the teaching of the great 
 sage of the East more in keeping with up-to-date thoughts and prac- 
 tice. New forms of organization have been introduced into old 
 religious systems. Summer conferences are held, sermons are 
 preached, churches are organized. An effort has been made to make 
 Confucianism the national religion of China. New interpretations 
 of and new literature on Buddhism have made this religious faith 
 more attractive and beautiful to those who are religiously inclined. 
 The great Buddhist priest, Tai Hsu, has been lecturing in various 
 parts of China on modern Buddhism with great acceptance, espe- 
 cially among the literati and official classes. Many are seeking spir- 
 itual rest and comfort in the study of Buddhist classics. It is not too 
 much to say that these moral and religious forces have done much 
 for China in the past, and will be able to do much more in the days 
 to come. 
 
 * Where, now, does the Christian stand in the midst of this extraor- 
 dinary situation? What is the attitude of the follower of Jesus in 
 such a new environment? Has Christianity any contribution to 
 make in this hour of China’s spiritual and material needs? What is 
 the place of the Christian movement in China now and in the future? 
 These and many other questions come into our minds as we see the 
 present development of China which is full both of promise and of 
 danger. The Christian church cannot, and does not, claim to be the 
 source of all the modern movements for the betterment of the Chi- 
 nese people, yet the church has always stood for anything that aims 
 at the good of the nation and its people. In not a few cases it has 
 actually been the originator and promoter of such movements. 
 
 It is not surprising that the Christian church is also manifesting 
 such signs of life and vigor within itself as promise to fit it better 
 for rapidly changing conditions without. From the very beginning 
 the church has shown its sympathy and cooperation in the move- 
 ments towards democracy and emancipation. Take, for instance, 
 the student movement in recent years. The students of Christian 
 colleges in various parts of the country have been among the first 
 to give their sacrificial service for the benefit of the nation. In social 
 activities the Christians are second to none in their willingness “not 
 
CHINA 183 
 
 to be ministered unto but to minister” for the good of their fellow- 
 men, following closely in the footprints of the great Leader, Jesus 
 of Nazareth. It is interesting to hear the testimony of a man of 
 great learning and nation-wide reputation, an outstanding leader in 
 the New Civilization Movement, though not a Christian himself, who 
 declared that he would always be ready to call upon Christian stu- 
 dents, because he believes they are the kind of men and women that 
 can be depended upon for unselfish and single-hearted service for 
 others. 
 
 The greater part of the $17,000,000 fund for the relief. of the 
 famine sufferers in North China was entrusted to the Christian work- 
 ers to administer and distribute. In political disputes the Christian 
 missionary has often been called upon to act as a go-between and 
 a peace-maker. In this and many other ways the Christian church 
 is generally recognized as an institution that stands for the good of 
 the people; its word is dependable and its action appreciated. 
 
 Perhaps this new life is seen more clearly within the church itself 
 in recent years than in its outside activities. Any one who is at all 
 familiar with the work of the church in China today can testify to 
 the rapid growth of a new and independent spirit among its members. 
 The living force of the Christian truth has been working its way in 
 the hearts of the Chinese followers of Jesus so that they are con- 
 strained to undertake to fulfill their own responsibility and obligation 
 in the support and management of the work of the church of which 
 they are members. Both in those who are within the so-called mis- 
 sion-churches, and in those who are independent of them, the desire 
 to shoulder the responsibility themselves is universal, and is accepted 
 as the right line along which all must strive to move forward. 
 
 Four years ago the leaders of the Christian church came to- 
 gether at a conference held in Shanghai to consider the immediate 
 step to be taken to capture the unusual opportunity for holding up 
 the ideal and spirit of Jesus before the nation as a distinct contribution 
 of the Christian church in an hour of great national enthusiasm. As 
 an outcome of this conference there was formed the well-known 
 “China-for-Christ Movement.” Like the Renaissance Movement, it 
 has had very little organization and very few leaders, yet this move- 
 ment today penetrates to every part of the nation. Today the phrase 
 “Chung Hua Kwei Chu,’ meaning China-for-Christ, is a household 
 word amongst all Chinese Christians. 
 
 Five years ago there was born on the top of Kuling, where mis- 
 sionaries spend their vacations and many conferences are held, a home 
 missionary movement of the Chinese Church. There was a keen 
 
184 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 desire within us to spread the knowledge of Jesus in the neglected 
 regions of China and to arouse a missionary spirit and activity among 
 our Christian people. Beginning with a committee of seven, and 
 with not a single penny in hand, this Missionary Society has been 
 wonderfully blessed of God. Up to the present time two missions 
 have been opened, one in the southwest of China, in Yunnan Prov- 
 ince, the other in the extreme north of Manchuria. A dozen mis- 
 sionaries have been sent out to these fields, and their work has been 
 very favorably received by the non-Christians of these provinces. 
 This Society is entirely under Chinese management and is being sup- 
 ported by Christians representing all denominations in every part 
 of the country. Even Chinese abroad have been giving their support 
 and cooperation. Some $27,000 was received last year. Investiga- 
 tions are now being made regarding the two forbidden lands of Mon- 
 golia and Tibet in the hope that Chinese missionaries will soon pene- 
 trate to the heart of these dark regions and bring to them the enlight- 
 enment that comes from above. More than one hundred auxiliary 
 societies have been formed in various parts of China, and even poor 
 peasants, aged women, and young children are giving of their sub- 
 stance for the maintenance of the work of this Chinese Home Mis- 
 .sionary Society. 
 
 Next we would make mention of the spirit of unity which is 
 manifestly strong in the Chinese church. Racial prejudice, doc- 
 trinal and denominational differences must give way to the oneness of 
 the body of Jesus Christ who, in His last hour on earth, especially 
 prayed for the essential oneness of those who rally around His 
 banner. While the Chinese church advocates no ready-made plan 
 or scheme for the uniting of all Christian forces in China today, of 
 which there are no fewer than 130 to 140 independent and autonomous 
 church bodies, the spirit of cooperation can be seen everywhere. 
 People are ready for the very next step towards a greater and closer 
 unity in the work of God. Time will not permit a detailed account 
 of the numerous activities of the Chinese church in this direction. 
 The uniting of eleven dioceses of the Episcopal church; the coming 
 together of the twelve or more Presbyterian groups; the formation 
 of a united church in Canton representing seven church bodies, and 
 in Amoy representing three; the establishment of the Chinese Chris- 
 tian Church in several provinces in North China; the great coopera- 
 tive body of the National Christian Council, the various union move- 
 ments in educational, medical, social and literary work, are some of 
 the results of this spirit of unity. It may be hoped that in the near 
 future, further steps will be taken whereby the various forces of the 
 
CHINA 185 
 
 Christian movement may yet learn to work together, and to enjoy 
 the fellowship and tranquillity of “dwelling together in unity.” 
 
 In line with the spirit of the recent intellectual awakening among 
 the better educated classes in the country, the Chinese Christians are 
 beginning to pay more attention to a better understanding of Chris- 
 tion truth. A spirit of inquiry, a desire to search for further light, 
 a determination to learn yet more of the riches in Jesus Christ, have 
 led many to examine again the accepted statements of doctrine, tra- 
 dition, custom, ritual and creeds of the Christian religion. The old 
 attitude of an unquestioning acceptance of statements regarding 
 Christian truth and practice has given way to a fearless and frank 
 study of the real values of Christianity. Nothing is taken for 
 granted. Under such circumstances it is unavoidable that misstate- 
 ments and wrong interpretations of Christian truth should sometimes 
 be expressed, nevertheless, we are exceedingly thankful for this new 
 spirit and new desire to seek after richer life and to discover further 
 truth in the Christian religion. Since the advent of Christianity in 
 China, there has never been such a sincere desire on the part of the 
 more thoughtful Chinese, both Christian and non-Christian, to study 
 the teaching of Jesus and His personality. This is infinitely more 
 healthy for the development of the Christian church, than when 
 people believed in this or that doctrine simply because their foreign 
 pastor or teacher had told them so. Now Christianity is becoming 
 more and more a Chinese religion, a religion that is fitting into the 
 environment and atmosphere of the Chinese people. This, we con- 
 sider, is one of the most interesting and encouraging developments 
 of the Christian movement in the Far East. This means not only 
 that church members are paying more attention to the religious de- 
 velopment of life, but also that missionaries, native ministers, church 
 leaders and school teachers, in a word, all who are in a position to 
 instruct the “weaker brethren in Christ” must secure much better 
 training and preparation before they can be fit for the great and 
 divine task of being the spiritual leaders of the people. It is not 
 enough that the Chinese Church must become financially independent 
 of foreign control, but it must also be able to stand on its own feet 
 intellectually. We do not forget the fact that religion is no mere 
 intellectual consent without the warmth of emotion and affection, but 
 the church in China has so far neglected that intellectual understand- 
 ing of the Christian truth, that a corrective measure is both necessary 
 and helpful. The Chinese Christians want to know God. in terms 
 of their own religious experience; they want to see Christianity be- 
 come truly indigenous, and to find with all earnestness and humility 
 
186 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 not a mere Jewish Messiah, or a European Christ, but an Oriental 
 Savior. We rejoice and are thankful that such a new life is mani- 
 festing itself in the Church of God in China today. The same spirit 
 that has driven you from America and Europe to preach the Chris- 
 tian message to the Chinese people, will also inspire the Chinese 
 Christians to take their share in the work which God has been pleased 
 to place upon their shoulders. 
 
 These are some of the indications of the life and boinit of the 
 young church in China today. The road ahead will not be a per- 
 fectly smooth one. There are many difficulties. There are pos- 
 sible dangers and pitfalls. There are many outside of the Christian 
 Church who are trying to undermine and oppose the religion of 
 Jesus. They would gladly put it out of existence if they could. But 
 in spite of all such difficulties and trials the foundation of the Church 
 of God is well laid; new life is born; the work will in time bear 
 much fruit to the benefit of China, and through China to the whole 
 world. We need to be careful, indeed very careful, but we need 
 not be over-anxious that the Church will lose its spiritual nature and 
 become something that is not thoroughly Christian in character. We 
 must have greater faith in God as well as in men, believing that He 
 who guided the prophets and apostles of old, is able to Biase His 
 people in China today. 
 
 It is under such circumstances you will find Shel Ae in China 
 today. It is under such conditions we invite you to come to us and 
 render the necessary help. Chinese workers and foreign workers 
 from Europe and America, all are urgently needed in China today, 
 especially Chinese in large numbers. While it is reported that 74 
 per cent of all China is already “claimed” by the Christian missions 
 in China, you will entirely misjudge the situation if you entertain 
 the idea that China is fully occupied for Christ, and that there is no | 
 more need of further missionary endeavors. It is true that able 
 Chinese Christians are coming forward and getting under the burden, 
 that native leaders are gaining ground both in number and in strength, 
 but you will totally misunderstand the situation again, if you think 
 that China is so well supplied with Christian workers as to have no 
 need of any more missionaries from the West. Nothing can be 
 further from the truth. Judging from the wonderful opportunity 
 and the open-mindedness of the people at the present juncture, the 
 need for workers, Chinese and foreign, has never been greater than 
 it is today. Christian work has barely touched the fringes of China’s 
 400,000,000 people. Literally millions of Chinese have not yet had 
 a chance to make their acquaintance with the teaching and person- 
 
CHINA 187 
 
 ality of Jesus Christ. There is no question as to the need of more 
 missionaries to join the force in China today, but there is a question 
 as to the kind of missionaries that are needed to make the work even 
 more successful and better appreciated. As Chinese Christians we 
 extend to you a hearty invitation to come to our midst. We welcome 
 you with open arms and open hearts, and will endeavor to cooperate 
 with you in every possible way for the speedy accomplishment of 
 the great objective, for which we have determined to give our very 
 lives. 
 
 In the first place, we welcome you as a disciple of Jesus, one 
 who tries to reflect his Master in spirit, in word, and in deed; one 
 who comes to China with a message, a conviction, and an authority. 
 People nowadays are somewhat shy about the word “authority,” 
 yet we believe that a missionary who comes to the mission field should 
 come as a messenger with a God-given message spoken with no 
 uncertain sound. We do not care for the authority of dogmatic 
 statements or for the authority which manifests itself in a domi- 
 neering spirit. We do want you to come with a conviction and 
 authority that will enable you to present the Christian gospel with 
 that force and clearness which will so convince others that they will 
 acknowledge Christ as the Savior of mankind. 
 
 Next, we welcome you as a big brother, one who has been privi- 
 leged to know the spirit and ideals of the Christian faith for many 
 a long year before our people of the East, one who has been entrusted 
 with the important and glorious task of “making disciples of all 
 nations.” Surely your historical background, your early training 
 in the Christian way, your clearer understanding of the truth of 
 Christianity, fit you for the position of a big brother to care for his 
 younger brethren. Such a position your fellow-Christians in the 
 East readily recognize, appreciate and esteem. 
 
 Again, we welcome you as a yoke-fellow, one who will share 
 with us the gigantic task of winning men and women to the alle- 
 giance of Jesus. We believe “cooperation” is the keyword of the 
 Christian movement in China today between foreign missionaries 
 and Chinese workers. Both the West and the East have contribu- 
 tions to make. Their joint activities are most essential to the success 
 of the great work that God has been pleased to place upon the shoul- 
 ders of His servants. 
 
 We welcome you as a seeker after truth. While you have a 
 definite Truth to teach the Chinese people, you have not a little to 
 learn as well. The missionary task is not a racial but a moral one. 
 It is not a matter of the West versus the East, but light versus dark- 
 
188 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 ness. We believe that Truth is one, no matter where that Truth is 
 found. We believe that God has not left China without witnesses 
 for Him during all these centuries. China with her rich background 
 of learning, experience and culture will be able to contribute some- 
 thing to the enrichment of Western Christianity. China will come 
 to teach, and help, and at the same time be ready and willing to learn. 
 We may reasonably expect that in the days to come God will lead 
 us into yet greater truth, which will be “marvelous in our eyes.” 
 
 And above all we welcome you as a friend. Friend is a big 
 word, especially as it appears in the eyes of the Oriental people. 
 You will be honored as a teacher, you will be esteemed as a leader, 
 you will be admired as a missionary hero, but we hope you will be 
 loved as a friend. He who comes to us’with the spirit of a friend 
 through and through will ultimately win our hearts. There are, we 
 are happy to say, men and women now laboring in China who are 
 not particularly gifted in speech, not famous for their organizing 
 ability, not known as men who can get things across, but somehow 
 they have won the heart of the Chinese people. We believe it is 
 this friendship, which is another word for Christian love, which will 
 solve many of our mission problems, and will lead the work to a more 
 successful issue. | 
 
 You will notice that we have not said a word about the require- 
 ments of an acceptable missionary such as his Christian character, 
 his physical fitness, his intellectual attainments, his linguistic gifts, 
 his theological training, his spiritual soundness, all of which are abso- 
 lutely necessary for a twentieth century missionary. These and many 
 others matters will no doubt be carefully considered and investigated 
 by the Foreign Mission Boards, so that we need not touch upon them 
 here. We have simply indicated from a purely Chinese point of 
 view the kind of men and women that China needs and welcomes. | 
 We wish that by the grace of God many of you will hear the call 
 from above and see the “heavenly vision” that will lead you forth 
 to the field that is already “white unto harvest.” 
 
 But it is not possible that all of you, or even most of you, will 
 be able to find your way to China or any other mission field. . To 
 the brothers and sisters who plan to remain in the homeland we wish, 
 with your permission, to say a word or two. While it is impossible 
 for all who are interested in foreign missions to be actual mission- 
 aries, still the missionary spirit is not limited to those who go. You 
 can surely give your moral, spiritual and practical support to the 
 work in China and other fields, even while you remain at. the “Home 
 Base.” In fact the missionaries on the field cannot succeed, humanly 
 
CHINA 189 
 
 speaking, without the backing-up of their comrades here at home. 
 Some of the lines along which you can help are these. 
 
 In the first place, we would suggest that you seek to know as 
 much as possible about China in general and the Christian movement 
 in that country in particular. Such a knowledge will help you to 
 think, to pray, and to work more intelligently for China. Such a 
 spiritual communication with the China field is as vital to the success 
 of the work as actually working there, if not more. 
 
 Next we would suggest that you keep in close touch with the 
 men and women who have gone to China. Such organizations as 
 the Student Volunteer Movement, the Y.M.C.A., the Y.W.C.A., and 
 the various missionary societies which are looking after the interests 
 of the missionary movement in the Orient certainly require the co- 
 operation and support of all who are interested in the great mis- 
 sionary movement throughout the world. 
 
 Again we would suggest that you try to get in touch with some 
 of the three thousand Chinese students who have come over to this 
 country in quest of higher education, in order to fit themselves better 
 for work in China upon their return. Many of these students today 
 will be the leaders in China tomorrow. They have many problems 
 to face while in this country, unfamiliarity with conditions and cus- 
 toms; separation from home environment; and difficulty in meeting 
 congenial and helpful friends. They are not always getting the very 
 best that America can give. Here you can render a helping hand. 
 Your friendship, your sympathy, your advice, and cooperation will 
 mean much and be highly appreciated. 
 
 Once more, we would suggest that steps be taken whereby further 
 training may be given to native workers who have already had good 
 training in China and have proved themselves worthy in actual Chris- 
 tian experience. Such workers would greatly benefit by a period of 
 advanced study in this country. We cast no reflections upon the 
 efficient service of the foreign missionary when we say that even- 
 tually the task of Christianizing China will largely rest upon the 
 shoulders of the Chinese people. Being Chinese themselves they can 
 more easily approach their own people, and present the Christian 
 truth to them. Such educational assistance given to Chinese workers 
 will materially help the missionary enterprise. Some Mission Boards 
 have already made the’ experiment of sending abroad tried native 
 workers for advanced study, and the experiment has proved most 
 helpful. 
 
 Again we would suggest the early establishment of an exchange 
 of thought and ideas in the religious world by means of literature 
 
190 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 and lectures. We certainly need to know each other better. The 
 West has a great contribution to make to the people of the East and 
 vice versa. We need to see each other eye to eye. We need to share 
 each other’s points of view. By means of exchanging thoughts and 
 attitudes of mind we can make the Christian movement more efficient, 
 more complete, and more acceptable to the people of the Orient. 
 In this and many other ways you men and women who are called 
 upon to perform the task behind the scenes at the home base will 
 materially help the work on the mission field and hasten the day for 
 the realization of the Kingdom of God here on earth. 
 
 Never before in the history of the Christian movement in China 
 has the work been so interesting and inspiring. Never before has 
 the Christian church of the East been so eager and ready to share 
 in the great task. Never before has your helping hand been more 
 needed and more appreciated. Never before has the door been open 
 so wide and the people so ready to listen to the truth of Jesus and 
 so willing to accept Him as their Guide and Leader. Never before 
 has the church faced such a great challenge made by those who have 
 no need of religion and are decidedly opposed to Christianity. This 
 great convention fails if it does not impress upon our hearts afresh 
 the sense of the greatness of the task; the urgency of the call, the 
 tremendousness of the proposition. It is not your theology, not 
 your dogmatic creeds, not your tradition, not your denomination, not 
 your rituals, not your particular interpretation of Christianity, not 
 your efficient organization of the Christian church, that will meet 
 the real need of China. When you have given us all these, you have 
 not yet given us the very best. Surely you have something better 
 to offer. It is the spirit, the principle, the ideal of Jesus that China 
 needs. It is Jesus Himself that will satisfy the longing heart of the 
 people in the Orient. We are not here to make a comparison of 
 religions. We are not here to speak about the finality of religion. 
 We are here, as Chinese Christians who place their faith in Jesus 
 Christ, to plead most emphatically and earnestly with you who are 
 under the same flag to “come over and help us.” Let Jesus be the 
 unifying factor of the East and the West. Let Him lead the new 
 republic in the old country and the old republic in the new country 
 into greater, fuller and richer life, found only in Him. Let the 
 words ring in our ears unceasingly now and always: “Christ for 
 China, and China for Christ.” 
 
INDIA 
 
 Youan Mastin 
 
 Professor in Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Indore, and Clerk of the 
 General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in India 
 
 It is a great privilege to attend this convention and to stand 
 before you tonight on behalf of my beloved country, India. In claim- 
 ing her ancient civilization India looks back to three or four thousand 
 years ago. India is well known because of her old saints and sages, 
 men who lived in the woods and had their own university, not in big 
 buildings as in modern times, but under the shade of a tree. Here 
 a group of students would gather ’round about these philosophers 
 and discuss the mysteries of this life, who is God, what is God, 
 what is man, and what of the future life. 
 
 India is called the land of tigers and snakes but I want to assure 
 you these tigers and snakes are not so dangerous and harmful as 
 the automobiles and motor cars in your own country. India today 
 is best known perhaps by the name of Mahatma Gandhi, and the non- 
 cooperation movement or passive resistance. 
 
 There is a Hindu India, a Mohammedan India, a Christian India, 
 an India of highly educated and civilized people, an India of the most 
 uneducated and illiterate, an India of the high castes and an India 
 of the low castes, an India of the priests and an India of the most 
 untouchables. Fifty millions of these untouchables are there in India. 
 They have been denied all the rights and privileges of mankind 
 during Hindu and Mohammedan rule. A mere touch of one of these 
 fellows would mean pollution and excommunication from society 
 to one of high caste. 
 
 Hinduism has no hope for these fifty millions, Mohammedanism 
 gives none. Hope only comes to them when the gospel of Christ 
 is preached. 
 
 Christian friends, India is more like a continent than a country. 
 Nearly 319,000,000 people are in that great country, men of dif- 
 ferent customs, different manners, and speaking altogether differ- 
 ent languages. A man from the North going to the South speaking 
 his own mother tongue will never be understood; a man from the 
 West going to the East, speaking his own mother language will never 
 be understood. There are one hundred and forty-seven different 
 languages and dialects spoken in India today. 
 
 191 
 
192 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 But above all, India is a religious country, never forget that. I 
 do not call it a spiritual country. It is a superstitious country. But, 
 ask any Hindu and he will tell you that his country is the most re- 
 ligious country in the world. A Hindu is supposed to be born 
 religiously, he grows religiously, he dies religiously. You will find 
 eight great religions of the world in India and a score of minor faiths 
 and creeds. 
 
 Yes, there is great unrest in India, great political unrest, eco- 
 nomic unrest, social unrest, but above all there is religious unrest. 
 India is seeking after God. India is yearning for divine vision. 
 
 What is the yearning of India? What is she seeking after? 
 You will find it in her most ancient of prayers. That prayer is very 
 brief. It runs like this: “From the unreal lead me to the real; 
 from darkness lead me to the light; from death lead me to immor- 
 tality.” 
 
 Until that prayer of India is answered, until India gets what 
 she desires in that prayer, there can be no peace, there can be no 
 rest in India. 
 
 He who answers that prayer of India will have India wor- 
 shipping at his feet. Who can give India what she desires but He 
 who said, “I am the way, the truth and the life; . . . I am the light 
 of the world; . . . I am the resurrection and the life.” 
 
 I have no time to tell you about the progress Christianity has 
 made in India. I have no time to tell you what blessings we have 
 received in India through missionary efforts, but let me tell you this 
 one thing. Today the Christian population in India is four and 
 three-quarter millions. During the last decade, according to gov- 
 ernment census reports, the total population increased 1.2 per cent, 
 while the Christian population increased 22.64 per cent. 
 
 Thousands have been refused baptism and in some cases have 
 even been refused admittance into the churches as mere enquirers 
 simply because it has been impossible to arrange for their training. 
 
 Do you know how many missionaries are working in India? 
 On an average throughout the whole of India there are eighteen mis- 
 sionaries for every one million of population. There still are thou- 
 sands of villages in India which have not heard the gospel of Jesus 
 Christ. Five years back while itinerating in my own district only 
 sixteen miles away from my home town, I entered village after vil- 
 lage which never had heard the name of Jesus. There still are mil- 
 lions of people in India who have not heard the gospel. The large 
 cities and towns with their teeming millions of the middle classes 
 have very inadequate and sometimes no provisions made for the 
 
 
 
INDIA 193 
 
 regular preaching of the gospel. That is the condition at present in 
 India. . 
 
 I will give you an illustration which will show the great need 
 of the country for missionaries. You must have heard of that ex- 
 pedition that went from England last year to climb the highest moun- 
 tain peak in the world, which is an Indian peak, Mt. Everest. In 
 that expedition there was one medical man, Dr. Somerville. He was 
 not a missionary. When he returned with his expedition from Mt. 
 Everest to South India and came to a district with over one million 
 people where only one medical man was working, he saw for the 
 first time how our people are dying day after day without any medical 
 aid. 
 
 The sight touched Dr. Somerville’s heart. He at once offered 
 his services for ten days to the medical missionary and what he saw 
 during those ten days in the mission hospital changed the whole 
 course of his life. He quickly offered his services to the London 
 Missionary Society. Today Dr. Somerville is a medical missionary 
 in South India. 
 
 But Christian friends, and Christian students, a new day is 
 dawning in India today. India is thinking seriously of something 
 higher and nobler. We have passed during these last five years 
 through very critical experiences. There was darkness that seemed 
 to be hanging over the country. There was great trouble there. We 
 did not know what would happen. In all this chaos and darkness 
 one heard the voice of the Master saying very clearly, “Behold, I 
 make everything new.” Jesus is making everything new today in 
 India. When that man, Mr. Gandhi, wanted to start his non-coop- 
 eration campaign against the British Government, he knew that he 
 ought to convince the people that his campaign against the Gov- 
 ernment was right and just. And in proving to the people that his 
 campaign against the Government was right he did not turn to the 
 pages of the Holy Scriptures of the Hindus, he did not refer to the 
 Koran, the Holy Scripture of Mohammedanism. He turned to the 
 pages of the New Testament. He quoted text after text from the 
 teachings of Christ, and thus he showed that his campaign against 
 the Government was right and just. 
 
 There was another non-Christian party, leaders of which did not 
 see eye to eye with Mr. Gandhi. They denounced his non-coopera- 
 tion campaign and in doing so they also quoted freely from the New 
 Testament and the teachings of Christ in their attempt to point out 
 that the campaign of Mr. Gandhi would bring nothing but disaster 
 to the country. 
 
IQ4 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 My point is this: Here are these two parties of non-Christian 
 leaders. At a critical time in their country’s history they went 
 straight to Jesus Christ asking him, “Will you please tell us what 
 is right and what is not right for our country?” 
 
 Now who is to give answer to these people on behalf of Jesus 
 Christ if not the Church? 
 
 When Mr. Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six. years’ 
 imprisonment, on the very next day in one of our most extreme 
 daily papers an article appeared written by a non-Christian lady. 
 That article was freely quoted in all the non-Christian publications 
 and translated into many different vernaculars. The title of that 
 article was “The arrest and trial of Mr. Gandhi parallels the arrest 
 and trial of Jesus Christ.” 
 
 I do not agree at all with that lady’s argument, but this thing 
 happened in India. When that article was translated and appeared 
 in non-Christian papers, non-Christian people who read that article 
 began to ask this question: “Who is this Jesus Christ? Why was 
 He arrested? Why was He sentenced to death? Why did He 
 suffer on the cross?” and a great study of the life and teachings of 
 Jesus Christ began in India. 
 
 Before he was sent to prison Mr. Gandhi started a national 
 institution in his own town. Later a group of missionaries went to 
 see that institution. Imagine their surprise when on entering the 
 compound they heard the boys and girls singing “When I survey the 
 wondrous cross.” They asked the teacher who taught them this 
 hymn. He said, “Mr. Gandhi.” Had he taught them any other 
 hymn? Yes, and the boys sang “In the Cross of Christ I Glory.” 
 These two beautiful Christian hymns were taught to these non- 
 Christian boys and girls by the great non-Christian leader. He 
 knew that the hope of India lies in Jesus Christ and His Cross. 
 
 Never in the history of Christian missions has there been such 
 a study of the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as today. Before 
 Mr. Gandhi went to prison, he sent his last message to the youth of 
 India in words like these, “If you sincerely love your country and 
 want to serve your motherland you must study the life and teachings 
 of Christ and try to imitate them.” Today these faithful followers 
 of Mr. Gandhi are studying the gospels. They want to know whether 
 Jesus Christ could really solve the problems of India, if given a 
 chance. 
 
 Last year there was a great agitation in the central provinces 
 called “flag agitation.” I have a paper in my pocket here which I 
 received some weeks back. Twelve hundred young men were ar- 
 
INDIA 195 
 
 rested and thrown into prison because of disobeying police orders. 
 When sent to prison they were asked to choose what book or period- 
 ical they most wished to be given to read in jail. Later the magis- 
 trate who presided over their trial told one of the missionaries that 
 three hundred of these young men had asked the government for 
 copies of the New Testament to study in jail. 
 
 Yes, whatever may be their motives, they are there today study- 
 ing the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. 
 
 I ask these young men and women of India now in jail, I ask 
 the young men and women of India who are not in jail today, “Do 
 you understand what you read?” and the answer is given, “How can 
 we, except some one should guide us?” 
 
 It is a new day, Christian friends, when a non-Christian jour- 
 nalist in one of his addresses and through his paper makes this 
 public plea to the Christian missionaries: ‘There are many eminent 
 non-Christians who turn for guidance in the perplexing problems of 
 national life to the teachings of Christ. India earnestly hopes that 
 the great body of Christian missionaries in this land will stand by 
 her in her endeavor to apply the central teachings of Christ to her 
 national life.” ; 
 
 It is a new day, fellow students, when last year the then vice- 
 chancellor of a university, a non-Christian, educated man, in an ad- 
 dress to the students said these words, “If you ask what is the most 
 powerful influence that has entered my life to shape it, I will tell 
 you it is the Bible.” 
 
 This man is a Hindu. What influenced his life? Not history 
 or biography, not poetry or prophecy, but a living personality, Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
 It is a new day, fellow students, when a Hindu Professor of 
 a Hindu college at a meeting last year said these words, “There has 
 been no other such character in human history as Jesus Christ. He 
 is the greatest character that has ever appeared.” 
 
 It is a new day, fellow students, when His Highness the Ma- 
 haraja of Travancore, can say these words, “It is the Christian’s 
 Bible that sooner or later will work out the regeneration of India.” 
 
 Here are the words of a non-Christian thinker: “If ever there 
 was a time when educated India has consciously paid homage to Jesus 
 Christ it was in the year 1922.” 
 
 I have said that India is yearning for a vision of the great 
 divine. ‘Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.” 
 India needs purity of heart. India needs a change of heart. Who 
 will transform India’s heart? Who will give India holiness and 
 
196 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 purity in heart but the Savior? Christ the Savior is the only hope 
 and need of India. 
 
 If Christ is presented to India only as a teacher India will reject 
 him and say with a great sigh, “We have seen philosophers and 
 teachers in our country. They do not meet the need of my soul.” 
 
 India is the cradle of Buddhism, but India has turned Buddhism 
 away from her shores. Buddhism may find shelter in China, Japan 
 and Burma, but not in India. India is looking for a higher and 
 nobler life. 
 
 You have found joy and peace by sitting at the foot of the 
 Cross. India wants the same joy and the same peace. How can 
 she have it until she gets a vision of the crucified Savior? 
 
 Last April an article appeared in the Hibbert Journal written by 
 a British official in which he traced the history of the present political 
 agitation and unrest in India. He said, “This agitation is against 
 the Christian civilization.” Several leaders in India took the matter 
 in hand and replied to this gentleman saying that India was not re- 
 volting against the Christian civilization but her revolt was against 
 the un-Christian civilization. 
 
 Then the writer ended his article with these words, “At no other 
 time in India has there been a more lively appreciation of Christ and 
 His character today. Many of her children are turning their eyes 
 
 to the Cross, the centrality of which tragedy in the world’s history is — 
 
 beginning to grip them with romantic power.” 
 
 One of our prophets in India, who was a great admirer of Jesus 
 Christ and a great student of the Bible, but who did not accept bap- 
 tism, or join himself with any church gave his message on behalf of 
 India to the Christian nations of Europe in these words; I repeat 
 them before you as India’s appeal to the Christian students of Amer- 
 ica and Canada: “Christian Europe, India will have no other atone- 
 
 ment with thee except in Christ. Any secular reconciliation or po-. 
 
 litical treaty she would altogether repudiate. We Asiatics invite the 
 nations of the West to a spiritual alliance and an international fed- 
 eration upon no other ground than that of Christ’s atonement; in 
 His name let us forgive and forget the hostilities of centuries, and 
 in His name shake hands with each other with true brotherly love.” 
 
 Yes, India is in travail. Let us pray and toil that Christ be 
 formed in her. 
 
 Several years ago one of our prophets who exerted a great in- 
 fluence over our young men and women gave this message to the 
 youth of India before he died, “You cannot deny that your hearts 
 have been subjugated, captivated, enslaved by a higher and nobler 
 
JAPAN 197 
 
 power. That power is Christ. None other ever deserved this pre- 
 cious, this bright diadem, India. And Jesus shall have it, Jesus 
 shall have it.” 
 
 The seer on the Isle of Patmos had a vision of the glorified 
 Savior and he saw on His head a crown of many jewels. One of 
 those shining bright jewels will be India. Will you Christian stu- 
 dents come to the help of India? Come to the help of the church 
 there which is an infant church, a weak church, so that India may 
 be won for Jesus Christ and the Kingdom of Heaven be established 
 at last over the whole earth. 
 
 JAPAN 
 
 Hirosu1 HAaTANAKA 
 
 Dean of Kobe College, Kobe, Japan 
 
 Will you allow me to express on behalf of the people of my 
 country their heartfelt gratitude and appreciation for what you have 
 done for them since the earthquake? We have learned to trust the 
 people of this continent since that wonderful conference in Wash- 
 ington, and even more since the earthquake, because of your kindness 
 and the help which you have given to us. We also have learned to 
 trust the peoples of all nations for the same reasons. There always 
 will be times when, because of international difficulties, we shall need 
 to carry on negotiations and frank discussions with other nations, 
 but in that case it will not be because we do not believe in you, it 
 will not be because we believe that we have come to the point where 
 we must take up guns and swords—not that at all—but because we 
 believe that we can trust the peoples of the different nations, trust 
 in the justice of their public opinion and in their good judgments. 
 
 Japan has been, for some time, a cause of much worry and 
 anxiety to the rest of the world, and a target for international 
 political criticisms in the Far East. However, no thinking Japanese 
 has ever blamed the rest of the world for this attitude. They them- 
 selves were far from contented with certain conditions within the 
 nation. They also were aware of the fact that for many reasons, 
 both external and internal, Japan has been forced to take the course 
 she has. 
 
 Japan, with an annual increase in population of 600,000, with 
 a very small amount of coal reserve, with practically no iron mines, 
 
198 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 with all her cotton coming in from America and India, with a very 
 small area of tillable land, with no sufficient outlets for her surplus 
 population, faces the very grave problem of supporting her own 
 people. 
 
 In accord with the Washington Conference the Japanese govern- 
 ment dismissed 10,000 workers from the munition factories. This 
 action and the general business depression have left tens of thousands 
 of people today without work. 
 
 The earthquake destroyed $5,000,000,000 worth of property, 
 more than the annual income of the entire population. Fire destroyed 
 a half million houses in Tokio, and spared only 92 houses in the great 
 city of Yokohama. It rendered over 2,000,000 people homeless and 
 very greatly increased the number of unemployed. 
 
 Imagine for yourself, if you please, what a tremendous crisis 
 Japan is facing today. The more serious problems are the social 
 and moral problems. There is a growing consciousness of the worth 
 of the individual. Labor problems are everywhere intensified. Class 
 feelings are being aroused. People are breaking away rapidly from 
 old social conventions and moral standards. There is very much 
 discontent with social and political conditions and with formally 
 organized religions. Four hundred and twenty-five disputes between 
 land owners and tenant farmers, and twice as many disputes between 
 the capitalists and the laborers, were reported within the first half 
 of 1922. The agitations of former outcasts for better social recog- 
 nition, the woman suffrage movement, the improvements in standards 
 of living, the emphasis on a single moral standard for men and 
 women, are significant signs of change and progress in Japan today. 
 
 Japan is moving. It is easy to guide a moving train, but that 
 train becomes dangerous when it is misguided. Unless these various 
 problems are rightly solved, unless all the forward movements are 
 rightly directed, Japan is in danger of another earthquake which 
 may turn out to be many times more disastrous to her, as well as 
 to the rest of the world, than the one just experienced. 
 
 On the other hand, Japan’s newly obtained position, her scien- 
 tific knowledge, increased foreign trade, and, above all, the great 
 confidence and the sympathy of the people of this country and other 
 nations for her, so markedly expressed since the earthquake—all 
 these give her ever larger opportunities to play her part in the world’s 
 affairs. 
 
 Will Japan be able to solve her internal problems, fulfill her 
 world responsibilities and be worthy of the trust that she has had 
 placed upon her by God and other nations? 
 
JAPAN 199 
 
 Japan has been and is accused of being a militaristic nation. 
 Will she continue to be such? A wave of dislike for militarism is 
 sweeping over all Japan. Among two hundred daily newspapers 
 scattered all over the country, not one of the really influential papers 
 is militaristic today. Before the great war the government mili- 
 tary academy used to pick its students out of thousands of appli- 
 cants. This last year it was able to muster about one hundred 
 applicants while the set number was 200.’ September 16, 1923, 
 is a red letter day in Japanese history. On this day Captain Amakas 
 of the Military Police killed the two Socialists, Mr. and Mrs. Osugi, 
 and their seven-year-old nephew, thinking they were the cause of 
 disorder during the confusion that followed the earthquake. When 
 this act was announced in the newspapers, Captain Amakas was 
 denounced as the worst kind of anarchist, having killed unlawfully 
 when it was his business to enforce the law. Later he was arrested 
 and now is being tried. While in court he is reported to have said 
 that the educational system of our army has many defects, that the 
 army ought to give more spiritual training to the men. By these 
 words he is supposed to have admitted his mistake and attributed the 
 cause to defective education in the army. 
 
 Events of this kind make the people distrust militarism more 
 and more. Japanese militarism seems to us at the point of break- 
 down—certainly in need of a surgical operation. Although Japanese 
 sentiment has been against militarism, the policies of the government 
 have been quite militaristic, because the government has been con- 
 trolled by a few and not by the people. However, thanks to the lead- 
 ers, by whose hard fight and persevering agitation the goal has been 
 reached, universal suffrage will be extended to all men of twenty-five 
 years and over by the parliament now in session. Women, too, will 
 have the same privilege in.the very near future. Manifestly, uni- 
 versal suffrage will not eliminate all our political evils, although with- 
 out question it registers a decided step in advance. With general 
 suffrage assured, a government of the people expressing their senti- 
 ments and ideals is sure to result. Then the mist covering the land 
 of sunrise shall be cleared away. 
 
 The Christian churches may well be proud of themselves. 
 Among their liberal-minded leaders are such men as Mr. Kagawa 
 and Mr. Shimada. These men are the leaders of a new Japan. Mr. 
 Shimada, once a Speaker of the House, passed away a month ago 
 at the age of seventy-five, saying to his friends, “In forty years 
 of my political career I have: always acted with clean conscience.” 
 He was a statesman. He was an orator and a Christian. 
 
200 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 During the confusion following the earthquake, rumors were 
 spread that the Koreans were setting houses on fire and coming to 
 attack the Japanese. Perhaps a few of the Koreans were caught in 
 some criminal act, but a greater number of Japanese probably were 
 caught in similar crimes. Due to racial prejudices and unfortunate 
 political circumstances, the rumor of Korean violence spread over 
 Tokyo and Yokohama much faster than the fire itself. The people 
 became terrified. A mob killed about two hundred Koreans, and 
 some Japanese and Chinese who were taken for Koreans. 
 
 This unnecessary and unforgivable crime was committed because 
 the Japanese lacked understanding, sympathy and faith in the Korean 
 people. No words are sufficiently adequate to express our regret and 
 sorrow for this most cruel and uncivilized conduct of our people. 
 Christian leaders and liberal thinkers have always urged us to trust 
 the Koreans and let justice and freedom rule the peninsula, but the 
 long existing prejudices and distrust on both sides finally brought 
 about this unspeakable humiliation and sorrow. However, the blood 
 of these innocent Koreans is sure to strengthen the cause of liberalism 
 and liberal movements. 
 
 Many of our Christians have been champion leaders in breaking 
 down racial prejudices and class feelings. Kagawa, who was to have 
 addressed you today, Suzuki and Hisatome, all Christian men and 
 the leaders of labor unions, have done more than any one else in my 
 country to let the laborers, as well as society in general, know how 
 important a position the working people occupy, and to bring em- 
 ployers and employees to a better understanding of each other. 
 
 Our Christian forces are not as well organized as they might 
 be, but we are on the way. Last month representatives of all denomi- 
 nations and mission boards in Japan met together and formed the 
 National Christian Council on which a committee has been at work 
 for a long time. They organized their forces and are cooperating 
 not only among themselves, but with a large number of non-professing 
 Christian leaders. 
 
 Do we believe that the cause of Christ will win in Japan simply 
 because of these more or less social trends and liberal movements 
 in Japan? No, far from it. Indeed these things which I have been 
 telling you about tonight, apart from belief in one great fundamental, 
 which is that Christ lives in every human heart, all these modern 
 trends, all these liberal movements, are the most dangerous things 
 in the world. a ae 
 
 Through the recent earthquake, through the ruins and in the 
 fire we have seen that Jesus Christ dwells in the heart of every man, 
 
JAPAN 201 
 
 whether he be conscious of it or not. During the earthquake and 
 fire many nursemaids, employed by foreigners in Yokohama, literally 
 risked their lives to save the babies in their care. Three hundred 
 thousand people took refuge in the army uniform factory in Tokyo, 
 thinking it a safe retreat. Later forty thousand were burnt to death 
 in the fire that swept through that very section. A man and his wife 
 with three children of their own, the oldest five and the youngest a 
 year old escaped the fire, together with an old lady and two children 
 who had become separated from their parents. When I was en- 
 gaged in relief work last October that mother told me, as she carried 
 her baby on her back with a boy of five playing by her side—she 
 was removing the débris away from the place where her little store 
 formerly stood—“although we lost everything we had, the fact that 
 we have been able to save not only three of our own children, but 
 two others and an old lady who were left there in that factory, is a 
 greater joy than any wealth could buy.” 
 
 A carpenter went to Tokyo, thinking it a good place to make 
 money. After a few days’ work he climbed up on one of the build- 
 ings and looked down on the twenty-five square miles of burnt 
 bricks and stones, then came to one of the relief centers and said, 
 “T can not take money away from these unfortunate people.” He laid 
 down what he had earned on the counter and offered himself for 
 service, building huts, without any wages, for people whose houses 
 had been burned. 
 
 An old woman employed in one of the relief centers saw several 
 unfortunates sleeping one evening without any covering. Imme- 
 diately she took all the kimonos she had, covered each one of them 
 and came away without disturbing them. 
 
 A missionary friend tells how she owes her life to a Korean 
 boy who stayed by her while the fire destroyed everything in Yoko- 
 hama. 
 
 In spite of misunderstanding in China and past unhappy feel- 
 ings, when the people of China poured out their hearts in sympathy 
 and when coolies in Shanghai refused to receive any wages for the 
 goods they loaded on shipboard to send over to Japan for the relief 
 work, we could not but forget both our racial and national prejudices 
 and trust all people irrespective of differences. 
 
 We have seen wonderful things taking place. We have seen 
 even a larger miracle than the feeding of five thousand. Over 2,000,- 
 000 people in Tokyo and Yokohama, after all the food supplies of 
 those two cities had been burned out, shared the little bit they had 
 left with each other; and succeeded in subsisting until we were able to 
 
202 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 reach them, within a week, with food supplies from unaffected sec- 
 tions of the country. , 
 
 Men-of-war, built to defend national boundaries, brought us 
 food and clothing. Hospitals with all that science could give, were 
 also brought overseas and planted in the hearts of the burnt districts. 
 Among the ruins and fires we saw racial prejudices and class hatreds 
 disappearing and the spirit of service among our own people and 
 those beyond the seas, finding beautiful expression. As social dis- 
 tinction, political organizations, caste systems, business interests were 
 shaken down to dust, we saw people revealing the spirit of service, 
 the spirit of Christ. Men, freed from class pride and selfishness, 
 showed the living Christ in their lives. 
 
 We ask you to come to Japan to help us remove the evils, 
 revealing Christ in their lives. We ask you to come and participate 
 in a task that is larger than strengthening a denomination or build- 
 ing a church or even saving many souls. It is the great task of 
 uniting nations, races and classes by the common spirit of Christ, 
 upon the principle of the brotherhood of Jesus. We do not ask you 
 to come because our people are born militarists and bad, but we ask 
 you to come. because we believe the spirit of Christ lives in our 
 people, although sometimes it is hidden and disguised. 
 
 You are not coming as missionaries, to set up a foreign Christ 
 in the hearts of so-called non-Christian people, but you are coming 
 to discover for them as well as for yourselves the indwelling Christ, 
 hidden beneath personal habits and customs, wrong economic systems 
 or wrong national and international ambitions. In seeking for the 
 solutions of the great problems we face, we must look to organizations 
 of various kinds, educational systems, material and intellectual help 
 and the best that science can give. The greatest hope and source of 
 courage to me, however, is the presence of Christ in all human souls. 
 Because of this great hope Christ was able to say when facing the 
 Cross, ‘I have overcome the world.” 
 
 He knew men would betray Him; He knew men would kill Him 
 because of selfish motives. Many times we yield to temptations, but 
 Christ knows that there is something in our hearts that never leaves 
 us satisfied until we learn to love and serve. Men may seem to be 
 criminals and to live degraded lives, but we cannot deny this great 
 fact, that in every human heart Jesus Christ lives. 
 
 Can you treat a man, even an enemy, as your friend, when he ~ 
 comes up to you intending to hit you, believing that in him Christ 
 dwells? The mass of humanity is like a gold mine to me. It is 
 rugged on the outside; in some spots it is dark and gloomy, but as 
 
LATIN AMERICA 203 
 
 we dig deeper into the heart of humanity, I can see the streams of 
 love, as streams of gold. 
 
 It takes a man of pure heart to believe that in every human soul 
 Jesus Christ lives. It takes a man of unselfish motives to believe that 
 in every man Jesus Christ lives. It takes a man of courage, when 
 everything is against him, when men are falling by the wayside by 
 thousands, to believe that Jesus Christ dwells in every human heart. 
 
 Perhaps some of you will never go to any foreign field as mis- 
 sionaries, but in your business and in your different professions by 
 changing your own surroundings, Jesus Christ can be made to live. 
 Also Jesus Christ can come to live in the men who are surrounding 
 you. 
 
 Can we treat ourselves as those who really have Jesus Christ 
 dwelling within us? It makes no difference whether we make mis- 
 takes or not, Jesus Christ lives in us. Can we believe in men who are 
 making mistakes, that in them Jesus Christ lives? 
 
 LATIN AMERICA 
 
 ANDRES OSUNA 
 
 Secretary of the Committee on Missionary Cooperation in Mexico 
 
 I hesitate to begin my talk this morning on account of the great 
 and extensive subject with which I have to deal. I have to represent 
 thirty different nations in Latin America, covering the great continent 
 of South America, and a part of North America. I have to deal 
 with more than 70,000,000 people, and if I were to go into details 
 I would have to talk, for example, of the different languages and 
 dialects spoken in those countries which number more than one hun- 
 dred and fifty. You see, I could not do all this in the limited time 
 given to me on this program. 
 
 In the first place, allow me to present some of the assets of 
 Latin America. We have, of course, a great territorial expanse. 
 We have room there for many millions of people. We have in some 
 nations large sections that have never been explored. We have there 
 natural resources that are unknown as yet to the world. In some of 
 those interesting countries you find the most needed treasures of the 
 world today. Naturally a great deal remains to be done. There is 
 room for much development. There is a place in South America 
 for the surplus population of many nations. It is time that we should 
 
204 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 begin thinking seriously about the destiny of these Latin American 
 countries. 
 
 Not long ago it was my good fortune to be entertained by the 
 captain of a great warship of the United States. We were talking 
 together of the oil resources of my country. A commission had been 
 sent to study those great resources and in its report the oil reserves 
 of Mexico were estimated at approximately one hundred and fifty 
 billions of dollars. 
 
 There are many sections throughout Latin America where one 
 finds other great natural resources of untold value, for instance, the - 
 many fine timber lands. In one of the states of Mexico there is a 
 small tract of land, 125,000 acres in extent, in which, according to 
 official reports, more than 200,000 tons of mahogany lie ready to be 
 taken to the market. This is only one illustration out of thousands 
 that I might speak of tonight if there were time. 
 
 Latin America offers a great market for manufactured goods. 
 These new countries are constantly increasing their demands for 
 manufactured products, and I venture to say that during any great 
 dispute between the nations of Europe over the control of foreign 
 markets, Latin America is never out of mind. 
 
 There are also ethnical values in Latin American countries. The 
 main inhabitants of those lands are formed by the blending of two 
 great races—the Latin races coming originally from Europe, from 
 the great countries of Spain and Portugal—men of great endurance, 
 ambition, and talent; and the native races, found throughout South 
 America and Mexico of whose origin the scientists of the world are 
 still in ignorance. 
 
 I have had opportunity within the last few years to visit some 
 of the ruins of the old races of Mexico, and I tell you these are well 
 worth investigating and studying. The latest researches indicate that | 
 some of those ruined cities with their majestic temples and palaces 
 date back four or five thousand years. 
 
 We have been talking about the origin of the early inhabitants 
 of Mexico and South America. One theory is that they come from 
 Asia or from Europe. I should not be surprised if before very long 
 another theory should state that the Chinese lived originally in Mex- 
 ico and went from Mexico to inhabit Asia, or that the different 
 inhabitants of other countries had their cradle here on this continent ! 
 
 Another very important asset of Latin America lies in the fact 
 that the nations are still young and undeveloped. There is no telling 
 how far this development will go if these nations are given a fair 
 chance. Occasionally I read a newspaper article which declares that 
 
LATIN AMERICA 205 
 
 the native races are a decided handicap to the development of Latin 
 America, That is most unjust. The native peoples and the mixed 
 races of Latin America have never had a chance to show their worth. 
 They have never been educated. They have never been given oppor- 
 tunities to grow and develop their latent powers. Once in a long 
 while they seize an opportunity and give us very prominent men. 
 One of the most influential men of this continent in years past was 
 a full-blooded Indian of Mexico, who had been given a fair chance. 
 He undertook—and successfully undertook—to solve some of the 
 greatest and most difficult political problems of his day in my country. 
 For this he needed moral and intellectual courage to stand out against 
 foreign invasion, against European diplomacy and militarism which 
 threatened the continuance of peaceful democracy on this continent. 
 That full-blooded Indian was glad to defend the great cause dear to 
 every American republic, to carry the burdens of his own people, 
 and to give his life, if needed, to advance the freedom of his own 
 nation and race and make a better way for all who might come 
 after him. 
 
 This leads me to say that the people of Latin America have very 
 valuable racial qualities. I must talk to you in terms with which you 
 are familiar. You are hearing constantly of revolutions in Latin 
 America, especially in Mexico. Well, those nations are fighting 
 people, but don’t you know that the fighting spirit is a great asset in 
 nations? What is needed is self-control and proper direction. What 
 is life, if it is not a constant struggle, a constant fight? What is your 
 activity in college life, if it is not fighting day after day, struggling 
 week after week? If you have the fighting spirit you have a great 
 personal asset. So I believe that in Latin America we have a very 
 real asset in this fighting spirit. Only we must learn to put it to 
 worthier uses and express it in worthier ways. We need revolutions 
 in the educational world, in the industrial world, in the economic 
 world, in various social activities. We need great leaders in each 
 one of those activities. If you turn that natural inclination of the 
 people into proper channels, the future development and peace of 
 Latin America are assured. 
 
 But Latin America has another racial trait that I consider an 
 -asset. That is their desire for religion. The earliest natives of Latin 
 America were very religious. The greatest monuments among the 
 ruins that we are now discovering and uncovering are great temples. 
 Occasionally we have discovered whole towns or even cities which 
 seem to have been devoted to religious training, and religious training 
 alone. We have in Mexico the ruins of San Juan Teotihuacan, a city 
 
206 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 devoted to the religious training of the people and especially to the 
 religious education of young priests. 
 
 Why is it, then, that we need missionaries in Latin America 
 today? Well, just consider another matter. The established religion 
 throughout Latin America was allied for many years with the political 
 powers of the land in the interests of subjecting the native peoples 
 and keeping them peacefully within the European domain. In its 
 message this church forgot the great redeeming and uplifting spirit 
 of Christianity, with the result that it has failed to do what ought 
 to have been done in the religious awakening and development of the 
 people. You may have heard already how sorely we need a revival 
 of religion all through Latin American countries. 
 
 We need this because we have great problems to be solved. I 
 mention only a few of them so that you may have some idea of: what 
 we have to contend with. In the first place, we have the problem of 
 education. Latin American countries are in a pitiful condition. The 
 two most advanced nations of Latin America report that forty per 
 cent of their people are still illiterate. The majority of countries have 
 nearly eighty per cent in the illiterate class. 
 
 Now when you remember how many years we have been trying 
 to establish democracies in these countries, when eighty per cent of 
 the people still do not know how to read or write, -you can easily 
 imagine the tremendous problem still before us. We have a few 
 schools. We have universities and we have colleges, but these con- — 
 tain only twenty or thirty per cent of the entire population of school 
 age. From all this you see our great need of more teachers and 
 leaders in the field of education. Some of our nations are awakening 
 to the seriousness of their need for education among the masses and 
 are establishing normal schools and colleges, industrial schools and 
 universities, with a good primary school educational foundation, but 
 there still remains much to do. Latin America needs a good system 
 of education, adopted to her people’s present state. We have been 
 trying different systems, importing some from foreign nations, and 
 making the blunder of trying to apply to different racial tempera- 
 ments and social conditions systems that have been tried and proved 
 elsewhere under very different conditions. Some of our leaders have 
 been trying to develop systems of their own, but of course that is 
 slow work, and sometimes for lack of technical preparation they have 
 not been very successful. 
 
 Again, we need money to support our schools. We have no 
 endowment for schools and colleges in Latin America. You have 
 successful business people in this country and in Canada who gladly 
 
LATIN AMERICA 207 
 
 give large sums in support of education, endowing great institutions 
 for many years. But we have no such benevolence in Latin America. 
 The chief reason is this. Most of the large investors in Latin Amer- 
 ica are foreigners, who take back their money with them and leave 
 nothing for our educational institutions. The revenues from taxes 
 are not enough. Of course, we are making some progress in increas- 
 ing our appropriations for schools and colleges. In Mexico alone the 
 appropriation of the Federal Government, which used to be about 
 10,000,000 pesos or $5,000,000 anuually, has been increased in the 
 last few years to 50,000,000 pesos. However, this is a very small 
 amount when compared with the great need, 
 
 Then we have another obstacle to overcome in solving our edu- 
 cational problems, and that obstacle is politics. Whenever politics 
 get into the schools—and they are always in the schools in Latin 
 America—there arise situations most difficult to meet. I hope you 
 don’t have such conditions in the United States or in Canada. 
 
 Again, we have the economic problem. That is a very important 
 one. In financing our own governments we have had to get loans 
 from abroad and these have encouraged graft and oppression of the 
 people to a distressing extent. Most of the capital for the develop- 
 ment of our natural resources has had to be imported from outside. 
 While these investments have been very profitable, they have not 
 always served the best interests of the people. 
 
 You find in Mexico, for instance, and in most of the richer Latin 
 American countries, immense amounts of money constantly exported 
 to foreign countries in return for foreign investments. Mexico alone 
 has given out of her mines more than one-half of the total amount 
 of silver in circulation throughout the world today. The gold mines 
 of Mexico also are rich, Today Mexico is considered one of the 
 richest countries of the world in mineral resources. I have told how 
 rich it is in oil. Nevertheless, our Mexican people who have been 
 working in these mines, or who have been developing these oil wells, 
 are as poor and wretched as if they were living in the most poverty- 
 stricken region of the globe. Their share has been only hardship 
 and poverty, while they have helped to amass immense fortunes for 
 the foreigners who refuse to turn back their profits to the develop- 
 ment of our country and the creating of better living conditions. 
 A similar story could be told of any other Latin American country. 
 To be sure, we need capital to continue the development of our 
 resources ; we need foreign investors. But, my dear fellow students, 
 a new day has dawned on the world. We need a new spirit in the 
 investors who come to Latin America; we need more unselfishness 
 
208 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 on their part, more regard for the future, a more humane feeling 
 within them in respect to their dealings with people. 
 
 Again, we have another great problem, and this is the political 
 problem. Perhaps it is the most interesting to you because you hear 
 more about this than any other problem. I have said that the problem 
 of illiteracy in Latin America is simply tremendous, dreadful. We 
 have still to establish self-government and democracy, but will you 
 tell me how in the world we can ever expect to have real democracy 
 in a country when eighty per cent of the people cannot read or write 
 and so cannot be appealed to intelligently to pass judgment upon 
 any one of the political issues of the day? Here is the root of many 
 of our difficulties. Whenever some leader seeks political power and 
 begins to organize a party, or to present himself as a candidate for 
 public election, he has merely to gather around him other politicians 
 of like mind who by organizing machinery and exerting proper pres- 
 sure, find it an easy task to get whatever they want from an ignorant 
 people. A good political machine can elect anybody to public office 
 in Latin America. Before you pass judgment on the administration 
 of any Latin American countries—before you put any confidence in 
 the facts you have regarding the honesty and the unselfish patriotism 
 of those at its head, wait until that administration is gone, and its 
 power has passed away. 
 
 Education is at the root of most of our political difficulties. Of. 
 course, we have our colleges and universities, but allow me to say 
 that the courses of study in these colleges and universities are not 
 preparing the political leaders that we need. If you go to most of 
 our Latin American countries, one of the greatest tragedies that you 
 will find there is the lack of proper preparation for public duty. The 
 leaders may be educated in the sense that they can go among the 
 people and talk to them, organize them, and induce them to vote in - 
 a certain way, but they are not educated leaders in the sense of 
 understanding the living conditions of our people, the problems which 
 they have to face, and the best means of solving these problems. 
 
 Again, we notice among the politicians of Latin America great 
 selfishness. I suppose that does not seem strange to you. It may 
 be that you have some politicians in this country or in Canada equally 
 selfish; only it is more disastrous in Latin America on account of the 
 inability of the masses to correct such evils. 
 
 We have another serious problem throughout Latin America— 
 the problem of militarism. You may hear some of the leaders claim 
 that they stand for civil government and for civilians as public officers, 
 but if you go and see what they are doing, you will find that it is 
 
LATIN AMERICA 209 
 
 only a militaristic dictatorship that is established in most of these 
 countries. Is it surprising that in order to solve political problems 
 we so frequently resort to revolution? 
 
 I cannot tell how many revolutions are either going on or brood- 
 ing in Latin America at this moment. There may be as many as 
 twenty or twenty-two. One can’t expect anything else as long as 
 you encourage the military spirit and introduce force to settle all 
 political questions. 
 
 The early settlers of Latin America were idealists in their creed. 
 This high idealism came from Spain and was personified in all Span- 
 ish leaders of those days. In almost every country there were fami- 
 lies, very high-minded in their purposes and unimpeachable in their 
 standards. Today the majority of the people have lost those great 
 ideals. They are given to programs of selfishness and materialism. 
 They are content to look after economic interests and are not trying 
 to help solve the political problems and social injustice that one finds 
 everywhere, 
 
 If you analyze the present conditions in Latin America and their 
 causes still further, you discover what I consider the most serious 
 problem of all—the moral and religious problem. I have been min- 
 gling with the people of several Latin American countries for some 
 time, going among the politicians and among leaders of all kinds. 
 I have been in close touch with investors and merchants, with business 
 people and with laboring classes, in fact, with everybody who might 
 have an intelligent opinion of conditions, and I find everywhere an 
 appalling lack and sense of need of spiritual leadership, moral ideals 
 and moral force. 
 
 You will be surprised to learn that the Latin American people 
 are revolting against most of the old-established institutions of their 
 countries. Take religion, for instance. The thinking people are 
 revolting against the Roman Catholic Church because of her reac- 
 tionary program. Not long ago, in one of the Spanish universities 
 a very distinguished professor was talking to his students in words 
 somewhat like these: “My friends, we need to study the religious 
 conditions of our country. If you go to any of the great churches 
 or the great cathedrals of Spain, you will find as you go about, in 
 almost all the altars, a dead Christ. If you go to the homes of the 
 people, you will find there pictures and representations of a dead 
 Christ. I will venture to say that if you open the heart of every 
 Spanish Catholic today you will find there the image of a dead 
 Christ.” 
 
 Well, that is an exact description in religious terms of Latin 
 
210 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 America. The people are resenting it and are trying to find some- 
 thing different. They are trying to find the religion of a living 
 
 Christ in order to solve the most important problems of life. They — 
 
 cannot any longer allow a dead religion to continue controlling the 
 minds of the people or to keep them down. 
 
 For instance, in Mexico when we gained our independence after 
 three hundred years of Spanish control, we found that only one-half 
 of one per cent of the people were able to read and write. Out of 
 these about forty-five per cent were clergymen. Now that church, 
 although it had all the millions it needed for education, all the workers 
 —and we had a clergyman there for about every 500 inhabitants,— 
 with the power of the government behind it, and with all the necessary 
 obedience and control of the people, didn’t care to offer the first 
 essentials of education to the people, year after year, decade after 
 decade. A similar charge could be made against the Church through- 
 
 out all Latin America. The present leaders in Latin American coun- — 
 
 tries are revolting against such institutions and such ideas. They 
 want new things and new programs. 
 
 Let us now think for a moment about the cooperation needed 
 from the United States and Canada. In the first place, we need 
 better understanding in regard to our present condition. I don’t 
 want you to think that if you go to Mexico, for example, you have 
 
 to deal with poor, wretched, illiterate people altogether. You will 
 
 find a class there as highly educated as in any other nation. They 
 have beautiful cities, as beautiful—except not so smoky—as In- 
 dianapolis, and we have a great many good things all over Mexico; 
 but remember that we have there also no less than seventy per cent 
 of the people who are submerged below the level of human civiliza- 
 tion. The same thing could be said in regard to the other nations 
 
 of Latin America. You will find a great many good things, but still. 
 
 remember the percentages. Keep them in mind. 
 
 We need good will on the part of the United States and Canada, 
 especially the good will of the students of these countries toward 
 Mexico and toward all Latin America. Allow me to talk especially 
 about Mexico because it is the key of relationships with all Latin 
 America. It is your next door neighbor. The Latin American 
 nations are watching your dealings with Mexico, and are judging 
 your nations in the light of them. 
 
 A great deal has been done during the last few years toward 
 creating this good will, but there is one idea I want specially to 
 commend to you. A group of students attending the summer school 
 of the University of Mexico last summer devised this plan, namely, 
 
 I | 
 
LATIN AMERICA 211 
 
 to erect a monument on the international boundary line between 
 Mexico and the United States, representing Lincoln on the one side 
 clasping hands with the great Indian President Juarez on the other 
 side, thus symbolizing the good will of the American people to the 
 Latin American countries, especially to Mexico. The funds to meet 
 the expenses are to be collected from the children and young people 
 of both countries. I commend this idea to you because the solution 
 of this problem of better understanding and good will between the 
 United States and Canada and the nations of Latin America depends 
 upon the students of both countries. If you undertake this task, the 
 problem will be solved. 
 
 Then we need higher standards of Christianity in our Latin 
 American countries. We need some of your people with strong 
 Christian spirits to establish businesses of different kinds and deal 
 with our people in the spirit of helpfulness and love. 
 
 I believe that the religion we need is a powerful, active, living 
 religion. I believe that the Christ we need is a living Christ. We 
 need a knowledge of Christ, and a great deal is being done in spread- 
 ing this knowledge of Christ just now. In Mexico alone the govern- 
 ment has printed a special edition of the Gospels in the language of 
 the people, printing 50,000 copies to be distributed all over the coun- 
 try, and to be placed in all the libraries. Our politicians have said 
 repeatedly that the only hope of Mexico is a knowledge of Christ. 
 
 But, my friends, we need beside the knowledge of Christ, the 
 power of Christ. We need to establish there the life of service. We 
 need American and Canadian investors to go to Latin America to 
 carry this spirit of service, and to establish there business with a new 
 program and higher ideals. We need every misisonary who goes 
 there to go with this spirit. I wish I had time to give you illustrations 
 of some we have there already who are willing to serve in every 
 possible way to help our people and spread this knowledge of better 
 things and of higher ideals. 
 
 We need you to help us to solve our problems in a spirit of 
 sympathy, understanding our difficulties and understanding why we 
 cannot do better than we are doing today. We need your help in 
 establishing schools; we need your help in establishing Christian 
 Associations all over the continent; we are doing something already, 
 but we need your cooperation and your sympathy. 
 
 Now, my friends, I want to leave this last word with you. 
 Remember that the solution of all these problems depends upon the 
 active cooperation of every one of you here today. If every one of 
 you determine to do something, whatever it may be, to solve this 
 
212 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 problem, there is no telling what you seven thousand students can 
 accomplish all over this North American continent. The point is 
 to do something, and to help others who are engaged in doing some- 
 thing. I wish I had the voice of 70,000,000 people to tell your college 
 friends and your home folks all over this country that Latin America 
 needs better understanding and more sympathy and more actual help 
 in every possible way if she is ever to solve her many problems. 
 
 MOHAMMEDANISM IN THE NEAR EAST 
 
 KINGSLEY BiIrGE 
 
 Formerly Professor in the International College at Smyrna, now Student 
 Secretary of the International Committee of the Y.M.C. A. 
 for New England 
 
 It was in the neighborhood of thirteen years ago that I began 
 my study of the Mohammedan world, and during these thirteen 
 years whatever “apparatus” the Lord saw fit to give me has been 
 occupied from sixty to ninety per cent of the time in a study of the 
 conflicting currents that have been sweeping over the Moslem world. 
 
 And I confess tonight that I have been baffled many times as I have . 
 
 sought to understand the complex life of a faith so like ours, and 
 yet so alien to ours. 
 
 I venture to speak to you tonight, not as a scholar who conceives 
 himself capable of presenting in twenty minutes an adequate picture 
 of Mohammedanism in the Near East, but I speak to you simply as 
 a young missionary who has done little more than experience the 
 wonderful fascination of the Moslem East, who carries with him as 
 one of his most precious treasures the memory of the hours that he 
 has spent with the preachers of Islam; as they have met with him in 
 his home, or as he has been with them in their homes; as they have 
 talked together in Christian Church, in Moslem mosque, and in fra- 
 ternity lodge about the things of God; whose heart has warmed a 
 thousand times as he has sat beside his Moslem brothers, and who 
 has longed from down in the depths of his heart to give them the 
 knowledge that he has of the way of Jesus Christ. 
 
 It was two or three years ago, during a summer vacation, in an 
 effort to understand a little bit better this strange world to which I 
 had gone that I ventured to take up my abode during the summer 
 vacation in a Turkish khan in the Skutari quarter of Constantinople. 
 
 . —— 
 —— eee 
 
MOHAMMEDANISM IN THE NEAR EAST 213 
 
 It was my pleasure during that period of my summer vacation to 
 spend practically all my time with my Moslem brothers in the mosques, 
 in the coffee houses, sitting there around the tables before I went to 
 bed at night, reading their books and talking with them about the 
 problems of their Mohammedan world. 
 
 I remember one night, before going down to a prayer meeting 
 in one of their dervish lodges, talking with an old man who took 
 out of his pocket a little bag and out of the bag some instruments, 
 and who sat there as he talked with me sharpening those knives and 
 spears. We were going down that night to worship in a place where 
 men boasted that the reality of their worship of God was borne 
 witness to by the fact that they could cut each other without bringing 
 blood and without feeling pain; and as we walked down through the 
 streets of Skutari that night, this old man beside me told me about 
 the master of the way of life that he was seeking to follow. He said, 
 “The wonderful thing about Hazret-i-Rufai is that he is present in 
 every place in all the world; that just as Hazret-i-Rufai will show 
 his power here tonight, so in Paris and London and New York and 
 Tokio, in all quarters of the world, Hazret-i-Rufai is to be found.” 
 
 I wished as I walked with that man, that I could tell him about 
 my Lord, who I believed also was prepared to show His power in 
 every city of the world. Going into the place of worship I sat in a 
 chair and watched my friends as they knelt in a circle, as they. sat 
 back on their heels and as they swayed their bodies back and forth, 
 repeating hundreds of times the expression “God is most great ; God 
 is most great.” 
 
 Then going into another phrase of it, “God, God, God,” until 
 finally my aged friend, with his companions, rose to their feet, swayed 
 their bodies back and forth with the excitement of it, took one of 
 those instruments from his, pocket, and placing it in his mouth, put 
 his face to the wall. Another friend of his drove that little knife 
 through his cheek and nailed him to the wall. I saw him take one 
 of those spears and drive it into his neck, through his skin and 
 through some of the flesh, and with that instrument hanging out of 
 his neck he drove another into his head and then walked around 
 within three feet of me so that I could not mistake the fact that these 
 things had actually been driven through his flesh. He said he could 
 put one of those spears into my neck and drive it through without 
 causing me any pain. I thanked him for the invitation and assured 
 him I preferred to be an observer only. 
 
 I went into one of these dervish lodges in another city one night 
 and stood with my friends, as they swayed their bodies back and 
 
214 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 forth. Into the center of the little circle a brazier was brought, out 
 of which the head man took small iron rods one after another, with 
 little round circles on the end that had been heated red hot. Slapping 
 these things on his hands, he gave them first to one, then to another 
 of the people in the circle with whom I stood. Then, carrying those 
 red hot irons so near me that I could hear the hiss of the hot iron, 
 as the tongue touched them, they licked those irons until the red 
 had gone and they had become cold. One man took the iron and 
 closed his mouth over it, holding the red hot iron in his mouth all 
 the while. They were worshiping God after the way that they knew. 
 
 In a Bible class in the college where I taught, was a little boy 
 fourteen years old. Often on a Sunday afternoon I would go to 
 the prayer meeting where his dervish lodge worshipped, and there 
 I would see that little boy with his brother and his other friends 
 come out in their long robes, and to the tune of a drum and a reed 
 pipe, stretch out their right hands with palms up and their left hands 
 with palms down, and with their head over their right shoulder, 
 repeating silently the word “God, God, God,” would whirl around 
 that room, sixty-seven revolutions to the minute, if I remember our 
 count correctly. They were whirling in an effort to experience and 
 express symbolically the communion with the spirit of God, whose 
 rhythmic harmonies lie behind the temporal universe in which we live. 
 
 I went one day up a great high rock in the interior city at the 
 point of the junction with the Bagdad Railway, and as I climbed up 
 that hill, here and there hanging from the branches of the trees I 
 saw little rags; and, because I was but a traveler in the country that 
 summer, I asked my companions what these little rags stood for. 
 
 They said, “These rags are the reminders to the spirits that 
 hover about this mountain of the prayers of the ignorant men and 
 women who have come up here to worship.” 
 
 They were the prayers not of Mohammedanism; they were the 
 prayers of animism, yet they were the prayers and only visible sym- 
 bols of the beliefs and practices of perhaps more than half of the 
 people of the Mohammedan world. 
 
 I climbed up a hill behind the old city of Philadelphia one Boat 
 day afternoon, and going into the place where an old Moslem saint 
 lies buried, I saw that underneath the cement that covers his grave 
 there was a hole, and I asked my friend what had made that hole. 
 
 He said, “Why, Moslem women come here, and scraping away 
 the cement, reach inside with their hands to take some of the dust 
 of that old Moslem saint to their home, where they eat it, believing 
 
MOHAMMEDANISM IN THE NEAR EAST 215 
 
 that the imperfections of their bodies will thus be cured as the dust 
 of the old Moslem saint comes into touch with them.” 
 
 And so, when you go to a Mohammedan country, you go not 
 only to see those who believe in the scholastic religion of Mohammed, 
 of which you read in the books, but you go to find perhaps the vast 
 majority of the people believing either in the mysticism that I have 
 described, or in some form of animism, accompanied by gross igno- 
 rance and superstition. The orthodox teachers believe that God is 
 the far away God of sovereign power. One of the fundamental 
 teachings of their faith is that God is not like us, for He did not 
 create us in His own image. 
 
 There came to our college a few years ago a young man who 
 wore the long robe of a Turkish teacher of religion, about the red 
 fez on whose head there was wrapped the white band that showed 
 him to be a respected teacher of Islam; a man who every Friday 
 climbed up into the pulpit, read out of the Koran and taught his 
 people the Mohammedan faith; a man who taught them the scholastic 
 faith of which you read in your textbooks in America, yet a man 
 who had heard that the Americans and the English had come with 
 a different faith, and who had become interested in it. 
 
 So, every day during the week, save Friday, he left his mosque, 
 and coming out to the village where our college was located, he sought 
 there to study this new Christian faith. I remember one day when 
 we asked him if he would not like to kneel with us in prayer, how 
 radiant his face was as he said that that was the thing he most longed 
 for. Day after day after reading the words of the story of Christ, 
 we knelt together and prayed to the God Whom he also had now 
 come to know as his Father God. 
 
 One day that young man took off his dress as a Turkish preacher. 
 He took off the white band around his fez and signed the card that 
 said, “I purpose in the spirit of Christ to give my life in Christian 
 service in my country.” The first Christian student of Western Asia 
 Minor was Shemsuddin Effendi, a former believer in the religion of 
 Mohammed. To him Mohammed and Christ were like two great 
 mountains. As one stood at a distance he saw those mountains 
 towering almost equally high, but as he drew near to the mountain 
 that stood for Mohammed it seemed to be only a jagged, hard, bare 
 rock. As he drew closer to the mountain that stood for Christ there 
 appeared on every side of it little streams of refreshing water. 
 Beautiful little flowers sprang forth from the rocks. Knowing the 
 cost, he nevertheless gave his life to the ascent of that mountain 
 
216 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 from which there came springing forth the life-giving influences of 
 the spirit of Christ. 
 
 The great tragedy of it is that in Turkey today educated young 
 men like my friend, Shemsuddin Effendi, as they gaze upon Moham- 
 med, also see in him only a jagged, bare mountain of rock, and 
 turning from that vision in which they have found no life, have 
 passed from faith into disbelief. The question for the educated 
 people of Turkey today is no longer a question of whether they shall 
 be Christian or Mohammedan, but rather whether they shall be Chris- 
 tian or without any faith at all. 
 
 It was one of these young modern men, an officer in the Turkish 
 Army during the Great War, who had so largely lost his faith in 
 Mohammed, and who, as he passed through the interior of Asia 
 Minor, saw groups of Armenians cut down before his very eyes with 
 the knives and axes of the Turkish soldiery. As he saw the living 
 Armenians gather around the graves of the slaughtered, singing their 
 hymns and offering their prayers, he frequently would go away with 
 his heart deeply moved and with a great longing there to understand 
 the faith that these Armenians had shown. 
 
 About two years ago this same young man came to our college, 
 a confessed believer in the religion of Christ. If you ever think your 
 life is hard, remember that Turkish brother of mine who dared con- 
 fess the Christ. A year ago last summer he visited his father in a 
 city not far from Smyrna. When the Turks entered Smyrna a year 
 ago last summer that father, although he, himself, was a professed 
 believer in Mohammedanism, yet because he had entertained his 
 Christian son, was reported to have been taken out and hung from 
 the door of his own home. The father paid the penalty with his life 
 because he had dared to entertain his Christian son. 
 
 Now it would not be fair to call to our minds all the evil things 
 that the Turks have done, and not recall at the same time that the only 
 understanding of the Christian world which the Turk of today has, 
 is that of a world alien politically from his own. While the Turkish 
 leaders have lost their religious faith, yet they fanatically hold to 
 their religion because Mohammedanism is a political bond. All they 
 know about Christianity is that it is the religion of the great im- 
 perialistic nations of the world, that where the great armies and the 
 great navies are, there people worship the holy Christ. Is it any 
 wonder that men who have experienced the militarism of the western 
 world, its selfish commercialism, and its economic imperialism—is it 
 any wonder that these men have not been able to understand the 
 deeper spirit that lies behind the faith that you and I hold? 
 
MOHAMMEDANISM IN THE NEAR EAST 217 
 
 I cannot describe better the meaning of what it is to be a Chris- 
 tian in Turkey and to carry there the message of the Christ than to 
 read to you a letter sent to me by a young Armenian boy, a boy who 
 had been driven out of Cilicia when the French withdrew and when 
 the Turks entered, a boy who later came to our college in Smyrna, 
 and who, when the Turks came into the city last summer, was driven 
 forth from that city with many others. The city had been burned; 
 three hundred thousand of the Christian population of the city had 
 been sent off to an alien land; the young men of eighteen to forty- 
 five years had been exiled into the interior, their clothes largely 
 stripped from their bodies as they went forth to face the hard ordeal 
 of the coming winter. 
 
 This boy, after he had been freed from exile in response to a 
 petition, which we sent to the general commanding the western front, 
 wrote me this letter describing his own experience: 
 
 “On the third day of our captivity, in a place called Bunarbashi, 
 the Turkish soldiers robbed us of all our clothing and money. They 
 left us half naked and barefooted. We all, terrified, with tears in 
 our eyes, awaited in fear the hour when we thought they would kill 
 us. Just twenty-four hours later the soldiers came. They took what- 
 ever we had—shoes, shirts, coats, combs, looking glasses. They led 
 us to a mountain, where on our left and our right we saw corpses 
 swollen and stinking, others buried in pits, their arms being left 
 out of the pit, black and putrefied. While climbing the mountain the 
 soldiers shot and killed three prisoners in our group. The peasants 
 rushed on us and asked the soldiers to sell us to them, for from 
 twenty to fifty piasters, that they might kill us on that mountain. 
 
 “We all began to run forward on the sharp rocks and stones, 
 barefooted, fearing the soldiers who killed the three prisoners behind 
 us. That night we, fifty-two prisoners, thirty-two college students 
 and servants and twenty others, were crowded into a stable, where 
 took place an inexplicable and unimaginable crime, which my mouth 
 and my pen are constrained not to tell and not to write. Oh, the 
 horror of that cursed night, to see the Christian young men seventeen 
 to eighteen years old being made victims to the brutal lusts of the 
 Turkish officers and soldiers! 
 
 “The next day we reached Mamsa. There in the barracks 
 officers from Cilicia, knowing that we were twenty Armenian stu- 
 dents, beat us with iron rods. A little later they undressed us alto- 
 gether and began to scourge us naked. Then they turned us over 
 to the fourteenth battalion of the civil prisoners in Mamsa, all bare- 
 footed and in rags, one and one-half months exposed to the severe 
 
218 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 cold and showery rain of winter, lice swarming over us, bread and 
 coarse beans being our daily food. We suffered very much, working 
 all the day long at various kinds of hard labor. 
 
 “Knowing the Turkish language pretty well I became the secre- 
 tary to our regiment, only myself being exempted from work. Thank 
 God, after one and one-half months, sweaters and money and later 
 on shoes were sent to us, so that our condition began to be bettered; 
 but the other prisoners, hopeless and faithless, many even denying 
 the existence of God, suffered more than we suffered.” 
 
 Then that Armenian boy goes on to say: 
 
 iN And for this very reason I am glad, even though I suffered 
 much, that I was a prisoner as a Christian young man to comfort 
 and exhort those poor prisoners, so that I could show them the loving 
 spirit of Jesus by which they were strengthened to bear the strain 
 of life, that as their Secretary I could show them the spirit of prayer 
 and helpfulness. Moreover, I am glad that I could work among the 
 Turkish guards, whose hands were stained with the innocent blood 
 of our Christian brothers. I wrote their letters and their applica- 
 tions. I read their newspapers and their letters. I ate with them, 
 blessing the table by the Lord’s prayer in Turkish. I exhorted them, 
 told them that they, being liars, immoral men and drunkards, were 
 
 
 
 
 
 not even true Moslems, and I am glad that they confessed their sins 
 
 and accepted what I told them as the truth. 
 
 “Thank God, Jesus worked through me and His spirit was loved 
 and honored both by the Christian prisoners and by the Moslem 
 guards.” 
 
 MOHAMMEDANISM AND THE MISSIONARY’S TASK © 
 
 PauL W. Harrison 
 
 Medical Missionary to Arabia 
 
 I am a socialist, and I am a socialist because I am glad to take 
 a stake and drive it in about a half mile ahead of the interminable 
 talk, the dust and the confusion that surrounds the discussion of 
 economic problems; and then to sit out there and watch every inch 
 of social progress come towards me and every inch of social retro- 
 gression recede from me. 
 
 I am proud that I am a missionary, because as missionaries we 
 have driven a stake likewise about ten miles ahead of the interminable 
 
THE MISSIONARY’S TASK 219 
 
 talk, the dust and the confusion of the discussion of international 
 relationships.and racial difficulties, and there, too, every inch of sub- 
 stantial progress is an inch of approach toward the missionary 
 position. f 
 
 I am going to try to tell you what I regard as the necessary 
 principles that govern missionary work for Mohammedans. You 
 have heard a good deal tonight about the very bad aspect of practical 
 Mohammedanism, and it is all true; but nevertheless the very first 
 principles that must govern our efforts to carry the missionary mes- 
 sage, the message of Christ, to the Mohammedan world, is this: that 
 we cordially recognize all of the good that exists in that system. No 
 more magnificent conception has been attained by the heart of man 
 than the great overwhelming conception of God’s omnipotence which 
 Mohammed presented to the world thirteen centuries ago. It is the 
 power of that picture that has carried Mohammedanism down through 
 thirteen centuries without a single defeat, that makes it number 250,- 
 000,000 of the strongest, most virile and warlike races of the world 
 today. 
 
 Now, the first principle in the missionary’s approach to the 
 Mohammedans is this, that we cordially recognize the good that is 
 in that system. Some of us hope that one day the men and women 
 of America will get into their blood a little of the iron, and into their 
 souls a little of the strength and magnificence of that vision. 
 
 The second principle that governs missionary work to Moham- 
 medans is this: that we recognize the absolute equality of the man 
 with whom we are working. No man can hope to do anything for 
 Mohammedans who looks down on those people as poor, miserable, 
 degraded heathen to whom he reaches out a nicely sandpapered and 
 polished-up religion like an apple on a long fishpole. 
 
 Sometimes, you know,- we learn a great deal in a very few 
 minutes. That happened to me once when I was out in Arabia, and 
 sat on the deck of a river sail-boat as we came down the Tigris 
 River. The captain of the boat turned to me one day and, hammer- 
 ing on the deck with his fist, said, “We don’t mind you, but the 
 English—we hate the English.” 
 
 “Yes,” I said. “Why do you hate the English?” 
 
 “We hate them,’ he replied emphatically, “because they treat 
 us like dogs.” 
 
 “See here,” I said to him, “you know that’s not true. They don’t 
 treat you like dogs. They give you a good government when they 
 have a chance, and they don’t cheat you in business.” 
 
 The man took the words out of my mouth and carried them on. 
 
220 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 “We know all that. We know it better than you do. We know 
 they don’t cheat us in business, and they don’t accept bribes as 
 government officials. They don’t run away with other men’s wives, 
 but”—here he hammered on the deck again—‘“‘we hate them just the 
 same.” 
 
 “Well,” I said, “what is the matter with you? What makes you 
 feel that way?” , 
 
 “Oh,” he said, “they look down on us. They think they are 
 better than we are.” 
 
 Unfortunately, that was something which could not be denied. 
 Every colonial government is organized on the same basis. Society 
 is divided into two classes, the rulers above and the ruled down 
 below. I am not here tonight to tell you how any colonial govern- 
 ment ought to run its dependencies, for that I know nothing about; 
 but there is one thing in this world that I’m a little bit surer of than 
 of anything else I know, and it is this,—that you can’t do missionary 
 work that way. 
 
 Any man who goes out to Arabia or to any other part of the 
 Mohammedan world, first, last and all the time has got to recognize 
 that he is working for men who are just as good as he is. He must 
 make himself one of them. It isn’t always easy to do it. You travel 
 all day long across the desert. Two hours before the sun gets up 
 you start; you travel all day, and at sundown the caravan leader picks 
 a place to camp; camels are unloaded and turned out to graze, and 
 everybody scatters in one direction or another to collect some fuel. 
 One man brings in some dry twigs from a stunted tree, another a 
 bundle of weeds from further away. One finds some dried camel — 
 manure from a previous encampment and soon there is a fine 
 bonfire. 
 
 But there is one man who didn’t go out to get fuel. He is the 
 caravan cook. He has to make baking powder biscuits for supper. 
 So he takes his saddle, a piece of goatskin it is, about three feet long 
 and a foot and a half across. He turns it wrong side up on the sand. 
 That puts the hairy side down and the skin side up; then he pounds 
 it in the middle with his fist, and so makes a dish out of it. Into 
 that dish he pours some flour and some water, and kneads it up into 
 a nice dough. Then he slaps that between his hands and makes a 
 nice pancake out of it, as big around as a dinner plate and just as 
 nice and light as a paving stone or a brick. 
 
 By this time his bonfire has burned down to hot ashes, so he 
 scrapes a hole in them and buries his baking powder biscuit, leaving 
 it to bake for twenty minutes, and that is to be your supper. If you 
 
 
 
THE MISSIONARY’S TASK 221 
 
 don’t like it, you had better like it, for it is all you are going to get. 
 You sit around the fire in the circle with the others, and they break 
 you off a piece like a piece of pie, and you eat it—good, solid, sub- 
 stantial food! 
 
 Oh, yes, if the missionary wants to he can sit back by himself 
 and eat a sardine out of a tin can, provided he has got a tin can 
 along with a sardine in it. But that is not the way to get acquainted 
 with those people. The way to get acquainted with them is to sit 
 right around the circle and eat what they eat and enjoy it. It doesn’t 
 answer the purpose either to be like the man who, when in trouble 
 and advised by his friend to grin and bear it, replied that “he would 
 bear it, but he would be dog-goned if he’d grin.” Now the missionary 
 has got to sit in that circle, and he has got to grin, he has got to like 
 it, and have a good time eating that baking powder biscuit. 
 
 When the biscuit course is over, then most probably there will 
 be a bon-bon course. The man next to you has taken twelve roasted 
 locusts so you take six. A roasted locust is seized amidships. You 
 pull off his bony hind legs—no one eats his hind legs—then you pull 
 off his wings and throw them away—you don’t eat his wings, either— 
 and you pull his head out by the roots and what is left you eat. 
 
 In this way and in every possible way you identify yourself with 
 your Arab friends, and just so far as you can you make yourself 
 one of them, and if you have to pray for a zinc-lined and a copper- 
 riveted stomach that night, why that is what you pray for. 
 
 This is ninety per cent of the missionary’s methods, and it is a 
 matter of the very first importance. I have yet to meet the first 
 Arab with whom I could not be a cordial friend inside of ten days’ 
 time. I have never been in a caravan where we weren’t all the 
 warmest of friends by the end of the trip. You can be friends with 
 anybody if you will approach them that way, and it is absolutely 
 essential, not that you eat.roasted locuts—maybe your stomach won’t 
 stand that—but that you get out of your soul the last trace of any 
 idea of race superiority and race prejudice that Americans are soaked 
 with like a wet sponge. 
 
 The third principle that must govern missionary work among 
 Mohammedans is this: we want nothing but the voluntary surrender 
 of a man’s soul to the message of Christ. There are a lot of different 
 kinds of coercion in this world. There is physical coercion, and 
 there is no missionary that believes in that, I suppose. Yet I have 
 seen missionaries, I have known them, medical missionaries, who 
 made their patients pay a fee if they weren’t willing to come and 
 listen to a preaching service that preceded the clinic. If the gospel 
 
222 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 we carry is so weak that it has to be bolstered up by coercion and 
 compulsion, there is just one thing to be said, and that is that it is a 
 weaker religion than the one we are carrying it to. Mohammedanism 
 began from a standing start with no power behind it or in it except 
 the inherent strength of that picture of God which Mohammed pre- 
 sented to the world, and there are 250,000,000 Mohammedans in the 
 world today. 
 
 The missionary goes out in the confidence that he has in his 
 hands a picture,—the example and the teachings of Christ,—a picture 
 that is able to capture the souls of men. If that message is not able 
 to capture them, we don’t try to capture them. We want no physical 
 coercion, and equally we want no intellectual coercion. I suppose 
 weak men might be found out in Arabia into whose minds the mis- 
 sionary could drive his argument by the power of a superior intel- 
 lect and training, but we don’t want that kind of thing. We want 
 men to look at the picture of Christ, and if Christ can’t go out and 
 capture those men we don’t try to. 
 
 The presentation of Christ is the whole of the missionary task. 
 He carries it in his hand, nothing else. 
 
 The fourth principle of missionary endeavor among Moham- 
 medans is this: that we carry to Mohammedans a spiritual message. 
 Ours is not a message of social rearrangement. I know of nothing 
 that to my mind reflects more utter futility, not to say imbecility of 
 thought, than the notion that we can go out into China, for instance, 
 and usefully guide the Chinese nation in its task of social and indus- 
 trial reconstruction. 
 
 There are 3,000 Chinese students studying in our universities 
 now, and these men are infinitely better qualified to revise the social 
 order in their country than any of us can possibly be. I know of 
 nothing more futile than the idea that we can usefully attempt to go 
 out and teach India how to think. India can teach us how to think 
 and one day she is going to do it. 
 
 And so especially among the Mohammedans we go out to carry 
 no futile program that we have failed to accomplish ourselves at 
 home. We go out to carry to those men the one thing that they 
 need, an effective contact with Christ. 
 
 The day is going to come when there will step out on the stage 
 of this world’s activities a redeemed Arabia which will teach us more 
 about the science of government than we have ever known. There 
 will step out on the stage a redeemed China, whose scientific attain- 
 ments and patience and thoroughness in research will put into the 
 shade everything that we have dreamed about, and there will step out 
 
THE MISSIONARY’S TASK 223 
 
 on the stage of this world a redeemed India whose penertation into 
 spiritual truth and whose apprehension of the deep things of the 
 human soul will go infinitely beyond what you and I can even under- 
 stand. 
 
 The missionary goes out to hunt for something better than 
 hidden gold. He knows that out in those countries there are treasures 
 of the human spirit and accomplishments in human association that 
 are capable of transforming our whole outlook on life, and idealizing 
 our whole social order. There is no adventure in this world com- 
 parable with having an opportunity to be one of those who shall 
 uncover these treasures and make them available for the whole of 
 humanity. It is not a desirable thing, but a fatal thing, to go out 
 and try to impose our civilization upon those lands. We don’t want 
 them to learn to think the way we think. We don’t want them to 
 copy our industrial and social systems. All we are to do is to carry 
 to them the example and the teaching and the power and companion- 
 ship of Christ, so that when His life and His power enter into their 
 souls they will be able to develop into all that God intends them to be. 
 
 We don’t want the Mohammedan world to be transformed into 
 the image of America or Europe, we want that world to enter on 
 the road of its own self-development. For that purpose only one 
 contribution is needed—the contribution that the missionary carries. 
 That contribution is a very simple thing, the simplest thing indeed in 
 the world,—an acquaintance with and a participation in the life of 
 Jesus Christ. 
 
 Scarcely anything in this world is as simple as missionary work. 
 We are fond of confusing issues, and building up complexities, and 
 making simple things look so fearfully complicated that philosophers 
 could not make them more so. But missionary work is the simplest 
 thing in the world. A man goes out to Arabia and he finds there a 
 warm, personal friend. His soul comes into contact with the soul 
 of that friend and on the basis of that contact his friend comes into 
 contact with Jesus Christ. That is all there is to missionary work, 
 the most simple thing in the world, the most magnificent thing in the 
 world, the most important thing in the world and, I suppose, perhaps 
 the most difficult thing in the world too. 
 
 The missionary goes out into Arabia and into the Mohammedan 
 world to bring men into contact with Christ, so that as He enters 
 into their souls individuals will rise up, a man here and a man there, 
 and be the beginning of a new social order; not an order after our 
 making, but the beginning of a growth, the beginning of a new order 
 that shall be one of the most beautiful things that God Himself ever 
 
224 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 made. And so, these nations that we now look on as backward will 
 come up into their own heritage and be members in the great family 
 of nations, that shall one day, as we said day before yesterday, be 
 members of the family of God Himself. There is no enterprise in 
 the world comparable with this, and these principles hold largely for 
 - all mission fields, I suppose, not only for the Mohammedan. 
 
 We go out, then, to the Mohammedan world to recognize all the 
 good that inheres in the Mohammedan system, and cordially to try 
 to incorporate it into our own spiritual lives. We go out there recog- 
 nizing the essential equality and sometimes the superiority of the 
 men for whom and with whom we work. We go out there desiring 
 nothing but the voluntary surrender of the human spirit to Jesus 
 Christ. Finally, we go out there to carry to those people the one 
 contribution and the only contribution that they need—namely, a 
 contact with Christ and a participation in His divine life, so that 
 they can enter into their own heritage and grow up to be our equals 
 and, please God, to be our superiors. 
 
 
 
DISCUSSION GROUPS 
 
 DIRECTORS OF DISCUSSION GROUPS 
 
 Harrison S. ELviotr 
 
 Union Theological Seminary, New York City 
 
 Grace LoucKs 
 
 National Board, Y. W. C. A., New York City 
 
 THE DISCUSSION GROUP PROGRAM 
 
 Three sessions of the convention were given to the discussion 
 group program, two to the actual discussion groups and one to the 
 student meeting in which the points of view, convictions and pro- 
 posals growing out of these discussions were presented by students 
 to the convention as a whole. 
 
 The attempt to give opportunity for student discussion had 
 never before been undertaken in so large a convention. In order to 
 give opportunity for free and frank expression on the part of stu- 
 dents and at the same time in order to insure group thinking as sig- 
 nificant as the time and other limitations of a great convention would 
 permit, special attention was given to the selection and training of 
 leaders, to the processes of group thinking within the groups them- 
 selves and to the relation of the discussion groups to the general ses- 
 sions of the Convention. The following statement which appeared 
 in the handbook indicates the philosophy and purpose of the groups 
 and the general procedure agreed upon. 
 
 The purpose of the two group discussional periods during the Con- 
 vention is to give an opportunity to discuss frankly and fully all questions 
 of mutual and vital concern as well as to help each other in reaching solutions 
 of the same. It is assumed that each delegate comes ready not only to con- 
 
 225 
 
226 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 tribute his or her best thought and experience on the questions involved, but 
 also to hear and understand in turn the viewpoint of others. By this process 
 of give and take each will help the other, modifications of opinion will take 
 place and new convictions will be formed. 
 
 On many questions it is hoped that group convictions may be Renee 
 On other questions there doubtless will be genuine differences of opinion. 
 Wherever there are group convictions, these will be recognized; where there 
 are differences of conviction, such differences will be stated. The delegates 
 will thus go from the convention helped to conclusions on many of their ques- 
 tions, and understanding one the viewpoint of the other on the questions in 
 which they must continue to disagree. Perhaps the greatest result will be 
 the stimulus to consider these questions further after students return to their 
 respective institutions. There is also every reason to expect that such a 
 thorough-going process will lead to united convictions on some questions and 
 find expression in heroic action on many a campus. 
 
 The procedure assumes that the convention will be made up of persons 
 with a wide range of convictions held with equal earnestness and honesty, and 
 that the greatest service this convention can render is to enable these persons 
 to discuss one with the other and attempt not to compromise but to integrate 
 their experience and their convictions in a new and better group will, which 
 may be for this group of students really the Will of God. 
 
 Such a process is one of genuine Christian fellowship. It assumes at 
 the outset the honesty and integrity of all Christians present. It is a process 
 by which these persons attempt to share with each other the most serious 
 problems and the deepest convictions of their lives. There is no thought of 
 preventing earnest presentation or of trying to restrain those who feel certain 
 viewpoints with great conviction, but it is asked that all of this discussion go. 
 on in the spirit of fellowship, which recognizes that others may hold contrary 
 viewpoints with equal honesty and conviction, and that the progress of the 
 Kingdom of God demands that somehow or other Christians together work 
 out the Will of God on earth through the integration of the very deepest con- 
 victions that each may hold. 
 
 The success of the discussions depends upon each person holding the 
 convictions he has so earnestly that at the moment he would be willing to 
 stake his life upon them, and yet be so open-minded that he is willing to _ 
 realize that he may be wrong and another person right. This demands that 
 no individual or group comes determined to get the convention to adopt reso- 
 lutions which embody his convictions. Such an attitude would divide a con- 
 vention into contending camps, close the mind to new evidence and destroy 
 fellowship. In order to prevent this from happening, the Committee sug- 
 gests that no recommendation be presented to the convention except such as 
 have resulted from a thorough and frank consideration of the issues in the 
 discussion groups. 
 
 Thus if any issue emerges from the discussion sessions which seems to 
 be of sufficient importance and to be felt by a large enough number of groups 
 to warrant its presentation before the general convention, on the mutual agree- 
 ment of the Business Committee and the representatives of the discussion 
 groups, the points of view expressed in the discussion groups will be presented 
 without recommendations. 
 
 If the reports from the discussion groups show that there has been suf- 
 
 
 

 
 DISCUSSION GROUPS—-PROGRAM 227 
 
 ficient similar conviction on any issue so that there seems to be reasonable 
 hope that the convention’s mind on this issue might be formed, on the mutual 
 agreement of the Business Committee and representatives of the discussion 
 groups this united conviction shall be presented at a general session of the 
 Convention on Tuesday morning. 
 
 If at any time there should be any general demand for an expression of 
 opinion on any particular issue, this will be asked for not in terms of recom- 
 mendations to be adopted or rejected but in a way to show the actual state of 
 mind of the gathering, either a unanimous voice, or major and minor con- 
 victions where conceivably four or five different opinions or points of view 
 may be recognized, or a large proportion favoring with a small minority dis- 
 senting. Therefore it will not be possible to say that the convention has 
 passed so and so. No formal resolutions will be adopted at any time by 
 the convention. 
 
 The Committee asks for the cooperation of all delegates in this outline 
 of procedure which seems essential if the discussions of so large a gathering 
 are to be constructive and helpful. Faculty representatives, missionaries and 
 other non-student delegates are invited to attend the discussional groups with 
 the undefstanding that they will not participate in the discussions unless re- 
 quested to do so by the leader. 
 
 The leaders were nominated from various parts of North Amer- 
 ica and selected on the basis of ability, experience and contact with 
 student life. They included undergraduate and graduate students. 
 Fifty groups were planned. One fell by the wayside and forty-nine 
 were actually held. By a clever device of the registrar, in which 
 delegates were assigned to groups according to the last two figures 
 on their tickets of admission, the groups were representative of all 
 sections of the country and of foreign students as well. Usually 
 there was not more than one person from a single delegation in a 
 group and there was no preponderance from any one state or section 
 of the country. For instance, one group leader reported representa- 
 tives from China, Japan, India, the Philippines, Russia, Holland, 
 France, Canada, Texas, Mississippi, Georgia, New Jersey, New 
 York, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Colorado, California, a few 
 visitors, including returned missionaries, and a faculty member from 
 Kansas. 
 
 The leaders met at Indianapolis two days in advance of the Con- 
 vention and spent twelve hours in preparation together. They gave 
 their attention to the analysis and consideration of the possible and 
 probable issues which students might wish to discuss and to the tech- 
 nique of the group thinking process which would be used in the 
 groups. They were trained not by lecture, but by the arduous labor 
 of going through and understanding processes through which they 
 must eventually take others until the possible problems and their bear- 
 ings became clear and the technique of group thinking emerged and 
 
228 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 was understood by all. Since the opening addresses of the Conven- 
 tion presented industrial, racial and international questions, and since 
 the students were free to introduce other problems, there was an ex- 
 ceptional strain placed on the group leaders because of the impos- 
 sibility of knowing in advance the range of issues which might be 
 introduced. 
 
 The opening session was planned by the leaders so that the 
 students in each group would have an opportunity first to decide 
 what questions they wished to discuss; and second, to break open 
 and understand the issues in the questions decided upon. Out of a 
 possible thirty-five questions which they felt students might wish 
 to discuss, the leaders selected seven as “teasers” on the basis of their 
 typical character and the range of problems they represented. The 
 leaders gave special attention to these seven major problems, working 
 out questions which might be used in stimulating discussion, looking 
 to the statement of the points at issue and the understanding of the 
 conflicting viewpoints. These questions were compared back and 
 forth so that they formed somewhat type questions, which could be 
 used with modifications extemporaneously made, as issues other than 
 those foreseen were introduced. The following indicate somewhat 
 the character of these type questions: | 
 
 In what specific ways has this problem arisen in student life? 
 What evidences are there that this question is of concern to students? 
 
 What different suggestions are made as to what should be done 
 about this issue? What have you known persons or groups actually 
 to do in attempting to solve this problem? 
 
 On which of these proposed courses of action or points or view 
 would there be agreement? On which points would there be dis- 
 agreement? Why? Why do some hold that certain of the proposals 
 are practicable and desirable? Why do others hold that they are im- 
 practicable and undesirable? 
 
 Which of these proposals are most in line with the spirit and 
 teaching of Jesus? Which of these are contrary to His spirit? 
 
 Summarize the chief differences of opinion or conflicting points 
 of view on this issue? Which of these are differences as to fact, as 
 to what is true or is likely to happen as the result of the proposed 
 forms of action? Which of these are differences of opinion as to 
 what is desirable? 
 
 What further evidence either as to fact or as to opinion do 
 we need? 
 
 The last questions were included to open the way for the solu- 
 tion of the problems in the second session by sending students away 
 
 a 
 
DISCUSSION GROUPS—PROGRAM 229 
 
 alert for evidence from the platform addresses and from personal 
 and group interviews. 
 
 The seven major questions were in most of the groups placed 
 on the blackboard. Students were asked to add to this list and to 
 indicate which problem they felt should be given first consideration 
 and which second, and why. This resulted in stimulating the stu- 
 dents to think over the range of questions, to analyze possibilities, 
 and to decide in the light of some evidence as to the relative impor- 
 tance of various questions. At the close of the first discussion it was 
 evident that the problems of race and war would have chief consid- 
 eration by the students. The race question was represented in the 
 convention itself in the mingling of white and black, Oriental and 
 Occidental, North and South, on a basis of equality and frankness, so 
 that the cosmopolitan character of each of the groups emphasized this 
 issue. The war question was brought to the fore by the convictions 
 of those who were opposed to war, and compulsory military training 
 in many of the colleges gave immediate point to the discussions. 
 Quakers and others holding the pacifist position and R.O.T.C. officers 
 were found in certain groups together. The seven major questions 
 suggested by the leaders and some of the others introduced by stu- 
 dents in the opening discussion and considered as possible principal 
 questions for discussion were the following: 
 
 Should Negroes, Jews and those of other races be admitted on a basis of 
 equality into classroom; dormitories; athletic teams; eating places; social 
 affairs; fraternities? 
 
 What should students do now about war? In case another war comes, should 
 a student refuse to take part? 
 
 What measures of force are justifiable in suppressing crime and immorality, 
 in overthrowing opposing or dangerous beliefs, in inter-class, inter-religious 
 or inter-race struggles? How about going to the length of terrorizing meas- 
 ures such as hazing, lynching, etc. ? 
 
 Can a Christian conscientiously engage in any life work on a profit basis? 
 Without the incentive of competition for money, position or renown, can we 
 count on the work of the world being effectively done? 
 
 Are we justified in imposing, directly or indirectly, western civilization or 
 western Christianity on other peoples? 
 
 What part, if any, should students take in industrial conflicts? 
 What is the student’s share in economic problems? 
 What part should America take in European conflicts? 
 
 How can we interest the average college student in world problems? . 
 
230 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 What part, if any, should a student take in international affairs? 
 Should a student have political notions? 
 
 What about law enforcement among students? What attitude should students 
 take on prohibition and law enforcement? 
 
 What attitude shall students take on evolution and the conflict between science 
 and religion? 
 
 Is it essential that we believe in the virgin birth of Christ and the infallibility 
 of the Bible? 
 
 In what social pleasures should a Christian participate? Do amusements tear 
 down what the church tries to build up? 
 
 Shall a student take part in athletics if he feels they are corrupt? 
 How can democracy be secured on the campus? 
 
 How can we make the campus more Christian and secure Christian control 
 of student activities? 
 
 How can we cultivate the moral and religious life of medical and other pro- 
 fessional school students? 
 
 Should chapel and church be compulsory? 
 
 What can be done to strengthen religious work on the campus? 
 What should be students’ attitude toward the missionary enterprise? 
 What attitude should students take toward the church? 
 
 What should be the students’ relation to the conservative element in the home 
 church? 
 
 What about eugenics, birth control, double standards? 
 
 What shall we do about the lack of information, carelessness and indifference 
 and the lack of consecration on the part of students? 
 
 Should students be organized into a student movement in order to have a 
 clear, coherent voice in world issues or should the present student organizations 
 cooperate in the great issues facing this generation? 
 
 Is there a place for the Christian Association in a college? 
 
 Is the Student Volunteer Movement or any other organization a dividing 
 element in our common fellowship? 
 
 Shall we consider an amalgamation of the present student organizations for 
 more united action of students in furthering the kingdom of God? 
 
 Have we a basis that will make us as students stick together, and get results 
 in united action? 
 
 Have we a Youth Movement in America and do we need one? 
 
DISCUSSION GROUPS—-PROGRAM 231 
 
 After the first discussion, the leaders met again to plan for the 
 second session of the groups. In the light of the issues which had 
 emerged, and again so far as the limitations of the convention would 
 permit, consideration was given to fact and opinion material neces- 
 sary for the discussions, and plans were made so that students would 
 have the opportunity to examine evidence, compare points of view and 
 come to their own conclusions. 
 
 The opening of the second meeting was given to deciding just 
 what the students wished further to discuss. First a summary of 
 agreements and disagreements was made. In many of the groups 
 the discussion of the first session was then concluded, a second issue 
 was opened, and tentative conclusions were reached. 
 
 The following indicate somewhat the character and sequence of 
 the questions used in the second session in reaching conclusions and 
 in planning for action. 
 
 What new evidence, either as to fact and opinion, has been 
 gained? What weight should be given to this evidence? Why? 
 Where do we still lack adequate data? Is it available? 
 
 On what grounds is each conflicting point of view supported 
 or opposed? How can these conflicting points of view be modified 
 or integrated? 
 
 Summarize that on which we agree unitedly, that on which there 
 are still differences of conviction, and state the chief points of view 
 
 held. 
 
 Where and how may students take hold in carrying out their 
 conclusions? What definite suggestions or proposals are there as 
 to what we as students are going to do? 
 
 At the close of the second discussion session, leaders and student 
 representatives from the groups met to gather up the conclusions, to 
 summarize the definite proposals, to plan the open student meeting 
 and to select students who would present various points of view. 
 Since there had been only four hours in the total convention for the 
 discussions, the results were limited by the time which had been 
 allowed. There was in general both surprise and gratification that 
 the groups should have gone at the problems so earnestly and frankly, 
 and that they should have done as much work as they did in so short 
 a time. Conclusions were recognized as tentative and as the basis 
 
232 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 for further discussion when the students should return to their 
 colleges. 
 
 THE SPIRIT OF THE DISCUSSION GROUPS 
 
 Something of the spirit which characterized these groups is indi- 
 cated by the following excerpts from the reports of the discussion 
 group leaders: 
 
 “There was marked evidence that many members of the group came a 
 long way in their thinking. Some had new attitudes as a result.” 
 
 “At the end of the second discussion [a delegate] asked to say a word 
 —told them he had come to the first discussion with very set opinions on the 
 race question but that he had come to see it in a very different light, as a 
 bigger problem than he had thought, and one that the white students from 
 his part of the country had to face if they were going to be real Christians. 
 It was tremendously effective.” 
 
 “In spite of the strongly differing points of view on the part of some 
 members there was little that savored in any way of personal friction.” 
 
 “The change that came over the group by the time of the second meeting 
 was convincing evidence of the power of fellowship, of the mellowing influence 
 of discussion and of the spirit of the Convention in general.” . 
 
 “The very evident attempt at getting the other’s viewpoint and weighing 
 all possible evidence, much willingness to recognize the worth of others’ view- — 
 points, no fear in going all of the way, no flag-flapping, no harsh words or 
 feelings, splendid group thinking, not a lot of enthusiasms for personal action.” 
 
 “An outstanding feature of the group was the challenge near the begin- 
 ning of the discussion by a Filipino, that Americans should dare to live this 
 brotherhood which their churches talk about. ... At the close a fine spirited 
 southerner who had called the Negroes inferior and yet equal with us in the 
 sight of God, came up and shook hands with his principal northern antagonist.” - 
 
 “The students entered into the discussion in a very fair and friendly 
 spirit, the white and the colored races each giving their sides of the question 
 ... the Negroes put their case very frankly.” 
 
 “I think they took away with them the ideals of brotherhood, and a per- 
 sonal responsibility toward the big issues of the day.” : 
 
 “The statement was voiced by several that they didn’t know enough about 
 the things they were talking about, and that they were certainly going to 
 find out some facts on the various subjects that they were discussing.” 
 
 “The speeches of the convention and the outside meetings had aroused 
 some interest. People wanted to talk and think together. Much tolerance, real 
 search for truth marked the discussion.” 
 
DISCUSSION GROUPS—RACE QUESTION 233 
 
 “The willingness of students to face their own guilt struck me as quite 
 remarkable.” 
 
 “During one of these pauses when the group seemed to be thinking about 
 Jesus’ way of dealing with enemies and whether war could be included in it, 
 the leader noticed many heads bow, at least a dozen handkerchiefs come out, 
 and gulping and red eyes everywhere through the group. He himself was 
 conscious of physical thrills running up and down his backbone. He noticed 
 that three men who started in by making reservations to every extreme view 
 stated, ended by voting with the group who agreed not to participate directly 
 in any war after the following day, January 1, 1924.” 
 
 CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS 
 
 The actual conclusions and proposals on race and war as re- 
 corded and reported by representatives of forty-one out of the forty- 
 nine groups are included in the statements which follow. This brief 
 survey is interesting as giving a sort of composite view of most of 
 the discussion groups. Each statement is from a single group, some- 
 
 times a unanimous, sometimes a majority, sometimes a minority opin- 
 ion. Something of the conviction of the students is indicated by the 
 recurrence of the same points of emphasis in different forms. So 
 far as it was possible to determine unanimous or major viewpoints 
 reached in a number of groups, these were reported in the general 
 student meeting on Tuesday morning and are found in the steno- 
 
 graphic report of that meeting which follows immediately after this 
 chapter. 
 
 THE RACE QUESTION 
 
 ATTITUDES ON RACE QUESTION 
 
 “We as a group reached a conclusion that the solution of the race 
 problem rests on a spirit of sympathy, fellowship and love, treating 
 every person as an absolute equal, regardless of race.” 
 
 “Unanimous for recognition of complete equality.” 
 
 “Admit people of all races into all aspects of life: dormitories, 
 . societies (scholastic), athletics, fraternities and sororities, churches, 
 Christian Associations.” 
 
 “Single moral standard for all races.” 
 
 “Moved that as students trying to follow Christ we should treat 
 Negroes, Jews and foreigners on a basis of equality, admitting them 
 to equal privileges economically, educationally, socially, and religiously.” 
 
 “Our Group agreed on absolute racial equality (except for inter- 
 
 
 
234 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 marriage immediately), backing this decision by complete consecration 
 to our ideal, based on accurate information, study, interracial con- 
 ferences, and exchange students.” 
 
 THE QUESTION OF RACE SUPERIORITY 
 
 “We will refuse to accept without overwhelming proof the supe- 
 riority of the white race. (Scientists believe that brain capacity is 
 similar.)” 
 
 “Inferiority not proved; personal contact in spirit of love will 
 overcome the spirit of superiority and inferiority.” 
 
 “Agreed races intellectually equal.” 
 
 “Agreed that belief in race superiority is false and is opposed to 
 the Christian principle of the sacredness of personality. The belief 
 in race superiority disappears when equal opportunity for intellectual 
 and spiritual development is assured.” 
 
 “Each race has a unique contribution to make.” 
 
 “We intend to do our best to promote the universal recognition 
 of the equal rights of all peoples, and receive the contribution that 
 each race can give to the world.” 
 
 “Found race domination unchristian.” 
 
 “Agreed that our associations with others should be based on 
 the principle that above all nations is Humanity.” 
 
 “Since we believe in racial differences and not in racial inequality: 
 Be it resolved that we individually and sincerely strive to feel within 
 our own selves what is the attitude of Jesus Christ as to race prob- 
 lems and courageously attempt to walk and live in that attitude.” 
 
 “Whereas, we believe that race discrimination is not in accord 
 with the spirit and teachings of Christ, we resolve to dedicate our- 
 selves to its eradication. (Definite suggestions followed.)” 
 
 OPPORTUNITIES FOR RACIAL DEVELOPMENT 
 
 “Suggestions of majority: Equality in education.” 
 
 “The races should have equality of opportunity to develop in- 
 tellectually, economically and spiritually.” 
 
 “We as a group believe that the best means of arriving at a 
 Christian Fellowship whatever the race may be, is at the present 
 time parallel development; tending everywhere, according to the degree 
 of progress made in overcoming antipathy and prejudice, toward a 
 social brotherhood.” b 
 
 “Parallel opportunity for education and economic advancement 
 was the unanimous opinion; education of both white and colored race 
 to a position of understanding each other was majority opinion.” 
 
 “In the race question, which took four-fifths of the time, we 
 finally reached the point where Southern delegates said they abso- 
 lutely believed in parallel education and did not have the problem 
 as it is in colleges and universities in the rest of the country.” 
 
 “Majority: all races in school together; minority: parallel 
 schools.” 
 
DISCUSSION GROUPS—-RACE QUESTION 
 
 “That group go on record as favoring segregation, cooperation 
 and equal educational opportunities.” 
 
 “That there should be equality within the colleges except that 
 in matters of social life the races need not be mixed. Social life, such 
 as fraternity life, is a personal and individual matter.” 
 
 “One section: In fraternities treat men as men; opposing view- 
 point: lawful but not expedient.” 
 
 “The rest continued the discussion, believing identity had mutual 
 benefits, and we should study and work together, having athletics, 
 meals and dormity life together, but more imtimate social life such as 
 dancing, leading to intermarriage had better not be. Scientific data 
 too limited to give conviction about results of intermarriage. A 
 few strong for intermarriage.” 
 
 “Social equality does not necessitate personal intimacy, but a right 
 to enjoy indiscriminately the rights of American citizenship.” 
 
 “Agreed on the following points—That intermarriage is not the 
 important part of the race question; That we are opposed to inter- 
 marriage as a general rule but that it is a purely personal matter 
 and can take care of itself.” 
 
 “Unanimous sentiment: Racial equality, not meaning necessarily 
 intermarriage.” 
 
 “Majority (large) opinion: That we regard intermarriage as 
 inexpedient but the primary thing is giving every class of men no 
 matter what race or color the same opportunity for advancement, 
 and if intermarriage results, let it come.” 
 
 “The question of the consequences of intermarriage is one on 
 which we do not have enough biological and anthropological informa- 
 tion to discuss it intelligently.” 
 
 BASIS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 
 
 “Unanimous agreement; recognition of sacredness of individu- 
 ality, that it wasn’t a matter of dealing with races, but with in- 
 dividuals.” 
 
 “Respect for personality regardless of race.” 
 
 “Value of the personality of any race is equal.” 
 
 “Agreed that character is the basis of discrimination, not color.” 
 
 “Agreed whatever distinctions are drawn should be drawn com- 
 paratively by all races concerned. Distinctions should be on the basis 
 of the individual as such, not on racial lines.” 
 
 PERSONAL ACTION ON RACE ISSUE 
 
 “We students must be living at all times the principles of racial 
 equality and whenever the issue appears take definite stand; re- 
 garding foreign students in general unanimously decided we should 
 create the atmosphere in which foreign students can take the initiative 
 in forming international friendships. Genial good nature needed on 
 both sides.” 
 
 “Be living examples of race equality whenever issue appears.” 
 
 “Resolved to cast aside our own personal racial prejudices, extend 
 
 235 
 
236 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 the hand of friendship to all; and to do all in our power to educate 
 others to this point of view.” “All those at the conference go back 
 to their respective campuses with a purpose to use Christian prin- 
 ciples in our relations with others, regardless of race.” 
 
 “Individual responsibility (defined as meaning ‘the courage to 
 apply democracy’ ).” 
 
 “The fostering of friendliness on the campus. Every oppor- 
 tunity to become friends.” 
 
 “Application of Christianity and the Golden Rule in a prabsient 
 way (colored people are also human beings).” 
 
 “An endeavor to learn to know colored people aeons on a 
 basis of real friendship.” 
 
 “Be openly as concerned about Negroes’ welfare as any other 
 man’s.” 
 
 “Show by our ponyer son and attitudes we do not feel our- 
 selves a superior race.’ 
 
 “We feel that the development of sympathetic and friendly con- 
 tacts with other races is absolutely necessary in the solution of the 
 problem.” 
 
 “Have friends among the people of all races and nations pos- 
 sible.” “Cultivate personal friendships between races.” 
 
 “Individual interest in other races. Become acquainted with as 
 many as possible.” 
 
 “Closer personal friendships.” 
 
 “Friends and family to give money.” 
 
 “College life dormitories, societies, frats, athletics, churches.” 
 
 “Convert family.” 
 
 INTERRACIAL EXAMINATION OF MUTUAL PROBLEMS 
 
 “Recognize rather than ignore the problem.” 
 
 “Become acquainted with problems of the other races.” 
 
 “Real thinking as to whether reason for prejudice is justified.” 
 
 “Arousing student interest and study (a) discussion groups, 
 (b) forums.” 
 
 “That different racial groups should meet together regularly for 
 discussion and earnest consideration, calling in broad-minded faculty 
 members and others who may be able to throw light on the problem 
 through helpful and necessary facts in the case.” 
 
 “Campaign of education through discussion groups, forums.” 
 
 “Encourage discussion groups on topics relative to this question.” 
 
 “This group should take back to the campus the discussion of the 
 race question and introduce on the campus people who can aid the 
 discussion and bring points of which the campus is ignorant.” 
 
 “Urge college groups inform themselves on this through speak- 
 ers, literature, etc.” 
 
 “Study the problem; discussion groups on campus; interracial 
 councils,” 
 
 “Cooperation between races.” 
 
 “Interracial discussion and study groups.” 
 
 “Resolved that I will do what I can to form a group (of various 
 
 
 
DISCUSSION GROUPS—RACE QUESTION 
 
 races) for the purpose of mutual analysis and confession (followed 
 by spontaneous prayer) to solve this race issue in the spirit of Jesus.” 
 
 “Work for and on interracial commissions for the study of prob- 
 lems.” 
 
 “Interracial commissions in North, East, South, West.” 
 
 “Formation of interracial committees serving on campuses as 
 well as in communities.” 
 
 “Measures to solve the Problem—(1) Get facts from experts; 
 (2) make friends; (3) Interracial commissions.” 
 
 “Race study groups to learn other man’s point of view.” 
 
 ‘ “Organize a Cosmopolitan Club for fellowship and study.” 
 
 “Interracial commissions (1) community, (2) intercollegiate, 
 (3) collegiate.” 
 
 “Groups of various races with analysis and confession followed 
 by spontaneous prayer in spirit of Jesus.” 
 
 “Formation of international or cosmopolitan clubs on campuses.” 
 
 “Interracial Commissions on campuses all over country.” 
 
 “Get in touch with your Interracial Commission.” 
 
 “Faculty discussion groups.” 
 
 “Meet together at meals to discuss.” 
 
 “Jews—Much of Jewish prejudice is unfounded, artificial, imag- 
 inary. Friendship and a frank attempt to agree on moral and religious 
 questions by method of discussion groups should be made. Recognition 
 of, rather than jealousy of, their ability needed.” 
 
 “Education; understanding through contacts; Cosmopolitan 
 Clubs.” | 
 
 “Working together for some great cause.” 
 
 THE CREATION OF PUBLIC OPINION ON RACE QUESTION 
 
 “Education for Negroes.” 
 
 “Christian education for the Negro.” 
 
 “Aid in education of all.” 
 
 “Eliminate superiority complex in primary schools.” 
 
 “Some sort of course carried out in grade high school and college 
 promoting good will.” 
 
 “Additional curriculum—history.” 
 
 “An endeavor to appreciate the Negro more through acquaintance 
 with his progress in arts and sciences.” 
 
 “Exchange professorships.” 
 
 “Bring in leaders of other races.” 
 
 “Bringing up the present generation without prejudice.” 
 
 “Newspaper for achievements of colored race.” 
 
 “Journalism to change press of the country.” 
 
 “Christian journalism—both in college and out.” 
 
 MEASURES TO SECURE JUSTICE 
 
 “Opposition to organizations for purpose of promoting attitude 
 of supremacy.” 
 
 “Oppose organizations working toacitd attitude race superiority.” 
 
238 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 “Condemn all organizations that tend to promote ill feeling.” 
 
 “Work and talk vs the Ku Klux Klan.” 
 
 “Abolishment of mob rule and lynching as these things cause 
 hatred.” Propose following resolution: ‘Realizing that all mob vio- 
 lence is a denial of the Christian principle and practice of Christian 
 Brotherhood, we hereby declare ourselves as favoring and supporting 
 Federal anti-lynching legislation.” 
 
 “Try to secure justice before the courts.” 
 
 “Abolishment of peonage and involuntary servitude.” 
 
 “Fair return on taxes by Negroes, e.g., Negroes have to pay usual 
 school taxes though their schools are of a very inferior grade.” . 
 
 “The doing away with closed unions so that the Negroes may 
 have a chance to work on a fair basis.” 
 
 “Political freedom in the south where colored people have no 
 real voice in the government.” 
 
 A FINAL EMPHASIS 
 
 “We propose that men and women on our campuses be brought 
 into a more personal knowledge of, and closer fellowship with the 
 mind and personality of the living Christ in his attitude on the 
 question.” 
 
 “That groups of Christian students should meet together regu- 
 larly for counsel and prayer, thus centralizing the Christian forces 
 on the campus. That we must be increasingly ingenious in discover- 
 ing ways in which every race may be brought to take the attitude of 
 Jesus towards all men.” 
 
 “Discussion groups, chapel, lectures, social service, working to- 
 gether of different races.” 
 
 THE WAR QUESTION 
 GENERAL ATTITUDES ON WAR 
 
 “Unanimous: War is a beastly bad thing. All but 1 voted: 
 War is antagonistic to the spirit and method and teaching of Christ.” 
 “However wars in the past may have seemed to achieve worthy 
 ends; we are convinced from the evidence of the World War, that 
 henceforth war as a method would be suicidal to the continuance of 
 civilization, and that it is a denial of the teachings and spirit of Jesus.” 
 “Main conclusion: Aggressive war is wrong always.” 
 “Unanimous feeling that war is bad. Unanimous belief that we 
 should strive toward a program for doing away with war. No agree- 
 ment on method, and the group refused to express themselves on 
 pacificism.” : 
 “Unanimous: War undesirable from practically every point of 
 view. War not justifiable if there is a better way or moral equivalent. 
 World order in which this better way may be possible can be built.” 
 
 
 
DISCUSSION GROUPS—WAR QUESTION 
 
 “War is, first, wrong in present world situation and for the fu- 
 ture; second, unconstructive because it does not contribute to the ac- 
 complishment of its so-called objectives such as democracy or ending 
 war; third, anti-Christlike; fourth, wasteful of human and economic 
 values; fifth, demoralizing personally and socially.” 
 
 “Tdeally we abhor war. It is harmful in the long run.” 
 
 “Majority agreed that war is un-Christian although occasions 
 might arise when participation in war is a duty before God to human- 
 ity, such participation to be only in defense, not in a spirit of ag- 
 gressiveness.” 
 
 “War is wrong.” 
 
 “Unanimous: War should be eliminated.” 
 
 “Condemn war by all possible attitudes.” 
 
 “Unanimously agreed that war should be done away with and that 
 some form of international cooperation should supplant misunder- 
 standing.” 
 
 “All but five believed every means should be used to prevent 
 war.” “Unanimous conclusion: We should take an immediate and 
 positive stand for prevention of war.” 
 
 “Convention go on record as actively opposed to war.” 
 
 “Since we do not believe war to be Christian, we will do all we 
 can to prevent future wars.” 
 
 “Unanimous in favor: We decry war as a means of settling in- 
 ternational disputes. No vote, but no dissent expressed.” 
 
 “That the group go on record as being opposed to war and in 
 favor of a policy of education to bring about use of instruments of 
 peace that will lead eventually to a pledge not to war.” 
 
 PROPOSALS FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 
 
 “A majority expressed themselves for arbitration in settlement 
 of all questions as far as possible; but when arbitration failed war 
 should be supported. This attitude was to be a means to attaining 
 the end of unconditioned peace.” 
 
 “Outlawry of war.” 
 
 “Compulsory judicial settlement of international disputes.” 
 
 “Supporting resolution to outlaw war.” 
 
 “Petition congressmen to outlaw war.” 
 
 “That we should outlaw war legally.” 
 
 “Legal means of ending war and settling disputes.” 
 
 “Strengthening organs, official and unofficial, for international 
 justice (all agreed to support as first step the League, the Interna- 
 tional Court by learning what it is, by raising public opinion, by making 
 it a national moral issue).” 
 
 “We need some machinery of international justice.” 
 
 “Some organization of international justice is needed.” 
 
 “Some agency for international justice—in the nature of a world 
 court of some kind.” 
 
 “That we should establish and strengthen agencies of justice. 
 That we should join the world Court of International Justice and the 
 League of Nations.” 
 
 239 
 
240 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 “Practically unanimous: I will do what I can to get America 
 to back a world court, whose impartial decrees will be backed by an 
 impartial international police force.” 
 
 “A very large majority in favor of World Court.” 
 
 “Support measures for International Court—League of Nations.” 
 
 “Endorsement of World Court.” 
 “Creation of Court of Justice with police force. League of Na- 
 tions.” 
 
 “Continue along lines of the Washington Armaments conference 
 until complete disarmament has been obtained, with an accompanying 
 good-will and confidence and cooperation, which can be obtained in 
 part by the example of the United States.” 
 
 “A large majority for League of Nations or World Court.” 
 
 “World Court or League.” 
 
 “World Court, League of Nations, etc., but would fight if nec- 
 essary.” 
 
 “Resolved, that the students should do all in their power to 
 further the interests of the League of Nations in this country to the 
 end that this nation should join the present League of Nations.” 
 
 “Support National League of Women Voters.” 
 
 “Letters of peace tone to Congressmen.” 
 
 “Christian Missions to all the World.” 
 
 “Spread spirit of Christ through education and evangelism to 
 all nations.” 
 
 “Group and private prayer.” 
 
 “Christianization of world prerequisite.” | 
 
 “Unanimous conclusions: Better to prevent things that cause 
 war than to cure by war. Better for us to try to prevent war than 
 to decide what our action would be in case of war. Better to settle 
 disputes through arbitration.” 
 
 ATTITUDES TOWARD PARTICIPATION IN WAR 
 
 “Refusing to support non-participation should war come.” 
 
 “Majority opinion: against absolutist stand.” 
 
 “Proposal for action: Practice non-resistant program.” 
 
 “Believing that Jesus Christ was wholly right in His teaching of 
 non-resistance, and believing in the power of His principle of love, 
 nine in the group voted for the following: the students of America 
 pledge themselves to refuse henceforth to aid in the prosecution of 
 war either directly or indirectly and apply His principle of love un- 
 reservedly.” 
 
 “Eighteen agreed never to participate in another war; twenty- 
 one opposed this stand; the rest of the group thought they didn’t have 
 enough data or had not thought through far enough to vote on such 
 
 ‘a definite stand.” 
 
 REMOVING THE CAUSES OF WAR 
 
 “Majority: Study causes leading to war.” 
 “We feel that we should try to understand why wars are fought 
 and deal with these causes.” 
 
 
 
DISCUSSION GROUPS—-WAR QUESTION 
 
 “Causes of war should be studied.” 
 
 “Educational—study and conviction on causes, this to be started 
 by Discussion Groups and Forums.” 
 
 “Attack war by seeking to understand its causes.” 
 
 “Seek causes of war and remove them.” 
 
 “Tt was unanimously agreed that we should do all possible 
 to remove the causes of war, both social and personal, but should 
 not be absolute pacifists.”’ 
 
 “Agreed we should do everything possible to do away with the 
 causes of war.” 
 
 “We must understand the causes of war, especially the economic 
 motives involved.” 
 
 _ “Study economic causes of war. Removal of acquisitive motive 
 and substitution of social and human motives.” 
 
 “Rid the world of the evil economic system which leads to war.” 
 
 “",. and convinced that we must strive to remove causes of 
 conflict such as competitive armaments, economic exploitation of weaker 
 countries, secret diplomatic and selfish nationalism, and that we must 
 substitute processes of reason and justice by international action in 
 place of violence, we do commit ourselves to the achievement of these 
 ends.” 
 
 “It was brought out that no one has the right to refuse to take 
 part in the next war unless he does all in his power to prevent war 
 now. We should try to understand the causes of war and then try 
 to prevent them. One cause of war is the propaganda and untruths 
 spread by the press, and a number of examples were given. We 
 should take some definite action for, until we do, nothing will be done 
 against it.” 
 
 “Christianize the economic order.” 
 
 “We believe war to be fundamentally un-Christian and advocate 
 an aggressive educational program that will strike at the causes of 
 war by eliminating race prejudice and by social and economic adjust- 
 ments based on the teachings of Jesus Christ.” 
 
 CREATION OF PUBLIC OPINION ON WAR 
 
 “As people holding: public offices, politicians, business men and 
 women, and newspaper men and women, we will try to mould public 
 opinion against war, and for permanent world peace.” 
 
 “Education of public opinion away from selfish nationalism.” 
 
 “Enlist the Press.” 
 
 “Elimination of newspaper propaganda.” 
 
 “Work for the truth from Press and Pulpit.” 
 
 “Support truthful press.” 
 
 “Formation of International opinion.” 
 
 “Creation of International public opinion.” 
 
 THE ATTITUDE OF EDUCATION ON WAR 
 
 “Rewrite history.” 
 “Work for textbooks giving impartial view of history.” 
 
 241 
 
242 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 “Refuse to teach history so that it glorifies war.” 
 
 “Demand honest teaching on causes of war.” 
 
 “Oppose glorification of war in textbooks.” 
 
 “As teachers, both in secular and Sunday Schools, we will teach 
 peace, understanding between nations and races, and diminish the em- 
 phasis laid on wars and battles.” 
 
 “Work for mutual understanding among peoples, by studying other 
 people’s histories.” 
 
 “As home-makers, we will teach and live peace, and not hold 
 up to the younger generations the glories and honors of war.” 
 
 “Work to abolish war by education.” ) 
 
 “Putting up to the educational associations of the country the 
 task of educating away from selfish nationalism as a part of their 
 next year’s program.” 
 
 “Majority solution—world opinion created by education.” 
 
 “Need truly Christian education, world-wide, in public schools 
 as truly as in church schools.” 
 
 “Christian, world-wide education for peace.” 
 
 “We agree: That a world wide Christian education is needed.” 
 
 PROPOSALS FOR IMMEDIATE STUDENT ACTION 
 
 “Unanimous conclusion that the students should go back to the 
 campus and work to remove hate, fear, prejudice, and racial distinction 
 and come to fellowship of mind and help build the Kingdom of God 
 with Christ.” 
 
 “Majority opinion: Need for individual living out of Christian 
 tolerance and active Good Will. We need a common Christian fellow- 
 ship in thinking.” 
 
 “Students should do all that they can by study to find a con- 
 structive solution for problems of international affairs. We do not 
 have enough facts for judgment.” 
 
 “Action to take back home: complete consecration to our ideal 
 based on accurate information and study of facts about war.” 
 
 “Establish Forums of discussion.” 
 
 “We as leaders will go back to our campuses and try to create 
 public opinion there against war—through discussion groups and col- 
 lege papers.” 
 
 “Campus publication propaganda.” 
 
 “Create sentiment against war on and off campus.” 
 
 “Discuss with our personal friends.” 
 
 “On the war question, the group was determined that students 
 should make themselves heard, but it was felt that some method not 
 so dramatic as non-resistance might serve the purpose.” 
 
 “Treat all foreigners in our schools, etc., as brothers.” 
 
 “Student visitation.” 
 
 “Student interest and activity in affairs of citizenship.” 
 
 “Pair with some other college in some other nation to-refuse 
 to take part in further war.” 
 
 “We should join the European students who are taking their 
 stand against war.” 
 
 = 
 
 4 
 ' 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
DISCUSSION GROUPS—WAR QUESTION 
 
 “Exchange of professors and students.” 
 
 “Voted that American students attend European student con- 
 ferences to develop international understanding.” 
 
 “The group agreed unanimously that war should be prevented 
 by definite action for peace. It suggested that to this effect a reso- 
 lution be placed for adoption before the student meeting of the Con- 
 vention Tuesday morning something like this: Whereas it is our opin- 
 ion that the establishment of closer international fellowship between 
 students of all lands is urgently needed, be it resolved that our gov- 
 ernment set aside money for exchanging students with other countries 
 for the accomplishment of this purpose and in line with similar action 
 taken by the Canadian Student Christian Movement and the Chinese 
 National Government.” 
 
 “Organization of student expression: (1) By national straw votes 
 through existing organizations (Y.M., Y.W., etc.); (2) By estab- 
 lishing new organizations with national student leadership.” 
 
 “Make ourselves heard.” 
 
 “Elevate R.O.T.C. to physical education, not military.” 
 
 “Thirty-six students agreed to work for the elimination of 
 military training in American colleges and schools, six of these com- 
 ing from schools where R.O.T.C. is compulsory.” 
 
 “Action against R.O.T.C.” 
 
 “Work for the abolition of R.O.T.C. and other war-makers in 
 college.” 
 
 STUDENT FRIENDSHIP FUND 
 
 “Unanimous: Student Friendship Fund should be back as a 
 positive means of creating international good feeling among this student 
 generation.” 
 
 “Student Friendship Fund as expressing International Friend- 
 ship.” 
 
 “Construction program of friendship—Student Friendship Fund.” 
 
 “Work for mutual understanding among peoples by furthering 
 Student Friendship Fund; by assisting other peoples in catastrophes 
 —Japanese earthquake.” 
 
 “Sentiment of the meeting that the Student Friendship Fund 
 should be supported by us and brought before the convention Tuesday 
 morning.” 
 
 “Specific method of attaining this end—Student Friendship Fund 
 support.” 
 
 “Majority for participation in Student Friendship.” 
 
 “Majority suggestions for action: Student Friendship Fund.” 
 
 243 
 
Q@ DMebotional Exercise 
 
 NorMA DUNNING 
 
 Woman’s Medical College, Philadelphia 
 
 I would like to have you think of one word that Jesus said 
 before Pilate as He stood before him in the judgment hall. He 
 had proved by His life that no one could live better than He and 
 that His was the only way. Pilate asked Him, “Art Thou the 
 Christ?” And Jesus turned to him and said, “Sayest Thou this 
 of thyself, or did another tell it Thee concerning me?” 
 
 As we go home tonight let us think of the things that we 
 have heard and ask ourselves, “Sayest Thou this of Thy 
 Do we know it or did somebody just tell us?” 
 
 Let us bow our heads in prayer. 
 
 Our dear, Heavenly Father, may the words of our mouths 
 and the meditations of our hearts be acceptable in Thy sight, 
 for we know that only as we use our hands for Thee, our feet 
 for Thee, our voice for Thee, canst Thou really speak. 
 
 Bless us, we pray Thee, in Jesus’ name. Amen. 
 
STUDENT SESSION 
 
 STUDENT ADDRESSES 
 
 ErpMAN Harris 
 
 Of Princeton University and Union Theological Seminary, Presiding 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: At two of the sessions of this convention 
 we have been engaged in a process of group thinking, in an attempt 
 to find our way through some of the most difficult problems which 
 confront us at the present time, on the basis of fact, opinion, ideal 
 and conviction. 
 
 This particular method in a convention as large as this is some- 
 what of a new departure, an adventure, an experiment. When any 
 one of us, as the result of experience and thought, arrives at a con- 
 clusion on some matter of importance, the temptation is to defend 
 that conclusion every time we are given the chance. It is with some 
 difficulty that we maintain a spirit of sweet reasonableness in our 
 discussion. We may find others ignorant of facts which we knew 
 years ago. We may run up against all sorts of misrepresentations. 
 We may find ourselves surrounded by those whose thinking is, we 
 feel, muddy, inconclusive, unconvincing; and the temptation to be- 
 come impatient and intolerant is very, very strong. 
 
 Now the revelation that a real, genuine, loving, sympathetic spirit 
 was achieved in group after group on Saturday morning and Mon- 
 day afternoon is of great significance. According to actual reports 
 of leaders, participants and outsiders present, real group thinking 
 has been accomplished. An educational feat of considerable diffi- 
 culty has been performed. In many cases it has been evident that 
 points of view have been deliberately and definitely altered, that 
 new vistas have been opened up, and that a real appreciation of what 
 
 245 
 
246 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 the spirit of Jesus might mean if uncompromisingly applied to the 
 major issues of life has been developed. 
 
 In some groups the experience of the presence of the living 
 God Himself has been so keen and vibrant as to make us feel and 
 understand His definite cooperation with us, in facing these tremen- 
 dous issues, 
 
 It is sincerely hoped that the method of social thinking which 
 we have enjoyed will be taken back by us to our campuses. There 
 are four excellent discussion courses prepared on the specific issues 
 we have been facing here, which can be secured through any of the 
 Christian organizations represented at this Convention. These con- 
 tain bibliographies for those who are interested in examining authori- 
 tative sources. 
 
 There were forty-nine discussion groups conducted, each meeting 
 for two sessions. In forty-one out of forty-nine the question of 
 racial relationships was taken up in some detail. In thirty-five out 
 of forty-nine the subject of war was discussed. In many both of 
 these subjects were thrashed out. In eleven the problem of whether 
 or not we have any right to impose our western civilization and 
 Christianity upon foreign peoples was taken up. 
 
 By agreement on the part of all groups, it was decided that: at 
 this open session the first two prominent problems should be pre- 
 sented by students, popularly nominated and elected. The purpose 
 of this meeting is not to discuss these issues further, but to attempt 
 to summarize the points of view already presented in the majority 
 of discussion groups. 
 
 We realize that this can be done only in substance, not in de- 
 tail. Due to the difficulties of hearing what each has to say, and 
 the impossibility of avoiding confusion in a gathering as large as 
 this, speaking from the floor seems inadvisable. The program has 
 been arranged as carefully as possible, to present a cross section 
 of the attitude of the entire Convention. I might add that every 
 viewpoint of major importance on race and war will be presented — 
 this morning,—absolutely every viewpoint of major importance. 
 
 We may be tempted to think that this is an anti-feminist dem- 
 onstration, as no women are to speak. Half of these discussion 
 groups were led by them, and it seems a shame that they aren’t going 
 to speak from this platform this morning. However, the one and 
 only reason that we did not include them in the program was be- 
 cause, from the nominees given to us, it was very difficult to find 
 any one whose voice could be heard in all parts of this auditorium. 
 
 The issues on the race question which have emerged in the 
 
OPEN SESSION—-RACE RELATIONS 247 
 
 group discussions, and have been reported by chosen representatives 
 from all these groups, were mainly these: What racial distinctions, 
 if any, should be drawn? What is the meaning of the term “racial 
 equality’? Can we let the fear of race fusion by marriage stand 
 in the way of race equality? Is the tendency to race segregation 
 Christian? Is parallel development a possible solution? How much 
 is economics at the basis of some of our race feeling? 
 
 It is interesting to note that votes were taken on some of these 
 issues. Nine of the groups were unanimously in favor of no racial 
 distinction at all. Eight additional groups voted, and a majority 
 came to the conclusion that there should be no racial distinctions at 
 all. Four of the groups were unanimous in favor of no racial dis- 
 tinctions, so long as that did not involve inter-marriage. Three 
 additional groups had a majority vote that way—that is, that no 
 racial distinction should be made unless it involved inter-marriage, 
 and two of the groups (and this is an interesting point), were 
 unanimously in favor of no distinctions unless those distinctions 
 were mutually decided upon by the races involved. 
 
 We shall now hear from four students who will speak for five 
 minutes each on various attitudes on this question. These points 
 of view are not of course exhaustive or officially representative, but 
 they are felt to be more or less typical of the attitudes which emerged 
 in the discussion groups. 
 
 We shall first hear from Leonard S. Cottrell, Jr., of the Virginia 
 Polytechnic Institute. 
 
 Mr. CotTrELL: I suppose I am at once labeled as a Southerner. 
 In beginning may I say that in talking on this very question with a 
 good old Southern lady some months ago, she made this statement : 
 “You young folks think we old folks are fools. We old folks know 
 you young folks are fools.” 
 
 However, fellow students, I think you will agree that I have a 
 difficult task in five minutes to represent several, or many, I might 
 say, conflicting viewpoints of a serious issue. 
 
 In the South today relatively few people stand for any abso- 
 lute subjugation of any one group of people. May I in the beginning 
 say that I believe a great majority of both blacks and whites today 
 stand for absolute justice, fair and honorable dealing each with 
 the other. 
 
 In the first place, I believe that the majority of our black 
 brothers want justice under our laws, they want fair play in our 
 courts, they want a chance, a fair and equal chance for development 
 educationally and in the economic realm. They feel that it is unjust 
 
248 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 to put any limitations upon the development of any group on account 
 of color. I believe as firmly that a vast majority of the whites in 
 the South really deep down in their hearts desire for their black 
 brothers fair, honorable and just dealing, and they are willing to pay 
 a price, if a price is required, to see that fair play is the order of 
 the day. 
 
 May I say, too, that in spite of opinions to the contrary,: there 
 are several very significant movements on a constructive basis in the 
 South that are attempting now to solve this very difficult problem 
 of relationship. In the first place, I mention that great Inter-racial 
 Commission with its wonderful work which started, you remember, 
 in 1919, when race riots were sweeping across the whole nation. 
 The leading men of both races of the South met in Atlanta to attempt 
 to find some way by which a better relationship between races could 
 be established, and in which friction could be eliminated. Today 
 that Inter-racial Commission is working in a great many communi- 
 ties of the South, bringing together the whites and the blacks in 
 whom confidence is reposed by the community, to discuss the points 
 of friction, to find out the points on which people have grievances 
 and attempt in a fair and just way to settle these problems. 
 
 I think a great deal of honor is due to that Commission be- 
 cause of the fact that it not only represents fair-minded men but it 
 represents men who are definitely by an act of will attempting to 
 Overcome a great mass of inherited prejudices in themselves and 
 their fellows. 
 
 May I say, also, that in addition to this work of the Inter-racial | 
 Commission, the students of the South are attempting in a fine way 
 to discuss these things among themselves and between the races so 
 that they may reach a fairer understanding of the problem, may know 
 the facts better, and may better appreciate each other’s viewpoint. 
 Individuals like Dr. Weatherford and Dr. Alexander are making 
 notable contributions by their research work in this very problem. 
 
 The group of which I happen to be a member came to the con- 
 clusion that no discrimination ought to be made on the basis of color 
 necessarily, that each race ought to have a fair and absolutely equal 
 opportunity for its development, that if a race is to give its greatest 
 contribution to the great family of races its own individuality should 
 be preserved. We ask that our fellow students shall go back to their 
 colleges and see that a fair and just attitude is maintained, and that 
 each race has every opportunity to make the best contribution it may 
 have to give to the great family of races and to the Kingdom of God. 
 
OPEN SESSION——RACE RELATIONS 249 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: The next speaker will be Mr. F. Eugene 
 Corbie of the College of the City of New York. 
 
 Mr. Corse: Mr. Chairman and Fellow Students: The last 
 speaker has practically taken away from me all that I intended to 
 say. Nevertheless, I shall try to be a little more fundamental and 
 attempt to go into the psychology of the things that make for dis- 
 crimination, so that you may have something to work upon. If psy- 
 chology is anything, discrimination is bad, because it makes for dif- 
 ferences which must manifest themselves sooner or later. 
 
 Moreover, the thing that you call culture is not something that 
 can be picked up on the streets. All that makes for your civilization 
 is something that you have got by contact. If you as a superior race, 
 so called, having all the things that make for your culture, attempt 
 to adjudge me because of my poor standards, and at the same time 
 you keep me in an environment that makes for crime and debase- 
 ment, I say you are not logically clear when you talk of my in- 
 feriority. 
 
 So when we ask you to stop discrimination and give us the 
 right to come to the fountain of life, yea into your very colleges 
 where you get your best, so that we may assimilate of your best, we 
 are asking only that we, too, be given the right to develop ourselves 
 as manfully and as womanly as you, in order that in time we, too, 
 may make a contribution to your glorious civilization. 
 
 When we talk about equality we are not asking the right to 
 marry a white woman, because we feel that no social legislature can 
 dictate to one human being how this man or that woman shall de- 
 termine her life, or who shall be his or her wife or husband. We 
 feel that that is an individual contract which society itself regulates. 
 Moreover, the psychology of setting up standards is bad. Sometimes 
 I wonder where is that spirit of moral virtue which should permeate 
 your soul. When I look back and see my race transformed from 
 its blackness until today it is so hypothetically white, when I see 
 there is very little inter-marriage among the races, and then when I 
 hear the clamor for purity of race, 1 wonder where the white women 
 are and what they are thinking of that double standard of morality 
 which is set up by white men. 
 
 On that count let me say that if you have due respect for your 
 women, believe it, too, that we are human, and we love to respect our 
 women. Respect yourself, sir, and I ask you out of common de- 
 cency of mind, don’t make my household a house of debauchery. If 
 you are going to say your white women must be pure, we want ours 
 
 to be pure. 
 
250 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Now when we ask that, what is the contribution which the black 
 man has made that entitled him to a fair share of the rights of citi- 
 zens? You have the gift of genius and you see your inventions 
 manifesting themselves. Have you ever thought of the cotton seed 
 as the gift of Africa? Did you think of that genius that today has 
 been the nucleus of your very big economic life? Have you thought 
 of the sacrifices in human flesh and labor that have enriched you so? 
 
 And after all, is it not right that you give us the chance to be 
 men and women? Think if you will of the fact that although you 
 lashed us with the whip as we toiled for you, transplanted and trans- 
 formed, we accepted your God, and when we hadn’t your reason to 
 appeal to, we appealed to the Christ that you gave us. And then we 
 sang the song of love. That is our contribution. We ask you to 
 give us not the chance to be beggars, but the right to live. Give us 
 the chance to be men and women, so that carrying on in the spirit 
 of love eternal, we may be able to live here as one common people, 
 associated, friendly, but by no means familiar ; that your contribution 
 and my contribution shall stand out for emulation in time, so that 
 when life with us shall be no more, the black race we represent will 
 leave something for the coming black race, and race pride as such, 
 without race hatred, will be a manifest thing for the good of the 
 universe. 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: The next speaker will be Mr. Robert A. 
 Mallory of Cornell University and Auburn Theological Seminary. 
 
 Mr. Mattory: Mr. Chairman and Fellow Students: I am 
 reminded through all this discussion on the race problem of those 
 two British Tommies who were in a shell hole in France with the 
 shells bursting around them on every side. One of them became 
 disgusted, and to him the other said, “Well, if you know of a better 
 hole, go to it.” 
 
 We are in this problem, this great, deep, broad problem of the 
 race question, and I know that we cannot evade it. If any of you 
 know how to evade it, go to it. The rest of us have got to stay 
 and face it. 
 
 It is a hard task which we have before us, one which challenges 
 every bit of energy and sympathy we possess. We are not convinced 
 “God’s in His heaven, all’s right with the world.” We are convinced 
 rather that mankind by his stupidity and hardness of heart has 
 brought our struggling civilization into a most miserable mess, and 
 God is here present among humanity, striving his hardest to straighten 
 it all out. 
 
 There is in the Declaration of Independence the assertion that 
 
OPEN SESSION——RACE RELATIONS 251 
 
 all men are created equal, and are endowed by their Creator with 
 certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty and the 
 pursuit of happiness. 
 
 It reads that all mankind is endowed, not merely those of us 
 who consider ourselves members of the white race, but that all man- 
 kind is endowed with these great gifts. 
 
 In our civilization of today we cannot say that we offer an equal 
 opportunity to every person to enjoy these gifts. We do not offer 
 to all an opportunity to benefit by these gifts. We do not offer to 
 all the great opportunity to serve their fellow men which they should 
 enjoy. We discriminate against many people because they are not 
 of the same color as we are, because they are not of the same race 
 as we are, because they do not hold the same creed which we hold. 
 We discriminate against them on some other basis than the pure 
 basis of character, which is the only standard which Jesus Christ 
 would use. 
 
 Every one of us can go back to the days of our earliest child- 
 hood and remember that there was a time in our lives, when we did 
 not care who it was who told us stories, who it was who rocked us 
 upon his knee, as long as he was a person whose character appealed 
 to us. 
 
 And that is the challenge to us, which is thrown out by this 
 great racial problem in the world today, namely, to stop discrimi- 
 nating against our fellow men on other lines than the pure lines of 
 character. 
 
 We should not feel a sense of pity for these other races whom 
 we consider inferior to us, but rather we should have a feeling of 
 sincere shame for our conduct. It is a blinding, bitter shame how 
 we have fallen away from the gospel of Jesus Christ, which we have 
 enjoyed for two thousand years, and which we begin to see better 
 understood and interpreted by races comparatively new to this great 
 message. 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: The last speaker on the race problem will 
 be Mr. P. M. Blanko, of the Philippine Islands. 
 
 Mr. Branko: Fellow Students: I do not know how I can 
 stand before you and say anything more after the wonderful speech 
 given by the man from the College of the City of New York. There 
 are certain phases of the question that still lie untouched, however, 
 and those I will endeavor to present. 
 
 I take it that the main task of the world today is to bring about 
 world peace. This is particularly a task for the Christian world to 
 perform. 
 
252 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 If there is anything that stands in the way of the realization 
 of the motto that this Convention has taken up as its slogan, “the 
 Evangelization of the World in this Generation,” it is that the so- 
 called inferior races have been looked down upon by the white people. 
 Every self-respecting man who has contact with college life, and 
 knows the scholastic records of his race can not but challenge 
 this claim of superiority. I plead for equal treatment of all 
 races without any qualifications whatsoever, because I see that this 
 is the only way to evangelize the world. I do not believe that there 
 is such a thing as innate superiority of races. Because of varied cir- 
 cumstances and other factors, different races have their distinctive 
 contributions to make to the welfare and progress of mankind. I 
 do not believe that there should be any discrimination whatsoever 
 between races, because such an attitude has a very great deterring 
 influence on the progress of mankind, and is a big obstacle in the 
 way of Christ’s kingdom. 
 
 Friends, brothers and sisters, it is not enough to believe in ieee 
 obvious facts, it is far more important that we preach them and 
 advocate them by the conduct of our own lives. For after all, it is 
 deeds that count and not words. This is the way to peace and hap- 
 piness. Let this thought be made manifest by our conduct, be our 
 heritage to the generations that are to come, and the Church of 
 Christ shall live and we shall not have convened in vain. 
 
 Being a native of the Philippines, I know more of that country, 
 that land of sunshine, magnificent sunsets and enchanting moon- 
 light. I shall, therefore, draw upon it for further material. I would 
 suggest that those who contemplate going on their honeymoon for 
 the first or second time can do very well by going to the Philippines, 
 because I assure you you will enjoy it most out there. 
 
 At this point I wish to digress for just a second and say that 
 the oldest university under the American flag is the University at 
 Manila. It is fully twenty-five years older than Harvard. We 
 gauge the capacity of the people by the extent of enlightenment ex- 
 isting among them. The percentage of illiteracy in the Philippines 
 is thirty per cent as compared with fifty per cent for Argentina, 
 fifty-five per cent for Bulgaria, fifty per cent for Spain, seventy 
 per cent for Portugal, and so on. I am convinced that Filipinos and 
 Americans have been drawn together by the guiding hands of Provi- 
 dence to fulfil a great mission. 
 
 For the past three centuries my country has witnessed the blend- 
 ing of the races, brown, white and yellow. This has given to the 
 world one of its greatest men, great because, in the first place, he was 
 
OPEN SESSION——-ABOLITION OF WAR 253 
 
 -a man of God and because in the second place he was a man who 
 worked for the reform and progress of his people, that we also might 
 contribute our bit to the progress and welfare of mankind. 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: The following definite proposals came 
 out of the discussion groups, as to the way in which certain individuals 
 and groups are going back to their campuses and follow specifically 
 the principles they had agreed upon at this convention. 
 
 These are only representative of many other proposals, which 
 were made in the groups: eliminate the white superiority complex 
 ingrained in primary schools; get together various races in groups 
 on the campus for prayer, thought and fellowship together; bring 
 in leaders of other races to speak and meet students; utilize every 
 opportunity to become friends with members of other races, when- 
 ever we meet them—this in some sections would involve visits to 
 segregated areas; oppose organizations encouraging an attitude of 
 racial superiority ; work through journalism in every possible way to 
 change the attitude of the press across the country. The suggestion 
 was also made that we begin tackling the problem by converting our 
 own families. 
 
 Work to break down discriminations due to race distinctions 
 in dormitories, societies, athletics, fraternities, churches, and college 
 life generally ; give money to support organizations which are work- 
 ing for these ends; promote education; do all we can for the inclusion 
 in the curriculum of courses in history which present a fairer and 
 more Christian attitude than the ones now given; be living examples 
 of Christ’s spirit in this matter whenever an issue appears; indulge 
 in real thinking and study on the reasons for the present prejudiced 
 attitude; right concrete racial wrongs and work together with those 
 from other nations for the same great cause. 
 
 It is interesting to note the representative character of the dis- 
 cussions out of which these suggestions came. Twenty to ninety 
 different students took part in every single group. That is to say 
 that as it is averaged up, about half the delegates of this conference 
 actually took part in the discussions. 
 
 The speeches that you have just heard and the ones which you 
 will hear now were prepared since twelve-thirty this morning. 
 
 On the war question there was general agreement on a number 
 of points, such as the following: that war is a beastly and horrible 
 thing; that we should do all we can to remove its causes; that we 
 should have an educational policy to bring about the use of instru- 
 ments of peace; that we should cease to glorify war in our history 
 books; that we should positively exert ourselves by all the ingenuity 
 
254 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 of love to eliminate attitudes which blossom forth into war; that we 
 should establish and strengthen agencies of justice and outlaw war 
 legally ; that we should do all in our power to Christianize the social 
 order and the industrial system, realizing that predatory economic 
 motives lie at the root of many military operations. 
 
 In many groups a large majority was for the immediate joining 
 of the League of Nations and the World Court. The majority in 
 most groups doubted the wisdom of taking an absolute stand against 
 war at the present time, but there was seemingly in practically every 
 group an earnest, honest number who were opposed to participation 
 in any military operations and had taken the complete pacifist stand. 
 
 After the speeches on war, there will be an opportunity for us 
 all to go on record as to where we stand on this question. The four 
 speakers represent the four main possible attitudes which emerged 
 from the discussions. These are as follows: . 
 
 1. We believe that preparation for the emergency of war is 
 the best way to avoid war, therefore we urge our nation so to 
 prepare that any future war shall be brought to a speedy and 
 righteous termination. 
 
 2. We believe that war is un-Christian and should be abolished 
 through a process of education, but that non-resistance is now im- 
 practicable, and that occasion may arise wherein it is our duty to 
 engage in war, after all means of prevention have failed. 
 
 3. We believe that war is un-Christian and that the League of 
 Nations is the best means of preventing it, but we should resort to 
 war in case an unavoidable dispute had been referred to the League 
 or World Court without successful settlement. 
 
 4. We believe that henceforth war is an utter denial of Jesus’ 
 way of life, ineffective as a means of settling differences between 
 nations. Therefore, we declare our resolve not to sanction or par- 
 ticipate directly in any future war. 
 
 The speaker on the first view, that is the preparedness view, 
 will be H. McAllister Griffiths of the University of California and 
 Princeton Theological Seminary. 
 
 Mr. GrirFitHs: Mr. Chairman and Members of the Confer- 
 ence: We have at last arrived at the discussion of war. Let us 
 hope that we haven’t arrived at a war. ; 
 
 We believe that preparation for the emergency of war is the 
 best way to aviod war, and therefore, we urge our nation so to 
 prepare that any future war shall be brought to a speedy and a 
 righteous termination. 
 
 Now, as has been said by the Chairman, none of us‘believe im 
 
OPEN SESSION—ABOLITION OF WAR 255 
 
 the glory or the rightness of war as such. We all hate war; we 
 believe that war is one of the blemishes upon our modern civiliza- 
 tion; we believe that almost anything is preferable to war, but what 
 we do differ in, is in our methods of preventing war. Let us never 
 be misled by any enthusiasm against war as such into the certain 
 advocation of any one project for eliminating war. In other words, 
 our enthusiasm, our indignation against war is not bound up with 
 any particular method, necessarily, of doing away with it. 
 
 In the first place, we who believe in preparedness believe in it, 
 because we can not prevent war by saying that we don’t like it. You 
 can’t get up and say, “I don’t believe in war; I don’t like war” any 
 more than you can get up and say, “I don’t believe in disease, I do 
 ‘not believe in smallpox, I do not believe that I want to get sick.” 
 We can’t keep from getting sick by saying that we don’t want to 
 get sick, and you can’t stop war by simply saying if one comes along, 
 “T don’t want to get in a war.” War is going to come anyway, and 
 therefore it only seems sensible to prepare for it, so that when it 
 comes, you may be able to meet the emergency. 
 
 Secondly, no international thug is going to attack a nation which 
 is prepared to defeat him, just as in our present day individual life 
 no thug is going to attack a policeman whom he sees with a great 
 blackjack at his side; no international thug is going to attack us or 
 any other nation so long as we have the instruments for defense at 
 hand. 
 
 Third, history shows that unpreparedness is a breeder of war. 
 The United States has never been prepared for any single one of the 
 wars in which she has been engaged; never once, and yet we have 
 been in war after war. Unpreparedness has never gained us peace. 
 Not only that, but the classic instance of what unpreparedness can 
 do in fomenting war is shown in the case of the Republic of China. 
 There was no excuse for the partition of China by the Great Powers 
 except that China. was defenceless, and you know for yourselves what 
 happened as a result of that partition—War! It was one of the 
 direct contributory causes of the last conflagration in Europe. These 
 Far Eastern disputes and that sort of thing are necessarily a breeder 
 of war. 
 
 Fourth, preparedness will reduce the cost, the length and the 
 loss of life in any war that may come. We do not believe that pre- 
 paredness is going to prevent wars, but we do say, that it will reduce 
 the cost and the length of any war. 
 
 Fifth, it is the duty of the state to protect the life and well 
 
256 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 being of the people, no matter by whom that life and well being are 
 threatened. 
 
 . Sixth, Christ Himself recognized that man has a reciprocal duty 
 to the state, that having received from the state he owes a duty to 
 the state, and that duty is one of protection. 
 
 Prepare against any emergency, thereby seeing that the emer- 
 gency never comes, and there will again be an opportunity to preach to 
 the world the gospel of Christ, which alone is the hope of the lost and 
 dying world. . 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: The view that war as un-Christian should 
 be abolished by a process of education, but that non-resistance for 
 the present is impracticable will be presented by Theodore C. Sargent 
 of Boston University. 
 
 Mr. SarcENT: Mr. Chairman and Fellow Students: This point 
 of view that has been expressed includes three essential propositions. 
 The first one is that war in itself is un-Christian. That is funda- 
 mental, and also that war if it is to be abolished, cannot be immedi- 
 ately abolished. It must come through a process of education. Edu- 
 cation, we will freely admit, is the only efficient method of securing 
 any reform. That is the fundamental proposition. 
 
 Secondly, a policy of non-resistance cannot practicably be held. 
 An illustration cited in one of the discussion groups will serve my 
 purpose here. 
 
 A certain man walking down a certain street of a certain 
 city saw an excited sailor about to attack a white girl. He rushed 
 to the scene immediately, interceded and stepped between the two; 
 whereupon the sailor delivered three blows in succession on the gen- 
 tleman without any resistance on his part. And then, as the story 
 goes, the sailor after that broke down and cried over his action. 
 That sounds like a very ideal method of solving such difficulties, if 
 applied to war, but I cannot conceive of the Kaiser breaking down 
 and crying, had Belgium and France taken that same attitude of non- 
 resistance. 
 
 We must bear in mind that what we want now is a proposition 
 that will serve our immediate needs. We cannot immediately adopt 
 non-resistance, and let the nations of the world that care to, walk 
 all over us; for human nature cannot be transformed in one night. 
 That is the second proposition. 
 
 Thirdly, resort to fighting will come only in cases of extreme 
 necessity ; that is, after all possible means have been used to prevent 
 war, whether this be through arbitration boards or any other form 
 of arbitrative means. You may choose the League of Nations or 
 
OPEN SESSION—-ABOLITION OF WAR 257 
 
 any other agency whatever; we are not stating the means, but only 
 insisting that such means shall be employed to the very limit. 
 
 If, however, human nature does not care to accommodate itself 
 to this point of view immediately, we hold that it is our duty to fight, 
 for the reason that we must defend the possibility of securing an 
 ideal. The ideal we want is absolute peace. It cannot be achieved 
 immediately. Therefore, we must safeguard the possibility of achiev- 
 ing it, by at least safeguarding the possibility of the life of those 
 who are working for that end. 
 
 To summarize, we believe that war is un-Christian fundamen- 
 tally, but that it can be abolished only through a process of educa- 
 tion. Non-resistance is impracticable because it is too immediate. 
 We must first employ processes of education, so that human nature 
 will be able to accommodate itself to the advanced point of view. 
 
 And then, lastly, we believe that it will be our duty to engage 
 in war or warfare only after all other means have failed. Certainly 
 no one of us holding this point of view would say that America or 
 any other country is justified in warring on the immediate pretext of 
 any situation that arises in the immediate future without full con- 
 sideration. We believe this statement covers the point of view and 
 provides for the achieving of an ideal through sensible means with- 
 out the sacrifice of what Christ called our human life and its values. 
 Therefore, we are advocating Christ’s idea through the very method 
 He Himself. used. 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: The next speaker will be Mr. Wendell 
 Berge, of the University of Nebraska. 
 
 Mr. Berce: Mr. Chairman and Fellow Students: I represent 
 that thought in the convention which believes that the League of 
 Nations and the World Court are the best means of preventing war 
 and preserving peace. 
 
 We want peace. We hate war. We believe that it is un-Chris- 
 tian, that it is hideous and that it is inhuman; but we do not believe 
 that the way to prevent war is to prepare for it. We do not believe 
 that education alone can accomplish our end, although we concede 
 that it is of great importance. We do not believe in the stand of 
 the pacifists. 
 
