Dra eer a oF a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LIBRARY OF THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 PRINCETON, N. J. 
 
 BV 4070 .C66 G72 1926 
 
 Graebner, Theodore, 1876- 
 1950. 
 
 Concordia Seminary 
 
 
 

 
Plate 1 
 
 
 
Ke OF PRINGE > 
 NOV 13 1926 | 
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 ogra sew 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ats history Avchitectboe-and-Suinbolism: 
 PheoloveHraebner: 
 
 Sait usa sur 
 
 ordia Publishing Hou 
 
 
 
FAni926-@oncondiageminant 
 re DidinituHcholae ov 
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 dangelical-Auderan- Synod 
 of Missouri: ae a) 
 States-Oedicated-its-new-buil 
 
 
 
The special lettering with which this book is embellished is 
 done in the Gothic style as it prevailed in the age preceding the 
 Reformation. The title-page and the two pages which follow, as 
 well as the ornamental initials of chapters 1—7, were done by 
 Mr. George Trautwein, the architect placed by the office of 
 Day & Klauder as superintendent during the construction years, 
 1924—1926. The initials which adorn chapters 8—14 and the plates 
 
 containing specimens of the glass medallions are the work of 
 Mr. L. W. B. Taenzer, of St. Louis. 
 
 Much of the photography scattered through these pages was 
 done specially for our book. Although the taking of these pictures 
 was postponed as long as possible, a number even of the most 
 recently available for this bock still show construction work, 
 unfinished roofs, and incomplete landscaping. Photographs by 
 Mr. E. Fleer. 
 
 
 
 [4] 
 
Ruth Photo Plate 4 
 
 
 
 Dr. F. Bente. Dr. F. Pieper. Dr. L. Fuerbringer. 
 Dr. G. Mezger. Dieaw eli Leal 
 Dr. E. A. W. Krauss. Tf Prof. Th. Graebner. 
 
 The Faculty, 1924—1926. 
 
4 
 
 ge ee 
 
 aes 
 
 
 
The Faculty 
 of the Scholastic Year 1925—1926. 
 
 Francois Pieper, D. D., President. — Elected 1878. 
 Dogmatics, Pastoral Theology. 
 Editor of Lehre und Wehre. 
 
 Louis Furrsrincer, D. D. — Elected 1893. 
 Isagogics, Exegesis, Liturgics. 
 Dean of the Postgraduate Department. 
 Editor of Der Lutheraner. 
 
 FreperIcK Bente, D. D. — Elected 1893. 
 
 On leave of absence. 
 
 Grorce Merzcer, D. D. — Elected 1896. 
 
 Supplying a chair in Free-Church Seminary, Berlin, 
 Germany. 
 
 WixuaM H. T. Dav, D. D. — Elected 1905. 
 Dogmatics, Symbols. 
 Editor of Theological Monthly. 
 THEODORE GRAEBNER. — Elected 1913. 
 New Testament Hwegesis, Philosophy. 
 Editor of The Lutheran Witness. 
 JoHN THEODORE MuEuurrR, Secretary. — Elected 1920. 
 Exegesis, Dogmatics. 
 Joun H.C. Fritz, Dean. — Elected 1920. 
 Church History, Homiletics. 
 
 Martin S. Sommer. — Elected 1920. 
 Homiletics, Catechetics. 
 Editor of The Lutheran Witness. 
 Wituram Arnpt. — Elected 1921. 
 New Testament Haegesis. 
 Editor of Homiletic Magazine. 
 Watter A. Mater. — Elected 1922. 
 Old Testament Exegesis. 
 
 Pauu E. Kretzmann, Ph. D., D. D. — Elected 1923. 
 Isagogics, Pedagogics. 
 Correspondence Course. 
 Editor of Junior Bible Student. 
 Orto C. A. Borcurr. — Elected 1925. 
 Church History, Homiletics. 
 Editor of Homiletic Magazine. 
 WituiamM Gustave Potack. — Elected 1925. 
 Church History, Symbolics. 
 
Officers of Synod. 
 The President of Synod: Rev. F. Protennauer, D. D. 
 
 Boarp or ContROL. 
 Rev. Riou. KrerzscuMar, Chairman. 
 Rev. TuHeo. Laetscu, Secretary. 
 Rev. R. JESSE. 
 Rev. L. J. Sreck. 
 Mr. Evcene Harms. 
 Mr. Ewatp ScHUETTNER. 
 Mr. Otto HuEsEMAN. 
 Mr. Aucust G. BRAuER. 
 Mr. Curist BECKEMEIER, JR. 
 
 ELEcTORAL COLLEGE. 
 THE PRESIDENT oF Synop. 
 THe Boarp or ContRoL. 
 Rey. ALFRED DoERFFLER, JR. 
 Rev. F. BRAvuEr. 
 Rev. ALFRED FUEHLER. 
 Rev. Oscar Katser. 
 Rev. A. P. FEppERSEN. 
 
 [6] 
 
Preface. 
 
 Three reasons have actuated the publisher towards placing 
 on the market at this time a book of Concordia Seminary, 
 St. Louis. 
 
 No history of this institution has ever been written. The 
 removal of the Seminary to its new site, where a new plant has 
 been prepared for it, seemed an opportune time for the publica- 
 tion of a volume which would tell, at least in outline, of its 
 early beginnings, its later development and needs, and of the 
 measures which proved their worth in the building of the 
 new plant. 
 
 The dedication demanded some kind of memorial or sou- 
 venir volume in order to mark the occasion. Inquiries from 
 the Committee on Dedication developed the fact that the history 
 of Concordia Seminary might well be combined with a descrip- 
 tion of the new plant, suitably embellished, in order to give it 
 the character of a dedication souvenir. 
 
 Even before the new plant was completed, many visitors 
 registered at the field office, and the Seminary Board had reason 
 to believe that through all the years to come there would be 
 a steady stream of visitors, guided thither by their heart-interest 
 in the institution or attracted by its architecture, who would 
 appreciate the existence of a handbook which would serve as 
 a guide to the buildings. Particularly the emblematic designs 
 done in stone and glass have from the first weeks of their 
 installation called for a great deal of inquiring comment. The 
 wish that a booklet explaining this symbolism should be avail- 
 able for those interested was repeatedly brought to the attention 
 of the Committee, and the subcommittee which had been in- 
 trusted with emblems and inscriptions was instructed to pre- 
 pare a “Guide” of these features. 
 
 The present author was active in the preparation of this 
 “Guide” when it was suggested to the publisher that all three 
 
 [7] 
 
AS oT fe a A 
 
 purposes as stated above might be served by one book. Accord- 
 ingly, at the request of Concordia Publishing House and under 
 instructions of the Building Committee, the following chapters 
 have been prepared. — | | 
 
 “Except the Lord build the house, they labor in vain that 
 build it.” Ps.127,1. Our fathers built a log cabin for their 
 first college and Seminary with prayers to the Lord that He 
 build the house, and their faith was rewarded. They, too, who 
 have labored in building the new Concordia would have been 
 “vain laborers” if they had presumed to accomplish their task 
 with reliance upon human energy and ability or on their en- 
 thusiasm for a good cause. The foundations of the new 
 Seminary were laid in prayer and its rooftrees were raised in 
 faith. Let posterity keep the institution true to the purpose 
 which inspired those who have sacrified of their substance and 
 labors for the new Concordia Seminary! 
 
 G. 
 
I. “What Hath God Wrought!” 
 
 Num. 23, 23. 
 
 onservative Lutheranism in Amer- 
 ica rose from a tiny rivulet which 
 commenced to flow more than 
 eighty years ago. In Perry 
 County, Mo., the ideal of a free 
 Lutheran Church, loyal to the 
 Confessions, in a free country, was first realized. 
 From Michigan, from Illinois, from Ohio, from 
 Indiana, and later from Wisconsin and the far 
 Northwest, other rivulets and brooks joined the 
 waters that flowed from the true Lutheran altar 
 which the faith of Walther and his colaborers 
 had established. ‘T'o-day conservative Luther- 
 anism — Synodical Conference, ‘‘Missouri,”’’ 
 Lutheranism — is a mighty stream which 
 touches the shores of three continents and 
 Australia; and its leaves are for medicine and 
 its fruit for meat. 
 It might have been otherwise. 
 Conservative, loyal, confessional Lutheran- 
 ism might be to-day, as it were, a shallow 
 stream, ankle-deep. Our Missouri Synod might 
 
 be a small, insignificant body of believers. It 
 [9] 
 
 
 
SEAUATERAs (y Yh. 1 RE 
 
 might count its souls by a few ten thousands in- 
 stead of a million. Its first synodical session 
 was attended by no more pastors than could be 
 seated in two church-pews, and its enemies at 
 the time said that it would never amount to 
 much more, since conservative Lutheranism had 
 no chance in America. 
 
 We stood isolated among the denominations. 
 We were travelers in a foreign land. The cul- 
 ture of the nineteenth century was in its very 
 essence secular and even antichristian; its ten- 
 dencies such that we had to testify against it 
 continually. There was much organized oppo- 
 sition. What prospect did our fathers have in 
 their fight against such a league of hostile 
 - forces? What chance had a body of believers 
 who upheld the inspiration and the inerrancy of 
 the Bible in an age which regards the Scripture 
 
 - at best as a record of ancient religious expe- 
 
 rience? Knowing the age in which we live, how 
 could we expect to be more than a minor body 
 in the roster of denominations? Not as if there 
 were reasons for discouragement if such had 
 been the history of our Synod. Success in the 
 kingdom of God is not a matter of numbers, but 
 of faithfulness to revealed truth. The smallest 
 body, loyal to the Lutheran Confessions, would 
 still be the visible Church of Christ on earth. 
 
SSE fy fy ela 
 
 Its work would be as glorious if it counted its 
 adherents by thousands instead of hundreds of 
 thousands. Yet we rejoice to-day as we observe 
 the phenomenal growth, the inner harmony, the 
 vast expansion of territory which are so evident 
 as we survey the organization of which we are 
 members. 
 
 Whenever the transactions of our synodical 
 sessions are given to the printer, the last line is 
 made to read: ‘‘Soli Deo Gloria— To God alone 
 be glory!’’ And in printing this concluding line 
 in 1926, we are not merely in a formal way 
 echoing the refrain of hundreds of District and 
 General conventions in the past, but we confess 
 that which is our heart’s conviction. To God 
 alone, — not to power of organization, not to 
 wise leadership, not to prudent expenditure of 
 funds, not even to the faithfulness of our 
 workers in church and school, — but to God 
 alone we give honor for the success which has 
 been ours in the past. To Him alone all glory 
 for the new, commodious Concordia Seminary! 
 Praise be to God alone, who has so blessed the 
 work of our public teachers in college and sem- 
 inary that our dear Missouri Synod to-day 
 stands not only strongly united in the apostolic 
 faith, but has extended her tent-ropes and set 
 far the bounds of her domicile, until the sun 
 
Pan HG Nay fh fe SE 
 
 never sets on the territory in which her Gospel 
 is proclaimed. These colleges of our Synod have 
 been the power-houses from which ever new 
 currents of living forces have issued into the 
 organism of the Church. They have been the 
 roots by which, out of the soil of the living 
 Word of God, our Synod has drawn the vigor 
 of her spiritual life. For who shall calculate 
 the influence upon the life of a Church exerted 
 by those thousands of faithful workers in pulpit 
 and school who have come forth from the halls 
 of our Concordias in the past eighty-seven years ? 
 
II. Object and Scope. 
 
 5] oncordia Seminary is a divinity 
 school of the Lutheran Church. 
 It originally consisted of two de- 
 = partments. There were students 
 with classical education, whose 
 knowledge of Greek and Hebrew 
 permitted them to study the Holy Scriptures in 
 the original tongues. These students were en- 
 rolled in the so-called theoretical department. 
 Many of the lectures were given through the 
 medium of the Latin language. Students not 
 conversant with the ancient languages were en- 
 rolled in the ‘‘practical’’ department. Both 
 courses were combined in branches taught 
 through the medium of German. The practical 
 department had a great leader in Prof. August 
 Craemer. It was removed to Springfield, Il, 
 in 1874, where it has since had its home. 
 
 The enrolment at Concordia Seminary now 
 is limited to such as have had at least a junior 
 college education and have a good working 
 knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. With 
 its present enrolment of about 390 junior-college 
 
 diploma men, it is the largest Protestant theo- 
 [13] 
 
 
 
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 logical seminary in the United States. To this 
 number should be added more than one hundred — 
 enrolled in the Correspondence Course. None of 
 those registered as resident students are so-called 
 ‘‘snecial’’ students. They are all registered in 
 the regular course, which leads to the degree of 
 Bachelor of Divinity. The elective postgraduate 
 year offers the title of Master of Sacred The- 
 ology (S. T. M.) to all who have made their 
 
 Baccalaureate. 
 
 In a sense, the Seminary is built upon the foundation of 
 the Christian day-school. Linking up the day-school with the 
 Seminary, the Missouri Synod operates a chain of junior col- 
 leges stretching from Oakland, Cal., to Bronxville, N. Y., ten in 
 number, preparatory schools for Concordia Seminary. In a 
 six-year course the boys are here sufficiently prepared to begin 
 their theological studies at St.Louis. We believe that this 
 arrangement, by which the Church prepares its ministers from 
 the primer class in grammar school to the ministerial diploma, 
 : is without parallel in the Protestant Church life of our age. 
 
 Concordia Seminary is also unique in another respect: It 
 is dependent almost entirely on the free-will offerings of the 
 Church which owns it. Aside from a fund for indigent stu- 
 dents and the Horst Endowment of $10,000 for students taking 
 the Postgraduate Course, the Seminary has no endowments. 
 Its entire expense must be met out of the offerings of the Mis- 
 souri Synod congregations. 
 
 In addition to their work in the classroom the professors 
 are ex officio editors of the official organs of the Missouri Synod 
 and have the religious censorship of all publications that issue 
 from Concordia Publishing House. 
 
III. Early Beginnings. 
 
 a, n the spring of 1838 a company of 
 > Saxon emigrants were preparing 
 under the leadership of Rev. 
 Martin Stephan of Dresden to 
 found a new home in America. 
 Few Germans in those days had 
 emigrated to foreign shores. None had left for 
 religious reasons. Yet this was the compelling 
 motive for the Saxon emigration of 1838—1839. 
 In four sailing-vessels they reached the mouth 
 of the Mississippi in January, 1839. A month 
 later the first contingent of the colony reached 
 St. Louis. A tract of land one hundred miles 
 south of St. Louis, in Perry County, was pur- 
 chased. Part of the Saxon congregation at once 
 moved to Perry County in order to prepare the 
 land for colonization. With them went Pastor 
 Stephan, Pastor Otto Herman Walther, and 
 Candidate of Theology Theodore Brohm. They 
 were followed later by two other candidates of 
 theology, Fuerbringer and Buenger. 
 The misfortunes, material and spiritual, 
 which came upon the settlement have often been 
 told. That which interests us in this connection 
 
 is the resolution of the three candidates of the- 
 [15] 
 
 
 
UM [phos 
 
 ology to build a school for the education of 
 ministers. In collaboration with Pastor O. H. 
 Walther they founded a theological seminary in 
 the forest primeval. They resolved to build 
 a log cabin in order to house the institution. In 
 spite of all difficulties they finally succeeded in 
 completing their log house, consisting of one 
 room only —an Evangelical Lutheran Seminary 
 building such as Germany had never seen. Then 
 they commenced the work of instructing ‘‘the. 
 boys.”’ 
 
 Pastor O. H. Walther and young Buenger were soon called 
 to pastorates in St. Louis, and so Fuerbringer and Brohm con- 
 tinued the work alone, without compensation, spending their 
 time and strength on an undertaking which most men would 
 have called absurd and hopeless, for a period of two years. 
 Then Fuerbringer received a call into the ministry, and Brohm 
 continued the college all by himself, until he was afflicted with. 
 a violent fever, which almost ended fatally. He was cared for 
 by the family of Pastor Loeber, and when he was restored to 
 health, Loeber took over several classes. For several years the 
 _two, Brohm and Loeber, worked side by side, nursing the little 
 sprout of a college and seminary. ‘Then Candidate Brohm 
 accepted a call into the ministry in the city of New York, and 
 now Loeber conducted the school alone, aided only by Pastor 
 Keyl, whose parish was the adjoining Frohna. 
 
 A few years later the congregation at 
 St. Louis donated several acres of ground as 
 a building site, subscribed over $2,000 in cash 
 donations, and assigned to the college, profits 
 from her hymn-book and from her cemetery. 
 Building operations soon commenced, and on 
 the 8th of November, 1849, the corner-stone of 
 
GIN gata 
 
 the college building was laid. At this time 
 Pastor C. F. W. Walther was called as professor 
 of theology. A building of liberal dimensions 
 was erected. The south wing of this new build- 
 ing was dedicated in 1850; two years later, when 
 the place had already become too strait, the 
 north wing was built. In 1857—58 the middle 
 section was built, and thus the new seminary 
 
 was completed. 
 
 We reproduce a lithograph showing the institution as it 
 appeared in the 60’s and 70’s of the past century (a third story 
 was later added to the two wings). The Main Entrance led into 
 the chapel, used by Holy Cross Congregation for many years. 
 To the right, as you view the picture, Professor Craemer lived 
 on the first floor, students on the second. To the left, Dr. Wal- 
 ther lived on the first floor, Professor Lange on the second. The 
 second floor in the central portion was occupied by lecture-halls 
 which were at the same time living-rooms for the students. 
 Their bedrooms were on the third floor. In the basement were 
 the kitchen and the dining-halls. In the small house to the 
 right lived the caretaker and, for a time, Professor Baumstark. 
 In the distance is Holy Cross Church with the steeple which 
 was destroyed by the tornado in 1896. 
 
 When this building could no longer house 
 the increased number of students, it was torn 
 down. In 1882—83 the beautiful structure was 
 erected which to the whole present generation 
 of our Synod is known as Concordia Seminary. 
 Because the number of students overtaxed the 
 capacity of even this large building, another 
 large and suitable building was added in the 
 years 1906—07. 
 
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BOLDER oy ae (det 
 
 In 1919 the Board of Control was compelled 
 to rent a dwelling to house the students; in fact, 
 it would have been compelled to rent several 
 dwellings if the total number of students en- 
 rolled had been present; as it was, a large 
 number of students were supplying in vacant 
 churches or schools. Of the total number of 368, 
 the enrolment for 1920—21, eighty-three were 
 excused for the entire year. 
 
 The following graph shows the enrolment and 
 expectancies of enrolment until 1930 as pub- 
 lished in 1923 on the basis of preparatory school 
 enrolments. 
 
 Concordia Seminary. Junior College Classes. 
 Year Entering I II III IV Vv VI 
 
 
 
 
 1917-18 
 1918-19 
 
 
 
 
 1919-20 
 
 
 
 
 
 1920-21 
 1921-22 
 1922-23 
 1923-24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1924-25 
 
 
 
 
 1925-26 
 1926-27 
 1927-28 
 1928-29 
 1929-30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AM 
 
 
 
RLU "pW pha baba 
 
 We consider this place a suitable one for 
 a complete list of the men who have taught in 
 Concordia Seminary from its beginning :— 
 
 MiP vonTA. THEO. es vielhs ob ne Cua Nt ran ie 1839—18438 
 * Buerbringer, O's. 0. ss 5's bis oe clone ee 1839—1842 
 VERON PORT Tee hs Vala ie le pai ate enti eran 1839—1840 
 PiLoober, Ey Es) sedis is c's vie 6 ee Satete tated 1841—1849 
 FUMIO NOR Tp te o.. oe eles. eins, arcane Ran eae 1848—1861 
 Walther, 0. FE. W...D. Dice. en 20 eae 1849-—1887 
 Biewend; [Al Ps. i ees vac cles ley eel ae 1850—1858 
 * Saxer, A. Leelee ee Malk ie elece aan ab HORE 1856—1861 
 Seyfarth, N Choi fd ec! & Oe Mee MLO gc 1856—1859 
 PM POIACK! APO, 3) 2 e's Wine sive 6 oon 8 eee 1856—1863 
 Larsen, FO es Ra eh ae a 1859—1861 
 OPAAIET Asi es ackaie + oo bas 6 ee ee 1861—1875 
 PSPAU OP AL aia eee diese ide din ok MR pone 1868—1872 
 F BAUMBtar KK, Te esis veces he ee Woe tenes 1864—1869 
 Pregia 155025 a ek 2b Wisin cr eleee We i eee ee 1869—1871 
 ROE Ce cae Co | Sg CMD. WOU RR MNRES Read AUNT TOIE aS ay 1872—1876 
 Sonatler,: Gre ey. see ay Glee ek eee eee 1872—1887 
 Giientners Melee als eee ts We min aeeere ete 18738—1893 
 fy Nd ¢ ae Ry aE CEPR Ree NGC oUt 1878—1892 
 Piotiery Fie DD, Qs ain ae cies eb eee 1878— 
 Stosckhardt,.Gs, DiuiDy sh kfc eegee 1881—1913 
 Graebner, AL Ga De De cee aa 1887—1904 
 Bente, Fr. Do Dyer Aas ae 1893— 
 HMuerbringer; L., Ded. 73/3254. eee 18938— 
 Mezoer, (F.5D. Dee iia ek Ne ene 1896— 
 Dau Wo. Le. De ea eae ae 1905—1926 
 Krauss EAU Wi D. Do l,i 1905—1924 
 Pardieok, Bsus oct 4 sic .e wo 'eihs amen 1912—1924 
 Graebner, ROCCE seb 62's. v0 cate 1913— 
 Muellery: Ji Dios ek es oo baa ss ae 1920— 
 Brite il ete Oe ss cas 0 ks ee 1920— 
 Sommer MI So. le ide ds RO 1920— 
 PARIS WE hie Mig wine bhi e'e'c < s.6 4.0 6 SR 1921— 
 Mailer Wear ers os science Mee ee 1922— 
 Kretzmann, P. B., Ph.D; DoD ee 1924— 
 Boeoler, Oi ieiscs Me's cas 3a oak See nee 1925— 
 Polack, Wh. ones ie de eee 1925— 
 
 * Names marked with asterisk (*): Taught in Preparatory 
 Department only. 
 
Plate 6 
 
 
 
 O. Fuerbringer. Cc. F. W. Walther. 
 
 
 
 J. F. Buenger. Theo. J. Brohm. 
 The Founders. 
 

 
 
 
 
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antgoritcde und cn fr 
 Ae el hnae lity 
 
 
 
 Advertisement in Anzeiger des Westens, 1839, 
 Announcing Opening of Concordia College. 
 
 Original in the collection of Rev. W. Koepchen, New York. 
 

 
 
 
 
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Plate 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 First St. Louis Building, 1850. 
 

 
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Plate 10 
 
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Plate 10a 
 
 
 
 Dr. Walther’s Carriage. 
 
 The gift of his congregation in the late 60’s. It cost $600 and in 
 
 workmanship and design was the best obtainable. In service until 
 
 Dr. Walther’s death (1887), it was purchased by the manufacturer, 
 Mr. J. G. Kluegel, who is the present owner. 
 
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Plate 11 
 
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Plate 14 
 
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 ‘ayUIg “Y “jolg *IaSuUlIgIeNny “TJ ‘jolg ‘a ‘qd ‘isdatg ‘y ‘jyoig *193ZIW “D ‘jJolg 
 “ned ma “H “M ‘JOoldg “HIoIpIled “aA “JOlIg ‘ssnely “M af “a “JOId “I9uUqIeIL) ‘oon L ‘JOld 
 
 
 

 
IV. The Need, 1920. 
 
 hen the convention of 1920 decided 
 
 to abandon the stately Seminary 
 AN buildings on Jefferson Avenue 
 
 and to remove the institution 
 from the historic site given by 
 the St. Louis congregation (when 
 such a gift meant great individual sacrifices), 
 our congregational representatives did not vote 
 until convinced that an urgent need of reloca- 
 tion and of a new plan existed. The question 
 which confronted our Synod was, How shall we 
 accommodate the ever-increasing number of stu- 
 dents? And this other question also pressed for 
 an answer, How shall adequate provision be 
 made for their instruction, their physical health, 
 and for their general well-being ? 
 
 In 1920, and for some years previous, the 
 Seminary buildings were filled beyond capacity. 
 A large dwelling had been used to take care of 
 the overflow. Our picture shows one of the liv- 
 ing-rooms as they were. Instead of the sixty- 
 four square feet of floor space which modern 
 college planning demands for each student, this 
 
 room contained only forty-six square feet. Five 
 [21] 
 
 
 
EATEN 1 WI nee ie 
 
 and six students were living in rooms designed 
 for four. About three hundred students lived 
 in buildings designed for two hundred. This 
 entailed very crowded conditions in the bed- 
 rooms. There was an average space of only 
 6X6 feet for each bed and wardrobe. 
 
 There were but three lecture-rooms, and there was no pos- 
 sibility of providing additional accommodations. For the Sem- 
 inary library there was no suitable space, and the equipment 
 was entirely antiquated. Light and ventilation were poor, and 
 there was no means of caring for additional books. Two former 
 classrooms in the old Seminary building had been pressed into 
 service for library purposes. Two tables, seating about twenty- 
 four persons, made up the entire working library space offered 
 to 800 students. The chapel, on account of the noise from the 
 street, no longer served its purpose for the daily morning and 
 evening devotional exercises. For larger gatherings, special 
 lectures, musicales, and the like, it had become much too small. 
 
 The Dean had only a small office at the farthest end of the 
 building. The professors had no place where they could meet 
 their students to talk over the classwork, hear the reading of 
 sermons, etc. The need of more than three hundred students 
 had far outgrown the lavatory arrangements. Trunks had to 
 be taken up three flights of steps and stored in the attic. There 
 were no music-rooms. 
 
 In a crowded room, disturbance is simply unavoidable, and 
 many students living together with from four to twelve fellow- 
 students were unable to apply themselves to their studies 
 properly. With long corridors connecting all the rooms on each 
 floor, the coming and going of students, their greetings and 
 conversations in the halls were the cause of continuous and 
 unavoidable disturbance. The Seminary buildings had for some 
 years become a source of heavy expense for up-keep due to 
 natural wear and tear, especially on floors, stairs, windows, 
 doors, plumbing, heating apparatus, etc. While not in a dilapi- 
 dated condition, extensive replacements had become necessary. 
 As Dr. Fuerbringer wrote early in 1920: — 
 
 “Our present buildings are, indeed, not in a condition that 
 they would have to be condemned. The present location, however, 
 
Plate 15 
 
 
 
 Living-Room in the Old Seminary. 
 
 
 
 Bedroom for Three Occupied by Five. 
 

 
 
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 ad veg Ey 
 
 
 
Plate 16 
 
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Plate 17 
 
 ArvIiqvy JO AVG IO} pes Wooisse[g PIO 
 
 
 
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Ba OR ee 
 
 is no longer suitable for a boarding-school with a large number of 
 students. Seventy years ago our Seminary stood on the outskirts 
 of St. Louis; to-day it is surrounded by many buildings in the midst 
 of the city. Available building space can no longer be found. Within 
 three blocks there are four different car-lines, one of these passing 
 directly in front of the Seminary. The din and the noise of the large 
 city and the continuous heavy traffic on the city streets very much 
 interfere with the work of the professors and the students in the 
 lecture-room and with the work of the individual student at his 
 desk; in fact, these disturbing factors very much annoy and distract. 
 Close by there are business houses and not far away a few factories. 
 When the students leave the Seminary buildings, they are out on the 
 street. The present ground space is almost entirely occupied by the 
 Seminary buildings, and there is no free space upon which the 
 students can take a little bodily exercise, excepting a small space 
 between the buildings, which is hardly worth mentioning. If addi- 
 tional buildings would be erected on the present site, several pro- 
 fessors’ dwellings would have to be torn down, and the new Seminary 
 buildings, erected on that ground, would be adjacent to a large school, 
 which in the daytime is attended by several hundred children and at 
 night is used by various societies. The objectionable features before 
 mentioned would remain.” 
 
 The above facts were well known to the grad- 
 uates of a decade or more, and it required little 
 or no agitation to convince the convention as- 
 sembled in Detroit that Concordia Seminary 
 needed a new plant, situated on a campus of 
 ample extent. 
 
V. Plans for a Greater Concordia 
 Developing. 
 
 o one who attended the synodical 
 meeting in Detroit, 1920, will 
 ever forget the thrill of that 
 moment when Synod unani- 
 mously voted one million dol- 
 lars for a new Concordia Sem- 
 
 inary at St. Louis. Remember that only during 
 the past three years the entire budget for new 
 college buildings had been $300,000—and Synod 
 had failed to raise this amount. Now a million 
 was voted for one institution, and it was voted 
 with enthusiasm. 
 
 How had that figure been arrived at? No 
 plans of any kind had been presented. No pro- 
 gram of buildings necessary was offered. In 
 other years a rough estimate from the local 
 boards had been considered sufficient, and even 
 this was lacking in 1920. The reason for this 
 was that no one knew what the relocation of 
 Concordia Seminary would cost, and when the 
 sum of one million dollars was proposed in com- 
 mittee, it was—a guess. A million dollars was 
 
 regarded as a very large sum for any such pur- 
 {24] 
 
 
 
Pe REN Coen 
 
 pose as the building of a college, and no one in 
 that audience which cast its vote June 18, 1920 
 (after only five minutes’ discussion, without de- 
 bate, and unanimously), for the committee re- 
 port knew whether a million dollars would 
 exceed the sum actually needed or fall short 
 of it. At this time Mr. A. G. Brauer, of St. Louis, 
 announced that the St. Louis congregations had 
 gathered pledges to the amount of $75,000 for 
 
 the purchase of a site. 
 
 The Building Committee of Concordia Seminary first met 
 October 18, 1921. Its initial task was that of studying the 
 problem of the selection of an architect. Twenty-eight appli- 
 cations of architects were filed with the committee at its first 
 session, and this number increased to about fifty as the weeks 
 went by. The task of selecting the man for our work required 
 the time of the committee from October, 1921, to March, 1922. 
 
 Many hours were spent in interviews with architects, and 
 much correspondence was carried on. A notice finally appeared 
 in our church-papers setting forth the principles which were 
 guiding the committee in its work of selection and setting 
 February 1, 1922, as the final term for application. It was 
 found that the best architects were unwilling to submit com- 
 petitive drawings and that a “closed competition” would cost 
 more than $10,000. Hence the usual “direct selection” method 
 was pursued. Accurate tabulations were made from the com- 
 mittee’s correspondence, and on the basis of these, eliminations 
 were made from the list. It was not a question simply of 
 finding a good architect or of finding the best architect, but of 
 finding the best architect for a group of institutional buildings, 
 of school-buildings. Some of our applicants were designers of 
 famous hotels and public buildings; others, of fine churches; 
 but the building of college groups is a very limited profession. 
 A subcommittee inspected the work of various architects, visit- 
 ing many institutions. 
 
 On May 16 the Board of Control received 
 official instructions from Messrs. Benj. Bosse 
 
9 GY Ret 
 
 and Henry W. Horst, representing the Board 
 of Directors of the Missouri Synod, to proceed 
 at once with the purchase of a tract of land con- 
 sisting of seventy acres and located west of 
 St. Louis, in St. Louis County, for a site for 
 
 Concordia Seminary. 
 
 The site is undoubtedly one of the finest pieces of real 
 estate in or around St. Louis. It is located in St. Louis County, 
 within about five minutes’ walk of the western limits of the 
 city of St. Louis, due west of the city’s largest and finest park. 
 Those who are acquainted in St. Louis will remember that 
 Forest Park extends to the western limits of the city, that 
 directly north of this end of the park is the entrance to Wash- 
 ington University, and that the surrounding residence districts 
 are of such a character that, humanly speaking, the quality of 
 the neighborhood is assured for all time to come. The property 
 in question is the so-called De Mun tract, which has been held 
 by a St. Louis family for several hundred years, being a direct 
 grant from the King of Spain. It has never since changed 
 hands. Several years ago it was held at $4,000 an acre. The 
 price agreed upon in the contract of sale was $2,600 per acre. 
 The purchase was decided after the Board of Directors, the 
 local board, the faculty, the local conference, and lay repre- 
 sentatives of our congregations had carefully investigated a 
 great number of sites. 
 
 The site is one of the highest pieces of ground near the 
 city. From it a view is obtained over the green expanse of 
 Forest Park, the great city stretching eastward, to-the north 
 the Washington University buildings, — the Concordia campus 
 being higher than the grounds of the university, — and to the 
 west great private parks, with fine residences scattered between. 
 It proved topographically ideal, requiring comparatively little 
 grading and affording excellent drainage. 
 
 Meanwhile the Committee investigating the 
 work of various architects completed its work. 
 The firm of Day & Klauder, of Philadelphia, 
 was selected. The head of this firm is Mr. Chas. 
 
Lees vai: Was 
 
 Z. Klauder. Mr. H. H. Morrison, of St. Louis, 
 was selected as engineer. 
 
 The task of selecting an engineer was almost as delicate 
 as the business of choosing an architect. More than thirty 
 buildings were to be connected up with heat, light, and power. 
 The simple question of whether electricity shall be produced by 
 our own generators or bought from a public utility company 
 involved the most intricate figuring and expert knowledge of 
 installation. The heating of so many buildings and the supply 
 of hot and cold water was another problem, which can be appre- 
 ciated only by those who have seen the blue-prints of a heating- 
 plant connecting up thirty buildings. 
 
VI. Expanding Vision. 
 
 sjhe Board’s program during the 
 months that followed the 1920 
 convention was gone over many 
 times, and every effort was made 
 to reduce the plans to the mini- 
 mum necessary for four hundred 
 students. From the outset the Committee was 
 convinced that the following buildings would 
 have to be constructed of such a size as to accom- 
 modate an ultimate enrolment of eight hundred: 
 Administration; Assembly Hall; Library; Ser- 
 vice Building; Heating-Plant. When the Com- 
 mittee had reduced its program to what it held 
 to be an absolute minimum, it was found that 
 the cost of the group would be about two million 
 dollars for buildings alone. 
 
 At this time a topographical survey was made showing 
 five-foot contour-lines, also exact location of trees. The faculty 
 and Building Committee established a standard of two students 
 per room. The scheme, accordingly, called for suites of two 
 rooms, one study- and one bedroom, to be occupied by two 
 students. From its experience of many years the faculty stood 
 convinced that at a graduate school like Concordia Seminary no 
 more than two students should room together. This in spite 
 of the higher cost of building thereby entailed. 
 
 As the architect recommended stone for our group, a special 
 committee was appointed to look into the possibilities of stone 
 from Arkansas and Missouri quarries. The Committee’s re- 
 search finally led as far as Colorado, and it was from the Rocky 
 
 [28] 
 
 
 
Mountains that the red stone in the group has been obtained. 
 Specimen walls were built on the new Seminary grounds, and 
 the opinion of many persons was obtained. 
 
 Since the plans as sketched by the architect 
 called for the expenditure of an amount so far 
 in excess of the appropriation, Mr. Klauder was 
 instructed to draw tentative simpler plans which 
 might be offered as an alternate to the next 
 synodical convention. At this time, too, pledges 
 were privately obtained in the amount of 
 $165,000 from friends of the Seminary who 
 were eager to realize a group architecturally as 
 beautiful as the one originally designed. In ad- 
 dition, Mr. Fred C. Pritzlaff, of Milwaukee, 
 offered to defray the cost of the Library, about 
 $87,000. 
 
 When the facts were submitted to the con- 
 vention at Fort Wayne in 1923, the necessary 
 additional amount of $1,500,000 was voted in 
 full, June 26. 
 
 After the convention competitive bids on the 
 plans of Day & Klauder were called for. Ten 
 large contractors responded to the invitation. 
 The contract was awarded to the Kellermann 
 Contracting Company of St. Louis. The mem- 
 bers of the firm, Mr. Conrad Kellermann and 
 Mr. William Lehr, are members of Holy Cross 
 Church, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
Ne AN 9 HY Maia 
 
 THE BUILDING COMMITTEE. 
 
 The Building Committee was composed of the 
 Board of Control, which had been authorized to 
 increase its number by the addition of other 
 members. These had been selected with a view 
 of obtaining the service of additional men of 
 building experience and business ability. The 
 committee, when the buildings were completed, 
 had the following roster : — 
 
 Rev. Richard Jesse, Pastor of Mount Calvary Church, 
 St. Louis. 
 
 Rev. R. Kretzschmar, president of the Western District and 
 chairman of the Board of Control. 
 
 Rev. Theo. Laetsch, pastor of St. Trinity Church, St. Louis. 
 
 Rev. Louis J. Sieck, pastor of Zion Church, St. Louis. 
 
 Mr. Christ. Beckemeier, Jr., president of the Gravois Plan- 
 ing Mill. 
 
 Mr. A. G. Brauer, president of the A. G. Brauer Supply Co. 
 and a director of the United States Bank of St. Louis. 
 
 Mr. Eugene Harms, president of the Hesse Envelope 
 Company. 
 
 Mr. Henry W. Horst, of Rock Island, Ill., contractor and 
 builder. Representative of the synodical Board of Directors. 
 
 Mr. Otto Huesemann, salesman. 
 
 Mr. Sam Kowert, equipment expert. 
 
 Mr. Ewald Schuettner, president of the Ruckert Architec- 
 tural Supply Company. 
 
 Mr. Louis Stockho, formerly vice-president of the Lammert 
 Furniture Company. 
 
 Mr. A. W. Thias, vice-president of the National Bank of 
 Commerce in St. Louis. 
 
 Mr. Chas. Wehking, Jr., contractor and builder. 
 
 Mr. Wm. F. Wischmeyer, member of the firm of Mauran, 
 Russell & Crowell, Architects. 
 
 The following were honorary members: Mr. J. P. Hahn and 
 Mr. L. J. Rupprecht. The latter served as special accountant. 
 
eS tained 
 
 The following faculty members served on the Committee: 
 Dr. L. Fuerbringer; Dean J. H.C. Fritz; Prof. Theo. Graebner. 
 
 The following were asked to serve as Advisory Members: 
 Rev. Wm. Koepchen, of New York; Mr. FE. Rubbert, of Minne- 
 apolis; Mr. F. J. Schinnerer, of Long Beach, Cal.; Mr. G. Merz, 
 of Mobile, Ala.; and Mr. F. G. Walker, of Cleveland. 
 
 Of those who served on the Building Committee two were 
 ae ie their eternal rest: Mr. H. F. Bente and Dr. C. C. 
 Schmidt. 
 
 The work of the Committee was subdivided 
 in such a manner that special committees were 
 given charge of certain features in the project. 
 The following subcommittees were elected as 
 necessity for their work arose: — 
 
 1) Committee on Plans. This committee studied the plans 
 as they came through from the architect’s office and made 
 recommendations to the general Building Committee. 
 
 2) Subcommittee for Conference with Architects. Through 
 this Committee all the business with the architects was trans- 
 acted. 
 
 3) Advisory Committee. This committee acted in an ad- 
 visory capacity with reference to construction and contracts. 
 
 4) Committee on Quarries. This committee investigated 
 the various quarries from which the stone for the Seminary 
 group has been secured. 
 
 5) Committee on Accounting. This Committee had the 
 duty to see to the accounting of all funds in such a manner as 
 to indicate the debits and credits under each General Contract 
 as well as under such subheads as were found necessary for 
 comprehensive and intelligent reports which should be made in 
 the monthly meetings, the object being to control our expendi- 
 ture so as to keep within our appropriation and the different 
 allotments made for our requirements. 
 
 6) Equipment Committee. This committee prepared invi- 
 tations to bidders, opened bids, and made recommendations to 
 the General Committee, regarding the purchase of the equip- 
 ment of Dormitories, Library, Dining-halls, Administration 
 Building, Lecture Halls, and Assembly Hall. 
 
aL a San 
 
 7) The Committee on Residences. This Committee studied 
 the needs of the professors with reference to dwellings and 
 cooperated with the architect in working up the plans which 
 were finally adopted. 
 
 8) The Committee on Emblems and Inscriptions. This 
 Committee was entrusted with the task of providing inscriptions 
 where needed and of supplying subjects suitable for the orna- 
 mentation (in stone and glass) of an institution for the training 
 of Christian ministers. (Members outside of Building Com- 
 mittee: Dr. F. Bente and Prof. J. T. Mueller.) 
 
 9) Committee on Special Donations. This Committee in- 
 vestigated the donations made for purposes not included in the 
 original appropriation of Synod and made suitable recommenda- 
 tions to the Committee and Synod’s Board of Directors. 
 
 All resolutions of the Building Committee 
 involving the expenditure of funds, from its 
 first meeting to the letting of the last contracts, 
 were unanimous. ‘The meetings were ever 
 marked by a brotherly spirit. 
 

 
 
 
 VII. Ground-Breaking. Laying the 
 Corner-Stone. 
 
 od was broken for the new Sem- 
 inary buildings January 18, 1924, 
 in the presence of Synod’s Board 
 of Directors, the Building Com- 
 mittee, the Faculty, the student- 
 body, and such members of the 
 St. Louis congregations as braved the inclemen- 
 cies of the weather. Also the directors of the 
 Lutheran Laymen’s League were present. 
 
 A space about fifty feet in diameter had been roped 
 off around the spot at which the President’s office in the 
 Administration Building is now located. Standing on an ex- 
 cavator’s wagon, Rev. L. J. Sieck announced the order of service. 
 Addresses were made by Rev. Kretzschmar, Dr. Pieper, and 
 Dr. Pfotenhauer, by Mr. Henry W. Horst in behalf of the 
 Building Cominiittes and the Board of Directors, and by 
 Mr. Theo. Lamprecht on behalf of the laymen of Synod. In the 
 name of the Triune God President Pfotenhauer sunk a spade 
 into the soil and turned up three shovelfuls. The act was per- 
 formed also by the two laymen. The students sang “A Mighty 
 Fortress,” and the Seminary band played several well-chosen 
 selections. Rev. R. Jesse, of the Seminary Board of Control, 
 pronounced the benediction, and the audience sang “Praise to 
 the Lord, the Almighty.” 
 