 We believe that the fundamental cause of war today is the lack 
 of world organization, the lack of organized relationships between 
 the different nations of the world. We have today a world society 
 in the sense that we never have had it before. Let me illustrate in 
 this way: One hundred years ago it didn’t matter much to the people 
 living right here in this section of the country what happened in 
 
258 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Europe or in Africa or in Asia; it didn’t matter much to the people 
 living in China or Japan what happened here or in Europe or in 
 Africa, but today we have come to the point where the world is a 
 sensitive whole. When the President of the United States dies in 
 San Francisco, ten minutes later the newsboys in London are an- 
 nouncing the fact. When there is an earthquake in Japan, it is 
 immediately felt in the stock markets of New York. 
 
 What better illustration of a world society than this Convention 
 right here? Here are students from many of the countries of the 
 world, all listening to the same ideas, all reaching more or less the 
 same conclusions and going home to their respective countries to 
 preach the same doctrines. 
 
 Now, with this state of world society how can we expect, as 
 citizens of this modern world, to eradicate war unless we have world 
 organization to meet these new conditions? Today we are like a 
 ship without a rudder, like an automobile without a steering gear. 
 
 We believe that with some form of organization to settle inter- 
 national differences as they arise; to provide a tribunal for the set- 
 tlement of disputes, economic and political, between nations; to codify 
 international law, if you please; that then, when we get this world 
 organization, the nations of the world will have no hesitancy about 
 disarming; then there will be no fear that they will lack protection; 
 because when you stop to think about it, much as we love our Chris- 
 tian ideal of peace, there is today in the final analysis no substitute 
 for force. 
 
 What we of this school of thought believe is that the best way 
 to accomplish the Christian ideal is to provide a substitute for war, 
 a legal substitute, a means whereby these differences can be prac- 
 ticably settled without resort to brute force. 
 
 We believe that when this agency is established there will be 
 no need for pacifistic doctrines; there will be no need for prepared- 
 ness; for the people of the world will come to the conclusion through 
 the processes of education, through the development of spiritual 
 brotherhood, which conventions such as this can further, that war 
 is unnecessary and that the means have been provided whereby dis- 
 putes can be justly settled. 
 
 Now the present League of Nations may not be the solution, 
 but there are a large number of us who think it is, and we want to 
 give this League of Nations and the permanent Court of International 
 Justice a fair trial. 
 
 We believe that the students of this Convention share this con- 
 viction; that those who belong to countries now members of the 
 
OPEN SESSION—ABOLITION OF WAR 259 
 
 League are going home resolved in their hearts to do all they can 
 to cultivate sentiment within their countries which will make that 
 League a more-than-ever living reality, and that we of the United 
 States who hold this thought, are equally determined that we shall 
 do what we can to bring the United States of America around to this 
 point of view, so that we too may soon join the League and take our 
 place as leaders in the world for justice, liberty and peace. 
 
 We believe that by this means we can by the grace of God do 
 something to help speed the day when peace and good will shall 
 reign among the nations and all peoples of the earth. 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: The last speaker on the war issue, who 
 will present the absolute pacifist stand, will be Mr. Allan A. Hunter, 
 student at Union Theological Seminary, New York City. 
 
 Mr. Hunter: We are not talking about using the violence 
 that handles a police case where there isn’t a policeman ’round in 
 the street. We are talking about modern war as now organized. 
 Modern war as now organized defeats its own end, and does not pro- 
 tect the helpless. Look at the facts today, directly due to the war, 
 20,000,000 men killed, 9,000,0000 children left without fathers, 
 5,000,000 widows, and 10,000,000 refugees. 
 
 War today defeats its own end. It does not end war. It sets 
 into motion, we have found, new potential causes which once released 
 only tend to start new wars. Ever since November 11, 1918, the 
 part of the world that was most affected by the Great War has con- 
 tinued in an almost constant state of war. 
 
 And one more thing: Those who know best the forces now 
 operating in the world, and seem to see furthest into the future, 
 discern a cloud coming. Twenty world-renowned and responsible 
 statesmen, historians and journalists say today that judging by the 
 way the world is now going, we are headed directly toward war. 
 As we see that cloud coming, all of us who believe in education are 
 for education, yes, but unfortunately we haven’t at our disposal the 
 necessary thirty years. Our hope is one hope, and that is not just 
 a dramatic gesture but an absolutely consecrated protest on the part 
 of those who are willing to go the way of Jesus, and are willing to 
 stand up and take whatever consequences may come. 
 
 I believe that if Abraham Lincoln were with us, a man who 
 rose up to a great emergency, and a good many of my friends 
 who were killed in the war,—men better than I can ever hope to be, 
 men who had intrepidity, men who had a contempt for comfort 
 and softness, men who surrendered their private interests to some- 
 thing beyond selfish ends, men who were obedient to command— 
 
260 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 I believe that they would summon some of us who believe in Christ’s 
 way to leave the old dug-out of force and violence and go up to some- 
 thing more. And I would be ashamed as I think of these friends, 
 not to go out of that dug-out and go on no matter what happens, 
 no matter what people are going to say about me. I can’t now look 
 into the eyes of Jesus Christ and take any position that will help to 
 sanction war. I am not talking now about the past. I believe 
 Christ’s way of trusting all men and of giving Himself, as my friends 
 gave themselves for this new time, I believe that that way will win. 
 The way of Jesus, who tells us to look at those on the other side 
 and to love them. The way of Jesus, who took a chance. 
 
 This cloud coming! There is a chance to ward it off, if all over 
 the globe we can get a few here and there who will stand out for 
 Jesus’s way, and go that way and take the gaff—that way of just 
 loving people, not with a fist—we are tempted to do that, we fellows 
 get angry—but that way of loving people with all of our lives. The 
 world did not believe Christ then, and it does not now. The world 
 took that young man up into its hands, the way a rat terrier takes 
 a rat in its mouth, and it shook and shook but it could not shake out 
 of Christ that unbreakable faith in men, that trust that he had in 
 their power to work together. 
 
 We would not deny Him, and thereby cause organized war. 
 Because war,—the kind that is going to come in the future, if it 
 comes,—defeats its own purpose, failing to protect the helpless, failing 
 to end war, and because war as now constituted is contrary to the way 
 of Christ, some of us now take this stand. 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: A few of the concrete proposals which 
 have emerged from the discussion groups, as to how we can best 
 mobilize the forces against war on our college campuses are as fol- 
 lows: work for the truth regarding war from both press and pulpit; 
 establish forums for discussion; discuss the question with our per- 
 sonal friends; work for the elimination of the R. O. T. C., the re- 
 quired military courses and other war makers in college. These 
 proposals were not unanimously agreed upon by any group. 
 
 Individual things which smaller groups or individuals are going 
 to do on their campuses when they get back, are these: change the 
 motive behind the R. O. T. C. to a more extensive physical education 
 program; organize student expression through straw votes by means 
 of existing organizations; study the economic causes of war; study 
 and pray as to how war may be prevented; study other nations’ his- 
 tories; exchange with other countries for fellowships and also pro- 
 
OPEN SESSION—ABOLITION OF WAR 261 
 
 fessors; put into practice constructive programs of friendship like 
 the Japanese Relief and the Student Friendship Fund. 
 
 It may be wondered why such a prominent place is given to 
 war as evidenced by the fact of these speeches and by the vote which 
 we are now going to take, as over against a question like race. The 
 answer is simply this: there has emerged from the groups a desire 
 for a registration of conviction on the war issue, whereas on the 
 racial issue the differences are less distinctly drawn and the issues 
 less crisp, clean and clear cut. 
 
 We shall now proceed to a show of hands on these four propo- 
 sitions which have been presented by different student members of 
 this Convention. 
 
 First, we believe that preparation for the emergency of war 
 is the best way to avoid war; therefore we urge our nation so to pre- 
 pare that any future war shall be brought to a speedy and righteous 
 termination. Will all those who believe this, raise their right hands? 
 
 A DetecaTE: How many of these may we support, Mr. Chair- 
 man ? 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: You may support all, if you can con- 
 scientiously do so. [About 175 * supported this proposition. ] 
 
 Second, we believe that war is un-Christian and should be abol- 
 ished through a process of education, but that non-resistance is now 
 impracticable and that occasions may arise wherein it is our duty 
 to engage in war, after all means have failed to prevent it. [About 
 4,000 * supported this proposition. ] 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: Third, we believe that war is un-Christian 
 and that the League of Nations is the best means of preventing it, 
 but we would resort to war in case an unavoidable dispute had been 
 referred to the League or the World Court without succesful set- 
 tlement. [About 5,500 * supported this proposition. ] 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: Fourth, we believe that henceforth war 
 is an utter denial of Jesus’ way of life, ineffective as a means of 
 settling differences between nations; therefore, we declare our re- 
 solve not to sanction or participate directly in any future war. 
 [About 400 * supported this proposition. ] 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: We will now join in singing Hymn No. 
 40. Following the singing of this hymn, we shall be led in a short 
 devotional period by Mr. Samuel Shoemaker, Jr., Secretary of the 
 Philadelphian Society, which is the Y. M. C. A. of Princeton Uni- 
 versity. After Mr. Shoemaker has led us in this short devotional 
 
 
 
 * The numbers here stated are estimates only. No count was made. 
 
262 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 period, we shall hear two views of how we as students, can conse- 
 crate ourselves, in view of the tremendous issues we have faced here 
 this morning, to the task of making ourselves fit instruments for the 
 carrying of these things into the world. 
 
 [Hymn No. 40 was sung. | 
 
 “Fairest Lord Jesus, 
 Ruler of all nature, 
 O thou of God and man the Son; 
 Thee will I cherish, 
 Thee will I honor, 
 Thou, my soul’s glory, joy and crown. 
 
 “Fair are the meadows, 
 Fairer still the woodlands, 
 Robed in the blooming garb of spring; 
 Jesus is fairer, 
 Jesus is purer, 
 Who makes the woeful heart to sing. 
 
 “Fair is the sunshine, 
 Fairer still the moonlight, 
 And all the twinkling, starry host; 
 Jesus shines brighter, 
 Jesus shines purer 
 Than all the angels heaven can boast.” 
 
 Mr. SHOEMAKER: We have been looking during these ‘days 
 for the mind of Christ, and I think some of us have come nearer 
 to appreciating the mind of Christ since we have been here than 
 ever before. A problem that faces us as we get away from this 
 Convention is how we are going to achieve the levels of life on which 
 we have been thinking and planning while we have been. here. 
 
 It is my belief that we will hold on to the things that we have 
 gotten, that we will dare to stand by some of the stands we believe 
 we ought to take, just in proportion to the depth and reality of our 
 own discipleship to Christ. So let us come back again for a few 
 minutes as we always must come back to Him. 
 
 I want to read the twenty-first chapter of the Gospel according 
 to St. John.* 
 
 After that Jesus disclosed himself once more to the disciples at the sea 
 of Tiberias. It was in this way: Simon Peter, Thomas (who was called 
 “the Twin”), Nathaniel from Cana in Galilee, the two sons of Zebedee and 
 two other disciples of his were all together. Simon Peter said to them, “I 
 am going to fish.” They said, “We are coming with you, too.” Off they 
 
 * Read from “A New Translation of the New Testament” by James 
 Moffatt, D.D. : 
 
OPEN SESSION—DISCIPLESHIP 263 
 
 went and embarked in the boat, but that night they caught nothing. Now at 
 the break of day Jesus was standing on the beach (though the disciples did 
 not know it was Jesus). “Lads,” said Jesus, “have you got anything?” ‘“No,” 
 they answered. So he told them, “Throw your net on the right of the boat 
 and you will have a take.” At this they threw the net, and now they could 
 not haul it in for the mass of fish. So the disciple who was Jesus’ favorite 
 said to Peter, “It is the Lord!” Hearing it was the Lord, Simon Peter threw 
 off his blouse (he was stripped for work) and jumped into the water, while 
 the rest of the disciples came ashore in the boat (they were not far from 
 land, only about a hundred yards), dragging their netful of fish. When they 
 got to land, they saw a charcoal fire burning, with fish cooking on it, and some 
 bread. Jesus said to them, “Bring some of the fish you have just caught.” 
 So Peter went aboard and hauled the net ashore, full of large fish, a hundred 
 and fifty-three of them, but for all their number the net was not torn, Jesus 
 said, “Come and breakfast.” (Not one of the disciples dared to ask Him who 
 He was, for they knew it was the Lord.) Jesus went and took the bread and 
 gave it to them and the fish, too. This was the third time now that Jesus 
 appeared to the disciples after rising from the dead. 
 
 Then after breakfast Jesus said to Simon Peter, “Simon, son of John, 
 do you love me more than the others do?” “Why, Lord,” he said, “you 
 know I love you.” “Then feed my lambs,” said Jesus. Again he asked him 
 for the second time, “Simon, son of John, do you love me?” “Why, Lord,” 
 he said, “you know I love you.” “Then be a shepherd to my sheep,” said 
 Jesus. For the third time he asked him, “Simon, son of John, do you love 
 me?” Now Peter was vexed at being asked a third time, “Do you love me?” 
 
 So he replied: “Lord, you know everything, you can see I love you.” Jesus 
 said, “Then feed my sheep. Truly, truly, I tell you, you put on your own 
 girdle and went wherever you wanted when you were young; but when you 
 grow old you will stretch out your hands for some one to gird you and you 
 will be taken where you have no wish to go.” (He said this to indicate the 
 kind of death by which Peter would glorify God); then He added, “Follow 
 me.” Peter turned round and saw that the favorite disciple of Jesus was fol- 
 lowing, the disciple who had leant on his breast at supper and had put the 
 question, “Lord, who is to betray you?” So, on catching sight of him, Peter 
 said to Jesus, “What about him, Lord?” Jesus replied, “If I choose that he 
 
 should survive till I come back, what does that matter to you? Follow me 
 yourself.” 
 
 Let us pray. 
 
 Let us think of Jesus Christ standing at break of day by the 
 shore of a new year dimly known to some of us, eagerly watching 
 our work as fishers of men. 
 
 Let us think of His concern about us, His hope, His urgent 
 desire that our work should be truthful and remain, His sorrow and 
 disappointment when we fail Him. 
 
 Let us face that question of His, “Lads, have you got anything 
 to give?” 
 
 He asks of every one of us “Do you love me? More than the 
 
264 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 ordinary followers, more than the church members that we have 
 criticized, more than those who could have come to this Convention 
 and didn’t come, more than we did ourselves when first we got here?” 
 
 Let us face the sin that stands between some of us and Him, the 
 pride and the uncleanness and the self-will. Let us pray to Him 
 for strength day by day to keep in touch with Him and take the 
 time to be near Him. | 
 
 And he measures our love for Him in terms of service, “Feed 
 my sheep.” 
 
 Let us think now what we ought to do, each one of us, for those 
 in the world who are actually hungry today, and then let us think 
 about those who are spiritually hungry, desperately unsatisfied. Let 
 us think of that one man or woman back on our campus, who has 
 been on our hearts and who wants to find Christ, who ought to find 
 Christ. 
 
 Let us ask what we have got to do concerning our life plans, 
 whether there has not got to be a change, whether we have got to 
 go up on higher ground. Can we say we love Him, and do the thing 
 we plan to do? Let us face the issue of entire surrender of our 
 wills to the will of God. Let us consider that for us the days of 
 undiscipline and self-will are gone if we take Him, that we no longer 
 go where we will but go where we are sent, and that that does not 
 mean restriction and bondage but freedom and peace. — 
 
 Let us make sure we are not dodging our own responsibility by 
 asking, “Lord, what shall this man do?”’, or hoping that somebody ~ 
 else is going to shoulder our burden. Let us pray to be made con- 
 scious that the things we have heard in this Convention are like idle 
 talk, unless we can translate them into concrete life, unless we love 
 some people back home that we never loved before, and pay attention 
 to some people we have always ignored before. Let us pray that 
 in this hour God’s holy spirit may be with us and tell us what He 
 wants us to do now. 
 
 O God, our father, unto whom all hearts are open, all desires 
 are known, from whom no secrets of our hearts are hid, we feel 
 helpless and very nearly futile in the face of the needs that we have 
 seen. We are afraid as we look into the face of a new year and a 
 new life, that we shall fall short and be found wanting. Unless we 
 commit ourselves to Thee, soul and body, unless day by day through 
 prayer we find Thee anew, we know that we shall fail. 
 
 Somehow, we know that in the midst of all these problems we 
 are ourselves the great problem. We know that Thy Kingdom can- 
 not come through us until we are willing. 
 
OPEN SESSION—DISCIPLESHIP 265 
 
 O God, give us the grace to face complete surrender and to 
 turn wholly to Thee, to begin to look on life as through the eyes of 
 Christ, to seek Thy kingdom first, to search for Thy will for our 
 lives. We have got to make a start somewhere. Keep us this day 
 from making any trivial resolution, when what we need to do is to 
 begin a new life. 
 
 Come to us in our perplexity and need and take us. Make 
 every one of us a spiritual force in the places to which we go. 
 
 Take our wills. They are all that we have to give Thee, and 
 just as Thou wilt and when and where, use us in Thy Kingdom. We 
 ask it for the sake of Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen. 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: In response to a very wide-spread re- 
 quest on the part of students and discussion group leaders that there 
 be presented at this time the student attitude on consecration and 
 how we can put into practice the things we have learned and faced 
 here together, we shall now listen to two brief addresses by two of 
 our own number. The first speaker will be Mr. E. Fay Campbell 
 of Yale University. 
 
 - Mr. Campspett: There are just two things that I want to say 
 this morning, and I am going to say them just as quickly as I can. I 
 assure you that I mean them with all the power that I can express. 
 
 The other day I heard an address on law enforcement by Ad- 
 miral Sims. At the beginning he read a letter which went something 
 like this: “Dear Friend: I am very sorry that I was not able to attend 
 to the affairs that I should have this last week, but I was drunk most 
 of the time and couldn’t get at it.” This letter was from one minister 
 to another about 100 years ago back in New Haven. | 
 
 We can all find records in history of people who didn’t find 
 any difficulty at all in saying that slavery was one of those things 
 that was ordained by God. Apparently, Paul had a hard time con- 
 vincing the Corinthians that sexual cleanliness had anything to do 
 with religion. es 
 
 I have gathered from different people here with whom I have 
 talked that there is some question as to whether or not we have been 
 talking about religion at this convention. Believe me, we have been 
 talking about religion at this convention just as certainly as if we 
 had been talking about drunkenness or about purity or about whether 
 or not human slavery was ever justified. If we have not been talking 
 about the Christian religion here, I am through with the Christian 
 religion, because I believe that the Christian religion deals with every 
 phase of a man’s life. I can’t see how any of us can express our 
 love to God in any other way than through our relationships with 
 
266 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 other men and women. Certainly we have been talking here about 
 that. The questions we have considered during this convention con- 
 cern Christianity, and Christianity is not anything less than those 
 questions. We can’t call ourselves Christians if we are not inter- 
 ested in the questions which have been raised; and we are ridicu- 
 lous, it seems to me, in the sight of God, if we do not go back to 
 our campuses to think further and more seriously about these very 
 things that have been discussed here. 
 
 For myself, I want to thank those people who dare to say what 
 I believe to be right, namely, that for them they are going to try 
 the way of aggressive good will from now on and that never again 
 can any nation call on them to take up physical force. All I can say 
 about it is that this is religion, and it is the right religion for humanity 
 today. 
 
 The second thing I want to say has to do with where this religion 
 is going to lead us. Remember how at one time Jesus said, “He who 
 would come after me let him take up his cross daily and follow me.” 
 Did you ever think that He didn’t say these words after He had been 
 nailed on two pieces of wood erected on a hill outside of Jerusalem? 
 He didn’t say these words after that happened. He said it while he 
 was in his active ministry. I don’t suppose Jesus had any conception 
 of the wooden cross when he said them. I don’t think He knew at 
 that time where or when His death was going to be, but He knew 
 that the way of life was the way of the cross. He knew that we were 
 living in a world where the only way to really live is to lose life. 
 
 I would like to bring that right down home. At the time of 
 the Yale-Princeton football game a man came into our place who 
 used to be a Yale leader in religious work back on the campus years 
 ago. He had thought of going into the ministry, but decided in the 
 end to try business for at least a year or two. 
 
 When he came in, I said, “Bill, how is it going in business ?” 
 
 “Not too good.” He was a little bit noncommittal. I kept 
 pressing the point and tried to find out just how he stood, until 
 finally he said: “Well, I have got to get about a ten thousand dollar 
 income so that I can come down here to a game if I want to, so that 
 I can have a nice machine, and won’t have to worry about things. 
 I have got to have that and I am not sure I can have it in the 
 ministry.” 
 
 Men, there is a lot of that spirit on your campus and there is 
 a lot of it in you and in me, isn’t there? I want to thank God here 
 today for the examples that we have had from this platform in 
 Dr. Mott and Dr. Speer, who to me seem to represent what we need 
 
OPEN SESSION—DISCIPLESHIP 267 
 
 about as much as anything else in this world. They are two men 
 who could have gone into any other profession or any other line 
 and made good so far as we can see, men with capacities and abilities 
 that would put any of us here to shame, so far as I have been able 
 to judge, and yet these men found that the thing for them to do 
 under God was to throw themselves completely into this Christian 
 enterprise. They didn’t count lots of things as worth while which 
 my friend Bill counted worth while month before last. They said, 
 “No, we are going to throw that aside and we are going to go with 
 all the energy that we have in us into this enterprise.” 
 
 Do you know that about ninety per cent of my class are either 
 down in Wall Street or scattered throughout this country in business? 
 I remember one man at Des Moines four years ago, and how we 
 knelt in the hotel and prayed together and talked together. That 
 man is out in India today. He could have made just as big a success 
 on Wall Street as a lot of these men, but he saw that the thing for 
 him to do was to go out and live what he believed to be the fullest 
 life he could, giving himself in full-time Christian service out there. 
 
 I was talking a few weeks ago to a former classmate of mine, 
 who is now down on Wall Street, making good. He has already 
 published a book on foreign exchange which is being widely used, 
 though he is not yet thirty years of age. Yet he told me, “If it were 
 not that I am married and settled here and have the expenses I have, 
 I’d get out and teach school; I know I ought to—but I am in the 
 system now and I have got to go through with it.” 
 
 Isn’t there a lot of that on your campus, too? What I have 
 got to say is simply this: where this religion of Jesus Christ, that 
 touches every side of a man’s life, is going to lead us is right straight 
 to the cross. We have got to start to take up our cross right now, 
 or we had better quit religion, because there is no place for us in 
 Christianity. We must go back on to the campus and start with it 
 right now. ' 
 
 So far as I am concerned I believe some of us must go back to 
 the campus and say, “No, I won’t serve on that Junior Prom Com- 
 mittee or on that other committee that you have put me on. I ama 
 busy man. I have a lot of studying I must do. I have to think 
 through a lot of problems. I have to talk personal religion with a 
 few men on this campus. I must help them. I haven’t time to sit 
 around planning and frittering away hours on questions as to whether 
 we are going to have a lot of flowers at the “prom” or not. I have 
 some things to do that are worth while.” 
 
 Some of us have to go back and do that. Maybe some of us 
 
268 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 will have to refuse the captaincy of some team because the Christian 
 Association needs us to get down and live there where we ought to 
 live, and give time to thinking about what it means to be a Christian 
 in this day. I believe it is going to mean that when fraternity elec- 
 tions come along, some of us will have to say, “No, I am not going 
 to separate myself from the rest of the student body. I am one man 
 here with others and I am not going to assume that I am any better 
 than this man who didn’t make a fraternity. I am a brother with 
 every last man on this campus.” 
 
 Are we ready just to take this Christian business seriously? 
 Is it going to take absolute control of our lives? St. Paul once said, 
 “For I bear banded on my body the marks of Jesus.’ Can you point 
 to any marks on your body? Has Christ got us? Have we got on 
 us His stamp? 
 
 Dean Sperry the other day in a sermon at Battell Chapel said, 
 “T believe that there are a lot of gamblers going to get into Heaven 
 before a lot of people that I know who have taken religion simply 
 to play safe.” It startled a few of the good folks back there on our 
 campus, but I am ready to say that he is right and, as for me, I 
 pray to God that I may go back from this convention to be reckless, 
 not caring what people think about me; that I may go back in the 
 great Christian adventure to abandon all for Him. 
 
 I pray God that a lot of us may feel that this is our job, as we 
 think about what we are going to do back on the campus. 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: The last student who will address us is 
 Mr. Henry P. Van Dusen of Princeton University and Union Theo- 
 logical Seminary. 
 
 Mr. Van Dusen.—I want to say at the outset that I believe 
 tremendously in this Convention; I believe tremendously in the 
 democratic processes that have been started here, in the discussion 
 groups that have had their issue in the reports that we have had 
 this morning, and yet the Committee has asked Fay Campbell and me 
 to say not what the discussion group leaders should dictate, nor to 
 summarize their convictions, but to give personal statements of the 
 things that are most on our hearts. 
 
 I want to say one thing and one thing only and that is this: 
 that believing as I do firmly in all that we have been doing to try 
 to see our way through the problems that confront us today, there 
 is an issue before this Convention and before each one of us that 
 runs deeper than that. I have felt that somehow or other we weren’t 
 
OPEN SESSION—DISCIPLESHIP 269 
 
 getting at the heart of the matter, that we were doing well but we 
 weren't doing well enough. 
 
 I believe personally that the question before the world and our 
 nation today is not a question of finding solutions and plans and 
 positions, but one of finding men and women. 
 
 I believe that the great issue we face individually as we come 
 close to the end of this Convention is the question of whether we 
 have individually within us the qualities of leadership, not the pro- 
 grams of leadership, which are needed in the world of our day. 
 
 I can see that in the first place the emphasis that needs to be 
 made at this time is this: the emphasis of personal character. I don’t 
 think we have had enough emphasis in this convention on the actual 
 quality of personal character required in you and me, if we are going 
 to lead this generation. 
 
 And yet I know you feel, as I do, that if we are to contribute 
 anything to this world in which we live, if we look beneath the sur- 
 face at the facts we have talked about this morning, there has got 
 to be reborn in us individually and corporately a quality of personal 
 character far beyond that with which we came to Indianapolis and 
 far beyond the measure that most of the platform addresses have 
 presupposed. 
 
 My friends, I don’t have any hope personally for the day in 
 which we live except through men and women who can meet unquali- 
 fiedly the exacting standards of personal character that Christ set. 
 Take first the standard of absolute purity. You know what that 
 means on our campuses today, and what it means in the life of some 
 of us, with the petting question and all the rest. Then take our stand- 
 ard of abolute honesty, honesty of thought. There was real, genuine, 
 honest thought in discussion groups, but there was not enough of 
 it. There were not enough men and women, as I saw it, who went 
 there determined to control the bias of their convictions and to look 
 at questions absolutely foursquare, with the mind of Christ and 
 through the eyes of Christ. 
 
 Take absolute unselfishness and love, a test which strikes home 
 to every one of us, to the very roots of our being. We must have 
 more faith in one another. We must believe in one another and 
 love one another more, a test: which strikes, as some of us were 
 saying yesterday, to the heart of the people who organized this 
 Convention, to the Committee and the leaders, to the center of this 
 platform, in order that the divisions and the jealousies and the 
 cleavages which in spite of all our Christian consecration exist among 
 us, shall be done away with and that we love one another as brothers, 
 
270 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 remembering that where the spirit of Christ really is there is unity. 
 If there is one lesson that we can learn from the older generation, 
 it is this: that you and I of the younger generation shall have done 
 with differences and divisions and jealousies and cleavages and shall 
 believe in one another and present a united front as we face and 
 lead the student movement of our day. 
 
 And then it seems to me that there is one other test, the most 
 important of all that we face individually. It is the one that Mr. 
 Campbell has referred to: the test of courage, courage to the point 
 of self-sacrifice, for, personally, if I am convinced of one thing in 
 the world it is this: that there is one way and one way only to meet 
 the problems of our day, and that is through men and women who 
 have put the experience of the cross at the heart of their lives. I am 
 not talking for the moment of the cross of Christ. I am talking of 
 the principle embodied in that cross. 
 
 We have heard much in and out of the sessions of this Con- 
 vention about a new youth movement. I believe we have got the 
 genius and the genesis of this movement here. Yet isn’t it true 
 that as you study the people who are thinking in terms of a great 
 up-springing of youth in this country today, they divide themselves 
 quite unconsciously into two groups. On the one hand is the group 
 through whose thought and through whose vocabulary there run the 
 ideas of self-expression, of self-development. I think that- most of 
 us have come here with such ideas as these very, very strongly in our 
 minds, and when we think of a movement of youth in this country 
 today we think in terms of self-expression and self-development and 
 self-realization. 
 
 The other group of men and women is a smaller group, who 
 seem to me to have seen through to the heart of the matter, and in 
 whose vocabulary and in whose thought these words and these ideas 
 of self never occur, who are not talking about self-expression and 
 self-development and self-realization at all, but who are talking about 
 a world to be saved, mankind to be redeemed, the Kingdom of God 
 to be brought in on earth, and who realize that in the realization 
 of those objectives there is no room for thought about or desire for 
 self-realization or self-expression. ; 
 
 In God’s name let’s think through some of the issues that con- 
 front youth today and see that the principle of self-realization and 
 self-expression stands as the antithesis of the principle of the cross, 
 the absolute surrender and dedication of myself, body and mind and 
 soul, for the cause of God and for my fellowmen. 
 
 I believe personally that our day waits on the up-springing of 
 
OPEN SESSION—DISCIPLESHIP 271 
 
 a group, however small, of men and women who will place the cross 
 at the heart of their life and mean it, not now when we stand here 
 under the impetus of mob psychology, but when we go back to our 
 campuses, cost what it may—and it means cost. 
 
 If there is one thing that this convention has impressed upon 
 me it is this: that Christianity today is an infinitely harder thing 
 than I had ever imagined it was before. And whatever else is true, 
 this is true: that there never has been a time in Christian history 
 when the following of Christ involved more of the experience of the 
 cross for those who really meant to follow Him. 
 
 For you Southerners, it means going back into our colleges to 
 take a stand on the race question which will be absolutely unpopular— 
 the stand which Christ Himself would take. 
 
 For the Westerners on the Pacific Coast it means going back to 
 take a new attitude toward the Oriental students and the Japanese 
 question, an attitude which, as I see it, if you press it through to the 
 end, means inevitably the experience of the cross to the point of 
 persecution. For all of us it means going back into our colleges, into 
 social systems, fraternity systems, athletic systems and all the rest, 
 where if we would follow through the meaning of this convention, 
 we shall have to stand out against the tide of current thought in our 
 institutions and in doing this we shall know what the meaning of 
 the cross is.in human experience. 
 
 I would like to say just a word about the relation of the younger 
 generation to the older generation because a number of references 
 have been made to this relationship during the Convention, and it 
 has existed in the background of much that has been said from this 
 platform. 
 
 I want to say this to the younger generation: that when you and 
 I produce leadership of the character of Speer and Mott and Eddy 
 and Wilder, when there has shone forth on our faces and in our lives 
 the quality of life which is in those men, when we are ready and 
 prepared to take up in our day the cross which they took up in their 
 day, when we are prepared to lead from this platform as they have 
 led, then and then only are we ready to demand from them the 
 leadership of our generation, and I believe that then and then only 
 they will gladly hand it over to us. 
 
 But let us not deceive ourselves and think that until we have 
 duplicated in our lives qualities which these men possess, we can take 
 out of their hands the leadership which they rightfully hold. I don’t 
 believe the older generation is doubtful about us; they have faith in 
 us, in spite of our peculiarities, in spite of our unwillingness to see 
 
272 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 the meaning in words and experiences which they see, but I pray God 
 that they will demand of us commanding qualities of personal char- 
 acter and consecration before they surrender into our hands the 
 leadership of the task of Christ in this day. 
 
 I believe we are looking forward to a great, new student Chris- 
 tian movement, but let us be sure that in the first place it is not less 
 Christian but more Christian than the movements which we have 
 today. Only so shall we get what the situation in the student world 
 today demands—a unity of command and of organization, a unity 
 of the massing of spiritual power in a new student movement— 
 when there springs up from the life of us individually and collec- 
 tively the wells of living spiritual power for which the world waits 
 today; because it seems to me that that is the fundamental need, for 
 a rebirth within us of living, spiritual power, which shall give dynamic 
 and before which the existing obstacles shall disappear. 
 
 To me—and here I go where I am afraid some will find it 
 difficult to go—there is one great reality in this convention and only 
 one. That reality is the living God. I believe that He stands here 
 amongst us, the one great fact before which all of the material of 
 our discussion and our thought fades away into insignificance. I 
 believe that He stands looking out over the world today,—a world 
 desperately in need, demanding salvation,—with a heart which weeps 
 and breaks for men and women everywhere who are overburdened 
 with all of the problems which we have discussed, and with a heart, 
 too, which weeps and burns for us because we do not see deeply 
 enough into the problems which we confront, and because we do not 
 align our lives absolutely with His and merge our petty resources in 
 His infinite resources. 
 
 The student world and the world beyond wait for men and 
 women who can re-establish their personal relationship with the living 
 God and who can allow His infinite resources to flow through their 
 resources, and I believe that that is the one question which we have 
 to face here. 
 
 I am tremendously concerned that in this convention no deci- 
 sions shall be reached which are not permanent, because I believe 
 that where the Spirit of God really is there is quiet and assurance 
 and confidence. For myself I seem to see Him and hear Him calling 
 unmistakably for a deeper consecration, for a gathering together of 
 men and women who see the implications of the life with Him and 
 of Him today and who will give themselves absolutely to that life. 
 
 As I go back the only answer that I can make to the question 
 which He puts as to whether or not we will follow Him all the way 
 
OPEN SESSION—DISCIPLESHIP 273 
 
 is this: “Not in my own strength but in Thy strength I will.” And - 
 I believe that is the answer which this convention must give if the 
 issues and the problems which have been raised in these days that 
 we have spent together are to be successfully solved during our 
 generation. 
 
 CHAIRMAN Harris: I cannot but feel that this has been 
 one of the most important sessions of this Convention. The time 
 is up, but before we close with the final hymn, I should like to make 
 just two remarks, 
 
 The first is that in the face of the tremendous challenges that 
 have been hurled at us from this place, not only today but before 
 this time, in the face of the terrific difficulties in thinking our way 
 clearly through the racial, international and economic problems, we 
 must realize that where God calls us to go, will be absolutely the 
 best place that we can possibly be in. That means that heroism is 
 going to be shown and needed not only in the strictly Christian pro- 
 fessions, but in absolutely every ramification of our national life; 
 that if any of us here get the clear call from God to dedicate our- 
 selves to His service, no matter where it may be, we can rest assured 
 that only by permeating our entire corporate life with the spirit that 
 has been manifested in this Convention, can we hope to bring in 
 the spirit of brotherhood and love and sympathy and decency and 
 wholesomeness and fineness and chivalry and _ self-sacrifice and 
 courage. 
 
 The second thing is this: That some people get the idea that 
 the surrender of ourselves to God is a gloomy, drab, gray, and grim 
 thing. I should like to put myself on record that it is no such thing, 
 that the way of the Cross if we see it clearly, is the way which 
 eventually our best impulses make us want to follow, and if we do 
 follow this way, we know that God’s hand is on our shoulder and 
 his voice in our heart, saying to us, “You are on the right track.” 
 
 With that comes the tremendous joy and thrill at the possibilities 
 of our generation sweeping out in a new crusade to organize all the 
 forces of fineness and nobility in this time of crisis. Self-denial 
 and discipline, yes, but also real fundamental everlasting joy. 
 
 A story that Robert E. Speer told to the school to which I went, 
 and which has made an indelible impression on the minds of all 
 those who heard it, is one with which I should like to close. 
 
 At one of our great universities a boy had on the walls on his 
 room pictures which obviously should not have been there. His 
 mother inadvertently stepped into the room one day and looked 
 
274. CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 around. Being a wise mother she made no. comment: upon the 
 decorations at the time, but after a few days simply sent him a copy 
 of Hoffman’s “Head of Christ.” Three weeks later she returned 
 to that boy’s room. She looked around and over here instead of 
 the pictures that were there before were pictures of Yellowstone 
 Park, over here were pictures of some of his school athletic teams, 
 behind her were some reproductions of famous paintings and on this 
 wall was the picture she had sent him of Hoffman’s Christ. She 
 said to him, “Why, Bill, where are all the pretty pictures you had 
 in your room?” He answered, “Well, Mother, they would not go 
 with Him.” 
 
 If there is any message that has been brought to us by these 
 students who have spoken, it is that inter-racial; international, eco- 
 nomic hideousness, injustices, impurities, dishonesties, selfishnesses 
 and that spiteful, unbrotherly attitude of carping criticism and biting 
 sarcasm, will not go with Jesus Christ. 
 
 That is the standard, that is the note—and must be—of this 
 Convention. 
 
 [Dr. Walter H. Judd took the Chair. ] 
 
 CHAIRMAN Jupp: After our closing hymn we want to ask our 
 good friend Studdert Kennedy to dismiss us with a closing prayer. 
 
 [Hymn No. 38 was sung. ] 
 
 “Jesus, the very thought of thee 
 With sweetness fills my breast; 
 
 But sweeter far thy face to see, 
 And in thy presence rest. 
 
 “Nor voice can sing, nor heart can frame, 
 Nor can the memory find 
 
 A sweeter sound than thy biest name, 
 O Savior of mankind! 
 
 “OQ Hope of every contrite heart, 
 O Joy of all the meek, 
 
 To those that fall, how kind thou art! 
 How good to those who seek! 
 
 “But what to those who find? Ah, this 
 Nor tongue nor pen can show; 
 
 The love of Jesus, what it is 
 None but his loved ones know. 
 
 “Jesus, our only joy be thou, 
 As thou our prize wilt be; 
 Jesus, be thou our glory now, 
 
 And through eternity.” 
 
OPEN SESSION—DISCIPLESHIP 275 
 
 Tue Rey. Mr. Stuppert Kennepy: Let us stand just for a 
 moment in silence and each make his own act of consecration to 
 God and his own prayer for honesty. 
 
 [A moment of silent prayer. ] 
 
 Keep that light in your eye and go up directly thereto and thou 
 shalt come unto the gate at which when thou knockest it shall be 
 told Thee what thou should do. 
 
 Almighty God, give us grace that we may cast away the works 
 of darkness—the things that we hide and dare not tell, the things 
 that are secret—that we may cast away the works of darkness and 
 put upon us the armor of light, now before it is too late, and before 
 the misery of the world gets so bitter that we can’t really help. 
 
 Help us to do it now in the time of this mortal life that when 
 Thy son, Jesus Christ, comes in glory with the assurance of His 
 victory, He may find us ready for Him. 
 
 God help us to bear the Cross that we may find the crown, and 
 have the pain in order that we may enter into His peace and find the 
 power that that peace brings. 
 
 Through Him who lived and suffered and rose again and as- 
 cended into glory and reigns forever, to be the source of all our 
 power and our strength, Jesus of Nazareth, carpenter and Christ. 
 
 Into God’s eternal keeping we commit you; may the Lord bless 
 you and keep you, may the Lord make his face to shine upon you 
 and be gracious unto you; may the Lord lift up the light of His 
 countenance upon you and give you peace, in your going out and 
 in your coming in, in your lying down and in your rising up, in 
 your labor and your leisure, in your laughter and your tears, until 
 you come to stand before Him in the day to which there is no sunset 
 and no dawn. Amen. 
 
@ Praper 
 
 KENNETH Scott LATOURETTE 
 
 O God, our Father, we give Thee thanks for the men 
 and women who through the many years have gone out 
 because of this movement and who have poured out their 
 lives in other lands. 
 
 We give Thee thanks for all that they have meant to 
 the lands to which they have gone. We give Thee thanks 
 for those who have labored in years past and still labor that 
 this movement may continue to be a growing source of 
 blessing to the world. 
 
 Help us, we pray Thee, in the silence of this moment 
 to forget those about us, to remember Thee. : 
 
 Bring before us our trusteeship to Thee. Bring before 
 us our selfishness, our foolish expenditures of money, our 
 wastefulness, all the un-Christian features of the way we 
 in bountiful America use Thy bounties; and then because 
 Thou dost touch our hearts, help each one of us as stewards 
 of Thine to know what Thy will is. 
 
 Strip us, we pray Thee, of our selfishness, and lead 
 us to deeper devotion to Thee through Christ, our Lord, 
 who gave his life that we might live. Amen. 
 
——— 
 
 FORUMS 
 
 SYLLABI OF FORUMS ON TYPES OF CHRISTIAN 
 SERVICE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 The possibilities for life investment in the various types of Christian 
 service abroad were presented by experienced workers. Time was given for 
 questions and discussions from the floor. Where possible, consideration was 
 given to Christian service both within and without organized Christian agencies, 
 but in each forum opportunities in connection with the missionary agencies of 
 the Church received particular attention. The syllabi suggest the range and 
 scope of the various forums, though they are not exhaustive. 
 
 RURAL EVANGELISTIC WORK (MEN)—Rev. A. E. Armstrone, 
 presiding: Proportion of populations in rural areas—Danger of under em- 
 phasis due to growth of institutions—Importance as source of leaders—Varie- 
 ties of approach—Evangelistic bands—Team work as a means of developing 
 native leaders—Following up direct evangelism—Integration of evangelism with, 
 literary, medical and educational work. 
 
 RURAL EVANGELISTIC WORK (WOMEN)—Mrs. H. R. STEELE, 
 presiding: The use of mass meetings—Opportunities for evangelistic tours— 
 Teaching classes of women—Training of Bible women for rural evangelistic 
 work—The organization and superintendence of village Sunday schools—Co- 
 
 _ operation with other workers in rural fields. 
 
 CITY EVANGELISTIC WORK (MEN)—Dr. A. L. Warnsuults, 
 presiding: Increase in urban population because of commercial and industrial 
 expansion—Resulting complexity and instability of the social composition de- 
 mand wide variety of method and personnel for effective evangelizations— 
 Relative accessibility of different groups, as students and laborers—Importance 
 of combining “religious” with “social,” “educational” and personal service 
 approach—City-wide planning denominationally and interdenominationally— 
 Intensive, long-term evangelism by Bible study groups, hostels, and enlisting 
 of seekers in unselfish service. 
 
 CITY EVANGELISTIC WORK (WOMEN)—HEteEn B, Catoner, pre- 
 siding: The relation of the evangelistic woman missionary to the work of 
 the city church and Sunday school—Opportunities afforded in girls’ schools— 
 
 277 
 
278 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Cooperation with medical work in hospital, home, and with nurses—Possibility 
 of reaching the well-born, well-educated non-Christian women—Recruiting and 
 training native women evangelistic workers. 
 
 MEDICAL WORK (MEN)—Dkr. E. M. Dopp, presiding: The profes- 
 sional and other training most necessary for a man going into the average 
 kind of general medical missionary work—Types of work being done on the 
 field—The more highly specialized types of work, such as medical education, 
 
 and public health—The problems of team work, emphasis and constructive 
 outreach. i 
 
 MEDICAL WORK (WOMEN)—Dr. Mary McDanrtt, presiding: 
 The perculiar opportunities, responsibilities and problems of the woman mis- 
 sionary doctor, including such types of work as itinerating, dispensary, hos- 
 pital, medical school, and community work—Subjects in which women medical 
 students should specialize—Need for women medical missionaries—Readiness 
 of the Boards to send them out. 
 
 NURSING AND TRAINING NURSES—Mrs. Mizrton T. STAUFFER, 
 presiding: The demand and opportunities for nurses—Training that should be 
 taken—The specializing most advised—Scope and relationships of their work— 
 Choice as between the study of medicine and nursing—The multiplication of 
 themselves by the training of native nurses. 
 
 ELEMENTARY EDUCATION—Proressor Oscar Buck, presiding: 
 Discovery and teaching the essentials that every citizen in the given country 
 should know (health, command of fundamental processes, worthy home mem- 
 bership, vocation, citizenship, worthy use of leisure, ethical character )—Vital 
 relation with local needs—Influence on the community—Contribution to the 
 
 government system of education—Supervision and Administration—Teacher 
 Training. 
 
 SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION (MEN)—PRroreEssor 
 Lucius Porter, presiding: Necessity of evolving an education suited to a 
 given people—Dangers in mere imitation of Western models—Constituencies 
 on which education should concentrate—Maintenance of adequate standards— 
 The distinctive contributions of Christian schools in an educational system— 
 Desirability of cooperation and union in missionary educational work with ex- 
 amples—Relation to national systems. 
 
 SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION (WOMEN)—Mar- 
 GARET Burton, presiding: Types of education most needed—The kind of 
 preparation advisable—Plans of higher education (separate, coeducational )— 
 Circumstances rendering different types of education desirable for women— 
 Opportunities for pioneering and experimentation under Christian auspices. 
 
FORUMS 279 
 
 TEACHING SPECIFIC SUBJECTS—Dr. T. H. P. Sater, presiding: 
 The place for teachers highly trained in one specialty—Subjects most 
 needed in various fields—Degree of scholarship required—What besides scholar- 
 ship—Danger of specialist attitude—Religious education. 
 
 COMPREHENSIVE AND COMPARATIVE PRESENTATION OF 
 THE VARIOUS TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL WORK IN DIFFERENT 
 LANDS—Proressor E. D. Soper, presiding: This forum was intended for 
 those whose interest is in education, but whose knowledge and special interest 
 had not yet prepared them to make a choice between the preceding specialized 
 educational forums. A more general treatment of all types of educational 
 work was given. Since the most pressing educational needs differ in different 
 lands, a rapid survey was made to show what are the distinctive national needs. 
 
 AGRICULTURE—Reyv. T. S. DonouuacH, presiding: Problems of agri- 
 culture in other lands—Growing importance of agricultural missions—How the 
 general missionary may help—Agriculture in primary, vocational and middle 
 schools—Experimental farms and demonstration centers—Agricultural colleges 
 or departments of universities—Relation to other phases of the missionary en- 
 terprise—Necesssary qualifications and training for agricultural missionaries. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AND ENTERPRISE—Proressor J. C. 
 ARCHER, presiding: Opportunities for Christian service open to Western 
 engineers and representatives of Western industrial enterprises—Why the mis- 
 sionary forces must deal with industrial problems—Relation to new educational 
 programs of India, China and Africa—Large business enterprises—New indus- 
 trial era advancing in Orient—Relation of industrial work to other forms of 
 Christian service. 
 
 LITERARY WORK—Dkr. J. L. Murray, presiding: Opportunities for 
 Christian service by professional journalists and correspondents—Evidence of 
 good work done by them—Reducing languages to writing—Bible translation 
 and revision—Forms of Christian and general literature needed in various 
 fields and for various types of people—Selection and training of foreign and 
 indigenous writers—The Bible, Tract and Christian Literature Societies—Pub- 
 lication and distribution—Work and influence of the great mission presses— 
 Christian periodicals and newspapers—Use of paid space in the press for 
 evangelism. 
 
 Y.M.C.A. WORK—Franxk Stack, presiding: How similar and how 
 different from work in America—Emphasis on native leadership with conse- 
 quent expectation of working with or under nationals—Opportunities for spe- 
 cialized service among boys, students and commercial, agricultural and indus- 
 trial groups—Coordination of Association with Church and mission—Place of 
 the Association in city-wide Christian strategy—Interdenominational service— 
 Ministering to needs of Occidental residents and travelers. 
 
280 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Y.W.C.A. WORK—Sarau S. Lyon, presiding: Organizing and devel- 
 oping Associations—The part of the whole Christian task for which other 
 mission bodies have asked the Association to be responsible—Groups of women 
 to whom its: work is especially adapted—Its fourfold program—Training and 
 qualifications of the American secretary in view of the way women nationals 
 are rapidly assuming full responsibility for the Association’s policies, program 
 and support. 
 
 SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE—Dr. D. J. FLEMING, pre- 
 siding: The relative opportunities for specialization in social and community 
 service within and without mission service—Opportunities for social work in 
 connection with general appointments—lInstitutional churches—Welfare direc- 
 torates in factories—Social surveys of cities and larger areas—Schools as 
 community centers—Social service in colleges—Adult education. 
 
 WORK INVOLVING BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL SKILL 
 (MEN)—E. C. Carter, presiding: Accountants and business agents of mis- 
 sions—Architects—Builders—Printers and press managers—Engineers—Com- 
 mercial and industrial representatives. 
 
 WORK INVOLVING BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL SKILL 
 (WOMEN)—Awnn T. Ren, presiding: Extent and variety of opportunities 
 open to women—Stenographers—Private secretaries—Organizers and heads of 
 offices—Training of others. 
 
 GOVERNMENT SERVICE—GatEN M. Fisuer, presiding: The grow- 
 ing variety of government service abroad—Assumed by other nations to be | 
 representatives of the best ideals of U.S.A. and Canada—Opportunities to 
 help or hinder missionary enterprise—Influence upon right understanding be- 
 tween races and nations, upon preventing un-Christian legislation and conduct 
 by home government and people—Government servants who have been positive 
 exemplars of Christian ideals. 
 
 OPPORTUNITIES FOR MARRIED WOMEN WITHIN AND 
 WITHOUT THE HOME—Mrkrs. C. K. Roys, presiding: Influence of a © 
 Christian home—Opportunities for Christian service in the homes of native 
 neighbors, in the church, in schools, through writing, etc. 
 
 DEVELOPING AND DEEPENING THE INTEREST AT HOME 
 IN FOREIGN MISSIONS—Dr. Ratpn Warp, presiding: The deterrent 
 effect on missions of non-Christian elements in North America—Removal of 
 provincialism—Support of the financial and educational programs of the 
 churches on the part of students and recent graduates. 
 
EXTRACTS FROM ADDRESSES DELIVERED IN THE 
 FORUMS 
 
 NEGLECT OF COUNTRY DISTRICTS 
 
 Mr. S. T. Wen, Commissioner of Foreign Affairs at Nanking, 
 who spent over a month negotiating with the bandits over the Lincheng 
 affair, gives it as his profound conviction that the outbreak of banditry 
 in that region is a natural and inevitable result of the extreme poverty 
 and terrible ignorance of the people. Mr. Wen appeals to the 
 Christian forces for a widespread development of rural evangelization 
 and popular education, and raises the suggestive question as to 
 whether the present emphasis of missionary and church activity is 
 not. directed too exclusively to the cities and large centres, to the 
 neglect of these vast country districts——Extract from Honan Mes- 
 senger, December, 1923—quoted by A. E. Armstrong, Secretary of 
 Board of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Church in Canada. 
 
 EVANGELISM IN WESTERN INDIA 
 A. R. Bryan, Kodoli via Kolhapur, Western India 
 
 To most of you, the “rural work” in Western India means very 
 little. It is hardly a title to attract crowds. Still we hope that some 
 of you may eventually find yourselves in the villages of India. At 
 any rate, we want you to know how real and vital the work is. To 
 this end we bring you three sketches: one, of our Western Indian 
 countryside; one of our methods of telling and teaching the “Good 
 News”; and, finally, a sketch of our missionary life and spirit. 
 
 For us the centre of the countryside is not the “capital” of the 
 state, or district. It is a little village of some four thousand souls, 
 situated twenty miles from the railroad, and composed of mud and 
 stone-walled houses, with red-tiled or grass-thatched roofs. Being 
 so much like the color of the earth, such a village would present a 
 difficult mark for an aeroplane marksman, blending as it does so per- 
 fectly with the country landscape. On the edge of the village is the 
 “mission compound,” surrounded partly by a neat wire fence, partly 
 
 281 
 
282 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 by a clipped hedge of the rank prickly pear cactus, showing just 
 where our finances ran low, so far as fence building is concerned. 
 On the compound are two white plastered bungalows, with red-tiled 
 roofs, and vines and shrubs about them. Inside is home. School, 
 kindergarten and Indian workers’ homes cluster about. Christian 
 songs, happy faces, and kindly manners make this mission compound 
 a refreshing place. 
 
 Out from the bungalow, after a taste of tea and toast, we start 
 on a bicycle, with a water bottle or canteen over one shoulder, and 
 a knapsack of sandwiches over the other. The red disk of the sun 
 is just peeping above the mango and banyan trees on the far eastern 
 horizon. Though it is barely six o’clock, the people are up and out 
 to draw water, or wait for the warm rays of the sun, in the chill 
 morning air. Just outside the village the twisting path bends sharply 
 down to a little watercourse. We dismount, stoop to remove our 
 shoes and socks, hoist the bicycle to shoulder and wade through the 
 clear sparkling water, while a green flash in the trees and a raucous 
 cry tell of the presence of the parakeet, and the crashing of a branch 
 over the arching lanes reveals a troop of large monkeys on their way 
 back to the mango trees after their early morning visit to the brook. 
 Finding a smooth beaten trail by the little watercourse, we mount 
 the bicycle and wind along under beautiful trees, past flowering 
 shrubs and green fields of sugar cane, wheat and millet, until the mud 
 walls and the thatched roofs of the next village appear. | 
 
 The pariah dogs, the yellow curs of India, announce our arrival. 
 We find a little group of men crouched down in the morning sun, 
 with black wool blankets wrapped around them, passing a stemless 
 pipe of tobacco among themselves, and each drawing on it in turn. 
 A cheery Christian hymn wakes them up, some of them keeping time 
 with their heads as the tunes they love are sung. They listen atten- 
 tively as we tell them the “Good News” and try to make it live before 
 their eyes, dressing it in terms of the field, the harvest, the birds of 
 the heavens, the grass of the meadows, all of which lie out before their 
 eyes as they sit in front of their little cluster of thatched huts. As we 
 talk, we understand how Christ used so many countryside illustra- 
 tions, and we know that if His Spirit only awakens the hearts of our 
 little group they can understand perfectly even some of the depths 
 of His teaching. 
 
 The scene changes. Behind three or four bullock carts, piled 
 high with tents, boxes and general camp furniture, we trudge along. 
 The winter’s touring season has come. In the distance is a beautiful 
 grove of mango trees, with their sweet odor, for it is’ blossoming 
 
FORUMS 283 
 
 time. Water from a well is near by; permission is gained from a 
 friendly farmer, and soon the tents with their white canvas gleaming 
 in the sun are up, and a curious crowd of men and boys gather to 
 see how the white man and these Christian countrymen of theirs live. 
 
 Dusk is falling. The moon is already high in the sky, casting 
 a beautiful silvery light over the fields and trees. Under a dense 
 tree a curtain is stretched, to shade it from the moonlight. A stere- 
 opticon lantern-is set up, and soon the “Life of Christ” in beautiful 
 colored pictures is being made real to the simple country folk. 
 
 The next. morning, as we set out from the camp, a country lad 
 joins us on the narrow path, to ask more about this new “Guru” or 
 Master of Whom we are telling. He knows about gods, who send 
 plague and cholera and smallpox and leprosy, who have to be con- 
 stantly placated and appeased with offerings and pilgrimages. But 
 he wonders when he hears about a Savior who came to offer Him- 
 self because He loved men so. He sees that our Indian Christians 
 are not afraid of the spirits that inhabit every tree, well and stone 
 for him. They have a happy, almost carefree manner. They go 
 about fearlessly at night, never trembling lest some demon overtake 
 them. He sees that they are kind to their wives, and do not beat 
 them, as his father beats his mother, and as his sisters are beaten 
 by their husbands. ‘How can I find this Jesus?” 
 
 When we go back a year later, the lad has been taught. He 
 knows that the idols of his parents and friends are the work of 
 men’s hands. He has given them up. As he stands to confess his 
 faith in his new Savior, Jesus, he breaks the necklace of carved 
 bamboo beads from his neck, the sign of his enslavement to the “god 
 of the brick,” and gives it to us, saying that he is now bound to 
 Jesus Christ, and he can wear no idol token. Formerly our lad was 
 a singer of vulgar songs, well known throughout the villages. Now 
 he goes about singing the love and happiness that Christ gives, and 
 the people gather to hear and wonder and enquire themselves. 
 
 Such is the work. What of the workers? In that mission 
 station in the two bungalows are seven missionaries. It is Thanks- 
 giving, and we are all gathered to celebrate, not with a turkey, but 
 with our substitute, a young peacock, shot from a neighboring field. 
 There is real joy and companionship, with much to tell one another 
 of the work of the past week. We know each other very well. We 
 know one another’s faults, yet we are happy to be together, and life 
 seems very full. Similarly, with our Indian preachers, teachers and 
 other workers, we are much in contact. When on a tour and living 
 in tents, we sometimes are with them constantly for several months, 
 
284 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 with no other society. Yet, because we all have a message, and all 
 know the joy of service, we do not miss the wider companionships, 
 or rather do not think of them. The companionships, both Indian 
 and missionary, are among our most precious gifts from the King 
 in Whose service we rejoice to be, cre hope also to see some of you 
 some day. 
 
 RURAL EVANGELISTIC WORK IN CHINA 
 Peter Matson, Siangyang, China 
 
 Rural evangelistic work in China means the evangelistic work 
 among eighty to eighty-five per cent of the total population of the 
 country. As compared with the city population the people in the 
 country are more simple-minded and religious, so offer a more prom- 
 ising field for missionary efforts. 
 
 The methods of evangelism necessarily vary in different districts 
 and in different stages of the work. No hard and fast rule can be 
 laid down. The first problem is to establish points of contact. In 
 the early days this was no easy matter, for there was so > much preju- 
 dice and suspicion to overcome. 
 
 In most places we begin with itinerary work—that is, the mis- 
 sionary goes either alone or preferably in company with Chinese 
 fellow workers from place to place preaching the gospel. The usual 
 thing is to have with you a supply of gospels and tracts which are 
 sold at a nominal price. With these books in his hands the missionary 
 finds no difficulty in getting into conversation with the people. Every- 
 where in China there are lots of people who seem to have nothing 
 to do, and given a fair knowledge of the language the foreign mes- 
 sengers seldom lack an audience. Of course, we do not preach only, 
 but try to get into more personal touch with people and to point them 
 to places where at stated times they can receive further instruction. 
 
 At this stage of the work there are two things I would especially 
 emphasize. One is that these visits to country districts should not 
 be undertaken at random. In order to accomplish something worth 
 while and permanent, the same places and the same persons must be 
 visited again and again, and as regularly as possible. Better to work 
 a smaller district thoroughly than to spread out over such a wide 
 area as to make it impossible to follow up the efforts made. To make 
 the message of salvation intelligible to ignorant Chinese means a 
 great deal more than preaching here in America where people have 
 grown up under Christian influences, 
 
FORUMS 285 
 
 The other thing I would emphasize is the fact that you need to 
 guard against unprincipled persons who seek to get into relationship 
 with you in order that they may be able to use your name and influ- 
 ence for private ends. “Into whatsoever city or village ye shall 
 enter, search out who in it is worthy.” In most places you will find 
 men of good reputation who take an interest in the moral welfare 
 of the place. These people we should make special efforts to win. 
 If we cannot win them for Christ, we ought at least do our very 
 best to win their friendship. 
 
 Another very useful method of work is to have several Chinese 
 fellow workers with you and hold a series of meetings of several 
 days’ duration in each center. The Christians in the neighborhood 
 should be urged to take part by inviting friends to the meetings, and 
 by giving them testimonies. Between sessions homes may be visited, 
 both Christian and non-Christian. The meetings are usually an- 
 nounced by placards posted in conspicuous places and by flags and 
 bulletins at the meeting house. Songs are written out on large scrolls 
 and a great deal of singing is introduced. Lengthy discourses are 
 avoided. Brief addresses and testimonies are given. 
 
 In places where no suitable meeting house is to be found the 
 tent has been used with a great measure of success. In fact, there 
 are districts where the tent meeting is an established institution, the 
 missionary with a number of Chinese workers going with the tent 
 from one center to another conducting evangelistic meetings for a 
 week or a fortnight in each place. 
 
 This leads me to a third method of work which is to organize 
 the interested parties into classes where they are taught to read and 
 are given further Christian instruction. These classes are usually in 
 charge of Chinese evangelists. It is tedious work, and you have to 
 teach them line upon line; but if you want to achieve results you 
 must lead them on and make it seem worth while for them or they 
 will lose interest and drop out. 
 
 By the time the missionary has arrived at this stage he discovers 
 that the direct evangelistic work can be done more effectively by 
 faithful Chinese fellow workers. The most fruitful and most 
 effective way of evangelizing the rural districts is to train a group of 
 good Chinese evangelists and place them in strategic centers in the 
 district. The main work, then, of the missionary is to visit these 
 centers regularly, hold special meetings, and encourage and advise 
 the evangelists. Further, once or twice every year the Chinese work- 
 ers in the district will be invited to the head station for a few weeks 
 of Bible study and meetings for the deepening of the spiritual life, 
 
286 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 thus keeping them fresh and better fitted to fulfil their ministry as 
 evangelists in the outlying districts. 
 
 The attitude of the missionary toward the Chinese fellow work- 
 ers and the people should be one of sympathy and helpfulness. The 
 spirit of nationalism is strong in these days, and we need to be very 
 careful lest we assume an air of superiority and thus shut the doors 
 against ourselves. Don’t let your first approach be that of a critic. 
 Seek the good points in their customs and religions, and begin your 
 approach with some commendation. You will find temples and re- 
 ligious observances everywhere, showing the universal religious need 
 of the human heart. Make that your starting-point. 
 
 Another thing of the utmost importance is that we do everything 
 in our power to counteract the tendency of so many Chinese fellow 
 workers to regard the missionary work as a Western enterprise which 
 they are serving for so much pay per month. In all our efforts we 
 need to make clear that the work is really their business more than 
 ours, and that we are merely helping them until the time when they 
 shall be able to carry on the work without our aid. 
 
 As to our message I would say this, that we let Jesus Christ, 
 who was delivered up for our trespasses and was raised for our 
 justification, be central in all our preaching. We cannot emphasize 
 too much the fact that it is not merely a system of new rules or new 
 doctrines we bring them, but a new life, the one living and true 
 Saviour. 
 
 PREACHING IN THE VILLAGES OF ARABIA 
 G. D. Van Peursem, Maskat, Arabia 
 
 Family life in a farming community of Arabia is very different 
 from what it is in America. Here a family consists of a man, his 
 wife and his children. In Arabia a family consists of a man with 
 all his wives and their children; his sons with their wives and their 
 children. All live under one roof and all contribute to the family 
 support. Then, too, these families are not isolated and alone like 
 families in North Dakota. They are grouped together in little villages 
 which constitute the community-center. : 
 
 In the Arabian Mission every missionary is expected to tour 
 among the villages at least six weeks each year. The first essential 
 for the missionary working in rural districts is that he be well liked. 
 Without some degree of popularity it is next to impossible to influ- 
 ence these simple people in the right way. The missionary must be 
 all things to all men. He should try to be efficient in everything to 
 
FORUMS 287 
 
 which he puts his hands. There is nothing he has ever learned that 
 will not be of use to him at some time or other. He carries a stock 
 of harmless medicines with him, and the people look upon him as the 
 foreign doctor. Our American ministers did the same in the West 
 in pioneer days. He carries his tooth forceps with him and becomes 
 the village dentist. In fact, the more things he can do, the more 
 popular he becomes, and the Arabs call him “Shataan,’ meaning 
 “Satan’’ literally, but when applied in this sense, meaning “clever.” 
 
 In Arabia rural work is still very primitive and the missionary 
 must do much of it himself since there is no native church and few 
 native Christians to fall back upon. It is best to visit each village 
 weekly. The people should know when the missionary is expected 
 so they may arrange to see and meet him. The children will look 
 forward to his coming and will bring their mothers to see this strange 
 man from America. They will want to see some new pricture he has 
 brought or listen to some new story he has to tell. The men will 
 congregate to ask the foreigner many questions about foreign govern- 
 ments. The phonograph has become a great attraction in certain 
 parts of Arabia, though in many places we are still forbidden to use 
 one. Lantern slides are also very effective in bringing people together. 
 The singing of a Christian hymn, often to some native air, brings 
 people together like magic around the missionary. 
 
 When the crowd has gathered and the right moment has arrived, 
 the Christian message is given. This is always of a positive nature, 
 with no uncertain sound for the ears of these ignorant village people. 
 The man who speaks knows the truth and there is no need for dis- 
 cussion or apology. The illiterate villager knows little of the Moham- 
 medan objections to Christianity, so the missionary does not hold 
 these up like so many straw men in order to knock them down again. 
 Portions of Scripture are sold or given away. In every case, the 
 one who purchases or receives a copy of the Gospels is reminded 
 that he holds God’s very words in his hands. The most important 
 passages are held up before the Arab so that he, himself, can turn to 
 them easily when alone. 
 
 When itinerating in Arabia the missionary usually finds enter- 
 tainment in the house of a friendly Arab. The local sheik generally 
 acts as host. It is very necessary to keep on good terms with him, 
 for it is always in his power to prevent the frequent visits of the 
 missionary. If not known to the sheik, a letter of introduction usually 
 opens the door to lavish Arab hospitality. If the missionary sets up 
 his own quarters in the town, he is independent and can entertain all 
 classes alike and incidentally preach the Gospel. This is next to 
 
288 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 impossible in the house of a sheik. The missionary must be liberal 
 in offering things to eat and drink, for the Arab will not forget a 
 kindness in this respect. 
 
 Humility is a cardinal virtue among the Arabs and they vie with 
 one another in showing it. There is no man anywhere who enjoys 
 flattery as much as the Arab, but in the face of praise and honor from 
 others he continutes to call himself “Hakeer’”—the despised one— 
 even though he would resent being so spoken of by others. The 
 missionary, therefore, watches for these Arab traits, and as far as 
 Christian practice and honesty permit becomes all things to all men. 
 
 It is noteworthy that from these villages the best Christian 
 workers come ‘and the closest friendships are made. It is my honest 
 conviction that the evangelization of Arabia must extend from the 
 villages into the cities rather than from the cities into the country, 
 remembering the words of the Master: “I thank Thee, Father of 
 heaven and earth, that Thou hast kept these things from the wise 
 and the prudent and hast revealed them unto babes.” 
 
 OPPORTUNITIES FOR EVANGELISTIC TOURS 
 
 AGNES THONSTAD, Juning, Honan, China 
 
 I might mention, first of all, the opportunity which comes at 
 the time of the spring offerings to the heathen gods. These idol 
 worshippers—often coming great distances and in large numbers— 
 are mostly country women, seeking peace for their souls. Before 
 going home they frequently stop at the mission station, where the 
 Gospel is presented to them earnestly and simply. Some of them 
 receive and believe at once; others receive only imperfect impressions. 
 The very fact, however, that they come to our station and visit us 
 opens the door of their homes later on, when we tour the rural 
 districts whence they have come. On one tour some women recog- 
 nized me and turning to their neighbors said, “She spoke to me last 
 spring ; I drank tea at her place; I have studied the tract she gave me.” 
 
 Great opportunities to present the Gospel are also given at 
 theatricals and country fairs. In order that the evangelistic meetings 
 at these places may be a success, it is generally necessary to have a 
 large tent, a good supply of Gospel portions and tracts and a large 
 group of Spirit-filled workers. These evangelistic bands have the 
 opportunity of making any out-station or country market place their 
 headquarters. From such a center they go out, two by two, into all 
 the surrounding villages. Special efforts are made to locate the 
 
FORUMS 289 
 
 homes of Christians and inquirers, as well as the homes of students 
 in our mission schools. 
 
 Opportunities are pressing on every hand. The country is open. 
 The people are eager to hear. With very few exceptions we are 
 welcomed wherever we go. What we need are young men and women 
 filled with a love for Christ and a passion for souls, obeying the 
 command of the Lord, when he said, “Go ye, therefore, and make 
 disciples of all the nations.” 
 
 CLASSES FOR WOMEN IN THE COUNTRY FIELD 
 Miss Mary McC ture, Fenchow, Shansi, China 
 
 Fenchow is one of two American Board stations in the Province 
 of Shansi in northwest China. The territory for which our Fen- 
 chow church is responsible is 40,000 square miles. Does this mean 
 much to you, I wonder? Figures so seldom do! Will it mean more if 
 I tell you that this is more than eight times the size of the State of 
 Massachusetts, or about as large as the State of Ohio? In this field 
 there are now one hundred and fifty churches, with resident pastors, 
 and radiating out from each church as a center are many “preaching 
 places,” where there are small isolated groups of Christians, whom 
 the pastor visits regularly on his itinerating trips. My work is to 
 itinerate among these country churches, holding classes for the women, 
 seeking out those who might best profit by the more intensive Bible 
 training course in Fenchow, and trying to train these women in the 
 principles of the Christian religion, and to bring them into vital, 
 living contact with the Master, who came that they “might have Life, 
 and that they might have it more abundantly.” 
 
 It will give you some idea of the immensity of our task when 
 I tell you that today among the thousands of church members in this 
 great field the proportion of men to women in 95 to 5. This means 
 that only five men out of every hundred can have Christian homes, 
 and can hope to have their children brought up in the knowledge of 
 Him who is “the Way, the Truth and the Light.” Isn’t that a chal- 
 lenge to those of you who have your preparation nearly completed, 
 and are looking for something which offers you the biggest possible 
 opportunity for service? 
 
 I want to draw for you now as briefly as I can a picture of one 
 of these classes or “station classes,” as we sometimes call them, for 
 the women. Word is sent out in advance as to the exact date of our 
 
290 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 coming, and all during that last long day on the trail—for we travel 
 on pack animals, you know, over those narrow mountain trails—my 
 thoughts are with the women who that day are completing their 
 arrangements for a ten days’ absence from home, and are starting 
 on their way over the trails, on donkey back and on foot, all eagerly 
 anticipating the priceless opportunity which is to be theirs for the 
 next few days. And that night, in the flickering shadows of the dim 
 little oil light in the chapel, we gather for our first evening vesper 
 service together. 
 
 The next morning at daybreak our big family is astir. Mothers 
 and babies are washed and dressed—the littlest ones are always too 
 little to be left at home—breakfast is eaten, and bowls and chopsticks 
 put back in place, rooms and courtyards are swept before the call 
 comes for the women to enter the little chapel for their first class. 
 Not one of them has ever had an opportunity to go to school before, 
 and not one of them can recognize a character in the books which 
 we hand them as they enter. This is their first opportunity to explore 
 the unknown realm of books. 
 
 First comes a class in the National Phonetic, that boon of the 
 great illiterate masses in China. This is followed by one in hymn- 
 ology, the memorizing and singing of some of the more popular 
 hymns. Then there is just time for a class in hygiene and the care 
 of children before the little noonday prayer service. This prayer 
 service is the time of all others during our ten days together when 
 we come closest to each other and the Master, as we seek to learn 
 more of Him, and of His wonderful Way of Living. 
 
 In the afternoon another class in the phonetic, one in memoriz- 
 ing the Lord’s Prayer and other selected portions of Scripture, a 
 class of Bible Story telling, followed by a play hour in the courtyard, 
 and the first strenuous day is over, except for the evening prayer 
 service at “lamp-lighting time,” when the fine young pastor begins | 
 his series of simple, straightforward, helpful talks on “What it means 
 to be a Christian.” 
 
 This, then, is just a glimpse of what we are trying to do for 
 these fine, intelligent, but sadly neglected Chinese sisters of ours, 
 women whose lives for generations have been bounded by the four 
 walls of their own courtyards, so that their whole life has been 
 dwarfed and warped as their feet have been by that terrible custom 
 of foot-binding. 
 
 We are seeing new visions during these convention days; our 
 horizons are broadening; values are changing, and our sense of con- 
 secration is deepening. Never again will we be able to slip back into 
 
FORUMS 291 
 
 the old easy way of living; into the old ways of thoughtless extrava- 
 gance. Twenty-five dollars will give some bright-eyed, eager little 
 Chinese sister the opportunity for a whole year in school! Never 
 again, I hope, will we be able to spend on a single party or dance 
 money enough to give four or five of these sisters of ours on the 
 other side of the world their “fair chance at all good things.” Oh, 
 that we might all be able to catch during these days on the mountain- 
 top “The vision of a civilization in which all men in all nations shall 
 wish for every man in every nation such a fair chance at all good 
 things as a man would wish his brother to have.” 
 
 CLASSES FOR WOMEN 
 
 Much individual teaching is done by Bible women and mission- 
 aries, but a class saves time. Because the women are timid before 
 men and embarrassed by their presence, these classes are always 
 taught by women. Most men know how to read a little, and from 
 the beginning this automatically puts men and women in different 
 classes. Differences in their early training also give men and women 
 different points of view, and the experiences to which one can appeal 
 in teaching are therefore so different for men and women that sepa- 
 rate classes offer distinct advantages. Most women are not used to 
 study, and many have been taught that girls and women cannot learn. 
 Someone must therefore urge, encourage and help them. Even 
 though they feel surer of themselves after the first year, the fact 
 that each new course is a little harder than the one just completed 
 makes the class group necessary and most advantageous. A class in 
 a church or circuit helps the women to overcome inertia and procras- 
 tination, two of the great enemies of progress. For this reason there 
 should be one class each year within easy reach of each woman. This 
 is often impossible because of lack of workers. 
 
 There should be graded courses of study to be pursued from 
 year to year; also outlines or questions to provoke thought and aid 
 in understanding the text. The Bible study should be supplemented 
 by studies in sanitation, hygiene, cause and prevention of contagious 
 diseases, music, organized play, etc. 
 
 Very little can be accomplished in less than four or five days, 
 and it is often difficult to spend more than two weeks in continuous 
 class work. The aim of the class should be to promote individual 
 Bible study and to start church members on courses of study which 
 they can pursue in their respective homes and churches. Examina- 
 tions according to the grade of the students and fitting in with the 
 
292 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 method of the teacher are beneficial. Certificates of work done, pre- 
 sented with a suitable program in open meeting, bring satisfaction 
 to the students and help forward the progress of the church in the 
 community. 
 
 The evenings, when the classes are in session, are generally 
 devoted to open evangelistic meetings. A campaign urging Chris- 
 tians and non-Christians to attend is carried on before the class begins 
 and continues until it closes. 
 
 TRAINING BIBLE WOMEN FOR RURAL EVANGELISTIC WORK 
 Mary Cutter Wuite, Soochow, China 
 
 “The Evangelization of the World in this Generation” will not 
 be accomplished unless the gospel is taken into the rural districts of 
 the non-Christian lands and there preached in such a way that coun- 
 try women, as well as men, can understand. This can never be 
 accomplished if the heralds of the Gospel are all of the male sex, for 
 the men will preach over the country women’s heads. They aim at 
 reaching the most intelligent persons in their audiences, and conse- 
 quently the women, wholly untrained in the art of concentration, get 
 little or nothing. This is where the Bible Woman gets her job. She 
 holds meetings for women and makes her message so simple that 
 even a woman with a crying baby can learn a little between the baby’s 
 paroxysmal wails.. And best of all, she vists in the homes where 
 there is sickness and sorrow and by her kindness there makes new 
 friends for the gospel. 
 
 To train Christian women of every race for such a ministry as 
 this is the work of the Bible School on the mission field. These 
 schools may be roughly divided into three groups: 
 
 1. The Bible school of lowest grade admits middle-aged women 
 who have had no educational advantages; leads them to know Christ - 
 as their Savior; teaches them the Bible; gives them such other train- 
 ing as they are capable of receiving and sends them out on a ministry 
 of love to their weaker sisters. Schools of as low a type as this are 
 unknown in mission lands where the government makes education 
 compulsory. 
 
 2. The Bible school of medium grade admits Christian women 
 who have come to maturity, and have only a few years of education 
 to their credit. It trains these women in all the elementary school 
 branches, gives them a good knowledge of the Bible and sends them 
 out after four or five years as graduate Bible women. These women 
 
FORUMS 293 
 
 have the equivalent of elementary school education and a practical 
 knowledge of how to do Christian work. Such women, if old enough, 
 are usually stationed in country districts in connection with some 
 organized church. That church becomes a center from which the 
 Bible Woman pushes out into unevangelized territory. 
 
 3. The Bible School of highest grade is a well-equipped institu- 
 tion, not greatly different from the training schools of North America. 
 It has strict entrance requirements, admitting only high school or 
 college graduates of high moral character and ripe Christian experi- 
 ence. It gives a standard course of two or three years, with special 
 emphasis on the Bible, psychology, sociology, and other regular train- 
 ing school subjects. The students who graduate from Bible Schools 
 of this type are younger than the average Bible Woman and are 
 often called by some other title such as evangelistic worker, deaconess 
 or social service secretary. These young women have the advantage 
 of having had their mental powers trained from childhood and they 
 readily become strong Christian leaders. When assigned to work 
 with missionaries, it is as their co-workers and not as their “helpers.” 
 Thus the wise missionary will be willing to lead from behind and will 
 often have the joy of seeing her young sister of the native church 
 take over the duties which, it was formerly thought, only a missionary 
 could perform. 
 
 KIND OF EVANGELISTIC TEACHERS NEEDED 
 Mrs. F. B. Watson, Careysburg, Liberia, West Africa. 
 
 Since many of the women in rural districts are well educated, 
 only consecrated, well-trained women teachers should be sent to con- 
 duct the Bible classes. Superficial training in this age of efficiency 
 will fit no one for leadership. Not only should these teachers be 
 college or university graduates but they should have training along 
 some special lines, and also be practical, all-around women. They 
 should be thoroughly saturated with the subjects they are to teach, 
 and should know how to impart properly the knowledge they. have to 
 give on any subject. They should have contagious enthusiasm, and 
 should know how to make the facts live before the eyes of their 
 students. 
 
 By all means, they should have a large amount of the “Royal 
 Three G’s,” Grace, Grit and Gumption. They should be filled with 
 the Grace of God, live the prayer life, and be highly spiritual. Grit 
 
2904 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 is another name for perseverance. By all means, hold to God’s un- 
 changing hand and there will be no room in your vocabulary for such 
 words as discouragement, failure or disappointment. Many have 
 failed for lack of perseverance. Gumption years ago was called by 
 your parents “good, common horse-sense.”’ This is a very necessary 
 asset, since the teacher will meet all classes of people in rural dis- 
 tricts with their problems and imaginary needs. 
 
 JUNIOR SUNDAY SCHOOLS 
 KATHARINE R, GREEN, Fukien, China 
 
 In my part of China our Junior Sunday Schools usually occur 
 on a week day. They are really Monday schools, Wednesday schools, 
 or Friday schools and are called Children’s Bible story meetings in- 
 stead of Sunday schools. 
 
 One of our old Chinese pastors, in speaking of leading women 
 to Jesus, once used this apt illustration. There are no sheep in our 
 part of China, so the sheep in the Bible are changed into goats and 
 we calmly sing about Jesus’ Little Kid. ‘‘Well,” said the old man, 
 “if I wish to lead a strange mother goat, it is in vain that I tug at 
 a rope fastened about her neck, neither does she respond gracefully 
 to a switch. Instead of using these methods, I pick up in my arms 
 her baby kid and as the kid utters his ‘meh-meh’ cry, she meekly | 
 follows.” 
 
 So in our Bible story meetings we reach many mothers by reach- 
 ing the children. The hymns, short prayers, and simple Bible stories, 
 illustrated by the large colored Bible pictures, suit the simple under- 
 standings of children very well; and we always welcome the generous 
 fringe of elders who listen eagerly to the stories told to their babies. 
 
 The meetings usually are held in a Christian home, where our ~ 
 hostess gladly makes herself responsible for borrowing the required 
 number of benches and inviting the children. Sometimes, however, 
 an ancestral hall is loaned to us. We always have in mind the train- 
 ing of our Chinese young woman assistant, and so leave the whole 
 management as much as possible in her hands. Simple hymns which 
 teach the Christian truths are very popular with the children, and 
 they remember the lessons taught by them. 
 
 The Bible story of the previous week is recalled by the children 
 . when the review picture is shown, and later a new picture illustrates 
 a new story. After some more hymns, questions help the children 
 
FORUMS 295 
 
 to retell portions of the new story and, at the last, picture cards on 
 the new lesson are distributed to each child. 
 
 I have known children to be able to attach the proper story to 
 these pictures after a lapse of a couple of months. So we see that 
 in some cases at least the junior Sunday school has been effective. 
 
 COOPERATION WITH OTHER WORKERS IN RURAL FIELDS 
 Etta N. Rupy, Wuchow, South China 
 
 First, there is the cooperation with other missionaries. 
 
 Then, cooperation on the part of the new missionary with the 
 older workers on the field, who know by experience what the younger 
 missionaries do not know. 
 
 Lastly, there is cooperation with the native worker. We are 
 guests in foreign lands; this we must never forget. We are not even 
 invited guests. We come unannounced and often are not welcome. 
 It is well, therefore, quietly to live the love-life of Jesus, and where 
 it is possible, to dress like those we go to serve and live like them as 
 nearly as possible. Often I hear the people say, when they see my 
 Bible woman and myself together, “How much like her mother the 
 daughter is.” 
 
 It is goy to go forth thus into His service, and I can wish you no 
 greater happiness than I have had. 
 
 CITY EVANGELISM—SUMMARY OF OPENING STATEMENT 
 A. L. Warnsuuts, Secretary, International Missionary Council, London 
 
 We need not spend much time in trying to describe the cities in 
 Asia, Africa or Latin America. These are all that cities are in North 
 America. They are not a new feature in the field of foreign missions. 
 Many of them are arftcient cities that have been centers of influence 
 for ten or twenty centuries. In them have gathered the more intelli- 
 gent and more progressive people out of a nation advancing in eco- 
 nomic strength. These cities include the capitals of government, the 
 seats of universities and the great centers of commerce. From these 
 cities there have gone out into the countries in which they are located 
 the forces and influences that have moved the people politically, intel- 
 lectually, commercially and sometimes spiritually. The influences 
 have been both good and bad. Somebody has said, “Twenty-five 
 cities are China.” There is as much truth in that as to say that 
 twenty-five cities are the United States of America. 
 
206 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 But there are also new cities in these countries on the other side 
 of the globe. We must take into account the modern growth of 
 Yokohama and Osaka, the open ports of China, Calcutta, Madras, 
 Bombay, Capetown, the cities of South America and many others, into 
 which western commerce and industry have come, adding to their 
 strength and influence and greatly increasing the complexity of life. 
 It is in these new cities especially that the two civilizations of West 
 and East, of Latin and Anglo-Saxon, have their meeting places. 
 Here takes place the “cross-fertilization of cultures.” Here the prac- 
 tical application of Christianity is most severely tested. 
 
 The growth of these modern cities has been very rapid as west- 
 ern commerce and industrialism have spread during recent years into 
 all parts of the world. Reference to Mr. Galen Fisher’s “Creative 
 Forces in Japan” will show how startingly great that rapid growth 
 has been. The expansion of western influence in these cities has 
 outrun all regulative legislation. At the same time, there has been 
 a rank growth of all the evils of unrestrained greed and selfishness. 
 
 We might speak of child labor in the cotton mills of Shanghai. 
 We might also tell of the National Christian Conference in Shanghai 
 last year, in which the only resolutions adopted by the whole Con- 
 ference were those that referred to these industrial problems. These 
 cities challenge the truth and power of Christianity, and with splendid 
 courage and with practical measures the Chinese Church is facing 
 these new questions. In China the Church has taken the lead by 
 insisting upon standards of justice and brotherhood in the industrial | 
 development of the country. 
 
 These cities call to the Christian young men of America for 
 helpful service. Surely, our interest in these cities must be more 
 than that which is related only to commercial and industrial advance. 
 We are exporting to these countries our western politics and systems 
 of government, our social customs, our factories, our methods of 
 business. We owe them also our knowledge of Christian truth and 
 our experience in its practical application to all these changing con- 
 ditions of life. Moreover, the solution of the problems of Christian 
 life in modern society, business and government must be a solution 
 that is world wide in its practicability. The true solution of these 
 problems cannot be worked out in the narrow confines of a local 
 situation in an American community. Not with any sense of supe- 
 riority, but in the true spirit of comradeship, we are called to go out 
 to these cities overseas to work with our Christian brothers there 
 in meeting the new conditions of life that have become world wide in 
 extent. Here is a real chance for fruitful service in dealing with 
 
FORUMS 297 
 
 the questions of race, of war, of industry, and of all the other ques- 
 tions that the youth of the world must face. 
 
 Is the call to life service a question of geography? In one sense 
 “No,” for it is simply the question of doing one’s duty and giving 
 one’s life for what will count most anywhere. But in another sense 
 “Yes,” because these great needs exist in foreign lands, where the 
 forces of righteousness and truth are few and weak and where vol- 
 unteer reénforcements are desperately needed. 
 
 City life, the world over, is to be dominated by the spirit and 
 power of Christ. The whole world cannot be evangelized until these 
 cities are Christianized. To recall these masses of people to the sim- 
 plicity and beauty of country life is not only futile, but is not the 
 true ideal. These cities are to be won in the name and power of God. 
 The river of the water of life is to run through the streets of the city. 
 
 EVANGELISM IN BAGHDAD 
 H. A. Brrxert, Baghdad, Iraq 
 
 Mention of Baghdad always arouses memories of Arabian 
 Nights and the glories of that old city under the Caliph Harun al 
 Rashid. But I am afraid that “the glory hath departed” and the 
 romance has been deeply buried under desert sands. The situation 
 today is well described by the remark of an American newspaper 
 correspondent who visited Baghdad in August when the thermometer 
 had a daily register of I10 to 120 in the shade. When asked what 
 he thought of Baghdad he replied, “Well, I can understand how they 
 wrote Arabian Nights, no one would want to write about Arabian 
 days.” 
 
 Mission work in such a situation is far different from what it 
 is in Kobe, Shanghai.and the other cities about which you have been 
 hearing here this afternoon. As these other men were speaking I 
 could not but feel how far we are behind them in Arabia and 
 how much pioneering we have still to do. One reason for the dif- 
 ference is the government restriction which, up to the present, has 
 been placed upon the work. Under the Turkish regime street and 
 bazaar preaching, such as have been so successful elsewhere, have 
 been prohibited. Under the British mandate a treaty has been nego- 
 tiated which provides for religious freedom for the individual and 
 also for freedom to missionary agencies for carrying on their work. 
 It is hoped that under this treaty it will be possible to employ some 
 of the more open and public methods of other fields. 
 
298 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Probably the best way of showing you how the problem has 
 been attacked thus far is to tell you what was done in Baghdad. 
 Baghdad is a city of 250,000 people. And let me say in passing that 
 never, not even in New York or Chicago, has the impression of vast 
 crowds seemed to me so overwhelming as in Baghdad. The city 
 lies on both sides of the Tigris River, which is spanned by two 
 bridges. As one watches the constant stream of people flowing 
 across these two bridges and crowding the very extensive bazaar he 
 cannot but be impressed with their number. How to make some 
 sort of entering wedge into this throng with no backing such as 
 comes from the institutional work of schools and hospitals presented 
 a real problem. The way that seemed most to commend itself was 
 through literature distribution. A small shop was secured in the 
 midst of the bazaar and in close proximity to the Government offices 
 and the Law School. The shop was equipped with settees and tables 
 beside the bookshelves, which were well stocked with Christian litera- 
 ture in Arabic, consisting of everything from small four-page tracts 
 with collections of Scripture verses to larger apologetic works pre- 
 senting the claims of Christianity versus Islam. The success of the 
 venture was almost more than had been hoped. The people of 
 Baghdad, since the war, are omniverous readers. They bought the 
 literature so rapidly that it was difficult to keep the shop stocked. 
 
 From one point of view the venture was not quite so successful. 
 On the tables were the local and Egyptian newspapers and Arabic 
 periodicals. In our other stations such book shops had become a 
 rendezvous where the missionary could meet his friends and make 
 new contacts to be followed up in private. This was not the case in 
 Baghdad. The spirit of the big city is upon them. Even in the 
 East, proverbially slow moving, there is a hurry and a bustle which 
 is much akin to the spirit of our own big cities. But they purchased 
 the literature and that was the main object of the undertaking. 
 
 Another effort was begun but was not followed up very exten- 
 sively on account of some unlooked-for consequences. A list of all 
 the teachers in the Government schools was secured. The plan was 
 to mail periodically to these young men Scripture tracts, leaflets on 
 purity, temperance and religious subjects. The first of the series 
 was mailed to them. It consisted of a four-page folder of Scripture 
 selections and a card “Compliments of the American Mission” and 
 the address. It was considered that no objection could be made to 
 these, as the Moslems themselves know, and, in a certain measure, 
 respect our Old and New Testaments, which they call the books of 
 Moses and Jesus. But one of these fell into the hands of the very 
 
FORUMS 299 
 
 fanatical Arab Minister of Education. He immediately sent out a 
 circular letter to all the teachers referring to this literature, giving 
 orders that it and any other subsequently received was to be turned 
 over to his office. But the teachers had already read the first portion 
 and we saw some results from it. A number of the teachers came 
 to the book shop and purchased wide selections of the reading matter 
 there on display. This is a method full of promise and one which 
 should be tried consistently. Owing to possible complications with 
 the native government in the present unsettled state of affairs it was 
 not deemed wise to follow it up at once. A similar list of the students 
 of the Law School was secured and a similar campaign with them 
 contemplated. But the list came too late to be used owing to the 
 imminent departure on furlough of the missionary in charge. 
 
 Newspaper evangelism was also contemplated. The editor of 
 the combined Arabic-English newspaper, more or less a government 
 publication, was approached, but owing to his official connections felt 
 it impossible to do anything of that nature. With the growing broad- 
 ening outlook and increasing freedom it is hoped that some of the 
 vernacular presses will be willing to undertake such work. It is a 
 growing conviction on the part of many that such literary evangelism 
 offers the real opportunity in cities like Baghdad. Fanaticism and 
 ignorant prejudice make open inquiry or real friendship with the 
 missionaries a dangerous thing. But the printed page can be read 
 in secret and its message pondered over. Real interest can then 
 devise a safe method, if secret, for further approach to the mis- 
 sionaries. 
 
 Beside this work, which was the nearest approach to an organ- 
 ized effort, there was always the attempt at the personal approach 
 wherever possible. Articles were bought for which there was no 
 need at all just for the sake of engaging the shopkeeper in conver- 
 sation, hoping on another day to approach him with the real message. 
 Now and then an acquaintance could be formed in the coffee shops. 
 But everyone who wore “a big hat” (sun helmet) was looked upon 
 as a government employee. And there was a time when the Gov- 
 ernment was in great disfavor and the missionary’s task was there- 
 fore all the more difficult. Going into a city of 250,000 people as a 
 stranger and trying in that multitude of people to get a hearing for 
 the Gospel message is a real challenge and calls for more than human 
 help. 
 
 When I was starting for Arabia one of the senior missionaries 
 on the field said to me, “We are a young mission still and we have 
 no traditions that hamper the work. We have found no royal road 
 
300 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 of approach to Moslems. You won’t find any of the older mission- 
 aries saying to you, ‘Here, young man, this is the way, walk in it.’ 
 But if you find you have any particular talent for city work or for 
 village work or for itinerating or whatever it may be, all of Arabia 
 is before you and you'll find plenty of scope for your efforts.” The 
 same still holds today and if any of you have any bright ideas you 
 would like to try out in city evangelism or in any other department, 
 why, just come along to Arabia and we’ll give you a warm reception 
 and plenty of opportunity to try out your ideas. . 
 
 CITY EVANGELISM AND WORK AMONG STUDENTS 
 Henry Smith Lereer, Tientsin, China 
 
 What is City Evangelism? It is the effort to achieve adequate 
 expression and exemplification in individual and social life of the 
 five-fold Christian ideal involved in Jesus’ way of life. Viz: Sacred- 
 ness of human-personality; the necessity for brotherhood; the uni- 
 versal application of the motive of service; the supreme place of 
 love in human relationships; the reasonableness of faith in a Christ- 
 like God and the potential Christlikeness of all men. Bringing this 
 program and its implications before every group in the city by every 
 possible means is to my mind “Christian City Evangelism.” 
 
 How do we attempt to conduct City Evangelism for students ? 
 
 By friendly contacts personally established in the schools, such 
 as social calls, hikes and walks with students, participation in coach- . 
 ing school athletics. 
 
 By friendly contacts in the missionary’s home, leading to: 
 
 Bible classes and discussion groups in the home of the mis- 
 sionary (starting, for example, with informal discussion of a prob- 
 lem and bringing in the Bible as a means of working out a solution). 
 
 Groups in universities (usually organized by others than the 
 missionary and inviting his leadership). 
 
 Retreats and conferences during the term time. 
 
 Summer conferences for leaders. 
 
 Occasional nationally significant gatherings prepared for by 
 group discussion. 
 
 Attempts, not yet signally successful, to line up students with 
 the local church situation by holding special meetings in churches 
 for them, such as social and religious meetings; by getting students 
 to examine the need of their own city and the place of the Church 
 in meeting that need—thus inducing them to see the need of the 
 Church for their assistance; by interesting students in daily vacation 
 
FORUMS 301 
 
 schools, poor schools, lectures on health, industrial surveys, etc.; by 
 occasionally introducing leaders among them to church leaders from 
 abroad in a home atmosphere for personal conference. 
 
 By frequent large city gatherings with noted speakers of the 
 type of Dr. Mott, Dr. Eddy or nationals of distinction. 
 
 By the establishment of student centers or dormitories under 
 direct Christian supervision. 
 
 The present line-up in most Oriental cities includes Independent 
 indigenous churches, mission churches, foreign missionaries of various 
 denominations, the Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., the Salvation Army 
 and local Christian institutions like medical schools or colleges. 
 
 These find united action possible in Tientsin, for example, 
 through two main agencies— 
 
 (A) The Tientsin Christian Union 
 
 This includes both nationals and foreigners of the above groups; 
 and it acts to 
 
 1. Divide areas of service geographically.and otherwise. 
 
 . Thus prevent duplication and work at cross purposes. 
 . Present a united front on large problems of political, 
 social or moral significance. 
 
 4. Provide stimuli and inspiration and the spirit of 
 cooperation through social, religious and _ intellectual 
 group activity. 
 
 (B) The Missionary Union 
 
 This includes only the foreign missionaries and Christian friends 
 in the business or diplomatic community. It provides 
 
 1. A common place for discussion. 
 
 2. A medium for utilizing the contributions of prominent 
 Christian visitors of any denomination, or none—as 
 John Dewey during his recent visit to China. 
 
 3. Encouragement for the study of common problems 
 
 ‘through the surveys made by members and read before 
 the association. 
 
 4. An organized group of foreign Christians, with which 
 the nationals can deal along certain lines more readily 
 than with individual missionaries or missions. 
 
 w Wd 
 
 HOW WOMEN STUDENTS HELP IN EVANGELISM 
 Mary McC uurg, Fenchow, Shansi, China 
 
 Close up under the shadow of the mountains, bordering the 
 western edge of a fertile plain in the Province of Shansi, is the 
 
302 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 walled city of Fenchow. Here is one of the two American Board 
 mission stations in that province, a typical mission station, with its 
 schools for boys and girls, its Bible Training School for men and 
 women, and the big brick church, dominating the group of buildings 
 on the compound both by reason of its size and the power and 
 virility of its message. 
 
 But the center and core of this busy mission station is the 
 Catherine S. Harwood Bible Training School, with its earnest, con- 
 secrated group of two hundred or more men and women, all definitely 
 committed to and preparing for the task of passing on to others the 
 light which has come to them. Many of the students have come 
 ten and fifteen days’ journey, on foot and on donkeyback, over dan- 
 gerous mountain trails, and at considerable sacrifice both to them- 
 selves and to their families, in order that they might prepare to 
 return to their isolated mountain communities as bearers of the 
 Good News. 
 
 However, it is the women in this training school, and their part 
 in the missionary activity of this busy community with which we are 
 chiefly concerned today. The school was started by’ Miss McCon- 
 naughey nine years ago with but five women. Today the number 
 of students is limited only by the mission’s ability to provide suitable 
 dormitory accommodations and teachers for them. This last sum- 
 mer a fine new recitation building was built, relieving for the present 
 the congestion of the dormitory courts. You would be surprised and 
 pleased, could you go with me to visit these women in their new 
 quarters this afternoon, to see the eagerness and earnestness with 
 which they are applying themselves to the mastering of the “three 
 r’s,’ and the intelligent interest with which these women—all of 
 whom have only within the last two or three years abandoned their 
 household idols and sought and found the ‘one true God’”’—are apply- 
 ing themselves to the study of “the Jesus Way,” and seeking to know 
 more of Him that they may share with others something of the light 
 which shines in their own eyes and hearts. 
 
 It is this body of students, then, which is carrying a large share 
 of the evangelistic work which is being done in the city. We will 
 find groups of them each afternoon starting out to the various ,sub- 
 urbs where they will hold in some Christian home classes for the 
 women. We will find others carrying out a regular program of 
 house to house visitation, just getting acquainted and winning friends, 
 inviting the women, perhaps, to attend the next meeting of the 
 Women’s Club at the Kuan Chih Yuan, the mission’s civic service 
 center, and never losing an opportunity to bear witness to the Savior 
 
FORUMS 303 
 
 who has opened wide the windows of opportunity for them. We 
 will find them visiting and teaching the women in the city’s model 
 prison, bringing comfort and healing to the sinsick souls confined 
 there for one reason or another. Former students are ministering 
 to the spiritual needs of the women in the hospital, and following 
 up, so far as limited funds permit, those who in suffering and illness 
 found strength and comfort in the words of the Master, and for 
 whom, during the few weeks of their stay in the hospital, a new 
 Light had dawned as they watched the little Bible women, with 
 “shining faces,’ ministering to and teaching those about them, and 
 with infinite patience and understanding and loving sympathy, ex- 
 plaining to them some of the wonderful things in the Book of the 
 Holy Word. 
 
 It is these women, then, who will be your friends and helpers 
 when you come out to join us. These “hath He quickened who were 
 dead in trespasses and sins.” But the task which Christ has given 
 unto them, that of bringing the Good News into every home in that 
 great city of Fenchow, and into all the surrounding towns and vil- 
 lages, and through all the vast Fenchow field, which is eight times 
 the area of the State of Massachusetts and as large as Ohio, is still 
 more than they can hope to accomplish without help. And the plea 
 which I, as their friend and fellow-worker, make to each of you this 
 afternoon is “Come! Come over into Shansi,—and help us!” 
 
 SOME OPPORTUNITIES IN CITY EVANGELISTIC WORK IN 
 JAPAN 
 
 BERTHA STARKEY, Fukuoka, Japan 
 
 The city evangelistic missionary in Japan today needs the best 
 possible all-round, up-to-date training in religious education and 
 social service she can secure, for the opportunities open to her are 
 many and varied. 
 
 One is the kindergarten where she and her Japanese teachers 
 have the opportunity not only to give the little children Christian 
 teaching, but also through them to gain entrance into thousands 
 of homes. Following such openings, she can arrange mother’s meet- 
 ings, bringing the Christian message directly to the mothers as well 
 as teaching them how properly to care for their children, giving 
 lessons in hygiene, preparation of food, proper clothing and other 
 needful courses. The kindergarten thus becomes a great evan- 
 gelizing agency. 
 
304. CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Then there are the Sunday Schools. Since the World’s Sunday 
 School Convention in Tokyo the true value of the Sunday School 
 has been recognized by the Japanese people. The city missionary 
 does not confine her Sunday School work to the organized Sunday 
 School in the church, but opens up what we call City Sunday Schools 
 that are held in rented rooms in Japanese homes, out in districts 
 where, without this gathering, the people would know nothing of 
 Christianity and the children receive no Christian teaching. Almost 
 every city missionary with her helpers conducts from five to ten 
 such Sunday Schools, sometimes even more, and we consider that 
 they have been the greatest single factor in breaking down opposition 
 to Christianity. 
 
 The evangelistic missionary holds all sorts of classes in her 
 home for the students in government and other non-Christian schools, 
 whose parents, in many cases, will not allow their daughters to attend 
 the church, but will let them go freely to the missionary’s home for 
 classes in English, music, Bible, American cooking and sewing. The 
 girls, ofttimes coming at first primarily for training in English, cook- 
 ing or sewing, almost invariably grow to love and follow Christ 
 through the message of hymns and Bible study. Cooking and sewing 
 classes are held not only for the girls, but also for the women, and 
 many a woman dates her introduction to Christianity from the Bible 
 class held in connection with the cooking and sewing classes which 
 she entered through the influence of some Christian friend. Amer- 
 ican cookery and American sewing are very popular and growing 
 more: so. Therefore they are important avenues of contact with 
 non-Christian girls and women. 
 
 Japan has something like 1,200,000 women and girls engaged 
 in commercial pursuits, and the evangelistic missionary has wonderful 
 opportunities among them through the Business Girls’ Bible Classes 
 and Clubs. 
 
 As there are no medical missions in Japan and the great major- 
 ity of nurses are trained in the government or non-Christian private 
 training schools, it is very important to touch these girls for Christ 
 in Bible classes for nurses conducted by missionaries. In this way 
 an increasing number are being led to look upon their work as a min- 
 istry of love under the Great Physician, and to do what they can 
 to bring healing to souls as well as bodies. 
 
 Another very important field for social and evangelistic service 
 is that presented by the great group of factory girls, 1,250,000 in 
 number, the majority of whom come from rural districts and are 
 housed in dormitories on the factory grounds. Because of the long 
 
FORUMS 305 
 
 hours of work in the day and night shift system; the crowded, un- 
 _ sanitary conditions in the dormitories; the prevalence of immorality 
 and disease that exist in all except a few scores of the 23,000 fac- 
 tories, the situation is a sad one. Fortunately there is an increasing 
 number of managers who allow the missionary with her Japanese 
 associates to hold meetings inside the factory and to invite the girls 
 to her home. In this way, through Christian hymns, Christian mes- 
 sages, Bible teaching, victrola music, lantern pictures and wholesome 
 recreation, the girls are lifted into a higher life, and given new as- 
 pirations and ideals. 
 
 Added to all these, there are the organizations in the local Japa- 
 nese church that enlist the missionary cooperation, such as the organ- 
 ized Sunday School in the church, the Epworth League, the King’s 
 Daughters’ Society, and the Women’s Society. 
 
 And last, but not by any means least, comes the personal calling 
 in the homes where the women and girls can best open their hearts 
 and freely pour out their problems, giving the missionary that close 
 contact through which she can enter into the lives of her people and 
 suit to their individual needs the message from the Bible. 
 
 Any young woman who is looking for a rich, challenging life 
 that will tax every power God has given her, may find it in the city 
 evangelistic work of the present day in Japan. 
 
 MASTERY OF THE LANGUAGE AS AN AID TO EVANGELISTIC 
 WORK AMONG GIRL STUDENTS 
 
 Epita New.in, Tokyo, Japan 
 
 My five years of experience in mission work in Japan have con- 
 vinced me that it is important to get the language. My mission sent 
 me to the Japanese Language School for full time the first year, 
 half time the second and six hours a week for the third year. The 
 fourth year I studied six hours a week with a private teacher and my 
 last year was spent in the country, where I spoke only Japanese in 
 my home and work for nine months. 
 
 The first year I had an English Bible class for girls, and I soon 
 discovered that no girl who has had but four or five years of English 
 in school can express herself clearly enough in English so that one 
 can understand her deepest feelings. To know her problems of 
 which she is anxious to tell you, if she can only do so in her own 
 tongue, is the missionary’s first task; and this makes a knowledge of 
 the language an absolute necessity. 
 
306 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 One method which proved most successful in getting to know 
 the girls of our mission school was through “parents and teachers” 
 meetings. We also had “mothers and daughters” teas in our own 
 home. At these we took one class at a time and asked each to bring 
 her mother or guardian as a guest. Sometimes a mother could not 
 come and a father, grandparent or older sister were brought instead, 
 and the contacts and fellowship thus established proved most fruitful. 
 We were often given invitations to the homes and thus the possibility 
 for influencing home life was increased. If this is begun when the 
 girls first enter school and continued through the years, even greater 
 results will follow. Our Christian Japanese teachers very gladly 
 cooperated and heartily endorsed the plan. 3 
 
 We hear a great deal these days about our mission schools not 
 getting results. We have only two hundred girls in our school. We 
 try to have enough Japanese teachers so that the missionaries who 
 teach in the school do not have more than ten hours a week of actual 
 teaching, provided they have the language and an aptitude for follow- 
 up work with the girls out of school. 
 
 After a class graduates we organize some kind of a social group, 
 a Bible or English class for those who have time to come back to us. 
 Thus we establish the habit of returning to the school after actual 
 school days are over. One missionary teacher is made responsible 
 for the follow-up work of the group. We try to keep in touch with 
 our graduates through letters, calls, teas and special meetings, and 
 we find they will often express themselves more freely in letters — 
 than in personal interviews. Then in our Christian work we have 
 something for every girl who has time for it, and thus we try to 
 keep them growing through expression. In recent years nearly all 
 our graduating students have become Christians and have joined 
 some church. 
 
 During the four years I spent in Tokyo, I also had Bible classes 
 for girls in the city high schools. One girl came and asked to have 
 a class for herself and friends, and after the first year she brought a 
 new group for each succeeding year. She had a wonderful faculty 
 for finding the girls who were earnestly seeking Christian teaching. 
 I planned a course of about twenty lessons with the Gospel of Mark 
 as a basis, and we met for an hour each week. They were busy girls 
 but found time after a long day of school to come to my home for 
 the lesson, and never missed unless sick. That is the advantage of 
 having a definite course, for the class will try much harder never to 
 miss a lesson. 
 
 Those who could continue to come after completing this course 
 
FORUMS 307 
 
 were put into a regular advanced class at the Sunday School, and 
 were invited to the church. Then through the succeeding years I 
 have kept in touch with them all by letters, calls, Christian literature 
 which I have supplied, and special meetings occasionally in the home. 
 We have a reunion social once a year, and they enjoy getting together 
 and making the acquaintance of each other. Some of the girls have 
 had groups in their own homes where we have had happy social times 
 together. 
 
 One or two of the mothers have been most anxious to have me 
 call. One mother said she did not know that missionaries really 
 learned the Japanese language and etiquette, and was so pleased to 
 be greeted in their beautiful way that she has been a very warm 
 friend ever since. 
 
 The points I would emphasize most are: first, a radiant Christian 
 life in the missionary teacher ; second, a broad human sympathy and 
 knowledge of practical things in which girls are interested, such as 
 music, sewing, knitting, cooking, health problems, and home-making ; 
 third, definiteness in Bible courses as to length and material covered ; 
 fourth, close sympathetic follow-up work. 
 
 OPEN DOORS IN JAPAN 
 “Mrs. GILBERT Bow es, Friends’ Mission, Japan 
 
 A good motto for every missionary is ‘I am among you as He 
 that serveth.” We need to study, to serve and to keep ourselves out 
 of sight. We may be the power behind the project, but we do not 
 need to say so. That matter will take care of itself, if we keep 
 humble and help to do the work. 
 
 There are open doors in Japan today for Christian Social Service 
 work of many kinds in connection with factories and industrial cen- 
 ters, teachers of English, English specialists, teachers in the school 
 for foreign children, Bible teachers, physical training or health spe- 
 cialists, specialists in home-craft of every kind, such as knitting, sew- 
 ing, cooking, household improvement, care of children, etc., kinder- 
 garten teachers, home visitors (evangelistic workers), institutional 
 church workers, workers among boys and girls, etc., etc. 
 
 Most of all we need those who can pray. Let me illustrate— 
 not long ago a Japanese minister living in the interior invited the 
 late Hon. Saburo Shimada, M.P., to come and preach in his church. 
 All plans were completed. The day for the great meeting arrived. 
 It had been well advertised. The prominent men of the town attended, 
 
308 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 many of whom had never before been inside of a Christian church. 
 When the hour came for the opening of the meeting, instead of the 
 Christian statesman there came a telegram announcing that it would 
 be quite impossible for Mr. Shimada to get there, because of a rail- 
 road wreck. The minister said to the young single missionary who 
 worked in perfect cooperation with him, “What shall I do? I cannot 
 turn the people away.” She said, “You speak.” “But I cannot; I 
 have not prepared anything.” “No matter, you speak, and I'll stay 
 on my knees in the back room and pray.” She kept her promise. 
 How she prayed, and how he preached! At the close, one after 
 another of those leading men of the town arose and each in turn 
 confessed. “I had not known before the real meaning of Christ and 
 the message of Christianity.” “As for me, I wish to hear more,” 
 or “I believe it is the truth,” or “I am ready now to become a Chris- 
 tian.” Then the minister confessed with what reluctance he had 
 undertaken to speak and added, “The success of this meeting is not 
 due to anything I have said, but to the earnest prayers of the little 
 missionary lady who is even now on her knees, in the back room, ° 
 praying for this meeting.” 
 
 We need sympathetic missionaries. We need those who can 
 adjust themselves to the rapidly changing conditions. We need those 
 who can find and lead the Japanese into places of leadership, sacri- 
 fice and service. We do not need professional religionists, but we 
 do need those who are able every day to live the Christ life. 
 
 MEDICAL WORK AMONG WOMEN 
 
 Dr. Mary L, JAMEs, Wuchang, Central China 
 
 It is customary to speak of missionary work as comprising three 
 departments: evangelistic, educational and medical. However, medi- . 
 cal. missionary work embraces all these three in itself. It is 
 undertaken primarily to make the knowledge of Jesus Christ known 
 to those who have not yet had the opportunity to learn of His love, 
 and it does not confine itself to the healing of the body as a demon- 
 stration of this love. The clinics, wards and chapels are used for 
 direct preaching and teaching of the Bible, as well as for the more 
 difficult task of demonstrating that teaching in a life of service. 
 Besides this evangelistic and professional work for patients, hospitals 
 —as well as medical schools—form important training centers of 
 native professional workers, such as doctors, nurses, midwives, 
 anesthetists, pharmacists and laboratory technicians. 
 
FORUMS 309 
 
 Our hospital in Wuchang gives opportunities for all these types 
 of work, except that of teaching medical students. In our clinics 
 and wards we encounter all varieties of disease met in America, and 
 in addition an interesting, if somewhat baffling, array of tropical dis- 
 eases. The district about Wuchang offers most alluring opportunities 
 for research in parasitology, had one but the time to follow them up. 
 It also gives us interesting and varied work in surgery and obstetrics 
 and makes us realize how limited are our skill and knowledge. For 
 lack of sufficient staff we have been compelled to cut down our regu- 
 lar clinics to two afternoons a week. On these days patients come 
 in such numbers that we generally work without intermission from 
 2 P.M. until about 7 Pp. M., and then cannot see all the people who 
 come. Would that the days had more hours, for it is hard indeed 
 to limit the work thus. We cannot spend all our time in the out- 
 practice departments, for the ward patients must be given a moderate 
 amount of time; besides this one has the routine hospital rounds, 
 the history taking and examinations, the operations and the laboratory 
 work. For one doctor to make rounds to seventy-five patients takes 
 three hours, if two and one-half minutes are allowed per patient. 
 For the last year we have had from seventy to eighty patients in our 
 wards practically the whole time, and sometimes over eighty. Our 
 one or two Chinese internes assist, but are not able to take as much 
 responsibility as young physicians graduated in medical schools in 
 America. Medical schools in China still suffer seriously from under- 
 staffing, as well as from difficulty in finding students with sufficient 
 preliminary education, though conditions are improving in this latter 
 respect. — 
 
 In outpractice among the Chinese in their homes we are able to 
 do very little, from sheer lack of time. In most cases we must insist 
 that patients come into the hospital or attend clinic. Among the 
 women and children of our own and other missions in and near 
 Wuchang we find considerable work to do, for it is important to 
 conserve the health of workers and their families. 
 
 At St. Hilda’s School for Girls, just outside our city walls, we 
 get our one opportunity for preventive medicine. Each week I give 
 a long afternoon to the 230 girls in residence there and to the 
 teachers and servants of that institution. I make regular physical 
 examinations of the girls and try to correct defects found and to 
 combat disease at its onset. The results have been very encouraging, 
 especially with girls in the early stages of tuberculosis. 
 
 As important as are all these phases of the work, however, I 
 hold the training of Chinese hospital assistants as of even more 
 
310 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 essential value. Now is the time for us to endeavor to supply to 
 China a sufficient number of trained Christian workers of their own 
 nationality, if we wish to make medical missionary work a real power 
 in the evangelization of China. By such assistants I mean nurses, 
 midwives, anesthetists, pharmacists and laboratory technicians. If 
 Christian hospitals are to be run properly, from a scientific point of 
 view, large numbers of Chinese workers of this sort must be trained 
 now. Our hospitals in China must not give less than the best if 
 they are adequately to represent Christianity. With this idea in mind, 
 I devote a large part of my time to teaching. 
 
 Now, what are the opportunities for Medical Missionary service 
 in China at present? On every hand there is a demand for doctors. 
 The Missionary Medical Schools for women are pitiably under- 
 manned. Your help is needed in this most important task of training 
 Chinese women doctors, for whom there is still an enormous demand 
 among the women and children of China. You are also needed in 
 the mission hospitals for women and children throughout China. 
 Some hospitals are closed for lack of any doctor at all, some run 
 along painfully without any resident doctor, and scarcely any of them 
 can boast two fully qualified physicians, except those run in con- 
 nection with medical schools. There is need also for a limited number 
 of fully trained pharmacists and laboratory technicians, as teachers 
 as well as routine hospital workers, and there is a need for a very 
 large number of nurses. 
 
 China calls for the very best of the profession, workers of true 
 consecration, who will demonstrate Christianity in practical action, 
 as did our Great Physician and Master. I can think of no better 
 investment of life than this, for those whose talents and training 
 qualify them for undertaking such work. 
 
 AMERICAN MISSIONARIES IN JAPANESE CITY CHURCHES 
 
 K. Hatanaka, Dean of Kobe College, Kobe, Japan 
 
 In considering the work of American missionaries in Japanese 
 city churches, I should like to describe what is being done in one of 
 the largest churches of Kyoto, which has a membership today of 
 seven hundred and fifty communicants, composed largely of pro- 
 fessional and business men and students. Among these members, 
 many of whom are residents of the city, there are many who under- 
 stand English; hence in this particular church the officers have thought 
 it best to serve the English speaking community of the city. They 
 
FORUMS Ghr 
 
 have asked one of the missionaries to conduct an English service 
 every Sunday afternoon, together with the Japanese pastor. This 
 has continued for four years, with an average attendance of sixty 
 to one hundred people every Sunday. 
 
 Just before the service begins, an English Bible class is con- 
 ducted, with an attendance of twenty to thirty university students. 
 The American missionary is invited to act as the pastor of the church 
 for the English speaking community. He also is invited to partici- 
 pate in other activities of the church. He takes his part in important 
 discussions of the church work and is the co-worker of the Japanese 
 pastor in all things. 
 
 Although this particular church has a large kindergarten and 
 night school, most Japanese churches have not been able to do much 
 social work until recently. Any American missionaries interested 
 in social work, therefore, will find plenty of opportunities in the 
 large self-supporting Japanese churches, cooperating with the Japa- 
 nese pastors and the church membership. Among the members of 
 these large churches many influential citizens are found. They can 
 put the missionaries in closest touch with community needs and in- 
 terests and secure support for the work they wish them to do. It 
 would be much better for American missionaries to work in co- 
 operation with one of our large city churches than to start such work 
 by themselves.. This is as true of work among students as of social 
 service work. Moreover, by so doing the missionary is helping the 
 native churches to see larger visions and to undertake larger service 
 for the good of the community and ultimately the Christianizing 
 of Japan. 
 
 NEWSPAPER EVANGELISM IN JAPAN 
 ALBERTUS Preters, Fukuoka, Japan 
 
 The purpose of all newspaper advertising is threefold: to tell 
 people something they do not know, to convince them of something 
 they do not believe, and to arouse in them a desire for something they 
 do not possess. 
 
 Having said this, we have stated also the threefold purpose of 
 evangelistic missionary work. 
 
 As carried on in Japan under the auspices of the Federation of 
 Christian Missions in Japan, newspaper evangelism, or, more accu- 
 rately, “Newspaper and Correspondence Evangelism,’ employs the 
 following methods: 
 
 1. Publication of short articles discussing Christian history or 
 
312 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 doctrine. The space occupied is paid for at advertising rates, and 
 we are entirely free in regard to the matter published. 
 
 2. Publication of advertisements offering to send, free of charge, 
 tracts and other literature on the Christian religion. 
 
 3. As rapidly as men apply for such literature, their names are 
 added to a permanent card index record, whereon the main points 
 of all subsequent correspondence are entered. ' 
 
 4. A number of carefully selected tracts, with a portion of the 
 Holy Scriptures, are sent out free of charge, with an explanation of 
 the work, and a cordial invitation to continue in the study of Chris- 
 tianity. We offer to reply to all questions any one desires to ask. 
 The consequence is an immensely important and constantly growing 
 correspondence. 
 
 5. To assist us in keeping in touch with inquirers, a monthly 
 paper is published, which has been very much blessed of God. The 
 issue at present is four or five thousand copies a month. 
 
 6. Since the tracts sent free are of necessity very elementary, 
 a loan library club has been formed, which any one is free to join. 
 The membership fee is five cents a month, low enough to form no 
 great barrier, even to poor people, and yet sufficient to constitute a 
 guarantee of good faith, and to form, in the aggregate, an appreciable 
 contribution to the clerical salaries and office expenses. Books are 
 sent out on application to all members, and the loss from failure to 
 return them is only a small item in the year’s expenses. 
 
 7. As rapidly as possible correspondents: are introduced to the 
 nearest church or Christian worker; and all the churches in the dis- 
 trict served have welcomed new members secured in this way. The 
 enterprise is thoroughly inter-denominational. 
 
 8. For those who are not within reach of any church or pastor, 
 or who for other reasons wish an especially thorough course of in- 
 struction, we have a Correspondence Course. It requires daily study. 
 for seventeen weeks, with examinations in the ordinary correspond- 
 ence course manner. 
 
 g. Finally, for groups of people too far away from any church 
 to attend services on Sundays we issue each week a printed sermon, 
 with written prayers and indication of suitable Scripture readings 
 and hymns; so that any fairly well-educated person can, by the help 
 of these sermons, conduct an edifying service. We have had on 
 Sunday mornings as high as eighty or ninety persons worshipping 
 in nine or ten places, who would have had no opportunity to attend 
 service but for this method. 
 
 In the use of this last method care must be taken, and is con- 
 
FORUMS 313 
 
 stantly taken, not to make the sermons a substitute for regular church 
 attendance. For this reason the sermons are not for sale, and are 
 sent to any person only after due investigation. Usually we decline 
 to send them to a man living within walking distance of a church. 
 
 Such work as this is now being carried on in Oita, Fukuoka, 
 Seoul (Korea), Hiroshima, Kyoto, Tokyo, Nagano, and Sendai: 
 possibly in still other places of which I have not heard. In every 
 case it produces most gratifying results. In Fukuoka alone, from 
 the first of the year 1923 to the end of October, nearly four thousand 
 persons were added to the number of inquirers, and about one-fourth 
 of them joined the Reading Club. Many of the letters indicate a 
 most pathetic spiritual hunger. 
 
 The importance of newspaper evangelism is very great even with 
 respect to people living in the larger cities, in spite of the fact that 
 they are well supplied with churches; for some degree of interest 
 must be aroused in a man’s heart before he will enter a church to 
 listen to the message from the pulpit; still the usefulness of news- 
 paper evangelism is perhaps most easily recognized in rural districts, 
 where it is not a choice for the most part between this method and 
 some other, but where the newspaper and correspondence way is the 
 only possible way by which men may come to know the gospel. The 
 population of Japan is shifting to the cities, but is still largely rural. 
 It is estimated by the Federation of Missions Survey Committee that 
 eighty per cent of the people live in what may fairly be called rural 
 districts, that is to say, country hamlets and small towns. 
 
 Humanly speaking, there is one way by which these pepole can 
 be reached with the gospel in this generation, and one way only, and 
 that is by newspaper evangelism. By actual count, some years ago, 
 out of more than 230 townships in the province of Oita, only two 
 were found without some one whose name was on the list of the 
 Oita newspaper evangelism office. 
 
 If the Evangelization of the World in This Generation ever 
 becomes the watchword of the American churches, as it is of the 
 Student Volunteers, they will have in newspaper evangelism an in- 
 strument ready to hand for the accomplishment of thier purpose. 
 
 PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY 
 (SUMMARY OF THE FORUM ON MEDICAL WORK AMONG MEN) 
 Dr. E. M. Dopp, Persia 
 
 Our first concern should be to be trained for work in a one- or 
 two-man hospital. This is the predominant type of medical mis- 
 
314 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 sionary service and requires as broad a training as possible in 
 general surgery and medicine, with the emphasis on surgery, and in 
 such of the specialties as one has time for. A class A medical 
 school is essential, and at least one year, and preferably two years of 
 hospital work thereafter is being generally advised. The questions 
 from the students covered a wide range of points as to electives in 
 medical school, and as to details of interneships, or special training 
 after their interneships. Different medical missionaries present were 
 called on to contribute to the discussion. 
 
 The following general types of work are typical though not 
 necessarily complete: 
 
 (a) Itinerant medical work without hospital, where one has to 
 be adapted to a moving life and to a variety of conditions, but not 
 very intensive work. 
 
 (b) Medical education, which involves a certain amount of 
 specialization, and which is a constructive and far-reaching, though 
 limited, form of medical missionary service. 
 
 (c) Specializing to a greater or less extent in a large hospital 
 not connected with medical education. The sphere for this is quite 
 limited, but is characteristic of a few large centers. 
 
 (d) Public health and public education in preventive medicine. 
 This is an embryo line of work, with possibilities of growth, but not 
 one which at present occupies the major part of more than a very 
 few medical missionaries. It is something in which all medical mis- — 
 sionaries should take greater interest. 
 
 The questions in discussion concerned the best methods of obtain- 
 ing training for these different lines of work. It was pointed out 
 that here, even more than under the first topic, individual prob- 
 lems would have to be handled specifically by the candidate and the 
 Board, and that generalizations could not be definite. 
 
 The spiritual preparation of the missionary was discussed by 
 Dr. Paul Harrison of Arabia, who pointed out that medical students 
 should emphasize continuous, vital, prayerful Bible study; that though 
 medical men were not expected to be theological experts, they were 
 expected to be grounded in the Bible, and have their own ee 
 life securely established and developed. 
 
 The last half hour of the discussion was turned over to rH 
 Harrison, and a great many questions of different sorts were asked, 
 covering all the topics previously under discussion. 
 
 At the close of the hour many of the medical men broke up into 
 smaller groups, meeting with different medical missionaries present 
 for the further discussion of special points. 
 
FORUMS 315 
 
 PROFESSIONAL TRAINING NEEDED FOR SPECIALIZED FORMS 
 OF MEDICAL MISSIONARY SERVICE 
 
 E. M. Dopp, Medical Missionary to Persia 
 
 There is a wide range and variety in the forms of medical mis- 
 sionary work, for which the training necessary differs accordingly. 
 We are here considering, however, the broad predominant type of 
 work which we can think of in terms of the one- or two-man hos- 
 pital. Most medical missionary work is at present carried on in and 
 from such hospitals—hospitals averaging about thirty to seventy 
 beds. Long established medical work has usually developed into 
 this general type of set-up; and new work tends toward the estab- 
 lishment of such hospitals. This usually means pretty much the 
 whole range of medicine and surgery. We do well to consider our 
 objective before taking up the preparation for it, since the picture 
 ahead is what explains the advice given as to preparation. 
 
 Obviously when one doctor or two doctors are working alone in 
 such a hospital, which, more likely than not, attempts single handed 
 to minister to a community of a few hundred thousand, or even a 
 million or more, the character of the work is bound to be varied. 
 General surgery, general medicine, obstetrics (if not in a too con- 
 servative place), all the specialties, and even a touch of public health 
 work comes into play. Everything from vesical calculus to amcebic 
 dysentery; from T.B. in all forms to typhus; from cataract to 
 cholera; from scabies to smallpox; from fractures to round worms; 
 from hernia to hydrophobia (not always of the intractable or fatal 
 variety!) passes through the dispensary and supplies the ward. The 
 doctor may make night rounds on a ward of post-operative cases and 
 wind up the day by an arduous microscope hunt for the malaria 
 plasmodium, and a few hours later be hastily called from a tired 
 sleep for a desperate labor case. His first patient in the morning 
 may be a gun-shot wound in the abdomen, and his second a ton- 
 sillectomy. Between whiles his servant has besought him to come to 
 his home and prescribe for the sick family buffalo; and a bandit chief 
 has sent to him for quinine. He may then be called out for a ter- 
 ribly burned child, who has fallen into a native fireplace, and come 
 home to find a pitable leper camped at his front gate. Before lunch 
 the wealthiest merchant prince of the city may have sent a carriage 
 to convey him to treat a grandson for colic, and before he is through 
 lunch a poor blind villager—three days’ walk from his home—is 
 tapping at the front door. 
 
316 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 If such be a picture of the demands, it behooves us to prepare 
 broadly and thoroughly. A man cannot hope to be an expert on 
 everything, or perhaps an authority on anything. But he must try 
 to grasp the rudiments of many things, and the high spots of all 
 kinds of conditions. He needs a sound general foundation rather 
 than a highly specialized one in any particular direction or directions. 
 
 The pre-medical work should be such as to fit a man adequately 
 for a good choice in class A medical schools. Most Boards pre- 
 fer to have men who have had the full college course; but in some 
 instances, by reason of age or finances, or otherwise, a condensed 
 pre-medical course may be necessary. Combination courses of six 
 or seven years leading to both degrees are often a good solution’ of 
 the problem, though the full four year college course before medical 
 school is more generally advised whenever practicable. When it 
 comes to the subjects taken in college it goes without saying that 
 one must carefully look up the requirements of the medical school 
 to be considered. Personally some of us do not favor electing science 
 exclusively in the pre-medical years. The requirements should be 
 met and perhaps a little more, but this will still leave a considerable 
 margin of courses for free choice. It seems to us that it is better 
 to elect these from cultural subjects—literature, economics, philoso- 
 phy, history, languages, etc. The medical course itself is so strictly 
 scientific that one needs the broader cultural basis, once the require- 
 ments have been adequately met. 
 
 The one essential consideration in the choice of a medical school — 
 is that it should be an A-class school, according to the authorized 
 classification of the American Medical Association. As there are 
 now a large number of A-class schools scattered over the country, the 
 geographical question does not enter in very greatly. When it comes 
 to choosing among the different A-class schools one would have to 
 get the best advice available among doctors, college faculty, friends, 
 medical students and others. Personal considerations, such as ex- 
 pense, location, etc., will of course also enter into the decision. The 
 Boards generally require at least an “A” school, but do not go much 
 further than this in advice as between the different schools. If a 
 man were clearly going into some special form of medical missionary 
 work, this might influence the choice of a medical school. For exam- 
 ple; a man deciding to teach in a medical school on the field might 
 well choose one of the more highly specialized and scientific schools 
 in this country, whereas many other schools here would fill the need 
 quite as well for the general run of all around non-specialized work 
 on the field. There is, however, one added general consideration 
 
FORUMS 317 
 
 which should always be taken into account. This is, that other 
 things being equal there is an advantage in having one’s medical 
 school—or at least the last two years of one’s medical school—in a 
 large city, rather than in some small place. This is because of the 
 greater amount of clinical material available; the more authoritative 
 medical men represented; and the better professional connections 
 made for the future, when post-graduate facilities are so much needed 
 while on furlough. 
 
 The choice of interneships offers considerable room for careful 
 pondering. The Boards generally are expecting at least one year of 
 hospital work after medical school before going to the field, and 
 many are advising as much as two years. Some of the Boards con- 
 sider two years as the norm. The character of the interneship should 
 preferably be what is usually spoken of as a mixed, or rotating service, 
 with the emphasis preferably on surgery, unless one definitely expects 
 to go into the medical side, or into some specialty other than surgery. 
 The two years of hospital work can be worked out in various ways, 
 either in one institution, or with some equivalent in two or more insti- 
 tutions. Perhaps the ideal service would be one two-year service 
 which gives a man a certain amount of laboratory work, and then 
 six months or so on the medical side, and finally with half or more of 
 the two years on the surgical side, ending as “House” in Surgery. 
 One of the shortcomings of the one-year service is that all too fre- 
 quently there is not enough chance for an adequate surgical service, 
 which would mean the House Surgeon being given a fair amount of 
 supervised operating to do himself, or herself. In the choice of an 
 interneship the following points are submitted as important items in 
 the comparative values of different services. 
 
 1. A high-grade, well-equipped institution, with plenty of clinical 
 material; whether a hospital of two hundred beds or one thousand 
 beds is not necessarily a prime consideration. 
 
 2. Variety and range of the service (mixed or rotating services). 
 
 3. Adequate surgical experience under good men. 
 
 4. An institution where there is a teaching spirit—usually, though 
 not always, best found in connection with a medical school. 
 
 5. An institution at which, or through the staff of which, the 
 future furloughed missionary can have good facilities for post- 
 graduate work. 
 
 When it comes to special work outside of, or beyond the interne- 
 ship, it is difficult to give general advice. Like many other questions, 
 such problems should be taken up with the Board in question, and 
 with whatever medical missionaries one can consult. Of the special 
 
318 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 work frequently not embraced under the category of general surgery 
 and general medicine are the following: 
 
 Obstetrics. It is important for the medical missionary to have 
 a good grounding in obstetrical work, and usually more than one 
 can get in connection with the medical school course. The necessary 
 work can be obtained either some summer, or with a special obstetrical 
 service, or in connection with some interneships where obstetrics 
 form a part of the service. Obstetrics are perhaps rather more im- 
 portant on the whole for women physicians than for men, as far as 
 work among the nationals of a country is concerned; but it is impor- 
 tant for all. In some countries, particularly in Mohammedan areas, 
 the prejudice is such that very few, if any, obstetrical or gynecological 
 cases are brought to a man doctor. However, in many places these 
 prejudices are slowly disappearing. Even where such prejudices 
 exist there may be every now and then an extremely bad case, which 
 has been given up by everybody else, brought to one of the medical 
 men. Moreover, one has to bear in mind constantly the important 
 fact that among the missionary’s associates there will be a demand 
 for careful obstetrical training. 
 
 Eye work is one of the first things most medical missionaries 
 would mention among the specialties. Eye diseases are so universal 
 in parts of Asia and Africa, and the tropics generally, that it is very 
 desirable for a man to have some special training in this. -Whether 
 this work should include refraction, or merely diseases of the eye, 
 will depend on the field to which one is going. In some places refrac- 
 tion work plays a minor role, as compared to the treatment of in- 
 flammation, cataract, deformities, and other disease conditions. 
 
 Tropical medicine is of course very valuable for men who are 
 going to these regions—which do not include all medical missionary 
 work. Courses in tropical medicine are not always easy to secure in 
 this country. If one has time, it may be possible to take in a few | 
 weeks, or a few months, at the London School of Tropical Medicine. 
 Otherwise, one may get courses at Harvard or the University of 
 Pennsylvania, or possibly elsewhere, as new courses are being de- 
 veloped. 
 
 One could go on to mention all the specialties—ear, nose and 
 throat, skin, pediatrics, and laboratory work—all of which come into 
 play. But the problem is generally limited by time, or age, or finances, 
 or some other strong consideration. If one can know ahead of time 
 the general field to which he is going, many of these problems of 
 preparation are simplified. 
 
 Specialized Forms of Medical Missionary Work. Medical mis- 
 
FORUMS 319 
 
 sionary work has been and is undergoing considerable development. 
 The primitive work with which the men began generations ago has 
 grown enormously. Medical missionary associations, medical educa- 
 tion, nurses’ training, and highly developed hospitals are some of the 
 features of this growth. When one speaks of specialized forms of 
 work it is not always possible to select absolutely distinct forms. 
 However, a few illustrations which are fairly well defined can be 
 briefly discussed. 
 
 Itinerating medical work as a permanent form of medical work 
 may perhaps not be agreed upon as a specialized form of work, since 
 it is part of the work of a great many medical missionaries who are 
 in charge of established institutions, and in a good many other cases 
 is the pioneer work, which opens up the field where later on hospitals 
 are established. However, there are a certain number of men who 
 still give themselves to this work very largely. The training for this 
 would correspond more to that which would be required to run a 
 dispensary in a large city or in a country community, than to the 
 management of a hospital and the performing of major surgery. 
 Laboratory work also is necessarily very meagre. This form of work 
 develops a technique of its own in the way of equipment for trans- 
 portation, the handling of cases, and other matters. 
 
 Medical Education. In some ways this is the climax of medical 
 missionary work. It aims to develop a Christian medical profession 
 from and for the country itself. Though the medical schools on the 
 field are not as highly staffed as the schools at home, a considerable 
 degree of specialization is nevertheless called for. In the large 
 schools, such as the Medical School of Shantung University, and the 
 Severance Union Medical College in Korea, the different subjects are 
 covered by specialists very much as they are in this country, even 
 though each department itself is necessarily smaller. It follows that 
 men who are preparing for this kind of work should prepare them- 
 selves thoroughly in the desired subject or subjects. This has to be 
 worked out in conjunction with the Boards or the schools in question. 
 One cannot lay down any general advice. It should be pointed out, 
 however, that these teaching positions are limited in number, and the 
 men who are so engaged represent a small minority of the whole 
 medical missionary body. 
 
 Specialization without medical education. Ina few large medical 
 centers, such as Canton, and in a few of the highly developed hos- 
 pitals, an increasing amount of specialization—independent of medical 
 education—has developed. In some hospitals, even where the staff 
 is not large, the work may be divided up into three or four general 
 
320 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 branches. In such a case a man may well specialize to a limited 
 extent. However, this again is a limited possibility, and cannot be 
 safely acted upon except by individual arrangement with Boards or 
 field institutions. 
 
 Public health work is drawing an increasing amount of attention 
 on the mission field, as in this country: So far the set-up of the work 
 has not made it possible to give any very great amount of attention 
 to this, as compared to clinical work. One or two outstanding doctors 
 have been developed in China who are going in for this special line 
 of work. Others are taking it up in a supplementary way to their 
 hospital or other work. It goes without saying that all doctors who 
 have any thought of the value of prevention have all along been 
 doing what they could in a small way, in advising individuals and 
 communities. But as a definite, distinct calling, public health work 
 has not yet taken a very large place, though it is quite possible it will 
 do so in the future. Before any man commits himself to this in 
 distinction to clinical work, he should by all means canvass the matter 
 with the Board or other organization with which he is to be con- 
 nected. If there is a chance for him to do this sort of work he could 
 then plan accordingly to take special work at one of the schools which 
 provides such courses. 
 
 MEDICAL MISSIONS IN INDIA 
 Dr. Davin Riocu, Mungeli, India 
 
 Mungeli is a large native city of the Central Provinces, India. 
 The district all around is very, very thickly populated. That part of 
 the country is called “Chattis-garhh,” which means “lying within 
 forty forts,” and many forts are still to be seen. The people are 
 known to be among the most degraded of India, dirty, ignorant, full 
 of disease and sin. The words home, love and purity are scarcely — 
 known among them. You find people everywhere, huddled in dirty 
 villages, camped out under the roughest shelter by the roadside. 
 There are plenty of naked children, too, and always the buffalo— 
 not the buffalo of North America, no, the Chattis-garhh buffalo is a 
 huge, black animal with long, swooping horns, very slow, very patient 
 and long-suffering and very stupid. The people are often likened 
 to their buffaloes—very slow and very stupid. 
 
 Mungeli lies thirty miles from another large native city of 
 Bilaspur, through which the Bengal Nagpur Railway runs. The road 
 to Mungeli lies through good farm land and countless rice fields. 
 
FORUMS 321 
 
 On either side of the road are wonderful old trees,—peepul, garar, 
 nimes, imli,—whose branches meet overhead. In the early morning 
 or late evening a ride under this green canopy is very beautiful. 
 Nearly always, as I have gone along this road, I have met travelers 
 needing help. It is a very common experience to meet hundreds of 
 people, abject-looking, hungry, hopeless, carrying their little bundles, 
 which contain all they have, filing by one by one along the edge of the 
 road. 
 
 I say: “Where are you going?”—and the answer so often 
 comes: “We are going to look for food, there is no water and no 
 food in our village.” It often happens that whole villages will turn 
 out in this way, and wander miles and miles, looking for food or 
 for work. Constantly we meet hungry families travelling the road 
 in search of work and food. Many hundred wend their way to Cal- 
 cutta, where they hope to find a living in alleys and back slums or 
 down in the coal pits. 
 
 Christian work was started in Mungeli about thirty years ago. 
 At present we have a hospital with large dispensary work, a church, 
 elementary schools, three good bungalows, and a hostel for boys of 
 Christian parents living out in the villages. Connected with the 
 medical work in Mungeli we now have several dispensaries in the 
 out-stations ; one is twelve miles out on one side; another is ten miles" 
 out on the other side; another is seventeen miles across country. 
 These are taken care of by Christian compounders and are under 
 the supervision of the doctor in charge. Each dispensary is located 
 in a market-center and the compounders are very busy on bazaar days. 
 They visit among the villages regularly and teach as well as give 
 medicines. 
 
 In addition there are two leper asylums, one in Mungeli and 
 one nine miles out. There are one hundred and ten inmates in these 
 asylums all the time and there are always many more who beg to be 
 admitted. In spite of their horrible fate, the lepers are a happy, 
 contented lot. They listen eagerly to the teaching given them. All 
 are Christians and to them the Christian hope means a great deal. 
 They come to us with woe and hopelessness written in very line of 
 their faces. Soon they hear of the love of One Who came to earth 
 and healed the leper; Whose love now can heal the soul and receive 
 the once sin-stricken spirit into the Eternal Home. Our lepers are 
 maintained and provided for by the “Mission to Lepers” which has 
 its headquarters in London. It is almost impossible to believe that 
 these lepers can subsist on the small pittance they receive. Every 
 ten days their allowance is given to them—sixteen cents and twelve 
 
322 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 pounds of rice to each adult. They receive two pieces of clothing 
 during the year and usually two sheets or cotton blankets. At Christ- 
 mas some kind friend provides the dinner and there is always a 
 present for each one—not much, sometimes just a little card or picture. 
 
 The medical work in Mungeli is very similar to that carried on 
 in other mission stations. The sick and injured are brought in from 
 miles and miles around—sometimes days are required for their jour- 
 neys from distant villages. A hospital in India is a very different 
 place from what we imagine here in America. The equipment is 
 often very scanty; efficient nurses are hard to find and the doctor 
 often has to be nurse as well. Whenever a serious case was under 
 our care, I would set the alarm clock to waken me at intervals through- 
 out the night in order to make sure that the patient was being cared 
 for as required or to give nourishment. Sometimes I ordered the 
 night watchman to waken me at certain hours in the night. I can 
 still hear his voice: ‘““Mamaji’’—and then there would be the hushed 
 whisper, “She is going out,’ or “She is not,” or “The pulse walks 
 slowly.”’ One such night, I remember, I was wakened and rose up 
 with a start to see the watchman standing by my bedside with a long 
 snake dangling lifeless from his stick. He had just killed it and 
 was so exhilarated over it that he had to waken me to see it. He 
 often saved me, when walking up and down the road at night, from 
 some such noiseless intruder and this night he was glad to have done 
 so again. 
 
 Our hospital consisted of several separate buildings, because — 
 when a patient comes in, the whole family has to come also. He 
 may be of high caste and cannot eat the food cooked by the Christian 
 cook of the hospital, so he must bring someone to cook for him, 
 and someone to fetch his water, for he cannot take water from the 
 hands of our Christian water carrier. The patient also brings his 
 own supply of grain, vegetables and fuel. Often his wife and little 
 children have to come in also, for they cannot be left alone in the | 
 village. As a result the hospital “compound” has looked more like 
 a small village sometimes with carts and oxen under the trees, the 
 servants of the patients bivouacked near them, each with his own 
 separate little fire and bundle of grain and salt, each sleeping rolled 
 up in a cotton sheet beneath his own master’s cart. 
 
 The patients suffer from many serious diseases. There are many 
 cases of different fevers, sad cases of digestive troubles, bladder 
 troubles, spleen and kidney troubles. Of course, there are always 
 eye cases—cataracts, ulcers all the time, tuberculosis among the 
 Christians and venereal diseases of every kind. Measles, whooping 
 
FORUMS 323 
 
 cough and chicken pox come in epidemics among the children. Small- 
 pox is often very virulent. Cholera is to be dreaded. 
 
 It is very difficult to persuade the patients that a great deal 
 can be accomplished with fresh air and pure water. Although they 
 are so careful not to touch our clean, boiled water, they will drink 
 their own thick, brown water. They shut all doors and windows and 
 roll themselves in their sheets or blankets so that no pure air can 
 enter. They dread water for bathing and do not allow a drink to 
 the fevered patient nor even to the mother in child labor. Not until 
 five days after delivery may the mother drink a sip of water. She 
 is kept in a dark room and is neither cleansed nor bathed. On the 
 third day she has some preparation of spices given her. On the fifth 
 day she may drink. On the sixth and seventh she may change her 
 clothing, wash and eat. The babies are usually beautiful, round, fat, 
 and brown. Night and morning the baby is laid straight down on 
 the stretched-out legs of the old village hag who is seated on the 
 ground beside a little heap of smouldering fuel. She puts a few 
 drops of oil (castor oil or sweet oil) on her hands, warms them well 
 in the smoke of this cow dung fire and then vigorously pats and rubs 
 the baby, back and front. It is carelessness, neglect caused by igno- 
 rance, which causes so much sad trouble and disease among the chil- 
 dren. Dirt and infection must answer for most of their troubles. 
 The doctor’s duty is not merely to give medicines, to teach hymns and 
 texts, but to give object lessons on how to combat disease germs. 
 
 In closing, I wish to add that our hospital assistant in Mungeli 
 was a native and a devoted Christian helper. Under him I had two 
 compounders who were fine young fellows. Once they were miser- 
 able orphan boys, saved by my husband during the dreadful famine 
 of 1900. We then had the care of 450 famine orphan boys, and 
 many of those boys can be found now in Christian work. Young 
 men such as my two compounders in Mungeli are married, with 
 happy homes of their own and children growing up into Christian 
 manhood to form Christian communities in the years immediately 
 ahead. 
 
 COOPERATION OF THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY WITH HIS 
 FELLOW MISSIONARIES 
 
 J. A. Autoautist, Assam, India 
 Here the expression “fellow-missionaries” includes all the men 
 
 and women in the many and important positions on the foreign field 
 which are non-medical. They are a very large company. “Medical 
 
324 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 missionary” naturally refers to physicians and nurses collectively, but 
 as I know the missionary doctor best I will speak for him. ‘“Cooper- 
 ation’”’ means concurrent effort, a beneficial association of persons in 
 related work where individuals working separately or in groups are 
 always in harmony. It must therefore mean thinking together at 
 frequent intervals and willingness to follow some plan conducive to 
 the realization of the mutual aim, in this case the winning of a people 
 for Christ. . 
 
 In considering this topic may I call your attention briefly to 
 three points, first, the reason for cooperation; second, the require- 
 ments for; and, third, the results of cooperation of the medical 
 missionary with his fellow-missionaries. 
 
 1. THe Reason. If you read Matthew 10:7-8 you will find, 
 in verse seven, that Christ’s commandment to the twelve was, “And 
 as ye go preach,” and immediately following, in verse eight, “heal 
 the sick.” We see here that Christ associates preaching and healing. 
 If you should ask any non-medical missionary who has worked in 
 some obscure corner of the non-Christian world you would hear of 
 the absolute necessity of letting both these ministries go hand in hand. 
 
 We have today both the preacher and the healer on the foreign 
 field, but the need calling for the service of these two is very often 
 such an intimately associated need that nothing but close cooperation 
 can ever meet it. God’s servants have different gifts and only when 
 these gifts are perfectly blended will they reflect the Giver best, just 
 as the rays of the spectrum in their perfect blend mean a source of 
 white, sustaining, life-giving sunlight. That missionary endeavor has 
 been crowned with success even when internal cooperation has had 
 no part, is one of these, shall I call it, wonders of grace that John 
 heard about after he had reported the one who did miracles in Jesus’ 
 name, the one who was not an enemy though not actively cooperating, 
 of whom Jesus said, “for he that is not against us is on our part.” - 
 Is it going to be necessary for some of us medical missionaries to 
 come under this class whom Christ is willing to own but concerning 
 whom He seemingly could not express full satisfaction? 
 
 11. THE REQUIREMENTS. Here I would put first sensitiveness 
 on the part of the medical missionary to the physical, mental and 
 spiritual needs of his fellow-missionaries, i.e., he must have an inter- 
 est in the work of his fellow-missionaries as well as in his own work 
 to secure complete cooperation. 
 
 I met a business man the other day who belongs to a house that 
 deals with many classes of professional men, physicians included. 
 The talk drifted to the kind of customers encountered, and he volun- 
 
FORUMS 325 
 
 teered the information that his house had more trouble keeping the 
 comparatively few customers of the medical profession satisfied than 
 was the case with the remaining bulk of their trade. That is not the 
 kind of sensitiveness I am thinking of. When I use the word sensi- 
 tiveness I am not thinking of self or any introspective sensitiveness, 
 but of the sensitiveness that looks out for the fellow-missionary. 
 
 One requirement looks to the physical well-being of every fellow- 
 missionary, keeping the temple, in which mentality and spirituality 
 dwell, in fit condition. Here a mixture of just ordinary common 
 sense and sometimes professional skill is needed. It does not always 
 mean quinine pills, iron tonics and first-aid remedies; these are more 
 often needed for the native missionary-assistants, both for their own 
 health and that they might help others. Instead it may mean hikes 
 or tennis; it may mean holding someone back; it may mean taking 
 an active interest in a tea-party or trying to get someone who prides 
 himself on never breaking the routine of daily tasks to rest a bit 
 during “office hours.” Many an unkind word would remain un- 
 spoken if missionaries were to follow advice and take a few minutes’ 
 rest. The medical missionary should always be ready to assist in 
 getting the yearly physical examination of every missionary—him- 
 self included—an established fact and custom. 
 
 Mental irritations on a foreign field are legion, hence another 
 requirement is patience. The medical missionary must be very pa- 
 tient. He must remember the influence of climate, in many fields 
 totally differing from anything the missionaries have ever experi- 
 enced. He must keep in mind the prostrating influence of idolatrous 
 customs and surroundings on the mental life and habits of mission- 
 aries. For instance, the medical missionary keeps barsoap in his 
 hospital stock to make this commodity accessible to the people, and a 
 fellow-missionary flies into the air because the stock is exhausted 
 just when the chapel or school building is to be scrubbed. Some- 
 times a bottle of prepared medicine is returned with a note that it 
 “doesn’t look right,’ or some fellow-missionary who openly con- 
 fesses ability to take “the worst stuff” tells you that the tonic was 
 even worse than that. And you get a post office notice that a dam- 
 aged parcel of medicine has come and the very bottle you have 
 impatiently awaited is broken, necessitating another telegram and 
 another eight-day or longer wait. All this may happen in one hot 
 day. The medical missionary needs patience. 
 
 The medical missionary must be in touch with God. A fellow- 
 missionary’s sick body sometimes means a sick soul, a burdened soul. 
 There are many conditions on the foreign field which make a mis- 
 
326 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 sionary soul-sick and heart-broken. If one’s own soul does not know 
 the fulness of the life hidden with God, how can one help another ? 
 Let me quote from Meredith’s “Lucile’— 
 
 “Was it spoken 
 ‘Go ye forth, heal the sick, lift the low, bind the broken!’ 
 Of the body alone? 
 
 “Ts our mission, then, done, 
 
 When we leave the bruised hearts, 
 
 If we bind the bruised bone? 
 
 Nay, is not the mission of mercy twofold?” 
 
 The missionary doctor needs to be, as the saying goes, “a good 
 mixer.” This implies that he must have a healthy interest in all 
 branches of missionary work. It is the very foundation of his cooper- 
 ation. It is gained through attendance at weekly Station Council 
 meetings or through whatever other means his particular mission 
 affords for democratic and brotherly council between its members. 
 If there is no thinking together, there can be no doing together. 
 
 In general, I would say that the medical missionary must be an 
 all-around helper whenever help is needed. He might have to do 
 educational work, or literary, or evangelistic. I was a builder of 
 houses. Sometimes he is the only missionary in a station and there 
 he has to be and do everything. On the other hand, the medical 
 missionary might be called upon to do odds and ends, to repair a 
 cookstove, a victrola, a clock, his nurse’s rubber heel, the broken 
 handle of a milk pail or a broken telephone wire, and happy is the 
 man who can cope with any situation. 
 
 First, last, and all the time, the medical missionary must stick 
 to his own job. This may seem a bit paradoxical, but it is not. 
 Wherever there is lack of cooperation it is generally due to a desire 
 on the part of the medical missionary to make some of his temporary 
 jobs permanent. The only thing that will counteract this is love for 
 the medical work. The disagreeable tasks are many for any physician 
 who attempts to practice tropical medicine, and it is small wonder 
 that some have been tempted to look with desire on literary or some 
 other “clean” job. The medical work is such a large work that we 
 medical men cannot afford to let other types of missionary activity 
 take away from us the position of masters in our own line. 
 
 mi. THe Resutts. To the missionary body the result is unity, 
 in which there is strength and joy. To the medical missionary, it is 
 singleness of purpose, a character builder. To the native Christian, 
 
FORUMS 327 
 
 it is an example worth imitating. To the outsider, it means a united 
 front and a body of Christians who love one another. 
 
 RURAL EVANGELISM—MEDICAL 
 
 J. M. Waters, Rutlam, Central India 
 
 At least eighty per cent of the population of India are engaged 
 directly or indirectly in agriculture. With the exception of the 
 aboriginal tribes who live on their little farms, the farmers have their 
 homes in the villages. To reach these villagers effectively with either 
 the gospel message or the blessings of modern medicine, one must go 
 to them, as only a small percentage can or will come for treatment to 
 a central mission station or hospital. Many of them are too timid. 
 Fatalism, too, has such a hold on their lives that when sickness comes 
 many of them yield to what they consider the inevitable and lie down 
 to get better or die, just as fate may dictate. 
 
 The village remedies are more crude than those used by the In- 
 dian physicians in cities and larger towns. Incantations, and charms, 
 braids of horse hair and peacock feathers and panther claws are 
 everywhere in use, as well as some simple but more effective house- 
 hold remedies. Counter-irritation with red-hot iron is everywhere 
 practised for the relief of pain, and one finds these brand-marks on 
 the back, abdomen, chest and forehead again and again. Even a 
 child with colic may be treated in this drastic way. 
 
 In the jungle the practice of the witch-doctor flourishes. He 
 ties knotted cords around the wrist, the toes and the ankles, and 
 sacrifices goats and chickens. He then collects exhorbitant fees for 
 his services. 
 
 It is an ideal arrangement when an evangelistic and a medical 
 missionary can tour the villages together. Frequently, as in my case, 
 the two must be combined in one. The tents are pitched in the 
 neighborhood of a central village and all the surrounding hamlets 
 are visited in the early morning and in the evening. In visiting a 
 village the missionary is usually accompanied by one or two helpers. 
 A hymn sung to one of their own familiar tunes soon draws a crowd. 
 You are frequently invited to sit on someone’s verandah and from 
 this point of vantage a simple message regarding the love of God 
 and His readiness to forgive sin is delivered in the plainest conver- 
 sational style. The story of the prodigal son with an Eastern setting 
 never fails to elicit the keenest interest. A verse or two of the same 
 hymn may be sung repeatedly with an invitation for all to join in. 
 
328 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 This the boys of the crowd usually do, and by the time the service 
 is over they can frequently sing these verses unaided. 
 
 The announcement is then made that the doctor will gladly see 
 anyone who is ill. It is not long until he is face to face with the 
 maimed, the halt and the blind. What tragedies are hidden in these 
 villages! Here are men and women groping their weary way through 
 life, with eyes that are permanently blinded by smallpox. Beside 
 them are others with cataract whose sight can readily be restored by 
 an operation. Here is a woman disabled with chronic rheumatism, 
 a man laid aside with chronic recurring malaria with an enormously 
 enlarged spleen and liver and accompanying anzemia; and, saddest of 
 all, here is a young woman with phthisis who is spreading ‘the con- 
 tagion with every cough. One can only breathe a prayer for her 
 and point her to the Great Healer of the soul, and try to make her 
 more comfortable. But perhaps, sadder still is this living-dead leper 
 who looks at us through his poor bleared eyes and holds out his 
 fingerless hands in supplication. We give him the contribution he 
 expects, and add an invitation to come to our leper asylum where 
 he will find a good home and be provided for free of charge. The 
 chances are, however, that he will prefer to lead his wretched life 
 as a beggar rather than go to the asylum. Other chronic and acute 
 cases are seen, words of sympathy and cheer are spoken and medicine 
 given or promised, and a hearty invitation given to all who are able 
 to come to the camp to hear the gramaphone and see the magic 
 lantern pictures. 
 
 The dialect of the village women is often very difficult to under- 
 stand, but there is a universal language comprehended by all ;—the 
 touch of loving sympathy, the act of kindness, the true interest in 
 their welfare. This never fails to win the confidence of the villagers 
 and when once it is won, you may be able to persuade them to come 
 to the hospital for more thorough treatment or for an operation. 
 
 The afternoon finds a large number of women and girls at the 
 camp where they have come to see the white women and to hear the 
 gramaphone and to learn some Christian hymns. 
 
 As soon as the men have finished their evening meal they com- 
 mence to gather and the program for the evening begins. Grama- 
 phone records and lantern pictures are interspersed with short ad- 
 dresses and hymns. The audience usually stays as long as you wish 
 to keep them, and they go away asking if they may come again the 
 next night. 
 
 The village at which our tents are pitched is usually large enough 
 to have a Takhur, the local ruler of the district. Our first duty is 
 
FORUMS 329 
 
 to call upon him. Very frequently there is someone in his household 
 requiring medical treatment and so a friendly relationship is estab- 
 lished at once. The people are much influenced by the friendly atti- 
 tude of the Takhur toward the missionary. Some of these petty rulers 
 are very interesting men. One whom we met while on tour had 
 won two certificates for Bible knowledge while attending one of our 
 mission schools. At this time he was building a small temple in his 
 yard at a cost of $2,600 which, he explained, was not for himself 
 but for the women. This was probably true, as the women are far 
 more ardent idolaters than the men. 
 
 Another Takhur whom we have known from his childhood ex- 
 pressed very clearly and concisely the greatest obstacle to the spread 
 of Christianity in India. When speaking to him of sin, its conse- 
 quences and cure, he said, “Oh, you are always talking about sin; 
 we Hindus never bother our heads about that.” Yes, even greater 
 than the barrier of caste is the barrier of the lack of conviction of 
 sin. To further illustrate this let me tell of a boy of thirteen who 
 came daily to have his head treated for favus. As the doctor applied 
 the medicine, he taught the lad the verse “‘Jesus Christ came into the 
 world to save sinners.” “Who are sinners?” asked the boy. It was 
 explained that in God’s sight we are all sinners. He replied most 
 emphatically, “I’m no sinner,” and stoutly maintained that he had 
 never done, thought, or said anything that was evil. “Have you 
 never told a lie?’ queried the doctor. “Never, never.” “You have 
 just told one,” replied the doctor. Day by day the dialogue was 
 repeated, but the boy maintained that he had never done anything 
 amiss. 
 
 After a few days in a district we reluctantly leave our patients 
 and push on to another center. On arriving there we have several 
 mundane matters which must claim our attention. After seeking a 
 clean and shady spot for the tents, we must inquire where we can 
 get milk, eggs and vegetables and where we can find a clean water 
 supply. We do not always care to use the water from the village 
 well, even though we receive the assurance given to one of our doc- 
 tors than the water is perfectly clean, as only men—and high-caste 
 ones at that—are allowed to bathe in it. 
 
 From this new center the surrounding hamlets are visited. As 
 far as possible the message of healing for the sin-sick soul is given 
 along with medicine for the body. Treatment for an ox, a horse or 
 a goat is just as readily given as for a man, and it is probably no less 
 appreciated by the farmer whose few animals constitute his only 
 wealth. 
 
330 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 In every fair-sized village one finds a primary school. The 
 small boy, the most aggressive citizen in the village, is learning to 
 read. He has access to no library. He is glad to have booklets for 
 sale at prices ranging from half a cent up. These are sold at a 
 fraction of the cost of producing them, but the boy, in true Oriental 
 style, tries to beat you down, asking two for the price of one. The 
 salesman is not hard on this eager customer and before we leave the 
 village he has in his library one or two gospels, a hymn book and 
 perhaps a small book comparing Hinduism and Christianity along 
 with some free tracts and picture cards, all purchased at an outlay 
 of a few cents; and we rejoice that God has said, ““My word shall 
 not return unto Me void.” 
 
 I have been speaking as a doctor to many who are not medical 
 men. I need not remind any one who has been on the foreign field 
 that if you have a white face, you are also supposed to have some 
 knowledge of medicine, and people will come to you for medical 
 treatment. With simple remedies you can do no harm, may do much 
 good, and win the gratitude and confidence of the people. My only 
 advice is that you recognize your limitations. A short course in an 
 institution like Livingstone Medical College, London, or some similar 
 institution in this country would be a great help, si nine if you 
 are to work where there is no doctor. 
 
 A few months in a mission hospital-on the field where local 
 conditions are known would be time well spent, after you have learned 
 the language and are ready to begin your life’s work. You can, at 
 least, look at your patient’s tongue, feel his pulse and put him on 
 restricted diet, and he will be grateful for the interest you are taking, 
 even though you do not know as much about medicine as you would 
 like to know. 
 
 Give definite instructions with anything you prescribe. One of 
 our lady doctors neglected to do this on one occasion. She prescribed 
 three powders of quinine and one large powder of Epsom salts. The — 
 next day the patient’s wife came to report progress and said that 
 her husband succeeded in getting down the three small powders but 
 gagged on the big one. Inquiry elicited the fact that he attempted 
 to swallow the powders, paper and all! 
 
 The result of these medical-evangelistic tours is that one makes 
 many friends and opens up many opportunities. Later, when these 
 friends come to the hospital or visit the missionary in his home, he 
 renews that friendship, adds to the teaching already given, and 
 gradually leads them to the great Friend of all. 
 
FORUMS 331 
 
 THE IMPORTANCE OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION FROM THE 
 MISSIONARY STANDPOINT IN LATIN AMERICA 
 
 Oscar Buck, Presiding M4 
 
 Bearing in mind the fundamental aim of education, namely, that 
 of fitting the individual to be a useful memeber of society, and be- 
 lieving that the most perfect, the only ideal society is that founded 
 upon the teachings and imbued with the spirit of Jesus Christ, the 
 basal importance of educational work from the missionary standpoint 
 in Latin America, as in all other fields, must be recognized. 
 
 1. AS AN EvANGELIzING AcGENcYy. This cannot be overempha- 
 sized. The establishing of religious contacts with peoples that are 
 alien to us in language and culture is never an easy task. Perhaps 
 it is nowhere more difficult than in Latin America, where religious 
 prejudice on the one hand and indifferentism and often bitter hos- 
 tility toward all religion on the other, are marked characteristics. 
 Under such circumstances the lack of educational advantages that 
 are at all adequate to the needs, and the eager demand for such ad- 
 vantages, provide the opportunity for the desired contact between the 
 missionary and the people. A good school need never lack pupils. 
 
 It goes without saying that the intimate, personal, daily contact 
 of the teacher with the pupil, and that, too, in the most impression- 
 able period of life, when modes of thought are being shaped, habits 
 are being formed and character is being established, provides an un- 
 excelled opportunity for the inculcation of ideas and the presentation 
 of ideals that will most powerfully influence the whole after life of 
 the pupil. But not only is the pupil himself influenced, but through 
 him the family, and sometimes the whole community, from which 
 he comes. Especially is this true in the boarding schools, for which 
 there is a great demand in Latin America. Pupils come to these 
 schools oftentimes from remote regions where the evangelical worker 
 seldom or never can go; and thus his influence is made to reach far 
 beyond limits that would otherwise be possible. 
 
 Because of the better educational advantages that are usually 
 found in the evangelical mission schools, and frequently because of 
 the recognizedly higher moral tone that characterizes the atmosphere 
 of these schools, many parents who are indifferent or even hostile to 
 religion, and in some instances, those who are religious, but who have 
 been taught to fear evangelical Christianity, entrust the training of 
 their sons and daughters to the mission schools. Thus again the 
 influence of the educational worker ramifies into groups that might 
 
332 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 otherwise be inaccessible. It is not claimed that this always, or even 
 usually, results in the open avowal of evangelical principles, but it 
 has a powerful influence. The primary fact remains that thus the 
 individual student, and often through him his whole family and 
 community are brought into such personal and vital contact with the 
 ideals of Jesus that they cannot escape and never wholly lose the 
 influence of those ideals. 
 
 11. As A MouupeEr oF SocraL Orper. Educational work in its 
 complete expression, as the trainer of the hand, the head and the 
 heart, is the great shaper and moulder of the social order. What 
 this order shall be is determined in its last analysis by what its con- 
 stituent elements are led to become: by the character and conduct 
 of the individual. The most powerful human factor in the forma- 
 tion of character and the fixing of ideals that influence conduct, 
 aside from the home, is the school. No worthy and enduring social 
 order can be founded on ignorance. The best and highest order 
 must rest on the noblest principles and the highest ideals. These 
 are found in the precepts and life of Jesus, and are best and most 
 effectively inculcated in society through the influence of the Christian 
 school on the individual in his formative period of life. 
 
 The importance of educational work in the initial formation of 
 the Christian community in Latin America has already been inti- 
 mated ; its essential place in the preservation of that community must 
 be insisted upon. The schools that are available to the youth of 
 Latin America, other than the mission schools and colleges, belong, 
 practically without exception, to one or the other of two classes: 
 (a) those that are under the control of the Roman church, in which 
 the religious instruction and example are not calculated to develop 
 the best and highest motives and program of conduct; or (b) those 
 that are under the direction and instruction of persons who are 
 openly and avowedly, even sometimes blatantly, skeptical, and actively 
 hostile to all religion. The very few exceptions to the rule only 
 serve to accentuate it. It is evident that it is not safe to entrust the 
 instruction of youth to any school of either of these two classes, if 
 they belong to the evangelical community and it is wished to per- 
 petuate, not to speak of extending that community. The establish- 
 ment and maintenance of an efficient educational work under mis- 
 sionary auspices is therefore vital to the missionary movement. 
 
 11%. As A PropucerR oF LEADERSHIP. Competent, honest, un- 
 selfish leadership is vital to any enduring social order. Latin America 
 has had and still has much intelligent leadership; but, unfortunately, 
 all too often such leadership has been neither unselfish nor honest. 
 
FORUMS 333 
 
 Hence the lack of a progress commensurable with the often splendid 
 programs that have been evolved and enunciated. Selfishness is a 
 human frailty that is confined to no single people or group of peoples, 
 and is peculiar to no culture. But an excessive individualism that 
 fosters a correspondingly great and widespread egoism, seems to 
 have been one of the untoward legacies that has fallen to Latin 
 America from her historic antecedents. There is no remedy for this 
 condition, whether in Latin America or in Anglo-Saxon America, 
 but the altruism of Jesus, made vital in human experience through 
 what He called “being born again, or from above.” The presentation 
 of this altruism can be most adequately and effectively made through 
 Christian educational work. The precept and example of conse- 
 crated and capable Christian instructors is needed. The Christian 
 school can and should be made a little society in which the spirit of 
 Jesus is regnant; in which the essential solidarity of society is incul- 
 cated both by precept and example ; in which each component element, 
 whether instructor or pupil, endeavors to merge his interests and 
 contribute his efforts toward the good of others and of the whole. 
 Lessons thus learned in a concrete, practical way, during the more 
 impressionable period of life, cannot fail to make a lasting impress; 
 and the leaders who emerge during their school career, or after it, 
 who have been the subjects of such instruction and of such an en- 
 vironment, cannot but see the practical application of Christian ideals 
 and precepts to the larger affairs of society, whether in the social, 
 industrial, political or religious spheres. 
 