 The weather was raw, the skies overcast, and there was 
 a thin covering of snow on the ground. But those who refused 
 to be deterred by these weather conditions were witnessing a 
 historic event. 
 
 3 [33] 
 
 
 
This was in January. In October of the same 
 year the corner-stone was laid. The ceremony 
 took place on Sunday, October 26. It was a per- 
 fect Indian summer-day, with light mists hover- 
 ing in the quiet air and the oaks of the Seminary 
 grove dressed in autumn colors. Weeks of per- 
 fect weather had preceded, and the grounds as 
 well as the roads leading to them were in fine 
 condition. A committee on arrangements had 
 placed signs on the boulevards in the vicinity, 
 guiding automobiles to the proper entrance, 
 where an efficient staff directed the parking. 
 Special trains from Indiana, Ulinois, and Mis- 
 souri brought many fellow-Lutherans. Benches 
 had been provided for about 4,000. . Estimates 
 of the crowd vary from twelve to twenty thou- 
 sand. Our pictures give an impression of the 
 congregation which joined in the singing, heard 
 the addresses, and witnessed the ceremony. 
 A number of addresses were made by officers of 
 Synod and representatives of the institution, 
 and the usual mementos deposited in the corner- 
 stone. ‘The receptacle was a lead box, which was 
 then soldered and firmly embedded in cement. 
 
 Microphones brought the words of the 
 speakers through amplifiers to every part of 
 the crowd without loss of a syllable and, through 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Original Condition of Ground where Academic Group 
 Now Stands. 
 
# 
 
 i 
 
 o™, 
 
 ett 
 
 
 
Plate 19 
 
 
 
 The Ground-Breaking. 
 
 President EF, Pfotenhauer in Center, 
 
 
 
 The Excavators Arriving. 
 

 
Plate 20 
 
 
 
 “MOTd 
 
 10}0¥B.1Y, 
 
 a4} JO FIOM S 
 
 ‘ 
 
 Avg 
 
 ISIIT OUL 
 
 
 

 
Plate 21 
 
 ‘PMOID eT} 
 
 
 
 (‘em0yqdo1dTy, 310N) 
 SuUISSseIppy tedeiqg-iq ° 
 
 SuIAvy 9u0jS-19uI109 
 
 
 

 
Plate 22 
 
 
 
 “SUIABT DU0JG-I9UIOD 94} 3B PMOID 9UL 
 
 
 

 
35 
 
 
 
 
 
 the radio broadcasting station at the old Sem- 
 inary building, with equal clearness to every 
 part of the United States. It was, in a way, the 
 dedication of the great plant, Station KFUO, 
 which had been completed the day before and 
 was operating under a special Government 
 permit. 
 
VIII. Finances. 
 
 hen a Lutheran building com- 
 mittee, in the past, was held 
 responsible for the expendi- 
 ture of a hundred thousand 
 dollars, it was rightly consid- 
 ered a task of great respon- 
 sibility. A hundred thousand dollars of trust 
 funds, collected from the members of the Church 
 as a gift for religious purposes, imposes great 
 obligations on those elected to administer its ex- 
 penditure. The Building Committee of Concor- 
 dia Seminary for more than two years disbursed 
 every month an average of a hundred thousand 
 dollars. The writer believes that abiding in- 
 terest must attach to the manner in which the 
 members of the Building Committee endeavored 
 to meet the confidence which their Synod voted 
 in 1923 when the appropriation for the new 
 Seminary was increased to $2,500,000. 
 
 There is still a report current in our Church of the scene 
 on the floor of our convention in 1884, when the sainted Rev. 
 Otto Hanser was constrained to report that his committee had 
 expended a sum 50 per cent. greater than their appropriation in 
 order to build the Seminary on Jefferson Avenue. “Here is 
 my back,” he closed his report; “now give me what I deserve!” 
 
 It is true that the Missouri Synod has never regretted the 
 extra $50,000 which the committee in 1883 spent on the “new 
 
 [36] 
 
 nasa 
 
 
 
 ele en I je els wien A Semper See, 
 
 
 

 
 eae eke ye 
 
 Seminary.” There was more than bare utility. There was 
 much cut-stone trim, the best library furniture obtainable, 
 frescoed and paneled ceilings, staircases of elaborate workman- 
 ship in rare woods, a beautiful tower, stately entrances, — all of 
 which had nothing to do with utility. Yet try to imagine the 
 old Seminary without these features, so costly in their day! 
 Indeed, the Synod which authorized the structure of 1883 had 
 specifically set aside 10 per cent. for artistic embellishment. 
 While the ideals of our fathers of 1883 must be an inspiration 
 to our Synod and were so felt by the new Building Committee, 
 the rule was conscientiously observed that no money must be 
 expended for unauthorized purposes, unless, indeed, for one 
 purpose or another extra gifts should be received. The build- 
 ings as planned had to be built for the appropriated amount. 
 In order that this might be done and also to safeguard all who 
 had the handling of these large amounts, elaborate checks and 
 counter-checks were provided by the Building Committee. 
 
 From the outset no contracts were let for which cash was 
 not in sight. The architect was pleased to note from the begin- 
 ning that this project was not based upon hopes and promises. 
 Soon after operations commenced, the entire two million dollars 
 voted for buildings (the other half-million was for “outside 
 work”) was on hand and was drawing interest in the form of 
 bonds. Mr. E. Seuel, Synodical Treasurer, was, under the 
 synodical regulations and safeguards, administrator of this 
 fund. In making disbursements, the following method was 
 adopted : — 
 
 Reports from the clerk-of-the-works would reach the archi- 
 tect daily stating what progress was being made on the various 
 contracts — there were some twenty subcontractors in all. As 
 amounts became due, the architect would issue a certificate of 
 payment. This would be checked by the secretary of the Build- 
 ing Committee and passed on to the Committee’s Financial 
 Agent. At the same time a copy would reach the Committee’s 
 Accountant. The Financial Agent would make out a voucher 
 in the amounts of the various buildings, attach these, and send 
 them to the Committee’s chairman and secretary for counter- 
 signatures. These would then travel to the Treasurer’s office, 
 who would make out checks to the order of the Financial Agent. 
 On receipt of these checks the Financial Agent would issue his 
 check to each of the contractors included in that day’s orders. 
 Previous to all this the various contracts had been scrutinized 
 by one of the many special committees and had been recom- 
 
el eg ee ee 
 
 mended to the Building Committee, which would be informed 
 at all times of the amounts called for under the various 
 contracts. 
 
 Competitive bids were the rule, which the 
 Committee tried conscientiously to follow. But 
 not in all cases did contracts go to the lowest 
 bidder. Invariably they went to the bidder who 
 in the Committee’s opinion furnished the best 
 quality and came closest to the specifications 
 contained in the invitation to the bidding. In 
 all eases the awarding of contracts was made 
 with the approval of the entire Committee. 
 There was no recklessness in the allowance of 
 extras or purchase of special equipment. Items 
 as small as $25 and even less, if an addition to 
 existing contracts, were submitted to the entire 
 Committee, discussed, and voted upon. Such 
 action was never taken upon the word of any 
 one man or on the arechitect’s recommendation 
 alone, but upon the recommendation of a sub- . 
 committee, which had given its attention to the 
 architect’s or contractor’s suggestions. 
 
 The Building Committee met twice a month. 
 At every meeting a statement was read by the 
 Financial Agent, Mr. A. W. Thias. Once a 
 month the Accounting Committee reported 
 through Mr. L. J. Rupprecht, showing in detail 
 the relation of expenditures to appropriations 
 under each contract. 
 

 
 
 
 IX. The Field Office and Its Work. 
 
 or the reason that in the erection of 
 
 a group of buildings many and 
 
 varied problems, contentions, and 
 
 differences of opinions will arise 
 
 as to interpretations of even such 
 
 nearly 100-per cent. drawings and 
 specifications as the Seminary was favored 
 with by the able architects and engineers and 
 contractors, it was realized in the beginning 
 that general supervision of the entire work was 
 not only desirable, but very essential. The 
 Building Committee contracted with the Archi- 
 tect to furnish a Superintendent to represent 
 the Architect in defining and interpreting the 
 drawings and specifications and to supervise the 
 general construction and erection of the build- 
 ings and mechanical equipment, thereby safe- 
 guarding the Synod’s interest to the extent that 
 the various contractors did earry out the requi- 
 sitions of plans and specifications as contracted 
 for. We were favored with the services of 
 Mr. Geo. K. Trautwein, of Philadelphia, Pa., as 
 Superintendent, whose ability and fairness in 
 
 making decisions are a grateful memory. 
 [39] 
 
 
 
SERA Vy Yi AL 
 
 The Building Committee also recognized the 
 task upon which it had just entered and realized 
 that representation of the Committee at the 
 grounds was desirable, and accordingly erected 
 a frame building to house the Field Office. This 
 office was conducted by Mr. Chas. Wehking, Jr., 
 member of the Building Committee. 
 
 The work of the Field Office was very considerable. Its 
 task was to record the vast network of sewers, water and gas 
 mains, as well as the various and many hidden plumbing pipes 
 which are imbedded in the masonry; to receive and keep record 
 of face stone which the Committee shipped in from outside 
 sources; and to keep innumerable other records and statistics 
 for the information of the Building Committee. This office 
 was an intermediator between contractors and the Architect’s 
 Superintendent; here Mr. Wehking could be found daily, and 
 many minor items were settled quietly and agreeably to all con- 
 cerned. Daily records were kept on file of the progress of the 
 entire work, giving statistical records of weather reports, the 
 number of men of the various contractors at work, and on 
 what particular group of buildings. 
 
X. Material and Construction. 
 
 n order to ascertain the kind of soil which the ex- 
 cavators would encounter and in order to be 
 able to calculate the size of footings for foun- 
 dations, the ground had been test-bored at 
 about twenty stations. The results showed that 
 the grounds are underlaid with a slight trace 
 of coal, fire-clay, and lime-stone at a depth 
 of approximately twenty-two feet below the 
 natural surface. 
 
 After the excavations for buildings and preliminary grad- 
 ing of site were completed, the foundation walls of the buildings 
 were started in stone masonry. Due to delays caused by bad 
 weather, it was found advisable to change the foundation walls 
 to concrete. The walls of all buildings above the ground (ex- 
 cepting the professors’ houses and the power-plant, which are 
 of brick) are of stone from local quarries, all substantially laid 
 and bedded in Portland cement mortar. 
 
 The exterior of the walls is faced with variegated stone, 
 about 45 per cent. from Boulder, Colo., in four shades of red 
 color; about 45 per cent. from Ste. Genevieve, Mo., of gray 
 color; about 5 per cent. from Wittenberg, Perry Co., Mo., of 
 yellow color; and about 5 per cent. St. Louis white limestone. 
 All cut stone, except door-sills, is of Bedford, Ind., stone. The 
 door-sills are of gray Mount Airy granite. The Perry County 
 yellow stone is quarried from the Bodenschatz farm at Witten- 
 berg, Mo., this being the same quarry from which the stone was 
 taken for the first Lutheran church built at Altenburg, Mo., in 
 the sixties of the past century, which is still standing. There 
 is, of course, sentiment connected with the use of this yellow 
 stone; however, it adapts itself splendidly in the color scheme. 
 The gray stone is taken from a quarry on the old Baumgartner 
 farm, about four miles from Zell, Mo., or about eight miles 
 from Ste. Genevieve, Mo. (about 70 miles south of St. Louis). 
 This being no commercial quarry, the Building Committee 
 acquired the privilege from the owner of this farm to quarry 
 the rock, proceeded to hire its own men to strip the ground, 
 quarried the stone, and hired trucks to haul them to the railroad 
 
 [41] 
 
 
 
PURER YAY PNAC 
 
 ears. This is the approximate quantity of stone used: 6 cars 
 of Perry County yellow stone, 219 tons; 48 cars of Ste. Gen- 
 evieve gray stone, 2,161 tons; and 47 cars of Colorado red stone, 
 1,996 tons. 
 
 The object of the committee was to obtain stone which was 
 cross-bedded; in other words, which would split in two direc- 
 tions, so that it could be obtained in layers of any thinness and 
 yet, by its cross-cleavage, present a face which would not require 
 dressing with a chisel. The saving in labor realized by this 
 type of stone compensated for the cost of transportation. The 
 result are walls of beautiful masonry and, so far as human 
 foresight goes, of absolute permanence. The tuck-pointing in 
 itself was a major problem, as will be appreciated by any expert 
 inspecting these walls. 
 
 The concrete for wall-footings, columns, beams, and slabs is 
 a mixture of one part cement, two parts sand, and four parts 
 broken stone. The floors are constructed of reinforced. concrete 
 of beam and slab construction and supported on exterior. walls 
 and concrete columns. Excepting for wood roofs,. which are 
 supported by steel ridge-beams and columns, all other construc- 
 tion is fire-proof. The interior partitions and exterior wall 
 furring are of hollow terra cotta blocks, laid in cement mortar. 
 Plastering is applied directly to the terra cotta walls and the 
 concrete ceilings. The walls in general, except where painted, 
 are of sand-finish plaster, with hard, white burnished ceilings. 
 
 All mill-work except in the few instances where it has been 
 painted, is of white and red quartered oak. The wood roof- 
 trusses and ceilings in the dining-halls and the Library are of 
 Douglas Fir from the northwest coast. Special mill-work is 
 used in the faculty and president’s rooms and in the Library 
 and the dining-halls. 
 
 The steel casement sash were made by the Crittal Company 
 in England, chosen by the Architect on account of their resis- 
 tance to wear and elements. The casement sash are glazed 
 with leaded glass with 34-inch-wide reinforced leads. 
 
 The finish of floors in general is cement, with terrazzo in 
 toilet-rooms and dining-halls. In the Library and in the period- 
 ical rooms linoleum is applied to cement. In the administration 
 suites the floors are of oak. 
 
 _ The slate on the roofs is from the Vermont quarries, with 
 mixtures of unfading green, light and dark grays, and mottled 
 slates, laid in elastic cement over a heavy roofing felt. The 
 
 
 
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North Front of Lecture Building, 1924. 
 Showing Impregnable Nature of Walls and Footings, 
 
 Plate 23 
 
 
 

 
Plate 24 
 
 
 
 Founders’ Hall, 1924. 
 
 Ramps for Moving Stone and Slate. 
 
 
 
 Steel Framework of Assembly Hall Completed, 1924. 
 
a 
 ' 
 
 iat, 
 
 o* 
 
 ‘ 
 
 a 
 
 
 
Raub ee melee 
 
 slates graduate in exposure, with the thickest slate and greatest 
 exposure at the bottom. In quantity, this was the largest slate 
 contract ever let in this country. 
 
 All rain-water gutters and downspouts and roof-flashings 
 are of copper, there being no exposed wood except the doors. 
 
 Marble in the toilet-rooms is imperial gray from Car- 
 thage, Mo. 
 
 The hardware is of Corbin manufacture, each building 
 being master-keyed separately and the entire group controlled 
 with one grand master-key. 
 
 In connection with the Library is a three-tier cast-iron 
 book stack with enameled-steel adjustable shelves and a dumb- 
 waiter. The floors in this building are of slate, supported on 
 steel construction. 
 
 (Details supplied by Mr. Chas. Wehking, Jr.) 
 
XI. The Architecture of the Seminary. 
 
 a 4@\\be firm which prepared the plans 
 mn ( for the new Concordia Seminary 
 od on uw 
 
 
 
 has acquired national reputation 
 as originators of college groups, 
 building in the American modi- 
 fication of the late Gothic style 
 as it prevailed in England at the time of the 
 Reformation. 
 
 The style is sometimes called Tudor, after the name of the 
 royal house of England which was then reigning. It is called 
 Perpendicular because of the vertical lines which mark its con- 
 struction, especially in the tracery of windows. It is called 
 Collegiate Gothic because some of the famous colleges of 
 England (Oxford, Cambridge) were built in this style of archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 Mr. Chas. Z. Klauder, of Philadelphia, is to- 
 day reckoned as one of the leading originators 
 of college buildings in this style. Together with 
 Mr. Ralph A. Cram, of Boston, and the late 
 Bernard Goodhue he is regarded as one of the 
 greatest Gothicists which the present generation 
 has produced. He has given his time not only 
 to the general plan on which the Concordia 
 buildings are laid out, but to most of the detail 
 in designing. 
 
 [44] 
 

 
 eh MPs 
 
 In accordance with the rules of Gothie art 
 the college buildings are designed low to the 
 ground, the inside vestibules being raised only 
 four or five steps above the grade. A homelike, 
 satisfying atmosphere is created by this com- 
 parative lowness of the first floor of the build- 
 ings, which cannot be obtained in any other way. 
 The arrangement of buildings one story, one and 
 a half, three, four, and five stories in height, 
 around quadrangles, has developed a marvelous 
 series of roof-lines. The roofs are steep in pitch 
 and are covered with slate. These steep roofs 
 are not only beautiful architecturally, but are 
 very desirable on account of the heat prevailing 
 during certain spring and fall months when the 
 school is in session. 
 
 The buildings are erected on several levels, 
 thus adding a new feature of variety which 
 greatly enhances their appearance. In several 
 buildings one elevation is, as a result, a full 
 story higher than the opposite one. At the same 
 time the use which the Architect thus has made 
 of the contours of the site has saved thousands 
 of dollars in excavation. 
 
 As for the general appearance of the group, 
 it requires a personal visit to be appreciated. 
 None of the pictures shown in this book convey 
 an adequate impression. 
 
PERSIE. MP Nad 
 
 There are nineteen buildings in all, in addition to the 
 residences. Of these, two are detached, Founders’ Hall and the 
 Power-house; the rest are united into one group and distrib- 
 uted around five quadrangles, or courts. Manifestly the eye 
 cannot take in more than one angle of the group at a time, and 
 our pictures can show only such angles. However, when the 
 drawings were first shown to friends of Concordia Seminary, 
 words of high appreciation reached the Committee. Architect 
 John Zink, of Baltimore, wrote us about his admiration of the 
 design, by which, he says, our Church “expresses to the world 
 and to future generations, in mighty, though silent sermons, its 
 traditions and history, its purpose and work, its aspirations and 
 hopes.” And a Detroit business man, when he saw the plans, 
 said: “I am not an artist, but I appreciate this beautiful group 
 of impressive structures, which speak of the glory of the present 
 and breathe faith in the future, for which they were built.” 
 
 The union of practical arrangement, noble 
 architecture, and permanency secured through 
 the cooperative effort of the New Concordia 
 architects, Committee, and contractors, at a cost 
 far below that generally required for the build- 
 ing of a college group so impressive, has rarely 
 been achieved, and never, if the word of experts 
 may be trusted, in the history of American col- 
 lege building. 
 

 
 
 
 Plate 23 
 
 East Front of Wyneken Hall. 
 
 Administration Offices in Left Half 
 
 Right Half. 
 
 in 
 
 e 
 
 Faculty Room (large bay) ; Lecture-Halls 
 
 ° 
 9 
 

 

 
 
 
 Plate 26 
 
 The Lecture-Halls from the Northeast. 
 

 
Plate 27 
 
 
 
 Portion of Lecture-Halls (north elevation). 
 
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Plate 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 Craemer Tower. 
 Part of Schaller Dormitory to Right. 
 

 
 
 
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Plate 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Entrance to South Dining-Hall (Koburg Hall). 
 

 
Plate 30 
 
 
 
 West Front of Founders’ Hall. 
 Fuerbringer Hall in Distance; Brohm Hall right. 
 

 

 
 Entrance to Fuerbringer Dormitory. 
 
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 Dormitory with Gustavus Adolphus Archway. 
 Roof Unfinished. 
 

 
 
 
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—— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 XII. Description of the Buildings. 
 
 he Seminary group consists of 
 nineteen buildings, not counting 
 the residences. There are ten 
 dormitories, two dining-halls, a 
 Service Building, a Lecture Hall 
 Building, Assembly Hall, Li- 
 
 
 
 _ brary, Administration Building, Main Entrance, 
 
 and Power-house. Our description makes a cir- 
 
 cuit of these buildings, beginning at the Main 
 
 Entrance, passing around the north courts, and 
 
 : returning through the central quadrangle. 
 
 WALTHER ENTRANCE. 
 
 This memorial to Dr. C. F. W. Walther, the 
 great theologian and many years president of 
 
 Concordia Seminary, consists of a system of 
 
 entrance arches between the Administration 
 Building, the Stoeckhardt Dormitory, and the 
 Library. It embraces the lower portion of the 
 projected Luther Tower designated on the plans 
 
 as Reception-room. Within the entrance rise 
 - huge pillars, from which arched ribs spring and 
 
 meet in the ceiling. Above these arches there 
 are two rooms. There are also rooms below the 
 
 passage to the north of the Reception-room. 
 [47] 
 
css MS Nie res 
 
 The Reception-room opens into the Administra- 
 tion Building. On the south wall of the Main 
 Entrance is a beautiful carving, in stone, of the 
 Log Cabin College, a work of the Philadelphia 
 sculptor Mr. John Maene. 
 