 To sum up: Educational work is vital from the missionary stand- 
 point in Latin America, because it is a most effective evangelizing 
 agency; because it offers the most promising, and apparently the 
 indispensable, means for the establishment of a society informed by 
 the principles and imbued with the spirit of Jesus; and because tt 
 promises the highest type of intelligent, capable and unselfish leader- 
 ship for all the varied forms of human activity and organization. 
 
 SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN 
 MISSION FIELDS TODAY 
 
 M. C. Leaman 
 
 In the very few minutes at our disposal may we address our- 
 selves to the problem of identifying a few factors that are shaping 
 elementary educational policy in mission lands today and noting what 
 account the student volunteer should take of these factors in his 
 
334 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 choice of a field, in his preparation for work, and in his attitude after 
 reaching the field. 
 
 The natural development of missionary and governmental edu- 
 cational effort, great economic changes in the Orient, and a strong 
 wave of nationalism in nearly all eastern countries have all com- 
 bined to bring about three factors that are now and will continue to 
 be very potential in influencing elementary educational. policy in 
 mission lands. 
 
 The first of these is a direct outgrowth of the spirit of national- 
 ism, now pervading the Orient. It is the conception: that all educa- 
 tion and particularly elementary education is a function of and must 
 be controlled by the State for political and cultural purposes. The 
 logical outcome of this conception is found in the strong control 
 which the government exercises over elementary education in Japan 
 and Korea. Where this view prevails mission schools with their 
 strong emphasis on the worth of individual personality are neces-- 
 sarily regarded as more or less disturbing factors, not fitting into a 
 state-devised scheme to produce citizens of a certain type of loyalty 
 to the government. This is now true in Japan and Korea and is 
 fast developing in India, China and parts of Africa. 
 
 The second of these does not come so exclusively from the spirit 
 of nationalism but from all three of the above enumerated causes. 
 It is the rapidly increasing number of schools which are under public 
 management. Missionaries were pioneers in education in many lands. 
 Up to as late as 1917 in many mission lands mission schools formed — 
 95 per cent of all schools available for children of school going age. 
 Colonial governments are in some cases placing greater stress on 
 elementary education, and are putting all available funds at their dis- 
 posal to the increase of elementary schools. Acts providing for com- 
 pulsory primary education under a local option scheme have been 
 passed in a number of the provinces of British India. In the Philip- 
 pine Islands the United States Government has undertaken a system 
 of education beside which missionary elementary education looks 
 small by numerical comparison. 
 
 The third of these, missionary educational effort in common 
 with government effort has helped to produce. It is the demand for 
 much more exacting standards of efficiency in schools. Dr. Paul 
 Monroe of Teachers’ College, Columbia University, New York, holds 
 that the standards :for professional attainment among teachers are 
 higher in Japan than in the United States. The demand for the 
 best, now so strong in the West, is beginning to show itself in the 
 East. Governments are beginning to lay great stress on the training 
 
FORUMS 335 
 
 of teachers. Modified forms of intelligence tests for adaptation to 
 oriental conditions are being tried out in most eastern schools. Edu- 
 cational commissions consisting of joint representation of experts 
 from western schools and eastern missionary and government systems 
 are working out standards and policies for eastern primary education. 
 Any deficiency in mission schools is being clearly shown up in the 
 limelight of competition with the rapidly increasing number of gov- 
 ernment schools of modern type. No mission school can accurately 
 represent the Christ for which it stands and show a weak adminis- 
 tration in comparison with non-Christian Government or national 
 schools. 
 
 Now in view of the foregoing, let us bring home to ourselves a 
 few considerations that must be recognized by the student volunteer 
 and which should help in framing his policy as a missionary, having 
 to do with elementary education on the field. 
 
 The prospective missionary must have a very clear idea of the 
 nature of the education he goes to impart, and of what he expects 
 to accomplish for God’s Kingdom thereby. His conviction is taken 
 for granted, but clear thinking and an accurate perception of values 
 is also necessary. He will find no thoroughly worked-out policy of 
 missionary education on the field to which he goes. He will need 
 to contribute to that end. He will need to be a keen and sympathetic 
 student of the culture of the non-Christian people to whom he goes. 
 The economic condition and climatic environment, the psychology 
 and ethnology of the people all come in as necessary fields for study. 
 Prevailing government systems of education and the relation of his 
 schools thereto must be thoroughly understood. The Report of the 
 Commission on Village Education for India should be gone through 
 carefully by every intending missionary educationist for India. The 
 same for China and Africa now that the reports for these countries 
 are available. . 
 
 The prospective missionary will need to be thoroughly sym- 
 pathetic toward the culture of the people to whom he goes, even the 
 most primitive. In shaping his curricula for schools he will need to 
 retain all of this culture that is compatible with Christian principle, 
 and use it as a base for development. As an American he may need 
 to put forth effort to get rid of a naive provincialism as to things 
 educational in his own land. Customs and traits at first appearing 
 crude and valueless and sometimes harmful may finally prove assets 
 in forming an educational policy. The national aspirations of the 
 people among whom he works should receive recognition in his schools 
 
336 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 and his own love of country should not be projected to lengths where 
 it clashes with indigenous cultures and ambitions. 
 
 The missionary must go forth with a determination that the best 
 only is sufficient for his work so far as training, method, lofty pur- 
 pose, hard work and all that goes to make up a good school are 
 concerned. He will most likely find that the old days when mis- 
 sionary education had prestige because of its western characteristics 
 and because it stood for the only education available, are past. He 
 may find it necessary to run less schools and better schools with the 
 same outlay of expenditure in order to make the Christianizing con- 
 tribution he must make. 
 
 He will need to go with a determination that his educational 
 policy shall never conform to prevailing systems to such an extent 
 as to make it impossible for his schools to function in the develop- 
 ment of individual Christian personality. Prevailing governmental, 
 both colonial and native, systems will present this danger. To radiate 
 the glowing personality of Jesus in the staff and course of study and 
 in all connected with his schools must ever be his aim. 
 
 ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN AFRICA 
 Mrs. E. A. JoHNSTON 
 
 At the general conference of all the mission boards operating in 
 the Belgian Congo, Mr. E. C. Moon of the American Baptists said, 
 “Mission education must somehow find a point of contact with and a 
 method of procedure in dealing with a race whose past has touched 
 our own at no discoverable point.” This point of contact is Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
 In our African elementary schools we have three divisions—the 
 physical, intellectual and the moral or spiritual. Lessons in agri- 
 culture, carpentry, bricklaying, crafts, hygiene and protection against 
 disease and insects offer training for the first. “Book-learning”— 
 mostly the three R’s—constitutes the second, while the third is given 
 in the teachings of Christ and His spirit. 
 
 The training of native teachers is done at the station school, and 
 is very important. These native teachers, the product of the station 
 school and the white missionary, go out to the village schools and 
 village life, returning at intervals to attend normal school institutes 
 conducted by the missionaries. 
 
 Let us appreciate the splendid opportunity for real constructive 
 work in education that exists in the Congo; and not underestimate 
 
FORUMS Bar 
 
 the importance of thorough preparation for educational missionaries, 
 for unless we have well-trained missionaries we cannot expect to 
 have well-trained native teachers. 
 
 ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN CHINA 
 Bernic—E M. Woop, Kiangsu, China 
 
 The present is a period of transition, so far as educational work 
 in China is concerned. The old Confucian schools which still exist 
 are rapidly giving way to government schools, which stress science, 
 English and other characteristically western subjects. There is, to 
 be sure, in most of these a regrettable superficiality in the classical 
 Chinese. The National Phonetic system is now being taught both 
 in government and mission schools, especially throughout Central 
 China. The introduction this year of the 6—6— 4 plan of school 
 organization—6 years’ Primary, 6 years’ Middle School and 4 years’ 
 Higher Education, has affected a great change in education through- 
 out China. 
 
 Some problems are the pitifully inadequate number of schools, 
 prejudice against the education of girls among certain classes, self- 
 help on the part of students, and a menacing poverty of adequately 
 educated Christian teachers, especially women. 
 
 Some desirable qualifications for prospective mission elementary 
 school workers are ability to train and supervise native teachers, 
 oversee building operations and supervision of boarding schools. 
 
 The aim of the mission elementary school must be constantly 
 evangelistic. Methods, organization and machinery are futile unless 
 the children are led to a definite heart knowledge of Jesus Christ as 
 their personal Saviour and Lord. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL WORK IN AFRICA 
 Epitn Maer Bett, Rhodesia 
 
 I have been asked to speak of my own experiences in Africa, 
 where I was privileged to do pioneer educational work, organizing 
 the Mutambara School for Girls in Rhodesia. 
 
 The people of this community were very friendly, and they 
 gladly accepted us as their teachers. From the day we arrived, after 
 five days of travel on an ox team, crowds of children came “to learn.” 
 
 We could not wait for the erection of proper buildings, so began 
 
338 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 our educational work in the great outdoors, where there is always 
 room for all who come. 
 
 Our greatest difficulty was lack of equipment. This was met 
 by the use of an alphabet sheet, torn from a primer and placed before 
 those who desired to learn. Later a stamping outfit was secured, 
 and muslin charts were made. As the children sat on the ground 
 I pointed to the letters, repeating them over and over until the sounds 
 took on meaning and became associated with particular marks on 
 these muslin charts. From such a beginning, rapid progress was 
 made. The spoken language became a written one, and most of the 
 pupils learned to read with surprising ease. 
 
 One cannot, in a short talk, tell of the many subjects to be 
 taught by missionaries in such a field as mine. We are told that this 
 is an age of specialization. This may be true for some parts of the 
 world, but I would advise those who plan to go to Africa to have 
 quite a wealth of specialties. My declared specialty was education; 
 my other specialties were gardening, sewing, brickmaking, building, 
 treating diseased bodies, writing hymns, translating Bible stories, 
 CLE TCC 
 
 An interesting subject for discussion would be the theory that 
 an African child on reaching adolescence loses his power to grasp 
 thought and retain very much that he has learned. Being deeply 
 interested in this assertion, I took special care with several boys and 
 girls of the age when development is said to cease. I planned, in my | 
 experiment, to keep their minds pleasantly occupied with affairs other 
 than tribal customs and indulgences. I found in recording results, that 
 through response to this care their development was equal to that of 
 children of any other race under similar circumstances. One can- 
 not, however, on the basis of this experiment, covering only five 
 years, claim that all Negro children will develop to the same degree. 
 I believe the matter deserves further study, and if those who serve 
 in Africa will give more careful attention to children of adolescent 
 age, I believe the next generation will produce not a few but many 
 more like Professor Aggrey. . 
 
 The present opportunity in Africa is great. Education is wanted 
 and needed. Nine-tenths of the education in the past, except ’in 
 Mohammedan territory, has been in the hands of missionaries. Gov- 
 ernments welcome you, and the African throws out the challenge to 
 American youth to come and train them for Christian leadership. 
 The Phelps-Stokes Fund has provided scientific investigation, the 
 British Government has appointed an Advisory Committee on Edu- 
 cation, missionary interests are represented on the committee, which 
 
FORUMS 339 
 
 provides splendid opportunity for consultation and cooperation be- 
 tween missions and governments in educational affairs. No greater 
 opportunity could be found for investment of the exuberant Chris- 
 tian desire for helpfulness on the part of American young people than 
 Africa offers today. 
 
 SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION FOR MEN 
 (REPORT OF FORUM DISCUSSION) 
 
 Lucius C. Porter 
 
 The following questions were raised in the forum on Secondary 
 and Higher Education for Men: 
 
 1. What is being taught in the Christian colleges of India and 
 China? 
 
 2. What is the government’s attitude in India toward mis- 
 sionary education? 
 
 3. Is the British government doing its best for the Indian 
 peoples in the matter of education? 
 
 4. Should Catholic Christians in the Philippine Islands be con- 
 verted to Protestantism? 
 
 5. Are the younger Catholics in the Philippines and South 
 America becoming agnostics? 
 
 6. Does the caste system in India hold back education? 
 
 7. To what extent is the Christian influence of a teacher 
 curbed in a Chinese government school? 
 
 8. What value is there in educational experience in America 
 
 before going to an overseas field? 
 
 9g. Would it be wise to send Catholic priests from America to 
 the Philippines and South America rather than Protestant 
 missionaries ? 
 
 10. What kind of geography and history are taught in the 
 schools of China? 
 
 11. How can an educator in the tropics keep in good physical 
 condition ? 
 
 The discussion was all the more valuable because of the presence 
 of Chinese, Hindu and Philippine nationals, who presented the 
 nationalistic viewpoint in the discussion. 
 
340 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 SECONDARY EDUCATION IN CHINA 
 Ws. H. Gteysteen, Peking 
 
 At present, the high-schools in China are regarded pretty gen- 
 erally as affording the Christian Church its greatest educational 
 opportunity. Some would even go so far as to say its supreme 
 evangelistic opportunity. If a student, during these formative years 
 of his life, gets a vision of Jesus Christ as his Savior and Leader 
 individually and socially he will go out among men a constructive 
 force, a radiating center of life. Many of the pupils live in the 
 dormitories, and this makes a common school-life possible. Where 
 there is a strong Christian atmosphere, the influence of the school 
 upon the lives of the pupils is perhaps as great a Christian force as 
 can be found. English and Bible are the subjects most commonly 
 taught by the teacher from the West, though he may teach Western 
 History, Psychology, etc. Not a few of the graduates go on to 
 college, but many are not able to continue their studies. 
 
 This is a day of openness and receptivity in China. Students 
 welcome anything and are eager to give everyone a hearing. The 
 Christian teacher never had a greater chance. If he combine a high 
 type of Christian faith and character with ability to teach, his sphere 
 of influence is beyond measure. 
 
 The economic situation is such that there is a growing conviction 
 that the secondary school should provide some sort of vocational 
 education, with actual participation in the trade and mastery of the 
 technique. Some of the Christian High Schools are tackling this 
 problem. Christianity has always given large opportunity to the 
 poor: this is incidentally a means of enabling poor boys to get an 
 education. If the Christian High School can give high grade courses 
 in agriculture, commerce, and industry, it will make a most valuable 
 contribution to society, and will also help the Church by adding to 
 its membership young men trained for economic leadership in the 
 world of commerce and industry. Effort along these lines will have 
 abundant reward. 
 
 There is no more attractive calling than that of the Christian 
 teacher in fellowship with the High School pupils of China. They 
 are bright, alert, and avid for the best in science and religion. They 
 are interested in interpreting life. As there is a lamentable dearth 
 of properly trained teachers, the Christian educator from the West 
 should hear a call in this state of affairs. The doors are hospitably 
 open now. Some day they will be shut. It is while the iron is hot 
 that the telling blow is struck. 
 
FORUMS 341 
 
 SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION FOR WOMEN 
 (SUMMARY OF FORUM ADDRESSES) 
 
 MarGARET BuRTON 
 
 Miss Eno, a member of the Faculty of the Isabella Thoburn 
 College, gave a general survey of the needs and opportunities 
 open to American women in Christian schools and colleges in India, 
 outlining the curricula, both in secondary schools and in colleges, 
 and indicating the kind of preparation which girls, expecting to teach 
 in India, should have. Miss Eno explained the relation of the work 
 in the Christian schools to the educational requirements of the Gov- 
 ernment. She stated in answer to questions that it was highly de- 
 sirable that women expecting to teach in secondary schools should 
 have both a bachelor’s and a master’s degree, and that a doctor’s 
 degree would be a great asset for those who hope to be on college 
 faculties. Miss Edwards, an English woman, and member of the 
 faculty of a college in Lahore, shared with Miss Eno in the answer- 
 ing of questions regarding the qualifications and preparation needed 
 for educational work in India. 
 
 Miss Isabella Bux, a graduate of the Isabella Thoburn College, 
 spoke on the subject of the qualifications which the girls of India 
 most desire in their teachers. She spoke first of the fact that a 
 teacher must not only be thoroughly well acquainted with her subject, 
 but must be able to impart her knowledge of it to her students— 
 in other words, she must be not only a scholar, but a teacher. Miss 
 Bux emphasized this fact by saying that if the girls in a college 
 in India failed in a single one of the year’s subjects, they could not 
 pass the Government examinations, and would, therefore, lose their 
 whole year’s work. The second qualification which Miss Bux em- 
 phasized was that the Indian girls desired their teachers to be 
 interested in everything which concerned their lives, not simply 
 in their ability to learn. The third qualification which she made was 
 that the women who come from other countries to teach in India 
 must be willing to cooperate with Indian women teachers to the fullest 
 possible extent. She spoke of the fact that an increasing number 
 of women of India are receiving sufficient education to enable them 
 to take leading positions in the schools and colleges of the country 
 and American and British women must be willing, if necessary, to 
 work under an Indian head of a department. 
 
 Miss Alice Huggins, Principal of the American School for girls, 
 in Tunghaien, North China, gave a clear picture of the needs and 
 
342 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 opportunities in secondary school work in North China, mentioning 
 the. subjects which most need emphasis and those for which there 
 is less demand at present. She stated that in her judgment it was 
 more important for a teacher in a secondary school in China to have 
 had experience in educational work than to have higher degrees. 
 It was pointed out by other educators from China that the conditions 
 in secondary education vary greatly in different sections of Ching, 
 some being much more advanced than others. 
 
 Miss Josephine Sailer, a former member of the Faculty of the 
 Yen Ching Union College for Women, Pekin, spoke out of her own 
 experience of college teaching in China on the subject of what 
 American college women have to give to Chinese college girls. She 
 emphasized the importance of taking the extra-curricula activities of 
 American colleges to the Chinese girls who are too apt to want to 
 give their whole time and attention to study. She brought out the 
 enrichment which could be brought to them through the introduction 
 of such college customs as evening sings, college athletics and the 
 like. Miss Sailer also emphasized the great value of experience in 
 educational work in America before beginning work in China. She 
 pointed out the fact that the difficulty of adjustment which comes to 
 every college girl upon her graduation is greatly emphasized in the 
 case of Chinese girls who return to communities where they are 
 practically the only educated women, or who go to teach in schools 
 on the faculties of which they are the only Chinese college graduates. 
 A part of the task of the college teacher is, therefore, to teach her 
 subjects in such a way as to bring out its applications and thus to 
 reduce the difficulties of adjustment as much as possible. Miss Sailer 
 spoke also of the desire of the Chinese woman student for religious 
 guidance. She pointed out that most of them, having been educated 
 in mission schools are thoroughly acquainted with the Bible and have 
 been accustomed to talk about religion and to take part in religious 
 exercises. College education in China, however, as in America, raises 
 new questions on which they need light. Moreover, they need to be 
 helped to make practical application of Christian truth to the problems 
 of their personal life and to the social problems which they as college 
 women must face and help to solve. 
 
 Miss Twila Lytton, a former member of the faculty of the 
 Women’s Christian College of Tokyo, outlined the situation in regard 
 to secondary and coliege education in Japan, giving the main outlines 
 of the curricula and discussing the preparation needed for high school 
 or college teaching. She stated that it was not, in her judgment, 
 necessary for any great number of teachers in Japan, at the present 
 
FORUMS 343 
 
 time, to have higher degrees, but emphasized what Miss Huggins 
 and Miss Sailer had said regarding the value of experience in edu- 
 cational work. 
 
 Miss Helen Kim, a graduate of the Ewa School for Girls, Seoul, 
 Korea, reported that within the last few weeks of 1923 land had 
 been purchased for a woman’s college in Seoul, and spoke of the 
 great opportunities for such a college. She then spoke of the kind 
 of women who were desired as teachers in the schools of Korea. 
 She reiterated what Miss Bux had said of the importance of having 
 teachers who were interested in the whole life of the students, and 
 whose characters would be a constant inspiration to their students. 
 While not minimizing the importance of intellectual equipment, Miss 
 Kim laid first emphasis upon character and personality. 
 
 GIRLS’ COLLEGE WORK IN CHINA 
 
 There are in China three Christian colleges for girls, one in 
 Peking, one in Nanking and one in Foochow. Besides these there 
 are in Shantung province, in Shanghai and in Canton, men’s col- 
 leges which have opened their doors to girls. Altogether there are 
 between three and four hundred Chinese girls doing college grade 
 work in Christian institutions. 
 
 I suppose that as you think of these Chinese college girls the 
 question in your minds is this: if I were to go out to teach in one of 
 these colleges, what would I be able to do for the girls there? What 
 do they need that we American college girls can give them? 
 
 Now I think no one of you could be in one of those new colleges 
 very long without feeling that its life lacked some of the things that 
 made your own college life mean most to you. You might find, 
 as some of us found who came to Peking not very long ago, that your 
 Chinese college girls don’t have any college songs, that they don’t 
 know anything to sing together except hymns. And if college singing 
 has been one of the things that added to the joy of your own college 
 life, you will want to introduce it over there. It can’t be transplanted 
 allin a month. If you start by calling the girls together for a song 
 practice, most likely no one will come. You'll have to be tactful in 
 bringing up the subject of singing when you’re talking informally 
 with the girls, teaching them a little here and a little there. It may 
 seem to go very slowly, but at last, at a college party some evening 
 you'll start a song and you'll find it really goes with something like 
 volume and something like swing. The girls at once will catch your 
 enthusiasm, and college singing will be started. 
 
344 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Perhaps you will work up a college basketball team. That will 
 present its difficulties, too. You'll find that people “lose face” when 
 you call a sharp foul and grow depressed and want to stop playing. 
 It will be for you to help the girls to take criticism and learn by it. 
 Perhaps there will be a struggle over the question of sending a chal- 
 lenge to a stronger team; and another as to the matter of continuing 
 to play hard even when losing. But some day you will see your 
 team play a hard game and play it well to the end, lose it and then 
 sing to the winning team with all their might, and you will feel as 
 you hear them, that your Chinese college girls are learning the mean- 
 ing of sportsmanship as you learned it on your own campus. 
 
 There are so many other things that you can bring to these 
 Chinese colleges from the richness of your own college life—from 
 the stunt parties you’ve shared in, from the plays you’ve helped to 
 put on, and from the committee work you’ve learned to carry through. 
 You don’t realize now—and you won't perhaps until you find yourself 
 over there—how much you do have to give just because you are an 
 American college girl; how much, if you are patient and willing to 
 work things out in a Chinese way, you can contribute to college life 
 in China; and how delightful it will be to do it. 
 
 You'll find another delight in your class-room teaching, after 
 you have grown accustomed to simplifying and clarifying your class- 
 room English so that the first stiffness of language difficulty has 
 worn off. The girls are so responsive to new ideas. In fact what 
 they want are the newest ideas in every line. No social or economic 
 theory is too radical, no educational theory is too modern for them. 
 They want to know what evolution means, they are ready to attack 
 Bible problems and other problems in an amazingly matter-of-fact 
 way. Their mental alertness and keenness will be a joy to you. 
 
 But you can do more for them in your classes than giving them 
 the latest theories and reference books. You will come to realize 
 that you must do more for them than that. For as you grow in 
 intimacy with the girls and make friendships that continue after they 
 have left college, you will learn something of the problems they 
 meet when at last they get out into the world. 
 
 Where do they go? What do they do? Well, the chances are 
 that a girl, when she leaves college, is going back to her home town 
 or back to her “mother school.” There she must try to make the 
 theories about life that she has learned at college enrich and enlarge 
 the lives of her girl and women friends, the lives of the little chil- 
 dren whom she teaches. And this is in no sense easy. 
 
 The first thing that makes it hard is the great difference be- 
 
FORUMS 345 
 
 tween knowing how a thing ought to be done and really doing it that 
 way; the difference between the socialized class-room that the books 
 talk about and an actual roomful of kiddies who snicker and need 
 handkerchiefs.. Some of you know now, and the rest of you soon 
 will know how hard it is to come from the college class-room full 
 of bright theories and take hold of real conditions. The difficulty 
 is greater for the Chinese girls than it is for us. I think they antici- 
 pate it less. Filled with their inherited respect for formulated knowl- 
 edge, for principles that can be read in print and taken down in note 
 books, they somehow feel that to have thought out the solution to a 
 problem is to have solved the problem itself, and their first clash 
 with reality often brings an intense disappointment and discour- 
 agement. 
 
 Of course the people back in the home schools and home towns 
 are hoping for great things from these college girls. Yet when they 
 start making actual suggestions of change they meet so often just 
 a supercilious, unresponsive smile—the smile of the experienced 
 worker for the superior young college girl with her new fangled 
 notions. This situation, too, is harder to meet in China than it is 
 here; for there traditional ways of doing things are much more 
 deeply established than here. The attitude of the college girl herself 
 often calls out and intensifies this antagonism toward her ideas. A 
 young college graduate was visiting the lower school where she had 
 studied recently with a view to taking a position there as teacher. 
 Now any school principal in China can grow eloquent about the dif- 
 ficulty of getting enough passable teachers to provide one for every 
 grade. This school had done remarkably well. “You evidently 
 don’t know,” observed this little new A.B. to her former principal, 
 “that the latest educational practice is to divide each grade into a 
 brighter and a slower section with a separate teacher for each.” 
 The principal concluded that she could get along better with a teacher 
 who had not had the advantage of college courses in education. 
 
 One other thing makes home life hard for the college graduate 
 —intellectual loneliness. To be the only college graduate in your 
 town, or in a section as big as a state; to have no one who sees things 
 as you do, who understands what you are trying to do, or who talks 
 the language of ideas which has come to mean so much to you— 
 this is a loneliness more complete than many of us have ever known 
 or will ever have to meet. She might find intellectual companions in 
 her foreign associates in work, but perhaps they shut her out from 
 their comradeship by the half-conscious racial distinctions which they 
 draw. 
 
346 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 The discouragement of handling real situations, the friction of 
 new ideas on old, the bitter loneliness of intellectual isolation; that 
 is what we are sending our girls out to meet. We hear of those 
 who have gotten into desperate tangles. We know the dread in the 
 hearts of others, still in college, as they look forward to the struggle; 
 and we cannot find it in our hearts to blame them as they seek for 
 ways of avoiding or postponing the issue, perhaps by keeping on and 
 on with study, perhaps by going to America, perhaps by taking 
 positions far from home in the congenial atmosphere of a student 
 center. 
 
 But in the end they cannot avoid the issue, and it is for us to 
 help them to meet it. As you feel this responsibility on you, you 
 will not be satisfied to stand in your class-room and talk theories and 
 discuss principles and recommend reference books. You must have 
 something to give that will help your girls through the trials that 
 will come, when they try to put their theories into practice. And 
 so you must have had experience in working out your own theories— 
 school experience if you are teaching education, and actual social 
 work if your line is Sociology. Your experience should include work 
 not only in America, but under Chinese conditions as well. You will 
 want to know how to guide your girls in putting some piece of prac- 
 tical work through to its conclusion—conducting a school for poor 
 children or helping a needy Chinese family to get onto its feet. 
 
 As we want to give courage to our girls, so must we live with | 
 courage our own lives, face squarely up to our own problems and 
 work them out with patience. Only as we find courage, singleness 
 of purpose, generosity and humbleness of spirit in our companionship 
 with Christ, shall we have these things to sharé with our girls,— 
 that they may endure through the hard days, and have a part in 
 building the Kingdom of God in China. 
 
 EDUCATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE MISSIONARY 
 ENTERPRISE IN CHINA 
 
 Joun W. Citne, Formerly President Soochow University, Soochow, China 
 
 Education has been an important agency of missionary work 
 from the beginning, both because of need and because of opportunity. 
 It has played the role respectively of forerunner, pioneer, leader and 
 co-worker with government educational effort. It is today no less 
 necessary and far more difficult than ever before. One may criticize 
 it or one may boast over it, in either case it speaks for itself. 
 
FORUMS 347 
 
 Almost all kinds and grades of effort, from the kindergarten to 
 University and professional training, have been attempted at some 
 time and somewhere. In spite of the highly praiseworthy accom- 
 plishments in the organization of a national scheme of education, 
 missionary institutions of all grades and departments continue to be 
 taxed to the utmost of their capacity. 
 
 China has been set in her ways of thinking and of living for 
 centuries. The present disintegration and reorganization of all things 
 affects the youth of the country most and makes education tremen- 
 dously popular. Western education is sought because it interprets 
 life in its modern settings and outlook. 
 
 China will be transformed through her young. The outside 
 world of thought and life is coming to China through them. Do we 
 wonder that they are disturbed and distraught; that values in social 
 and religious life are upset ;.that nothing is accepted as good without 
 question? There are progressive liberating forces at work through- 
 out China, but they must be mobilized. There is no lack of thinking 
 and of activity, but it must all be stabilized and this “new” life must 
 “establish its goings.” In a word, the “climate of Chinese life is 
 being changed.” 
 
 The Christian school has a big place in China because of its 
 equipment for long sustained personal contacts in this critical period 
 of change. As long as interpretative fellowship characterizes the 
 missionary educational program, its possible contribution to China, 
 and especially Christian China, is unlimited. 
 
 Thorough preparation is needed on the part of all those going 
 into educational work, preparation in terms of quality more than in 
 terms of quantity. In all Oriental countries scholastic degrees play 
 a large part in winning the confidence of the people. This cannot 
 be overlooked. The times demand careful study and equipment along 
 the technical lines of one’s work. Cultural and social accomplish- 
 ments are of great importance—music, athletics and whatever else can 
 make the other intellectual and spiritual qualifications more attractive 
 and effective. There must be the surrender of the whole man. 
 
 TEACHING OF SPECIAL SUBJECTS—INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 
 
 T. H. P. Samer, Associate Educational Advisor, Presbyterian Board of Foreign 
 Missions 
 
 In the early days of the missionary enterprise most missionaries, 
 by mere virtue of a college education in America, stood in western 
 
348 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 learning far above the natives of the countries to which they went, 
 and were qualified to instruct them in almost any subject, with the 
 aid of a few old textbooks. More recently three tendencies have 
 changed this situation. In the first place, the general standard of 
 education has risen and the fundamental facts of modern learning 
 are well circulated. Second, as any work develops it naturally be- 
 comes more specialized in function. Missionary institutions grow 
 and need larger faculties with teachers set apart for single subjects 
 or parts of subjects. Third, there is much keener competition from 
 government and private schools and from returned students who have 
 taken M.A.’s and often Ph.D.’s in western countries. For all these 
 reasons we now need a certain number of teachers well qualified in 
 special subjects. 
 
 TEACHING SPECIALTIES MOST NEEDED IN CHINA 
 
 J. C. Garritt, D.D., President Emeritus of the Nanking Theological Seminary, 
 China 
 
 Those who are choosing a teaching specialty should seek in early 
 college days to lay as broad a cultural foundation as possible, for 
 after their specialized course has begun, the wider subjects will be 
 increasingly difficult to overtake. The missionary, especially, needs 
 broad foundations. While there are many fields where high speciali- 
 zation is required, even there the exigencies of the work often demand 
 that one should teach subjects quite outside the field of his special 
 preparation. 
 
 ( There is urgent need for trained teachers in scentific lines, also 
 in philosophy; such subjects as home economics, sociology, etc., are 
 attracting much attention. The need for trained theological teachers 
 is specially acute, since the various fields are urgently calling for a 
 native ministry with as thorough training in the Bible, Church His- 
 tory, Biblical and Practical Theology, etc., as is given in theological 
 schools in Christian lands. } 
 
 TEACHING SPECIFIC SUBJECTS IN THE PHILIPPINES 
 E. K. Hicpon 
 
 My convictions on this matter grow in part out of an experience 
 of attempting to teach a specific subject with very little special train- 
 ing for it. Someone was needed to take the chair of Old Testament 
 
FORUMS 349 
 
 History and Literature in the Union Theological Seminary of the 
 Philippine Islands. It fell to my lot because I was not overburdened 
 with other tasks just then. For more than three years before my 
 furlough I was compelled to spend entirely too much time working 
 out the courses, and upon my return home requested an extension 
 of furlough in order that I might take special work in Old Testament 
 study. 
 
 In the Philippines the government is asking for men and women 
 qualified to teach English in the public schools. These teachers are 
 assigned to high school, normal school and university work. The 
 missions are not adequately enough manned to warrant calling out 
 missionaries to give entire time to the teaching of that one subject. 
 However, institutions like Silliman Institute and the Union Theologi- 
 cal Seminary need teachers who have done special work in English 
 and history and who know how to teach. 
 
 The Union Seminary hasa high school department and a two- 
 year pre-theological course. All the English work for the six years 
 is taught by Americans. The Divinity School offers a three-year 
 course mapped out along the lines usually followed in the Seminaries 
 of America, and each department is headed by a missionary who 
 has had specific training for his job. For several years to come 
 there will be need of specialists in the fields of religious education, 
 church history, social service, the philosophy and psychology of re- 
 ligion, Old Testament, New Testament, and practical and systematic 
 theology. 
 
 In the other mission training schools the type of teaching needed 
 is more general in character, but a missionary seldom, if ever, finds 
 that any specialized preparation he may have had comes amiss. 
 
 A candidate who is planning to go to the Philippines to teach a 
 specific subject would do well to begin the study of Spanish just as 
 early in his highschool or college course as he possibly can and to 
 continue that study until he has not only a good conversational knowl- 
 edge of the language, but also a sufficient knowledge of old Spanish’ 
 to enable him to dig into the literature. That preparation will help 
 him understand the people, their history, and the background against 
 which the Filipino still does much of his thinking. 
 
 TEACHING SPECIFIC SUBJECTS IN EAST CHINA 
 D. L. SHERERTZ 
 
 In East China with the increasing number of well-prepared 
 returned students, English is the one subject which we Americans 
 
350 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 need especially to teach as part of the whole missionary program. 
 To be able to speak English is not to have the ability to teach it. 
 Even college courses in China hardly more than parallel American 
 High School courses in English literature, so the point to keep in 
 mind is how to give the student English that is used in everyday 
 work, in business and in the getting of knowledge, using English as 
 a medium. | 
 
 Another consideration of much importance is that the missionary 
 under the present circumstances of our work in China must be a 
 specialist. At the same time he must be a missionary and an all- 
 round worker. It usually works out that for one-half or more of 
 one’s time he must be working in the line of his speciality, and for 
 the rest he must be cooperating in the things that make the whole 
 enterprise a success. — 
 
 In my mind no new missionary to East China should go out 
 with the ambition to be or become the head of an institution or a 
 department in an institution. Fully equipped for work as head, he 
 does well to go glad of the opportunity to work with or under a 
 native head, realizing deeply the beauty and truth of Jesus’ teaching 
 that the greatest is the “servant of all.” 
 
 THE RELATION OF TEACHERS OF SPECIAL SUBJECTS TO 
 MISSION BOARDS 
 
 There are many problems in the relationships of teachers of 
 special subjects to Mission Boards. In the first place, the more 
 specialized the subject, naturally the more restricted the demand for 
 it at any one time. A person who could give musical instruction 
 only in playing the French horn could probably find a living only 
 in a great city, while a teacher of the piano or violin could afford to 
 live in a small town. The demands of missionary colleges are nat- . 
 urally much smaller at any one time than those of institutions in 
 this country. 
 
 2. The demand of any one Board is still more limited. More- 
 over, demand and supply are seldom exactly equal. For instance, 
 a Board may need five kindergartners in a given year and have only 
 two applicants, or may have five applicants when there is a demand 
 for only two. 
 
 3. Candidates sometimes have preferences for certain fields, 
 which narrow the choice still more. 
 
 4. As a consequence a candidate may face a fourfold alterna- 
 tive: first, to accept a position in some other mission field than the 
 
FORUMS 351 
 
 one preferred; second, to postpone sailing until there is an opening 
 for just the kind of work desired; third, to undertake a different type 
 of work; fourth, to apply to some other Board. 
 
 5. In any event, appointments are conditional upon missionary 
 efficiency. A candidate with the most acceptable intellectual quali- 
 fications should not expect to be sent to the foreign field if he or she 
 fails to measure up to the missionary requirements of the Board. 
 
 6. Since conditions on the field are less developed, there is need 
 of adaptability. Those candidates will be at a disadvantage who are 
 able to work only in a well-organized department, where all the plans 
 have been thought out in advance and they have only to take care of 
 certain details. In many instances teachers of special subjects will 
 have to organize their own departments from the ground up. They 
 may have to work with much less equipment and support than they 
 would expect or could demand at home. It may be some years before 
 they can bring the work up to anything like ideal standards of 
 efficiency. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN INDIA 
 Rate D. WEttons, Lucknow Christian College, India 
 
 The government colleges and universities in India have excep- 
 tionally well trained men on their faculties and the mission colleges 
 are expected to come up to the standard set by them. The system 
 of cooperation between government and private endeavor in India 
 is of real help to mission institutions in matters of equipment, but 
 well trained men, particularly among the Christian community, are 
 still at a premium. In particular, men trained in various scientific 
 subjects, such as botany, zodlogy, physics, chemistry, as well as his- 
 tory, and commerce are in great demand. 
 
 Due to the influence of the English universities the M.A. degree 
 is looked upon as the one most desirable. The Ph.D. is also being 
 recognized lately. No matter what degree one has, he should go to 
 his work as a fellow student with his class. The degree of success 
 which the mission educational institutions have gained has been due 
 in large measure to the willingness on the part of the professors to 
 mix with the students and be one of them. This does not mean 
 that the standards of scholarship should be lowered. 
 
 There is a growing demand for specially trained men for super- 
 vision of athletics. In no other phase of the work is it so possible 
 for the missionary to “get next to” the students. Just as it is neces- 
 
352 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 sary for one to be a botanist himself if he would be a success in 
 that field, so must one be an athlete and a true sportsman in every 
 respect if he would succeed in directing the athletics of an institution. 
 Wherever such an expert has been placed he has proved to be a 
 vital force in building Christian character in the students. 
 
 OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCATIONAL MISSIONARIES IN CHINA 
 AnpbREW CHENG, Union Theological Seminary, New York 
 
 In connection with the Renaissance Movement in China during 
 the last few years, there has arisen a critical spirit of inquiry after 
 truth in the realm of politics, religion, traditions, customs, Western 
 civilization and what not. Christian education is by no means an 
 exception in this regard. The criticism of mission education may be 
 summarized as follows: (1) In missionary schools and colleges there 
 is a lack of sufficient training in Chinese heritage, e. g., Chinese his- 
 tory, literature, religions, etc. (2) The place of Bible teaching has 
 been over-emphasized. (3) Christian education produces students 
 of a submissive character, and without the spirit of independence and 
 initiative. 
 
 While these criticisms may be true to some extent and in some 
 institutions, they are not true of Christian education as a whole. 
 From an impartial viewpoint we may say that education in mission 
 schools offers contributions to China not given by government insti- 
 tutions. In the first place, Christian education is one of the chief 
 agencies in China today for creating a new social order in non-Chris- 
 tian society. Through the students of mission institutions, the 
 Christian character and ideals are made known to the whole non- 
 Christian community. Even the non-Christian students from mission 
 schools show a clear understanding not only of the significance of | 
 Christianity for the individual, but also of the significance of Chris- 
 tianity’s varied applications to social relationships. In China a very 
 large proportion of prominent government positions are being filled 
 by graduates of mission colleges. Although some of these men are 
 not professing Christians, they nevertheless exert a very different 
 influence on government policy from that of the old Confucian 
 literati. Some missionaries believe that one of the greatest achieve- 
 ments of Christian education has been the spread of Christian ideas 
 in preparation for a later transformation of society on a vast scale. 
 
 In the second place, mission schools have made a great contri- 
 bution to the leadership of the indigenous church. The educational 
 
FORUMS 353 
 
 requirements of the native church are rising. While the old style 
 evangelist and Bible woman still have opportunities of large useful- 
 ness, Christian workers with broader training are increasingly 
 needed. Christian ministers and laymen of marked ability are needed 
 to influence public thought and to interpret Christianity persuasively 
 to their countrymen. The mission schools are not only indispensable 
 for training such leaders, but they also have unique opportunities 
 for securing volunteers for specific Christian callings. Illustrations 
 of success along these lines are numerous. All over China the native 
 church owes its increasing influence and effectiveness to the leaders 
 trained in mission schools. 
 
 In view of these facts there is no question as to the need of 
 educational missionaries in China. The only question concerns the 
 type of educational missionaries needed. Speaking frankly, we need 
 men who are able and willing to cooperate with their Chinese workers 
 in the training of native leaders for the church. We need men who 
 are willing to follow as well as to lead, to learn as well as to teach. 
 While we want to retain the traditional spirit and ideals of the Chris- 
 tian Church in the West, yet a liberal interpretation of the Bible 
 and a spirit of toleration towards the old Chinese religions are highly 
 desirable in future missionaries. The opportunities on the field of 
 education in China are simply tremendous, and the call is urgent 
 and unique. : 
 
 AGRICULTURAL MISSIONS 
 (REPORT OF FORUM) 
 
 T. S. DononuGH 
 
 This Forum was attended by about one hundred students. Deep 
 interest was shown in the study of the possibilities of agricultural 
 missionary work in.the various fields. 
 
 The chairman, Mr. Thomas S. Donohugh, the Secretary of the 
 International Association of Agricultural Missions, an organization 
 representing practically all of the large Mission Boards of the coun- 
 try, stated that agricultural missions are still in the pioneer stage. 
 The work of Higginbottom in India, of Hunnicutt in Brazil, and 
 of Groff, Reisner and others in China though comparatively recent, 
 is now well established and widely known. 
 
 However, many Boards are now opening work and sending out 
 men trained in agriculture to many fields. It should be remembered 
 that practically everyone who thus goes out must pass through the 
 pioneer stage for himself and his mission. There is, therefore, a 
 
354 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 demand for well trained men, who will of necessity be handicapped 
 in the matter of supplies and equipment and who will have very little 
 in the way of experience and example to guide them. 
 
 Agricultural missionary work is rather expensive especially if 
 conducted on western lines. There is, however, a vast amount which 
 may be done at little cost, and the important thing is to study the 
 needs of the people to whom one is sent and to endeavor to adapt 
 one’s self to the simplest conditions and needs rather than to intro- 
 duce expensive foreign methods and ideas. 
 
 Many Mission Boards lack funds for opening new lines of work. 
 The men who go out are apt to be needed not only for agriculture, 
 but for other lines of missionary work. Therefore broad general 
 training is desirable at least for the time being. Breadth of sym- 
 pathy, keen observation, willingness to try experiments and great 
 patience are required from the outset. The Association has been 
 formed in order to keep in touch with agricultural missionaries and 
 Boards who are taking up this line of work, for the purposes of 
 mutual service. 
 
 The chairman introduced Dr. J. E. Williams, Vice President of 
 Nanking University, who spoke of the agricultural work being done 
 in Nanking, Canton, Peking and other University centers in China. 
 Mr. O. O. Stanchfield told of his experience in the rural work of 
 the Y.M.C.A. in India and the interesting development of coopera- 
 tive credit societies. Rev. I. E. Gillet and Rev. J. C. Wengatz told 
 of agricultural work in Africa. Mr. F. A. Gray spoke of his expe- 
 rience as an agricultural missionary in China. Dr. Frank K. Sanders 
 gave suggestions as to the preparation of agricultural missionaries. 
 
 THE INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS OF A GREAT ORIENTAL CITY 
 AND THE OPPORTUNITIES OF THE CITY MISSIONARY 
 
 ELAM J. ANpERSON, Professor of Education, Shanghai College 
 
 All missionaries living in Shanghai are impressed by the rapid 
 transfer to Shanghai of all the hurry, rush, and feverish activity of 
 our American industrial communities. At first we tend to criticize 
 the Chinese lack of “pep” and think, with our American self-com- 
 placency, that they need to be awakened. A few years’ residence in 
 Shanghai, however, where our factory system with its intense em- 
 phasis on production at all costs has quite firmly planted its roots, 
 raises grave doubts in our minds as to the superiority: of American 
 “pep” and hustle over Chinese deliberativeness. We are not quite 
 
FORUMS 355 
 
 so sure as we were that our American, much vaunted, efficient quan- 
 tity production is a tremendous improvement over the slower, more 
 laborious hand process of production. The reason for our doubts 
 is the inevitable presence of all the moral and social problems which 
 have arisen in America in our great industrial centers and which, 
 when introduced into China, become even more intense. We do not 
 need to spend much time in observation before discovering that 
 China’s needs are not cared for by transferring Western materialism. 
 It becomes all too soon evident that in industrial centers like Shanghai 
 the problem of “preaching the gospel to every creature,” of trans- 
 lating Christ into the very warp and woof of China’s life, is not less 
 but more difficult to solve than it is in districts where our so-called 
 culture has not made its material impress. It is to the difficult task 
 of solving this complex involved problem that the city worker is called. 
 Our missionary educational institutions located in Shanghai or 
 similar communities have a double responsibility. That of furnish- 
 ing Christian workers or laymen has always been cheerfully shoul- 
 dered, with the result that in many cases our institutions have taken 
 on the character of monasteries, in which students were taken out of 
 the busy, noisy, dirty world to be trained and then sent back. The 
 second responsibility, that of actually making a contribution to the 
 life of the community in which the institution happened to be placed, 
 was shoved aside, partly because of the inertia of the life surround- 
 ing the institution and the difficulty of making any impression, and 
 partly because it seemed that effort expended here would detract 
 from the most efficient doing of the first task. It is slowly being 
 realized that the two responsibilities cannot be discharged separately, 
 that workers cannot be efficiently trained unless they have as a part 
 of their training actual practice in the work which they expect to do, 
 and that attempting to improve the immediately surrounding com- 
 munity provides not only excellent but indispensable practice, lead- 
 ing to proficiency in the profession for which our students are pre- 
 paring, whether as religious, educational, social or lay workers. 
 How the discharge of this twofold responsibility applies to the 
 task of the city worker in solving the industrial problems of the great 
 city is the specific topic of this paper. The writer will therefore 
 limit himself to a statement of the work of Shanghai College, although 
 other institutions are also attacking the problem. A large factory 
 district not far from the college presented the opportunity. The 
 training of social workers in our department of sociology provided 
 the tools with which to work. Professor Kulp of the department of 
 sociology and Dr. Webster of the department of education were 
 
356 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 largely responsible for beginning and developing the Social Center 
 at Yangtzepoo, the great industrial center. This Social Center has 
 developed so that today it has a large staff and numerous activities 
 which all aim to translate Christianity into the life of the people of 
 this district; and also provide the best kind of training for students 
 preparing for service. 
 
 In our modern industrial world, class distinctions are present in 
 spite of our professed democracy, the most acute division being that 
 between workers and employers. It is these two groups with which 
 the Social Center of Shanghai College has had to work. The activi- 
 ties carried on with the thought of helping the workers include, among 
 others, a dispensary and clinic, a hospital in which workers injured 
 in the factories are cared for, a visiting nurse, entertainment in the 
 form of public lectures, stereopticon and moving pictures, concerts, 
 a two and a half hour Sunday school session, night schools giving 
 vocational education to workers, health lectures, and a day school 
 of lower and higher primary grade for both boys and girls. Un- 
 doubtedly, activities of this kind speak much louder to the employees 
 and workers than preaching would do. If the common people in 
 Jesus’ day heard him gladly, it was as much for his “going about and 
 doing good, healing the sick, giving sight to the blind, and empha- 
 sizing the rights of the poor” as it was for His spiritual message. 
 If this is not translating Jesus to the workers in language that they 
 can understand, it is nothing. If it is not making clear to them that. 
 Christ regards them as more than a tool, a cog in the machine, that 
 they are of more worth than “the sparrows,” then we might well 
 venture to say that Christ’s benevolent and philanthropic work was 
 not justified. The growing class consciousness and antagonism of - 
 the worker toward the employer will grow into a worse conflict than 
 that in America unless we can introduce the principles and practice 
 of Jesus into the situation. Just this the Social Center is trying to - 
 do for the worker. 
 
 The employer, however, is not neglected. There is such a thing 
 as enlightened selfishness, and perhaps to this is due the fact that 
 practically all of the expenses of this busy beehive have been under- 
 written by members of the employing class. They have been niade 
 to’see that care for their employees, providing hospital care and 
 “follow-up” for the families of the injured actually is to their inter- 
 est. But one of the most promising signs is the arrival upon the 
 scene of several Christian Chinese factory owners and managers, 
 who are consciously attempting to apply at least the -ameliorative 
 practices of Christian management to a system that is manifestly 
 
FORUMS S57; 
 
 based upon the principle of profits first, human welfare second. 
 There is growing, very slowly to be sure and sometimes the evidence 
 is so slight as to seem negligible, a realization that unless the indus- 
 trialism of the West is greatly modified it will not only reproduce 
 all the ills that have followed in its train in the West, but produce 
 conditions that will result in a social chaos in China, because the 
 economic pressure is so intense. A much more difficult task is to 
 attempt to work with the employer, but what a significant one, and 
 where success is possible, what task more productive of good! 
 
 ~ When conflict does come, it is possible for the Social Center 
 and those engaged in the work to act as mediators, bringing to the 
 employer some better understanding of what seems to him the un- 
 reasonable tendency to want more wages; and to the worker, a 
 glimmer of the possibilities of cooperation with his employer. The 
 irrepressible conflict between capital and labor! And yet, if Jesus 
 Christ cannot solve it what will become of our civilization? Cer- 
 tainly, its solution is absolutely essential to the preaching and accept- 
 ance of the Gospel in the modern China that is coming to be. 
 
 Such, then, is the method adopted by one institution to translate 
 Jesus Christ into our civilization. Undoubtedly the city worker, 
 wherever he may be placed, will have to adopt similar methods, for 
 words will not carry any of us very far in China. Even as Jesus 
 sent word back to John when His Messiaship was questioned, “Go 
 and report to John what you see and hear; blind eyes receive sight, 
 and cripples walk; lepers are cleansed and deaf ears hear; the dead 
 are raised to life and the poor have the Good News proclaimed to 
 them,” so the city missionary must be able to present Jesus in similar 
 works, “The word must be made flesh.” The fact that our task 
 is much more complex, that the industrial transformation of China 
 looms ahead to complicate the presentation of the message, only 
 makes the need more urgent. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN INDIA 
 Ray E. Rice, Damoh, India 
 
 Inasmuch as about ninety per cent of the folks in India make 
 their living from the soil, agriculture is the leading industry. The 
 farmers do not live on their farms. They live in villages and cul- 
 tivate the land around them. Their methods are crude, their im- 
 plements are old-fashioned, their teams of oxen are small. The 
 Indian people of the farming class do not pay much attention to 
 breeding good, heavy cattle to pull their plows and other farming 
 
358 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 implements. The British Government and agricultural institutions 
 of Mission Boards are doing much to teach better methods to these 
 people. Whereas they can raise 600 pounds of rice to the acre by 
 broadcasting the seed, they are now. being taught that they can raise 
 300 or 400 pounds more per acre by the process of transplanting. 
 The introduction of the simple six-hole-drill has meant much saving 
 of work. This can be pulled by one team of oxen. Unfortunately 
 the people do not always cultivate the soil properly for the use of 
 this drill and they do not know how to fix the drill after it is broken. 
 Mr. Don Griffin who went to India to join Mr. Sam Higginbottom 
 at the Agricultural College at Allahabad, has made a fine contribu- 
 tion to the agricultural work in northern and central India by de- 
 signing the Scindia Plow. This cuts four inches deep and about 
 a foot wide. One team of oxen can pull it, and it is a great im- 
 provement over the old plow. Mr. Higginbottom’s experimental 
 work in agriculture is outstanding in India. It shows what rare 
 opportunities present themselves to Americans who are specially 
 fitted for agricultural service. 
 
 Nearly every mission institution which is doing industrial work 
 in India today teaches carpentry and blacksmithing. The Indian 
 boys like carpentry very much, and can make a good living at it. 
 
 Most of the money which is invested in India is British money. 
 There are steel works and factories of all kinds in which English 
 and American engineers and professional men are employed. Great ~ 
 Britain sends a number of such men to India every year. The 
 American engineers generally go out on three-year contracts. 
 
 An open door for chemists who can develop the paper industry 
 in India is very inviting just now. Enough raw materials are avail- 
 able in India to supply the world with paper. 
 
 As the British Government hands over the various departments 
 of the administration to the Indian people, the staffs of these re- | 
 spective departments are being manned more and more by Indians. 
 Therefore, the opportunities for government service are not as in- 
 viting in India today as they may be in some other foreign fields. 
 
 In professional work there is always an opportunity to wield 
 a powerful influence for the Master. As a doctor, for example, 
 one may have a large part in the social service work of his com- 
 munity. He may lead in the community church work, and the con- 
 tribution which he makes may be one which will benefit all India. 
 
 The following actions were taken at the close of the forum 
 on Industrial Training and Enterprise :— 
 
FORUMS 359 
 
 “Voted, in view of the discussion of the situation which we have 
 had in this forum on Industrial Training and Enterprise, that we 
 record our opinion that there are on various fields definite opportu- 
 nities for Christian service of the types considered, especially in forms 
 of engineering, whether electrical, mechanical, chemical, etc. 
 
 “Voted, that we ask the Student Volunteer Movement that at its 
 Tenth Quadrennial Convention a similar forum be held, and that rep- 
 resentatives of corporations doing foreign business be invited to at- 
 tend and present the opportunities offered by their corporations in 
 various foreign fields.” 
 
 LITERARY WORK—OUTLINE OF A GENERAL STATEMENT 
 J. Lovett Murray 
 
 I, What is Covered by the Term “Literary Work’? 
 1. Reducing languages to writing 
 2. Translations and revisions of Bible 
 3. Production of other Christian literature (translation or orig- 
 
 inal, in English or vernacular )— 
 (1) Books, pamphlets and tracts on the Christian religion 
 . —literature explaining Christianity to non-Christians 
 
 (various sorts from leaflets to books such as A. G. 
 Hogg’s “‘Christ’s Message of the Kingdom’’) 
 
 —books of devotion, e.g., “Imitation of Christ,’ “Life 
 of Christ for Children,” etc. 
 
 —hymn books and liturgies 
 
 —commentaries on the Bible 
 
 —literature for church work, e.g., Sunday School lesson 
 helps 
 
 —Christian stories, or fiction with Christian atmos- 
 phere, e.g., “Pilgrim’s Progress,” “Ben Hur,” “In 
 His Steps” 
 
 —miscellaneous, including catechisms, sermons, Church 
 history, ethics, missions, social service, biographies 
 
 Christian periodicals and newspapers 
 
 —general Christian magazines for Christian and non- 
 Christian readers 
 
 —magazines for women, e.g., China and India 
 
 —daily newspapers, e.g., Great Light Daily in China 
 and two Christian newspapers in Zululand 
 
 (2 
 
 4 
 
360 
 
 ib 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 (3) Use of general newspapers 
 —serials, e.g., prize novels in Osaka and life of Christ 
 in Tokyo 
 —reports of Christian gatherings and work of Chris- 
 tian organizations 
 —articles on social reform, sanitation, peace, Christian 
 internationalism, record of Christian movements in 
 the country, and the world . 
 —paid space for Christian evangelism 
 4. Text-books—for all grades 
 Necessary especially in pioneering in any form of education. 
 Less necessary as governments undertake larger educa- 
 tional programs. Problem of finding vocabulary. Joint 
 Committee on Terminology (medical) in China 
 5. General literature 
 e.g., History, poetry, biography, sociology, etc. Special ne- 
 cessity of clean fiction 
 6. Literature for the Home Base 
 Books, reports, articles 
 How is This Literature Provided? 
 I. Supervision 
 Joint action necessary. Committee on Christian Literature 
 of the International Missionary Council. Also literature 
 committees in various fields. American Committee on 
 Christian Literature for Moslems. Surveys now in 
 progress. 
 2. Authorship 
 Hitherto mainly as side-line by busy missionaries, e.g., Dr. 
 Post of Syria and Dr. Macklin of Nanking. More should 
 do this. 
 Need now for specialists like Farquhar, Saunders and Mc- 
 Gillivray. 
 Great importance of selecting and training many native writ- 
 ers, like Tilak, Zia, Mrs. Satthianadhan. 
 3. Publication 
 —commercial houses, e.g., Commercial Press, Ltd., in 
 Shanghai i 
 —mission presses. This a great field for union effort. In- 
 fluence of great presses like that at Beirut, Nile Mission 
 Press, etc. 
 —Bible and Tract Societies 
 
FORUMS 361 
 
 4. Distribution 
 —colporteurs 
 —book depots 
 —missionaries and native colleagues—evangelists, pastors, 
 Bible Women, etc. 
 III. Advantage of Christian Literature as a Missionary Agency 
 1. It commands a sustained and intensive hearing of Christian 
 truth 
 2. It is mobile and ubiquitous 
 3. It serves the Christian community as no other agency 
 could do 
 It protects the investment in other forms of missionary work 
 It deeply penetrates the national mind 
 It discounts and displaces unwholesome literature 
 
 lr i = 
 
 NEWSPAPER EVANGELISM 
 
 ALBERTUS PIETERS, Japan 
 
 Newspaper evangelism, as at present conducted in Japan under 
 interdenominational auspices, directed by the Conference of Fed- 
 erated Missions, with a head office at Fukuoka, belongs properly to 
 the department of evangelistic work. It includes much follow-up 
 work, and much hand-to-hand evangelism, by correspondence or 
 through personal interviews. However, there is kinship enough with 
 literature work to justify its being presented at this forum. 
 
 On its literary side, newspaper evangelism is first cousin to 
 tract distribution. It consists of writing articles on the fundamental 
 facts and doctrines of the Christian religion, and having these pub- 
 lished in the newspapers at advertising rates. Each one of these 
 articles contains approximately as much matter as one of the smaller 
 leaflets. To take a concrete example, I published last January, in 
 a newspaper having a circulation of approximately one hundred thou- 
 sand copies, a brief discussion of Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess, and 
 reputed ancestress of the Japanese Imperial Line. I gave some 
 simple reasons for believing that Amaterasu was not a real person 
 at all, but a personification of the sun, and urged that she ought 
 therefore not to be worshiped. 
 
 For the privilege of publishing this in the paper we paid about 
 forty dollars, U. S. currency, for one insertion. Let us compare 
 this with ordinary leaflet printing and distribution, and see how the 
 newspaper method compares. For the money expended, we had 
 
362 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 printed, to begin with, 100,000 copies of what amounts to a tract. 
 The cost of doing this in leaflet form would no doubt have exceeded 
 forty dollars. Let us suppose, for the sake of argument, that the 
 cost would have been the same. Then, on the matter of printer’s 
 expenses, the two methods start even. 
 
 But that is only the beginning. We have just heard from Dr. 
 Watson that the problem of distribution of tract literature is far 
 more difficult than the problems of writing and printing; and this is 
 very true;—how very important this consideration is will hardly be 
 fully appreciated by those who have no experience in that kind of 
 work. Now it is at this vital point of distribution that the newspaper 
 method wins out over ordinary tract distribution. If we had ex- 
 pended that forty dollars in having 100,000 copies of our tract 
 printed, those copies would have been deposited on our office table, 
 and the problem of distribution would still have been before us. It 
 would probably have been an insoluble problem. If soluble at all, 
 the solution would certainly have required great expense. If we had 
 undertaken to distribute that many copies by mail, the postage would 
 have amounted to much more than the original cost. Besides, how 
 would we have proceeded to get 100,000 names and addresses? In 
 addition to the postage, such a distribution would have required a 
 large office staff, working for many days. If we depend on house to 
 house distribution, men must be employed, and their expenses must 
 be met. By such a method we could have distributed a million tracts, 
 but it would have been a wasteful method of distribution, for the 
 men would have had no means of distinguishing between people who 
 can and can not read, or, among those who can read, between those 
 who take an interest in reading and those who do not. 
 
 All these problems were solved by the newspaper method. The 
 100,000 copies, once printed, gave us no more concern. The news- 
 paper office had a method of distribution all worked out, and took 
 the entire job off our hands without an extra penny of expense. 
 The distribution took place to a selected class of persons, to those 
 only who can read, and are in the habit of reading. The saving in 
 expense and the gain in efficiency are immensely increased by the 
 newspaper method as over against any other form of tract’ dis- 
 tribution. 
 
 Another point must not be forgotten, namely, that this method 
 alone makes it possible for the missionary or Christian worker to 
 speak to an entire community simultaneously, and thus to gain the 
 advantage of simultaneous interest in a given subject. We were 
 informed that the article referred to produced an immense amount 
 
FORUMS 363 
 
 of discussion all over the district served by our paper. In almost 
 every school both pupils and teachers began to discuss the question 
 whether Amaterasu was really a goddess or not. By the method of 
 tract distribution, granted that a similar number of tracts could have 
 been distributed to a similar class of persons (really impossible), 
 the distribution would not have been simultaneous, but piece-meal. 
 The interest of any one man might be aroused, but since he would 
 know of no one else interested at the same time, his interest would 
 soon disappear, without affecting the community. 
 
 Another very great advantage of this method is that it enables 
 the worker to make an impression in the same quarters repeatedly, 
 and thus to gain a cumulative effect. If one should go about in the 
 mountains, tapping one stone there and another here, never striking 
 twice in the same spot, he would break no rocks, though he should 
 work himself to death. So with missionary work that never strikes 
 twice in the same spot. Much tract distribution is like that. The 
 effect of such work is small. Newspaper evangelism, on the other 
 hand, enables the worker to select a series of related subjects, and 
 to discuss them with cumulative force. To be sure, not all of the 
 newspaper readers can be depended on to read all of his productions, 
 in fact, many never read them at all. Never mind, the number who 
 do read them is still far larger than can be reached in any other way. 
 The lowest estimate of the proportion of readers of the paper at 
 large to the number who perused our religious articles was twenty 
 to one. But if even five per cent of the total number of subscribers 
 really did read the articles we published, we had an audience of five 
 thousand persons with every issue, and there is no known method 
 whereby an audience of one tenth that number can be obtained in 
 any other way. 
 
 Newspaper evangelism does not come into competition with lit- 
 erary work in its higher aspects, such as the preparation of com- 
 mentaries and theological works. It compares only with the cheapest 
 and most broadcast tract distribution; but when compared with that, 
 it is very much more rapid, economical, and efficient ; so much so that 
 hereafter no missionary administration in a country where a secular 
 periodical press is available, can afford to ignore the newspaper 
 method. 
 
364 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 THE BIBLE SOCIETIES 
 
 Dr. W. B. Cooper, Secretary of the Canada Branch of the British and Foreign 
 Bible Society 
 
 The vital place of the Bible Societies in the whole misunder- 
 taking is apparent when we recall these two important facts: (1) 
 That missionaries are unable to discharge their responsibility in se- 
 curing permanent influence over their hearers unless they are able 
 to put into the hands of the people the Word of God in the native 
 speech: and (2) That it is the function of the Bible Societies by 
 agreement, to supply these people at their own charges—that is, at 
 no charge either to the missionary or to the Missionary Societies. 
 
 If a homely figure may be used to set out this relationship, what 
 the roadbed is to the railroad company, the Bible Society is to the 
 missionary cause. Railway companies do not circumscribe their 
 plans by thinking only of their staff, their locomotives, their pullman 
 cars and rolling stock. They give a good deal of anxious care to 
 the upkeep of the roadbed. Surely it is not too much to say that 
 all who are interested in missionary progress should follow closely 
 the activities of the Bible Societies and give a full measure of sym- 
 pathy and support to this essential auxiliary of all efforts for the 
 extension of the Kingdom of God. 
 
 YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION WORK 
 (SUMMARY OF FORUM ADDRESSES) 
 
 FRANK V. Stack, Secretary of the Y. M. C. A. for India 
 
 After a preliminary statement covering the purpose of the 
 Forum, the Chairman gave the historical background of the Foreign 
 Work Program of the Association and briefly reviewed the prin- 
 ciples and policies affecting the maintenance of Christian work in 
 Latin America and the Orient. The object of the session was to 
 acquaint students with the present status of the Foreign Work of 
 the Association; to explain the various types of service rendered by 
 the foreign secretary; to consider the qualifications and preparation 
 necessary for service abroad; to deal with questions raised by dele- 
 gates present; and to consider the best practical means of promoting 
 interest in and securing support for this foreign program. 
 
 Mr. Frank Brockman, Honorary National Secretary of Korea, 
 outlined some of the more recent developments in interdenominational 
 
FORUMS 365 
 
 and Association cooperative enterprises. He told of the urgent re- 
 quests from a number of the missions for secretaries who can give 
 time to promoting an Association program among the young men 
 of their churches. In China and a few other fields Mission Boards 
 have definitely allocated experienced workers to the Associations for 
 special services. The vastness of the need and the urgent challenge 
 and call from occupied and unoccupied areas, should force Christian 
 leaders in America to a deeper study of the problem and more effec- 
 tive cooperation in its solution. 
 
 Mr. Hollis A. Wilbur, one of the National Secretaries of China, 
 dealt with similarities and differences between foreign work and the 
 program of the Association in the United States and Canada. The 
 objective, that of serving boys and men through bringing them into 
 a real knowledge of Christian truth and into Christian discipleship, 
 is the same. The task, however, is very different, in that the whole 
 background abroad is new and not easy to understand. Historical, 
 racial, social, economic and moral differences contribute toward mak- 
 ing the environment, in which the missionary secretary must estab- 
 lish himself and the Association, a real challenge to Christian faith 
 and service. In these foreign outposts there are few if any Christian 
 laymen who understand and appreciate, even partially, the real sig- 
 nificance of an Association program for their youth. Such laymen 
 must be discovered and developed. The program of the movement 
 must be demonstrated and the confidence of the citizens gradually 
 won, together with their material cooperation. 
 
 Mr. Harry E. Ewing, student secretary at Buenos Aires, Argen- 
 tina, dealt with some of the opportunities for specialized service 
 among the boys, students, and commercial and industrial groups in 
 foreign lands. He referred to the World Conference of workers 
 with boys held at Portschach, Austria, as having given a new im- 
 petus to the real importance of the boy in our program for the 
 Christianization of the world. In Latin America and other foreign 
 countries, work for boys has been emphasized only within the last 
 decade. It was first necessary to demonstrate the work and secure 
 the confidence of older men, before adequate financial support could 
 be secured. The remarkable work for boys in Shanghai and other 
 cities in the Orient, the beginnings of such work in Mexico City, 
 Buenos Aires and a few other South American centers, under the 
 direction and supervision of boys’ work secretaries trained in North 
 America, .will necessarily call for enlarged and more effective co- 
 operation between the various National Committees and experienced 
 leadership from this continent. 
 
366 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 While the Association is organized in only four cities in Brazil, 
 one in Uruguay, one in Argentina, two in Chile and one in Peru, a 
 twenty-year program, approved by the South American Federation 
 of Associations, calls for at least fifty American secretaries and 
 physical directors to enter the strategic unoccupied larger cities in 
 the Republics south of the Panama Canal. The recruiting and train- 
 ing of Latin secretaries and physical directors also plays an important 
 part in this program. It is only a matter of time before there will 
 be an insistent appeal for North American secretaries and physical 
 directors to cooperate with native Association leaders in Mexico, 
 
 Facts regarding the unoccupied student centers in Latin America 
 and the Orient challenge an intense and serious advance which will 
 necessarily claim a limited number of experienced student and city 
 secretaries. A few men will also be needed for work among indus- 
 trial communities. 
 
 Mr. Charles D. Hurrey of the Friendly Relations Committee 
 and the World’s Student Christian Federation, emphasized the im- 
 portance of utilizing discerning people in our communities, who have 
 traveled in mission lands, in connection with our home programs 
 of world outlook and education. He referred to the importance of 
 the foreign secretaries acquainting travelers with the various phases 
 of the work on the field, so that they might be prepared to acquaint 
 their friends with the same upon returning to America. The pres- 
 ent challenge of the foreign students in our American universities 
 must not be overlooked. Christian Association leaders should be- 
 friend these students in every way possible, avoid class distinctions, 
 and bring them into touch with the best of American life. 
 
 THE YOUNG WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, A PROFES- 
 SION FOR COLLEGE WOMEN 
 
 Miss Maset Cratry, General Secretary National Board, Young Women’s 
 Christian Association 
 
 The Young Women’s Christian Association is designed as a 
 fellowship of girls and women for the good of the country rather 
 than as a building or even an organization: for example, although 
 the Association structure in Yokohama is not in existence today, the 
 work and influence of the Association is as strong and real as ever. 
 
 We estimate that there are about 600,000 members in the United 
 States. Between 40,000 and 50,000 officials of one kind or another 
 are included among these members; these are serving as officers, 
 
FORUMS 367 
 
 cabinet members, and so forth. There are only 3,154 professional 
 positions among these 600,000. Of these, 150 are in other countries 
 than the United States. 
 
 ; A Secretary of the Young Women’s Christian Association has 
 few opportunities for teaching. Whether she be a general secretary 
 or a girls’ work secretary, business or industrial secretary, her work 
 is primarily that of an administrator. 
 
 THE YOUNG WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION— 
 IN RELATION TO MISSION BOARDS 
 
 Miss RutH SmirtH, Missionary from Japan 
 
 After attending Mission School for three years and Language 
 School for two years I can say there is no duplication or rivalry 
 between the foreign mission boards of the churches and the Young 
 Women’s Christian Association. 
 
 The Young Women’s Christian Association is the biggest or- 
 ganization in the Mission School. The athletic sport comes under 
 our management and practically every girl is a member of the Young 
 Women’s Christian Association. We have a large cabinet, board 
 and many clubs. One club, “The Robin Club,” is composed of the 
 peppiest bunch of girls in school. We try to make Christianity a 
 natural thing, and it lives in everything we do. We are trying to 
 keep the school rooms clean and to make Christ felt in everything. 
 We are making money by selling things (for you know the Japanese 
 people are very artistic) and we are spending the money we make in 
 buying brooms, mops and vases for flowers, etc. This is one way 
 of helping to keep the school rooms clean. 
 
 THE YOUNG WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION SECRETARY 
 IN SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 Miss ANNA Mae Sroxkery, South America 
 
 In the first place no other motive than a desire to share with 
 others our knowledge and experience of Jesus Christ would justify 
 our going out as secretaries of the Young Women’s Christian As- 
 sociation. Certainly no one has the right to go to a foreign country 
 who has not a love for others. We must have constructive faith, 
 too, in our fellow-workers. 
 
 We are idealists and faith has made us what we are. A Chilean 
 
368 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 girl once helped me very much. She told me about a Chilean man 
 who wanted to be a Young Men’s Christian Association secretary, 
 but she discouraged him, because “he knew the people so well.” He 
 would often say, “You tell us we are going to do something and I 
 know we are not, yet we do it.” It is only this kind of faith in 
 girls that will bring out the best there is in them. 
 
 Now I want to mention two things which I hope you will keep 
 in mind as you consider the life of a Young Women’s Christian As- 
 sociation secretary abroad. First you will miss the culture and spir- 
 itual atmosphere that you have had principally in family, church and 
 social organizations here at home. It is hard to keep going on when 
 you must face all the difficult things that come up. The problem 
 of adaptability to new surroundings, to the climate, to the people and 
 their strange ways is not easy. About the only thing we can do at 
 times is to live beside the girls of the country to which we go and 
 show Christ in all we say and think. 
 
 A secretary’s work is never the same in any two places. You 
 may be called on to do anything. One of my jobs was to give a 
 bath to a baby just a few days old. In getting our training we some- 
 times wonder, what good will this training do. I was chairman of 
 a dishwashing committee which served over a hundred people, and I 
 was glad to have had training in domestic science because it taught 
 me how to organize my workers for such necessary tasks. 
 
 Dr. Cheng has said that we must be as yoke-fellows or big sisters 
 to the people we are trying to reach, or to the one who is seeking truth. 
 The people must feel that we have faith in them as a true friend. 
 
 THE YOUNG WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION SECRETARY 
 IN INDIA 
 
 Miss Marton Fercuson, India 
 
 Two or three things are essential in the work of the Young 
 Women’s Christian Association in India. First, the ability to work 
 with people. We must have the ability to work with people at home 
 or we shall fail in the greater part of our mission abroad. We must 
 be willing to sit at the feet of India and learn again the things we 
 already know, only this time from an Indian viewpoint. We must 
 have a personal experience of God to take to the people of India 
 which they can feel and seek after for themselves. An experience 
 with God is the only thing that will carry you through the difficult 
 days that lie ahead. | 
 
FORUMS . 369 
 
 CONDITIONS AND TERMS OF SERVICE IN THE 
 YOUNG WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 
 
 Miss KATHERINE ALLER, Candidate Secretary National Board, Young Women’s 
 Christian Association 
 
 Preparation for secretaryship in the Young Women’s Christian 
 Association demands a good foundation in biology, psychology, soci- 
 ology, history and philosophy. A candidate for Association training 
 should have her Bachelor’s degree or its equivalent. The National 
 Training School offers training courses of six weeks every summer 
 and also a nine months’ course of graduate work during the year. 
 Successful work in these courses may count toward a Masters’ degree 
 from Columbia University. At least the short course of training is 
 advised before placement, although occasionally recent college gradu- 
 ates are recommended to departmental positions with the understand- 
 ing that they will take special training at the first opportunity. 
 
 A young woman contemplating foreign service with the Young 
 Women’s Christian Association should recognize and respond to the 
 spiritual challenge first of all. Unless she has a faith which is indis- 
 pensable to her she had better not attempt Association service either 
 at home or abroad. 
 
 Applicants for Association work should be between the ages of 
 twenty-two and forty, although there are some exceptions in either 
 case; that is, if a girl has made good she may be accepted when 
 younger than twenty-two. These exceptions, however, are few. Suc- 
 cessful experience at home rather than age is the determining factor 
 with regard to foreign appointment. 
 
 The vacancies in foreign service are of all types—general sec- 
 retaries, girls’ work secretaries, physical directors, etc. In order to 
 make application or obtain further information it is advisable to 
 write Miss Aller, 600 Lexington Avenue, New York City. This 
 begins a correspondence and the filling out of application blanks, 
 which constitute the preliminary steps in discovering what the imme- . 
 diate needs are for secretaries abroad. 
 
 SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 (SUMMARY OF INTRODUCTORY REMARKS) 
 
 D. J. Freminc, Union Theological Seminary 
 
 We have the authority of the Commission on Village Educa- 
 tion in India for stressing the good opportunities for social and 
 
370 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 community service through a new type of school, and through coop- 
 erative credit societies and farm colonies. A new type of missionary 
 is urged, viz., a Community Welfare Agent, somewhat after the 
 model of the county agent in America. One factory in India has 
 a full time welfare worker, selected from the mission force. Bombay 
 has a Missionary Settlement for University Women. A Y.W.C.A. 
 Secretary in China was largely instrumental in getting a pronounce- 
 ment on Christian conditions for labor passed at the National Chris- 
 tian Conference at Shanghai in 1922. In fact, the types of social 
 and community service carried on by missionaries are as varied as 
 human need itself. Whatever constitutes the greatest human need 
 in any given place is very likely to claim the interest and effort of the 
 modern missionary. 
 
 Apart from missions, there is possible service in the Near East 
 Relief and Red Cross work. To a certain extent, just as at home, 
 men and women engaged in commercial or political life abroad, may 
 take and sometimes do take initiative in Christian community service 
 of an individual or organized sort. 
 
 SOCIAL SERVICE AND THE CHURCH 
 W. Warp Davis, Siangtan, Hunan, China 
 
 In the early days of missionary activity, emphasis was placed on 
 what was called evangelistic work, or preaching. Almost every mis- 
 sionary was an ordained man and a preacher. But, from the very 
 beginning the missionary did more than merely preach; he taught, he 
 established schools, and he sought to meet the urgent and more prac- 
 tical needs of the people with whom he came in contact. In this way 
 work in hospitals and schools very early became a part of the mis- 
 sionary program. 
 
 As missionary contacts have become more numerous, varied, and 
 complex, the call comes from the Church Boards for specially trained 
 workers of many kinds, including not only ordained men, doctors, 
 nurses, teachers, school administrators, and women evangelistic work- 
 ers; but, agricultural and industrial experts, architects, builders, busi- 
 ness managers and stenographers are often desired. Among the 
 variety of calls comes that to engage in Social and Community Serv- 
 ice, though in most of our missions this is usually listed under the 
 general term Evangelistic. This has been a cause for concern on 
 the part of some who are inclined to feel that there is a great danger 
 that Social and Community activities may furnish a program for 
 
FORUMS 371 
 
 carrying western civilization to other lands rather than for making 
 a spiritual contribution and especially for making Christ known. 
 
 ‘From my limited experience of five years in an Institutional 
 Church in Central China, I am quite convinced that Social and Com- 
 munity Service does have a very definite contribution to make towards 
 the growth of the Christian Church. There is danger in building 
 up a program of activities which are only a duplication of similar 
 activities in Western lands, but this danger can be avoided by a 
 careful study of the needs of each local community, and by intro- 
 ducing only those activities which are well adapted and which meet 
 a definite religious need in that particular place. / 
 
 This type of work furnishes an unusual opportunity for train- 
 ing national Church leaders, both for the employed staff and those 
 who work in a voluntary capacity. With a varied program, there 
 are always openings for more workers, and definite places where 
 well-qualified people can fit in and bear responsibility. 
 
 ‘This work also makes possible the applying of Christian prin- 
 ciples to the various aspects of life in a very practical way. At work 
 and at play, in the school and in the home, in the individual and in 
 the social life; in ali of life’s relationships the attempt is made to 
 apply Christian teaching. And in this type of work, there are con- 
 crete results which speak in its favor. Social movements reach the 
 masses of people, and they are of tremendous value in making clear 
 the purposes and aims of the Christian program. 
 
 The Chinese people—as well as other peoples—are an extremely 
 practical people. When they see anything working out practically 
 in everyday life, they favor that thing. Mere preaching of Chris- 
 tianity does not make the impression that a practical demonstration 
 of it does; the two must go together, hand in hand. Social and 
 Community Service, if rightly conducted, does furnish this practical 
 demonstration and’ is therefore a great contribution to the Christian 
 cause. After all, it isn’t arguments, and it isn’t exhortation, that 
 really convince people, but it is one’s life. The effective minister 
 is one whose life preaches more than do his sermons. And in the 
 type of work which we are considering, there are numerous contacts 
 with people, natural everyday contacts, when one’s life has the best 
 possible opportunity to influence others and in this way really to 
 preach Christ. The ultimate success of this work, as with any other 
 Christian work, depends upon its leadership. If the leaders really 
 live the Christian life, their work will be effective. Without the 
 testimony of true Christian living, any work will fail. 
 
372 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 THE NEED OF CHRISTIAN SOCIAL LEADERS IN JAPAN 
 Rosert M. Kamine, Missionary to Japan 
 
 The other day, just before I left New York for this convention, 
 I had a heart to heart talk with a Japanese friend, who has been in 
 this country for more than ten years, and who has now almost fin- 
 ished his graduate studies. He seemed very happy and told me what 
 he plans to do upon his return. 
 
 After listening to his enthusiastic account for some time, I be- 
 came a little critical and said: ‘You have received your education 
 from grammar school to college graduation in this country, and at 
 once you conclude that this system of education is practical in every 
 detail over in Japan. I wonder whether it will work out as well as 
 you expect, for I was educated over there and am doing only graduate 
 work over here. I think I know how our Japanese people in general 
 look upon those who have taken most of their education here in 
 America. To tell you the truth, they do not pay you the respect 
 which they give to those who have graduated from colleges in 
 Japan.” 
 
 Of course, he looked displeased, and answered rather abruptly, 
 even spitefully: “I am of no use then because I have not received 
 Japanese college education.” 
 
 “Surely you are not,” I replied, “unless your knowledge and 
 experience are consecrated. In other words not until you regard 
 yourself as the tool of an unknown hand, can you hope for a great 
 work and learn the real message of your life.” 
 
 There was silence for a while. I could not push my argument 
 any further. The only thing left was his sincere attitude toward 
 life. Thus we were able to open up a very interesting discussion 
 on institutional churches, welfare directorates in factories, social 
 surveys of cities and large areas, schools as community centers, social 
 service in colleges and adult education. This discussion centered 
 chiefly around the best ways of adaptation to conditions and needs 
 _in Japan. ; 
 
 Now, I have put what I wanted to say into the form of a story 
 in order to save time. Japan now needs persons who are trained 
 and can teach in the field of social service. Buddhism, Confucianism 
 and our native Shintoism have done nothing worthy of mention 
 in the way of social work. On the other hand, Christians, even 
 when they were still few in number, have been very active in intro- 
 ducing, initiating, and conducting social service enterprises. They 
 
FORUMS 373 
 
 have set an example which non-Christian religious organizations 
 have gladly followed. For this reason we who are Christians in 
 Japan now feel a heavy responsibility to live up to this example and 
 carry forward the work, already so successfully begun. 
 
 One of our great social leaders in Japan is Mr. Kagawa whom 
 we expected to be one of our speakers in this convention. Over 
 two hundred editions of his book entitled “Across the Dead Line” 
 have been published and sold within a few years. He shows by 
 example how to take up one’s cross and follow Christ in this age 
 when faith in Him seems to have faded away. “Across the dead 
 line” is the attitude needed today. We Japanese politely kneel and 
 make a graceful and yet sincere bow before the person who is tak- 
 ing that attitude and willingly follow him. China needs that sort 
 of a man; India asks him to come and help, the whole Orient rushes 
 to that man. Nay, the whole world is eagerly waiting for such a 
 man to come. 
 
 THE COMMUNITY CHURCH AS A CHRISTIAN SOCIAL 
 AGENCY IN CHINA 
 
 A. R. Kepter, Shanghai, China 
 
 The Community Church in China is not a new denomination. 
 It is an expression within the several denominations of their effort 
 to Christianize not only the individual but his relationships and his 
 community as well. 
 
 That this should be the objective of every church is becoming — 
 generally recognized by the Christian leadership in China. In the 
 report of the National Christian Conference, held in 1922, we find 
 this affirmation : 
 
 “The Christian Church believes that the life and principles of 
 Jesus Christ should be applied to the whole life of man and should 
 dominate and vitalize every phase of community activity.” 
 
 The Community (Institutional) Church in China is the product 
 of the last two decades. The majority of the community-minded 
 churches have been organized within the last seven years. Neverthe- 
 less, they are found in thirteen denominational groups scattered over 
 eleven provinces. It is becoming increasingly recognized by the 
 Chinese Church that it is essential for the Church to think, plan and 
 work in terms of the community and community needs, instead of 
 confining her energies to the individuals apart from his relationships. 
 
 Christian in Pilgrim’s Progress conformed to the religious con- 
 
—- 
 
 374 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 victions of his day when he fled from the City of Destruction. His | 
 descendant today would feel it his Christian duty to remain and trans- 
 form the City of Destruction into the City of God. This is becoming 
 the prevailing view of the Christian’s task. This has necessarily 
 involved the Church in a reorientation of her task and program. 
 
 The Community Church is begotten of two principles—that 
 true vital religion must make social reconstruction its primary task; 
 and that social reconstruction is possible only by the way of spiritual 
 regeneration. A religion that does not express itself in social service 
 is palsied; social service without a spiritual dynamic is devitalized. 
 
 The community-minded church, apart from expressing, as we 
 believe, more nearly the intent of Christ for His Church, offers the 
 following advantages as a Christianizing agency on the Mission 
 Field: : 
 
 1. Jt multiplies contacts. It replaces suspicion and distrust by 
 friendship and cooperation. By projecting a Christian program of 
 community uplift, we preach in terms which any community will 
 understand ; we engage in activities which will challenge their cooper- 
 ation and establish contacts whereby the spirit and principles of 
 Jesus Christ can flow into the life of each and into all of the com- 
 munity life. The more varied the program, the more numerous will 
 be the contacts. . 
 
 2. The Church which has a social service program.for the com- 
 munity eliminates that hiatus which exists where agencies of the 
 Church such as the Y.M.C.A. carry on their program apart from 
 the Church and then seek to link up the fruit of their efforts with 
 the Church. It is a concrete demonstration that the Christian religion 
 and social service are inseparable. 
 
 3. It recognizes the family as the primary unity of society. Its 
 program is therefore comprehensive so as to include all of the mem- 
 bers of the family within its scope. 
 
 4. By aiming to Christianize a man’s relationships it conserves 
 the membership of the Church. At present thirty-three per cent of 
 the membership lapses from the Christian fellowship in the course 
 of ten years after baptism. This is largely due to the fact that the 
 existing relationships of the communicant are unchristian and’ tend 
 to lure him away from the Christian way of living. 
 
 5. It seeks to provide a Christian environment which is essential 
 if we would have an indigenous Christianity. Moreover, if we would 
 succeed in catching up with China’s increasing population which is 
 growing at the rate of more than 2,000,000 a year we must generate 
 a Christian environment which will make it as natural for the Chinese 
 
FORUMS 375 
 
 youth to have Christian principles dominate his thinking as it is now 
 the natural expresson of Confucius and his school. 
 
 6. It recognizes the. incalculable worth of human life and so 
 interests itself in the salvaging of life, and improving the conditions 
 of living. The only church on the mission field that is qualified to 
 solve the industrial problem which is becoming increasingly acute 
 is the church with a community program. 
 
 7. The Community Church by projecting a comprehensive com- 
 munity program suited to the community needs naturally tends 
 toward becoming a recognized community force. This is essential 
 if the community is to become Christian. 
 
 8. The successful promotion of a community program abso- 
 lutely requires native leadership and the recruiting of the member- 
 ship in volunteer service. These two are recognized by all mission- 
 aries as essential to the Church if she is to become the dominant 
 religious force in China. The old type church is able to carry on 
 without these two factors. They are a sine qua non to the Community 
 Church. 
 
 g. This type of Christian service, with a comprehensive program 
 for the family and the shop and the factory, touching the social and 
 industrial life of the neighbourhood, presents a multiplicity of con- 
 tacts with all phases of life and thought. This brings the missionary 
 in touch with a wider variety of human interest than any other type 
 of Christian work. Some one has defined life as being measured by 
 the number of things you are alive to. If this is true, I recommend 
 the work of the Community Church on the Mission Field as an 
 unsurpassed opportunity to live life abundantly. 
 
 - BOY SCOUTS IN INDIA 
 Ray E. Rice, Damoh, India 
 
 Since 1917 the Boy Scout Work has been growing in India. 
 The British Government is promoting it through the public schools. 
 Training classes for scout masters have been established in con- 
 nection with the Government Normal Schools. Many years before 
 the scout work began in England, Tyndale Biscoe did a fine work 
 among the boys of Kashmir. When he went there he found a com- 
 munity of boys in Shriwagar who were effeminate. These he taught 
 to swim, to box, to take exercise, to save life and to be prepared to 
 do a real man’s work. His work has been an inspiration to other 
 
376 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 boy workers in India. As a social service and community work, it 
 is probably one of the finest in the Orient. 
 
 Henry Ferger of Princeton has done an outstanding work with 
 scouts in North India. He has projected the spirit of service into 
 Mohammedans, Hindus and Christians. While on scouting inspec- 
 tions, all three have eaten together. Thus scouting is doing much to 
 break down caste. Ferger has been an advisor and helper to many 
 scout leaders in large cities of India. \ 
 
 In the Central Provinces Mr. Joseph Ross of Scotland, Mr. Fay 
 Livengood of Damoh, and other missionaries have done much to 
 promote the work. The Y.M.C.A. has contributed a fine leader to 
 scouting in South India. 
 
 Any man going to India as an engineer, in any other profes- 
 sional or business capacity may render a fine service as scout master 
 among Indian boys. 
 
 Scouting does three great things for these boys: It breaks down 
 caste feelings; it promotes a desire to serve; it encourages patri- 
 otism; it helps to build manhood and citizenship in India. 
 
 OPPORTUNITIES FOR CHRISTIAN SERVICE ABROAD 
 INVOLVING BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL, SKILL 
 (SUMMARY OF FORUM ADDRESSES) 
 
 E. C. Carter, Formerly National Secretary of the Y. M. C. A. for India 
 
 A considerable number of opportunities in so-called secular call- 
 ings for the engineer, architect, accountant and salesman exist abroad. 
 To a lesser degree, similar opportunities are offered by a few for- 
 eign missionary agencies. Dr, Brewer Eddy bore witness to the re- 
 markable Christian influence of certain American and English men 
 engaged in business and government service all over the Orient and 
 South America. Again and again he has met such men who in his 
 judgment are doing as much for the Kingdom as full-time mission- 
 aries. He spoke of the qualities that were necessary if success was 
 to be achieved along these lines and, incidentally, advised against 
 young Americans going to the Orient for business opportunities with- 
 out having secured a definite appointment. 
 
 Mr. William P. Hapgood spoke of the principles and practices 
 in business and industrial life which he regarded as essential to right 
 relations anywhere, and indispensable to any one who was seeking, 
 through industry in the Orient to bear witness to Christianity. 
 
 On being questioned he described the conditions of work in 
 
FORUMS 377 
 
 the organization of the life in his own factory, where he intimated 
 that he was not professing to be a Christian but simply seeking to 
 be true to what he regarded as the two principal purposes of indus- 
 try—first, to produce the necessities of life and, second, to develop 
 human personality. These purposes could best be realized when the 
 workers had a share in the control of the enterprise, where neither 
 capital nor management was weighted against the workers, where 
 every process and activity in the industry could come under review 
 by all the employees, and where the employees really had a determin- 
 ing voice in the conduct of the industry. Labor, he regretted to 
 say, in his line of industry had not yet been organized in the State 
 of Indiana. This he deprecated largely because he felt that one 
 of the principal values of Union organization was the education it 
 gave the worker. He felt that those who had had experience in 
 Union organization were so much the more intelligent and able to 
 take part in the control, development and productivity of industry. 
 
 It was apparent, as Mr. Hapgood proceeded with his discussion, 
 that there would be little chance for Christian witness upon the part 
 of an industrialist in the Orient who did not break away from much 
 that is common in current industrial practice and develop industry 
 on a more truly human and cooperative basis. 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND UNOCCUPIED AREAS IN INDUSTRY 
 W. P. Hapcoop, General Manager, Columbia Conserve Company, Indianapolis 
 
 Twice during this Convention have I heard men who have served 
 well in other fields say, “If I had my life to live again, I should go 
 into industry.” Their desire was not for wealth or power, but for 
 service in an environment which they thought to be richer in oppor- 
 tunity than any other field. One of the speakers at this Convention 
 has suggested that signs should be hung over the doors of the indus- 
 tries of America, reading, “Unoccupied mission fields.” 
 
 It was just that kind of opportunity which impelled my two 
 friends to make the remark I have quoted. They realized how com- 
 pletely these industrial fields are unaffected by Christian principles ; 
 they understood the false motive which prevails there, the completely 
 pagan spirit, and they wished for the physical strength of youth and 
 the freedom from compelling family obligations, so that they could 
 help in the great adventure of the reform of industry. They real- 
 ised that it is industry, or rather its false, pagan philosophy, which 
 is at the root of the evils of the world. 
 
378 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 As I have watched the eager faces of the students in the great 
 tabernacle, as I heard them in the discussion halls, I was overwhelmed 
 with the vision of this army leading the Industrial Revolution. If 
 only some leader could show them the great opportunities that lay 
 before them! If this band would enter the “unoccupied fields of 
 industry” with the same high spirit of devotion and of courage which 
 they show here, the effect would be a revolution, a Christian revo- 
 lution in less than their lifetime. 
 
 It is silly to say that idealism cannot be practiced in industry. 
 The phrase “business is business” expresses not a scientific fact, but 
 an inferiority complex. It is the pitiful effort of the weak human 
 spirit to protect itself from self-criticism. It misrepresents the true 
 meaning, the real motive in industry. But business has said so fre- 
 quently that “business is business,’ that “I am in it for the money 
 there is in it,’ that “it is all right in theory, but it will not work in 
 practice,” that we older men, not “disillusioned” but with inferiority 
 complexes, can not lead toward the real goal. We can save neither 
 ourselves nor industry. You young people of this Convention can 
 do it, if you do not let your elders, “the practical people,” delude 
 you. 
 
 “One man with a word at pleasure 
 Can go forth and conquer a crown, 
 Or two with a new song’s measure 
 Can trample a kingdom down.” 
 
 You young people could speak that word, could lead that song. 
 
 But if you are to be doers of the word, and not hearers only, 
 you must not enter industry as you would a prison, but enter it with 
 heads up and confident of the pleasure you will get there. When 
 friends mourn over you, shake your hand sadly and tell you how 
 much they admire your idealism, but how foolish you are to sacrifice 
 yourselves for those who will not appreciate it, you must bear with 
 them, for “they know not what you do.” 
 
 You will find great adventures in industry, greater than in any 
 other field, if you live the life of the manual worker until you are 
 called to leadership. If you use your education to assist the workers 
 to understand and to govern industry, if you use it to teach employers 
 fellowship and genuine democracy toward their employees, the kind 
 of democracy that impels the individual to lessen his own power, to 
 joyfully pass it to others, then you may be able to say, “I have come 
 that they may have life and that they may have it more abundantly.” 
 
FORUMS 379 
 
 GOVERNMENT SERVICE ABROAD AS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR 
 CHRISTIAN SERVICE 
 
 Dean Freperic E, Ler, University of Maryland * 
 Mr. Chairman, Students of the Convention: 
 
 I come to the discussion of our topic, “Government Service 
 Abroad as an Opportunity for Christian Service,” with five years of 
 direct experience in Government service, more than two of which 
 were spent abroad in China as American Economist Consul for that 
 country and adjacent regions. The other three were spent in direct 
 contact with foreign service officers of the Government,—two years 
 as Economist and Drafting Officer in the Department of State, with 
 the duties of appraising certain of the work of consular and diplo- 
 matic officers; drafting instructions for their guidance in the per- 
 formance of their duties; and furnishing data for their efficiency 
 reports on the basis of the work done. 
 
 More recently, since returning from China a year ago to resume 
 my educational work as Dean at the University of Maryland, I have 
 been serving part time, at the special request of Secretary Hoover 
 as Special Advisor on Far Eastern Finance in the Department of 
 Commerce where I am also called upon to appraise the work of 
 many of the foreign service officers of that Department,—the Com- 
 mercial Attachés, Trade Commissioners, etc. 
 
 I speak of this experience and of these connections with some 
 hesitancy, not with any intent of magnifying their importance but 
 merely to indicate to you my familiarity with the conditions under 
 which the foreign service officers of our Government perform their 
 tasks. This inside experience has also been supplemented by two 
 years of residence in Japan in educational work, one and one-half 
 years’ residence in Canada, and some travel in Europe, where I had 
 occasion to view from the outside, as it were, the work and position 
 of the consular and diplomatic officers of the Government. 
 
 First of all, I want to point out that the openings in the foreign 
 service of the Government are few. Even though we have 48 diplo- 
 matic missions abroad there are today only 130 career officers in 
 the diplomatic service,—116 Secretaries of embassies or legations and 
 14 councillors. While the Consular establishment of our Government 
 at first sight seems large, having at this date a personnel of 2,816, 
 only 534 of these are career officers, i.e., Consuls-General, Consuls, 
 Vice-Consuls de carriere, student interpreters and Consular assist- 
 
380 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 ants. Of the clerks in this service probably 500 are Americans, the 
 balance foreigners. 
 
 Likewise, in the foreign service of the Department of Com- 
 merce the number of officers is comparatively small. At the pres- 
 ent time there are only 110 officers and foreign clerks combined,— 
 Commercial Attachés, Trade Commissioners, Assistant Trade Com- 
 missioners, and clerks to trade Commissioners and clerks to Commer- 
 cial Attaches. 
 
 In an address last Wednesday evening (December 26, 1923) 
 before the National Conference on Foreign Service Training in 
 Washington, Mr. Wilbur J. Carr, the director of the Consular Serv- 
 ice, stated that the yearly openings in the two services under the De- 
 partment of State—Consular and Diplomatic Services,—amounted 
 to about 35,—28 openings a year in the Consular establishment and 
 7 in the Diplomatic Service. In view of the importance to American 
 interests of those who are chosen it is well to dwell for a moment 
 upon the basis by which they are selected. 
 
 If any of you students have come up before Mission Boards for 
 appointment and have, therefore, been made familiar with their basis 
 for selection of candidates, you have doubtless thought ‘that their 
 selection was rather rigid or perhaps severe. For missionary work 
 the mediocre man or woman is not desired. Leadership, personality, 
 scholarship of a high quality, and other similar qualifications or at- 
 tainments are required. If the basis for selection for mission work 
 is rigid I should say that selection for foreign service under our 
 Government is many times more so. 
 
 I should venture the estimate that of the very determined student 
 volunteers more than fifty per cent of them reach or can reach the 
 field in one capacity or another or under one board or another. When 
 I look back to my own undergraduate days at the University of 
 Kansas and my graduate days in Yale and Harvard and recall the 
 students who were student volunteers there, I believe that at least 
 sixty per cent of them reached the field. In fact, I believe I have 
 seen nearly fifty per cent of them, particularly the men, in my home 
 at the great cross-roads cities of the Orient,—Tokyo, Shanghai and 
 Peking, or in their homes in Korea, China, Siberia, or Japan. 
 
 The comparatively few who ever attain their ideal and receive 
 appointment in the foreign service of the Government, however, com- 
 pared with the number who apply, indicates the more rigid selection 
 which is made by the Government agencies sending representatives 
 abroad than that of the Mission Boards. 
 
 Take the Consular Service, for example, with which I am most 
 
FORUMS 381 
 
 familiar. To be allowed to even take the examination the candidate 
 must be designated for examination by the President of the United 
 States or by the Secretary of State. And, contrary to popular belief, 
 secretarial or congressional assistance in the securing of such des- 
 ignation is of little significance, and in fact, congressional influence 
 is at times more of a handicap than a help to an aspiring candidate. 
 
 After designation the candidates are assembled for examina- 
 tion, where for two full days they are subjected to rigid civil service 
 examinations in history, economics, international law, commerce, eco- 
 nomic and industrial resources, languages, etc., and a passing grade 
 of 80 per cent is required. In this written examination, moreover, 
 education and experience count for 50 per cent of the total, so that 
 a student might write a perfect examination and yet be thrown out 
 on the basis of education and experience. 
 
 Then, after this searching written examination, the candidate 
 passes before a medical examining board of naval or army specialists 
 when the most rigid and searching physical examination is made. 
 A man who cannot pass an examination comparable to that required 
 for a commission in the Army or Navy has little chance of being 
 selected for the foreign service of the Government. 
 
 Then comes the oral examination when the candidate is brought 
 before an examining board made up of the Secretary of State or 
 his appointee, the Director of the Consular Service, the Chief Exam- 
 iner of the Civil Service Commission, and Chief of the Consular 
 Bureau, mainly for a test of the personality or sound judgment of 
 the candidate. This examination counts for as much as the written 
 examination and the education and experience of the would-be gov- 
 ernment service official combined and without personality the can- 
 didate is impossible. 
 
 If the candidate has successfully run the gauntlet of all these 
 preceding examinations, which appear to be sufficient, there is yet 
 one more before he can hope to be accepted. He must then go before 
 the interpreter of the Department of State to show that he has the 
 ability to speak the foreign language in which he has been examined, 
 —French, German or Spanish. Additional credit is given for addi- 
 tional languages, but woe unto the individual who tries to bluff his 
 way through with some little known foreign tongue. He may say 
 offhandedly that he can speak in Japanese, Egyptian, or Sanscrit 
 and the Bolshevik-appearing, $2,o00-a-year State Department inter- 
 preter says, “Well, we will talk in those languages awhile.” And 
 to my knowledge from several extended conversations with him in 
 Japanese, he speaks correctly and fluently the thirty languages he 
 
382 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 claims knowledge of. In one long room during the war period six 
 regional economists in the Department of State were placed. This 
 versatile interpreter used to come in for a friendly conversation with 
 each of us. Passing down the row of desks he conversed with us 
 in French, German, Russian, Spanish, Japanese, and Norwegian. 
 This indicates the type of language examination to which the can- 
 didate for foreign service is subjected. Can you imagine such an 
 extended series of examination for a missionary candidate? 
 
 And after all, what are the chances of the candidate getting by? 
 In the examination for Economist Consuls which I took, there were 
 seventeen candidates, all of whom either had a doctor’s degree or 
 the equivalent before designation for examination. Six were put 
 on the eligible list, four were finally appointed. At the examination 
 for the regular consular service in June of that year, if I remember 
 the figures correctly, 221 college trained men took the examination,— 
 seventeen were made eligible for appointment, most of whom were 
 eventually appointed to the lowest grade of “vice consul de carriere” 
 service. 
 
 The Diplomatic Service presents a different problem. As Sec- 
 retary Hughes has recently and often pointed out, men of ability 
 without private income cannot be appointed. Great Britain in its 
 statement of qualifications for diplomatic officers states that no can- 
 didate will be considered with a private income of less than 200 
 pounds a year. We, the largest democracy of the world, haven’t the 
 courage to definitely place in our statutes or regulations such a 
 clause, but in practice no man can be appointed to the diplomatic 
 service without a private income of more than the minimum required 
 by British law. In one legation with which I served, where the high- 
 est paid secretary received $4,000 a year, the personal and enter- 
 tainment expenses of each diplomatic secretary ran from $8,000 to - 
 $12,000 a year. Congress has a bill before it now—the Rogers 
 Bill, which, if passed, will remove this undemocratic qualification for 
 the diplomatic service by adjusting salaries in such a way that men 
 of ability without private wealth can actually serve our Govern- 
 ment abroad. 
 
 With these requirements and qualifications so high for Gov- 
 ernment service abroad, are men disappointed when they fail to 
 attain their ends? I have compared the attitude of missionary can- 
 didates who failed to get to their field with that of disappointed for- 
 eign service candidates. Many of the former settle down contentedly 
 in a pastorate, an educational position, or in business, and say, “Yes, 
 
FORUMS 383 
 
 I wanted to get to the field but the Board wouldn’t accept me and 
 I am quite happy where I am.” 
 
 Fortunately many of the Government service candidates who 
 fail do likewise, but some are not so easily satisfied. Some of the 
 most poignant disappointment I have ever heard expressed has come 
 from men who have tried to enter the career service of the Govern- 
 ment and have failed. 
 
 I sat one evening on the veranda of a consular residence in an 
 oriental city, looking out over the busy harbor at sunset. With 
 me sat a consular clerk who had three times taken the consular ex- 
 amination and three times failed. He was then past forty-nine years 
 of age, too old for another chance at the consular examination. He 
 had served fifteen years abroad in South America, Australia, and 
 the Far East, as consular clerk with the honorary rank of Vice- 
 Consul, not of career,—many times in actual and successful charge 
 of a Consulate or Consulate-general for months at a time. News 
 had just reached him of his last failure in the examination, and as 
 we sat in the sunset glow he became reminiscent. “Yes, Mr. Lee,” 
 he said, “I have spent my life in a vain dream of the Consular 
 Service. I gave up an attractive position on a New York City news- 
 paper to take a position as Consular clerk, thinking thereby, that, 
 as I was told, I would fit myself for the Consular examination. I 
 gave up home and life in America, I gave up the privilege of having 
 a wife and children because I hadn’t the courage to think of marry- 
 ing until I had arrived in my career. Here I am now, fifty years 
 old, alone, unmarried, in an Oriental city, serving the Government 
 in an acceptable way, yet denied the privilege of Consular rank and 
 position for which I have striven, in a job without a future, and too 
 old to get out of it.” 
 
 Now, with this careful selective process by which Government 
 foreign service officers are chosen, what are the opportunities for 
 Christian service abroad for those who are selected? These officers 
 are expected to “represent the best of American culture, of American 
 patriotism, of American idealism,” and here again I am indirectly 
 quoting the words of the very efficient Director of the American 
 Consular Service, The Honorable Wilbur J. Carr. “A man without 
 industry, without personality of the highest type, with unsound judg- 
 ment, without patriotism, without culture and refinement, cannot be 
 selected to represent our Government and civilization abroad.” 
 
 Now I submit to you, can a man represent the best of American 
 culture, the best of American idealism, the highest type of person- 
 ality, without either directly or indirectly, consciously or uncon- 
 
384 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 sciously, holding within himself the ideals and practices of the Chris- — 
 tian faith? I hold to the view, based upon life in countries of 
 non-Christian cultures and a study of Kultur-Geschichte that our 
 institutions are what they are because of their dependence upon the 
 principles of right-living, justice, humanitarianism, which are a fun- 
 damental part of the practices and faith of the Christian religion. 
 
 Have our consular and diplomatic officers in the past, do they 
 now properly represent the best of our American culture, our Amer- 
 ican civilization? Are their responsibilities and duties such as to 
 demand that they should represent the best of our American life 
 and culture? 
 
 If, in connection with this last question, we look for a moment 
 at the duties and responsibilities of our foreign service officers, we 
 can the more readily answer the previous question. 
 
 What are the duties and responsibilities of our foreign service 
 officers? It might be easier to answer the question, What are not 
 the duties of these officers? A glance at this chart which I brought 
 along which was issued a year or so ago as a supplement to the 
 American Consular Bulletin and is now reprinted from month to 
 month on the back of that magazine as a constant reminder, indi- 
 cates in part some of the duties of those officers. 
 
 To merely enumerate some of the duties of our.consular officers 
 would show the various and important contacts they must make 
 abroad in all of which contacts American culture and civilization are 
 judged. Functioning under and through the Department of State 
 this chart shows the following activities for American Consuls: pro- 
 tection of American citizens; protection of American interests; po- 
 litical and economic reports; Consular courts in extraterritorial coun- 
 tries ; notarial services ; depositions and commissions; relief of Amer- 
 ican seamen; estates of American seamen; citizenship; registration 
 of Americans; passport services, Americans; alien visa control; 
 deaths of Americans; estates of deceased Americans; witnesses to . 
 marriages; recordation of vital statistics, in addition to miscellaneous 
 correspondence with and reports to the Treasury, Navy, Post Office, 
 War and Interior Departments, the Departments of Labor, Justice, 
 Commerce, and Agriculture, the Federal Reserve Board, the Shipping 
 Board, Panama Canal Commission, and to the American citizen in 
 general. 
 
 The duties of American diplomatic officers, particularly in the 
 protection of American citizens, protection of American interests, 
 and in the preparation of political and economic reports are some- 
 what similar. 
 
FORUMS 385 
 
 For both services, however, one of the most important functions 
 of these officers is their representative capacity. They are, or should 
 be in every sense of the word, true representatives of the American 
 Government, of the American people, of American life and culture, 
 and here is where the opportunities for Christian service in this field 
 come in. The foreign service officer can either supplement or he 
 can tear down the work of the missionary. In more ways than one 
 he is a real missionary of our culture and civilization. 
 
 Tyler Dennett in his book, “Americans in Eastern Asia,” in 
 speaking of the American consular service during the nineteenth 
 century, says that over this service for the century one would wish 
 to draw a veil. Those were the days of the “merchant”’ consul, fol- 
 lowed by the “fee” consul, before the days of the career consular 
 officer under Civil Service. Certainly in many respects many of 
 these former Consular officers did not properly represent our Amer- 
 ican culture and did not give much evidence of being representative 
 of a Christian civilization. 
 
 Is America Christian now, however, and have we a right, there- 
 fore, to demand that our representative abroad shall represent our 
 Christian culture? Do they? 
 
 Last January I was called to Yale to deliver a lecture in con- 
 nection with the Religious Leadership course of lectures there. On 
 the subject of the attitude of the American official and American 
 business man in the Far East toward the Missionary enterprise I 
 had to tell the truth as I saw it. Among American officials I found 
 three classes—One, a small minority who honored and backed up 
 the missionary in his work;—Second, a fairly large majority who 
 were indifferent to or ignored the missionary and his program; and 
 lastly—a small minority again actually hostile and antagonistic to the 
 missionary and his work and to all work of a Christian character. 
 The business community likewise fell into about the same classes. 
 
 To the native, however, all Americans and all Europeans are 
 looked upon as Christian, and Christian civilization and the Christian 
 religion itself are judged by the conduct of all Americans abroad. 
 
 In the sessions of this conference it has been pointed out that 
 America is not as Christian as it might be, as it ought to be, yet we 
 can safely say that probably at least 4o millions of its people are 
 nominally followers of the Christian faith—are enrolled in its 
 churches or are guided by the teachings of Christ in their conduct. 
 That is virtually four out of eleven, or a little less than forty per cent 
 of our population. If thirty-five are appointed annually, therefore, 
 to these foreign services could we not reasonably expect that at’ least 
 
386 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 the above proportion, four out of eleven, or twelve out of the thirty- 
 five will be of definite Christian character? If the others are to rep- 
 resent America and American culture, should they not recognize the 
 general dependence of our civilization upon Christianity, and at 
 least, in their dealings with native races, shape their conduct accord- 
 ing to the tenets of American idealism and culture which are basically 
 Christian ? 
 
 Personally, I believe that the opportunities for Christian service 
 in Government service abroad are almost as unlimited as those in 
 education or in direct mission work. I am confident, too, of a real 
 need for more openly Christian individuals in our foreign service, 
 particularly in backward countries. The responsibility, therefore, of 
 making our foreign service more Christian, and in that way more 
 truly representative, rests, to a very large extent, with you 7,000 
 students of the 1,000 colleges and universities you represent, either 
 through the entry of some of your number into the service, or by 
 making known to Government departments your desires in the 
 matter. 
 
 OPPORTUNITIES FOR MARRIED WOMEN WITHIN AND 
 WITHOUT THE HOME 
 
 Mrs. Cuartes K. Roys, Secretary, Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 The home is basic everywhere. Throughout the world it is an 
 indispensable agency in community evangelism. In Protestant 
 Christianity the unit group is the family. Its first task, wherever the 
 gospel is preached, is to promote the organization of Christian homes. 
 When such a home is established the result is reflected, not only in 
 the life of the individual, or in the comfort of its members, but it 
 may be seen in the homes of the Christian community. Recognizing 
 the family as the fundamental social group, the Christian propa- 
 gandist seeks to found a home through which regenerating influ- 
 ences shall touch and transform the community. 
 
 It has been well said, “Christianity has in the home its sweet 
 fruits and its most potent influences to humanize, elevate and evan- 
 gelize a race of men.” If this be true among Christian peoples, what 
 must be the value of the Christian home in a land where Christianity 
 is taking root? It is one of the greatest apologetics for Christianity, 
 a concrete demonstration of Christian idealism. Its value is that it 
 is obvious and challenges attention. It is a little bit of the best of 
 Christian America or Great Britain set down in a non-Christian com- 
 munity. It may embody the finest these countries have to offer. 
 
FORUMS 387 
 
 Those who enter a true home find a haven of joy, rest and peace, 
 something the national desires to establish for himself, something 
 which may well prove to be “a bit of heaven on earth.” 
 
 The mission enterprise utilizes every agency for making an im- 
 pact on the life of a people—the schools of various types, the hospital 
 with its dispensaries and district nurses, the church with its out- 
 stations, colporteurs, Bible women and evangelizing radius. But the 
 Christian home goes far in reinforcing all this varied work. In very 
 truth it is the Christian message in action. 
 
 Many who are able to resist the arguments or appeals of the 
 missionary are forced to confess the appeal of the Christian home. 
 A Greek student once wrote in a class paper: 
 
 “Nothing in the college in Smyrna impressed, touched and in- 
 fluenced the students as much as the attractiveness, the beauty, the 
 purity and the Christianity of the home of the missionaries, who at 
 all times kept open the doors of their homes and of their hearts as 
 well. There boys and girls came face to face with a living, loving, 
 contagious, applied Christianity. Asking a student to see the baby 
 put to sleep amounted to nothing, perhaps, but it led one of the best 
 young fellows in the college to give his life to Christian service and 
 ultimately to sacrifice it in serving his enemies.” 
 
 A brilliant student of philosophy, who used to spend his eve- 
 nings in a missionary home discussing deep questions, remarked: 
 “Though I could throw down all Mr. ’s arguments, I could not 
 but see, even from his contact with the housemaid, that he possessed 
 something which I could not understand, something that I lacked.” 
 
 A missionary mother, now on the field, has this to say: 
 
 “Home is the one and only spot upon earth where you have the 
 opportunity, unfettered, to reproduce in the power of Jesus Christ 
 a plot of the Kingdom and the atmosphere of it.” 
 
 A pagan land is a land of low ideals, sometimes of unbelievable 
 abominations. These are not readily dealt with, even if they are 
 visible. The true Christian home with its atmosphere of happiness, 
 purity and peace is the most potent corrective of low standards of 
 thinking and action for young people or old. What else can combat 
 the subtle, demoralizing influences, or furnish an antidote against the 
 moral infections of a pagan land? To appreciate its value one must 
 pass through crowded native streets, touching, it may be, the most 
 degraded conditions of human life, and then suddenly turn into a 
 missionary compound, to note its simple refinement, to breathe its 
 atmosphere of purity, and to hear the laughter of little children. 
 Arguments may be forgotten or may fail to convince the one who 
 
 
 
388 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 is not a Christian; deeds of friendliness may be misinterpreted or 
 resented; but the silent witness of the Christian home is not readily 
 lost. 
 
 A real home does not happen. It is the fruitage of loving, skilful, 
 sacrificial planning. Its furnishings should be as carefully planned 
 as those in our own land. A home turned wholly over to servants 
 does not often secure this atmosphere. When it is restfully ordered, 
 reflecting through some form of music, good pictures, books and 
 magazines the tastes of its founders, the people of their adopted 
 country quickly sense its beauty and are affected by it. It was truly 
 said of a certain missionary wife, refurnishing her home which had 
 been devastated during a war, that to give her a new tea-service or 
 doilies for her tea-table was as real a contribution to foreign missions 
 as a set of textbooks or a Bible for the school or church. Such a 
 home attracts many and wins because it is attractive. Simplicity 
 should be its keynote. The lands to which the westerner goes often 
 abound in exquisite materials and equipment, which can be readily 
 utilized, thus obviating the excessive import of goods and furniture 
 from abroad. 
 
 The home invariably reflects the qualities of the wife. It is her 
 working center. Should she fail to realize the desirableness of an 
 attractive home or be for any reason unqualified to create such a 
 home, the result will be immediate and disappointing. 
 
 The primary responsibility of the wife is in her home. Inability 
 to make it what it should be is a heavy handicap to her, to her hus- 
 band, and to others. What it may become depends almost wholly 
 upon her, her genius, disposition, willingness and devotion to little 
 ‘and large things alike. It is her throne, her pulpit, her social in- 
 strument. } 
 
 Obviously, however beautiful it may seem, the real value of a 
 home as an agency in preaching the good news of Jesus Christ 
 depends on its relationships. There are four relationships within 
 the circle of intimate home life which make or mar its character and 
 affect its influence: The wife’s relationship to God; to her husband; 
 to her children; to her servants. 
 
 Profoundly important to the wife is her relationship to God. 
 The intimacy of her communion with Him gives atmosphere to the 
 home and will determine the measure of its most uplifting influence. 
 If in all her problems she seeks the wisdom promised those who 
 ask, if her life is one of prayer and thoughtfulness, its spirit will 
 have transforming power for many. It is this necessity which calls 
 for thorough religious preparation. 
 
FORUMS 389 
 
 The fundamentals which underlie all happy family relationships 
 apply in foreign lands as at home, but the frequent isolations of life 
 abroad make the husband and wife more than ordinarily dependent 
 on each other. Such isolation, in place of being a sacrifice, may 
 indeed be a real blessing, drawing them together as no other situa- 
 tion can. 
 
 The question of sharing in her husband’s work is always a 
 complex one for a wise wife. It can never be settled by others or 
 once for all time. She usually has a certain store of time and energy 
 above the needs of household management, which can be drawn upon 
 to relieve him of responsibility. If she has been trained, even a 
 little, in the keeping of accounts, so that her husband can leave the 
 family and household expenditures entirely to her, one real burden 
 will be rolled away. She can write many of the family and social 
 letters. She can support his administration by opening her home to 
 his national colleagues or to his students or to dignitaries. Some- 
 times she can accompany him on his itinerations or share in some 
 of his activities. Such an interest will increase the zeal with which 
 he labors so incessantly. 
 
 The husband’s work often means separation from home, while 
 he is away on business. A woman of timid nature suffers under the 
 frequent and often long absences of her husband, and is tempted to 
 make demands on his time which seriously handicap the work. In 
 most cases, however, conspicuous heroism is shown by wives and 
 young mothers, who, with fine spirit, take these separations as a 
 part of their share in the work. A woman often finds her greatest 
 trial and challenge and strain in this matter of necessary separation 
 from her husband, but she will be sustained in it by the sense of 
 thus having a part in his achievement. 
 
 Of even greater importance may be her share in her husband’s 
 recreative life. The necessity of it she should understand. His 
 work, like much of her own, is often tiring beyond endurance. It is 
 her privilege to keep the home a place of refreshing comfort for him, 
 so that he may retain the balance of mind, the hopefulness, the 
 resilience of temper so essential to his poise, sanity and strength. 
 To make him the confidant of the daily round of domestic “woes,” 
 or to add to his burden by a tale of loneliness or homesickness, is a 
 sorry contribution to missionary morale. 
 
 For the sake of the steadiness and efficiency of his life the wise 
 wife will encourage her husband to cherish some “hobby.” One 
 missionary lived through years of exceptional strain and overwork, 
 because he kept his boyish enthusiasm for making canoes. When 
 
390 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 perplexed beyond endurance by the problems of his work, he would 
 sit down in the evening to draw a plan for a new canoe, and come 
 out of it refreshed. A famous missionary in India, who lived and 
 worked with vigor to an advanced age, maintained his reserves of 
 energy by cultivating choice roses and other flowers. A few hours 
 of pruning and weeding gave him a fresh grip upon his puzzling 
 problems. Calvin Mateer, that indefatigable worker, who began his 
 day earlier and worked later than the younger men of his station, 
 loved to gather the boys together and take a watch to pieces, showing 
 them how to fit the parts back into their proper places. Some mis- 
 sionaries relax by following a course of study in archeology, or by 
 some form of research which has no direct relation to their daily 
 responsibilities. Whatever it may be that relaxes the strain which 
 the innumerable problems impose upon most missionaries, the sym- 
 pathetic wife will give it all reasonable leeway and due appreciation. 
 
 It is equally true that she should have some means of relaxation. 
 Serenity, poise and sanity of thinking will reward the effort. Sharing 
 a hobby with her husband will double its value. A husband and wife 
 may enjoy botanizing or photography or gardening or any kind of 
 real recreation together. Two women missionaries of China found 
 relaxation in studying the problems of adapting for interior decora- 
 tion a combination of the Oriental and the Occidental styles, studying 
 the effects produced in the homes of cultured Chinese. 
 
 Of very great importance is the sharing between husband and 
 wife of the deepest things in the spiritual life. Each should seek to 
 understand the finer moods of the other and to enter into them with 
 delicate appreciation. When both can not only consider with mutual 
 helpfulness the religious problems of other people, but can gain a 
 real inspiration by realizing the true foundations of each other’s 
 deepest life, the relationship of husband and wife will find its sweetest 
 and finest expression. 
 
 Happy are those whose home is made complete by children. he 
 their earliest years they cut the mother off from many forms of 
 outside service, in which she may have shown great skill, yet they 
 hold a very real place in the value of the home she is building. 
 Nationals readily love the little white child, and claim it as belonging 
 to them. A foreign baby overcomes indifference and even hostility. 
 Memory recalls an angry mob, infuriated at the “foreign devils,” 
 which became a crowd of ardent admirers, when the chairbearers 
 cried, “Make way for the small baby; she’s as waite as a woolly 
 lamb!” 
 
 Although a wife may be kept within her home while hel children 
 
; 
 i 
 , 
 
 
 
 FORUMS 391 
 
 are young, yet her experience as a mother enables her later to do 
 highly important service by sharing her ideals. with mothers who 
 need her helpful sympathy. Common experiences of motherhood 
 make the best possible foundation for real friendships. The ignorant 
 mother who comes to watch the processes of loving care, not only 
 learns to bathe or clothe or feed or train her own little child, but 
 has an opportunity to hear about the love of Jesus, who came as a 
 little child and who loved to have children about Him. 
 
 The problem of growing children in the home in mission lands 
 is one that tests to the utmost the constancy and the character of the 
 parents. Upon the mother rests, as a rule, the details of responsibility. 
 Unless she live in or near a city of central importance with an ade- 
 quate number of British or American inhabitants, the task of teaching 
 the little ones until they have to go to America or to some available 
 center of education will be hers. It is advisable for her to gain some 
 insight into the best methods of educating children and some knowl- 
 edge of elementary curricula. 
 
 How far the wise mother should go in sharing her children with 
 her neighbors among her adopted people is a momentous question 
 for her and for them. The sanitary conditions of many Oriental 
 cities demand thoughtful protection against disease. The moral and 
 social conditions of many communities are equally dangerous to young 
 and sensitive minds. Yet the western mother may, if she really 
 wishes to do so, share her children in a reasonable way with the 
 child-loving Eastern or other folk. Contact in the Sunday School 
 or in the garden of her home with native Christian children is natural 
 and need not be morally dangerous, although contact with the non- 
 Christian children of the city or country often is. Without this brave 
 and loyal sharing of the missionary’s best with others her work tends 
 to become professional. It takes sincere consecration and abundant 
 common sense to assume that God will shelter little children as well 
 as grownups in their contacts with their adopted people; but, if the 
 missionary mother cannot cultivate this attitude of mind, her position 
 will be both difficult and misunderstood. “To be in all respects a 
 careful mother, but one ‘without carefulness’ guarding against undue 
 anxiety” is indeed a valuable maxim. 
 
 In Mission lands, as at home, the mother must meet moral 
 emergencies as she meets physical ones, with coolness, tact and con- 
 structiveness. The problem is’a great one; it never reaches a final 
 solution ; it calls for constant watchfulness; but it is not by any means 
 insoluble. Here again should be noted the importance of training in 
 the home land in the methods of character development. It will help 
 
392 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 the young mother to know how others have met urgent problems in 
 the training of young minds, yet her task will be all her own. She 
 should not fail to teach her children by precept and example the 
 importance of the religious point of view in everyday life and the 
 meaning and value of missionary service. Their future character, 
 their estimate of Christianity and of Christian virtues and standards 
 will be low or high, their social sympathies will be broad or narrow, 
 their personal manners will be charming or crude, almost in propor- 
 tion to the share of their parents in their growing lives. 
 
 In mission lands there is usually no difficulty in obtaining serv- 
 ants, such as they are. But in the management of them the Western 
 woman often finds her greatest difficulty. A training in household 
 economics and management is a godsend, even though every illus- 
 tration of the principles she has mastered may be wholly unfamiliar. 
 Skilled housekeeping is a science and art. Its presence or absence 
 affects greatly the peace, order and happiness of the entire household. 
 
 The young wife’s standards are revealed by her management of 
 her servants. It is easy for Westerners to fall into the Oriental habit 
 of treating them as menials who work for a wage. But the gospel 
 of brotherliness and love should be preached in the home as well as 
 on the street corner. It is a sad commentary on that gospel, as set 
 forth in some missionary homes, that many of the servants are not 
 at all attracted by Christianity. It is not difficult to give zealous 
 servants their reasonable share in the home life without losing the 
 needful respect which they should pay to the heads of their house- 
 hold. What eager service is often rendered in the preparation for 
 expected guests, when household helpers are told something about 
 the visitors before their arrival. 
 
 In most cases the servants in a foreign household are kept away 
 from their own homes. It should be the pleasure of the wife who 
 cares for their well-being to enable them to live a wholesome life 
 of their own, properly guarded and developed. To some degree they 
 can share the joys of the home and the problems of the work of 
 each week. Reading matter purchased for their use, pictures shared 
 with them, and recreation for their idle hours—these measures of 
 thoughtfulness will be richly repaid by devoted and intelligent service. 
 
 Western children reflect with accuracy the real attitude of their 
 parents toward their servants. Some children are insufferable in 
 their discourtesy and unreasonableness. One who has spent several 
 weeks on an ocean liner or even half a day in some missionary com- 
 pounds will notice illustrations aplenty of this lack of gentle breeding. 
 The wise mother will encourage her children to recognize courteously 
 
FORUMS 393 
 
 every service rendered. Courtesy, that fine flower of the spirit, when 
 practiced by mistress and children will bloom among the servants. 
 “Sankee you” was familiarily heard from the Chinese in a missionary 
 home, where the rule of courtesy was followed. The friendly “Good 
 night” and “Good morning” were soon learned, although there were 
 no equivalents in the native tongue. They speak a universal language 
 which needs no interpreter. 
 
 The mastery of these relationships is a matter of no small 
 moment. Frequently the real reputation of a missionary in his com- 
 munity is settled by the working standards of his home life, reported 
 by his servants and co-workers. There is, however, a broader signifi- 
 cance of the Christian home in the mission field. It should be the 
 joy of the wife to plan with tact and persistence to give to her home 
 this additional, far-reaching value in the community at large. 
 
 The wife who truly wishes to use her home as a means of bless- 
 ing to the people among whom she and her husband live faces a 
 most searching and delicate test. To succeed in this effort will call 
 for much more than tact or good humor or even devotedness. She 
 may find many other forms of activity relatively simple in compari- 
 son. Teaching or visiting or translating or doing some form of 
 hospital service may be performed after a fashion, while in her home 
 the wife may, fail. Success means overcoming a natural shrinking 
 from intimacy with a people whose heritage, points of view, and 
 manners seem altogether different; it may mean the sacrifice of a 
 life of privacy. It always mean continual interruptions; very often, 
 wearisome and seemingly wasteful hours of small talk. Yet such 
 service unquestionably bears rich fruitage. It demands a careful 
 study of indigenous etiquette, so that what sometimes seems to be the 
 trifling predilections of the people may be respected. It challenges 
 the wife to cultivate an understanding of the true values of her 
 adopted people and.to persist in a determination to take them at their 
 best. But the most essential factor, after all, is the warm heart 
 which manifests a sincere friendliness. 
 
 In some countries, and notably today, nationals of good social 
 standing are quick to resent a marked distinction between themselves 
 and foreign guests, particularly if they are excluded from portions 
 of the home into which Westerners are welcome. The Christian home 
 ought not to be a means of raising race barriers, but rather a notable 
 means of levelling them, wherever that is possible. Nationals of any 
 race realize it very quickly, if only the second best of the Westerner 
 home life has been granted to them. For none others should the 
 wife be so eager to wear her prettiest gown, to use her choicest 
 
394 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 dishes, to plan her most entertaining games. Many a student and 
 diplomat to foreign countries has learned his first lessons in foreign 
 etiquette in a missionary home. But the results of true friendliness 
 do not accrue only to the national who is a guest. To the home- 
 maker, who thus as a matter of consecration tries to share her home 
 with those who need its influence, Christ Himself will often come in 
 the person of a guest. 
 
 Little need be said about the use which will be made an the home 
 in the foreign community itself. Where there is a group of such 
 homes, their interchange of courtesies goes far towards relieving the 
 strain of life in an alien land. They share the joy of little children, 
 and of the treasures which come from the homeland. They rely upon 
 the comradeship engendered. The more important use of a real home 
 in foreign lands is on behalf of the unmarried worker, the pressure 
 on whose time often reduces his home: joys to a minimum, or on 
 behalf of those who, for some reason, are compelled to return to an 
 empty house. A tactful hostess can, abroad just as at home, do much. 
 to maintain the morale of the community of which she is an essential 
 part. In some centers such responsibilities may become very heavy. 
 In one port city, through which many traveled, one missionary house- 
 hold recorded—let it be said, with some pride and not without satis- 
 faction—the entertainment of 395 nationals and 225 missionaries for 
 at least one meal and of 22 over night during a single month. This 
 was, however, an unusual experience at the time of an important 
 gathering. 
 
 Then there is the relationship of a Christian home to the circle 
 of Western business men of the community. The downward pull 
 of the non-Christian environment is responsible for much of the 
 laxness in standards of the “community people” so-called. Whatever 
 can be gained through friendly hospitality in improving the types of 
 life of business people is a direct, sometimes enormous gain to Chris- 
 tianity itself. 
 
 Thus through its relationships within and without, the Christian 
 home is made rich in its ministries in the non-Christian land. 
 
 When Almighty God was ready to make the supreme revelation 
 of His love to the world, He chose a woman in a home and her little 
 Child to be His medium of expression. The sure reward of deep and 
 abiding joy awaits those who seek to make God’s love shine through 
 their homes into the dark places of the earth. 
 
CLOSING MESSAGES OF CONVENTION 
 
 WHAT JESUS CHRIST HAS MEANT TO ME AND 
 LOM Yih OP EE 
 
 ANDREW THAKAR Dass 
 
 Foreman Christian College, Lahore, India, and Union Theological Seminary, 
 New York City 
 
 I speak to you this evening of “What Christ Has Meant to Me 
 and My People.” “Jesus Christ, the same yesterday and today, and 
 forever.” In His own person and nature Jesus Christ is unchange- 
 able; nevertheless, He is the perennial Christ, realized and recognized 
 by peoples of different lands and ages, in different aspects of His 
 character. 
 
 To the early Christians of the first church He was the Messiah; 
 to the Romans He personified a new ideal of life; to Europe at the 
 time of the Reformation He was the Deliverer ; and to the Christians 
 of the modern West today He is more than anything else the world 
 Savior. But in India Jesus Christ is recognized above all as “Christ 
 and Him crucified.” 
 
 The keynote of the religions of India is asceticism. The re- 
 ligious enthusiast, in renouncing the world, undergoes a physical and 
 .mental discipline for the enlightenment of his soul. He undertakes 
 to practice certain bodily postures which are meant to subdue the 
 physical senses. He practices closing his eyes in order to still his 
 mind and to concentrate his attention upon the supreme being. 
 
 This discipline is expected to bring body and mind under the 
 yoke, called “yoga,” which is the same as the English word yoke. 
 Furthermore, it is supposed that almost anything can be accomplished 
 by means of self torture and endurance of pain. Some of the prac- 
 tices and self-inflicted horrors of these austere ascetics in India are 
 
 395 
 
306 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 beyond description, for example, fasting to the point of extreme 
 emaciation, continued and prolonged silence, maintaining one fixed 
 position for months and years, while unimaginable vermin creep over 
 the body and the limbs become useless. All this is calculated to bring 
 about the enlightenment of the soul. 
 
 About 800 years or more before Christ a king asked the sage 
 Yajnavalkiya, “What is the light of man?” 
 
 The sage at first made the obvious reply, “The sun, O King, 
 for having the sun alone for his light, man sits, moves about, does 
 his work and returns.” 
 
 But this did not satisfy the king, and he asked, “When the sun 
 is set, what is the light of man?” 
 
 And again the obvious answer came, ‘When the sun is set, then 
 the moon is the light of man, for having the moon alone for his light, 
 man sits, moves about and does his work and returns.” 
 
 “But when the sun is set and the moon is set, what is the light 
 of man?” And once more the sage answered, and this time perhaps 
 in the spirit of modern applied science, ‘““When the sun is set and the 
 moon is set, then fire is the light of man, for having fire alone for his 
 light, man sits, moves about, does his work and returns.” 
 
 But the recurring question came again, “When the sun is set 
 and the moon is set and the fire has gone out, what is the light of 
 man?” and there is but one answer to that question, and Yajnavalkiya 
 gave it at last, “When the sun is set and the moon is set and the fire 
 is out, the soul is the light of man.” 
 
 Friends, India has rigorously toiled and afflicted herself to secure 
 the soul-light. India has practiced asceticism, India has crushed her- 
 self to attain this sublime ideal. But all this self-imposed suffering 
 has been barren and self-centered. India has never learned the lesson 
 of suffering to serve. Side by side with this proud self-infliction there 
 have existed and still exist millions of untouchables who are being 
 trampled down under ruthless feet. Side by side with this self- 
 centered self-infliction there have existed and still exist multitudes 
 of sick and needy people with no one near to give them even a cheer- 
 ing smile. Side by side with this lofty asceticism there has existed 
 despised womanhood, as witness the pale, perspiring widow going 
 in agonized determination to the burning pyre of her dead husband 
 to share his fate. 
 
 No, India had never learned the lesson that suffering is for the 
 sake of service, and it is only Christ, and Christ crucified, who has 
 taught India a higher and a nobler type of asceticism. It is He who 
 came declaring that “the Son of man came not to be ministered unto 
 
CHRIST AND INDIA 397 
 
 ’ 
 
 but to minister and to give His life a ransom for many,” who has 
 taught India the true meaning of asceticism. 
 
 Perhaps some of us have heard the name of Sadhu Sundar 
 Singh, who a few years back visited this land. I have had the privi- 
 lege of knowing him quite intimately, as he and I studied together 
 at the Ewing High School in the Punjab. In fact, we sat at the 
 same table in the dining hall every day. Here was a young man who 
 had given up all that was dear to him for the sake of his Master, 
 friends, parents, money, land and everything that he might have 
 had. He came to this school, but did not remain very long. After 
 a few weeks we began to perceive a sort of dreamy look of discontent 
 and dissatisfaction on his face. He seemed to be struggling inwardly 
 with some great problem. One day all of a sudden Sundar Singh 
 disappeared from our school and no one knew what had happened 
 to him. Little did we know that Sundar Singh had been counting 
 the cost and had struggled and had conquered. Little did we know 
 that Sundar Singh was a chosen vessel of the Lord and had dis- 
 appeared to obey his Master, calling him to suffer and to serve. Little 
 did we know that Sundar Singh was destined to be the apostle of 
 India, and though penniless, to carry the message of life over land 
 and sea. 
 
 But he is not the only one, not by any means. I know a 
 professor of the Forman Christian College at Lahore in the Punjab, 
 Shinapar Kasham by name, of wonderful intellect and ability, a 
 professor just returned from America. I once heard him speak in 
 the College Hall and remarked, “If I have to be a fellow professor 
 with this man, I had better go back to America and do my reading 
 again.” But like so many learned men, Shinapar Kasham was a 
 little too learned to appreciate the simplicity of Christ. Day by day 
 he came to the College, and did his work in a mechanical way, and, 
 day after day, he became more gloomy and hopeless. 
 
 At last a great change came over him. He was touched by the 
 words of a servant of God, and Christ, entering his life, gave him 
 joy, peace and hope. Within two months Shinapar Kasham had the 
 facts of the New Testament upon the tips of his fingers. 
 
 Time passed on, and suddenly one day Shinapar Kasham an- 
 nounced that he was going to give up his job in the college, that 
 what he was doing there was not enough for him, that he had strug- 
 gled and prayed over the matter and could no longer stay in his old 
 position. In vain did fellow-professors plead with him, in vain did 
 the president of the college plead with him, in vain did I, his pastor, 
 plead with him. He could not and would not listen to any argu- 
 
398 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 ments. He left the college, and today the learned Shinapar Kasham 
 is walking about the streets of India barefooted, trying to help the 
 masses of sick and needy people and give them the message of life 
 without any remuneration. | 
 
 Again he is not the only one, not by any means. There was a 
 poor villager in a small town of Moga in the Punjab, whose name 
 was Sucha Singh. As for his profession, he worked on the farm. 
 It has to be admitted that he did not distinguish very well between 
 his own pocket and the pockets of his neighbors. But gradually this 
 man was captured by Christ and began to lead a life of prayer. A 
 new joy, peace, and hope came into his life, and one day he said to 
 his wife, “Behold, the birds of the heaven sow not, neither do they 
 reap nor gather into barns, yet our Heavenly Father feedeth them.” 
 He said it with all the sincerity of his character, and then and there 
 they both knelt down before God, husband and wife, and offered 
 themselves a living sacrifice unto Him. Today, after giving up every- 
 thing, Sucha Singh and his wife are serving their Christ and Master 
 without looking to any human‘being for any compensation. 
 
 Oh, I could give you names of hundreds of such preachers and 
 workers in India, who have come out in sheer faith and have sacri- 
 ficed all that they had to serve their Master, Who died for them and 
 their sins. 
 
 It was my privilege to be born in the home of a Christian 
 minister. I was brought up under Christian influences, yet in spite 
 of that, as so often happens, I led a careless and indifferent life, as 
 far as Christ and religion went. Many a time my dear father, who 
 was a convert from Hinduism, spoke to me and said, “You cannot 
 appreciate what ‘Christ, and Him crucified’ means. It isn’t possible 
 for you to understand what it means. I who was once far away 
 from Him, I can tell you what ‘Christ and Him crucified’ means.” 
 I must confess that I did not know what “Christ and Him crucified” 
 really meant. However, I did not have to wait long; I did not have 
 to wait long. Very soon my dear father was taken away from me, 
 and I saw how a Christian dies. That sad evening when I returned 
 from the cemetery to my home, people told me that a comet, had 
 appeared in the sky, and was moving in a parabolic curve and would 
 never be seen again. It was the 21st of January, IgIo. 
 
 I went out and looked at that fast receding comet. I looked at 
 it and wondered, looked and just wondered. Then I said “good-bye” 
 to the comet, “good-bye” to my dear father, and “good-bye” to my 
 old life, and in a moment I knew what “Christ and Him crucified” 
 means to me, and there at that spot with joy and tears I enlisted for 
 
CHRIST AND CHINA 399 
 
 His service. Since then very imperfectly we have obeyed, and very 
 humbly now we bow down before our God in gratitude for what He 
 has done for us in the past. 7 
 
 I have heard during this convention of many different nations 
 aspiring to prepare a crown for our common Lord. We in India 
 also aspire to prepare a crown for Him, a crown made of Indian 
 gold, a crown designed after Indian patterns, a crown decked with 
 Indian gems; and when India, the priestess of the world, bent with 
 her ancient lore and wrapped in the unseen, stands up to crown Him, 
 the nations of the whole world will fall prostrate before Him and 
 crown Him Lord of all. 
 
 WHAT JESUS CHRIST HAS MEANT TO ME 
 AND: MY\);PEOPLE 
 
 LYK Coane 
 
 Chinese Student, Cornell University 
 
 My time will soon be up, so I deem it wise to keep close to my 
 subject from the start. Jesus Christ has meant to me life, abundant 
 life, free life, the life of faith in God. He has meant that to me, 
 because I have tried to be with Him; and so it ought to mean the 
 same to my people if He is with them. 
 
 There still ring in my ears the words, so earnestly spoken to 
 one hundred and fifty of us just before we left Shanghai to study 
 in this land five years ago, “Bring back science, engineering, medicine, 
 prosperous business, sound government and all that is essential for 
 the building of the great democracy which we have so long hoped for.” 
 
 Since then five years have passed. During these five years it 
 has been my lot to study the fundamental principles of engineering 
 and to investigate the practices and operations of your great indus- 
 tries and manufactures. Likewise, I have spared time to take note 
 of the wonderful operation of your political forces and machinery, 
 which are the foundations of your great edifice of democracy. And 
 oftentimes I have wondered why, with such a splendid republican 
 and democratic form of government in this country, there are still 
 groups of people who are trying to make your government more 
 democratic and some other groups who want to make it more re- 
 publican. 
 
 I ought to say that I have often watched with great admiration 
 
400 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 the courageous effort of your people to make your prohibition pro- 
 hibit. All these things are wonderful things, fine things. We want 
 to have them all. But, my friends, above them all the greatest thing 
 I have found for myself in this land and which I am proud to take 
 back to my people, is the living God in Jesus of Nazareth. If Jesus 
 goes back with me to my people, I feel that along with Him there will 
 come the real engineering, the real science, the real medicine and 
 what not; and in Him there shall be the revelation of the living God, 
 which is what we need most of all. 
 
 You may say, “That is all hot air, it is too vague. You ought 
 to be specific and definite.” To me, personally and specifically, Jesus 
 Christ has meant the following three things. 
 
 In the first place, in Jesus I have found a standard of perfect 
 manhood and womanhood. We Chinese have studied for centuries 
 the teachings of Buddhism, and many have tried the standard of 
 Buddha’s perfect man. Many also have pondered on the require- 
 ments and qualifications of Confucius’ perfect man, the “Superior 
 Man.” But so far as I can understand, with all the mental powers 
 at my disposal, the Christ man is the one I want, for three reasons. 
 
 First, the Christ man leads a life of optimism, purity, love, sacri- 
 fice and faith in God. . 
 
 Second, that life is practicable because the man, Jesus of Naza- 
 reth, has lived it and lived it perfectly. 
 
 Third, the Christ man is the divine man because through the 
 life of Jesus of Nazareth we have been given a glimpse of God, and 
 we see Him in greater clearness as we know more about Jesus of 
 Nazareth. 
 
 Moreover, in Jesus and through Him I find the standard of a 
 perfect home. All of you will have fond memories of your college 
 life. It is so with me. I have made wonderful friends, I have en- - 
 joyed wonderful entertainments in your homes and societies, but my 
 heart always throbs with joy whenever I think of the one home, the 
 first American home I stepped into, where I found Christ. 
 
 It is a modest home with modest people, perhaps unknown to 
 many except closest friends, but it is the home in which I have seen 
 a perfect manifestation of love between father, mother, sons, daugh- 
 ters, brothers and sisters and their friends; and in whatever they 
 have done I have caught a glimpse of a great spirit which later I 
 discovered to be that of Christ. Though during my one year of 
 friendship with this family they never said one word to me about 
 the things they believe, I found it out later, on the grounds of North- 
 
CHRIST AND CHINA 401 
 
 field, and I decided to be with them in following Christ. Now, home 
 to me is where Jesus Christ is supreme. 
 
 You have all heard that China is in a process of transition. We 
 are changing rapidly. Old things are being given up. The old foun- 
 dations of our social tradition, history and philosophy are now crum- 
 bling apart as wet sand. Old homes are fast disintergrating and 
 new homes are being built. But how? If Christ has been sufficient 
 for such a perfect home to be built upon Him in this land, I am 
 convinced that the new home in China must be one in which Christ 
 is supreme. 
 
 Finally, in Jesus Christ I have found a perfect social order, 
 nationally and internationally. You have been told by many speakers 
 from this platform that all the good movements and benevolent enter- 
 prises for social uplift in China can be traced back to some Christian 
 church in China. I can testify to you that in Christ we can find the 
 power not only to transform the social order in one nation but also 
 between nations. I testify from my own personal experience. I 
 remember clearly one afternoon when I sat down quietly with a 
 Japanese friend on the grounds of Silver Bay. We hated the Japa- 
 nese because we were taught to do so; we hated them from the 
 bottom of our hearts and with the soles of our feet. But I sat down 
 with that Christian Japanese and talked as a Christian brother, and 
 as we discussed the settlement of our national differences along the 
 Christ way, we found it was perfectly easy, and we wished that I 
 had been the President of China and he had been the Emperor of 
 Japan,—then we should have no more trouble. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-six Chinese delegates are present in 
 this convention. This afternoon in our delegation meeting the ques- 
 tion was asked, “Why should we Chinese not join hands with our 
 American and Canadian brothers in the mission field?” and we an- 
 swered, “We shall do it.” We wish we could go with you to Africa 
 or India or elsewhere, but we think and feel that we can be of more 
 service in our own homeland. I know personally that among you 
 there are men and women who are going to China. The field is vast 
 and the pioneering has just begun. We need reinforcements. Won’t 
 more of you come? 
 
WHY FOREIGN MISSIONS? 
 
 KENNETH Scott LATOURETTE 
 
 D, Willis James Professor of Missions at Yale University and Vice-Chairman 
 of the Executive Committee of the Student Volunteer Movement 
 
 I have been asked to do a rather difficult thing tonight, to try to 
 give in fifteen minutes a philosophy of foreign missions. Many of 
 you as you go on your homeward journey will be trying to summarize 
 the results of these days, and you will be asking yourselves, “Why, 
 after all, foreign missions?” After the indictment of American life 
 that we heard from Mr. Eddy Saturday afternoon, after this morn- 
 ing’s indictment of our American college life, after the indictments of 
 our racial situation and of our international relations that we have 
 heard, why should you and I attempt to carry the gospel to other 
 countries? Have we any surplus of religion to export? Dare we 
 have the temerity to go with the Christian gospel to other countries 
 when our own hands are so tainted and when our civilization is so 
 corrupt? Ought we not to wait until North America is more nearly 
 perfect? Ought we not to postpone foreign missions until our con- 
 tracts with so-called non-Christian peoples are more nearly Christian? 
 
 As a possible aid to the answer which each of you will be striving 
 to give to these pertinent and natural questions, may I attempt to 
 summarize a few of the ideas that have come from the addresses on. 
 this platform, not in any attempt at a complete statement, but rather 
 by way of suggestion, so that as each of us attempts to gather to- 
 gether the thoughts of the past few days in this hall, in the discussion 
 groups and in the forums, we may have two or three principles to 
 guide us. ° 
 
 In the first place, may I suggest to you that we have no right 
 to keep Christ to ourselves. Suppose that the Christians of the 
 fourth and fifth centuries had said, “We will wait until the Roman 
 Empire is Christian before we carry the gospel to these barbarians of 
 Northern Europe. We ought to make our own empire so Christian 
 that when it comes in contact with them they will become Christians 
 through its example.” Had the Graeco-Romans waited until the 
 
 402 
 
WHY FOREIGN MISSIONS? 403 
 
 Roman Empire was really Christian, you and I would still be pagan; 
 this audience would not be together in this room tonight, and there 
 would be no Robert Speer nor Robert Wilder nor John R. Mott. 
 There would have been no St. Francis of Assisi, no Martin Luther, 
 no Wickliff, no John Wesley, no Dwight L. Moody. Have we the 
 right to keep to ourselves the knowledge of Christ which was trans- 
 mitted to us and which has been the most wholesome element in our 
 strangely inconsistent civilization, the one force that has done most 
 to keep our culture from utter corruption? Have we the right to 
 keep that knowledge from other peoples? 
 
 In the second place, the problems we have been considering are 
 world-wide and need a world-wide cure. We were reminded not 
 long since that labor conditions in Shanghai affected labor here and 
 that labor conditions in North America could not become fully Chris- 
 tian until at the same time factories in Osaka and Shanghai and 
 Calcutta are more nearly Christian. All the forces that you and I 
 have been talking about—-industrialism, race strife, international rela- 
 tions—are world-wide in their scope and need a world-wide applica- 
 tion of our Christian faith. What we need is Christian churches 
 in various countries, churches in Japan, in China, in India, in Africa 
 and in Europe, to cooperate with Christian churches in this country 
 in solving these problems. It is the duty and the privilege of churches 
 that are stronger in numbers and in wealth, as are ours in North 
 America, to help in the growth of the churches that are numerically 
 weaker, as in such lands as China and Japan and India. 
 
 In the third place, may I suggest to you that we need missions 
 because of the impact of Western peoples upon non-Western peoples. 
 One of the outstanding features of the last 150 years (I might almost 
 have said the outstanding feature) has been the expansion of Euro- 
 pean peoples. A century and a half ago European peoples were not 
 relatively very important in the world. They occupied the West- 
 ern part of Europe, a fringe of the Atlantic seaboard in North 
 America and sections of Central and South America, but there were 
 Asiatic empires that were far more populous. Today European cul- 
 ture is dominant the world over ; even those nations that are not being 
 ruled by Europeans and Americans are adopting and adapting Euro- 
 pean culture. 
 
 Now that impact of European peoples upon non-European 
 peoples is primarily commercial and political, Commerce and poli- 
 tics have been predominantly selfish, and as non-European peoples 
 have seen these, they have been the least lovely features of Western 
 civilization. Under the impact of selfish commerce and imperialism, 
 
404 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 moreover, Eastern civilizations have disintegrated and new civiliza- 
 tions are forming. Are Asiatic and African peoples to have only 
 the impact with Western materialism and selfishness to aid them in 
 the formation of new culture? 
 
 I must pause just here to interject a rather lengthy but very 
 pertinent parenthesis. A great many in this room will never see the 
 mission field. Many of you are going into business and others of 
 you into diplomacy. May I suggest that if you do go into these 
 occupations, the obligation to make our foreign impacts Christian 
 rests upon you as much as it does upon the missionary? . The obli- 
 gation is yours to see that our diplomacy and our business in their 
 contacts with European peoples through our banks and our various 
 great commercial companies are predominantly Christian. That will 
 prove even more difficult than going as a missionary. It is a chal- 
 lenge that is rather new to some of us but a challenge which many 
 of us must heed. 
 
 Now may I go on to suggest that this impact of Western civiliza- 
 tion on non-European peoples demands that we take to the latter those 
 elements of our own civilization that are the leaven that prevents it 
 from becoming corrupt. The hope of our own culture, sordid and 
 pernicious as much of it is, rests upon the ideals and the dynamic that 
 are in Jesus Christ. Do we not owe it to these peoples to whom we 
 have gone commercially and politically, to carry as well the knowledge 
 of that Christ without whom our civilization would be worse than 
 it is today? 
 
 These, then, are the three reasons that I would suggest to you 
 why we must support and enlarge our missionary enterprise. 
 
 Now may I raise one other question? In what spirit are we 
 going as missionaries and are we to help send missionaries? I re- 
 member not long since talking to an undergraduate, not from the 
 South, about the colored problem. Said he: “Do you suppose I 
 would sit down at a table with a nigger? I am perfectly willing to 
 do something for him, but I don’t want him to associate with me as 
 an equal.” Is that the spirit in which we are to carry on missions 
 in China and India, or, in the words of Dr. Fleming, are we to do 
 it in the spirit of “building with India’? It may surprise some of 
 us who do not know the mission field intimately to learn that some- 
 times there is a danger of missionary imperialism, of establishing in 
 other countries alien churches and continuing to dominate them with 
 Americans and Europeans. 
 
 I remember some years ago talking with the wife of a missionary 
 in China about the question of whether there should be appointed a 
 
WHY FOREIGN MISSIONS? 405 
 
 Chinese Bishop, and she said with some heat: “Do you suppose I 
 would permit my husband to serve under a Chinese Bishop?” 
 
 Not long since I had a letter from a student volunteer only 
 recently sailed telling about her first impressions of China. This 
 student volunteer had come to look at things in a somewhat different 
 light from the woman I have mentioned and said that one of the 
 things that most grieved her was the attitude that some of her fellow 
 missionaries were taking toward the Chinese, the attitude of con- 
 tempt, of amusement and scorn, the attitude of doing something for 
 them but not with them. 
 
 Since I came to this convention there has been shown me a 
 letter which I must not take time to read, but which states that some 
 of the younger American missionaries in India are making fun of 
 some of their older colleagues, who propose to turn over the church 
 to the natives as rapidly as possible, and are saying that the churches 
 who supply the funds must continue to control them. Are we going 
 out in that spirit? 
 
 Rather had we better go out in the spirit of one who has been 
 in our midst during this convention, who two decades or so ago went 
 out and gave his life to a great so-called non-Christian country to 
 help build a nation-wide organization for the welfare of boys and 
 young men, trained as his successor a native of that country and 
 then when himself in the prime of life with his best years ahead of 
 him, turned over the organization to this man and began afresh in 
 another organization, decreasing that the other might increase. 
 Rather, too, might we copy the example of an aged missionary who 
 has been’ in this convention, going humbly in and out among us as 
 he has gone among his people, who for years worked in one non- 
 Christian land quietly, always putting the people of that country 
 first, always whenever possible taking the back seat, leading, yes, but 
 by putting the other man foremost, by serving in the Christ-like way. 
 
 That is our opportunity, then, as missionaries, to go out to build 
 with these people, to build under them. Would you and I dare to 
 try to direct such men as Dr. Cheng Ching-Yi or Mr. Hatanaka or 
 those two who have just spoken to us tonight? Rather should we 
 go out at their invitation and work under them. The time may 
 come when the churches of these lands will tell us how many mis- 
 sionaries they wish sent to them, of what kind and when; the time 
 may come when they will say how much money they would like ‘to 
 have to help them expand their work until their churches shall be 
 relatively as strong as ours and when we will turn over both men and 
 
406 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 funds to their direction. Indeed some of those in this hall may live - 
 to see that day. 
 
 That, then, is the privilege that we have as missionaries, to go 
 out to build, to go out to carry a knowledge of Christ to other peoples, 
 to assist in the building of churches in lands where they are now 
 weak that they may help deal with the world-wide problems that con- 
 cern us all and help constructively in the reorganization of civilization 
 that our Western commerce and imperialism have shattered, and it 
 is our privilege to do so, not in the spirit of masters, but of Him who 
 left it as a solemn injunction to His disciples that “He that would be 
 greatest among you shall be servant of all.” 
 
 WHY I PURPOSE, GOD PERMITTING, TO BECOME A 
 FOREIGN MISSIONARY 
 
 James G. Enpicort 
 
 University of Toronto 
 
 Fellow students, I want to tell you in a somewhat inadequate way 
 —1I do not want to be inadequate, but I can’t help it—why I want to 
 go to China. 
 
 In the first place, I want to go to China because I was born in 
 China and I love the Chinese people. I know what need exists there. 
 I have been challenged by that need. Furthermore, I have come to 
 know Jesus and I have come to believe with the utmost conviction, 
 that if I let Jesus work through my life and I go to China, He can 
 meet that need in part through me, and He is the only one that I 
 know of who can meet that need. This is why I want to go to 
 China. It is because I have discovered that obedience to Jesus gives 
 a man power to live a life that is brim full of reality and purpose 
 and hope, and that the power of Jesus Christ is just as great today 
 as it ever was to give you triumph over the power of evil that I be- 
 lieve I can be of some service in China. 
 
 We have been told during the five days of this Convention by 
 representatives from almost every race in the world that what each 
 country needs is Jesus Christ. These men spoke as though they 
 knew what they were talking about, didn’t they? I am sure you felt 
 with me that you wanted to measure up your life with that challenge, 
 and see if you had the knowledge and experience of the Christ that 
 they want. j 
 
WHY I PURPOSE TO BE A MISSIONARY 407 
 
 Now, I don’t know whether or not it will be of any help to you 
 tonight, but I want to tell you quite frankly how I came in the midst 
 of modern life to feel that I had hold of that Christ, who can meet 
 the needs that I know exist in China. 
 
 We have been told by Mr. Eddy and by Dr. Judd in his opening 
 remarks, that we live in an age of questioning, scientific investigation 
 and intellectual unrest. Nobody knows better than I do how true 
 that is. I don’t believe there is anybody in this audience who is more 
 hopelessly critical than I am. When I went to college, after I had 
 returned from the war, determined to find out the truth about human 
 life and to get hold of some kind of reality that would give my life 
 purpose and power, I could not see how any modern student could 
 refuse openly, frankly, and honestly to face modern scientific investi- 
 gation, or to look at the honest historical researches of hundreds and 
 thousands of deep Christian thinkers with an open mind. 
 
 I say I did not see how any student could refuse to do that, and 
 keep his love of truth strong and his mind in a state where God could 
 speak to him out of the truths that are in Jesus Christ. 
 
 And so I went through that whole rigmarole; I am in it yet; 
 I don’t say that I have solved all the problems, but I went through 
 that whole rigmarole of questions and unrest and scientific and his- 
 torical criticism. 
 
 One of your great preachers in this country, a great unordained 
 preacher, Mr. William Jennings Bryan, has suggested that it is more 
 important to know the “Rock of Ages” than it is the ages of rocks. 
 I heartily endorse that sentiment, but not if it means that there is 
 anything pious or religious or decently honest in this modern world 
 in being ignorant of the ages of rocks. I offer it to you as my humble 
 and honest, truthful experience that it is possible for a man to go 
 through modern university life fearlessly and, if he keeps his mind 
 open to the truth, to come inevitably to a realization of Jesus who 
 can do all those things I have mentioned, who can give His life that 
 power, who can lead him to God. He will find, before he knows it, 
 if he is really humble and searching for reality, that the truth will 
 come to him perhaps in a new way, just as Jesus appeared to His 
 disciples in many new forms after His resurrection; the truth will 
 come to him in a new way, that old truth of John, that “the Word 
 became flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, glory as 
 of the only-begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth.” 
 This is my firm conviction and this is why I want to go out and help 
 to meet the need that I feel exists in China. 
 
 I wish that in a great gathering like this we could come to this 
 
408 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 experience in spite of all the differences that separate us. I wish we > 
 could sing, 
 
 “When I survey the wondrous cross, 
 On which the prince of glory died, 
 My richest gain I count but loss 
 And pour contempt on all my. pride.” 
 
 “Were the whole realm of nature mine 
 That were a present far too small, 
 Love so amazing, so divine, 
 Demands my life, my soul, my all.” 
 
 I wish we could get that old-fashioned power into our new- 
 fashioned religion, and I am sure we can, if we go about it honestly 
 and fearlessly and sincerely. 
 
 If there is one idea that I am afraid some people will carry away 
 from this Convention, because the nature of this Convention makes 
 it necessary that we do emphasize the foreign missionary section of 
 the Kingdom of God, it is this: that there is something particularly 
 super-righteous or super-romantic or super-Christian about being a 
 missionary. 
 
 If there is any idea I would be afraid this Convention might get 
 it is that idea. I would not have a man feel that way for anything. 
 I would not have my fellow students here, who faced that challenge 
 from the student of Yale University this morning, feel that there is 
 anything super-righteous about being a missionary. 
 
 As a matter of plain, honest fact, the man who is going to take 
 up that challenge and go down into Wall Street and be a Christian 
 down there is going to have a far more difficult job than I am going 
 to have in China—because he is going to lose his job and I am not. 
 
 The man who is going to go and face modern conditions, to be 
 an enthusiastic teacher, to strive against the materialism that our 
 movie shows and our automobiles quietly but steadily instill into the 
 young people of this land, and to keep enthusiastic in that job in the 
 name of the Kingdom of God, is going to have a more difficult task 
 than I am going to have out there in western China, facing things that 
 are far more simple, and meeting the needs of the common people. 
 
 In spite of the fact that I am here to emphasize to you that I 
 believe mightily in this watchword, and that I am glad that it has 
 been my privilege to join up as a foreign missionary ; because of my 
 experience, I would not for the world have anybody think that there 
 is anything particular about that. Let us get rid of that good old 
 Scotch spirit that believes it is a good thing to have one member of 
 
WHY I PURPOSE TO BE A MISSIONARY 409 
 
 the family in the ministry, let us demand that all our Christian 
 students shall be in the fellowship of the Kingdom of God, no matter 
 where they are. 
 
 When I go to China I want to feel that I have mighty bonds of 
 fellowship with the man who is struggling here at home in industry. 
 I want him to feel that we are doing the same thing; each one in his 
 own humble way, no one getting more glory than the other. 
 
 There is a sentence of Herbert Gray’s that rings in my ears. 
 It is this: “If Christ can get a sufficient number of students to accept 
 the program of the Kingdom of God, and if through that they come 
 into contact with God, there isn’t anything on earth that He can’t do.” 
 
 If we can accept the challenges that we have here, we can evan- 
 gelize the world in this generation without necessarily interfering one 
 little bit with the duties that lie upon those who are not going to the 
 foreign field, but who are carrying on in the realms of economics, 
 industrial relations and international problems. 
 
 Therefore, although we do rejoice that we have a particular task 
 to perform in the Kingdom of God, namely, the evangelization of 
 those parts of the world that have not yet the gospel, let us by all 
 means feel that we are linked together in one common fellowship 
 in the Kingdom of God. 
 
 WHY I PURPOSE, GOD PERMITTING, TO BECOME A 
 FOREIGN MISSIONARY 
 
 Miss Mary J. BAKER 
 
 University of Nebraska and Traveling Secretary of the Student Volunteer 
 Movement 
 
 There are two things that have influenced my thinking more 
 than almost anything else. One is an incident told at the Des Moines 
 convention about Dr. Macklin, a medical missionary to China. ‘Two 
 coolies walking along a road saw Dr. Macklin in the distance. One 
 of them turned to the other and asked who he was. With a look 
 of surprise the second one answered, “Don’t you know who he is? 
 That man is Jesus Christ.” 
 
 It sounds strange, yet I wonder if down in the heart of that 
 story isn’t a truth which every one of us should take from this con- 
 vention when we go. I wonder if many of the students on our 
 campuses do know Jesus Christ except as they see Him in your life 
 
410 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 and mine. The realization of this is one of the most humbling ex- 
 periences that I have ever known. 
 
 The other is even more humbling than that. It is a few words 
 in the last prayer of Christ in which He says, “As Thou hast sent 
 me into the world, so have I sent them into the world.” 
 
 I think of the fact that Christ left no written orders, no written 
 law, no book, absolutely nothing except a few friends to carry on 
 His message of love to the other people; and I realize that tonight 
 His prayer for us is just the same as for these other friends, “As 
 Thou hast sent me into the world, so have I sent them.” | 
 
 I wonder if we realize that God does have a plan for each one 
 of us—as He had for Christ; a work as significant and as demand- 
 ing of our best as God and you or I can make it. But how can we 
 know what that plan is? Can it be any less than that we should 
 face up to the needs and opportunities, not only of our own com- 
 munity, our own state, our own nation, but to honestly consider the 
 needs of the whole world, the extent to which they are being met, 
 and our own potential abilities to meet them. It was to help us do 
 that that this convention was planned. Men and women have come 
 to us from all parts of the world. They have come that in these 
 five days we might get a picture of that part of the world and its 
 problems which—privileged as we are—we seldom have an oppor- 
 tunity to see. It is a picture which we must have before we even 
 begin to answer intelligently the question, “Where and what is the 
 mission which God has planned for me?” 
 
 It is hard to choose. As for myself, I believe that it is God’s 
 will for me to go to the foreign field. I have decided that for sev- 
 eral reasons. One is because I could give my life to no less a pro- 
 gram than that every one in the world may have an opportunity to 
 become the kind of person that God wants them to be. There are 
 places in the world where people don’t have that opportunity. Some 
 of these places are so situated that it would be absolutely impossible 
 for any but a very few to take them the opportunity. It is prac- 
 tically limited to those of us who have college training and good 
 health, and who are without home responsibilities which would make 
 it imperative to remain in this country. I am one of those few. 
 
 And I want to go to the foreign field because I am a girl. The 
 girls of most foreign countries haven’t had the chance I have had 
 nor the opportunities which Christ meant them to have and which I 
 may be able to help them find. I believe in missions, not that other 
 peoples may become Americanized, nor that they may know western 
 
WHY I PURPOSE TO BE A MISSIONARY 4II 
 
 civilization, but that they may have an opportuntiy to develop the 
 possibilities which God has given to them. 
 
 And I want to go to the foreign field for another reason. It 
 is because I am firmly convinced that foreign peoples are making 
 as great a contribution to America’s realization of Christianity as 
 we are making to them. It is a matter of cooperation. I hope 
 that when the time comes that missionaries are not actually needed, 
 there may still be an interchange of Christian workers from one 
 country to the other. 
 
 There is another reason why I want to be a foreign missionary. 
 Not long ago I was talking to my Board secretary about an appoint- 
 ment. She named more than fifteen different places of various kinds 
 of work which needed to be filled immediately. They represented 
 five different countries. When I saw those fifteen places and heard 
 her say—because I was the only one available—“‘You can have your 
 choice,” I wished that I were not just one person, I wished that I 
 were fifteen or twenty. And then I thought of other students of 
 America who are just as well qualified as I am and I knew that 
 God has not planned for more work to be done than he has provided 
 workers to do it. I know that the students of America are going 
 to answer those needs. 
 
 But it is. more than a matter of finding enough students to fill 
 these specific needs in foreign countries. It is that every one of us 
 as Christian students may choose our life work—whatever it may 
 be—in the light of the needs of other countries as well as our own. 
 I wonder if we cannot do that best by catching a new vision of the 
 Christ—He Who chose His work because of the need of all man- 
 kind. May we not carry with us a picture of Him—not one which 
 the artists have drawn, not a picture of a weak Christ, but of a face 
 bowed down in prayer as He prayed that God might show Him His 
 mission? May we see His face set toward Jerusalem, though He 
 knew that He would meet His death there, a face set toward the 
 task which God had given Him to do, trusting only that He knew 
 best and would help Him pay the price—whatever it might be. 
 
 I pray tonight that we as American students may carry with us 
 that face of Christ. I pray that we, too, may bow our heads in 
 prayer to know God’s will for us, that we, too, may set our faces 
 toward that task, whatever, wherever it may be. 
 
 O God, we ask Thee for just one thing tonight. Give us a 
 vision of that person that Thou wouldst have us be. Give us a vision 
 of that mission that Thou didst send us into the world to perform. 
 Amen! 
 
WHAT JESUS CHRIST AND THIS CONVENTION OUGHT 
 TO MEAN ON OUR CAMPUSES 
 
 ARTHUR RUGH 
 
 Bible Study Secretary for the National Y.M.C.A. Committee in China 
 
 “And on the last day, that great day of the feast, Jesus stood 
 and cried, saying, ‘If any man thirst, let him come to me and drink. 
 He that believeth on me, out of his life shall flow rivers of living 
 water.’ ” 
 
 I think we have here the formula we need to take home with 
 us, and by which we can work out the tasks that have been set for 
 us here. 
 
 In a few minutes this convention will close. We will say “good 
 night” ; we will pass out of the door and not return; and then baggage 
 and tickets and trains, the weariness of travel and the dear old campus 
 again. How good it will be to be there. Only it is different now. 
 It seems to me when I hear all these students sing, that I could do 
 almost anything—but we shall not hear them sing like this on the 
 campus. I look into your 6,000 faces, all loving Christ, and I have 
 faith that we can win the world, but there will not be 6,000 faces like 
 these there. The campus is very different from this. 
 
 And then our task will be different from what it was when we 
 came here. Christ is so much greater than we knew, and our pro- 
 gram is so different. We worked fairly hard last term; we accom- 
 plished some things and were fairly well satisfied when we came 
 here. Some of us thought that we would save our campus, if we 
 would get men to turn away from immorality and believe certain 
 things. Then we came here and knew that that was not all, that 
 the salvation which Christ is to bring to the whole wide world has 
 many more implications than that. 
 
 We have learned here that we cannot be Christians while we 
 are spending as much on a dance or on a football game as would 
 feed the hungry students of a whole university of Europe for a 
 year. Wecan’t be Christians that way any longer. We thought we 
 could. We thought that a man could go out of our college into our 
 present social order and profit by it and be a Christian, and not try 
 to shatter that order, in which America owns 14,000,000 of the 
 
 412 
 
MY CAMPUS AND JESUS’ WAY 413 
 
 17,000,000 automobiles on earth, one to every eight persons, while 
 the rest of the nations average one to every 112; an order in which 
 we live on a scale equally high above our neighbors, while the nations 
 hunger and Christ is not sure He will win Asia. We thought our 
 students could be Christians without facing fearlessly the whole 
 world’s need and investing their lives accordingly. Now we know 
 they cannot be. 
 
 We thought we could call men Christians if they just prayed 
 for everybody, and sort of loved everybody, and then last night a 
 brilliant, magnificent Christian professor of sociology was turned out 
 of an American hotel in Indianapolis because his skin was black. We 
 know now that we have got to go back and start processes until that 
 sort of thing will never be again. We have got to start processes for 
 all of these things. It is a much larger task than we knew. 
 
 They sent us up here,—and how glad we were and what a good 
 time we have had,—but now we turn back to carry home to our 
 campus a salvation infinitely greater than we ever dreamed of, and 
 we almost wish now that they had not sent us; for the only new 
 factor in the task of winning that old campus for Christ is the pos- 
 sibility of a changed life in us; that we go out of the door tonight 
 different than we were when we came in, supremely different. 
 
 The old: campus is just as it always has been. All the other 
 students went home for vacation and have come back again. They 
 haven’t had this vision. And Christ is the same as He was last 
 semester, not a bit stronger; no resources there that were not there 
 last semester. The tourist went into the great art gallery and stood 
 in front of the masterpiece and said carelessly to the attendant, “I 
 don’t see that that is a very great painting,’ and the attendant said, 
 “My friend, it is not the masterpiece that is being judged any more; 
 it is the spectator.” .- 
 
 There is no question any more about Christ. What He can do 
 —that is all right; He could have done it last term and He can do 
 it this term, but He cannot do it unless you and I are different. The 
 measure of anything new that is to be done on the campus as you 
 go back now, is the measure of whether your life is different from 
 what it was when you came here, supremely different. 
 
 There sweeps over us all, I am sure, an overwhelming sense of 
 our inadequacy and a united cry to God, “Give me power now,”— 
 not just enough to do better work than I did last term,—“Give me 
 strength now to carry this idea of Christ and His salvation to the 
 campus and win. It can be done. We are not proposing an im- 
 possible thing. Down from every conference has gone, sometimes 
 
414 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 a group, sometimes only one, that has turned the college upside 
 down. You can do it, you alone can do it, but you must cry for 
 power. 
 
 What is Christ’s answer to our cry? “If any man thirst’— 
 that is the word; that is the only one that will do. It must be as 
 intense as that. You can hunger for a month and still live on, but 
 men die of thirst in three days. Is that the way you feel about it? 
 Do you feel tonight like David felt when he said, “Oh, give me water 
 to drink from the springs at the gate or I die.” Do you feel that 
 way about it? Then I know a school that is going to be shaken 
 to its foundations. It is your school, even if you stand alone. 
 
 “Tf any man thirst, let him come to me and drink.” What shall 
 you do if you thirst? Come and drink. How shall one drink? “He 
 that believeth on me,” that is the way you drink. . 
 
 But you say—well, I have always believed in Jesus and yet see 
 how I failed last term? So that does not seem to work out. Ah, 
 but belief here means more than an intellectual acceptance of the 
 claims of Christ. You Bible students know that He often used in- 
 terchangeably with the word “believe,” the words “to follow,” “‘to 
 hear,” “to accept,” “to love” and “to obey.” I think if you combine 
 these synonymous terms into one idea, you will find that Jesus meant 
 to say, “If any man will yield gladly to me his whole personality, 
 from within him shall flow rivers of living water.” . 
 
 Some far-seeing poet has said, “How beautiful it is to meet a 
 man who has fallen in love with Christ.” I wish that were the 
 definition of every Christian, for that is what this means. “He that 
 hath fallen in love with me, out of his life shall flow rivers of living 
 water.” 
 
 So here is the formula of Jesus: first, thirst, then “Believe in 
 me by falling in love with me.” Then what will happen? Well, you’ 
 won't have any thirst any more. Is that what He said? Out of 
 your life shall flow rivers that will submerge the old campus until 
 you can’t see it—“rivers of living water.” That means they can 
 propagate themselves—these rivers that shall flow from your life. 
 You can’t win that old campus, you are not expected to, but you are 
 expected to go back and, falling in love with Christ, let there flow 
 out of your life a river of living water, out of which will flow other 
 rivers of living water until there sweeps over the campus a whole 
 system of rivers of living waters. 
 
 You can start that. If you do, what will happen? Two things: 
 first, comradeship with Christ which makes all life new. I know 
 
MY CAMPUS AND JESUS’ WAY " AIS 
 
 no better definition of my religion than that, a conscious comradeship 
 with Him. 
 
 You remember the incident in the life of Horace Bushnell, the 
 great philosopher of New England during the last century. He and 
 his friend were out one day walking together and discussing a per- 
 plexing problem for which they could find no answer. Finally, Bush- 
 nell said, “Let’s pray about it.’ His friend said afterwards, “We 
 stood there under the tree and bowed our heads as Bushnell prayed ; 
 and as he prayed I was afraid to reach out my hand, I was afraid 
 I would touch God. He was so near and so real to Bushnell.” 
 
 Walk across the campus in a comradeship like that, my friends, 
 and there is no power on earth that can stop you. 
 
 Some poet wrote the words that he wanted us to believe were 
 the very words of St. John, the beloved disciple. 
 
 “Oh, what holy walks we had, 
 Through harvest fields, and desolate, dreary wastes! 
 And oftentimes He leaned upon my arm, 
 Wearied and way-worn. I was young and strong, 
 And so upbore Him. Lord, now I am weak, 
 And old, and feeble! Let me rest on Thee! 
 So, put Thine arm around me. Closer still! 
 How strong Thou art! 
 
 “What say you, friends? 
 That this is Ephesus, and Christ has gone 
 Back to His kingdom? Ay, ’tis so, ’tis so, 
 I know it all; and yet, just now, I seemed 
 To stand once more upon my native hills, 
 And touch His garments—bringing back the strength 
 To palsied limbs! I feel it has to mine. 
 Up! bear me once more to my church! Once more, 
 There let me tell them of a Saviour’s love; 
 For, by the sweetness of my Master’s voice 
 Just now, I think He must be very near— 
 Coming, I trust, to break the veil, which time 
 Has worn so thin that I can see beyond 
 And watch His footsteps.” 
 
 Walk across the campus in a comradeship like that and nothing 
 on earth can stop you. 
 
 Second, there will come into your life, if you are willing to 
 surrender yourselves to Christ—I know you are afraid of that word 
 “surrender.” Let’s change it. “If you are. willing to fall in love 
 with Christ’”—that is, if you are willing that Christ’s purpose for 
 the world be the only purpose for your life, that Christ’s program 
 
416 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 for the world be the only program for your life. That is all. If 
 you are willing to do that tonight, and I know you are, then there 
 will come into your life the surging energies of God. 
 
 One day in Shanghai going home to lunch, crossing the old 
 Soochow bridge, I saw five Chinese boatmen trying to launch a 
 heavy row boat. It was too heavy; they couldn’t do it. Then I 
 went home to lunch and came back and I saw the same men going 
 down the river, one in front guiding and one in the rear guiding, 
 that was all. What had happened? Had they hired some men to 
 help them? Not at all. They had waited until the tide came in and 
 they were going in the direction of the tide. They wanted to go that 
 way and nothing could stop them. 
 
 And so ever and anon there sweeps into Hangchow River that 
 tidal wave that nobody ever yet has been able to stop or turn aside. 
 If you want to go against it, there is no possible way, but if you want 
 to go with it there is nothing to do but to throw yourself back against 
 it and be swept on forever as far as it reaches. That is all there 
 is to it. 
 
 Do you want to go the way God wants you to go? There is 
 nothing on earth can stop you. I don’t believe you are satisfied with 
 that illustration; you don’t like to be passive and just swept on. That 
 is the truth—that you can be swept on—but there is more than 
 that in it. 
 
 We have had the football illustration twice; it will do sae 
 We are inside the ten yard line and there are eight yards to go and 
 it is the fourth down, and they have called your signal. You don’t 
 want to have the team carry you on, you want to duck your head 
 as low as you can get it, and hit as hard and low as you can hit. You 
 want to do it and you will. But if you hit where the team told you 
 to hit, there are eleven men going to hit there, too; that is the point: 
 If you want to go tonight into the program of Christ, and into the 
 purpose of Christ, you have not ten men back of you but the Christ 
 who created the heavens and the earth, and nothing can stop you. 
 
 And so, my friends, I know no other way to go forth from a 
 conference like this, and to put over on a campus such a salvation 
 as we have come to know Christ to bring in; I know no other way 
 to go out except hand in hand with Him. I am not talking about 
 some sentimental, superficial experience; I am simply talking about 
 going out with the determination to carry out His ‘Program and 
 His purpose. 
 
 Let us go out uk way, had in hand, back to the old campus. 
 But may I say this quickly: if you are going to walk hand in hand 
 
MY CAMPUS AND JESUS’ WAY 417 
 
 with Him, pledging to follow Him down a long, long trail a-winding, 
 until the sun goes down,—if you are going to pledge Him that now 
 as we go out these doors, I must tell you this first: that the hand you 
 take now is a worn hand. It is worn, calloused by toil in meeting 
 the needs of men; and if you are not going back to the campus to 
 see to it that the conditions that we have known were wrong are 
 going to be changed, and work your life out on it, I think there is 
 no comradeship in the grip of Christ’s hand for you. It is a worn 
 hand you are taking. 
 
 Second, it is a wounded hand. I think if you hold it tight, you 
 will feel the wound in it, and I think if you hold it long, the mark 
 of the wound in His hand will be found in yours. 
 
 I cannot promise you as I cannot promise myself that if I take 
 His hand and pledge to follow Him through to the end that it will 
 always be easy. 
 
 He walked one day along a city street, carrying a cross to a 
 green hill outside a city wall. You cannot know but that He will 
 call you to go there with Him. But He who carried a cross along 
 a city street to a green hill outside the city wall, walked also one 
 morning out of the open tomb, and walks today triumphant through 
 the wills and lives of men in every land on earth. 
 
 Last of all, the hand that you take tonight is a bigger hand than 
 yours. You will not be back on the campus long until you will be 
 perplexed and say, “I don’t know which way to go next, I don’t 
 know what to do,” and then in the mist you will feel a great hand 
 engulf yours, and in perfect confidence you will follow unafraid. 
 You will not be back on the old campus long until you will say, “I 
 thought that night in Indianapolis that I could do it, but I can’t.” 
 Then you will say, O God, give me more power than I had that 
 last night.” Then you will feel the grip of the hand that created 
 the heavens and the earth and you will go on, irresistible. 
 
 Good-night and good-bye, my friends. Go back home to the old 
 campus, children of the living God. Christ awaits you there. He 
 knows you are coming. He knows the weakness of your life and its 
 strength. He was ready last term to win the campus through you, 
 but you weren’t ready. Now you are. Go back, and hand in hand 
 with Him go across the campus. Silently and quietly through you 
 He will steal into the lives of other students and out from their lives 
 will flow rivers of living water that will flood the old campus and 
 redeem it and redeem the whole wide world. Here tonight we may 
 start streams of living water that will flow to the ends of the earth, 
 until the last man falls in love with our lovely Christ. 
 
CLOSING DEVOTIONAL PERIOD 
 
 THE Rev. G. A. StuppERT KENNEDY 
 
 Rector of St. Edmund’s Church, Lombard, London 
 
 I just want you to sit quite still, and do what I am going to do 
 myself,—just see pictures. All that we have been thinking about 
 tonight is not our business in the end, and you will fail if you make 
 it yours; it has got to be His, and I just want you to see Him. I 
 have done this many a night before I have gone to bed, and have 
 been better for it. It is quite ordinary to me and I would like it to 
 be ordinary to you. Just sit still and shut your eyes and see pictures. 
 
 The fairest of God’s pictures, that silvery, sleepy town, 
 
 The moonlit snow upon it, and the still stars shining down, 
 The holy maiden mother, the child upon her breast, 
 
 The rose born of the lily, true love’s own loveliest. 
 
 “Unto us a son is born, unto us a child is given, and His name shall be 
 called Wonderful, Counsellor, the Mighty God, the Everlasting 
 Father, and the Prince of Peace,” who for us men and for our salva- 
 tion was incarnate of the Holy Ghost and born of the Virgin Mary 
 because of love on Christmas night. I thank my God. 
 
 I want you to see a man sitting alone in the wilderness, his 
 hands are clasped and his head is bowed in tremendous concentrated 
 thought. It is the Savior planning the redemption of the world; the 
 problem of the people’s bread, the problem of the people’s hearts, 
 the problem of the people’s rulers, and still He pleads with God for 
 help. Alone in the wilderness, and yet not alone, because the Father 
 was with Him. 
 
 You will sit like that and you will see Him alone, but you won’t 
 be alone because the Father is with you. Christ’s plan still runs and 
 His triumph is to be. 
 
 Another picture. Ever and always I can see set up above this 
 world of ours a huge and towering cross, with great arms stretched 
 out East and West from the rising to the setting sun, and on that 
 
 418 
 
CLOSING DEVOTIONAL PERIOD 419 
 
 cross my God still hangs and calls on all brave men to come out and 
 share His sorrow and help to save the world. 
 
 Rings o’er the earth the message of the morning, 
 Kissed by His pain, the storm clouds roll apart; 
 Red with His blood, a better day is dawning, 
 Still on the cross the Savior bares His heart. 
 
 Passionate and low the voice of God is pleading, 
 Pleading with men to arm them for the fight. 
 See how those hands majestically bleeding, 
 Call us to rout the armies of the night. 
 
 Bread of Thy body give me for my fighting, 
 Give me to drink Thy sacred blood for wine, 
 
 While there are wrongs that need me for the righting, 
 While there is warfare, splendid and divine. 
 
 Give me for light the sunshine of Thy sorrow, 
 Give me for shelter the shadow of Thy cross, 
 Give me to share the glory of tomorrow, 
 And gone from my heart is the bitterness of loss. 
 
 One last picture. He is standing on the little hill and His hands 
 are outstretched to bless, and He is going up and up and up in 
 triumph. The victory is won. Death is vanquished and Christ is 
 now Lord of all, and it is in His name and in His power that we go 
 out. “Glory and honor and majesty and power and thanksgiving 
 be unto Him that was, and is, and is to be.” “Behold, I am alive 
 forever more, and hold the keys of death and hell.” “Lo, I am with 
 you alway, even unto the end of the world.” ‘“Wheresoever two 
 or three are gathered together in My name there am I in the midst 
 of them.” “Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid. 
 Ye believe in God, believe also in Me.” “Peace I leave with you, 
 my peace I give unto you; not as the world giveth, give I unto you. 
 Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid.” 
 
 O Christ the baby, Christ the Savior, Christ who died and 
 Christ who rose again, Christ who ascended and suffered and reigns 
 in glory, be with us, and go forth with us to our work and keep us 
 ever in the silence of our hearts close to Thee. 
 
 And so into God’s gracious keeping we commit you. May the 
 Lord bless you and keep you. May the Lord make His face to shine 
 on you and be gracious unto you. May the Lord lift up the light 
 
420 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 of His countenance upon you and give you peace; in your going 
 out and in your coming in, in your lying down and in your rising up, 
 in your labor and your leisure, in your laughter and your tears, until 
 you come to stand before Him in the day to which there is no sunset 
 and no dawn. Amen. 
 
APPENDICES 
 
 THE STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
 FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
 
 TOSEP TE SCN ROBBING ta epee <i ok Sewae wer tras} Chairman 
 WILCTA MO LO AYCORM Em poate wag day Mien) Wage Chairman 
 KENNETH S. LATOURETTE . Vice-Chairman 
 James M. SpEERs . Treasurer 
 
 J. Lowr1rE ANDERSON 
 LrEsLIE BLANCHARD 
 GEORGE W. CARPENTER 
 Littian O. EARNEST 
 
 Epwarp T. PErry 
 Davin R. Porter 
 Heten Proctor 
 
 Mrs. Cuas. K. Roys 
 
 Hucu H. SAuNDERSON 
 Mrs. Percy D. SNIPEs 
 Ropert E. SPEER 
 
 Mrs. JosEPHINE P. Ho_tMEs 
 
 Witrrepd E. Jones 
 
 Watter H. Jupp 
 
 Emma B. Luebers Mrs. H. R. STEELE 
 
 Mary E. McDanie. FENNELL P. TURNER 
 
 JouHn R. Mort ADRIANNA VAN LopiIk 
 
 J. Lovett Murray ALFRED E, WILLETT 
 Hue J. WiiiaMs 
 
 SECRETARIES 
 
 Ropert P. WixDer . 
 Tuomas S. SHARP . 
 Mitton T. STAUFFER 
 Heten Bonp CRANE . 
 Burton St. JoHn 
 VERNON HALLIDAY . 
 STANHOPE R. PIER 
 HucH MacMiILian 
 
 General Secretary 
 
 Executive Secretary 
 
 eeu 6 edttcational secretary, 
 
 Cie dew wa ee We aCatonal, secretary: 
 Candidate Secretary 
 
 Candidate Secretary 
 
 Business Secretary 
 
 Secretary for Canada 
 
 TRAVELLING SECRETARIES 
 
 Mary J. BAKER LEONARD S, COTTRELL 
 WitiiaM M. Breau Pau W. Harrison 
 Jos—EpH M. ConNALLY BEATRICE C, SEGSWORTH 
 GAITHER P. WARFIELD 
 421 
 
ORGANIZATION FOR CONVENTION 
 COMMITTEE ON CONVENTION ARRANGEMENTS 
 
 KennetH S. Latourette, Chairman J. Lovett Murray 
 
 HELEN Bonp Crane, Secretary ANNA NICHOLSON 
 
 J. E. Kweevir AGGREY Davin E. OwEN 
 
 Roy H. Axacti Davin R. Porter 
 LeEsLigE BLANCHARD JosEpH C. RopBins 
 Marcaret E. Burton Mrs. Cartes K. Roys 
 GerorGE W. CARPENTER BEATRICE C. SEGSWORTH 
 ETHEL CAUTION Hersert M. SEIN 
 Joun L. Cuitps Tuomas S. SHARP 
 ANNE CocHRAN Mrs. FRANK SLACK 
 James Enpicott RosBert E. SPEER 
 
 Ga_LeN M. FISHER WituiaM E. Taytor 
 DANIEL J. FLEMING S. J. THEODORE 
 
 Joun B. FREESTONE PY eles Uy 
 
 Gerorce E. Haynes FENNELL P. TURNER 
 LyMaANn Hoover Rospert P. WILDER 
 Mary E. McDAnrte. MARGARET WYER 
 
 Joun R. Morr WINNIFRED WYGAL 
 
 The Committee on Convention Arrangements, composed of representatives 
 of the various groups interested in the holding of the Convention, was charged 
 by the Executive Committee of the Student Volunteer Movement with the 
 formation of the program and of arrangements for carrying it out. 
 
 ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE 
 
 ROBERT AP, Wipers 6S oo) Pee ete Sc Pn 
 Tuomas S. SHARP. . . . . . . Secretary at New York 
 THorNToN B. PENFIELD. . . . . Secretary at Indianapolis 
 
 COMMITTEE ON PRE-CONVENTION EDUCATION 
 
 Mitton T. Staurrer, Chairman Mary McDanie. 
 
 GerorGE W. CARPENTER Mrs. Mary C. McKErroii 
 HELEN Bonp CRANE Francis MILLER 
 
 JULIETTE DERRICOTTE J. Lovett Murray 
 
 James Enpicort * Eric NortH 
 
 Danie. J. FLEMING BEATRICE C, SEGSWORTH 
 GALEN M. FISHER Mrs. H. R. STEELE 
 
 Katy Boyp GEORGE REGINALD WHEELER 
 KATHERINE GERWICK WINNIFRED WYGAL 
 
 JoHn McCurpy Jessie DopceE WHITE 
 
ORGANIZATION 423 
 
 DISCUSSION GROUPS 
 
 COMMITTEE ON Discussion GROUPS 
 
 Mitton T. STauFFER, Chairman LyMAN Hoover 
 Joun L. Cuiips BEATRICE C. SEGSWORTH 
 WINNIFRED WYGAL 
 
 ORGANIZERS OF DISCUSSION GROUPS 
 
 Harrison S. Eviotr Grace Loucks 
 
 Discussion Group LEADERS 
 
 KaTHARINE ALSTON, Randolph Macon Woman’s College. Group 41 
 
 Mary ANDERSEN, University of Wisconsin. Group 43 
 
 E. E. Ausrey, Miami University. Group 40 
 
 Mrs. E. E. Auprey, University of Chicago, Miami University. Group 1 
 
 Mary J. Baxer, University of Nebraska. Group 27 
 
 Marion J. BEMAN, Mount Holyoke College, Indiana Girls’ School. Group 44 
 
 HELEN Bisuop, University of Michigan. Group 26 
 
 Harry Bone, Washburn College, University of Vermont. Group 28 
 
 Ratea BripGMAN, Harvard University, Union Theological Seminary (New 
 York City). Group 2. 
 
 Mauve H. BropHeap, Syracuse University, Drew Theological Seminary, New 
 York. Group 45 
 
 E. Fay CAMPBELL, Yale Divinity School. Group 19 
 
 Grorce L. Cotiins, University of California. Group 3 
 
 AGNeEs Cooper, Barnard College. Group 4 
 
 Leonarp S. CoTrre.it, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Group 30 
 
 LoutsE FLEMING, Columbia University, Winthrop College. Group 31 
 
 Jutta GetHMAN, Northwestern University, University of Colorado, Teachers 
 College—Columbia University. Group 5 
 
 A. B. Grece, Colorado College. Group 6 
 
 M. GLtenn Haropinc, University of Chicago. Group 47 
 
 ErpMAN Harats, Princeton University, Union Theological Seminary. Group 16 
 
 Joun Hart, University of Pennsylvania. Group 25 
 
 Ernest Hincarp, University of Illinois. Group 50 
 
 Mary Hux, Mississippi College for Women, Northwestern University. Group 7 
 
 Jean Hoarp, University of Wisconsin. Group 49 
 
 Lyman Hoover, Butler College, Yale Divinity School. Group 18 
 
 Mirprep INskeeEp, Kansas State Agricultural College. Group 8 
 
 E. H. Loucks, Findlay College. Group 38 
 
 Twita Lytton, Ohio Wesleyan University, Teachers College—Columbia Uni- 
 versity. Group 24 
 
 Lots MacDonatp, Columbia University, North Carolina College for Women. 
 Group 9 
 
 J. B. Matruews, Asbury College, Union Theological Seminary. Group 32 
 
 D. L. Mutten, Butler College. Group 42 
 
 Heten Nicuwor, University of Toronto. Group 15 
 
 TuHorNTON B. PENFIELD, JR., Princeton University, Union Theological Semi- 
 nary. Group 22 
 
 SaraH A. Porter, Tufts College, Cedarville College. Group 33 
 
 Mary Ross, Baker University, University of Michigan. Group 10 
 
 H. L. Seamans, Washburn College. Group 17 
 
 Beatrice C. SecswortH, Northwestern University, National Training School, 
 Y.W.C.A. Group I! 
 
 Tucker P. Smiru, University of Missouri, New York University. Group 20 
 
 Marian Stowe, University of Michigan. Group 34 
 
 RutH Terry, University of Kansas. Group 46 
 
424 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 W. E. Upuaus, Indiana University, Yale University. Group 23 
 
 Aucusta WAGNER, Wellesley College. 
 Dickinson College, 
 
 GaITHER P. WaAnrFIELD, 
 Group 37 
 
 Group 12 
 Drew Theological Seminary. 
 
 G. W. Watson, University of Wisconsin, Teachers College—Columbia Uni- 
 
 versity. Group 13 
 
 Henry H. WELLES, 3rd, Princeton University, Hill School. 
 
 Group 35 
 
 Pau R. Wuirtener, University of Missouri, Washington University. Group 39 
 Lors Witpy, University of Colorado, Kansas State Agricultural College. 
 
 Group 21 
 
 Ernest R. Wizson, Iowa State College, Téachers College—Columbia Uni- 
 
 versity. Group 36 
 
 WINNIFRED WyGAL, Drury College. 
 
 Danie. J. FLeminec, Chairman 
 
 MARGARET BuRTON 
 GALEN FISHER 
 
 Rev. A. E. ARMSTRONG 
 Mrs. H. R. STEELE 
 Dr. A. L. WaRNSHUIS 
 Miss H. B. Caper 
 Dr. E. M. Dopp 
 
 Dr. Mary McDaAnric. 
 Mrs. M. T. STAUFFER 
 Pror. Oscar Buck 
 Pror. Lucius Porter 
 Miss MarGaret BurTON 
 Dr. T. H! BP: SAmER 
 Pror. E. D. Soper 
 Rev. T. S. DoNoHUGH 
 Pror. J. C. ARCHER 
 Dr. J. L. Murray 
 FRANK SLACK 
 
 Miss Sarau S. Lyon 
 Dr. D. J. FLEMING 
 E. C. Carter 
 
 Miss Ann T. Rein 
 GALEN M. FISHER 
 Mrs. Cuas. K. Roys 
 Dr. RatpH Warp 
 
 Group 14 
 
 FORUMS 
 
 COMMITTEE ON ForuMS 
 
 J. Lovet, Murray 
 Davip E. OWEN 
 Mrs. Cuas. K. Roys 
 
 LEADERS OF ForUMS 
 
 Rural Evangelistic Work (Men) 
 
 Rural Evangelistic Work (Women) 
 
 City Evangelistic Work (Men) 
 
 City Evangelistic Work (Women) 
 
 Medical Work (Men) 
 
 Medical Work (Women) 
 
 Nursing and Training Nurses 
 
 Elementary Education 
 
 Secondary and Higher Education (Men) 
 Secondary and Higher Education (Women) 
 Teaching Specific Subjects 
 
 Comprehensive & Comp. Present. of Ed. Work 
 Agriculture 
 
 Industrial Training and Enterprise 
 
 Literary Work 
 
 Y.M.C.A. Work 
 
 Y.W.C.A. Work 
 
 Social and Community Service 
 
 Work Involving Business and Tech. Skill (Men) 
 Work Involving Business and Tech. Skill (Women 
 Government Service 
 
 Opportunities for Married Women 
 
 Home Base 
 
ORGANIZATION 425 
 
 THE EXHIBIT 
 
 CoMMITTEE ON EXHIBIT 
 
 Mrs. FRANK V. SLACK 
 Mitton T. STAUFFER 
 
 Burton St. Jonn, Chairman 
 J. Lovett Murray 
 
 CuieF Exuispit WORKER 
 
 ALICE PEABODY 
 
 NATIONAL CONSULTANTS 
 
 Dr. Roy H. Axaai, Japan 
 ASADOLLAH BEIyJAN, Persia 
 K. P. DAMLAMIAN, Armenia 
 JULIETTE DeErRRICOTTE, Negro 
 PastorizA Fiores, Ecuador 
 Taxkr Fujita, Japan 
 MetcHor GuzMAN, Bolivia 
 Acuy Iype, India 
 
 HELEN Kim, Korea 
 
 JoserA LLANnEs, Philippine Islands 
 GeorcE P. MicHAELIDEsS, Greece 
 S. M. Nxomo, Africa 
 
 L. T. Ruiz, Philippine Islands 
 HERBERT SEIN, Mexico 
 
 IDYre NEM AB Saes (Climate) 
 
 K. S. Yum, Korea 
 
 ATTENDANCE AND REGISTRATION 
 
 CoMMITTEE ON STUDENT AND FACULTY REPRESENTATION 
 
 Tuomas S. SHarp, Chairman 
 
 Lrstig BLANCHARD 
 JoHN L. Cups 
 Mary E. McDanien 
 
 HucH MacMirtian 
 Davin R. Porter 
 Mrs. Cuas. K. Roys 
 CHANNING H. Tosias 
 
 FENNELL P. TURNER 
 
 CONVENTION REGISTRAR 
 
 GrorRGE W. CARPENTER 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS COMMITTEE 
 
 AuMus G. RUDDELL . 
 
 Hersert S. KING 
 
 Evans WOooLLEN . ey ae 
 Rey. ALLAN B. Puirputt, D.D. 
 Mrs. H. R. GoweEns 7 
 Mrs. C. H. WINDERS . 
 
 F. B. Ransom Ani fe 
 THORNTON B. PENFIELD 
 Rex D. Hopper .° 
 Coritta G. BropNAx 
 Hueu J. Wim1iaMs . 
 
 Chairman 
 
 Chairman Finance Committee 
 
 Treasurer 
 
 Chairman Hospitality Committee 
 
 Chairman Local Church Organizations 
 
 Chairman Entertainment of Foreign Delegates 
 and Missionaries 
 
 Chairman Entertainment Negro Delegates 
 
 Executive Secretary 
 
 Associate Secretaries 
 Chief of Registration Bureau 
 
426 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 MEMBERS OF HOSPITALITY COMMITTEE 
 
 Rey. GeorcE W. ALLISON Mrs. CarriE GuIO 
 
 Miss May BELCHER Rev. F. A. Haywarp 
 
 Rey. Lewis Brown, Ph.D. Rey. J. A. Henperson, D.D. 
 Rey. F. R. Daries Rey. Greorce F. HENNINGER 
 Rev. W. C. DoNALDSON Rev. H. L. Herop, D.D. 
 
 J...) Baers Mrs. N. H. Lone 
 
 Miss Peary B. ForsyTHE Mrs. Witt1AM DupbLeEy PRATT 
 A. H. Goparp Mrs. Merte N. A. WALKER 
 Rev. T. W. Grarton, D.D. Mrs. A. G. WooDMANSEE 
 
 BUSINESS COMMITTEE 
 
 The Business Committee, which made provision for the execution of the 
 Convention program, was in charge of a session left open by the Committee 
 on Arrangements, and of all other matters of execution not previously pro- 
 vided for. ‘ 
 
 KENNETH Scott Latourette, Chairman 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES OF STUDENT VOLUNTEER COUNCIL 
 
 FirLroMeNA ALway, University of Minnesota 
 
 Mary CLine, Galloway College (Arkansas). 
 
 Marie Francis, Oklahoma City College 
 
 BERNHARD HELLAND, Augsburg Theological Seminary 
 Wattace McArez, San Francisco Theological Seminary 
 Dan WHITMAN, University of Washington 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES OF Y.W.C.A. STUDENT COUNCIL 
 
 Marion IsELty, Texas Woman’s College 
 
 Jean Lyon, Wellesley College 
 
 EstHER MacDonatp, Teachers College, Columbia University 
 EpitH SIMESTER, Ohio Wesleyan University 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES OF Y.M.C.A. STUDENT COUNCIL 
 
 RosweE.u P. Barnes, Lafayette College 
 JoHN DittincHAm, Shaw University 
 Don ScHooter, University of Oklahoma 
 LeRoy Kraus, Hamline University 
 
 STUDENT REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS 
 
 LyMAN Hoover, Butler College and Yale Divinity School 
 
 Mary McDantret, University of Missouri, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
 New York 
 
 Norman A. McKewnzir, Dalhousie University and Harvard University 
 
 MarGarET Wvyenr, Wells College and Wellesley College 
 
 GENERAL REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS 
 
 LEsLigE BLANCHARD 
 GALEN FISHER 
 Davin R. Porter 
 FENNELL P. TuRNER 
 Ropert P. WILDER 
 
ORGANIZATION 427 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE CONVENTION 
 CHAIRMAN 
 
 JoserpH C. Rogpsrns 
 
 VicE-CHAIRMEN 
 
 Wa ter H. Jupp, GERTRUDE RUTHERFORD, 
 University of Nebraska University of Toronto 
 
 MusIcaL STAFF 
 
 SGEORGER Wi CAMPBELL Rn Etats is ulin obee eee sul Precentor 
 NVANINTPRED AVEDA MGuE di ea te oe tment tn mu We) SPianist 
 MES NVVILL FAMED DUPE TE enc eA An Coe atk! oh) Oreanist 
 Ay COOVVELETA MS (2 I tebyie mee heli tig lll siete Ve wk gues) P oo) GOFNETISE 
 
 THE QUARTET 
 
 GERHARD L. STUBKJAER IporE M. STtuBKJAER 
 Epwin M. HeccEe REUBEN C. TESLow 
 
 CoMMITTEE ON USHERS 
 E. W. HEarneE, Chairman 
 Press CoMMITTEE 
 A. E. Huncerrorp, Chairman 
 CoMMITTEE ON Daity BULLETIN 
 _J. Lovett Murray, Chairman E. WarNER LENTz, Secretary 
 CoMMITTEE ON PuLrit SUPPLY 
 GerorcE IrviNG, Chairman Witt1am M. Beaum, Secretary 
 
 COMMITTEE ON ENTERTAINMENT OF SPEAKERS AND LEADERS 
 
 W. P. McCuttocy, Chairman 
 
Stage—Picture Screen 
 
 
 
 Avenue of World Brotherhood 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 pies , Native Churchi Native l is 
 
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 Ss 715e Leadership ‘Contribu- ae wi 
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 2 oc 
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 Court 
 Avenue of Avenue of 
 Preparation of Missionaries of Preparation of Leadership Abroad 
 
 aIN LIFE Y Aree 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 a 3 
 5 Z Problems Problems S 
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 aa} S at Home ? 4 Abroad es " 
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 = = _— 
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 Educational Candidate ‘Music c 
 Secretaries Secretaries 4 
 
 
 
 Current World News, The Lewis Current World News 
 Religious Press Illuminated Map General Press 
 
 
 
 Exhibit 
 Office 
 
 FLOOR PLAN OF THE EXHIBIT 
 
PE B MOTB ED 
 
 A glance at the floor plan on the opposite page will show that the body 
 of the Exhibit is a sort of visual allegory. The approach to the cross which 
 stands amid the palms of victory is through the written word. But it is to be 
 interpreted by the lives of those who have represented Him in every land. 
 
 Broadly speaking the various courts are in three great realms: the realm 
 of Background, of Activity, and of Accomplishment. 
 
 The “Background” is linked to “Activity” by the avenues of Preparation. 
 
 “Activity” of individuals and of organizations finds its fullest expression 
 through the Avenue of Cooperation. 
 
 “Accomplishment” which grows out of these expresses itself pre-eminently 
 in its indigenous nature and culminates in a developing World Brotherhood. 
 This is shown whenever the Spirit of Christ is found in any human activity. 
 
 So far as possible there is a scripture verse—generally a saying of Christ 
 —as the keynote of each idea. There also is a panel representing a leader 
 whose life personifies the idea. In most cases there are two—one from North 
 America and one native of a mission land. This dual plan preserves the 
 Christo-centric idea and keeps it with a living practical emphasis. 
 
 The Court of Life presents five North Americans and five nationals of 
 other lands. They are: Bishop Crowther of Africa, Preacher; Miss Ilien 
 Tang of China, Educator; Pundita Ramabai of India, Philanthropist; Dr. 
 Esther Kim Pak of Korea, Physician; Neesima of Japan, Scholar. Along with 
 these are Adoniram Judson of Burma, Forerunner; Shelton of Tibet, Pioneer ; 
 Mackay of Formosa, Evangelist; Melinda Rankin of Mexico, Social Worker ; 
 and Bishop Bashford of China, Statesman. 
 
 At opposite sides of the approach are the complementary courts,—The 
 North American Background and Human Values Abroad. A “man of noble 
 nature does not forget the roots from which he springs.’”’ Down deep are the 
 values of the universal religious instinct, the sense of right and wrong, family 
 affection, hospitality, love of the beautiful and other lights which light every 
 man. We in North America have the benefits of additional blessings, the out- 
 growth of our knowledge of Christ. Having received these freely, freely let 
 us give. 
 
 Flanking these and as a real element in the background are the Youth 
 Courts which set forth the protests and the hopes of the young life of our 
 day, who would neither dictate nor be dictated to. They are against war, 
 autocracy, tradition, against dogmatism, denominationalism and formalism in 
 religion. But they seek after the unity of all men, the opportunity to be and 
 
 429 
 
430 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 to serve. They desire to think not as individualists but as elements in groups, 
 groups which can serve Christ and their generation effectively. 
 
 With all this background of nature, inheritance and training there is a 
 frank facing of problems both at home and abroad. Thus we would not be 
 overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good. The home problems are such 
 as: making denominational loyalties subservient to. loyalty to Christ, develop- 
 ing an adequately trained Christian leadership, rectifying industrial injustices 
 and developing the spirit of racial brotherhood. Those abroad include giving 
 the message of Christ to every nation, adequately ministering to unevangelized 
 groups, developing a trained indigenous leadership, elevating the place of 
 woman, and overcoming the spirit of materialism with the Spirit of Christ. 
 
 Those in the homeland who hear the “Go ye’ and those abroad who 
 would carry the message to their “Jerusalem and all Judea” must be trained. 
 The training asks “the utmost for the highest” from people who are “spiritu- 
 ally alive, doctrinally sane, scholastically thorough, physically normal, socially 
 balanced and temperamentally comfortable.” 
 
 The realm of direct approach through preaching and other types of service 
 breathes evangelism in all its varied methods—an evangelism which adapts 
 itself to time, place, circumstances and opportunity. It includes education 
 which makes “for Christian character, health, industry, recreation and service.” 
 It embraces all forms of medical, agricultural, industrial, social and literary 
 outreach of the message of Christ to individuals and to groups. 
 
 From these courts of the direct message, cooperation in all forms leads 
 naturally to the consideration of the native church. It is here that we note 
 the progress in the self-propagation of the church, its development in self- 
 support, and the emergence of leaders who stand out not only nationally but 
 also internationally. 
 
 “A strong native leadership is a normal development of the universal - 
 Christian brotherhood.” This is the more evident because each race is bring- 
 ing to the Kingdom of God strengthened elements in our Christian thought, as 
 for example: India, brings meditation; China, sturdiness; Korea, the power 
 of witnessing; Central Africa, cheerfulness; the Moslem world, the immanence 
 of God, and North America, aggressiveness. 
 
 It is through the understanding of these facts and a completer develop- 
 ment of the Spirit of Christ that we come to World Brotherhood. Its demon- 
 strations through organizations, such as the Red Cross, the Pan-American 
 Union, the Fellowship of Reconciliation, and the World Student Christian 
 Federation as well as through the more direct church agencies are manifold. 
 Commerce, industry and governments all may minister to this same end, “serve 
 as an antitoxin against the disease of war,” and help to eradicate race hatreds 
 which lie back of the war spirit. By these things “shall all men know that ye 
 are My disciples.” ' 
 

 
 “The Christ of the Andes” 
 
Reticious Instinct 
 
 “Whom you without 
 _ knowing Him, revere” 
 
 A kind reception 
 
 _ isbetter thana 
 facts 
 
 Telugu Proverb 
 
 Famity AFFECTION 
 
 ‘Sons and daughters 
 fasten to the 
 heart strings- 
 
 - ChineseProverb 
 
 Lets eliminate 
 , unbrotherly words 
 from our vocabulary 
 
 
 
BIBLE DisTRIBUTION 
 
 Golporteur selling Bibles 
 at Railway Station — 
 
 STON INCeme) = 
 Nanve Nurses 
 
 "Moved with com 
 passion—took care 
 of” them’ 
 
 the native chu rh 
 
 increases literacy 
 
 Passion to know about 
 Christianity leads even 
 old people to learn to 
 
 read. 
 
 Better seeds 
 Larger harvest 
 
 Betler homes 
 
 
 
BRINGING FREEDOM 
 oF PersoNALA\cTION 
 
 tt Lf ays 
 - » w. i 
 ie af a 
 as 
 a wal 5 4 
 . we. Se 
 BG: ee ¥ 
 ee. Xe. 
 o " , 
 ¥ 
 4 aq 
 { 
 
 will not keep us 
 
 from service 
 
 A@ontaea callie 
 monetary Pacaite nge 
 
 QJour personal 
 check is good any 
 where in the 
 
 Trey alet 
 
 Ald American Red Cross 
 Nurses in foreign Lands 
 
 rs 
 
 Red Cross 
 nurses around 
 
 the world 
 
 Men STUDENTS from 
 Aproap In CANADA AND 
 
 THE Unurep STATES 
 
 No university in. 
 
 North America has a 
 number of men equal to 
 the number of men from . 
 abroad Now studying 
 inthe United States . 
 and Canada 
 
 
 
THE EXHIBIT—TEXT OF PANELS 
 
 BIBLE TRANSLATION 
 
 Our Bible—Source 
 Picture of Isaiah 
 And God spake through the prophets 
 
 Our Bible—Source 
 
 Photostats of two ancient 
 scripts 
 
 Ancient manuscripts 
 
 mank- 
 
 Our Bible—Reproduction 
 
 Picture of a monk transcribing a por- 
 tion of the Bible 
 
 A Monk transcribing the Bible 
 
 Our Bible—Reproduction 
 Picture of Gutenberg Press printing 
 its first Bible with movable type 
 
 Our Bible—Translations 
 
 Pages of I Cor. 13th chapter of King 
 James version, American Revised 
 version, and Twentieth Century ver- 
 sion 
 
 Many versions—The'’same “Word” 
 
 Our Bible—Translations 
 
 Picture of natives and missionary 
 translating Bible—India 
 
 Natives and missionary translating the 
 Bible 
 
 Bible Transportation 
 
 Picture of a shipment of Bibles being 
 received in China 
 
 15,387,592 Bibles and portions were 
 sent out in 1922 
 
 Bible Transportation 
 
 Picture of coolie carrying loads of 
 Bibles in baskets hung from hs 
 shoulders 
 
 Even to the most distant nation 
 
 Bible Distribution 
 
 Picture of colporteur selling Bibles in 
 India 
 
 Colporteur selling Bibles at Railway 
 Station 
 
 Bible Distribution 
 
 Picture of colporteur selling Bibles 
 from house to house 
 
 From hand to hand 
 
 Bible Broadcasted 
 
 Names of 772 languages into which the 
 Bible or Bible portions have been 
 translated 
 
 There is no written language without 
 its Bible translation 
 
 Bible Broadcasted 
 
 “And the earth shall be filled with the 
 knowledge of the glory of God as 
 the waters cover the sea” 
 
 COURT OF LIFE 
 (With pictures of each individual) 
 
 The Pioneer 
 Shelton of Tibet 
 
 The Educator 
 Miss Ilien Tang 
 
 431 
 
 The Social Worker 
 Miss Melinda Rankin 
 
 The Preacher 
 Bishop Crowther 
 
432 
 The Statesman 
 Bishop Bashford 
 
 The Evangelist 
 Mackay of Formosa 
 
 The Philanthropist 
 Pundita Ramabai 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 The Scholar 
 Joseph Hardy-Neesima 
 
 The Forerunner 
 Adoniram Judson 
 
 The Physician 
 Dr. Esther Kim Pak 
 
 HUMAN VALUES 
 
 “The light which lighteth every man” 
 
 Religious Instinct 
 
 Picture of an Indian worshiping be- 
 fore a stone god 
 
 “Whom you, without knowing Him, 
 revere” 
 
 Recognition of Right and Wrong 
 
 “They exhibit the effect of the Law 
 written on their hearts, their con- 
 science bears them witness” 
 
 Mysticism 
 Picture of Daibutsu 
 “Feel the Soul of all the East” 
 
 A Desire for Truth 
 
 “In the morning if we hear the truth 
 we are satisfied even if we die in 
 the evening’—Korean saying 
 
 Sense of Fairness 
 
 “Excuse others on the same principles 
 that you excuse yourself”—Chinese 
 Proverb 
 
 Patience 
 
 Pictures of women and children weav- 
 ing a rug 
 
 “Many locks are opened by patience” 
 —Arab Proverb 
 
 Poetical Instinct 
 Picture of Tagore 
 Rabindranath Tagore 
 
 Love of Music 
 
 Picture of man leading singing, Al- 
 lahabad, India 
 
 “Music in his soul” 
 
 Appreciation of the Beautiful 
 
 Picture of man looking from an arch- 
 way toward the Taj Mahal in the 
 distance 
 
 Exaltation of Learning 
 
 Picture of Tomb of Confucius 
 
 “Wealth consists in greatness of un- 
 derstanding”—Eastern Proverb 
 
 Courtesy 
 
 Picture of Japanese girls bowing to 
 each other 
 
 “A kind reception is better than a 
 feast’”—Telugu Proverb 
 
 Cheerfulness 
 
 Picture showing East Indian boys 
 grinning as they le on their stom- 
 achs in the sand 
 
 Hospitality 
 
 Picture of afternoon’ tea—Japanese 
 
 “Vinegar given is sweeter than honey” 
 —Oriental Proverb 
 
 Commemoration of Ancestors 
 
 Picture of ancestral tablet—Chinese 
 
 “A man of noble nature does not for- 
 get the roots from which he springs” 
 —Chinese Proverb 
 
 Family Affection 
 
 Picture of Japanese mother and baby 
 
 “Sons and daughters fasten to the 
 heart strings’”—Chinese Proverb 
 
 Respect for Authority 
 
 “Pay them their respective dues... 
 respect to this man, honor to that’”— 
 Oriental saying 
 
 Developing National Loyalty 
 Picture of Turkish group around 
 
 leader cheering their flag 
 “My country, ’tis of thee” 
 
EXHIBIT 
 
 433 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BACKGROUND 
 
 “Freely ye have received, freely give” 
 
 Freedom of Worship 
 
 Picture of model of Bahaai Temple 
 at Wilamette, Ill. 
 
 Model of Bahaai Temple at Wila- 
 mette, Illinois 
 
 Access to the Christian Message 
 
 Chart of Central States giving loca- 
 tions of M. E. Churches 
 
 A typical situation 
 
 Home Life 
 
 Picture from cover of “The World 
 Call” 
 
 A nation may be measured by its 
 homes 
 
 Equality of Sexes 
 
 Picture of Mrs. McClung—Canada 
 
 A woman is appreciated for her quali- 
 ties, not limited by her sex 
 
 Longing for Improvement 
 
 Picture from Y.W.C.A. girls’ poster 
 
 “That ye might have life and... 
 more abundantly” 
 
 Freedom for Individual Development 
 Picture of Steinmetz at work 
 Dr. Steinmetz at work 
 
 Compulsory Public School System 
 “Wisdom is rather to be chosen than 
 great riches” 
 
 Cultural privileges generally available 
 
 Picture of Eastman Theatre at Roches- 
 ter, New York é 
 
 The best is none-too good for the 
 humblest 
 
 PROBLEMS 
 
 Public Press 
 
 Clippings from Indianapolis papers 
 showing news of vital interest 
 
 No force is so potent in forming pub- 
 lic opinion as is the public press 
 
 Christian Public Opinion 
 “Vox populi, vox Dei” 
 
 Abundant Racial Contacts 
 
 Front pages of 6 “Language” news- 
 papers of New York City 
 
 North America is a fertile field for 
 the replanting of racial stocks 
 
 Comparative Equality in the Courts 
 Scene from Juvenile Court at Seattle 
 The child at least gets a fair hearing 
 
 Good Public Health Conditions 
 
 In New York deaths from tubercu- 
 losis are only one-third as many as 
 25 years ago 
 
 Access to Hospitals and Physicians 
 Medical aid in Indianapolis 
 8 Hospitals 
 600 Physicians 
 500 Nurses 
 
 Comparative Lack of Poverty 
 
 “Tn the year 1920 the average home in 
 the United States possessed about 
 three times the household capital 
 that it possessed in 1900” (Individ- 
 ualism in Action, Julius Barnes) 
 
 Organized: Philanthropy 
 In New York City $50,000,000 a year 
 is spent in welfare work 
 
 Improving Labor Conditions 
 
 Scenes from a local model factory at 
 Indianapolis 
 
 Industrial righteousness grows apace 
 
 AT HOME 
 
 “Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good” 
 
 As Christians it is ours— 
 
 To make denominational loyalties sub- 
 servient to loyalty to Christ 
 
 To adjust the distribution of churches 
 
 To provide Christian privileges for 
 needy groups, e.g., migrant workers 
 
 To inspire and develop an adequate 
 ministry 
 
 To train the youth in the knowledge 
 and the practice of Christian living 
 
 To increase the practice of Christian 
 stewardship 
 
434 
 
 To strengthen the sense of responsi- 
 bility toward unevangelized groups 
 of the world 
 
 To provide satisfactory educational 
 privileges for all 
 
 To put cultural values into popular 
 amusements 
 
 To properly assimilate the incoming 
 immigrants 
 
 To develop a higher regard for law 
 
 To establish a single moral standard 
 for men and women 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 To abolish child labor 
 To rectify industrial injustice 
 
 To develop the spirit of racial brother- 
 hood 
 
 To put the Christian attitude into in- 
 ternational relationships j 
 
 To cultivate the sense of responsibility 
 for world peace 
 
 To overcome the spirit of materialism 
 with the spirit of Christ 
 
 PROBLEMS ABROAD 
 
 “Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good” 
 
 As Christians it is ours— 
 
 To see that no nation is without the 
 Christian message 
 
 To make Christ available in every 
 area of every nation 
 
 To meet adequately the needs of un- 
 evangelized groups, e.g., 
 Ricksha men 
 Factory girls 
 Soldiers 
 Literati 
 Rural population 
 
 To inspire and to cooperate with in- 
 digenous leadership 
 
 To provide a fair distribution of the 
 newly organized churches 
 
 To encourage the spirit of cooperation 
 among the churches of different de- 
 nominational origin 
 
 To develop a Christian public opinion 
 
 To elevate the place of women 
 To put a new spirit into home life 
 
 To overcome superstition with knowl- 
 edge 
 
 To extend educational privileges 
 To modernize sanitary methods 
 To battle with poverty 
 
 To enlarge the sense of responsibility 
 for the less favored 
 
 To give deserved recognition to honest 
 labor 
 
 To foster a right attitude in industrial 
 relationships 
 
 To create a sense of international re- 
 sponsibility 
 
 To overcome the spirit of material- 
 ism with the spirit of Christ 
 
 LEADERSHIP ABROAD—TRAINING 
 
 “To Jerusalem and all Judea” 
 
 A type: Lilavati Singh 
 Picture of Miss Singh 
 
 A type: Galen M. Fisher 
 Picture of Mr. Fisher 
 
 The Basis—Religious Experience 
 
 Whether schooled or unschooled the 
 leader must have a profound per- 
 sonal religious experience 
 
EXHIBIT 
 
 All degrees of training are to be found 
 The unschooled 
 The simply trained 
 The highly trained 
 
 An indigenous Church demands lead- 
 ers who distinguish between west- 
 ernism and Christianity 
 
 Type of training 
 
 Picture of Woman's Bible School— 
 Korea 
 
 Informal Women’s Bible School 
 
 Type of training — General Bible 
 School 
 Picture of Philippine Men’s Bible 
 Class 
 
 The task of evangelization must de- 
 volve mainly upon nationals 
 
 Type of training—Graduate Theolog- 
 ical School 
 
 Picture of a Burmese Theological 
 Graduating Class 
 
 Training of Nationals as leaders often 
 involves training for other work 
 than that of direct church leadership 
 
 Picture of graduating class, Mary 
 Johnson Hospital, Manila, Philip- 
 pines 
 
 435 
 
 Conferences 
 
 Picture of North Africa Sunday 
 School Conference 
 
 Minds trained to work together work 
 with effectiveness 
 
 Study while at work 
 
 Picture of a pastor’s study—Siamese 
 
 Even unschooled men become trained 
 by combining work with study 
 
 Project Training—Community Work 
 
 Twenty-five Sunday Schools are con- 
 ducted by girls of Foochow 
 Women’s College 
 
 Project Training—Religious Work 
 
 Picture of student pastors leaving 
 school for week-end trips into vil- 
 lages—A frica 
 
 The ministerial student gets training 
 through work while studying 
 
 Training Abroad ; : 
 Leaders often secure specialized train- 
 ing abroad 
 
 Lay Leadership 
 
 Picture of Ten-day Women’s Bible 
 Training Classes in Korea 
 great multitude of Lay Leaders 
 must be trained 
 
 MISSIONARY TRAINING AT HOME 
 
 “Go ye therefore” 
 
 Kenneth Scott Latourette 
 
 Picture of Dr. Latourette 
 
 Missionary and educator of mission- 
 aries 
 
 William Bacon Pettus 
 
 Picture of Dr. Pettus 
 
 Principal of the North China Lan- 
 guage School 
 
 The Requirement 
 
 Candidate application blanks of Pres- 
 byterian and American Boards 
 
 Our Best—The need demands it 
 
 Spiritually alive—Doctrinally sane— 
 Scholastically thorough—Physically 
 normal — Socially balanced — Tem- 
 peramentally comfortable 
 
 Candidate reference blanks of Pres- 
 byterian, Methodist and Baptist 
 Boards 
 
 Not “What is his Alma Mater?” but 
 “Has she taught him to think inter- 
 nationally ?” 
 
 Pictures from Northwestern Univer- 
 sity 
 
 The missionary is a specialist in a day 
 of specialization 
 Picture from College of Missions 
 
 Project Training—Contacts with For- 
 eign Students 
 
 Prove first to yourself the reality of 
 world brotherhood 
 
 Project Training—Presenting the Mis- 
 sionary Idea to Others 
 
 One enkindled spirit sets another on 
 fire 
 
 Project Training—General Religious 
 Work 
 
 Train yourself for a spiritual work 
 by experience in religious leadership 
 
430 
 
 Project Training—Christian Living 
 
 Picture of Christ at prayer 
 
 The practice of the presence of God 
 —the essential in missionary training 
 
 Spend fifteen minutes a day on your 
 five-foot missionary shelf 
 
 A list of suggested readings for mis- 
 sionaries 
 
 Get Your Sailing Orders! 
 
 Picture of out-going missionaries for 
 1923 of Presbyterian Board 
 
 A setting-up conference of out-going 
 missionaries 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Training Through Association With 
 Groups 
 
 Fellowship in preparation inspires 
 thoroughness and creativeness 
 
 The Language Schools 
 
 Picture of a@ missionary and wife 
 studying Siamese 
 
 On the field the missionary’s first task 
 is with the language 
 
 While at Work 
 
 Picture of doctor at microscope— 
 
 —Korea 
 
 The growing missionary is always a 
 student 
 
 HEALING 
 
 Dr. Cyril Haas 
 Picture of Dr. Haas 
 
 Training Nurses 
 
 Picture of graduating class of Fili- 
 pino nurses, each holding a baby 
 
 “Moved with compassion... took 
 care of them” 
 
 Training of Native Physicians 
 
 Scene in medical school laboratory, 
 India 
 
 To follow in the steps of the Great 
 Physician 
 
 Training in Research 
 
 Picture of student at microscope in 
 bacteriological laboratory 
 
 Greater works than these shall they do 
 
 Without Equipment 
 
 Picture of a doctor operating on hand 
 of a patient who is lying on a bench 
 in the open—Africa 
 
 He saves lives even with this outfit 
 
 With Equipment 
 
 Picture of operating room in a mod- 
 ern hospital 
 
 How much more he is doing with this 
 
 Wu Ting Fang said: 
 “The gospel of healing makes its own 
 way into the hearts of the people” 
 
 Standards for Missionary Nurses 
 At least a high school education, plus 
 regular R.N. training and degree 
 
 Indianapolis with its three hundred 
 thousand has more trained nurses 
 than there are missionary nurses in 
 all India with its three hundred mil- 
 lions 
 
 Standards for a Missionary Doctor 
 A degree from a Grade A medical col- 
 lege and at least one year as intern 
 
 Indianapolis has more qualified physi- 
 cians than there are medical mis- 
 sionaries in Africa 
 
 Where will you hang your sign? 
 
 “Go and report to John what ye hear 
 and see” 
 
 “The blind see” 
 Picture of Dr. Hopkins treating an 
 eye patient—Peking 
 
 “The lame walk” 
 Picture of doctor treating patient with 
 a lame leg 
 
 “The lepers are cleansed” 
 Picture of a group of paroled lepers 
 
 Prevention of disease 
 
 Picture of a Japanese baby being ex- 
 amined and judged in a Better Baby 
 contest 
 
 Let’s start them physically fit 
 
 Disease Prevention 
 
 Picture of vaccinating natives in 
 smallpox flague area, Africa 
 
 Stemming contagion 
 
 Teaching Home Hygiene . 
 
 Picture of Dr. Maybe holding a clinic 
 in an African village 
 
 The mother is the guardian of family 
 health 
 
 Teaching personal hygiene 
 
 Picture of school children brushing 
 teeth 
 
 Cleanliness is next to godliness 
 
 Dr. Mary Stone 
 Picture of Dr. Stone 
 
EXHIBIT 
 
 437 
 
 PREACHING 
 
 “Go ye into all the world and preach” 
 
 Mr. Paul Kanamori 
 Picture of Mr. Kanamori 
 The Moody of Japan 
 
 Limitation to Preaching—Physical 
 
 Picture with a closed gate of Afghan- 
 istan 
 
 “They shall not pass’—closed gate of 
 Afghanistan 
 
 Limitations—Spiritual 
 Thoburn of India won his first convert 
 in two years 
 
 Reaching the Poor 
 
 Picture of a back street in Egypt 
 
 “",.and the poor had the gospel 
 preached to them” 
 
 Tent Preaching 
 
 Picture of missionary with his tent in 
 ‘the interior of India 
 ..and they went 
 preaching” 
 
 “ 
 
 everywhere 
 
 “Baptizing them in the name of the 
 Father 
 Picture of baptism on bank of river in 
 
 Africa 
 
 Village Preaching 
 Picture of street preaching scene 
 Reaching them where they are 
 
 A Preaching Place 
 Picture of an Indian Church 
 Indian type of Church building 
 
 A Preaching Place 
 Picture of an African Church 
 African type of Church building 
 
 A Preaching Place 
 Picture of a Latin American Church 
 Latin American type of Church build- 
 
 ing 
 
 Preaching privileges in sparsely popu- 
 lated Africa 
 
 Map of Africa by Boggs showing sta- 
 tions 
 
 Preaching privileges in densely popu- 
 lated Japan 
 
 Ostrom’s “Hunger” map 
 
 Preaching to Women 
 
 Picture of Bible woman talking to a 
 group of women in China 
 
 Preaching to Families 
 Picture of a colporteur surrounded by 
 family group 
 
 Preaching in the Open 
 
 Picture of Malaysia showing a mis- 
 sionary preaching to a crowd in an 
 open field 
 
 Not the place but the message 
 
 Preaching in a Great Church 
 
 Picture of preacher conducting a serv- 
 ice m a great church built by the 
 natives of Kamerun 
 
 “The great congregation with stately 
 ceremony also praises Him” 
 
 A Typical Preaching Missionary 
 Picture of Mr. Springer 
 John Springer of Rhodesia 
 
 TEACHING 
 
 “Teaching them to observe all things” 
 
 Miss Tetsuko Yasui 
 
 Picture of Miss Yasui 
 
 Dean of the Woman’s Christian Col- 
 lege of Japan 
 
 Kindergarten 
 
 Picture of Japanese kindergarten kid- 
 dies marching 
 
 When the child goes to school, the 
 father follows to church 
 
 Boarding School 
 
 Picture of a boys’ boarding school 
 
 By the spirit of the school they in- 
 terpret the spirit of Christ 
 
 College 
 
 Picture of faculty of Ginling College 
 
 To develop a trained Christian lead- 
 ership 
 
438 
 
 Normal Schools 
 
 Picture of normal school graduating 
 group in the Philippines 
 
 Their light is a torch to light the chil- 
 dren of tomorrow 
 
 Theological Seminary \ 
 
 Picture of theological students at 
 Aoyama, Tokyo 
 
 Teaching them rightly to divine the 
 Word of Truth 
 
 Industrial School 
 
 Picture of workshop of an Industrial 
 School in India 
 
 “Shape thou the work of our hands” 
 
 Teaching for Service 
 Picture of Boy Scout group at work 
 Boy Scouts at work 
 
 Teaching Principles of Healthful Liv- 
 ing 
 
 Picture of a cooking class—La Paz, 
 South America 
 
 Teaching Principles of Faith 
 Picture of school children bowing in 
 prayer—Japan 
 
 Teaching Without Equipment 
 
 Picture of a native African teacher 
 with children reading from a chart 
 hung on a tree 
 
 Without even Mark Hopkins’ log 
 
 Teaching With Full Equipment 
 
 Picture of Peking University campus 
 plan 
 
 Peking University campus plan 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Yuan Shi Kai once said: 
 
 “Unless the ethics of Christianity shall 
 dominate the scholarship of China 
 there is no hope for the Republic” 
 
 Adaptation of Text 
 
 “Books out of the thought of the peo- 
 ple, and which improve both life and 
 living’—Thomas Jesse Jones 
 
 Adaptation of Methods 
 
 Picture showing adaptation of the 
 teaching of a trade—Africa 
 
 “With a plan that takes pupils where 
 they are and builds to what they 
 should be’—Jones 
 
 Adaptation of Content 
 
 “Education must make for Christian 
 character, health, industry, recrea- 
 tion and service’—Jones 
 
 Sunday School 
 
 Picture of an Indian Sunday School 
 class led by native teacher 
 
 Studying the Word in their own 
 tongue : 
 
 Reading Rooms 
 
 Picture of a reading room in Peking, 
 China 
 
 Cultivating world interest 
 
 Physical Education 
 Picture of a girls’ gymnasium class 
 Making fit the temple of the spirit 
 
 Dr. Charles Watson 
 
 Picture of Dr. Watson 
 
 President of the American University 
 of Cairo, Egypt 
 
 SOCIAL SERVICE 
 
 “Believe me for the very work’s sake” 
 
 Picture of Kagawa in slums 
 Kagawa in the slums of Kobe 
 
 Picture of Caroline Macdonald 
 Caroline Macdonald, Prison Worker 
 in Japan 
 
 Every mission station is a social center 
 
 Day Nurseries 
 
 Picture of Day Nursery group in 
 Japan 
 
 One of the Great Mothers to the chil- 
 dren of wage earners 
 
 Orphanages 
 
 Near East pictures 
 
 From tender childhood’s helplessness 
 Thy heart has never known recoil 
 
 Homes for Untainted Children of 
 Lepers 
 
 Picture of a group of untainted chil- 
 dren 
 
 This is the service that helps “Rid 
 
 the World of Leprosy” 
 
 Playgrounds 
 
 Picture of playground in South Amer- 
 ica 
 
 Play as essential to children is recog- 
 nized by Christian institutions 
 
 Refugee Work 
 
 Picture of a refugee family receiving 
 food and clothing 
 
 “Others were tortured not accepting 
 their deliverance” 
 
 7 
 
EXHIBIT 
 
 Anti-Tuberculosis Campaign 
 Since it is preventable, why not pre- 
 vent it? 
 
 439 
 
 Special Work of Women 
 
 Picture of Madam Kaji Yajima 
 
 The white ribbon is a sign of “Better 
 Times” everywhere 
 
 LITERATURE 
 
 The Press 
 
 Picture of Nile Press 
 
 The products of the press speak the 
 Christian message day and night 
 
 A Christian literature supplements the 
 Christian ministry and Christian fel- 
 lowship 
 
 When a native Christian literature be- 
 gins to appear, then is the Church 
 really established 
 
 Hymnology is Enriched 
 
 “In the secret of His Presence” was 
 written by Emma Lakshimi Goreh 
 of India 
 
 Reaches Non-Christians 
 
 Nearly all inquirers from Moslem 
 lands have been interested first 
 through the written word 
 
 Translation makes available the best 
 Christian literature of all lands 
 
 INDUSTRIAL WORK 
 
 To Glory in Work—This is Christian 
 Picture of two sons of rajahs at work 
 Two high caste boys at manual labor 
 
 Raising the Standards of Living 
 Improved standard of work means im- 
 proved standard of living 
 
 Inculcating Ideas of Industrial Jus- 
 tice 
 
 Must we not teach and live the laws 
 of Christ in industry? 
 
 Industry enables dependents to care 
 for themselves 
 
 Picture of self-help for widows, con- 
 ducted by Yale-in-China School 
 
 No heart so open as one touched by 
 kindly care 
 
 Opening Hearts and Minds 
 
 Picture of telephone office in Japan 
 
 Improved industrial conditions create 
 opportunities for the Christian min- 
 istry 
 
 AGRICULTURE 
 
 “My Father worketh hitherto and I work” 
 
 Hunnicutt of Brazil 
 
 Picture of Hunnicutt.and scenes from 
 his school in South America 
 
 The apostle of agricultural evangel- 
 ism in Latin America 
 
 Swamidas of India 
 Picture of Swamidas 
 
 Agricultural missions seek to improve 
 economic conditions by increasing 
 production 
 
 Sheet showing typical increase in the 
 production of Wheat, Sugar Cane, 
 Cotton, Meat 
 
 Agricultural Adaptations 
 
 Picture showing adapted plows in 
 India 
 
 Not substituting our methods but im- 
 proving their methods 
 
 “Trees and prosperity: lack of trees 
 and poverty’—Willard Price 
 
 To Improve Economic Conditions by 
 Improving Seeds 
 
 Picture of boys’ corn judging contest 
 in Africa 
 
 Better seeds, larger harvest, better 
 homes 
 
 Improving Economic Conditions by 
 Increase in Acreage 
 
 Picture of Purple Mountains, Nan- 
 king—showing replanting of forest 
 
 The Exchange of Agricultural Prod- 
 ucts Benefits the World 
 Lists of typical agricultural products 
 brought from each area of the 
 world: 
 Alfalfa from Turkestan, etc. 
 
440 
 
 An agricultural missionary may teach 
 in an agricultural school 
 
 Picture of an agricultural school in 
 Africa 
 
 An agricultural missionary may do 
 agricultural extension work 
 
 Picture of a field agriculturist at work 
 in India 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 An agricultural missionary may add 
 to the service of the world by re- 
 search work 
 
 Picture of Canton Christian College 
 Serecultural Laboratory 
 
 An agricultural missionary may be a 
 minister to agricultural people 
 
 AVENUE OF COOPERATION 
 
 “That they all may be one” 
 
 Samuel Guy Inman 
 
 Picture of Inman 
 
 General Secretary of the Committee 
 on Cooperation in Latin America 
 
 Methods of Cooperation: 
 Cooperation in missionary administra- 
 tion in North America is an ac- 
 cepted principle, e.g., 
 In training 
 In medical examination of can- 
 didates 
 In transportation 
 
 In calling for candidates 
 
 Picture of SV.M. traveling staff 
 
 The natural approach to present-day 
 student life is interdenominational 
 
 In home base conferences and conven- 
 tions, e.g., 
 Foreign Missions Conference 
 Conference of the Federation of 
 
 Women’s Boards of Foreign- 
 
 Missions 
 Quadrennial Convention of the 
 Student Volunteer Movement 
 
 By Area Councils 
 
 There are area councils in China, In- 
 dia, Korea, Japan, Near East, the 
 Congo Basin, South Africa 
 
 By Actual Practice 
 Missions are now at work coopera- 
 
 tively in every type of Christian ac- 
 tivity 
 
 By the Delimitation of Territory 
 
 Maps of Mexico showing overlapping 
 of denominational work and then the 
 division in territory 
 
 One example of the delimitation of 
 territory 
 
 By the Spirit of Unity _ 
 The union work of missions repre- 
 sents not only a status but a spirit 
 
 Cooperation is a moral obligation 
 
 International Cooperation 
 
 Everybody wants a better world, but 
 a better world depends upon the co- 
 operation of everybody 
 
 Interdenominational Cooperation 
 
 Cooperation between denominations 
 on the field means free exchange of 
 members, harmonious plans of work, 
 united counsel and united prayer 
 
 Cooperation Brings Economy 
 
 Cooperation on the field gives the 
 largest economy in the expenditure 
 of money and men 
 
 Cooperation Increases Effectiveness _ 
 United efforts permit specialization 
 and promote efficiency 
 
 Cooperation Simplified by Doctrinal 
 Unity 
 
 National churches are most frequently 
 formed of churches with similar 
 doctrinal bases 
 
 Cooperation is Possible with Doctrinal 
 Diversity 
 
 Picture of South India United Church 
 Group 
 
 There are national churches combin- 
 ing groups with diversified doctrinal 
 bases 
 
 There is cooperation in ministry to the 
 Anglo-American communities 
 
 Anglo-American churches are to be 
 found in the great mercantile cities 
 of Latin America and Asia 
 
 There is cooperation in the study of 
 problems, e.g., 
 Commission on Education i in India 
 villages 
 China Educational Commicena 
 Commission on Education in 
 Equatorial Africa 
 
EXHIBIT 
 
 Rev. Ch’eng Ching Yu 
 Picture of Dr. Cheng 
 A Chinese apostle of cooperation 
 
 Cooperation is Essential in Survey 
 
 Picture of Dr. Stauffer and pages 
 from his China Survey 
 
 To know your task you must know it 
 in its relationships 
 
 Every problem area has its federation 
 of missionaries irrespective of na- 
 tionality or denomination 
 
 In evangelistic work—interdenomina- 
 tional ' 
 The evangelistic impact is best made 
 
 by united Christian forces 
 
 In organized church unions 
 
 Organized union churches appear in 
 local communities where denomina- 
 tions are working 
 
 Through Publishing Houses 
 
 Picture of American Bible Society 
 House 
 
 Home of one of the great union agen- 
 cies 
 
 By Religious Periodicals 
 Nearly every great mission area has 
 its interdenominational periodical 
 
 Through Bible Distribution 
 Every Bible society is a union insti- 
 tution 
 
 By Developing a United Educational 
 System 
 
 Church agencies and governments 
 work together toward a coordinated 
 educational system 
 
 In the Education of Men 
 For men there are union:— 
 Theological Schools 
 
 Colleges 
 
 Medical Schools 
 Normal Colleges 
 Industrial Schools 
 
 In the education of women 
 For women there are union: 
 Bible Schools 
 Colleges 
 Medical Schools 
 Nurses’ Training Schools 
 
 There is Cooperation in Education be- 
 tween Churches and Government 
 Picture of a subsidized school in Cey- 
 lon 
 
 Many national governments carry their 
 educational responsibility by subsi- 
 dizing missionary schools 
 
 441 
 
 By Common Literature 
 
 Denominational hymn-books are the 
 exception on the mission field, union 
 hymn-books are the rule 
 
 Through Coeducational Cooperation 
 
 Picture of a graduating class in West 
 China Union University 
 
 West China leads the way in college 
 coeducation on the mission field 
 
 By the Station Physician 
 
 The physician of an interior station 
 often serves missions of several de- 
 nominations 
 
 There is Cooperation in Hospital 
 Work 
 
 Picture of Union Medical School Hos- 
 pital 
 
 In the larger centers mission hospitals 
 serve all churches 
 
 Cooperation in health campaigns 
 
 Picture of Peters and his anti-tuber- 
 culosis work 
 
 Dr. Peters’ anti-tuberculosis work 
 
 Mission to the Lepers 
 
 Picture of Leper Mission in Siam 
 
 The Mission to Lepers conducts 
 95 homes in 
 13 countries under 
 30 Missionary Societies 
 
 In Social Service 
 
 Picture of a student relief project of 
 Yenching College among children of 
 famine stricken families 
 
 No field is more inviting for coopera- 
 tive effort than that of social service 
 
 Sometimes industrial organizations 
 and missions cooperate for welfare 
 of employees 
 
 Picture of Johannesburg Mine Work 
 of the American Board 
 
 In Sunday school work 
 Picture of the World’s Sunday School 
 Conference at Tokyo 
 
 The World’s Sunday School Associa- 
 tion serves the Protestant misisons 
 of the world 
 
 In temperance work 
 
 The temperance movement enters 
 every field along with the mission- 
 ary 
 
 In work for women 
 
 Picture of Y.W.C.A. work among 
 girls in Constantinople 
 
 The Y.W.C.A. in mission lands is a 
 cooperative agency working for 
 women and girls 
 
442 
 
 In work for men 
 
 Picture of Y.M.C.A. at work in Korea 
 
 The Y.M.C.A. in mission lands is a 
 cooperative agency working for men 
 and boys 
 
 There is cooperation in conferences on 
 the fields, e.g., 
 Summer Student Conferences 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Summer Bible Conferences 
 Sunday School Training Conferences 
 General Missionary Conferences 
 
 In the education of missionary chil- 
 dren 
 
 Picture of Canton School 
 
 To provide the early education of chil- 
 dren of missionaries is an mace 
 nominational function 
 
 NATIVE LEADERSHIP 
 
 mGOuyeN. tt 
 
 Miss Michi Kawai 
 
 Picture of Miss Kawai 
 
 National Secretary of the Y.W.C.A. 
 in Japan 
 
 and lo, I am with you all the way” 
 
 General Feng Yu Hsiang 
 Picture of General Feng 
 The Christian general of China 
 
 How Native Leadership is manifested: 
 
 In Ideals 
 
 The ideals of Christianity can best be 
 interpreted to a people by a leader 
 from among themselves 
 
 In Education 
 Educational adaptations flourish best 
 under native leaders such as: 
 Lilavati Singh 
 Kwagyr Agegrey 
 Dr. Inazo Nitobe 
 Chang Po Ling 
 
 In Works of Relief 
 
 Red Cross Relief Poster 
 
 Repeatedly governments have placed 
 relief administration in the hands of 
 native Christians 
 
 In Community Welfare Work 
 
 Community welfare work under in- 
 digenous leadership avoids pauper- 
 izing and builds character 
 
 Christianity crowns the individual 
 robed in the beauties of his racial 
 heritage 
 
 Picture of boy as a type of fine man- 
 hood in India 
 
 Nationals are leading into unexpected 
 types of church development, e.g., 
 General Feng among his soldiers 
 Uchimura’s Bible study group, 
 Tokyo 
 
 In Social Service 
 
 Picture of college boys in cholera pre- 
 vention work 
 
 In social service the spirit of Christ is 
 best interpreted by national leaders 
 
 In Community Religious Work 
 
 Community religious work is not only 
 inspired by—but develops Christian ~ 
 leaders 
 
 In Missionary Outreach 
 
 Picture of Chinese Home Missionary 
 Society 
 
 The native church becomes a mission- 
 ary church under its own leadership 
 
 In expediting national reform move- 
 ments 
 Social 
 Educational 
 Religious 
 
 The ultimate Christianization of a na- 
 tion depends upon its own leaders 
 
 The coming national leaders have the 
 spirit of service 
 Student mottoes: 
 Isabella Thoburn College—“Saved 
 for Service” 
 Madras Woman’s. College — 
 “Lighted to Lighten” 
 Tokyo Woman’s College—‘Serv- 
 ice and Sacrifice” 
 
EXHIBIT 
 
 Native leaders begin to express 
 Christianity in terms of their own 
 life 
 
 Only through indigenous leadership 
 will the Church be able to make its 
 greatest contribution to the life of 
 the world 
 
 443 
 
 The true native leader absorbs Chris- 
 tianity without necessarily absorbing 
 westernism 
 
 A strong national leadership is a nor- 
 mal development of the universal 
 Christian brotherhood 
 
 NATIVE CHURCH 
 
 “Ve are my friends if ye do whatsoever I command you” 
 
 The Rev. Liu Fang—a Christian 
 Leader of China 
 Picture of Mr. Liu 
 
 Miss Fan Yu Jung 
 
 Picture of Miss Jung 
 
 A Chinese leader in church coopera- 
 tion 
 
 The native Church attempts to Chris- 
 tianize industry 
 
 As men become Christians they apply 
 Christ’s ideals to industry 
 
 The native Church tends to elevate 
 economic conditions 
 
 The growth of Christianity is accom- 
 panied by increased economic wel- 
 fare 
 
 The native Church develops an en- 
 lightened public opinion 
 
 The Christian doctrine moves the mind 
 and the heart and the will of the 
 public to higher ‘standards 
 
 The native Church in action raises the 
 moral tone of any community 
 
 The native Church increases literacy 
 
 Picture of older women learning to 
 read 
 
 Passion to know about Chrisitanity 
 leads even old people to learn to 
 read 
 
 The native Church strengthens the 
 sense of responsibility for others less 
 favored 
 
 The native Church demonstrates the 
 spirit of compassion shown by the 
 Master 
 
 The native Church quickens the rec- 
 ognition of the possibilities of indi- 
 vidual development 
 
 Picture of Boy Scout 
 
 Be prepared 
 
 Patriotism linked up with Christian 
 faith becomes shot through with 
 gleams of hope 
 
 The native Church encourages social 
 reform, e.g., 
 In Footbinding 
 In Polygamy 
 In Marriage Customs 
 In Slavery 
 
 The native Church works for Re- 
 ligious Freedom 
 
 Coming to fulfil rather than to de- 
 stroy, Christianity assumes the right 
 of religious freedom 
 
 In many nations fellowship in the 
 home is first known through the 
 Christian church 
 
 Picture of family group of Mr. and 
 and Mrs. Yueh of China 
 
 The native Church fosters a spirit of 
 responsibility for the welfare of oth- 
 ers, €.£., 
 
 Christians in Rhodesia gave to In- 
 ternational Red Cross 
 
 Christian students of China to Eu- 
 ropean Student Relief 
 
 Christian Church in India to Japa- 
 nese Earthquake Fund 
 
 The native Church creates a sense of 
 world responsibility for religious 
 conditions of others, e.g., 
 
 Japanese missionaries to China 
 
 Chinese missionaries to Aborigines 
 in Yunan 
 
 Korean missionaries to Manchuria 
 
 A native Church demands indigenous 
 leadership 
 
 A native Church pushes toward self- 
 support 
 
 Picture of church group building their 
 own church—Korea 
 
 A native Church becomes self-propa- 
 gating 
 
 A native Church develops indigenous 
 organization 
 
444 
 
 A native Church creates indigenous 
 literature 
 
 A native Church develops indigenous 
 hymnology 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 The indigenous Church contributes to 
 the understanding of Christian truth 
 
 The indigenous Church supersedes im- 
 ported denominational loyalties 
 
 COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 
 
 “All these things .. .” 
 
 The central issue in which employers 
 and Church are concerned is the hu- 
 manizing of relations between labor 
 and capital—C. C. Nich, Shanghai 
 
 Picture of Julius H. Barnes from In- 
 dianapolis Chamber of Commerce 
 Magazine 
 
 President of the United States Cham- 
 ber of Commerce 
 
 Business men with a missionary mind: 
 Costykan, Armenian of New 
 York 
 Raven of Shanghai 
 Dollar of San Francisco 
 
 When a people become Christian their 
 standards of living are sure to rise 
 
 Christian education develops new 
 needs and increases buying power 
 
 Commerce expediting travel 
 Pictures of sailboat and steamer 
 Judson sailed in a boat like this 
 You will sail in one like this 
 
 A developing industry and commerce 
 hastens the day of  self-support 
 within the Church 
 
 Commerce makes missionary living 
 more nearly normal 
 
 Mission Board instruction lists 
 
 Normal living abroad makes for long 
 and efficient service 
 
 Through commerce we are debtors to 
 all 
 
 List of foods used in an ordinary meal 
 and their source 
 
 A balanced meal is drawn from the 
 nations of the earth 
 
 Picture of Indian student at type- 
 writer 
 
 Missionary lands increasingly depend 
 upon western machinery 
 
 Christianity raises industrial ideals 
 
 International commerce develops a 
 sense of national worth 
 
 Commerce facilitates monetary ex- 
 change 
 
 Two cancelled checks sent from New 
 Jersey, used in China 
 
 Your personal check is good anywhere 
 in the world 
 
EXHIBIT 
 
 445 
 
 WORLD BROTHERHOOD 
 
 “By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples” 
 
 Mahatma Gandhi 
 
 Picture of Gand 
 
 A national leader with international 
 sympathies 
 
 Madame Mustapha Kemal ‘ 
 Picture of Mr. and Mrs. Kemal 
 A breaker of national customs 
 
 Lucius L. Porter 
 
 Picture of Dr. Porter 
 
 Exchange professor from Peking Uni- 
 versity to Columbia University 
 
 Mrs. Henry W. Peabody 
 
 Picture of Mrs. Peabody 
 
 She gives herself to the women of the 
 world 
 
 Types of Organizations Working for World Brotherhood: 
 
 Woman’s National Committee for Law 
 Enforcement 
 
 World Alliance of International 
 Friendship Among the Churches 
 
 Commission on International Justice 
 and Good-Will of the Federal Coun- 
 cil of Churches 
 
 World Prohibition and Reform Fed- 
 eration 
 
 International Fellowship of Reconcili- 
 ation 
 
 International Red Cross 
 
 Red Cross Nurses Around the World 
 
 Picture of nurse at center with lines 
 radiating out to the far ends of the 
 world 
 
 Student Friendship Fund 
 Poster of Friendship Fund 
 The light must not fail 
 
 Japanese Earthquake Funds 
 
 Official poster of Red Cross 
 
 The response was in the spirit of 
 brotherhood 
 
 International Agreements on Opium 
 No longer do we put an enemy in his 
 pipe to take away his brains 
 
 Government—Commerce—Missions 
 Are a trilogy no one of which can 
 well do without the other 
 
 “You can have race-prejudice if you 
 want it. You can have Jesus if you 
 want Him: but you cannot have 
 both’—T. R. Glover 
 
 Let’s eliminate unbrotherly words 
 from our vocabulary: 
 Dago Chink 
 Hunkey Jap 
 Greaser Boche 
 
 League for International Peace 
 
 Carnegie Peace Foundation 
 
 Association for the Promotion of an 
 International Auxiliary Language 
 
 The Permanent Court of International 
 Justice 
 Pan-American Union 
 The Nobel Peace Prize 
 The Bok Peace Prize 
 World Student Christian Federation 
 Foreign Policy Association 
 International Chamber of Commerce 
 Conference on Limitation of Arma- 
 ments 
 Picture of Conference 
 A step toward peace 
 World Student Christian Federation 
 Conference 
 Peking Conference picture 
 Christian students of many nations 
 confer in the spirit of brotherhood 
 Commercial and Industrial Confer- 
 ences 
 Picture of International Chamber of 
 Commerce 
 World Brotherhood promotes com- 
 merce and industry 
 “International athletics is the anti- 
 toxin which can eradicate the dis- 
 ease of war” : 
 Picture of Hindu boys playing Amer- 
 ican baseball 
 “Tt takes more courage to make peace 
 than to make war’”—Lloyd George 
 Let’s put new words in our vocabu- 
 lary: J 
 Internationalism 
 Fellowship 
 Brotherhood 
 
446 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 NATIVE CONTRIBUTION 
 
 “T have not found so great faith” 
 
 Sadhu Sundar Singh 
 His picture 
 The Christian mystic of today 
 
 “Under heaven ... one family” should 
 be the motto of the _ universal 
 Church 
 
 The contributions that the nations of the World bring to Christianity: 
 
 From India—Meditation and Mysti- 
 cism 
 
 From China—Patience and Genuine- 
 ness 
 
 From Japan—Love of the Beautiful 
 
 From Latin America—Love of the 
 Poetic 
 
 From Central Africa—Cheerfulness 
 
 From Moslem Lands—Sense of the 
 Transcendency of God 
 
 From Ancient Christians of the Near 
 East—Patience under Persecution 
 
 The body of Christ, which is the 
 Church, is a unity composed of na- 
 tional members 
 
 From Korea—Simplicity of Faith and 
 the Obligation to Witness 
 
 From North American Indians—Sense 
 of the Imminence of God 
 
 From Pacific Islands—Light-hearted- 
 ness 
 
 From North America—Aggressiveness 
 and Ability to Organize 
 
 From Great Britain—Rational Faith 
 and Emphasis on Tradition 
 
 From Latin 
 Warmth 
 
 From Northern Europe—Stability and 
 Scholarship 
 
 Europe — Emotional 
 
 The white light of Christianity is 
 made up of the prismatic colors of 
 national elements 
 
 GOVERNMENT AND DIPLOMACY 
 
 “No man liveth to himself” 
 
 A just government is always the ally 
 of human progress 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt 
 Picture of Roosevelt addressing an au- 
 dience 
 
 The Christ of the Andes 
 
 Picture of monument in the Andes 
 Mountains 
 
 Erected as a pledge to everlasting 
 peace 
 
 Diplomats who have been appreciative 
 of the missionary enterprise 
 
 Picture of Ambassador Hanihara 
 
 Masanao Hanihara—Ambassador of 
 Japan—a type 
 
 Some diplomats have the missionary 
 mind 
 Major Conger of China 
 Morganthau of Turkey 
 
 Leadership 
 
 Picture of President Mascerick 
 
 Loyalty to Christ strengthens true 
 patriotism 
 
 National movements for public wel- 
 fare are fostered by the developing 
 Church 
 
 Christian governments promote inter- 
 national good-will as they encour- 
 age righteousness in their. citizens 
 abroad 
 
EXHIBIT 
 
 Governments by international agree- 
 ments frown upon certain evils 
 —e.2., 
 
 Slavery 
 Rum 
 Opium 
 Narcotics 
 
 Governments aid the Church by laws 
 that protect life and property 
 
 447 
 
 Governments grant subsidies to schools 
 and other welfare institutions 
 
 Governments aid the Church by laws 
 which improve living conditions 
 Picture of government cleaned com- 
 
 ‘munity 
 
 Governments aid the Church by laws 
 that grant religious liberty 
 
 TREND OF YOUTH—RELIGIOUS 
 
 “Man shall not live by bread alone” 
 
 Picture of Maya Das 
 Maya Das 
 One of India’s student leaders 
 
 Two friends of the students of all na- 
 tions 
 Elmer Yelton 
 C. D. Hurrey 
 Pictures of Yelton and Hurrey 
 
 National Types of Christian Youth 
 Movements of North America 
 
 C.S.M. S.V.M. 
 Y.W.C.A. C.E., etc. 
 Y.M.C.A, Sie ton 
 
 International type of Youth Movement 
 The World Student Christian Federa- 
 tion 
 
 Youth revolts against Denomination- 
 alism 
 
 Truth and not tradition is our sanc- 
 tion of religion 
 
 Youth revolts against Dogmatism 
 You also may be right 
 
 Youth revolts against Separation of 
 Religion and Science 
 
 To us all truth is harmonious and 
 sacred 
 
 Youth revolts against the Divorce of 
 Religion from Living 
 
 All that should be in my life is in- 
 tegral with my religion 
 
 Youth gives Leadership to Youth 
 We listen to our own leaders 
 
 Youth desires Self-Government 
 We are putting democracy into our 
 Christian organizations 
 
 Youth appears in Conferences 
 
 Picture of typical conference group 
 
 Only real group thinking on Christian 
 problems satisfies us 
 
 Youth fosters Altruistic Service 
 
 Picture of students working among 
 children of migrant canners 
 
 We want to make Christianity socially 
 dynamic 
 
 Youth encourages for all the Sharing 
 of Christianity 
 
 We recognize religious responsibility 
 and gladly undertake it 
 
 Youth demands Organized Cooperation 
 By cordial cooperation we would 
 eliminate duplicated effort 
 
 Youth challenged to Christian Voca- 
 
 tions 
 
 If we are called to a religious service, 
 we will accept the call and prepare 
 for the service 
 
 Youth links human need and _ religion 
 We see a Christian responsibility in 
 every human need 
 
 Youth links World Brotherhood and 
 Religion 
 
 We cannot separate our Christian 
 thinking from the demands of 
 world brotherhood 
 
448 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 TREND OF YOUTH—GENERAL 
 
 “Thou hast done well” 
 
 Wellington Koo 
 
 Picture of Koo 
 
 An outstanding leader of Chinese 
 youth 
 
 Behind all this ferment of thought is 
 there not a real hunger after God? 
 
 Source—Passive Type—Gandhi Move- 
 ment 
 
 A movement that would free India 
 and the world from materialism 
 
 Source—Active Type—Fascisti Move- 
 ment 
 
 Picture of typical Fascisti group 
 
 An aggressive movement against in- 
 efficiency in national life 
 
 Youth Revolts Against War 
 
 Picture of grave of Unknown Soldier 
 
 I am willing to sacrifice but not to be 
 sacrificed 
 
 Youth revolts against Leadership of 
 Age 
 
 Let us measure our leadership by its 
 worth, and not by its years 
 
 Youth revolts against Pure Intellec- 
 tualism 
 
 The value of education must prove 
 itself in the devolpment of person- 
 ality 
 
 Youth revolts against Traditions and 
 Conventions 
 
 We question authorities, test founda- 
 tions and demand realities 
 
 Shown through Vagabondage 
 
 Two pictures of student groups of 
 Roumania on camping trips 
 
 We would be free to live 
 
 Shown through the Spirit of Inde- 
 pendence and Self-help 
 
 Six pictures showing students at work 
 on farms, in factories and in shops 
 
 We feel that every student should be 
 a working unit in Society 
 
 Shown through Untrammelled Think- 
 ing 
 
 We strive to win an independent look 
 at the Universe 
 
 Shown through Interest in Other 
 Groups 
 We are capable of human unity with 
 
 men of all vocations 
 
 Shown through a Desire to Serve 
 Others 
 
 There is no need in which we will not 
 willingly share 
 
 Shown through Interest in National 
 Reform 
 As patriots, we oppose national evils 
 
 Brings Freedom of Personal Action 
 
 Picture of two of India’s high caste 
 boys giving water to pilgrims 
 
 Even caste will not keep us from sery- 
 ice 
 
 Shown through the Spirit of Democ- 
 
 racy i 
 We would neither be dictated to nor 
 dictate 
 
 Shown through the Spirit of Interna- 
 tional Fellowship 
 
 Picture of International Conference, 
 Turnov, Czecho-Slovakia 
 
 We are glad to think with the youth 
 of all nations 
 
 FOREIGN STUDENTS IN NORTH AMERICA 
 
 “And they shall become one flock, one Shepherd” ‘ 
 
 Former Student Migrations 
 
 Map of the world showing great stu- 
 dent migrations of history 
 
 A potent factor for the best in inter- 
 national relations 
 
 Canadian Student Migrations 
 
 Similar map showing student migra- 
 tions to and from Canada 
 
 A tie that binds 
 
 Students from abroad: 
 We welcome you! 
 
 Foreign women Students in the United 
 States and Canada 
 Equal to Wellesley College enroll- 
 ment 
 Three times that of Randolph- 
 Macon College 
 Four times that of Mills College 
 
EXHIBIT 
 
 Present Day Student Migrations 
 
 Similar map of the student migrations 
 of today 
 
 While West goes East and East goes 
 West forever the twain shall meet 
 
 Migrations of Students from the 
 United States 
 
 Similar map of student migrations to 
 and from the United States 
 
 A cure for provincialism 
 
 Men Students from Abroad in Can- 
 ada and the United States 
 
 No university in North America has 
 a number of men equal to the num- 
 ber of men from abroad now study- 
 ing in the United States and Canada 
 
 Students from abroad: May we be 
 friends! 
 Picture of American and Foreign 
 
 women siudents at Lake Geneva 
 
 449 
 
 Leadership Among Foreign Students 
 
 Picture of secretaries and office staff 
 of Committee on Friendly Relations 
 with Foreign Students 
 
 Friendly Relations Secretaries and Of- 
 fice Staff 
 
 Leadership—North America 
 
 Picture of Katy Boyd George 
 
 Katy Boyd George—General Secretary 
 of the Women’s Committee on 
 Friendly Relations with Foreign 
 Students 
 
 The Returning Student 
 
 Picture of Bishop Abraham of India 
 who studied in Toronto 
 
 Students returning from North Amer- 
 ica with the spirit of world fellow- 
 ship are a mighty asset for the King- 
 dom of God 
 
 LIFE SERVICE 
 
 “As Thou didst send me into the world, even so send I them into the world” 
 
 Replacement Problem 
 100,000 Ministers in North Amer- 
 ica 
 26,000 Other Christian Workers 
 15,000 Missionaries from North 
 America in Countries Abroad 
 Where shall we seek to supply the 
 Christian workers? 
 
 The Hindered Volunteer 
 
 “If God permit” means work in Amer- 
 ica for many who have formed the 
 purpose to work, abroad 
 
 The Local Group—Why? 
 A common vocational goal calls for 
 fellowship in preparation 
 
 A Movement 
 
 Students of many colleges and with 
 a common life purpose make a Stu- 
 dent Movement 
 
 Sailed List 
 Over 10,000 with the declared pur- 
 pose have reached mission fields 
 
 Sailed List 
 1920—192I—1922—1923 
 The printed lists of the four 
 years 
 
 Over 2,200 
 
 John and Ruth Elder of Persia 
 Picture of John and Ruth Elder 
 John Elder—Washington Jefferson 
 College and McCormick Theological 
 Ruth Roche Elder—Wellesley College 
 
 The Life Purpose 
 “Tt is my purpose if God permit, 
 to become a foreign missionary” 
 A definite life purpose helps to effec- 
 tive accomplishment 
 
 Movements Abroad 
 
 Great Britain Near East 
 Germany China 
 Norway Japan 
 Sweden India 
 
 These same principles have given rise 
 to Volunteer Movements in other 
 lands 
 
 Elemental Principles of the Movement 
 A declared life purpose 
 Fellowship locally in groups 
 The Students’ Own Movement 
 
 These principles do not apply to for- 
 
 eign service alone 
 
 Ting Li Mei 
 
 Picture of Ting Li Mei 
 
 The man of prayer who leads the 
 S.V.M. for the ministry in China 
 
450 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 CHRISTIAN WORLD EDUCATION 
 
 The Why of a Poster 
 To attract attention 
 To arouse interest 
 To suggest action 
 
 Marks of a good poster 
 Unity 
 Brevity 
 Suggestivity 
 Honesty 
 
 Stereopticon Lectures 
 
 Catalogue of Presbyterian 
 stereopticon lectures 
 
 Write to Mission Boards for detailed 
 information 
 
 The Bulletin Board 
 
 Miniature bulletin board with world 
 map and newspaper clippings 
 
 World news in brief 
 
 Board 
 
 Dramatic Presentations 
 
 Cover of “Robert and Mary” 
 
 For selected list of plays and pageants 
 write to Educational Secretaries, 
 Student Volunteer Movement 
 
 Group Study 
 Covers of “Contacts with non-Chris- 
 tian Cultures” 
 “Introduction to Missionary Serv- 
 ice” 
 A closer study of missionary problems 
 
 Individual Reading—General 
 Covers of “The New Latin America” 
 “The Rising Temper of the 
 East” 
 
 Group Study 
 Cover of “The Leaven of Japan” 
 Know another people than your own 
 
 World Fellowship Meetings or For- 
 ums 
 Sheet of suggested topics: 
 Internationalism and the Christian 
 ideal 
 Industrialism and Christian ethics 
 in the same world 
 Racial relations and Christian liv- 
 ing 
 “Under Heaven one family’”—The 
 World’s Student Christian Fed- 
 eration 
 Students for students—The Stu- 
 dent Friendship Fund, Women’s 
 Union Christian Colleges of the 
 Orient 
 
 Individual Reading—Biography 
 Covers of “Henry Martyn” 
 “Francis Coillard” 
 
 Individual Reading—Professional 
 Covers of “The Chinese Church” 
 “The Church in India” 
 
 “Education in Africa” 
 “Education in China’ 
 “Village Education in India” 
 
 Individual Reading—Professional 
 Covers of “Medical Practice in Africa 
 and Orient” 
 “Modern Medicine in China” 
 “The Gospel and the Plow” 
 “By Hammer and Hand” 
 
 Individual Reading—Fiction 
 Covers of “The Street of Precious 
 Pearls” 
 “Out Where the World Begins” 
 “J. K. Mackenzie” 
 
 Group Study 
 
 Cover of “International Relations and 
 the Christian Way of Life” 
 
 Shall we look to Christianity for the 
 solution of international problems? 
 
 Group Study 
 
 Cover of “Racial Relations” 
 
 What is the Christian ideal in a world 
 composed of different races? 
 
 Group Study 
 
 Cover of “Economic Problems and the 
 Christian Ideal” 
 
 What can Christians do about eco- 
 nomic problems? 
 
 Individual Reading—General 
 Covers of “The New World of Labor” 
 “Christianity and _ International 
 Relationships” 
 
 Group Study 
 
 Cover of “Youth and Renaissance 
 Movements” 
 
 What is the relation of the youth 
 movements to a Christian society? 
 
 The College Newspaper 
 Clippings from college papers show- 
 ing items of missionary interest: 
 Concerning Indianapolis Conven- 
 tion 
 Some college missionary project 
 Letter from graduate on the field 
 
EXHIBIT 451 
 
 CURRENT WORLD NEWS—RELIGIOUS PRESS 
 
 For each of the panels listed below the illustrative material was in the 
 form of front covers and feature pages chosen from current issues of the 
 magazine. 
 
 Magazine Legend 
 
 Spirit of Missions—Episcopal ; 
 
 Missionary Herald—Congregational Your own church magazine 
 
 The World Call—Disciples 
 
 Missionary Review of the World Current missionary events and move- 
 ments 
 
 International Review of Missions Missionary problems scientifically pre- 
 sented 
 
 The Survey A magazine of human progress 
 
 Moslem World Studies of a religious problem 
 
 Chinese Recorder A national missionary review 
 
 Congo Mission News A field journal 
 
 . The India Witness India’s missionary thought 
 
 Student World The voice of federated student move- 
 ments 
 
 Student Movement Press 
 Intercollegian 
 Canadian Student Press 
 Woman’s Press—College Section Current student life and thought 
 Student Fellowship for Life Serv- 
 ice Bulletin 
 
 Student Volunteer Movement Bulletin Students and foreign missions 
 
 CURRENT WORLD NEWS—GENERAL PRESS 
 
 For each of the panels listed below the illustrative material was in the 
 form of front covers and feature pages chosen from current issues of the 
 magazine. 
 
 Magazine Legend 
 World Agriculture Feeding the World 
 Our World Know your world 
 Foreign Affairs Intelligence on world problems 
 National Geographic The world in pictures 
 World’s Work Business of the day 
 Asia The Far East—alive 
 Current History Today’s world action 
 Literary Digest Current thought in brief 
 Atlantic Monthly Thoughtful discussions of world in- 
 terest 
 The New Student Student opinion freely expressed: 
 
 China Review A national viewpoint 
 
STATISTICS OF THE CONVENTION 
 
 
 
 Student Delegates MOET oes hi ene Nyc RSE 
 Foreign Student Delegates iii VL ai tans eth ee pe ars ae 
 Presidents and Faculty Members 5 ? : , ‘ Js Aot 
 Student Christian Association Local Secretaries . . . 79 
 StudentitiPastor's ily. ya). Pia a NO Yr 82 
 
 Total: Collegiate Representation vio cei ieee 
 Foreign Missionaries. : ; : : , : dc he 
 Foreign) Mission \Board Secretaries |. 7). 7.970) ones ee 
 
 Student Christian Association National and _ Territorial 
 Secretaries i ; : ; " f . ‘ F : 108 
 
 Missionaries under Appointment and Out-of-School Delegates gI 
 
 
 
 
 
 Honorary Delepates ®ve seeiy) enn, TORR? Neues Saas 65 
 
 Speakers SNL CHS OD REE TEINS Nie Say Ae Srv, 
 Executive Committee and Secretaries of Student Volunteer 
 
 Movement : ; ‘ . ; : . é : 41 
 
 Business Committee and Officers of Convention . .  . 39 
 
 Fraternal ‘Delegates: )) "ies tii th tives, |e cee in II 
 
 Editors ‘and Press’ Representatives!’ . 0/2/07. ee 25 
 
 6335 
 
 Deduct for Names counted more than once . . . 140 
 
 Total Bhi Ue el D AN foe iii Seana 6195 
 
 Number of. Institutions. Represented. |< . / 4. See 
 
 452 
 
MESSAGES TO THE CONVENTION 
 
 From Caucutta, INDIA: 
 First All India Women Students’ Conference with two delegates from 
 China send greetings. 
 ZACHARIAH, 
 
 Tokyo, JAPAN: 
 Blessing on Convention is the message through us conveyed; the Japanese 
 are assuring Christ the victory. 
 Rey. T. KacGawa. 
 
 Carro, Ecyprt: 
 Egypt unconsciously but really seeking Christian liberty and light. Needs 
 leaders who can serve. Come. 
 ZWEMER, SMITH. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY: 
 Greetings from daily intercessory group. Baffling possibilities. Help 
 needed. 
 FRIENDS IN TURKEY. 
 
 Hono.tutu, Hawatt: 
 We are remembering you in prayer, and trust that the gathering may 
 be a great spiritual inspiration to the students of your college generation. 
 Lioyvp R. Kitiam. 
 
 Buenos Arres, ARGENTINE: 
 With earnest hopes that you will have a gathering of such spiritual 
 significance, that it will be an inspiration to all the Student body. 
 D. Acosta. 
 
 Lonpon, ENGLAND: 
 Hearty good wishes from British Movement. 
 TATLOw. 
 
 GERMANY: 
 
 Remembering with deep gratitude your most generous help, we send you 
 all Christmas greetings and New Year’s wishes, convinced beyond doubt that 
 with your brotherly help we shall be able to conquer the hopelessly increas- 
 ing suffering of the German students, 
 
 (Signed) SELF-HELP BuREAU OF THE GERMAN STUDENT UNION. 
 453 
 
454 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Paciric Coast CONFERENCE: 
 
 Over 300 students send cordial greetings to Indianapolis Convention at 
 climax of a very successful conference. If enthusiasm of your convention 
 increases proportionate to that of ours, surely its influence will be felt in every 
 part of the world. Read Colossians 2-10: ‘And in Him ye are made full 
 who is the head of all principalities and power.” 
 
 MARSHALL, TEXAS: 
 African students send greetings. Pray help Africa. Acts 16:9 (And a 
 vision appeared to Paul in the night: There was a man of Macedonia standing, 
 beseeching him, and saying, Come over into Macedonia, and help us.) 
 Nxkomo. 
 
 The Filipino delegates now attending the Ninth Quadrennial Convention 
 of the Student Volunteer Movement of America have caught the spiritual 
 message of the Convention now in session. We recognize the great task of 
 evangelizing the world in this present generation. We feel our responsibility 
 and obligation; and desiring to do our share in the tremendous task of the 
 Student Volunteer Movement, we have organized the “Filipino Students Chris- 
 tian Movement in America’? whose aim shall be to promote cooperation among 
 the Filipino students of America in deepening their spiritual life, in promoting 
 their social welfare in this country, and to lend vital support to any move- 
 ment that is in sympathy with Christian progress in the Philippines. 
 
 WHEREAS: We have derived a great spiritual message from this 
 present Convention, a message which concerns the advancement of Christianity 
 in the Philippines in particular and the world in general, and 
 
 WHEREAS: We deeply realize that the need for Christian leadership 
 in the Philippines is just as urgent as in other countries, 
 
 THEREFORE: In behalf of the Filipino Christian Movement in Amer- 
 ica we wish to express our sincere appreciation for the privilege of attending 
 this Convention,,and to present our desire that the Student Volunteer Movement 
 of America will find it possible to grant us a voice in every Quadrennial Con- 
 vention of the Student Volunteer Movement, a privilege which heretofore has 
 not been extended to Filipinos. 
 
 The Committee, 
 Rurino N. Macacpa, Chairman. 
 Marcetino T. Finuya, Member. 
 (Miss) Acapitra A. OBatpo, Member. * 
 
SAILED VOLUNTEERS FOR 1914 
 
 In the table abbreviations have been used as follows: C=College; H =Hospital; M =Medical; N =Normal; 
 S$ =Secondary School; T=Theological; Trs=Bible, Deaconness and Missionary Training School; U =University; 
 v=Volunteered at. 
 
 *Volunteers sailed before 1914; names reported here for the first time. 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 
 
 
 
 Abraham, Ralph Lee............ grace U, Oberlin ly ..). uses als Atricg algae American Board 
 Abraham, Clara M. Noderer 
 
 MINI TER) sd tai earn, Sian meet ble vOperlin eae an imate maar waaie Africa 4.5} American Board 
 Adams, Archibald Guinness....... v Denison U, Newton T........... Chinas 3/53 Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Adams, Olive O. Mason (Mrs. ' 
 
 7 AGW OS tS Ree See GHEE Scuees v Denison U, Gordon Trs.......... Ching... Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Ammerman, Helen B............. v Kennedy ira tes) 1 Ga ce China..... Reformed Church in U. S. 
 ANGETSON Wy Las POTCEE oss everdle sists ares P Vanderbilt Uvand, Tie ioe s cs 6 Korea..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Anderson, Florie Betts (Mrs. L. P.) »v Woman's C of Due West....... 2 ECOTED ss) 0\0\5 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Anderson, Sidney Raymond...... Polytechnic C (Texas), » Vanderbilt 
 
 Bi Bi AT vet Thar eed rine eh China..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Ankeney, Alfred...............2. Heidelberg U, » Central T...... (tee PADABS ele ble Reformed Church in U.S 
 *Arthur, James Hillcoat.......... vo U of Wooster, Western T (Pitts- 
 
 , oh eg-d a) PhP INL WUINLs Mek pa DUE HE PLU ER paratrAN Ching oy. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Bair Diancne Rosas es ieee: + 6 v Central Holiness U, Chicago Evan. 
 Tree MN etiale tugs plate plete Korea..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Balderston, Esther Alsop......... Pa. State N (West Chester), » Wel- 
 
 i lesley C, Kennedy Trs.......... Japan... Friends Assn., Phila. 
 Bates, Mary Kezia.............. Butler C, Oberlin C. v Beil Memorial 
 
 Ses TOCA TS: EM esa miiabetials fale «/cte win 913.4 ete Africa..... American Board 
 
 Beard, Millie Shaver............. Peace.S, Columbia Ui ies ese ees China vue Presbyterian, South 
 Beaton, Kenneth John........... v Victoria C, U of Toronto......... Chinal) 2.4 Methodist Ch., Canada 
 cy Vie Mary Lavina Borton i 
 
 GMA Teel Bos) atuusiseree daraimawle eis WACEOTIa CRM Naa atsislataiele ets iets ls’ a\bielere China..... Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Beck; Karl Herberus.en. ss ss)bs @ TLCIGEIDETE Wiis «els oboe tla diel e!0 tas China..... Reformed Church in U. S. 
 Beekman, Edna Knapp. ohh ocis ets 9 New York Citys Ns bo. ce ies, ove Ching a7 Reformed Church in Amer. 
 Belcher, Harold Blanchard........ v Dartmouth C, Harvard U.....:.. Chinaver er American Board 
 Benson, John Leonard............ Upsala C, U of Chicago, »v Augustana \ 
 
 scp lat Rte ra atalie veleretortiata ahs chs ovecg oeaG China..... Augustana Synod 
 Bergamini, John Van Wie........ Cooper Institute, » Columbia U.... China..... American Board 
 Best, Dr. Albert Edward......... v Victoria C, U of Toronto M...... Chinaleen. Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Best, Li acid J, Taylor (Mrs. j i 
 
 TR UO OS Hd ee AS en Oe a # Toronto Nye aeitieieletets makemis aratnisree China...) Methodist Ch., Canada 
 BillsmPearl' Adele aini.ic cities. sielels'» 4 Tanstate, Teachers iyo Wein tl os S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Birge, John Kingsley ns. oc elides Yale U, Kennedy Trs..... 2.0.0 Turkey.... American Board 
 Birge, Anna Harlow (Mrs. J. K.).. Wellesley C, » New York Trs...... Turkey.... American Board 
 Boettiger, Louis Angelo.......... vU of Tilinois i Syrian Protestant College 
 Bompas, John George G.......... v Manitoba U and T i Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Booth, Hugh St. Leger........... v Hamilton C : Viv Mg Galan 
 BOWES wag LOUs cats sic 's's «ies Newberry C, Lutheran Trs (Balti- 
 
 TTIOTE) ie gaia a ehertata eianeie Peel eee alsin ie sib iave Un. Syn. Evan. Luth. Ch. So. 
 Boyles, James Richard........... PiAsbiiry Crea y eee eer ara te te ira teen urma.... Methodist Episcopal 
 BraGley Mito PACe' ss) ehlett cis cies ¢ sce DiSte TAME Sued rae aya eae isla avalerctsys Ghinayt ior. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Brewster, Mary Rebecca..... .. Wittenberg C, v Ohio Wesleyan U.. China..... ; 
 Bridgewater, Gertrude Mary vy Chicago Evan. Trs. Taylor U..... China..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Brown, Iva Gertrude........... v Simpson C, Asbury Meth. H Min- i 
 
 neapolis), Chicago Evan. Trs.... China..... National Holiness Assn. 
 Brown, Mark Weber............. Scio |G, Drew Listticievangisvess cteaieiets China....... Methodist Episcopal 
 Brown, Ocie L. Rentch (Mrs. , i : 
 
 ESA VV 2) MTSE CON ec te DISCIO Gal lits, o ale atbuclesreiatatcuisestt «, etawls China sens. Methodist Episcopal 
 Browne, (ZOO ys Wasa ass eis scare Doane S, Denison U, » Rochester T. India..... Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Bryan, Mildred Thorne (Mrs. Denison U,o Baptist Woman’s Trs. ‘ 
 
 DIAVIA) Seater ttae eeale oe eee ae (Louisville) Bi NERA tol helabe beta mc EO Pate China.:.:. Southern Baptist Con. 
 Bryce, George Parity, tiai ea 2! s\.s vU of Toronto, Knox T, U of Chi- 
 
 neha N. Y. Sch. of Philan., Colum- 
 
 EY OPE OUI Ra eA ARS ae rn PE India's, .):\. YuiM.Ci A’ 
 
 Bryce, Lucy W. Robinson (Mrs. aceait Ladies C, Ottawa S, v U of \ 
 1 een CaN yy eee He et eR TTOTOntO Were rae We lecdace eratilearat ie India ticic } 
 Buchanan, Elizabeth Oliver....... 9 So. Presbyterian Civ bs set Japan..... Presbyterian, South | 
 Buchwalter, Mary Ellen.......... v Christian Alliance Trs (Nyack)... China..... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Campbell, William Alexander..... TV 1Ctoria © seat se eyelets Hate Wh a lelereiere Japan... 5. Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Caris, Clara Arminda............ Central Holiness U, Ohio Northern { 
 ROMA VION) Us iy sete elere in elsiauaie cies Garter Wa er W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Carlson, Annie Emelia........... v por Park C, Covenant H (Chi- ‘ 
 
 AO) EM Srey Rat Ses alata sie iciel diel aoventalsvalal a Alaska.... Swed. Miss. Cov. of Amer. 
 Carman, Newton Hanscomb...... v Wesien U, Rochester T......... China..... Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Carter, Omie Eleanor............ hes Nervine Asylum H, v Gordon i 
 
 WE RINE OIME e Oaele Malaya ls issadslale ie rete India..... Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Sati sora vesectere cet «tis ee iesbie oye v Obertin CURE aa talv's'e cha ivi otrsobls S. Amer... Methodist Fhcveihe 
 Clark, Richard McCord.......... v Y. M. C. A. Trs (Chicazgo)....... S. Amer... Y.M.C.A 
 Coan, Elizabeth Veech........... U of Wooster, v Wellesley C....... ite AEP, Presbyterian, U.S.A 
 Colberg, Hannah Johnson........ v Gustavus Adolphus C........... China..... Swed. Miss. Cov. of eee 
 Coleman, Fred Leroy............ v Muhlenberg, C Lutheran T (Phila.) pane ey Ae Evan. Luth. Ch, of N. A 
 Cook, Stella Mildred............. # Middlebury. i\ Gyros fabh one ke China..... American Board 
 
456 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Crawford, Raymond Noyes....... Williams C, Rochester T, vU of ‘ 
 Chicagomlinaccanecseerae eric Burma.... Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Cruikshank, Edna seh eeyetr ruin Truro S, Presbyterian Trs (Toronto) Korea..... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Culley, Mabelle Rebecca......... Philadelphia N, Temple U, Drexel t 
 Institute sian iiaont ewan ca aces Chinaayee. Woman’s Baptist F. M.S. 
 Curtice; | Lois\Katecsi ise cies ek Geis v Mt. Holyoke C, Kennedy Trs.... Japan..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Daniel, Jerome Walter........... U of Texas, v Vanderbilt U T...... S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Daniels, Mabel Ruth............ gy Faiiisdale, Gelrtiae OA Oe Nne mae aate Indias 2 ae Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Darst, Margaret Martha......... Bureka Ci\o Drake Ure eeer ances Chistian ve © For. Christian Miss Soc. 
 Davenport, Dorothy............. N. Y. Trng. Sch. for Teachers, New i : 
 York U, Teachers C (N. Y. C.)... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Davidson, Frances Emily......... No. Ill. State N (De Kalb), v Lake E 
 Forest C, Los Angeles Trs....... Napanee. Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Davis, Norman Wilfred D......... v Moody Trs, McMaster U, Mechan- : 
 ics Institute (Rochester)........ Sudan Interior 
 Dawsey, Cyrus Bassett.......... Oi Wolord (Cee euiielan cities s ... Methodist  Epierone! South 
 Dean, Samuel Marable Ag Pas State! Ce va eaten i Y.M.C.A 
 Dick, Sarah May...:...... v Otterbein U. Bonebrake T I United Brethren A 
 Dickey, Harry Elverton.......... v Wittenberg C, Hamma T........ ha aeD wipe Evan. Luth., 
 Dieterich, Dr. Frederick Henry.... Columbia U,v Cof Pand§$ (N.Y.C.) China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Drier, Will Hoelscher............ a Des Momes Cia sivas cee ane Hawail.... Y. M.C.A. 
 Dunkelberger, Sadie............. v Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... China..... United Evan. Church 
 Durst, Leon Hermans 2075.5 00 522). Urol) Dexdsiae aes naar a ate atis Turkey.... Robert College 
 Dysland, Clara Annette.......... Wis. State N (Stevens Point), v St. ; : 
 OlaF Cara Wee ae tS ee Mad sani United Nor. Luth Church 
 Eakin, Ruth Olmstead........... v U of Wooster, Kennedy Trs...... Siat. nis) ae Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Earle, Isaac Newton, Jr.......... v Bucknell U, U of Chicago T...... Philippines Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 ere Hannah R, Glover (Mrs. mis 
 RON BEA GeO hey eae ree Bsr UR ana v Northfield S, Bucknell U......... Philippines Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Badings: Vaan Vie nae cii ieee loveto v Los Angeles Bes ene ic ok AUK S. Amer... 
 *Edwards, Wayne Steele......... vo Diiok Kansas UC tate, umn lee .- Philippines Government School 
 Fanning, Katherine Farr......... v Wellesley C, Chicago Sch. of Civics f 
 anid Philaniis atau eines tele at erecta Japanee.t: American Board 
 *Pacri, Willardarlc ei incaoelelaniere ue yiPenn Cue ahicctefetalsiolale eee mua icine Jamaica... American Friends 
 Fedde, Dr. Gabriel Martin....... # St. Olaf C, Cornell UM... ...... Chimaierer. United Nor. Luth. Church 
 Few, Carrrevent sn seee ernie v Gordon Trs, Moody Trs......... Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Fisher, Rovyalitatehe sn ceiiave sje ies Kalamazoo C, U of Chicago, v Ober- 4 
 lintel) Rochester) Taya aise Wapatiovicas Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Fisher, Josephine B. Wray (Mrs. 
 
 REL a vararhan teehee aa rea lay letG Arnot Ogden H, v Oberlin C....... Japaneses Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Fey, Raymond Chester......... v McPherson C, Bethany Trs...... Chinaven se ‘Church of the Brethren 
 Forbes, Harry Stewart........... v U of Toronto, Knox Dathatsiee tinned. Chinati-.ic. Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 *Fraker, Charles Frederic........ Colorado) Cua ee perenne Philippines Amer. Bap. For. ‘Miss. Soc. 
 *Frank, Marian Field............ Grinnell C, Chicago Trs er AS aa aR China..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Frantz irda ermine enveyeaile ise Miami U, Wittenberg C, v Ohio 
 
 Wesleyan NG (UR RAE Nat i AIS ett Chinas. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Fraser, Edward James........... Dalhousie U, v Presbyterian T (Hali- 
 , fax) OU er ee ae el Korea..... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 *Rreematiy Mat kai aac John B. Stetson U, vU of Puget 
 wait pound, Oberlin © yg es telelaielens! ale avarice Methodist Episcopal 
 Fulton, Dr. Phillip Randall....... vU of California, U of Wisconsin, U ; 
 Wd ‘ oL (Minnesota shai eae get ate Chinas... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 *Ganton, William Mervin......... v Presbyterian T (Montreal), Tor- 
 
 f onto Dirsss Aes POM eed S. Amer... Evan. Union of S. Amer. 
 Garcia; Howard Alan cies ck v Wilberforce U, Payne T.......... Africa se ous African M. E. Church 
 Gardner, Gwendolen............. VOLO T Oronto seiow als lelaaie eels ieee Tardiae Sinan Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 *Gates, Beryl Frances............ oO Mty HolvokeiCurne neuen cece: Indiana 
 Gish lits Banal isonet seth te o BurekaliC Vale Ups ee China 4s For. Christian Miss. Soc. 
 Gocker)\Mariauty itor tse abies ee v North Western C, Evangelical T... Africa..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Goodwin, Conrad Harrison....... Richmond C, » U of Virginia, Prot. D 
 
 Episs dy (Vat) hamcalmie sae wae Ghassan Protestant Episcopal 
 Graham, Katherine Ethel........ DKNORI CUE Ae Meroe esate tone ae Japan sc. se Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Guptill, Roger Stillman.......... Bates GiolBostonUiens een he. Africasione Methodist Episcopal 
 Haass, Lily Katherine..:........ Wis. State N (Whitewater), » U of 
 
 ‘Wisconsin Si) Wa ee ena ae China. 2a). Y.W. Cc A. 
 Hadley, Mary W. Humphrey 
 
 C Mire ae SB eure ae te ee o} Wellesley: Cubic sarcie an ewe eee eee China saan. Presbyterian, UsS. A. 
 Hagberg, Levi Rudolph.......... oNorth: Park Cay ais vas aan S. Amer... Scandinavian Alliance 
 Hagman, Dr. George Lewis....... Purdue U, » American Medical Mis- 
 
 sionary C, Leland Stanford, Jr. U ake 
 MB ily cous ial Sa ae Ais Un dice Re a Chinas... For. Christian Miss. Soc. 
 Hagman, Ruby S. Ketcham (Mrs. 
 
 GOD) SUR eae ewes v American Medical Missionary C.. China..... For. Christian Miss. Soc. 
 Haist)) Virginia Pthelsijeceee.. wed v Northwestern U, Church Trs Phila. China..... Protestant Episcopal 
 Halfpenny, Mary Lillian......... Hamline U, U of So. California, 
 
 Calif. State N (Los Angeles), ! 
 @ Ghicago/l rs saciade notin China 2.3/3; W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Hamaker, Maud R. Parker (Mrs. 
 
 Je Daten erea eee tied | v Randolph-Macon Woman’s C..... China..... Py 
 Hamilton, Clarence Herbert...... WUVol Chicagogs iw panel ue salen China..... For. Christian Miss. Soc. 
 Hanna, Alexander Carson... ..... Colgate U and »v T, U of Chicago T. Burma.... Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Hanson, Victor......... Aieiatetsleiboie v Buena Vista C, U of Chicago T... China..... Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc, 
 
SAILED LIST—IQI4 457 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Hanson, Lucia M. Parks (Mrs. 
 
 IVACCOL) ciate tee 4 bead adores DICOMN STU ie ctorettsteiele acta ae China..... Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Harper, Arthur Edwin........... Colorado C, » Auburn T........... Tnidialyc. 2). Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 astis woln Davids... coun smite Wittenberg C, » Ohio Wesleyan U, 
 
 Tews) Leen ee ee ee Ee Se India..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Hassell, James Woodrow......... v Fredericksburg C, Union T (Rich- 
 ie MOM) CM yasdias acetal sister later abot seats Japan’... Presbyterian, South 
 Haugan, August William......... Concordia C ities) v United 
 Nor. Lath, Church (Dien vals China..... United Nor. Luth. Church 
 ST AWES, OUCZE Mi acinlectcieterere.< CVS EVES Te CM Opes Aan a ae Un Singapore, 
 p ' S.S..... Methodist Episco pal 
 Hay, Elizabeth Ellen............ Baptist Trs (Chicago) » Kalamazoo 
 (Oi te Cd oA TTS am AO Shel Ete ae Indias. Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 *Hedblom, Dr. Carl Arthur....... Fremont N (Neb.), »v Colorado C, 
 HarvarduUi Misia vc uatn rire China 3:,/4). Harvard M. of China 
 HHerriott; Anria Grace)... <. 00. 3: v Northfield S, Occidental C, San 
 Branciscolrssciee oe lon ote te as Chi Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Holder, Ida Marshall (Mrs. F B.). » Drake Uand M...... H i Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Hompland, Larssoaiyur a eriea v Augsburg C and T i Lutheran Free Church 
 *Hoskins, Jeanette Ives.......... ei Goucheri Cur wee cians lees Syr: 
 Howe, Raw Cane pee eee on, v ere City C, Western T (Pitts- 
 5g 9 Were ten ret scr ta ciee eIeL ie ee hi Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Howe, Almeda F. Baird (Mrs. Pa. "State N Ward ts ty Rock), Grove 
 
 E. C.) Pie a ARR Eo Sie Cae City C,vU of Wooster.......... Chinalnee. Presbyterian, U. S. * 
 Howe, Warren Francis........... # Ui of Denver uous does coven Raydiaie i et: Presbyterian, U.S.A 
 *Howell, Virginia Jennie O........ MSCATTIL GIL TS hee MORN MEE fila ts cae S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal, ‘South 
 Hoxie, Ella Crichton......0..+--. Kans. State N (Emporia), v Kans. 
 
 StateiN Clays iiwiite oes okie etelecae Indias: American Board 
 Hulbert, Jeanette Charlotte...... 7 Ohio Wesleyan Un icscccemesc aces Korea..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hummel, Ruth E. Brookwalter.... v Otterbein U, Oberlin C, U of Chi- 
 CARON ae tralatertiatestenare ter dacataue see Chinayscs American Board 
 
 Hunt, Faith Amelia.............. Dakota Wesleyan U, v Chicago Trs. China..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Hunter, James Albert............ Bradley Poly. Inst., v U of Illinois.. China..... WeNVES CAL 
 
 Idol, Eugene 1B Ye) at), Ee eta te ae @: Parle Cr) Pedi tal ce tke Ns Chilewern. lov Pb burn UsiSA: 
 
 *Jackson, Glenn Edward......... UT COG Ch EMU ES. als) tameta leans Hawaii.... Y. CaAS 
 
 ST atrett, MACUCL ei. a ey lene <siaee als 0 U of Texas, Scarritt Trs......... S. Amer... Methodint Episcopal, South 
 r es dares Carne Lucie mii Mo. State N (Warrensburg) Bad eiar ai alde China... . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 ennedy, Jennie Ruth........... v Randolph-Macon Woman's C..... S. Amer... 
 Kilpatrick, Dorothy Hamilton.... v University C (Toronto).......... India’. > 2: Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 UGhaleg, LOE IDEN an d OG OMen aan Die vU of Michigan, Teachers C 
 , CNY SiG) Ea eee a Cele e rons China... Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Kinsey, William Frederick........ v Mt. Union C, Boston U T........ Philippines Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Kitzmiller, Albanus Blaine....... OME none wine ee eee oe eas Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Kopp, Vernon Albert............ giGCentral\C; Gnd. thecotoeie wens Africas itt D. F. F. Miss. Soc. U. B. 
 
 Kurtz, Jack Krissinger........... v Pennsylvania C, Union T (N.Y.C.) Japan..... Y.M.C.A 
 
 Lacy, George Carlton............ v Ohio Wesleyan U, Garrett, Teen: China..... Methodist 1 Episcopal 
 
 *Landes, Maud Mary............ @ Northfield'S see cine tied es S. Amer.. 
 
 Langston, La Rue Wirt........... Furman U, v So. Baptist T........ S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 Larsen, Edna Lenore............. v Northwestern Trs, Moody Trs.... China..... China Inland 
 
 Letheridge, Sadie Jane..#9). 34... .' Loronto U, 9 Toronto) Pre. eis... Chinas Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 
 Long, Eula L. Kennedy (Mrs. F. 
 
 i 8) Role crea Ah RR ACO a RE v Randolph-Macon Woman’s C..... S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Longshore, Faith M. Scott (Mrs. ; 
 
 Wilton eee ie cals eins Ui of' so. California siijatuls ss + ... S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 McCain, Elizabeth Irene......... Woman's C of Due West, v Erskine 
 
 C, Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.). China..... Presbyterian, South 
 McClements, Albert Frederick.... Colgate U, v Princeton T.......... S. Amer... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 McClure, Helen Frances.......... _ Parsons we Bible Teachers Trs 
 CN Ya GOue sient seat eee tn Siam shs Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 McGlashan, Archibald David..... v William Jewell C, hee rLiseeh Rina skis. Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 McIntosh, Veta Jones (Mrs. E. A.) ane ‘Trs, v Calif. State N (San 
 LOSE) Hee vatvenene save ae ated ctaheieed aie aie as Alaska.... Government School 
 Mehaey Dinan picts seis aieciss v Rs Gland Ts sar indals - Ching... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 *McVey, Georgia Johnetta....... wi Monmouth Comer ie). cisternae a sie Egypt..... United Presbyterian 
 Macdonald, James Clarke........ Dalhousie U,» Presbyterian T (Hal- 
 Gfax) Ch eae ee are chp ota oie ate ates re Trinidad. . Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Manchester, Paul Thomas........ gars Coane apie was lam ance tae S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Mann, Delbert Martin........... v Northwestern State N (Okla.).... Turkey.... Robert College 
 Martin, James Victor..........-. Cornell C, 9 U of Chicago......... Japaniss sei Methodist Episcopal 
 Martin, Esther B. Ludwig (Mrs. : t 
 
 SAVED tetas Blt ecctnaync (els et wlstevet sans DewPattwilieivats muvee tsi ers alas slain ei eee rayon Methodist Episcopal 
 Mather, Asher King............. Denison U, » U of Chicago......... ndiat. es American Board 
 Maxwell, Charlotte Maud........ v Epworth Evan. Trs (St. Louis) . Siata ec ss Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Meadows, Marion Talbot........ v Louisiana Industrial Institute, U 
 
 of the!SouthisceGea asses ences S. Amer... Protestant Episcopal 
 Aid fol abel Ac Aiea pICINO OR eae a Moody Trs, v So. Baptist T........ S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Mickey, Margaret Portia......... Obériin' Cora eee oa. clk eee ens Chinas ener American Board 
 Miller, William Charles. ..... » Grand Island C, Ottawa U, U of _- 
 
 Chica goulpmrprn istic dere socal Chinas... American Board 
 Miller, Katie E. Gates (Mrs. W.C.) Denison U, » Baptist Trs (Chicago). China..... American Board 
 Millholland, Paul...........++.++ v Ohio Wesleyan U, Lewis Institute, j 
 
 Northwestern U, ‘Garrett T...... India wee Methodist Episcopal 
 
 MMS MDOLODEY seine! eet microns ope is feos 9 Wellesiey/ Cees 4.) feidae sa een va China..... Protestant Episcopal 
 
458 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MIssSIONARY AGENCY 
 Moodie, Laura Isobel F........... 7 Uiof Loronto,. Ml. os teenie eyHLELCIA viet = ots Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Moody, Joseph Edgar............ v State U of Kentucky, Transylvania 2 
 WAT OO REA aie See, Gereteia wie Tndians sss For. Christian Miss. Soc. 
 Moody, Emma L. Hiteman (Mrs. Dit J 
 Js Bee) abeiratele reeiete elate a ciate ticles *o Transylvania Ui Lesa due sinreerec India soa. For. Christian Miss. Soc. 
 Morgan; Vernon Vier sicitsiais secisiet tle v Los Angeles Trs........... idiseye S. Amer... 
 Morrow, Edgar Keer............. vOhio Wesleyan U, Columbia U, | MeN k 
 Union TUNE Vieo ee aah els China...:. Methodist Episcopal 
 Morrow, Grace Brinkerhoff (Mrs. f > 
 i 7 Wy PRPS Cea ee fad rt ete A Ohio Wesleyan Ui. jae iccaweeiettecntsi sss China'siste Methodist Episcopal 
 * Morse, Elizabeth .2/).0 ¢ sic see v Mt. gt hae C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 CN GY EC Woman’s M (Phila.)*) Africas...a. Africa Inland 
 *Morse, Dr. John Ferdinand...... y Minn. State N (Mankato), Battle : 
 Creek H, Amer. Medical Missy. C. Porto Rico 
 Myers, Mary. Ee eaeahize cates orientale v Beidler and Selman H,Kennedy Trs China..... Reformed Church in U. S. 
 Neilson Apnesicnty itis ciniiteisie caterers Temple U, v Gordon Trs.......... Burma.... Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Nisbet, Sade Ashton............. Synodical iC Pye e se ate ines cre cre Ching sas Presbyterian, South 
 TNOV eS WATICE DCAM EN wrctuaiers ay reraitieulern om aie ah giecl oly otal ete ntenvnee heel stale Koreans 4 
 Nute, William Laubach.......... v Phillips S (Andover), Yale U..... Turkey.... American Board — 
 Oltmans, Cornelia Janet.......... 9 ODE Ce Ue Mise tle fate Japan..... Reformed Church in Amer. 
 Osgood) Marion i aye dastcunsion ¢ Calif, “State N (San Jose), Leland 
 Stanford, Jr. ce y National Y. W. 
 C. A. Trs CNA Sane cic wit Japan)... Y. 'W.C. A. 
 Parmelee, Dr. Ruth Azniv........ v Oberlin C, Armercan Medical Mis- d 
 sionary CCR eR Taal Turkey.... American Board 
 Payne, Ada Martha D. M........ Albert C, v Peterborough N (Ont.) 
 Methodist Trs (Doronto) ese oe AVAL welsh Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Can. 
 Pedree Allene avai cisa aesie tele cs Caldwell C, » Scarritt Trs......... Oreal cals Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Pence, Owen Earle............-. oO Of Tikkomuene ire my amr Turkey.... Y.M.C.A. 
 Phelps OtHel sorcerer ac tah aiaaale v Calif. State N (San Jose), Baptist ; ; 
 Tre (Chicago) seston Lee Ske Philippines Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Picken, Woucy, Lillian vane ees cians sis v Sa State N (Hays), Kans. State 
 pi ee eae Colorado C, Teach- d 
 . f ers \OKNG VG eee oe Bere eas India ots ae American Board 
 Dike, Bessie Brieng tii Mis tian sles Low Anpeles Trait ui) vuiun ab suuhal China..... 
 Poole, Carrie Mabel iiccen J. as ois Cincinnati Trs, Ohio Wesleyan U... Japan..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Potts, Anna Hortense............ Ohio Northern U, » Otterbein U. ; 
 Kennedy, "Prsi,') snl saverenwier cele China ees United Brethren 
 Preston, Loucinda Hinshaw (Mrs. : . 
 
 Tiles RCN VER ra Rea tela cy ol D Pare a een ae nivale ita eae Siam...... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Proebstel, LCSECT tN) aint aren she aia en @ Willamette Usdin aia oy vere Lage eebowe Methodist Episcopal 
 Randall, Ruth Meredith.......... v Baptist Woman’s Trs (Louisville). S. Amer... Southern egies Con. 
 Reid, pointes aneaiertdetieye ne ietslss v Ohio Wesleyan U, Cincinnati Trs.. S. Amer... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Reisner, Jonn Mentye waa. ae oNale U,Cornell Agri Cin eg China. 92's: Nanking Ghivcut 
 Rice, Ray Everette saan ciate sss Fairmount C,vU of f Nobrasks aa saile India ovis at For. Christian Miss. Soc. 
 Rice, Rachel M. Thomas (Mrs. vU of Nebraska, C of Missions 
 
 RA Bat alaton Taha elspa chatete oane Cndianapolis) hie sae eka India.)iicj.4 For. Christian Miss. Soc. 
 Roberts vOnnuRct wariaices oie e P,CoesG es UR notin emIes, ateeeuited Syria wee Syrian Protestant College 
 Roberts, Susan Ada............. U of Missouri, » Kennedy Trs...... Seise Salat Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Roberts, William Henry, Jr....... 9 U, of Rochester (a Paatirne eee ee Burma.... Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc, 
 Roberts, William Payne........... v Yale U, Episcopal T (Cambridge). China..... Protestant Episcopal 
 Robinson, TOUISG L) Vele eka a eserany Athens, CU of Alabama, Scarritt 
 
 TEES eR atlaR is ext as aie ciel eeenore ecole ie Ghing von. Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Robinson, Muriel Edith.......... v Northwestern U, Ohio Wesleyan U India..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Ross tA daisies. i aun dada eet ¢ olUntiversity, Ce Udectudicic sinensis China esos Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 ee Dr. Zoena M. Sutton N. Y. State N (Buffalo), »U of : 
 
 CMS Gryiantaetieaa alee Michigan) Mey aye) a ee India..... Chris. Woman’s Board M. 
 Rubright, ‘Caroline Blanche....... v' Ohio Wesleyan U). 00 Jc asada S. Amer... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 TRUSCiD, searette ie nueastaa vers oWNorthheld'S: 0 Jlcslncta nd care tebe Ching tena. 
 
 Sadler, George Washington....... Richmond C, v So. Baptist T...... Africa. ...% Southern Baptist Con. 
 Salisbury, Dr. Clarence Grant..... v Uesee a (Brooklyn), Lying-in H, 2 
 
 C.), C of P. and S. (Boston) Chindess ae Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Salisbury, Cora H. Burrows (Mrs. ssi Trs (Brooklyn), Phila. Sch. 
 OE 8 YEAH Allyn} Sata sf an pull para ie Se for Nurses). Vie isa a eats & cee Ching 23s Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Schaefer, Roland Tobias......... v Baldwin-Wallace C, Nast T...... China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 au Se Esther H. Beyer (Mrs. " 
 
 at WB) 9p pe gnc tow RATE a Me EER v Baldwin Wallace C............0. China wise Methodist Episcopal 
 Schilling, Mary H. Collins (Mrs. ; 
 
 George) re sn castes @ Wooster tL Ok sie Ueecie ariesicoteiid oe S..Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 *Schulta, Allan iT Arion erceigencen ?/ Loronto Lrauicias welea estes kienier Africatit. 4) 
 
 *Schultz, Alice Leach (Mrsv Ayu.) 0.9) Loronto Irs thes pisiee nests tieerel ciate AEtiCay orale 
 Schuyler, Bark iuttle.. eee) ss MWLANer LA ewer ye wees erates «ite je Endid.c uns Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 *Schweitzer, Edna Mae.......... Northwestern C, v Chicago Musical 
 
 COE ey thee eka it leah areata Ait a aie Japan....> W. M.S. Evan. Assn. 
 Scott, Carey Judson............. © Denison osc bine bn sok aul youn S dette z 
 Scots; Wiilinmvin ac meena eo Queens U, v Westminster Hall..... orea..... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Scott, Katie McKee (Mrs. William) » Westminster Hall...........++-. Korea..... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Seagrave, Rachel Holbrook....... © Denison) U ait minietueane clove creme Burma.... Amer. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Search, Blanche Theresa......... v Pa. State N (E. Stroudsburg)..... Chinavse.. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Shipley, Mang tis said aie ecvay See v Presbyterian Trs (Toronto)...... Chinas. 1... Pteterinn Ch., Canada 
 Short, Samuel McClellan......... o Albright Os. 5a Vee etd ards scierobetarsts China..... United Evan. Church 
 Shumate, Margie Mabel.......... v Virginia Intermont C, Baptist 
 
 Woman's Trs (Louisville)........ China.... Southern Baptist Con. 
 
SAILED LIST—IQI4 459 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Sims, James Grover. ... 62.2006. v U of Alabama, New York U...... doce Sida 4 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Smilie, Benjamin Stewart......... U of Toronto, »v Knox Ti) sec. ss. ndia'.).'... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Mine WClaTA Eligns ack celeere ls v Dickinson C, Chicago Trs........ China..... W. F. M.S. Meth. gt 
 Smith, Harriet Newell........... v Moody Trs, Evanston H......... Chinas ser. Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Smith, Malcolm Percival......... Albert C, v Victoria Cand T....... China....: Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Smith, Wilbert Barnes........... vU of Pennsylvania, New York U.. India..... Y.M.C.A. 
 Pate, Elizabeth Tyler (Mrs. W. 9 Woes A Bible’ Teachers Trs l 
 2, Hie AAR hoe OE Curse une AONE) aad Oe Manan An Fa rea a 
 chen BeGrace. ee ocr eae Neb. State N (Wayne), » North Park ! 
 Parkas ster ctetanic vers ate ced China anus. paves Nuts Evan. Luth. 
 yno 
 Soltau, Theodore Stanley......... v Northwestern U, Princeton T..... Korea..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 SSO VAS ESTE WAT ids iulaletekeule wrepevehe. ae Augustana C, vSt. Olaf C, United 
 Noraiauth. Church i Gee venaaye China tis. United Nor. Luth. Church 
 Speers, Dr. Ada Belle............ Winnipeg N, v U of Toronto M. ie, Baie eh Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Can. 
 Speers;Peter) Carters eh eye. # Prigcaton Uf. i's Syeda eae LY Edit cd Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 *Steiner, Ezra Bradford.......... v Hedding C, Union Trs (Brooklyn) India Dapsacs Mennonite 
 *Steiner, Elizabeth Geiger (Mrs. 
 Ea Yecaltia ape aie. the Stes witara thal atSria'a v Central Mennonite C (Ohio)...... Fadia: Mennonite 
 *Stephenson, Gladys Ruth........ v Pomona C, Calif. State N (Los 
 ANGELES) Named i adalu saute halal whale Turkey.... American Board 
 Story, Frederick William E....... Portage la Prairie S, Brandon N 
 (Man.);\9;Doronto Drse es ou. S. Amer... San Pedro Mission 
 Ponca dan Edna M. Fallis (Mrs. F. 
 AWW eadordic slats elt diereiate eye teiciatere ates v Toronto Trs, Victoria C......... S. Amer... San Pedro Mission 
 *Stotts, ‘James MacMilan ©. ....i3.. Wwneaton C(I) oes ceecte nlc ct China 
 Strothard, Altice Olivia's. sesaiws v Mt. Allison Ladies’ C... Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Can. 
 Swaney, Dennis David........... wy Carthage. Coil cgivaac ocle's sisieleinnts i wis} Ue itr Evan. Luth., 
 Matta ACO OYsccihielevelals ove’ sss v Hollins C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 ; (N,, Y. C. , hal re ehenetas whsttte tale arslaney China. ..).'. 
 ayior ors Jonn Calvin vse. <tere v Kans. State Agrl. C, American Sch. 
 of Osteopathy, Pacific M......-. India..... Reformed Presbyterian 
 Thomas, Judith Edna............ v Mt. Union C, U of Wooster...... Philippines W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Thomson, Herbert Fergus........ v McGill U, Bible Teachers Trs ) 
 CARY Co) eee desaate tal ls eee olathe China? .3.). Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 a ameoes: Eleanor C. Logan (Mrs. Mt. Holyoke C, » eas C, Bible 
 Fy En ORS es. hee Reels og Teachers Trs (N. Y SiC) eeeraratcln as China..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Tipton, Dr. Samuel Powell....... v U of Mississippi, J efferson M..... Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 POWs EL elGM a Bei Siocon atic aes te < TF Oberlin | Cyne Seve isa late ialeids Chinas’) .2'; American Board 
 Tuttle, William Nathaniel........ v Grinnell C, Union T (N.Y.C)..... Chinasyiae Y.M. GC. A. 
 Net Deusen, Courtland Calvin, y Mt. Hermon S, Princeton: U, i 
 MT A Dae Oi irae wife site acts See cies Acca tigrn (ay literate epee aol Chinas. .:: Presbyterian, U.S 
 tee Horn; Clarence Eugene...... v Des Moines C, Colgate T........ Burma.... Amer. Bap. For. iiss, Soc. 
 MATCWlattra do witht. cna stees « 5 Mt Hoivolke Gussie ee sks se China..... American Board 
 Warner, Bran Bradford. 4 o's .)s.< Amherst‘) Oberlin! Tati sore sieve China... .'s American Board 
 Watson, Stephen Lawton......... v Furman U, So. Baptist T........ S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 DWALEMIIAINCSL Sivan arts ataaid ee ace eels v Franklin and Marshall C, Prince- ' 
 POM T es ee eee Pucitleie et lerarapetens kes India)... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Weaver, Dr. Florence Rebecca.... » Woman’s M (Phila.), Temple U, ‘ } 
 Baptisty re Cenilat) oc. seats aiesieie eNCIA Hates Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 White, Maxcy Gregg............. g Furman U, So. Baptist T........ S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 White, Kate M. Cox (Mrs. M.G.) » Baptist Woman's Prs (Louisville). S. ees)! . Southern Baptist Con. 
 Whitehead, Robert Lindsey....... PMO, Crcascninceeesosme ceaeae Cuba. .:.. Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Wiegand, Marie Caroline......... Wis. State N (Milwaukee), » North 
 Western C, U of Wisconsin...... Burma.... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Wilcox, Alfred Churchill......... v'Cornell C, Iowa State C......--. China’: 5. pian M. CA 
 Wilson, Augustus Albert.......... F TOONS TRB ee eee ALTICAS cela So. Africa at Miss. 
 Wilson, Frances Regenia......... Newton N (Ia.), » Baker U, Wesley 
 Memorial H (Chicago).......... Chinai.. .. W. FE. S. Meth. Epis. 
 IWIOO, DOlA vin siete itis Meastis crakele: os ove v McKendree C, Chicago Trs...... Korea..... W.F. M. $ Meth. Epis. 
 Woods, Agnes Lacy............-. v Mary Ballwin Geek es China tis ss Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Worley, Harry Westcott.......... v Ohio Wesleyan U, Boston U T.... China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Worley, Zela C. Wiltsie (Mrs. e i 
 ERSAW s)iasictovaraicte suatecatectets’svarc’e ste 3 9 Ohio Wesleyan, Us ss ss. ei srersiearis « China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 
 W.) 
 Yocum, Dr. Alfred Wolfe......... *#Baltimore Myo vies cece wecsceses China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 
SAILED VOLUNTEERS FOR 1915 
 
 In the table abbrevations have been used as follows: C=College; H=Hospital; M=Medical; N=Normal; 
 S=Secondary School; T=Theological; Trs=Bible, Deaconess and Missionary Training School; U=University; 
 
 v=Volunteered at. 
 
 *Volunteers sailed before 1915; names reported here for the first time. 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Aalbu, Bernhard Magnus......... Baptist T (Christiania), » So. Bap- i 
 EISti Dy eM che er pevumtte emery cyl Africa’... ete Baptist Miss Soc. 
 Abbott; Edna May oues suisse «seis Ohio Wesleyan U........ Bahpemes Usdiasrcers W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Abel, Edith Florence............. Kans. State N (Emporia), Colo. i 
 State N (Greeley), v Chicago Trs. China..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Abrahamsen, Signe.............. o. Moody Tretity sae niecieticcaeon China.... ee Evan. Luth. Free Ch., 
 orway 
 Adams, Hazel Marie............. v De Pauw U, Chicago Trs........ China 5.15. Wie Mes iC Meth. Epis. 
 Adams, Pearl Margaret.......... 9 Occidental Coe te aecistctett ere, ale ndiae. Dyes U.S. A. 
 Adolph, William Henry.......... v U of Pennsylvania and Grad...... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 AINSWoOTthy) red Joc).c side seams «ce 9 Victoria Coe ara te te iat Japan..... Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Allen, Dhomasine;- toe see v oor C, Bible Teachers Trs Y 
 CONEY Co) aaecurnetecealarebs eta eviseat Japan..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Allstrom, Erik Waldemar......... ie N (Moorhead, Minn.), v Den- 
 UL A Oa ote spo kateb: eh ate Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Anderson, Margaret Ogilvy....... Ye YW. C. A. Trng. Inst. (Chicago), 
 University; On ioe chetcnie oes Isidias este Dom. Coun. Y. W. C. A. 
 Appenzeller, Alice Rebecca....... 9 Wellesly Caeerovins wcrnieyresecchaletter Korea..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Archibald, Charles Herbert...... v Albert C, Union Trs (Brooklyn)... India..... Lee Mem. Bengali Mission 
 Baalsrud, Hanna Mathilde....... O Mood yiilrs eons chvtencstee cir China..... Norsk Lutherske 
 ; Kinamissionsforbund 
 Bagby, Olive Elliotte............ Woman’s C (Richmond), v Baptist : 
 rs (Bus WOLLD) oy nets ieee GChinatace. Southern Baptist Con. 
 Baker, Dwight Condo............ 2. U of Californians scece tcaimene China.) . 2. Government School , 
 Balderston, Jane Canby.......... ‘Wellesly: Gite iratirt hr ie nosed tenes China e eae Friends’ For. Miss. 
 ssn. 
 Ball, Jennie Louise.............. 9 Chicago \Prs) (Albion Gi ii aaeeees India yates W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Ballard, Edith Parker............ vState N (Fitchburg, Mass.), Gor- i 
 dons Tre! Wan soot ater era lctcriees India..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Barton, Sarah Paneuma.......... g Greenvilie Female C, Baptist Trs ; 
 } (Louisville) Pera. seas leone China) .a. Southern Baptist Con. 
 Battey, Celia Frances............ Syracuse H for Women, Boston : 
 Floating H, v Bible Teachers Trs 
 CNY COUR EE Rear nh ee at China ates W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Beck; Rosettawisn? sais eae see se. @ Cincinnatt Irs S.ja.e ee ee eee India..... W.F. M. $ Meth. Epis. 
 Beers, Douglas Martyn.......... 7 Harvard Utes Paes eee eats c China..... American Board 
 Bell, Ada Carroll iat) eeiaimpinareys v Hollins C, Louisville Kindergarten 
 ; N. Baptist Trs (Louisville)...... China qaene Southern Baptist Con. 
 Bercovitz, Dr. Nathaniel......... v Occidental C, U of California M.. China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Berger, Herman Ray............. Kans. State Agri. C,v McCormick T Philippines Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Bergman, Gerda Attelia.......... #) Moody irs Nu ae ener tee gael Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Bierma, John Nichols............ v Drake U, C of Missions (Indian- 
 
 ‘ APOLS VI hye alah Pol tetalin er, Indiativers- Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 Binsted, Norman Spencer........ Emerson Inst., v T bs Virginia.. Japan..... Protestant Episcopal 
 Blackstock, Constance Ella....... Isabelle Thoburn C (India), Lasell 
 
 : Si'o\ Goucher Cutie scien ee ndia..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Bly; John Marius sc”. vuelto vSt. Olaf C, T of the United Nor. | : 
 4 é DuthciCa eee armaments China..... United Nor. Luth. Ch. 
 Bodley, Ellison Wilhelmina....... State N (Santa Barbara, Calif.).... Japan..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Boebri Peter eine ide dee Pe v York C, Bethel C, McCormick T.. China..... Mennonite 
 Boehr, Jennie Gottshall (Mrs. 
 
 Peter |e ie ee ite mrerene eh Bluffton: Cassie acta ie nese enero sate China. 7: tonite. . 
 Bouwonss Pdith Piltotides. ecm ees Ill. State N U, v U of Illinois..... .. India..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Booth) Virginia ellas ao. easel State N (Florence, Ala.), » Scarritt 
 
 LTB te HOR VARS Ret eR eee Mexico.... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Bosch, DrilTaeke ws cians arene v State U of Iowa and, M.... tence. China..... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Bosch, Margaret Alison Brown 
 
 (Mrs. Taeke) i/o yee te sicccia evn 9 State U of Iowa uins scmieineeae at Chinaiaanes Reformed Wo in Amer. 
 Boss, Freeda Eunice............. @ Us of Wisconsiniys ia sans caer Chinait:: YoOWe Cea 
 Boyce, Florence Angeline......... 9 Goucher CAN Seiden ce data cede India vases W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Bradley, Dr. Ross Milton......... BatesiC, Queen's: Ui Mien a eae ces Ching: jatce Methodist Pe aeit 
 Bragg messietAlicesd. fete oe eeen nk v Nebraska Wesleyan U, Chicago Trs India..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Brewster, Ethel Estelle Bush (Mrs. Minn. State N (Winona,) »U of L 
 
 James: Rigs) ak eae meee on Minnesota, Moody Trs.......... Turkey.... American Board 
 Bristol, Warren Edwin........... v ae we Columbia U, Union 
 
 EE ICN BY: Cai noe teeth corto s BA Turkey... . World's ei Yo Mo@. Ac 
 Britt, Edythe Minnie............. v Semeue U, eaheae CEVS Mer cree ond Indi ayes W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Brittain, Ruth Miller............ Birmingham S, » Randolph-Macon ; 
 
 Woman’s C, Scarritt Trs........ China..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Brown, Ethel Louise............. v State N for Women(Farmville, Va.) S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Brown, Dr. James Winter........ v Grove City C, U of Michigan M, 
 
 of Oklahoma M, Presbyterian H 
 
 (Pittsburg) 2 este ce aes China.... 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A, 
 
SAILED LIST—IQI5 
 
 461 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS Frigip 
 Brown, Laura Edith Smith (Mrs. State N (Clarion, Pa.), » Grove City 
 
 ames Winter) s.../.s\5 < ees saraeers CEB chaysiuial Der Salat ahafe bee eee te Tale hina... 
 Brown vary Sue dsc sicaiielea ciawee U of Texas, v Scarritt Trs.......... S. Amer.. 
 Buck, John Lossing...........:+> o WornellU) Wish htaanaalaletetels yas China.. 
 Burgess) Mary, dna toured: v James Milliken U, Presbyterian H 
 
 (Chicago) eee hiatus Wai eer ersia 
 Burkett, Grover Cleveland........ @ Princeton: Oils). es taawy ate erste Egypt..... 
 Burmeister, Elsie Katherine....... Iowa State Teachers C, vy Chicago Trs Burma.. 
 Burnham, Alice Gilman.......... DIMOOGYSLTS sd oslay Ceeibereees Diese Indians. 
 Calkins, Ethel Mae.............. wera er ONS PO ARE Se BRE bce Pee See AA ye 
 Cameron, Dr. Marjorie Irene..... N (Regina, Sask.), Amer. Medical 
 Missionary C, »v U of Illinois M... India..... 
 Campbell, Bruce Robert......... Hamline U, vy Boston U T......... Mexico 
 Case, Dr. Lucius William......... Park C, » Pomona C, U of Michigan Pee y 
 Se A ale hes res Mg Sa yer icas Ponte Philippines 
 Castle rR ellevc: cet citate cumietere i Mich. State N (Ypsilanti), Hillsdale 
 Gye Chica goulrsunls oes ae tee hina 
 Chapin, Addison Hobart......... @ Carroll Coen culate sclera tdaietei sees Africa 
 Chase, Mabel Leonard........... U of Minnesota, U of California, 9 U 
 OF Colorado da. varnas wdc wies Wao Indiawe ys 
 Cheney vANCe isi wasisiees sane vlowa Wesleyan Ui... ot... 6 Japan... 
 Chiles, Carrie Hooker............ Industrial Inst. and C, v Alabama 
 ek N, Baptist Trs (Louisville)...... Japan..... 
 Christofersen, Arthur Fridtjof..... oShurtleff C, U of Pennsylvania | 
 ‘ . Grad) Crozer Doge nije aioe cucu Africa..... 
 Christofersen, Julia Marie Rau 
 
 (Mrs. Arthur Fridtjof)......... vishuntleth| Cromer estates Africa..... 
 Clare, Maurice Amer............. v Lawrence C, Boston U T......... Burma 
 Clarke, Sarah Fenley............ DNLGOA YA Tae ta eerste ei clanera) s Japanis).).. 
 Clementi loratAcclicnes secre ise Winthrop C, » Moody Trs......... hina..... 
 Clemes, Stanley Wilson.......... Northwestern U, v Moody Trs, Gar- ) 
 
 foro Aled BR aN Pte a A Re Ea Men OE Indiawesite 
 Clemes, Julia Ellen Norton (Mrs. 
 
 Stanley Wilson) iii. iano ee ees # Northwestern) Uz 6 sade aees we nis India... 5... 
 Coale, Willis Branson............ v Bradley Poly. Inst., Oberlin C.... Hawaii 
 Cole# James) Preston 00.26 ta. 56 v U of Missouri, Bible Teachers Trs f 
 
 CNTY ET Coe eS Ra ar Malaysia. . 
 Cole, Mary Elizabeth............ a Oberlin Creede setae aes alan Turkey 
 Colvin, James Harper............ Par kio Gy venial Teste apie sates India ya. 
 Colwell, Dr. Harry Herbert....... v Ontario Agrl. C, U of Toronto M, 
 
 Wey clifte) Ceres coi e aN . Indialcp.. 
 Colwell, agate Wallace Andrew 
 
 (Mrs. Harry Herbert).......... a Chr fof Englandi ren aeyiec ent Indias a: 
 Congdon, Wray Hollowell........ Genesee Wesleyan S, v Syracuse U.. China.. 
 Conklin, Elisabeth Woodruff...... oMtyHolyoke Cone ete, nia) fa 
 *Conradson, Herman John........ North Park C, v Moody Trs....... China... .: 
 Cowden, Margaret Lillian........ Hartford Sch. of Religious Pedagogy, 
 
 wiennedy, rs Va en ea ersia..... 
 Craig, Clarence Tucker........... # Mornineside Geant ies China 
 Craighill, Lloyd Rutherford....... Washington and Lee U, » T of Va... China..... 
 Creighton, Roy Lamont.......... v Occidental C, Harvard U........ China laa. 
 *Dawsey, Sarah Ethel Sanders N 
 
 (Mrs. Cyrus Bassett).......... vy Winthrop N and Ind. Inst........ S. Amer, 
 Dawson, Clarence Arthur........ vOhiolStatesUaie Nera ee ita & ndiay ies: 
 Day, Clarence Burton............ v Hamilton C, San Francisco T..... China..... 
 Dickson, Dr. John Robinson...... Princeton U, vU of Toronto M, 
 
 New York H, Moody Trs........ China..... 
 Dieterich, Fred William.......... ‘Iowa Wesleyan U, wSimpson C, 
 
 Oberlin Gland elit weirs s stens- Ding ee. 
 Dight, Sarah Isabella............ Oberlin C, v Westminster C, U of 
 
 ¢ Minnesota Mri aahonls Meeierereiane DUsteite’s 
 
 Dodds, Marguerite.............. Bellevue C, vy Mt. Holyoke C...... Chinas. 3. 
 Donald, Charles Davidson........ rot Toronto, sy Knox yen ane Indians i). 
 Douglass, Clifford Alden......... Occidental C, »v San Francisco T.... S. Amer 
 Downey,| Martha...) .2340../....:. Ti ULOL Michigan ier aa usta a stots ie? India voir 
 Dresslaer, Olie Gaylor............ O Cron Emporia wee aise eoale Indian cia: 
 Dulmage, Agnes Jean............ a UiokMorontaneeuen wae sao emerek Chinas), (.3, 
 Eddy, Elise Savoye... .)....).0 osles v Barnard C, Teachers C, Bible 
 
 Weachers tre (Ni rye. C.aee eis © Chinas). 
 Biderx Earl Hdgatvin casi e delve: Monmouth C, » Princeton U and T. Egypt..... 
 Ellisry wilder Prince S. ies. «1... v Mont. State Sch. of Agrl., U of 
 
 Wooster, Western Reserve U M.. Persia..... 
 Ellis, Jessie Leonard Lee (Mrs. Salt Lake C, Westminster C, v U of i 
 
 Wilder Prince)s\)a)..ahs aie sl 4 dete WOGSTEr Rarer Uae el nekeuinieetetg Persianynses 
 Emerson, Ruth Nancy........... Wellesley National Y. W. C. A. 
 
 RU TSUN KC. hee melee ae ha aed Japansren. 
 Emery, Earnest Wesley.......... Central _N C. (Danville, Ind.), » Ind- f 
 lana Centrale sive’: series: frica Wun 
 POM UO La aes ted oat Wa vos ER GS Suers a Tre een ease sia telicic ta teats pceaees Tndia\yetas 
 Evans, Alice Elizabeth........... ays Mich. State N, v Greenville mn 
 RETA Getic Sars dis & cjeharmate TICA. cise ls 
 Fairbank, Adelaide Ballantine..... OMtyHolyokeiG ene scuiweeteee's Indiaeyas Ai 
 Fife, Eunice Maude.............. Woodstock C (India), » Kans. State { 
 WN. CEamporia) Sei ive 5! Shah aa MGI 4 \e}</ 0s 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 .... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 ... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 :ee.- Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 pe eye Ch. in Amer. 
 . W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 W.G. M. S. United Pres. 
 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Baptist Ch., Canada 
 
 ... Methodist Episcopal 
 
 American Board 
 
 . W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 ... American Board 
 
 American Board 
 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 American Board 
 
 American Board 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S.A 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Hawaiian Evan. Board 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . American Boar 
 
 United Presbyterian 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Swed. Miss. Cov. of Amer. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 
 ’ Methodist Episcopal | 
 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 Vo Meco As 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 W. G. M. S. United Pres. 
 
 Woman's Union Miss. Soc. 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 
 . Presbyterian, U. SvAg 
 
 Ye We CHAS 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 United Brethren 
 F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Free Methodist 
 American Board 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
462 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS’ AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Fisken, Archibald Donald........ O) MALE Une laia is witatele SAGA ANY BAe China..... Yale Foreign Miss. Soc. 
 Ford, Lucile Genevera........... vCotner U, C of Missions (Indian- 
 
 BHOLS) S Uialeerse abl we UR ealetenee te crane Drdiay cusioys Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 *Forster, Manelle Magruder...... v Wesleyan Female C, Scarritt Trs.. Cuba..... Methodist Episcopal South. 
 Fraser, Robert Stuart, 0.00. 0/3... 9 Uvof Denver iat ie con ere ne teleres Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Freed, Elmer Ellsworth.......... vU of Wooster, McCormick T..... Cen. Am... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Frost, Dr. Inglis Folger.......... U of Toronto, vy Yale U M......... India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Puller (Graham yest ny oe cule vColo. Agrl. C, Whitman C, Mc 
 
 Cormick nic Rae ae Sidm yess Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Gardner, Marian Wakelee........ Blair S, v Sai C, Kennedy ia China scr Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Garton, Lulu Ethel.............. v Fairmount C, Christian Cc; of 
 
 Missouri, Chatauqua Sch. of Nurse 
 
 ! ing, C of Missions (Indianapolis). India..... Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 Gist ANNETTE Sse ciere wisateveevareierets v Converse C, Methodist Trs (Nash- 
 
 ) Ville) ere es Canesten a ar tie ele e Japan..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Gjelseth, ‘Alfred Berg.) i). c. Los Angeles Trs, » Augsburg T..... China..... Luth. Free Ch. 
 
 Goodwin, Lora Cornelia.......... y Chicago Trs, Albion C........... Japan..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Graefe, John Edward............ v Western Maryland C, Evan. Luth. 3 
 
 2 (Gettysburg) eure a re ite India.) Gen. Syn. Ev. Luth., U.S.A. 
 Gray, Ele oh eet Mar Gen Gn La Grange C, » Scarritt Trs........ Korea..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Hackney, Kate Bertha........... Kindergarten Trng. Sch. (Louisville) 
 
 v Methodist Trs (Nashville)...... China..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Haddow, Alexander.............. og McMaster Uland i io vlsereis S. Amer... Baptist Ch., Canada 
 Hall, Edward Leverich........... 9) U; of Tiingls yaa rae taeeebiny bees Chinass.'.. Y.M.C.A. 
 Hall, Nina Hogan (Mrs. Edward 
 
 TS VOrich Wik itaraie ci foha We LiLed eran Peabody ' Cut aie (ustletael eine. Gane ets Ching)... 
 Hanneman Annag nce vette s ss Asbury Methodist H (Minneapolis), ; 
 y Tabor C, » Los Angeles Trs...... India tUeei Mennonite Brethren 
 
 Harkness, Harold Wilson......... v Queen’s TK Cea NE CRE nene Chinas Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Hartsooks ina Wien welcmieeieeiar v Drake U, C of Missions (Indian- 
 
 ADO]IS) Seles Vee Niele inrdiete oe India yi), Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 Harvey, Dr. Joseph LeRoy....... 2 U o£ LoutsvilleaMbacisy. sav wcteie sae Chinat wel. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Harvey, Ella Vada Kennedy (Mrs. : 
 
 Joseph LeRoy) ee German Methodist H............. Chinas niet. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Hastings, Daniel Adolphus........ v Butler C, U of Chicago, C of Mis- f 
 
 sions (Indianapolis) Oe ee Be LY ch ate tae Africa baci American Board 
 Heinrich, John Charles........... v Westminster C, Pittsburg T...... Lodi o. United Presbyterian 
 Henschen, Agnes Lillian.......... DPFOWS Ts ehie g eee ee Ne es Indias. 3 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Fess; Stella Anna aie cesincls v German Wallace C, Cincinnati Trs, 
 
 Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... Africa..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hoffman, Dr. Rolla Edwards..... v Berea C, Western Reserve U M... Persia..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Hollinger, Ralph Wall........... v Western Reserve U.........-0... Russia... 
 Hollister, George Wallace......... v Ohio ibe thee U, Garrett Tunes ee China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Hoose, Earle Albion............. v Canandaigua S, Drew Ties ed Ghia ne Methodist Episcopal 
 Hoose, Sadee Alice Pettus (Mrs. v Judson C, Clinton Springs Trng. 
 