 Dr. Carl Ferdiand Wilhelm Walther —to his friends he was 
 Ferdinand — was born October 25, 1811. The virtual ruler of Ger- 
 many was then Napoleon Bonaparte. When Walther was a young 
 man, the provinces of what was once the German Empire had re- 
 gained sufficient self-government to make the prevailing state-church 
 conditions an intolerable nuisance. Under the regulations in force, 
 rationalists (infidels) and orthodox Lutherans were compelled to 
 preach from the same pulpits and commune at the same altars. 
 Rationalistic church books were forced upon the congregations. 
 These conditions prompted that company of Lutheran Saxons of 
 whom Dr. Walther later became leader to emigrate. During his eight 
 college years, Ferdinand Walther had remained unconverted. It was 
 during his university days that he came to a true knowledge of sin 
 and to a conscious faith in the Savior of sinners. This was not 
 through the instrumentality of his university instructors, who were 
 rationalists, but through the benignant influence of the few heliev- 
 ing friends whose companionship he enjoyed while attending the 
 University of Leipzig, and by the gracious counsel of a Pastor 
 Martin Stephan, to whom he had gone with his troubled conscience. 
 
 When the colony had landed in Missouri, there came a time of 
 great outward and spiritual distress. For a time the colonists 
 doubted that they were members of the true Christian Church. But 
 thanks to the firm faith and untiring zeal of Ferdinand Walther, 
 these doubts were not only dispelled, but out of that series of dis- 
 cussions known as the Altenburg Debate were developed the true 
 principles of a free Church. It is for this noble work, based on 
 Scripture, our precious Confessions, and the writings of Luther, that 
 we perhaps owe our sainted leader our greatest thanks. 
 
 After forty years of labor in the pulpit, in the lecture hall, and 
 by means of the pen on behalf of sound Lutheranism, the great war- 
 rior was called home. He died May 7, 1887, while the Synod was 
 in session at Fort Wayne. 
 
 The Faculty room contains a fine marble bust of Dr. C. F. 
 W. Walther, the gift of the late Mr. C. F. G. Meyer, founder and 
 president of Meyer Brothers Drug Company. The bust was 
 earved of Carrara marble, after a photograph, when Mr. Meyer 
 traveled in Italy in the last 90’s. 
 

 
 
 
 PERG YY (Peat aes 
 
 Log Cabin Stone. 
 
 A reproduction in stone, high relief, of the Log Cabin built 
 in Perry County, Mo., in 1839 by three candidates of theology, 
 the Revs. Brohm, Buenger, Fuerbringer, who with their own 
 hands built the first Concordia Seminary and were the first 
 instructors in it. 
 
 They had emigrated from Saxony with a colony of Lutherans 
 under Rev. Martin Stephan. In order to build a school for the edu- 
 cation of ministers, these three young men went to work, cleared 
 the ground, broke it with a hoe, and planted a little corn and a few 
 potatoes. Then they felled trees for the log house, dragging them 
 to the clearing by main strength. Often their hands were bleeding 
 at the end of a day’s work. They had no horses or oxen to do the 
 work. They dug a cistern to assure a supply of drinking-water. 
 They suffered thirst and hunger and were, besides, weakened by the 
 unaccustomed climate. But they finally succeeded in completing 
 their log house, which consisted of only one room. Three students 
 were enrolled. This log cabin still stands. It beeame the mother 
 institution of our Missouri Synod colleges. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 
 (Wyneken Hall.) 
 
 Fronting on the principal driveway is the 
 largest building in the group, containing the 
 Administration offices and part of the Lecture 
 Halls. This structure is called Wyneken Hall, 
 in honor of Frederick C. D. Wyneken, the 
 pioneer missionary and organizer (born May 153, 
 1810; died May 4, 1876). He made extensive 
 tours in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio and be- 
 came one of the chief promoters of the move- 
 ment which led to the organization of the Mis- 
 souri Synod. For a time he was its president. 
 His life has been an inspiration to all who labor 
 
 in the Missouri Synod. 
 4 
 
BEE OO euRaN Geant 
 
 The Administration Building contains on 
 the ground floor a number of rooms for official 
 guests of the institution and some students’ 
 rooms. On the main floor are the President’s 
 room, the Dean’s rooms, and the faculty room. 
 On the third floor are a number of committee 
 
 rooms. 
 LECTURE HALLS. 
 
 There are eight lecture-rooms distributed on 
 two floors of the building which forms the north- 
 east corner of the group. Six of these are 
 equipped with pedestal chairs and desks and 
 two with tablet chairs. The rooms are well 
 lighted, and the air is renewed by a fan-blower 
 ventilator installed in the floor below. In the 
 basement are rooms for student activities — the 
 stationery, auction room, ete. In the third floor 
 are located seven sound-proof music-rooms, one 
 of them large enough to be suitable for orchestra 
 practise. The Lecture Halls are connected on 
 the first and second floors with another large 
 structure, — 
 
 THE ASSEMBLY HALL. 
 
 In this hall the daily chapel exercises take 
 place, and here lectures and programs for the 
 general public are given. The hall has a large 
 baleony. It is equipped with opera chairs, 817 
 in number. A fine Wangerin organ is a feature 
 

 
 pel cabot | sy Up Madina 
 
 of this auditorium. The hall is ventilated by 
 the same fan-blower which ventilates the Lec- 
 ture Halls and the Library. 
 
 Over the entrance-halls of the auditorium proper is located 
 a fine room reserved for instruction of postgraduate classes. The 
 old faculty table from the Concordia Seminary of 1883—1926 
 and a table from the old Library have been installed in this 
 room. It will not be equipped with desks, but students will sit 
 around the tables with their instructor. 
 
 Passing out of the West entrance of the 
 auditorium and walking south, the first door 
 opens into 
 
 THE PRITZLAFF MEMORIAL LIBRARY. 
 
 Of the two entrances, the northernmost gives 
 access to the stack-room, really a building which 
 joins the Assembly Hall on the north and the 
 Library proper with its south wall. There are 
 three stories built up of steel stacks with floors 
 of heavy slate slabs, absolutely fire-proof, and the 
 shelves are so constructed as to be easily cleaned. 
 Repair bills have been almost entirely elimi- 
 nated. ‘These stacks provide room for 70,000 
 books. 
 
 A door leads from the second floor of the 
 stack-room to the main floor of the Library 
 proper, the Reading-room. This is one of the 
 largest rooms in the group, measuring eighty 
 feet in length and twenty-four feet in width. 
 
PAA ETE 5:5 MU nee 
 
 The walls are lined with bookcases, and suitable 
 tables and chairs are provided for reading and 
 study. On the ground floor is provided a peri- 
 odical room, also work-rooms and offices. 
 
 The Library is a gift to the Synod in memory 
 of John Pritzlaff, of Milwaukee, Wis., for many 
 years a faithful member of our Synod. 
 
 WEST DORMITORIES. 
 
 In the ten dormitories of the institution, 
 room is provided for approximately four hun- 
 dred students. The general type of living quar- 
 ters is a two-room suite for two students, con- 
 sisting of a living-room and a bedroom. There 
 are also a number of large rooms, which serve 
 as a combined study and bedroom for two stu- 
 dents. A few rooms will contain study and bed- 
 room equipment for a single student. The 
 equipment of the rooms consists of a good desk 
 and chair, bed, mattress, wardrobe space, lamp, 
 and waste-basket for each student, also a cos- 
 tumer and a bookshelf for each suite or single 
 room, and a small rug for each bedroom. The 
 wardrobes are built in. The main lavatory of 
 each dormitory is on the second floor, Auxiliary 
 lavatories are found on all other floors. Also the 
 attic floors provide dormitory space. Far from 
 being undesirable, these rooms, on account of the 
 

 
 quiet which they afford and the beautiful views 
 from their windows, are considered very attrac- 
 tive. Personal visits to institutions having sim- 
 ilar rooms, and consultations with the managers 
 of such dormitories, also with students (at Cor- 
 nell, Princeton, and Yale), have assured the Com- 
 mittee of this fact. 
 
 The dormitories consist of a Western group 
 of six and an Eastern group of three, and the 
 Postgraduate Hall. The latter connects the 
 Dining-hall group with the main entrance and 
 faces the great quadrangle, which is surrounded 
 by most of the West Dormitory group. The East 
 Dormitory is called Founders’ Hall and consists 
 of three dormitories under one roof. All ten 
 dormitories are named after former professors 
 of the institution. 
 
 Schaller Dormitory. 
 
 This dormitory, together with the Pritzlaff Library, forms 
 the north side of the great quadrangle; the Tyndale Archway 
 furnishes the means of communication (between Dormitory and 
 Library) with the northwest court. The Schaller Dormitory 
 houses 47 students. It is named after Prof. Gottlieb Schaller, 
 who was professor in Concordia Seminary from 1872 to 1887. 
 He was born in Germany, February 12, 1819, and came to 
 America in 1848 and first served a congregation in Baltimore. 
 Later he was pastor in Detroit and then was called to St. Louis 
 as Professor of Church History. He held this chair until the 
 time of his death, November 19, 1887. Professor Schaller was 
 a well-read and cultured man and possessed a fine poetic gift. 
 
BUSS Ni. 
 
 Craemer Tower. 
 
 The dormitory on the northwest corner of the main quad- 
 rangle, rising to a height of five full stories, with battlemented 
 top. It houses 35 students. Craemer Dormitory is named in 
 honor of Friedrich August Craemer, born May 26, 1812, in 
 Germany. He came to America in 1845 as pastor of a colony 
 of emigrants at Frankenmuth. He served Concordia Seminary 
 in the Practical Department 1861—1875 and at Springfield, IIl., 
 to the time of his death, May 3, 1891. Craemer was a staunch 
 Lutheran theologian and a man of immense will-power, whose 
 influence will be felt for generations in our Church. 
 
 E. A. Brauer Dormitory, 
 
 A large extension to the north of the Craemer Tower. It 
 houses 56 students and is named in honor of Prof. E. A. Brauer, 
 born in Germany April 19, 1819; one of the men whom Loehe 
 sent to America in charge of his emigrant colonists. He was 
 professor of theology in Concordia Seminary from 1863 to 
 1872 and then was pastor in St. Louis, Mo., and Crete, IIl., 
 where he died September 29, 1896. He was an eloquent preacher 
 and a stalwart theologian. 
 
 A. L. Graebner Dormitory. 
 
 Forming the western limits of the main quadrangle. At its 
 southern end the Gustavus Adolphus Archway leads to the out- 
 side of the group (athletic fields). The hall has space for 
 56 students. It is named in honor of Dr. A. L. Graebner, who 
 was Professor of Church History and Dogmatics at the institu- 
 tion from 1887 to 1904. Professor Graebner was a descendant 
 of old Bavarian stock and was born in Michigan during early 
 colonization days (July 10, 1849). He taught in Northwestern 
 University, Watertown, Wis., then at the Theological Seminary 
 of the Wisconsin Synod in Milwaukee, and in 1887 was called 
 to St. Louis. He was the founder of English work in the Mis- 
 souri Synod on its literary side, and the most versatile of the 
 Missouri Synod theologians. 
 
 The splendid memorial tablet in the vestibule was unveiled 
 at the dedication ceremonies in 1926. It was the gift of the 
 graduating class of 1901. 
 

 
 
 
 Pe OU Re a 
 
 Rudolph Lange Dormitory. 
 
 The entrance to this dormitory from the north is on the 
 south side of the Gustavus Adolphus Archway. It houses 
 32 students and is named as a memorial to Prof. Rudolph 
 Lange, who was born in Germany June 4, 1825. Having studied 
 in Perry County and at Fort Wayne, he became professor in 
 Concordia College 1858—1860 and in Concordia Seminary 
 1872—-1892. He was widely read in the branches which he 
 taught, Philosophy and Logic. 
 
 Guenther Dormitory. 
 
 The memorial to Prof. Martin Guenther, which joins the 
 Lange Dormitory on the south side of the great quadrangle. 
 It has room for 37 students. Prof. Martin Guenther was born 
 December 4, 1831, in Saxony and studied in Perry County and 
 at St. Louis. He was professor of the institution from 1873 to 
 his death, June 22, 1893. His text-book on Comparative Doc- 
 trine is standard to the present day. 
 
 George Stoeckhardt Graduate Hall. 
 
 The quadrangle has an open space to the south. This is to 
 be filled in by an extension of the dining-halls when the enrol- 
 ment will make that necessary. To the east the quadrangle is 
 closed by a low and architecturally beautiful building, the Post- 
 graduate Hall, named in memory of Dr. Stoeckhardt, who 
 served the institution from 1879 to the time of his death, 
 January 9, 1918. Born in Saxony, February 17, 1842, he had 
 a stirring career on account of his opposition to the unionistic 
 policy of the state-church. Dr. Stoeckhardt was the author of 
 sermon books and commentaries which will never lose their 
 value. He was one of the foremost expounders of Scripture 
 that the Lutheran Church has produced. In the building 
 named in his honor the students of the (fourth or elective) 
 postgraduate year are housed. Its capacity is 33 students. 
 
 Founders’ Hall. 
 
 The dormitory located to the east of the main driveway. It 
 is composed of three separate dormitory units, each of which 
 has its own entry. These dormitories, which have a capacity 
 of 94 students, are dedicated to the founders of Concordia 
 
Seminary. The northern section is named after Ottomar Fuer- 
 bringer, born June 30, 1810, who came to America with the 
 Saxon pilgrims 1839 as candidate of theology and with his two 
 companions founded the Log Cabin Seminary in the primeval 
 forests of Perry County, Mo. He was one of the founders of the 
 Missouri Synod and died at Frankenmuth, Mich., July 12, 1892. 
 
 The south wing is dedicated to the memory of John F. 
 Buenger, born June 2, 1810, in Saxony. He soon removed from 
 Perry County to St. Louis, where he served in the ministry 
 until his death, January 23, 1882. 
 
 The central portion of Founders’ Hall is named in honor of 
 Theodore Julius Brohm, born September 12, 1808, in Saxony. 
 He taught longest in the Log Cabin College (1839—1843), at 
 one time being the sole instructor. As minister of Holy Cross 
 Church, St. Louis, he for many years again taught classes at 
 the Seminary. He died September 4, 1881. 
 
 Fine dedicatory brass tablets, the product of the Flour City 
 Ornamental Iron Co. of Minneapolis, have been placed in the 
 vestibules of Founders’ Hall. 
 
 SERVICE BUILDING AND DINING-HALLS. 
 
 This group of buildings is situated exactly 
 west of Founders’ Hall, the Dining-Hall wings 
 extending east from the north and south ends of 
 the Service Building. The kitchen is on the first 
 floor of the central portion, the Service Building. 
 On the second and third floors are the living 
 quarters for the kitchen help. The kitchen is 
 a large, spacious room with high ceiling, white- 
 glazed brick walls, well lighted and ventilated, 
 equipped with modern kitchen machinery, 
 ranges, steam cookers, dish-washers, work- and 
 serving-tables. The floor is of red quarry tile. 
 

 
 
 
 Pook AS 11) pe aaa 
 
 In arrangement and equipment it is, in the 
 opinion of experts, second to no kitchen in the 
 United States. 
 
 The ice-boxes are supplied with mechanical refrigerators. 
 The refrigerating machinery in the basement furnishes refrig- 
 eration for large storage chambers, where meat, poultry, milk, 
 butter, fruit, and vegetables can be kept in separate compart- 
 ments, fresh and wholesome; also for drinking-water system in 
 dining-halls. There is also a small refrigerating tank, where 
 fifteen 50-lb. cakes of ice can be made every twenty-four hours, 
 for table use. The refrigerant used is carbon dioxide. The 
 compressor is of eleven-ton capacity, motor-driven, and is pro- 
 vided with control equipment for automatically starting and 
 stopping the compressor. The drinking-water and the ice-tank 
 are cooled by direct expansion coils. Separate systems of brine 
 circulation are provided, one low-temperature system for the 
 ice cream units and one for storage-rooms and refrigerator 
 boxes. The five refrigerator boxes located in the kitchen and 
 bake-shop have a total cubical contents of 520 cubic feet. 
 
 The bake-shop is equipped with modern flour-bins, with 
 conveyor and sifters to speedily revolving dough-mixing ma- 
 chinery, dough-troughs, work-tables, cake-machines, pastry- 
 cookers and bake-oven. 
 
 Elevators are installed between receiving-room floor and 
 basement, where there are two very spacious storerooms; like- 
 wise a dumb-waiter from bake-shop and butcher-shop to kitchen 
 floor and to employees’ dining-room. All this machinery is 
 operated by electricity and protected by automatic safety 
 devices. 
 
 Meals are served through two exits, which 
 open to the north and south into the dining- 
 halls. Each of these halls is a one-story build- 
 ing with timbered ceiling and with a capacity of 
 two hundred and fifty students each. The stu- 
 dents are seated at long tables, the construction 
 of these and of the chairs being of the sturdiest, 
 yet in harmony with the appearance of the halls. 
 
RUUD 2) a 
 
 HEATING- AND POWER-PLANT. 
 
 In the Power-house to the southwest of the 
 main group three great boilers and a smaller 
 auxiliary boiler have been installed, which will 
 furnish the steam for the heating of the build- 
 ings and for power to run the generators in the 
 electric light plant. This plant is housed in the 
 same building. The heating-plant also furnishes 
 hot water for the wash-rooms in all the buildings 
 except the residences. 
 
 RESIDENCES. 
 
 Twelve residences were included in the ap- 
 propriation of 1923. The location selected for 
 them is the area to the northwest of the Aca- 
 demic group. The houses are disposed on both 
 sides of a road running east and west. In archi- 
 tecture the houses have necessarily been kept in 
 harmony with the group of Seminary buildings. 
 Instead of stone, however, an inexpensive grade 
 of brick has been used which was found to be of 
 sufficient hardness and of a color which will 
 blend with the appearance of the dormitories 
 close by. ‘Ten of the houses are two-story resi- 
 dences with study, living-room, dining-room, and 
 kitchen on the first floor and with four bedrooms 
 and a bathroom on the second floor. The attic is 
 left unfinished. The roofs are high, on account 
 

 
 
 
 Uy pea 
 
 of the heat which prevails in St. Louis during 
 some summer months. ‘T'wo of the houses are 
 bungalows, with a bedroom on the first floor and 
 two bedrooms on the second floor. 
 
 GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS ARCHWAY. 
 West Entrance into Great Quadrangle. 
 
 This archway is named in honor of Gusta- 
 vus II, Adolphus, King of Sweden; born De- 
 cember 9, 1594; died November 16, 1632. 
 
 In his day the Emperor of Germany attempted by force to 
 bring back the Protestants to Catholicism. More than nine- 
 tenths of Germany had been won over for the Reformation 
 cause, when the fanatical ruler placed two of the most cruel 
 generals of all times, Wallenstein and Tilly, into the field. 
 They soon overran Germany, and Lutheranism seemed to be 
 doomed. In June, 1630, Gustavus Adolphus landed with a 
 Swedish army on the coast of Germany. In a short time he had 
 beaten down the imperial armies and thus became the savior of 
 Protestantism. His last battle was that of Luetzen. 
 
 It was on the morning of the 16th of November, 1632, that the 
 Catholic army under Wallenstein and the Evangelical under Gustavus 
 Adolphus stood over against each other at Luetzen ready to strike. 
 As the morning dawned, Gustavus Adolphus summoned his court 
 preacher Fabricius and commanded him, as also the army chaplains 
 of all the other regiments, to hold a service of prayer. During this 
 service the whole host sang the pious king’s battle-hymn Verzage 
 nicht, dw Haeuflein klein. He himself was on his knees and prayed 
 fervently. Meantime a thick mist had descended, which hid the 
 fatal field, so that nothing could be distinguished. When the host 
 had now been set in battle array, he gave them as watchword for 
 the fight the saying, “God with us!” mounted his horse, drew his 
 sword, and rode along the lines of the army to encourage the soldiers 
 for the battle. First, however, he commanded the tunes Hin’ feste 
 Burg and Es woll’ uns Gott genaedig sein to be played by the kettle- 
 drums and trumpets, and the soldiers joined as with one voice. The 
 mist now began to disappear, and the sun shone through. Then, 
 after a short prayer, he cried out, “Now will we set to, please God,” 
 and immediately after, very loud, “Jesu, Jesu, Jesu, help me to-day 
 
pe ARVO a he 
 
 to fight for the honor of Thy holy name!” ‘Then he attacked the 
 enemy at full speed, defended only by a leathern gorget. “God is 
 my harness,” he had said to the servant who wished to put on his 
 armor. The conflict was hot and bloody. About 11 o’clock in the 
 forenoon the fatal bullet struck him, and he sank, dying, from his 
 horse with the words, “My God, my God!” Till twilight came on, 
 the fight raged, and the issue was doubtful. But at length the 
 
 Evangelical host obtained the victory, as it had prophetically sung 
 at dawn. 
 
 According to Theodore A. Dodge, the American military 
 expert, Gustavus Adolphus was one of the six greatest military 
 geniuses the world has ever seen. He says that the Swedish 
 king exhibited “patience akin to Hannibal’s, persuasiveness like 
 to Caesar’s, boldness equal to Alexander’s.” Again: “Gustavus 
 Adolphus has fairly earned the title of Father of the Modern 
 Art of War and must be acknowledged as the captain of all 
 others who recreated methodical, systematic, intellectual war 
 
 and who taught the world that there could exist such a thing 
 as civilized warfare.” 
 
 The beautiful memorial tablet shows the king 
 on the morning of the Battle of Luetzen. The 
 opening line of his swan-song is given in Swedish 
 below. 
 
 TYNDALE ARCHWAY. 
 Passage Between Pritzlaff Library and Schaller Dormitory. 
 
 William Tyndale is the translator of the 
 English Bible. The anniversary of his New 
 Testament was celebrated all over the world in 
 the year 1925, when this archway was built. The 
 sum necessary for its construction was collected 
 by the students of Concordia Seminary from 
 among their own midst. 
 
 Tyndale contributed to our Scriptures, so writes Professor 
 Goodspeed, of Chicago, “not only more than any other man, 
 but more than all the others combined.” He “shaped the reli- 
 gious vocabulary of the English-speaking world.” At his time 
 
Plate 35 
 
 
 
 Tyndale Archway, Containing Entrance to Pritzlaff Library. 
 Assembly Hall Entrance in Distance. 
 
> Ak a, 
 
 Pe IT 
 
 
 
William Tyndale Memorial Tablet. 
 
 Plate 36 
 
 
 

 
RCRD A hau 
 
 the Reformation inaugurated by Martin Luther was already 
 being violently debated throughout England. Tyndale accepted 
 the evangelical doctrine and so completely revised the English 
 Bible by comparison with the original Hebrew and Greek that 
 it became practically a new Book. 
 
 Born in 1484, William Tyndale was a son of the soil, probably 
 the soil of Gloucestershire. While he was still in his teens, he went 
 to Oxford, where he took his master’s degree in the year 1505. Then, 
 at the age of twenty-three years, he proceeded to Cambridge for what 
 we should call postgraduate work. Part of his work was done on 
 the continent of Europe, where he became a scholar of Luther. 
 Dr. A. L. Graebner wrote in the Theological Quarterly, 1903: — 
 
 “Where he spent the time till the spring of 1525, when his 
 New Testament was ready for the press, is a matter of dispute. The 
 unanimous evidence of his contemporaries supports the view that he 
 was with Luther at Wittenberg and that he worked there at his 
 translation. In 1525 he came to Cologne to have his book printed 
 by Peter Quentel. 
 
 “The relation of Tyndale’s quarto edition to Luther’s German 
 New Testament is very close. The order of the books, the arrange- 
 ment of the text, the glosses on the outer margin, and the references 
 to parallel passages on the inner margin, the prologs, and many 
 renderings in the text, establish this relation beyond a doubt. ‘To 
 any scholar,’ says Tyndale’s biographer, Demaus, ‘who sits down to 
 collate with care the versions of the English and German trans- 
 lators, two facts speedily become plain and indisputable, viz., that 
 Tyndale had Luther’s work before him and constantly consulted and 
 occasionally adopted it, and that he never implicitly follows Luther, 
 but translates from the original with the freedom of a man who had 
 perfect confidence in his own scholarship.’ ”’ 
 
 In 1535, through treachery, Tyndale was seized and imprisoned 
 in Vilvorde Castle, near Brussels. In the archives of the Council 
 of Brabant there is a letter from Tyndale begging “for permission 
 to have a candle in the evening, for it is weary work to sit alone in 
 the dark.” He now completed the translation of the Old Testament 
 from Joshua to Second Chronicles, inclusive. On October 6, 1536, 
 Tyndale was martyred. First he was strangled; his body was then 
 burned at the stake, and to-day he has no tomb. It is in the hearts 
 of millions that he lives. “Lord, open the King of England’s eyes!” 
 was his final prayer. And in two years it was answered. By royal 
 mandate the Bible was ordered to be read in the churches. 
 
 Memorial tablet. For all its simplicity a mag- 
 nificent example of art in bronze, on the east wall 
 of the Schaller dormitory and within the Tyn- 
 dale Archway, opposite the Library entrance. 
 
aI aS (ue 
 
 The tablet shows Tyndale at his desk, occupied 
 with the translation of the Bible into English. 
 This tablet, as also that in the Gustavus Adol- 
 phus Archway, is the product of the Flour City — 
 Ornamental Iron Works of Minneapolis. 
 
 For carved stones see Stone Emblems, Nos. 40 
 and 41. The archway contains a notable example 
 of arched vaulting, partly seen in our illustra- 
 
 tion. 
 LUTHER STATUE. 
 
 When the buildings were dedicated in 1926, 
 the Luther statue was not yet in the location re- 
 served for it on the automobile concourse, but 
 was still on its familiar place near the old Sem- 
 inary. The statue is an exact reproduction of 
 Rietschel’s famous masterpiece forming part of 
 the Reformation Monument dedicated at Worms 
 in 1883. It is the gift of the Luther and Walther 
 Monument Association and was dedicated in 
 1903. The statue was cast by the Flour City 
 Ornamental Iron Co. of Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
Plate 37 
 
 
 
 The Power-Plant. 
 
AITII. Power-Plant and Mechanical 
 Equipment. 
 
 ight, heat, and power required for 
 the institution are furnished from 
 a central plant located in the 
 Power-house building, about 500 
 feet from the main group. 
 
 Underground tunnels, approximately 1,500 feet in length, 
 connect the Power-house with the various buildings. All steam 
 and return lines, electric light and power feeders, telephone 
 cable, wiring for clock system, etc., are carried through these 
 tunnels, which are sufficient in size to permit a man to walk 
 through. All lines are thus accessible for repairs. Ventilation 
 is provided by means of manhole gratings. 
 
 Boilers. — The boiler-plant consists of three horizontal 
 water-tube boilers with a combined rated capacity of 1,050 
 horse-power. These boilers are equipped with underfeed stokers, 
 forced-draft type, to insure economical operation. The amount 
 of coal and air supplied to the boilers is automatically controlled 
 and varies with the load changes. This installation is capable 
 of taking care of a considerable portion of any contemplated 
 future extension. 
 
 An auxiliary boiler of 150 horse-power capacity is provided 
 for summer use, which will furnish steam to hot-water gen- 
 erators and the kitchen when the main plant is shut down. 
 
 Storage space for about 400 tons of coal is provided directly 
 in front of the boilers, coal being delivered to bunkers through 
 manholes in the driveway above. Ashes are removed from the 
 hoppers to the ash-tunnel located below the boiler-room floor 
 and wheeled to the dump west of the building. 
 
 Hlectricity. — Two generating units are provided to furnish 
 electric current for light and power. Each unit consists of 
 a 250-KVA, 440-volt, 3-phase, 60-cycle alternator directly con- 
 nected with a Uniflow engine. The second unit now serves as 
 
 [63] 
 
 
 
a spare. Later, when additional buildings will have been 
 erected, the two units can be operated in parallel and will have 
 a capacity sufficient to care for the requirements for many years. 
 
 All exhaust-steam from the engines will be utilized in 
 heating the buildings. 
 
 From the main switchboard, feeders run through the tun- 
 nels to the various buildings, where the current is transformed 
 down to 110/220 volt, single-phase, for lighting and 220 volts, 
 3-phase, for power. 
 
 Air Compressor. — An air compressor capable of delivering 
 125 cubic feet of air per minute at 100-pound pressure furnishes 
 compressed air, which is distributed through pipe-lines to the 
 various buildings, to be used for blowing down motors, and is 
 also available for use in connection with boiler repairs, such 
 as expanding tubes, riveting, ete. 
 
 Water. — A water-plant is provided in the power-house to 
 furnish the institution with filtered water at constant pressure. 
 This equipment includes a main reservoir tank 24 feet in diam- 
 eter by 18 feet high, of about 50,000 gallons’ capacity, into 
 which the water flows from the low-pressure county mains. 
 Two motor-driven pumps, each with a capacity of 300 gallons 
 a minute, draw the water from this tank and force it through 
 sand filters into a stand pipe, 4 feet 6 inches in diameter by 
 25 feet high. From this stand-pipe the distributing lines to all 
 the various fixtures in the building are carried. Water-heaters 
 located in the various pump-rooms supply hot water to showers 
 and lavatories. 
 
 Ventilation. — Mechanical ventilation is provided for the 
 Library Building, the Assembly Hall, and the Lecture Halls. 
 Supply-fans located in the basement of the Lecture Hall Build- 
 ing furnish washed air heated to 70 degrees, and the exhaust- 
 fans located in the same room remove the foul air. The tem- 
 perature is automatically controlled by means of thermostats. 
 
 Vacuum Cleaning. —'Two vacuum cleaning plants are pro- 
 vided for the Library Building, the Assembly Hall, and the 
 Lecture Halls. Each plant is motor-driven and has sufficient 
 capacity to permit two sweepers in operation at one time. 
 
 Meters.— In order to insure economical operation of the 
 central power-plant, the necessary measuring-devices, recording 
 instruments, meters, etc., are being installed, 1) in order that 
 the actual cost of manufacturing steam and electric current 
 
may be determined, and 2) that the proper distribution charges 
 may be made against the various departments, based upon the 
 amounts consumed. 
 
 Program Clocks. — The program clock and time-bell system 
 consists of a master-clock and approximately 22 secondary clocks 
 and time-bells, located in the various buildings. The self- 
 winding master-clock is located in the Dean’s office and auto- 
 matically regulates the secondary clocks once each minute and 
 controls the automatic program device which operates the 
 various time-bells on six different programs. ‘These programs 
 may be varied from day to day to accommodate changes in 
 recitation hours, etc. These bells can also be operated manually 
 and used for fire-alarm or other emergency signals. 
 
 House Telephone. — A complete telephone system for inter- 
 communication between the various departments has been pro- 
 vided. This system is entirely separate from the Bell telephone 
 and cannot be used outside of the grounds. ‘There are about 
 75 dial-type telephones and code-bells located in the various 
 buildings. An automatic telephone switchboard of 100-line 
 capacity, together with a code calling-machine is located in the 
 Supervisor’s office in the basement of the Lecture Hall Building. 
 The equipment is entirely automatic and requires no operator. 
 
 (Data supplied by Mr. H. H. Morrison, Engineer. ) 
 
XIV. Future Development. 
 
 i] rovision is made for such develop- 
 ment as may become necessary 
 if God permits the work of our 
 institution to expand. A block 
 plan has been adopted which 
 provides for future dormitory 
 development to care for an additional four hun- 
 dred students, or an ultimate capacity of eight 
 hundred. Dining-hall wings can be add<d to the 
 west without altering kitchen arrangements. 
 A site has been selected for a future gymnasium, 
 likewise for an infirmary or hospital. 
 
 In modern college groups the significant fea- 
 ture is the chapel. These college ‘‘chapels”’ are 
 usually large and stately buildings, sometimes 
 dominating the entire academic group. The 
 architect’s layout provides for a chapel to the 
 southeast of the first Concordia group of build- 
 ings. It is not expected that this chapel can be 
 built without the aid of wealthy friends of the 
 institution who are willing to give in large 
 amounts. The liberality of some of our well- 
 to-do Lutherans is likewise counted upon for 
 the realization of that splendid conception, the 
 Concordia Seminary Tower, to be named after 
 Dr. Martin Luther. 
 
 
 
 [66] 
 
RA ig gee 
 
 LUTHER TOWER. 
 
 This structure, according to the architect’s 
 plans, rises at the junction of Administration 
 Building, Library, and Postgraduate Dormitory. 
 Its height from the level will be 120 feet. When 
 completed, it will unquestionably be a thing of 
 great architectural beauty and one of the finest 
 monuments erected in any land to the memory 
 of the great Reformer. Aptly enough, as 
 Dr. Walther, the leading theologian of the 
 Missouri Synod, desired to be called nothing 
 else than a pupil of Martin Luther, the Memo- 
 rial Entrance named in honor of Dr. Walther 
 leans, as it were, upon the tower at its base. 
 
 The lower portion of the tower, containing the Reception- 
 room, was built under a special contract together with the Main 
 Entrance. Below ground is the Archive-room of the Seminary. 
 Facing the northeast court is a room available for committee 
 purposes. On the first-floor level of the main quadrangle is the 
 Reception-room. Above this is an unassigned room. Doors 
 open upon the entrance archway and into the Administration 
 Building from the Reception-room. 
 
 The tower is in two stages in its height, the lower being 
 regarded as of double walls, the inner of which forms the ex- 
 terior wall of the upper stage. Contrasted with its width, the 
 lower window openings are very high and, as the designer hoped, 
 are impressive on that account. “To surmount such a feature 
 by a like feature of great height seemed to him to promise 
 a certain dignity and mass quite beyond any impression due to 
 the actual low height of the tower. To that end, also, the 
 buildings adjacent to the tower are kept low, so that by contrast 
 the tower might seem high. It must be remembered that if the 
 tower could not be built for a certain limited cost, it could not 
 be built at all.” 
 
It is interesting to know that when completed, the tower 
 will contain as much masonry and cut stone as the largest of 
 our dormitories, Founders’ Hall. It will then dominate the 
 entire West End of the city of St. Louis and add architectural 
 completeness to the group. 
 
 The Luther Tower is unique in its concep- 
 tion, and as far as the architect knows, it has 
 no prototype. It has strength, yet elegance and 
 erace prevail, and in its composition and mass 
 we find a design so well balanced in its many 
 component parts that the whole results in a har- 
 monious blending of mass, void, and detail. No 
 one can fail to be impressed with the distinction 
 and charm that the design radiates. 
 
 The necessary funds both for the Reception- 
 room and the Main Entrance were obtained 
 from friends of the institution, and by similar 
 efforts it is hoped that the tower will be com- 
 pleted. 
 
Plate 38 
 
 
 
 Luther Tower. 
 View from Northeast Court. 
 
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 egy 
 
 athe 
 
 Cay 
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Che Symbolian 
 

 
The Symbolism. 
 
 The plans of 1924—1926 provided oppor- 
 tunity for embellishment suitable for a Church 
 which has a long and stirring history in Europe 
 and America. On various gateways, under cop- 
 ings, and on a number of bays the architect’s 
 drawings called for carved stones, on which 
 shields and other shapes were to be placed, 
 bearing symbols and emblems of various kinds. 
 The Committee decided to place emblematic 
 designs of a distinctly Christian and Lutheran 
 character on all these stones. A search was 
 made in the literature of symbolism for suitable 
 designs. The Concordia Seminary collection of 
 memorial coins rendered good service. The 
 leaded glass medallions which had been pro- 
 vided for a number of windows gave more op- 
 portunity than even the stone for embellishment 
 with Christian and Lutheran symbols. A Com- 
 mittee on Emblems and Inscriptions was ap- 
 pointed by the Building Committee, which for 
 two years labored towards the accomplishment 
 of its task. This was, briefly, to gather as great 
 a variety as possible of Christian and particu- 
 
 larly Lutheran emblems for the embellishment 
 (71) 
 
RUN gt Mist: 
 
 of Concordia Seminary. The stones bearing 
 Christian symbolism or inscriptions number 99. 
 The medallions and panels in stained glass run 
 to a total of 188. 
 
 The Committee availed itself of the services 
 of L. W. B. Taenzer, of St. Louis, a Lutheran 
 artist.* 
 
 The symbolism worked into the stone and 
 olass of Concordia Seminary, while not exhaus- 
 tive of the field, is of a completeness never be- 
 fore attempted. It should prove an inspira- 
 tion, not only to future builders of Lutheran 
 institutions, but to Lutheran church architects 
 as well. There is opportunity in Christian and 
 Lutheran symbolism for more than the anchor, 
 the cross, the crown, and the Luther seal; there 
 is an unsuspected wealth of Biblical and histor- 
 ical emblems of highest decorative value. Even 
 if they meant nothing at all to the casual visi- 
 tor, they would be beautiful as mere decorations. 
 And even he to whom their beauty makes no 
 appeal must feel the attraction of their quaint 
 and even romantic interest. 
 
 While much space is given in this booklet to 
 the carved stone and painted glass, it should not 
 
 * Mr. Taenzer is willing to serve our congregations along simi- 
 lar lines in a professional way. Address him at Concordia Publish- 
 ing House, St, Louis, Mo, 
 
be assumed that either the Building Committee 
 spent an extraordinary amount of its delibera- 
 tions on these various emblems or that their 
 cost was very large. The Building Committee 
 decided only major questions affecting the deco- 
 rative elements and left the detail to a special 
 committee, which worked out the entire scheme 
 and made all the selections. As sufficient gifts 
 were received for the purposes of the Building 
 Committee’s Commission on Art, no ‘‘extras’”’ 
 were added to the cost of the buildings through 
 the embellishments hereafter described. 
 
i. Emblems in Stone. 
 
 Aside from the Log Cabin Stone in the Main 
 Entrance, the emblematic devices carved in stone 
 usually occupy a small shield, eight or ten inches 
 in diameter, and were included in the original 
 plan for the building. They are displayed in 
 prominent places, principally over doorways. 
 Some slightly larger stones are built into the 
 wall near copings and entrance arches. A num- 
 ber of smaller shields embellish the front of the 
 Library and the Lecture Hall stairway. The 
 designs upon these stones were chosen with ref- 
 erence to the nature of the building on which 
 they are situated, and are all of a historical 
 character, the symbolism ranging all the way 
 from Old Testament prophecy and imagery to 
 incidents of quite recent years. 
 
 A. LECTURE HALL GROUP. 
 
 1) Torch (over Lecture Hall entrance). — The symbol of 
 learning and enlightenment. The Greek inscription signifies: 
 “From above the light has come.” 
 
 2) Lamp (over Lecture Hall entrance).— The lamp is an 
 exact reproduction of a bronze lamp now in the British Museum, 
 used by the early Christians in Rome. It bears the sacred 
 monogram which consists of a cross fashioned in such a way 
 as to suggest two Greek letters CHR(ist). See Stained Glass 
 schedule, No. 41. The Latin inscription signifies: “The Light 
 
 of the World.” 
 [74] 
 
3) H our-glass (over Lecture Hall entrance). — This is an 
 admonition to the students and faculty to make use of their 
 time. The Latin inscription means: “Make use of every day.” 
 
 4) Candlestick (over Lecture Hall entrance). — The seven- 
 armed candlestick used in the Tabernacle is employed in Rev- 
 elation as a symbol of the Christian congregations united into 
 one invisible body of believers through the oil of the Holy 
 Spirit and illuminating the world by good works. The Greek 
 letters signify: “Unto the Churches.” The symbol is to remind 
 teachers and students of the Church which they serve. (The 
 drawing is a reproduction of a candlestick used to this day in 
 a Jewish synagog.) 
 
 Stone Shields on Lecture Hall, North Front. 
 
 5) Palm-tree. — The symbols on these four stones are like 
 the emblems on the windows above and below, symbolical of 
 Christ. The palm has even on some of the most ancient Chris- 
 tian sepulchers been used as an emblem of the victory which 
 Christ has won for His own. 
 
 6) Lilies. — This is the emblem of the annunciation of the 
 Savior’s birth made by Gabriel to Mary. 
 
 7) The Rose of Sharon. — Referred to in the Song of Solo- 
 mon, 2,1. The rose is a symbol of the union of Christ with His 
 Church. The carving of this stone is an exact reproduction of 
 the roses found in the Plain of Sharon, in Palestine. The rose 
 refers also to Christ’s kingdom on account of Is. 35,1, wherein 
 the desert blossoms as the rose at the coming of the Kingdom 
 of Righteousness. 
 
 8) The Vine.— The vine is again the symbol of Jesus 
 Christ, in accordance with the text, John 15,1. It is one of the 
 most common and, at the same time, one of the most beautiful 
 symbols of Christianity, being very frequently used in Gothic 
 decorations. 
 
 9) Acorns and Oak-leaves (over Assembly Hall entrance). 
 This emblem and the adjoining one (10) represent the qualities 
 our Church must have if it is to endure. The oak stands for 
 strength —in this case for the strength of faith. The pome- 
 granate stands for fruitfulness — the necessity of constant addi- 
 tions to the ranks of the holy ministry. 
 
 10) Pomegranate Leaves, Flowers, and Seed-pod. — See 
 note above. 
 
IO Tf; Wipeout 
 
 11) Augsburg Confession (under coping, above Assembly 
 Hall entrance). — This beautiful carving is done after a model 
 supplied by a coin struck in memory of the second centennial 
 of the Augsburg Confession in 1730. It represents two hands 
 clasped, signifying the union of the churches on the basis of 
 the Bible. The lettering in the ribbon above the candle is 
 “V.D.M.I. AE.” and signifies, “The Word of God remains 
 unto eternity.” The date of the adoption of the Augsburg 
 Confession is given —June 25, 1530. 
 
 In Faculty Room. 
 Shields on Fireplace. 
 
 12) Alpha. — The first letter of the alphabet together with 
 the last letter, Omega (No. 18), signifies Jesus Christ, who, as 
 Son of God, includes all, time and eternity. Rev. 1,11. 
 
 13) Greek Inscription. — “Through faith.” The words are 
 taken from Rom. 3, 22. 
 
 14) Hebrew Inscription. — “Immanuel.” The name of the 
 Savior in which the doctrine regarding the person of Christ as 
 God-man is summed up in one word. The word occurs Is. 7, 14. 
 
 15) Lamp and Bible. — Indicating that from the doctrine 
 of Holy Seriptures all teachings shall flow which are taught by 
 this Faculty in classroom and by printed page. 
 