 Barle Albion) iii a vsidiee talds Sch! for'Nursesl uu ceuu eae Chinas. Methodist Episcopal 
 Inglis, Henrietta Josephine....... 9 Urot Michigans. sate ndislidciee as India eas Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Irving, Emma Sophia..:......./. v Kans. State Agrl. C, Christ’s H Way .(e i 
 
 (Topeka)...................+.!. Philippines Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Trwist}(A tia Eloise s/o) veieisiene in eye sine Illinois Woman’s C, James Millikin _ ‘i 
 
 Ui Tilinois ‘State IN} U Wate ie sens Siam ji Sec. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Jacobs, Ralph Maing Rae MASE 9 Greenville ©. ater slau ervey Africa sve Free Methodist 
 Jacobs, Ethel Mae Lightner (Mrs. d ‘ 
 
 Ralph Jackson) (See ii lewis's scl 9) Greenville Co. hlarlabunll is stalatale albis are Airieg 005 3 Free Methodist 
 Jamison, Gertrude May Newlin ( j ‘ 
 
 (Mrs. William Brainerd)....... © Westminster Cin ied dinnic leased Egypt..... United Presbyterian 
 Johnson, Leslie Leonidas......... Simmons C, » Baylor U, Southwest- ] 
 
 Erne Di Che WNVOrtH ate cee oh tieats S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Johnson, Sammie Beatrice Guynes : 
 
 (Mrs. Leslie Leonidas)......... » Baylor U, Baptist Trs (Ft. Worth) S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 JOHNSON PEATIO sce dilelbie! we seis ereles Meredith C ,v Baptist Trs (Louisville) China qaictete Southern Baptist Con. 
 *Johnston, Herbert William...... v Christian Alliance Trs (Nyack). S. Amer... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Jones; Francis! Price 205 sls ieieie)eie's State N (Platteville, Wis.), North- ¢ , t 
 
 western U, v Garrett T.......... Chinal.e; ae Methodist Episcopal 
 jongewe ns: Dr. Wilhelmina...... v State U of Iowa, U of Illinois M.. India..... W. G. M.S. United Pres. 
 
 auffman, Emma Jane........... v Christian Alliance Trs (Nyack)... India..... Pentacostal Mission 
 
 Keith, Dr. William Neely........ v Lafayette C, Princeton T, Union U, 
 
 Albany M C, C of P and § 
 
 (NUYS CORMIP I aan iets Turkey.... Robert College 
 Kemner, Carl Frederick.......... O MidlandiGu ie CANIS diene Indiaw jin! Gen. Syn. Ev. Luth., U.S.A. 
 Kemner, Edith Sabrina Browne { 
 
 (Mrs. Carl Frederick).......... Oo Midland) Cyc series siecdeiatew lake Indiakie as a As Fag Ev. Luth., U.S.A. 
 Kennard, Olive Elizabeth........ ww Ghica gon Dre stele ybie's elatwiele anos sie India..... S. Meth. Epis. 
 Kielland, Dorothea Elizabeth..... 9 Cornell Wk soe bar dete ai Africa..... eae Board 
 King, William Dawson........... vU of Arkansas, Ouachita C, So. | J 
 
 Baptists Dit a ifatew mee ialalelbicbels re Ching. iso Southern Baptist Con. 
 mass Ruth Esther Pye (Mrs. »U of Arkansas, Baptist Woman's 3 Q 
 iliam: Dawson) f2seee one he ks Tra\(Louisville) ices reece aisles China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Kirby, William Erman........... Asbury | Girt sine tn sane by erence Africae. 3' Methodist Episcopal 
 Kirby, Geta Dalby (Mrs. William : : " 
 
 rman) 2) .d ee, eet. 2 Asbury) Cs ines cst Hu bas cae eh eee Africa. .... Methodist Episcopa 
 
 Kroghgi sia cus pwaeecene os cheno v St. Olaf C, Valparaiso U, T of the 
 
 United Nor. Luth. Ch........... Madag.... United Nor. Luth. Ch. 
 
SAILED LIST—IQI5 463 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Laubach, Frank Charles.......... Pa. State N (Bloomsburg), Perki- 
 omen §S, v Princeton U, Union T 
 (N. Y. ro aE RG VE GARR tu tata dire Philippines American Board 
 Laubach, Effa Emaline Seely (Mrs. Williamsport Dickinson S, Presby- 
 Frand Charles) ela darcy che eyaiatete hier ers terian H (Phila) » Bible Teachers 
 é ees) (CN Ye CL Ona ie iehaperets lene Philippines American Board 
 Lawrence, Mabel Carrie.......... v U of Michigan, Chicago Trs...... India..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Lease, Leslie Lewis.............. v Presbyterian Trs (Baltimore), 9 
 ; ? Princeton (To ane ares Undiaiusis. « Reformed Episcopal 
 Lease, Mathilde Josephine Born 
 (MresLestie Lewis)iavtii: sere cies Presbyterian Trs (Baltimore)...... Pngiavies oe Reformed Episcopal 
 Lee, Bessie Meredith............ Mt. Holyoke C, Kennedy Trs...... Japan..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Beev Mary, Helen) ican ir ia Leander Clark C, Cornell C and j 
 HL yh Grad. Uiot Chicago iii.) /slslste Tndiai(ts).'. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Leete, William Rockwell......... vi¥aleUy Union DT (Nivea Gi aes China..... American Board 
 *Leete, Anna Wynona Kauffman 
 (Mrs. William Rockwell)....... 9 Obertini G sie ocshslecsatand oele seers Chinaveu) American Board 
 Lehman, Algie Ellsworth......... Albright C, vBible Teachers Trs 
 (NYS CG) Te seal aay MNS eeINd ath Gr slates te China..... United Evan. Ch. M.S. 
 Lehman, Mable Claire Burke 
 (Mrs. Algie Ellsworth)......... vy Leland’ Stanford Jrs Ui... a es China... United Evan. Ch. M.S. 
 Leitzel, Henry Samuel Howard.... Susquehanna U, vAllegheny C, 
 
 } BOSton Uy Diy esta clots tole fe cleats China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Lewis, Dr. Elizabeth Grace....... 0 U of California and M........... India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Linn, John’ Kenneth . iis i)sis-0)o/ra' v Roanoke C, Lutheran T (Phila.).. Japan..... Evan. Luth. Ch. in N. A. 
 Lipscomb, Olive Watkins......... v Whitworth Female C, Scarritt Trs, | 
 
 Wanderbilt Unie eee. oe China :<)0). Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Little, Guy Howard............. @ Cornel Cee a actatate wives: Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Lockwood, Edward Harrison...... De Pauw U, U of Wisconsin....... Ching ee YOM. CoA, 
 Lorbeer, Lloyd IS Sey arr e v Pomona C, Union T (N. Y. C.)... ) 
 (Mrs. Lloyd Louis)............ Un, obtGCalizornia weer i aciee ckeisree Endpaieys 2.) American Board 
 Louthan, Elijah McIntyre........ v Richmond C, So. Baptist T (Louis- } ! 
 VALS) aire cue Sparcdnlaleicuts UN ems ey geil Ol China’). )./. Southern Baptist Con. 
 Louthan, pg abet Richards (Mrs. P 
 Blah McIntyre) Je) es ys oe RichmonaC cA el aaMete slaieiols China... ... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Lundeby, Gudrid Josephine....... Oak Grove Ladies’ S, »State N 
 (Moorhead, Minn.). .20.... 5.005% Chinas). i. Lutheran Free Church 
 McCallum, Effie Biot ane. 3. Eugene Bible U, » U of Oregon..... China..... For. Christian Miss. Soc. 
 
 McClanahan, Dr. Frank Chalmers Monmouth C, v American Medical 
 Missionary C, C of P. and S. 
 
 ) (Ciitazo) ites ee eee ls Aan Egypt..... United Presbyterian 
 McClellan, Alice May............ Southwestern State N (California, 
 Pa.), vChicago Evan. Inst., f 
 Taylor Ute cna naatcctere tees Burma.... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 McClelland, Dalton Finley....... Ohio! WesleyanvU frock Wie ew aiden: Mndia fear Wants GoAs 
 McConnell, Thomas Cunningham. Pa. State C, » Oberlin T........... Ching.) 0k Y¥. Mi C. A. 
 McConnell, Verna Mae cistinen 
 (Mrs. Thomas Cunnimoham) iin)..\9 Oberlin Clas seaidelttale'elsieie nse China... .. 
 McElroy, William Franklin....... v Austin C and T (Texas)......... (Africa An, Presbyterian, South 
 McIntosh, Elizabeth Wilhelmina... U of New Brunswick, Kennedy Trs. China..... Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 McMullen, Nettie Johnston....... vQueen’s C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 CNY i Cap a eee ee ees ae ite a China. .... Presbyterian, South 
 McTavish, Dr. Isabelle........... Winnipeg N, Manitoba M......... China..... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Malvin, Elizabeth Lavinia........ v Ohio Wesleyan U, Cincinnati Trs S. Amer... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Manley, Francis Penley:......... v Pad oh U, McMinnville C, Newton 
 ant RAE SE I ia ae Pay Se Ne ne PED PRP RUA as India.s'. 0. ; Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Manley, Edith Arnold Argo (Mrs. 
 Francis: Peniey)'s siels foe. sih.)s's ’, » McMinnville C, Gordon Trs...... India ssi. Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Manry, James Campbell......... v Harvard U and Grad., Andover T India..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 *Marsh, Mabel Agnes Church 
 (Mrs. Albert Vernon).......... Toronto Trs, Victoria C........... Africa... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Martin, Helen Jeanette.......... Monmouth C, v Westminster C.... Egypt..... W. G. M. S. United Pres. 
 Mason Ines Doras aun seine teks Conn. Agrl. C, » Northwestern U... India..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Mathews, Joseph Brown......... oe Asbury Cand Teo, Meee tes Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Mathis, Maud Anna............. U of Texas;oScarritt Tress ses S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Mendenhall, Lloyd Hadley....... Ta. State C of Agrl., v Penn C, : : 
 Haverford C, Kennedy Trs...... Cubana American Friends 
 Mendenhall, Louise Hammond f ‘ 
 (Mrs. Lloyd Hadley) ik nteounre v Penn C, Kennedy Trs........... Cuba. 3.\o- American Friends 
 Metcalf, Dr. Amy Abigail ra ae y Colorado C, Woman's M (Phila.), i 
 Memorial H (Worcester)........ China..... American Board 
 INE ila er ECs1e cL). aevceaire vectiotareia’s babte cote IR a bee Neha aatele wlohe Gielelale bre ei S. Amer... Mackenzie College 
 Dears nng Bes see cid vieicin cele s U of Colorado, v Iowa State Teachers 
 : See WIEN USER RA eee ae India waar W. F. M.S. Meth. vie 
 Moninger, Mary Margaret....... oP Grinnell Gr a Wa Sr telate a bretecviote Chima: Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 Moore, Blanche,G.y 3 5).0 5 i. osc v Cincinnati Trs, Christ H (Cincin- i 
 RT VIA CON EPS BE DISET oe Deter e Indies. W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Morgariy Misa eh: cites sierele'visle ss v U of Arkansas, Scarritt Trs....... S. Amer... Methodist Prey South 
 Mosier, Mildred Arvilla.......... @: Cornelis tasicls wicte Sei ardeeine Burma.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Moss, Leslie Bates............... Denison U, » Newton T, Harvard U China..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Munger, Alzina Clifford..........  OdristontCunt hooks, cov choice ous China:.,.. American Board 
 Muyskens, John Dick............ Northwestern Classical S, » Hope C India..... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 ING YIOr SOOT Re DD, oie. nie. Seiko via'e v Randolph-Macon S,_ Randolph- 
 
 Macon C, Vanderbilt U......... Cubaius Methodist Episcopal, South 
 
464 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIeL_p 
 Nelson, Dr. Oscar Gustof......... v Vanderbilt Uand M............. China.... 
 Neufeld; ‘Tolitha iy Soca ee ee it v Bethel C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 (NYY SCs Oe te eee ae China.... 
 Newcomb, Clara Winifred........ Smithy Ceasaarivey, erie Meee Spain.... 
 Newcomb, Irma Lee............. v Moody Trs... : China... . 
 *Newton, Minnie Esther......... o Albany Nee saan iid cei abe e India.... 
 Nicholson, Herbert V............ @ Haverford Cinna eter ite Japan.... 
 Nickey, Dr. Barbara Marie....... Mt. Morris C, vC of P. and S. 
 { (Chicago) ays Peace cre India-. .%). 
 Nickles, Florence Eugenia........ Due West Female C, » C for Women 
 (Columbiay|SiiC.) eee: China. =: -; 
 Niederhauser, Mary Alma........ Y Moody Tres. ies.0 0 tele seevasuehehtiete Siam..... 
 Nowlin, Mabel Ruth............. v U of Kansas, Chicago Trs........ China...) 
 Olcott; Mason se oeit len nner tan cite wPrinceton Uranus a ndIaSe). 
 Olmstead, Clarence Eugene....... U of Illinois, »v Garrett T.......... Burma.... 
 Olmstead, Katherine Julia Lane 
 (Mrs. Clarence Eugene)........ o Ohicago Trees eee ee ee Burma.... 
 Olsonj/Arthur Silasi sey Suen ase Moody Trs, » Augsburg C and T... China.. 
 Olson, Minnie Shirley (Mrs. Arthur 
 Silas) bb Favati ORE res em ae sak Oak Grove Ladies’ S, v Moody Trs.. China..... 
 Park, Andrew. Perrys ded oe hou) v University C, Wycliffe T......... India weer 
 Pawley, Annabelled wiinites ducal vOhio Wesleyan U, Barnard C, 
 Bible Teachers Trs (N. Wn Cy) ys JaPanineut 
 Paxton, Jean Grigsley............ Randolph-Macon Woman’s c eee China.... 
 Peake, Claude Leslie............. De Pauw U, v Boston U T.. . S. Amer... 
 Peckham, Carrie Serena.......... State N (la Crosse, Wis.), v Law- 
 rence GC seed save auaes. eh a pam eee 
 Perry, James.................... 1 Colby C, Andover T, Hartford T.. Turkey) ie 
 Perry, Marjorie Elizabeth Witter 
 (Mts: i James) en anole ne eianict ds v Peddie S, Denne U, b enneey Trs Turkey... 
 Peterson, Ruth Katherine........ v Northwestern U.. Say kNGia “are 2 
 Pickering, Eva Violaat sai hiel cine. 9. Friends U) Sapa ele eee ae eee Cuba... 
 Pike, Florence Frances........... » Los'Angeles (irs Sue ie coastal wae China wa: 
 Poteats Gordori Macwaeniaeisteciee ss v Furman U, Wake Forest C, So. 
 4 Baptist Leip eee Mo bce sen Mh China wee 
 Pound, Allan Nathanael Courtice.. Columbian C, » Victoria U........ Chinayisiin 
 Pound, Mary Rankin Hyatt (Mrs. 
 Allan Nathanael Courtice)...... 9 University Cian ne enian se een Chinaieee: 
 Pratt, Grace Hazel Beeks (Mrs. 
 Alonzo A. DALE RATED ARNE ie OH BAA ROA v State N)(SansJose)iiucnties cokes Ching sere: 
 
 Putney, Ethel Winch............ v Wellesley C and Grad., Berlin U 
 
 (Germany), Teachers C (N.Y.C.). Turkey.... 
 
 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 
 Mennonite 
 
 American Board 
 
 China Inland 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Friends Assn., Phila. 
 
 Church of the Brethren 
 
 Presbyterian, South 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Lutheran Free Church 
 
 Lutheran Free Church 
 Y.M. COA: 
 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Vi We GAG 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 VieM Cray 
 
 | W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 American Briends 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 Methodist Ch., Canada 
 
 Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 American Board 
 
 Raabe, Rosa)Mary? iss. .6 ec. v Simpson C, Chicago Evan. Inst.... Korea..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. - 
 *Ranson Way Woe ee en Erskine C, v Muskingum C, Alle- 
 
 Shen y Mae ryt stale eae atle Indiayicroi: Associate Reformed Pres. 
 *Ranson, Della R. Nichol (Mrs. 
 
 SJEV Wied eity a ete sonsieteletac arene» Mushingum C, » Moody, Trs...... India..... Associate Reformed Pres. 
 Reeds, Gladys M. Black (Mrs. 
 
 WP Ob POR 2 EON ere ee ee dia Ear 9 Macdonald Sa siuig ee rey. eae China 3.8). BN ie hy ro Ch., Canada 
 Riechers, Bertha Louise.......... v U of So. California, C of the Pacific China..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Roberts, Elizabeth Sophia........ Asbury H (Minneapolis), » Chicago , 
 
 APTS rite sikelele mtatcleta wleite'sieeisrs Laimeste Korea...... W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Robertson, Dr. Moorman Owen... U of Louisville M................ Korea:,... Presbyterian, South 
 Robinson, Chloe Bock (Mrs. Lem- : , ‘ 
 
 nell arvey ui o mid aps verse eles iae v Southwestern U, Scarritt Trs..... Cuba..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Robinson, Marian Rider (Mrs. 
 
 ASG MRR NEU ion araitt ee ielig v Wellesley C..... fet Ono oases) 2 Chinae.. 4. 
 
 Robson, John Stanley............ Columbia Methodist C, vU of So. 
 Californias Hilwoe a bieltusbiciten rs Indias. Y.M.C.A 
 Robson, Ida Isadora Winans (Mrs. » Ohio Wesleyan U, U of So. Cal- 
 
 John Stanley) Anges ans eetloas ifOrnia hee eee Poth ai cuca) One India..... 4 
 Rohrer, Anna Elizabeth .. v Presbyterian H (Phila.).......... Indiana Evan. Luth Ch. in N. A. 
 *Rupert, Nettie Lorena Urbana U, » U of Wooster......... Aapansenee American Board 
 Russell, Leno Leota..).......45.. v Hiram C, C of Missions (Indian- 
 
 BDOlIS). ail Moly sees hy eae halave Mlaperens Indiaitig. </- Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 Salmon, Bessie Cheney........... De Pauw U, v Cincinnati Trs...... Korea..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Sassen, Dr. Augusta Albertina.... v Pomona C, Woman’s M (Phila.), k / 
 
 Memorial H (Worcester)........ China..... Yale Foreign Miss. Soc. 
 Sauer;'Clara Rida at astm v Mont. Deaconess Trng. Sch. for ; 
 
 Nurses! Davior! Us tac manae eins China..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Sawyer, Edith Orpha............ »v Colorado oe phere VWs Gir A 
 
 Crs CNG-Y « Gey Ra DA eo ate aia China..... Y. W. CLA 
 Schaffner, Paul Franklin......... Franklin and Marshall C, Columbia 
 
 Ui o'T of Reformed Chie. June. apan..... Reformed Ch. in U.S. 
 Schiefley, Dr. William Jeremiah + v Philadelphia Dental C........... OTreacestas Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Scott, Dr. Charles MacDermid.... v Queen’s U and M............... India suee: Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Searles, Clair Ketcham........... Genessee Wesleyan S, » U of 
 
 Rochestere: ss tachvyarctaortae tl stare coe China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Shank, Charles Lewis............ © GoshéniGrti x, seco cecememtoetl soak Indias a. Mennonite 
 Shank, Crissie Catherine Yoder } 
 
 (Mrs. Charles Lewis).......... # Goshen’ Ooi ne tere sane teareie's eaeke India tre: Mennonite 
 Shannon, gene Vintonise race se @ Indiana Ui. avs erermehematere were Chinat..: Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Shearer, Helen Alena............ Kingston General H, » Presbyterian ' 
 
 £0 tor Oa a Seana coteca oe AUD aise. s Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 
SAILED LIST—IQI5 465 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Shepley, Beulah May............ vU_ of Toronto, Methodist Trs 
 CL OrOnto). 1 LAGE Mee ncaa ita China)... Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Can. 
 Shoemaker, Edna Grace.......... Washington State N (Ellensburg 
 Baptist Trs cCRearoy, v Reed C, 
 sPeachers(Ci( Nw. ¥. Groene jeteeat Chinas... Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Shortitedgarn Clarkin a sesatad ae v Oberlin C, Auburn Pole an S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Short, Mabel Mayme McClelland : 
 (Mrs. Edgar. Clark) s2.0. 2.0.54 wWOberin 6 ands ee saa eae S. Amer... Presbyterian, US AG 
 Shute, Vivian Lizzie............. Wis. State N (LaCrosse), v Pacific 
 : Up Bargor Gece wae ee, ty ia Indiaten (4 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 DMMILH Ben WAT so ee aries eid DGGE Ce ear AL ca deheds tareraromn et et Chinaliausy Y.M.C.A. 
 Smith, Dr. Dennis Vincent....... v Northwestern U, U of Michigan 
 ; ANU eo ees ens eielee au Ghinaeiee: Methodist Episcopal 
 Smith, Hazel Grace Littlefield 
 (Mrs. Dennis Vincent)......... @) Urory Niichigan on aia tee eae China. Methodist Episcopal 
 Smith, Dr. Hildegarde May....... Oxford U (England), v Toronto M.. India..... 
 Smith, Joseph Daniel............ SWiDErLORCe Ut ee a W. Indies.. African Methodist 
 Soderberg, NoeliPeteria tects shasta ss LosAngcelessi rs. von teiae el nisve Africas). Africa Inland 
 Soper, Annie Georgiana.......... OP DOTOMbOuhTS womMat ijlerd ela Weeks S. Amer... S. Amer. Evan. Union 
 Stegall, Carroll Richard.......... v Georgia Sch. of Tech., Bible ! 
 Meachers/ Irs! (NWYe ©.) aS Aiticaeos). Presbyterian, South 
 *Steinberg, Edgar Charles........ @ Rochester’ Dive sapntcs we ualtane hala dee. China ane 
 Stipp, Frank Vennum............ vU_ of Illinois, Phillips Christian 
 U, C of Missions (Indianapolis). . Philippines For. Christian Miss. Soc. 
 Stout, William Wright.......... v Georgetown C, So. Baptist T..... Chingy Southern Baptist Con. 
 Strong, Martha Florence......... v arnt C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 CNS CED eee ere aE IE id India ris W.G. M.S. United Pres. 
 Stuntz, Clyde Bronson........... v Cornell C, Wesleyan U, Drew T... India..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Sutherland, May Emma.......... Nebraska Wesleyan U, v Chicago Trs India..... W. F. M.S. Meth. re 
 Swallen, Olivette Roanna......... o Northfield (S Ve aisen, aie ha ceelecatns Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S.A 
 Sweetman, Ethel Maude...:..... v Toronto Bible C, Methodist Trs 
 CEoronto) ane ae ree iss alee Chinaa Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Can. 
 *Symonds, Claire Louise South- 
 WortuauVitss (seorverient,) ese. 4, COMMel UO a ami mca cn ays eae Tay de ie Philippines 
 Taylor, Ethelyn Strasser (Mrs. | ‘ 
 SATUS! ES os Reese Shoe een) 2 v Oberlin Kindergarten Trng. Sch... India..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Menney, AGeME-Io. 2... oss uses co U of Wooster, » Cleveland Kinder- 
 garten Trng. Sch.. China..... American Board 
 Thomas, Dr. Alice Tuttle......... Provincial N (Truro, N. S.), » Hali- 7 
 , pie oN UAVS RS RU ears el Ped US a, Africas: Wesleyan Methodist | 
 ‘nomass, Mary Mer we nes Fear PCIMCMINALLEL TSE eA yy cet ponte Chinas .ce W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Thompson, May Bel............. Wisconsin State N (Whitewater), ! 
 NE olorada (Cecmenen teer aioe als Ghinageee W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Thomson, Clinton Harris......... v Cotner U, C of Missions (Indian- j 
 BDOLIS) cena weet eid Tene meee rey India.) Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 
 Thomson, Dr. Bertha Evelyn Nebraska State N (Peru), » Cotner 
 Mangon (Mrs. Clinton Harris).. U and M, C of Missions (Indian 
 
 ADOUS) AL Aen ey ste etl Uk Tridsacieine Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 Todnem, Lawrence.............. a Dakota. Wesleyatr Uiiay siaicee cone China..... Yt M. CoA. 
 Todnem, Annie Laurie Waldron, 
 (Mrs. Lawrence). ..........005 Dakota Wesleyan U, v Wilamette U China..... 
 Tunison, Bessie Dorothy......... v Lenox C, U of Wisconsin......... Indias: W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Turner, Elizabeth Jane........... » Central Holiness UpGhicagorErsseindia yh W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Turner, Everett Stanton.......... #7 Grinnell C, Oberlin Titi sues as Philippines Y. M.C. A. 
 Tyler, Ursula Josephine.......... v Cincinnati Trs, Ohio Wesleyan U.. China..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Van Hook, Lilian May........... 9 Gordonii rea stette ee eile sere @hinawen. Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Velte, Friedrich Mowbray........ Mercersburg S, » Princeton U...... India 23.4. Forman Chris. College 
 Vesprelo Nora Mayans... s/t. -. 9 Bonebrake T. Samaritan H Trng. t : 
 ; Sch. for Nurses (Ashland, O.).... Africa..... United Brethren 
 Warrington, Ruth Anna.......... Northwestern State N (Alva Okla.), : k 
 Chicago tirs eae enone ait, Tndiaiiees: W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Waterhouse, Madeline Clara...... Oberlin C, Hartford Sch. of Relig. ‘ 
 Pea cO Oy yA LWA Aun e ate suae, uly a Japan..... American Board 
 Weersing, Frederick J............ Hope C, v U of Minnesota......... China..... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Weiser, William Henricks......... vY.M.C.A. Trng. C, U of Chicago India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Westeott,.lda. Grace. tice un. DMOOA Ya Lre eer eedn aaah eee Malaysia.. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Wharton, Conway Taliaferro...... Southwestern Presbyterian U, Aus- i ; 
 tin C, v Austin Presbyterian T.... Africa..... Presbyterian, South 
 Wharton, Susan Ethel Taylor : i 
 (Mrs. Conway Taliaferro)...... TUNOLML ERAS, Hee Wttugi Peseta nite natn ale Africaiy «+. Presbyterian, South 
 Wheat, Bertha Lemira........... v Northwestern State N _ (Alva, ; 
 Okla) Chicagovlrswack aise iced Endiging «sr W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Wheeler, William Reginald....... v Yale U, Auburn T,Harvard U Grad China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Wheeler, Constance Irene Hayes f : 
 (Mrs. William Reginald)....... Wellesley C, v Pratt Inst........... Chingaen. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 White, Henry Harrison........... PIM ASSIA SLO ahethes cc ctchn erotic le Turkey.... American Board 
 VIGOR ICATIC HINTS i fadicianc cl bless Wesleyan U, v Mt. Holyoke C...... Indiantscr American Board 
 Wilson, Myrtle Estelle........... State N (Los Angeles), U of Califor- 
 nia, Butler C, vC of Missions 
 (indianapolis) ages jira tei Philippines For. Christian Miss. Soc. 
 Wiltsie, Dr. James Wesley Van.... Williams C, » Cornell U M.. China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Witmer, Clayton Clark........... State N (Millersville, Pa.), Franklin 
 
 and Marshall C, Bonebrake T, » hae t 
 MiohiChicagarn) viteis tees e aa Philippines United Brethren 
 
466 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Wolverton, Harold Alonzo........ Brandon C, » Ontario Agri. C, U of 
 AL OROTIEGL MU sieial dice letoe wl han are aarn a Hoge FE: Weta, Bs Baptist Ch., Canada 
 Woodall, Emery Johnson......... Wake Forest C, » Newton T....... China .).10 American Board 
 Wyckoff, Charlotte Chandler..... v Northfield S, Wellesley C........ Ab ota br: aS iat = Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Wylie, Dr. John Herman......... vIndiana U, Columbia U M, N. Y. 
 Post Graduate H............0-- China..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 
 Wylie, Mary Edith Bushnell (Mrs. Allegheny C, Pa. C of Music, » Ind- 
 
 John Herman) ying eee pPehet: ib B Mu SeMay a Ramm Ua re rn Lamina ol As A Chinay))s Presbyterian, U. S.A. 
 
 SATLED VOLUNTEERS TP ORUIOIG 
 
 In the table abbreviations have been used as follows C=College; H =Hospital; M =Medical; N =Normal; 
 
 S=Secondary School; T’=Theological; Trs=Bible, Deaconess and Missionary Training School; U= University: ; 
 v =Volunteered at. 
 
 *Volunteers sailed before 1916; names reported here for the first time. 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Aiken, "RavGhonees erat cular a wig tals v Hillsdale C, Bible Teachers Trs. : 
 ; CNC eerie elated ee teearate lalate Arricn su. \iis Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Akerson, Leroy Lind............. v Iowa Wesleyan Giauilaiees aes Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Allen, Bertha Harding........... v Pomona C, State N (Los Angeles) China..... American Board 
 Alter; Dy Emmet alan sidemeraiclee Westminster C, v Pittsburgh T..... Indias fits. United Presbyterian 
 Alter, Mary Martha Payne (Mrs. 
 
 ESVUITIOE AK te tee ale ale later miata etal te Wee v7 Westminster Gunaeee Malek owas ails Andie Wann United Presbyterian 
 Amerman, Bertha Estella......... v Whitworth C, C of Wooster...... Persia..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Anderson, Dr. John Todd........ v Furman U, Wake Forest C, U of 
 
 f Louisville M, N. Y. Post-Grad. M China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Anderson, Minnie Claire Middle- » Meredith C, Baptist Woman’s Trs 
 
 ton (Mrs. John Todd). ......0.). (Louisville) ei aaa Marea aiues China wary Southern Baptist Con. 
 Andrews, Louise Hazel.....:..... v Baptist Woman’s Trs (Louisville). China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Anker, Hatry, Peters Ju sua. v Hope C, Vanderbilt U T......... Africa tar 4s Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Annis, Stanley Ewart............ U of Toronto, v Victoria C, Kennedy . 
 
 he Bee MIRCEA Wises Ol AE RAL SEA China..... Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Archer, Edna Priscilla Caye (Mrs. 
 
 Raymond LeRoy). .).) shied s0: « 9 Chicago) BvantInstiici disses aie Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Archer) William Bui eee aclu cia his v AsburyiC Jae een a S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Arnold, Roger David............ v9 William Jewell Co.cc. co eee Chinag. 2). MaMa Gr AG 
 Arnold, Eleanor Tracy (Mrs. Roger 
 
 BVA eiuietee cree ba cre lena! RCT Lawrence C, » State N (Milwaukee) China..... ; 
 
 Ashcraft, Edwin Perry........... 9 Ul ot So. Calfornia a wuateuienles China i" Free Methodist 
 Asper}| Ome ass eae aerate eas v St. Oaf C, United Church T..... China.;..% - United Nor. Luth. Ch. 
 Aston, Gladys Ruth.) .c 000.6. 050'.4 v Chris. Alliance Trs (Nyack), Bap 
 
 tist Trs (Phila.), West Side H 
 
 (Scranton) eyaecee) pie ienine eee Chima wicca. Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Atkinson, Edward Grant......... v Moody Trs, McCormick T....... S. Amer... F. M.S. of the Brethren Ch. 
 AN StI T, JUS SAUL ele isalsie lot e eval Vale'U 2 Hartford: Toyo cee ets phiippincs American Board 
 *Austin, Christian Lillian......... So. Presbyterian C (N. C.)....).... Korea..... Presbyterian, South 
 Baber, Ray Brwits Py ities hase » CampbelliC new aise eae ere Ching mie Canton Christian College 
 Bacon, Edna Gertrude........... v Epworth Evan. Trs (St. Louis), 
 
 Central Holiness U, Albion C, . 
 
 Chicago Evan;)Trsi. jet 6.00 5 India seu. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Ballot, Barle Holt.) aves es oe sles v YalelU Hartford) Diecut amen Chingaeicals American Board 
 Ballou, Thelma Gertrude Havens _ 
 
 (Mrs? Barle Hort) ene ee Middlebury |Co a e iaeere wae Chinas... American Board 
 
 Barnes, Grace Elizabeth.......... v Greenville C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 CN Waive) ead a aie tee tt ROH tela india nye. igs oo 
 Barnhart; Byron Patiiesieielese seve Penn C, v Y. M.C. A. Trs (Chicago) Korea..... 
 Barrow, John Vermillion......... oof Texas) ie lee ous China os Stok Christian College 
 Bartel Bena ee aes aie v Tabor C (Hillsboro, Kans.)....... Chinayii China Mennonite Mission 
 Bartlett, Sadie Christina......... v Dakota Wesleyan U.......0...+- S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Bartlett, Willard William......... Potsdam N, Clarkson Sch., of Tech., 
 
 ; Colgate U., Columbia U. Grad.... Burma.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Bartlett, Marguerite Louise Allen Franklin C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 (Mrs. Willard William)......... (NW w Columbia llc mec. Burma.... Am. Bapt. For. Miss. Soc. 
 *Batdorf, Charles William........ v U of California and Grad......... China Nien Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Beam, Florence Cozad Newell 
 
 (MrevKennethys.) iin sles ior v Oberlin S and C, Lake Erie C..... Japan..... American Board 
 Beattie, Margaret Grace......... Presbyterian Trs (Toronto), »U of ' 
 
 Toronto eye eee aiiaattal rg W. Indies.. Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Bell, Dre Ue Nelsoninticn awit seit. es v Wie gph sk and Lee U of Virginia ; 
 MAN At hate VO Valera! AUR NTR a loeate Be an eA China..... Presbyterian, South 
 Bell, Virginia Myers Leftwich St. Mates H (Richmond), v Assem- : 
 
 (Mrs. LAliNelson ase cee iets bly’s Trs (Richmond).....3.6... Chinaisv enn Presbyterian, South 
 Bembower, William.............. Ohio State U, v U of California..... India cae « Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 ‘Berg, Henry Williamin mics cme 9 Pornona! Cua ute Goes eas Hawaii.... Lyon’s Sch. for Boys 
 Bergens, Jessie Ruth............. Cleveland N. v Florence Harkness 
 
 p Severance Drei. caih ee vam siete Mexico.... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Bergquist, Carl Johan............ v North Park C, Fjellstedtska Skolan 
 
 (SWeEdeM) ore cibisieseler'savdcede rer ararralire CHINA ae wise Swedish Miss. in China 
 
SAILED LIST—I9Q16 467 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Birtchet, Grover Cleveland....... v Albany C, San Francisco T....... S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 tBishop, Francene Lewise........ v Pomona C, State N (Los Angeles) India..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hidland || Clara ade ee eee v Moody Trs, Chris. Alliance Trs } 
 
 : : CN aCe Ue eu ee Seana Indiagy hi Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Blair Prederic Howes: cides su v U of Minnesota, Boston UT..... Japan in. Methodist Episcopal 
 Blaisdell, Thomas Charles, Jr...... v Alma C, Konigstadische Oberreal- 
 
 schule (Berlin), Paustate Cove uk Indiana ws Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Bock, William Henry............ v Ashland C, U of Chicago T....... S. Amer... F. M.S. of the Brethren Ch. 
 Bock, Edna Grace Polk (Mrs. 
 William Heary es Maile see gp Ashland (Cr eens a an ornaMets ov S. Amer... F. M.S. of the Brethren Ch. 
 Boggs, Ethel Ashmore........... v Northfield S, New England Baptist 
 H, Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.), 
 Sloane A eshn Utuisitenieae ce S Tdi a Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Borders, Karl Myrtle............ v Transylvania ie a of the Bible, 
 Union vir GNays Cal ey Philippines For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Borders, Mary Caldwell Gayle 
 (Miss ark Myrtic) op ccislateris sats YelraneylyanialU yess ncioe elas Philippines For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Bording, Maren Petersen......... H (Denmark), v Chicago Trs....... Philippines W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Bower, Carleton Warde......... Mitilisdale Coser UO roles med Japans.|s).. Government School 
 Bradshaw, Ruth Frances Chapman 
 CMirsMOnny styrenic eater OUT ara, Ce een te Nialelarstatar a a eral lle Chingy 
 *Brawthen, Clara Marie.......... @ Northwestern Uitte esitiey wrevarele Hawaii.... Oahu College 
 Breck, Grace Marion sie). lelsjers! «/s\e1s IN GR LEVING saislaiee siete sla ye het aval e China..... American Board 
 Brinton, Thomas Baker........... West Chester State N (Pa.), » Dick- t 
 itt insomC) Garrett Ers wa te APTACE sratelet Methodist Episcopal 
 Brittingham, Harriet Helen....... » Bible Teachers Trs CNR ARCOM A a China vias Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Brown, Harry Winthrop......... Parke Cone MMAR AM SANT Te aie Hndiatse.), Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Brown, Alice Mary Piper (Mrs. 
 Harry.\Winthrop): s\oicis sles ars (oles SP Parke CW Man hale aietols tessierelelionst ays atone Indiat thn. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Brown, LeRoy LePark............ HMoedy) Trs tives wavs ea athe aie cia ote Persian vane 
 Brown iOral Carles i awelanelsoie > ML AY IO tyr ielensiive aval cleiavns valet aperatalsvans Chinas .)s South Chih-li Mission 
 Burket, Everett Stanley.......... v McMinnville C, Newton T....... China Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Burket, Margaret Larne Campbell , 
 (Mrs. Everett Stanley).)........ o MoMann vallei Gone cglsnlsrelstal ale China aust. Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Burris, Robert Shull...... Fist Wa Christian aulisnce Trs (Nyack), 
 oe Miood yi irs Tae et aae earls China..... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Burris, Trenna Belle Strasser (Mrs. Christian AliGiag Trs (Nyack), 
 Roberti Shull) weenie we ae G O Mood Ere cneibe a sta satel s eislanele Chinaiaas Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 *Bush, Grace Olive Kahl (Mrs. 
 Raymond 1B AN re PR Les UCIiCARONL TSM a etun nialaty elcletels eines Africa. .... Methodist Episcopal 
 aera Wd Weavers te eis avs late D ROCHESbET Ecumeale ele eeteete ete S. Amer... 
 Butts, ices Re ae Ono DA Erb) Coes uel elacistessnaiarsluce inal alae China..... 
 Butts, Ethel Ida McCartney (Mrs. 
 Victor R. JL SENSES Seca ae ACen med PA lberb Croan ww ite tess lai tesa stent Chinas! No, 
 *Caburet, Emma Eugenie........ © Gordon T'rs an terials eed France.... McAll Mission 
 Cady, Muriel Emmett Poor (Mrs. A 
 Jee gente qhtin 1 OY) iol Dine a a @ Oberlin: Gane eetetete adie ale ststale China. American Board 
 Camp, Evalyn Amelia........... o Wiot! Minnesotais nee ena Japan... Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Campbell, Archibald. ............ U of Washington, v Princeton T.. Korea}: Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Campbell, Helen Maxwell Ott, Bryn Mawr C, Philadelphia N, U of 
 (Mrs. Archibald) Ss co aN aoa Pennsylvania A YUM OMEN MOD. Ionita A Korea) 5.4 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Cass, Gertrude Lenfesty.......... N (Stratford, Ont.), v Presbyterian ‘ 
 Tre (Loronto)inse ee sae dle a iete Korea scan Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Cavert, Samuel McCrea.......... vUnion C and Grad., Union T ; 
 (OR Gah O79 Ma ALS OLENA AM MLLER AME sa ciauney sits 
 *Chafin, Anna Margaret Bair (Mrs. 
 Victor) pAccilbls ater nee ordre aud eer Iowa State N, » Central Holiness U Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 - Chalmers, Eleanor Moulton....... v Boston U, Chicago rs yu i Oke Indigw. suk W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Cheney, Alfred GiGdreyic seek ss , v Coe C, McCormick T.........0-- Mexico.... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Childs, John Lawrence........... vO of Wisconsin (ys cea caiman China sau) Wer MC. A: 
 
 Christie, Jean Ogilvy............. v Wellesley C, Columbia U, Union T ! 
 
 CNGY DY Oe RL TAIL OA te Ae Cait ben Turkey.... Constantinople College 
 Chute, Elberta Faith............ Carson and Newman C, U of Tennes- f . 
 
 see, v Baptist Trs (Chicago) NV ee indiate. Woman's Baptist F. M.S. 
 ¥ Clare suey Ks. cairo este sce .... Buffalo State N , v Kennedy Trs.... Ceylon.... American Board 
 AGW TV erste ors re etree, Dae a) een Yo v Ohio Wesleyan U, Boston U T, ! h A 
 
 Ober lice lon ys Steves Gy sth aera ss Tndiaias vols Methodist Episcopal 
 *Coale, Olive Grace Woodford : 
 
 (Mrs. Willis Branson).......... v Folts Trs, Syracuse U, Oberlin C.. Hawaii.... Hawaiian Evan. Board 
 *+Colby, Elsie Jones (Mrs. Wm.G.) State N (Los Asvigeles))s sla)s oe eis ts Chinatians, 
 Coles John Silas Rex iis syiti asiae o Drake U,.U of Chicago ii\ssJo0.. Japan. eels Government School 
 Colson, Ethelwyn Biowucit Da asian v Utica S. Weston C....-.....000- China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Connely, Frank Hutchins......... v William Jewell C, So. Baptist T... China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Connely, Mary Lu Sears (Mrs. » Hardin C, Baptist Woman’s Trs i 
 Pranicoelitohinsy iy vets dose eaiecs RCottisville yee iuk s Wire| Gaweysleune « Ching cas Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 Cooke, Hester Locke............. OUT omCaltornigie san vies ceciap ae iate India... Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 Coont edith Marion .)8s 5s. Sisis.ecsle UP Mtublolyo ice Gee WN aa India ein American Board 
 Cooprider, Dr. Florence Virginia... v Goshen C,U of Illinois M,Woman’s " ; 
 
 FiCPhila eveesston) Drsiieuirsy ests. Tadia wy sae Mennonite 
 pase aes eh, Charlotte) =. on 40s Oberlin C, U of Minnesota........ Japamecse. " 
 CGUCDPELeleD ig cscialslecs'es Welesskce v Ohio Wesleyan U, Kennedy Trs... Japan..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Crane, Pauloackett. 0. osc ese woe v Southwestern Presbyterian U, Un- ) 
 
 jon TiGRichmond Poh sisi ane Korea..... Presbyterian, South 
 
 tDeceased. 
 
468 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 *Crane, Rolin’ Chillions). 7 4) yd v Park C, Valparaiso U............ hina, i. 
 *Cumming, Charles Gordon....... Dalhousie U, U of Chicago, » Union 
 TECNE RY ci APES eID Pus er ics ea W. Indies.. Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 *Davidson, Dr. Douglas Treat.... » Yale U, Harvard M, U of Pennsyl- 
 Wate IM cco ee ene aa enna Ing ess. Yale Foreign Miss. Soc. 
 *Davidson, Dr. Ellen Hooker (Mrs. Smith C, »v Drexel Inst., Woman’s M ; 
 
 Douglas Treat) Met ots k Pag) Z Be (Philar) Oy aa ie ee hina Yale Foreign Miss. Soc. 
 Davis, Ethel Loretta...:.....;5... o Park. it Vou aE ay a aie A China..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Davison, Waldo Burton... .....+.. oP Bere li len sas Games AAA RE Sia en S. Amer.... Y. M.C.A. ‘ 
 Davison, Marguerite Porter (Mrs. 
 
 Waldo Burton) io.) yon Benes: 9 Berea (Cue Ge Bai 05 ee erie Bayt S. Amer 
 Day, Miriam Lois suai teas ss Iowa State N, » Houghton T, Ken- i 
 
 nedy, ‘Trs.t Ss ea eee Africa les. Wesleyan Methodist 
 Dean, Jennie Flora.............. v Dakota Wesleyan U............. Malaysia... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Dextér) Burt Lee ies bak BatesiCirrns cdg eee eee nie oot S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 *Dickey, Nannie Opie (Mrs. Harry : 
 
 Elverton)tehanep cutie cient isvele Northwestern U, v Hanna T....... India..... Evan. Luth. Ch. in U.S. A. 
 Dodd), DuncaniMiynnjaiien.ces vee v Boston U, Wesleyan U, Trinity C , : 
 
 (Hartford) siz. bh chosen crane: hinaweees Methodist Episcopal 
 Dodd, Dr. Edward Mills......... Princeton U, v Cornell M, Meth. } 
 
 Epis. 1 (Brodklyn) aces snes Persia..... Presbyterian, U. S. A, 
 Dolive, Walter Covington........ Southwestern Presbyterian U, » Pres- : 
 
 byterian T of Kentucky......... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Donaldson, Fred’k Frow Goodline.v Oberlin C and T................. Chinas ts co American Board 
 Dosker, Richard John wiee es 6 aie Central U, v Presbyterian T of Ken- 
 
 \ tucky, Princeton U Grad........ Japanese. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Dran /Annie S:.pi arson svewieitiaty ote Simmons C, New England Cons. of ’ 
 
 Music,:9) Moody? Brsicts saree eee Hawaii.... Protestant Episcopal 
 *Draper, Marion Romer.......... vw Syracuse, Ue ana ee Japanss. 
 Duncan, Antoinette Banks (Mrs. ; 
 
 Kenneth} eins Sih Raye aa mania oe ot dich SURES Ray LA ETE Led Me tess Tea Chinasc Canton Christian College ~ 
 Dunham, Marion Elise Guthrie ‘ 
 
 (MrstHarry Jessup)s eens yo Syracuse UT ean aemsiiscaie eee ate tee Chinas..22)/. Yale Foreign Miss. Soc. 
 *Dunkum, John Albert........... vw Asbury Coy Po saincons «alcatel tieatenens Cen. Am... 
 
 Dupertits holntis)- (elec ciaisealene Arete U of Puget Sound, v Colorado C,... Alaska.... Government School 
 Dyer, Dr. Lora Genevieve........ Smith C, v Woman's M (Philaie er niChinageens American Board 
 Bdens, Olive Daa militias varices Carson and Newman C, » Baptist t 
 
 ; i Woman’s Trs (Louisville)....... Africa..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Ellis, Nina Pauline s/s oe we cise 6 v C of Wooster, Western Reserve U Japan..... erro) U.S.A. 
 Emery, Phoebe Elizabeth......... Bakers Uaisa heer pos wave eine olathe: ie A W. F. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Erickson, Alma Serafla........... o- Moody Nisan sc ne oe ems eats China..... Sviedishy Alliance Miss. 
 *Estes, Caroline Margaret Lee 
 
 (Mrs. Charles Edward)......... v7 Oberlin (Greek. ciaceosla toeeaeteretere Turkey.... Robert College 
 Ewers, Lavinia Gladden.......... mMaryville G yitauk chica hs nae vebaatels China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Ewing, Raymond Hood.......... v William Jewell C................ China..... m. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 *Farrior, Stacy Conrad). 420.4. e Davidson CA eer davon eles kre China . Presbyterian, South 
 *Fauske, Dina K. Thompson (Mrs. é 
 
 Herman! Siuiiks th sac aioe as viUnion Irs (Brooklyi)are ernie China . Lutheran Ch., Norway 
 Ferguson, Marion Black.......... eUniversity/ Conia Misty fycacuot Indiateye sr Dom. Coun. ¥. W. C. A. 
 Fillmore, Annie Louise........... v U of Cincinnati, C of Missions (In- : 
 
 dignapolis) ALC Rage ik sare hina..... For. Chris. Miss. Soc. » 
 
 Flagg, Herbert William........... Moody Trs, v Harvard U.......... ake ene China Inland 
 Mord, Ferberb usu whiueretyasbie ele ge U of Nebraska, » U of Chicago T... W.Indies.. Baptist Home Miss. Soc. 
 Foster, Frank Clifton............ McMinnville C, vy Colby C......... ‘ China SHS Of Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Fox;jSilasiPowler (eaHee 60.2 v Toronto Biblewn iva: a danteeen India..... Ceylon and India General 
 
 ox, Emma Grau (Mrs. S he # Toronto; Bible: Cos snk waenis ss aivtels Indian sec Ceylon and India General 
 Fraas, Pauline Augusta Sophia. . v Los’Angeles 4Prs sca e times as tale Africa tes. Africa Inland , 
 *iiutler) Bthel Inez es ene v Hedding C, Northwestern U...... Mexico 
 Garner, Holly P............-.... Blue Ridge C, Bethany Trs........ India. 4s\--0- Church of the Brethren 
 Garner, Kathryn E. Barkdoll (Mrs. 4 
 
 FLOM yy ie eee in oa Mt. Morris C, Bethany Trs........ Indians. Church of the Brethren 
 Gates,/ Moore suing un dietician aia uPrinceton U7 s cis ht aa wai ne alole Turkey.... Robert College 
 Gault, Frank Meikle............. v C of Wooster, McCormick T..... Airicasas Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 Ghiseliri @harlest)Jrsenian er ats Washington and Lee U, Princeton U 
 
 Grads, ol siden coe ee Meee ohana Chinas. vex Presbyterian, South 
 Goldblatt, Joseph Milner......... Kansas ‘City Law, v Wesleyan U.... China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Goodwin, Mary Merrick......... v Bryn Mawr C, Radcliffe C Grad.. China..... p 
 Gordon; Simeon Moore: ........5. 0 U of Californias Jasin ye ee cess China..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Gosma,(Flo' Maes 2aahim ude. © o Hillsdale’ G sev: ae on ene China Soo. 
 Grafton, Homer Harold.......... Fairmount C, » U of Kansas Grad.. Japan..... Y. M.C.A. 
 Grafton, Eva Rebecca Weiner 
 
 (Mrs. Homer Harold).......... Fairmount C, » C of Wooster...... Japan... ! 
 
 Graham, Eleanor Dell............ 9 Wesley (Comic ale RRS rere a ls same s China . Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 Gregg, Alice Henrietta........... v Winthrop C, Church Deaconess Trs ) 
 : CPHUaY) ince cares capes ota hina..... Protestant Episcopal 
 *Grimm, Alfred Frederick........ v Westminster Goin naman W. Indies... Y. M.C.A. 
 *Gunderson, Adolphus Eugene.... Moody Trs, » Illinois C, U of Wiscon- ' 
 sin, Evan. Nor. Luther on BAe Atricay. ot Sudan Interior 
 Hall |Clydevyfesse. jet iat v Baker U, Boston U T.. . Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Hall, Mary Melissa Beecher (Mrs. i ’ 
 Clyde Jesse) ee SR ae eta fA 2 otate IN) (Emporia) heirs mike alin Malaysia... Methodist Episcopal 
 
 iHaillsRovaliGlenn ss one. eee ee 
 Hall, Ella Martin Taylor (Mrs. 
 Royal Glenn) 
 
 ParkC,v U of IllinoisGrad.,AuburnT Siam...... 
 vPark C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 NO YaGo ele teas cieeiane meek 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
SAILED LIST—I916 
 
 469 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 Hamilton, Marietta... 6........0. Monmouth Gr) Saal sent ere Bae Indiahy.. 5.4 
 Hansen, Elizabeth Inga.......... v Northfield S, Mass. General H.... Ceylon... 
 Harner, Prank Emery.0.. 90.1... PEiram ©). Union ly CNY oo) aera eat 
 
 Harner, Blanch May Davis (Mrs. 
 
 Branlsbmery)o. aiesiee wee cae: dram GC Berea Covuivuerso cokes Endiar yy. 
 EVATTOLY | CSSIC ihe) cfarers!t stan et net se Louisville City H, v Moody Trs.... Africa..... 
 Harris, Edith Gillespie........... Dw Wos Angeles 1 rS450 oe us csp we ale Africas. i, 
 Harris, George Kauffelt.......... U of Washington: Art Inst. of Chic- 
 
 ago, oi Moody: irs ieinnae seed Chinaaeene 
 
 Harrison, Regina Rabbe (Mrs. 
 
 MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 
 United Presbyterian 
 . American Board 
 For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 
 For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Dutch Ref. Ch. of S. Africa 
 Africa Inland 
 
 China Inland 
 
 anadt Wis). nba chev anate (a hitae ie sed alees ve Wain Provestantibiueirtdemectioee Arabia.... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 
 Hartness, Marion Easter......... Carroll C, Northland C, v Alma C.. Korea..... 
 *Hartsough, Ralph Clayton....... Hastings C, » Nebraska ‘Wesleyan U, 
 
 ; Kansas State U............2.-% China id, CAG 
 *Hartsough, Jessie A. Hull (Mrs. 
 
 RalpniCisvton) = on cat eres ces v Nebraska Wesleyan U........... Chima 
 eT artung, LOIS) JOY se) sisi ayes 4s giGornell CAnUy ay aletkaareaa heeds lif Mexico.... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hartzler, Coleman Clark......... v Missouri Wesleyan U, Garrett Trs Africa..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Hartzler, Lucinda Lee Padrick »State N (Los Angeles), U of So. 
 
 (Mrs. Coleman Clark)......... California iery Wye Rie as sy vets Mes Africa..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Hate Bila Alletta:: je... 24s. sss o Coe Ont Gye ERM, | UU ek ileal S. Amer... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hayes, Warren Hiram...:....... v Lebanon Valley C, Otterbein U, 
 
 Princeton, andre aol tse Japan..... United Brethren 
 Hayes, Ila M. Bale (Mrs. Warren ; 
 
 labhy:kae))in eke pie Ae ninety ane = iA een Ohio State U, Otterbein U......... Japamvee United Brethren 
 Hekhuis,.Lambertus. /........... Hope C, » Western T (Holland, 
 
 i ; Mich) acike Melgar Pacis a eee DAI) Aye, « Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Hekhuis, Jennie Immink (Mrs. 
 
 ATID STEHS eee nena ale HopeiG beta atdwsecinaa ida ae al torsernies India’. 5.) Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 
 Hewey, Clarissa Allen............ New England Women’s and Child- 
 
 ten 'sii is Gordon Irs.. dil seles Ching Je)" Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Prine, Lemma Mave ied Gets oils 5 Hood C, » Baptist Trs (Phila.)..... Chinasauess Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Hinkhouse, Dr. Myrtle JANE Tecan » Parsons C, v Grinnell C, Woman's M 
 
 CR bra) Brien ie, Cactia eae ts China... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 LOR G Hy UCh selene acteranie ate oe + v Southwestern C (Kansas)........ Indiaaiszi2 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Hobart, Elizabeth © ...).0\2..%.5.4 +01 7 Northwestern Ui. 1) eamiecsns Chinalilins W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Hobgood, Tobitha Lien Alderson Beaumond C, » C of whereas beeen 
 
 (Masailentry | Clay) okt dnc as ianapolis), Butler C..... AS MATTICN a car. 
 Hodges, Martha Dodsell......... gi Cleveland Trsiiiia.Ge soandh dee Endiat cn 
 PLO ere PANTO Ws dyutic sii cialis ete eliele v McPherson C, Bethany Trs...... Indiawsere 
 HolmbereyGeorve orbhutine gases DONOrtn Park Cone ioe wale S. Amer... 
 *Holmes, Jerome Crane.......... o Bates, CG; Hartiordi@uriweyses ates Japan... 
 Holt, Nancy Rebecca............ v Randolph-Macon Woman’sC, Scar- 
 
 PICU PLES Sele eer A ees S. Amer... 
 Hoogestraat, Christine Vive...... Occidental C, National Y. W. C. A. 
 
 Trg) CNY OL aeooatas ater scenes S. Amer... 
 Hooper, Rosalie Geraldine Edwards i 
 
 (UMremjamesi eon) sialic es ass v Meridian C, Scarrit Trs.......... Philippines 
 PIOTSieHVitlespee eh yatsy ssa ets sv aies o Pa Jotate'C nia slgebalt Ob) cy ae S. Amer... 
 Horton mosey Mee eee: bas Central State N (Pa.), v Moody Trs Africa..... 
 Howey, Harriet May............ Ohio Northern U, » Ohio Wesleyan U Japan..... 
 tHudson, George Alexander...... o Davidsorm' Curaneceieaate. dello ane Chinas ls: 
 eItphes;,, HleanOn ie dmpe cece css» Margate C (England), Royal Alex- 
 
 andra H, v Presbyterian Trs (Tor- 
 OTTO) Netgear Nett a tere ate eee Korea..... 
 Hunter, William Alfred.......... v Manitoba U, Presbyterian C (Mon- 
 itreal) is lOrOntOMETSis escent W. Indies.. 
 Husted, Edith Evelyn............ 2: Oberlin: Congres ae ae Wapany sass 
 Hutchison, Psthereae-e ae... 222 0 Ohio Wesleyan’ U....)). 4.5... os 6 S. Amer... 
 Hutchison, Florence Ashmore..... WestmuristeriG shu no eda ne eete Egypt..... 
 Hyneman, Ruth Eliza............ Oakland City C, v Ill. Holiness U, 
 INSHury Cee scien iene ak Ae Tndiayps. 
 Hickijohn“Theronuii. ss cases ¢\Tavior) U;, Syracuse U queen soci (Chingy. 
 Illick, Bernice Loie Rowland (Mrs. 
 
 John Mheron)). erraees oeee hiNe WISYVTACUSE On ede eid ce ne etiag Ment Ching... 
 Finke ‘Richard! Jatoboeeemenec as. Rochester T, »y Newton T.......... S. Amer... 
 Insicas Myron Otiswae, sane ne tate Morningside C, Boston U T....... Indian. ch 
 Insko, Amelia Mary Abell (Mrs. 
 
 Miron Otis) sacs aes their ents 5 v Iowa Trs (Des Moines).......... Bdiania lets 
 Ison, Grace Daswell 8053.56.40. PASHUTV ICE Anca nas Hear o ee Malaysia. . 
 Names: Leora Civili, coset ete ie DP Peaceiinstenaisd et cate cin ceisler S. Amer... 
 Jenness, Richard Esselstyn....... v U of Denver, McCormick T...... China... . 
 Jenness, Lillian Holmes Keyes ¢ 
 
 (Misa tsichard: Psaelstum hastens om aieieraenc aie Meteelnre rah telaauia he le meatal yet cle Ching ey. 
 mJoOnnEsOn, Alberts List suit fe ane Western N (Stockton, Cal.), »Los_ | 
 
 ADO CLOS ETS Halas W eiglialehel svedeijece!s China pres 
 *Johnson, Elna Sophia Lundell 7 
 
 Mirena Derbi ion) ores co dlas aades 1s @MosVAngeles (ITS. by. u/c seca Perera OLIN Aa wa hi 
 
 *Johnson, Helga Berthina........ pecs N (Mayville, N. D.) » Chicago in 
 WEP Paras tie cts teres lay mesevete s . Amer... 
 *Johnson, Hilma Maria.......... PUNOLEDE RAT C Moni a wiccceeichaicie stoke China..... 
 
 tDeceased. 
 
 For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Salvation Army 
 
 Church of the Biethron 
 Scandinavian Alliance 
 
 .. American Board 
 
 Wom. Coun. M. E. So. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Africa Inland 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Presbyterian, South 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 American Board 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Presbyterian, South 
 Presbyterian, U.S.A 
 Presbyterian, U .S. A. 
 Swed. Miss. Cov. of Amer. 
 Swed. Miss. Cov. of Amer. 
 
 Mackenzie College 
 Swed. Miss. Cov. of Amer. 
 
470 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Johnson, Sigrid Christina......... v Kalamazoo C, U of Mich. Sch. for ‘ 
 
 INtrses sift ica e SUS ats [ndiay..ce Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Jones, David Rees. eusie ee esate DO MGad Yi LPS 50 sich ea eae eae India gs Ceylon and India General 
 Jones, Milton Edward........... DUpper Lowa Wo. saws ee wt uote oe Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Kanaga, Nina) Louise... $0010! 2. o Ulof Kansas ou inane ares S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Kauffman, Daniel Royer......... v Albright C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 CNY Ce) ee ee i vehacate ener eras China..... United Evan. Church 
 Kellersberger, Dr. Eugene Roland. 2» U of Texas, Washington U M. Africa..... Presbyterian, South 
 Kellersberger, Edna Helena Bosche Washington C, » Moody Trs, U of ; ; 
 
 (Mrs. Eugene Roland)......... Texas, Scarritti Tae chances TICavee ne Presbyterian, South 
 Kelsey, Mary Maud............. 9 Waasar Cu cvs bo cease eee India ; 
 
 Kenyon, Haran | Morton's. cine d' UO, of Den vers uiije scwcd aie cate! tore apan. oh. Government School 
 *Killam, Lloyd Randolph......... v William Jewell C, Brown U Grad.. Hawaii.... Y. M.C. A. : 
 King, Florence Grace............ v Ohio Wesleyan U, Cincinnati Trs.. India..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Kintigh, Stanley W........50..5 Campbell, C v Kansas City U...... Ching s.u%s United Brethren 
 Kintigh, Winifred C. Huxtable b 
 
 (MrsvStanley We) este ta v Illinois State N, U of Illinois..... China..... United Brethren 
 *Kirby, Lilla Die Wi nates ie cists Iowa State Teachers C, v Baptist Trs ’ : ; 
 
 J (Ghicago)ith. iia doe mave eke Mexico.... Baptist Home Miss. Soc. 
 Klingeberger, Ida Martha........ McGee Holiness T, v Greenville M.. India..... 
 
 Kostrup, Bertha Alfrida Christen- H (Denmark), » Chicago Trs, Ill. 
 
 Sera, es ah ara ies Ure alee atlanta Wiehe ety TrnigiSchs fori Nurses eaieielees Philippines W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Krause, Vernette Grover......... Stanford U, v U of Redlands...,... India..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Krespach, Olive Frances.......... Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.)...... China dio Methodist Episcopal 
 Lake, Ruth Beulah Manning (Mrs. Colorado C, »U of Neb. Cons. of : 
 
 Veo ‘Clarence iran aaa Masigy yee Pee he mee tnatdcdane Japan. sci. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Lancaster, Lewis Holladay........ v Hampden - Sidney C, Union T ‘ 
 
 (Richmond eigen, tiie eaiaree China >. 35 Presbyterian, South 
 Leach, Dr. Clara Chase..3/0).4/.1... v U of Vermont, Wellesley C, Temple . 
 
 Le ee ee ree OUD eth EL Pr eA apa YN A] Sa ak Pe Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Lee, Frederic Edward............ v Cherokee Co. S, U of Kansas, Yale : 
 
 U Grad) andtle anak Gees Tapany eae For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Lennox, Dr. William Gordon...... » Colorado C, Harvard M......... China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Lewis, Charles Henry............ v Occidental C, Princeton T........ China..... Presbyterian, U. 
 Lewis, Charles Henry............ v Occidental C, Princeton T........ Chinavaiss Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Lichtwardt, Henry Herman....... g.berea CG, Oberlin’ Cae rie eee S.. Amer. 2, YM. Cl AL 
 Lichtwardt, Ruth Ora Moyer (Mrs. 
 
 Henry''Herman) .i)ies ence v Oberlin Con. of Music........... Ss. Am 
 Liljestrand, Dr. Sven Herman..... vsSyracase U,and Mi ickleuien ys China..:.. "Methodist Episcopal 
 Liljestrand, Ethel Ruth Hardy ! 
 
 (Mrs. Sven Herman)........... mi Syracuse Ui. b5/c kw aise seteete ehrata Chinas... Methodist Episcopal 
 Linn; Clara Hlise win njsaensn eke DEVartOTG  LISin ees. cio esis a telelere wisce China... .. 
 
 Lockhart, Eva Bessie............ bi fy N.S.), 9 Arcadia U...... Tndsa nee Baptist Ch., Canada 
 *Loehr, George Robertiilriieaey: cco emMory Cal, eb ielsiqlclcie aicklns ele W. Indies.. Candler College 
 Long, Herbert Collins............ William Jewett C, Brown U Grad., 
 
 DP NGwtor Liesc evils wets shes eis iets In caiiaae Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Loy, Nettella i. cyl. ue inves che tales 0 Baker Up ee Lie arene S. Amer... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Lundeen, Anton Mander...:..... v Gustavus Adolphus C,Augustana T China..... China Augustana Miss. 
 
 McBride, Nettie Grace........... 
 
 McCartney, Blanche L........... 
 McClure, Robert William........ 
 
 McClure, Jeanie Sewell Graham 
 
 (Mrs. Robert William) 
 McCrory, Jeanette Lois.......... 
 McKinney, Georgia Leslie........ 
 McLauchlin, Wilfred Campbell.... 
 McLauchlin, Elizabeth Trent Wil- 
 
 son (Mrs. Wilfred Campbell).... 
 *¥MeMiullin sArthur Bie.) occas 
 McWilliams, Wilbert Roy 
 Mabuce, Ethel Lindy 
 McIntire, Frances Willard........ 
 
 sete twee 
 
 a 
 
 MacMillan, Joseph Preston....... 
 Maddock, Helen Edna 
 
 Marks; Inez) May. \oniievre lle alevcse 
 
 Marsh, Thomas Graham......... 
 Matheson, Norah Evelyn... 
 Matson, Wilbur Lynes........... 
 Maxwell, Albert Sidney.......... 
 Meinhardt, Ella Louise MacBain 
 
 (Mrs. Carl D. ON Ce eat Aer 
 Melrose, Paul Cunningham....... 
 Melrose, Esther Agnew (Mrs. Paul 
 
 Cuntingham)is oe dese oh ak 
 Menzer, Edith Huldina........... 
 Miller, Alvah L 
 
 
 
 ee a a 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 Phila, Sch. for Nurses, Bellevue H, 
 
 v Baptist Woman's Trs (Louisville) China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 vo Nebraska’ State! U wie yavee ese ce Indias) 5i W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 v Mt. Hermon S, Bangor T, Dart- 
 Mouths Te ae tel eae Ine wey, American Board 
 DBALES| CO rewielereeseeloeaveleteitels ielerste ice China..... American Board | 
 2 Cooper: Gee ae ein ee teal Egypt..... United Presbyterian 
 TE Ob WOOstenaui ns bintieeiecdals/ anime Persia..... < 
 v Davidson C, Union T (Richmond) China..... Presbyterian, South 
 Westminster 9) .c eanieeioaciciearie China..... Presbyterian, South 
 o Paris’ Oris Nhe Muiate atten eve Siam...... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 ‘Alberti C? a Victoria’ Co itaiticn sone ee Agr 3 Meee Ch., Canada 
 Chicago Evan. Inst., » Taylor U.. urma.... W.F.M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 v Goucher C, Hartford FLra; Chicago 
 Dee Ts Sara ele e Gia evalec iene ita te Japan.ter W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 DDT ew Tro kierahrste see eestor alone on Ge ete Chind acs Methodist Episcopal 
 v U of California, Berkeley Trs, Epis. * 28 
 Deaconess Trs (N. Y. C.)....... Hawaii.... Protestant Episcopal 
 » Toronto Trs, AOE 8 Nursing-at- : 
 Home Miss. Win ceo siatveds cereale Amer... Baptist Ch., Canada 
 v Chicago Trs, U of So. California 
 and © of Musicusimeces tn cree Hina... W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 DW MOOGYy Urs aphaemre eis oie atte ce Africa..... Africa Inland 
 ... U of Manitoba, v Kennedy Trs..... India..... Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 v Kansas Wesleyan U............. gy eta . Methodist Episcopal 
 v Davidson C, Union T (Richmond) S. Amer... 
 PSV TACUSS Use jessie loieiex soles So teral ste China..... : 
 v Lenox C. Princeton T...........- Chinat... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 SIGENOX' Cy nia ciate s sicta ee piniolalsitiaus che Chingitic:c, Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 2 Los Angeles Pret yr. th cnc ea sists Cen. Am... Centra Amer. Miss. 
 Morningside OS2e5). 9 iso cyst aie ae oe India. ce .t .M. CA, 
 
SAILED LIST—I19Q16 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 Miller, Mildred Burritt Jones (Mrs. 
 
 LIVEDEAL Alien tere ene nee te wil De Pauw U, Northwestern U...... Indiacy. 4): 
 Miller, Charles Winthrop......... molar Ua sik a stones ae enol tne te Ceylon 
 Miller, Grace, Ellen vty uens oy votate Ni (Emporia) yas ee wee ATricagy Ji. 
 MI OMSL OI CHIC eye sean eee German H (Kansas City, Mo.) i 
 
 bethany: (rsa oi duels eeu Ending: 
 Moore, Joseph Wendell.......... v Nebraska Wesleyan U........... Philippines 
 Moore, Clara Ethel Nordby (Mrs. 
 
 Josephs Wendell)! Gaueves v Nebraska Wesleyan U........... ee 
 *Moraller, Erick Ludwig......... v Y. M. C. A. Trs (Springfield)..... Russia. 
 Moran, Ursul Mildred Reoa (Mrs. 
 
 Sherwood F. Ds ee ale vii ee Oberlin Cons. of Music,» Redlands U Japan..... 
 Morton, Clement Manly......... Atlantic Christian C Ty vC of Mis- 
 
 sions) (Indianapolis) ver. dion wae S. Amer. 
 Morton, Selah Louise Beam (Mrs. Washburn C, Red vat H (Kansas 
 
 Clement Manly). vis Sees cients City,) Emergency H (Cleveland). 
 
 v C of Missions (Indianapolis).... S. Amer... 
 Moses, Mathilda Roberta!........ v Colo. St. Teachers C, Chicago Trs. India..... 
 Moyer, Elgin Sylvester........... Manchester C, v Bethany Trs...... Chinai..2'.). 
 Moyer, Lela Fae Sellers (Mrs. Manchester C, » Ill. Trng. Sch. for 
 
 Blgin Sylvester) stick esc ea sey ots Narses te Oi RA iy DI iy Sulu China oi)... 
 Maen borin y) 1) carters ie setts wie og C of Emporia and Grad.:........ Persian ails 
 Munro, Harrison Clyde.......... PTAC ea eh ater ta ene Alaska 
 Munro, Vera Fern Segur (Mrs. Tri-State C, Moody Trs, » Hiram C, 
 
 Harrison Clyde)iin citer mnieelen ea ees C of Missions (Indianapolis) eRe Alaska 
 Munroe, Helen Whiting.......... Radcliffe 'CoNewton Dalen van apa sus 2 
 Myers, Bertha Lillian............ v Acadia Ladies S, Union Trs (Brook- 
 ; Tyra aes ree esi eeeiiceaon a alg canine ates Eckert yn AN 
 Napp, Jamesth lias’. 27 heh oes uh.) Kalamazoo C, U of Chicago, Prince- { 
 TON OManauerL cone cca ne Cues Tridia ees 
 Nelson) Eva Lona us Wire ols telee i's oe va Carleton C, Chicago Trs......... Malaysia. . 
 Nicholson, Adda Neva........... v Drake U, C of Missions (Indian- i 
 ‘ , ADOMS) reat malwls earleve eree ya eeuskalilat dee Badia ts) sis\. 
 Nolting, Edward Louis........... rive i and Marshall C, » Hartford a 
 Tye WA ScD Ye Sra ie tras an AT ei noe aie AN Te AGIAN Ae 
 Noony james Arthurs. css cs es oe v U OL MUNOISM ielate ahs One e ee eres Philippines 
 Oberholtzerisaiah Bayo. ats eee Juniata C, Yale U T, » Oberlin T... China..... 
 Oberholtzer, Elizabeth Waybright 
 
 (Merci isaian i) aie a LN ans er Manchester C,v Oberlin T......... China..... 
 Odgers, George Allen............ Willamette U, » U of Nebraska..... Malaysia 
 Ogden, Mildred Nora Blanchard Wheaton C, » Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 Gvirst, Glenn Byron )iCie ii ee.sa)2 (NOW VCD) Stater Nae Maes Dnidiavie she): 
 Oliver, Jay Charles...... Tilers en ete v Cornell C, U of Wisconsin........ China..... 
 Opper, Burton Raymond......... Valparaiso U,v Taylor. U.. 25.6... Endiaac ais 
 Osborn, Franklin Thorpe......... aU) of Idaho; Tot) Virginia ys) seas S. Amer 
 Palethorpe, Emma May.......... v Presbyterian Trs (Toronto)...... Korea .!os..\. 
 Parker, Mary Mabel............. v Methodist National Trs (Toronto) Japan..... 
 Parra Lelancuiy bar se 2) ee 3.) v Drake U, U of Chicago.......... Egypt..... 
 Parr, Grace Belle Ghormley (Mrs. 
 
 LelanGuwalbur)iions selene «ss .ci O) Drake TU euly eiueige staph MAH eee Egypt..... 
 Peet, Azalia) Maimimay, ec ccss iss. s+. Smith C, v Kennedy Trs........... Japan.aee 
 Penney, Winnogene Cecelia....... Bethany Methodist H, » Kansas City 
 
 National Tre Gea Mende aiale China: 
 Pickett, Ruth Robinson (Mrs. Jar- 
 
 rel Waskom) beet acy ee a Northwestern’ Uie Wari a iiers denies ae Dadian yet) 
 Pierson, Dotty Alicene vaiess.s + sc es v Los Angeles Trs i 
 Pierson, Flora Hamilton.......... v Los Angeles Trs i 
 Pilcher, Raymond Fiske.......... v Albion '©)\Syracuse Uitew, ed san China 9.4). 
 Pilcher, Esther Patterson Rulison 
 
 (Mrs. Raymond Fiske)......... MATION Cae evsrslsskecs steven sloenen relates Ching sass. 
 Pine, Gilbert AUCH min = nieies sic 9 Chicago Evan. inst. snles bees Africa..... 
 Pine, Virginia Parsons (Mrs. Gil- 
 
 bert A lien) Met caerea a vet ots crs: oiChicago Evan, Insta! wane sents sss Africas): 
 Place, Pauline Allens. scien. 5... WISN AUW (Ue sen a ees aaseuie ieee lea Japanio. ss. 
 Post, Edith M. Workman (Mrs. 
 
 Henry AE Ws utes meen sete aliess Mt. Morris C, » McPherson C..... W. Indies.. 
 Pawel Ralph Waterbury......... v Mich. Agrl. om Cornell U, Yale U. China..... 
 Powell, Maude Esther Nason (Mrs. 
 
 Ralph Waterbury) (eros ae MINION ASTIN C taking see vaumwerrets Ghing eens 
 Power, Dr. Eugene Logan........ v Presbyterian C of S. C., U of Vir- 
 
 i feghey MI toll cable hl lots REN ial kate Kiorea)./.4,./. 
 Powles, Percival Samuel Carson... McGill U, Montreal Diocesan T.... Japan..... 
 Price; Ernest Batson... 6.303000 v U of Rochester........ssseeceess China’... 
 Prices Hattie May. ois vii. oe oe se v Ottawa U, Gordon Trs.......... Burma 
 Price, Maurice Thomas.......... v U of Chicago, T and Grad., Oberlin ; 
 
 ? ; Te Rochestery Dui ytraacvateleaaiere anre China..... 
 Quinton) Fannie sna nies sae a+ els PiIndrenmiotetenW i. swhs tenets ae Africa..:.. 
 Rankin, Dr. Donald Thompson... v Davidson C, New York Homeo- 
 
 Pa GHG VER eS Nev aial a crulcieeaven ts en. Am.. 
 Reed, Harold Sammons.......... OASTONELCACVE na oias eroceysnicka oma Indians a2: 
 Reed, Anna Benade (Mrs. Harold , 
 
 Sammons)...........+. careses a, 2 Grove City Cans risa ase plan celeste India..... 
 Reeder, Charles Vincent.......... Ohio Wesleyan U, v Western T..... China..... 
 Reeder, Rudolph Rex, Jr......... Dartmouth C, » Columbia U....... Chinas. wis. 
 
 
 
 471 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 . American Board 
 
 Presbyterian, South 
 
 Church of the Brethren 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 giveron Episcopal 
 MA Ci As 
 
 American Board 
 
 ... Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 
 Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 . Amer. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 . Amer. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Woman’s Baptist F. M.S 
 Baptist Ch., Canada 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 W.F. M.S. Meth, Epis. 
 
 Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 American Board 
 Government School 
 Church of the Brethren 
 
 Church of the Brethren 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 aa U; Sw As 
 Ceylon and India General 
 
 ... Protestant Episcopal 
 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 United ie ote 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Africa Inland 
 
 Africa Inland 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Free Methodist 
 
 Free a sera 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 Yale Foreign Miss. Soc. 
 
 Yale Foreign Miss. Soc. 
 
 Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 
 . Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 . Presbyterian, U. Be a 
 Presbyterian, 
 
 CS 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
472 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIeL_p 
 
 Reese, Gordon Merritt........... OLLHOE VAT LINiA ois oe oleic sae ehsreteds ete India..... 
 Reeve, Thomas Ellis............. v Emory C, Vanderbilt U T........ IATTICR feel et 
 Rexroth, Emma Katherine....... So. Oregon. State N, v State N io : 
 
 ingham, Wash.), Chicago LTSheree § Ndiacs © ots 
 Rhoda, Ethel Sarah.........)..4.. State N (San Jose) AGS Bin corse Chinas... 
 Rider, Bessie: Mies eek secs Lancaster General H, » Bethany Trs China..... 
 Riggs, Charles Henry............ v Ohio State U, Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 (On BP Gil OA Ines Geers SoGaco cota. China..... 
 Riggs, Margaret Hallowell........ o Cornell Us Yeo ee. eer etree eee China eens 
 
 Ritter, Hezekiah Cotesworth, Jr... v U of So. Carolina, Princeton T.... China..... 
 Ritter, Mary Peele (Mrs. Hezekiah 
 
 Cotesworth, Jr.)....e. sce sseees v C for Women (Columbia, §. C.)... China..... 
 Rix, Mabel Clare. OM aahy, Kalamazoo C, v Baptist Trs (Chic- i 
 
 ago), Gordon ‘Irs, . eons. India®: <3). 
 
 Roberts, Frances Allen........... Moody “Tas ihe cise Ae pasta teeters eee oe INEtICa eyelets 
 
 Rose, David Montague........... vy Ontario Agri. C, Trinity C....... india. ce 
 Ross) Johan Hiliottiieckaticcicinir v C of Emporia, Princeton U and ay } 
 
 ‘Western 1 iar, es soon eions cls Unda eon 
 
 Ross, Della Bonnie Pease (Mrs. 
 
 MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 
 V. M.CcA. 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Church of the Brethren . 
 
 American Board 
 
 Canton Christian College 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Women’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Africa Inland 
 
 Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Johm Hlth) eae eet le o Cof Emporia... ce eeene ee cin eee Indiaiyc i Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Rugg, Earle Melvin............. v U of Rochester and T, Boston U T India..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Rugg, Ellen Martha Foote (Mrs. ; 
 
 Earle: Melvin) ee eile sie s aviators eine 2 of Rochester. tela wale estes ales Indianware Methodist Episcopal 
 Rugeles, "Ethel Biie!): o3..c<.6.6% # Simpson iGreen mice neo eteless India ce. oe W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Ruland, Lloyd Stanton........... Westminster C, »v McCormick T.... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Russell, Robert McWatty, Jr..... Westminster C, Princeton U Grad. ; 
 
 anid’ a Tyee Cee ae epee inter reterces Eeyptern o. Cairo University 
 *Sager, Byron Guys sevens +s v York C, Hastings C, Presbyterian ; 
 TLOk Kentucky. deat cto rcietotelers ete W. Indies.. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 *Sager, Eva Joy Gifford (Mrs. 
 
 
 
 Byron: Guys eeat bic eee. v Nebraska Wesleyan U........... W. Indies.. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 *Salyer,) Hattie Agatha yen gael cts colons is ite apne eien ts Wtaenetetetene rollers e we) Egyptiecc. L 
 Sayer, Florence Marie............ 9 Rranklin Cos peace gees seers ntans S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Scott jAdaiCalista jin wecmueeueec o Drake: Uaioe te us baitdew ec aout Japan’... For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Scott, Ralph) Cleland ive sees. v U of Illinois, Boston U T......... S. Amer... Y. M.C. A. 
 
 Scott, Genevieve Dupuy (Mrs. ty ah : 
 
 RalphyGleland)acnie Macnee cei 0 WioE Anois hips settee cneielclciele «ene S. Amer... 
 Scott, Agnes Rifner Kelley (Mrs. : ; 
 
 Roderick) saeh isos cebteeme a).s @ EarlhamiC eave danse bie Chinameca American Board 
 Senger, Nettie Mabelle.. Wiley Bethany. cL rsaaccn ee atest Chinatea Church of the Brethren 
 Shearer, Gertrude Inez. . .. v ParkC, Presbyterian Trs (Chicago) Siam...... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Sheddi'Charles'Clarie, (Ghee... Washburn Chri ParkiCAne re are: China..... Y. M..C. A. 
 
 Shick, Martha: Bescnlt paicters cine ts v alts Trs (Los Angeles), Bethany : 
 SUM s doa 6 ay ione blettharetetote hele cmte BA te hoe 
 
 Shields, Richard Edwin.......... 2 Moravian |Cland ayaaaane ata W. Indies.. Moravian 
 Shields, Sarah Humphrey......... State N (Harrisburg, Pa.), v Cincin- / ’ 
 
 nati Us.) Miami il) ae. semeeeeieces Endiavcny.s Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Shock Laura Wanescgaremrieeit: & « Manchester C, v Bethany Trs...... Chinasi... Church of the Brethren 
 Shover, John Clifford............ Baker U, v Meth. U of Oklahoma... Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Shryock; Jobn) Knight-l jes scs v U of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia T China..... Protestant Episcopal 
 Silverthorne, Dessie Fay Wiesjahn . 
 
 CvirsiRichard item iain» PD Purdue UU Mash eee een cee seas Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 *Simmonds, George Paul......... v Chris. Alliance Trs (Nyack)...... S. Amer... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 *Simmonds, Jessie Maude Spencer t : 
 
 (Mrs. George Paul)... .0........ v Chris. Alliance Trs (Nyack)...... S. Amer... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Smalley, Dr. James Garfield...... Dixon C, Central State N (Mich.), 
 
 Emmanuel Missy C, v Eclectic M. Cen. Am... 
 Smith, Elleroy Murray........... v Buena Vista C, OmahaiT..1ovee e. Chinas Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Smith, Mabeile Christine Conquist ’ : 
 
 (Mrs. Elleroy Murray)....... Buena Vista C...... ico icy oceald oft China... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Smith, George Napier............ U of Toronto, » Wycliffe C......... Ghinaeeees Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 Smith, Harold Vincent........... Yale U and Grad., v of U Washington 
 
 Grad anas: = dG ines Sheen eee China ft: . Yale Foreign Miss. Soc. 
 Smith Harry) Ween delet ciereloiehs Knox C, Chicago U, y McCormick T China..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Smith, Dr. Lucius Ernest......... v State U of Kentucky, Johns Hop- , ’ 
 
 kins (ULM ino Ase onions aac ‘African. .e Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 
 Smith, Lura Wilma MacLane 
 
 (Mrs. Roy Kenneth)........... 7 Cro mpornaenet cae tcc alee Korea...... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Smyres, Roy Stinson............. y Northwestetn: U).. 7... uo. vce caine Africa c.va. Methodist Episcopal 
 Stallings, Hattie Anna........... S. W. Texas State N, v Baptist 
 
 Woman’s Trs (Louisville)....... Chinat..cr Southern Baptist Con. 
 Stearns, Dr. Thornton........... v Davidson C, Johns Hopkins M... China..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Steinbeck, Grace Clare........... Stanford Us Getz sen oe eee Chinavetee YN. Wil@s A: 
 Stephens, Harriet Elizabeth....... Woman's H (Phila.), vy Moody Trs.. Africa..... Dutch Ref. Ch. of S. Africa 
 Stephenson, John Gordon......... V Moody Trsa-on sakes cece Africa's... Africa Inland 
 Stewart, Charlie Todd............ o Erekine: Cas iti caues cpibestn te chk S. Amer... Mackenzie College 
 Stewart, Ralph Randles.......... Columbia U and 9 Grad........... Indias. United Presbyterian 
 StizsBarl Bauers peoeaet soso: v Vanderbilt U, U of Tennessee..... Africa mr. Methodist Episcopal, ant 
 Stoner) Jean alee es Meee ai aiCot Wooster: .cmorrniimer nce come S. Amer... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 *Stotts, Louise Fidelia........... og Wheaton GC). 2a rary eee LN one China..... Grace Mission 
 *SuchatMariaee eee eee v Union Trs (Brooklyn)........... Africa..... 
 Sutherland, Grace Isabelle........ Elmira C, v U of Michigan, Church 
 
 Deaconess Trs (Phila.).......... Alaska... 
 
 *Swartz, penton Shelly. cis.jimce cu) Povracuse Uno mentee nin cheese aie China..... 
 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 Y. M.C. A. 
 
SAILED LIST—I9Q16 473 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Swartz, Goldie Elizabeth......... Bethany Trs, »v Manchester C...... India...... Fe of the Brethren 
 Oweeen wennign |. Sey Sore ae ean Princeton: U. iene eeons eee: Chintaaaes M.C. A. 
 BwiLe, sOpert: Deans 3... aca ene g Kansas Wesleyan U).....5....2.. Malaysia. . Methodist Episcopal 
 Sykes, Anna Murdock............ PT ARNES HCOLE- Clee el oes Biola HINA aap ara Presbyterian, South 
 Matty oadie Olivia (222 i.e. baek. N (Truro, N. S.), » Meth. National 
 
 Mins Cloronto):scos on cete es eee oat Japanese. Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 Talman, Lyman Alfred........... v Cornell U, T of Reformed Ch. in 
 
 Aner yo ns Bestar eee China..... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Talman, Rose Eva Hiller (Mrs. A 
 
 Lyman iAlired) 2.09 Sauce siete aie Oliva Gace niciesine denne eniaea ae Chinas)... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Taylor, Flora May Hull (Mrs. 
 
 WELDero eran wa settee cats s Kansas State Agr], C.......0.5006. Mexico.... 
 
 Telford, James Haxton........... Chris. Alliance Tes (Nyack), Colgate 
 peAT1G oS Upamiayetiers-tetats ie fete eevee Burma.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Telford, Agnes Gertrude Rogers Chris. Alliance Trs (Nyack) v Bible 
 
 (Mra--James Haxton)\2. 02. 2s.. meacherst Lrse( Novi Ca) we readies Burma.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Terman, Lucile Fitzgerald (Mrs. } d 
 
 ariel cris sree seer ses wObio, Wesleyan Un oy tp adin sane ee Ching =): 25 Methodist Episcopal 
 PNA ver; Plora ALCO te irs cts aisle es « v Ottawa U, Hasseltine Trs........ Burma.... Woman’s Baptist F. M. 8. 
 Thomas, Harlan Hayward........ 2 Campbell Cir aoc -: DISAHIPGHEM aE Africa..... United Brethren 
 Thomas, Minnie Jones........... Collegio Progresso Brazileiro, v Bap- 
 
 tist Woman’s Trs (Louisville).... S. Amer... 
 Thomas, Robert Follet........... v Syracuse U, Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 CNG Yay porte mere eu Siena Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Thorlaksson, Steingrimur Octavius Wesley C, » Gustavus Adolphus C, 
 
 Evan. Luth. T (Chicago) tease Japan: aces Evan. Luth. Ch. in N. A. 
 Todd, Onn Gordon nada seeisiese c sve v U of Colorado, U of Chicago T... Cen. Am... Baptist Home Miss. Soc. 
 Tolman, Ruth Wheelock......... Wellesley C, State N (St. Cloud, j 
 
 , ’ ( Minn.), » Carleton C............ China :\/2:)- American Board 
 
 Ominy Olive Bard) gonats ctsvei erst! ta)? v Smith C, New York Epis. Deaco- : 
 
 MESS Urs VERO saw a eater eels. 3 China..... Protestant Episcopal 
 *Torrey, Norman Lewis.......... DESL VAT Usaeate caters baste alee eke oe China. 42 Anglo-Chinese College 
 Tretheway, Lucile D............. v U of So. California, Chicago Trs.. China..... W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Turnbull, John Rodney.......... C of Brit. Columbia, McMaster U.. India..... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Van Bronkhorst, Alexander....... vHope C, Western T (Holland, 
 
 Mich:.)o eee at enaactine cleans Japan..... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Van Bronkhorst, Helena de Maagd 
 
 (Mires Alexander) Ni riackis.s asics OP Hope Crete hace cteiere ctaihetactotal ¢ Japanese Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 
 *Vickland, Ellen Elizabeth........ Geneseo State N (N. Y.), v Baptist t 
 
 ; . irs’. (Chicago) sent aioe eee retain Indiagie ry Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Wagner, Harry Milton, Jr........ v Johns Hopkins U, Oberlin T...... Chinat. 2. Wie Mis CoAs 
 Wahl, Carl Benjamin............ v North-Western C, Evangelical T.. China..... Evangelical Association 
 Wallies Robert/Scott ye veaccs ss ss 9 Colgate: Ui ands lass tee eras scree Indias) secs Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Wallis, Caroline Pearl Langworthy 
 
 (Mass Robert Scott) eo. ic: 7 Olio State Une raced ema ciieas India /faes Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Walmsley, Evelyn Metcalf........ v Wellesley C, Harvard U Grad., , 
 
 Columbia: U/ Grade ee anise 5 sere ne China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Weaine pHIOTENEO aries «iei-'- «10 2/010 Blue Mt. C, v Georgetown C....... Napanis ates 
 Weir, William Wilbur............ og Geneva Critone cues ad aero cai tea Cyprus.... Reformed Presbyterian 
 Weiser, Charlotte Melina Viall 
 
 Cire Vy tliisezimmets eres ticcts 231s stele TOL. Chica got: aalias acda es thelsysiciers India ys) Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Wellons, Ralph Dillingham....... gindiang: Use en aster are oe Jndiaisnes oe Methodist Episcopal 
 Wellons, Willafred Howe (Mrs. 
 
 Ralph Dillingham)............ DindianalvUses serve sainero teach dees Endiay ss ere Methodist Episcopal 
 bWesti Margarette ser seces ose ccs v Wilson C..... Vale dle stare ele sere asians OVIG sr clsc Syrian Protestant College 
 *Whitcomb, Richard Seabury..... o Washburn Geo wsiiare ies tal opelelate Hawan:os. Y¥.M.C; A! ; 
 
 White, Ralph Jerome............ MWitbenbers: Crate eee tae S. Amer... Evan. Luth. Ch. in U.S. A. 
 *Wiens, Franz od ethos combeige McPherson C, 9 York C, Rochester T China..... Mennonite 
 *Wiens, Agnes Harder (Mrs. Franz ; p 
 
 QCOD)/O seravis, MR ican inc sass ece PVOTIO GIG siotices hep cide necistones Chiao Mennonite ’ 
 Williams, James Willard.......... Tveale. Us Trinity: Geeks fase eet China..... Yale Foreign Miss. Soc. 
 Willis, Katherine Harris.......... Baltimore Teachers Ni Harvard Us. Chinan. ss W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Wilson, Maggie Lindsay Gordon Toronto Trs, Toronto Nursing-at- ‘ , 
 
 (MresAncustus Agree micsces Wore Miss we helene ka ace es ALTICE s sielere South Africa General 
 Wilsonhivan Otisiscie ss sists as 2). C of Wooster, y McCormick T..... Persia's si Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Winn, Merle Clayton.......:.... 9 Knox CP Princeton’ Tous jee ccs Japanys..:.'. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Winn, Rowena Bell Hudson (Mrs. , 
 
 Merle: Clayton)! 1. tata gate cial Vjames Millilan'U 2 ois sles wa clavere Japanese. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 *Wischmeier, Chester............ Nebraska Wesléyan U, Boston U T S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 ‘Wood, Bernice May. .ciice cc cc cess @ Greenville\Ciwiiaioe a as tiecstel woe ae Chinavss. Free Methodist 
 Wood, Dr. Walter Welcome....... v Huron C, Stanford UM......... S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Wood, Grace Leona Brown (Mrs. ? 
 
 Walter Welcome).............. Huron Cetaeiitetncics Gea oe eee sore S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 peaeereke CSOOTRE Se halstate are as oan WIM OGAYRL IS tay acitatestolaetrayes <talela ‘Africas... Africa Inland 
 Woodley, Anna Mae Crall (Mrs. : . 
 
 GeO geysers eit aise vielsiarelelee Chicago Musical C, y Moody Trs... Africa..... Africa Inland _ 
 *Toeninas. Ruth Alberta......... G Pomona Gane ionas cod oni etry Hawaii.... Mid-Pacific Institute 
 
 Yoder, Charles Lloyd............ v Ohio Wesleyan U, Boston U T.... S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 
SAILED VOLUNTEERS FOR 1917 
 
 In the table abbreviations have been used as follows: C=College; H =Hospital; M =Medical; N =Normal; 
 S=Secondary School; T=Theological; Trs=Bible, Deaconess and Missionary Training School; U =University; 
 
 v =Volunteered at. 
 
 *Volunteers sailed before 1917; names reported here for the first time. 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MissIoNARY AGENCY 
 
 Adams, Richard Cameron........ v Cooper C, Ref. Presbyterian T.... China..... Reformed Presbyterian 
 Adams, Mary Belle Edgar (Mrs. i 
 Richard: Cameron). souk) au 3 9 Cooper Cie iiata set cee Papeatneeet ele Chinat a. Reformed Presbyterian 
 Ahlquist, Dr. Jonas August....... v Bethel S, John A. Creighton M, 4 
 Harvard Sch. of Tropical Med.... Assam.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Ahlauist, Judith Augusta Swanson } 
 Mrs. Jonas August)........... v Northwestern Trs, Bethel S...... Assam.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Alley, Howard Lee.............. v Bridgewater C and Grad; Mt. 
 Union (Cy erect ccitueteee ote tniavanciete India. 3... Church of the Brethern 
 Alley, Hattie Zelma Miller (Mrs. \ 
 Howard Lee) yee he cals v Bridgewater C, Mt. Union C..... Pdi seen Church of the Brethern 
 *Anderson, Anders Peter......... Toronto Trs, » McGill U.......... Chingec.'c' 
 Anderson, ‘Anton Christian... .... 9 Moody: Tre orc iic ae decane cues Africa..... Africa Inland 
 Anderson, Helen Wilson.......... U of N Tbianeee Me, Trs, v Bible f 
 Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.)..235.... Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Anderson, Wallace J............. Macalester C, » San Francisco T.... Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Anderson, Lillian Elizabeth Beede ‘ 
 (Mrs. "Wallace J.)icc cele tated v Occidental C, U of Calif. Grad.... Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Appel, William Judson........... 9 Gordon ETS Hee else ris isle ln eras Africa..... Sudan Interior 
 eppee Sarah Helen Larrabee (Mrs. u : 
 them }udeon) ice au oe at v Gordon Trs, New Eng. Bap. H. Africa..... Sudan Interior 
 Appenzeller, Henry Dodge........ v Princeton U, Drew T, New York 
 Grade see elie silane teleleedeie stele Korea.... Methodist Episcopal 
 Appenzeller, Ida Hannah......... v Wellesley C, Kennedy Trs........ Tea ... W. F..M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Asbahr, Katherine............... v Oregon Agrl. SCRE Aaa tee catye: awaii.... Hawaiian Evan. Assn. 
 Atkins, Wesley Converse......... vy Mt. Hermon S, Wesleyan U and i : 
 ; Gradsaqariammalse vasa su ate sated UNESICA ciateicns American Board 
 Awes, Leif Holfdan.............. Augsburg T, U of N. Dak. Grad. . 
 9 Ulof Chicago Grade uiawia wae Madag.... Lutheran Free Church 
 Baker, Clifton Ayers............. v Furman S, Furman U, oie Bap. T. S. Amer... Southern Bap. Con. 
 Banbury, James William......... Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.)..... China os. 5 Canton Union Hosp. 
 BassettwiAvien Tees inom eenidas v Park C, McCormick T........... Siamese Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Bassett, Alice Gertrude Knight : . 
 (Mres Alen D i ayer ses ok Park'C, » Chicago Tre: oe bate ces Sigm7 i vie Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Batte, Berthel Stovall Townsend 1 
 CM rsa TAR ew imine oh ss o Baylor ‘Ceili asses ve eccrine Mexico.... 
 Beach; StellageicstoMiaws weg ccc’ PHAMLIN| Uj saeieeeele nan ieue oe sine S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Beckendorf, Arthur Lawrence..... »y Hamiine’U, Drew usensieles eee» Philippines Methodist Episcopal 
 Bedell, Mary Elizabeth.......... Uot Washington? Qin eres aoe China..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Beirves, William Francis........ v raver yy Holiness Us bantu etenteetie W. Indies... 
 Belleville, Marie Elizabeth........ 9 Bryn Mawr'Ciisasiovicswciete rates Chinas Ye We Gage 
 Bennett, Howard C.............. Syracuse U, » Boston U T......... China). J). Methodist Episcopal 
 Benning, Jui Rayniond eine Aah v Cornell U, Los Angeles Trs....... China..... South Chih-li Mission 
 *Bergevin, Ruth Esther.......... Los Angeles PLES cd titel tateoes eaeies India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Bergman, Miriam Std Brenchand »v Occidental C, Shurtleff C, Moody iA 
 (MrsuGodtrey La) ee PY res iW Ben EGO ILLUS lll matte Hawaii.... 
 Bilkert, Henry Arjen............. v Hope C, New Brunswick T, West- : : ’ 
 ern T (Holland, Mich?) eens. Arabia.... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Bilkert, Anna Margaret Monteith i t 
 (Mrs. Henry Arjen)............ v Kalamazoo C, Kennedy Trs...... Arabia.... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Bissell; Jessiew sce Ra a see v St. N (Los Angeles), Kennedy Trs Mexico.... American Board _ 
 Blanc, Clarence Eugene.......... 9 U'of Redlands 0r0 aie ea de Assam.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Blanc, Iva E. Parmlee (Mrs. Clar- " 
 ence. Bugene) hoon e wei oU of Redlands sencuni- eeemc acne k Assam.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Bligh; Harriet’ Alice: yo 2202 1. 2 Dalhousie U, » Bible Teachers Trs 
 CNG IC. vente ante lain eielate b Korea...4. Presbyterian Ch. Canada 
 Boone, Mary Muriel............. Hollins C, » U of California........ China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Booth, George Harold............ 9 Turcntd Trsancenndten, ees China..... China Inland 
 Boughton, Helen Esther.......... Mt. Holyoke C, Simmons C....... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Bowe;\Hs Bite wl, ee ei go Moody -Trs fice iiialels te oleic eine ate Africa... Africa Inland 
 Braaten, Kittel Folkvardson...... Concordia C, » United Church T... Madag.... North Luth. Ch. Amer. 
 Brady, john Haeper ie rea delat v Davidson C, Union T (Richmond) Japan..... Presbyterian, South 
 Brown, Lydia Belle.............. Des sai C, v Oberlin Cons. of ie 
 MAISIC Ss dt delle tldidrdal eee valatel al alpl tatoos Chinaw ae. Ginling College 
 Brown, William Gordon.......... McGill caf v Yale U oe da Ud date es Ceylon’, ..00¥.)Me Crk 
 Brunemeier, Dr. Edward Herman. v North-Western C, U of Chicago, i. ae 
 Rush :M esl eee ee eh eae hina... Evangelical Association 
 Brunemeier, Cora Amalia Minch ee Ae 
 (Mrs. Edward Herman)........ ov North-Western C.............%. China..... Evangelical Association 
 Bryan, Alison Reid: 42.40. = .0: Princeton U, v McCormick T...... Indias... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Brydon, Janet Lillian............ Queens U, Victoria H, v Presbyterian 4 
 dre CLToronto) fects eiie cae ae Chinas. 5... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Buchanan, Amelia Jessie......... v teed Trs, Presbyterian H (Chi- 
 CAMO), 5 ci epee didi OMe hem leseiore lolol AIricals: oe Africa Inland 
 Burgess, Charlotte Mary......... 9 Cleveland ‘Tra avec cctoes ealeniaen se Africa s..2. Sudan Interior 
 
SAILED LIST—IQI7 
 
 475 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 Burkhalter, Martha Rosa......... GB lateeon Cwns je nieileereins aoe we Indias res: 
 Burman, Edith Rozella Tennant »Alma CC, Chris. Alliance Trs 
 
 (Mrs. Samuel Thomas)......... CNiyack) cena scarnveaene adic S. Amer... 
 *Burrows, Elizabeth Adams Jones 
 
 (Mrs. Francis Dickerson)....... @ DENISON Ui italy: cess cml cake Japan. 
 Bushman, Arthur Henry......... Westminster C, v U of Missouri. Chinas 
 Carters Uouise Be oid ce cclrecse no State N (Oshkosh), v Baptist Trs 
 
 (EAicago) a i sl ao eal Cen. Am... 
 *Carter, Minnie Esther........... State N (Danbury, tees ), v Bible 
 
 Veachers Trs i(N.sVi Cie. fo) Africa..... 
 *Case, James Russell............. Brown U, v Newton Doe nn Burma.... 
 Chance, Sylvester.........é0000- i Felenda Uhlir anche maos: Alaska. ... 
 Chance, Rachel M. Pickering (Mrs. 
 
 RIV RVCALET I rind pasion ciatale sie cipiece DP TIENASHU operate creta etoile sete cate Alaska.... 
 *Chapman, James Wiltenmyer.... v Park C, Harvard U.............. Philippines 
 Chappel, Thekla Maria Siebans James Millikin U, vVU of Illinois 
 
 OMirs:'"Merivni As) <3 macs 6.66 Grad; U of Chicago Sane vieet alee se S. Amer... 
 Chester, Ruth Miriam vy Smith’C and Grad.............. Chinaests 
 Clapper, Viola Grace..... se 6. Juniata, ©, 9 Bethany) Lists csi. «6s ace Chinavenae 
 Cockrell, Frank Parsons.......... v Kansas State Agri. C, Northwest- 
 
 SET Ui ae eae a i Nei otel ere ciete wate Mexico.... 
 Colson, Ralph Brownell.......... v Hamilton C, Oberlin T.......... China..... 
 Colson, Edith Amanda Carr (Mrs. 
 
 Ralph Brownell)yo cic gekre late te Teachers’ Trng. Sch. (Albany)..... China..... 
 eComptonn ark Cacseeh cosesi ves » Grinnell C, Oberlin T............ Turkey.... 
 Cook, David Livingstone......... we Willnisiatte Ur omO Ue ta coe Chinat cet. 
 ecaains! Minnie Elda Erb (Mrs. 
 
 LEV Pe sethite, 5 hue td eevetavhen’ woke ie a bie v Chris. Alliance Trs (Nyack)...... Chinas: .)... 
 Cavnicvon: HiGltieweereecrstam ee cle C for Women (Columbia, S. C.), 
 Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... Korea..... 
 Cragin, Howard Whittemore...... v Texas Holiness U, Central Holiness 
 
 U, Chris, Alliance Trs (Nyack)... S. Amer... 
 Cragin, Clara Harrel (Mrs. How- Central Holiness U. Chris. Alliance 
 
 
 
 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Mennonite 
 
 Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 
 American Board 
 
 Baptist Home Miss. Soc. 
 American Board 
 
 Friends of California 
 
 Friends of California 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Ginling College 
 
 Church of the Brethren 
 Wai CoA 
 
 Y. M.C. A. 
 
 American Board 
 
 Canton Christian College 
 South Chih-li Mission 
 Presbyterian, U.S, A. 
 
 Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 
 ard Whittemore) .......2-..... BEES CNY ACK) chersye care acta sais) Sinals S. Amer... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Crawford, Dr. Albert Sturges..... v Pomona C, Cornell U M......... China vei. Yale For. Miss. Soc. 
 -Crawford, Bonnie Belle.......... Drake} Uy Wheaton! Co Wen c e's 1's) China..... Canton Christian College 
 Crawford, Inez Lillian............ v ete C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 CN SVC et eiecor ale de ae tesa Japan..... VuWw. CA. 
 *Creamer, Lloyd Grove.......... Chicago ‘Evans foee ee toy Gul China vue 
 Cross, Rowland McLean......... Carleton C, Union T (N. Y. C.), y 
 Teachers OF ig OberlinviT ois ois China..... American Board 
 Crothers, James Chester.......... Randolph-Macon C, v Bible Teachers ; 2 
 T'rs' (N.Y. C:), McCormick TT... . Persia .:... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Crowell, Ray Edward............ DIMoodyvETSs sss saseiy orate nce Creole Africa..... Africa Inland | 
 Crutchfield, Curtis Marvin........ Srasbury ©. Langu Lessee cies ae cies Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Culver, Charles Percy............. Dak. Wesleyan U, Central Holiness 
 Ler raylor Olas A Mienin Las Aiba Ching icc Int’l Reform Bureau 
 Gulyery | heodora race ice cet. 38 Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.) » Wil- : 
 SONG Hao, Urea a latetnyee elise even erate Chinas .ac% Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 *Culver, Walter George.......... ao. MeMinnvilte Case dey dese aainet, Alaska.... Government School 
 Dame, Dr. Louis Paul....2....... © U of Ulinois| Mi aasccictnie eric sales W. Indies.. Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 Daniels, Mabel Eliza............. John B. Stetson U, wRollins C, : 
 : Oberlin: C\Gradiv ass select China..... American Board 
 Danielson, Hulda Ericka......... @ Mood ys Tree). cislcsctvsiven aie aver elare te Africals sae Africa Inland 
 Danner, Ruth Magdalene......... v Patsy Trs, Asbury H (Minne- y 
 SIA ECD eer ec it China..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Davidson, William Earl.......... v Wiliam Jewell C, So. Baptist T... S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Davidson, Mary Wintermute Skid- . : 
 more (Mrs. Wm. Earl)......... gion Missourtes sei tinineein aacteraie 2 S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Davis, Arthur asia Reisen lass iors @ Moody: Trese aie oily cessrstetors guarsee Africa..... Africa Inland 
 Davis, Margaret Morton......... vy State N (Farmville, Va.), Assem- d , 
 x bly’s, irs (Richmond)\, 304 s)cc0 ss W. Indies.. Presbyterian, South 
 Davis, Raymond Leonard........ v Pa. State C, Moody Trs......... Africa..... Africa Inland 
 Day, Isabelle s iciccc aesitle resis «© \2.0 v Western C for Women........... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Desia, Otis Pane a. cits cea cires o,0/s DT Kangswood) Cs. ce sls seien) are canes ie China..... Pentacostal Church 
 Dennis, William Jefferson......... @) DesiMoinesi OC Uiis wenn sa es anoaue S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Dennis, Carrie Elfleda Fegtley : ; 
 (Mrs. William Jefferson)....... #: Desi Momes. Cs ices iis catrta sia stele S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Foil bon, Osea: MAY... csc <.s asd lae sais v Indiana U and M, C of Missions 
 Updianapons)s syncs ware ses as India... . Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 Dodds, Joseph Le Roy........... Grove City C, » Western T (Pitts.), India..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Dodge, Adelia Melissa........... MCAT OlVOkG' Const ti lacs elecsiaie aie Chinaiw... YoOwWsaC. A. 
 IOGSON Oras. seistale el irentee ara’ Eastern Ky. State N, »v Baptist , j 
 Woman’s Trs (Louisville)........ China 57): Southern Baptist Con. 
 Donaldson, Lucile Florence....... Boston N, Moody Trs....... AA i . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Dugan, Walter Howard.......... v Syracuse U, Boston U T . Methodist Episcopal 
 Durfee, Mary Elizabeth.......... PLIVOENVETINON Us eras tease, co, alseeyare Yew. Oseae 
 PLASCOM, FLA DE ics oioie.n'a cisais)siaisate o Mi iioivo ke Oa ss ui, sessed a .. Africa Inland : 
 PESO ghd FA ciag aR weil hes 6 ie: daiwa sys a v McPherson C, Bethany Trs...... lia...... Church of the Brethren 
 Edie, Raymond Leone........... v Colgate U, Pittsburgh T......... Africa... United Presbyterian 
 Edie, Amy May Armstrong (Mrs. 
 Raymond L60ne) isn sceesctse « v Norwich Trng. Sch..........:00- Africa..... United Presbyterian 
 BUIGGE RE AIAN Eos ualecee ck. \s 2.4 sxe caters v State N (Fresno, Cal.)........... Africa..... Africa Inland 
 Everett, Edward Irving.......... Brown U, v2 Boston U T........... Africa..... Methodist Episcopal 
 
476 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Field, Sarah Maria.............- v IowaStateC,Colo.State Teachers C Japan..... American Board 
 Finney, Nona Grace............. v Kalamazoo Ci Chicago Teachers C, 
 
 U of Chicago, Hasseltine Trs..... Burma.... Woman's Baptist F. M. 
 Fisher, Cora Elizabeth........... Ohio N U, Friends Bible Inst....... Africas... 
 Fisher, Isaac James... 2st. v Adrian C, Westminster C, Heidel- ; 
 
 bere Use Pai eee a eerene Napanee Reformed Ch. in U.S. 
 Flory, Edna Rosamond.......... Bridgewater C, Frances Willard H, 
 
 (Chicago) utc ie eee ere Chinateee.s Church of the Brethren 
 Flory, Leola Bernice............. Ohio State U, St. Luke’s H (N.Y.C.) Philippines Protestant Episcopal 
 Fonda; Ethel( Mary. ghee ven alse. Coa ‘Sch. of Phys. Ed., U of 
 
 Texas ha Sun ae eee ee cree ees Japationes Ys we Cad 
 Foster, Anna Elizabeth........... v MeMinnvilic C, U of Washington 5 
 
 Gra dasa hae een Ree ol ote Ching’s Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Foster, Ue Violet Frost (Mrs. : 
 
 Charles! S:) sae Ue ae eisai Chicago Teachers C, » Moody Trs.. Africa..... South Africa General 
 Foster, Nena Helen Young (Mrs. 
 
 Merle Ase 1 i scte ctomisate oe nti ie ore ¢ Desi Moines Crags ea aateerinie tsi er S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Foth; Hhzabethivefoccctttecen oe. 9 Los Angeles Trs'.)s. tie ews sce sie India «oe. Mennonite 
 Fowler, Dr. Eva Grace........... v U of Buffalo M, Royal London.... / 
 
 Opthalmic H, Phila. Polyclinic... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Frantz, William Earl............. Washburn C,v Y. M. C. A. Trs p 
 
 (Chicago) ences cece China ase Y 4M GaAs 
 Frisbey, Zella M. Gaddum (Mrs. Cental N (Mich.), v Mich. State N, . 
 
 Charles Bimen)ia wer siicecin > ace Mootly:Trsiecierne artes cies ie scale S. Amer... Paraguay Mission Band 
 Gailey, Jenne Gregg............. @ Occidental: Cuauaoteh ee eae e ee Africa... Africa Inland 
 Gates}"Mary Jeans ae. .ibeet scence Mt. Allison Ladies C, New Eng. Bap- . ' 
 
 tist H (Boston), Hasseltine Trs... China..... Woman’s Baptist F. M.S. 
 Gifford, Dr. Martha Jane......... v Kalamazoo C, Rush M.......... Burma.... Woman’s Baptist F. M. 8. 
 Gillespie, Alice Marie............ Miami UP eerie etl erate Persias. soe Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Gilmor, Dr. Paul Emerson........ Washington & Jefferson C, Western , , ; 
 
 4 Reserve (UMM n se. selleretes AITICAg. te United Presbyterian 
 Gilmor, Esther Margaret Mc i 
 
 Cracken (Mrs. Paul Emerson)... » Pa. C for Women...........--+: Africa... s United Presbyterian 
 Gilteris, Anne Elizabeth.....,..... WIOWAL State Ui biecc ape imais eee lta et Korea..... 
 
 Goheen, Frances Anna........... »C of Wooster, Wellesley C, Pres- ; J 
 
 ’ ; byterian EH (Ns V2.) > ances Indiat }2kk: Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Goodrich, Luther Carrington...... a WalliamelG Pehle re eatin Chinas, Jc Government University 
 Green, Grace Zimmerman (Mrs. v Toronto Trs C, Chris. Alliance Trs ; 
 
 Charles Percy) sumer noite cists (Nyack) Se taro terial oe ar niiepe eters Japanie,. ss Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Greenly, Maurice Gaylord........ v9 So. Dakota State:Gus: eye cn wearers Hawaii... 7 
 Greer, Lillian Palistine........... v Southwestern C (Kansas)........ China..... oe F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Grings, Herbert Ernest........... 9 Los:Angelés Drs tides cline eat cine Africa..... Africa Inland 
 Grissoy albania, Viennese crise Manchester C, » Bethany Trs...... India... .. Church of the Brethren 
 Griswold, Laura K............-.- o Northfield Sirah Sok eee ae mies Indwacnoee 
 Hadley, James Perry Geese hence Briénds vUp Cetin Meet cetae, ane) aati a Alaska.... Friends of Cal. 
 
 Hadley, Gertrude Edith Motter b 
 
 (Mrs James Perry) stennriie. he o PriendssU ich avinsitvnsmreelste ee cae Alaska.... Friends of Cal. 
 Hall/ijohn' Sie at anne sca cas 0 McMastér Uive. peciceniene sce ee Africas. Sudan Interior 
 Hall, Edith M. Edwards (Mrs. 
 
 JoOhniS. oni he clnete wera e kare my Moody eirsns nese alee cute nereer sere Africas. 0 Sudan Interior 
 Hamilton, Frances Gertrude...... Mt. Allison U, Methodist National 
 
 Trs (Toronto) BAA Ee. bs DAN, dee Wom. S. Meth. Ch. Canada 
 Hamilton, Mary Louise.......... v Wellesley C, Columbia U Grad.. China at Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Hardie, Gertrude Abigail Shaw.... v Northfield S.............0.-055- Korea..... 
 Hare, Libbie Ack se pees ee *ChicagotMvan. inst. ss alee eine Chimateens Meier Holiness Miss. 
 Haring, Borde Gilbertun sac evoees v Colgate U, Rochester T.......... Japan..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Harper, Ruth Adelaide........... v Methodist National Trs (Toronto) Japan..... Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 Harrington,Charlotte Frisch Jacobs 
 
 (Mrs. Burritt Clarke).......... v Wilson C, HahemannH......... India. .... Methodist Episcopal 
 Hartley, Morley Richard......... Ont. C of Pharmacy, » McMaster U : 
 
 and T, Rochester T Grad........ India... ..+ Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Hartley, Annie May Darcy (Mrs. 
 
 Morley (Richard) sai veers tes Hamilton N, » McMaster U........ India atv Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Haskell, Walter Will............. p Uiof Missouri: s.uebcbino dave. Chinatiwne For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Haskell, Mattie Ethel Plunkett : 
 
 (Mrs. WaltersWill) Wie sisi. bcs o Ulot Missourl..ces eck. et sees Chinaz....% For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Hatcher, Anna Katherine......... v Scarritt Trs, Froebel’s Kind. Trng. ’ 
 
 i Schools is sate gonket ak el eee Japan..... Woman’s Coun. M. E., So. 
 Hayes, John Dayid.. ve ee ces ve vC of Wooster, Princeton U and T, 
 
 } Oxford U, New College T....... China..... Appt epee: U.S. A. 
 Hearsey,| Marguerite Capen... .. 9? Holling Ge sentence tlhe rach Hawalti.... Y. W. C..A, 
 Feisey, Walter: Touenucauan hiteten ee Bethany Trs, » Manchester C...... Chinat (rar Church of the Brethren 
 Henderson, Samuel Clarence...... Grove City C, v Princeton T....... S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Henderson, Laura Wyman (Mrs. 
 
 Samuel: Clarence) 2.5 Gees Gelehrteie ere oS RKC CELE Ee meet S. Amer... Presbyterian, U. S. A 
 Hasseltine, Carrie Elizabeth...... State N (Peru, Neb.), v U of Neb... Burma.... Woman's Baptist F. Att. Ss 
 Higdon, Elmer Kelso............. oPureka iC; Vale Ui dient. cme stok it Philippines For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Higeen Idella _ Eleanor Wilson v Eureka rae C of Missions (Indian- 
 
 Mrs. Elmer Kelso)............ apolis), Vales UTA ok c. Ce08 Philippines For. ae ee Soc. 
 Highbaugh Irma vies pee ween at Southwestern C (Kansas) v Cottey C China..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hill, Mary Ella Ross (Mrs. Harry Monmouth C, Western C for Women 
 
 TAMER) HRD oe een eee Aes bie ys v Los Angeles TTSih wade cee os Korea..... Pierson Memorial Sch. 
 
 i eee Ben Edgaria) set roche v Hiram C, Butler C, C of Missions 
 
 Indianapolis), Columbia U...... China..... For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 
SAILED LIST—IQI7 477 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 Holroyd, Madge Campbell, (Mrs. Eureka C, C of Missions (Indian- 
 
 BenvHdgar) mihi side te oesees Bpolis) yaa aide eerie ees China..... For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Holsted, Melia Annetta.......... v Moody Trs, Chris. Alliance Trs 
 : (Nyack) i330 0 Sas eteeusaee Ching...) Chris. and Miss Alliance 
 Hompland, Anne Ronning (Mrs. 
 
 PATS) She tie au tine ban ieee ick Moody? irs: 9:Sts OlatcC ory paris ete roieiehs or Lutheran Free Church 
 Hoople, Ruth Agnes............. vioyracuse U)c de scnine weciin co aee. Chinatzee, Ys WaGw AL 
 Hopkins, Martin Armstrong...... v Southwestern Presb. U, Union T 
 
 (Richmond))svi%)s/cjeise a sterere qeaaterss China... Presbyterian, South 
 
 Howell, Ann Teasdale............ Inst. of Musical Art (N. Y. C.) Has- 
 
 ’ selting, Prsors, J. coe tor eee Chingaes Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Pluber, loydina si typisectaemts ables ies ov Baptist, Irs) (Chicago)!. een ee ere W. Indies.. 
 Hudson, David Venable.......... ov Davyidsons Ca. imine miner nae Chinas. sys 
 Hudson, Noell Pauliices.te..0... vijames. Millikin U): Sivmenvestters sete S. Amer... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Hudsons Roy Dine. pattesau ac. MenPama duissiose sh cased tieachns Chinaiaeas Wei MaGe A: 
 Hudson, Florence Brown (Mrs. 
 
 RRO Ys Lecce ratte ete the Wares Mitestlotyoke!Crseacisaronensdo ote. Chinas 
 Huggins, Alice Margaret......... gaWashburit, Go oests cree eiic sions Ghinat sy. American Board 
 Punts Bthek beora i nc.idein savten State N (Bellingham, Wash.), U of 
 
 Wash., U of Cal. Grad; v Hassel- 
 tINOCL TST toeiee Aedes aes Burma.... Woman's Baptist F. M.S. 
 FTuribunt Agnessvewede ewes ac 2 Occidental .C aes atne owet eee Africa 42,15 « Africa Inland 
 Hurlburt, Charles Greenleaf...... v Occidental C, Los Angeles Trs, U 
 OL Redlands sex sayy e cere eae tons Africas...) Africa Inland 
 iMuriburt, Paulie Beene eke os wiOccidentaliGcmrr: wads eats a ook ete Africa so.e i Africa Inland 
 Irons, Dr. Charles Glenn......... Davis and Elkins C, Y. M. C. A. 
 : Trs (Chicago) Northwestern U... China.... 
 James, Walter Nicholas.......... FaismontiCxeiOberiini I cate eal tees ete all . American Board 
 Warman, Maryivere. sects eed S ¢ State N and Ind. C (N. C.), U of No. 
 Carolina, Columbia U Grad. St. 
 : ‘ Luke’s H (Jacksonville, Fla.)..... China eccns Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Jeffrey, Mary Pauline............ # Oberlin C, Ui of Chicago...) 0... Indiasuseese American Board 
 OHNSON, GEOFZE. Mags fan ie sists s 6 e's. v Mt. Hermon S; Moody arsiaenae Agricaiues + Africa Inland 
 Johnson, Sarah Christine Sonesen 
 
 CMS George) haunts os cats's Francis Willard H, vy Moody Trs.... Africa..... Africa Inland 
 Johnson, Mary Conover.......... v Elmira C for Women............ Persiawcace Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Johnston, Joseph Winter......... Lafayette C, »v Los Angeles Trs..... Africa..... Africa Inland 
 MONES AL NOMASZEISA Nera aie)s olets: + 6.0/6 Earlham, C Hartford T, Columbia 
 
 Ui Grad Vanna sacra cena cre Japan..... Friends of Phila. 
 *Toyner,- Pauli Mae ee. cer Sri aby Vanderbilt U, » Chris. Alliance Trs. 
 Nyack) eter ae ae ee es eee Egypt..... 
 Kaufman, Edmund G............ U of Kansas, » Bethel C, Bluffton C 
 : radio se sata d nda eee ctrn cat China tac. - Mennonite 
 Kaufman, Hazel S. Dester (Mrs. 
 
 Wdamend Gee meee eee na, debe op Bethel: Cots. cee cle ctet cities Ghinavie. o- Mennonite 
 
 Wecrleman s Aria sinc niciciele tice Sek v Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.) 2 ‘ 
 ; Mich.'State: Nias aeieniaabtoeas @hina seer W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Kelsey tielen Maries... cic Jc os Penn C, » State N (San Jose, Cal.).. Cen. Tele . Friends of Cal, 
 Kendgall wWilltamis ie asat sce .iyse.s PiLos Angeles firstname select pets: Africa, 2.3 Africa Inland 
 King, Lorin Hudson............. v James Milliken U, McCormick T.. Mexico.... Presbyterian, U.S.A. 
 Kannamat Pe wViatid. occas cee ¢ v Woman’s M (Phila. i es a ee Indianatec: Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Kirland, Mary Elizabeth......... v U of Texas, Austin Presbyterian T Africa..... Presbyterian, South 
 Kline, Blanche May............. Temple U, Mass. Charitable Eye & j ( 
 Ear H, v Cincinnati Trs Tndiaven e W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Knap Mary Grace cine. s+. sic o Wellesley: Cu Aone tinnne cin naet China... ss 
 Konsterlie, Peder Thorson........ BS Augsburg y Tyas sept acres! s,s: 0h ... China..,.. Lutheran Free Church 
 Krieger, Otto Frank............ SM LAVION Wis stecsisteltcisinie tices eae Alaska.... Methodist mags 
 Lackner, Evelyn Amanda........ » Methodist National Trs (Toronto) Japan..... Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 Lacy, Alice Maies...4. 6... .. » Ohio Wesleyan U, Cincinnati Trs.. China W. F. M. S. Meth, Epis. 
 *Lacy, William Irving..... alselee 2 Ohio Wesleyan Ulisse seinen < airieiars Chinayc.t. Methodist Episcopal 
 Landes, Charlotte Hauer......... 9, Maryville’ Coweta cis areitetae.«, arta ear S. Amer... 
 Lawrence, Bernice Edith......... Chicago Evan. Inst., v Albion C, : 
 Morningside ‘Cireyauctos.« os cleta aerate Chinas. r. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis 
 Ween Mildred wavartinmyss a aals + clits DPiLOS ANGELES TTS. sats, ote nerenats oats S. Amer... Bolivian Indian Miss. 
 ISPBON J EALIC Hayene aia cmt tete age ol eletol Nightingale Sch. for Nurses (Eng- , 
 Jand) ye Scarritt, LrS sao vel eeen ct as Philippines Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Leger, Samuel Howard........... v Washburn C, Union T (N. Y. C.), ; 
 eachers: Crdnrdetidiaecaae ape e ss Chinawie ss American Board 
 Lemmon, Robert Bruce.......... ned U, »C of Missions (Indian- ) 
 ; MS) Atieraiecere sa eteis ree she iaie cole one S. Amer... Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 Lemmon, Mary Hilton (Mrs. Cater U, v C of Missions (Indian- L ; 
 
 FROMELEM LUGE) a sein sien welt sc ole ADOLIS) eda erceiartittalads inl ete ara alls eho S. Amer... Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 Levy, Florence May............. DM GOS Gad eae eiaaie: oacies sros orerale Africaui.t Africa Inland / 
 ewisijames eee souk vleitas + rie v Knox C, Harvard U, Newton T... Burma.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Lewis, Minneola Ray Mabey (Mrs. v Malden Commercial Sch., Gordon \ 
 
 ames Leer iene ila wits ies a'e LTS WO rere eleva blocale'o'daiabeld sie: ste ats Burma.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Lichtman, Berhard Jack.......... v Dow! ARIS CLEST ETS sic/aistaleiniels ss) olsirielals Africa..... Africa Inland 
 *Lindstrom, Rose Marie.......... DEM OOG Va Er aisetertelers «si csefelsithetacs s/s 0oks China..... China Inland 
 EO VHB EPLDA VIC sitio, orctarelc’ cialis chatbie 16 St. Olaf C, Augustana C, United 
 
 CG erChaieea si isc tialei orm ae sVatete ere Madag.... Nor. Luth. Ch., Amer. 
 Lovegren, Levi Alton............ WioksWasainoton noc cw ae susie Chuiais Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Lowry, Beatrice Genevieve....... vU eva Teachers C 
 
 (N. ¥eC) oc. 2 artonede arateaialels China..... Y. W.C. A. 
 
478 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Lum, Maryette Hawley.......... v Oberlin Cons. of Music, U of S. Cal. 
 
 Ulob Redlands iy iii rerminewieleere China..... American Board 
 McCarty, Graceriloimn eeliieiepisatre a Baker Ue eee va sane cane wleieta es China... .. Methodist Episcopal 
 McCubbins, Grace Ellinor........ State N and Ind. C (N. C.), St. 
 
 Peter’s H (Charlotte), Scarritt Trs Korea..... Wom. Coun., M.E., So. 
 McCurdy, William Albert........ v Morningside C, Garrett Trs...... China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 McCurdy, Frieda Eleanor Winkle- ps t 
 
 man (Mrs. William Albert)..... v7. MorningsideiGu.chenicigue usc se AGhirias) tose Methodist Episcopal 
 McKinney, Henry Cromwell...... 7 Los Angeles -Ers\csteiene ce noes S. Amer... Bolivian Indian Miss. 
 McKinney, Marie E. Maxwell U5 ( 
 
 (Mrs. Henry Cromwell)........ o Los Angeles: Trst ais Singieecineice + S. Amer... Bolivian Indian Miss. 
 McQuiston, William Carlton...... v Ohio State U and Grad........... Egypt..... Cairo University 
 McQuiston, Rebecca Abi Resa: v Wilmington C, Ohio State U Grad. 
 
 har (Mrs. ioe: Carleton). . Kennedy: Tres ais Way cere Clea Egypt..... Cairo University 
 McReynolds, Lou Vera........... o Doane Cuicniis vatsalene Pelule ee CHinay. ue American Board 
 McSparran, Dr. Joseph Leroy..... v Randolph-Macon C, University C 
 
 Ee Oa ante bite a eaten apanuieee Protestant Episcopal 
 MacDougall, Anna.............. Saskatchewan N, Queen’s U....... Naa ue Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 MacDougall, Christena Frances... »Queen’s U, Presbyterian Trs : 
 
 (Toronto) ys er ee area Aiea Chinas: Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 MacKinnon, Sallie Lou........... Randolph-Macon Woman's C, » Scar- 
 
 Pe A Br IRL ey cre nino, China... Wom. Coun. M. E. So. 
 MacLeod, Roderick Alexander.... » Butler Cc C of Missions (Indian- ‘ ; 
 
 apolis)? Vale) U)\umninnc. ce ete China..... For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 MacLeod, Esther Evelyn Martin » Shurtleff C, C of Missions (Indian- f 
 
 (Mrs. Roderick Alexander)..... Apolis we sees Deer NE lae China... For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Major, Laura Lynne, «4.5.5.5 si... vU_ of Minnesota, C of Missions \ 
 
 (indianapolis) 20s sy diiiee shies eee China..... ae Woman’s Bd. M. 
 March, Carolyn Edith........... o Syracuse OG Ne to ees eis as cll Mita Ching ae Y. W. C. A: 
 Marshall, Raymond Ellsworth.... Dickinson C, v Drew T............ Cen. Am... Methodist Episcopal 
 Martyn, Florence Harriette....... Royal Alexandra H, v Kennedy Trs, : 
 
 Rotunda H (Dublin) Eee eB rpee ae AT GIO sets ei of Eng. in Canada 
 Mason, Florence Pearl........... Cincinnati\Dre iia. dene eee nae China..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Masters, Annie Daisy............ v Ch. of Eng., Deaconess Trs....... China®Gee Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 Mather, Arlen Raymond......... v Franklin Gy Ohio U, U of Chicago, J 
 
 : Ete Wig Ws SR EO ac AiTiCa sees American Board 
 
 Mather, Faye Moore Smith (Mrs. : i 
 
 Arlen Raymond).............. v Franklin C, Gordon Trs.......... Binica rata American Board 
 Maylott, Claude Lorraine........ v Washington State C............. Siamisises si Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Merriman! Baith eo een cae v Vassar C, Columbia U Grad...... Japatinsnc. Woman's Union Miss. Soc. 
 Mitchel, Jesse Coulter............ v Kansas State Agrl. C, Reformed 
 
 Presbyterian T, Bible Teachers . 
 
 esiGNe Yo GC. eee anes ee China..... Reformed Presbyterian. 
 Montgomery, James Nelson....... v Wakington and Lee U, U of So. 
 
 Carolina Grad; Columbia T (S.C.). China..... Presbyterian, South 
 Montgomery, Aurie Hollingsworth C for Women Sr a I S.C.) 
 
 Lancaster (Mrs. JamesNelson)... v Teachers C (N. Y. C.)..........- Chinas ee Presbyterian, South 
 Moore, Dr. Sara Abigail.......... v Grove City C, Still & 2 Osteopathy India..... United Presbyterian 
 Mount, Charles Herbert.......... Union U (Tenn. ), »v Moody Trs..... Africa..... Africa Inland 
 Mow, Anetta Cordula............ v U of Idaho, Bethany Trs......... In dtae ce. Church of the Brethren 
 Nelson) Bert) Nels foie! ss ayatesic Iowa State Teachers C, St. Olaf C, 
 
 i ®@ United Church) Te). ce cei ee China..... Nor. Luth. Ch., Amer. 
 Nelson, Ruth Wilhemina......... 9 Moody Eri ee awe sate auc wes) Chinas ass China Inland 
 Neville, Eliza Aiken............. Presbyterian C (S. C.) wBible 
 ‘ Teachers Trs (N. Y¥: C.).....502% China ii. Presbyterian, South 
 
 *Newhouse, Frank Finley........ 0 DOUPAUW Ol miee vet atte ote ta ees China..... Government U 
 Noordyk, Wilhelmina............ v Union Trs (Brooklyn) Meth. Epis. : ; 
 
 fs PRED Ns Caen Fes Aural cove br MPa: Indian. e Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Norman, Clarence Edward........ vU of No. Carolina, Lutheran T 
 
 : (Columbias'S.) Gay lee aac. alate Japan. hea. Evan. Luth. Ch. in N. A. 
 
 Nuneviller, Lulu Beatrice......... Church Deaconess Trs (Phila.), 
 
 2 Phila; Episcopal tH venice casas Alaska.... Protestant Episcopal 
 Nutting, Dr. Clara Adams........ v Carleton C, U of Minnesota M... China..... 
 Asner pens Kristian’ Nielsen?i/s' 9 Augsburg De aides ene siie tes cee Mada Lutheran Free Church 
 
 akes; Mary Ethel... coi.) s oe cele v0 U. of So. Cahifornia ls cis. ves ee Cent. Bes Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Olsen, Albert William... Biatais VALCO Ri ane citvate tate dearene ed chalet China... 3. Yale For. Miss. Soc. 
 Osbornen Lave Ge eetalclt eae DIL AV lOr, We Ge wos te tela et tiaateroe & Chinas. . 
 Parmeleé, Patt) iacicscies ae cere’. Lake Erie C, Oberlin — v National 
 
 VENWi Co Ash ra) UN epyiclc.)s eases Indias. Y. W. C. A. 
 Patterson, Grace Cowan.......... London N (Ont. ),v Presbyterian Trs 
 
 CPorontoy Mun sak Pah deromeaae Indiatim as Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Peet Gertrude‘A. viiacdslisias soceiese Mich. State N, » Columbia U...... Persiasi,s Presbyterian, U. SEA 
 Perry, Edward Welton........... v Colgate S and US Auburn! Tosi s China..:.. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Peters, Mary Gladys............. Ch. of Eng. Deaconess Trs, v Toronto 
 
 ee General Hae ee ee Siena Chinavid.: Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 Phillips, Ray Edmund........... 2 Carleton’ C; Yale Usd ms so tes Africa ye: ./- American Board 
 Philpott, Henry Scott............ Antioch C, v Xenia T, Newton T... Burma.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Pittman, Dr. Allen Ross......... v Vanderbilt U, Trevecca Cand M.. India..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Poteat, Edwin McNeill, Jr........ Furman U and Grad; v So Baptist T China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Poteat, Wilda Hardman (Mrs. 
 
 Edwin McNeill, Jr.)........... o/Shorter Gita nangeteee ets eevee ts Chinas ccc. Southern Baptist Con. 
 Potter; Lucy Ruths dass sont exes @ Ohio. Wesleyan Ue wes vce s'est beets S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 
 tDeceased. Lost his life enroute to his field when S. S. City of Athens was sunk off the Coast of Africa. 
 
SAILED LIST—IQI7 479 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Powlinson, Kenneth Whitfield..... go Los Angeles Tre. dein esit seis « S. Amer... Bolivian Indian Miss. 
 Ma tnam wCAtDATING) ¢ gine .cse vU of SABO: Church Deaconess 
 
 ISAC Malas ieee cision Gu einteh ene are China yi. Protestant Episcopal 
 Raffo, Marie Isabelle............. v Georgia N and Ind. C, Scarritt Trs China..... Wom. Coun. M. E., So. 
 Ransom, satherine vss. wceeeaes v Mich. Agrl. C, Oberlin C, Colum- 
 
 ey Fm a a eS ayer ate dl IY Alaska.... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 *Reaves, Henry Lide. .....% 6606s v Davidson C, Columbia T (S. C.).. China..... Presbyterian, South 
 Roxrode, Sadie Margaret......... v W. Va. Wesleyan Coteau eles Africal aa W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Reynolds, Margaret Anna........ BIVMGOC AL TSS YO cate tae Nl a eine tleelate tis China ee): China Inland 
 Richards, Archibald Bolitha...... mGentralitoliness | Uieiia casein ae es Chinas. Nat. Holiness Assn. 
 Richards, Gertrude Ethel......... State N (Clarion, Pa.), » Moody 
 
 ‘ j rss Kennedy Tis vos a dey iridiagasies W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Robinson, Faye Haldimand....... State N (New Britain), »v Hartford 
 
 ATS UWA leita ted Vaan IN ea so tn China sash W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Rogers, Dr. Jesse McLean........ Daviand C, vU of Virginia M..... Korea..... Presbyterian, South 
 Rogers, Mary Dunn Ross (Mrs. 
 
 James: Mclean) eu enum Weal. ae Greens) Cuno monts Ws iis ats atelier ara Korea..... Presbyterian, South 
 Rogers, Laura Judson Learned 
 
 CM rey Jesse yin sat limi abtle cals v Georgetown C....... ay Stel Alc PASaN @ hotel a ae Southern Baptist Con. 
 Ross, Myrta Maude Lucile Pearson Eureka C, » C of Missions (Indian- 
 
 Mrs A rm Ory, Wis disle sles aceths Loos cle BDOUS) A SO eR ae eee 2 A Nie, Africa..... Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 Rossiter wenrietta yee ca eles oe: v Chicago Evan. Inst., Central Holi- 
 
 LESS Te Mhevse ates aie On Ni a Au ell ate Chimay ay W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Rowland, Leon Edward.......... v Kalamazoo C, U of Chicago T.... India..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Russell, Maude Muriel........... wp U et California clccuduae Lent Chinas. NAN AN Beet 
 RUSE AVWGIbeEI When Menon cies). Los Angeles Trs, U of So. California Philippines Government School 
 Uy Ceres Lil bys at ware ee CRY Ve OPEL tine MOM ee Gival oui yar stat atiig ett v4 lee Burma.... Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Sage, Lucile Leonora..:.......... v State N (Warrensburg, Mo.)..... Mexico.... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Sarbers Olive: Maryiu cise: ite as < v Grand Island C, Franklin C, U of 
 ‘ Chicdro see Muay sont rw cue Ua) eka ht: VAPAIAN Women’s Chris. C, Madras 
 Schaffer, Mary: Ann... o)..500..... Bethany Trs, v Manchester C...... Chinas... Church of the Brethern 
 Schaffer, Jacob Herman....)..... Wessington Sprgs. Free Meth. T, 
 MiGreenvillesG@ vp wea ule ayaa Ghinaweua Free Methodist 
 Schirmer, Kathryn Fredericka. . .. 2 Campbell C, North-Western C.... Japan..... Evangelical Association 
 Schmidt, pete eg FEA PRS Ea 9 Chicago vane insta. dame sah ae China..... China Mennonite Miss. Soc. 
 ‘ Schreckengast, ate teue ‘NEALE Ons viNelsvyesievat Wis s\n latmerctae bale S. Amer... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Schreiber, Est ef Lydia Plumer 
 
 (MrsGeoree Revie. S58 © Wallamette Wir ect 215) soniye areisiattate Ching tani Evangelical Association 
 Scudder, Bradford Morris........ Los Angeles Trs, » Moody Trs..... Atricawens Africa Inland l 
 Seeck, Margaret.......... sh Ne State N (Peru, Neb.) v U of Nebr... China..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Seel, Edward George............. v Grove City C, Princeton U Grad 
 
 BG Te ly ecliade elateel ay ota atte la tate S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Seel, Miriam Anna Rood (Mrs. 
 
 Edward George)).ioie sec. oe. vMaryville C, Kennedy Trs........ S. Amer... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Sellemeyer, Esther Irene Dw Heidelberger. Pewee pile. eeely ae i Reformed Ch. in U.S, 
 Senn, Florence Marie....... .. 0 U of Michigan se i Methodist Episcopal 
 Shank, Josephus Wenger......... 8 Goshen ey ee us ea ovate .. Mennonite 
 Shank, Emma E. Hershey (Mrs. 
 
 Josephus Weriger) la Os e5 go. Goshen Coe yond an aa ua a8 i ... Mennonite 
 Sherertz, Dwight Lamar .. 0 Roanoke C, Emory U... i . Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Shields, Ried Frampton..... .. v Tarkio C, Pittsburg T United Presbyterian 
 SHIPIEY. MaTyeBOVO see vce oa eels eo Bryn Maw. Cin ene eed ale i Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Sisby, Helen Cassilly............. v Marysville C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 CNG YO Ge ee ST A Ria HIN China a2 si Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 *Simonds, Everett James......... Neb. Wesleyan U, Yale U Grad.. Endia ee: VMS ©e Ag 
 Sinclair, Dr. Bessie Belle......... v Amer. M. Miss C, C of P. and §. ! 
 
 ‘ ‘ : * (Chicago) Moody Trs........... Chinas vate. Seventh Day Baptist 
 
 Sisson, Oliver Hardwicke......... v Central Holiness ue Drake U, 
 
 Leander Clark C, U of Chicago \ 
 
 . Gradua cine wataticrwalaie haretae eave Burma.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Slaght, Dr. Carrie Estella........ v rmeeai C, U of Chicago, Rush } 
 Pea en esee ais, Sd Retbisieirany abodes ats China..... Woman’s Baptist F. M.S. 
 
 Smith, Bertha Keeler............ v Menuisa OPI a eatery terial tral Oe India..... American Board 
 Smith, Charles Stanley........... Allegheny C, v Auburn T.......... Ghingh cas Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Smith, Dorothea Caroline Wil- 
 
 helmina Zaenglein (Mrs. Chas. 
 
 “Shekel epi eke ryote ecu Sh Ce ania hale B. gCe aera tae cle Meera EAL an i ed oa CHa ie ae Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 SITE CEVA OI ANG. s ahedh. ih eliterere sie! ets oGrovel Citys Cie cet iile aie a eleats India) Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Smith, Horace George............ UP PIETSOLSIS Resets eed AS ne Tae Africas si. Africa Inland 
 
 Be Stnib ly LEWis steals ein sai the (ofein as Pdos Angeles Ersesd sheeple casas ¢ Cen. Am... Central Amer. Miss, 
 Smith, Matthew Dinsdale........ Dakota Wesleyan U, v Teachers’ C , ‘ 
 . : CIN a) eS UNOS, Meets to Sa S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Smith, Olive Bertha............. Linwood C, »v Winthrop N and Ind. 
 C, Baptist Woman’s Trs (Louis- } : 
 ; idee ale pONMAUR ON ENS! aun vakee « China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 ‘*Smith, William Kyle............ DAPOUAY ip itiial) VN an a WN tee ie te eect S. Amer... 
 Spencer, Mary Dorothy.......... C of Emporia, State U (Emporia), : 
 DIG ORACATISES the ate, hh stabs el erota Japanscces Protestant Episcopal 
 Spencer, Evelyn Winthrow Mc- C for Women (Columbia S. C.), » 
 Alpine (Mrs. Robert Stewart).. Winthrop B and Ind. C, Bible , , 
 Peachersubran(Na YiC. jamie sis s00 Japan... 5 Methodist Episcopal 
 Stallings, William Henry......... v Shurtleff C, U of Chicago, Newton T Portugal... Y. M.C. A. 
 Steawis MMablene cs «isle sips octets ere State N (Plattsbure), v Bible Teach- 
 
 ETS 1 ra NVC) cise ute sieve siere's Chinavie.: Kuling School 
 
480 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 NAME 
 
 Stegeman, Henry Van Eyck...... 
 
 Stegeman, Gertrude Jeanette 
 
 Hoekje (Mrs. Henry Van Eyck) Hope C, U of Michigan Grad. 
 Steinheimer, Herman Carl........ Bak 
 tieeie (N. Y. C.), Teachers’ C 
 Steinheimer, Ella Frances Jones 
 Mrs? Herman) Carl))it Ue ss 
 Steven, Florence Winifred........ 
 
 Stribling, /rances aie tstersatelatel ates 
 
 Suffern, Ellen Harriet............ 
 Sweet, Mary Edith. ...¢......... 
 Taylor, Martha Louise........... 
 nT ethe; FOSED HL ionicias ele Cefetels ace bite 
 
 Thomas, Mabel Ellen............ 
 Thomas, Ruth Frances........... 
 
 Thompson, Mary Lyon.......... 
 PL HOmMpsony RUDYilVisle » creinicietete ole oka 
 
 Thompson, James Claude........ 
 
 Touchstone, (Caryen <j: «iciviers ole ole 
 Towson, Ma OPEL she) sersrcls chests 
 Tabbesulaibatenecccies s ceive 
 
 Mucker,: WilliainiL so. cre octets cle sisle ere 
 
 Uhlinger, Andrew Peter.......... 
 Uhlinger, Birdie Pearl DeHoog 
 
 (Mrs. Andrew Peter).......... 
 Van Pelt, Mary Cubberley....... 
 Van Vranken, Herbert Emmet.... 
 Van Wyk, John Cornelius........ 
 
 Mich. 
 Van Wyk, Amelia Susan Menning Western State N (Kalamazoo), # 
 (Mrs. John Cornelius)......... 
 Veenschoten, Henry Michael...... 
 
 Waline, Edwin Emmanuel........ 
 Wallis} Hope: Bilis. to uistsis stsreieis) ec. 
 *Waterman, Helena.............. 
 Weil, Minerva Stout............. 
 
 Welch} Dr.) Rolland Alyse... 
 Welles, Carolyn Aiken........... 
 Wharton, Anne Louise........... 
 
 White, Anna Catherine........... 
 White, Emmons Eaton........... 
 White, Ruth Esther Parker (Mrs. 
 Emmons Hatome forts. cewiee une 
 White, Irma White are Henry 
 Harrison G Srebora ier el ketene eutie telel brevet 
 
 Whitnah, Carrell Henry.......... 
 
 Williams, Olive Penniman........ 
 Wolfers, Louis Ernest............ 
 
 Woolsey Etta Leesa. \s sa nce ello 
 Wright, Leavitt Olds............. 
 Wright, Marion Reed Howland 
 
 (Mrs. Leavitt/Olds)i, .. 2) scsi ow 
 
 INSTITUTIONS 
 
 ee | 
 
 4.6 (5) 8, oS eleels.e ais = fe, ele else ele 
 
 v London N (Ont.), v Moody Trs... 
 Hiram C, Washington U M 
 Stier, William Rudolf Fuerchtegott v Rutgers Cc 
 Stinson, William Van Tuyl....... 
 Stites, Dr. Frank Montgomery, Jr. "McLean C, » U of Louisville M. 
 Stout, Sara Van Dyke........... 
 
 ee 
 
 U of Minnesota, y Omaha T 
 
 Buford C, Cincinnati Cons. of Music, 
 
 v Ill. Wesleyan U 
 v Iowa State Teachers’ C 
 
 ee ed 
 
 er 
 
 U of Pennsylvania H BLAINE DAT ARE. 
 McKendree C, Greenville C, » Chi- 
 cago Evan. Inst., 
 
 ee ee | 
 
 v Tarkio C. U of Chicago Grad 
 lata State Teachers’ 
 
 Ce 
 
 | 
 
 La Grange C, Scarritt Trs 
 
 v Albion a Bible Teachers Trs 
 CNY a Cc.) deleseei ere deiele ee eee Africa 
 
 Randolph-Macon C, Princeton U 
 
 as 
 
 v Los Angeles Trs 
 Norton Mem. H (Louisville) 
 v Hope C, New Brunswick T 
 , Western T (Holland, 
 
 ee 
 
 Ce | 
 
 ee ey 
 
 ee ec ey 
 
 Chicago Musical C, » Wheaton C., 
 Pete N (Millersville, Pa.) » Moody 
 
 ee? 
 
 v Smith (a "Kennedy irs 
 Ch. Deaconess Trs a ), » Chil- 
 
 v Bible Teachers Trs ri 
 v Yale U and T 
 
 v Mt. Holyoke C 
 v Mt. Holyoke C 
 
 W. C. A. Trs (N.Y.C.) 
 v H Sophie Newcomb Mem. C, Bir- 
 
 mingham Meth. C. Scarritt Trs. . 
 Grand Island C, U of Nebraska, U 
 
 of Chicago Gradie's tts; 4, es Bu AE 
 Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.)..... Japan 
 Columbia U, U of Munich, Cornell 
 U of Texas, v Scarritt Trs........, 
 v Harvard U, Union T (N. Y. C.)... 
 
 v Mt. Holyoke C 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 China Inland 
 For. Chris: Miss. Soc. 
 VaMeGsae 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 
 ... Wom. Coun. M. E. So. 
 
 Presbyterian, South 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 pene U.S. A. 
 
 ... Nor. Luth. Ch., Amer. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 China Inland 
 
 Nanking University 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Mees t Episcopal South 
 
 . Africa Inlan 
 
 Africa Iniand 
 
 ... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 
 Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 
 . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Sudan Interior 
 Boat Mission 
 
 Reformed Ch. in U. S. 
 United Evangelical 
 American Board 
 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 Kuling Schoo 
 
 ’ American Board 
 
 American Board 
 
 . American Board 
 
 Y. W.C.A. 
 Wom. Coun. M. E. So 
 
 ... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Wom. Coun. M. E., So. 
 
 . American Board 
 
 . American Board 
 
SAILED VOLUNTEERS FOR 1918 
 
 In the table abbreviations have been used as follows: C =College; H =Hospital; M =Medical ;N =Normal; 
 S=Secondary School; T=Theological; Trs=Bible, Deaconess and Missionary Training School; U= University; 
 
 9 =Volunteered at. 
 *Volunteers sailed before 1918; names reported here for the first time. 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 
 Adair, Sara Margaret............ aw CooperiGaytaaeccisisnete sate stetoa Egypt 
 PAG bye HO aan GarOn AG ORG State N (Peru, Neb.), » Neb. Wes- 
 
 : leyan U, U of So. California Grad. S. Amer. 
 Aden, Anna Almeda Pettit (Mrs. » Occidental C, U of So. California 
 
 Ted Fl.) iene rere Sein AasOn Or Gradinaiiel ance cisrquiatote astern ace S. Amer... 
 
 Akerstrom, Frances Elizabeth..... N. Y. Trng. Sch. for Teachers, 9 
 
 Maryville C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 . Osh: MACS aoitns Shino cinivedunn.cte GqQhe S. Amer... 
 
 Alger; Carrie: Belle... <1. stieisis eo State N (Oneonta, N. Y.)........- S. Amer... 
 Altvn: Laura: Cole. kicsscciewes sce Rovall Alexandra FH ovic cise delerioie ales GIA se ectete 
 Almquist, Lars August Samuel.... » North Park Cand T............ Alaska... 
 Alvord, Grace Lucile............. v State N (Los Angeles), U of So. 
 
 Cahfoeniattty siic,cactdes cteuue Panama... 
 Amiendt: Charles Coc stew sins siecle 6 v Mt. Union C, Boston U T........ Korea..... 
 *Anderson, Elam Jonathan....... Drake U, v Cornell U Grad........ Assam.. 
 Anderson, Elsie Ruth............ State N (St. Cloud, Minn.)........ China..... 
 Anderson, Howard Elmer........ Lenox C, State U of Iowa, Y.M.C.A. 
 
 Trs (Chicago), »v Princeton T..... Tnidiati are. 
 Anderson, Mary Louise Brawley, Newberry C, v Woman’s ( 
 
 (Mrs. Howard Elmer).......... West), Bible Teachers Trs (N.Y. C) Indian V..,. 
 Argelander, Frank A............. v Baldwin-Wallace C...........+.- China..... 
 IADIE  CIATARV fo cs, sinereildeinved cies sos Muskingum C, Ohio N U, v Moody 
 
 ; Dine) clo 4 okoabclord es Sei wae cals Africa..... 
 Ayers, Edith Caroline............ vy Converse C, State U (Conway, 
 Llc sean Vilas oak edlas mer. 
 *Baer, Mary E. Breneman (Mrs. 
 
 Frank tAa)icne cota tela aterele cu syase v Chris. Alliance Trs (Nyack)...... wie N eiarate 
 Bagby, Taylor Crawford......... v Baylor U, Southern Baptist T. S. Amer... 
 Batley, Hathiecsesccvescce ca vices v Moody 1 fe Vota AL ANTS rR : China..... 
 Barber, Harold Hayden.......... Vale Ute Hartford) lvceses «ae cen Mexico.. 
 Barber, Barbara Southworth How- 
 
 land (Mrs. Harold Hayden)..... v Northfield S, Mt. Holyoke C..... Mexico.. 
 Barnett, Martha so tae velsies ace Lady ites H (Ottawa), Bellevue H. 
 
 (N. Y. C.,) » Methodist National ; 
 
 FErs) (Toronto) aiccicn ose sielelepareieietsis Chinaleae. 
 Barr, Jean McClelland........... Carnegie Inst. of Tech. wBible 
 
 sheachersi-hrs (Novy co) Gs) sete sis 6 China..... 
 Bates wLAULa LILCNE vac esisieisisisie «sal gL oronto Bible; Crees ses cianiets os Chindsanne 
 *Beardslee, Harriet Belle......... v Chris. Alliance Trs (Nyack)...... Indiaaec. 
 Beegle, Caroline Dorothea........ Northfield S, v U of Pa. H......... China..... 
 *Birch, George Snider, Jr......... N. Ga. Agrl. C, Emory C, vU of 
 
 Georgia side oor os doles vanced India..... 
 *Birch, Ethel May Ellis (Mrs. 7 
 
 George Snider, y Mee ca esisieias ®: Wooster JU, cadena siveiasugtere crisis India iis 
 Blasdell, RobertiAtlen vs csc.s ss. v Allegheny C, Boston U T........ Malaysia. . 
 
 *Board, Annie Elizabeth Morgan 
 
 (Mrs, TosephiG:s) wanecicica!s + a's > v Wesleyan Female C............. Cubaiies). 
 Boatman, Conway...........-+.-- Cee MES eh ccna poeda ano cbngo nee India...... 
 Boatman, Caroline Elmina Brasher - : 
 
 (MraaConway)iciiocs escce. es ge Cincinnatiyl recep ictsuyelatelalelaric cate Indias. .2+ 
 Bovell, Mabel Elise.............. Shurtleff C, » U of Chicago, Hassel- 
 
 tine Tress corse ek clei tiesie sols China..... 
 Bowman, Samuel Benjamin....... Bethany Trs, vy McPherson C...... Chinav.s.s 
 Bowman, Pearl Stauffer (Mrs. Sam- : 
 uel Benjamin) 2s..2)......5.2.4. Bethany Trs, v McPherson C...... Chinda.e: 
 Boyd)! Mary Lois feds e ccs 5c cee Ill. State N_U, vy Muskingum C..... indiak <..% 
 BBraaten. lal Macscereacalscieisis + s\ Concordia C, » T of the United Nor. 
 Gutherant@hureh ve vattecers« iets ete hinge acl 
 Bradley; Blanchewe.. ue 3-1-+-- = vy Union Baptist Inst., Baptist Wo- 
 man’s Trs (Louisville), New York 
 Fra aciotene » oa erecta avheuacdoaes China..... 
 Braun, Milton Lau.............. Ohio State U, » Wake Forest C..... China... 
 Braun, Mary A. Young (Mrs. Mil- : f : 
 
 eciig F V0) IGEN RCO CaS Chris. Alliance Trs (Nyack)........ China..... 
 Briers Howard Besse ole ss «nis WOccidental Cua wiasciesdotane vrelerer’ Hawaii... 
 Brodbeck, Laura Emma.......... WILEOL Chica gO sacsiays sevsiacele alk esers) 5,008 China..... 
 Brown, Bessie Franc............. 9 Epworth Evan. Inst... .......... China..... 
 Brown, Florence L..........0se. O Los Angeles) Tr8.)5 cers ole a ste cess s China..... 
 Brown, Marjorie Belle........... a Parks Obs cies ssi. - ptt; Win oImee Nees CHITA Yate ts 
 Brown, Dr. Robert Elsworth...... Taylor U, vof U Illinois, U of Mich- \ 
 
 a@eAT Vw ta ataee otabe Nalatetare Sceiere inva ers Chinaiss.¢ 
 Brown, Carrie Mae Willis (Mrs. Me . 
 
 Robert Elsworth)............-- Taylor U, v U of Illinois........... China..... 
 Brown, Rosalind Jane............ v Toronto Bible C..... pereraetet stare oe Africa..... 
 Bruere, William Bowen........... v Mt. Union-Scio C, Princeton T... India..... 
 Biverly i GSsi@ lc cislisc a s/s clone wives s v Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... India..... 
 
 481 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 .. Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Baptist Ch., Canada 
 
 . Swedish Evangelical 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 ‘ a eee For. Miss. Soc. 
 Y.W.C. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 Door of Hope Mission 
 
 .. American Board 
 
 .. American Board 
 
 Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 Reformed Presbyterian 
 China Inland 
 
 Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Candler College 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Church of the Brethren 
 
 Church of the Brethren 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 Nor. Luth. Ch., Amer. 
 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 > Woman's Baptist F. M.S. 
 So. China Holiness Miss. 
 China Inland 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 rebeiene ey tone 
 Africa Inlan 
 Methodist Sueoeey 
 Presbyterian, U 
 
482 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Caldwell, Elizabeth May......... vState N (San Diego, Cal.) Los i 
 ’ MNGCLES LTS viel ayista ister ieteieteatetele ts Indias... : United Presbyterian 
 *Callins; Georges os aie ciate aetin alee v U of Puget) Sotind:, v.. a estasse cies Philippines Y. M. C. A. 
 Campbell, Florence Margaret..... Grey Nun’s H, v Methodist National 
 Prs(Loronto)ieay sash teem tee China: >... Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 Canfield; Ford Levis si 32. 0soeeue. v@ Los ‘Anweles\T rs) ets tee cee China..... China Inland 
 Canfield, Carolyn Purdy Lovejoy 
 (Mrs. Ford Leva) ace antiam dies Los Angeles Tran vince eras. Chinas... China Inland 
 Carson, Esther Hazeltine Evan- Nazarene U, Olivet U, » U of Cali- ; 
 geline...... eave eleietaleil slat eaiet alas fornia Grad ‘pigs ean elias) S. Amer... Pentacostal. Church 
 Chambers! Dilan Gidea secs v U of Nebraska, National Y.W.C.A. 
 Wr Tre (NS YAGI ee ees nent apans). cer Y. W.C.A. 
 Chaney, James William.......... v Ohio State U, Chicago Evan. Inst. Ariens .. Methodist Episcopal 
 Chaney, Ida E. Ford (Mrs. James 
 SW binders) Siesta. c huts at loll wah ore lave les bal v Chicago Evan. Inst... 0.5050... S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Chapin, Emma Reynolds......... v Grove City C, Hartford T........ S. Amer... Y. W.C. A. 
 Charles, Neva Irene............. U of Colorado, 9 U of California Grad ; 
 Ailes Bible Teachers Trs (N.Y.C.)..... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Chase, Samuel Christian......... Wilberforce U, » Payne T......... S. Amer.. unease ain Epis. 
 Cheney, Monona Lucile.......... v Lawrence C, ae UiGrad sae Chmalie sé W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Clapp, Frances Benton........... v Pacific U and Grad...........-.. Japan..... American Board 
 Coan: Frank'Speer. 2 se ainies cee v Williams C, New 4G (Edinburgh), 
 Hartford Tie ee eee ae India...... Y. M.C. A. 
 Coan, Janet Tryon Stone (Mrs. 
 Franke Speer saa aloes Beterttals 4 Northwestern U, Kennedy Trs..... India ek : 
 Cobb, John Boswell.............. o Mercer Wn re antes cells apan..... Methodist Epis. South 
 Coburn, Clata ‘Matilda se. .4csiiek v Hope ©.) 32. eM anprens uilehsi adalat alars © fii Seen wr. Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Coen, Roscoe Conkling........... v James Millikin U, McCormick T.. Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Coen, Mary Lorena Buchanan 
 (Mrs. Roscoe Conkling)........ E. Ill. State N, » James Millikin U.. Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Doe (Una eee ome seni se ieigiatete © o Tarkio O.i ice ain ele area bloat Egypt..... United Presbyterian 
 Combs, Paul Hamill..........: State N (Emporia, Kans.), v Park 
 peAra barn ve eeiis G leletele leva ta lots odere lets Africas. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Combs, Louise Worthington (Mrs. : 
 PawmlHamill) leh eee ohakewecheh. G Park Speke daiccieteis cela pels Africa. ..%'s Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Cook, Dr! Alva: Dean: ji) h i. jas v Otterbein U, Western Reserve U M Philippines United Brethren 
 Cook, Frances Alwilda Dick (Mrs. ; 
 Al vai Dean) va its ceive Seltiseblelercis 9 Otterbein Wiis Ai ried seis ele ots es he Philippines United Brethren 
 Cooke, Allyn Bushnell. .......... o LosuAngeles; Tras cance swe enero aete China .7 02% China Inland 
 Copley, Ruth Elizabeth.......... 9’ Tayion Uses Her ouhas Bele ebore teers Philippines W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Cowan, Henry Grady.........-. U of Alabama, v Vanderbilt U T.... W. Indies... Methodist Sepis, South 
 Cowles, Samuel Macon, Jr........ U of Tenessee, Mansfield C (Oxford) China..... Y.. MiG As 
 Craven, Norma Bell............. 9 Carrolli@ oe yaoi Ma Le a Malaysia.. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Cumming, Daniel James......... v Kentucky Wesleyan U, Presbyter- 
 ian’ Ty (Gonisvilleyisc.t ein weeiiee Korea..... Presbyterian, South 
 Curtis, Grace Charlotte.......... v Boston U, Los Angeles Trs....... Japanese ct Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Danuser, Maybelle.............. v North: Western Cilio os pall cle sriele Chinas se. Y. W.C.A. 
 Davis, We Wards olou miners eraleste vd o Park C, McCormick Tansey nesis Ching aya... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Davis, Eva Allen Williams (Mrs. ; 
 WiliWard omen atta deters atohels ao Pavic Cr ciata ah hae daa wat ote tea Chinas... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 DeAnguera, Herman Clifford..... Dartmouth C, » Rochester T....... S. Amer... Y. M.C. A. 
 DeMoulin, Dora Edna........... Baptist Trs (Chicago), v Kalamazoo 
 Ne eens Gatton s 45o Abel Gao Cen. Am... Woman's Bapt. Miss. Soc. 
 Denman, Lois Margaret.......... v Oakland Kind. Trng. Sch., Barnard 
 : fine Ci of California tienen aces Siam...... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Dennison, Martha Priscilla....... v Smith a National Y. W. C. A. 
 Tes CN YG nN re le ete India..... Y. W.C.A. Rt: 
 Desjardins, Helen Mabel......... DP Albion Cue een ele deere teveteia MHIte ee be W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Ditmanson, Frederick............ v Augsburg C and T, U of Chicago : 
 Gradiaa he tse cee skates eae China...:. Lutheran Bd. of M. 
 Drury, WANs 5 is evel lr Vivleeinds ane Bonebrake T, » Otterbein U, Ohio 
 
 State U Grad., Uof Chicago Grad. 
 Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... Philippines United Brethren 
 Dubs, Homer Hasenpflug......... rare es v Yale U, Union 
 
 (NSYE Ci ee Rae cee cle tals China..... United Evangelical 
 
 Dubs, Florence Arnold (Mrs. ; 
 Homer Hasenpflug)............ v Georgetown C, Columbia U Grad. China..... United Evangelica’, 
 
 Dunlop, John Wallace........... v U of California, Los Angeles Trs, y 
 
 San PranciscoiP.i0/3 ii sic bel acae ge Philippines Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Dunning, Elizabeth Harriet....... Lawrence o National Y. W. C. A. 
 
 p Crs CNG Eee acct tsi piel cote, Japan ei. Ye Wi GaAs 
 
 DuPee, Nina Gertrude........... Pomona Valley H, vC of Missions 
 
 Cndianapolis))naseiveniee ss cae China izeen For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Edgar, Annies ih sicae nin: Miaikslers v University C, Toronto GeneralH.. India..... Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 Edgerton, Faye Elva........0..: a Moody Trev: ect oes cl thes Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Edwards, Moodey..........e.005 v Bethany C, C of Missions (Indian- _ 
 
 ; ; Apolis) iach bade Gea ea pases sees Mexico.... Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 Ellis, Pattie, Nell Gest inten ees v Randolph-Macon ee s C,Bible ( 
 , Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.)....5.... India eet. Vo WaGras 
 
 Embree, Revington Leyman...... @ Union) Ct Cheon eerie neta ie kee Africa..... United Brethren 
 Engle, Mabel Edna.............. Lebanon Valley C, Columbia U Grad India..... American Board 
 English, Marguerite Griswold..... v Vassar C, State N (New Haven).. Korea..... 
 Ferger, Nellie Hartwell........... Wellesley C, » Bible Teachers Trs : A 
 
 (NYS Gi. vooe Pea eae re ees India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
SAILED LIST—1918 
 
 483 
 
 
 
 Kelly; Cafeb Gayervic. |. «/s tists s sc0 v Johns Hopkins U and Grad...... Africa..... 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Berenson Franic..\ ccs sede Roanoke C, v Vanderbilt U T...... S. Amer... 
 Fingland, mine Howitt deri: 9 University C, Hartford 'T.......).. Korea..... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Pintonsiva Myers sis. os ose eos v Dickinson C, Chicago Trs........ Tridia i015 ¢ W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Fiske, Louie McKinley........... 9iCrof the) Pacific stirs tuedielele cts Cen. Am... Methodist Episcopal 
 Fleming, paTan Anna Mayes. in a8 Loronto: Bible Ciemme rrr nes apanie 3 Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Folensbee, Bradley Jacob......... Rutgers C, v New Brunswick T.... W. Indies... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Foster, Beatrice Louise............ v Queens U, Saskatoon N, Meth. 
 National Trs (Toronto)........ China..... Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 MORTON LODE aioe «estes, taidhe teehee 9 York C, U of Nebraska.......... S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 *Francis, Elizabeth Dora......... v Presbyterian Trs (Chicago)....... S. Amer... 
 Fulghum, Sarah Frances......... v Bessie Tift C, Louisville N, Baptist ’ 
 ; Woman’s Trs (Louisville)........ Japan..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Gallimore, Arthur Raymond...... Wake Forest C and Grad., vSo. : 
 Baptise eis) e srsttaks eee caer ahets Chingy. 2 Southern Baptist Con. 
 Garnett, Christine s..oe.css ec. a'e!s v Baptist Woman's Trs (Louisville). W.Indies.. Southern Baptist Con. 
 Gates, Elsie May Tellier (Mrs. Y 
 Paul SD SEM MN Me tane ieee Sal abereie gies slats 9 UsotiRochesterss orsd vate ese acute Japansenc. Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 George, Frederick P.............. eNotth Parke /C tie vue ey ae China i409 Swedish Evan. Miss. Cov. 
 Cail Jessie Drew Weer ess cele eae v Meridian Woman’s C, Scarritt Trs W. Indies.. Methodist Epis., South 
 Gillet, Ira. Edmond :.,........5.' v U of Denver, Ore. Agrl. C, Oberlin ) | 
 ; Grand (Ey ee i Ree ao Ree ENE). Africa’...'.'. Methodist Episcopal 
 Gillet, Edith Clara Riggs (Mrs. Oberlin Kind. er Sch., Bible 
 ra Edmond) sbalatetale’s siastethe east mMeachers: Drs CN, Yi Calais ane cess Africa..... ee er Episcopal 
 Gilliland, Helen Comber.......... v Ohio Wesleyan U............20. S. Amer... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Glenn, Floy Doster (Mrs. Capers : 
 WGAIMAT) ee cate ae esos ee teialals v Meridian Woman's C............ Ghingaeee. Methodist Epis., South 
 (s0ertz: Peter Sisto che ules Cis U of fern v McPherson C, Yale : 
 AMT) os neta etd See China..... American Board 
 Geertz, Mathilde Harms (Mrs. i 
 POLOP OA eel utara atta el ste McPherson C, Tabor C, v Yale U T China..... American Board 
 Grimes, Etta Belle; 05). ose sees E. Ill. State N, v Ore. Agrl. C...,.. Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Guild, Edna SOLVE erence tage t\ate Washburn C, Sab ‘State N, 9 ‘ 
 I BNnEO VV ITS Nena aetna tetiee woke Persia..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Halverstadt, Hattie Juanita...... v Southwestern C (Kans.), Chicago ! i 
 TERA atel ana es: sue patcrmymtats Ae. ais 118 dla W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hannaford, Ruth Nancy Emerson Wellesley C, » National Y. W. C. A. , 
 NIPBETLOWATO Ls) ae tami Genes iciais a VAS INA Oy) PUT ha a aia ca JAPAN. oss Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Hansell, Sarah Glover............ vAgnes Scott C, Peabody C for ‘ 
 pea Gere nar Groene (a luseler a stole NADAT ap alere Presbyterian, South 
 Hanson, Marjorie Lucy.......... Macalester C, State N (Monmouth, 
 Ore Paes a Rs es ered orea..... ay U.S.A. 
 Harrington, Sylvia Rhoda........ v Syracuse U, Chicago Trs......... Korea. ci. W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Haslam, Oliver Roberts.......... v Seattle Pacific C................ Japansiec Free Methoeinn 
 Haslam, Rachel Beecaft (Mrs. } 
 Oliver moperts) utes ime esate ls wiseattle Pacthe Omit ois usc aie Epi a ADAM vets Free Methodist 
 Henderson, Harold Hayes........ vU of Washington, San Francisco j 
 TaPrincetomsbis was esie sites eiscneys Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Henderson, Edna Margaret Pusey ! 
 (Mremtarold Hayes). dh!) o's) v U of Washington, Moody Trs..... Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Hicks, Pearl Olivier. oelasiels\ aisle! ss Oklahoma U, E. Cent. State N . f 
 (Okla.),'9. Scarrttt. Tris i. oe ee S. Amer... Methodist Epis., South 
 Astt; Tella Aig neta yes isla a efs.e'. v Wellesley C, Teachers C, Union T ’ ; 
 CIN Vin, Ce) sieiatess toyed ale tovetaxevers al eheyetete ING ..« Woman's Baptist F. M.S. 
 *Hill, Dr. Philip Launcelot, Jr..... v M of Virginia Bp Se EES WR Se at KCOTEA Ye s.0 Methodist Epis., South 
 Hill, ‘Thomas IW LOT stlcissic.e iss 2 | » Kans. State Agrl. C, U of Kans., \ ‘ : 
 C of Missions (Indianapolis) Cree ING icietatess Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 Holmes! Vera Maries cose. 5s @ Carleton) Cae ine Ken dente aba China ses American Board 
 Hotson, Jennie Little............ -N (Stratford, Ont.), » Presbyterian 
 PTs (CL OLONGO) see set erste one terol Japan. «.). Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 *Howe,\ John Litas. .as.c’ ce ase v Grove City C, Western T........ Alaska.... Presbyterian Home Miss. Bd. 
 *Hulmes, Miriam Francis,........ v Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... W. Indies.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Hummel, Karl Degen............ @ LosvAngelesi Travis wae ae aleeta els Cen. Am... Central Amer. Miss. 
 *Hurlburt, Joseph Raymond...... Hawaiian Board T, » McCormick T Cen. Am... 
 Huske, Marion Strange.......... U_of No. Carolina, Davidson C, ; 
 Union T (Richmond)........... S. Amer... Presbyterian, South 
 Hutton, William Ralph.......... v Southwestern C and Grad. (Kans.) . ‘ 
 Crozer T, U of Chicago T....... Indias... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Hutton, Elsie Chloe Sprecher (Mrs. State N (Em oria, Kans.), U of : ; 
 William: Ralph) J ..6:c. sie cicccce Kansas; OU. ofi\Chicagors vt kdainciate ndisi te hese Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Teaacwirene Louise ys cl.s. sia tase v Ch. of England Trs, Kennedy Trs.. Japan..... Ch. of England in Canada 
 Veftrey Nn Lvory. sas ite cesta ieee p Toronto Bible C es Pav sisaiia act aes China..... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 enka ol ce MIUATE (eases ce cotati cule v Wellesley C, Johns Hopkins M.... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Jennings, Walter S............... Marion N (Ind.), Fairmount Trs, ; ; 
 S Houghton te inet veteiee eae Africa..... Wesleyan Methodist 
 Jennings, Miriam Coulter (Mrs. Mavion N (Ind.), Taylor U, v Fair- : Y 
 WAGED hot cymes elote ats alec iaincrel mount Trs, Houghton itis chevaetan cts Africa..... Wesleyan Methodist 
 Johnson, Dr. Eda Lydia.......... U of So. California, v Chicago Trs, . 
 C of Osteopathic P aad Sizteena China..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 ones, Emily Frances............ @ CHeOLisnelanG LTSiviesl.«tseieselets 8 China..... Ch. of Bagi in Canada 
 rcher, James Franklyn......... v U of Pittsburgh and Grad........ China..... Canton Christian College 
 Kay, Caroline Lindsay........... v Moody Trs, Los Angeles Trs..... China..... China Inland 
 Kelley, Anne Bassett............ v Beloit C, U of Wisconsin Grad.... China..... American Board 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
484 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Kendall, Helen McCain.......... v Florence Harkness Severance Trs, i 
 
 Presbyterian H (N. YoC:). ne. ouundiay J+... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 King, Myrth Ernestine........... v Colorado C, National Y.W.GA. 
 
 Trs (N. Y. C.) eae eH, AE Daa S. Amer... Y. W. C. A. 
 Kirby, Mary: Alicésscenabiecida coins v Indiana State U, Kennedy Trs.... India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Kirk, HectortAce casei sian Moody, 1 Lrs wae emetechel Cie eterere tae tee Africa... Sudan Interior 
 Klyve, Samson Samsanson........ ¢ Augsburg. Candi Denese es China ..>,. Nor. Luth. Ch., Amer. 
 Lamar, Mary (Alice ine. ee eeneine 9 Scarritt Ls. ee sessions S. Amer... Wom. Coun. M. E. So. 
 Lawrence, Emilie Gertrude....... Ottawa U, U of Kansas, v Baptist 
 
 ‘Trs.. (Chicago) ec. cet. cabo Burma.... faded a) s Baptist F. M.S. 
 Lefforge,; RoKyameuacakickubtinsciac Ind. State N, » DePauw U......... China ec W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Legg, Della Gertrude............ aera C, 9 C of Missions (Indian- ; 
 
 APOlS)y sa eschocee aoe es Chinas. Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 Lehman, "Howard Ta esis ens State N (Mansfield, Pa.), » Moody 3 
 
 TrS ec ha estes otras) uae wate ieekee S. Amer... Methodist Epis., South 
 Lehman, Ada Lydia Septer (Mrs. Lids 
 
 Howard: Tie iaeekiswucwle eelaleevers of Moody) Trsi dice ocjeilo asic nicl tece S. Amer... Methodist Epis., South 
 Leiper, Henry Martyn Smith..... v Amherst C, Union T (N. Y. C.), 
 
 Columbia UrGradean. ce ace mete. Chinaman American Board 
 Leiper, Eleanor Lansing Cory (Mrs. ; 
 
 Henry Martyn Smith)......... PV Omith Creve eeGeeeinecele «erent Chinageo asic American Board 
 *Lewis, John Abraham........... » Morningside’ Gan eicheaenioae et net Chinamincnc Methodist Episcopal 
 Lewis, Mary Land (Mrs. Stephen v Chicora C for Women, John Hop- : 
 
 BB) oR eS cefelesia Se ciate kins H, Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 (N. Y. Cc: AAR Sidi iy Arnie Rae China....... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Leyda, Maude Leona............ v Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... China..... United Evangelical 
 Livengood, Alice Stratton Peterson Sch. of Domestic Science (Boston), ‘ 
 (Mirsiha yelimmett)ic sere etek ste PM Va ery Dae trae ne chen eniste race India es For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Long, Austin Oliver stite? DEliram iC! Ca eeet eke cece r China... .. Y. M.C. A. 
 Loud Martha: Boas sean keee csmee v Chris. Alliance Trs (Nyack)...... Indigzemcc 
 Lyon, Wilbur Harvey Grote City C, v Western T (Pitts- 
 TE) eevee trae rake wi crexcicyecaeetohnses eee eee bh Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 
 Martin, Adam John 
 Martin, Nettie L. 
 
 
 
 
 
 . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Adam) Johm)tiach chia cuss creoe ” Moody Sirsa Biuteconn cr eee are S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 SMay, Arthurpbliasee eneeuniine 2 Union irs (Brooklyn)inteansasieve W. Indies.. Congl. Union of Jamaica 
 *McClean, Elzora Bertrell Stewart 
 
 (Mrs. Clarence G.)..........0. pi Penn "Crests sites Vokes Mae eine W. Indies.. American Friends 
 McClintock, Ethel Luella........ State N (Los Angeles), » Chicago Trs Mexico.... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 McClung, Etta..... bonideiainnd do tige 2 Maryville C, Moody Trs......... Mexico.... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 McClure, Mary Louise a OberliniCoves yosemite ea oor China: .....’. American Board 
 McConnell, Ralph Ira............ v Grove City C, Western T........ Siameeeee Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 McCracken, Lillian L.........2.. Geneva 'Crei tr teisetechastiae China..... Reformed Presbyterian - 
 *McCracken, Mary Bruff......... PriendsiU tna eae eeeek.c is ucctereccete W. Indies.. American Friends 
 McDowell, Dr. rue Cae liiie.. v C of Wooster, Western Reserve M Persia..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 McDowell, Sarah Evans Wright 
 
 (Mrs. Philip Ge) se eet caeiec » G:ofawoostere. sie nice ae eee Persia..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 *McGill, Mary Buchanan......... vy Gettysburg C, Bryn Mawr C Grad. Japan..... Protestant Episcopal 
 *McKeen, Henriettaci i ccciiele-1- Gordons Trsuie dec aycelone emacs China:...- Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 McLaughlin, Ralph Todd........ Colorado C, Monmouth C, » Pitts- : 
 
 : burelsce eater ee Egypt..... United Presbyterian 
 McLaughlin, Ellen Jeannette Henry 
 
 (Mrs“Ralphilodd) varias. ser a 9) MonmonthiGuen ince nies ottieies Egypt..... United Presbyterian 
 McNeill Josepht), sft), pues ec oe v Haverford C, Princeton T........ Africa..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 *Mead, Frederica Rutherford..... Smith C, v Teachers C Grad........ Chinasene Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Meeker, Roy Thurman........... v U of California, San Francisco T.. India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 *Meigs, eas Helen Hays (Mrs. 
 
 Richardch)) east sae bee »v Methodist Trs (Nashville)........ China..... Wom. Coun. M. E., So. 
 Menaldt, Elizabeth Charlotte..... oy Moody virsie cova eee. Alaska.... Moravian 
 Miller, Ethel A SAARI ara i et ea v Goucher C, Moody Trs.......... Korea..... W. F. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Maller ytta yieiemareree sete aoe ace aie v Goucher C, Moody Trs.......... Japan..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Millar, Helen Cora.............. @ Loronto BibleiGae seats eames Africa..... Sudan Interior 
 Mingledorff, Ozie Claud.......... @ Asbury. Cia cai cet tree oa tinete Korea..... Methodist Epis., South 
 Mingledorff, Maxie Johnson (Mrs. i ; 
 
 Ozie Claud) insta nesietaeet o Ulof Kentucky ayn eictrse sree Korea..... Methodist Epis., South 
 Moore, Rufus Garrison........... ov Milisapsi@) ss i. cece econ ee Chinas. Methodist Epis., South 
 Morrill, Ernest Everett........... v Dartmouth C and Grad., Hart- 
 
 ford Tihs Gon cite eens cle ew oetas Nias. oe American Board 
 Morrill, Mabel Elizabeth Wilder 
 
 (Mrs. Ernest Everett)......... v Kennedy Trs, Hartford T........ Undine. American Board 
 
 Mortensen, Ralph............... Augsburg C, U of Christiania, v 
 
 Augsburg T, Hartford T Grad... China..... Lutheran Bd. of M. 
 Moss, Adelaide Frances.......... Trinity C, »v Kennedy Trs......... apan..... Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 Moulton, Joseph Langdon........ Bates'C, v9 Hartford Pata een doe ndig smo American Board 
 Moulton, Florence May Hooper 
 
 (Mrs. bpd Langdon)........ Bates’ C, Kennedy Ireimierect-isie +016 Indiaceiin American Board 
 Munns, Mary Elizabeth.......... v Toronto Bible C...... 5 OOO AEE Africa..... Sudan Interior 
 Musgrave, Ruth cae ae caer als Trinity U, v Texas Christian U, C of 
 
 : Missions (Indianapolis)......... ALricad sce Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 Myers, Estella Catherine......... Ashland C, Iowa Meth. H (Des j 
 Moines) iris cette aoteertoe erie Africa..... Brethren Church 
 Neely, Anna Charlotte........... v Pomona - National Y. W. C. A. : 
 LTB ON EY o Calereiictsstistate cis ome. oe China..... ¥Y. W.C.A. 
 
 Nethercott, Joyce Minetta........ v Moody cp POLAR SrtA Re Africa.. 
 
 ... Sudan Interior 
 
SAILED LIST—1918 
 
 NaME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 INGWIIN ithe cote ean cee same MPenn (Ce is hek ais wee eal tia anette jepen tecatois 
 Newlon, Esta Hazel............. gever Uo Moody rs se niocteitee ste salebT sh aheiae 
 Nissley, Edith Mae.............. State N (Millersville, Pa.), v Find- 
 
 : LER OHA RE ee ee te An IF OU RN Indian. 5 
 Noles Ruth fmily oo)... sees: v Bible Teachers: Lrs.(Ns YaiC:) .. sv IsOreag... 
 Nugent, Wilford Harrington...... U of New Brunswick, » Gordon Trs. Africa..... 
 Nugent, Cora Orpha Redstone ; 
 
 (Mrs. Wilford Harrington)...... WiSOTGON EL TBE os e!cig ete nese a rae clatete Africanncn 
 Owens, James Stanley............ Central State N (Lock Haven, Pa.), 
 
 Tra State Coe Omen teauaeas Inedis waren « 
 
 Owens, Cora May Beers (Mrs. Clearfield H Trng. Sch. (Pa.), 9 
 
 Jamesistaniey) : loa ueenecn.. Moody Drs i.) tae) Sa eeeye eens ei India... .-. 
 Palmer, Jewel Irene............. Christian C, v U of Missouri....... Japana.... 
 Park Ranra) Mabel; (25 fceiee oe v Taylor U, ‘Chicago Evan. Inst..... S. Amer... 
 Parker, Albert George............ Park C, 9 McCormick T........... apan....-; 
 Parker, Allen Ellsworth.......... v Ohio State U, Hartford T........ NiGlaveas ey. 
 Parker, Irene Glasgow (Mrs. Allen : 
 
 Rilaworth) es leew encsn sete ole v Whittier C, Hartford T.......... India 26 oe. 
 *Parker, Edwin Graham.......... 9 Park'C, McCormick Tivs soc occ. Egypt..... 
 Parker, Florence Winifred........ v Toronto Bible C, Moody Trs..... Attica ace 
 IPhitsch)) DevAlired, Irs... v Wcstece Maryland C, Johns Hop- te 
 
 Soe PE ee, SER ea eh ee ae ry REE 
 
 Phillips, Mary Elizabeth......... » Baptist oy (Chicago), Franklin C Burma.... 
 Pickens, Lillian Orinda........... Greenville Co sed aa tatee ave at etntohe Japan sn. ae 
 PittetAla hee oo: v Howard Hn Ge C, Scarritt Trs, ; 
 
 Wesley H (Kansas City, Mo.).... China..... 
 
 Porter; Amma Lucle:...... ec. 0: Wis. Cons. of Music, » Chicago Evan. 
 
 Enstan ca tic ea sucnalsre steele f elemtinaiane S. Amer.. 
 
 POrber sy olla OLgeS «ae erect ss o Northfield |S ssttinca sce cite nianaenete's S. Amer... 
 Powlas, Maude Olena............ Lenoir C, wv Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 INS 3 CA ies seen o Aiocs state urate ATi di 
 
 Prath, We Lucile te ssiemiavcta ccahla.e « Pacific Bible Inst., Chris. Alliance : 
 
 PETS CNY ACK) at cehercte t.5m sro cere oie Indians 
 
 Randle, Pauline Glass............ PrilaneiUne Scarricouirsse + seneietes Korea..... 
 Rankin Henry nies ete aeece 9 Tarlo. Cy xenia (Ries csccttias ae Egypt..... 
 Ravabonnie ead sar votes sick Bessie Tift C, Baptist Woman’s Trs 3 
 
 , (Lowisville ary pies cece isis cis Chinayeoee 
 
 Read, Elizabeth Williams........ Maedonaldi Cian aenin tly enytertes AT TICa mama 
 ROVNe. Bergen cn es cee een . Lutheran Trs, Union Trs (Brooklyn) Africa..... 
 Richardson, Fanny Elizabeth. Pipe Zt Hamline U, Chicago Trs v State N 
 
 (St. Cloud, Mortis) fewer onreua rect Malaysia. . 
 
 Ridgway, Bettie...... Loos set Adie vy Meridian Woman's C..........-. China..... 
 
 Robinson, Leila Adelaide......... Colorado Cons. of Music, »Los | 
 : ‘ Angeless:rs ts series sleet siele China..... 
 
 *Robinson, Orrin Warner......... p Pomona: Gatectne py eters Hawaii.... 
 Rodgers, Frances VanVechten..... Simmons C, » Kennedy Trs........ Philippines 
 *Rodine, Hugo Gustav........... Oskaloosa C, » Northwestern Trs... China..... 
 Rogers, Mary Matthews.......... v Northfield S, Mass. General H : 
 
 Sh: (Boston) csc ee te crete ee cherie India eae 
 
 PRose Willams Johniyosta. cet: - «,» v Wesley C, Oxford U............. Europe... 
 Ross, William Harry............. Monmouth C, Cooper C, Pitts- : 
 
 Jopbo a4 stad MARRS Ac che th i AN (tite nO Indias. .<. 
 
 Ross, Caroline Edith Weede (Mrs. 
 
 
 
 485 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Friends of Phila. 
 Ceylon and India General 
 
 Church of God 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Pentacostal Church 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 United Presbyterian 
 Sudan Interior 
 
 United Lutheran 
 Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Free Methodist 
 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 United Lutheran 
 
 Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 American Board 
 Lutheran Brethren 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 
 China Inland 
 
 Hilo School 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Swedish Evan. Free 
 American Board 
 
 Y. M.C. A. 
 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 Witiiarm Platry)eitercires cy sss. 9 Cooper Caaciie aiaeee ac slates taste Indias. United Presbyterian 
 *tRundles, Pandora Thomas (Mrs. F 
 James Isaiah) ore ieu As so. a SOnchristian Instena eee teers Africa..... ; 
 Sandberg, Minnie Vera........... v Kansas U, Baptist Trs (Chicago).. Japan..... Woman’s Baptist F. M.S. 
 Sanderson, Abbie Gertrude. ...... v Colby C, Hasseltine Trs......... Chiriace as, Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Sargent, Dr. Clara Adelaide...... v Bessie Tift C, U of Michigan M... China..... WiiWie Cat At 
 Scheel, William Robert........... Moravian C and T, » Eclectic M... Alaska.... Moravian 
 Schlichter, William Alfred........ National Trs, » Los Angeles Trs.... China..... China Inland 
 Schlichter, Helen A. Ottens (Mrs. : 
 Walliam: Alfred) gaarideaiieacs ss Phila. N for Girls, »v Los Angeles Trs China..... China Inland 
 Schneder, Mary Elizabeth........ Hood C, (Frederick, Md.), » Mt. : 
 b Holyoke , Peabody Cons. of Music jens ersten s Reformed Ch. in U. S. 
 Schorsch, Martha Louise......... Simmons C, v Los Angeles Trs..... hinas: J. : China Inland 
 *Seagrave, Grace Russell......... 9 Dension Ute lon cite e Ae Burma.... 
 Sears, Lawrence Milton.......... a) DEIN CE LOT at teat ese baie ag Secale China..... Y. M.C. A. 
 Shapleigh, Dr. Elizabeth R........ Pw Laylor Ua Boston UM, dastencs Ching’... a. Methodist piecones 
 Neon, uty -c) piseuie wie. d hele oi U of Omaha, v U of Nebraska...... ScAmerss)) Yo W.iCeA 
 *Shepherd, George William....... BiMOody IxS iaccis te sirtictoa,ssretsiae sys China..... Plymouth Brethren 
 *Siler, eh Marion Louise Pierce ‘ 
 (Miran CAA aan te cattle v U of Chicago, Rush M........... China..... Y.M.C.A 
 Simonsen, ‘Emma Helen.......... POMAWADL he ack t aaiee cs ectate aaa 5 Chinasea. Woman's Baptist F.M 
 Singley, Dewees Franklin......... mUrsinvishe, wcentral lace vaeoce as Japan sea. Reformed Ch. in U.S. 
 Singley, Ada Schlichter (Mrs. ’ s 
 Dewees Franklin)............. UU reinitaey Caremeorerera ciara: cia'e ci stevaie atest Japan..... Reformed Ch. in U. S. 
 Small, Helen Elizabeth........... v7 LostAngelest irs it). cdele sale cists China..... China Inland 
 brith, Gladyseei. 2. sis wicaine 9 Penny Cheers sect carats W. Indies.. American Friends 
 Smith, Ruth Amelia............. Baptist Trs (Chicago), » Moody Trs China..... China Inland 
 Smith) RGth Baton... 05.66.5666. BONIOM ates pees cstiaroes ase me apan..... Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Smith, Silas Raynor............. » Northwestern U, Garrett Trs..... NdIReie es Methodist Episcopal 
 
 { Deceased. 
 
486 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Smith, Abbie Frances Johnson »State N_ (Bellingham, Wash.), i ’ 
 
 (Mrs. Silas Raynor) iiveweee none Chicago(Evan: Inst..s saeco Indias Methodist Episcopal 
 Smith, Wilhelma Zoe............ Dexter Christian C, » U of Itlinois, : 
 
 : C of Missions (Indianapolis) SIS Africas. a. Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 Snider, Myrtle May......:...... Chris. Alliance Trs (Nyack), » U of : ae 
 
 Galifornia citi tiies tsa picieaiatere india ee. Lee Memorial Mission | 
 Soper, Laura DeWitt............ oO Clof Emporiasiics since pales India..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Spencer, Kate Ellen............. 7) Monmouth iC dalns aoe Sbotebty SEE 2 United Presbyterian 
 Stokely, Anna May.............. Western C for fee U of Tennes- ; 
 
 see, National Y. W. C. A. Trs 
 
 t Mie CONEY Ce er Cena nett S: Amer.7Y.. Ws CoA: 
 
 Strobridge, Vivian Stuart......... 9 U of California, State N (San Jose) India..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Strunk, Elvira Mary............. State N (E. Stroudsburg, Pa.), 9 b : ; 
 
 Albright..C. 2208 ose tee cee ole China Jy. <5 United Evangelical 
 Stukey, Leona Violet............ 9 Colorado Cia k ence eutetaie evs Africa, osc American Board _ 
 *Sturman, Rose Hannah......... v Moody Trs, Los Angeles Trs...... Cen. Am... Central Amer. Miss. 
 Swallen, Gertrude Elizabeth...... v Northfield S, Western C......... Korea..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Swanson, Frank Herbert......... Nei D.) Agrl.G; ie’ Drake UP Divot ene) | ‘ } 
 
 Chicago! Gradi seein nae Philippines For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Swanson, Estella Leona Saunders \ : 
 
 (Mrs. Frank Herbert).......... @ Drake UWaiaie ec outeistel elses inves Philippines For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Sweetman, Herbert Ray.......... OUvok Wisconsimalag violas reieietierereisrs China..... ¥. M.C, A ’ 
 *Swift, Allan Arthur............. v Chris. Alliance Trs (Nyack) ..... China..... Pentacostal Miss. Union 
 Taylor, Anna Mabel) sie) set soet go Syracuse Ue eae esate tee sreleve Mexico.... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Taylor, James Milburn.......... oO Maryville Cini aienmits pretest runs S. Amer... 
 
 Taylor, Mary. Harriet... 2.0.02... v Lenox C, State N (Valley City, . 
 
 ND) eee ar rae China. sis Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Therolf -Prancest acme sseieens v Cleveland Trs, Huron Road H.... China..... Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Thomas, David Hugh............ v Park C, Auburn T............-- China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Thomas, Meta Marie Oelfke (Mrs. z 
 
 David Hugh)iiiciscniaeenaie oe pi Par le Oe Fei e bea sieve aereve lever ey China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Thompson, Alfred. OiGecanenue fas Valparaiso C, » Moody Trs........ Africa ios Sudan United Miss. 
 Thompson, Flossie M. Gibson (Mrs. : ‘2. 
 
 A Wred aul ae Sa COR ey a ani ® Moody (irstersut oc cmitcieet Rice Africa..... Sudan United Miss. 
 Thompson, Elmer Tyler.......... v Colgate U, Hamilton T.......... Japan: ot Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 ‘Thompsonyit; Archer). sua. ceeae oO MoMaster Ui one views state. oe S. Amer... Canadian Bible Soc. 
 Thoms, Dr. Mariog: Wells (Mrs. 3 3 
 
 Sharon iy], ) Oa ee yn ee fe 0 U-of Michigan Meier tonic cis cle Arabia.... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Thorp, Elma Rosanna........... v Baptist Trs (Chicago)..........- Japan tne Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Thorp, Minta Estella............ » Cotner U, C of Missions (Indian- ‘ f 
 
 ANOS) Mis seas ieee Sotetelols Tncdtai vie. Chris. Women’s Bd. M. 
 Todd \Harvyi ira sewekvelsnelsterces als v Rutgers C, New Brunswick T.... China..... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Toothacker, Frank Morey........ v U of So. California, Drew Eezniass Chinain 2 Methodist Episcopal 
 Toothacker, Bessie Emily Hanning i ‘ . : 
 (Mrs. Frank MOzey )iecieiucee oae hs v UsotiSo: California se uenihcncletenis China... Methodist Episcopal 
 Townsend, William Cameron..... vw Occidental Coie vad tities sae. Con. Am... Central Amer. Miss. 
 Taylor, Bera. isiien anes 5 v Kensas Wesleyan U...........-. Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 *Trimble, Dr. Charles Garnet..... v Morningside C, Northwestern U M China..... Methodist. Episcopal 
 *Trimble, Edith Evangeline Alford 5 
 
 (Mrs. Charles Garnet) ere se v Northwestern U, Samaritan H.... China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Trotter, Charlotte Symington..... og Chicagoylrse atte wien tee <ciste oteteie Chinawe ie W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Underwood, Ethel Mae Van Wag- v Albton C, Post Graduate H 
 
 oner (Mrs. Horace Horton)..... (N. Y. C) BADR yw eran alae Ribnavere kee Korea..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Utter Evelyne ns pte ee Transylvania U, » State N (Los 
 
 Angeles), C of Missions (Indian- } 
 
 Apolisy RUA Namea eae eee ALTICR Ciemte Chea: Woman’s Bd. M. 
 Van Allen, Martha Montague..... 9 Vassar OC, Teachers'Ci i.) sees Vidi atest. American Board 
 Van Fleet, Edna Marie........... v Chicago Trs, Cincinnati ee, ae ae Korea..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Verry, Hazel Pearl iigvcanscge ok Eureka C, v National YieIWeiGevAs 
 
 Trs (N. bd COS Seedas woeces Japan:.... Wo WI CTA: 
 Wagner, Henry Howard.......... 9.Central ‘Holiness Ugi es. einen os Japan..... Pentacostal Church 
 Wagner, Gladys Lucile Koger (Mrs. 
 
 Henry Howard) iil) «cece ase » Central Holiness Usiincr as = steer Japaneses Pentacostal Church 
 
 Walker, Jennie Cathryne......... State N (Pittsburg, Kans.), South- , 
 
 western Gian ac anton aratclefersiclete ls China..... W. F. M.S. Met. Epis. 
 *Wall, Edna Emily. soc... c > Grinnell C, v Ellsworth C.......... W. Indies.. Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Walton, Cora May Mil aera ots, shotsiove a Oberlin CWe/.64 es sieieteieial = wiley tells ale China vere. American Board 
 Wampler, Ernest Michael iieralaleneriais 9 Bridgewater Coit). s ccc e es China <2 ie. Church of the Brethren 
 Wampler, Vida E. Miller (Mrs. 5 
 
 Ernest Michael) .............0. * Bridgewater: Clive wes cre waecle b siatae China..... Church of the Brethren 
 *Waterhouse, Dr. Alfred Herbert.. v Princeton U............cseeeeee Hawaii.... 
 
 Watson, Benjamin Pienestanuawe ae Transylvania C, vButler C, C of ‘ , 
 Missions (Indianapolis)......... Japan’ ne For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Watson, Elise Arnold (Mrs. Benja- Christian C (Mo.), »C of Missions ° : 
 min Ernest), Giskeeereneome ce (Indianapolis)iAbheAniebione see: Japan..... For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Watts, Annabelle...............- Cincinnati Trs, » Chicago Evan. i . 
 Inst); ‘Columbus Nici s4 i tele adele India <4 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Watts, Frances Mabel............ St. Catherine’s Col. Inst., »Ch. of j 
 Enoglang Traine wn wekies cies eeisiclne China..... Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 Webendorfer, Henry C., Jr.......- o@ LostAngelesiE rs ralcsmttenic’> ve sysiele's S. Amer... Bolivian Indian Miss. 
 Webendorfer, Helen Armstrong 
 
 Blackman (Mrs. Henry C.., Jr.).. v Los Angeles Trs..........eeee005 S. Amer... Bolivian Indian Miss. 
 
 Wedman, Samuel G.............. v Moravian!Cland Tiiiiciccciess cine Cen. Am... Moravian 
 
 Weinland, George Fernando...... v Pomona C, Moravian T.........- W. Indies.. Moravian 
 
SAILED LIST—IQIQ 487 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 Weir, lols Barris. cus de cae chs C of Wooster, U of Pittsburgh Grad. { 
 : ‘ v Western T (Pittsburgh)........ India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Weir, Agnes Dewing Scott (Mrs. 
 ohn’ Batr) tes te fal shel meteeloy a oe o@ Clot Wooster ysiicy tee ele soielelan India... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Wesley, Arthur Frederick......... v Albion C, No. Baptist T (Chicago) 
 Garrett: Tracey Ucn ia S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 West, Dr. James Hinson......... » McGill U M Gale ote ctaneeentel erate hana ate Tadiayaien Baptist Ch., Canada 
 West, Rosalie Agnes Waterman 
 (Mrs. James Hinson).......... PUM CGUINU Gite ca tuccst ater seladele a ova/el ets India..... Baptist Ch., Canada 
 Westerman, Walter Scott, Jr...... Adrian C, v U of Michigan......... S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Westerman, Frieda Ethel Wuerfel 
 (Mrs. Walter Scott, Jr.)........ Grot Michigan Wieaa cpa ie eee S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 White, Georgia Pauline......... Winthrop N and Ind. C, Baptist 
 Di wotias" s Trs Louisville) LAO AE AD S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Wilds, Mamie Calvert........... C for Women ( pina S. C.), 9 
 Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... China..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Williams, Gladys Moon.......... oe Oberlin'C and 7B Wise Sees China..... American Board 
 Williams, Minnie: Olga Wiest sc sn Alexander C, v Bible Teachers Trs 
 } CNG SC eee es tis Wa eee Tndiawes icc Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Williamson, Norman Francis...... Mercer U, » So. Baptist T......... Japan. \.. Southern Baptist Con. 
 Wilson, Naomi Rae... ./...0000.6 i Tnicana Ne cud pleeaeeine aun Africa... . United Brethren 
 Wood, PllavLoletawias le nick neces Morningside C, v Grinnell C....... India..... American Board _ 
 Woodbury, Norris Elwin......... v Brown U, Newton T............. Burma.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Woodbury, Emma Jane Dary (Mrs. : 
 INOETigulilwin)irn sie te sins etelce aie Kennedyil rs he ine 4a an ae tain Burma.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Woods, Frances Belcher.......... Mt. Holyoke C, v Kennedy Trs.... India..... American Board 
 *Woodside, Grace Owen.......... Mts Holvyoxe) Cas canine ieee: India: :... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Wricht. Ora Ethel seen ce nace v Earlham C, Kennedy Trs........ W. Indies.. American Friends 
 
 
 
 SAILED VOLUNTEERS FOR 1919 
 
 In the table abbreviations have been used as follows: C=College; H =Hospital; M =Medical; N =Normal; 
 S= yy ps Ran palsk Veet, T =Theological; Trs=Bible, Deaconess and Missionary Training School; U= University; 
 v=Volunteered at ; 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 Ackison, Winifred Maude........ v Presbyterian Trs (Toronto)....... Japan..... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Adolphsen, William Frederick..... Thiel C, vy Evan. Luth. T (Chicago) Agia aed United Lutheran 
 Adolphsen, Keturah Grace Gouer ’ ‘ 
 
 Kepple (Mrs. William Predk.) i) Thiel Coie vervecrelsiclers siete niet ale India seis. United Lutheran 
 Aeschliman, Edward John........ ¢ Lawrence! Cassese wee a alerts China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Alexander, Dr. Janet............. Due West Female C, » Woman’s M ; | 
 
 (Philadelphia) v...nn veces oes Indians ice Assoc. Ref. Presbyterian 
 Allen, Eleanor Julia.............. v Syracuse et National Y. W. C. A. 
 
 RE TStC NY 30 Ca) oeheroiatateta renal shone Japan..... WeWa Gi As 
 Allen, s seux ROSS Sl aisiaisi prabeties sieve, <'s v Furman U, Southern Baptist T... S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Allen Mabel usentccic ccs access a State i U, ty ere ae ie Chinas: W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 ESD ALICE cite cineets siesta ste.s v ayer a ts, Peabo or Teach- 
 rage Pina MeNTOR TANG) berate San ci ual th ESTA NS Rena China... .. Wom. Coun. M. E.,; So. 
 Alvord, Emory Delmont......... State N (Albion, Ida.), » State C of \ 
 
 Washington lhe ula i aawa auras cs ALTICA eS tal. American Board 
 Alvord, Berenice Mapes (Mrs. Oberlin Kind. Trng. Sch., » Oberlin ? \ 
 
 Emory, Delmont) .c. sess s.2 2's SUE EN ED SAVAT ACSSa  (A eV Africa... ... American Board 
 Anderson, Helen Dorothy........ poWestminster Cs see eee sites Sndialey Wom. Gen. M. S. U. Presb. 
 Anderson, Herman C............. v.Western Union C, Bible Teachers } h ' 
 
 ih i Cr Ya Cres By Ae onGhing. sant United Evangelical 
 , Paul M LD Re re sts 'oie te ‘arkio a vC o oria, Pitts- 
 Me ae burgh NE iit a alveyeieiteys Africa..... Robert College 
 Bacon, Wallace aceies fees at oe Dine Us v C of Missions.......... China..... Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 B , Bessie anchar ts. i Y , 
 “Wallace Reed) AEA ce RELA ORIEN Peon bebe Cc ef eit eras Chinae.:).. Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 Katherine. aasiscals'o «ls v Wittenber; ible Teachers Trs 
 Sa a enchia hes NCS iar MOM tlds My Tadiaiitis\! Wii M.S) United Latheran 
 Huntereena. ss State N (W: burg, M U of 
 a ee ‘ ae N (Warren eri hiyce: China Mi WEA e TAY His 
 Parley, NMOGeSh. sale sieceauie salstacie ete vy Earlham C;) Hartford T..; .:.)..'. xeleune . American Friends 
 Maker: Pranic EM Seca ewataatereacts Davidson C, » Union T (Richmond) S. Amer... Presbyterian, South 
 Barker, Helen Constance......... vU of Rochester, Kennedy Trs..... Turkey. ... American Board 
 Barman, Goldie Elizabeth........ West Plains C (Mo.), vy Los Angeles \ 
 CLES Ae etre eiticlasle cole sure Me lsrcreters Africa ¥) 23. Africa Inland | 
 Barnard, Mary Elsie............. if Bible varia Gy rH pa Ys ® .) aes India..... Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 . Willi OS ere, sete ennsylvania C, v Hamilton ° i 
 UNSERE RE genie ate P Piand SANITY Ce aaa sea China... .). Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 ‘ Leota Wheeler (Mrs. y i 
 wate DNerct stele) s S ... » Mt. Holyoke C, Presbyterian H... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Barney, Hazel Edna............. tae Tre} Colby. C. ie Oo China..... China Inland 
 
 wid lelphate ercje.id . State v Kureka of 
 preroereniarthe, Jane Minieas PUM Bho sWvielslaiaie ora eis Africa..... ea rh, Bd. M. 
 
 Bates, Ruth Elizabeth........... PSUMNPSON IC Cen eae oh ce os era cilets Indias... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
488 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 Batstone, Mary Evangeline....... v Albert C, Ross Memorial H...... China 2.3%. 
 Bauer, Grace Louise............. 9 Milton Ua te ee nee rae aes eeu China ls... 
 Beach, Joseph Wickliff........... g Vale Bangor ihcnveulnwebinte dele Turkey.. 
 Beall, Dr. Jeannette Ellen........ v Baptist Woman's Trs eed ame , 
 Kans. City'U of Piand iS) 72313: Ching eae 
 Bell, Carl Spurgeon........:..... v Ohio Wesleyan U............... S. Amer... 
 Benjamin, Hermon Reber Sterrett. Grand Island C, » Wm. Jewell C, U ; 
 Of Chicago iiininacu weston ee sie China..... 
 Berg, Carola Amalie. 2... 2)00.5..).. v Moody Trs........ Fole aisettate statis Africa..... 
 Berger, William Robert.......... Mich. State N (Ypsilanti), v Bald- 
 win- Wallace C, Drew T......... S. Amer... 
 Bertch, Louise Pearl............. State Manual Trng. N (Kans.), ‘ 
 Kansas\City: US) teem te ae ene China vou. 
 Berthold, Lydia Emilie........... care vState N (Bellingham, i 
 BRM SPE Shag NA ELMAR Na. c's 
 Best, Blanche Dell.............. Liberty Ladies C, v State N (War- 
 renspurg,| Moz). Wife eer ecdaal ADAM die els 
 Betts, Daniel Lander............ 9 Wofford Gt ane aie Teen S. Amer.. 
 Bielski, Alice Irene.............. Dakota Wesleyan U, v Chicago Trs 
 Jonas) Hopkinge) Eas ya ae crores JAVA eie'ss 
 Birdsall, Nettie M............... oO Huntineton Cecio oe ems oars Africa..... 
 Bjelke, John Leander............ Denison Oss R ei eae mee ate ete China..... 
 Bjork,Gertrude Mathilda Catherine » Moody Trs..................... China.. 
 Black, Mary Helen.............. v Grove City C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 (NAY ANC) ER eee oe ee India. ...'. 
 Black, Rosina Eleanor........... v Heidelberg U, Kennedy Trs...... JADA. see 
 Blair, Martin Stone.............. Baylor U, 9 Southern Baptist T. S. Amer... 
 Blair, Cora Hancock (Mrs. Martin Columbia C, v Baptist Woman's 
 
 Stone) aii al oy slits aia alae Tes CGouisville) eee ol ae S. Amer. 
 Bia keer Bessie Martin......... 9’ Queen's Ca ee Nu ea ae Japan..... 
 Bocker, Leon Morris............+ ®) Usob Kansas icin. vile eee aie China sey 
 Bowdler, George Albert.......... U of Minnesota, » Des Moines C, 
 
 Southern/Baptist Ty io, ae S. Amer... 
 Boyes, Dr. Henry Robert......... v Moody Trs, Detroit C M........ Syria..... 
 Bradfield, Virgil Francis......... Wiheaton Cry ein ue Ore ap Chinas.) 
 Bradfield, Ella Elizabeth Coakes 
 
 (Mrs. Virgil Francis) .......... Wheaton Cons. of Music.......... China yi 
 Bratcher, Lewis Malen........... v Georgetown C, Southern Bapt. T.. S. Amer... 
 Breiner, Lucile Marie............ State N (Emporia, Kans.), v Ottawa 
 
 TU UNECE Sina ERC Co Sune aan ava S. Amer.. 
 Bro, Albin Garhi hor lee car stats v Northland C, C of Missions...... China.) 
 Bro, Marguerite Harmon (Mrs. U of Omaha, »v Northland C, C of 
 
 Albis Carly. Use os We ae er ame eae li Missions fae a aeern cere China ote: 
 Bronson, Bertram Bethuel........ Nazarene U, » U of California Grad., 
 
 San Francisco Pee eae Unie ie Siam...... 
 Brothers, 'Miarriel joi bo cP ies ses Stratford N (Ont.), » McMaster U.. India..... 
 Buck, Dorothy Vincent........... U of Nebraska, v Hastings C....... W. Indies 
 Buck, Percy Gideon............. Woodstock C, » McMaster U and T S. Amer.. 
 Buck, Anna D. Schaefer (Mrs. 
 
 Percy Gideon) e's nies elete ele ete Stratford ty (Ginti)s eee ieele acca S. Amer. . 
 Buck, Victor Mitchel. ........... oe Cornell UG eet eereniian tea Africa teins 
 Bunker, Edward Josiah.......... OU of Pittsburchisese eee ce ele AVA, oe. 
 Burkhalter, Noah L.............. Moody Irs) 9’ Bluffton Cie. Hila ethics 
 Burr, Leonal Lioyd sles e buy a. os N (Springfield, S. D.), » Dakota 
 
 ‘Wesleyan Ui oir sees wentaen tate Chinas sas 
 Bushs James Daniele chejeiteianie 2 U of California, Pacific T........ China 43.2. 
 Bushey, Clinton Jay............. DO Lavion Oe a roan eye ha eee China..... 
 Bushey, Esther Bertha # Moody Trai hye Vaan yf, aane oe China..... 
 Buswell, Dr. Calvin Ezra......... v Carroll C, U of ec and M, 
 C of P. and S. (Ne VE. Gace aL Chinawe sr. 
 Buswell, Adah Katherine Boxell State N (St. Cloud, Minn. yl U of 
 (Mrs: Calvin Ezra) 20). o es hee let Bible Teachers Trs 
 NSN CO Ree OTe eee China tains 
 Caldwell, Dr. David Paul......... Butler ie v Hahnemann M, C of 
 Missiong. 0/500 ae nay cae Tibet. eae 
 Caldwell, Gertrude Mae Perry Chicago Trs, vy Hahnemann H, C of 
 
 (Mrs. Davids Palys se atinievde Missions Suc eo ielt ey ae Tibet... .s0e 
 Campbell, Virginia Garrow....... v Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... Egypt..... 
 Carnahan, Chester Carroll........ Emporia C, gv Carroll C, McCormick 
 
 SE Aa aes ton claial ater etal stabs ree ehe hepa eke S. Amer 
 Carnahan, Aureetta Ida Stephens 
 
 (Mrs. Chester Carroll)......... o\Carroll Culiivas geet tan see S. Amer. 
 Chaplin, (Maxwell/.....00 0.00, 00% 2 v Princeton U, UST CPG r er cbsth ipl China..... 
 Charles, William Byron.......... v William Jewell C, U of ba ba 
 
 Grad. andy'Eiy, Pan iiudiway ois atek te Philippines 
 Clark, Louise Morris............. Presbyterian ELCNG GY CAY lea aes cad Turkey.... 
 Clarke, Marguerite Hobson....... Central C and Grad., » Scarritt Trs.. China..... 
 Cochran, Dr. Joseph Plumb...... v Williams C, U of Minnesota, C of 
 
 Pefandi So CNY aC eee ac a on Persia..... 
 Coie,’ Mary Elders sa ciseasiiek es 2 Tarkio. SH Pee) IS a Egypt.... 
 Corley, Douglas Hilary........... vU of Mt. Allison C, Bates C, Har- 
 
 vard Ui Grade Ghia beet Syria..... 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Presbyterian, on S. A. 
 
 . American Board 
 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Am. Bap. For.«Miss. Soc. 
 Scandinavian Alliance 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 United Brethren 
 China Inland 
 
 Y. W. C. A. 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal, South 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Dom., Rh Mag! and F. M.S. 
 U. B. in Christ 
 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
 . Grace Mission of China 
 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Reformed Ch. in U.S. 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 .. Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 Presbyterian, South 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Southern Baptist Con, | 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 American Board 
 
 American Board 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Baptist Ch., Canada 
 
 .. Presbyterian Home Miss. Bd. 
 . Baptist Ch., Canada 
 
 . Baptist Ch., Canada 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Mennonite 
 
 American Board 
 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 China Inland 
 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 
 For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 ... Presbyterian, be S. A. 
 ... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U, Sas 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 American Board 
 
 Wom: Coun. M. E., So. 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 
 . United Presbyterian 
 
 Syrian Protestant College 
 
SAILED LIST—IQIQ 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 
 MCTAIP, ANNE Ms 55.8 oss catechins tare Southwestern U, U of Texas, » Scar- 
 
 TAB PLES yc san cuet oN ule reeaaarne wyey aia ee W. Indies.. 
 Crawford, Will Clark............ v Pomona C, Columbia U Grad., 
 
 Union, (Na Waris paces trees Malaysia 
 Crocker, Thomasiiisss..eseac ee ate U of Minnesota, Macalester C, v Mc 
 
 Cormick Tae We Use nie ast woke S. Amer. 
 Crocker, Margaret McLeod (Mrs. 
 
 FEHOMAS) Pcl. eid Mere eal dos ee v Macalester C, Moody Trs........ S. Amer 
 Crockett, eae Trenéisc te eakle ue v Presbyterian Trs (Toronto)....... Chinat- 33 
 Crouse, Floyd a eisrehale eeGniesraiae te etal 2 Cornell C, Iowa State C......... S. Amer. 
 ene’: May eee (Mrs. Floyd 
 
 Leia ye oe askin s da seateials eleva wes Cornell C,'9 Bluffton Cv.) 0.10). 600s S. Amer 
 Cuckow, Filmer Stuart........... Pi Beloit! Cowra stele atta eveineie adele hi 
 Cunningham, Ja ames Scott........ OG Moody: Lrscaenis icp oe Baie Baits 
 Cunningham, William Kenneth.... » Randolph-Macon C 
 Currie, Mabel Claire............. Flora Macdonald C, v Assembly’s , 
 
 eErs CRichmMOnG) Coats Hoes ate Chinay/a6 
 Dahlby, Albert John............. v Carleton C, U of Minnesota, Bethel 
 
 TDi slate veretiael epalaielrs ater irate o's Assam. 
 Dahlby, Edith Evangeline Lindberg 
 
 (Mrs aibert John) ee. ice eeclan U of Texas, v Hamline U.......... Assam 
 
 Daniels, Dr. John Horton........ rH ae Minnesota, C. of P. and S. a 
 
 Siar stmer arp Mesetatbeein wees Inge san 
 Darwin, Nora Elizabeth.......... » Scarritt ae U of Michigan...... Mexico 
 Davisn riazel cues hast aue eh eek Ind. Central U, » Chicago Evan. Inst. Philippines 
 Davis, ulius tossed restate Pe e ASDUITy Cou N ae Walle a vale ealae et apene Africa). .4: 
 Davis, Merle Leonard............ v Friends U, Teachers C........... W. Indies.. 
 Davis, Carrie Hays (Mrs. Merle 
 
 EOOM OPO a eye cists shia sie mieten s v Friends U. Teachers C........... W. Indies.. 
 
 Davis, Milton Colley............ Marvin C, Central C, » Vanderbilt 
 
 UF Dee muha weet beatae AW owt shells W. Indies.. 
 Davis, Rolland Newton.......... Los Angeles Free Meth. S, v Green- 
 
 VAG Ce eG Lm late (ee bientie, belie te Indias, 12 
 Deam, Mary Lucena............' De) Pawwi 0, Chicagovh rs -tei4 las\s ie Philippines 
 Denham, Thomas Samuel........ v William Jewell C, U of Missouri, , 
 
 Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... India..... 
 Denham, Emma Pade Mowry Teachers Trng. Sch. (Albany, N. Y.) 
 
 (Mrs. Thomas Samuel)......... Nebraska U, v U of Missouri, Bible 
 
 Teachers Trs NoWG scoeisabe Indianh ah, 
 Denholm, Dr. Kenneth Andrew... » Queens U and M................ Ma Ble aers 
 Denison, Annie May............. v Hartford Sch. of Rel. Pedagogy. . urkey 
 Dennis) Viola Bellew, o.'.- 6 selec: v Heidelberg U., Seater eel oLIANY un to NICIA A vecle 
 *Detrick, Lulu Mae Hildebrand ah 
 
 (Mrs. Herbert edie Ce eae a Maa 9 MePherson Creer use oe wise shoes Philippines 
 Dewey, Dr.-Albert Warner....... v U of Denver, U of Colorado M... Turkey... 
 Dibrell, Edwin Walter........... v Emory and Henry C, U of Texas.. W. Indies.. 
 Dicken, EGNOM MAE ssi these eid ecco Cincinnati Trs, 9 Denison U, Ohio U Korea..... 
 Dimmitt, Marjorie Alma......... Knox C, v De Pauw Uae Ndiaye 
 Doe, Gladys Bamntl yi We) st cea) Rad State N (Bridgewater, Mass.), v Gor- Y 
 
 GON WL TSA Meter ay adi RUE Tndig es ays 
 *Donald, Fannie Reid Nugent j 
 
 (Mrs. Charles D. Pail siteeny eidicies gOteens) (Lis tan Ries nat ety oe Tce, on ecu. 
 Donnell, Laura Lillian........... State N (Los Angeles)............ China..... 
 Donohugh, Emma Edith......... : idetdary aude C;\Teachers. Ci...) ni eg 
 Daohttlen Margarets, 6s 5) 5.0.0 6's n Mawr C, Kennedy Trs..... Syria..... 
 Douglass, Rhodas Clyde......... of Florida, v Union T (Richmond) hen ‘aeisehe 
 Douglass, Elizabeth Cloud tae 
 
 (Mrs. Rhodas Clyde).......... v State N (Fag ayile, Wary una nr ee China..... 
 Downs, Harriett Augusta......... Froebel Kind. C, v Moody Trs..... India hs 
 Dra ke; Panni@sA cate erte cretes xs aie 0 U of Nebraska, v Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 [Nh PG © ND Am BLaeM One oi FLAS SP . Amer 
 Dudley, Raymond Angur......... DV Ale TU Bs Ae i ehteutets Wap aeelslars Shares Indiagte ..23 
 Dudley, Katherine Ellen Clark t 
 (Mrs. Raymond Angur)........ v Mt. Holyoke ne Kennedy Trs.. India ace 
 Duff, William Henderson........ v Baylor U. and ay ” Burma 
 
 Duff, Ada Ingels (Mrs. William v Eureka C, Baptist ‘Woman’s “a 
 
 
 
 
 Henderson) aie (eheLE RT CTR asta wena laces (Louisville) Hany O Wen tad tee IN Burma 
 Durgin, Russell Luther........... 2 Dartmouth Cy caieaaios alae s vleireis Japan's. 
 Dyer, Vernelle Wallace........... aColby Ce Newton Ties eis Burma 
 Dyson, Joseph William........... ae C and Grad., U of Chicago C 
 
 TA etree alee ptclaens soe eaciees Be 
 Dyson, Myrtle Elizabeth Sheldon : 
 
 (Mrs. Joseph William)......... v Howard Payne c Mate diate enckausrst eaaiecs Chinas. 2'). 
 *Faton, Alma Grace........+..0+ Waynesburg C, 9 Blackburn C..... u apan..... 
 Maton rake erry. Da. <fatsbrciataaet clea v Acadia U, Edinburgh 1 Os SE a NIA: wi. 
 Ekdahl, George Harry........... v Los Angeles Ki Bn BRO eRe a PAV S. Amer. 
 Ekdahl, Gladys Gibson (Mrs. State N (San Francisco), San Fran- 
 
 ASSOTREEIATTY ic ese viens salto sate. cisco Bible C, » Los Angeles Trs.. S. Amer... 
 Ellis, Dr. Francis Duffey, Jr. v Wesleyan U, U of Penn. and M... India..... 
 Bly Lois Annas son hiss ste . U of So. California, v C of Missions. China..... 
 Emmel, Aetna Lizzetta........... 9 Willamette U..........00.5200-- India .7.).2). 
 Eustis, Wilma Emily.... 5, 9 U of Minnesota y..\.3 6c scet ans India..... 
 Ewing, Mary Eleanor. EVs Se COCKS MAW LISOTT Cn ete clalarssiaicters si9ne India... ... 
 PAUSE TLOLON cele ceitiaiwicis's vie%eceisie g Coriell One. aon Arise hopin China..... 
 
 489 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Wom. Coun. M. E., So. 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 ... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 Ay, NT bea Episcopal 
 Yeo, CoA 
 
 12) Inland-S. rele M. U. 
 . Methodist Episcopal South 
 
 Presbyterian, South 
 
 . Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 . Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Wom, air M. E., So. 
 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Wlaesaiee Episcopal, South 
 American Friends 
 
 American Friends 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 
 Free Methodist 
 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 
 . American Board 
 
 W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 . American Board 
 
 Methodist May oon South 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 W. F.M. $ Meth. Epis. 
 
 Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Presbyterian, U. S.A. 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Presbyterian, South 
 
 Presbyterian, South 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A 
 
 BN AO OnV 
 
 American Board 
 
 American Board 
 
 ... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 . Am. Bap. aes Miss. Soc. 
 YJ M. Ci A 
 . Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 ..- Methodist Episcopal, South 
 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 
 . Baptist Ch., Canada 
 ... Bolivian Indian 
 
 Bolivian Indian 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 American Board 
 
490 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Fay, Benjamin Guthrie.......... @ Moody *irsict. weenie Late evetniatr'e S. Amer... Inland-S. Amer. M. U. 
 Fisher, James Earnest........0.0+- Emory and a aA C, » Bible Teach- 
 
 ers irs (NAVs Ce ee es Korea... .' Methodist ce aeg ey South 
 Flaniken, Sarah Alice............ W. Tenn. State N, v U of Tennessee. China..... Presbyterian, U 
 Forbes, Erma Alice........ese00¢ 9 Ulof Minnesota lnuenc sun ceecete + China... ...'. YoWuC, A’ 
 Forman, Dr. Douglas Newton..... v C of Wooster, U of Penn. M...... India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Foster, Dr. John Hess............ v McMinnville C, Colby C, U of 
 
 Penni) Mile Canieasod ein mreccen China. sb Yale For. Miss. Soc. 
 Fuller, Marjorie Lucile........... No. Ill. State N, » Chicago Trs..... Africa..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Fuller, Mary Elizabeth........... Drake U, Carnegie Library Sch., » C 
 
 of Missions? s/n uae « Mexico.... Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 Funkhauser, Walter Leon........ 9 Penni State'Coiiiiance seein e China..... Canton Christian College 
 Gailey,' Helena Giese Sale celecetle er U of Washington, Seattle Kind. Trng . 
 
 Sch., » Los Angeles Trs.......... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Gaudin, Clara Lydia Ogren (Mrs. 9 Greenville C, Women’s C. A. H , 
 
 John Benjamin) .i5 dee cls sista se (Jamestown UN. ty.) cease siete ets Africa..... Free Methodist 
 Gebhard, John Gabriel, Jr........ Hope C, v New Brunswick T....... iRelest Gee ee Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Gibbs, Maurice Allison.....--..-. v Houghton fe CNS ba ecKsear Cea Japan..... Wesleyan Methodist 
 Giedt, Emanuel Herman......... v Rochester T, U of Rochester and r 
 
 Grades ils cilam miley mieesiaees China..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Gilchrist, George Rizzle.......... New Mexico N, v Occidental C, ; 
 
 Moody. ‘Tre ae. cu aimake cieies S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Gilmore, Erastine Bright......... vR. I. State N, Cincinnati Trs, Ohio [ 
 
 esleyan Ui eee See ei sie sine Mexico.... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Glenn, Ora)iMasti seek citer be o Agnes Scott (Cau. teemecucucnwes S. Amer... Presbyterian, South 
 Goering, Samuel Jes) ieletele vie « siore 9 Bethel C; Chicago Dek een ewe China..... Mennonite 
 Goering, Paulina P. Miller (Mrs. : : 
 
 Samuel Js) PA A teases eaters Freeman C, v Chicago Trs......... China..... Mennonite 
 Goldsbury, James Edward.. Jee Boston U, 0 ParvarguUb voces see c Turkey.... American Board 
 Grage, Minnie Eliza............. v Moody Trs, Wheaton C......... Africa..... Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Greene, Willie Burnice........... Washington C, vAssembly’s Trs j ; 
 
 (Richmond) ieee herrea Korea..... Presbyterian, South 
 Grier, Isabel Barbara............ Due West ree C,vBible Teach- j 
 | 6rs Hire Neier Cadlrdceinem eoctcine ina..... Presbyterian, South 
 Grove, Nelda Lydia............. State N (Mayville, N. D.), v0 U of 
 ‘ Nebraska witen cea ction nese Korea..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hacker, Dr. Frances Louise....... Medico-Chirurgical C (Phila.), 9 x 
 ! Womens iM (Phila) a. oe ae velstee China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 HagenwOliverirene st dalle vsiaieleise Mich. State N, v U of Michigan.... Japan..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hager, Blanche Dashiell.......... Howard Payne C and Grad., Central 
 : Cie ScarrittTrs oe eae Japan..... Wom. Coun. M. E., So. 
 Hall, Lawrence Kingsley......... 0 Baker’, iee ence seein nates Chinas). LY. MiG rae 
 Hall, Margaret Emaline Brown 
 (Mrs. Lawrence Kingsley)...... es Baker Uses oe sheers China..... Y.M.C. A. 
 Halliday, Clifford Moody......... U of Cincinnati, Ohio State U, Bible ; 
 
 : Teachers (Trsi(N.)¥./C.) ieee Syria..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Hamilton, Floyd Eugene......... Cornell U, » Wooster U, Princeton T Korea..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Hamilton, Kenneth.............. Moravian Cand oT..........0e08 en. Am... Moravian 
 Hamlin, Paul Mahlan............ 9 Hamilton’ Coie eee medi tee China..... Yale For. Miss. Soc. 
 Hammon, Fletcher Horace........ Pittsburgh Bible Inst., » Allegheny C S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Hammond Luciagiii |. site cieicie o' Moody: Trav y sea tee i aior ents Africa..... Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 Hanson, Albert Magnus.......... Augsburg Ci BNL Vata cr eisenie ie Madag.... Lutheran Free Church 
 *Harlow, Milton Wilberforce...... U of Toronto, U of Albertaand » Grad. India..... Y. M.C.A. 
 
 *Harlow, Jean A. Mathers (Mrs. 
 
 Milton Wilberforce)........... Alberta Ladies: ©. \2020% ieee oc ee India). >... Ya MaCr A. 
 
 Harrod, Anna iMae site cteisleieaiss « Marion N, 9 Wittenberg C......... Indias. ce W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Haviland, Edna Cynthia......... y Earlham C, Columbia U Grad.... Palestine.. American Friends 
 Haynes, Anna Evelyn Wooster 
 (Mrs. George Emerson)........ v Syracuse U, U of Chicago Grad... Japan..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Helland, Melvin Andreas......... Augsburg C and » T, Hartford T, U 
 y of Grenoble (France)........ .-.. Madag.... Lutheran Free Church 
 Hendrix, Everett John........... v Mo. Valley C, Western T (Pitts- 
 Durga) eee tole sraatecte pieteloce India..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Hendrix, Minnie Kate Claggett 
 
 (Mrs. Everett John)........... Blackburn C, v Mo. Valley C...... India..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Henke, Arthur William.......... Charles City C, v Garrett Trs...... Europe.... Methodist Episcopal 
 Henry, Robert Timmons......... Millsaps C, » Emory U T.......... China..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Hick, William Arthur............ v Los nated "LIB. s Wersisiaiste sa eres oe China..... China I ost EP 
 Hoffman, William Samuel........ v Greenville Cand T...........4.- Africa..... Free Methodist 
 Hoffman, Mildred Lucile Cady : 
 
 (Mrs. William Samuel)......... 9 GreenvilleiCi es. cicsicislsieleisiais selec Africas.’ 2. Free Methodist 
 Hogan, Emily Eleanor Beach (Mrs. 
 
 Milo} As Vi)ie cee ie vaca 2 @ Alma Cw Auburn ls waits nei oe China..... dey a is weeks 
 Holcombe, Clinton Steele......... v U of Nebraska...........cceeees Egypt..... 
 
 Holland, Ruth Gertrude.......... » Middlebury) Caines acts tee vec Ceylon.... Rrcedteae Boel 
 Holt, Henry Daniel sys, aan dosha Poly. Inst., Yale U, Teach- i 
 
 rs, Ci ciate te ae Ne ns coda ina..... Protestant Episcopal 
 *Hopkins, Helen Terry........... Boeeen U, 9 Mt. Holyoke C........ China..... ; 
 Horning, Dr. Daniel L............ McPherson C, » Hahnemann M. China..... Church of the Brethren 
 Horning, Martha Aloreta Daggett McPherson C. oll. Trng. Sch. for 
 
 GMrs@ Daniell.) seiecccetiae Nurses, Bethany Trs............ China..... Church of the Brethren 
 *Houlding, Ernest William....... ov Mt. Hermon §S, Oberlin C and T.. China..... American Board 
 Houlding, Florence Wina Bicker- 
 
 staff (Mrs. Ernest William)..... @ Oberlin (C siccadalsslee ees ei ossliaiats China..... American Board 
 
SAILED LIST—IQIQ 491 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 Hult? Ralph; Daniels. 2s.ee8 ee Augustana C, Chicago eat 2s 
 v Augustana T, Kennedy Trs.... Africa..... oes pee 
 Huntimlaud Ednacia: cscs sete wiWwheaton Core. sh er arte China..... W.F S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hunter, Maude Emily Bull (Mrs. 
 
 sJamencAlbert) tect cise aise isiasicta BW Ot Tin o1s sieve erste ete teetcra aha aievate! ste China..... American Board 
 Hurd: Sylvia Bellies. 252 sae.n nals v Friends U, Chicago Trs.......... India...... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Illick, Dr, Charles Raymond...... Taylor U, vU of Michigan M, De- 
 
 troit; Ciof iM asi ey tates Ge areal Mexico.... Methodist Episcopal 
 Innerst, Jacob Stuart............ v Lebanon Valley C, Bonebrake T, 
 4 LUpat (oy od DUP Meare t eT pit (id AA China..... United Brethren 
 Innerst, Marion Ethel Reachard 
 
 (Mrs. Jacob Stuart)........... *e.BonebrakeiDussue sone vite aidcitor China..... United Brethren 
 Jackson, John Edward........... v Furman U, Southern Baptist T... China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Manze, "Aaron Asset yacicatele otecacd Rochester T, v Moody Trs......... Africa yess. Congo Inland 
 Jenkins, Charles Somes.. HU CSOLGONs UTS st ciel) citi seave ctor sree erates Africa..... Pentacostal Church 
 Jenkins, Pearl May Kent | (Mrs. 
 
 Charles|Somes) te oaseeees das v Gordon Trs, Beco City, Hie. Atricas.. 5. Pentacostal Church 
 Jessup, Elizabeth Palmer......... Adelphi C;9 Smith Cis. ws. 2... 88 Syriate ness Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 aes Marthanjuditicrcsacccccee.s v Stanford 'U, LEM IE & A.Trs (N.Y.C.) China..... VW. A 
 
 ohnson, Hanna Maria........... v Moody PA TO AL OR Unclia eece Swedish Alliance 
 Jones, De Etta Walker (Mrs. 
 
 CharlesiWade) ac Se ik cbake 9 Dei Pauw Unit eee oudtescciess suc wel Malaysia.. pee ee 
 Jones, Dr. Laura Elizabeth...... « @sSyracuse Uland’ Mish 2/2005 5-5.. China... .. W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Jones, Olive Evelyn............ eso Syracuse) Uil, wuianw eae dackiec save India: Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Wordan Or, Carl Kred euch aie niec v State U of Iowa, Johns Hopkins M China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Judson, Dr. Herbert Alfred....... C of Wooster, v Park C, U of Michi- 
 
 de srema? Mie Li China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Judson, Miriam Ruth McCandliss I 
 (Mrs. Herbert Alfred).......... v C of Wooster, Morningside C..... Chinaze. a Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 ury, Gordon Sinclair............ v McMaster U and T, Yale U...... Burma.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 uffman, Alvin Horst, Jr........ Olivet Uric cis paluiel ee cael che ine sree havens Vridliae te Pentacostal Church 
 Kemp, Alice Bowdoin............ GINA En Oates mien a weal otek k Europe.... American Board 
 Kennard, Ralph Brandreth....... v Mass. Inst. Tech., Columbia U, 
 Weacherd: Cusmwues ono eo ers Chinasee ee Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Kennedy, Anna Rowley.......... v Presbyterian Trs (Phila.).. Syria eee. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Kensinger, William Gage......... Girard C, Drexel Inst., v Moody Trs Africa.. . Congo Inland 
 Kensinger, Edna Moser (Mrs. Wil- 
 
 idm Gage) acne eared OMIM OOGYE TTS ledetes pele letkoniale terete Alrica ssc Congo Inland 
 Kilburn, Elizabeth Hockley....... Drexel Inst., » Kennedy Trs....... Japan... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Kingsbury, Ruth Beardslee’ (Mrs. 
 
 Hohnuioward) secs sires es Mt. Holyoke C, » Kennedy Trs.... Turkey.... American Board 
 Kintner, Elizabeth..............% Manchester C, v Bethany Trs...... India. .... Church of the Brethren 
 Koeppe, Edwin W............... Hope C, v Western T (Holland, ) 
 
 Michs) Geir cane ne sens China..... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 PR MCNIONLCLA | enisieci te aieiche clea carers Northwestern Trs, vy Moody Trs.... China..... China Inland 
 acy sont Veere sci. cindie'siaceis eievale v Ohio Wesleyan U, Garrett Trs.... Korea..... Methodist Episcopal 
 LaMott, Willis Church........... v Occidental C, San Francisco T.... Japan..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 LaMott, Nell Adelia Miller (Mrs. 
 
 Willis G@harch) eee eee. v Occidental C, State N (Los Angeles) gener Ssrspare er ret U.S.A. 
 Dane, Orthal Mayne son laeciale s/cd 6) Cornell Ce aecnione cose cele Ching vance W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Lange, Eleanor Anna Maria...... Milwaukee N, »U of Wisconsin, 
 
 Kennedys irs: eens ase ie ees India... W. M. S United Lutheran 
 Larsen, Jens Peter Mauritz....... » Union Trs eat T of Ev. ) 
 
 Luth. Church in U.S............ Africa..... United Lutheran 
 Larson, Charles Homer.......... Moody sl irs\Vieerae te aintteeeh kee S. Amer... Bolivian Indian 
 Larson, Ella Mae Coover (Mrs. Mich, State N (Ypsilanti), » Moody oe ; 
 
 (hiarless Homer) eateries sicis'g/nis pea) £5 aii e hinl atelai ciatele bets olan: « alsie\ole\ isla S. Amer... Bolivian Indian 
 Larson, Ivan Victor.............. v er pi BADtIStY Deine sieraliters! ep teiase Chinaycnic Southern Baptist Con. 
 Larson, Edith Theresa Drotts (Mrs. F 
 
 Tvan Victor) eodieeisio ta tiewisse cs. v Baptist Woman’s Trs ee China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Lawney, Dr. Josephine Carrier.... Denver U, Woman’s M (Phila.).... China..... Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Leach, Henry Philip Dutson...... Drake jai U of Chicago T, vC of z 
 
 IMFIGSIGNS retecehs staat tel eer pe eleenelal S. Amer... Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 Leach, Hilma Me anet Lind (Mrs. Drake U, U of Chicago T, »C of ; 
 
 Henry Philip Dutson).......... Missions elute Sains ok Metts S. Amer... Chris. Woman’s Bd. M, 
 Lehmann, Metta Verena......... MB lt tom Gen airs erteiarte ee ctni China. 
 
 Lewis, Emma Tanner (Mrs. Leroy 
 
 Cheater) cvty tthe dns a ous 0) O/LavloriUWetyenyen mete caites 6 sls\ate ears India..... Methodist Episco a 
 Lichtwardt, Dr Hartmann Augustus » Berea C, Detroit C of M......... Persiasce cic Presbyterian, U. 
 
 Lied, Inez Aaa eOh teas ao), cae N (Moorhead, Minn.), » Teach- 
 A re etnies i oocicle calc aieials Turkey.... American Board 
 Lorbeer, Vera Helen............. v Lomo C, Kennedy Trs, Pacific : ‘ 
 Sch. of Religion Walle aa bleva mccletare Mexico.... American Board 
 Lorimer, Kate Graham Cowan | i 
 (MrsnJohn'C:) ae sane een ciesic SiMnekinenm © aeletais cecaiaers ce lee Egynpt..... United Presbyterian 
 Loucks eetla Meta cits celesiele cie-e 0 Sree N Woceonta: N. Y.), » Moody j 
 Bor as SP OOUTOUBDOOOnEuE A EILE India..... Ceylon and India Genl. 
 Ludgate, Abbie Mabel........... v Wheto CR ete eels a a televelee as deel Aor W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 SY Tin PB daiaie sj aiesole\cisio Gaels ees Clarendon C, » Southern Methodist d 
 TR eietietere ia 6)s sie) sig aisielalalaqels ote ATTICA vasie.¢ Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Machum, Sybil Grace............ Provincial N (Fredericton), » Gordon ‘ 
 LER aie ciiclalseiclelcieiosine ts aoiee India wees Baptist Ch., Canada 
 
 Mackenzie, Elizabeth Sarah...... © Queens Uses ns ce cicicns aedtleels Africa..... Can. Cong. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 
492 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 Mackenzie, Virginia Margaret..... 9» Reed Cas Venkata yb Ne dacs 
 Maddock, Sayre Paul............ ey i ine C, v Wesleyan U........ . Amer 
 Madsen, Anna Kirstine Bog...... 2» Mood ts ade d adress dee a araralS China 'y.:: 33 
 Manchester, Ruth Coe......--... 9 cote awr C and Grad., Kennedy e 
 ve bbe ® bela bansteld iat eee een ndia..... 
 Marion; Albert; His oe ee ies v rene WU Drew "Te. uae dee ate Europe 
 Marauiss, Frank Clifford......... v York C, M of Virginidsicu ye wees India..... 
 Martin, Dr. John Gregory........ v Muskingum C, Western Reserve M India..... 
 Masales, Ethel Arizona........... v Kalamazoo ce Moody Trs 
 ‘Wheaton Cuivre cases meee Tndia.\. 4). 
 Mason, Annie May............0. 9 Toronto. Bible |G. 20) nodes eee. S. Amer. 
 Massman, Augusta. 2o.our soo: 2 2 Toronto les .-d actress cence aeeree S. Amer.. 
 Matheson, Florence L............ Prince of Wales C, Calgary N (Alta), ‘ 
 9 Gordon VEPrs si) tee ie ciate we nidia. <.2é 
 Matson, Esther Marie........... oe North; PatkiGe\iie aos renseters China... .. 
 
 Maxwell, Dr. Joseph Sprague..... 
 
 McCandliss, Dr. William Kerr.... C of Wooster, v Park C, U of Michi- 
 
 ‘ PENS EP PD ENE RTE NST) Va ay heh Ha ae 
 McCandliss, Maybelle Taylor (Mrs. 
 illiamy) Kerry viii ipaetele cals le es Ds Parke! Cy shaniviga a sjaialaidies s aaievere alatatels MCDADE apa e's 
 McCaw, Clayton Clair... 6.0...) v Drake U, William and Vashti C, ” 
 Eureka C, C of Missions........ Philippines 
 McCaw, Anna Mildred Phillips » Drake U, William and Vashti C, ey 
 
 (Mrs. Clayton Clair). ...5 0.505. Eureka C, C of Missions........ Philippines 
 McClure; Bloyd Avy ieee ey Otterbein C, v Ohio State U....... ing 2.64 
 McCulloch, Gertrude Florence.... v Kalamazoo Ci of) Chicaco! Ta China a, 
 McCutchen, Martha Luella....... State N (Kearney, Neb.), 2 Taylor U China..... 
 McDonald, Ethel Blanche Gale f y 
 
 (Mrs. Frank Rudd) .360..3 006. v U of Missouri, Columbia U Grad.. China..... 
 McFarland, May Evelyn......... 9 Westminster!| Guetta Pea Egypt..... 
 McGill, Florence Bertha Warren ‘ 
 
 (Mee vAndrew)t canis wii emniate Boston Lying-in-H, » Gordon Trs... Africa..... 
 McGilliard, Virginia Dare........ 9 Miami Ui: 52h iii: Ste se raid atl Africa..... 
 McIlwaine, William Andrew...... v Mt. Hermon §, Davidson C, Union 
 
 ‘Ti QRichmond) He Stns lee pa Japan. es 
 McLean, Grace Brewer Smith Colorado C, National Y. W. C. A. 
 
 (Mreu'Eester Jr ee eae Tre GN o Co) ees cialsie aban eta utes SARE: 
 
 McQuinn) Gueiphiiik nit vase ue. U Se So. " California, 2 Los Angeles ie 
 AUREL Meme ae any eI et Bias] n. Am 
 McWilliams, Samuel Snyder...... Drake U,0C of Missions.......... S. Amer 
 
 McWilliams, Alice Sheplee (Mrs. 
 Samuel Snyder) 
 
 Drake U pate Grad., » C of Missions S. Amer.. 
 Metzger, Mary Myrtle........... 
 
 v Otterbein U, Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 ee ae? 
 
 CNM Cua SHOR ta ace ni Philippines 
 Meyer, Dr. Frederick Willer...... Vale Ucand Min yen ee Philippines 
 Miller, Alfred Hoyt.............. v Presbyterian C (S. C.), Columbia 
 
 TCS Ce eel aaaete suis sien Laie ate amare Africa. vue 
 Miller, Bernice Beth............. v Occidental C, Butler C, C of Mis- 
 
 sions’ os yea Le eee ata ese S. Amer 
 Miller, Charles Samuel........... o Manitoba Ciieciekbatcuaeticeees W. Indies 
 Miller, Emily Eleanor............ Phila.N; #1 Ujof Penny, (eee ose. Chirag ens 
 Miller, Frances Iva J.00 b2/402i)41-10i 2 Hillsdale C, Chris. Alliance Trs |. 
 
 ; (Nyack) ciiris-t) caw es areas ete China, ye- 
 Miller, Hazel’ Meanie ta ears ete ¥ Defiance ‘Gisele ee ehicca e aictets S. Amer 
 Miller, Valley Virginia........... 9 Bridgewater Cun sai chien acral Chinay cis 
 
 “Miller, William McElwee......... Washington and ee Mt Ang, pel ; 
 Princeton T.... Persia 
 Monroe, Charles Henry.......... v Ohio Wesleyan Ui ce cee Indias srs 
 Monroe, Laura Mildred Jordan ; 
 
 (Mrs. Charles Henry) Re ee 9 Ohio Wesleyan U........:....-- India.h ac 
 Monson Bh mudtiniie cas canes ue vst. OlafiC, Luther ive sic eee Madag 
 Moon, Lewis Calvin............. v Wilmington C, Hartford T....... Africa..... 
 Moon, Ruth Anna Cowgill (Mrs. i 
 
 Lewis Calvin) Oe eicen, sun ina) g Wilmington Cron Jews sie arertatale Africa..... 
 Moore, Emily Ruth............. v Cleveland Bible C, State N (Ypsi- 
 
 ambi) ee Oe a kek blobs a ceieme rice China}: sce 
 Moore, Robert Cecil............. 9 ier aaa C, Southwestern Baptist 
 Syhiata Bo, Bas bo Me Wp cuckatttebeR Ne ate oe stores S. Amer 
 Moore, Walter Harvey........... ae Ky. State N, v Ky. Wesley- 
 an C, Emory.(Un,d os sale tenet usiets S. Amer 
 Moorman, Robert Henry......... 9 William Tewell C, Southern Baptist s 
 SING WtOTl! ds s.sc abalone « India ryc8s 
 Morrow, Ada Blanche............ D Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... Egypt ¥ ee 
 Murray, Florence M............. Greenville C, Northwestern U...... China: ;... 
 Muse, EltioiOla ao.) cise cto -'s Kingswood C, v Olivet U.......... India..... 
 Myers, Minor Morton........... v Bridgewater C, Vanderbilt U T and 
 Gran ie a, is tial Meee ecas sicive it ome Chinas... 
 Myers, Sara Chrystine Zigler (Mrs. pe Sap! C, Vanderbilt U,»Pea- 
 
 Mizior, Morton)iee Hie auie ian cee body C for Teachareey iiss sues China..... 
 
 Neal, Carl be ay MRR paptionecaient (errs Marion N, v Earlham C........... India de cic 
 
 N elson, Hazel 
 
 McCurdy (Mrs. 
 Thomas Lothi ian) ‘de as 
 
 v Muskingum C, U of Pittsburgh M Egypt..... 
 
 State N (San J: ose), 9 U of California S. Amer... 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal ~ 
 
 Danish Mission Society 
 M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 alae Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 
 . Inland-S. Amer. M. U 
 
 Baptist Ch., Canada 
 Swedish Evan. Miss. Cov. 
 United Presbyterian 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 For. Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Canton Christian College 
 
 Woman's Be tist F. M. S. 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Wom. Genl. M.S. United 
 Presbyterian 
 
 South Africa General 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 
 Presbyterian, South 
 Y.W,. CA: 
 
 .. Central Amer. Miss. 
 . Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 
 . Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 
 United Brethren 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Presbyterian, South 
 
 sen Wet GatAs 
 . Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 
 Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Church of the Brethren - 
 
 . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Norwegian Lutheran 
 
 American Friends 
 
 American Friends i 
 
 Friends-Ohio Yearly Meeting 
 . Southern Baptist Con. 
 . Methodist Episcopal, South 
 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 United Presbyterian 
 Free Methodist 
 Pentatostal Church 
 
 Church of the Brethren 
 
 Church of the Brethren 
 American Friends 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
SAILED LIST—IQIQ 
 
 NAME 
 Nelson, William E............... 
 
 Asbury C 
 Nelson, Julia Blair (Mrs. William 
 LON) ay 1 Oa de A ae Plage ae PARDUTY CMe OS rele UNS aca 
 Norment, Arabella Marvin (Mrs. Betlany, C, vC of Missions (Indian- 
 Malcolm Lynn) essa teenies apolis) 
 Odgers, Doris Bessie Slater (Mrs. 
 
 INSTITUTIONS 
 
 a 
 
 Axe0TREAS) os Uoit aie aa ae ee oO Ulot Nebraska’. .), 6s)0 bi: Sueeleisia Indiay) ss. 
 Oechsli, Dr. Waldo Raymond..... Baker U,vU of Kansas M........ China..... 
 Oldridge, Mary) Bellew: xy. sere oe v U of Kansas, Cincinnati Trs...... Japan ssh 
 Oliver, Edwin Martin............ Washburn C, 9 Baker U........... . Amer 
 Ottison, Joseph Selmer........... N. Dak. Agri. C, v Moody Trs, Bible 
 
 Teachers Trs (N. Y b' gic OF eu tt Radel nia ese 
 Otto, Dr. Anna Marie............ v Syracuse U, Woman's M (Phila) sindia’s Mei 
 Page, Ernest Frederick........... 9 Doronton Bible: Concise iapae et erates. China..... 
 Parker, Douglas Leonard......... Friends U, Harveford C, Hartford T Mexico.. 
 Parker, Rebecca Jane Ross (Mrs. 
 
 Douglas Leonard)............. 9 Wilmimeton Gli jsiuse usteues s use tle Mexico 
 Parker, Joseph Irving............ BriendsiUren tn cure saci RUokeralg China ie 
 Parker, Gladys Worley (Mrs. » Ohio Wesleyan U, Pestalozzi Froe- 
 
 JOSEPH Virvingeitee Cees cise see's sivele CIRM caredigte te) o 0 Sd areas er LP et China’).!.\./: 
 
 Parmenter, Ona Maud........... aeicennan H, v Chicago Evan. Inst. Africa 
 Pederson, Dr. Nellie Cecilia Elaine Lutheran N (Madison Minn.), 
 
 Minnesota C, v U of Minnesota M Hoty ashore 
 Perkins, Dr. William Harvey..... 
 
 PJeferson: Miia aaa Siam seh 
 Perry, Thomas Charles........... v Cotner U, Phillips U, C of Missions W. Neadica 
 Perry, Mabel Laura Avis (Mrs. 
 
 Ahomas Charles) te )as Sie ae elas v Cotner U, C of Missions......... W. Indies 
 Phillips, Clarence Arthur......... v Carroll C, McCormick T......... S. Amer 
 Phillips, Maude Edith een ete Wis. Sch. of Music, v Presbyterian 
 
 Clarence Arthur). . SUNS) CRICK GO) talitla oles shernccashals yeiaies S. Amer. 
 Phraner, Stanley Lansing. . DP Princeton Uys Mratelaie leis eke tosishereiecors China..... 
 Phraner, Dorothy Fiske Rand (Mrs. 
 
 Stanley Lansing) 32 oe ds OMintolyoke Cynon ede Weenie vo) CLIN sc ci, 
 Pittman, Annie May............. v Cazenovia S, Chicago Trs, Oberlin ; 
 
 Kap oT rng betas sists ielste INA; sles 
 Pollock, James Alexander......... William and Vashti C, » Monmouth 
 
 CyPittsbracay i wots siaiieseiale pucks Egypt..... 
 Potter, James Henry........ ‘aneee » Union Catarthoraul pihiwetionie ss india is. 
 POWel icy iis lek nits ate eb ales Drexel Inst., New Haven N of Gym- 4 
 
 Ny TIASERCS VET AN Te es alee | Pa Tle ae India. 
 
 Powell, Newman Minnich........ #'Onhio WU, Garrett Trees ices ties lsieo S. Amer. 
 Powell, Ruth Wilson (Mrs. New- 
 
 ManeMannicn) are ewe kyle e ei POBIONU RR Ea eiasil eat eee eee S. Amer. 
 
 Powlas, Annie Pauline........... Lenoir wa v Bible Teachers Trs 
 (N. Y. C.), Columbia U Grad.... Japan..... 
 ProctorsOrvia Anne 2185 si ieieis's « State N (Springfield, Mo.), Park C tate nines 
 Puffer; Piovd Arthurs..cass ce. ss Seattle Pacific C, U of Washington.. India..... 
 Putnam, James Leslie............ DP Wenisoni UW eleaiichas tens nen inese te awaii 
 Quay, James WMarimcrrieeteicaiss ¢ < Monmouth C, v pr ag! a Yateyerbstacs Egypt..... 
 ReIDO Pay IoISIO ss chiste.<iciais fs, 'eve:s Teachers’ Trng. (Springfield, 
 ; TY or Moody Trs yay bce eicleeiis .) Egypt... .'. 
 Ramsaur, William Hoke.......... v as North Carolina, Philadelphia 4 
 SAR ea aap aC ED IC Peal ERR ya VS TICA hs, 3 
 FRATICOMIN RUE a Riees sie tiga sith bese 848 Oberlin Kind. Trng. Sch., v Cincin- 
 
 . mate Drs ius seach caaslatessiere aia oe S. Amer 
 Reichel, Paul Arnett............. PObio StaverUi saves ele els alate tis Signe oie 
 Reichel, Katherine Lucile McLellan 5 
 
 (Mrs Patil Ariens) © ctoccisicis «oc 9. Obio: State: Uiel. state ale caneistet nae Siam 
 Reifsnyder, Thomas Bancroft..... v Lafayette C, Princeton T........ Mexico 
 Reimann i Priedarackc kisi. dacs 4s v Baldwin-Wallace C, Chicago Trs.. rae sate ae 
 Replogies SATs Geese jenclass «sc Juniata C, v Bethany (tes see Pi aaractai shh Ln Gas dar) oe 
 Reumann, Otte Guero aioe sss Syracuse U, Union Ti(NG YS Cojo. aes: Redon) 
 Reumann, Martha Lydia Bourne ‘ 
 
 CMiras OttorGe) acres Gerais Gas v Syracuse U, Teachers C.......... China..... 
 Richards, Russell Alger.......... Mina ty C, » U of Michigan, Oberlin . 
 
 DAR Aas AN Nei LE TEAL urope.... 
 Richey, Elizabeth Helen.......... Carnegie Inst. of Tech., Ohio State U China..... 
 Rietveld’ Harriett. acres. okie aes Iowa State C, Central U of Iowa... China..... 
 Rigs, Theodore Dalzel Athenaeus.. 7 Mt. Hermon S, Colorado C, U of 
 
 BEVEL ates totereieiaiale istcheaferoieie’s Turkey.. 
 Riggs, Winifred Emma Clark (Mrs. 
 
 Thesdore Dalzel Athenaeus).... v U of Colorado.................. Turkey.... 
 
 Ritchey, George Edgar........... U of Nebraska, State N (Kearney, i 
 
 Neb.), » Iowa State C........... hina..... 
 Rockwell, Lillie May............. DASOUCHER Creates covieletere a ela amaeiaiete India..... 
 Rogers, Ralph Hebard........... SL NMI HB Aah eS Syria soe 
 Rorke) Loelia Mary li)) 50's 0.5 2 'e of Albert C, U of Toronto, Ont. C of Art Taped Stats teks 
 ROAD ME THEW AY OF sis clniacie v's! els v Baptist Trs (Phila.), Lesley ; 
 
 (Cambridge VM Nie Sebastes cise BAIA abies 
 DROStHO GP ATU s cestais! tra cis ale sails «6.0 OMOGAY Dire ieetecrescis slacets nt oretiens alo India ty.".'.'s 
 Rowe, Dorothy... .......eee0e0s tv Goucheni@e iii his cst seiniele's)¢ ot6.4 China..... 
 Rudin, Harry Rudolph........... w Vale US hiveaecsse tees usrteaseie China..... 
 
 493 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 ai Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Scandinavian Alliance 
 Women’s Chris. Med. C., 
 Ludhi 
 
 f iana 
 Tibetan Mission 
 
 .. American Friends 
 
 . American Friends 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 BS ty Episcopal 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Norwegian Lutheran 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Chris. Woman's Bd. M. 
 
 .. Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 ... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Y. M.C. A. 
 
 Ni Mis Calas 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 United Presbyterian 
 Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 
 .. Women’s Union Missy. Soc. 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 ... Methodist Episcopal 
 
 W. M.S. United Lutheran 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Free Methodist 
 
 MIChs 
 United ea oe 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 
 ... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 ae Seer a U.S.A. 
 
 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Sac of the Brethren 
 American Board 
 
 American Board 
 eit Sess 
 
 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 YW Cus 
 
 . American Board 
 
 American Board 
 
 For. eae Miss. Soc. 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Syrian Protestant College 
 Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 
 Woman's Baptist F. M. S, 
 Seog and India Genl. 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Yale For. Miss. Soc. 
 
494 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Rugh, Meade Augustus.......... State N (Slippery Rock, Pa.), » Wit- 
 
 tenberg Cland Lanna ae eee se S. Amer... United Lutheran 
 Rugh, Ethel Beatrice Shir: (Mrs. 
 
 Meade Augustus) . Seeteete’ 9 Wittenberg Cis..)...:. ayeveie eine siete tate S. Amer... United Visa he 
 
 Ruppel, Leona Elizabeth......... Iowa State C, U of Chicago........ India..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Rusby, Helen Bryant............ 9 Mea Union: Cae oa eRe ieee S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Dalzer, HIOTENCE sie eleisatlslelelelelel¢ els U of Minnesota, v Wellesley C..... India... .. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Sargent, Cecelia Vennard......... vBryn Mawr Cpa eae tle Mexico.... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Savage, Ruth Coleman........... Mt (Holyoke Ce 2c iy eivaias tie cle China..... Wom. Union Miss. Soc. 
 Schaedel, Charles Theodore....... Renssalaer Poly. Inst., Agrl. and ; : 
 
 Mech! 'C, (Texas) i) iseasices te ere Africa. isi) Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Schleman, Clara Elizabeth........ v Baldwin-Wallace C.........0+.-. China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Schmalzried, Dr. Elmer William... v North Western C, Cof P.andS. ( 
 CNS LEC) ee tees tatanyn piotery China..... Evangelical Association 
 Schmalzried, Lena Mae Schroeder 
 
 (Mrs. Elmer Willian) Pen ee i iy 9 North: Western 'Caurisciees seis: China ae Evangelical Association 
 Scott, Fannie Virginia............ Lauder C, v Scarritt Trs........... S. Amer... Wom. Coun. M. E., So. 
 Scudder, Dr. Galen Fisher... . 1... v Princeton U, Cornell M.......... india er Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Scudder, Ruth Lawsing.......... v Wellesley C, Teachers C Grad..... India..... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Seelye, Kate Ethel Chambers (Mrs. § 
 
 Laurens Hickok). . Sua e eye v Bryn Mawr C, U of eee Syridia tack Syrian Protestant College 
 Seesholtz, Anna Groh............ C for Women, Western Reserve ; 
 
 v Y. W.C. A. Trs (N.Y.C.).. ” China S sianate YW. CHA? 
 Seigle, Albert) Giri. cies cocci cle lee v Los Angeles Trs, San Francisco T. Siam...... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Shaver, Isaac) Leroy-sie Naess > Rutherford C, v Trinity C......... ct Delolare Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Shepard, Dr. Lorrin Andrews..... Yale, U Columbia U\M))...503.37. urkey.... American Board 
 Shepard, Virginia Moffat (Mrs. x 
 
 Lorrin Andrews) 32) fo 0c cise es eve v Wellesley C, Teachers C Grad.. Turkey.... American Board 
 
 Shields, William Earle........... v Hedding C, Northwestern U, Gar- . “ 
 
 nett Dis cyan tives cieistsloraie sieeve ie Africa..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Shires) (Wilbur Stuart ye Sey Ren IAL CAI Shy ie aren Brahe te Nati isteve Chinaaae Y.M.C.A. 
 Sickel, Clarence LeRoy.......... Los Angeles Trs, v LaVerne C...... S. Amer... Brethren Church 
 Sickel, Lois Loree Cutright (Mrs. 
 
 Clarence LeRoy) /..5.cs).0c5005 oLos, Arigeles! rss ci iiara wie cated ine S. Amer... Brethren Church 
 
 Smith, Alvin Woodrow........... v Geneva C, Reformed Presbyterian 
 
 FTC APA ERA SLU SA 7 CR rE ANI S Cyprus.... Reformed Presbyterian 
 Smith, Arthur Deatrick.......... v Franklin and Marshall C, T of the 
 
 f RefjChvin the! UsIS.Wea eee ee ele een ceeysle Reformed Ch. in U. S. 
 
 Smithy Linda (Cys y wasialvi ate see State N (Worcester).............- urma.... Woman’s Baptist F. M.S. 
 Smith, Maud Russell............ Renfrew Col. Inst., Ottawa N, ov t 
 
 Presbyterian Trs (Toronto)...... UNGIBS » e'e sis Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Snell, Sara Emerson............. wWellesley)'C octal’: Waidat severed nebatatal Turkey.... American Board 
 Sollenberger, Ofiver/Clarkcy tii: Manchester C, » Bethany Trs...... China..>.. Church of the Brethren 
 Sollenberger, Hazel Coppock (Mrs. 
 
 Oliver:Claric Real Waiae fans) ie o Bethany rs yori ennsieineie sje miats China..... Church of the Brethren 
 Sperry PRuth) MMe aT g State. U (of Towa oc. sunieide stops pistes Chingy. eo. Woman's Bane F. M.S. 
 Sprunger, Eva F..........0.00.0. Sawyer Sanatorium, v Cincinnati Trs China..... W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Stacy, Martha Rundlett.......... v Gordon Trs, Newton T, State N 
 
 (Lowell yee oleae Sule eielere ete Japan..... F. M. B. of Chris. Ch. 
 Staley, Georgia Arista............ gos Angeles T reve yoke wert scale ers ers Africa..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Steiner, Robert Lisle............. U of Pittsburgh, vC of Wooster, ‘| 
 
 AlleghenvivTeheublelse sin set etelelals Persia..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Stevens, Dr. John Egbert......... v Occidental C, Stanford U M...... India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Stevenson, Merle Quest.......... v Park C, McCormick T.......... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Stevenson, Hortense Beatrice Sals- 
 
 bury (Mrs. Merle Quest)....... 9 Parke Cunoyye te Ree hylan ate ete Chinasease Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 Stevenson, Robert Emory........ Ky. Wesleyan C, » Vanderbilt U T.. Mexico.... Methodist Pies South 
 Stewart, Reba Cloud............. » Randolph-Macon Woman’s C..... China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Stone, Robert SDENCEL ese seie cial o University C,) Knox Tio) oo2000 0. China..... Rockefeller Foundation 
 Stoy, Ellen Louise.....---------- U of Louisville, 9 Chicago Trs, 
 
 North Western U............. _... Europe.... W. FP. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Strickler, Herbert Johnson........ Kansas City U, »C of Emporia, 4 : 
 
 Princeton Tia). he css etc ceinas India’). Ges Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Strickler, Martha Theressa Stewart : A 
 
 (Mrs. Herbert Johnson)........ oO Clot mporias.chisuincey staan India: ..44 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 
 StLONHEArriebs cone stelelsialenieisie tie Kendall C, » Carroll C, Bible Teach- ; 
 
 ers Trs (N CYS Co) ee eater 8 China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Strong, Sarah Lucretia........... Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.), : \ 
 
 Swarthmore’ Cj) chee ca cuiee ae Siam...... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Stuart, Harland Francis.......... v Worcester Poly. Inst............. Philippines Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Stuart, Marion Guendolen Reed 
 
 (Mrs. Harland Francis)........ vy Smith C, Kennedy Trs.......... Rerine Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Stump, Levi Albert.............. v McPherson C and Grad.......... China..... Church of the Brethren 
 Sutherland, Catherine Elinor...... o Western'Ci2 paislnsiieiieieeres!cre te China... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Sutton, Walter Degges........... v Johns Hopkins U, Rochester T.... Burma.... Am. Bap. For. Miss. esc 
 Swanson, Ruth Pauline........: v oe Mallikiniy Uaiadeics wsieritte Philippines Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Swart, Winfield Quentint jrosenic as @ Union (oo 8, Conversion es aleipieeie India f(a. American Board 
 *Swartz, Lillian Belle Gleason (Mrs. ‘ , t 
 
 Philip Allen) (tie eae nee, o Cornell Cr te teat valet acts China..... China Medical Board 
 Sydenstricker, John Marion....... » Hampden-Sidney C, Union T é 
 
 (Richmond) eerinince siete see st S. Amer... Presbyterian, South 
 
 Taber, Caroline Emma........... v Adelphi _C, Bible Teachers Trs . 
 (Ne MEIC dae ae a yaeuae China..... Presbyterian, U. 8. A. 
 
SAILED LIST—IQ19 
 
 495 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 Taylor, George Washington, Jr.... Presbyterian C (S. C.), Union T 
 (Richmond) saat cotalea sacle Amer. 
 Taylor, Mae Villa Parmelee (Mrs. 
 
 FUITAIM INE) estan dosnt ole ooMiach A pris. Car auc Veto: wavaee Africa.... 
 Tebben, Alfred Harrison......... ME TIendS: Ula eeeh tae tenet ole oye) eee India.... 
 Tebben, Alta Susan Wilbur (Mrs. 
 
 Alfred Harrison) aicc ccna. Priends Uitte en oom ne tee a ere rae Indias. 
 Teeuwissen, Walter.............. Moody Trs, y McCormick T....... FRUSSIN GIy 
 Thomas, DriiHarold eee Acadia U, Boston U, » Harvard M.. China.... 
 rehompeom Celia Onieic iene cde. St. Olaf C, v lowa State Teachers C, 
 
 Wot Minnesota ct atacie satacuie ce Madag.... 
 Thuline, Winifred Nathan........ v Evansville S, Seattle, Pacific C... India .... 
 Tibbetts, Manly Day............ glows tate Cres ae ate eae Turkey 
 Treman, Muriel Elizabeth Webb 
 
 PMrss RobertiGaig trees as sire Vi Lawrence Girma sisne ale elelete ctote China.... 
 Tuck, Ernest Everett............ vU of Denver, Boston U T........ India.... 
 Twinem, Paul DeWitt........... C of Wooster, U of Princeton Grad. 
 
 andl. og) Hartiord dyautenes tances China... . 
 Ullom’, Lalu Pearl; eta ete cies close ote v McPherson C, Oberlin T......... China.... 
 Van Arsdale, Hester Anne........ v Vassar C, Columbia U Grad...... Mexico... 
 VanDyck, David Bevier.......... Raters C, vPrinceton T and U Ore 
 Wins alae Om (eal laa ile rie ina.... 
 VanEaton, John Plumer.......... v Colorado C, Princeton T......... S. Amer... 
 VanEaton, Marjorie L. Thacher 
 
 (MrsiifohnePlumer) acne cc les Colorado C, » C of Missions....... S. Amer, 
 
 Veenstra) Johannaa.C sinensis oo Union Trs, v Calvin C, Bellevue 
 
 Maternity a te olahete ara Gubler have sata Africa.... 
 *Vernon, William Roy........... SPASOTAONY LTS eet em ais cieietateicioieiel ete tle Africa... 
 Voth, WihelnnOun Wo Leen 9 BetheliCGewei a tactile «-ualeiieisaleieeniele Chinas). 
 Voth, Matilda M. Kliewer (Mrs. 
 
 Wilhelm C. meMTeletsts leetatatelere nevavens Bethel C, v U of Oklahoma........ China.... 
 Walker, John Archibald.......... Toronto U, » SVactorial@ aentercists cals China.... 
 Wannop, Dr. George Graham..... v Albert G U of Manitoba M...... China.... 
 Ward, arth’ Clarissa co die acc v U of Redlands, Hasseltine Trs.... Japan.... 
 Warner, Rab Hav ireinia weitere s o/s lace U of Idaho, Chicago Evan. Inst., 
 
 Cincinnati Ts (iinaibetae aan uees S. Amer... 
 Wayland, John Edwin........... v Washington and Lee U, Union T 
 
 (Richmond) eae. aes LAINE oer Chinas... 
 Wells, Goldie-Ruth.............. Ore. Agrl. C, » Eugene Bible U, U of ] 
 
 : Oregon, C of Missions.......... Africa.... 
 White, Florence Lillian........... 9 Grove City,C une aerate ices ace » Egypt.... 
 White, Dr. Hugh Dickson........ Nebraska Wesleyan U, v Polytechnic J 
 
 C (Ft. Worth), Vanderbilt U M.. Mexico.... 
 Whitelaw, Jessie Derby Greer..... v Presbyterian Trs (Toronto)...... Korea.... 
 Williams, Dr. Thomas Henry..... U of Manitoba andyM........... China.... 
 Williamson, Fannie Lee cCall » Bessie Tift C, Baptist: Woman’s 
 
 CMrsiiNorman .By) ce ciaiaieeeercie's « Trs (Louisville)....... _ Sega Japan.... 
 \Williford, Bessie. ). sc. cs.ci- o's ol Shurtleff C, U of Illinois, Moody Trs _ 
 
 Sadie Grade ek eee Chinas... 
 Wilson, Esther Willis............ Sch. of Industrial Art, Barker H.... Egypt.... 
 Wilson ep OMISt yi iar coe cisco os Kansas State U, v Princeton T and U i 
 Grad see ar Ba Ue enteral ell va anata Persia.... 
 Wilson, Lena May.............-. Findlay C, 0 Wooster C........... S. Amer... 
 Wilson, 1 ELST O5).9. oe Ee ee v Maryville C, Peabody C for Teach- 
 ers, Bible Teachers Trs (NGG Syria ce: 
 Wolfe, Arthur Whiting........... v Park C, McCormick T, Western T , 
 ‘ (Pittsburgh) de ean b a oak ae eek Mexico.... 
 Woodruff, Frances Electa......... 0 are Trng. Sch. (Albany, i: 
 PT aka eee Bree ey 9 Get Hae matric 
 Woolworth, William Sage, Jr...... New York U, v Union T (N.Y.C.).. Turkey 
 Wright, Charlotte PATE uBtAS t.: sl. Teachers’ Trng. Sch. (Albany, N. ¥.) 
 wiGordon) Trsinetcisisyasiectaislelerci= Assam.... 
 Wo TIOPACE ere ete cioisis.s.c:0.¢ Bridgewater C, v Princeton T...... India.... 
 Wright; John Veectieats series ss v Park C, San Francisco T, Western : 
 Seb : (Pittsburgh) wh he Soe ee ae China.... 
 Wysham, William Norris......... Baltimore City C, 9 peter ence (os I 
 ; Princeton U Grad. and T........ Persia 
 Zetty, Elizabeth Constantine..... v College for Women (Allentown, 
 Pat) Kennedy Trs sissies cel see Japan.... 
 Zug, Lester Bonebrake........... Penn. State C, Lebanon Valley C, i 
 e Bonebrake! Dubus vnewJdices se. Africa.... 
 
 Zug, Irma Marie Rhoads (Mrs. 
 Lester Bonebrake)............. Lebanon Valley C, Bonebrake T.... 
 
 MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 
 . Presbyterian, South 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Y.M.C.A. 
 
 Y. M.C. A. 
 Y.M.C. A. 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Norwegian Lutheran 
 Free Methodist 
 
 . American Board 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Church of the Brethren 
 
 . Protestant Episcopal 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Presbtyerian, U.S. A. 
 
 . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Sudan United 
 
 .. South Africa General 
 
 Mennonite 
 
 Mennonite 
 
 Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Presbyterian, South 
 
 Chris. Woman’s Bd. M. 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 . American Board 
 
 Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 ... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Reformed Ch. in U, S. 
 United Brethren 
 
 . United Brethren 
 
SALLE D VOLUNTEERS! HOR 1920 
 
 In the table abbreviations have been used as follows: C=College; H =Hospital; M =Medical; N =Normal; 
 
 S=Secondary School; T=Theological; Trs=Bible, Deaconess and Missionary Training School; U =University: 
 v =Volunteered at. 
 
 *Volunteers sailed before 1920; names reported here for the first time. 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Abbey, Vere Walford............ OG Laylon Us aadan dite pec sic e igen. ed Methodist Episcopal 
 Adair, William James..:......... Cooper’ C;' 9 Xenia Te yew eae Egypt..... United Presbyterian 
 Adams, Effie Louise.............. State N (Framingham, Mass.), 45M 
 # Baptist Dre!(Philas)! ieee ce eacdiay eo Women’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Alexander, Mary Charlotte....... v Baylor U, U of Texas Grad., Bap- 
 tist Woman's Trs (Louisville) Sees China...) Southern Baptis3 Con. 
 Allen, James Henry.............. v Chris. Alliance Trs Uyeck. Pres- 
 byterian T of Ky. Grad., U of 
 Lowisvalle-Grad ) sina S. Amer... Inland C. Amer. Miss. Union 
 Allison, Walter Leslie............ State N(Indiana,Pa.),» McCormickT India..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Allison, Gertrude Grace Fleck (Mrs. 
 Walter Preslie) crerisle steiclerealeeale State N (Indiana, Pa.):.........%. India s3 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Alumbaugh, Goldie Pearl......... Mt. San Rafael H, vC of Missions q ‘ ‘ 
 ; : d (Indianapolis) Wolo ueaee eblaitle Africa..... United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Amis, MinnaRerdauweis ies i's 0 dies v Texas Presbyterian C, Assembly's 
 i Tra (Richmond) ses sev vane tates China..... Presbyterian, South 
 Anderson, Dr. Alice ene Beatles ee v University C, U of Toronto M.... India..... Women’s Chris. Med. College 
 Anderson, Gertrude Roberts...... v Wellesley C, Kennedy Trs. ANN Gato 6 Wa Sloe oe Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Anderson, Margaret Lillian....... v Northfield a Ohio Wesleyan epi Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Anderson, Minnie Susan.......... Atlanta Sch. of Oratory, » Baptist J 
 : Woman's Trs (Louisville)........ ATSIC Ne ols Southern Baptist Con. 
 Anderson, Selma Sophia.......... vU of Nebraska and Grad., Bible : 
 Teachers Trs (N.Y. C.)......... Indiniives: United Lutheran 
 Anderson, Vernon Andy.......... Ala. Presbyterian C, v Presbyterian 
 Tok Key es eg a ee ee ee at: Africa..... Presbyterian, South — 
 Andrews, Mary Edith............ v Oberlin ie Eyre bain ical de Wane African Uij92 American Board 
 *Arey, Allie’ Maelo ie ua, v Statesville Female C and Grad., 
 Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... W. Indies.. Presbyterian, South 
 Arnold, Merle Victor............. ov Ulof Nebraska eran Use ih com oases a save PY Ms Crag 
 Atterbury, Marguerite.)))))yeun nek v Wellesley C, Columbia U Grad... China..... Peking University 
 Aylard, Gertrude DeLila......... Baldwin-Wallace C, Greenville C... Japan..... Free Methodist 
 Ayres, PA MIMAariel ll chennai Mn Maina © Eelmizal Ge eee Aaa Sr eit ai S. Amer... hye Woman's Chris. Tem. 
 nion 
 Bagby, Alice Anna.) oh bycein ls. v Baylor C, Southwestern Baptist T S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Bailey, Pacific Belle. .........)- v Mt. Holyoke C, Columbia U Grad W. Indies.. American Miss. Assn. 
 Barnes, Samuel Grady........... v Cleveland Trs, Christian Alliance 
 
 i Trs (Nyack), U of No. Carolina.. S. Amer... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Barnes, Vera Frederick (Mrs. 
 
 samuel Grady) iii ew nan f 9 Cleveland) Trs Gays 6 obese ole 6 S. Amer... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 *Barnhouse, Donald Grey........ v Los Angeles Tre Princeton "Doig ne. a bered Belgian Gospel 
 Bars, Lulu Mabel in ui oii U of Saskatchewan, v Methodist Trs 
 } (Loronto) aa de celica seed teens Apa yeni. Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 Bates, Miner Searle.............. Hiram C, » St. John’s C (Oxford)... China..... United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Bausum, Robert Lord............ Richmond C, » Crozer T.......... China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Beale, Hannah Holmes........... oMoody: Tressenge ste eee India ois! Wom. Genl. M. S. United 
 f Presbyterian 
 Beatties Kathrynn.. tesssnlec iets cloe 9 Tarkig Ona taurine s 8 aisle tere India see Wom. Genl. M. S. United 
 Presbyterian ) 
 Beatty, wnutl) Cac ae eet onsen v Westminster C, Columbia H (Wil- Pie 
 Kinsburg, \Pas)ss acd ot sisie amok aie Egypt..... Wom. Genl. M. S. United 
 Set bee 
 Becker, Gertrude Anna........... v Dakota Wesleyan U............. India s)e.'3). W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis, 
 Beers, Susan Esther............. P Moody Ars pmol dee miata Wels tae Japan.. : Hephzibah Faith Miss. Assn. 
 Bennetey inn Gyan nee), Iowa State Teachers C, Iowa State ; 
 \ C, State U of Iowa, vy Boston U... Mexico.... W. FP. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Benz, Gertrude Elisabeth......... Mechanics Inst., v Presbyterian Trs j ! 
 uh) (Chicago): s2 58: 5 list te sie mvowee aeons Persia..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Berry, Dr. William Clark......... v Marietta C, Western Reserve U M Africa..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Berry, Priscilla G. McClintock 
 (Mrs. William Clark).......... e'Cleveland ‘City Et. 2.) cule tee Africa..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Bertsche,ChrisiA Wun sien e Moody; Trev Cas Africa..... Congo Inland 
 Blair, Mette Karoline..........., v Bishop Clarkson Memorial H.. dadiay Ss /-h United Lutheran 
 Blakney, Raymond Bernard...... Mass. Inst.of Technology, vBostonUT China..... Fukien Christian Univ. 
 Blickenstaff, LelRoy ean ick Mt. Morris C, vBethany Trs, { 
 Columbia C of Expression....... India..... Church of the Brethren 
 Blickenstaff, Verna.............. Bethany Trs, vIll. Trng. Sch. for 
 Nirrses 3h 2 a On se wie Sm A India. J... Sta of ee Brethren 
 Bloomfield, Clara Ruby.......... @ Tarkio (ya ce cede tie rah eis Egypt..... Wom. Genl. M. S. United 
 an Presbyterian 
 Blume, William Wirt............ Polytechnic C (Ft. Worth), Cumber- . i 
 land U, v Texas Christian U..... China..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Blydenburgh, Dr. George Theron.. » Wesleyan Uy Cornell Miva ss hte Chinas tse Methodist Episcopal 
 Bobb, Paul Frederick. ........... p Rice Inst 4A cele aes cesta es sree Turkey.... American Board 
 Boss, Marion Hortense........... Syracuse U, vy Gordon Trs......... China..'... Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Bowden, Jal ar Cue Se ere ae eke v So. Methodist U.......+......-. S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Bower, Leon McKinley... 11.1... Albion (Gio Denicon Unite an wiew asst Hawaii.... Mills School 
 Bowman, John Wick............. CofWooster,PrincetonUGrad.andyT India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 496 
 
SAILED LIST—1920 497 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Bridgman, Harold Thomas....... v The Citadel, Presbyterian C of S.C. 
 
 ‘ . Union T (Richmond) Pa Ceiate China) Jc: Presbyterian, South 
 Brinkley, Sarah Gibson........... Ga. N and Ind. C, » Scarritt Trs... China..... Methodist E iscopal, South 
 Brows edna! Dis ob eet a niece aces v Ohio Wesleyan U..........+000- S. Amer... fay F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Brown, Florence Amelia.......... w Northwestern, Usain etic China..... Ye Wi 
 Brown yNetties savanna bes fee Bethany Trs, » North elo C India: .... Church of the Brethren 
 Brown, Olive Isabel............. v Bible Teachers Trs (NYE C2) endian a ns Wom. Genl. M. S. United 
 
 Presbyterian 
 Broyles, Edna Belle............. v MOY oi Trs, Bible Teachers Trs 
 ishall Sane shoes CEP Claris LFS hale India..... Wom. Genl. M. S. United 
 Presbyterian 
 Brumbaugh, Anna Belle.......... @ Junista Cur ieee iia sieelektees India toi Church of the Brethren 
 Bruner, Glen Willard........ Mire op OOOO ATL Crslal reine alah: talatel evnio eid Japan..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Bruner, Edith Lucile Williams 
 
 (Mrs. Glen Willard)........... Colo. Agtl: Coa whites aicvelnts mieisihse Japan..... Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Brunner, Genevra Margaret...... Metropolitan Sch. of Music, v Frank- 
 
 lin C, Bible Teachers Trs (N.Y.C.) India..... Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Bryan, Huldah Muller........... o Ciot) Wooster ay ae iyasineeiierelas Japaniuwe: Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Bryan, Dr. Nelson Augustus...... v Cumberland U, Vanderbilt U M.. China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Buchanan, Thomas.............. 9 Manitoba Cand. Ty. vue seein cial Windia Wi. Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Bucher, Guy Absalom............ PIMOOGW NETS wits eid eevee wits sie atalens S. Amer... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Bucher, Irene May Haller (Mrs. 
 
 GaviAbealomy sii edn sae sale ® Mood yr Ersne selelciale tire abelalalatatarer S. Amer... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 
 1S Satelite Dr. Edwin Wheeler, »v Washington and Lee U, M of 
 
 Lite scte viet ctetes dit els sisus aoe oats e ele Virginia ys) 08 oe Weis Geeie ass 0) China...2.. Presbyterian, South 
 Rocke Mary Marguerite......... 2 Ohio, Wesleyan Us cs ccs. Indiaytiias. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Burnett, Eleanor Louise.......... DULOf Wisconsin s | Vielciiersiets tee ¢ arts Japan..... bites gh Board 
 Burris, Chttan Sauk s seal Otterbein C, vy Bonebrake T........ China..... United Brethren 
 Burris, Vesta Czatt (Mrs. Clinton 
 
 Edo) titre iuiiuiacriess Ohio U, Otterbein U, v Bonebrake T China..... United Brethren 
 
 Callahan, Jean Alice............. U of Arkansas, Meridian C, v Scarritt 
 
 PLT leery creiteva ict sid tate Ah ete Blane oye Japan..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Campbell) Mary. fast. se eceess State N (Bellingham, Wash.), »v U of 
 
 Washington, C of Missions (In- 
 
 dianapolis) Px thie acs te ete walle Indias... United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Carlson, Carl Theodore........... v Los Angeles Trs. Chris. Alliance Trs S. Amer... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Carlson, Edla Cardula........... DIM GOGYAT TS Vie heehee Cael aero China... 6. Swedish Evan. Miss. Cov. 
 Carlton, Fanny Sheldon.......... v Hiram C, C of Missions (Indiana- i 
 
 POMS) UR REN ere ioe stare eeere W. Indies.. eared Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Carlyle, Elizabeth Margaret...... v Pacific U, Spokane Deaconess H.. China..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Carter Alice: teeter au aint oe le 9 Utok Titinow ee Seek aocent ae China... .. Presbyterian, U.S.A. 
 *Carter| Hula Lees.  cicinislns oss + Scarritt: Trs, 9 U of Texas). 300.5 W. Indies.. Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Catlin, Harwood Baldwin........ Harvard U, N. H. C. of A. and M. 
 
 Arts, 9 Hartford T;\'Union T 
 
 CNY MCI RU a ie SU Rn Africa ane American Board } 
 Caviness, Leon Leslie............ U of Michigan, U of Nebraska Grad .......... Seventh-Day Adventist 
 Caviness, Agnes Elvira Lewis (Mrs. 
 
 Leow Deeley iy ad SG sas 2 Union, Ci/a\Pacthie| Union Gein) iia lar ale aa e's Ushers Sea pee Adventist 
 Chadwick, Freda Permelia........ #7 Ohio Wesleyan Ui ie deiieuuse a E. Indies.. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Chamberlin, Alice Ethel v Chicago Trs, Moody Trs......... India?....% India Christian 
 *Chandler, Mary Letitia v Epworth Evan. Inst., Greenville C China..... Free Methodist 
 Cheney, Norma Lillian........... v Methodist Trs (Toronto)........ China..... Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 Christenson, Fred Gerhard....... vi Ut of California cae jaca acudwaciee i .. Am, Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Clark, Anna Rebecca............ Oiridiana i wy Nyy. iano. ie etree . Woman's Baptist F, M.S 
 Clark, Dr. James Mortimer....... 7 Queens Uj and Mes ui taersiciseine alee Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Clark, Vera Greig Allen (Mrs. } 
 
 eames MMOREIMIET) Swedes Leeks) 5, ss)s DRIUCCTES Ola ns Cake ee tea ets Methodist Ch., Canada 
 lark, Jessie Eldora............ ‘Mich. State N (Ypsilanti), vU of i 
 
 Michigarrtis. cits wie testicle misses ett W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Clark, Rosamond Heermans...... v Wells C, Columbia U Grad....... Friends of Phila. 
 Clifton, RivAldineiyaarialrscls is;e/s%s!« Southwestern State N (Okla.), » 
 
 Baylor U, Kansas City Baptist T S. Amer... Sea Baptist Con. 
 Conn, Cora Eiberthai.../........ v State N (St. Cloud, Minn.)...... Malaysia.. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Cooke, Dr. Alma Locke.......... v U of California and M........... Chinas... psbA en Board 
 Coomber, Constance Harriett..... giloronto Bible Gein vee eke aisles S. Amer... San Pedro } 
 Cossum, Wilford Wells........... v Denison U, U of Chicago Grad.... China..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Cossum, Anne McCune Doster i 
 
 (Mrs. Wilford Wells).......... v Denison U, U of Chicago......... China..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Cotta,| Manrica Dine ea batt ciciere's MAE Tingle nce ck Wu tteueniots China. .:.. Canton Christian College 
 Covell, James Howard........... U of Rochester, Hartford Sch. of Rel. 
 
 Pedagogy, » Brown U........... Japanis. ss Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Cowan, Celia Mabel. ............ State N (Lewiston, Ida.), vU of 
 
 MLPA eres oo coe ts feu vere i ten veer etch China..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Cowden, Ernest Careswell........ Moody Trs, y McCormick T....... Africa’... \ Presbyterian, U.S.A. 
 Cowden, Lily Aileen Kemp Mrs. K 
 
 Ernest Careswell) 2:<.4 ss 5s:0.5,6.2:6 PIMOOG VILLA etcetera ta sates aires aot Africa! 7: Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Craig, Ivy Elizabeth..........5.. U of Kansas, v Moody Trs......... Africa..... American Board 
 COPATISLOR ELBE ahs 5 hiss b's die seca since, ® Dartmouth C, » Drew T........... Chinay.ct . Methodist Episcopal 
 Crim, Abraham) Ho Mu. oss... v Shenandoah Col. Inst., Lebanon } , 
 
 Watley Gientiens ss ere ccal Mcte, stele ase choles African ehh United Brethren 
 Crockett, Helen May............ v Oberlin C, Defiance C Grad., U of \ 
 
 Chicago Grad... Saas Atatel SR hk Balkans... American Board 
 Cronkite sEthel Migs ci) ile stein Western State (Kalamazoo), v 
 
 Baptist Trs (Chicaged deihisisit otter India... .\.. Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 
498 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Crook VDr.wRudoliiiiw ee eeinahae v Bethel S, U of Minnesota and M.. China..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Cross, Laura Brown..........¢0: U of Minnesota, v Carleton C...... Chinas eon American Board 
 
 Cunningham, Dr. George Smith... Princeton U, v U of Pennsylvania M Philippines Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Cunningham, Helen Francis Crabbs 
 
 (Mrs. George Smith)........... oMte Holyoke’C chic bane caletetaterts Philippines Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Darley: Dews Riiiie® hei aie v Cornell C, Columbia U Grad..... S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Dana, John Newell.............. v Simpson C, Northwestern U...... Africa..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Dana, Eva Mabelle Holmes (Mrs. : 
 
 John’ Newell) Giants sae ase v Simpson C, Chicago Trs......... Africa..... Methodist Episcopal | 
 Daniels, Ruth Natalie............ McPherson C, v U of Kansas...... China..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Davis, Mary Elizabeth Gammon : 
 
 (Mrs Asli erate tert een Ve » Agnes ‘Scott Ci ue gee eens S. Amer... Presbyterian, South 
 Davis, Ida Williams............. v Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).... India..... Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Davis wjJayobarleniie. weasels 6 U of Oregon, »Los Angeles Trs, : 
 
 Chris. Alliance Trs (Nyack)..... Palestine.. Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Deane ip Harle setae sale eels ee 7 Chicago)Eyan. Insti... J. 2) ise 6 Atrica ys a Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Decker, Dr. Henry Walker....... v Richmond C, M of Virginia...... Ching Aree Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Decker, Florence Frazer Boston State N (Farmville, Va.), West- . 
 
 Mrs. Henry Walker).......... hamptoniCee eect via eaten Chinas. Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 De Jonge, Chris. Anthony........ 9 Hope Cds ic See wicks certo eats Endia ve os Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 De Korne, John Cornelius........ Calyin Cand ose ae taissitees China..... Christian Reformed 
 Delmarter)iJeant) leven asses v State N (Los Angeles)........... Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 *Dennis, Josette Hilda Beebe (Mrs. ’ ; 
 
 Herberts Bier euiinnccn cient oi Allesheny) Cap an eer) srlsierarsia cles et China... oc Ys MaCin. 
 
 De Remer, Barbara E............ State N (East Stroudsburg, Pa.), 
 
 Williamsport H, Bible Teachers 
 
 Tes CONAN coe eaten Indiat..2 3 United Lutheran 
 *Derr, Helen Merriam Condon 
 
 CMTS HE ene eat Syracuse Ukr iecrsirs ette ste crate ae India suse Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 De Valois, John James........... Iowa State C, v Moody Trs..... eine perste Reformed Ch. in Amer. - 
 De Witt, Mary Veldran.......... N. J. State N (Montclair), » Bible ; ‘ 
 
 Meachers Wrsi(Niry. Cade rensees India aes. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Dick, YohnSeth jesuenbenatenet ins Tabor:Cy0 Moody rssh ce ier. Ching srs Mennonite Brethren 
 Dickinson, Jeani i ewci nye cectles ySmit hy CUM eran. eearsie.s esters China..... American Board / 
 Dickinson, Jennie M............. o! Boston Ui Ria daticieee pucrscle mates Malaysia... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Dillener, Leroy Young........... or ParliCePrinceton\Daw An ene eee Persiae... 2 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Dixon, Edward Everett, Jr........ 9 Wesleyan U.............-eeeees China 2: Methodist Episcopal 
 Dixon, Frederick Rudolph........ Emerson C of Oratory, Bangor T, ' 
 
 ’ jWartmouthiGe. seen eee geet Africatiai. American Board 
 Dixon, Madeline Esther Halford : ; 
 
 (Mrs. Frederick Rudolph)...... Mt. Holyoke C, » Middlebury C.... Africa..... American Board 
 Dizney, Helen) 6) ute ee we v Berea C, West Suburban H...... China..... American Board 
 Dobson} Carey Cleo, 002 552): Central Normal C (Ind.), v Butler C, , . ; 
 
 C of Missions (Indianapolis)..... Mexico.... United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Dobson, Clara O. Arbuckle (Mrs. » Butler C, C of Missions (Indian- ; ’ 
 
 Carey Cleo) Mei. imei ein aera ie ke ADOolis) AUR Riis dein ea eaeinees Mexico.... United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Dodsworth, Marmaduke......... v State C of Washington, C of Puget ; : 
 
 Sound, Kennedy Trs............ Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Dodsworth, Anne Sorenson (Mrs. j é 4 
 
 Marmaduke) (a iuan ene van) v Denison U, Kennedy Trs......... Malaysia.. Methodist Episcopal - 
 Dorrie, Gladys Adena............ oNewingland Hee een esac India tsa. Woman's Baptist F. M. 8. 
 Douglas, Bertha Colera.......... State N (San José), » U of Oregon, 
 
 Eugene Bible U, C of Missions (In- ‘ ’ ; 
 
 Gianapolis Wilackie estes aaeloteeks apane. vee United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Douglass, Ralph Waddle......... oi Monmoith! Ode eile cee raniaioe tore ZV Doers Amer. Univ., Cairo 
 Dowell, Dorothy Antoinette...... v Northfield S, Brown U, Baptist Trs hi AY f 
 
 (Chicago), Teachers C........-. Philippines Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Downer, Sara Boddie............ oMti Holyoke Cua aeons Ua bee China..... Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Dudley, Warren Spencer......... v Simpson C, Northwestern U Grad., 
 
 Garrett Trs, Union T (N. Y. C.), l : } 
 
 i eacners !Ciic Wi Oe see ney ia China. 35% Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Dunbar, Orville Derward......... v Dakota Wesleyan U, U of So. : : 
 
 Dakota: Grad ast. clscte vente S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Dunlop, Louise Herchmer........ Mt Holyoke Cl, cnt Sewer ienes Japan..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Dutton, George Byron........... v Western Union C, Morningside C, ; 
 
 McCormick i Ti cetue sae cerns S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Dutton, Kathryn Belle Leazer / ? 
 
 (Mrs. George Byron).......... © Morningside! Conaiisrrs/<llcisse stetels S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Dykstra, Harry Andrew.......... o.CalyiniGrand sce e ae oa eerenee EL China’s.% Christian Reformed 
 Eavenson, Ira Dennis............ v Mississippi C, Southwestern Bap- ; 
 
 LSE SD sles n cela s Shae teeters @hina-oeer Southern Baptist Con. 
 *Eckel, William Andrew.......... Georgetown U, v Kingswood C..... Japancse. Church of the Nazarene 
 *Eckel, Florence Marguerite Tal- 
 
 bott (Mrs. William Andrew).... Central Holiness U, v Kingswood C. Japan..... Church of the Nazarene 
 Eckert, Daniel Laverty.......... ound avi G Sees olsen ner fetes ire TIGia ye ete Church of God 
 Eckert, Linna Louise Loucks (Mrs. 
 
 Daniell Laverty, i \ielejeleeied ales v Findlay C, Johns Hopkins H..... Indias esr Church of God 
 Ellener, Fannie Elizabeth......... State N (Oshkosh, Wis.), v Moody j 
 
 f TS ae sag ie ee eee cy chs Africa..... American Board 
 Oc e MATEO UT betas ae eielemiae sida v Drake U, C of Missions (Indian- i : i 
 
 apolis).o SF Witenes sibel a chee S. Amer... United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Evans, Jean McLachlin (Mrs. Ed- , 
 VSL) Mets cs eee Sateen cade w UN ot Lorontoyseaeptenes stetoeielelacs’s China..... Presbyterian, South 
 Fairbank, Robert Winthrop....... @ AmberstiC chic anleels cieorie cle Fndif fc. American Board 
 
 — 
 
SAILED LIST—1920 499 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Barqunar, esther Woisy.. os .s2 Wilmington C, Kennedy Trs....... W. Indies.. American Friends 
 at roetstACeren hai daierelelersietcis lela Winthrop N and Ind. C, » Scarritt 
 j EES MIM OOGY i EESu seen clea aes Ching Presbyterian, South 
 Farwell, Viola Beatrice........... v U of Pennsylvania, Syracuse U... China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Fawell, William Croasdale........ v Nebraska Wesleyan U, Boston U T India..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Fawell, Lillian Louise Glock (Mrs. 
 
 William Croasdale)............ v Nebraska Wesleyan U........... India 53) Methodist Episcopal 
 Fenn, Henry Courtenay.......... Sitamilton) Cea, ele tortere eieyasls ei CHingien slsye Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Berger, Wirth Bitch, cis cle cscs le U of Chattanooga, » U of Wisconsin, J 
 
 } : Columbia Uy Grad iva vsatelesre as India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Fielder, Cecil Gray... ....2..s00 Rutgers C, v Princeton U.......... India yi. Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Findlay, Dr. Elizabeth.......,... Moulton C, » N (Winnipeg, Man.), j 
 
 : Winnipeg an H, Manitoba M.. India..... Vellore Wom. Med. 
 Bink pepamies uUssellisus sracsislose'e Pennsylvania C, 9 T of the Evan. J 
 
 Ruth. Chain Ui Simei uses India...) United Lutheran 
 Fink, Fairy Leona (Mrs. James 
 
 RR aSSell) Ns cid Weare ale aloe et siehevers Lutheran Deaconess Motherhouse.. India..... United Lutheran 
 Fisher, Commodore B............ Maryville C2 a Gaus oy ae ay ee Persia... 4. Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 Fisher, Franke Sheddan (Mrs. ) 
 
 Commodore) Bi )isweeiee cle aes este Stetson U, » Maryville C.......... Persia ys. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Bishman, Alvin. exas.e as sleeve « So. Ill. State N U, v U of Illinois, U of 
 
 Chica gor Tenia Alegent.) Indiav a0! Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Fishman, Lois Rumsey (Mrs. Alvin | 
 
 Texas) MER reciute ctoteievs Sen'eeaje viene ames Millikin U, v U of Illinois.... India. .... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Fitzgerald, Joseph Washington.. foniOee Mrinity, Coe se nee: W. Indies.. Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Fitzgerald, Ruth Elizabeth Klutz is: 
 
 (Mrs. Joseph Washington).. v Trinity C..... Bopeitocidas de cAr W. Indies.. Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Fleming; Marjorie. 0.0.0.6 cce ee v Denison U, Ohio State U, Gordon 
 
 LTS Ueiersl estrone as a aleiratsre nese tiey ere Chinat ave Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Fleming, May Augusta........... vy Bryn Mawr C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 CNG 5G. aera ae SpE et er Japant 0. Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Flint;;Pauline Anniw.ces5 sce soe gilowa- State Clay ye ieend sak et a vele China wa: Protestant Episcopal 
 Folwell, Agnes Hammett......... g Nati Biblevinsto seni celslels sg olelats Chinas China Inland 
 Poreman wig Ploradere cess cies esse v Scarritt Trs, Pere H (Wichita).. Africa..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Forster, Ernst Hermann.:........ v Princeton U, Johns Hopkins U 
 
 ; TAG ati ete ae ball oe: i ea China... Protestant Episcopal 
 
 Foster, Eleanor Worthington...... Vassar Gio) Teachers Coes sci «le Indiat icy American Board 
 Foust; Ethel Lenore, sues. «ves. v Defiance C, Chris. Alliance Trs 
 
 (Nyack), Wheaton C........... Chinas: Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Boxe Niriariettet esters se nae elie General H (Montreal), v Presbyter- y 
 
 ‘ , fan LTS/CLOTONLO) eel ee ae Kioredanes Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Frederickson, Doris Ruth......... Denison U, v Baptist Trs (Chicago). Mexico.... Boman & 4 Am. Bap. Home 
 iss. Soc 
 
 Freeman, Bessie Helen........... 9. Moody, irs Ssaeorelan se eital eaitisiera aloe W. Indies.. ent ad H. M. Presb. 
 Froese, Lena Leona............. Mary Thompson H, v Moody Trs.. (tee we ag Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Galbraith, Eleanor May.......... Rhodesisland Hi jsrail realest Ae ” China..... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Galts Rassellgumesda cis ecitas sees v Muskingum C, Columbia U Grad. Reva Dey Amer. Univ., Cairo 
 Galt, Elizabeth Lois Knipe (Mrs. 
 
 RASSCLU ete ele eae alia eyelets |s, ¢ ose og Muskingum! Gaede misccecct Egypt..... Amer. Univ., Cairo 
 Gard, Alice Blanche............. @ Baker! Use Dstaanataisels eta ulclst steele apaniecee W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Gardner, Willie Clyde............ PUNE Texas erin eta vintersiens India. 2.8 Methodist Episcopal 
 Garrett, Ethel Rose............. o Drake Ui, Teachers'C.....1...4.. China ue United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Gates, Gordon Enoch..... Pere st v Colby C, Harvard U Grad....... Indian yas Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Gates, Helen Louise Bladwin (Mrs. ) 
 
 Gordonpenoch) Mevalaly cieielalcis's a 2 v Colby C, Boston U Grad......... India taeien Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Gebhart, Florence Margaret Patrick 
 
 (Mrs. Harry Clifford). ......... Mt. Holyoke C, v Wellesley C...... Chinawe 4 American Board 
 Geddes, William A. S............. PG LOrontocUl Mivgn iaerte yy stele a re ae Herschel 
 
 R Island... Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 Gibbons, Eleanor Haller.......... v C of Wooster, Smith C.......... Indians 's'e): Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Gibbons, Ronald Scott........... v Wesleyan U, Boston U T........ Endtaeae roa Methodist Episcopal _ 
 Giffen, Dora Eunice............. 7 Muskingum) Corsauildiae eh date ste Egypt..... Wom. Genl. M. S. United 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Gilbertson, Ruth Eleanora........ USE Olah Conver otra ieee atey ses China..... Norwegian Lutheran 
 Gilliam, Frank Johnson.......... v Washington and Lee U.......... Africa..... Presbyterian, South 
 Gilmore, Robert Clinton......... v Doane §, Denison U............. Syiiaes ue Syrian Protestant College 
 Goertz, Elizabeth D...........-. v Bethel Deaconess H, Bethel C.... India..... Mennonite Gen. Conf. 
 Goforth, Ruth Isabel............ v Toronto Bible C, Chris. Alliance 
 
 : eLrsiCN yale) see etal eee eating Chinas: Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Gooch, Mary Esther............. Ill. State. N U, vIll. Wesleyan U, \ 
 
 Kelso Be Ps Wel eeu ante: claret eat Indigeias. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Good, Mary Magdalene.......... og Goshen Gai saaiaine te cae ewes Indians s. Mennonite 
 Gordon, Mabel C. Kersey (Mrs. Peon Oniiccce Central Holi- 
 
 Ca THUNES) Ovi ie ly ta ecg atatarele wtatee SLUR ee ET vey Sern Chiniav. ce Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Gottschall, Newton Tennis....... Bible ‘C of Mo., v Missouri U...... E. Indies... Methodist Episcopal 
 Graham, Vida ATO ae sk oreldti te ae v Muskingum CUM AO sis-ah eG A Indies. United BAe bgt 
 Greenbank, Martha Katherine.... v Wesley C, Methodist Trs (Toronto) Japan..... Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 Greene, Poniat Mas 0. dso a.'s Detroit N, v Chicago Trs.......... India yey iay W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Greenwood, Walter Robert....... v Colgate U, Hamilton T LN ae D TS Le, Indzaeeon Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 KGrittin,, PANSY Peathow!s «2 vie este <.c,0 State N (Clarion, Pa.), » Monmouth 
 
 CF ia ME bata Ord os o.b here araad pial China a5... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 Griffiths, Walter Geraldson....... PU Calitoriia wees esc da nalee crete India: Lee Memorial 
 
500 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Grissett, Finley McCorvey....... Ala. Poly. Inst., » Presbyterian T 
 
 (Columbia), Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 (CNA VA COO one Africa..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Groves, Ola Blanche............. v Decatur Baptist C, Baylor U..... China .t.c2 Southern Baptist Con. 
 Gruchy, Florence Evelyn......... U of Saskatchewan, King George H ’ 
 
 C(Winniper) aa ua ee eae Indian oer Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Gundlach, Adelaide.............. 9. OberliniCiie ee ok eee China..... Ginling College 
 Gunn ‘Alvada ise relitiuacuie gout v Bessie Tift C........ = Wiereueelerake ate China..... Southern Baptist Con 
 Habermann, Margaret Oria....... U of Wisconsin, » Chicago Evan. 
 
 Trish eis selene reich ele erent ates JAPAN ae o's American Board 
 Hackett, Harold Wallace......... Berea iCu\ irene ibpebnnaermon ere Wapan sis ices American Board 
 Hackett, Anna Loena Powell (Mrs. : 
 
 Harold Wallace)! say singe deliels Gordon Trs, v Roosevelt H........ Japan..... American Board 
 Haig, Mary Tennant............ N (Toronto), wv Presbyterian Trs ‘ 
 
 (Toronto) ak eishuvieknamemuaee se Japanies. at Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Haines, Elwood Lindsay......... v U of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia T Africa sagas Protestant Episcopal 
 Hall, Elizabeth Putnam.......... Mt. Holyoke C, v Oberlin C....... Chima ek! Independent 
 Hall) Filla Marzieso iu aiiieicke yells v Meridian Woman's C, Scarritt Trs Africa..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Hambly,"Olive Pas iainnle cetera v Methodist Trs (Toronto) a aia, ies Japan. wae Wom. S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 Hammerlind, Elsie M............ og North: Park Cy) jose ieieients ors 6 China..... She nay" Evan. Miss. Cov. 
 Hammond Dorothy). iii... os he Cottey)'C; 9 Colo. Agri, Cans ani Malaysia.. W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hancock, Mrs. Nellie Davis...... Goucher C, 9 Bible. Teachers Trs ; 
 
 (NAY CO Oe ona vaLite Indias hag. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hansing, Ovidias cn selekeiee ce aisles v domes Lutheran C, State N (Peru, 
 
 Neb.), Lawrence Cao as China..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Harkness, Kenneth McKenzie..... v Dakota Wesleyan Unies e. Africa..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Harkness, Marguerite Irvene Sher- : 
 
 wood (Mrs. Kenneth McKenzie) v Dakota Wesleyan U............. Africae Methodist Episcopal 
 Harrington, Marian.............. State N (Milwaukee), » Ohio Wes- : : 
 
 Teyan Dies che ey ec Ale ae S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Harris, Alice Cola Muy tou lars las Butler H, Fordham H, 9 Boston U.. India..... W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Harrison, Samuel James.......... 7 Albion C)'Garrett' Trev iiny. ceesne China yy: Methodist Episcopal 
 Harrison, Nancy Myrtle David ; : : 
 
 (Mrs. Samuel James).......... Vv Albion. Caan ieeiie aie cts an ee Wielale Chingy sie Methodist Episcopal 
 Harti Clyde’ BlienY) os decisis ctescs Oklahoma C for Women, v U of Okla- Me : 
 
 homa, Kennedy Trs............ S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Hart, Helene Grace Baker (Mrs. : 
 
 Henry Garfiela) er es »v Simpson C, Iowa State U Grad... India..... VoMs Cr As 
 
 Hatch, lora) Partie! ne sae lelaea State N (San Diego), »U of Red- A é 
 
 lands, U of California Grad...... Isdian elses Woman’s Baptist F. M.S. 
 Hatch, Hazel Anna. ..).......%.'.. Okla. A. and M. C, »v Asbury C Grad S. Amer... W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Hatch: Low Jane ies oak etee ras Chicago Evan Inst., vy Pasadena U.. India..... Church of the Nazarene 
 Havinghurst, Freeman Carroll.... » Baker U, Drew T, Kansas U Grad China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Havighurst, Anna Ruth Roseberry 
 
 (Mrs. Freeman Carroll)........ «© Baker’U) Drews Eowaeciwiscvie eee China ys. Methodist Episcopal 
 *Hayes, Arnold Edmund......... o Alabama Poly. Insti ay tiie te S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 *Hayes, Helen Trueman Ford (Mrs. 
 
 Arnold ‘Edmund yi cre ae se els Georgetown © hy iiiave is stavelslcletsp etal S. Amer... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Hazlett, Edith Maye yor ey 6. Occidental Gui (cLo avai ania Syria cen. American School, Beirut 
 Hazlett, Jennie Elizabeth......... v State N (Los Angeles), Occidental 
 
 | OORT Ba aE ty «ICTY Ses Sih es Uae aan DENK Syria..... Syrian Protestant College 
 Heasty, Hannah Adams (Mrs. John 
 
 Alfred ani Herter. Ap¥ene\ Wofeiatcrad sia sts T Cooper: Cuvee trs 2 AN ORE ewer. fe Egypt..... United Presbyterian 
 Hecker, Willo Marie............. v Lucy Webb Hayes H............ China Fon. Methodist Episcopal 
 Henderson, Lloyd Putnam........ v U of Washington, Princeton T.... Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Henderson, Helen Elizabeth Mc 
 
 Quilkin (Mrs. Lloyd Putnam)... U of Pennsylvania, » Moody Trs... Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Hendry, Dr. Cullen Haygood..... Southwestern U, v U of Texas M... China..... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Heppner, Pelensanitita ears aei se wy Moody rs isis Pusu tne dele Chinas Mennonite Brethren 
 Herman Almira tie scueana oe oe ay State N (Bloomsburg, Pa.), v Berea i 
 
 OU E: TCN DUP a UR Amen Tha’ Pky Guus Ay RU W. Indies.. American Miss. Assn. 
 Hewson, Georgiana Florine....... Agnes Scott C, 7 U of Pa. H....... Korea..... Preaby coe South 
 *Hill, Thomas Benjamin......... vV¥.M.C.A. Trs (Springfield)..... India. vo 6. Y. M. C..A, 
 Hillier, Edgar Patrick............ v Y. M.C. A. Trs (Springfield)..... Indians ae Y. M. C. A. 
 Hinkley, Lelia Mae.............. v ee - Colorado, U of nee 
 WiiG@e A Tre (N. Nei CG.) other Chinasi)s% Y. W. C. A. 
 Hinton, Marion Beekley (Mrs. v é, of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Kinder- 
 
 Herberbi yee uae pti Le garten Trng. Solty i, bc pu eulenes Tndiay 2.35 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Hobson, John Kempei/f i. ooh t v Davidson C, Union T (Richmond) Africa..... Presbyterian, South 
 Hobson, Rowena Dis Williamson iheten ove Texas N, v Assembly’s 
 
 (Mrs! John: Kenip) See.mes cons Trs' (Richmond) a4) ive ad eee her Africa..... Presbyterian, South 
 Holkeboer, Tena....... ists Seen 9 HopeiOrit Mae wee en b esas ee eiisls China..... Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Hollenberg, Frederick Mitchel..... v iene C, McPherson C Grad., 
 
 Bethany Pras uh a eee aA Ate Indiat v2 ae Church of the Brethren 
 Hollingshead, Adah H. Hart (Mrs. » Park C, State N (Santa Barbara), 
 
 Arthur Doe platen aco Stanford Ui. «ik tamale wee ih China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Holt, Alfred Hubbard............ 9 Williams Cnr ee ieee ue ok China..... Canton Christian College 
 Honnell, Grace La Dora, .22h).): 3 o Baker U; ‘Chicago Trseienistod so 6 Indiav ee. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Horst, Gertrude Sybilla.......... U of Wisconsin, » Moody Trs, Bible Wom. Genl. M. S. United 
 
 ; Teachers Trei(Nui Vi Cosco. India =s..k. Presbyterian 
 Howes, Ruth Vincent............ v Randolph-Macon Woman’ gi Clasute China..... Y. W. CA 
 Hoyman, Avis Genevieve......... v Iowa State Teachers C, Monmouth Wom. bree M. S. United 
 CA ee rotor ela chaheirete ato atte oie anette Egypt..... Presbyterian 
 
SAILED LIST—1I920 501 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MIssSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Py OVth AnNnS,. \ tis eeias'c 4a sie si Western Normal C (Shenandoah, 
 
 Ja.), v Central Holiness U....... India..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Huizenga, Dr. Lee S............. Calvin C and vT, New York Home- 
 
 opathic M..... aerial overeat China... Christian Reformed 
 iris VOTa IOVELLO 5. sleyerecratateh starts v Wesley C, Manitoba M, Toronto 
 
 Genéral His aaron. a ako ce Tria Wie sieds Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Hult, Gertrude Leona Jacobson Western Ill. State N, v Augustana C, ‘ 
 
 (Mrs. Ralph Daniel)........... MenmAnuel (Lae cu sree ietalate » Africa..... Sudan United 
 
 Humble, Hester Ruth............ Milwaukee-Downer C, vy Chicago 
 
 Bvand inst. iiisccide siecle S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Lele dal BCh re 8 Sin om ane eseeaioe v Moody Trs, Kalamazoo C........ Philippines Presbyterian, U. & A. 
 Erle? Florence Al ini utdeieesivsies « v State of Washington............. S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Irwin, Donald Archibald......... v Washington and Jefferson C, West- ( 
 
 ern T (Pittsburgh), Teachers C... China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Irwin, Mary Elizabeth Totten ‘ 
 
 (Mrs. Donald Archibald)....... Pittsburgh Teachers Trng. Sch..... China). Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Isely, Merrill Nickerson......... _. 0 Fairmount C, Oberlin T, Yale T.. Turkey.... American Board 
 Isely, Mildred Myers (Mrs. Merrill ! 
 
 INICICETEON alates cars aishelay sist aisls/esa sabe a Pairmount Cul cieldslslsuate ties ests Turkey.... American Board 
 Jacob, Robert Augustus.......... v7 Georgetown CoUNiicaias sume ap dese China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 MA COG MAS UNIT HATE) elec la le a)s)on0 % oi v Mt. Hermon S, Cornell U........ China: 3.\. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Janvier, Alma Thornton Johnson v Gordon Trs, New England H (Rox- ' 
 
 CWizar cerriesti Pe) Ae) arlene ore ..... _ bury), J. B. Thomas H (Peabody) India..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Jenkins, Louise F.... Mt. Holyoke C and Grad.......... Japan..... Woman’s Baptist F. M. S. 
 Uf zeap lahet Fl SGP h oly ea ea ATA Trinity C, v Kennedy Trs.......... Ching jo.) Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 Jett, Harry Carmichael........... 9 Baker) U, (Garrett Irs ii ise cl eielay + Chinas).../:)'. Methodist Episcopal 
 Jett, Wenona Wilson (Mrs. Harry ' 
 
 Carmichaetyy cca cave ance GO. BakervUl crete aes cists oie steel oela Sis Chinaiieus Methodist Episcopal 
 Johanson, Agnes Linea........... 7 Baptist. (rs (Chicago) tle ck ce vous ect eles . Independent 
 Johnson, Benjamin Martineau.... v Colgate U, Hamilton T.......... India << Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Johnson, Inez Jennie Jones (Mrs. ‘ 
 
 Benjamin Martineau).......... v Syracuse U, Presbyterian H (N.Y.C.) India..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 MOBGROM LIEB Sin) icicle are aetelete te: we PM GGAY MES) aioe alone ily eed ee ey aia Africas. 's/). Africa Inland 
 HWones: Joan Combeta i osivees. s v Union Trs (Brooklyn)........... India yisco. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Jongewaard, Dr. Albert John..... v State U of Iowa, U of Illinois M... India..... United Presbyterian 
 Jongewaard, Florence Beverley New- ; , 
 
 love (Mrs. Albert John)........ Northwestern U, v State U of Iowa.. India..... United Presbyterian 
 Kauffman, Robert Snively........ g:Pat State: Gumus me eke cls Indiagisis os United Lutheran 
 Kauffman, Ruth Isabel Shook (Mrs. 4 
 
 RIODETEONEVELY )ie be ciere stain sieie b= v Lutheran Trs (Baltimore)........ Engin nscets United Lutheran 
 Kennard, Joseph Spencer, Jr...... v Harvard U, Princeton T, Yale Sch. 
 
 : of Religion, Union T (N. Y. C.).. Japan..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Kennedy, Dr. Josephine.......... U_of Illinois, » Wheaton C, U of 
 
 TU ROIS IVE eo eta stentless eepie Chinas. eis American Board 
 Kerr, Dr. Harold Dabney........ Davidson C, v U of Wisconsin, Johns 
 
 Hopkins) Min Wen mice cise loony a ai China..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Kerse ye Rube May ilaheaeis.s's 5:0: sie Woman’s C (Richmond), » Baptist : 
 
 Woman’s Trs (Louisville)........ Africa ,..'.. Southern Baptist Con. 
 King, Clarence Harper........... OO Of Vexas Ty etal Seta Japan.....: Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Kinman, Lewis Marion........... gi CeritraliGinnusuiun ate eu Waele ASH cairo ils\e Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Ged eWay hk hole EEA | ee ae ARE Dios Angeles Tren cele acta cule Africa. ..)... Africa Inland } 
 Klein, Chester Leroy... ss .-.-- v Doane S, Denison Us... 0.0). India... ; Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Knox, Harry Gaylord..)... 0s... Purdue U, a U of Illinois, McCormick { 
 
 Ati AOA ROU ten aa hehe ea nae in ALE Siam....... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Knudten, Arthur Christian. ...... Carthage C, 9 Hamma TT.) 5)....4.. Japan..... United Lutheran 
 Knudten, Ruth Hazel Crum (Mrs. ; . 
 
 Arthur Chrictian) ice elem eae lse's mo Wittenberg Oo jean wiles siaeser ls 6 Japan. 2). United Lutheran 
 Knutson, Anna Helena........... v St: Olaf C, Nor. Luth. Deaconess H Africa..... Norwegian Lutheran 
 Kormélson.Chinadacensnerritie ss sss ‘Tabor: C;'p Moody Tres sasis © Chinat nee Mennonite Brethren 
 Krider, Walter Wesley........... DePauw U,v Boston UT......... Japan..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Lagat, Mary elietis siscansi ais: «5 OP Loronto bible Cogn senna ee S. Amer... San Pedro 
 Laird,.Guy Morganw...3 osc.) .)3° 9 Purdue, U,, Denver Trs i 2)...).).).1.13)- Africa..... Africa Inland | 
 Lancaster, Cecile Elizabeth....... v Howard Payne C, Baylor U....., Japan.) 5% Southern Baptist Con. 
 Larson ,Leonard John:.........+. v North Park C, Wheaton C....... Chinaws es Swedish Evan. Miss. Cov. 
 Lautenschlager, Stanton.......... Huntington C, v U of Michigan Grad China..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Leasure, Fred George............ v No. Dakota State N (Ellendale)... Africa..... Lumbwa Industrial 
 Leasure, Nettie Norris (Mrs. Fred : 
 
 Ceorme ere eae alee nee BRS gi siete No. Dakota State N (Ellendale).... Africa..... Lumbwa Industrial 
 Le Duc, Hazel Marjorie Ross (Mrs. ! 
 
 Benjamins F)) eve davai ye tela chan PENTOOAV ALES Auer eivis ietneinloleitiaia Japan i 1 .% Seventh-Day Adventist 
 Le Fevre, George Newton, Jr...... vLos Angeles Trs, Chris. Alliance : ; 
 
 RES UUINIVEUCIC) Ibs) sleletunsterefovers teheranerehsn® S. Amer... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Lemon, Hallie F. W..........--+. v Cotner U, C of Missions (Indian- , A : : 
 
 ADOUB) Ri VelabissaisleysislC chistes ee ete ete Mexico.... United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Lentz, Grace Zelma........-...+. Methodist H of So. Calif., Lying-In i 
 
 H (Chicago), » U of So. Calif.... China..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Tees ts Ak LEE O] OLIN) ars een ate ies lake © 01 Ti MOOAVALTS else eietalei tesla estes Africa..... South Africa General 
 Lewis, Margaret Allan (Mrs. Alfred ; \ 
 
 OUT) Pei ereeneeeeaistaren ete oleislere choy 9 Moody irs sacrctstale acs sieselateveiny se cle Africa..... South Africa General 
 Lewis, Mary Alice Hudson (Mrs. ; ; : 
 
 Charles H) Dei hava Cate a0¥ sipblade sie lo oe OctidentaliGees, tui s siihteite nate els China..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Dade, Prancis Pugh. .sis space ss v Clemson Agrl. C of S. C., So. Bap- 
 
 LIBEL oe eee a dna \c cole lowe aaven da she China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Tightroah, 6! ROY. css cis 0 on os v Albion C, Garrett Trs........... India..... Methodist Episcopal 
 
502 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Lightfoot, Grace Elizabeth Savage apie Trs (Chicago), v Kalamazoo 
 
 (Mrssie Roy) ec er ee pein \ onprey ve eDiets pave) ea ee ie fen dia vehes Methodist Episcopal 
 Lindsey, Howard Willis.......... v Wesleyan!’ Uli ae aie ce leitae ety India ss 3./% Methodist Episcopal 
 Little, Mrs. Edna P. Smith....... U of Kentucky....... aioe abt ke China..... Presbyterian, U U.S.A. 
 
 Lloyd, James| Edward iio) ioe. McGill U, v Congregational C (Mon- t 
 
 treal) Pe ce wp we Gi ie ena Africa..... Congregational Ch., Canada 
 Longworth, Harral Aymar........ v Iowa State C, Garrett Trs, Ken- 
 
 NEATH ish elolk aed oes Africa. .\..' Methodist Episcopal 
 *Loree, Edith...... SiiGobuDte tee v Methodist ‘Ers\ (Toronto) ieee China..... Wom.S. Meth. Ch., Canada 
 Love, Esther Josephine........... v Randolph-Macon Woman's C, U of : 
 
 ea ie H, New York H, Teach- bee 
 
 ie OT RE TAIN Aiur, es silo ich tau Chitin seni Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Lowry, Raymond Frome......... v Ohio Wesleyan U and Grad., Drew 5 
 
 Tee. Fok hate eee lathe ame eyes Chinawe. ns Methodist Episcopal 
 Lowry, Ruth Leo Howey (Mrs. 
 
 Raymond Frome) io sis/sie6 006 9/Obio WesleyantU wisn. aaaeeinsiies China..... Methodist Poerans 
 LucemRuth Isabel stints ste sissies Meridian C, v Chicago Evan. Inst.. China..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Lutz, Dexter Nathaniel.......... 2 Ohio State! U7 ss. ann cvacerels NCOLCR Ecce Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 
 Lutz, Eunice Lenore Harpster (Mrs. \ 
 
 Dexter Nathaniel)............. 9. Oberlini Gy. rceyoniaheskelstereleleferen cas nis Korea..... Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 MacLeod, George Daniel......... Prince of Wales C, »v Dalhousie U... W.Indies.. Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 MacMillan, Beulah Lucile........ Do Moody Utes ce deans nenitel ieveiete Africas. vee Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Macpherson, Jean Harmon....... v Mechanics Inst., Teachers C...... China 21), Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Macy; Ella Evalena..../06 6.303 3.6 C of Emporia, v Friends U......... W.Indies.. American Friends 
 Maddock, Hoist iis sirews sicivers clei 9 Mechanics inst... Seb ee ce eee es Chinascoss W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Mantle, Lancelot Piglet 4 Bat v Asbury C, So. Baptist T... 20... Cent. Am.. Am. Bapt. Home Miss. Soc. 
 Markham, Reuel Finney......... v Washburn C, Oberlin T, Yale T... Turkey.... American Board 
 
 Markham, Evangeline Lawrence 
 McNaughton (Mrs. ReuelFinney) v Kee Mar C, Wells C, Oberlin C... Turkey.... American Board 
 
 Martin, Jessie Elizabeth.......... 7 Oberlin’ Clete ae eee are Turkey.... American Board 
 Martin, William Harvey.......... v Union Christian C, Indiana U.... W.Indies.. Christian Church 
 Martin, William Norman......... 7 Lebanon Valley Cee ic ece nee Africa..... United Brethren 
 Martin, Grace Evangeline Snyder 
 
 (Mrs. William Norman)........ v Lebanon Valley C...........%..- Africa ssc United Brethren 
 
 *Massey, Winona Annie.......... Toronto Cons. of Music, » Methodist 
 
 ErsiCloronto) aoe clelslc ce arose China..... Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Matheson, Arthur Daniel......... go’ Gordon Drs eiiinjsencnictt sstlsiiems India sa. ot Baptist Ch., Canada 
 MecCahan) Ruth FH eeacenie ae stele U of So. California, » Los Angeles 
 
 ES ee ie eS ey Uap ae oan ae S. Amer... Bolivian Indian 
 McCleery, Dr. John Maxwell..... Monmouth C, v Muskingum C, i ‘ 
 
 Western Reserve M............. Egypt... United Presbyterian 
 McCleery, Pearl May Roe (Mrs. ( 
 
 John} Maxwell))i zion s/t ctarcls ere’ oi Muskingrim) CO vciretiee ssc eletaes Egypt..... United Presbyterian 
 McCormick, Hugh Pendleton..... ¥ Mises As and Moria Ulan Africa ci, Southern Baptist Con. 
 McCown, Mary Wilson.......... State N (Harrisonburg, Va.), v As- 
 
 sembly’s Trs (Richmond)........ Chinayye. Presbyterian, South 
 McElroy, Elizabeth.............. eo CooperiG, wees cietitnmincistsiteattoes Turkey.... Reformed Presbyterian 
 McGee, George Amos..........-. v7 LostAngelesih rsiteetsi tos asin tela. Africa secs Africa Inland 
 McGeoch, Harold Archibald...... Muskingum C, » Pittsburgh T...... Egypt..... United Presbyterian 
 McGill, Fred Tennyson.......... Erskine C, v Princeton T.......... Inidiam oe aee Assoc. Ref. Presbyterian 
 McHenry, Lillian Belle........... v Pennsylvania C for Women, Ken- ; 
 
 NEY LTS ashe wewltatre alo teralcre es te Persia.c tis Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 McKay, John Noble............. * Southwestern |Uil. 42 t). . uete seater Mexico.... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 McKay, Edna Lillian Douglass © 
 
 (Mas? Johni Noble) cess, -eler0s o'\ColoradotG) Park Gch cule steele at Mexico.... Methodist Episcopal, South 
 McKenzie, Ranier Janet.......... v Moody Trs...... Nagiete oy eietel steal stetete Korea..... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 McKnight, Floss Duchesne....... State N (Cape Girardeau, Mo.), : 
 
 Scarritgd rs yas ee eletaile crete eee Chinav.:.). Methodist Episcopal, South 
 McKnight, William Quay........ Wabash C, »v Princeton T.......... Japanar.. Christian Church 
 McKnight, Mary E. Kellogg (Mrs. 
 
 William Quay)s sisters vnuisive store 9 De PanwU tia clues serie ahiieten Japan... Christian Church 
 McMilim jRetta Cs are Moisi ataerele v Baldwin-Wallace C, C of Wooster. S. eee .. Presbyterian, U.S.A 
 McMullin, Reginald Miller....... Queens Uland/9/ Dini tik dee ees Korea..... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Meebold, Louise Elizabeth........ Wheaton C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 CNRS Cys) eG ie alelacs be emeerae ees China..... American Board 
 Meleney, Dr. Frank Lamont...... v Dartmouth C, C of P. and S._ 
 
 (NGC. cae Bia aa ae ae ar China..... Union Medical College 
 Meleney, Dr. Henry Edmund..... ais a C, vC of P. and S. : 
 
 ON ATO AR GA NAA he eerie! China... .. China Medical Board 
 Middleton, Gordon Kennedy...... N.C. C of A. and M., v Cornell U 5 
 
 Grade rae is eG cae eee China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 Middleton, Celia Herring (Mrs. 
 
 Gordon Kennedy)..........++- oMeredithy © iis senton aimee ss China..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 Miller, Allan Carlyle...........+. PiskiU oe Virginia Devi antes bake S. Amer... Lott Carey Baptist 
 Miller\cArthts Sa .civeiae acieiieteels Wi lowa State. We ka iver wre cee Cndia ves Church of the Brethren 
 Miller, Jennie E. Blough (Mrs ( 
 
 ArthuriS./ Boia acme alas sotelare MES) Morris (Cu Ute nteLialetaisie tle India Wen Church of the Brethren 
 Miller, Lisette si cis oale s cleielle (ole. v Northfield S, Mt. Holyoke C..... Korea st sc. Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Miller, Paul Alexander........... Westminster C, »v Bible Teachers Trs 
 
 (N. Y. C.), Pittsburgh T........ Teidlia: wrerste United Presbyterian 
 Miller, Dorothy Jane Tilley (Mrs. mee C, wBible Teachers Trs 
 Paul Alexander). (clic oecoee CN AY ite eerste ele ertome ewreta eianareie Indias... United Presbyterian 
 
 Pintler,\ Viola L/9i.5s.0\de we eeitete s/e)s » Lakeside FL dese e amet ee ticcs China. fit. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 
 
; SAILED LIST—-I920 
 
 ; NAME INSTITUTIONS FIe.p 
 ; Millican, Mary Maude........... Seattle Pacific C, » State N (Belling- 
 i hain, Wash.) see soe ey Ching. 
 | Millson, Charles Christopher...... 2 Moody Trs...........ceeesseees Fadia wy: 
 meviinto, Una Jean so). ob doin eos, o6 Beloit C, vCongregational Trs i 
 : (Chicago) )) NA LeMay TN el Africa Ye 
 Moffet, Anna Elizabeth. ......... 2 U of Chicago, Kennedy Trs...... China..... 
 Moldenke, Theodore Victor....... Wagner C, v Gordon Trs, Mt. Airy T India..... 
 _ Moore, Harriett Elizabeth........ Toronto Trs, Asbury H (Minne- 
 apols), eo Moody. irs: ere Ua: Endiae ake 
 _ Moore, Irene Muriel............. y State N (Harrisonburg, Va.)...... W. Indies.. 
 Morgan, Hugh Curran........... Dickinson C, v Teachers C......... Chingatee 
 _ Morgan, Keiller Nolen (Mrs. Hugh v Randolph-Macon Woman's C, Teach- 
 Bepe. uirran) aisle asus aires Nel: yet Oe at a enum SEL LYS DD iA China tin. 
 ‘Morris, Robert Porter............ o Cornell (Ui Sea ea Et Syriasy ic. 
 Morrison, Elizabeth Knowles..... vy Swarthmore C, Johns Hopkins U 
 Gradiy YW. CAN Trai(Nvy Cee y Chinas: 
 Mott, John Livingstone.......... s Princeton! Usa ew era Oe ea ek India.) 2. 
 | _ Moulton, Mary Elizabeth........ oN. H. C of A. and M. Arts, Hart- N 
 ford Sch. of Rel. Pedagogy...... Africa... ¢/. 
 » Moyer, Celia Louise............. 9) Ba ker Ui Pans ree eet at: China..... 
 ® Moyer, Samuel Tyson............ v Penn. State C, Bluffton T........ Indiay jee 
 Mullins Annie Vicie. 3.0.06 4836. State N (Harrisburg, Va.), v Butler 
 C, C of Missions (Indianapolis)... India..... 
 