 16) Hebrew Inscription. — It signifies “Jehovah, our Right- 
 eousness,” and is taken from Jer. 23, 6. 
 
 17) Greek Inscription. — The word is to be translated “By 
 faith” and is found in Rom. 3, 24. 
 
 18) Omega. — See note under No. 12. 
 
 President’s Room. 
 
 19) C. F. W. Walther, 1850—1887. — Central shield on 
 mantel in President’s Room. ‘The other six shields are left 
 blank. (See No.187, in Assembly Hall panels; also Main 
 Entrance. ) 
 
 Main Entrance. 
 
 20) Shield to the left of inscription on oriel: “Walther 
 Entrance.” Trowel and sword. Symbol of labor and conflict. 
 21) Shield to the right of inscription on oriel: “Walther 
 
 Kntrance.” Dove picking grapes. Ancient Christian symbol of 
 eternal life. 
 
22) Interior of Entrance. — On south wall: Perry County 
 Log Cabin stone. For description see paragraphs on Main 
 Entrance in the first part of this book. 
 
 B. PRITZLAFF LIBRARY. 
 Shield over Entrance. 
 
 23) This is within the Tyndale Archway, a shield with coat 
 of arms emblematic of Paul, the missionary of Jesus Christ. 
 The Greek word inscribed upon it signifies: “It is written.” 
 The sentiment is not only highly appropriate for the entrance 
 to a theological library, but by a word, as it were, sums up that 
 reverence for Scripture and faithfulness to its teachings which 
 characterizes the Lutheran Church. 
 
 Shields on Front Bays, Main Court. 
 
 24) Peter. — The emblems of St. Peter are the keys, derived 
 from our Lord’s words to that apostle as recorded in Matt. 16, 19. 
 In very early art one key is sometimes found represented in the 
 hand of Peter; but the most usual number is two, symbolizing 
 the key of heaven and the key of hell. 
 
 25) Andrew. — The well-known Cross of St. Andrew is the 
 emblem universally given to that apostle. He is believed to 
 have suffered death upon a cross of that form. 
 
 26) James the Great. — The usual emblems of this apostle 
 are a pilgrim’s staff, scrip, and an escallop-shell. The staff and 
 scrip are given to him because he was the first of the apostles 
 to go forth to foreign lands to fulfil the sacred mission. The 
 exact meaning of the shell is lost in antiquity. 
 
 27) John.— As an apostle, John’s emblem is a cup, with 
 a serpent issuing from it. A legend states that on one occasion 
 the chalice which St. John was about to use was secretly poi- 
 soned, and that he drank of it and administered it without 
 injury, the poison having miraculously issued from it in the 
 form of a serpent. 
 
 28) Philip. — The cross of the Latin type, fastened to the 
 top of a long staff or reed, represents this apostle. Philip is 
 supposed to have been crucified with his head downwards or to 
 have been bound to a cross and stoned to death. Another em- 
 blem, shown on this stone, is a basket with loaves, reminding us 
 
fe Ee Rouse 
 
 of the miracle of the feeding of the five thousand and of Philip’s 
 remark to our Lord. John 6, 7. 
 
 29) Bartholomew.—A knife is his symbol, since he was 
 flayed alive at Albanopolis, in Armenia. 
 
 30) Thomas. — His attribute is a builder’s square, through 
 a quaint legend connected with King Gondoforus of the Indies. 
 He is the patron of architects and builders. When he bears 
 a lance or javelin, it is the instrument of his martyrdom. He 
 is said to have been martyred in India by being transfixed with 
 numerous darts and a lance finally being run through his body. 
 
 31) Matthew. — St. Matthew was a Jewish tax-collector for 
 the Romans, a thoroughly despised calling. But after his con- 
 version he went forth into Egypt and Ethiopia to preach the 
 Gospel. To satisfy his fellow-converts in Palestine, he wrote 
 his gospel. One of his attributes is a purse, or money-bag. He 
 died a martyr’s death in Ethiopia. From the mode of his death 
 the emblem on this stone is derived. 
 
 32) James the Less.— The emblem of this apostle is a 
 fuller’s club or bat, the instrument of his martyrdom. He was 
 martyred in Jerusalem by being thrown from the top of the 
 Temple. Not being killed by the fall, he was afterwards slain 
 with a fuller’s bat as he arose to pray. 
 
 33) Jude (Thaddeus). — His attribute is a halberd or a big 
 knotted club, the instrument of his death. The usual symbol of 
 this apostle of disputed names is a sail-boat on a shield, the 
 reference being to his journeys in company with St. Simon. 
 
 34) Simon. — Simon the Zealot preached the Gospel with 
 Christ’s kinsman, Thaddeus, in Syria and Mesopotamia. They 
 were both put to death in Persia, Simon being sawed asunder. 
 His emblem is a large saw. Another emblem, shown on our 
 stone, is a fish and book, referring to his calling as a fisherman 
 and preacher of the Gospel. 
 
 35) Matthias. — A battle-ax is the emblem of St. Matthias. 
 With this instrument he met death at the hands of the Jews, 
 either in Ethiopia or in Judea. 
 
 36) Matthew as Evangelist. —The symbols of the four 
 evangelists did not come into general use until the sixth cen- 
 tury, and although the relation between the emblem and the 
 evangelist to whom it referred has suffered at times certain 
 modifications, it became standardized early in the thirteenth 
 century. St. Matthew was represented by a winged cherub, or 
 
angel, the nearest celestial approach to the form of man, be- 
 cause, as St. Jerome explains, the first evangelist speaks more 
 of the human than of the divine nature of our Savior. 
 
 37) Mark.— The lion symbolizes St. Mark for three rea- 
 sons, according to Jerome, namely: 1) He commences his epistle 
 with the mission of St.John the Baptist, “The voice of one 
 erying in the wilderness.” 2) The king of beasts is a type of 
 the royal dignity of Christ, which Mark makes so apparent. 
 3) The lion is used as a symbol of the resurrection, of which 
 St. Mark has been called the historian. “According to an 
 Oriental tradition,” says Jerome, “the young lions are born 
 dead and after three days are made alive by the breath or the 
 roar of a male lion.” 
 
 38) Luke. — The ox was given to St. Luke because he espe- 
 cially sets forth the priesthood of Christ, and the ox is sym- 
 bolical of sacrifice. 
 
 39) John as Evangelist. — The eagle was given to St. John 
 as an emblem of the lofty, soaring spiritual note of that part 
 of Scripture written by this beloved apostle of Jesus Christ. 
 
 C. WEST DORMITORY GROUP. 
 
 40) Shield over entrance to Tyndale Archway. — A dragon 
 being transfixed by a quill. Emblematic of superstition and 
 ignorance being slain by the literary activity of the Reforma- 
 tion. The Committee, in choosing this design, had in mind 
 particularly the translation of the Bible into English by Wil- 
 liam Tyndale. 
 
 41) Shield over entrance to Tyndale Archway. — Phoenix 
 rising from the ashes. See also glass medallion No.7. There 
 is an intimation in this emblem of the invincible power of the 
 Bible, so evident in its dissemination throughout the world 
 since Tyndale’s body was reduced to ashes. Both these stones 
 are partly revealed by cusping. 
 
 42) On the east elevation of the Craemer Tower, under the 
 coping, the gargoyle is incorporated with a stone bearing a 
 shield upheld by allegorical figures; upon it, carved, a star; 
 with rays of morning sun underneath, and the date 1384. ‘The 
 emblem (facing east) is a reference to John Wyclif, the Morn- 
 ing Star of the Reformation. Wyclif was born 1324 and died 
 1384. He protested against the abuses prevalent in the Church 
 
ATRIA IK 1, ores 
 
 and translated the Bible into English. His bones were exhumed 
 and burned. 
 
 43) John Huss (on south elevation of Craemer Tower). 
 A faithful witness of the corruption of the Church and a fore- 
 runner of Martin Luther. Called to account before the Council 
 of Constance, 1415, he was burned alive at the stake because he 
 refused to recant the evangelical doctrine. One of his last 
 words has been recorded thus: “To-day you are burning a 
 goose,” — the word Huss signifies goose, — “but in a hundred - 
 years a swan will come, whom you will be unable to burn.” 
 The stone is emblematic of Huss’s prophecy, fulfilled in Martin 
 Luther. 
 
 44) Savonarola, also on Craemer Tower. The prophet of 
 righteousness who protested against the degeneration of the 
 Church in his day and led many to give up the vanities of 
 this life. He was burned by the priesthood, May 23, 1498, in 
 Florence. The stone shows a skull, beneath it a jewel, and, 
 rising from it, a slender flower, signifying the persistence of 
 truth in ages of corruption. 
 
 45) Shield below oriel window over Gustavus Adolphus 
 Memorial Archway (Augustus L. Graebner Dormitory). — The 
 shield displays a lamb with banner and the text John 1,29. The 
 design is reproduced from the family seal brought from Ger- 
 many by Rev. J. H. Ph. Graebner, the Michigan pioneer and 
 father of Dr. Graebner. 
 
 46) Head of lion at end of weather-molding over Arch of 
 doorway on south elevation of Rudolph Lange Dormitory. — 
 For the symbolism see glass medallion No. 5. 
 
 D, DINING-HALLS. 
 
 Through the stones placed over the entrance 
 doors (47 and 53), the north dining-hall is des- 
 ignated as Wartburg Hall, the south dining-hall 
 as Koburg Hall. On the vestibule of the south 
 hall a medal struck at the first centennial of the 
 Augsburg Confession is carved on a shield 
 (No. 54, under the coping, and above ‘‘Koburg 
 
81 —— 
 
 
 
 Hall” inseription). On the corresponding place 
 of the Wartburg Hall entrance, under the cop- 
 ing, 1s a carved representation of the Luther 
 Oak (No. 48). In a general way the south din- 
 ing-hall is dedicated to the past and to foreign 
 lands, the north dining-hall to the United States 
 and to the present. This applies to the stone 
 carving as well as to the painted medallions in 
 our windows. Note how this is worked out with 
 reference to the four ships: Inside the Koburg 
 Hall, above the windows at the east end, there 
 is a carving (No. 57) of the ship ‘‘Olbers,’’ on 
 which the forefathers left Bremen. In the cor- 
 responding place of Wartburg Hall is the Mis- 
 Sissippl steamer on which they arrived at their 
 destination (No. 51). Outside, high on the north 
 chimney, is a carving (No. 49) of the ship in 
 which the first Lutherans came to America. On 
 the south chimney is a carving of the ship which 
 brought the first Norwegian emigrants (No. 56). 
 On the outside of the east gable, south hall, is 
 a stone (No. 58) bearing emblems of Luther’s 
 posting of the Ninety-five Theses. The corre- 
 sponding stone (No. 52) of the north hall shows 
 a design emblematic of the corner-stone laying 
 of the Seminary in 1924. Inside the south 
 vestibule is an emblem of the ancient church 
 (No. 55), inside the entrance of the north hall, 
 6 
 
een «A eee 
 
 an emblem of the modern victories of the Gospel 
 (No. 50). Finally, tying up all these symbols 
 there is the large stone on the west front of the 
 Service Building commemorating the founding 
 of the Missouri Synod. 
 
 47) “Wartburg Hall’ (over entrance to north dining-hall). 
 This stone shows the familiar square towers of the Wartburg, 
 where Luther remained for some months after the Diet of 
 Worms, 1521, under the protection of the Elector of Saxony. 
 While in the seclusion of the Wartburg (near Erfurt) Luther 
 began the translation of the New Testament into German. The 
 room in which he began this translation is shown in the fore- 
 ground. 
 
 48) Entrance to Wartburg Hall, under coping. — Luther 
 Oak. The tree which may be seen to-day at Wittenberg, on the 
 exact spot (Elster Gate) at which Martin Luther burned the 
 book of laws by which the Roman Church was then governed, 
 as well as the bull (curse) directed against Luther by the Pope. 
 The carving has been done after a recent photograph of the 
 Luther Oak. 
 
 49) Galleon (on exterior of Wartburg Hall chimney). — 
 The sailing-vessel carved on this stone represents the little 
 galleon on which, in the year 1619, the first Lutherans came to 
 the shores of the New World. 
 
 They were 66 in number and were commanded by Captain 
 Munck. All were staunch Danish Lutherans, accompanied by a 
 faithful pastor, Rasmus Jensen. They entered the broad expanse of 
 Hudson Bay in search of that “will-o’-the-wisp” of those days, the 
 Northwest Passage, a supposed waterway leading to China. Skirt- 
 ing the shores of the bay, the sturdy little band came to the mouth 
 of the Churchill River. Owing to the lateness of the season, they 
 were compelled to spend the winter on land. Constructing a few 
 rude huts, which were to afford them temporary shelter, they hoped 
 for better days, when an open bay would again permit them to begin 
 their return voyage. 
 
 But, alas! While about on the same latitude with their mother 
 country, yet here they had no friendly ocean current to temper an 
 arctic winter. Bleak shores, a barren, rock-bound coast, no human 
 habitation anywhere near, supplies running low, disease creeping in 
 and taking a frightful toll of lives,—thus abandoned by a cruel 
 fate,-— make your own picture, dear reader. What hardships and 
 
miseries our fellow-Lutherans suffered here cannot be told in words. 
 Their fate is known, however: All perished in the frozen North 
 save the captain and a few of his men. After having read the 
 burial-service over the graves of most of his flock, the faithful pastor 
 also succumbed, and his remains were interred beside those of his 
 companions. With the advent of summer the brave captain and 
 what remained of his crew set sail and managed to get back to 
 Copenhagen. Here Munck published his “dag bog” in 1624. 
 
 50) Interior of Wartburg Hall, over exit.— This design 
 corresponds to the carving over exit from the south dining-hall. 
 It represents an eagle in full flight carrying the Gospel from 
 hemisphere to hemisphere. As stone No. 59 represents the 
 founding of the Synod, with an eagle raising his wings, this 
 shows them extended full length during the bird’s flight. It 
 represents the Lutheran Church in full activities in accordance 
 with the Lord’s injunction, Matt. 28,19: “Go ye therefore and 
 teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and 
 of the Son and of the Holy Ghost.” 
 
 51) Inside of east bay of Wartburg Hall. — Carving of a 
 Mississippi steamer. On this steamer, the Selma, our fore- 
 
 fathers, the Saxon emigrants, came to St. Louis, Febru- 
 ary 19, 1839. 
 
 52) On gable of east end, Wartburg Hall. — Commemorat- 
 ing the corner-stone laying of the new Concordia Seminary, 
 October 26, 1924. During Dr. Pieper’s Latin address an air- 
 plane flew overhead. Never has the historical continuity of our 
 faith been more fitly symbolized than by this incident — the 
 accents of the language of the ancient Church uniting with the 
 roar of man’s latest invention overhead, both sounds reaching 
 (through the microphone) an audience a thousand miles away. 
 This emblem, like most of those carved in stone, was designed 
 by the Committee. 
 
 53) “Koburg Hall’ (over entrance to south dining-hall). — 
 At the Castle of Koburg Luther remained while the Protestant 
 rulers and theologians of Germany were gathered at Augsburg, 
 near by, in order to submit their statement of doctrine to the 
 Emperor as proof that they were not departing from the Scrip- 
 tural doctrine, but were returning to the apostolic faith as a 
 protest against Roman error. The confession then submitted is 
 called the Augsburg Confession. It was adopted in 1530. It is 
 essentially the result of Dr. Martin Luther’s testimony; and 
 when he heard of its adoption, he rejoiced greatly and wrote 
 from his room at the Koburg to the Chancellor of Saxony: 
 
—— 84 ——. 
 
 “T have lately, on looking out of the window, seen two wonders: 
 the first, the glorious vault of heaven, with the stars supported 
 by no pillar and yet firmly fixed; the second, great, thick clouds 
 hanging over us and yet no ground upon which they rested or 
 vessel in which they were contained; and then, after they had 
 greeted us with a gloomy countenance and passed away, came 
 the luminous rainbow, which like a frail, thin roof nevertheless 
 bore the great weight of water.” 
 
 54) On entrance to Koburg Hall, under coping. — Repro- 
 duction of a medal struck in 1630 at the first centennial of the 
 Augsburg Confession. It shows a palm-tree growing from a 
 rock and in the original contains the coat of arms of the House 
 of Wurttemberg. The inscription it bears is: “Truth can be 
 crushed to earth, but will rise again.” The medal is a rare one 
 and is shown in Juncker, Hhrengedaechtnis (1706), page 448. 
 
 55) Interior of Koburg Hall, over exit.— The banner of 
 Constantine, first Christian emperor of the Roman world, who, 
 in fighting a heathen claimant to the throne (A. D. 312), was 
 encouraged by a vision consisting of a cross surrounded by the 
 words: “In this sign thou shalt conquer.” ‘The Latin original 
 is carved on the banner. 
 
 56) Restoration (on exterior of Koburg Hall chimney). — 
 The ship pictured on this stone is the famous sloop Restaura- 
 tionen, the Mayflower of the Norsemen. 
 
 The New York Daily Advertiser for October 12, 1825, contained 
 an article under the caption ‘‘A Novel Sight,” which said in part: 
 “A vessel has arrived in this port with emigrants from Norway. 
 The vessel is very small, measuring, we understand, only about 
 forty-five tons, and brought 53 passengers, male and female, all 
 bound for Orleans County, where an agent who came over some time 
 since purchased a tract of land. The appearance of such a party of 
 strangers, coming from so distant a country and in a vessel of a size 
 apparently ill calculated for a voyage across the Atlantic, could not 
 but excite an unusual degree of interest. An enterprise like this 
 argues a good deal of boldness in the master of the vessel, as well as 
 an adventurous spirit in the passengers, most of whom belong to 
 families from the vicinity of a little town at the southwestern ex- 
 tremity of Norway, near the city of Stavanger. Those who came 
 from the farms are dressed in coarse cloth of domestic manufacture 
 of a fashion different from the Americans, but those who inhabited 
 the town wear calicoes, ginghams, and gay shawls, imported, we 
 presume, from England. The vessel is built on the model common to 
 fishing-boats on that coast, with a single topsail, sloop-rigged. She 
 arrived with the addition of one passenger born on the way. 
 
Plate 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eiserigees om board of Hh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Peake by 
 
 
 
 
 
 First Page of Original Passenger List of Ship ‘Olbers.”’ 
 
 Now at New Orleans. Photographed for Mr. Fred W. Gast, 
 of Washington, D. C, 
 
Pe 
 av 
 
 wove 
 
 lente 
 
 ch 
 
 Sanat 
 vi i 
 
 ; ae 
 ie at = NY "a, 
  &, : 2 
 AY: te bd dacs s Lin 
 Tied eee s dane» SVBE a & 
 cet x 2 es ‘ 
 ives eae Se - 
 3@ i? * 073 ae i “¥ vise, 7 ‘ 
 vv ht i Chee 
 29 aa 
 p ¥ 
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 ee > qse m 
 
 ‘ 
 - is 
 
 
 
— 8 
 
 
 
 The coming of these 53 passengers resulted in the founding 
 of the first Norse colony in America, and therefore this date 
 may be properly fixed as the beginning of this exodus of people 
 from Norway to the New World. 
 
 57) On east bay of Koburg Hall, interior. — The ship 
 Olbers, a three-masted schooner, on which the last of our Saxon 
 pioneers left the harbor of Bremen, in November, 1838, arriving 
 at New Orleans January 20, 1839. The carving is made after 
 an ancient painting of the vessel. On this ship were persons 
 who later had a distinguished career in the Missouri Synod. 
 Part of the ship’s register is shown in the first part of this book. 
 
 58) East gable, Koburg Hall. — Hammer, Pen, and Scroll, 
 commemorating the posting of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin 
 Luther on the church-door at Wittenberg. This ushered in the 
 Protestant Reformation, since here for the first time an appeal 
 was made to Bible and conscience against the abuses that were 
 destroying Christianity. 
 
 59) Large cartouche on west elevation of Service Building. 
 The carving is emblematic of the founding of the Missouri 
 Synod. It shows an eagle just lifting his wings for flight. 
 Over it twelve stars, representative of the twelve pastors and 
 congregations who founded the Missouri Synod at Chicago, 
 April 26, 1847. At this meeting the constitution was adopted 
 under which the Missouri Synod is now doing its work. 
 
II. Stained Glass. 
 
 The term Stained Glass is an unsatisfactory 
 one since it can be taken in several different 
 meanings. In one sense it signifies the colored 
 glass used in the production of windows contain- 
 ing figures and ornamental work. It is some- 
 times limited to glass which has been treated 
 with yellow stain prepared from silver. Again, 
 there is ornamental glass which has been painted 
 and then fired in such a manner that the pig- 
 ments have become part of the glass. 
 
 In the decorative glass of the Seminary both 
 stained glass and painted glass have been used; 
 both kinds are enclosed in leaded designs — 
 a circle, a shield, or a lozenge. There is stained 
 glass in the Postgraduate Lecture-room and in 
 the windows of the Lecture-hall Stairway, also 
 in certain Library windows. It is recognized by 
 the fact that the glass has in itself certain colors, 
 mixed with it in the manufacture. The outlines 
 of the designs are formed by lead. The glass of 
 different colors has been cut into patterns to fit 
 the designs made by these leads. While fine in 
 effect, this stained glass does not at all com- 
 pare in appearance nor in cost with the painted 
 glass medallions used in the Administration 
 
 rooms, Library, and dining-halls. These medal- 
 [86] 
 
SENT tearhy UeeU es 
 
 lions consist of painted glass, that is to say, of 
 clear glass upon which the various emblems 
 have been painted, enameled, or etched, and 
 have then been fired so that the color has be- 
 come fused with the glass. 
 