 Munsell, Emma C. Townsend (Mrs. 
 
 Wied ee ever eon a oslehalyieist cy s\a's Los Angeles Trs, v Whittier C...... Cen. Am... 
 _ Murphree, Marshall Jasper....... U ra Chattanooga, Taylor U,v Boston Nels 
 SOUS Se te ec Pe A Pica We 
 _ Murray, Hilda Sophronia......... Pi OSLOTIVO et ase tha ey en ert) oa Chingy, 
 @ Nagler, Etha Matie.:..:......... TAU io nae Np ele Oly AAAI ASHE i) Ghiriaun nis 
 ® Nave, Julian Walter............. Oakland City C, vIll. Holiness U, 
 RGU ORAM TY ICSE A Pana a ae Tndial) 
 
 Nave, Eleanor Bramlet (Mrs. Julian 
 
 RYWALTON) Eh ctl rem nt tise ameine een aih TOOL LCE NUCH arr ih tere ere ea Indianaat) 
 Nelson, Dr. Carl Magnus......... v aie Park C, U of Chicago, Rush nt 
 Ue NEN AI) aE Ue LON ST Any stata 
 Nesbitt, Ralph Beryl. . Oy LRN Sa mb aX ed=y ho yotah Oilr-t ole Abe Dy tee SURI MRURL oe» IA India se 
 N esbitt, Agnes Torborg ‘Swenson 
 (Mrs. Ralph Beryl) i... 0. J.'5.5. vy N. J. State N (Montclair)........ India ees 
 NEES Corel dE aig a Une v Statesville Female C, mop nab Ci 
 Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y BC ia Stepan ror. 
 Nichols, Ethel Elizabeth....... PANG FW Oyboeche-W Oy AUatMur Nini tt Runa IneulaHl inn Indie 
 Nielsen, Christine Louise......... PIMOo dy Les ar ems elas Me Pvee ey Alar Africa... 
 m Noble, Dr. William Alexander, Jr... ¢ Atlanta Mio...) 0.) coals ol aes Unidas 
 Nolan, Marble vie ean All ag hr .ts PCat lev ory Cue my ewer een ee MeN ie b Seat Turkey.... 
 Nordlund, Esther Victoria........ ¢' NorthiParks Cage ye cleat a a Chinawii: 
 Nordyke, ets isn sia ells Indijanal\U','9) DePauw Us eee ae Ghing yi), 
 Norton, Elisabeth Sikes James U of Pennsylvania, v Phila. Sch. of 
 (Mrs. Albert Charles).......... therBible way jug weal Mein dalle Egypt..... 
 Nugent, Waillis\ Carte. jos. sues. s4 Franklin and Marshall C, v T of the 
 Reformed. Ch. in U. S...005 96342): Japan 
 Nugent, Pearl Anna Graul (Mrs. 
 Willis Cart yincrseie mie sain ashe tale Wh Bucknell U, Western Pa. H........ Japan Wine 
 Nutting, Rena Lyman........... Rest C for Women, v Kennedy ut 
 ANU aope coat eatiave Ape ay Tr LAN By hae ale 
 Nycum, Homer Clark............ v Cote UO of Cincinnati yas. bndiaiiaint.s 
 Olive, Lucius Bunyan............ Wake Forest Cio Son Baptist dn ia China sc 
 Orwig, Samuel Marlinadcids ccs sss Park C, Grove City C, v Princeton T W. Indies... 
 Pace. John, Capertoniien. ass. fste<. Southwestern U,v Yale U T....... Maia eis 
 Parker, Blanche Adelle........... v Drake U, C of Missions (Indian- 
 APOLS) te EL Ae UA NAA A Chinawso.2 
 Paterson, James Douglas......... U of Edinburgh M, v Wycliffe C, U of 
 PLOTONEO) GOT ae Metall Mahal ere tall fapare ws | 
 Pattersons, Ohne tn a ees as v-Baker UN Drews yee ss aluls ¢ Enda. 
 Pearce, Katherine Standish....... WS ehs Cae GON Televi aL an At Turkey.... 
 Pearson, Hinils soph ete shia seats U of Minnesota, v Moody Trs...... Atrica i 
 Pease, Harriet Burtlass........... v Blackburn C, C of Wooster....... Persia... .'. 
 Peebles, Dr. Elizabeth Steele...... 7 Phitay Clot Osteopathy «uP... IAT TI Cae ats 
 Pendleton, Dr; Lost... 20h 0a. ak. 9 U ot Galifornia‘and Movie ie Chinas J)2). 
 Persson, Bertha Wilhelmina...... Methodist H (Frankfort), Methodist 
 T (Upsala), Chicago Trs, v Meth- 
 odist)H (Omaha, Neb.)....5. 24 c's Chinas: 
 Pierce, Elmer Le Roy............ v Kingfisher C, Garrett Trs........ Africal: ci) 
 Pierce, Dr. Ethel Margaret....... v Baylor U and M, U of Texas M... China..... 
 
 Pinckney, Dr. Charles Edward.... » Nebraska Wesleyan U, U_ of 
 Nebraska Mime ath wan ie ove Malaysia... 
 Pinckney, Lillian Violet Fox (Mrs. 
 
 Charles Edward) .....0.2.....4. v Nebraska Wesleyan U........... Malaysia. . 
 Porter, Walter James............ Park C, Cambridge U Grad., Papeete 
 
 PGT ie ULLAL aa ea as . Amer... 
 
 BEOR yt V1eineritonrs ele es cis e)siele sie 'a,s)6 v Mt. Holyoke C, Baptist Trs (Phila) Japan Wieteate 
 
 Prentice, James Stuart........... a Ciiesns UCM Nels we Sia India..... 
 
 593 
 
 MIssIoNARY AGENCY 
 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 United Presbyterian 
 
 American Board 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 United Lutheran 
 
 Wom. Union Miss. Soc. 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Syrian Protestant College 
 
 American Board 
 
 VW tee As 
 
 Mennonite Gen. Conf. 
 United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Friends Ch. of Calif. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 PEL GN Fa 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Swedish Evan. Miss. Cov. 
 Presbyterian, U. S.-A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Woman’s Baptist F. M.S. 
 South Africa General 
 Salvation Army 
 
 American Board 
 
 Swedish Evan. Miss. Cov. 
 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 United Presbyterian 
 Reformed Ch. in U. S. 
 Reformed Ch. in U. S. 
 
 American Board 
 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 Home Miss. Bd. Presbyterian 
 U.S. A. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Ch. of E. M.S. or 
 
 C. M.S. of E 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Amer. Col., Constantinople 
 South Africa General 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Independent 
 
 American Board 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Woman's Baptist F. M.S. 
 
 United Free Church of Scot- 
 land 
 
504 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 
 Prins, Peter Nicholas............ o Hope Cuan wean emesis tates Turkey.... 
 Procter, | John ‘Craig Pan oye yu ey v Toronto Bible C, Moody Trs..... Africa: o.|7- 
 Pruitt, Dr: Samuel Orr) 4/01)... Washington and Lee U, v Furman U, 
 
 U\of Maryland Mi fahiane sete Chinas ix 
 Randle, Louis Henry.. ... oO Shurtleff C, Rochester Too... China.) 
 Randle, Florence Marie Crawford 
 
 (Mrs) Louts' Henry) (os eye of Shitetleth Cay Wee Sea ae ee me ae Chinas ee 
 
 Ray Rex ae Meh re Me LLIB v Decatur Baptist C, Baylor U..... China... 
 Raymond, Harriet Maude........ Py Otterbein | Ce SON TW Se eho ye Philippines 
 Reckman'! Hisay sis Quy yoy oe B\cind Indiana State N, »v Winona Federated 
 
 CrBelowtrC ry Sa ee Turkey.... 
 Reed, Frederick John............ 9 Victoria Gules Haeac Ran eae China w0..%. 
 Reto; Henry Barony einewe viens hiss #/ Ur of Sol) Caroling iyi keane welt China! nin 
 Rehder, Pauline Magdaline....... State N (Moorhead, Minn.), Ken- 
 
 NEM yi Drs ee ee He ene aan Turkey 
 Reiser, Anna Irene.............. DiAdmavOn Bird sack leer eet st Japan..... 
 Reynolds, John Bolling........... »Hampden-Sidney C............. Korea..... 
 RIDDIS WBel eee sme an aliens U of Michigan, Radcliffe C Grad... S. Amer... 
 Richey, Helen Lenore............ v Ohio Wesleyan U, Fla. State C for 
 
 Women Grad., C of Missions (In- 
 
 Ciania'polisy eo canine mne eter eke Japariwn ve 
 Rider, Dr. Evelyn Amanda....... v Sibley H, Oberlin C, U of Penn- 
 
 Sy Vania ae ee ee eee re Indias) 44 
 Ritter, Bugabeth. yaw Mais, ele 2 Cokin b ia Ol Ney Noire Teta rained Ching ews 
 Robinson, Cuthbert Cooper....... 9'U_of. Toronto, Wryeliiem hiya ek iapann. aay 
 Robinson, William Elbert........ v Occidental C, Los Angeles Trs.... Cent. Am.. 
 Rogers, Alison Harvey........... v Mt. Hermon S, Ohio Wesleyan U, 
 
 Central Holiness U, Taylor U.... India..... 
 
 Rogers, Inez Ashsah Cope (Mrs. Adrian C, v Central Holiness U and 
 
 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Robert College 
 South Africa General 
 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 United Brethren- 
 
 American Board 
 Methodist Ch., Canada 
 Canton Christian College 
 
 . American Board 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, South " 
 
 S. Paulo Amer. Chamber of 
 Commerce 
 
 United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 
 American Board 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 Central American 
 deme ye Yearly Meet- 
 
 Friends—Ohio Yearly Meet- i 
 
 Alison Harvey) aie erect Wane Gra sae EE SRA ee Fadiate sae 
 ROETS MHAZEL Si Hen danas letuin eters WheatonmiG aire ee ouls eeebiene Indias...) 2% Ww. M.S. Meth. Bois: 
 Rosselot, Glen Taylor............ eo Otterbein iGipa yaw acura Gilets Africa... é 1. United Brethren 
 Royce, Edith Marie............. Tri-State C, v Ohio Wesleyan U.... Korea..... W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Rupert, Lynn Hoover............ oBaker (Us Drews Lye le) sletes Gheteretetane India, os /cies Methodist Ceca 
 Rupert, Hazel Leona Linabary 
 (Mrs. Lynn Hoover)........... DO BAWETIS Fee tee hikes ethane eee India: “oy Methodist Episcopal 
 Russell, Fred Lawrence.......... State C of Washington............ Egypt..... United Presbyterian 
 Sadler, Annie Laura Maynard (Mrs. i 
 George Woh « Meni alny Wi sets pata Wanthirop Gin Wes ue al eaeh a Africa..... Southern Baptist Con. 
 St. Clair, Dr. Roy Elmer...... .. v Pomona C, U of Minnesota and M Philippines ‘American Board ; 
 Schaum, Dr. Lydia Louise v York C, U of Nebraska M....... Chinaidr is W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Schaumburg, Ludwig Conrad..... v eae Trs, Grove City C, Prince- 4 
 dye MUSA VCUAVE NL Lrg Raa isa tegty evada tenets Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A; 
 pcheide, (Ellen Ada wees by vv via Stats N (Peru, Neb.), Nebraska Wes- ) | 
 leyan U, v Los Angeles Lest site India ya W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Schillinger, George William....... Pennsylvania C, v T of the Evan. 
 i Luth Chitin Uw Sin sith iiaia ae ae Japan..... United Lutheran 
 Schoen, wenatial Wyo aloe o Northwestern U. e000 5500. Ching ke. United Evangelical 
 Scott {Dr Amhie Vue Weare. v State N and Ind. C (Greensboro), f : 
 Woman's:M. (Phila, ene ae Chinaoaee Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Scribner, Ethel Cynthia.......... Beloit C, v IE aaa CHYG WIC AL 
 Trs (N. Y Ae GA) ON ee aes vas OA ay China..... Ye WeiC Alle 
 Searcy, Mary Gertrude........... Ga. N and Ind. C, v Scarritt Trs. Japan..... Methodist Episcopal, South ; 
 Seymour, Ida Mariew 000.2 ck un v CarrollC, Presbyterian H (Chicago) China Live Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Shacklock, Robert Floyd......... v Nebraska Wesleyan U........... Japan. Methodist Episcopal ’ 
 Shaw Johny Veolia nual eaten ip © OF Woosterdiick. sie aba vale imate S. Amer... Presbyterian, U.S. A.. 
 Shaw, Robert Braxton........... a OberliniGe see Wahi ai = Wha China..... American Board , 
 Sherriff, Edna Bernice........... v Iowa State Teachers C.......... Egypt..... Wom. Genl. M.S. United q 
 Presbyterian } 
 Shull, Chalmer George. .......... Mt. Morris C, v Bethany Trs...... India ica Church of the Brethren 
 Shull, Mary Speicher (Mrs. Chal- 
 ger George) ot Usk sans ae Mt. Morris C,v Bethany Trs...... India. .icus Church of the Brethren ! 
 Simpson, Wiabel Bulg tine wise we Nebraska Wesleyan U, Nebraska M. ‘ } 
 j Ett» Chicagonlrssa eae erence nda: cee W. F. M.S., Meth. Epis. 
 Singer, Laura Katherine.......... State U of owas ts oe eee S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Skinner, Lucy Geraldine.......... v Northfield S, Wheaton C, Ohio . 
 4 . Wesleyan Us) oii. fain ai eieisvhiieris 2 China... 0: F. M. S. Meth. Epis. | 
 Skinner, Marian Easter.......... PP PomonavGe ire .a wae eee ea ae India. ity Mee teelt U.S, A; : 
 Smallegan, Alice Elizabeth........ v pac! Agrl. C, Bible Teachers Trs 
 ] ; CIN SAGE) ANE LSS te Oe rofebt: yes A Reformed Ch. in Amer. 
 Smith, Herbert Irving............ Dickinson C, v Bible Teachers Trs ’ ‘ 
 CNY (Cay eu eh eae Broa EEL aT Chinaie..<s Methodist Episcopal 7 
 Smith, Ethel Mae Nelson (Mrs. 
 Herbert lsving) UAW an INR HT StatesNies jnaecctee we ete cis Chita ie Methodist Episcopal d 
 Smith, Ina Elizabeth... 00/006 U of Kansas, v Drake U Grad., C of 
 Missions (Indianapolis) . Ge of es See Mexico.... United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Smith, Stephen Lloyd............ v U of So. California, San Francisco T Philippines Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Smith, Viola Olive Rich (Mrs. 
 Stephen LiGgy dpe as Ue aid eae ees State N (Chicago), v Occidental C.. Philippines Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Smith, William Harlan........... O Miter MatrisuQy Mamee elcid alii sale i China..... Church of the Brethren 
 Smith, Frances J. Sheller (Mrs. 
 William Harlan)............... Mit sMorris’ S tn ito aiaotieiees ee Ching in% Church of the Brethren 
 
 Reformed Ch. in U. S. 
 
 
 
SAILED LIST—1Q20 
 
 595 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 DONG ATU Derb ls wk Arsenate Gwar aes Clarendon C, » Southern Meth. U.. China..... 
 Souter, Charles Edward.......... oe Cornell Uli sie ur ere ere ee bie Syria.) a. 
 Speiden, Evelyn................. McKinley Manual Trng. Sch., N 
 (Washington, D.C.),v Baptist Trs_ 
 (Phila.);sPeachers Garg usne a 4 China yeas 
 camer. Jonn ‘Patil... ici ccespeaie ols © Asbury iG irs out ben aries ee ae E. Indies 
 Stamer, Carrie Beisel Cable (Mrs. ! 
 MONt Patil) | vi skeua bo aatoghe a Geneva C, v Grove City C......... E. Indies 
 Stamps, Drure Fletcher.......... Mercer U, » So. Baptist T......... China. 
 Stamps, Elizabeth Camille Belk 
 (Mrs. Drure Fletcher).......... v Peace Inst 
 *Starkey, Earl Franklin.......... v Lawrence C ii 
 Mtecle | Wabel. Av. pace oearktane sels v eaton C : Mar 
 Steininger, Russell H............. oof Michigan’ uh ooy os ciel China!) 2 
 Steinmetz, Esther Catherine...... v peo N (Emporia, Kan.), Moody j 
 MARAE a tre AR ULC Aa Sey Sty a. ADaNheiehel © 
 Stevenson, Alpheus Waldo, Jr..... v Mt. Hermon §S, U of Pennsylvania, 
 Princetony Tes sy sataeroeselee eae Amer 
 Stewart, Margaret Irene.......... N (Stratford, Ont.), » Presbyterian f 
 Dts CTOLONLG) see gives cite sl ere miele Tagian ices 
 Strand; ROSE LY diats soe eka s 4d vlIowa State Teachers C, U of ¥ 
 Mann esota sei tain ce citer a uainbltpeee ie S. Amer 
 Streeter, Mary Elizabeth......... Syracuse nes v Kennedy Trs........ Chinas...) 
 Stuart, Marearetescs sescne seis an v Epworth H Soa Bend), Bible 
 eachers irs (Ni Val Ci) cca TIA Neal 
 LUNE s teh Claricease.cinuielere lacs Wesleyan U, v Cornell U Grad., Gar- 
 TOCE LTS ojo Ma ihe nomenon, hele Otnease S. Amer... 
 Summer, Benjamin Franklin...... v vee Mavs C, Hebron S, Bethany He 
 MSP ath hs Hae eRe uaa thE atacelmieta cae ndia. 
 Sutherland, Francis Campbell..... v McGiil U aN Grad., Diocesan T.. China..... 
 Swanson, Augusta,..........008- OMood ye Teste ta cy sustaletsia orsbnit tees PBntaht: Welle uea 
 Swanson, Mary Elizabeth........ P Bloni@ Hewes Dita etre leven, India yh 20 
 Szember, Elizabeth Clara......... Victoria H (London), Bible Teachers 
 LT SLUN akin Co) a evi creitta armen pitts india. ts 
 Taylor, Dr. Alan Boardman..:... vU of Vermont and M............ African) ¢ 
 Teagarden, Lyrel Grace.......... Bethany C, »C of Missions Grad. 
 , (Indianapolis) Ai Git MAM pS ere eee rat China... 5. 
 Tebay, Merna Almira............ Irving Cie Grove, City Cannas W. Indies 
 PHNeCAer TAT VEY. oN iene crn 6 als North Western C, v Evangelical T.. Japan.... 
 
 Thede, Viola Maude Wendt (Mrs. 
 
 ETAT vey) creomiiiber ve tele gialend ave n's North Western C, » Evangelical T.. Japan..... 
 Thomas, Mabel Munsell (Mrs. 
 
 Harlan ys aiemee cones baa 6 v iar worn Cy Kansas City Une Africa..... 
 Throne, John Emery............. eo McPherson. Cindi aia ts ects tard cre Malaysia 
 kn Oe Della S. Vaniman (Mrs. 
 
 JohneBmery ini e. coi tewlect ces veMePhersoniCuivere aden octumakis Malaysia. . 
 Thurston, Esther WICEOTICN as. dolce State N (New Britain, Conn.), 
 
 ; Boston tags alecy Aaah ue Naas Japan's ss 
 PLAttiS (atACe TICE sete oss) dks v Eugene Bible U, U of Oregon..... Japan..... 
 Dompkinsy Blan Ae aie wn siek'a es v Hastings C, U of Wisconsin Grad. 
 U of California Grad............ ”S. Amer 
 ML OT RESON WEBLO t a Mitre pieces! sais) PMO Tesi Cees we skies waela dales China). ast 
 *Townsend, H. Geraldine......... 7 Albion! Cartes shen ar enccaer eta China 
 *Treman, Robert Carleton........ Cornell U, wBible Teachers Trs 
 NoYes CH) rel eceaboreuchh iano bet ne Chinaatn s. 
 Tresham, Amber Evelyn......... 7 Chicago\Evan. Insti. jon. s eee nts india s)-!4. 
 Trivett, ones BOWYDEs see's s0.0)5'0 v.Toronto General H, Toronto U... China..... 
 Turner, Lila: Mariana cs. sei...) 2 Temple U, v Baptist Trs (Phila.)... W. Indies 
 Tuttle, Melson Sabinas........... U_of Pennsylvania, vUnion T, 
 Wéachers.C Gradicer. wacom seas Chinatern 
 Wriver, Jamesn ely nacre. vas /e «+ vU ph Mississippi, Princeton T..... Korea..... 
 Valentine, oe Ae Ner aie si sis.c v U of Penn. i, Moledo: Heine wee 6 China ster. 
 *Vandergrift PLANCESIO ea tee on a eCincwnatl Trawsvececs cee S. Amer 
 Vandertill, Elizabeth............. Sil Oh Michigan tls meri axes China sac. 
 Van Hooser, Ruby Merritt....... v Athens C, U of Chicago Grad., 
 MCATIMECAL TS Mehler nel chreilan a Japan sows 
 Van Slyke, Lawrence Prescott..... MLOpATy GC PATDUTrhd 1 elena: Mexico 
 Van Slyke, Mabel Catherine Nash 
 
 (Mrs. Lawrence Prescott)...... O@: Northwestern Ul wiecsaiss adieascaan Mexico 
 Veals, Howard James............ DMC Master Uiian vrs eee nie ate saoaeseia Chinas) vs 
 Vroman, Harold Earl............ PALGSRATCCIES (LTS slaty ete cnet eit S. Amer 
 Vroman, Irma Edna Nesmith (Mrs. 
 
 Harold Marly sce cis a vene SE OSPATICCICS hI TS tne elsria tele airs c S. Amer 
 Walborn, Ivy Grace... o.oo Urbana U, » C of Wooster......... China. 2. 
 Walters, Dallas Mansfield........ 9 James C, McCormick T.......... Philippines 
 Walters, Ellis Phillip............. v Dakota Wesleyan U............. Se AMET sss 
 Walters, Clara Thompson (Mrs. 
 
 EIS) PRD peti sects desk alee cote» v Dakota Wesleyan U............. S. Amer 
 *Warner, Emma Ethel........... D Ba Ker ree) hs ta tuieieels ere ctaten ee India. 
 Warren, McKinley Harold........ DUCOTURAUSASHERE Gy on teh tics che te S. Amer 
 Warren, Vanetta Bakley Hosford 
 
 (Mrs. McKinley Harold)....... PUL Ow KaAnsasweaes «cles caracasine si S. Amer. 
 Washburn, Judson S............. Pi SVTACUBE Ue warine stents ala cavnate Tei Pohecw 
 
 
 
 . Wom. Bd 
 
 MIssIonARY AGENCY 
 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 Syrian Protestant College 
 
 Woman’s Baptist F. M.S. 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 . Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 Southern Baptist Con. 
 
 .. Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Canton Christian College 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Evangelical Assn. 
 
 . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 
 ... Mackenzie College 
 BY Wis, eA 
 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Church of the Brethren 
 
 Church of the Nazarene 
 Scandinavian Alliance 
 Scandinavian Alliance 
 
 United Lutheran 
 American Board 
 
 United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 
 . H. M. Presb., 
 UaSe Ay 
 
 Evangelical Assn. 
 
 Evangelical Assn. 
 
 United Brethren 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 American Board 
 
 . Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 
 Norwegian Miss. Soc. 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Church of the Nazarene 
 Ch. of Eng. in Canada 
 
 . Wom. Bapt. Home Miss. Bd. 
 
 Y.M..C. A. 
 Presbyterian, South 
 Methodist Episcopal, South 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Methodist Episco ale South 
 
 . Presbyterian, U. 
 . Presbyterian, U. S. A 
 
 Methodist Ch., Canada 
 
 . Bolivian Indian 
 
 . Bolivian Indian 
 
 Reformed Ch. in U. S. 
 Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 : | Methodist Episcopal 
 
506 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 Watson, Harriett Luella.......... v lowa State Teachers C........... Chinas; ia. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Watson, Sarah Pressly.......... Hollins C, v Teachers C and Grad.. .......... VEE LOE Te 5 
 Weiss, Ellen Ruth............... o Towa: state Cul yer). Semen ts Japan ves. W.F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 *Weller, Daniel Maxie. caw ten vC of Wooster, Oberlin C, U of 
 Chicagod eat cei ne hs cee aor Hawaii.... Hawaiian Evan. Assn. 
 Wencke, Doris Rebecca.......... Indiana State N, v neues U, West- , 
 j ern State N (Mich. ote Fe Luibietre te esa India AIAG c W. F. M. S. Meth. Epis. 
 Wengert, Georgia E....... 00.000 v Moody Mae Bible ees 1 Trs } 
 CNGEY Get Seanad Sierras ae Inia tea Wom. Genl. M. S. United 
 Presbyterian 
 West, Nellie, Maudie fii fis jas) oi-1 Harris Teachers C, » Chicago Trs... India..... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Wheeler, Bernice Abbie.......... v Smith C, Boston U Grad......... China elo. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Whipple, Edna May............. State N (Bellingham, Wash.), Eu- 
 gene Bible U, v U of Oregon, C of . ; 
 
 q Missions (Indianapolis)......... China..... United Chris. Miss. Soc. 
 Whiteley, Miriam Frances........ Dickinson C, U of ene hae Grad., 
 
 t y v Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.).. S. Amer... W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Whitford, Marian Terry.......... VOVIACUSE Use kill eles ee etl Ghina ss W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Wiens Berard Ege ie ier ue. York Ci ai@abor Gas en eee China...) Mennonite Brethren 
 Wiens, Sarah Lohrenz (Mrs. Ber- 
 
 RGD ES) Ga ht eee eM ei foie Wie York: G, W@abor Cm. sorte coimierianets China..... Mennonite Brethren 
 Wight, Rannie Barn ie ay chars v Clof Woostetiis nen mieniineieearee Chita alee Presbyterian, U.S. A 
 Wigton, Elizabeth Lowry (Mrs. : 
 
 CharlesiB ieee teil v Ohio Wesleyan U, Brooklyn M.E.H. China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Wiley, Walter Bradford.......... v Dartmouth, Ce eee os Turkey.... American Board 
 Wilkins, Dr. Elizabeth M. Reese. . Goucher C, »v Johns Hopkins M.... India..... United Lutheran 
 *Williams, George Arthur........ v*Loronto| Bible \C, Knox) Tak 3.) cu. Japani.... Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 *Williams, Ethel M. Foote (Mrs. ‘ 
 
 George Arthur) Aedes: HIKE! Anse a Ae 9 Toronto) Bible: Cunha. woken Japan.s: Presbyterian Ch., Canada 
 Williams, Ruth Clarice........... v Wellesley C, oe Inst., Presby- 
 
 terian H (N. ¥ Ce eee aN Ching sine Presbyterian, U.S. A. 
 Winn, Margaret Dennis.......... v Gordon Trs, State N (Fitchburg, 
 
 Mass)) ie ey CN nese ihe tere Chinas... Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Winter, Charles Edward.......... »v C of Pacific, Boston U T......... Chinaseens eS As Episcopal 
 Witham, LoisEmily iene eau seicier.. v Kansas State April. C....5......60. Chinave see W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Witmer, Minnie Clark........... Presbyterian H (Phila. ay » Bible 
 
 Teachersulrs CN wy Cv oineuen Ching ssc s Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 Wood, Chester Frank............ 0 Colby CiNewtonit ee iueeiaoe Chita aan Am. ‘Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Wood, Dorothy Shaw (Mrs. Chester } 
 
 Frank) eA ERAS hap Sate ove te lee v Jackson C, Tufts C Grad........ Chinat 2s. Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
 Woodruff, Sadie Juliet........... Tri-State C, State N (Greensboro), 
 v Mich. State N (Ypsilanti)...... Indiage. 5. W. F. M.S. Meth. Epis. 
 Wright, Ruth Priscilla........... v Western C for Women, Spry Sch. 
 OL, Musics) i kiieiieis satevcinte te seks Chinas... Presbyterian, U. S. A. 
 York, Zella iM (ss) xaayeotarse ss ia.0 p Allegheny Coa sct cs meee oe eee S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Yost, Helen Rosetta............. Drexel Inst., National Trs, v Union F 
 TE rsi(Brooklyn el ie ae ett Africae. psi Woman's Baptist F. M. S. 
 Leabillea Willian el telelcrese te eine ale v Central Holiness U, U of Denver 
 
 ) Grads Tish anaes ie nein Ueda India fou. Methodist Episcopal 
 Ziemann, Percy Patton........... » Woodstock C, McMaster U, Crozer y ; 
 
 } Mt EA eS AV a ie ee OTE Japan..... Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 Zimmerman, Arthur Franklin..... v McKendree C, Columbia U Grad., j i 
 
 ; Drewi Tae uns is lselsie New Guin S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Zimmerman, Edna Drayton (Mrs. 
 
 Arthur Branklin}e cues cee. Greenville C, » Cincinnati Trs...... S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Zwick, Dr. William Walter....... Ohio State U, So. Baptist T, » U of 
 
 Lowisville, Mas), «6 bites oiisteate Chinaty acs. Am. Bap. For. Miss. Soc. 
 
 
 
SAILED! VOLUNTEERS FOR 1921 
 
 In the table abbreviations have been used as follows: C=College; H =Hospital; M=Medical; N =Normal; 
 S=Secondary School; T=Theological; Trs=Bible, Deaconess and Missionary Training School; U =University; 
 v=Volunteered at. 
 
 t Short-term Missionaries. 
 
 *Volunteers sailed before 1921; names reported here for the first time. 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MissIoNARY AGENCY 
 FA COIVIS MG Wative tot dlerese sie Octet t Mt. Hermon 5S, C of Wooster, 
 MeCormick TD auii etitinyemresesiens ie BISOLED a1 ai) s Presbyterian (North) 
 Adams, Susan Comstock (Mrs. U of Wisconsin, Wesley Memorial 
 
 HAWATG) Seeticdi us elu elcieits iiss ie 3% Etyig Chicago [rs tverspersj-tlecieteaeets Korea..... Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Ainslie, Charles Albert........... Occidental C, » Pomona C, U of 
 
 CahtjStantord Uilirnesdas vasteiee S. Amer... Presbyterian (North) 
 Albrecht, Helen Ruth............ Ohio Wesleyan: Ulisse scalecters oiekaa.e Japanieae. Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Albrecht, Martin Philipp......... Elmhurst, C, 9. Hden Tay. ei, Dardaaens 4 4 Evangelical Synod 
 Allen, Jrlia Prances fesse stertes ass v Mt. Holyoke C, C of Missions.... China..... Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Allen, Walter Kendall............ gikichmond. Cy, YaievUi Paice «jae Indiay ))..). Baptist (Northern) 
 Allen, Mary Beulah Nock (Mrs. ! 
 
 iWialter Kendalt}inesioes ose ste'4s ct Woman’s C of Richmond.......... Tndia agen Baptist (Northern) 
 
 Alter, Samuel Neale............. Maryville C, Grove City C, v West- ! 
 
 ern T, U of Edinburgh Grad..... SYTIAL as sis Presbyterian (North) 
 PAI GLCHIeT UA Cates Seta 5 fare. /0) s:eieas sietels v Syracuse U, Biblical T (N. Y. C.) China..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Anderson, Claus Oscar........00. NorthsPark/ Coy piace aaclsc none sets Chima os4/3. Swedish Mission Covenant 
 Anderson, Palmer Ingvald........ Uvof Alberta;9 Luther: Taine sce Chinaws jos Lutheran, Norwegian 
 Anderson, Adelia Myrtle Rorem N (Camrose, Alta.) U of Alberta, : 
 
 (Mrs. Palmer Ingvald)......... DIM OGAYLETSH. SS oy wace-a area laos Chinas... Lutheran, Norwegian 
 *Andreasen, Paul Johannes....... IMOOC Wars eas tale Wares srasned elie toute India 2. s. Assemblies of God 
 Andrew, Thurman........ Se eats Carnegie Sch. of Tech., W. Va. 
 
 j Wesleyan: Coe e se Wiles oldies Korea..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Andrew, Grace Isabelle Seem (Mrs. » Pennsylvania State C, U of Pitts- 
 
 ME EUTINIET)) oe here ais Be ls tohel oes. «9. ee ure Grady li tects tol etesevel tie! Korea..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Armstrong, Edward Warner...... Okanagan C, v McMaster U....... India). o. Canadian Baptist 
 Arnold, Gladys Catherine........ v Hiram C, C of Missions.......... China..... Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Atkins, Ruth Evangeline......... Chicago Mrs trae eiiesetetriacssiciee Philippines Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Atherton, Charles Ross........... State C of Washington, v C of Mis.. Africa..... Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Atherton, Eva Gladys Havens Ind. State N, Indiana U, v Butler C, : 
 
 (Mrss'Charies' Ross)... 5 0.1.0.) Crh MESSiOns tialcte tebe: shel e; ses alors Africa ss.) Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Atwater, Reginald Myers......... v Colorado C, Harvard M......... €hina:.... Yale For. Miss. Soc. 
 Atwater, Charlotte Martin Penfield f 
 
 (Mrs. Reginald Myers)......... Wellesley Canes 1:6 Ota bio. salar China... . Yale For. Miss. Soc. 
 Atwood, Hazel Marie............ Ripon C,vU of Michigan H....... Chingwscee American Board 
 Auler, Harold Nicholas........... o Elmhurst'C, Eden T............. Cen. Am... Evangelical Synod 
 Auman/John Clyde:.....3...... Elon C, v Westminster T.......... WPADAR cle Methodist Protestant 
 *Austin, Harold Raymond........ v Penn. State C, Hartford T....... WASTICA’. «ves Sudan United 
 Ayers, Sanford Emmett.......... WakeiForest Crcduseoccseladoosisets Chinaecen. Baptist, Southern 
 Ayers, Winnie Davis Bennett (Mrs. i f q 
 
 Sanford Emmett).............. Mississippi N, »y Woman’s Miss. Trs. China..... Baptist, Southern 
 tBailey, Ewing McCready........ Monimotth © ota atatetats oye sis sis icie oe Egypt..... Presbyterian, United 
 Bain, Laura Adelaide............ Prince of Wales C and N, » Gordon 
 
 Bible: Crea crush ourtarn sale aib oe ndiawc. a. Canadian Baptist 
 Bain, Mary Rachel.............. Flora McDonald C, » Assembly’s Trs China..... Presbyterian (South) 
 Baird, Dr. Kenneth Allison....... vU of New Brunswick and Grad., 
 
 DalhousiesUM Sarin we welatte sere Ching sass. Canadian Presbyterian 
 Baker, David Dudrow........... Hepdelhero Ute timicie aciveaidiankes Turkey.... Robert College 
 Banks, Opal Okuki Burkhardt La : f 
 
 (Mires Gabriel:G.)attrascts a ecis's <6 v Butler C, C of Missions.......... Ema vel eves Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Banton, Harold Edwin........... Dartmout a Geoiseerciacc eels cae atte Chinase. at Advent, American 
 Bare, Carl Brentome..i5...- 5.05% Ohio (Wesleyan! Uni ses es cae Porto Rico Union Church 
 Bare, Virginia Frances McCarty rh ; ; 
 
 (Mrs. Carl Brenton)........... U of Louisville, v Randolph-Macon C Porto Rico Union Church 
 Barker, Joseph Edmund.......... v Yale U and T, McCormick T..... China..... Nanking University 
 Barksdale, William Anderson..... Randolph-Macon C............... W. Indies.. Methodist Epis., South 
 Barland, Agnes Louise........... Oberlin C, Columbia U Grad., Johns __ 4 
 
 isQojal lates eh OG Han cparicer obs Siam ce <leie Presbyterian (North) 
 Barns, Helen Virginia......... Rete VVEStIV IN @INION Wi sraisirarciatale were ratee cele Japan..... Methodist Protestant 
 Baer) Grlentl. ROBS se ce sieiacl|s esis s ate PAMG SEI y ie ishere slalsiel siete re icie ghelsya 4 S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Barratt, Clifford Irene........... v Winthrop N and Ind. C, Woman’s ; ‘ 
 IMISSINE TS Mrevaleesicte aiotte ete aie tee China... . Baptist, Southern 
 Barrington, Harriet Amelia....... v Denison U, Vassar C, Lakeside H, : j 
 HasseléinesI rsa)... osc ete. nines Indias. s Baptist (Northern), Woman’s 
 Bates, Eugenia Lillian........... N (Dauphin, Man.), » Methodist Trs : 
 (RGTOnEO) Meeincterecvarie leferaernista’stehs Japan..... Canadian Methodist, Woman’s 
 Beard, Phebe Kinney............ Oberhin Can eoicesisc saac sss China...4.. American Board 
 Beatty, Harold Edwin........... Transylvania C,v Bethany C...... Japan... Independent 
 Beatty, Elsie Louise Mullen (Mrs. __ 
 Harold a with) stk cases seis ccs» Hiram C, v Bethany C...... Sashes pan Peltor Independent 
 seriby plestbiG a ak ale visice tine ea stem Assembly Seles ieciisliciate see Cs sle.e exico.... Presbyterian (South) 
 Bechtold, Anna Dorothea......... U of Kansas, » Moody Trs......... Cen. Am... Evangelical Synod 
 *Becknell, Harvey Earl.......... PAS let agers ite iavelereks alsisiayensie ave) 0) Hawati.... /Y. M:. C..A. 
 *Becknell, Anna Bernice Lehman a 
 (Mrs. Harvey Earl)............ 9 Goshen C.........eseeceseseens Hawaii.... Y.M.C.A. 
 
 507. 
 
508 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 
 Beckwith, Lizzie Allan Wilson 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 (Mrs) Prank S:ya cit tee eee Urat Porontoy ans ieee eee India..... Canadian Presbyterian 
 
 *Beenian) Norval sy eos anew ke v Oberlin C and Grad., U of Chicago 
 
 Grad iis) pci va actelesunits citer tae China .'s.4 Methodist Episcopal 
 Bell, Henry Roy....... BSG Gia ss CrofiEmporial eave cs oh pene ate Philippines Presbyterian (North) 
 Bell, Edna Pearl Elliott (Mrs. 
 
 Henry ROy ei heceiemieine wie eeole GClof Bmporia sibaacietts digrisiveieerelenne Philippines Presbyterian (North) 
 Bell, William «Wesley a. jaselicitai Wiese AS DULY, Cries alent aie amit tenr se te India..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Bell, Rosetta Gempler (Mrs. Wil- 
 
 TamiWesley) sole cme ate lacieis ine Asbury (Cand ehes iain et ote eset oielletalas Indias: Methodist Episcopal 
 Benard Helen May saccs tsiwtae 6 vies Bowling Green N, » Cincinnati Trs, : 
 
 ORI Ue eer sie te Neer em ee S. Amer... Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Bendiksen, Jennie Olsen (Mrs. »v Northwestern Trs (Minneapolis), 
 
 Bdwin Maye ee aes eee Rochester Lic stom aie ere ele Africa..... Assemblies of God 
 Bennett, Allen Lee.............. v Bible Trs (Los Angeles).......... Africa..... Brethren (Progressive) 
 Berckman, James Hart H........ Cumberland C, v Vanderbilt U T... China..... Methodist Epis., South 
 
 Berckman, Margaret Ruth Rice 
 
 (Mrs. James Hart H.).......... Falkville N, v Athens C........... China. ..': 
 Beste Ouse ear elite fades Vatebeles ote ly Ya Lander Cie 'Scarritt: Trs eee on S. Amer... 
 Bittner, Dr. Linus Herman....... v Reed C, U of Oregon and M...... E, Indies. . 
 Blackwell, George Ezra.. vowed, Colgate, Newton: ditesctiics cnc India... 
 Blackwell, Edith Verne Goetsch ih i 
 
 (Mrs. George Ezra) ..).0 ys v Lawrence C, Illinois H........... Tradialsuse 
 Blickenstaff, Miles.............6+ Bethany Trs, v McPherson C...... China,... 
 Blickenstaff, Ermal Thorne (Mrs. 
 
 Miles) (act sabe ta one Seems bela te ui aea'p | Trs, v McPherson C...... China... 
 Bloodworth, Jessie Athen......... DU. of, Oktary Searritt brs nse eca ie ire Pls 
 Boardman, Edwin Lh SER CbeCy Sta ute v Ashland C, Biblical T (N. Y. C.)... Amer... 
 Boggs, Dr. Arthur Gordon........ Dartmouth ce v Harvard M....... Pad mets 
 Booker, Alice Kate... s/s .).)0). U of Toronto, v Biblical T (N. Y. C.) S. Amer... 
 *Bouick, Frank Jackson.......... v Occidental ‘of San Francisco T.... S. Amer... 
 Boyer, Elmer George............. U of Oregon, v Eugene Bible U, C of 
 
 MisSiOHS).4, tes ie ails Coase Ok Africa, ii 
 Bray, Charles Edwin............ Toronto BiblaiG os woes ot elses Africa sad: 
 Bray, Amy Margerate Smith (Mrs. t 
 
 CharlesiBdwinyiy ee ele nate Toronto BiplerG la cenuuie sci lenstele Africa)... 
 Breche ty Riora Are wee ey sie one sa steers v Houghton S, Pacific C Grad...... ALTICS). « <s 
 Brewer, Raymond Rush.......... v Dickinson C, Boston U T........ China. 5. 
 Briault, Harry George........... Moody Tire e052 Was ae wae eee Fai S. Amer... 
 Briault, Frieda Winifred Hunter 
 
 (Mrs. Harry George)........... Moody, Pres iiee mae arceteniett adele: stare S. Amer... 
 Brocker ,Ellen Elizabeth......... Okla. A. and M. C, » Moody Trs... Japan.... 
 Brogden, Ura Amoiyie ns oi. e's Cumberland U,vLane T.......... China.... 
 Brotzman, Margaret Elizabeth.... v Oberlin C, Lakeside H........: So VASCA sity 
 Brower, Cornelia Leverich........ v Winthrop N and Ind. C, Woman’s 
 
 IMis6./Trs fm eae Cie er ee S. Amer.. 
 Brown, Dr. Chauncey Fairfield.... v Park C, Cornell U M............ Chins wee 
 
 Brown, Callie Ethel Wright (Mrs. 
 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 Brethren, Church of 
 
 Brethren, Church of 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Brethren (Progressive) 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 Canadian Baptist 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Sudan Interior 
 
 Sudan Interior 
 
 Methodist, Wesleyan 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Evan. U. of So. Amer. : 
 
 Evan. U. of So. Amer. 
 Methodist Protestant 
 Presbyterian (North) ] 
 Presbyterian (North) © ; 
 
 . Baptist, Southern 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 
 
 Chauncey Fairfield)............ v Park C, Biblical T (N.Y. C.).... China..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Bruce, Elizabeth Gordon......... v Kindergarten NiC(NZY;: ©) spore tiles China..... Reformed in America 1 
 Buchanan, Daniel Crump........ Fredericksburg C, Wash. and Lee U ; 
 Grad., v Union T (Richmond), 4 
 MeoCormick (Doe ae aie Japan..... Presbyterian (North) - 
 Buchanan, Katharine Baetjer (Mrs. " 
 Daniel Crump) neekinnerie nieces Wellesley iG nue tiem siarsic ayers Ra ae Japan..... Presbyterian (North) j 
 MEUrys Loliza Detiy HAMM sie sie ules sc Memorial H (Pawtucket, R.I.).... Turkey.... Near East Relief P 
 Byram Wr ROY Mack rss ks sae v Occidental C, U of California M, . ' 
 Wiroiiexas Mio suite asda a Korea..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Byram, Bertha Elvira Stanley f 
 (Mirs:/Roy./Mack)e). tie aikva le sis v Whittier C, Occidental C......... Korea..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Cabot, Mary Geraldine.......... Radcliffe C, St. Thomas H (London), 
 5 v Boston Lying In H............ China..... Protestant Episcopal 
 Callbeck, Ada Louise............ Prince of Wales C, » Methodist Trs 
 (Eoronta)y io ner Payal certo ae ford Japan..... Canadian Methodist, Woman’ 
 Cameron, George Bruce.......... v Lewiston S, Muskingum C, Mani- 
 toba, Uy, Princeton TN elie i Philippines American Bible Society 
 Campbell, Harry Eugene......... CoeiG, McCormick Tees eae en India..... Presbyterian (Nérth) 
 Carlson, Arvid Conrad........... North Park: Cole ton daonianer ee aaeie China..... Swedish Mission Covenant 
 *Carman, Florence. .........0.0+ PW east: We @ rial teat Pitas ans ar ae bel HONS bd India..... Baptist (Northern) 
 Carson, Arthur Leroy... 0.30 1.6 wel Pennsylvania State Coes ee. China..... Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Carson, Edith Scott (Mrs. Arthur Trenton N, New York U, v Cornell 
 
 
 
 LETOy) clei ia hae hole ene OMe oaiets LS EP eae N TI PALES Ot et me ee China.... 
 Cate, Dr. William Robert........ Kentucky Wesleyan C,v Emory UM Korea.... 
 Cate, Anna Marie Landress (Mrs. 
 
 Wilkam Robert) ssa eueeee antes Agnes Scott‘ Cove ep eieecaieee ead s Korea.... 
 Chamberlain, Alma Birge...... WUMVASSar CU Lie OF na enn det eae aie 8 Tndiay ios, 
 *Chambers, Dorothea Nesbitt Bryn (Mawr Gries yuna see emete ben cast i 
 Chapman, Henry Hamblin tis . 2/5. v Middlebury C, General T (N.Y.C.) Alaska. 
 Chapman, John Griffin........... Georgetown C, v Carson-Newman C, 
 
 Southwestern Baptisthlalsceeis Japan.... 
 
 Chapman, Katherine Denman 
 
 (Nest Gordon) tannin v Berkeley S, Park C, U of Calif.... Japan.... 
 Chappell, Martha Jean........... Wictoria Cuties. fe Oks wi ie te Wapan.. .s2 
 
 . Protestant hae 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Woman’s Christian Coll. 
 sit Xan Whe Rotel 
 
 Baptist, Southern 
 
 Presbytreian (North) 
 Y. W. C. A. 
 
 
 
t 
 
 SAILED LIST—IQ2I 
 
 5°9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 Chazeaud, Camille Armand....... Albert C, v Presbyterian T (Mon- 
 
 f EREAL Elo 9 Siler ea fete Mera Africa..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Christensen, Magnus Dale........ U of Nebraska, v Central Holiness U Africa..... Scandinavian Alliance 
 Christensen, Florence Pearl Craw- 
 
 ford (Mrs. Magnus Dale)...... Central) Holiness. act ue rae reser Africa. .,. Scandinavian Alliance 
 Christensen, Nels Jacob.......... MOodg; (Ersiacsincatets ee dpe let nate oie China..... Swedish Evan. Free 
 Clark, Edward Maurice.......... v Macalester C, San Francisco T.... Japan..... Presbyterian (North) 
 *Clarkc, Lola Maurillaciinrr. ise aks U of Toronto, v Methodist Trs (To- 
 TONCO) eis Oe eee -aked ele Ute a anaes WADALs asin Canadian Methodist, Woman's 
 Clark, Stewart Sandy............ v Mass. Agrl. C, Peabody C for 
 : Teachers, Columbia U Grad..... Chinae si? Baptist (Northern) 
 Clarke, Alice Annabelle.......... Toronto N, vy Moody Trs.......... S. Amer... Canadian Baptist 
 Cleary Maryiiim asic rmlactest eta Ohio Wesleyan) Ui sae eae Japan Ji Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 linedida Marie yay anos aeiele aie Iowa State Teachers C...........% AGofobt nyt yayem Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 EAR G DYES TO 3 Pe Bae eae ee Ag) Moody Trs, v Central Holiness U, 
 Methodist H (Des Moines), Chris- 
 Han Alliance Tre uke a ee ue! Palestine.. Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Clugston; Carl Lester. 2.555.504: Cumberland Valley State N, v Ohio 
 Wesleyan U, Princeton U........ S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Goapman, Vere Bye ii oi oun was U of Wisconsin, » McCormick T.... India...... Presbyterian (North) 
 Coapman, Alice Francis (Mrs. 
 IMELHO WT iene ese cleeetecs, cea ene ease UsohiWisconsineeiiapueutlane ielee'< Tadiare ss. Presbyterian (North) 
 Coates, Walter George. .......... U of Saskatchewan, v Presbyterian 
 | C Grad. and T (Saskatoon)...... Formosa... Canadian Presbyterian 
 *Cochran, Mary ‘Alice:.........5; State N (Lewiston, Ida.), »C of 
 Puget Sound, cack io baa Alaska.... Meth. Epis., Home, Woman’s 
 Cocke; Mabel Ar ic. Gy its de we Randolph-Macon Woman's C, v Scar- 
 VEE 1s ea Of ane Ce) dwn ei a Korea..... Methodist Epis., South 
 Coffman, Dr. Carl Flory.......... Bridgewater C, U of Chicago, 
 Northwestern U andyM........ China wie Brethren, Church of 
 Coffman, Ferne Heagley (Mrs. Carl Bridgewater C, Bethany Trs, » II- 
 Tat besa'Q Vie ep 8 Gi shat ne Ree ie ed el HOTS EL Ne ecu tae PU lCurs China..... Brethren, Church of 
 Colbers Dri Arthupali sii cs Gustavus Adolphus C, 7 U of Min- 
 NESOLALADG Mi Shale oie wae Lael ois China):... Lutheran, Augustana Synod 
 *Collins, Harrold Pinkerton....... vC of Wooster, Washington and 
 ( Oey Jefferson’ OA eee ee UG Reema Siamias. ih Presbyterian (North) 
 frolville, Minnie, 5. Al iisok ons. os Toronto Trs, v Moody Trs......... Africa..... South Africa General 
 Cope, GoisViarhne ce aii. cals devs Adrian C, vCentral Holiness U, 
 ; aylor WeGTad aun cys ase, dae etoeke Africa..... Friends, American 
 Cory, May Louise........... ass eubation Gi Osot Missions. c/s dele: China yey Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Cowsert, Jack Jimmerson......... v Mississippi C, Southwestern Bap- 
 LIS DA WR ae Pa bat ien ee eb eer atl S. Amer... Baptist, Southern 
 Ores ey RA THA ck MA VER OT NN Southwestern Cao sida at aentetate India oi) Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Crawford, Cedric Erroll.......... Carleton C, Bangor T, » Hartford T Mexico.... American Board 
 tCressey, Paul Frederick Deritson Um ayiee ead Oe uae ator China...'.).); Baptist (Northern) 
 CrosnoClaraiMay nike a. o!. 9 Phillips U) C of Missions. (05)... dapat...) Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Currell, Susan McDowell... Mei Assembly SeD rst atiaeiva doe Alor cute sb Japan..... Presbyterian (South) 
 Currie, Christina Helen.......... U of Toronto, » Queens U T, Pres- , 
 P byteriant Tre ive We) een) ot Koreas 25 Canadian Presbyterian, 
 : Women’s 
 Curtice, Marie Justi. ....6004.... Moody Tra) aay rah aise fas bila aie S. Amer... Scandinavian Alliance 
 Dabble Himertha oe ee, cies. we OSt-OlatiG \Lather Tian venvatelin Alaska.... Lutheran, Norwegian, Home 
 Dallyn, Mary Ethel C........... Toronto Cons. of Music........... China..... Canadian Methodist Woman’s 
 Davis, EdwinrBisier ec. ose. oss v Denison U, Southern Baptist T, 
 Newton Tr 4 2) ara ey oath tela dentate CALS bT Babee Baptist (Northern) 
 Davis, Hazel Idell Gipson (Mrs. Moores ‘Hitt C, vWoman’s Miss. ) 
 edwin) Bixler\inve ema tiehyitc «5s PIRES crs sila speso anit iaate aeeis cst hs aie chao te Tdiay ie as Baptist (Northern) 
 Davis, Ralph ilullyangicemleoc ss .). Mendy TSN s hak a haie'e ae te eel et alate ATriCan tine So. Africa General 
 Decker, John William............ Richmond C and Grad., v Southern ; f 
 Baptists land Grads oe aug s. Chinag. i Baptist (Northern) 
 Deer, Waneta Maud............. Perrin delariy OM etal ka Als foes ter eee Lovetels Japan. o<. Baptist (Northern), Woman's 
 DeMasur, Maria Julia........... Bible Trs (Los Angeles)........... Atricad)..). Africa Inland 
 Dewey, Horace Elliott........... v Ohio Wesleyan U, Drew T, Col- L h 
 beget oy VMOU SOA RMN UA ¢ AAEM Rams BUH Chinas oe Methodist Episcopal 
 Dawolt Martin. sane anette sn THO MEN ery Servic plea uti le TIMARU at India 3... Reformed in America 
 DeYoung, Elizabeth. ............ IMGod yin reeliiates Wise alchats aatetainl «| alecect Teves Foye Ceylon and India General 
 Dinsdale, Tirza Anne............ U of Wisconsin, Lawrence C....... S:)Amer..) Ys We Ce A. 
 Dodds Drastellatorn etd e wowe na Mo. Wesleyan C and Grad., vState U Y } 
 ‘ of Iowa M, Woman’s M Cof Pa.. India..... Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Doolittle, Jane Elizabeth......... WrelisiCe ae a onopums rik MMO Diet Persia..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Dorsey, Donna Brooke........... State N (Fairmount, W. Va.), » W. ' ‘ 
 Va. Wesleyan |Ciivistent« ayaiete es Japanyeca. Methodist Episcopal 
 Douglas, James Baxter........... Randolph-Macon C, »v Emory U.... China..... Methodist Epis., South 
 Duff, Sarah Catherine............ U of Toronto, »v Moody Trs........ Indigent Ceylon and India General 
 Duncan, Marion Herbert......... Hiram C and Grad., v C of Missions China..... Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Duncan, Kate Louise Habecker f wh i WR 
 (Mrs. Marion Herbert)......... 9 Hiram) CC of Mission$) 3) ds «ses Chinas... Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Dunham, A. Gertrude............ Business C (Orilla, Ont.), v Meth- i 
 OGISt Urs GLOTONtO) vies ulare ois alone China..... Canadian Methodist, Woman’s 
 MOTTaTe, COMO NRS Gid ire locate ie tele esi v Indiana State N, Taylor U....... India yas Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Duryea, Grace Louise............ Natl. Kindergarten C and Grad. j ; ’ 
 (Chicago), » Chicago Trs........ Mexico.... Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Eaton; Delta Frances...........: State N (Los in apeleat vU_ of ‘ ( 
 Californiaxeiie tate tes cue ei China lauds Methodist Episcopal 
 
510 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 Ebersole, Stella ys ine dem ati wte Jamestown) Gy: cabinet sine eiely a India ts. 
 Eccles, George BOry[tieratolel diss ele le v Spokane U, C of Missions... . Africa.. 
 Eccles, Lulu Ellen. Moffitt (Mrs. Cheney State N, v State C of Wash. ; 
 
 George Exmty)ici ats er seieleniciels Spokane U, C ‘of Missions....... " Africa..... 
 Edling, Eddie Emanuel.......... v Nebraska Wesleyan U, Boston U 
 
 iDikennedy rey tliat wae aati Africa sie 
 Edling, Leila Margaret Childs » Mt. Holyoke C, Mass. General H, ! 
 
 (Mrs. Eddie Emanuel)......... Kennedy rs yoke nee MAT DICH a asi 
 Edmonds, Ernest Walter......... Victoria'C and Grad yaaa sala Chinas 
 Edmonds, Lorenia May Wilson } ' 
 
 (Mrs. Ernest Walter).......... Victoria (CP upait rt seks wissen teat, sete tae China..... 
 Elhott, Edna Peart il tichieehecsvse C Of Emporia yas hanes s eve eetelese Philippines 
 Biliotts James Wei aukisseis sane els Houghton Wesleyan T............ S. Amer... 
 Elliott, Lura Addie Miner (Mrs. 
 
 James A Te et CIN se Ps Pe Houghton Wesleyan T............ 8S. Amer: ;.- 
 Enderson, Anna Emelia.......... Waldorf Luth. C, Norwegian Amer- 
 
 ican H, v Moody FP Uc ahaven suns Kurdistan. 
 Ensign, Anna Evelyn... /.......: » Buena Vista C, Teal StatesU/e. ic apart oud 
 Eriisons) Henry Weis sijeectciciels eu lelers v Union Trs (Brooklyn), So. Baptist 
 
 DOhio Northern! U Sa esenie Africa... . 
 Eskildsen, Dr. Eskild Karl........ UW oft Nébras caliente es Cina oe 
 Evans, William Grifith.......... ov. Moody) Irs} enia)) Deen arene Tavdiaete tas 
 Everett, Helen Newton.......... v Mt. Holyoke C, Mass. General H. Africa..... 
 tEwart, Douglas James.......... vOhio Wesleyan U, General T 
 
 (N. Y. C.), Columbia U Grad., U ‘ 
 
 ot Edinburgh wine cay eolneiel: india tye. 
 
 Ewing, Ruth Bland Grimes (Mrs. 
 
 Raymond biood) oes WieiVal Wesleyan (Groce ule India iiss s 
 tEwing, Thomas Davis........... Princeton (U LRA MINM ae hae Syria 
 ¥Bales\ Cora wes ee soos aieie shone Iowa State N, v Cornell C, Meth- 
 
 odist Trs (Cincinnati)........... India... 22% 
 Balstad:!} Constance riser lee cls «le «fete U of Minnesota, Chicago Trs,y Ken- 
 j MEGV LES eee Sys atayepet eis Pie Dings teste 
 Farrior, Norman Player.......... v Davidson C, Westminster C, Union : 
 (Richmond) Mono. Te ee Mexico.... 
 
 Farrior, Hazel Lucile Black (Mrs. 
 
 Norman (Player) sli yen ie N. Carolina C for Women......... Mexico.... Presbyterian (South) 
 tFenn, Martha Wilson........... Vassar Cline in Uni rane (inveleenl| CHINA alas N. China Amer. School 
 Fillingham, Ermina Gertrude..... Michigan State N, U of Michigan 
 
 ange Grad 5 )s/sivckie eluate ae silo India: :", «cn tas oats 
 Bleck Drs iWartrenDit)s las ile e/a v Simpson C, Northwestern U M. S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Fleck, Blanche McCombs (Mrs. Highland Park C, vSimpson fol 
 Warren L. NO ay Learn PT es Mt neds lowa Bible ite. uation eine aeretoe S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Forry, Paulding Barnard........ CroliWoosterse ives wise seeelaarae S. Amer... Presbyterian (North) 
 Fosnot, Pearl Beatrice........... v Nebraska Wesleyan U, Boston U 
 OANA 2 Grad. WOVE Cini iscitemien NG Riel Ta eee Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Franklin, Alice Virginia.......... Colorado C, U of Colorado, »U of _ . 
 Washington Fetal a OS ame eV bs eral ene Chinavyas. Canton Christian College 
 *Fredricksen, Ferdinand.......... Bible Trs (Minneapolis)........... Ching Jsaae eee an Heirs 
 orway 
 Freeman, Zachary Paul.......... Unions Li (Ten. iin le aialetelejeletere S. Amer... Baptist, Southern 
 Fribley, Katharine Laroo......... Wesley Memorial H....... PAHS b W. Indies.. Santo Domingo, Board of 
 Gamboe, Homer Pharis.......... v Transylvania C, C of Missions.... India..... Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Gamboe, Martha Frances Waller » Transylvania C, C of Missions, 
 
 (Mrs. Homer Pharis).......... Butler. CiGradss acorn memeiccise ne India s.'5<!. Christian, United (Disciples) 
 tard: Sanford Wayne........... Tlinois (GPae ea eee coe clea eete Indiaiqac: Baptist (Northern) 
 Gardner, Emma Eve..........00: Converse C, v Assembly’s Trs...... Japans. <n Presbyterian (South) 
 Garrett, Mina Everett........... Ba viora igs rrale miovotelele cleistelalcneeieitees China..... Baptist, Southern 
 Gary, Helen) Alma sane ieee bis Wellesley © soni. ie steals waela Manes S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Geis; Emma Lena se die abe arose v Denison U, Mass. General H..... Tndia eis. Baptist (Northern), Woman’s 
 Gerrard, Herbert Allan........... Toronto Bible| Can eelwane eee ae S. Amer... San Pedro 
 Gibbs, Charles Shelby............ Bates:G,2, Yale\U Grad wa auoe ue China yoit% Baptist (Northern) 
 
 Gibbs, Myrtle Louisa Aldrich (Mrs. 
 Charles Shelby) oye mtrsyesieteleret- lore a Colby. C, Yale U Grad. . oi 0 3. i China. ..%. Baptist (Northern) 
 Glass, Martha Clementine........ Monmouth C2220) ceca cee cok Egypt..... aihisle tet United, 
 omen’s 
 Glover, Henry Thomas........... Bible Trs (Los Angeles)........... Ceylon.... Ceylon and India General 
 Gormley, Mary Elizabeth........ N (Truro, N. S.), » Methodist Trs 
 (Toronto) eae siaietem atone teehee China2 ssa Canadian Methodist, Woman’s 
 Gotwald, Luther Alexander....... v Pennsylvania C, Lutheran T } 
 
 ’ (Gettysburg) oe an ee ee SPR bots ht Ae tye Lutheran, United 
 Gould) Olive Marita ete stsieyele(csslsbola's Cornell: Connie lem inten ters Fore 46 Indigiek: vies Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Grayson, Harriett Alda.......... v Meredith C, Woman’s Miss. Trs, 
 
 j Ruthertord Hei. wna eee e Chinase nies Baptist, Southern 
 Greene, Dr. Phillips Foster....... Amburst C, Harvard M.......... Turkey.... American Board 
 Greene, Ruth Peabody Altman 
 
 (Mrs. Phillips Foster).......... Wellesley. sii tin): ae hm oe Turkey.... American Board 
 t{Greenlee, Wendell William....... Princeton UG ijejavsisilehpuaterd area sie te S. Amer... Presbyterian (North) 
 Grennan, Elizabeth Mary........ U_of Michigan H, v2 Blodgett 
 
 Memorial Frain Wee oe Onis Philippines Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Griesemer, Ruth Gorham......... v Goucher C, C of Missions........ India..... Christian, United (Disciples) 
 fin Alta irenes. Ce soared ae (6 Tuscola County N, Farrand H., 
 
 gs Chicago. TTS) cnitaaee ecu: ee Indiaic.s/s 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 . (Christian, United Disciples) 
 
 Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Methodist meer 
 
 Methodist Episco 
 Canadian Methodi 
 
 Catathan “Methodist 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Evan. Union of So. Am. 
 Evan. Union of So. Am. 
 
 Lutheran, Inter-Synod 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 Lutheran, Danish, United 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Lutheran, United 
 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 American Univ., Beirut 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 
 
SAILED LIST—IQ2I 511 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 tGriffiths, Walter Denison........ v Princeton U, Teachers C (N. Y. C.) India..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Grimes Abdwin Ji} <a eee eee Bele Bmory Uy ae eae see see lato @hina We Methodist Epis., South 
 *Grissett, Katherine Young Dog- 
 
 gett (Mrs. Binley Mies aun Bible Teachers Trs (N. Y. C.)..... Africa. .... Presbyterian (North) 
 Gren OUvOSS eek 5 asain cs eG v Moody Trs, Harris Teachers C.... China..... Lutheran, Evan., Synod of Mc. 
 Golick; Leedsig 82 22 Sse etan sas Oberlin C, v Y.M.C.A. Trs (Chicago) japan yeas American Board 
 Gurshi) Bertha, soe aoitie es oes Lutheran N (Madison, Minn.)..... Chinay sea) Lutheran, Norwegian 
 Haggard, Esther Margaret........ Butler C, » Drake U, C of Missions China..... Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Haines, Margaret Wistar......... v Drexel Inst., Bible Trs (Los 
 
 ( :. Anoeles) ie anias eee el rere Cee India ee Woman’s Union Miss. Soc. 
 *Hand, Katharine Whitney...... He, AWE) sop bhao PR Othe Rr Ae ea UR nag A tk MEME Chinarse. Presbyterian (North) 
 Hargrave, Catherine Victoria..... Ripon Cao rAc era eeealarelges we folate Andagy tarts American Board 
 Harris Annet Rubin seas es aces Westhampton C, Y. W. C. A. Trs.. China..... Baptist (Northern), Woman’s 
 ElarrishiRtath: Maidieey cits stein sels N (Winnipeg), » Moody Trs....... Ching ae China Inland (Toronto) 
 Hart, John WA bie tin ne ao 2 pee eRe Brandon Coty aes cia tiateisas bles Endia<).\.".). Canadian Baptist 
 Hart, Jean Ferguson Cameron 
 
 (Mrs. PPO) Rei wate harris states Brandon Gy Bait aaahidelseretalnerey LG steht SBE Canadian Baptist 
 Harwood, Harry Joseph.......... AsburyCrand iene uot tas sche ae Reva heey yo ae Methodist Episcopal 
 Harwood, Alma Rachel Thomas 
 
 (Mrs. Harry Joseph)........... AS bury Cth ayers cee sha etaisie erste a tiels Tndialyaeey Methodist Episcopal 
 Hastings, Edgar Charles.......... Lebanon Valley, Gio cieus gaat Hawaii.... Mills School 
 Watch, Duane Spencer........... giCornell, Uny Yale Misa settccista cece. India)... TY VEO AY 
 Hawkins, Worat len wind 5 diets dc eiei6 N. Texas State N, U of Louisville, 
 
 v Woman’s Miss. Trs, Baylor U.. S. Amer... Baptist, Southern 
 Hawkins;:Ola (Clarice :ii\.4) jee css > Kansas Wesleyan U.,...).......... Chinas .i Methodist Episcopal 
 Hawkins, Ruth Rebecca.......... N (St. Cloud, Minn.), Northwestern 
 
 Disa Mis) Watoy Ant Dd rsui eae went: hina snus Chris. Miss. in Many Lands 
 Hawilinss oaltier@pe. seek cee o/s ae Trois) Fito nae A eR eS tees Philippines Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Hawkins, Thomas Benton........ Roanoke C, »Richmond C, U of 
 
 Louisville, So. Baptist T......... S. Amer... Baptist, Southern 
 
 Hawkins, Lou Ellen Combs (Mrs. 
 
 Thomas Benton). le os os v Judson C, Woman’s Miss. Trs.... S. Amer... Baptist, Southern 
 Hayes, Edward Pearce........... v Johns Hopkins U, Drew T....... China). . 3); Methodist Episcopal 
 Hayes, Grace Christine........... v U of Vermont, Northfield S..... Naw hina het 2). Presbyterian (North) 
 Hayes, Paul Goodman........... v Union Trs (Brooklyn), Franklin , D 
 and Marshall C, Boston U T..... Chinaaint. Methodist Episcopal 
 tHayes, William Brewster........ Oregon) Agrini Cane ees cre falas India... Presbyterian (North) 
 *Heather, Eunice Grace.......... U of Toronto, » Methodist Trs Swanson ‘ 
 (Foronto) SE nae eraie sate Bay, B.C.. Canadian Methodist, Woman’s 
 Hellyer, Clara Bernice.....: Siaereet McMaster U and Grad............ India ios! Canadian Baptist 
 Hendrick, Gorattin wi etniasione as State N (Springfield, Mo.), vU of ' j 
 Southern! Californian siios ae Ae Mexico.... Friends, American 
 Hendricks, Kenneth Charles...... v Eugene Bible U, U of Oregon, C ; y Whe 
 OL Missions hia yt holler iene ea Japan. 6 Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Hendricks, Grace Paul (Mrs. Ken- » C of Idaho, Eugene Bible U, C of ad ‘ ee 
 neth Charies) Se ORE AICO SIE IGE IMASSIONS A.A Bete eta dchenetletnleve a sues apate sdk’. Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Henry, Duncan Chester.......... v Monmouth C, Iowa State C...... Africas. 3.3 Presbyterian, United 
 Henry, Emma Frances Handy ‘ ; 
 (Mrs. Duncan Chester)........ oGrnnells Cr Cornell: Ce ausiateraye eters ALricae se. Presbyterian, United 
 Henry, Victor Percival cii<6.\-. v Kingswood C, Western Kentucky __ f } 
 bate wNHinorye Ulcrstalacbuate cle ale Africa..... Methodist Epis., South 
 Hepperly, Hattie Hazel.......... v Nebraska Wesleyan U, U of Nebr. India..... Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Hillman, Alice Mary........0.... Ohio Wesleyan U, vJohns Hop- , ‘ 
 Vetalsils Ween ey AL aS OER So CI Chinas. o6 2 Methodist Episcopal 
 Hinds, Roscoe Emerson.......... v Butler _C, C of Missions, Iowa ie ! vig 
 State, CAMs aulyeheuue mantereian en Mexico.... Christian, United (Disciples) 
 tHodges, Burt Taylor............ Denison Uist eHse aan eles Syne hee Ny S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Hodson; Janet Bdnasense.c5.. 0. Kansas State Neale sacle tela isis Indianitie. Presbyterian (North) 
 Holder, Edith Ethel............. Moronto BibleiGy erence vise erelalslere Ching, } ye China Inland Jie 
 *Holland, Frederick Ernest....... MGod y Ris HER e. Whstaiteyere eicteey eer) oss Africa... . Lutheran, Evang., Leipzig 
 Holroyd, "Waldie Alexander....... v Hiram C, Ohio State U, Union T, 
 Columbia U. Grads hie sn see China... Y. M.C. A. \ 
 Hoon, Zarra. Sees peieaiees = o. sie:5\« Whittier C, v Bible Trs (Los Angeles) India..... aged ser United, 
 omen’s 
 Hoople, Dr. Gordon Douglass..... Syracuse’ U) and) Mii 2 so cake vies «6 China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Hoyle, Maud Elizabeth........... v Bonebrake T, Springfield H...... Africare. United Brethren 
 Hubbard, Clement Evans........ MOT y) Wiiatic waniena a ereiats te alata ress S. Amer... Methodist Epis., South 
 Hughes, Florence Pauline......... v Greensboro C, Moody Trs........ Koreas .e. Presbyterian (South) 
 Full Charles i Daniela ote <a. < oer. Cornell U, v Bible Trs (Los Angeles) Africa..... Sudan Interior 
 Humphreys, Vicy Viola.......... v Southwestern Baptist T, Simmons | ! 
 COM Ro SAN, RIOT AUN | eaten etisblaval ane sate Chinen aes Baptist, Southern 
 Hunsberger, Dr. Reba Cuthbert... »v U of Pennsylvania, Women’s M ) : 
 POLY USA eA Wate) en TN Patel they Tndiatta.rs « Presbyterian, United, 
 Women’s 
 tHuseth, Anna Margrethe........ vSt. Olaf C, Fairview H (Minne- ‘ 
 ADOUS ARTs Haake eta ia lneecdsy Sakae Alaska.... Lutheran, Norwegian, Home 
 Hutchens, Edna May............ State N (Milwaukee), » Lawrence C, f f 
 BOstonMUil eet rs baa ieito asians WstsbEN Ape Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Hutchison, Dr. Harry Sutherland Muskingum C, v Western Reserve U : ; { 
 FA TTACH estate Presbyterian, United 
 
 Hutchison, Susannah Akin Mc- h ‘ f 
 Keowan (Mrs. H. Sutherland)... Muskingum C................4.. Africa’, 205. Presbyterian, United 
 inpram, sobertiGes eae ske Seon PQSACEMAt US sete micvatalors, cieheieidace diveers Cen. Am... Nazarene 
 
512 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 NAME 
 
 Ingram, Hannah Pearl Dixon (Mrs. 
 
 Robert Gyn eevee, Oe 
 Isaac, Ferdinand Jacob.........-.. 
 Isaacson, Hulda Elisabet......... 
 
 James, Carl Crittenton........... 
 James, Harold vim. eecey Wats la 
 
 Jenkins, Mary Elizabeth......... 
 Jensen Arthurn sienna ah 
 
 Jensen, Fannie Thackeray Andrews 
 
 (Miss tAr thin) ee Uli en a 
 JessopsHenry ACK yeni cries ueaee 
 
 Johnson, Alfred Joseph........... 
 Johnson, Frederick Edwin........ 
 
 Johnson, Lillian Margaret Miller 
 
 (Mrs. Frederick Edwin) 
 Yohnsony Loisn pe re nelceewnie ae coe) As 
 *Johnson, Olga Christena......... 
 Johnson, Pearl E. 
 
 Johnson, Paul Raymond......... 
 
 Johnson, Elin M. Swanson (Mrs. 
 
 Pail, Raymond yi) Pe We ye 
 Joyner, Calvin Nicholas.......... 
 Karlstedt, Karin Elvira Ingeborg. . 
 Kaylor, Ina V. Marshburn (Mrs. 
 
 DKodecciGl Grxiphed ey eens OTE LIE Bee 
 *Kellogg, Gertrude Elbertine...... 
 
 Kellogg, Nora Evelyn............ 
 Ker, James Allender............. 
 
 Kerr, George Compton........... 
 Keye, William Frederick 
 
 Kies, Lydia Augusta............. 
 
 Vennard (Mrs. 
 Barry) aan wae mn Nebyres oe ae Greenville C 
 
 INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 
 Pasadena U and T, U of So. Calif. . Cen. Am... 
 o' Bethel: Ooi. UE Ne en ee Ae are ridiay syle 
 North Park C, v Chicago Union H.. China..... 
 vy Bible Trs (Los. Angeles), Los 
 
 Angeles: County /HUuer saw eet China..... 
 Bible Trs (Los Angeles)........... China... 2... 
 v Central Holiness U, Salvation ie 
 
 He Dematsamoled oe RUN SHEN et iene TIGIA Ai et 
 artivam |G aul, vu ul aeay aiiaraad al Malem Hadia ys Hs. 
 Christian Alliance Trs, » Moody Trs Africa..... 
 Drexel Inst., y Moody Trs......... Africas ic. 4:3 
 Michigan Agrl. C, vY. M. C. A 
 
 rst \(Ohicago) saaidss eae Africa... . 
 NortheParke iG ye e nae iat China... if 
 v Moody Trs, Wheaton C, McCor- 
 
 mick Eyl Mel) PONS Speer aes S. Amer... 
 Moody Trs, »v Wheaton C.......... S. Amer 
 Ockidental' OMe iipioriner eee Adria ss oi ; 
 v Northwestern Trs (Minneapolis).. India..... 
 
 RT AIACEN ose MeCN Mier MH ba W. Indies 
 
 U of Minnesota, v Moody Trs...... anaes dye 
 Northwestern irs. Wee aiaek venice ls Chinas.) ky 
 Trlane UN Mae ahead aitet sta ec China..... 
 
 v Lordsburg C, La Verne C........ India sian. 
 v Wheaton C, Presbyterian H (Chi- 
 
 CARON wl Led ete rat aba e aerek beled ets China ia 
 v Wheaton C, Willard H........... Ching aia 
 
 U of Auckland (New Zealand), 
 
 v Bible Trs (Los Angeles)........ India) Aus 
 Dickinson! Greys Fae ee a Chinas. 
 Fargo C, N. Dak. Agrl. C, 9 U of 
 
 NS Dak: Grady ieee Coy aire, ae China: 
 
 Teachers C (Cape Girardeau, Mo.), 
 U of Missouri, v Moody Trs...... 
 
 Kilborn, Dr. Leslie Gifford. ...... v Victoria C, U of Toronto Grad. 
 FT oo HUNT OMFS N RU TMIE NSE DM P AAD P Ching: 
 Kilborn, Dr. Janet Rodger McClure 
 
 (Mrs. Leslie Gifford)........... UvotiTosonto Misuse wie basi ee oe sie China... . 
 Kingman, Harry Lees............ Pomona C, v U of California....... China}... 
 *Kitchen\ Toh cee ee oles Wesley C (Manitoba)............. China...) 
 *Kitchen, Beatrice Irene McDowell , 
 
 CMirsFotn yi sec iC 8 100 Wesley C (Manitoba)............. Chinas, |. 
 Kitchen, Lewis Clayton.......... McMaster) Uw elias er ete Dedico ee seve 
 Klein, Hulda Dorothea........... v Iowa State Teachers C, Moody Trs India..... 
 Kortemeyer, Clara D........ *.... Northwest Trs, U of Washington, 
 
 7 Chicagort re sei ie ek apeey Chinav)s . 
 Kreick, Katherine Elizabeth...... (Lhoronto: Bible.C seas wee eile China. :):). 
 Kreider, Herman Harold......... Goshen Grae iis elie ies ee Bee Shaye cee 
 Lamb,’ Mary Lactitia erin ses soe MicGilh Uae Re ya Nagas Chita [aan 
 Lane, Edward Epes.is)s 22. 04... Hampden Sidney C, Union T (Rich- 
 
 Mond eee ewe NI Sas S. Amer 
 Lane, Mary Abbott Cook (Mrs. 
 
 Edward pes) iui ieriaelehies Harrisonburg N, Assembly’s Trs.... S. Amer... 
 
 Lane Neva Pet oe ai eyes Oklahoma Holiness C, Nebraska 
 
 Wesleyan U,v Pasadena U...... en. Am 
 Lanktree, Lucy Belinda.......... Northwestern U, v U of Chicago.... China.... 
 Larkin, George Raymond......... Mt. Hermon S, v Wesleyan U (Mid- 
 
 eve Conn. a ea ICT ae ots Chanaieal 
 Largs George Whathie ie Lisi eteverst aint Hope: Oa ea Sat ile ea Oe Japan...4.. 
 Leavitt, Leslie Westbrook........ Derapath C, v Union T (N. Y. C.), y 
 
 Columbia U. Grad..!,.).00 dean. SVTBE alae 
 Leavitt, Margaret Hee ignited Bliss 
 
 (Mrs. Leslie Westbrook).. HlpVassar Carlinienliel, Auvinen Reema y Syria... 
 Lehman Loretta wipe uae noe v Christ H (Cincinnati), Moody Trs India..... 
 Lehman, Minnie Mae............ Bindlayy C Tae Oh al ee BN Imdianyiy as 
 Leonard, Dart Rath gee ee rs Wee U of Illinois and »v M, Northwestern 
 
 Wi Gtad aR ee ei OLE: Hinde 
 
 Lewis, Rundall McGill 
 
 i Ontario Aor MG yay a Reng 
 Lewison, Grace 
 
 . Presbyterian (South) 
 
 . Nazarene 
 
 Iowa State Teachers C, State N 
 (Madison, S. D.), v Baptist Trs 
 (Chicago) aie oe A A cn» 
 of Minnesota, vy Teachers C Grad. 
 (NAV EC) 
 
 Chicago Drs. hig chil 2 Rie ae ait iat 
 
 U of Washington, Bible Trs (Los 
 Angeles), v Moody Trs. 
 
 a 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 MIsstIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Nazarene 
 Mennonite, Gen. Conf. 
 Swedish Miss. Soc. (Sweden) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 National Holiness Assn. 
 
 Salvation Army : 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Scandinavian Alliance 
 Scandinavian Alliance 
 
 American Board 
 Swedish Miss. Covenant 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 . Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Scandinavian Alliance 
 
 .. Methodist, Free 
 
 Swedish Miss. Covenant 
 Swedish Miss. Covenant 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Swedish Miss. Covenant 
 Brethren, Church of ; 
 
 American Board 
 Methodist .Epis., Woman’s 
 
 Ceylon and India General 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Evangelical Synod 
 Canadian Methodist 
 wed Methodist 
 M. C. A. 
 
 fan Methodist 
 Canadian Methodist 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 Evangelical Synod 
 National Holiness Assn. 
 China Inland (Toronto) 
 
 Near East Relief 
 Canadian Methodist 
 
 Presbyterian (South) | 
 
 American Board 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Reformed in America 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Mennonite, Gen. Conf. 
 Church of God 
 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 Canadian Ch. of England 
 Baptist (Northern), Woman’s 
 
 American Board 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 
 
SAILED LIST—IgQ2I 
 
 513 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 
 Lohrentz, Dr. Abraham Martens.. Bible Trs (Ft. Wayne, Ind.), » Berea 
 C, Bethel C, U of Kansas, Wash- 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 aneton, Ui Musca wiclvedireta so eka oris China ...2/5. Mennonite, Genl. Conf. 
 Lohrentz, Marie S. Wollman (Mrs. 
 Abraham Martens).ct.\ue cua ee v Bethel C, U of Chicago Grad..... China’. /.).. Mennonite, Genl. Conf. 
 Luccock, Emory Wylie...-....... v As sa C, Western T, McCor- 
 SOIC) Da Sich ala eleva eneiene keriatvel elie (hing: joes Presbyterian (North) 
 Lumpp, Charles Ernest.......... Christian Ailsance (irs sess tes sis ares Ching in.)t. Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 tLustgarten, Regina Beatrice. .... Mood yirs lose sca ibaa ate, sa evetote Chingy). 4.4 Presbyterian (North) 
 Lynn, Mrs. Hazel Belle Merritt... Union Trs (Brooklyn)............. Japatieias). Woman’s Union Miss. Soc. 
 MacDonald, Lillian: )...52. 0050.6 v Northfield S, Syracuse U......... China...) .. Methodist Episcopal 
 Magee, Douglas George.......... Y. M. C. A. Trs (Springfield, Mass.) S. Amer... Y. M.C. A. 
 Malberg, Mildred Aurora......... v St. Cloud State N, U of Minnesota Malaysia.. Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Malcolmson, Dr. Oliver Krause... U 7 Chicago, » U of Missouri, Rush 
 * Uvok Kansas Mone ie Korea..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Malone Emma cen) eek ie ass sine od ede CS i ls Rae ee Egypt..... Presbyterian, United 
 Mantle, Thomas Guy............ Okla. A. and M. C, »v Bethany Cy ; i 
 Butler, C, C of ‘Missions ae | aT Mexico.... Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Marker, Leo Merril.............. C of Wooster, » McCormick T. Persia..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Marker, Sara Eleanor Barlow (Mrs. » C of Wooster, U of Chicago, Pres- ’ 
 Leo Merril) Raper el NMP Site aie: ate oe byterian Trs (Chicago).......... Persia |). Sn bali (North) 
 Marsh, Carolyn Elizabeth........ Oberlin) Cry ai Got Ag Urs seed nels Japan..... ¥. W..C.A: 
 Martin, Mary Elizabeth.......... Presbyterian Trs (Toronto)........ va hig she. Canadian, Presbyterian, 
 omen’s 
 Mason, Edda Mary.......0.....- Ellsworth C, v Iowa State C....... China se. Baptist (Northern), Woman’s 
 Mason, Eleanor Dewey........... Mt. Holyoke C, v Wellesley C Grad India..... Baptist (Northern), Woman’s 
 Mather, Carrie Morton.......... State N (Trenton), »v Biblical T 
 (Ni Yi GC.) Usio£ California 2500 Philippines Baptist (Northern), Woman’s 
 Matthew, Mary Annette......... v Broaddus C, N of Physical Educa- 
 ‘ wien tion (Battle Creek), W. Va. U.... China..... Baptist (Northern), Woman’s 
 Matthews, Viola Virginia......... State N (Fredericksburg, Va.), , 3 ; 
 | PP SCHILGG LOANS ae) Artes anaes tel se S. Amer... Methodist Epis., South 
 Maul) Mary Vic sti. as. cesses es State N (Troy, Ala.), » Scarritt Trs.. Korea..... Methodist Epis., South 
 BMaxwelliitins sate boise. tas kins Dakota Wesleyan Us echo oda ides S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 McAlpine, Florence Eugenia...... v Winthrop N and Ind. C, Assem- ! 
 Diy SoD raya eee ae wal ug Weiea le Bact Japan. 2). 3 Presbyterian (North) 
 *McArthur, Kathleen W......... Methodist Trs (Toronto).......... Japan..... Canadian Methodist, Woman’s 
 McBee; Alice Miron se vcs oe v Cincinnati Trs, Ohio Wesleyan U.. China..... Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 McCallum, James Henry......... U of Oregon, Eugene Bible U, C of f ft i MY 
 F ; Missions, Wale durham eadlrib were e ics Chinayiven Christian, United (Disciples) 
 McCance, William Hodge........ Penna. State C, Yale U andvT.... India..... American Board 
 *McCoy, Helen Yule............. Wellesley C and» Grad........... Chinato: Ginling College 
 McDougall, Helen Florence....... Toronto BiblerGitee wi wesw yeoe Chinas 2/0 ee Presbyterian, 
 omen’s 
 *McGaw, Miriam Hersman....... CHOEDWOOSCET else a basi siie uit es Tridia.» dips Presbyterian (North) 
 McGee rary Tdaeieuace ests.) 5 vState N (Chico, Calif.), San 
 ' LUE TANCISCOMT Wiete nian meet ota Et ro eet Indias Presbyterian (North) 
 McHenry, Guy Carlton.......... Pe Paw wid Waneceus dleneuerere stork ee eiell's S. Amer... Nazarene 
 McKay, Georgia Lawl ies... s. Georgia N and Ind. C, v Assembly’s i 
 J LOE ARO ASS ee Ree SL a AE ak han TICRs aie Presbyterian (South) 
 *McKenzie, Arthur Pearson...... vU of Toronto, Victoria C Grad.... Japan..... Canadian Methodist 
 McKenzie, Mary Wood.......... N. C. State N and Ind. Cin Church ) , 
 . : Trs (Phila.), N. C..C for Women Africa..... Protestant Episcopal 
 McKinnon, Anna Claire.......... v U of Nebraska, Y. W.C. A. Trs... Japan..... Y. W. GC. A: 
 McLennan, Elfreda May......... State N (Valley City, N. D.), State 
 N (Cheney, Wash.), v U of Wash- 
 TULOMEN wns cH earns Siete tere eta nes Mexico.... Presbyterian (North) 
 McLeod, Marion Leola........... IMacalaster: Graaiaicin oimctitcision dsr S. Amer... Presbyterian (North) 
 McMillan, Thomas Benjamin..... Manitoba, Cand. Ti errcced vay cctn ote Dndiawiw Canadian Presbyterian 
 McNeel, Harry Earl............. v First Dist. Agrl. Sch. (Ala.), \ . ; 
 EimoryiUaaenn cite altel telsrsiersielaiets W. Indies.. Methodist Epis., South 
 McReynolds, Ross Allan......... Northwest Mo. State Teachers C, 
 v U of Missouri, Bible C of Mo... Europe.... American Board 
 Meacham, Frank Townsend...... v Grinnell C, Chicago T........... Afticas\s'\. American Board 
 Melby} EVaomcsciitate sc cies falas AT oel Wiscorsif ll AE tye lk tence 5 China...:. Methodist Episcopal 
 Mickle oe. ag asa tetets ses ei ges Clarendon C, So. Methodist U, ; ’ 
 o Columbiar Ui Grate. awa aer aus Japan..... Methodist Epis., South 
 Miles <Martcneri merase ds clsisle « v Maryville C, Biblical T (N. Y. C.) eae salting Presbyterian (North) 
 Miller, Charles Edw............. Central Wesleyan Terentia cite S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Miller nEenest Fite putes faites. s10% U of Chicago, » Goshen C......... India..... Mennonite Bd. of Miss. and 
 Charities 
 Millers Evelyn ttc vcthisecrcteo oo: San Jose State N, vC of Pacific, : \ 
 i U of So. California, Stanford U... S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Miller, Dr. Harry George......... » Chicago Trs, Moody Trs, Christian : : , Y 
 Atiance: Trait ie.,. 2). swoee«4 ets Ching suis Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Miller, Nellie Marie............ Goshen Oy eure redtevsare sie nuova SVTAs see Near East Relief 
 Mills, Emma Grace Ina.......... N (Castleton, Vt.), v Gordon Bible C China oars China Inland 
 Mills, Martha Lavina............ v Wheaton C, Presbyterian H (Chi- ) 
 CASO) Mee HAs, Siosacre tala nam scolar Philippines Baptist (No.), Woman’s 
 Minear, Gladys Juanita.......... Penn C, Cornell C, Iowa Wesleyan | h 
 GAtbich Cotorado. <. isi dnvce mel! S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 IMibCHEUNELGQAT coe 6s sete srown Georgetown U, Biblical WON AY Os) holatiiares <4 Presbyterian (North) 
 Mizell, Marguerite Cabene........ SE PINTS Vo Ueber a asics GG eles Gl ental China..... Presbyterian (South) 
 
514 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 
 Montgomery, John Dexter........ Lynchburg C, v Vanderbilt U Grad., j 
 } G oftMisstons qaerye) spicier Oaveneeters W. Indies 
 
 Montgomery, Annie Kate Givens : 
 
 (Mrs. John Dexter)............ v Lynchburg C, C of Missions...... W. Indies 
 Morgan Lucy Belle sis cine ttle North Texas N. » Southwestern U, 
 
 Scarribt Ers ec eerie hee ete S. Amer.. 
 Morris, Cecil Van Horne......... Randolph Macon Cee eat gic W. Indies.. 
 Morris; Harriet Pion ogee ae Fairmount C, v Kansas State Agrl. C Korea..... 
 Morse, Justin Russell............ Phillipe Ui. iio een wee aie. Ching ss. (0 
 Morse, Gertrude Emma Howe ‘ 
 
 (Mrs. Justin Russell).......... v U of Oklahoma, Philipps U....... Tibetins cis. 
 Muir, Robert Neilson............ Gordon! Bible Co oe ae seni Agicay Woh 
 Mumby, Edward Wesley......... v indiana: U,. Chicago Trsi. gear oe ibateltenge yep. 
 Mumby, Margaret Stockbarger Chicago Trs, South Bend Trng. j 
 
 (Mrs. Edward Wesley)......... Sch. and Kindergarten.......... Asi giay ies 
 Murray, Edward Clark.. . v Davidson C, Union T (Richmond) Mexico.. 
 Murray, Dr. Florence Jessie. OPE ST: v Prince of Wales C, Dalhousie U M Korea..... 
 Naisbitt, Mable Eliza............ v Winnipeg General H, Ch. of Eng- y 
 
 land Trs (Toronto) si eens China. sic. 
 Nash,, William: Lewis). 44). «<2 « v U of Texas, Ohio State U........ Korea..... 
 Nelson, Esther Mathilda......... vState N_ (Bellingham, Wash.), : 
 
 Newton VE pia iter fay suaeeanneaioe a ee ndia..='.. 
 Netland fAmandary sien cents VotOlat Cy Lutheran plats econ China... 
 Nichols, Leona Lucretia.......... v Léxas, Woman’s (Uo caus tice lates W. Indies 
 Nix, Minta Arabella Oxford (Mrs. Louisiana State N, » So. Baptist T, 
 
 Wallard Vontver) vats sas sie eieiiele Womans! Miss: Tres sake tenets WADAD ais 
 
 Noordeurer, Helen Johanna....... Calvin C, » Moody Trs, Dutch Re- 
 formed! Coy sh AO may erm ita Egypt..... 
 Noss, George Sherer............. Franklin and Marshall C, v Bow- 
 Koyo OMNI META) Sh DORIS Rie Me Ri Japan sees. 
 Olson; Zenas Austin's. sisi ss e's # PacihiciU;, Garrett brsineey tice tee Indian. cd 
 Orrick, Bailes William.......... .+ vu Baylor U, Southwestern Baptist T S. Amer... 
 Orrick, Vera Juanita Humphries 
 
 (Mrs. Bailes William).......... Bary lor | Ui enna an ct gu eiee chotactetate S. Amer 
 Osborn, Laura Gertrude.......... v National Trs (Philadelphia). ..... Ghinde:ves 
 Ostrom, Lda Johanna vemsclen sci wie North Park Carey na ot, ee Ching pees 
 Overalls Mary, Dally rs sce ftanle ss Uiot Tenn. ¢ Scarritts Parson sat ee Chinas ae 
 Owens Arthur Cecilliin tects +'s is Transylvania C, » Moody Trs...... China... ci 
 Parker, Nancy, ilenicie ce sie «ce irse > v Bible Trs (Los Angeles), Occi- 
 
 dental C, Christian Alliance Trs.. S. Amer 
 Parker, Violet May.............. Washington State N, wv Wesley 
 
 Memorial His Re ne packet ene W. Indies 
 Patterson Gases. stevels els c:cte aietateie Randolph-Macon Woman's C...... Chingy. 5 
 Patterson, pase seve ny cvehelbtetalete wishes Moody Trs, Brown's Bus. C, vIIl. 
 
 Wesleyain) Wis au eens els ete nieie Chinato. 
 Pauly Edna Ruther. ce arose aes eels v Ottawa U, Baptist Trs (Chicago).. India..... 
 *Perkins, Ruth Adele............ State N (Salem, Massa) oy are clere thence Smyrna. 
 Perry May Edgell.) fae cre sisters ole ele v Georgia N and Ind. C, Woman's 
 
 IMISSK iL res vette Eva ML aoe ens ee TCaneeins 
 Peterson, Harold Hille. ibs. ot) Harlham/ Oud seaneianoter eh a aetee: Gas BES AU AA 
 Peterson, Edna Eliza Wildman 
 
 Wits. Harold Hillinecis mesic Earlham Canine cae ame steels terete Teidiat re ierels 
 Phelps; (Dryden Linsley oi aieite +. v Yale U and T, Oxford U (England) China..... 
 Phillips, Walter O’Neal.......... v Southern U, Emory UU a wrctetche tobets apatiennc. 
 Phillips, Dessa Clara Ford (Mrs. 
 
 Walter'OpNeal oui heii ose: southern UM eer ange ay anita Rhone JADA ss ot6 
 Phillips, William Andrew......... v Springfield State N, Drary C, U of 
 
 Jab tershe Se Migr aN ML Ale als ee ML Aegis Cy ok Indianvsce. 
 PIETCEs| TRUER sre elie disutfeie te aneant eee Ohio Staten tis: nn aia ee eee as Chinaers. 
 Piersol, Mary Bentley............ Southwestern State N, v U of Pitts- 
 burgh, Columbia U, Kennedy Trs E. Indies.. 
 Plowden, Hannah Jane........... v Winthrop C, Woman’s Miss. Trs.. China..... 
 Pollard Myrtle. Ale eae is cies v Miss. State C for Women, Scarritt 
 , t TS stig Gloacie e, eiste oie) aaa Orenetete fete Mexico 
 Pontier, Cornelius caine rely ieeiiae Union’ Trs (Brooklyn). sacs fe a Africa! ore 
 Pontiens William’ Suiicee aalelrsterd. Pele Union? Prs,(Brooklyn).+s.e eee ote Africae... 
 Pontier, Marguerite Yeths (Mrs. 
 
 Willig miiS!) ry as crete eke Union Trs\(Brookiyn) 27.0) ee ane ALTICR esa 
 Porter) Mary) Salter ee v Flora McDonald C, Stuart Circle H Africa..... 
 Potee, Frances Esther Gale (Mrs. 
 
 Wennet in Leon) s nls lrnetclealt foletilcl v Missouri U, Drake U, Cof Missions India..... 
 Powell (Reginald . sei ave ei kictevers Toronto Bible/ Cees eahes en Oe S. Amer 
 Priest isio/ Mie GN vita crea ic 5 cine Pie Seances RO ee MRI ake Nene Chinaie wee 
 Pruessner, August Heinrich....... v Charles City C, Northwestern U, 
 
 : Garrett Trs, U ‘of Chicago lis... E. Indies. . 
 Quimby, John Wesley............ West Chester State N, v Dickinson 
 
 ‘ GCeNato ltrs (Phila) ag et eee China: <tc 
 Ramsey, Willa Mareta........... Westminster C, v Muskingum C.. ENGIAS snes 
 Randall, Elsie Julia.............. v Kalamazoo ra Baptist Trs (Chi- 
 1 ; CBQO) 2 a aie liad WAR oer eines Cen. Am... 
 Rankin, Milledge Theron......... Furman C, Wake Forest C, vSo. 
 Baptist) De cone en Soe ee Chinas). 
 Raun, James Jensen............. Midland C, »v Western T (Fremont, 
 Neb.), U of Nebraska Grad...... Tndian. yeh 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 . Christian, United (Disciples) 
 . Christian, United (Disciples) 
 . Methodist Epis., South 
 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Christian, United (Disciples) 
 Christian, United (Disciples) 
 South Africa General 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Presbyterian (South) 
 
 Canadian Presbyterian 
 
 Canadian Ch. of England 
 Y. M.C. A. 
 
 Baptist (No.), Woman’s 
 
 .. Lutheran, Norwegian 
 . Methodist Epis., South 
 
 Baptist, Southern 
 Presby., United, Women’s 
 Reformed in U. S. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Baptist, Southern 
 
 ... Baptist, Southern 
 
 China Inland 
 
 Swedish Miss. Covenant 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 . Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 
 .. Santo Domingo, Board of 
 
 Baptist, Southern 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Baptist (No.), Woman’s 
 
 . American Board 
 
 Baptist, Southern 
 Vici eps 
 Y.M.C.A 
 
 Baptist (N orthern) 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Baptist, Southern 
 
 .. Methodist Epis., South 
 
 South Africa General 
 Heart of Africa Miss. 
 
 Heart of Africa Miss. 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 
 Christian, United (Disciples) 
 
 . San Pedro 
 
 University of Nanking 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 China Inland 
 Presby., United, Women’s 
 
 Bapt. (No.), Home Wom. 
 Baptist, Southern 
 Lutheran, United 
 
 ————— 
 
SAILED LIST—IQ2I 
 
 515 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 Raun, Nellie Scalapino (Mrs. James ___ 
 Jensen) ;..... fraptaa da dctetvens ote Midland C....... Malad tatiana etorels ts is India..... Lutheran, United 
 Rawles, Katharine Robb......... Indiana U, Washington U H, Wel- 
 E lesley C,,9 Baker U)oc ie ee Chinas. Ginling College 
 PCCAS ATS LUCTUC © s astsle cols ceaas ae v Simmons C, Baylor U, Southwest- 
 : é ern Baptist ‘DAsis oatren ones cee Africa. ...). Baptist, Southern 
 Reddick, Olive Irene............. v U of Pittsburgh, Ohio Wesleyan U, . 
 Columbia U, Grads... 5.025.056. Indiange... Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Reed Mohn Paul..sscsicadoes ofthe Central. (Canty Sea aa neat eens Japan..:.. Methodist Epis., South 
 pect mache)! Sauces delice tise MtiHolyoke:C Male. cneeemeie ca ea Durkeyiz, 22 Y. W.,CoA. 
 RecsenOray Violawhoss tne eo uaciet Baptist mrs (Chicage) eiu. selena ie W. Indies.. Bapt. (N.), Home, Wom. 
 Resor, Mabel Louise............. v Chicago Trs, Johns Hopkins H.... E. Indies.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Reynolds, Paul Russell........... v Wabash C, Ellsworth C, Chicago T China..... American Board 
 Rhoads, Esther Biddle........... Drexel Inst., U of Pennsylvania, 
 J # Barlham) C.J) auanieen wolves te Japan..... Friends of Philadelphia 
 Richardson, Flora Amelia........ v Folts Trs, Meth. Epis. H (Brook- 
 ) i Pyar!) Sa Gren ae ns IPN ae a 4 8 Tha We Methodist Episcopal 
 Richmond, Joseph Olliffe......... Moody Trs, 7 Doane S............ Africa! . 91 Sudan Interior 
 tRobb, Remo Irwin.............. Cooper C, v Geneva C............ Cyprus.... Presbyterian, Reformed 
 Robbins, Sadie Ella.............. vSo. Ill. State N U, Baptist Trs \ i 
 (Chicago), Shurtleff C, Illinois H India..... Baptist (No.), Woman’s 
 Roberts, Verne Douglas.......... Brown U, » Moody Trs and Grad... S. Amer... Bolivian Indian 
 Robinson, Ernest Lloyd.......... Grove City C, v Kennedy Trs...... Africas.) Methodist Episcopal 
 Robison, Amy Jean.../.......... Culver-Stockton C, v U of Chicago vee We 
 Grad ee ae oa mee OL he Japaness. . Christian, Un. (Disciples) 
 Rohde, Eleanora Charlotte....... State N (Oshkosh), » Chicago Trs... E. Indies.. Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Rolland, William Alfred.......... v Baldwin-Wallace C, Cleveland N.. China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Rolland, Margaret Rosella Uhler 
 
 
 
 (Mrs. William Alfred) Baldwin-Wallace: C geswaiececee ss Chima 
 Rose, Annetta Mabel............ Presbyterian Trs (Toronto)........ Korea..... 
 Rosenberger, Elma T..... .. Central Holiness U, » Lakeside H... Korea..... 
 Ross, Raymond Trickett » Elendrix CiHmory Uy oui e 8 China 
 Rossiter, Fred James Wa... 3.50) |). Iowa State C and v Grad.......... ChinaveAye 
 Rossiter, Daisy Belle Mellor (Mrs. 
 
 Prediaimes) iti sows cates gooey Lowa lotaterG sire sauce ware ee gama China. 
 Rounds, Lloyd Delaskia.......... Asbury, Candi Gradincive sv sates oe Mexico.... 
 Rue, Edgar Heilman............. v Dickinson C and Grad, Drew T, 
 
 INew? York: Umite cer Ascthicecta Malaysia. . 
 Russell Pmimet a seers cctee cette Harvard U, v Gordon Bible C...... Chinat) .. 
 Russell, Amy Melvin Dyer (Mrs. 
 
 Linastiet sta iar l a eA ea ee Gordon) Bible Grave. sede e cic wis oe Chinas. 3.) 
 *Russell, Lois Evelyn............ TLOLOMLOGLTS: Face ceed cane cabs China: . 5... 
 Russell, Lucy Katherine.......... State N (Bellingham, Wash.), Bap- 
 
 ‘ tist Trs (Chicago), Nat’l Kind. 
 and Elementary C, v Wheelock 
 Kanda trios Ochs. ates ace aie JAPAN sais: 
 *Ryall, Bryant Raymond......... U of Wisconsin and Grad.......... Europe.... 
 Ryckmam, HaZews). icicles oss MGOGYVETSiiae ce eta Ae ees Africa... 2 
 Salen Josephine. trees. techs. sec. 2 Vassar C, Teacher's C (N.Y. C.):. China..... 
 Salter, Grace Dorinda............ Moody Trs, » U of Manitoba...... W. Indies.. 
 Sather, George Oscar............ Ags urge lsh ann aye, ar te siaers eres) sr Chingy: 
 Sauer, L. Marguerite Virginia . 
 
 Suttles (Mrs. Charles A.)....... Ohio Wesleyan U....... atyaaietsley st 3 Korea... 
 Saunders, John Rouzie........... v Randolph Macon C, Princeton T.. S. Amer... 
 SavekersMernyo aie ices. « vState N (San Jose), Berkeley C, 
 
 PEN GSY LTS fatetou catetehr aan aelieretehs Cen. Am... 
 Schell, Esther Naomi............ Albright C, vLebanon Valley C, j 
 Hahnemann Hees es nies ee Chinay)....'. 
 Schell, Naomi Elizabeth.......... State N and Ind. C (Greensboro), 
 Woman’s/Missy irs .)a screens ittals Japan..... 
 Scheufler, Karl William.......... v Ohio Wesleyan U, Columbia U.... China..... 
 Scheufler, Ada Irene Mills (Mrs. Cortland State N, Chicago Trs, 
 KarliWilliam econ an cots ace sce v Ohio Wesleyan U, Teacher’s C 
 (lists WEA CATS AA Sars ed ARIS Chinas. 
 Schisler, William Richard......... Uefa s9d.61 Che 3 os Jan ne Ope ape S. Amer... 
 Schmidt, Araminta Mary Gillies »Occidental C, Y.W.C.A. Trs | 
 
 (Mrs Beni. tere ate vetstoeiehe one CNY ERC) somtaa cee tists oats teats China... 2: 
 
 Schmitthenner, August Frederick.. Wagner Lutheran C, »v Lutheran T ; 
 
 (Gets bir)! eveie sje sever sabe cieinte wys Indiaiys ns). 
 Schram, Bessie May............. MOOG Vallis areata state ereioleeietel le 21 sth Indias. 
 Schultz, Emilie Mary............ v Baptist Trs (Philadelphia), Mt. | 
 
 OHIAL EL ye Wapencts: Gheresebeasieie aa ose is roieye China..... 
 Schweigert, Emma May.......... Wrginiisi Genet tates oreie hy cen aein Indians 
 Schofield, Carl Edward........... Oberlin C, Northwestern U, vCo- | 
 
 dire Aer etc tete wicis ete aerials tere China soles 
 Secrest, Catherine Evelyn Pratt ‘ i 
 
 Marsa aga rt hee) sas de eiseisien sisie v Mary Baldwin S, Metropolitan H. Mexico.... 
 Sellery, Dr. Clarence Morley...... Queens) Usrands Mes ii ie olelete Chinas: 
 Setterlund, Elmer Leonard....... U of Redlands, Rochester T....... Japan..... 
 Setterlund, Gertrude Amy Roberts v Central Mo. State Teachers C, U 
 
 (Mrs. Elmer Leonard).......... OL UR OCATOS met tciceiaistaltielasialeta ete Japan's... 
 Lis WV LLigtri les ses ase o's s 6 0s 6.06 v Ohio Wesleyan U, Boston U T, 
 
 Teacher’s\C (N.Y. C.)...0..54: Korea..... 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Canadian Presbyterian 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Nan Kai College (China) 
 
 Nan Kai College (China) 
 Canadian Meth., Wom. 
 
 Baptist (No.), Woman’s 
 Vii MiG w As 
 
 Sudan Interior 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Canadian Presbyterian 
 Lutheran, Free 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 
 Friends of California 
 United Brethren 
 Baptist, Southern 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 
 Lutheran, United 
 Ceylon & India General 
 
 Baptist (No.), Woman’s 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Y. M.C. A. 
 
 Canadian Methodist 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
516 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Shaw, Adeline Hamilton (Mrs. ; } 
 
 Willian Eyre yen ude Cincinnati Trs, v Ohio Wesleyan U.. Korea..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Shaw, Sara Margaret............ » Southwestern U, Columbia U Grad Japan..:.. Methodist Epis., South 
 Shedd, Pal Braman ou. Coe C, v Presbyterian T (Omaha)... Persia..... Persbyterian (North) 
 Shedd, Pearl May Allen (Mrs. Paul ; ‘ 
 
 Braun) NA Roe (SU es A Iowa State Teacher’s C, v Coe C... Persia..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Sherer, Frances Marks (Mrs. Fred.) U of Denver..................0-- Alaska.... Methodist Epis., Home 
 Shields,)Lydia Mee eee ete. Pennsylvania Hessen ee eee China. 2/3: Evangelical, United 
 Shoemaker, William Henry....... get s Bible Trs, v Union Trs (Brook- : 
 
 hip 2) TAM Mey ene Se Alaska.... World Wide Miss. Soc. 
 
 Shore, Sarah Gertrude........... Vote Ladies C, Queen’s U, v Trin- 4 
 
 TEV ANU De RMS NE ae eee apanyii. Canadian Ch. of England 
 Shreve, Retta Hthel lei cc ¢ Hiram C,C of) Missions? 4; ndias ste Christian, Un. (Disciples) 
 Simpson, Edith Maude........... Cornell) UR See ie See pee ty Ching Jy ee. Presbyterian (North) 
 Simpson, Myra Elizabeth......... Methodist Trs (Toronto).......... Japan..... Canadian Meth., Wom. 
 Simpson, Ruth Virginia J......... Cornell Uns e ny ene Shar estes Indiaws: 2... American Board 
 Sinkey, Fern Myrtle............. Denison U,v Berea C, Cincinnati Trs China..... Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Six, Gladys Warwick Anress (Mrs. rt State N, Ft. Hays N, 2 Phil- Wah, efi! 
 
 Ray TFN A eS BEE lips U and Graal sc HAS waiieies China je. ios Christian, Un. (Disciples) 
 #Skinsnts, Dr. Casper Christiansen v St. Olaf C, Luther T, Bennett M.. China..... Lutheran, Norwegian 
 Smiley, Church Howe............ v Cotner U, C of Missions......... Endigz ice Christian, Un. (Disciples) 
 Smithy Asn zt eee NA On okede Indians Central U.......-........ Philippines United Brethren 
 Smith) Coraielitinwusvaeiertes scien Ottawa N, Ontario Agrl. C, v Meth- ‘ ' 
 
 Odist Era: Cloronto) ae wenn: Ohina)ee Canadian Meth., Wom. 
 Smith, Edna DeWitt............. State N Kee N. J.), Teach- ! 
 
 er's ‘Cu(NAY: Cy ene tae Seely Ching i... Baptist (No.) Woman's 
 *Smith, Emma Esther Dressel J 
 
 (MrsyAaron Jacob) bss amnee sere Central Holiness U, » Chicago Trs.. China..... Nazarene 
 Smith, James Newton, Jr......... Spencer, Trs, v Asbury C, North- ‘ : 
 
 western Ue Wr eile eit io) sain es Cen. Am... Methodist Episcopal 
 Smith, Ruth Ann Linn (Mrs. James : 1 
 
 Newtor)e ase ie ae cee ne AsburyiG are iekvan enon eter oie a Cen. Am... Methodist Episcopal 
 Smith, Florence Naomi Ketchen ‘ . 
 
 (Mrs. Ralph ib ait sieid agers ALS Lop. Ory neh Wie ONE IE AUR HORE FA 0 Vs Persia..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Simith, Rostoe; C2 .e28 ) ue uoiecla: Carson and Newman C, v So. Bap- r 
 
 CISC) Tine area van Oe aan atenet a Japan... Baptist, Southern 
 Smith, Dr. Roy Esmond......... Geneva C, Kansas U and »Grad.,_ ' 
 
 NSSUEST OUP Gb lee seaeu Urdina ieee aw ARTA Syillavseese Presbyterian, Reformed 
 Smith, Margaret Jean Shuman 
 
 (Mrs. Roy Esmond)........... Geneva: C Pairs ct cie catch bance retinas Sewn ia Presbyterian, Reformed 
 Smith, Susan Evans............. v St. Mary’s S, Church Trs (Phila).. i Pecind ... Protestant Episcopal 
 tSowards, Erville Ellis........... Marshalli@.07 ena nun ain cert here iene Indiagene. Baptist (Northern " 
 SDEAT) Ika [Peon doula pice ails v Dakota Wesleyan U.........-... Indta2: Methodist Episcopal 
 Sprunger, Frieda Nettie.......... Bethel Deaconess H, vy Moody Trs.. China..... Mennonite, Gen. Conf. 
 Stafford, Margarett Venora....... Chicago sD rsy HI We Bee See ae China wast: Methodist Episcopal 
 Steady, Isaac Emanuel Chiakazea. Wilberforce U,v Yale U T......... Africa..... Methodist Epis., African 
 Steepee, Della Edna............. Ohio State N, St. esa s Riverside E : 
 
 H,v Biblical T CN Ya COR Nee Sealeye ign Methodist Episcopal 
 Steimer, John Nilson............. v Augustana C and T, Hartford T.. Africa..... Sudan United 
 *Stern, Frieda Annie............. Woman’s Miss. Trs, v Moody Trs... Africa..... Baptist, South African 
 Stevenson, Elizabeth............. Moody Drs Santee ecie came enn eaters Africa’... : Africa Inland 
 Steward, Ribeee Niece eeu v Oregon Agrl. C, Montana State U. China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Steward, Celia Belle Speak (Mrs. 
 
 Albert N. ey eA Me tUnin ere ela cteleieee Missoula N, v Oregon Agri. C...... Chinatee.. Methodist Episcopal 
 Stolzfus, William Alfred.......... Goshen C, Vanderbilt U T, 2 Biblical 
 
 GN Y. Ca) acc Pe leeie a late lite Sytiaeenes. Presbyterian (North) 
 Stoltzfus, Ethel Marion Leck (Mrs. 
 
 William Alfred) jac rn yay see v Macalester C, Biblical T (N. Y. C.) Syria...... Presbyterian (North) 
 Stouffer, Stella Emmaline........ Simpson C, » Kennedy Ors ih VRE. Ve Africa... . Methodist Episcopal 
 Straith, Margaret Meldrum....... N (Ottawa,Ont.), v Wienived Gen. H China..... Canadian Presby., Wom. 
 Stribling, Grace Augusta......... v Winthrop C, Woman's Miss. Trs.. China..... Baptist, Southern’ 
 
 Suhr, Laura Johanna... 0.0... Grinnell C, Iowa State Teacher’s C, 
 
 ! v Nebr. Wesleyan U, Chicago Trs India..... Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Supernois, Leon Enos............ v Chicago Trs, a pet COE at acuta China..... National Holiness Assoc. 
 Sutton, Dr. Leon Ernest.......... Syracuse U and) M 006 cn eee China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Swicord, Donald Augustus........ U of South Carolina, » Columbia T 
 
 Si Cardiiahir hl Hie 1 cD oe Mir China... Presbyterian (South) 
 Sword, Victor Hugo............. v Bethel s, Des Moines C.. me Viniclini eae Baptist (Northern) 
 Sword, Cora Estella Walter (Mrs. 
 
 Victor aS REY cay YA A a ree yet eae v Bethel S, Baptist Trs (Chicago)... India..... Baptist (Northern) 
 Sydenstricker, Grace Caroline..... v Maryville C, Rutgers C.......... Ching eg Presbyterian (South): 
 Tait, Mariontjessien sie. toes ecled Rockford C, Northern Ill. State N, x 
 
 v Baptist Trs, U of Chicago...... Indian. Baptist (No.), Woman's 
 Taylor, Dora drene en ys emtenet i mPark CVU of Kansasee (ny ustuts <4 Siamese Presbyterian (North) 
 Taylor, Francis Willard.......... Howard. PavneiG. ee eneh ces S. Amer... Baptist, Southern 
 Taylor, Lewallace Wendell........ v Hastings C, McCormick T....... India. oe Presbyterian (North) 
 Taylor, Frances Filson (Mrs. Le- ; 
 
 wallace Wendell).............. Hastings Css ae date tak wee India..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Teele, Gertrude Emeline.......... Gordon BiblesGh cine cds ee ron India seit Baptist (No.) Woman’s 
 Teets, Edith Vivian.............. Geneseo N, Biblical T (N. Y. C.)... Japan..... Reformed in America 
 Tenny, Ruth Margaret........... Moody Trees) Reet nie S. Amer... Bolivian Indian 
 Tewksbury, Malcolm Gardner.... U of Nankang v Yale U, Hartford T China..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Thiessen, Gerhardt T............ v Moody Trs, Saskatoon N, North- 
 
 ern Baptist (UM Afodited sioeteeile Jaen COIR secre Mennonite, Krimmer 
 
 
 
SAILED LIST—IQ2I 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 MIESSON TORN lesa vekeanes wats v Bethel C, McCormick T......... Dardia wane 
 Thiessen, Elizabeth Wiens (Mrs. 
 fi fok s95) JD AE ee a os ry | Moody Trs ibe eee aah lie a Endaalyo iit 
 TEHOCTINRy LeOT S..6 feed vinidioh otic Bible Trs (Los Angeles)........... China 
 Thompson, Ethel Irene........... Havergal C, Wesley C, Saskatoon 
 N, v Methodist Trs (Toronto).... China... .. 
 Thompson, Ethel Truesdale...... Syracuse | 8 a Area Se Malek, eae AA Chinas.) 
 Thornton, Everett W............. v Des Moines C, U of Chicago, U of { 
 ; TO Wa ii 8 Nae Mae Rete aU Philippines 
 Tillman, Fern Neolia............. Illinois State N, wChicago Trs, 
 Deaconess H (Mont.)........... China..... 
 Townsend, Mollie Elzora......... vN.C. Cfor Women, St. Faith’s Trs 
 CN MY EHG3), Bellevue H.......... Chimay ie. 
 Townsend, Walter Barton........ Cornell: Ojos ee aia a eee 1 India Vey. 
 arimble; Ruth Eliza oiocoe. oct. Cincinnati Cons. of Music, v Pesta- 
 lozzi Froebel Teachers C........ Japans.ii.% 
 Tucker, Boyd Wayland.......... Asbury! Candiuben yaa uine Baer Endiainae: 
 Mutts; Helen Loring icine. cers. v Earlham C, Bryn MawrC....... Tdgiav ae 
 Tull, Lawrence Emerson.. . » U of Cincinnati, Hartford T...... Africas. cc: 
 Turner, Ronald Danmar see is. Bible Trs (Los Angeles)........... S. Amer 
 Turner, Faith Estella Hollings- 
 worth (Mrs. Peneld Dunmar)... Bible Trs (Los Angeles)........... S. Amer... 
 Underwood, Edith May.......... Wichita H, v Parsons C..... : Philippines 
 Vaagenes, Morris Carlson. Naa Gisaes Wakelettuyhbe al Oar hele Mid Bee Wen soba wT poe Madag 
 VanCamp, Paul Milton.......... Come Uy aeey hue el aaa ie Chinay 7. 
 vandenNoort, Judokus........... v Hope; Boston UN Dier.t ie ences E. Indies 
 
 vandenNoort, Hazel Van Blarcom 
 
 (Mrs. Judokus) PAHS Bap ee aa Gray’s Business C, vy Boston U T... E. Indies... 
 VanDyke, Paul Shepherd. . . Missouri Valley C, Westminster C, 
 : Louisville T, »v Princeton T...... Japansse sc. 
 VanDyke, Louise Carleton Estes 
 (Mrs. Paul Shepherd).......... AtHems Cue am clon ith ta ate cress a Janam). 
 *VanGorder, Dr. George Wilson... v Williams C, Harvard UM....... Chingy. 3). 
 tVaugh, Mason.. ONE ET tak Matmsoure stake lato aeii, nay Trdiae ng ty 
 {Vaugh, Clara Sarah ‘Pennington 
 (Mrsailasonyndocma ttslec eas « v U of Missouri, Bible C of Missouri India..... 
 Waddell, Dr. Susan Sharpe....... v Wilson C, U of Pittsburgh and M. China..... 
 Wakeman, Andrew Virgil......... v McMinnville C, Southern Baptist 
 SEA ICEMU tock L Rtas OS A RUE a gah RCN Africas...) 
 Wakeman, Letha Evangelina Ward 
 (Mrs. Andrew AYgG teat h Jawad Die aahs Onachita C, Southern Baptist T.... Africa..... 
 Walbridge, Margaret Esther...... v Kansas State Agr. C, Kennedy Trs Africa..... 
 Walmsley, Lewis Calvin.......... AYE Lcrray wee yO UNL IE SiR ry UPR al Chinatiinn. 
 Walmsley, Constance Ellen Kilborn ! 
 (Mrs. Lewis Calvin)........... Ontario Ladies C, v Victoria C..... Chinas nas 
 *Walters, Anne May Buck (Mrs. v Jamestown _C, Columbia C of E : 
 Dallas Mansfield). . wet) pression (Chicago) Hc EMP eRe e D phitnpines 
 Walworth, David Homer, Jr. iat at Pasad emai cia waite cieiuitek shee veate S. Amer... 
 Walworth, Edith Matilda Borhe 
 (Mrs. David EL OINET IE) Sloe tle « Pasadena siecle iay ce einle Nolet alee > S. Amer... 
 
 Wannamaker, Cleora Gilbert v Oberlin Kind. Sch., U of Minnesota China..... 
 
 
 
 *Ward, Constance Effie...... .. Methodist Trs (Toronto) Hilfe that Ih DATA aes 
 *Ware, Helen Violet............. Iowa State C, v U of Missouri. . Ching ies 
 Ware, ‘James ADP ey Gas ee ars e's v U of Georgia, DOW baptist tees oe China 
 are, Mary Bibb Long (Mrs. v Miss. Ind. Inst. and C, U of Mis- f 
 James T. H. ae MEM ea ctetalst cite Gol-c!. sissippi, Woman’s Miss. Trs..... China..... 
 WWarve. JON Ti. wees cal ccis coe ulls.s GaQshen Cre ae a ee Endia oe vs 
 Warye, Nellie M. Yoder (Mrs. John ae 
 Laat (ob ed ne 7 pe ee Gosnen Cys esy weape rks eel ate cobs cere Indias saint 
 Washington, Harvey Harris....... U of Texas, Austin Presby. T, v So. 
 Methodist U Grad., Yale U T.... Cuba..... 
 Welstead, Nellie Winifred........ Toronto N, v Roosevelt H (N. Y.).. China..... 
 West) Edith Olive so iiines. eee. css State N (Edinboro, Pa.), v Baptist 
 Ere niles ek. s Weitere car ts. . Amer 
 Westfall, Georgia Gresham......: WiiVaniwWesleyaniG. ose ae India..... 
 Whan, Victoria Maude........... Morornto! Bible; Gai vel aia choral ta estos ATTICA asters 
 Whisenhunt, E ne Peters altel teks Mercer U, » Southern Baptist T.... China..... 
 *White, Agnes Mary............. Peate institute npaces gees eet ca as [bbe Ib eeae 
 Wilder, Dr. dwar Wineelerianin.). HarverdsUiand Miata seat ae cess Indian inset 
 Williams, Frederick Gladstone.... Kansas Wesleyan U.............. India er: 
 Williams, Francis Marion, Jr...... Marion Ni Butler Co naad abel ties Philippines 
 Williams, Mrs. Francis Marion, Pro Baible tO MO in ty seperate meinen Philippines 
 Williamsonnl va Ma ms ciels «els Ohio Wesleyan U gieccre seus este bees Chinaleahe 
 Williamson, Orin Conway........ Davidson C, v Union T (Richmond) Mexico.. 
 Williamson, Lois Faires (Mrs. Orin ft Ae McDonald C, Presbyterian ' 
 Conway) WOM ot ote cis-e e's PEE SCN a0 God) ae ta horersians a7 nok Saas ieee 
 Willmott, Lesslie Earl............ v U of Toronto, Teacher’s C Grad.. China..... 
 Willmott, Mary Katharine Geyer i 
 (Mrs. Lesslie POGHUiateuniereteness ite Ohioweslovany Ula any en aa leprae Chinae. 
 Wilson, Clayton Herbert......... Johnson Bible C, Hiram C, vC of 
 DL IBSIONS AN Ay el eiesys ereiees Gt ee ws JAPAN te «sic 
 Wilson, Bertha Mae Loveless (Mrs. U of Tennessee, Butler C, »C of 
 Clayton Herbert)... . cane cae WiISsIONS ua ii hantatuate eek, ee se Japan..... 
 Wilson, Frederick Hardy......... Otagu U, v Union Trs (Brooklyn) Africa ti 
 
 517 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Mennonite, Gen. Conf. 
 
 Mennonite, Gen. Conf. 
 
 . China Inland 
 Canadian Methodist, Woman's 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 National Holiness Assoc. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Baptist (No.) Woman’s 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Independent 
 
 Independent 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 . Lutheran Free Church 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 China Medical Board 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 American Board 
 Canadian Methodist 
 
 Canadian Methodist 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Nazarene 
 
 Nazarene 
 
 American Board 
 Canadian Meth., Wom. 
 Christian, Un. (Disciples) 
 
 . Baptist, Southern 
 
 Baptist, Southern 
 Menn. Bd. Miss. & Char. 
 
 Menn. Bd. Miss. & Char. 
 
 Methodist Episc., South 
 China Inland 
 
 . Baptist, Southern 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Sudan Interior 
 
 Baptist, Southern 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 American Board 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Christian, Un. (Disciples) 
 Christian, Un. (Disciples) 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 . Presbyterian (South) 
 
 . Presbyterian (South) 
 
 Canadian Methodist 
 Canadian Methodist 
 Christian, Un. (Disciples) 
 
 Christian, Un. (Disciples) 
 Sudan United 
 
518 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 *Wilson, Gertrude. ysnsianitniviee GC Of WOOSTER si uaus is chokereel econ ole reininue Tapan-wess Presbyterian (North) 
 Wilson, Jesse Rodman............ U of Tex., So. Baptist T, Yale U T. Japan..... Baptist (Northern) 
 Windsor, William George Toronto Bible Co. desk vd sone ee Chi China Inland 
 Wintemate, Herbert Ezra McMaster Uji (oi iavaneay on eats i ... Canadian Baptist 
 Wisner, Carl Chauncey...... .. » Cof Wooster, Purdue U i Presbyterian (North) 
 Wolf, Helen Maes ascn idee Kennedy irs gi esac ck Oa eke eet Chi Reformed in U. S. 
 Wood, Gertrude Norma.......... v Swarthmore C, Oberlin C Grad... China..... American Board 
 Woodard, Harriet Belle Mead (Mrs. 
 
 William'Parsons) iin iran kite v Western Res. U, Battle Creek H. . Japan pa ie: American Board : 
 Woodbridge, John Sylvester...... Princeton) Ui ues b iiere nl Met aiatole Chinaljn., Presbyterian (South) 
 Woodburn, Lois Edna........... v Muskingum C, Grinnell C........ Egypt..... Presbyterian, United 
 Worman, Carmelin ceva uiie icine v Moody Trs, Monmouth C........ Thalebfeghee Baa Presby., United, Wom. 
 Wright, Edwin Milton........... vC of Wooster, McCormick T..:.. Persia..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Wycoff, Dr. Ray Sheppard....... v Simpson C, Ames Agrl. C, State U ; ; 
 
 OF LO Wai Mele heh ae W. Indies.. American Miss. Assn. 
 Wycoff, Ima Lela (Mrs. Ray { 
 
 Sheppard) cue maa ciae sg v Simpson C, State U of Iowa...... W. India. . American Miss. Assn. 
 Wyman, Harriet Moma Jeb Tabor C, U of Nebraska.......... India..... American Board 
 woung, CharlesiP yee wae aus v U of Alberta, Robertson C....... IGA Alas Canadian Presbyterian 
 Young, Hazel _Faunetta Spore ! ? 
 
 (Mrs.cAlmoni Pye ri ie duet. nile De\ Par wii ra sepia woleienene cine Indias Methodist Episcopal 
 
 
 
 SATILED) VOLUNTEERS FOR 1922 
 
 In the table abbreviations have been used as follows: C=College; H= Hospital; M =Medical; N =Normal; 
 S=Secondary School; T =Theological; Trs=Bible, Deaconess and Missionary Training School; U= University; 
 v =Volunteered at. 
 
 *Volunteers sailed before 1922, names reported here for the first time. 
 
 {Short-term Missionaries. 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Aggola, Lena Leona.............. State N (N. Dak.), v Chicago Trs... China..... National Holiness Assn. 
 Aldrich; Sylvia Ec jajsa ionic sy oles Michigan State NC. ote ii oes Chima: Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Allen) 'CecwAlbro Mie urea eee v Wesleyan U, Columbia U Grad... Siam...... Presbyterian (North) 
 Allen, Christina Elvira........... v Southwestern U, Southern Metho- ; ‘ 
 
 : distiUHScarritt) Drs weve tema Mexico.... Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 fAllison, Mildred Josephine....... Westminster: Gi ieee eet Africae i. Presbyterian, United 
 Alter, Joseph Copley cuaaun pin i's v U of California, Biblical T (N.Y.C.) India..... Presbyterian, United 
 Alter, Marjorie Ward (Mrs. Joseph 
 
 Copley) seer ars fal tenes aici U of Californias eyes ay eli indian oe Presbyterian, United 
 Anderson, Myra Pauline......... v Anderson C. Scarritt Trs......... Japancven: Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 Anderson, Ruth Hildur Victoria... Swedish Trs, y Moody Trs......... China.... Scandinavian Alliance 
 tAnderson, William Edward...... Westminster Cpt iu Mi ewe ec chalg IATtiCa shan Presbyterian, United 
 Ankeney, Dr. William Moorehead. v Heidelberg U, Western Reserve M ova Hg Reformed in U. S 
 Bagby, Wilson Jaudon........... Baylor Ua see es teint S. Amer... Baptist, Southern 
 Bailey, Helen Livingston......... v Watlesler C, Boston U Grad...... India..... Baptist (North) Woman's 
 Baker, Hlizabevn sensu siden tent taal Bethany Trs, v Manchester C, Battle 
 
 i Creek Fae tile swe aaa tunedais China..... Brethren, Church of 
 Banks, Dwight Sylvester......... New England T, v Boston U, Clark U Tndia! Bijet te hei Advent, Woman’s 
 Banks, Thelma Jane Hawkes (Mrs. 
 
 Dwight Sylvester)... 00k New: England toasts sue) ane sores andia S234. Advent, Woman’s 
 tBarker, LeoVaucht.) sees sce ea Princeton Weis ners penraetece me Ching es Princeton-in-Peking 
 Barnes, Willian! May jooucllasite ties v Monmouth C, U of Chicago Grad. Africa..... Presbyterian, United 
 Barrows, Clara Eddy............ Rhode Island N, Gordon Bible C... India..... Baptist (North) Woman's 
 ‘Bartling rene Aw). So Gielen.) Metropolitan Business C, » Moody 
 
 FEES Uh a Ueciveistdg i elarabtnns ale ater me bls Africas. sa: South Africa General 
 
 Bascom, Dorothy Eleanor........ Fargo, Citi wut Oitcare es neath eae China isc: American Board 
 Beeman, Ethel Morse............ Mount Holyoke Co ya Sipe cie Mexico.... American Board 
 Benz, Laurette Roi. simile uote ss Presbyterian Trs (Chicago)........ Persia's 5 Presbyterian (North) 
 Berry, William Hafford.......... Onachita | Gyaths Bika Or eae tos S. Amer... Baptist, Southern 
 Beven, Georgia Hannah.......... U of Southern California.......... Africa..... Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Bickel lorence Mie ssrastestel set. v Ashland C, Elkhart General H.... Africa..... Brethren (Progressive) 
 *Bickford, Margaret Vardy Millar 
 
 NC Mis Jonny 1.) stolianisecs ae « Occidental Coenen tscsete eee een ete China.... Presbyterian (North) 
 Bishop, Annie B Methodist Trs (Toronto).......... Japan’. Jes Can. Methodist, Woman's 
 Bixel Mester Hea Merely ale v Moody Trs, Bluffton C.......... Africa ...54 Congo Island 
 Blackman, Lonnie Elwood........ Wake Forest C, » Southern Bapt. T China..... Baptist, Southern 
 Blackman, Gladys Yates (Mrs. E. Carolina Tchrs. Trng. v Peabody 
 
 Lonnie lwood) wis aieidcassieele C, Baptist Trs (Louisville)....... China..... Baptist, Southern 
 Bolliger, Lydia Aurelia........... v Heidelberg U, U of Wisconsin.... Japan..... Reformed in U. S. 
 Bolomey, Henri Albert........... Mood yi Eis o301 pte oe See ieee Belgium... Belgium Gospel 
 Bossing, Elsie Gugler (Mrs. Edward c 
 
 BUTE TES cop LR et i Fa TP ee Kansas Wesleyan U....... cscs soe S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Bothwell, Jean Batham.......... Nebraska Wesleyan U............ india Weiss Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 *Bourgaize, Wilfred.\, 0. vcisiiss nia U of Southern California.......... Africa..... Methodist Episcopal 
 BowenyAlicese tice peematet et Oberlin Cee eas rate erin corrode s pus stare Chinas tae Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Bowne, Emeline Wiican als Massachusetts General H.......... China..... Protestant Episcopal 
 Bowyer, William E...........s06 Wheaton C, v Alliance Trs......... Africa.,.... Africa Inlan 
 
 a 
 
SAILED LIST——-IQ22 
 
 519 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME 
 
 Bradford, Stephanie Me civies 
 Bradley, Ruth Winifred.......... 
 Branch, Chester Wilder.......... 
 Branch, Rebecca Rogers (Mrs. 
 
 Chester W. Er eRe Se ello ition adie 
 Brayton, Margaret Morrison...... 
 Bremner, Chaddiew 6 J00 0 nl. 
 tBrown, Frederick Warner....... A 
 
 Brown, Irene Bremner (Mrs. 
 Frederick Warner)......... ealues 
 Brown. Letta Mayo ciclo ee eee 
 
 Brown, Rosalie Stewart 
 
 see ree seee 
 
 Brown, Dr. Susan Willard..... bel 
 
 Brownlee, Theresa Isabella....... 
 Bruff, Dr. William Cortland 
 Bruff, Miriam Atwater 
 (Mrs. Wm. Cortland).......... 
 Bruneau, Faye Elinore........... 
 Brunemeier, Christine....... aud’ ale 
 
 Buck, Fannie Lorraine........... 
 Bunger, Brances May iat ert. scree 
 Burdeshaw, Rhoda. ...4.......2. 
 Bussdicker, Dr. Russel David..... 
 Bussdicker,. Lulu. Blanche Gillis 
 
 Chriss Rinesell TOL a Li. oe i 
 Bysted, Louis Christian,......... 
 *{Calmes, Marquis Fielding....... 
 PCanciimmebecca esa wa elu! 
 Carlson, Calvin Edwin........... 
 Carlson, Carol Elizabeth Hammond 
 
 (Mist Calvin Eee eee ies. 
 Carlson, Carl Fridolf.....:....... 
 Carlson, ies Caroline Matson 
 
 CMres Sarl) Ni See See ha 
 Carpenter, wAlice Margaret.. 
 Carpenter, Dora Ann 
 
 ee eeee 
 
 ey 
 
 Patri val mabiney. i vlek ois cue wis 0b 
 Garr) Wesley Mo.\3 5 cece: aly teh 
 Caswell, Mary Kathleen.......... 
 
 Caughman, Carl Broadfoot 
 Chamberlain, Hazel I. 
 
 Champe, Howard Cruil...... abies 
 tChase, Rolland Whitfield........ 
 Childs, Gladwyn Murray......... 
 
 Chisholm, Dr. William Hugh..... 
 Clark, Cavie Jewell........... ea 
 Clark, Leila Mott 
 
 ee 
 
 Claussen, Susie Emma........... 
 Coates, Janet Chestnut 
 
 LW xian tran itis Se aTS “ecg 5 
 Collier, William Bordley.......... 
 Collier, pees Ruth Hecker 
 
 CMMs Was Dove aicteiienosleay e 
 tCollins, hate Charles. ........- 
 Colony, Lucile....... iettsvar ds! 9: 3 
 
 Cooley, (Ciifford' Oras 0) oo v4). 014 0s 3's 
 Cooley, Flossie Myrtle Tilton (Mrs. 
 
 LEM OCADE ito metere ia a) eiesl cos lal le ake 
 *Cooper, Sidney Edward......... 
 Copeland, Mary Ruth........... " 
 
 Cornelison, Bernice May...... Bey 
 Corson, Emma Tola........... See 
 Counts, Paul Melanchthon....... 
 
 Craft, Ruth Justice....... 
 Crewdson, Ira Dorwin........... 
 Crewdson, Luella May Hill (Mrs. 
 
 Ira Dorwin) ..... 
 Cronquist, Vera Irene........-..- 
 Cunningham, Collis)... jisles. sce 
 
 ee) 
 
 INSTITUTIONS Fre._p 
 U of Virginia, » St. Faith’s Trs..... China... )3),) 
 Aone UM A aieten my fetuieta stat mpee far stayeva . Amer 
 
 v Coker C, Baptist Trs. (Louisville). Mexico.... 
 
 U of Chicago, v U of Ill. and Grad.. China..... 
 Parke Cow clio e dist eee tale sheleisans India... 
 Heidelberg U, » Princeton U Grad., 
 
 T and Grad., State U of Ia. Grad., 
 
 U of Wisconsin Grad............ Japan.... 
 Wok Towacyl. oii eyo ue teers nie ios ae Japan. ie. 
 Christian Church H (Kansas City), 
 
 9, Gof Missions ues cae geen mdian se 
 v anon N and Ind. C, Scarritt 
 
 a Uae ce tabat pla Wie tat ey abate A hee . Amer, 
 v ieGclage Cy Rein: Trs, U of 
 
 Missouri M. ore bebe viet shsl lg hina. 
 Be CN MoO are niclge eta tie Andra yee 
 v Penn C, U of Chicago, Rush M... Korea..... 
 Per ee eis lltarrad alah '<laie sedis Korea..... 
 BETA SEB cabo ro bg Grea epee es SURREAL S. Amer... 
 vy North Western C, Iowa State 
 
 Weachers CG Mulia isan Wy aca uals ANE levels 
 v Woman's C of Ala., Scarritt Trs... Mexico.... 
 v U of Kansas, Bell Memorial H.... India..... 
 Alabama Polytech. Inst., v Asbury C China..... 
 U of Cincinnati, y Ohio State U M.. Persia..... 
 
 Oberlin C, » Syracuse U, Lakeside H Persia 
 
 eeeee 
 
 
 
 Mission House CandoT....... EA KB steak yaa 
 Oglethorpe U, U of Hawaii Grad... Hawaii. 
 Weslo ant CoNiai Ny eh Wietateieiaela el cea te S. Amer. 
 v Wheaton C, Alliance Trs......... China..... 
 v Wheaton C, Alliance Trs......... China..... 
 Swedish T (Evanston), Northwest- 
 
 ern U and Grad., 9 Garrett Trs... Korea..... 
 Northwestern U, v Evanston H..... Korea..... 
 ba Stine | COIR RAUL I Aree rag Ching 2a! 
 
 ppiceee Trs, Chicago Osteopathic 
 
 Sta lec URl Waseca datalelan sua atte lajoeNiare AITICA DS ius 
 
 U a Washington seen nem China..... 
 v Randolph-Macon C, Emory U T.. S. Amer... 
 v Presbyterian Trs (Chicago), Man- 
 
 itoba N, U of Manitoba......... Priddis ois as 
 Newberry C, v Lutheran T.... suindias bn 
 NLoodiy i Trs)ayy sel aise sleet . S. Amer... 
 ®' Earlham iC, Hartford) Tin. ). 0)... Mexico.... 
 Lafayette: Ostet aes ne se ert Chantal Lanna 
 v Pomona C, Columbia U and Grad., : 
 
 MTEATOTIN Lie ram ata ents a a heaved maura te hove late Africas’: 
 
 v Whitworth C, Scarritt Trs........ 
 
 vC_ of Wooster, Presbyterian H \ 
 
 (Chica os ee ne ee Indias is 
 v Bellingham State N, Seattle H.... China..... 
 y\ Grok Maritobaleerens Loui Mee ky Formosa., 
 v Ohio Wesleyan U, Hartford T.... India..... 
 v Ohio Wesleyan U, Miami U...... vidtaie oe 
 v Meridian C, Emory U T......... Mexico 
 v Miss. State C for Women, State U ! 
 
 OL MO Weinert rterrrelotels ac mraris ctate t Indial./.%).\. 
 Central Holiness U........ ASUS Yc China . 
 Denison N, v Central Holiness U... China..... 
 Toronto pible Cann we vemele ess Canary Is 
 Winthron\C seen ial: Swale eystaleta India vias 
 Chicago Trs, v U of Idaho......... S. Amer... 
 Seattle Pactic Cig iis Vals acess so! ols Panama... 
 
 Newberry C, 9 Lutheran T (Col- 
 ‘Foon apt Mis Hk OF eka eae ye erie: beh eee Africa’... 
 Ursinus C, U of Pennsylvania Grad. China..... 
 State U of Iowa, C of Missions Grad., 
 PCotneriO Wee ele vied ela ers Vea 
 
 v Hiram C, C of Missions.......... Japan.... 
 State N (Moorhead, Minny) nes Ching evan 
 Howard C, v Southern Baptist T... Japan..... 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 
 . Presbyterian (North) 
 
 . Baptist, Southern 
 
 Baptist, Southern 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 .. Presbyterian (North) 
 
 . Government School 
 
 Government School 
 
 Christian, United 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 . Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 
 Presb. United, Women’s 
 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Evangelical, Woman’s 
 Methodist Episcopal. So. 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Reformed in U.S 
 
 11] Mid-Pacific Institute 
 . Methodist Epis., South 
 
 Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Nazarene [ 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 
 Canadian Presbyterian 
 Lutheran, United 
 Inland South America 
 American Board 
 American Univ., Beirut 
 
 American Board 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 ... Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 China Inland 
 
 . Canadian Presbyterian 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 National Holiness Assn. 
 
 National Holiness Assn, 
 
 Independent 
 
 Presbyterian, United, 
 Women's | 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 Methodist, Free 
 
 Lutheran, United 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Christian, United 
 
 . Christian, United 
 
 Methodist Prot., Woman's 
 Baptist, Southern 
 
520 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Cunningham, Dr. Edison Rainey.. » Wesley C, U of Manitoba M..... Chinas Canadian Methodist 
 Curran, Dr. Jean Alonzo......... v Carelton C, Harvard M.......... China..... American Board 
 Daniels, Martha Jeanette......... Edinboro State N, v Boston U...... aparl.jcann Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 *Davis, Lloyd Granville.......... v Biblical T (N. Y. ak Maer T Hawaii.... Hawaiian Evangelical 
 Dawson, Mary Frances.......... Washington State C.. ASMA TTICA (sb Le Presb. United, Women’s 
 *Decter; Minnie aii) seialelis os Ashland C....... EPO Neen) cateta or mae Africa. cil Brethren (Progressive) 
 Dickson; Henry fines oe seke hele Southern Methodist U and Grad... W. Indies.. Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 Diem, Francis Ernest............ Los Angeles (Tirso) 0/5) os See S. Amer... Inland South America 
 * Dixon) LENA cyclin esha g Katcher. Penn CN, U of Iowa H, Bellevue j 
 
 HiGradiUor Omaha tiie. Mexico.... Methodist Episcopal 
 Doctor, Ethel Russell............ Maryville Cin ties ele mee Mexico.... Presbyterian (North) 
 Dodd, iirene Kern erie sien ane Chicago H, v Eugene Bible U...... Mexico.... Christian, United 
 Dodd, Dr. Wilson Farnsworth..... v Princeton U, Cornell U M........ Turkey.... American Board 
 *Dome, Arthur Edmund......... v Y.M.C.A. Trs (Springfield, Mass.) China..... iY. | Mi GisA, 
 Dortzbach) Fred Wy. ia) ni decisieyeee Metropolitan Trs, v Asbury C...... Japan... Omi Mission 
 *Downs, Aaron Worth........... Indiana State N, v Penn C, Hart- 
 
 ford, Diy Re Wee eine Cnc enae NAAN soho 5 American Board 
 Duff, William Wendell........... Cedarville C, v Westminster C, Mc- ' 
 
 ’ { VY Cormick Ti icen vie ai secotel Indian: Presbyterian (North) 
 Dulin, Edith Lilian cs. Gordon Bible} Caecum seein Chinaeyee Baptist (North) Woman’s 
 tDungan, Irvine Mitchell......... Ohio State eae ee eee eater Chinaunen's Presbyterian (North) 
 Dunning Ada lV cuca, Uae v Manchester C, Bethany Trs...... Chinato ny Brethren, Church of 
 Baton, Helen! @rissa siya, ae sain v U of Wisconsin and Grad........ Chinacl. Methodist Episcopal 
 TBdwards “yessie)s iyacts seals caveats "LAYIOLIONS tan cok hae te eiceie ee Cnina teas Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Edwards, Kathleen?) ose oe. 28k Northfield’Trs £3 AS ieainie Oi ener S. Amer... Brethren (Plymouth) 
 Bider John eee dite eure wets v Wash. & Jefferson C, McCormick T Persia..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Elder, Ruth Deborah Roche (Mrs. 
 
 Blo} ova) warn sbaghy Peay ee ei io weal ey PUR ahagye v Wellesley C, Columbia U, Union T Persia..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Biches. Marguerite: ee nate, Union Trs (Brooklyn) KUN aaelavatey e Atricaeune South Africa General 
 Bno. Dri ala sae kata cts v Drake U, Woman's M of Pa. and 
 
 Grad Tene ails keeles cus is) sheen Chinasenas Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Eringa, Dotan ace sinenste ns piste ne Central Gye heen ae u ciete eae Ne Dati Reformed in America ; 
 *Fankhauser, Rose E............ Homeopathic H (Utica, N. Y.)..... E. Indies... Methodist Episcopal 
 Feierabend, Marie D. L. Nottrott 
 
 CES VES ASRS TVA RE 20d UE 0 Evang. Deaconess H, vy Moody Trs.. India..... Evangelical Synod 
 tField, Mabel Lamson........... Adal Cre PM ae eine Jaina as apace a American Board 
 Bish. Ruth vanities suniente aun U of California, v C of Missions.... S. Amer... Christian, United 
 Follette, Justin Percival... .....)... Northwestern U, U of California, 
 
 PLDLEWALT Oe eek t een an Chmainae Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Follette, Clarice Wylie (Mrs. 
 
 NV istare APs) My Meal arate ore Nek WR Wot California sancriuse lt aela siete China. i541) 
 Foote, Paulina...... LCL eed yk TL ADOE Cie Me tial neat lene tae Chinn erie 
 tForman, Kenneth William....... Ontario Agricultural Cire tvcee India /tcece 
 Frederick, Daisy Eva............ Nebraska State N, v Seattle Pacific 
 
 ( . CONUS otsCalitornias ty ye ee nets Africa..... 
 {Galt, Dr. Curtis Martin: .....5:. v Hastings C, U of Nebraska M.... W. Indies.. 
 tGalt, Florence Mabel Moore (Mrs. 
 
 ANIMES) ee otic) ee erie Mime Llp tear na SAY Hastings) Cs een nadie cites ete W. Indies.. 
 Gardner, Evelyn Eugenia......... vPeru State N (Nebr.), U of 
 
 { INebraskat tis So ne Ae tae eae S. Amer. 
 
 Garside, Bettice Alston........... vU of Oklahoma, Kennedy Trs, 
 
 Columbia Ui Grad fig eee Chinaman. 
 Gates, Robert Calder............ v Dickinson C, U of Pennsylvania... Africa..... 
 Genheimer, William Alpha........ Mood yi Tre ao ae es ole Rie metas Africa..... 
 Gernhardt, Ella Mary............ Moody Trs, »y Wheaton C.......... China..... 
 Gilmer, Dr. William Painter...... Hampden Sidney C, » M of Virginia Korea..... 
 Gipson; Lela Ethel) ives aioe. TitinoisiStatetNi eae ick ae see Africa..... 
 Gordony Clarala yy ureineh sat aa lene Bellingham State Niue yee ECOLES eu 
 Gordon, Livingstone A........... v U of Nebraska, Princeton T...... IATtiCas seuis 
 Goulter, Oswald John............ v Phillips U, Yale U T, C of Missions China..... 
 Graf, Martha tains ie v U of Cincinnati, Ohio Wesleyan U China..... 
 Graves, Stella Marie............. Oberlin Ce aA ele ieee fate Japan.... 
 Gray, Harold Studley............ Harvard Ui. ish wen ai ea China er 
 Gray, Laura Clotaire Ley (Mrs. 
 
 VA rOldiS.s)). tennis cet elect ces MomibhiCwrarvard Wii mene Chinasians 
 Grey, Dr. Anna Barbara......... Denison U, v U of Chicago and M.. India..... 
 ¢Griffin, Bertha ve ee Lie rains v Cornell U, U of California........ ’ Panama. Se 
 Griffin, Herbert Mark............ U of Minnesota, ov Moody Trs../).,. China:...: 
 Griffin, Levee Luella McMunn 
 
 (Mrs IM nae Dye nate Moody, Drs iain ice else states tens China’. 22 
 Gulick, Gladys Ramsey (Mrs. 
 
 Leeds) ii Wenner deloy ty ne Carnegie Tech., » Northwestern U.. Japan..... 
 Gwinn, Alice Elizabeth........... v Washington State N, U of Wash- 
 
 ington, Kennedy 2 he ee ane Japan..... 
 Hagstrom, Mathilda............. Moody) Tree aah aa Chinato. . 
 fHaines, Charles Huston......... PrincetoniUy vieiaslewnemne aaiaoais © Chinacse.s 
 Hakken, Bernard Daniel......... Hope C) Westerni Twice. dese Arabia.... 
 Hakken, Elda Tona Van Putten 
 
 (Mrsi BADD ICr eSB Mit hye irs HopeliG nae nlsciniuak tose sehen eters Arabia... 
 Hall: Dorcaglt ae ie oe Allegheny C, » Chicago Trs........ Indiaietc 
 Hall Nell fi kpanne tien eeu ptasion s Croft IndtstrialiArts soy ake nai China suas 
 Halverson, Emil Winfield........ U of Minnesota, » Moody Trs...... S. Amer... 
 Hamel, Johan Carel........ ..... Horticulture C, » Moody Trs, Mc- 
 
 Cormick Ti Drew \Tir88 eves eee E. Indies. . 
 
 Methodist Episcopa 
 Mennonite Brethren 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Methodist, Free ; 
 Pres. (No.) Ho., Woman's 
 
 Pres. (No.) Ho., Woman’s 
 
 .. Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 South Africa General 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 United Brethren 
 
 Union School 
 Presbyterian, United 
 Christian, United 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 . American Board 
 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 Baptist (North) Woman's 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 China Inland 
 
 China Inland 
 American Board 
 American Board 
 Swedish Covenant Mis. 
 
 Canton Christian Col. 
 Reformed in America 
 
 . Reformed in America 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Baptist, Southern 
 Inland South America 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
SAILED LIST——-I9Q22 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 Hamel, Kathryn Ossentjuk (Mrs. 
 
 onan Carel) tesa asa areata @ Moody, 1 rs; Drew Toseausteecs «os E. Indies 
 Hamilton Buford Lindsay........ Erskine C and T, Moody Trs, Prince- 
 
 ton 1, .9 Biblical) T (N.Y. C2). 2) Indias... 
 Hamilton, Frances W. Pressly 
 
 MMe butord) 11.) 5 serene eerie Moody Urs. ioo ste te cealbecatater Ate daa Encdiawe ac 
 anna, Vora’ Lula viene ae. vee Missouri State N, v Agrl. & Mech. 
 
 OP OCAITILL IETS ca areata ote. Mexico.... 
 mansoty Westaere ceases eee Chicago Trs, v Swedish Covenant H China..... 
 PIATOSHAWsIROSAe cu, nde eee ae v Methodist U of Okla., Boston U... India..... 
 Hardy, Helen Elizabeth.......... v Randolph Macon Woman's C, 
 
 Northwestern Uses yoyo e is. S. Amer. 
 tHarris, Harold Vernon.......... v U of Southern California......... China 
 tHarris, Frankie Lois Lucas (Mrs. San Diego State Teachers’ C, » U } 
 
 EISAV a) rte ce oar cee cite ails of Southern California.......... Chinatvent. 
 aslersADDieko coche siatedn cues bors Indiana State N, vIndiana U...... Engiaws st. 
 Helser, ‘Albert, Dies tan ee cs ose Ohio U, » Manchester C......-....- Africa....: 
 Henderson, Lois Elizabeth........ v Moody Trs, Bellingham State N.. Korea..... 
 Henley, William Frederic......... Wihittier OVS ean Cie Seen iiniok Men, Alaska.... 
 Henley, Maria W. Walker (Mrs. 
 
 Wiis Mredericyt: | foun cet ne Wihrttier: Come ie Nee t nettles ders Alaska.... 
 Hewson, Marguerite Emily....... Seattle Trs, »v Willamette U........ Philippines 
 *Hicks, Albert James............ Massachusetts Agricultural C...... TIGA eres) 
 *Hill, Ethel Gertrude............ v Western C for Women, Congrega- 
 
 tionalsirs (Chicago) ines aces. Jabbar) AGED 
 Hobart whenneth, Gs. soe 5 aes U of California and v Grad., Baptist 
 
 AC CaliE eeu ree a ok ilencarneva aia Chinanes 
 Hoffmann, Jeanette......::...... Newark N. New York U and Grad, 
 
 PTO W sl eie hata bau clshalabo tral ouite S. Amer 
 Hollis, Fanny Baker............. Bridgewater N, v Gordon Bible C... W. Indies 
 Hollows, Bessie Alice............. Boston Ui sie we ie la kilns ates nae hobket-Wnuan 
 Holsted, Dr. Milo Ernest......... v Wheaton C, Biblical T (N. Y. C.) ; 
 
 ; Cornell UM eri iarshe sates actchees ndia..... 
 *Hopkirk, Dr. Clarence Cowles.... U of Colorado, U of Iowa, North- 
 
 if western Ur) (Mite se\e cas laa Korea..... 
 
 Howard, Philip Eugene, Jr........ v Haverford C, U of Pennsylvania.. Belgium... 
 Hoyt, Dr. Hubbard Spencer...... Occidental C, » U of California and 
 
 MPR cena crc sigtarine esesata oleate eta Korea..... 
 Ihde, William Alfred............ we Asbury Ci Drewidya aise wise ileeters Japanese. 
 Ikenberry Ernest LeeRoy........ 9 McPherson C, Yale U\T 000. 5. Ching vai. 
 Ikenberry Olivia Dickens (Mrs. 
 
 ErriestMLecRoyyaw vate ds cries Oberlin C, y McPherson C and Grad China..... 
 mnie woh Maricwa, case ea. .)2)s v Berea C, Hartford T, Oberlin T... Africa..... 
 Imrie, Eleanor Mary Coe (Mrs. 
 
 JobrpMarie) Beare eaele oR AINE v Berea C, Oklahoma U........... Africa..... 
 Irschick, Leon Eugene Lucienne... Waterloo C, Ontario Agrl. C, 
 
 d : Evangelical Luth. T, » Biblical T. India..... 
 Irwin, Charles Lewis............. v C of Emporia, McCormick T..... Ghinaeeris * 
 Irwin, Vera Irene McCormick 
 
 (Mrss@haemieres. tease cea ks Grol Eniporiacepiasd teescen teins ose. Chinaw.nt 
 Jacob, Floy Christine Wright (Mrs. » ae dae C, Baptist Trs (Louis- 2 
 
 RODELEL As) atria el tera oss < sss VILLE ee ees hae aero saints Moret HINA Vite sie 
 Jameson, Dr. William John....... Union Cre Albany Maianusceec. ee Ceylon 
 Johnson, Abner Hugh............ v Drake U, Clot Missionssite se S. Amer 
 Johnson, Olive C. Adamson (Mrs. 
 
 Abneriittigh) senor cou v Drake U, C of Missions.......... S. Amer 
 *Johnson, Edith Lydia........... Seattte General iH iia. cori wie ,. Alaska 
 Jones, Arleigh Willard............ PenniGi9.Chicaeoslv a asic vues siete s Palestine 
 sone Christina Hunter Hendry 
 
 (Mrsv AUW Dien ate se les Pent paler eins packets st ater te Palestine. . 
 Jones, Junia) Neatanmriuc seen... Woman's C of Ala., v Scarritt Trs... W. Indies.. 
 Jordan, Mabel Laura............ org State N, Los Angeles _ 
 
 Se Sh CEI FETS SANE MAI iratoere < 
 ra Bl Benjamitisas oes ac! 3s SOULMELT Usa pels Cea a cies eaels nda ienis 
 
 Isbeck, Wilhemina............ Union rs’ (Brooklyn)? oases iiss China..... 
 *Karg, Bertha Katherine......... Otterbein) USEC ee eave Na tepahe oe W. Indies 
 Kesters [da Magic: fo sirece es be Wop mouth: Dalcotaiany cote vsetecel sts. s.asess China..... 
 Kellar, Frederick Joseph.......... v Ohio Wesleyan U, Boston U T.... Africa..... 
 Kellar, Sag Mary Griffith (Mrs. London N (Ont.), v Methodist Trs 2 
 
 Bredk: Je seeaerk cae is bes (Toronto), Boston! Usaeniiacaacs Africa..... 
 Kennedy, Paul Dungany.. sss). v Cotner C, C of Missions......... Philippines 
 otras Salts Ann Brokaw 
 
 EMrsabpatl Ds)seee rete eee v Cotner C, C of Missions......... Philippines 
 King, Dr. Frances Willard........ Huron C, v U of Minnesota M..... China..... 
 King, Winifred Estelle........... Woodstock C and Women’s Chris- 
 
 tian C (India), »U of Southern : 
 
 UTES Me Sere eS alc wis) stad Ok scya-b Indiawics. 
 Warmers Mariani sists sree clea. csi vee New sie etc State N, » Los Angeles 
 MUNG ee etre Conca a'e's vonahe OLea nesta 
 Kirn, Stanley Paul..... pore hiae sic v North Western C, Evang. T (Ill.). China..... 
 Kirn, Esther Anna Weihing (Mrs. 
 
 PLAMIOY POUL isis e oils sci aele wee North Western Crean aueuidee seh: Chingyes ses 
 WIOD, ISRO Ehscttis oy. 0)s.00-+.6, 0.00 Mansfield State N, v Gordon Bible C India. 
 aontads be tinpenrtins cs oo ccs ced che Moody Traverse totes rales Indias... 
 
 521 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Pres., Associate Ref. 
 Pres., Associate Ref. 
 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 
 Swedish Mis. Covenant 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 . Peking University 
 
 Peking University 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Brethren, Church of 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Friends of California 
 
 Friends of California 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 American Board 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 
 .. Methodist Episcopal 
 . Baptist (No.) Ho., 
 
 | : Woman's 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Belgian Gospel 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Brethren, Church of 
 
 Brethren, Church of 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Lutheran, United 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Baptist, Southern 
 
 . American Board 
 . Christian, United 
 
 ... Christian, United 
 . Presbyterian (No.) Home 
 . Friends, American 
 
 Friends, American 
 Methodist, Episcopal, So. 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Reformed, Christian 
 
 .. United Brethren 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Christian, United 
 
 Christian, United 
 Shangai Union Medical 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Evangelical Church 
 
 Evangelical Church 
 . Baptist (North) Woman’s 
 Evangelical Synod 
 
522 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIEL_p 
 Korling, Bertil Lundberg......... American Inst. of Banking......... Africa..... 
 Kulp, farold Stover......scseeee West Chester State N, 9 Toniste Gis) Africa....% 
 Lampertz, Edward J............. v Central Wesleyan C............. S. Amer... 
 Lang, Christina Elizabeth........ New England T, New England H... India..... 
 Lanham, pe Wesley i eee ess v Oklahoma City C, Boston U T.... India..... 
 Lanham, Daisy Belle Wallace (Mrs. 
 
 Torn Wide ans cise eleiosieicicle eielels tis v Oklahoma Methodist U, Boston U T India..... 
 Larsson, Ernest Bernadott........ v North Park C, U of Chicago et Ak Alaska. 
 Lautenschlager, Roy S.........-.. v Huntington Cc U of Michigan.... China..... 
 Lautenschlager, Harriet Grace Mil- 
 
 ler i( Mira. RS oR Bea ty s v Huntington C, U of Michigan Grad China..... 
 Lawton, Mary Elizabeth......... vy Winthrop C, Baptist Trs (Louis- 
 
 VIS) Meee a entaee oT eou Widieteteletals China..... 
 Lee, Alma’ Gladysiiit viel let siecle nie ols v9 Hamline U, Columbia U Grad.... Cen. Am... 
 Lee, Rubie Kathleen............. v Asbury C, Scarritt Trs....... feeismWESOTES.2/ae 
 Lehman, Lois Alberta............ v Hiram C, C of Missions, National 
 
 Kind. S (Chicago) i caries aed NAPA a.) 
 Leininger, Albert A.........eeee- Albright C, » Biblical T (N. Y.C.).. Japan..... 
 Leonard, Homer Gut nee cisjerece avnre Wittenberg Cy), Faso wcjae cee ALricgys tii. 
 Leonard, Valma Laughbaum (Mrs. ‘ 
 
 Homer C. ) ivy teased ele tae Talal exes) ajar Wittenberg C..... RA ticitt Malka Africa..... 
 Liechty, Reuben Edward......... Bitton MOL. sag etsuiaremieem irene Europe... 
 Lines, Ira Raymond. .........00. Hirai Coe oe Os een store sas sevaret Bose Mexico... 
 Littlejohn, jane THOMAS, iL steeietee v Furman U, Southern Baptist T... China..... 
 Lockwood, Dr. Marian Dwight.... 9 Wellesley C, U of California and M Africa..... 
 tLoos, George William, Jr......... PrincetonvU tiene salen ies Galerie iate China..... 
 *Lorbeer, Floyd Irving........... v Pomona C, Oberlin T, Pacific T... Japan..... 
 Lorbeer, Elizabeth Claire Utt (Mrs. 
 
 Bla yal Tay aes laeie relate aparece v Pomona C, U of California, PacificT Japan..... 
 peed Reginald Charles......... U of Southern Calif., v Occidental Cc, 
 
 Los Angeles Trs, Presbyterian T 
 
 (Cahir saa: AU ereletepeleie Nee eters © India er ee 
 Lund, Hilda’ Theresa... 2.26 Jes os v Bethel S, Swedish H (Minneapolis) Africa..... 
 tLytton, Ruth Twila............. vOhio Wesleyan U, Teachers’ C 
 
 CNSR eC) Uon Ee eee apane foie 
 Maguire, Agnes Cuthbert......... Erire ka (2 es ee aaah foal . Indies.. 
 Manchester, Alan Kribbs......... Southwestern UchK wim. serie a niet S. Amer... 
 Mann, Edith Gertrude........... v Acadia U, U of British Columbia... India..... 
 Mann, Winifred Evenden......... New epee N, wv Teachers’ 
 
 On AS 2 oO MM at Liab Du ba Philippines 
 Maniweitler, Grace. cisde'clc's ine sie'cle Tos Angeles Tres iiieclec se cheree a's ake S. A 
 Mather ins Mies aie ise cise cies ae iets Toronto Bible C 
 Matthews, Harold Shepard....... v Grinnell C, Chicago T 
 Matthews, Grace Hazel Waters | 
 
 CMe Soe iis ie wievelpustousesissels Grinnell Coe cede ier ele ulate aletolone 
 May, Paulie ctv oy ey an Northwestern U 
 McAllester, Allen Egbert......... Cornell y elaearehe areyale la (alsl shnislels Mistsee 
 
 
 
 McGavock, James William 
 McGavock, Catherine Elizabeth 
 
 
 
 Hall (Mrs. Jas) WM.) ies. Moody N, » Baptist Trs heh S. Amer.. 
 McIntosh, Florence Lillian.. .. Alliance Trs, v Toronto Bible C. Africa..... 
 McKnight, James Patton......... Westminster C, vPa. State a of 
 
 Biblical Ti (NAV Vu. ae re asters Africa..... 
 
 McKnight, Minnie Elizabeth Rapp 
 
 
 
 (Mire Pasa Pid vocten ste e nlsieear ate v Pennsylvania State C, Biblical T.. Africa..... 
 McKnight, Mary Jane...... .. v0 Westminster C, Biblical T (N. Yee C.) Africa..... 
 McMakin, Mary Alice........... Lander C, v Scarritt Trs........... K 
 McNeil, Pearl Irene.. ahs ny Methodist Trs (Toronto) esi tie: 
 
 McQuie, Ae ae eee eae ton .. v Hillsdale C, U of Chicago.. fs 
 Meeks, Ellis Arthur............. Ollivet Ure le NO ne ae ie I 
 Megaffin, Blanche Isabel U of Manitoba, v Methodist Trs 
 (Toronto) see A eee tae Rea Napan saece 
 Merrill, Gertrude Hersom........ v Bates C, Roosevelt H............ Africa. sss 
 Merrill, Dr. Ralph Edward....... Bates C,» Harvard M............ China..... 
 Miller, Alice Marie............+. v Skidmore Sch. of Arts, Ohio Wes- 
 leyan U, Boston U M........... Koreace. ss 
 tMiller, Theodore Evan.......... Lafayette Cd Le OM at Africa..... 
 ‘Miller, William Newlon.......... v Mt. Hermon S, Washington and 
 Jefferson: Cul. sewcc sien eeee KOTeA «, war 
 Minnis, Jesse F......... a Sioleure:o/ de Elon C, » Westminster T......... SATII). sts 
 Mitchell, Hattie Poley........... v Eugene Bible C, C of Missions... Africa..... 
 Mokma, Gerald Adrian.......... Central Cisse Geert ee eases. Japan: si... 
 
 Ore, Ethel Cas aawal aici aiexeinle Los*Angeles [16... ta ieutesisiaice cy ote S. Amer.. 
 Moreland, ucae Harlsisees \elless'e « Southern Methodist U............ S. Amer... 
 Morgan | DrejJulaviee.nccsclee nts Dickinson C and Grad., U of Penn- 
 
 Sylvania Mee Pky idee ctecistecd China eees 
 *Morgan, William Henry......... v Clemson Agrl. & Mech. C, Van- 
 Gerbils Ne ea a toast vate Europe... 
 Mivers i tithc Ledeen ale aislalae eietayer ele DePauw U, » Northwestern U...... China..... 
 Narbeth, Edith Gwendoline....... Lemple: Ui gu eee eet he ak Africa ..... 
 *Naylor, Rebecca Ethel.......... Mt. Union C, State N (Kent, O.), 
 f a Cleveland ‘Tre? oan t saat aoe Chinas... 
 Nedergaard, Dr. Niels........... Dana C, U of Chicago T, U of 
 Nebraska and 9 M, Biblical T. ...;, Siam... «|. 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 Brethren, Church of 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Advent, Woman’s 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Swedish Mission Covenant 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Baptist, Southern 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 
 Christian, United 
 Evangelical Church 
 Lutheran, United 
 
 Lutheran, United 
 
 . Friends’ Relief 
 
 . Y.M. CLA. 
 
 Baptist, Southern 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Princeton-in-Peking 
 Omi Mission 
 
 ‘Omi Mission 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Baptist (North) Woman’s 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Christian, United 
 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 Canadian Baptist 
 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 olivian Indian 
 
 Sudan Interior 
 
 American Board 
 
 American Board 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 American Board 
 
 . Baptist, Southern 
 . Baptist, Southern 
 
 Sudan Interior 
 Presbyterian, United 
 
 Presbyterian, United 
 Presb. United, Women’s 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Canadian Meth., Woman’s 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 ... Pilgrim Holiness 
 
 Canadian Meth., Woman's 
 American Board 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 American Univ., Cairo 
 
 Independent 
 
 Methodist Protestant 
 Christian, United 
 Reformed in America 
 
 . Inland South America 
 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 a) Mien NEGA 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 Friends of Ohio 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 
 
SAILED LIST—1922 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 Nelson, Mabel Florence.......... Berkeley Hy Giee Nei pies oleae wate aioe Persia..... 
 Nelson, Selma Marie............. Moody Drs tere re rae ernie aote China....: 
 Newton, Rachel Steeves.......... v Coker C, Westhampton C........ Chinas. 
 Nicholson, Joseph Ernest......... Alsance Tre! o) MutuAladeenics. Africa..... 
 Nixoniilarmon: Sis feet ee Valparaiso U, v Moody Trs........ Africa... «6 
 Nolin, Ruth Evelyn Hemenway 
 
 (Mrs. Wm. Wallace)........... v Kalamazoo C, U of Washington... Africa..... 
 
 *{O Brien, Dr. Henry Riri ie. s,.:2 v Washburn C, Kansas U Grad., U 
 
 of Michigan Meee ere eerie ane Siam ssi. 
 Oliver; Richard (Big suo oeee sta Toronto Bible! Gwyn tists slenetoele Africas...) 
 Ollis, Mrs. Anna Geeselman....... Pa. State H, v Philadelphia Trs.... Africa..... 
 Otte, Helen Elizabeth............ Feidelberg, U2 een ti ae lee Evra i ANA. 25s 
 Ovenshire, Laura Belle........... SYLACUSELU, 3 cidvs s\thanvanene g eeeperaiereente ndia..... 
 *Owens, Rachel Louise Wood (Mrs. 
 
 A.C. ) NOIAL At PIGS PI DO TOR ees rot Em poriatitit sae Leer atuecenwele sae Chinas. 5. 
 Packer, JOSEPHINE UR vasicseciels.c coe Iowa Methodist H, » Chicago Trs... S. Amer. 
 Painter, Bernice paitee. AS tented White Memorial H, » Moody Trs... Africa..... 
 Palmore, Peyton Lee.. Hampden-Sidney C; v Princeton tT. Japan. 05% 
 Palmquist, Ethel. ..... . Gustavus Adolphus C............. Chinas.) 
 Park, Bertha Frances....... . 2 Eureka C, C of Missions......... Chinas 
 tParker, James Strong PPSLOIE CULM E evaleuls enue a etale tou tatrs Indias) ie 
 Parker RU V Mavis! swereis esis ale d v Battle Creek C, Cincinnati Trs Indinf)s,.7. 
 Parker, Ruth Pon Rubin (Mrs. 
 
 BdwiniGraham)ajeiies ca lon cclets v Colorado State Teachers’ C, Park C India..... 
 PATS IV Cay ECHO tis apsie cre aiave bis Purdue U, » Chicago Trs.......... ance BA IAN 
 Paulson, Teonard vas erate cee sie aheers Iowa State CRAM G ele lneneuaredaate . Amer.. 
 *Peabody, Allen Stone........... Y. M. C. A. Trs (Springfield, iy ) Ching ideeie 
 Pearson, Fred Bunyan........... v Howard C) Southern Baptist T... Palestine. . 
 tPedley, Florella Foster.......... Mount Holyoke Oe ie EAN RANT apan..... 
 Phelps, Persis Meu an aes v Greenville C, Blodgett H......... Data we 
 
 Phillips; Albert Rufus............ v Wake Forest C, Southern Bapt. T S. Amer... 
 “igen Ruth Burnley Cook (Mrs. v accion C, Baptist Trs (Louis- 
 
 
 
 HOLE, Fei) erareatal dev AUR lei lace ictereiell hy VILLE) gareieeer shu,levplciare ec slatere eeiblercis late S. Amer 
 tPhillips, Ruby Mabel........... Wellesley: Gouin ce ire ni rt aia clit India e \: 
 Pierce, Mildred Lydia............ OTe Cage MAM ola ote: Sialafate's TAdials ai." 
 Pincock, Dr. Thomas Alexander... U of Manitoba M................ China. ..).: 
 Pincock, Ida _ Bernice Whipple 
 
 (Maras Boas A: ited evar ceaica ts v Provincial N, U of Manitoba..... Chinals .h/55 
 Pinkerton, Pranic Csi),0'... sis olste's v Southwestern Presbyterian U, Vir- 
 ginia Ui, Maryland Uo ess. Cen, Am... 
 Platt, Edith Stratton (Mrs. eset 
 OEE deities MAH eee eae Wellesley Gc iaties a nienls Uieeteretai China..... 
 tPorter, Gwynaeth Rankin....... v C of Wooster, Pres. H (Chicago).. India..... 
 *Potee, Kenneth Leon............ v Cotner C, C of Missions Grad.... India..... 
 *Potter, Emerson Carlisle........ Methodist Trs (Nashville), Colorado 
 Statesleachers|| Civ es ates os S. Amer 
 *Potter, Eva Inez Leazer (Mrs. 
 PUMETBON i mentosch be cre als’ < Sle. MorningtideiO sii s stcinceeals se’ S. Amer... 
 Precise, Anna Ethel Pearl........ W. Texas State N, v Methodist U of 
 
 y Oklahoma, Boston U............ Indiai a 
 Precise, Myrtle Lorena........... Okla. Methodist Epis. H, » Boston U India..... 
 Rackham, George Edward........ Acadia U, Mt. Allison U and » Grad., | 
 
 BNO Dy) VICEOTIBFG Ly toda cco tes China... 
 Rackham, Nellie Elizabeth Tait j 
 (Mrs. George Hvac distce niles ose Nova Scotia N, v Methodist Trs.... China..... 
 Redman, Lesse Winnifred........ Los Angeles vi rsie a cenajeasienelee ate 6 S. Amer 
 Reik, Hise de Memes es cc es Milwaukee State N, v Northwestern ‘ 
 AU Oruianretenvere Beppe letona relate ateitols INAN Gas 
 Reitz, Beulah Helen............. Kansas CityU; 9 Baket) Uo 53. Africa. ites: 
 Riechers, Dorothea S............ MOOR Y TTS wie is Leak ihe plldieibbetciate Glob Li 
 Riecke, Gertrude Elizabeth....... v Moody Trs, Evang. Deaconess H.. Cen. Am... 
 Riemann, Elizabeth Johanna Augusta Moody Trs............00eeeecuee PAL LICA slats ole 
 Riley, Herbert James............ vC of Pacific. U of Southern Cal- 
 WOTHIA Lescol hati nice ee a slesfele Philippines 
 Ristey Dr Rose Aly. shade ile «te 010 2 U of Kansas and M............. India;.... 
 Robinson, Martha Elizabeth...... U of Pittsburgh, Ohio Wesleyan U, 
 ® Biblical TyiCNiae Ve Coie relaa erates Africa... 
 Robson, Horace Greeley.......... v tg U, U of Denver, Boston U, 
 Ronning, Chester Alvin.......... Camrose Lutheran C, » U of Alberta China tty 
 Ross, Hazel Marjorie............ Philadelphia N, v Moody Tras slik . Amer. 
 Rouse, LAMA MAOIs tetera bens Methodist Trs (Toronto) AWE ceeehele China yiiths 
 Ruhl, Hesser Clapham........... Franklin & Marshall C, » Park C, ‘ 
 Hartford sl eee ete emetaic's ae China. Js03 
 Ruhl, Sophie Katherine Foster 
 , (Mrs. H in LON IE vay NL a ee ene Brym MawriO winencsms cticcaecesiae China..... 
 Runyan, Alfred Cookman. WAR BORET Ustad acheistactstalsiejeteits Gasierers Ching .is.\2 
 Russel, Agnes Scott.............. v Los Angeles Trs, Hastings C...... S. Amer 
 Russell, Esther Arrilla............ aes erate N, vKansas State , 
 AGEL 5 sti ate a eiera ash ctablpaistaieteys Mexico 
 Schaffer, Etelka Marie........... New. see State N, Newton T.... Africa..... 
 Scheirich, Anna Beta............ v Baldwin Wallace CG; Columbia U.. China..... 
 Schroer, Gilbert William......... a House C and 9 Tr Kennedy 
 PAF ovis dataloemivicete'e VN Solete winisinie apan..... 
 
 bare Ja | 
 * 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Swedish Alliance Mis. 
 Baptist, Southern 
 
 Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Africa Inland 
 
 Presbyterian, United 
 
 Internat’l Health Board 
 Sudan Interior 
 
 Africa Inland 
 
 Reformed in U. S. 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 . Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 Assemblies of God 
 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 Lutheran Augustana 
 Christian, United 
 American Board 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 MINOT ES CNS 
 
 Vai COvAar 
 
 Baptist, Southern 
 American Board 
 Methodist, Free 
 
 Baptist, Southern 
 
 . Baptist, Southern 
 
 American Board 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Canadian Methodist 
 
 Canadian Methodist 
 Central American Mis. 
 Y. M.C. A. 
 
 Presbyterian, United 
 Christian, United 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 Canadian Methodist 
 Canadian Methodist 
 
 ... San Pedro 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Evangelical Synod 
 Evangelical Synod 
 
 Africa Inland 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Lutheran, Norwegian 
 
 . Inland South America 
 
 Canadian Meth., Woman’s 
 Reformed in U. S. 
 
 Reformed in U.S. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Presbyterian (North) 
 ... Methodist Epis., South 
 
 Baptist (North) Woman’s 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 Reformed in U. S. 
 
524 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIe._p 
 Schroer, Cornelia Lydia Rodeheffer 
 
 (Mrs. Gai) SoEAnis italiane s pve Heidelberg Ui \.i5) Seis sete ss ws cele Japan..... 
 Schubert, William Everett........ v U of Southern California and Grad, 
 
 Drew. \ Tie) eo Bite wis tales oierea cee Chinas 204 
 Scott Ar Pearl: hyvoe mrieucietenspertts v Toronto N, McMaster U......... Inciage ieee 
 Scruton!) EtheliCriee sua ae Presbyterian Irs (Toronto) °.), 2.1. Korea..... 
 Seagrave, Dr. Gordon Stifler...... v Denison U, Johns Hopkins U..... india ii ie 
 tSeele, Keith Cedric............. Gof Woobter canes one Waite Africa..... 
 Septer, Mina Pearl. .5 3)... 30)... Los Angeles Drs. otha see eter S. Amer 
 *Shattuck, Angelo Eusebius....... 7 Beloit C,;Yale\U Pac. sae ee Hawaii 
 Shaw, Mark Revell Sadler........ Ohio Wesleyan U and Grad., v Bos- 
 
 bos UO) Diss PER oie oud te te clove ee apan 
 Shaw; Hota Vso lets vewicuten Unesco. Toronto See cee cae eee eee China 3.\.bi 
 tShedd, Susan Jane...,........... ee C, v Vassar C, Carnegie 
 
 TCH ae alees ete gace ile Gielen mete eae POrsia ysieceis 
 Sheffey, Dr. Charles Phillips Mahood » Randolph Macon C, Johns Hopkins ie 
 
 A RE Da rictel PRACR eats eA Suan TECH ceisler 
 
 *Sheldon, Chauncey Burt......... Pomona C, v Los Angeles Trs...... Africans. 
 Sherk, Elgin Af SAS ied a Nasa RE v Syracuse U, Chicago U.......... Persia..... 
 Sherk, Joy Kelsey Smith (Mrs. 
 
 Elgin) jae cae sieve ries sleane Oberlin C, U of Cincinnati......... POLSIA® cles 
 *Sherman, Lottie Jilson (Mrs. yIndiana Central U, Otterbein C, 
 
 PortersAlberty ieee aie sees Utot: Michigan Vac teen India, cise 
 Sholty,/Alva Hobart inne etijes ot ValesUiT Weve ee Pie te ee eerie Japan..... 
 Sholty, Ruth E. Conley (Mrs. Alva 
 
 Hobart) ee ee eke wee ate cee vy Otterbein C, Yale Ui T7735. tae apan..... 
 *Shute, vA EANCOM ernest he 9 Cornell’C, Drew. Tica eh ese ndia, 
 *Six Ray dis aie ate tia aie alent e v U of Oklahoma, Phillips U Grad.. China..... 
 Skepstad, JORD See Liou tle de emeeee v St. Olaf C, Lutheran T (Minn.)... China..... 
 Sloan, Nell Simpson (Mrs. W. C.) Texas Christian U,vCof Missions.. India..... 
 Smith; lara vey c ke ws peice elevates ee Towa State Cie iahissnien tee cance (Chingin vate 
 Smith, Charles Eugene........... v Iowa State C, Kennedy Trs...... Africa..... 
 Smith, Viola Leora Smith (Mrs. 
 
 Charles!Eugene) it el seen. Kennedy iI rsvas ssc stinks om cletent cree Africa..... 
 tSmith, Dwight Chichester....... FY aleve SAAS Cains cot tkiele Ay Ne ee China‘... 
 Smith, (HllenvE oe alae ne as wee Coe Celeste cuiatites eet nat Ok ei mae China 
 Smith"EHarliMartin: 224: 0... seco v Telana Stanford U, Garrett Trs, 
 
 Northwestern. Ue te cei S. Amer... 
 
 Smith, Bessie Marie Archer (Mrs. v Bradley Polytech. Inst., Ohio Wes- 
 
 ‘Barly Martin) icsec ek aon aieicle lars leyan U, Northwestern U Grad... S. 
 Smith, Hazel Katherine.......... ArinityLULane eee oe cere Coker 
 Sutuges, Paith Marys. cece e > Georgetown Cain othe tons onto oie China... :.. 
 tSomerville, Jean Houston........ v New brunswick N, Macdonald C.. China 
 
 *Speers, James Milliken, Jr........ Princeton) U hasten ee eee ee 4G. nie 
 Stoddar Sai Newton Luccock 
 
 (Mrs Rossii.) nants ee lbs v Western C for Women, Cof Wooster China..... 
 Stone MyrtleiM eee ee. sea. Oneonta N, v Boston aga ey Lae hing’... is 
 Story, Harry Hayward........... v Southern Baptist T, U of Calif.... Alaska 
 
 Stover, Thomas Bertram......... 
 
 Furman U, v Southern Baptist T. S. 
 Strang Grace Os eee eum 
 
 Los Angeles N, Alliance Trs, v U of 
 
 Southern California............. Arabia 
 Strobel, Charles Ralph........... v Western Reserve U, Yale U T.... China..... 
 Strock, Ada) Emma we lara sie ote nels Keystone State N, v Chicago roe apantc. sc 
 Stuckert, Beatrice Elizabeth Paton ’ 
 (Mrs: Robt.\G. ieee a rales Oberlin’ © ses) 2 ac en eos eee Turkey.... 
 Swift, Carol Smith (Mrs. Robert » Kansas Wesleyan U, Northwestern 
 Dean) LAM are Vhaite ete tate We tenases erties Hose , Garrett: Treipies sects cele Malaysia 
 Sylvester, Lida‘EBas.. e246 ck 6. es Toronta Bible Chics es ert ieeee Africaniuass 
 tTarbell, Carrie Aurora.......... Keene N, v Gordon Bible C........ Chinatnic sn 
 Taylor, Rasety Mavic! oe pensrde there eters Moodysbrs tins sre tal cian see bie Africa sien 
 Taylor, Dr. Lorena Belle......... Kansas State Agrl. C, Cedarville C 
 Grad., v American Osteopathy.... India..... 
 
 Maylor,, Mapeltieccs spice e ceiicke Montana State N, v Northwestern U China..... 
 
 Taylor, Dr. Margaret............ v Vassar C, Johns Hopkins M...... China ..3 
 Taylor, Raymond Autie.......... v U of Texas, Southern Meth. U T.. S. Amer... 
 Taylor, Audrey Burke (Mrs. Ray- 
 
 mond ‘Atutie) its ee aw ee U ofvDexase ac aebin stare eieien ter aeirinete S. Amer 
 Teele Bernice 0. pune ccs Gordon Bible C, v Hartford T...... W. Indies 
 Ter (Borg! John we Ae eee keen otlope CG, Westeriil aires Japan..... 
 Ter Borg, Minnie Amelia Sywassink 
 
 (Mreitiohn) Mai ee beri. eronter Hope’ CS hit see cyevehscueecen ae ae aes Pele apan..... 
 
 J 
 Tewksbury, Donald George v Oberlin C, Columbia U and Grad. . 
 
 Thompson, Daphna Angeline..... Northwestern Irs) Se Seine aes Africa..... 
 Thompson, Dorothy M.......... U of Southern California, Occidental 
 
 Cie osvAngeles Treteriier. - sn Africa..... 
 Thompson, Ruth Standia......... Swedish Trs, v Moody Trs......... Africa...... 
 *Tiffany, Ruth Winureeta........ ‘Jumiata Ae cee ae i lioe GaeRer te Belgium 
 dundale; DauradEivavig)mueeh. oe Stratford N, v Methodist Trs....... China 
 Tinkham, Catherine Almon....... v Park C, Oregon Agricultural C.... China..... 
 Todd, John Edward............. UiofiKansas.( See een oe eee Turkey 
 Lower, Dr. Rita Bellesmereie ese Ypsilanti N. v U of Michigan M.... India..... 
 Lownsend J Patiloes Gikicsa see v Occidental C, Los Angeles Trs.... Cen. Am 
 Traeger, Gazelle Hattie Louise. . Ustoli Texas Sone ce csles tran atareate Malaysia 
 eT tivett, Al C, Sneed: oWyelifte Cand Tictowstscrasece Chinas ga, 
 
 . Belgian Gospel 
 . Canadian Meth., Woman's 
 
 . Robert College 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Reformed in U. S. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Canadian Baptist 
 Canadian Pres., Women’s 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 Presbyterian, United 
 
 . Bolivian Indian | 
 . Hawaiian Evangelical 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Canadian Ch. of England 
 Near East Relief 
 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 Brethren (Progressive) 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Christian, United 
 United Brethren 
 
 United Brethren 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Christian, United 
 Lutheran, Norwegian 
 Christian, United 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 Yale in China 
 
 . Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 . Presbyterian (North) Home 
 
 Baptist, Southern ~ 
 Canadian Presbyterian. 
 Nanking University 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 . Presbyterian (North) Home 
 ... Baptist, Southern 
 
 . Reformed in America 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Evangelical Church 
 
 Robert College 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Sudan Interior 
 Nan Kai College 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Pres., United, Women’s 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 . American Miss. 
 
 Assn. 
 Reformed in America 
 
 Reformed in America 
 American Board 
 
 Africa Inland 
 Presbyterian, United 
 Swedish Mis. Covenant 
 
 Presbyterian (N: orth) 
 
 a i 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 . Central American Miss. 
 
NAME 
 
 tTurner, Dr. William H.......... 
 Van Koert, Anna Celeste......... 
 
 Vickery, Loraine Lorree.......... 
 Waldron, Rose Edith............ 
 
 Wallacer Margaret: .c siemens etree 
 Walvoord, Florence Cynthia...... 
 Water Lend. hrs tensed 
 Waters, George Lipscomb........ 
 Watts Alice M 2 sj7seee L eaieea on 
 Waste. Dawid bueller sureties a 
 Watts, James Washington........ 
 Webster, Edith Mary............ 
 Webster, Florence Alice 
 Weeks, Helen Grace 
 
 Weir, Mary Alta Lola............ 
 Weir, Elizabeth V. Ewing (Mrs. 
 
 W. Wilbur) 
 Welch, Mary Mildred........... 
 Welles, Doris Idabel............. 
 Wenrick, Lewis Albert 
 
 
 
 Weygandt, Isie Lenore........... 
 tWheeler, Wendell Carpenter..... 
 Wheelock, John Henry........... 
 
 White, George de Forest 
 White, Elsie Caroline Hoesley (Mrs. 
 
 Geo. de F.) 
 tWickes, Margaret Stinson....... 
 Williams, Tessie Fern............ 
 Willoughby, James Wallace.::.... 
 Wilson, Rose Dulles............. 
 Winston, John Clarke... 2. )j04.55 
 Winston, Grace D. Williams (Mrs. 
 
 John Clark) 
 Wolf) Mae ouisa’., 6o libs co cine 
 *Wolff, John Gottfried 
 Wolsted, Clarence Edman 
 
 Wolsted, Mabel Lydia Ewen (Mrs. 
 Clarencere acne te tenes seks 
 Woodbridge, Dr. Caspar Ligon.. 
 
 Woodbridge, Elizabeth Wilson (Mrs. 
 
 Casnariia) teammate tae haces 
 Woodbridge, Jeanie Woodrow..... 
 Worth, Charles William, Jr........ 
 Wright, TAUCY Burin sds dee es 
 
 Wrisley, Gerald Manning........ 
 
 Wrisley, Bula Huntington Culver 
 (Mrs. G. M.) 
 
 Wyman, Marian Marie........... 
 
 Yaukey, Jesse Baer.............. 
 
 Yeaworth, Ivy Verdilla........... 
 
 Yoder, Helen Elizabeth 
 Yund, Roy LaVerne 
 
 SAILED LIST—-I922 
 
 INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 Wom Vireinid Mesiueeenisuidoeln ue Chinas... 
 v Kalamazoo C, U of Chicago Grad., 
 
 Baptist: Lis sien test ieee els Cen. Am 
 v Lawrence C, Presbyterian H...... Tend tay yay oti 
 v Hastings C, Pomona C, U of Cal- 
 
 ifornia, U of Southern Calif...... Ching any! 
 U of Minnesota, vy Columbia U Grad. India..... 
 Hope Cx Ie ea a een ein need ae aApataniwe 
 Syracuse Ue Oye ve ne whole tie) eel eo suey a ake Europe 
 Randolph Macon Oy vaiviaae) slaelta lee Japan. x. 
 CHICAZO VL TS ytraaee cereal tacoehate aid lene Ghana 32 fied 
 v Johnson Bible C, C of Missions... Africa..... 
 Furman U, v Southern Baptist T... Palestine 
 National Trs (Philadelphia)........ S. Amer. 
 Fargo C, v Gordon Bible C........ Chinays).. 
 Stalag, Giro ee Aiaeen sits eet teats Chinatalanrs 
 v Pennsylvania State C, Cornell U, 
 
 Toe) Virginian) ie seis er tlsle eels China 
 wGeneva) Cand Dugm i aascels aes Cyprus 
 Geneva C, v Biblical T (N. Y. C.).. Cyprus 
 
 ‘ 9 U of Illinois and Grad........... job oe Waly Aa 
 U of Southern California. /... 2... India fue: 
 v peace Engineering Sch., Moody 
 SMe rel sad latte eR Pe ee ocean U Bie en. Am 
 Novehwesters Lee senen i Sa Gee Europe. 
 ” Northwestern U........0..000-005 Europe.... 
 v Ohio Wesleyan U, Drew T, Col- 
 
 im bia Grad Wis ya ec dclaaly siaiene yee 
 Wattenberg! Cy es Tua ely Reale NGAy seh). 
 Northwestern Ue ays relala eu ekeiels indiaciy Oi. 
 vlowa State C, Texas Agrl. and 
 
 Mech. © iGradici lence cactus vid ons S. Amer 
 v Grinnell C, Oberlin T............ Turkey 
 Grinnell Cais ar necr siete obra eiole lotr Turkey.... 
 State Lor, Montana iets susie ey Philippines 
 Pasadena H, v C of Missions....... fri¢a Wake 
 Wabash C, » Western T........... Persia... .). 
 Vassar C, U of So. California...... Persia..... 
 Whittier C, v Los Angeles Trs...... Belgium 
 Newark State N, Whittier C, v Los 
 
 Anweles’ ts ade pecs cenn shane Belgium 
 Brancisuwallarciiy . aarti wel vetsus pate bts tet ar aad, 
 ROCHESTER Deep Asics ie sidieleeette least cnste ie 2 S. Amer 
 North Dakota Agrl. C, U of Chicago 
 
 Grad Chicago i ae uictee sewer eG atehE SN 
 v North Dakota Agrl. C, U of Chi- 
 
 CAPONGTAGI Naar tn cae. indiaert ren 
 v Princeton U, Johns Hopkins M... China..... 
 Assempblu/Sibrsaas cee uence ie sa aes Ghina wea. 
 Moody Drs Suen (eine ear ie tera China oss/a: 
 v Davidson C, Union T fe Dia we China..2).. 
 Shorter C, University H ahusupte 
 
 Ga.) v Biblical T CNG yaya ae. China. 
 
 . U of Southern California, ‘oe oD 
 
 Grad.,v Y. M.C.A. Teer ila: Hawaii 
 Pomona’ Guiera tothe tclpenl Se hide os Hawaii 
 MUoOL Nebraska and Hiss sas sca clon knGia siete), 
 MU TSinws Central Logie sy aie ae ake Ching wins 
 
 v Bethany C, Johns Hopkins U, ‘ 
 Dickinson C, Western Maryland C Mexico.... 
 
 v Baldwin Wallace C, Cincinnati Trs India 
 
 Pa. C, v Lutheran T (Gettysburg).. Africa..... 
 
 . Baptist (No.) Ho., 
 
 525 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Woman's 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Reformed in America 
 
 . Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 National Holiness Assn. 
 Christian, United 
 
 . Baptist, Southern 
 . Inland South America 
 
 Baptist (North) Woman’s 
 Lutheran, Norwegian 
 
 . Protestant Episcopal 
 . Presbyterian, Reformed 
 
 . Presbyterian, Reformed 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 . Evangelical Synod 
 Va Mar CsA 
 
 Y. M.C. A. 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Luth., United, Woman's 
 American Board 
 
 . Presbyterian (South) 
 . Near East Relief 
 
 Near East Relief 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Christian, United 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 .. Belgian Gospel 
 . Belgian Gospel 
 
 Brethren, Church of 
 
 . Baptist, Southern 
 
 American Board 
 
 American Board 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 Independent 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 
 Baptist, Southern 
 
 . Y. M.C. A., Hawaiian 
 . Y. M. C. A., Hawaiian 
 
 American Board 
 Reformed in U. S. 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Lutheran, United 
 
SAILED VOLUNTEERS FOR 1923 
 
 In the table abbreviations have been used as follows: C-College; H-Hospital; M-Medical; N-Normal; 
 S-Secondary School; T-Theological; Trs-Bible, Deaconess and Missionary Training School; U-University; 
 
 v-Volunteered at. 
 tShort-term Missionaries. 
 *Volunteers sailed before 1923; names reported here for the first time. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIzLD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Adams, Benjamin N............. v Mt. Hermon S, C of Wooster, Mc- aaait 
 Cormick ee heii pearance Korea..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Adams, Phyllis Irene Taylor (Mrs. 
 
 Benj Na Hae ee RN ieee oC of) Wooster) cis c'nuttes scents laters Korea..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Ady, Merzili Steele a Sy aya. v Monmouth C, McCormick T..... Ghina 325% Presbyterian (North) 
 Agnew, Mary Caldwell........... v Victoria C (Toronto) shel ener ee aa Chinas. Canadian Methodist 
 Ahlquist, Emma Mai eeu a o. Missionary! Tra roche Ching: Chris, and Miss. Alliance 
 tAkeley, Theodore Barton........ @ Brown. Uso. Lee ous See eoate ALTICR®, sis \s's American U at Cairo 
 Anderson, Dr. Carl Wm.......... v Moody Trs, Wheaton C, U of Min- 
 
 Mesota) Matha Wee ew his trotele te atels i Lutheran, Augustana 
 *Anderson, Ethel Lea (Mrs. H. C.) Northwestern C and » Grad i Evangelical Church 
 Anderson, Evangeline Alexandria... » McMaster U..............-. ats i China Inland 
 Andrews, Ruth Alma............ o Occidental'Cei. wena ore eenies i American Board 
 Armstrong, Bernard W........... v DesMoines U and Grad.......... i Baptist (Northern) 
 Armstrong, Rhoda Christine Bro- 
 
 holm (Mrs) Bo We) see neces 2, DesMoines (Uians iaoet eee tee i Baptist (Northern) 
 Bachman, Susan Catherine....... v Lebanon Valley C, Moody Trs.... Africa..... United Brethren 
 *Baird, John Milford............. (Tarkio GC, Xenia Cee ees ees Africa... '. Presbyterian, United 
 Baird, Richard Hamilton......... vCof Wooster, Princeton Dw es ake Korea..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Baird, Golden Stockton (Mrs. iy 
 
 Richard. yeah Men Wee one ane v Cumberland U, Biblical T (N.Y.C.) Korea..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Baird, William Martyn Jr......... v Mt. Herman §, C of Wooster, 
 
 Princeton Wa cs cihsle eet cy tomas Korea..... Presbyterian (North) » 
 BalderMabelsiiniin neater ile 9 Moody iPr tan eieea teeta Honduras.. Central American Mis. 
 Baldwin, DeWitt Clair........... v Wesleyan U, Garrett T, North- 
 
 westernuUGrade ji Menon aie a Indian. )3)/0). Methodist Episcopal 
 Baldwin, Edna Frances Aiken..... v Northwestern U and Grad Tndiaieies Methodist Episcopal 
 Barrows, Lavanchie............+% v Wheaton C, Spearfish N .. Honduras.. Central American Mis. 
 Bassett, Beulahey wore ye aera » Kansas Holiness‘Trsiiiciesty on vee Honduras.. Pentecost Faith Mis. 
 Baxter, (Nei bimrod aa a v Drake U, Butler C, C of Missions. S. Amer... Christian, United 
 Baxter, Hazel Scott...........00. v Drake U, C of Missions.......... S. Amer... Christian, United 
 Bear, James Edwin...........0.. v Fredericksburg C, Washington and 
 
 Lee U Grad, Union T (Va.) and ‘ 
 
 Gora yee feet eteia ela aia upialdete China... Presbyterian (South) 
 Bear, Margaret I. White (Mrs. 
 
 James Edwin). Se tsletestete kis ers State N (Va.), Assembly's Trs..... Chma. ces Presbyterian (South) 
 Bender, David Stetson........... v Rensselaer Polytechnic........... Africa... American Univ., Cairo 
 Bennett, Florence Mabelle........ v George Washington U........... Mexico.... Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Benson, ee PEST 2 Ley op SOD v Gustavus Adolphus C............ China si..5.. Lutheran, Augustana 
 Benton) Ruth Ann ces sseeern ek v Chicago Evangelistic Trs......... Ching oe os National Holiness Assn. 
 Berger, Electa Marie............. v Park C, C of Emporia, City and 
 
 County H (Denver), Park Avenue 
 
 Eb (Denver) egy eR ee a Ching ies. Presbyterian (North) 
 Blanchard, Ralph William........ o Mt:: Hermans sin.'s Wo ieskcdkes age eroe China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Blanchard, Grace Kipka (Mrs. v Greensboro C, Mitchell C, New 
 
 Ralph William) OE RRL BNE YL id England Conservatory Hi We ad 8 Chinaiice Methodist Episcopal 
 Booth, Lucy Hammer............ v Mt. Holyoke C, Syracuse Me U of 
 
 Iil., Grad, Teachers C CN2Y¥e GC.) f 
 
 \ Vale U Gradic turn ecael Chinato cs Presbyterian (North) 
 Birky,|rna | Maessie vives c ccleeieies Grays C of Music, » Moody Trs.... Africa..... Congo Inland Mis. 
 *Bowron, Florence H............. v Chicago Trs, Wesley Memorial H 
 
 (Chicago) ee sre aes Gia aie Las Hawaii.... Palama Settlement 
 *Bowrony May lise daeliikis telecine v Chicago Trs, Wesley Memorial H 
 
 f (SHIGA GO) SY laapalays Siaiaiale tamale Hawaii.... Palama Settlement 
 
 *Bjorklund, Hulda Scrafia........ o Bethel oie cae rye catamarans Africa..... Baptist (Northern) 
 Bostick, Edward May Jr......... v Clemson Agrl. C, Southern Bap. T China..... Baptist (Southern) 
 tBourn, Dr. Lucy Elizabeth...... » Brown U, Columbia U Grad, Al- i i j y 
 
 Baty Mey MS ay Gre eee Mie China:2 si Peking Union Medical 
 BoyrespHannacwawite seteieasete s ciate v Deaconess H (Minn.) Lutheran ‘ 
 
 ‘Trs, Minnesota (Gass si. nee cas aie Africa...... Lutheran Free 
 Bowen Oliveri ticle sietele leleyeleiavale oy Oberlin C aC ieia see sine caine ence Chinataee, Independent y 
 Bracyulktarnabi: cic. a walslertareit’s wine v Bluffton C, Ft. Wayne Trs....... Africa, ists So. Africa Gen. Miss. 
 *Bradiley, "Amos su she els piciele aisle ave v Texas Holiness U, Trevecca C.... Cen. Am... Methodist, Primitive 
 Brandt, Alma. cibfels e\halsioleiensl) Wesley i4,:9. Scarritt Trs........... Chinas fas Methodist, Epis., South 
 Brewer, Dr. Francis.....--....... v Oberlin C) Columbia U M........ China;.... Presbyterian (North) 
 Brewster, Clyde Wheeler......... oe Baker UM Drew i leiaais etiinice esse S, Amer.... Methodist Episcopal 
 Brewster, Mildred Morrison 
 
 (Mrs. Clyde Wheeler)......... Washburn C,v Baker U, Drew T.... S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Bricker, Mary Elizabeth......... v Ashland C, Mary Lanning H..... India... Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Brown, Dr. Velva Violet......... Baptist Trs (Chicago), v Ottawa U, : 
 
 j U of Pennsylvania M........... Chinatync. Amer. Baptist, Woman's 
 Browning, George Lynn.......... 9 Park'C, McCormick Dice enc sees Persiava ss. Presbyterian (North) 
 Buchanan, Bruce Brownlee....... Monmouth C, Pittsburgh T....... Africa..... Presbyterian, United 
 Buchanan, Margrietha Krindenier 
 
 (Mrs-.sBruce'B,) ih toe. v Northfield S, Monmouth C....... Africa..... Presbyterian, United 
 
 526 
 
 
 
 q 
 ; 
 ' 
 A 
 
SAILED LIST—I9Q23 527 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIEL_D MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 Bushnell, Paul Palmer........... v Yale U, Teachers C (N. Y.C.).... China..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Burke, Dr. Homer Lionel......... Winona C, Manchester C, 9 North- 
 western, (Uy Mises seen eae Africa..... Brethren, Church of 
 IPURLOD AIRE Wate a cna shite ce Rite tae v North Texas N, Southwest Baptist 
 RET e ts ee) SLR UEL LUNI a Wey siete sete oes ey ot Brazil..... Baptist (Southern) 
 Byerly, Ruth Ellyson............ Shepherd C, State N, Scarritt Trs.. Mexico.... Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 Butterfield, Nellie May........... v Los Angeles State N............. Mexico.... Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Campbell, Dorothy Davisigecwee yar Washinicton Wecueie ates owls China, Presbyterian (North) 
 Campbell, Jean Storey........... PV estminster Cron saiselaai cramvete's Egypt..... Presbyterian, United 
 Canary, Ethel Marian............ DIMoOody) Lrs7 vice Meee nial nents S. Amer... Inland South America 
 Cardwell, Edyth Viola........... Toronto General H, Presbyterian : ) 
 f Trs ( OToOnto) SIU Mwah ees SOLES sine) Canadian Presbyterian 
 Carson, Maud Craig............. Queen’s C, U of Boa Carolina, k 
 v Biblical T CNC MAG AMOR Cee vaets China... . Presbyterian (South) 
 Chase, Leree Stelle. .........4... Wilson C, Columbia U Grad, Bib- ; 
 iE tel id Oe ae amet nie 1, te AIR LUN A Persia. : \5/. Presbyterian (North) 
 Chase, Marcus Aurelius.......... v South Dakota State C........... S. Amer... Mackenzie College 
 Chatfield; Mariom Hi is oii kd Mt: Holyoke’ C ses ye eee ae China ie American Board 
 Cherry, Julia Mabel. .../........ v Davenport C, Trinity C......... Korea 4/3 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 Clarke, Helen Augusta........... OLVCOOSTET Cie Cy AIL uate cleat Persia..... Presbyterian (North) 
 ’ Clay, Ryslanney es Ald leds v Southwestern U, U of Colorado, 
 i ton Gahtornia veer hays i Alsi Mexico.... Methodist Epis., South 
 CoenOrphar Marie cic Wan c 9 UiO£ Wisconsin. Yvan wwe Ching ney. Methodist Episcopal 
 Coffin, Merrill Marcus........... v Penn C, U of Colorado........... India rt): Friends, American 
 Coggins, May Angeline........... v U of Redlands, Newton T........ Philippines Amer. Baptist, Women’s 
 Collier, Dr. Douglas Ross........ v Beloit C, U of Colorado M....... W. Indies.. Presb. (No.) Home, Wom. 
 Comstock, Joy/Emma ii...) 00.23). Edinboro State N, Chicago Trs, 
 v Ohio Wesleyan U............. Indiagec cy Methodist Epis., Women’s 
 Corpron, Dr. Douglas Squire...... v U of Oregon, U of por ag os M. China..... Christian, United 
 Cressey, George Babcock......... v Denison U, Yale Grad, of Chi- 
 CARON INTIS BT ies CUAL i Akal IN AUS i Chingy. Baptist (Northern) 
 Crawford, Joseph Forrest......... v Wiscsasis Oy ChicagoyUis. 3.54 sae. Phen ae American U of Beirut 
 Crew, Angie Ad PCIE as ERC Miami N, v Definace C-lali vas ca vey Japan... Christian Church 
 Crozier, Cornelia Newell......... » Park C, U of Arkansas, Scarritt Trs Cinna Maen Methodist Epis., South 
 Cumming, William C............ v Union T, Davidson C............ China..... Presbyterian (South) 
 Cummings, come Beveridge...... v Westminster C, Pittsburgh T..... Indian s:2 5 Presbyterian, United 
 Cummings, Dorothy Holliday (Mrs. » Westminster Cc, Western C for 
 James Beveridge).............. Women ates wneleaiueie soit Indias 053: Presbyterian, United 
 Curtis, Gordon Ayres............ v Mt. Hermon §, Oberlin C, Cornell 
 A 16 Ce FASE DOA WIRE Rane nueLS omen elas Chingy.) s'« Presbyterian (North) 
 Cutting, Helen Francis........... PAGE HNC eee ete letra el otles elle vale tetiene Bolivia.... Methodist Episcopal 
 Wager Mildred. sh siutes shiver a oi Gros Wooster yc tayaideuney ies, sutetlce Africas... Presbyterian (North) 
 Danielson, Walfred.. 0.2. oi... v Bethel S, Macalester C, U of Min- ' 
 r HeROta ee a ea eee Taree psi Baptist (Northern) 
 Danielson, Anna Larson (Mrs. : 
 
 Weird) ail sian ise leona Shree v Bethel S, U of Minnesota H...... Jato rt: Oy Baptist (Northern) 
 
 Daubendick, Letha Idell......... Doan Academy, Nebraska U, » Cor- i ‘ : 
 
 LOLI) Heat Solaverste Sieverale otener erste Lente kas Bie Methodist Epis., Women’s 
 *Davis, Augustus Lee............ Presbyterian C of So. Carolina..... S. Amer... Presbyterian (South) 
 Davis, Harriet H. Sullivan (Mrs. Winthrop N and Ind. C, Barnard C, ‘ 
 
 Harold Bdoar) say esate cls v Biblical T (N. Y. C.) OTS UAT ATA A? 3 Ching ii... Evangelical Church 
 Davis, Harold Edgar............. v Albright C, Biblical T (N. Y. C.), 
 
 Princeton T and Grad.......... China suse, Evangelical Church 
 Davis, Helen Ticknor............ ® Uliok Minnesotatiin alin ispecies Tidia/e ass Methodist Epis., Women’s 
 *Deal, Mrs. Zella M. Warner..... v Kingswood C, Olivet U, Battle 
 
 Orecic Ely nae elvelerat leet yarleraaiats China. + South Chihli i 
 Derr, Thomas Andrew........... Lod Angeles (Trae. Ue ea ee veut S. Amer... Inland South America 
 Derr, Frances Helena Reese (Mrs. i ( 
 
 a nomas Andrew) cari eee sess a  Los*Angeles Tre sinc ele vaesveas ers S. Amer... Inland South America 
 Dibble, Paul Gladstone.......... South Dakota State C, v Dakota : 
 
 Wesleyan U, Garrett T.......... Tndia..!.).\2'5 Methodist Episcopal 
 Dibble, Marie Bjerno............ Wesleyan C, Wesley Memorial H... India..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Dierolf, Bertha Elizabeth......... © Woman's) MiG Hi nel tly trast Africa..... Lutheran, United 
 Donovan, Herbert A............. Temple U, St. Stephens C......... Attics. ik. s 
 Douglas,’Dri Richard} nie oc 3:3 vC of Wooster, Cornell U M, i 
 fompia U Grads anes ole Ching ysis. Presbyterian (North) 
 Drury, Clifford Merrill........... v Buena Vista C, San Francisco T.. China..... Shanghai Union Church 
 Duggar, Ambrose Camp.......... v Alabama Poly Inst., So. Baptist T. S. Amer... Baptist (Southern) 
 Dukes, Hubert Noland........... Wofford C, v ae U T, Yale U T, 
 WAIGH MO LCN YE Coie nalts ears Africa..... Methodist Epis., South 
 Dukes, Laura Virginia........... v Northfield S, "Presbyterian Trs 
 Phila site hed hk seein ad cubeloverwigtars India..... Presbyterian (North) 
 DUNCAN) LOUISE! Tacs cc ears is nee OP UlOn Michigan tiivextces scuetsacdscl< China..... Protestant Episcopal 
 _ Dyke, Charles Herbert..........- v Occidental C, San Francisco T.... India..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Dyke, Marian L. Leonard (Mrs. } 
 
 Charles Ht) scene aos aie ds secs eis v Goel ha San Francisco T.... India..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Earl, Dr. LeRoy DeLong......... * Ulot Buftalos foes: see esis eos Chinas sce. Nanking University 
 Earl, Antoinette Willson (Mrs. i 
 
 LeRoy DALOne a ehiecos ce ees P Syracuse Uc sods a ssielel sip otthe, slhars China se jere Nanking Lath ea 
 mil Sry Elizabeth Nerina sieeve o BelevyuewHi: sesha cea cok asec ate S. Amer... Methodist Episco opel 
 huge Bray Serene Seve ter v Huntington a pena, Ribas Pe ae Ne Africa: ..2: Un. Breth. (Old Const.) 
 
 Eby, are Kee Sherk (Mrs. Lloyd) » Huntington C............--.--- Africa..... Un. Breth. (Old Const.) 
 Edborg, Vera Mathilde........... Spearfish State N, Dakota Wesleyan 
 
 U, v Chicago Tea shat ae wee ook avarice Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 

 
 
 
 528 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MIssIONARY AGENCY 
 Eddy, Mrs. William A. .......... 9 Wooster C Jie Cees Siren Mexico.... Presbyterian (North) 
 Edgar, Lea Blanche............. vy Colorado. Canvas Myce eaeRoe Chinas, Baptist (Northern) 
 Edman, Victor Raymond......... v U of Illinois, Boston U........... Cen. Am... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 tEdwards, Dorothy A. Vance (Mrs. 
 
 Roberti Vaughan) eye gee T\Pomona Guiles ays alle cle eee ee Mexico.... American Board 
 Blam, Bima sec cicewn ) ica mile Missouri U, Baptist Trs, v William 
 
 ’ JEWEL Coe ee ee eR eg Africa... Baptist (Southern) 
 Emerson, Leland Harris.......... vU of California, Pacific Trs, C of _.- 
 ‘ Missions ‘Gradsivia.i).0 venules China icin Christian, United 
 Emerson, Corinne M. Bott (Mrs. » U of California, Pacific Trs, C of ¢ 
 
 Leland "Harris) ioe csc vena Missions Grady ia vote eetnere China..... Christian, United 
 Engwall Martin Siasuaueioniee v William Jewell C, U of Chicago... Africa..... Baptist (Northern) 
 Engwall, Ruth Johnson (Mrs. 
 
 Martin So) tip ticles ia ales Ottawa U, U of Chicago........... Africa..... Baptist (Northern) 
 Ensign, Samuel J. R.............. 2 Buena Vista C, McCormick T.... China..... Presbyterian (North) 
 tEvans, Joshua Levering......... DY eee esM hse salilie a) eat naG ee China..... Baptist (Southern) 
 Hverett, Bertinesawe une nie Ohio U_N, vw Moody Trs, Alliance 4 
 
 le rs GN yack):cs: tran eeheveitietaanel ete China..... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Evertsburg, William F........... v Union Missionary Trs........... Africa..... So. Africa Gen. Miss. 
 Falkenstein, Richard B........... vN. Dak. Agrl. C, U of Minnesota 
 Grad Beye? eee assn en eet China iiss Canton Christian Col. 
 Farmer, Eugene Houston......... v Central C, U of Missouri, Yale U T Africa..... Methodist Epis., South 
 Farmer, Dorothy M. Bailey (Mrs. 
 
 Bugene FE) yea weenie Aoi) O Harttordiudacr silva en eee e Africa..... Methodist Epis., South 
 
 Farr, Lawrence McPherson....... v Penn C, Iowa State U, Iowa Trs.. Africa..... Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 
 Filandino, Elvira 
 Fonger, William Henry........... v Eureka C 
 Peper naan Leith Cox (Mrs. 
 
 AEB 3S AA aed 9 toa U of Chicago, vy Mountainside H.... China.... : 
 YY RPE MONS Re BET Philippines Christian, United 
 
 Peking Union Medical 
 
 Set ett Me ote te lace eine ete hs AN k eve v Eureka C.................+++-.. Philippines Christian, United 
 
 Fontaine, OTA OEE Warren es nite v General Assembly Trs, Stonewall 
 
 Jackson | Cwiace re Win eine eek te Korea.... 
 Poster, RobertiA sen autre Lh v Westminster C, Pittsburgh T..... Tesdia ice. 
 Foster, Aurel Anderson (Mrs. 
 
 Robert As))(o ia polthe neuetievaeet we v Westminster C, Biblical T (N.Y.C.) India.. =. 
 Fraser, Gussie Louise............ 9 Atiantar Nes rnnlesomeu ak etaetale ree China.... 
 Fuller, Robert Harrison.......... Occidental C, »vLos Angeles Trs, 
 
 Princetont lh Meee sea sees weleiane Siami...... 
 Gampbeny Selena Na icc! kinlsueisists Lancaster Genl. H, Toronto Trs.... S. Amer... 
 Gealy, Hred Daniel nti ois. v Allegheny C, Boston U T........ Japan.... 
 Gernhardt, Lucinda Sarah........ DW heaton! Cin ecb isn ba eu screls eile China.... 
 Gall Maier by iid eer id v Denapn U, St. Catherine Business f 
 
 AAR SE Ive S\'d diet They I Ae KOT et eI Nea TSA RES Ly AP cat ea inaeees 
 Gillilan, Bertha Elizabeth........ Westminster C, v Western C for 
 
 ? Women, San Francisco T........ Japan.... 
 Girsberger, Breda cen sae iu eerie tele 9 Cleveland. “Dre i ie sai iis the China. 
 Glass, Sarah Elizabeth........... Smith C, wConverse C, Natl. 
 
 TY Wie: OAs iors ob SOM aa aioe Chinaea 7: 
 Gleason, Paul Raynes sie ee v U of Redlands, Harvard U Grad.. India.... 
 Ghttenbutg Carlie elites aes 9 Moody! Trs near sweated rt weal China.... 
 Goepforth, Elise A............... Richmond Trng. Sch. Kind., Rich- 
 
 mond Trs, Columbia U, Moody 
 
 ee HAM EP WAND SIN ed its lt Cen. Am.. 
 Goodenberger, Ernest C.......... v Hastings C, McCormick T....... China.... 
 Goodenberger, Hilda Longstaff 
 
 (Mrsaiimnest Gi), vere svelte v Hastings C, McCormick T....... China... . 
 tGoodwin, Miriam Fuller......... v North Carolina C for Women..... Korea.... 
 Gordon, Andrew Walker......... v Muskingum C, Xenia T.......... mdiay. var. 
 
 Ea IA ae poet ALE Fe PRM Oberlin C, v Muskingum C...... India... 
 
 Blea vn iatatehone ee cherohe Deaconess H, vy Moody Trs........ China.... 
 Gray, Katherine Clingman....... v U of Texas, Austin Presby. T..... Mexico.... 
 Green, Byron Mitchell........... v Oregon Agri. State C............ Burma... . 
 Gregory, Ernest Jackson..... .... v Baylor U, Southwest Baptist T... Mexico.... 
 Gregson) Anita mtull eye 1 U of Cincinnati, » Biblical T(N.Y.C.) India.... 
 Griffing, Burgoyne............... v Washburn C, Kansas U.......... China.... 
 Groves) Walter A shee iar in 0a) v Lafayette C, Princeton T......... Persialc 
 Haan, Angie...... Ai Pa ae Bla ti ® Blodgett Troy ee Ua nit aabsirebs China... 7an 
 Hake, Martha Eunice............ v Western Union C............... China..... 
 Fall WAsraie VM sy eis igi ee Ly € Moody Drs site. sid seks care) ae China.... 
 Hall, Marguerite Gordon......... v Manitoba C, Presbyterian Trs.... China.... 
 Sain Bessie McCalla (Mrs. Marion West Tenn. State N, v Assembly’s kK 
 by Sebi ane Nae Best Easy reai ces Ole TSde hs GGUS PMA Da Braet ae cera me orea.... 
 Hall, Miss WillieG.............. v Meridan C, Scarritt Trs.......... Africa.... 
 Hallock, Adelia Cobb............ gSmith Gaye asus eli diee ceeeine China... 
 Hamilton, Evelyn Harrison....... v Davidson C, Union T (Va.) Bib- 
 6 Neal DCN RY s.C)) sie ele ae Chinaiens 
 Hampe, Alice Jean............... v Houghton Trs, U of Puget Sound.. Japan.... 
 Hancock, Marcus Leslie.......... 9 Ontario\Agrl Cup ee ona. an. China.... 
 Hancock, William Philip......... Bible Training C (Eng.), vSan 
 Pancisco sl etcreled cites) ciel srarenien ic Persia.... 
 Hancock, Kathleen Ballinger (Mrs. 
 " Die PAIN D) Maelave tesla wie ats Bible Training C (Eng.)........... Persia.... 
 ae ee Annie Justicer.. ne.) v South West Texas U, East Texas. .Korea..... 
 arker) Hazel cia) sunk eek oe Thomas N, v Butler C, C of Missions Japan.... 
 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 Presbyterian, United 
 
 Presbyterian, United 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Mennonite and Amish 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Friends, Ohio 
 
 Vii We Calg 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 China Inland Mission 
 
 ... Evangelical Synod 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Presbyterian, United 
 
 Presbyterian, United 
 China Inland Mission 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 American Baptist 
 Baptist (South) 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Nanking University 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Reformed, Christian 
 Evangelical Church | 
 Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Presbyterian, Canadian 
 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist, Wesleyan 
 Nanking University 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Christian, United 
 
 ee a eS ee ae 
 
 eee 
 
SAILED LIST—I923 
 
 529 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME 
 Hauser, Effie Blanche............ 
 Hawkes, William Emory......... 
 
 Haworth, Ruth Esther 
 Havdock,Warl Hs. vse wane sae oe 
 Haydock, Marguerite Roberta.... 
 Hayes, Ernest M 
 Hayes, Helena Vesta............. 
 *Hayes, Mercie May............. 
 
 Haves, Vifginia .\o.n..sces sveara'ets sos 
 Hazlett, Calvin Hoffman......... 
 Hearn, Walter Anderson.......... 
 
 or Olive Withrow (Mrs. Walter 
 
 Helfenstein, ence, Com tats. 
 Hendrick, Dr. Rhoda Grace...... 
 Hilburn, Samuel Milton.......... 
 
 Hilburn, Blanche Fontaine (Mrs. 
 Samuel Milton) 
 
 Hilscher, Edith G. Jones (Mrs. 
 Harris G.) 
 
 Holland, Bernice McCurdy (Mrs. 
 EIANG OW Dee ce mee tae Se 
 Holland, Grace Marion........... 
 
 wlolland;, Thomas'G.... 2) cineca 
 Holman, Fannie 
 Holroyd, Howar 
 
 Ce 
 
 Horobin, Harriet Mitchell 
 HortonwaAlbertsAw Joss sascoese ne 
 Horton, Herbert Junior.......... 
 Horton, Nilla R. McGee (Mrs. 
 
 Herbertryainioreae sa acivecae os. 
 Howard, Florence Olivette 
 Howard Annie Clara. 2)... 60. 
 Howell, Kenneth Lambert 
 Halle Oliverlrener sae ee oe oe os bee 
 Hughes, Marjorie Pearl ; 
 Irwin, Alice Addie............... 
 
 *Jacobson, Arthur Clarence....... 
 
 *Jacobson, Gladys Shephard (Mrs. 
 Arthur C.) 
 
 Jacobson, Irvin Oliver........... 
 
 Jacobson, Nora H. Olson (Mrs. 
 Tevin Oliver) tebe ities oss oe 
 
 James, Carmen Easley........... 
 
 see e wee 
 
 
 
 ae ea re 
 
 James, Corinne Pearson (Mrs. Car- 
 men E. 
 
 Janeway, John Raymond......... 
 tjohnston): Vivian Entities ote 
 Jones, Alma Chadwick........... 
 MOUKEt ELI Sea ete tat oot a siehael tte 
 Weller, Charles: Risener ns cous: 
 Kemp, Alexander H 
 Kemp, Winifred Farmer (Mrs. 
 
 JUS G18 S14). Winks ee ica 
 Kemp, Maude Pustau............ 
 eed Sigrts B. Barrie (Mrs. Ralph 
 
 King, oarahyNovahiwap’'s<.. 4+ >% 
 
 Kinsler, Helen Campbell......... 
 eleerie ESOLGHa sasitan ce sé cie ce od nists 
 Eine WaIteL! Ds dt asisrcts sia'e ss ope 
 
 . Waukegan Bus. C, » Lawrence C... 
 
 INSTITUTIONS Fie.tp 
 oy Ayces H (Winston-Salem, 
 C.), v Scarritt Trs.. ; Koreans. 
 
 v C ‘of Idaho, Lewiston State N, 
 
 Hartford Di fatenk see eens Greece 
 Mie etin’ Cc. RINE ras echs aera etetal at pare Mexico.. 
 Wot So, Cahfornia stseaus ch ilesaisic Madeira Is. 
 Greenville Cate tereavate aictereneatae Madeira Is. 
 v Wooster C, Princeton U.......... Philippines 
 gBiblical Lis tieo a eo me liens Africa..... 
 v Northfield C, Froebel Kind. Trng. 
 
 SCH Yehill ss chart oaaehtties ors hoe Chinay.. sy: 
 State N (Athens, Ga.), » Asbury C, 
 
 Biblical (Tye ren Wa ie aeGar shee a Amer 
 Washington and Jefferson C, » West- 
 
 ently (Pai) He eavee nee seele ihe NAIA Lael 
 Hendrix C, Teachers C Gra 
 
 (N. Y. C.), v Union T (N. Y.C.).. ot eins aaa i 
 @ Hendrix, Ci lites on ai uetedorsietaceae Chinas .'5. 0s 
 O Hamlin: Ui as) An eoebterstrscalie sa Mexico 
 D9 Parson Gi cat iiciee Seber ae eer s Africa. .... 
 U of Michigan, U of Vienna....... India'.).':\.), 
 v Southern Methodist U and T and 
 
 CE a yal RS IA a are Se Ne Japan 
 Southeastern State Teachers C, So. 
 
 Methodist U and» Grad........ JANA in. 
 »v C of Emporia, U of Nebraska Grad, } 
 
 Princeton T and Grad.......... China. 
 
 »v C of Emporia, U of Kansas Grad.. China..... 
 Glendale C, vIndiana U and M, 
 
 Cornell Wve a i eae ees ao Chinal ia 
 v U of Southern California......... Ghina ie. 
 v Presbyterian H (N. Y. C.), Newton 
 
 HS Simmons! Gin ey eto sere wile peab Ae Sine, 
 a Wake Forest Cire acishen nels es\5i0)- Cubase 
 v Wheelock Kindergarten School.. Philippines 
 Hiram C, of Missions Grad, 
 
 1 9 PAC tll UL Ema S. Amer... 
 ” Antioch C, »C of Missions Grad... S. Amor... 
 
 v Church of England Trs, Trinity 'C Japan..... 
 
 Brooklyn Trs, Moody Prawns: Atricay. 0... 
 v U of Southern California......... S. Amer 
 2 U of Southern California......... S. Amer... 
 
 Chicago Evangel. Trs, v Evanston H S. Amer... 
 
 v Andrew C, Peabody C........... orea..... 
 WU OL SOs Caliommidema nes ciceae urea S. Amer 
 v Southwestern C, Drew T Grad.... S. Amer 
 
 Kent State N, Bowling Green N, 
 
 v Ohio Wesleyan U............. S. Amer 
 UWiok Montana see nencw sees alte Chinas .4!4). 
 UioriMontanae W Nee ceineerrs sacle Ching yeaa 
 v St. Olaf C, Luther T (Minn.)..... Chines \%.4. 
 River Falls N, vSt. Olaf C........ pba eeeatts 
 v Baptist Memorial H, Union U, 
 
 ofsTennessee: M Wage ves isin en eels braene 
 Blue Mountain C, » Baptist Memo- 
 
 Teta Coal eee eet el ate been Aiaite hs China sa. 
 Women’s C of Ala., » Scarritt Trs, 
 
 Methodist Trs, Industrial C..... Mexico 
 DWV DIstleTiG eMC a sidea store eas» Cen. Am 
 v Industrial C, Assembly’s Trs..... Cabanas 
 Mountainside Teen. sie se sareiacicns Syria ater. 
 DiHope OM wtaen clic a onesie wis Virgin Is.. 
 NSAI) LIES bees fal SAehoi ni IAC erie ich d China... 
 Allegheny C, Boston U M and T Africa..... 
 HVWWELIESIOV Ces his ste trie aaare ecereregens Africa..... 
 v De Pauw U, Wittenburg C....... Tncdigith, totes 
 @ BiDNCal lysis Rae hail Sut stecao nelepeere hs Indiaiecs 
 Osteopathic C, So. Branch U of 
 
 Calif., Biblical T ONS? COUR as Africa,.... 
 N. J. State N, v Los Angeles Trs... Korea..... 
 Woman’ sO, EL sapesieie eateries. Africa..... 
 v Northwestern C.........0000200- Tnidia yas 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 
 . American Board 
 
 Friends, American 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Africa Inland 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 . Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 
 . Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 Presbyterian, United 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 . Methodist Epis., South 
 
 Methodist Epis., South 
 
 .. Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Peking Union Medical 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 American Board 
 
 Amer. Bapt. Home Miss. 
 Baptist (North) Women’s 
 Christian, United 
 Christian, United 
 
 Canadian Ch. of England 
 Plymouth Brethren 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Epis., So. 
 
 . Methodist Episcopal 
 ... Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 . Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 Methodist Epis., So. 
 
 Methodist Epis., So. 
 Lutheran, Norwegian 
 
 Lutheran, Norwegian 
 
 . Baptist (Southern) 
 
 Baptist (Southern) 
 
 . Methodist Epis., So. 
 . Friends, California 
 
 Meth. Epis., Women’s, So. 
 Amer. Univ. of Beirut 
 
 . Reformed in America 
 
 Yale in China 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Lutheran, United 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Methodist Epis., So. 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Lutheran, Un., Woman's 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
530 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD 
 
 Knobles, Lillian Louise........... Geo. Peabody C, v Scarritt Trs..... China. a 
 Koebbe, Lydia Adelaide.......... v Northwestern CG, Biblical T (N.Y. e ) China se 
 Kronenberg, Benjamins] vaeaseve St. Cloud Bus. C, g Chicago’ Trs.:.. China....: 
 Kulp, Ruth Royer (Mrs. H. S.)... » Juniata C, Wheaton C........... ATTICA. valate 
 Lane, Ruth Onetta coo. cc) iae PiCornelbC soap wvesmtelaerss Wa ere China..... 
 Lawton, Phebe Elizabeth......... vy Winthrop C, Woman’s Missionary 
 
 Union reek eee Japan... .. 
 Lea, Ethel Glydew os.) Par eek v Northwestern U and Grad....... Ching sve 
 Leaman, Clare Jeanette.......... 2 Dickinson Gui ienee cise aareet Tndia saan 
 Learned, Willard Francis......... v Occidental C, C of Missions Grad. Africa..... 
 Lefever, Charles Harry too: J. 3. 7 Findley, Calica (se ua an ea, poke bt: ORR 
 Lefever, Myrtle Wiggins......... o Bindley Oia wet. oiae oteleste slniatears Ending ieee 
 Lefever, Rufus Harry............ v Lebanon Valley C, Bonebrake T.. India..... 
 Lefever, Mary Davchares (Mrs. 
 
 Rifas!) Saye Pa ete v Lebanon Valley C, Bonebrake T.. India..... 
 Leise, Horace Robert............ v Hyatt Fowells C, Seminary Siig iets Chingd.iia 
 Leise, brat Mercer (Mrs. Horace 
 
 Mb) Se Re Oe aye Laie 9 Seattle: Pacific’ Cu)... cies mele wnat Chinac. ss: 
 
 Lemon Harold Edward.......... Bangor T, » Bowden C............ (ching guess 
 Leslie, Ruth Rebecca............ Bethany c v C of Missions Grad... Mexico... 
 *Linchausen, de BH CG EAM Se) aA Dea v Northwestern Trs...........-... Chimatyic2 
 *tLochridge, Mary Edna......... v Pomona C and Grad. .........2. Hawaii.... 
 Loehlin, Clinton Herbert......... vU of Minnesota, Princeton T and 
 
 Gra nC ary he fai PRUE LIA Pesce ty Tdi. ie 
 Luthy, Simon Raymond.......... Mount Union C, v Ohio Wesleyan U, 
 
 BostoniUM bh Liisa nen waren Japanese» 
 Luthy, Kittie V. Fischel (Mrs. 
 
 PION RD oats ey eistette tielaleete Mt. Union C, Boston U T......... ADVAN pekersle 
 Lyon} Williamub ee Mo cn Parsons C, v Biblical T (NaC. Korean tem 
 MacCornack, Dr. Eugene A....... v Illinois U M, American C of Sur- 
 
 EONS Ne Wsaiely wleteine ae ieterraa, peatiunel Y Pert ss 
 Mackie;Arthor Juceu ie eva v Pennsylvania State C............ Cabaui. us 
 MacLean, William Gordon....... Macalaster C, U of Minnesota, U of 
 
 Omaha Grad ewe uni S. Amer... 
 MacLean, Alice Spencer (Mrs. 
 
 WilhamiGordon) ise ome Macalasten Gay ae ine Wiis arabes S. Amer... 
 
 MacMillan, George Ewing........ vU of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
 i State CO jee eee ata e ely W. Indies 
 Maser, Roselyn is iais edupeler eles ete v Dubuque C, City H (St. Louis) .. Africa..... 
 Manson, Katherine Margaret..... Saskatchewan U, Saskatchewan N, 
 \ v Presbyterian Trs... 0.02 06-+ se Chinas 
 Martin, David Paulin............ mae} C, San Francisco T, v Prince- 
 ‘ ( PET ae el ealcnty eth aa ate Miteeea tele o's Japan..... 
 Martin Cottie tenn eee eee Slippers Rock State N, U of Penn. : 
 and. ¢iGrady age ey Eel ne ndia iets. 
 Massey, Eva Douglas............ v Scarritt Trs, Fredericksburg N 
 Oy Chicago Us wNelicrae eiatentemenes Mexico 
 Matteson, Roger Pitkin.......... U of Illinois, » U of Wisconsin...... Turkey.... 
 Magney, Herbert Sigfred......... Gustavus Adolphus C, U of Minne- ‘ 
 sota, v Augustana T..........-. Africa..... 
 Magney, Anna Ingeborg Cesander » Gustavus Adolphus C, Augustana 
 
 CMrecHS eee cea seterdnee C, Lutheran H (Moline, ae Africa... 
 Maltby, Christine May........... v9 Kansas Wesleyan U............. Mexico.. 
 Mayer, Philip Frederick.......... v Ohio Wesleyan U, Carnegie Tech., 
 
 ete State N, Northwestern U t 
 
 2:6 Wray aa aiech eed 2 ently AP Malaysia. . 
 
 Mayer, Emily Powell (Mrs. P. F.) Ceti Trs, Christ H,' Ohio f 
 
 Wreslesantll occa iit reese tie Malaysia. . 
 McAlpine, Estelle Benton........ PO Winthrop Conn ii siduivn wade state ents Japane.... 
 MeBride [ra icc. iets e aes vy Western Union C, Biblical T | 
 
 GINSEY aN CI GURY Sra tort ens en IE TICA sve te 
 McBride, Ruth Lowell (Mrs. I. E.) v Western Union Gj). ie ue duusued Africa..... 
 McCall, Joe Wheeler............ ov Flendrix Ciera nic veneiaree ee Hawaii... 
 McCandliss, Dr. Robert John..... v C of Wooster, U of Mich...,..... China..... 
 McCandliss, Tirzah Browning Rob- 
 
 etts (Mrs Ruyter cries fa # Wilson C, Ui of Michi ii) acct ere China sia. 
 McClelland, Lillian L............ D Moody: Trsisac ee hooulclen waite eee Egypt..... 
 tMcClure, Lois Reed............. Westminster Cane uiaciie see cian Egypt..... 
 McConnlee, Earl Collins.......... v Muskingum C, Xenia T, Princeton 
 
 Grades oar rs area gaa Indiath as 
 McConnlee, Anna Margaret Mar- ‘ 
 
 tow. (Mrei'BeiGs)ne wees eee ee. oMuslingumuG hie heccenc ues ser PHdiat ei. 
 tMcCracken, Esther Jane........ v Ohio Wesleyan U, Willamette U.. China..... 
 McGavran, Donald A...../.<...! v Butler C, Yale U T, College of 
 
 Missionsei. ot, ey ences chars Indiatec. 
 McGavran, Mary Howard (Mrs. 
 
 Donaldcal yy ise sone nee ok v Butler College, College of Missions India..... 
 McKeen Parle vane ell @ Tilinois (U tet roe eke weirs tance SVTIA vale ate 
 McLain, Alnia Ree. sce es ieee v Cape Girardeau State, Missouri 
 
 State Ui ee Sew Mrthen emis eine fake raat eyo 
 McLean, Elizabeth Lewis (Mrs. 
 Winfield (Asy oy A eee, v U of Washington...........2.- China ts. 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Methodist Epis., So. 
 Evangelical Ch., Women’s 
 National Holiness Assn. 
 Brethren, Dunker 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 
 Baptist (South) 
 Evangelical Church 
 Lutheran, United 
 Christian, United 
 
 Churches of God, Gen. Eld. 
 Churches of God, Gen. Eld. 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist, Free 
 
 Methodist, Free 
 American Board 
 
 . Christian, United 
 
 China Inland 
 Mills School 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 “Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 . Presby. (North) Home 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Deechwberinn! Canada 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Lutheran, United 
 
 . Methodist Epis., South 
 
 American Board 
 Lutheran Augustana 
 Lutheran Augustana 
 
 . Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 
 Sudan United Miss. 
 Sudan United Miss. 
 
 . Mid-Pacific Inst. 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Presbyterian (Norch) 
 Presby., United, Woman's 
 Presbyterian, United 
 Presbyterian, United 
 
 Presbyterian, United 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Christian, United 
 
 Christian, United 
 American U., Beirut 
 
 Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 American Board 
 
 
 
SAILED LIST—IQ23 
 
 531 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIe_p 
 
 McMann, Mary Ethel..... Mitte ald WCDICACON LES cone esl shate mini acy yeaa atelels Africa..... 
 Maxwell, Emily Atwater......... v Miss. and Deaconess Trs (Toronto) India..... 
 Meloy, Sarah Brownlee... ...... Pie Monmott hs Cusine mee aicisteis crete ts VD eeiacre 
 Menzies, Jean McClure......... . » Toronto General H, Canadian Trs China..... 
 Metsker, Katherine.............. » Chicago Trs, Simpson Og A ule pinanicialy ji 
 Miller, Edmund Fred............ Missouri U, » Westminster C....... Africa..... 
 Miskimen, Mildred Althea........ v Muskingum nr HA ata tala reven stats Indiaiy ia. 
 Moerdyk, ‘Dr. William Jean sass sie Hope C, 7 U of Mich. M.......... Arabia 
 Moerdyk, Cornelia Leenhuts (Mrs. \ 
 
 1 Ecad E PRU BONE NUN th SP ELODE Co csloa dirk bretbery bere raveveletaes Arabia 
 *Moomaw, DSW vtereds meee noteret rene v Manchester C, Ohio State U...... lgotaet: une 
 *Moomaw, Mabel Winger (Mrs. 
 
 TEN Oa sue EOE Tein Uh) we RE ai v Manchester C, Ohio State U Grad India..... 
 Moore, Addison Strong........-.. y Maryville C, U of Ill............5 Persia..... 
 Moreland, STA ATID aoe eeeeeie uate v Greenville C. Long Island H...... ATrica Wes 
 Morton, Bruce Willson. Want Oke Beg Ontario Agrl. rae v Toronto Bible C.. Porto Rico 
 Woss Lomas Reane lok oda olen v Bede Ue AN) Us Cre India 6 
 Mostrom\) Rachel sah seek o's os Mass. N, 9 aren adcs Trs, Teach- 
 
 ers ay (N. Y Cy OS ML Dear MARS Ching cod 
 Mow, Baxter Merrill............. vU of Idaho, U of Oxford (Eng.), 
 Bethany Les vioes sae cease ees Esidiaye Seis 
 Mow, Anna Beahm (Mrs. B. M.).. Elizabethtown C, Hebron S, Man- 
 chester C, vy Bethany Trs........ Tndiaiy. fst 
 Murphy, Ruth Lucille............ ; Ps ah Trs (Nyack), » Toronto h 
 Bie banahsral es le lalsie, SU dhasley ola, tus ueeveLsiare masa 
 Murray, Dr. Everett E........... Soushwestenn C, vU of Chicago, 
 ISIE NAAR iere c aterR aN ae te aN Chinas 3! 
 Nelson, Mary..... SS ma aouneie te EAs red ODE af pM De A os LS SA MUA Sia yA Ching! ily. 
 N ewberry, Mary Ona. calsletaions + i Wy ea tOry Cares eeln ata ei stem elendiel ates S. Amer. 
 Nichoson, Dr. Hope H............ v Mich. State N, U of Mich. and M, 
 
 i Col Missions Wulnioniy Wale nete Tndiatiys 
 Nilsen, Freda Rebekka..... Maser P SUMOISE OMe diy cy au caselibretelraie China ek) 
 Norwood, Evan Wilkins.......... v Wake Forest, U of N. C., U of Wis. China..... 
 Nourse, Viola May...... ... 2 Moody Trs, Minneapolis Be Be pk nikOb Es) NHR A 
 Null, Miriam Ellen...... ... Western Ill. N, » U of Illinois...... Chinas... 
 Nygaard, Norman Eugene..... ... v Macalester GC; U of Montpelier 
 
 (France), Presby. T, U of Omaha 
 Gerad see sain ava Cal evcratalsvaiietere wietacela Amer... 
 
 DEA eed Florence Johnson ines 
 
 MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman's 
 Presbyterian, Canada 
 Pres., United, Woman's 
 Pres., Canada, Women’s 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Presbyterian, United 
 Methodist Prot., Wom. 
 
 . Reformed in America 
 
 . Reformed in America 
 
 Brethren, Church of 
 Brethren, Church of 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Methodist, Free 
 
 Christian Church 
 Methodist Epis., Women’s 
 Friends, Ohio 
 
 Brethren (Dunker) 
 
 Brethren (Dunker) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Lutheran, Norwegian 
 
 . Chr. and Miss, Alliance 
 
 
 
 Obenchain, Cora E.......... SA ee Gry C, v Nat’l Kind. and 
 Cr Virdee tale hues acelaate 
 Ohl, Irma Regina.......... «+... 0 Heidelberg U 
 Oldfather, Jeanette......... Piste ONCOTNe le CBI en cease aitleter sraltsiere 
 Olney, Charles Edward.......... . Boston U, v9 Denison U......... nail iiabe bre Naya yu 
 Olney Elva Caul (Mrs, C. EB.) o ioc), a Denison. Wiehe. seid ciebieueienotete « Ay a Gos breve eaN 
 (Off over ast) bropt: Wis Foes ty 7 bree Rib an NR 2 Cornell Ui alimisietatelgra etalod erelaret Tadia ul 
 Patterson, Prederick) (yes et oss v Muskingum C, Pittsburgh T...... India..... 
 Patterson, Grace McGranahan : 
 CMTSaE Cae tos cmeic dels O50 5:5 D Mags IN SNC Sera leihialelovsferte ls iinfaiels India fs 
 Patterson, Craig Houston......... yi Waehington and Lee U, Union T a 
 JAC ppe NL CURNaNe apelesuuutelece talc Mags 
 Patilirvitvaten cteinaie ates sicvciss Sale vU of Cal., San Francisco T....... S. Amer 
 Paul, | prethenine Manny (Mrs. 
 ELVIN) thtase cts oles ehuiciens cletel e's o's 6 v U of Cal., San Francisco T....... S. Amer... 
 Paul, pee EVSNS ike, UF eae a Spring Garden Inst., » National Trs 
 CP bay yee ate ate clenersta aidiela: op eai Africa ..s.5 
 Paustian, Paul William........... Central Wesleyan C, Columbia U, \ 
 DDO Wy res ne eat ataiere oe ald ieaishs TA relies) 
 Pease, Wilma Elizabeth.......... Oiny His Biblical mein eaves Persia..... 
 Peavy, Annie Rosalind.......... . Atlanta Kind. N, wv Teachers C 
 CN LAY: CC.) 7, SCATTILGI ETS cin thie ene Japan..... 
 Pennepacker, Elma Keen...... ... Bellevue H, » Teachers C (N. Y. C.) Chal states 
 Peters, Eunice Louise........... . New Brunswick Prov. N, v Metho- i 
 dist Trs (Toronto)..... AVG Arner Pee China : 
 Peterson, Charles Fowler...... tee Met. Union CrDrew Eb. necks. RO HINAY a ieres 
 PetersoniEedith.. ccc cue fae Northwestern Trs, Moody Trs..... S. Amer 
 Peterson, Raymond Arthur. ... 2). Butler C, v College of Missions..... Ching ass 
 Peterson, Georgia Fillmore (Mrs. 
 
 As) tlaetinna asta nuaerele Beale cul Es aGlerm GC; 8 CrOL MISSIONS «ici 5 1 aa) 51 China..... 
 Plummer, J ames Carl.........., . v Ohio Wesleyan U, Boston Ur. 2.) Ching...) 
 Porter, Bessie Jane...... alsteseralve) COO RS Washington U and » Grad. ME SOULS aicielela's 
 Porter, Rupert Howard.......... 9 lowa State C...... eee seen ee China..... 
 Potthoff, Edna Margarite........ . Baptist H, » Scarritt Trs.......... Mexico... 
 Pryor, Roy Jay....e.ssees, LlII) Northwestern U, » Leland Stanford 
 
 Wana Grane sine ocinta seuss sieie Ching vcs 
 Pryor, Helen Brenton (Mrs. Roy J.) » U of Oreenn, U of Minnesota M.. China..... 
 Rambo, Dr. Victor Plough........ Fairmount C, v U of Pennsylvania M Philippines 
 Rambo, Louise Birch (Mrs. V. =) DW LBOMM aM OS Mreinepaiece d toad elete te age Philippines 
 Rankin, Manley Whitfield....... v Wake Forest C............ Ti teraveth aa te HE Boas 
 Rasmussen, Carb Petertaons acanns v Concordia C, Lutheran T (Minn.). Africa.... 
 Rasmussen, Valborg Hansen (Mrs. 
 
 NE SOY ie ie CHE ..... Deaconess H'(Minn.)............. Africa. 
 
 Reed, Glenn Patterson.......... . v Westminster C, Princeton T...... Africa..... 
 
 Christian, United 
 Lutheran, Norwegian 
 Baptist (Southern) 
 Pres., United, Women’s 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 . Presbyterian (North) 
 ... Baptist (No.) Home Woman’s 
 
 Reformed 
 
 Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 Baptist (Northern) 
 Baptist (Northern 
 
 Un. Med. Sch. India 
 Presbyterian, United 
 
 Presbyterian, United 
 Presbyterian (South) 
 
 ... Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Africa Inland Miss. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 Methodist Epis., So. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Methodist, Canada, Wom. 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 ... Scandinavian Alliance 
 
 Christian United 
 
 Christian United 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 Presbyterian (North) 
 
 . Methodist Epis., So. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Christian, United 
 Christian, United 
 Baptist (Southern) 
 
 . Lutheran, Norwegian 
 
 . Lutheran, Norwegian 
 Presbyterian, United 
 

 
 i ee 
 
 . 
 532 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS ’ 
 ; 
 ' 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Reifsneider, Ida Mviaee eh us cules @ Mood yicl rs tetanic ae feisen ets is Africa... .. Presbyterian (North) 
 Reifsneider, Marian H........... Ursinus'C,’ Baptadrs, toe o scene Burma.... Baptist (North) Wom. 4 
 Richardson, Robert Price......... Southwestern Presby. U, Union T i 
 Via) ee Fe ate tarate eens eer aoe Chinas. Presbyterian (South) 5 
 Richardson, Agnes Rowland (Mrs. Augusta Tchrs. Trng. S, Shorter C, 
 RiP. ae eke cee ee See ee eae oAssembly’siclrs ens serie China: : se. Presbyterian (South) ; 
 Richter, Robert W.............. eo. Haron! Cure AU iin ccna e alban neers Persia sins Presbyterian (North) 4 
 Riggs, Sarah Randle POmith Gans seats pane eee ee Turkey.... American Board . 
 Rings Emelina Joe eee Gustavus Adolphus C, » Lutheran k ; 
 rs 1 Minn 2) ee eae oe ete iene China..... Lutheran Augustana 
 Ritter, Richard Henry........... Princeton U, v Hartford T......... China; .2.¢ Presbyterian (North) 
 Robb, Elizabeth Alice............ Cooper C, » Geneva C, Biblical T 
 CN Xs Coe ae ae eae Breen eat China .c. ae Presbyterian, Ref. 
 Robbins; ‘Stellas co essseeaens es Park C, 9 Blackburn C.. 0.3.2 e.0. Alaska... Whe etal (North) Woman's 
 ome : f 
 *Rodgers, Hazel Greta........... Mich. State N, » Wesleyan Metho- a 
 Gist Tre ewe jee cee cetera Endias sel ce Methodist, Wesleyan 
 Root, Elmer Stephenie cee iol sks U of Wash., Seattle-Pacific C...... Andiay ysl Methodist, Free : 
 Root, Loretta Pettengil (Mrs. E.S.) » Seattle-Pacife Ci itive antes Indias’... Methodist, Free q 
 Ross) Isabella yes ee ee eels Russell Sage C, v Biblical T (N.Y.C.) Tdi i AI es Presbyterian (North) | 
 Rowland, Mittie Elston.......... George Washington U, Teachers C ' 
 LO oy: Co Baler aA an ON CLA bye vere Gah upAh ae Lema Methodist Epis., So. 
 Rumbough, Constance H......... v State Female N (Va.), Scarritt Trs Manchuria Methodist Epis., So. } 
 Rush) HilenvS ce uie tes eves ee oles 9 Ehuntington Cuneta een Attica sco: United Breth., Old Const. 
 saller, Randolph i Gait sianieiaclaaleies v A reinare U, Columbia U T, Union ; 
 UC Wraith 5 era to ccerclameetar Mer iege China..... Presbyterian (North) F 
 Sample, Blanche Cecile........... v Westone CABiblical¥ Dak stent eee Indias); Presbyterian (North) 
 Sanderson; Edith nent eens 9 Uiof Califordia ) Sys iu ced ane Turkey.... American Board ; 
 Scheriehy Rillal yy essa ae v Kennedy Trs, Hastings C........ China 2.3. Methodist Epis., Woman's i 
 fSchlegel, Frederick N............ 2 Ureinus Coenen oa aer eee Egypt..... Amer. Univ. at Cairo 
 Schultz, Mabel Sarah............ v Moody Trs, West Suburban H : 
 \ (0) 28 Oil eth gl“ DORN NH aie ae Philippines Presbyterian (North) 
 Scribner Mleanon Oy. ciate Lallnisours Montclair State N, w Biblical T } 
 { ; (EN IOUB AERO FADIA A Mie aie Ate LTT OMSS, 2 AT Eanes Presbyterian (North) 
 Serrill, Marie Elizabeth.......... v Drake U, Wesley Mem. H (Chi- 
 cago), C ‘of Missions............ Philippines Christian, United 
 Shaffer, Roy Ellsworth........... Huntington Cee Moody irsinee ce BETICA A ferels Africa Inland 
 Shaffer, Ruth H. Thiers (Mrs. : 
 Ray BS ae ce ate lah epaloias tatiana fie Wichita C of Music, » Moody Trs.. Africa:.... Africa Inland _ 
 Shier! DriiCyril) Wises cenienicienss oe U of Calif., San Francisco H....... China 2.03: Protestant Episcopal 
 Shivers, Marian Esther.......... Bucknell U, Columbia U Grad, \ 
 Hartford siete ace mene oe Burma.... Baptist (No.) Woman's 
 Shurtleff, Malcolm C............. ‘v Dakota Wesleyan U, Brown U, U i i 
 of) Minn ‘Grad i ec eiticeen ice S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 Shurtleff, Florence L. Jewell (Mrs. ; 
 M. C. ) ate ees a nemaudiel Mie rane ph es Brown U,vU of Minn............ S. Amer... Methodist Episcopal 
 SiddallPAS Claimaeceer acne tl. y Otterbein C, Western Reserve M.. China..... United Brethren 
 Sikes, Walter Elmer...........-. v Denver U, Union T, Hanover T, : ’ 
 Oxford Ui \(Eng:)\7 es ee eee India spect Methodist Episcopal 
 Silva, Bllis Locketimecureneniees # Seattle-Paciie\Ceginisens .nmeins China.,s.. Methodist, Free 
 SmithwAlbert Rayne anc ease Manchester C, v Bethany Trs...... China vasa Brethren (Dunker) 
 Smith, Verona Kreider (Mrs. A. R.) Manchester C, v Bethany Trs...... Chinas 79%. Brethren (Dunker) 
 Smith, Elizabeth Rosina.......... Pittsburgh U, v Baptist Trs (Phila.) ove baer Presbyterian, United 
 Smith, Essie Elizabeth........... y Lander Cea ae uN Ans dade Chinats. Baptist (Southern) 
 Smith, Robert Benjamin.......... v U of Virginia, ay rath oi (Ky.).. S. Amer... Presbyterian (South) 
 Smith, Wesley Oliver............ Los angeles Free Meth. T, v Green- 
 Ville Ch aie ie ae are Ne Se W. Indies.. Methodist, Free 
 Smith, Alice E. Mills (Mrs. W. O.) » Greenville C.................05- W. Indies.. Methodist, Free 
 shell, Beryl Msther: worse setae U of Redlands, Berkeley Trs....... Burma.... Amer. Baptist, Woman's 
 Sorg,; Herman Davidicnteh snes ce v New York U, »v Northern Baptist T é i 
 (Chicago) Uae Lares ete cee TaTG14 Micusesre Baptist (Northern) 
 Sorg, Erna Brueckmann (Mrs. 
 HD) Pee a Seiten ones v Kansas State U, No. Baptist T... India..... Baptist (Northern) 
 Stagg, Samuel Wells............. v U of So. California...........-.. esate Methodist Episcopal 
 Staton, Albert Hammond......... v Georgia Tech and aaee nee Sate S. Amer... Methodist Epis., So. 
 Stevenson, Marion len ine conse ee U of Pennsylvania, Y. W. C. A. Trs S. Amer... Y. W.C.A. 
 Stober, Buena Rose.............. v Phillips U and H, C ‘of Missions... Africa..... Christian, United + 
 Stowe, Everett McKinley........ v Ohio U, Boston Oop enn eae? China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Stowe, Lulu Elizabeth C......... @ ODIGIU LS ei lel tala eyes ans eee China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 Streiter, Gertrude Emily.......... UvotsNebraska (iilitel woateanke eae Idiaciwe. Lutheran, Evan., Mo. 
 Strube; Marthastes esc eesn tee v Wheelock Kind. Trng SVMaseense Presbyterian (North) 
 Sutton, James Edward........... Colorado C, Havertord C, Y.M.C.A. ; 
 Tine Uetion Tantus re tert Palestine.. Friends, American 
 Sutton, Willard James........... v Alfred U, U of Pittsburgh Grad... China..... Fukien Chris. Univ. ‘ 
 Sutton, Ellen C. Holmes (Mrs. 
 WAT) icine ha Meee, Pa sree § ORLY v Alfred U, Women’s M Penna... China..... Fukien Chris. Univ. 
 Swain, James Obed. i... 200d. ua! Central N C, v Ind. U.. ..... Cen. Am... Methodist Episcopal 
 Swanson, Carl Gottirid mene. 9 Bethel Cand Tylor, S. Amer... oe Miss. Un. of Kansas 
 Taylor, Norman Wylde.......... t. John’s C, »v Moody Trs, Xenia T Mexico.... Presby teria (North) 
 Taylor, Geraldine Bye evs N. W.) Jeo ratte Cons. Music, Moody 
 Mba a ACERT ROL C crane? Bate tats Mexico.... Presbyterian (North) 
 
 
 
SAILED LIST—IQ23 533 
 —_—e—s—s—sssSsSsSsSsSsSsSsSsSSSSaSS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME INSTITUTIONS FIELD MISSIONARY AGENCY 
 Thompson, Gladys Rosebell....... a Middiebury: Cute wien ise Mexico.... American Board 
 Trimble, Martha Newell.......... 9 Kentucky Wesleyan C........... ALTICR spe! Christian, United 
 _ Tromans, Nellie Evelyn.......... v Los Angeles Trs, Muskingum C... India... .. Pres. United. Women’s 
 eto ort, Audies Bertha con Wane ere NM uN trunk to, Korea..... Methodist Epis., So. 
 Tumlin, Sarah Mozelle........... v Wesleyan C, Scarritt Trs......... Japan..... Methodist Epis., So. 
 Tylee, Arthur Francis............ Amherst C, Harvard U,» Moody Trs S. Amer... Inland South America 
 Urban, Carl Benard ;............ viLos:AngelesTrs Ui a Pe Africa..... Africa Inland 
 {Van Zanten, Charles............ prope Coon uu tate betas lea staan era le Smyrna... International College 
 Vickerson, Lemuel Neil...... v Ontario Agrl. C, Prince of Wales.. S. Amer... Baptist, Canadian 
 Winig, Grace Mary; J. ..c60.6.... v Oberlin C, Teachers C (N. Y. C.), 
 é : Union mit 7 (eas |e er Ceylon.... American Board 
 Wagener, Julia Maria............. P:PomonalG Tybee cay Lane iT ELD Mexico.... American Board 
 Wahl, Lillian Elizabeth........... Ark. State N, » Scarritt Trs........ Manchuria Methodist Epis., So. 
 Walters, Dr. Ota Gertrude........ Fairmont State N, » West Virginia 
 f U,, Uvot Cincinnati Man seu China..... Yale in China 
 Ward, Helen Beatrice............ Northfield S, v Boston City H...... China..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Ward, Martha Edna. ete aaa tes eos Angeles ‘Tra iar Gy ie aang hai Rndiaey ths: Presbyterian, United 
 Ware, Warren Nathaniel......... v Montrose C, Millsaps C.......... Africa’); Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 ‘Warner, Viola Mae...... BereeraL Brown U, v Gordon Bible C........ S. Amer... Presbyterian (North) 
 Watson, Inez C. Tornquist (Mrs. U of Calif., Pacific Trs, San Fran- 
 POUNUAL) eins ci), a cle wie, ais lsin » GISCOV TE icles a ele sala pha aa Persiae.s «i Presbyterian (North) 
 Webster, Marjorie G............. S Toronto yi ele aie ne MON De OYyria denies American Univ. of Beirut 
 Wellman, Coe Rushford...:......., vU of So. Calif., Boston U T...... Mexico.... Methodist Episcopal 
 Wellman, Mary E. Turner (Mrs. 
 ASH) ere ere eee nee a Siar cit v U of Southern California......... Mexico.... Methodist Episcopal 
 BV OMS; CrTACe Ue asi aha) lve ciwicltte Winthrop C, » Baptist Trs (Louis- 
 j : Willer Kova) Nampa tered ty ar aR) Africa. .... Baptist (Southern) 
 Welsh, Emeline Lavina........... Northern Ill. State N, » Western 
 Union (Ciena nea Oe SUNN lian Chinas 32. Evangelical Church 
 Wentworth, Harold A............ TMoodya Drawn ue es ciate emu at Africa... Africa Inland Mission 
 Wentworth, Doris Bater (Mrs. H. 
 AC) regret e ee Meee ae can a rdbethct D Moody ti rswwiisce euch chine ‘Africa’ nine Africa Inland Mission 
 Westmaas, Adam John........... Hope C, v Western T (Mich.)...... China we Reformed in America 
 | Whaley, Myrtle Ellen............ Drake U, v C of Missions.......... Africa..... Christian, United 
 Whitaker, William ye tries see U of California, v Oregon Agrl. C... India... .. Baptist (Northern) 
 Whitaker, Lois Payne (Mrs. W. C.) » Oregon 7-\ 99 Dk OL eS ar RNIB Hy India $y.)): Baptist (Northern) 
 itcomb, Jane Caroline......... v Baldwin Wallace C.............. Traian tu! Methodist Epis., Woman’s 
 White, Bonner Dale... ..::....... Erskine C, Xenia T, v Princeton T 
 ; Gracie NN Cee MEAN sD ei Tndialeyy Presbyterian, Assoc. Ref, 
 White, Janet Ballentyne (Mrs. ; 
 im Bonner Dale) ioc. ose. sascie v Muskingum C, Biblical T (N.Y.C.) India..... Presbyterian, Assoc. Ref. 
 Whitnum, Katherine Louise...... Fort Hays N, v Dennison U, Kansas 
 City Ty Baptist Prete sie Capa. American Baptist, Home 
 Whittier, Chester Eugene......... vU of Minn., McCormick T....... Africa. eit) Presbyterian (North) 
 Whittier, Stella G. McKown (Mrs. h 
 [CAN OB ACNE \In Bevan v U of Minnesota, U of Chicago.... Africa..... Presbyterian (North) 
 Wiant, Bliss Mitchell............ vOhio Wesleyan U, Boston U T, 
 A New Eng. Cons. Music.......... China..... Methodist Episcopal 
 | Wiant, Mildred Artz (Mrs. Bliss M.) » Ohio Wesleyan U................ China ii. Methodist Episcopal 
 Wierenga, Cornelius Richard.. ope C, v Western T and Grad.... India..... Reformed in America 
 Wierenga, Ella Kieft (Mrs. C. R.) 9 Mood ysis syne ia Gis SiN 4 Hs india ye, Reformed in America 
 Wilder, Grace Helene............ v Barnard C, Mt. Holyoke C....... China..... China Inland 
 Malis Ruby. Loisseio. tc) soe. Di Trinity Uy HAY ELON ORE W. Indies.. Pres. (North) Home 
 Maison.) Maye Pilar als eigen o Oklahoma U, U of Colorado, U of f 
 California, So., » C of Missions... Mexico.... Christian, United 
 Wilson, Margaret N,............ 9 Par ic Cay uel Ate Wn UMM TIRE Nadia wee AW GaAs 
 ‘Wilson, Opal Hendrick (Mrs. T. ' h 
 AGA eh 4h ea UE ge v Eugene Bible, Moody Trs........ S. Amer... Bolivian Indian 
 Wingfield, Bettie Jane............ P Holling Carey ai pia eee ane nitia sacle Methodist Episcopal, So. 
 | Winsor, Amy Adaline............ PiWheatoniO hee rms eh Pils Africa. ... Africa Inland 
 Witmer, Safara Austin........... Bible Trs (Ft. Wayne, Ind.), » Tay- I ' 
 ; lors ee eR OLE) 8 1) 2 hen, Chinateaus Chris. and Miss. Alliance 
 Broil, Petronella. waits... 9 Moodyitretisn ts ae Uae vial etic Africa..... Plymouth Brethren 
 'Vomeldorf, George R............. v Washington and Lee U, Union T ; 
 : i (Vids) Ch vera SR Ae A Silt Chingar ier Presbyterian (South) 
 Vomeldorf, Mary Goetchius (Mrs. ; 
 mmcreorge R.)ua.ascnes bc eeet . MShorten. Caneel a lod Lchatan ae China..... Presbyterian (South) 
 Wood, Edna Frances............ v Smith C, Columbia U Grad...... China..... Gingling College 
 '\Voods, Mary Barclay............ v Randolph-Macon Women’s C, As- h : 
 : : SeMbivsSeiTe sts Gilani an China..... Presbyterian (South) 
 ‘Worth, Grace McAlpine (Mrs. } 
 BCDATICN Wis aMeh Gen octal. v Winthrop C, Cornell C.......... Chinasss Presbyterian (South) 
 Vright, Latham Ephriam........ v Arkansas Cumberland C......... S. Amer... Presbyterian (North) 
 Vright, Maggie Belle Miller...... v Arkansas Cumberland C......... S. Amer... Presbyterian (North) 
 fates, Dr. Theodore M.......... v U of Georgia and M............. China.,... Presbyterian (North) 
 wemer, Theodore F............. v Hope C, New Brunswick T, Western 
 T (Mich.), Teachers C (N. Y. C.) India..... Reformed in America 
 
 ‘wemer, Sara Anna Winter (Mrs. 
 
 Mneodore Hy) en Pile wos acis.. wi ope; Casneantien wena neits ia tacers: Indiaimens Reformed in America 
 
SUMMARY OF SAILED VOLUNTEERS WITH 
 FIELDS TO'\WHICH: THEY HAVE: GONE 
 
 Atrica ty, : : t § b : . 4 : men ak ots 
 Arabia . ; . . . i y ; { ; oe 36 
 Central America . : : ; : : 3 i , 89 
 China . ; ' ! : ; : : ‘ ; va STO 
 Europe . ‘ , : : é ‘ ‘ : : ‘ 55 
 India and Ceylon . : § s : : ; ‘ . 1,989 
 Japan and Korea . ( v : : : ; ; Ph is heb 
 Mexico . ; ; \ : . : : y . ‘ 262 
 Oceania . ; : x : ; : : : ‘ 4 gl 
 Persia’). ; , ? : ‘ ‘ é , re bie 110 
 Philippines. E ‘ : : ; ; : : : 256 
 Siam and Straits Settlements . : : , é : : 188 
 
 South America . , ; : é ; - : ‘ 770 
 West Indies . : ‘ A : : 4 ; , : 278 
 Western Asia (except Arabia, Persia) . b , f : 333 
 
 Other Countries . : ¢ , : ; : , } 298 
 
 
 
 Total Number of Sailed Volunteers . : ; ‘ . 10,309 
 
HONOR ROLL 
 
 The names of ‘‘Sailed” student volunteers whose death during the past four years has been reported to the 
 Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME 
 
 Akerson, Mr. Leroy L. 
 Anderson, Rev. A. 
 Andrews, Mrs. H. E. V. 
 Bacon, Mrs. Wallace 
 Bain, A. L. 
 
 Barber, Rev. Harold H. 
 
 Bates, Ruth E. 
 
 Baugh, Edith E. 
 Bennett, Allen Lee 
 Bertch, Pearl 
 
 Bruere, Rev. William B. 
 Burkhalter, Noah 
 
 Bush, Mrs. Raymond L. 
 Cameron, Dr. Marjorie 
 Carter, Dr. Robert W. 
 Chaney, Mr. J. William 
 Clark, Myron A. 
 Cochran, Rev. James B. 
 Correll, Ethel H. 
 Cowden, Rev. E. C. 
 Cunningham, D. O. 
 Dease, Margaret E. 
 
 De Masor, Julia 
 Dowd, W. F. 
 Fitch, Rev. George 
 Frey, Lulu E. 
 
 Delany, Miss E. B. 
 
 Garvin, Rev. James F. 
 Gelwicks, Rev. George L. 
 
 Gish, Ellis P. 
 
 Grinnell, Arthur Lee, M. D. 
 Helde, Mrs. G. G. (nee Tolman) 
 Heminger, Rev. Lon Dallas 
 Hicks, Rev. Walter W. 
 Hoffsommer, Walter E. 
 Holland, Ruth C. 
 
 Hunting, Bernice 
 Hurlburt, Dr. Elizabeth M. 
 Codey Rev. F. N. 
 
 een, Charles S. 
 Kellersberger, Mrs. E. R. 
 
 g, Rev. Lorin H. 
 
 Kunkle, Hannah 
 Kuyper, Jennie M. 
 Lacy, Alice M. 
 
 LeFevre, George N. 
 
 Lethbridge, Sadie 
 
 Lewis, Mrs. G. W. (nee Mary Wolfe) 
 Lindorf, Dr. O. W. 
 
 Lindstrom, Mr, Emil 
 
 Logan, Dr. O. T. 
 
 McGavran, Dr, Mary 
 
 McKee, Mrs. S. C. 
 
 Menzies, Rev. James R., M. D. 
 Minear, Gladys 
 
 Neal, Rev. Carl J. 
 
 Nelson, Rey. C., J. 
 Ogilvie, Rev. Charles L. 
 Parker, Edith 
 
 Pratt, E. Lucille 
 Ramsaur, Rev. William 
 Ramsay, Mrs. Hugh C. 
 Rankin, Rev. Henry 
 Reimert, Rev. William A. 
 Rexrode, Sadie M. 
 
 Richards, Rev. Russell A. 
 Ross, Mrs. Robert M. 
 
 FIELD 
 
 Malaysia 
 Natal 
 
 S. China 
 China 
 Congo 
 Mexico 
 
 India 
 
 Chapra, India 
 Africa 
 
 China 
 
 India 
 
 India 
 
 East Africa 
 India 
 Philippines 
 Chile 
 
 Brazil 
 Kiangan 
 Pe | 
 
 . Africa 
 India 
 India 
 
 Congo Belge 
 Assam, India 
 C. China 
 Korea 
 
 Africa 
 
 Chile 
 
 Hunan, China 
 China 
 Honan, China 
 China 
 
 W. Africa 
 
 No. China 
 
 ess 
 eylon 
 
 Syria 
 
 Congo Belge 
 
 W. Persia 
 
 China 
 
 Africa 
 
 Mexico 
 
 So. China 
 apan 
 
 ‘China 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Honan, China 
 China 
 
 Greece 
 So. China 
 
 39 
 
 SENDING ORGANIZATION 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church 
 
 Scandinavian Independent Baptist Denomination 
 
 China Inland Mission 
 
 United Christian Missionary Society (Disciples) 
 
 American Baptist Foreign Mission Society 
 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions (Congregational) 
 
 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church 
 
 General Council Assemblies of God 
 
 Brethren Church 
 
 United Brethren in Christ 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church 
 
 The General Conference Mennonite Board of Foreign 
 Missions. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church 
 
 Canadian Baptist ‘ 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church 
 
 International Committee of Y. M. C. A. 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Protestant Episcopal Church 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 United Christian Missionary Society (Disciples) i 
 
 Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church 
 
 Africa Inland Mission 
 
 American Baptist Foreign Mission Society 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions I 
 
 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church ! 
 
 National Baptist Convention 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. | 
 
 United Christian Missionary Society (Disciples) 
 
 Free Methodist Church 
 
 International Committee of Y. M. C. A. 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Reformed Church in America 
 
 American Board of Commissioners for 
 sions (Congregational) | Jay 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Africa Inland Mission i ae 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 American Baptist Foreign Mission Society 
 
 Presbyterian Church in U. S. hike 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Reformed Church in America ; 
 
 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church f 
 
 Christian and Missionary Alliance 
 
 Presbyterian Church in Canada t 
 
 American Baptist Foreign Mission Society 
 
 Augustana Synod iva i u 
 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions (Congregational) ._ ‘eh 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions _ 
 
 United Christian Missionary Society (Disciples) 
 
 Presbyterian Board of‘Foreign Missions 
 
 Presbyterian Church in Canada 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church _ r } 
 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions (Congregational) } 
 
 Swedish Ey. Mission Covenant of America 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions _ 
 
 United Christian Missionary Society (Disciples) 
 
 Christian and Missionary Alliance 
 
 Protestant Episcopal Church its! 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 United Presbyterian Church 
 
 Reformed Church inthe U.S. | : 
 
 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church : , ; 
 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions (Congregational) Rea) 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Foreign Mis- 
 
536 
 
 CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AND WORLD PROBLEMS 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAME 
 
 Roys, Dr. Charles K. 
 Russell, Esther A. 
 
 Scott, Mrs. Margaret F. 
 Sharrocks, Dr. A. M. 
 Smith, Rev. Ray C. 
 Spight, Rev. Thomas 
 Starrett, Mrs. Oscar G. 
 Tang, Tlien Joyce 
 
 Taylor, Mrs. W. C. (nee F. M. Hull) 
 Thomas, Hettie A. 
 
 Traub, Rev. Frank M. 
 
 Treman, Rev. Rete Cy 
 
 Trueman, Mrs. G. E. (nee J. C. 
 Hocking) 
 
 Twinem, Paul De Witt 
 
 Walvoord, Anthony 
 
 Warner, Rev. Frank B. 
 
 Watt, Rev. James 
 Wiens, Bernard F. 
 Wilson, Gertrude 
 Winn, Rev. Rodger E. 
 Wood, Mrs. Otho D. 
 Wood, Mrs. W. W. 
 Woodbury, Mrs. N. E. 
 Woodruff, Rev. Lyle D. 
 
 Wright, Rev. Harrison K. 
 
 FIELD 
 
 Shantung, China 
 Mexico 
 
 India 
 Korea 
 No. India 
 Argentina 
 China 
 China 
 
 Mexico 
 Japan 
 
 Africa 
 China 
 
 Japan 
 China 
 
 qePan ! 
 o. China 
 No. India 
 China 
 
 Japan 
 Korea 
 India 
 
 C. Brazil 
 Burma 
 Bulgaria 
 
 C. China 
 
 SENDING ORGANIZATION 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church 
 
 Canadian Baptist 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Southern Baptist Convention 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church 
 
 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church 
 
 International Committee of Y. M. C. A. 
 
 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church 
 
 United Lutheran Church in America 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church 
 
 International Committee of Y. M. C. A. 
 
 China Union Universities 
 
 Reformed Church in America 
 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions (Congregational) 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Mennonite Brethren of North America - 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
 American Baptist Foreign Mission Society 
 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions (Congregational) 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 
INDEX 
 
41 
 ee ty bie 
 rin Hear Wie 
 
 Heat | 
 
 
 
INDEX 
 
 A 
 
 Achievement, Missionary, values of, 147-156. 
 
 “Africa,” address by J. E. Kwegyir Aggrey, 
 167-177; recognition of American mis- 
 sionary work, 168; unrest in Africa, 168; 
 America’s indebtedness to Africa, 170; 
 contribution of black race, 172; the fel- 
 lowship of races, 174; the opportunity in 
 Africa, 177. 
 Africa, rural evangelism in West, 293-204; 
 educational work in, 336-337, 337-3390- 
 Aggrey, J. E. Kwegyir, address by, 167-177. 
 Agricultural Missions, International Asso- 
 ciation of, 80. 
 
 Agricultural Missions (Report of Forum), 
 by T. S. Donohugh, 353-354. 
 
 Ahlquist, J. A., forum address by, 323-327. 
 
 Amalgamated Clothing Workers, industrial 
 agreements of, g1. 
 
 America, Latin, see Latin America. 
 
 “American Missionaries in Japanese City 
 Churches,” forum address by K. Hatan- 
 aka, 310-3113, description of work of 
 church in Kyota, 310-311; opportunities 
 for social service work, 311. 
 
 “And into the West they came with a 
 dream child of the East,’? poem, quoted, 
 
 177. 
 Anderson, Elam J., forum address by, 354- 
 
 357 
 
 Apologetic and Inspirational Addresses by 
 Canon S. Woods, see under ‘‘What 
 Do We Believe, etc.’ 
 
 Arabia, evangelism in the villages of, de- 
 scribed, 286-288. 
 
 Armaments, Conference on Limitation of 
 Naval, 108-110; effect on Japan, 198. 
 
 Atlantic Monthly, mentioned, 153. 
 
 B P 
 
 Baghdad, Evangelism in, described, 297- 
 
 300. 
 
 ' Baker, Miss Mary J., address by, 409-411. 
 
 Balfour, Lord, English statesman, men- 
 tioned, 53. 
 
 Barry, F. R., quoted, 37-42. 
 
 “Be Still and Know that I am God,” ad- 
 dress by Rev. G. A. Studdert Kennedy, 
 9-16; Pilgrim’s Progress, quoted, 9; world 
 likened thereto, 10; Christ, the great 
 light, 12; religion essential to rational 
 life, 14. 
 
 Belgium, treatment of, by Germany, cited, 
 
 107. 
 
 Bell, Miss Edith Mae, forum address by 
 337-339- 
 
 Berge, Wendell, address by, 257-259. 
 
 Bevan, Edwyn, quoted, 42. 
 
 Bible Societies, The, forum address by W. B. 
 Cooper, 364. y 
 
 Bible Training School, The Catherine S. 
 Harwood, described, 302. 
 
 539 
 
 Bible, translations of, by William Carey, 
 mentioned, 140. 
 
 Bilkert, H. A., forum address by, 297-300. 
 
 Birge, J. Kingsley, address by, 212-218. 
 
 Birkenhead, Lord, mentioned, 40, 132. 
 
 Blanko, P. M., address by, 251-253. 
 
 Blanshard, Paul, address by, 87-93. 
 
 Bowles, Mrs. Gilbert, forum address by, 
 307-308. 
 
 “Boy Scouts in India,” forum address by 
 Ray E. Rice, 375-376. 
 
 British Colonies, Africa, unrest in, 169. 
 
 British mandate of Turkey, treaty under, 
 mentioned, 297. 
 
 Brooks, Phillips, mentioned, 67. 
 “Brotherhood, Racial Relations and Chris- 
 tian,’’ addresses, 93-99; 99-102}; 102-105. 
 Bryan, A. R., forum address by, 281-284. 
 
 Buck, Oscar, forum address by, 331-333. 
 
 Buddhism, in India, 196. 
 
 Budget of Student Volunteer Movement for 
 1923-24, 77. 
 
 Bulletin, The Student Volunteer Movement, 
 evaluated, 75. 
 
 Burton, Margaret, Miss, summary of forum 
 conducted by, 341-344. 
 
 Business, opportunities for Christian serv- 
 ice abroad in, 376-377. 
 
 C 
 
 Cairns, David, quoted, 46. 
 
 Campbell, E. Fay, address by, 265-268. 
 
 Canada and United States, mutual good 
 will of, 112. 
 
 Canada, Student Christian Movement of, 
 75-76. 
 
 Candidate secretaries of Student Volunteer 
 Movement, work of, described, 72. 
 
 Carey, William, missionary pioneer, char- 
 acterized, 138-140. 
 
 Carter, E. C., summary of forum discus- 
 sion by, 376-377. . 
 
 Catholicism, Roman, in Europe, 
 Latin America, 206-2009. 
 
 Chanda-varkar, Sir Marayan, of Bombay, 
 
 160; in 
 
 quoted, 143. 
 Chang, L. K., address by, Pamnee 
 Cheng, Andrew, forum address by, 352- 
 
 333- 
 
 Cheng, C. Y., address by, 178-190. 
 
 “China,” address by Dr. C. Y. Cheng, 178- 
 190; present political chaos, 178; develop- 
 ment of public opinion, 179; passion for 
 learning, 180; industrial development, 181; 
 Renaissance Movement, 181; religious de- 
 velopments, 182; development of native 
 Christian church, 182; home missionary 
 movement, 183; spirit of unity, 184; study 
 of Christianity, 185; problem of leader- 
 ship, 186; type of missionaries needed, 
 187; missionary support in America, 188; 
 Chinese students in America, 189; the 
 opportunity before China, 190. 
 
540 INDEX 
 
 China: Student Volunteer Movement of, 
 mentioned, 72; international agreements 
 regarding, 108; 111; social and intellec- 
 tual unrest in, 116; industrial conditions 
 in, 116-117; participation of, in Japanese 
 relief, 201; rural evangelism in, de- 
 scribed, 284-286; opportunities for evange- 
 listic tours in, 288-289; work among 
 women in rural districts of, 289-292; Bible 
 training classes for women in, described, 
 292-293; Junior Sunday Schools in, de- 
 scribed, 294-295; missionary co-operation 
 in rural fields of, 295; work of women 
 students in evangelization of, described, 
 301-303; medical work among women in, 
 308-310; elementary education in, 337; sec- 
 ondary education in, 340; higher educa- 
 tion in, 341-342; girls’ college work in, 
 343-346; teaching specialties needed in, 
 348; teaching specific subjects in East, 
 349-350; the community church as a 
 Christian social agency in, 373-375; sig- 
 nificance of Christ to, 399-401. 
 
 China for Christ Movement, mentioned, 183. 
 
 Christ: fellowship with, essential to finest 
 personal life, 2; the light of the world, 
 12; the supreme revelation of God, 22; 
 historicity of, 25; attributes of God found 
 in, 26-29; His revelation of salvation and 
 forgiveness, 31-34; His teachings of the 
 Kingdom, 35-40; the source of power, 42- 
 46; attitude of, toward labor conditions, 
 90; toward racial relations, 95; 101; 103; 
 leader of a constructive spiritual revolu- 
 tion, 124; 125; the world’s only hope of 
 salvation, 135; the great need of Africa, 
 175; influence of teachings in India, 194- 
 196; the influence of, in Japan, 203; need 
 of, in Latin America, 211; effective con- 
 tact with the heart of missionary en- 
 deavor, 222-224; significance of, to India, 
 395-399; significance of, to China, 399- 
 401; significance of, on our campuses, 
 412-417. r 
 
 “Christian Students and Unoccupied Areas 
 in Industry,’’ forum address by W. 
 Hapgood, 377-378. , ‘ 
 
 Christians, number of, in non-Christian 
 lands, 152. 
 
 Church, development of Chinese native, 
 185-186; Chinese characterized, 190; Jap- 
 anese characterized, 199-203; and social 
 service, 370-371. 
 
 Church, the community, as a Christian 
 social. agency in China, 373-375. 
 
 “City Evangelism—Summary of Opening 
 Statement,” in forum by A. L. Warn- 
 shuis, 296-297; similarity of cities of the 
 East and West, 296; the new cities of 
 the East, the ‘“‘cross-fertilization of cul- 
 tures,’ 296; growth of the modern city 
 a test of Christian civilization, 296; a 
 challenge to the youth of America, 296; 
 power of Christ to dominate city life 
 the world over, 297. 
 
 “City Evangelism and Work Among Stu- 
 dents,’ forum address by Henry Smith 
 Leiper, 300-301; five-fold Christian ideal 
 involved, 300; means of contact with 
 students, 300; organized work for and 
 among students, 301. 
 
 “Classes for Women in the Country Field 
 (China),’’ forum address by Miss Mary 
 McClure, 289-292; description of the field 
 covered, 289; outline of work, 290-292. 
 
 Cline, John W., forum address by, 346-347. 
 
 Cobden, British statesman, quoted, 40. 
 
 Collins, George L., prayer by, 130. 
 
 Columbia Conserve Company of Indianapo- 
 lis, referred to, 90. 
 
 “Commitment of Life and How God Leads 
 Men, The,” address by John R. Mott, 
 47-67; significance of convention, 47; in- 
 
 fluence of past conventions, 48; present- 
 day students characterized, 49; Christ’s 
 right to dominate life, 51; Christ the 
 Source of Power, 53; commitment of 
 life involves obedience, 54; surrender, 54; 
 earnestness, 55; endurance, 55; sacrifice, 
 56; enrichment, 57; these qualities typi- 
 fied in Robert Gailey, 58; Arthur Jack- 
 son, 58; Caroline Macdonald, 59; Rans- 
 ford Miller, 59; Grace Coppock, 60; ‘‘Dri” 
 Davis, 60; Paul Nicolai, 61; Henry B. 
 
 Wright, 61; Mott’s personal experience, 
 
 63; influence of the Watchword, 64; God’s 
 leading hindered by sin, 64; by drifting, 
 65; by indecision, 65; by disobedience, 
 66; Christ, the only adequate light of the 
 world, 66. 
 
 Committee on Christian World Education, 
 mentioned, 75. 
 
 “Community Church as a Christian Social 
 Agency in China, The,’’ forum address 
 by A. R. Kepler, 373-374; principles and 
 advantages of the community church. 
 
 Conclusions reached in discussion groups, 
 233-243. A 
 
 “Conditions and Terms of Service in the 
 Young Women’s Christian Association,” 
 forum address by Miss Katherine Aller, 
 
 369. 
 
 Conference, National Christian, in China, 
 mentioned, 83. 
 
 “Confidence Which Past Missionary Achieve- 
 ment Inspires in us for the Future, The,’’ 
 address by Dr. Charles R. Watson, 147- 
 156; missionary enterprise incomplete, and 
 imperfect, 147; has rich values, 147; 
 brings power and vision to all who par- 
 ticipate, 148; stimulates intellectual and 
 social awakenings in non-Christian lands, 
 150; works individual transformations, 
 151; produces organizational development, 
 152; and shows necessity thereof, 153; 
 provides adequate foundation for interna- 
 tional and inter-racial co-operation, 155. 
 
 Consecration, student addresses on; E. Fay 
 Campbell, 265-268; Henry P. Van Dusen, 
 268-273. 
 
 Consular service, 379-386. 
 
 Contacts with non-Christian Cultures, book 
 by Daniel Johnson Fleming, mentioned, 
 
 74. 
 
 Convention, meaning of, on our campuses, 
 412-417. 
 
 “Convention, The Purpose of the,’’ address, 
 I-9. 
 
 Conventions: previous S. V. M., charac- 
 terized, 47-48. 
 
 Coolidge, Mary, authority on Chinese im- 
 migration, cited, roo. 
 
 Cooper, W. B., forum address by, 364. 
 
 “Co-operation of the Medical Missionary 
 with his Fellow Missionaries,’’ forum ad- 
 dress by J. A. Ahlquist, 323-327; reasons 
 for co-operation, 324; requirements, 324; 
 results, 326. 
 
 “Co-operation with Other Workers in Rural 
 Fields,’ forum address by Miss Ella N. 
 Rudy, 295. 
 
 Coppock, Coace’ missionary to China, cha 
 acterized, 60. 
 
 Corbie, F. Eugene, address by, 249-250. 
 
 Cottrell, Leonard S., Jr., address by, 247- 
 
 248. 
 
 Council of North American Student Move- 
 ments, mentioned, 81. 
 
 Council, Student Volunteer, mentioned, 70. 
 
 Countries to which Student Volunteers have 
 gone, 534. 
 
 Country districts, Neglect of, extract from 
 Honan Messenger, 281. 
 
 Court of International Justice, Permanent, 
 mentioned, 109. 
 
 — ee 
 
INDEX 
 
 Cratty Miss Mabel, forum address by, 366- 
 307. 
 
 D 
 
 Dass, Andrew Thakar, address by 395-3900. 
 
 Davis, “Dri,’’ missionary to Turkey, char- 
 acterized, 60-61. 
 
 Davis, W. Ward, forum address by, 370- 
 371. 
 
 Declaration of Independence, 
 scribed, 115. 
 
 Dennis, James S., his work on Christian 
 Missions and Social Progress, cited, 142. 
 
 Dewey, John, cited, 301. 
 
 Diplomatice service, 379-386. 
 
 “Discipleship,” student addresses; E. Fay 
 Campbell, 265-268; Henry P. Van Dusen, 
 268-273. 
 
 Discussion Courses on problems of human 
 relationships, mentioned, 73. 
 
 Discussion groups, characterized, 123. 
 
 “Discussion Groups,” a summary of, by 
 Harrison §S. Elliott and Miss Grace 
 Loucks, 225-243; purpose, 225; leadership, 
 227; method, 228; spirit, 231; conclu- 
 sions: race question, 233; war question, 
 237. 
 
 Discussion group leaders, training of, 227. 
 
 Donohugh, T. S., report of forum discus- 
 sion, by, 353-354. 
 
 Du Bois, W. E. B., quoted, 94. 
 
 E 
 
 Earthquake, recent, in Japan, destruction 
 caused by, 198; crime following, 200; re- 
 lief work, 201-202. 
 
 Ebina, President, Japanese educator, men- 
 tioned, 115; quoted, 144. 
 
 Economic conditions, see geographic areas 
 affected. 
 
 Economic Problems and the Christian Ideal, 
 discussion course, mentioned, 73. 
 
 Eddy, G. Sherwood, quoted, 96; address by, 
 113-129. 
 
 “Elementary Education in Africa,’? forum 
 
 ’ address by Mrs. E. A. Johnston, 336-337. 
 
 “Elementary Education in China,’ forum 
 address, by Miss Bernice M. Wood, 337. 
 
 “Education against War,’’ student address, 
 256-257. 
 
 “Education and Its Importance in the Mis- 
 sionary Enterprise in China,’ forum ad- 
 dress by John W. Cline, 346-347. 
 
 Education in China, 180. 
 
 Education, elementary: in Latin America, 
 331-333; in mission fields today, factors 
 influencing, 333-336; in Africa, 336-337; 
 in China, 337. : 
 
 Education, secondary and higher: for men, 
 339; in China, 340; for women, 341-343; 
 343-346. Mie Ae 
 
 Education, specialized: in the Philippines, 
 348; in China, 348, 349-350; in India, 
 351-352; opportunities for, 352-352. 
 
 Educational Commission, The Africa, men- 
 tioned, 168. 
 
 Educational missions in China, opportunities 
 for, 352-353. ; | 
 
 “Educational Requirements in India,’’? forum 
 address by Ralph D. Wellons, 351-352. 
 
 Educational secretaries of S. V. M., work 
 of, described, 72-73. 
 
 “Educational Work in Africa,” forum ad- 
 dress by Miss Edith Mae Bell, 337-339; 
 organization of girls’ school; educational 
 opportunities. 
 
 Korean, de- 
 
 Elliott, Harrison S. and Miss Grace 
 Loucks, summary of discussion groups 
 by, 225-243. 
 
 Endicott, James G., address by, 406-409. 
 Europe, condition of students in, 163-165; 
 
 541 
 
 disintegration in, 158; economic condi- 
 
 tions in, 158. 
 
 y Moral and Spiritual Conditions 
 in,’ address, 157-163. 
 
 eae and Russia, Students in,” address, 
 163-165. 
 
 “Evangelism in _Baghdad,” forum address 
 by H. A. Bilkert, 297-300; difficulties 
 facing the missionaries in Turkey, 297; 
 distribution of literature, 298; newspaper 
 evangelism contemplated, 299; personal ap- 
 proach, 299; open field in Arabia waiting 
 cultivation, 300. 
 
 “Evangelism in Western India,” forum 
 address by A. R. Bryan, 281-284; descrip- 
 tion of a brief tour. 
 
 Evangelism, newspaper, described, 361-363. 
 
 “Executive Committee of the Student Volun- 
 teer Movement, Report of the,’’ 69-86. 
 
 Exhibit, 428-451; floor plan, 428; descrip- 
 tion, 429-430; text of panels, 431-451. 
 
 F : 
 
 “Factors Influencing Elementary Education 
 in Mission Fields Today, Some,’’ forum 
 address by M. C. Lehman, 333-336; edu- 
 cational policy, 334; necessity of careful 
 thinking, 335. 
 
 Federal Council of the Churches of Christ 
 in America, mentioned, 80. 
 
 Federation of Christian Missions in Japan, 
 mentioned, 311. 
 
 Federation of Women’s Boards of Foreign 
 Missions of North America, mentioned, 
 
 80. 
 Federation, World’s 
 mentioned, 80. 
 Vc baa Miss Marion, forum address by, 
 
 se 
 
 Student Christian, 
 
 368. 
 
 Fisher, Galen, his book, Creative Forces in 
 Japan, cited, 296, 
 
 Fleming, D. J., summary of forum dis- 
 cussion by, 369-370. 
 
 Foreign Missions Conference, 
 8I,)\ 153: 
 
 “Forgiveness, What Do We Believe about 
 Sin and,” address, 30-34. 
 
 Forums, syllabi outlining, 277-280; extracts 
 from addresses delivered at Forums, 281- 
 390. 
 
 France, religious conditions in, 160. 
 
 From Slave to Citizen, book by Dr. Mel- 
 den, cited, 98. 
 
 Fukuzawa, Mr., 
 
 14I. 
 
 mentioned, 
 
 Japanese editor, quoted, 
 
 G 
 
 Gailey, Robert, missionary to China, char- 
 acterized, 58. 
 
 Gandhi, Mahatma, mentioned, 117, 136, 193, 
 quoted, 194. 
 
 German Student Union, Self-Help Bureau, 
 cablegram from, 163. 
 
 Germany, spiritual crisis in, 161; treatment 
 of Belgium by, 107; youth movement of, 
 described, 118. 
 
 “Girls? College Work in China,’’ forum ad- 
 dress, 343-346. 
 
 Gleysteen, William H., forum address by, 
 
 340. 
 
 “God, What Do We Believe about,” ad- 
 dress, 21-30. 
 
 “Government Service Abroad as an Op- 
 portunity for Christian Service,” forum 
 address by Frederic E. Lee, 379-386; 
 
 scarcity of openings, 379; high quali- 
 fications, 380; requirements for diplo- 
 matic service, 382; duties, 384; oppor- 
 
 tunities for Christian service, 384. 
 Grant, Madison, mentioned, 100-103; quoted, 
 101, 
 
542 
 
 Gray, Edward, Lord, quoted, 123. 
 Green, Miss Katharine R., forum address 
 
 by, 294-295. 
 Grifiths, x. McAllister, address by, 254- 
 256. 
 
 Guelph Conference of Canadian students, 
 January, 1921, mentioned, 75. 
 
 H 
 
 Hankey, Donad, quoted, 44. 
 
 Harding, Glenn, address by, 163-165. 
 
 Hapgood, W. P., forum address by, 377- 
 378. 
 
 Harris, Erdman, presiding officer, student 
 session, 245-275. 
 
 Harrison, Paul W., addresses by, 102-105, 
 218-224; prayer by, 244; cited, 314. 
 
 Hatanaka, Hiroshi, address by, 197-203; 
 forum address by, 310-311. i i 
 Hering, Miss Hollis W., librarian, Mis- 
 
 sionary Research Library, mentioned, 75. 
 Hibbert Journal, quoted, 196. 
 Higginbottom, Sam, agricultural mission- 
 
 ary to India, cited, 358. 
 
 Hinduism, caste system, 191; characteris- 
 tics, 192. \ 5 
 Hogg, A. G., his book, Redemption from 
 
 this World, recommended, 39; quoted, 85. 
 
 Home, the Christian, a missionary agency, 
 386-394.) : 
 
 Home Missions Council, mentioned, 80, 81. 
 
 ara Missionary Society, Chinese, growth 
 of, 183. 
 
 Honor Roll, sailed volunteers deceased dur- 
 ing quadrennium, 535-536. 
 
 “How God Leads Men, The Commitment 
 of Life and,” address, 47-67. 
 
 “How Women Students Help in Evange- 
 lism,” forum address by Miss Mary Mc- 
 Clure, 301-303; preparation of students 
 for their work, 301; bearing the mes- 
 sage to the homes of city, 302-303. 
 
 “Human Relationship and Modern Indus- 
 trialism,’’ address by Paul Blanshard, 87- 
 93; American industrialism characterized, 
 87; involves human degradation, 88; 
 causes war, 89; denies human freedom, 
 89; the way out: Rowntree’s program, 
 90; Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 91; 
 British Labor Party, 92; challenge to 
 students and the church, 92. 
 
 Hunter, Allan A., address by, 259-260. 
 
 I 
 
 “T heard the bells on Christmas Day,’ 
 poem, quoted, 146. 
 
 “Tmportance of Elementary Education from 
 the Missionary Standpoint in Latin 
 America, The,” summary of forum by 
 Oscar Buck, 331-333; education as an 
 evangelizing agency, 331; as a moulder 
 of social order, 332. 
 
 “Tndia,’’ address by Yohan Masih, 191-197; 
 India seeking religion, 191; progress of 
 Christianity, 192; need of missions, 193; 
 the new India, 193; influence of Christ, 
 194; method of presentation, 196. 
 
 India, social unrest in, 117; rural evange- 
 
 lism in, 281-284; medical missions in, 
 320-323; 327-330; higher education in, 
 341; educational requirements in, 351- 
 
 352; industrial opportunities in, 357-358; 
 the Young Women’s Christian Association 
 sr aheaad in, 368; Boy Scouts in, 375- 
 370. 
 
 “India, significance of Christ to,’”’ address, 
 395-399. y 
 
 Indianapolis News, quotation from, 28. 
 
 Industrial conditions, see geographic areas 
 affected. 
 
 “Industrial Opportunities in India,’ forum 
 address by Ray E. Rice, 357-358. 
 
 INDEX 
 
 ‘Industrial Problems of a Great Oriental 
 City and the Opportunities of the City 
 Missionary,’ forum address by Elam 
 J. Anderson, 354-357; conditions in 
 Shanghai; opportunities. 
 
 Industrial Training and Enterprise, actions 
 taken at close of forum on, 358-359. 
 
 *“TIndustrialism, Human Relationship and 
 Modern,” address, 87-93. 
 
 Interdenominational co-operation in China, 
 
 184. 
 Interdenominational Missionary Agencies, 
 mentioned, 153. : 
 “International Affairs and the Christian 
 Ideal,’”? address by Hon. Newton W. 
 
 Rowell, K. C., 105-113; international af- 
 fairs dominated by self-interest, 105; the 
 Christian conception: respect for irter- 
 national agreements, 106; justice above 
 self-interest, 108; law above force, 108; 
 co-operation for peace, 110; unity of 
 
 humanity, 311; the contribution of 
 America, 112. 
 
 International Association of Agricultural 
 Missions, mentioned, 80. 
 
 International Missionary Council, men- 
 tioned, 153. 
 
 “International Organization to Prevent 
 
 War,”’ student address, 257-259. 
 
 International problems and the Christian 
 Way of Ltfe, discussion course, men- 
 tioned, 73. 
 
 International relations between Moslems and 
 Christians, 216. 
 
 International Review of Missions, 
 tioned, 148. 
 
 Inter-racial Commission, described, 248. 
 
 A) 
 
 Jackson, Arthur, medical missionary to 
 Manchuria, characterized, 58-59. 
 
 James, Dr. Mary L., forum address by, 
 308-310. : ; 
 
 “Japan,” address by Hiroshi Hatanaka, 
 197-203; economic crisis in Japan, 197: 
 other problems, 198; decline of militar- 
 ism, 199; influence of Christianity, 199; 
 indwelling Christ, 200; earthquake relief 
 work, 201; Christ, the hope of Japan, 202. 
 
 Japan, industrial conditions in, 115; oppor- 
 tunities for city evangelistic work in, 
 303-305; evangelistic work in, 305-307; 
 open doors in, 307-308; newspaper evan- ° 
 gelism in, 311-313; higher educa tian in, 
 342; need of Christian social leaders in, 
 
 cep 727373: 
 
 Jesus, Lover of my Soul,” hymn, quoted 
 in part, 53. 
 
 Johnston, Mrs. E. A., forum address by, 
 336-337- 
 
 Johnston, Sir H. H., of British Africa, 
 
 141. 
 
 Judd, Dr. Walter H., address by, 1-9. 
 
 i Sunday Schools (China), forum 
 address by Miss Katharine R. Green, 294- 
 295; methods and work outlined. 
 
 Justice, Permanent Court of International, 
 109. 
 
 men- 
 
 K 
 
 Kagawa, Toyohiko, Japanese 
 leader, mentioned, 199. 
 Kamide, Robert M., forum address by, 372- 
 
 Christian 
 
 373. 
 Kato, Admiral Baron, Japanese statesman 
 quater 53. 
 
 Keller, Adolph, address by, 157-163. 
 Kennedy, Rev. G. A. Studdert, acivens by. 
 9-16, prayers by, 19-20, 275, 418-420. 
 Kepler, A. R., forum address by, 373-374. 
 Kidd, Benjamin, quotation from his book, 
 
 The Science of Power, 145. 
 
INDEX 
 
 “Kind of Evangelistic Teachers Needed 
 (West Africa), forum address by Mrs. 
 F. B. Watson, 293-294; necessary quali- 
 fications. 
 
 King, Willis J., address by, 93-99. 
 
 “Kingdom of God, What Do We Believe 
 about the,” address, 35-40. 
 
 Korea, social and intellectual awakening 
 of, 115; higher education in, 343. 
 
 Koreans, massacre of, after Japanese earth- 
 quake, 200. 
 
 Ku Klux Klan, characterized, 121-122; Im- 
 perial Wizard of, quoted, 94. 
 
 L 
 
 “Latin America,’ address by Andres 
 Osuna, 203-212; resources of Latin Amer- 
 ica, 203; racial qualities of peoples, 2053 
 need of missions, 206; problems of edu- 
 cation, 206; political problems, 208; moral 
 and religious problem, 209; international 
 relationships, 210; need of Christ, 211. 
 
 Latin America, elementary education in, 
 331-333- i 
 
 Latourette, Kenneth S., becomes vice chair- 
 man, Student Volunteer Movement, 81; 
 prayer by, 276; address by, 402-406. 
 
 Leaders, need of Christian social, in Japan, 
 372-373. / : 
 
 League of Nations, mentioned, 109-111. 
 
 Lee, Frederic E., forum address by, 379- 
 
 386. 
 
 Lehman, M. C., forum address by, 333- 
 336.. 
 
 Leiper, Henry Smith, forum address by, 
 300-301. 
 
 Lepers, Mission to, mentioned, 321. 
 
 List of sailed volunteers, 455-533. 
 
 “Literary Work—Outline of a General 
 Statement,” by J. Lovell Murray, 359- 
 
 361. 
 
 Literature of Student Volunteer Movement, 
 described, 73-74." 
 
 Livingstone, David, mentioned, 140-145. 
 
 Loucks, Miss Grace and Harrison S. El- 
 liott, summary of discussion groups by, 
 225-243. 
 
 M 
 
 McClure, Miss Mary, forum addresses by, 
 289-292, 301-303. 
 
 McCulloch, W. P., resignation of, as busi- 
 ness secretary, S. V. M., 81. 
 
 Macdonald, Caroline, missionary to Japan, 
 characterized, 59. 
 
 MacMillan, Hugh, Canadian 
 S. V. M., quoted, 76. 
 
 Mallory, Robert A., address: by, 250-251. 
 
 Masih, Yohan, address by, 191-197. 
 
 “Mastery of the Language as an Aid to 
 Evangelistic Work among Girl Students,’ 
 forum address by Miss Edith Newlin, 
 305-307; necessity of thorough knowledge 
 of the language, 305; methods of gaining 
 contacts, 305-307; qualifications of mis- 
 sionary teacher, 307. 
 
 Matson, Peter, forum address by, 284-286, 
 
 ' Medical missionary, professional training, 
 of, 313-314. . ( ‘ 
 
 “Medical Missions in India,’ forum ad- 
 dress by David Rioch, 320-323; sanitary 
 conditions in a typical city, 320; medical 
 missionary work in Mungeli described, 
 321-323. 
 
 “Medical Work among Women (China),” 
 
 secretary, 
 
 forum address by Dr, Mary James, 
 308-310; extent of medical missions, 
 308; opportunities for medical mission- 
 
 ary service in China, 309-310. 
 Messages to the Convention, 453-454. 
 Militarism; decline in Japan, 199; in Latin 
 America, 208-209. 
 
 543 
 
 Miller, Ransford, missionary to Japan, char- 
 acterized, 59-60. 
 
 Mind in the Making, The, book by James 
 Harvey Robinson, quotation from, 84. 
 
 Mission fields, unoccupied areas in, 82. 
 
 Missionaries, American, in Japanese city 
 churches, 310-311. 
 
 “Missionary Achievement, Past, The Confi- 
 dence Which It Inspires in Us for the 
 Future,’ address, 147-156. 
 
 “Missionary Enterprise, Relation to the 
 World Situation Today, of the,’ address, 
 131-147. 
 
 Missionary Literature, General Bibliograph 
 of, by Miss Hollis W. Hering, mentioned, 
 
 75. 
 
 Missionary Union, The, personnel and pur- 
 pose outlined, 301. 
 
 Mission Boards, relation of teachers of 
 special subjects to, 350-351. 
 
 Missions, agricultural (report of Forum), 
 353-354. as ! wae 
 
 Missions, educational; Bible training classes 
 ‘for women in China, 292-293; elemen- 
 tary, in Latin America, 331-333; factors 
 influencing, 333-336; opportunities for 
 in China, 352-253; see also Education. 
 
 Missions, evangelistic, mastery of the lan- 
 guage as an aid to, 305-307. 
 
 Missions, city evangelistic; need and op- 
 portunity for, 296-297; in Baghdad, 297- 
 300; among students, 300-301; how women 
 students help in 301-303; in Japan, 303- 
 3953 305-307, 307-308, 310-311. 
 
 Missions, rural evangelistic; in villages of 
 Arabia, 286-288; in Western India, 281- 
 in China, 284-286; 228-289; classes for 
 women, 289-292; training Bible women, 
 292-293; in West Africa, kind of teach- 
 ers needed, 293-294; in China, co-opera- 
 tion with other workers, 295. 
 
 Missions, literary, outline of work of, 359- 
 
 361. 
 
 Missions, Medical: among women (China), 
 308-310; among men, 313-314; training 
 for specialized forms of, 315-320; in 
 India, 320-323; co-operation with other 
 missions, 323-327; in central India (rural), 
 327-330. vs rs s 
 
 Missions: opportunities for specialized, in 
 Africa, 177; progress of in India, 192; 
 principles of work outlined, 219-224; 
 progress of, in India, 192; reasons for, 
 402-406. 
 
 Mohammedanism and the Missionary’s 
 Task,’ address by Dr. Paul W. Harrison, 
 218-224; principles of missionary work; 
 recognition of good in Mohammedanism, 
 219; recognition of racial equality, 219; 
 freedom from coercion, 221; presentation 
 of Christ, 222. 
 
 “Mohammedanism in the Near East,” ad- 
 dress by J. Kingsley Birge, 212-218; ex- 
 perience among Moslem dervishes, 212; 
 Animism prevalent, 214; influence of 
 Christ, 215; disbelief in Mohammed, 
 216; Turkish conception of Christianity, 
 216; suffering of Christians, 217. 
 
 Mohammedanism: in Africa, a challenge to 
 Christianity, 170; in India, 191; mysticism 
 in, 212-213; Animism in, 214-215; con- 
 
 verts from, 215-216; its inherent good, 
 219. 
 
 “Moral and Spiritual Conditions in Eu- 
 rope,” address by Adolph Keller, 157-163; 
 European Protestantism defensive, 157; 
 destructive influences in Europe, 158; con- 
 ditions among students, 158; religious in- 
 stitutions in need, 159; effect on mis- 
 sions, 160; change in religious attitudes, 
 161; contribution of America, 162. 
 
 Morrison, Robert, missionary to China, 
 mentioned, 145. 
 
 Mott, John R., address by, 47-67; resigna- 
 
544 
 
 tion of, as chairman of Executive Com- 
 mittee, Student Volunteer Movement, 81. 
 
 Murray, J. Lovell, resignation of, as edu- 
 cational secretary, Student Volunteer 
 Movement, 81; outline of a general state- 
 ment of literary work, by, 359-361. 
 
 Mussolini, Italian leader, quoted, 56-57. 
 “My country, ’tis of thee, Dear land of 
 Africa,’ verse, quoted, 167. 
 N 
 National Christian Conference in Shang- 
 
 hai, mentioned, 296. 
 
 Near East, unrest in, 118. 
 
 “Near East, Mohammedanism in the,’’ ad- 
 dress, 212-218. 
 
 “Need of Christian Social Leaders in Japan, 
 The,’ forum address by Robert M. 
 Kamide, 372-373. 
 
 Negroes, in Revolutionary War, 170; in 
 Civil War, 171; in World War, 171; con- 
 tribution to American and European life, 
 170-172. 
 
 New Thought Movement, Chinese, 116. 
 
 Newlin, Miss Edith, forum address by, 305- 
 
 307. 
 
 “Newspaper Evangelism in Japan,’’ forum 
 addresses by Albertus Pieters, 311-313; 
 361-363, methods and advantages. 
 
 Nicolai, Baron Paul, founder Russian 
 Christian Student Movement, character- 
 ized, 61. 
 
 “Non-participation in War,” student ad- 
 dress, 259-260. 
 
 Not Leaders, but Saints and Servants, 
 
 article and pamphlet by J. C. Winslow, 
 mentioned, 148. 
 
 O 
 
 “OQ Lord and Master of Us All,” hymn, 
 quoted, 51. 
 
 “Oh, what holy walks we _ had,” 
 quoted, 417. 
 
 “One man with a word at pleasure,’ poem, 
 quoted, 378. 
 
 “Open Doors in Japan,’ forum address by 
 Mrs. Gilbert Bowles, 307-308; opportuni- 
 ties for Christian Social Service work of 
 every type; need of prayer and under- 
 standing, 307. 
 
 “Opportunities for Christian Service Abroad 
 Involving Business, and Technical Skill 
 (Summary of Forum Addresses),’’ by 
 E. C. Carter, 376-378. 
 
 “Opportunities for Educational Mission- 
 aries in China,’’ forum address by Andrew 
 Cheng, 352-353. this 
 
 “Opportunities for Evangelistic Tours 
 (China),’’ forum address by Miss Agnes 
 Thonstad, 288-289; need of the Gospel 
 in country villages. 
 
 “Opportunities in City Evangelistic Work 
 in Japan, Some,” forum address by Miss 
 Bertha Starkey, 303-305; qualifications of 
 city evangelistic missionary, 303; im- 
 portant fields of service open, 304-305; 
 challenge to the Christian women of 
 America. 
 
 “Opportunities for Married Women Within 
 and Without the Home,’ forum address 
 by Mrs. Charles K. Roys, 386-394; im- 
 portance of the home, 386; its mission- 
 ary appeal, 387; home-making, 388; iso- 
 lation, 389; recreations, 389; fellowship 
 in family, 390; children, 391; servants, 
 392; influence of the home, 393. 
 
 Organization for the Convention, 422-427. 
 
 Orient, labor conditions in, 88. 
 
 Osuna, Andres, address by, 203-212. 
 
 poem, 
 
 INDEX 
 
 P 
 
 Pacifism, student address concerning, 259- 
 
 260. 
 
 Paul, K. T., of India, cited, 151. 
 
 “Peace does not mean the end of all our 
 striving,” poem, quoted, 16. 
 
 Peace, International Congress for (in Eur- 
 ope), described, 1109. 
 
 Philippines, demand for independence in the, 
 116. 
 
 Philippines, 
 the, 348. : 
 ier, Stanhope, R., becomes business secre- 
 tary, (SYeVenaes Sr. 
 
 Pieters, Rev. Albertus, forum addresses by, 
 (311-313, 361-363. 
 
 Pilgrim’s Progress, quoted, 10-40. 
 
 Porter, David R., prayer by, 68. 
 
 Porter, Lucius C., report of forum discus- 
 sion, by, 339. 
 
 “Power, What Do We Believe About the 
 Sources of,’’ address, 40-46. 
 
 “Preaching in the Villages of Arabia,”’ 
 forum address by G. Van Peursem, 
 286-288; methods and principles involved; 
 reception of missionary. : 
 
 Preparedness, student address on, 254-255. 
 
 Present-day Social and Intellectual Unrest,” 
 address by G. Sherwood Eddy, 113-129; 
 world-wide revolt against existing order, 
 113; against authority and racial autoc- 
 racy, 114; liberal movement in Japan, 
 114; unrest in Korea, 115; in the Philip- 
 
 teaching specific subjects in 
 
 pines, 116; youth movement in China, 
 116; passive revolution in India, 117; 
 unrest in the Near East, 118; youth 
 
 movement of Europe, 118; upheaval of 
 Russia, 119; American materialism, 120; 
 American exploitation and autocracy, 121; 
 American racial discriminations, 121; in- 
 tellectual docility of American students, 
 122; Christ, the only hope for world, 
 123; His method a constructive spiritual 
 fevolntion, 124; the immediate challenge, 
 126. 
 
 Problems, industrial, of a great Oriental 
 city, 354-357- 
 
 Profession for College Women, A, the 
 Young Women’s Christian Association, 
 366-367. 
 
 “Professional Training Needed for Special- 
 ized Forms of Medical Missionary Serv- 
 ice,’ forum address by E. H. Dodd. 
 315-320; range and variety of medical 
 missionary work, 315; pre-medical work, 
 316; choice of medical school, 316; in- 
 terneship, 317; special preparation, 317; 
 specialization on field, 3109. 
 
 “Professional Training of the Medical Mis- 
 sionary,’” Summary of the Forum on 
 Medical Work among Men, forum ad- 
 dress by Dr. E. M. Dodd, 313-314; types 
 of missionary service, 314}; spiritual prep- 
 aration of the medical missionary, 314. 
 
 Proposals for immediate action made in dis- 
 cussion groups; race question, 235-238; 
 war question, 240-243. 
 
 Protestantism, European, defensive attitude 
 of, 157-163. ; 
 “Purpose of Convention, The,’ address, by 
 Dr. Walter H. Judd, 1-9; Christian fel- 
 lowship first essential, 1; Convention jus- 
 
 tified, 2; Christ necessary in personal 
 life, 3; reason for lack of power on 
 campus, $3 personal obedience necessary, 7. 
 Purpose of Student Volunteer Movement, 
 stated, 71. 
 Q 
 Qualifications for missionary service in 
 
 China, 187-188. 4 
 Questions raised in discussion groups, 228, 
 229-230, 231. 
 
INDEX 
 
 R 
 
 Races, native, of Latin America, 204-206. 
 
 “Racial Relations and Christian Brother- 
 hood,’”’ address by Dr. Paul W. Harrison, 
 102-105; Christ’s ideal involves racial 
 equality, 103; personal implications, 103; 
 adequacy of Christian solution, 104. 
 
 “Racial Relations and Christian Brother- 
 hood,” address by Willis J. King, 93-99; 
 importance of problem, 93; attitudes 
 toward it, 94; attitude of Jesus, 95; im- 
 plications: sacredness of personality, 96; 
 fundamental equality of races, 97; uni- 
 versal brotherhood, 98. 
 
 “Racial Relations and Christian Brother- 
 hood,” address by Y. Y. Tsu, 99-102; use 
 of nicknames, 99; reveals American race 
 prejudice, 99; prejudice fostered by poli- 
 ticians, 100; founded on fallacy, 100; a 
 recrudescence of paganism, Io1. 
 
 Racial Relations and the Christian Ideal, 
 discussion course, mentioned, 73. 
 
 Racial relations, conclusions of discussion 
 groups regarding, 233-238; general atti- 
 tudes, 233; superiority, 234, development, 
 234; discrimination, 235; personal action, 
 235; mutual study, 236; public opinion, 
 237; justice, 237. 
 
 “Racial Relations,’ student addresses by: 
 Leonard S. Cottrell, Jr., 247-248; F. 
 Eugene Corbie, 249-250; Robert A. Mal- 
 lory, 250-251; P. M. Blanko, 251-253. 
 
 Rauschenbusch, Walter, quoted, 127. 
 
 Recruiting, effectiveness of the Movement 
 
 in, 78k 
 
 Redemption from this World, book by A. G. 
 Hogg, quotation from, 85. 
 
 “Relation of the Foreign Missionary Enter- 
 prise to the World Situation Today, The,” 
 address by Robert E. Speer, 131-147; the 
 present day characterized, 131; forces of 
 conflict in the .present world, 132; in- 
 human economic exploitation, 133; racial 
 strife, 134; evidence of fundamental er- 
 rors in human relations, 134; world’s sal- 
 vation rests in Christ alone, 135; demon- 
 strated by the experience of the past 
 generation in missions, 136; by the for- 
 mation of indigenous churches, 137; great 
 work of earlier missionaries emphasized, 
 138; Missions an errand of love and serv- 
 
 ice, 139; the solution of racial and in- 
 ternational problems, 141; an opportu- 
 nity for investment of life, 142; the 
 
 Lordship of Christ, 145. 
 
 “Relation of Teachers of Special Subjects 
 to Mission Boards, The,’? forum address, 
 350-351. 
 
 Religious conditions, 
 affected. 
 
 erry eS Movement, Chinese, mentioned, 
 116, 183. 
 
 “Report of the Executive Committee of 
 Student Volunteer Movement,” presented 
 by Joseph C. Robbins, Chairman, 69-86; 
 quadrennium characterized, 69; _expan- 
 sion of Executive Committee, 69; Student 
 Volunteer Council, 70; unions and con- 
 ferences, 70; traveling secretaries, 71; 
 candidate work, 72; educational work, 72: 
 pamphlets, 73; discussion courses, 73; 
 missionary education, 74; Bulletin, 75; 
 Committee on Christian World Education, 
 75; developments in Canada, 75; finance, 
 76; effectiveness of Movement, 77; re- 
 sponsibilities, 78; problem of Christian 
 leadership, 78; the indigenous church, 
 79; relationships of Movement, 80; 
 changes in personnel, 80; principle of con- 
 centration, 81; unoccupied mission 
 fields, 82; missionary qualifications, 83; 
 committal of life, 83; Watchword in- 
 terpreted, 84; sources of power, 85. 
 
 see geographic areas 
 
 545 
 
 Rice, ree: E., forum addresses by, 357-358, 
 37573702) 4 
 
 “Rings o’er the earth the message of the 
 morning,’? poem, quoted, 419. 
 
 Rioch, David, forum address by, 320-323. 
 
 Robinson, James Harvey, quoted, 84. 
 
 Robbins, Joseph C., report of Executive 
 Committee presented by, 69-86; becomes 
 chairman of Executive Committee, S. V. 
 
 M., 81. 
 
 Rowell, Hon. Newton W., K. C., address 
 by, 105-113. 
 
 Rowntree, Seebohm, British employer, in- 
 dustrial program of, 90-91. 
 
 Roys, Mrs. Charles K., forum address by, 
 386-394. 
 
 Rudy, Miss Ella N., forum address by, 
 
 295. 
 
 Rugh, Arthur, address by, 412-417. 
 
 Ruhr, occupation of, mentioned, 119. 
 
 “Rural Evangelism — Medical (India),” 
 forum address by J. M. Waters, 327-330; 
 description of a medical tour. 
 
 “Rural Evangelistic Work in China,” forum 
 address by Peter Matson, 284-286; prin- 
 ciples and methods of work. 
 
 “Russia, Students in Europe and,” address, 
 
 163-165. ‘oe , 
 Russia, famine conditions in, 123; social 
 and intellectual unrest in, 119. 
 
 Ss 
 
 Sailed list for years 1914-1923, 455-533. 
 
 Sailed Volunteers, with fields to which they 
 have gone, 534. 
 
 “Salvation, O, Salvation, the joyful sound 
 proclaim,” hymn, quoted, 135. 
 
 Sargent, Theodore C., address by, 256-257. 
 
 Service, conditions and terms of, in the 
 Young Women’s Christian Association, 
 360. 
 
 Service, Governmental, abroad, a Christian 
 opportunity, 379-386. 
 
 Service, opportunities abroad for Christian, 
 involving business and technical skill, 
 376-378. 
 
 Service, social, and the church, 370-371. 
 
 Service, social and community, 369-370. 
 
 “Secondary and Higher Education for men 
 (report of forum discussion), by Lucius 
 Go Porter,\/339- 
 
 “Secondary and Higher Education for 
 Women (Summary of forum addresses),” 
 by Miss Margaret Burton, 341-344; out- 
 line of educational system in India, China, 
 Japan, Korea. 
 
 “Secondary Education in China,” forum 
 address by William H. Gleysteen, 340. 
 
 Shafto, G. R. H., quoted, 28-35. , 
 
 Shansi, province of, in China, mentioned, 
 
 289. 
 
 Shimada, Hon. Saburo, Japanese Christian 
 statesman, 199, 307. 
 
 Shoemaker, Samuel, Jr., 
 cise by, 262-265. 
 
 “Sin and Forgiveness, What Do We Be- 
 lieve About,’”’ address, 30-34. 
 
 Slack, Frank V., summary of forum ad- 
 dresses, by, 364-366. 
 
 Smith, Miss Ruth, forum address by, 367. 
 
 “Social Service and the Church,” forum 
 address by W. Ward Davis, 370-371. 
 
 “Social and Community Service (Summary 
 of Remarks)” by D. J. Fleming, 369- 
 
 0. 
 ugiial and Intellectual Unrest, Present- 
 day’? address, 113-129. 
 
 Societies, Bible, 364. as 
 Somerville, Dr., of Mt. Everest Expedition, 
 mentioned, 193. } 
 Sources of Power, What Do We Believe 
 
 About the, address, 40-46. 
 
 devotional exer- 
 
546 INDEX 
 
 South America, The Young Women’s Chris- 
 tian Association Secretary in, 367-368. 
 Speer, Dr. Robert E., address by, 131-147. 
 Starkey, Miss Bertha, forum address by 
 
 393-305. , 
 Statistics of the Convention, 452. | 
 Stauffer, Milton T., becomes educational sec- 
 retary, Student Volunteer Movement, 81. 
 Stevens, F. W., American representative 
 Peking Banking Consortium, quoted, 143. 
 Stevenson, Dr. Fleming, quoted, 86. 
 Stokely, Anna Mae, Forum address by, 367- 
 68 
 
 306. 
 Stoddard, Lothrop, mentioned, 94, 99, 103, 
 
 133. 
 
 Studd, J. E. K., of Cambridge University, 
 mentioned, 63. 
 
 Studdert Kennedy, see Kennedy, Rev. G. A. 
 Studdert. 
 
 Student Christian Movement of Canada, re- 
 lation of Student Volunteer Movement to, 
 
 75-76. : 
 
 Student Fellowship for Christian Life-Serv- 
 ice, mentioned, 80. 
 
 Student Friendship Fund, work of, de- 
 scribed, 164-165; conclusions of discus- 
 sion groups regarding, 243. 
 
 Student session, verbatim report of, Erd- 
 man Harris presiding, 245-275; remarks 
 by chairman, 245-247, 253-254, 260-262, 
 265, 273-274; addresses, on racial rela- 
 tions: Leonard S. Cottrell, Jr., 247-248; 
 F. Eugene Corbie, 249-250; Robert A. Mal- 
 lory, 250-251; P. M. Blanco, 251-253; 
 on elimination of war, H. McAllister 
 Griffiths, 254-256; Theodore C. Sargent, 
 256-257; Wendell Berge, 257-259; Allan 
 A. Hunter, 259-260; expression of stu- 
 dent opinion on war question, 261; devo- 
 tional exercise, led by Samuel Shoemaker, 
 Jr., 262-265; addresses on consecration; 
 E. Fay Campbell, 265-268; Henry P. 
 Van Dusen, 268-273; closing prayer, Rev. 
 G. A. Studdert Kennedy, 275. 
 
 Student unrest in China, 180. 
 
 Student Volunteer Hovement, Chinese, men- 
 tioned, 72. 
 
 Student Volunteer Movement, Executive 
 Committee and Secretaries, names of, 
 
 421. 
 
 Student Volunteer Movement, report of 
 Executive Committee, 69-86. 
 
 Student Volunteer, reasons for being a, 
 406-409; 409-411, 4 
 
 Student Volunteers, list of sailed, 1914- 
 1923, 455-533; list of deceased sailed, 
 1920-19233 535-536. ! 
 
 Students in Europe and Russia, address by 
 Glenn Harding, 163-165; fellowship with 
 European students, 163; living conditions, 
 164; Student Friendship Fund, 164. 
 
 Students: European, conditions among, 158; 
 Oriental, city evangelism and work among 
 defined and described, 300-301. 
 
 Studentski Domov, mentioned, 164. 
 
 Sunday School Convention, World’s, in 
 Tokyo, mentioned, 304. 
 
 Sunday Schools, Junior, in China, 294-295. 
 
 T 
 
 Taft, Chief Justice William Howard, quoted, 
 120. 
 
 Taylor, Dr. W. E., becomes vice chairman, 
 Student Volunteer Movement, 81. 
 
 Teachers of special subjects, relation of, to 
 mission boards, 350-351. 
 
 “Teaching Specialties Most Needed in 
 China,” forum address by J. C. Gar- 
 ritt, 348. 
 
 ‘Teaching Specific Subjects in East China,” 
 forum address by D. L. Sherertz, 349- 
 
 350. 
 “Teaching Specific Subjects in the Philip- 
 
 pines,” forum address by E. K. Higdon, 
 
 348. 
 
 “Teaching of Special Subjects,” remarks 
 by T. H. P. Sailer, 347-348. ’ 
 
 “The fairest of God’s pictures, that silvery 
 sleepy town,’ poem, quoted, 418. 
 
 “The string of camels come in single file,” 
 poem, quoted, 82. 
 
 “Their Names are Names of Kings,” poem, 
 quoted, 156. 
 
 Thonstad, Miss Agnes, forum address by, 
 288-289. : : 
 Tientsin Christian Union, The, personnel 
 principles and purpose outlined, : 301. 
 Toronto, Convention of Canadian Student 
 
 Volunteers at, 1922, 76. 
 
 “Training Bible Women for Rural Evange- 
 listic Work,’’ forum address by Miss 
 Mary Culler White, 292-293; Bible train- 
 ing schools for women classified and de- 
 scribed. 
 
 Tsu, Dr. Y. Y., address by, 99-102. 
 
 U 
 
 Uniens, Student Volunteer, work described, 
 70; conference of, 71. 
 
 United States, labor conditions in, 88; ra- 
 cial problem in, 94; concentration of 
 
 wealth in, 120; child labor in, 120; ir- 
 
 religion in, 120; industrial conditions in, 
 121; lynching in, 121; military expendi- 
 tures of, 122. 
 Unoccupied areas in mission lands, 82; 
 in industry, 92, 377-378; in China, 186; 
 “Unrest, Present-day Social and Intellec- 
 tual,” address, 113-129. 
 
 Vv 
 
 Van Dusen, Henry P., devotional exercise 
 by, 17-19; address by, 268-273. 
 
 Van Peursem, G. D., forum address by, 
 286-288. 
 
 Versailles, Treaty of, mentioned, 107; 111. 
 
 W 
 
 Wandervigel of German movement, de- 
 scribed, 118. 
 
 War, conclusions of discussion groups re- 
 garding, 238-243; general attitudes, 238; 
 international co-operation, 239; participa- 
 tion in, 240; removal of causes, 240; pub- 
 lic opinion, 241; education, 241; student 
 action, 242; Student Friendship Fund, 
 
 243. 
 
 “War, the Elimination of,” student ad- 
 dresses by; H. McAllister Griffiths, 254- 
 256; Theodore C. Sargent, 256-257; Wen- 
 dell Berge, 257-259; Allan A. Hunter, 
 259-260. 
 
 War, the recent World, mentioned, 107; 110. 
 
 Warnshuis, A. L., forum address by, 296- 
 
 207. 
 
 Watchword of Student Volunteer Move- 
 ment, influence of, 64; interpreted, 84- 
 85; mentioned, 313, 402-406. 
 
 Waters, J. M., forum address by, 327-330 
 
 WY ater Dr. Charles R., address by, 147- 
 156. 
 
 Watson, Mrs. F. B., forum address by, 
 
 293-294. 
 
 Wellons, Ralph D., forum address by, 351- 
 352. 
 
 2 pea Woodrow, mentioned, 89, quoted 
 108, 124. 
 
 Winslow, J. C., pamphlet by, mentioned, 148. 
 
 “What Jesus Christ and this Convention 
 Ought to Mean on our Campuses,” ad- 
 dress by Arthur Rugh, 412-417; the need 
 of the campus, 412; need of new resources, 
 413; Christ’s answer, 414; comradeship 
 with Christ, 415; power, 416. 
 
 LS. 
 
INDEX 
 
 “What Jesus Christ Has Meant to Me and 
 My People,” address by L. Chang, 
 399-4 401; Christ, the standard of perfect 
 
 nhood, the standard of a perfect home, 
 the standard of a perfect social order. 
 
 “What Jesus Christ Has Meant to Me and 
 My People, address,”’ by Andrew Thakar 
 Dass, 395-399; religious discipline in In- 
 dia, 395; Christ, the light of man, 396; 
 
 the teaching of service, 396; personal 
 ee 398. 
 “What Do We Believe About God,” ad- 
 
 dress by Canon E. S. oods, 21-30; im- 
 portance of topic, 21; God revealed per- 
 = panel through Jesus Christ, 22; knowl- 
 edge of Christ an experience of God, 23; 
 validity of Christian experience, 24; sig- 
 nificance of historic Christ, 25; documen- 
 tary evidence, 25; uniqueness of Christ, 
 26; God interested in human welfare, 26; 
 God characterized by love and fatherli- 
 ness, 27; relation of Christ to God, 28. 
 “What Do We Believe About the King- 
 dom of God,’ address by Canon E. 
 Woods, 35-40; the Kingdom character- 
 ized, 35; pervades all life, 36; involves 
 human regeneration, 38; is vital and im- 
 mediate, 38; implications of the King- 
 
 dom, 39- 
 
 “What Do We Believe About Sin and 
 Forgiveness,” address by Canon E. S. 
 Woods, 30-34; sin a human _ tendency, 
 31; abuse of freedom, 31; God’s omnipo- 
 tence of love, 32; meaning of the Cross 
 32; of forgiveness, 33; restoration of 
 broken Nis toneape 34. 
 
 “What Do We Believe About the Sources 
 of Power,’ address by Canon E, ;: 
 Woods, 40-46; power defined, 41; exem- 
 plified in Christ, 423 made available 
 through contact with God, 43; significance 
 in personal life, 44; involves service, 453 
 involves communidn with God, 4s. 
 
 “When I Survey ane wondrous 
 hymn, quoted, 408. 
 
 White, Miss Mary Culler, forum address 
 by, 292-2 
 
 Whitman, Walt, quoted, 147. 
 
 “Why Foreign Missions?” address by Ken- 
 neth Scott Latourette, 402-406; obliga- 
 tion to share Christ, 402; world-wide so- 
 lution of human problems necessary, 403; 
 impact of West un-Christian, 403; the 
 spirit of missions one of equality, 404; one 
 of humility, 405. 
 
 “Why I Purpose, God Permitting, to be- 
 
 Cross,” 
 
 547 
 
 come a Forei Missionary,” address by 
 Miss Mary J. Baker, 409-411; finding 
 ren plan, 410; factors in the decision, 
 
 “Why I Purpose, God Permitting, to Become 
 a Foreign Missionary,’? address by James 
 G. Endicott, 406-409; world need, 406; 
 finding God’s will, 407; the common serv- 
 ice of all Christians, 408. 
 
 Women, Prpeaniics for married, on mis- 
 sion field, 386-394. 
 
 Wood, Dr., of American embassy to Siam, 
 quoted, 140-141. 
 
 Wood, Phin M., Miss, 
 
 by, 337: 
 
 Sipe ae Canon Edward S., > 
 21-30; 30-34; 35-40; 40-46. 
 
 “World Situation, Relation of the Foreign 
 Missionary Enterprise to the Present.” 
 address, 131-147. 
 
 World’s Student Christian Federation, men- 
 tioned, 8o. 
 
 Wright, aghais B., professor at Yale, char- 
 acterized, 61-62. 
 
 forum address 
 
 addresses by, 
 
 ¥ 
 
 “Young Men’s Christian Association Work 
 (Summary of Forum Addresses),” by 
 Frank V. Slack, 364-366. 
 
 Young, Sir William Mackworth, K. C. S. L., 
 Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, 
 quoted, 142. 
 
 Young Women’s Christian Association, con- 
 ditions and terms of service in, the, 369. 
 
 “Young Women’s Christian Association, 
 The, in Relation to Mission Boards,” 
 forum address by Miss Ruth Smith, 367. 
 
 “Young Women’s Christian Association, 
 The, A Profession for College Women,” 
 forum address by Miss Mabel Cratty, 
 366-367. 
 
 “Young Women’s Christian Association 
 Secretary in India, The,’’ forum address 
 by Miss Marion Ferguson, 368. 
 
 “Young Women’s Christian Association 
 Secretary in South America, The,” for- 
 um address by Miss Anna Mae Stokely, 
 367-368. 
 
 Youth and Renaissance Movements, discus- 
 sion course, mentioned, 73. 
 
 Youth Movement, Chinese, 116. 
 
 Z 
 
 Zinzendorf, Count, mentioned, 52. 
 
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