 The pigment with which the painting is done is a fusible 
 glass in a finely powdered condition, mixed with metallic oxides, 
 which supply the coloring matter or, rather, the opaque element. 
 Its melting-point must necessarily be just a little lower than 
 that of the glass on which it is used. Within recent years 
 chemical analysis of samples of painted glass whose pigment has 
 stood the test of hundreds of years’ exposure to the atmosphere 
 has enabled manufacturers to produce color which can be relied 
 upon as permanent; so there is no longer any reason for pain- 
 ters to waste time and risk failure by experimenting. All these 
 colors are finely ground, work well under the brush, and require 
 a high temperature to fire them. 
 
 In some of our medallions other processes 
 were used. The D’Ascenzo Studios of Philadel- 
 phia, which prepared all our stained glass, write 
 us: ‘‘Owing to the great variety of subjects and 
 the realistic presentation of some of them by 
 your designer, it was necessary that we use 
 every process known to the modern artist in 
 stained glass. You will, therefore, find, upon 
 analysis of our work, that we used not only 
 silver stain, but enamels as well, and also re- 
 sorted to etching some of the richer colors, such 
 as blues and reds.’’ In enameling, the color 
 does not become part of the glass, but lies on 
 the surface in an opaque film, giving an effect 
 
very similar to what might be produced by col- 
 ored paper. The silver stain which has been 
 mentioned above stands out as a curious excep- 
 tion from other glass colors. It is really a stain, 
 the silver of which it is composed penetrating 
 the surface of the glass and producing a per- 
 fectly transparent color, with no opaque layer 
 upon the surface. 
 
 Stained Glass in Postgraduate Lecture-Room. 
 
 The medallions in these four windows are 
 executed in stained glass. In view of the con- 
 fusion which prevails regarding this term, 
 a slight repetition will be forgiven: Most of the 
 glass in our buildings is painted glass. The 
 artist paints his designs upon glass, which is 
 then fired, being heated to such a degree that 
 the color fuses with the surface of the glass and 
 thus becomes permanent. Stained glass, on the 
 other hand, is glass with which the colors have 
 been mixed in the manufacture, so that they 
 penetrate the glass. When a design is made for 
 stained glass, the artist must prepare his leads 
 according to the design submitted and then cut 
 out of colored glass the exact forms to fit de- 
 signs. 
 
 The stained glass in this room is to remind 
 the students of the ministerial office, the em- 
 
eee AD ee 
 
 blems being in some way related to their future 
 
 work. 
 
 1) Bishop’s Crook. — This denotes the minister as a pastor, 
 or shepherd of Christ’s flock. It is here given the shape of the 
 flowering staff of Aaron, as an indication of the eternal nature 
 of the priestly office, once held by the sons of Aaron, then by 
 Jesus Christ as the world’s High Priest, after the order of 
 Melchizedek, the Author of salvation, whose Gospel is now 
 committed to the ministry. See also Medallion 13. 
 
 2) Keys. — The Office of the keys is defined in the Lutheran 
 Confessions as “the peculiar church power which Christ has 
 given to. His Church on earth to forgive the sins of penitent 
 sinners unto them, but to retain the sins of the impenitent as 
 long as they do not repent.” 
 
 3) Scroll of Prophecy. —Indicating the Gospel-message 
 which the ministry has received from prophets and apostles in 
 order to build the kingdom of God. The ancient scrolls were 
 long bands of parchment rolled upon two handles by which they 
 could be held up for reading. The above sketch was made from 
 ancient Jewish scrolls, which illustrate an article by Morris 
 Jastrow, “The Bible and the Assyrian Monuments.” 
 
 4) Tables of the Law. — Represents the two stone tablets 
 on which God wrote the Ten Commandments. 
 
 Stained Glass in Stair-Windows of Lecture 
 Halls, North Front. 
 
 The stained glass in these windows repre- 
 sents symbols which the Bible and ancient tra- 
 dition connect with the person and work of 
 
 Jesus Christ. 
 
 5) Lion of Judah. — This symbol is derived from the 
 prophecy of Jacob, Gen. 49, 9: “Judah is the lion’s whelp.” 
 In accordance with this prophecy, John calls our Lord “the 
 Lion of the tribe of Judah.” Rev. 5, 5. 
 
 6) The Brazen Serpent. — This symbol was adopted by our 
 Lord Himself when He said, John 3, 14 f.: “And as Moses lifted 
 up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man 
 
PRON H IN 1 Rae weed 
 
 be lifted up, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, 
 but have eternal life.” The reference is to Num. 21,9, when 
 Moses erected a serpent made of brass, upon which the Israelites 
 might gaze and be healed of the bites of poisonous serpents sent 
 among them as punishment for their sins. 
 
 7) Bird Phoenix. — This is a heathen symbol, adopted by 
 the Christians as an emblem of the resurrection of Christ. 
 According to a Greek fable a certain bird would burn himself 
 alive every five hundred years and would rise again young and 
 strong from the ashes. The reason is plain why Christianity 
 adopted this strange legend of the Phoenix as a symbol of 
 Christ rising from the grave. 
 
 8) Lamb and Banner. — The representation of Christ under 
 the figure of a lamb is one of the oldest in Christian art. Christ 
 is called the Lamb of God, John 1, 29, as the great Sacrifice for 
 the sins of the world. Often, as in this medallion, the lamb is 
 shown bearing a banner of victory. 
 
 Painted Glass in President’s Room. 
 
 The emblems in these windows are to remind 
 the honored occupants of the trials as well as of 
 the blessings which are incurred with the task 
 of preparing students for the Holy Office. Of 
 the eleven emblems the six on the west windows 
 (front) refer to the inner life, those on the 
 south windows to the outward manifestations of 
 theological teaching. The Bible is repeated in 
 both sets of symbols, as indicating that for the 
 personal life of the teacher as also for the out- 
 ward growth of the minister the Bible is the 
 one prime essential. 
 
 9) Sacred Monogram. — See No. 41. 
 
 10) Chalice. — Indicating the communion of the Christian 
 heart with God through the grace of the Holy Sacrament. The 
 
Pierlow Photo Plate 40 
 
 
 
 East Window in President’s Room. 
 Showing proportion, in size, of medallions and windows and their location. 
 Note typical shapes — shield, lozenge, and circle. 
 (For description see painted glass medallions 10—14.) 
 
ey 
 
 ! 
 
 ‘ 
 s ae” i 
 
 
 
 ” 
 
Plate 41 
 
 
 
 Stained Glass in Academic Group. 
 
 2, Keys. 7. Phoenix. 57. Ship. 50. Fish. 5. Lion of Judah, 
 1. Shepherd’s Crook, 
 
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 beautiful cup shown in this medallion dates from the second 
 half of the fifteenth century and is shown in Archiv fuer kirch- 
 liche Baukunst, 1877. 
 
 11) Crown of Thorns. — As our Lord passed through suf- 
 fering to glory, so the laborers in His vineyard cannot attain to 
 eternal life without sorrows and tribulation. The design is 
 built upon an iron grill worked into a chair of the church at 
 Great Warley, Essex, England. 
 
 12) Open Bible. — The great symbol of the Lutheran Refor- 
 mation. Above it is the triangle as symbol of the Trinity, 
 inscribed with the Hebrew letters which read JEHOVAH. 
 
 18) Rod of Aaron. — When the Lord was about to approve 
 of Aaron as high priest over his people, he called upon Moses to 
 lay into the Tabernacle a rod for each of the chiefs of Israel. 
 The next morning the rod of Aaron had budded and brought 
 forth buds and bloomed blossoms and yielded almonds. Num. 
 17,8. Thus Aaron was established in his priesthood. The 
 budded rod was preserved in the Ark of the Covenant. It is the 
 symbol of the everlasting priesthood by which Jesus has made 
 the atonement for the sins of mankind. The design is exact, 
 showing the true color of the leaves, blossoms, and fruit of the 
 almond-tree. 
 
 14) Censer.— Censers were used in the Temple for the 
 burning of incense. The rising smoke of the incense was the 
 symbol of the prayer of the faithful ascending to God. In 
 medieval times the censer took the form as here shown. The 
 magnificent censer here depicted is based upon a censer in the 
 Markisches Museum, Berlin. (Archiv fuer kirchliche Bau- 
 khunst, 1877.) 
 
 15) Western Hemisphere. — See note under No. 17. 
 
 16) The Bible.— See note under No. 17. 
 
 17) Dove.— Emblem of the Holy Spirit. This medallion 
 dominates the five in this group of windows. The meaning of 
 this set of medallions may be stated as follows: All the work 
 of this Seminary must fail unless the Holy Spirit Himself 
 (No. 17) through the Word of God (No. 16), again brought to 
 light by Luther (No.18), preserves unto us those blessings 
 which from Concordia Seminary have spread to both hemi- 
 spheres (Nos. 15, 19). 
 
 18) Luther Emblem. — See note under No. 68. 
 
 19) Hastern Hemisphere. — See note under No. 17. 
 
CARVIN > pa EE SLS 
 
 Painted Glass in Faculty Room. 
 College Seals. 
 
 20) Seal of Concordia Teachers’ College, River Forest, Ill. 
 The oldest Normal School of the Missouri Synod, formerly 
 located at Addison, Ill. The reference is to John 8, 31. 32: 
 “Then said Jesus to those Jews which believed on Him, If ye 
 continue in My Word, then are ye My disciples indeed; and 
 ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free.” 
 
 21) Seal of Concordia College, Fort Wayne, Ind. (the oldest 
 preparatory school of Concordia Seminary). — It was once com- 
 bined with the Seminary at St. Louis. This accounts for the 
 fact that the inscription in both is the same: “Light from 
 above.” 
 
 22) Seal of Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Mo. — See 
 No. 21. 
 
 23) Seal of Concordia College, Milwaukee, Wis. (a pre- 
 paratory school of Concordia Seminary). — The torch of knowl- 
 edge over which the Holy Spirit sheds His rays. This emblem 
 is an invention of the Committee. 
 
 24) Seal of Concordia Teachers’ Seminary, Seward, Nebr. 
 (a normal school of the Missouri Synod).— The seal shows a 
 book with an ancient lamp, of which the handle terminates in 
 a modified form of the sacred monogram. See No. 41. 
 
 25) Seal of Concordia Theological Seminary, Zehlendorf, 
 near Berlin, Germany (a ministerial training-school of the 
 European Lutheran Free Church, affiliated with the Missouri 
 Synod. This institution was established through the liberality 
 of a few laymen of our Synod). — The seal displays a sturdy oak. 
 
 26) Seal of Concordia College, St. Paul, Minn. (a prepar- 
 atory school of Concordia Seminary). — It shows two quill pens 
 crossed, symbolical of study, with a lamp above, and the Minne- 
 sota State flower, the lady-slipper, below. 
 
 27) Seal of Concordia College, Springfield, Ill. (a min- 
 isterial school of the Missouri Synod). — This seal, showing the 
 open Bible with book, oak-leaves, and laurel, inscribed “Word 
 of God,” is a creation of the Committee. 
 
 28) Seal of St. Paul’s College, Concordia, Mo. (a prepar- 
 atory school of Concordia Seminary). — The book signifies 
 knowledge, and the inscription reads: “With the Help of God,” 
 
 
 
Plate 42 
 
 
 
 College Seals in Faculty Room. (Painted Glass.) 
 
 16. St. Louis. 19. Berlin. 32. Portland. 27. Winfield. 
 24, Conover. 18. Seward. 
 
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 eee | 
 
 vs, ¢ re ak 4 ‘oe 
 7 + > ‘ a i ae 
 & oe 7 = Tr? 
 oo a J ue vA , P 
 ; v @ ao 
 
 
 
. 
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 —— 938 
 
 
 
 29) Seal of Immanuel Lutheran College, Greensboro, N.C. 
 (an institution for the training of colored Lutherans for service 
 in the Chureh).— The inscription: “For Christ, Church, and 
 Country.” 
 
 30) Seal of Concordia College, Conover, N.C. (a prepar- 
 atory school of Concordia Seminary. This school also provides 
 a general course and is coeducational).— The inscription sig- 
 nifies: “Pray and Work.” 
 
 31) Seal of Concordia College, Bronaville, N. Y. (a prepar- 
 atory school of the Missouri Synod). — The seal displays a globe 
 inscribed JEHOVAH, surmounted by a cross and floating over 
 a dove. The seroll is inscribed, “Without the Lord All Is 
 in Vain.” 
 
 32) Seal of Theological Seminary, Wauwatosa, Wis. — The 
 theological seminary of the Wisconsin Synod displays the 
 Luther emblem. See explanation under No. 68. 
 
 33) Seal of St. John’s College, Winfield Kans. (a prepar- 
 atory college of Concordia Seminary).— The inscription sig- 
 nifies: “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.” 
 
 34) Seal of Concordia College, Edmonton, Can. (a prepar- 
 atory school of Concordia Seminary).— The seal shows the 
 Canadian maple-leaf and a Bible inscribed with the Alpha and 
 Omega, and with a cross imposed. 
 
 35) Seal of Concordia College, Porto Alegre, Brazil. — 
 The theological seminary and classical school of the South 
 American congregations of the Missouri Synod. 
 
 36) Seal of California Concordia College, Oakland, Cal. 
 (a preparatory school of Concordia Seminary, founded in 1906). 
 It displays the Alpha and Omega on an open book. For Alpha 
 and Omega see stone schedule No. 12. 
 
 37) Seal of Concordia College, Adelaide, Australia (the 
 divinity school and college of the Australian Synod, affiliated 
 with our own). — The symbols are a rising Sun, Book, Cross, 
 Lamp, and inscription: “Steadfast in Matters of Principle, 
 Temperate in Method.” 
 
 38) Seal of Concordia College, Portland, Oreg. (a prepar- 
 atory school of Concordia Seminary). — It displays the Luther 
 emblem (see No. 68) with the American eagle and the date of 
 its founding, 1905. 
 
 39) Concordia College, Austin Tex. (a preparatory school 
 of Concordia Seminary). — The Bible and torch with the star 
 
SM SATO i ees 
 
 emblematic of the Lone Star State are a combination suggested 
 by the Committee, since this college had only in 1923 been 
 voted by Synod and at present (1926) is not yet built. 
 
 40a) Anchor. — As the anchor holds the ship during the 
 storm lest it be dashed against the rocks, even so the Christian’s 
 faith gives steadiness to his ship of life lest it be dashed upon 
 the reefs of doubt and despair. 
 
 40b) Crown. — The symbol of the Christian’s daily victory 
 over the world, the flesh, and the devil and of his final victory 
 over his enemies when he enters eternal life. The symbol is 
 based upon such texts as 2 Tim. 4,8: “Henceforth there is laid 
 up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the right- 
 eous Judge, shall give me at that day; and not to me only, but 
 unto all them also that love His appearing.” 
 
 41) Sacred Monogram. — It is also called the Chi Rho and 
 is the oldest Christian symbol. It unites the two Greek let- 
 ters X (pronounce Ch) and R, the two together being the first 
 letters of the word “Christos,” the Greek word for Christ. It 
 has been found on many of the most ancient Christian monu- 
 ments. The present design is an exact reproduction of the 
 monogram found on a Christian stone coffin now in the Lateran 
 Museum in Rome, pictured by Rossi in his Roman Catacombs, 
 page 320. 
 
 Pritzlaff Library. 
 
 The glass medallions in the twenty-six win- 
 dows of the main Reading-room combine great 
 beauty of execution with emblems full of mean- 
 ing to the Lutheran student. Interspersed with 
 symbols of the ancient Christian Chureh there 
 are reproductions of medieval letters, one in 
 each medallion, which, beginning with the 
 square bays on the north side of the room and 
 continuing from left to right on nine windows 
 of the front bay windows, spell out the words 
 L.E.G.E. V.E.R.B.U.M. D.E.I., a sentence sig- 
 
ee i iat 
 
 nifying a constant admonition to all who use 
 this library: ‘‘Read the Word of God!”’ 
 
 42) The Ship. (Stained glass.) — On many of the ancient 
 Christian monuments the church is pictured as a ship, with 
 Christ standing at the mast as pilot to direct its course over 
 the troubled sea of life to a blissful eternity. 
 
 43) Letter L.— Leaf-work and dragon. The original of 
 this painting is found in Luther’s first German Bible, printed 
 in the year 1534. 
 
 44) Letter E.— The decorations are of remarkable beauty. 
 This initial appears in Luther’s first complete German Bible, 
 published in 1534. 
 
 45) The Chalice. (Stained glass.) — Symbol of the holy 
 Sacrament of the Altar. 
 
 46) The Dove. (Stained glass.) — From the most ancient 
 Christian times, symbol of the Holy Ghost. It is derived from 
 the story of Christ’s baptism, when the Holy Ghost descended 
 upon the Savior in the form of a dove. 
 
 47) Letter G. — Initial, entirely composed of Gothic scrolls 
 and leaf-work. From the third part of Luther’s Old Testament, 
 printed in 1524. 
 
 48) Letter H.-— Gothic leaf-work forms the letter, which is 
 surrounded by angels. Exact reproduction of an initial letter 
 contained in Luther’s translation of the Old Testament, 1524. 
 
 49) The Fish. (Stained glass.) — One of the oldest of all 
 Christian symbols. It has a very peculiar origin. The Greek 
 word for fish is I.CH.TH.Y.S. The early Christians found that 
 the letters in this word are the initial letters of the sentence 
 Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior. In the days of persecution, 
 when it was death to be known as a Christian, the believers 
 would carve a fish upon the tombstones of their dead and by this 
 means make known to the believers that one of their number 
 was buried here. Like the other leaded designs in this room, 
 this beautiful drawing is the product of our artist. 
 
 50) The Anchor. (Stained glass.) — See remarks on 
 No. 40 a. 
 
 51) Letter V.— Antique Gothic initial, showing grotesque 
 head with leaf-work. Used in Luther’s Bible in the year 1534. 
 
 52) Letter EH. — Illuminated medieval letter used in 
 Luther’s Bible of the year 1531. (Werckshagen, Der Protestan- 
 tismus, Vol. I, p. 82.) 
 
Rane «<a 
 
 53) The Crown. (Stained glass.) — See remarks on 
 No. 40 b. 
 
 54) The Crua Ansala. (Stained glass.) — See remarks on 
 No. 62. 
 
 55) Letter R.— Fish and Gothic leaf-work. This initial 
 is taken from Luther’s Bible of the year 1534. — 
 
 56) Letter B. Lamb and Banner. — Medieval initial, re- 
 printed in Archiv fuer kirchliche Baukunst, 1877. 
 
 57) The Sacred Monogram. (Stained glass.) — See No. 41. 
 
 58) The Anchor. (Stained glass.) — See No. 40 a. 
 
 59) Letter U. St. Cecilia and the organ. — Ancient Gothic 
 initial. Archiv fuer kirchliche Baukunst, 1877. — 
 
 60) Letter M.— Illuminated medieval letter pictured in 
 Archiv fuer kirchliche Baukunst, 1881, plate 7.* 
 
 61) Crown. (Stained glass.) — See No. 40 b. 
 
 62) The Crux Ansata, or looped cross. (Stained glass.) — 
 This form of the cross was used by the early Egyptian Chris- 
 tians, uniting the Egyptian symbol of life with the Chris- 
 tian cross. 
 
 63) Letter D.— Taken from a si da in Luther’s Bible 
 of 1534. 
 
 64) Letter HE. — This letter is taken from a splendid manu- 
 seript of the Bible written by a monk who lived about A. D. 1437. 
 It is an illuminated (colored) initial from the Book of Job, the 
 upper half showing Job tormented by the devil and by his wife, 
 the lower field showing the Old Testament saint giving thanks 
 for his deliverance. Original in W. Walther, Die Deutsche 
 Bibeluebersetzung des Mittelalters, p. 311. 
 
 65) Letter I.— This letter is an exact reproduction of an 
 initial found in the text of Luther’s printed Bible of the 
 year 1534. 
 
 66) Chalice. (Stained glass.) — See No. 45. 
 
 67) Dove. (Stained glass.) — See No. 46. 
 
 (For description of memorial name panels see Nos. 164—179 below.) 
 
 * The use of this magazine was made possible by Architect 
 John J. Zink, of Baltimore, Md., who very kindly lent his copies to 
 the Committee. 
 
 
 
The Dining-Halls. 
 KOBURG HALL. 
 
 The south wing of the Service Building 
 group is one of the two dining-halls, called 
 Koburg Hall. (See Stone Emblems, No. 53.) 
 All the ornamental stone and glass in this hall 
 is related to the history of Christianity and 
 Lutheranism outside of the United States; par- 
 ticularly, the painted glass medallions are re- 
 lated to the great confession of the Lutheran 
 Church, the Augsburg Confession, adopted at 
 Augsburg, Germany, while Luther was being 
 protected at the castle Koburg by his friends. 
 In this strong castle he was secure against his 
 enemies and was close enough to the princes and 
 theologians who were submitting their confes- 
 sion to the Emperor and the Princes of Ger- 
 many. This was in 1530. The Augsburg Con- 
 fession consists of brief articles, in which for 
 the first time the ancient Apostolic Doctrine 
 was publicly confessed by the Church against 
 the errors of Romanism. It is the oldest con- 
 fession of the Protestant Church. All others 
 have borrowed from it, particularly the Church 
 of England. 
 
 In subscribing to the Augsburg Confession, 
 
 the leaders of the Reformation risked their lives 
 7 
 
and their property. It was only through the 
 providential interference with world affairs 
 that the Roman Catholic Emperor and his 
 princes were kept busy in military campaigns 
 so that they were not able to obey the command 
 of the Pope and crush out Lutheranism. But 
 the original signers of the confession could not 
 foresee these favorable leadings of Providence. 
 Every one of them risked his life by confessing 
 his faith. 
 
 Accordingly, surrounding the Luther coat of 
 arms there are displayed in this hall most prom- 
 inently the coats of arms of the signers of the 
 Augsburg Confession. These are flanked by the 
 twenty-four cities of Germany which were the 
 first to adopt the Lutheran faith. These cities 
 have been regarded worthy of a memorial, since 
 they too, magistrates as well as citizens, risked 
 their very existence by accepting a faith which 
 was under the curse of the Pope and which the 
 Emperor had sworn to destroy. These emblems 
 extend on the south side of the hall as far as the 
 chimney and on the north side of the hall to the 
 end of that row of windows, excepting the last 
 two (Brazil and Argentina). 
 
 The significance of the name given to this 
 hall will now be understood. It is to remind 
 
PaO! Se asoe 
 
 those who dine within its walls of the faithful 
 witnesses of the past. It is also to remind them 
 of the world-wide expansion which the faith of 
 the Augsburg Confession has under the provi- 
 dence of God experienced. For this reason the 
 remaining emblems in this room are given over 
 to the principal countries in which the Lutheran 
 faith has found a home outside of the United 
 States. They are Brazil, Argentina, Sweden, 
 Norway, Denmark, Slovakia, the Canadian 
 provinces, and Australia. 
 
 The emblems to the left and right of the 
 Luther Seal are the coats of arms of the signers 
 of the Augsburg Confession: John, Duke of 
 Saxony, Elector (No. 70); George, Margrave of 
 Brandenburg (No. 76); Ernest, Duke of Luene- 
 burg (No. 77); Philip, Landgrave of Hesse 
 (No. 78); John Frederick, Duke of Saxony 
 (No.72); Francis, Duke of Lueneburg (No.77); 
 Wolfgang, Prince of Anhalt (No. 74); Senate 
 and Magistracy of Nuremberg (No. 75); Senate 
 of Reutlingen (No. 78). The originals of these 
 medallions were prepared from a set of water- 
 color drawings made by a German artist some 
 fifty years ago and now in the possession of 
 Rev. E. F. Engelbert, of Baltimore, who placed 
 these designs at the Committee’s disposition. 
 
 The remaining twenty-five medals of the 
 
— 100 — 
 
 confessors’ group are the coats of arms of the 
 first cities to accept the Reformation. The first 
 inkling that such designs were in existence was 
 received from a study of the historical medals 
 in the archives of Concordia Seminary. A sub- 
 committee was searching in this collection of 
 coins for emblems that might be embodied in 
 our group. A number of medals were found 
 which have been translated into carved stone at 
 several points in our group (see Nos.11 and 54). 
 A precious find was a medal struck in 1830 in 
 commemoration of the three-hundredth anniver- 
 sary of the signing of the Augsburg Confession. 
 On this coin are shown engraved twenty-five 
 coats of arms, disposed in a cirele, each the size 
 of a pea, yet cut with such perfect art that 
 through the microscope each of the coats of 
 arms, properly shaded to indicate coloring, was 
 discernible. No names were given with these 
 shields to indicate their meaning, but a search 
 through Reformation histories finally resulted 
 in the correct list of names. Meyer’s German 
 ‘*Hineyclopedia’’ was found to contain illustra- 
 tions that confirmed in detail the engravings on 
 the coin of 18380. The drawings were then en- 
 larged by our artist and were colored in accor- 
 dance with the information thus obtained. They 
 are now a collection of painted glass of the 
 
—— 101 —— 
 
 highest significance for Lutheran history and 
 probably without a parallel in the world. 
 
 A connecting link between these symbols 
 of the original Lutheran confessors and the 
 present-day limits of Lutheran expansion is the 
 coat of arms of Gustavus Adolphus (No. 106), 
 the heroic Swedish king who saved the cause of 
 Protestantism at the time of the Thirty Years’ 
 
 War. 
 
 68) Martin Luther Emblem. — The seal of Dr. Martin 
 Luther dominates this entire hall. From the great Reformer, 
 supported by the princes and states shown on the colorful em- 
 blems that flank this seal to the right and left, the blessings 
 of the Gospel have gone out to the countries whose coats of 
 arms are subjects of the remaining designs. The emblem 
 adopted by Martin Luther has often been explained, but never 
 better than by Luther himself, who wrote in 1538 to a friend: — 
 
 “As you request to know if my arms are properly hit upon, 
 I take pleasure in communicating to you my first ideas, which 
 I desire to epitomize in my signet as a badge of my theology. The 
 first is a black cross on a heart in natural color, to remind my- 
 self that faith in the Crucified is our salvation. For if we 
 believe from the heart, we become righteous. But although it is 
 a black cross, which mortifies and causes pain, it still leaves to the 
 heart its own color and does not destroy our nature, that is, it does 
 not kill, but rather keeps the heart alive. For the righteous shall 
 live by faith, but — by faith in the Crucified. But this heart shall 
 be placed in a white rose to show that faith gives joy, comfort, and 
 peace. Therefore the rose should be white and not red, because 
 white is the color of the spirits and the angels. This rose should be 
 set in an azure field, because this joy in the Spirit and faith is 
 a beginning of the coming and heavenly joy; indeed, already con- 
 tained in it and anticipated in hope, but not as yet revealed. And 
 around this field a golden ring, because this heavenly happiness is 
 eternal and everlasting, and as much more precious than all other 
 joy and riches as gold is the foremost and most precious metal. 
 Christ, our dear Lord, be with your spirit unto that life! Amen.” 
 
 69) Coat of Arms of the City of Schmalkalden. — Here 
 the representatives of the Reformation movement met in 1531 
 
— 102 — 
 
 and formed a union for defense against the Roman Catholic 
 Emperor Charles V, who was sworn to suppress Lutheranism. 
 A result of another meeting (1537) is the statement of the 
 errors of Romanism, which is now called the Smalcald Articles. 
 These Articles are one of the official confessions of the Lutheran 
 Church. The shield shows a castle with a red-and-white-barred 
 lion on a blue field and a partridge on a hill. 
 
 70) Coat of Arms of John the Constant, Elector of Saxony 
 
 (born 1468, died 1532).— He was an ardent friend of Luther, 
 a hearer of his sermons, a student of his teachings, and con- 
 scientiously furthered the Gospel as expounded by him. After 
 his accession to the electorate he was not intimidated by the 
 dangers incident to the stand he assumed and even risked the 
 loss of his dominions rather than be untrue to his convictions. 
 His fidelity, firmness, and unflinching courage secured for him 
 the surname of “The Constant.” One of the original Prot- 
 estants of Speier, 1529, where he signed, with others, the famous 
 protest, holding that “in affairs relating to the glory of God 
 and the soul’s salvation each man must stand before God and 
 give account of himself.” He was a leader of the Smalcald 
 Union. Luther preached his funeral sermon. His coat of arms 
 shows the same heraldic emblems as that of his son, but dif- 
 ferently arranged. 
 
 71) Coat of Arms of the City of Speier (Speyer; English, 
 Spires). — The name is famous in church history because in this 
 city the adherents of the Reformation recorded a protest (1529) 
 against laws oppressing freedom of conscience. The name 
 “Protestant” is derived from this protest. The coat of arms 
 shows a conventionalized drawing of the Cathedral of Speier. 
 
 72) Coat of Arms of John Frederick, Elector of Saxony. — 
 He was the son of John the Constant; born 1508, died 1554. 
 One of the original signers of the Augsburg Confession. He 
 was one of the earliest among the princes of Germany to approve 
 of Luther’s course, heard his confession at Worms, and was one 
 of the original Protestants who met at Speier. He became head 
 of the Smalcald Union and was a liberal supporter of the 
 University of Wittenberg. He remained true to the faith even 
 when made a prisoner and promised liberty on condition 
 that he would forsake the Gospel. He was a prisoner for five 
 years. The beautiful coat of arms shows the Saxon swords and 
 other emblems characteristic of this ancient and noble house. 
 
— 103 — 
 
 73) Coat of Arms of Philip, Landgrave of Hesse. — He was 
 one of the foremost Protestant princes at the time of the 
 Reformation and was one of the original signers of the Augs- 
 burg Confession. He had become acquainted with Luther at 
 the Diet of Worms and was the originator of the Smalcald 
 Union, organized in order to strengthen the cause of Prot- 
 estantism. His life was one of turmoil, and not all of the 
 Landgrave’s actions and policies reflected credit upon his 
 Church. Yet for his courageous stand against the Emperor, 
 Protestantism will ever honor his memory. The beautiful coat 
 of arms is recognized by its three stars and four lions. 
 
 74) Coat of Arms of. Wolfgang of Anhalt. — He was one of 
 the noblest of all the princes who rallied to Luther’s support. 
 He became a friend of the Reformer even before the Diet of 
 Worms, was one of the Protestants at Speier (1529), and one 
 of the original signers of the Augsburg Confession. Rather 
 than march in a procession at Augsburg in honor of the Mass 
 and thereby deny his faith, he declared himself willing to give 
 up his life. Through his connection with the Lutheran move- 
 ment he lost his estates, which he left singing “A Mighty 
 Fortress.” They were, however, returned to him. He died 
 a staunch, upright, consistent believer, 1556. 
 
 75) Coat of Arms of the City of Nuernberg (Nuremberg). 
 This city was one of nine original signatories to the Augsburg 
 Confession. It was one of the original “Protestant” cities (see 
 No. 71) and the home of the great Lutheran artist Albrecht 
 Duerer. The emblem shows one half of a two-headed eagle and 
 red and white diagonal bars. 
 
 76) Coat of Arms of George, Margrave of Brandenburg- 
 Ansbach, the Confessor (born March 4, 1484). — He introduced 
 the Reformation into his country in 1528. One of the original 
 Protestants at Speier, 1529. When, at the Diet of Augsburg, 
 the Emperor demanded that the Protestant rulers suppress the 
 preaching of the Lutheran doctrine, Margrave George offered to 
 have his head cut off rather than oppose the Word of God. He 
 remained a strong supporter of the Reformation until his death 
 in 1548. The coat of arms contains a red eagle. 
 
 77) Ernest the Confessor, Duke of Brunswick and Luene- 
 burg (born 1497, died 1546).— He attended the University of 
 Wittenberg and introduced the Reformation in his country, 
 1527. He signed the Augsburg Confession at the risk of losing 
 
— 104 — 
 
 his position and life itself. His emblem is a blue lion, sur- 
 rounded by hearts. With Ernest also his brother Francis was 
 among the original signers of the Augsburg Confession. 
 
 78) Coat of Arms of the City of Reutlingen. — Through 
 its representatives this city joined the protest of the Lutheran 
 delegates in 1529 and a year later became one of the original 
 signatories to the Augsburg Confession. Blue, red, and white 
 are its colors. 
 
 79) Coat of Arms of the City of Augsburg. — As the city 
 in which the Augsburg Confession was submitted to the em- 
 peror it has acquired undying fame as the true mother of 
 Protestantism. The emblem shows a Gothic column-head, sur- 
 mounted by a pineapple, the emblem of fruitfulness. Augsburg 
 leads the roll of confessors, followed by twenty-four other cities 
 that imitated her heroic example. 
 
 80) Coat of Arms of the City of Jena. — One of the first 
 twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after the 
 adoption of the Augsburg Confession. Luther made a stop here 
 on his return from the Wartburg. It is the site of a university 
 which led the fight against synergism. Among its great teachers 
 John Gerhard, Selnecker, and Buddeus deserve to be remem- 
 bered. The emblem shows an angel slaying a dragon and hold- 
 ing a blue shield with barred lion rampant. 
 
 81) Coat of Arms of the City of Eisleben.— One of the 
 first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after 
 the adoption of the Augsburg Confession, but especially famous 
 as the city in which Luther was born November 10, 1483, and 
 where he died February 18, 1546. The emblem shows two 
 eagle’s wings. 
 
 82) Coat of Arms of the City of Magdeburg. — One of the 
 first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after 
 the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. The city suffered 
 terribly during the Thirty Years’ War. More than 20,000 
 persons were massacred when it was taken by the imperial 
 troops. On account of the many orthodox Lutheran books 
 printed at Magdeburg during the early age of controversies, 
 Magdeburg has been called “the Chancellory of our Lord.” The 
 medallion shows a castle with open gates and above a virgin 
 with laurel crown. 
 
 83) Coat of Arms of the City of Fisenach.— One of the 
 first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after 
 the adoption of the Augsburg Confession, but especially dis- 
 
Plate 43 
 
 
 
 Coats of Arms in Koburg Hall. (Painted Glass. ) 
 
 77. Dukes of Lueneburg. 83. Eisenach. 96. Riga. 75. Nuernberg,. 
 69, Schmalkalden. 73, Philip of Hesse, 
 
=i 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Coats of Arms in Koburg Hall. (Painted Glass.) 
 
 70. Duke John of Saxony. 85. Marburg. 107. Sweden. 105. Emden. 
 89, Lindau, 91. Frankfurt, 
 

 
— 105 — 
 
 tinguished since 1498—1501 young Martin Luther went to 
 school here and as the birthplace of John Sebastian Bach (see 
 panel 180 in Assembly Hall). The coat of arms shows 
 St. George as knight, holding the pilgrim’s branch. The shield 
 shows a red cross on a white field, the emblem of the Knights 
 of the Temple, a religious military order of the time of the 
 Crusades. 
 
 84) Coat of Arms of the City of Braunschweig (Bruns- 
 wick). — One of the first twenty-four cities that joined the 
 Lutheran movement after the adoption of the Augsburg Con- 
 fession. The man who brought this city under the influence 
 of the Reformation was Bugenhagen (see name panel 172 in 
 Library). Among the great men who labored here were Moerlin, 
 Chemnitz (panel 169), and Leyser (panel 165). The emblem is 
 the Brunswick lion. The city was built by Henry the Lion 
 about 1150. 
 
 85) Coat of Arms of the City of Marburg. — One of the 
 first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after 
 the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. In this city a famous 
 conference took place in 1529 between Luther and Zwingli for 
 the discussion of the Lord’s Supper, Luther uttering his famous 
 sentence: “You have a different spirit from ours.” The city 
 contained in medieval days a famous headquarters of the Teu- 
 tonic knights. 
 
 86) Coat of Arms of the City of Koenigsberg. — One of the 
 first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after 
 the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. The city became 
 Lutheran as early as 1528. Melanchthon helped to found the 
 University of Koenigsberg. The three shields represent three 
 towns, divided by the river Spregel, which were united into one 
 city in 1724. The union is indicated by the crown. 
 
 87) Coat of Arms of the City of Heilbronn. — One of the 
 first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after 
 the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. A black eagle with 
 conventionalized heart in red, white, and blue is the symbol. 
 
 88) Coat of Arms of the City of Leipzig. — One of the first 
 twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after the 
 adoption of the Augsburg Confession. It is especially notable 
 because in this city, on July 4, 1519, Luther had his debate with 
 Eck on the primacy of the Pope and on indulgences. At the 
 University of Leipzig, in a later age, there labored such theo- 
 logians of the Church as Selnecker and Huelsemann. At 
 
— 106 — 
 
 St. Thomas’s Church, John Sebastian Bach was organist and 
 choir leader. The emblems are a black lion and two blue bars 
 on a white field. 
 
 89) Coat of Arms of the City of Lindau. — One of the first 
 twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after the 
 adoption of the Augsburg Confession. The Reformation had 
 taken a foothold in this city as early as 1522. The shield shows 
 a linden-tree, conventionalized. 
 
 90) Coat of Arms of the City of Kostnitz (Constance). — 
 One of the first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran 
 movement after the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. In 
 this city John Huss was burned 1415 by order of the Council 
 of Constance. The city joined the Smalcald Union and suffered 
 terribly from Spanish troops for its steadfastness. The coat of 
 arms displays a cross and a red bar. 
 
 91) Coat of Arms of the City of Frankfort on the Main. — 
 One of the first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran 
 movement after the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. As 
 early as 1522 its magistrates permitted Lutheran preaching. 
 The city joined the Smaleald Union, organized to defend Prot- 
 estantism against persecution by fire and sword. The city’s 
 emblem is a white eagle, surmounted by a crown. 
 
 92) Coat of Arms of the City of Strassburg. — One of the 
 first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after 
 the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. Among the famous 
 men who called Strassburg their home was John Gutenberg, the 
 inventor of the art of printing, Jacob Sturm, a friend of Luther, 
 John Sleidanus, the historian of the Reformation, and Conrad 
 Dannhauer, a splendid witness of orthodox Lutheranism. The 
 shield shows a red diagonal bar. 
 
 93) Coat of Arms of the City of Hamburg. — The great 
 German port, one of the first twenty-four cities that joined the 
 Lutheran movement after the adoption of the Augsburg Con- 
 fession. In 1528 the City Council adopted the Reformation and 
 called Dr. Bugenhagen to organize the Church along Lutheran 
 lines. The city adopted the Formula of Concord in 1577. Its 
 coat of arms shows a castle with three towers and overhead 
 two stars. 
 
 94) Coat of Arms of the City of Ulm.— One of the first 
 twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after the 
 adoption of the Augsburg Confession. The city was represented 
 
— 107 — 
 
 among the Protestants in Speier, 1529, and soon after joined the 
 Smalcald Union. The shield is divided into a black and a 
 white field. 
 
 95) Coat of Arms of the City of Memmingen. — One of the 
 first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after 
 the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. The shield displays 
 one half of a double-headed eagle and a red cross on a white field. 
 
 96) Coat of Arms of the City of Riga. — One of the first 
 twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after the 
 adoption of the Augsburg Confession. The city became the 
 center of the Reformation movement in the provinces on the 
 Baltic Sea. During the Bolshevik reign of terror in 1918 a 
 number of Lutheran ministers were cruelly massacred because 
 they refused to deny their faith. The shield displays a fortress 
 with lion-head, keys, cross, and crown. 
 
 97) Coat of Arms of the City of Wittenberg. — One of the 
 first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after 
 the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. From Wittenberg, 
 the home of Martin Luther, the light of the Gospel has come to 
 every quarter of the globe. It is the birthplace of the New Age. 
 The coat of arms shows the river Elster in the foreground. 
 On a symmetrical design of fortress and church-towers the 
 armorial shields of the Electors of Saxony are shown. 
 
 98) Coat of Arms of the City of Luebeck.— One of the 
 first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after 
 the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. In 1528 Luther’s 
 writings were publicly burned, but two years later citizens and 
 magistrates joined the Reformation movement. Bugenhagen 
 furnished the constitution for Luebeck’s congregations. The 
 city joined the Smalcald Union. A two-headed eagle with red 
 and white shield is the ancient coat of arms of this city. 
 
 99) Coat of Arms of the City of Noerdlingen. — One of the 
 first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after 
 the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. The Reformation 
 was introduced in 1523, and the city joined other German cities 
 in their protest submitted at Speier, 1529, by which they de- 
 manded the right to worship God according to their conscience. 
 Its emblem is a black eagle, crowned. 
 
 100) Coat of Arms of the City of Erfurt. — One of the first 
 twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after the 
 adoption of the Augsburg Confession; famous also because it is 
 
— 108 —— 
 
 the home of the university attended by Luther and of the 
 monastery which he entered as a monk. It accepted the Refor- 
 mation in 1525. The city’s emblem is a wheel. 
 
 101) Coat of Arms of the City of Schwaebisch-Hall. — One 
 of the first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran move- 
 ment after the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. The 
 symbol shows an open palm and, in a field above, a Maltese cross. 
 
 102) Coat of Arms of the City of Bremen. — One of the 
 first twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after 
 the adoption of the Augsburg Confession. The first preacher 
 of the Reformation who appeared in the city of Bremen was 
 Henry of Zuetphen, 1522, who was lynched by fanatic peasants 
 soon after. The city joined the Smalcald Union, organized for 
 the defense of Protestantism, in 1531. The emblem is a key. 
 
 103) Coat of Arms of the City of Emden. — One of the first 
 twenty-four cities that joined the Lutheran movement after the 
 adoption of the Augsburg Confession. This city was a home of 
 refuge for Protestants driven out of England and Holland by 
 Bloody Mary and Philip the Cruel, the Catholic rulers of these 
 countries. The emblem shows a stream, a city wall, and a con- 
 ventional winged figure, surmounted by a crown. 
 
 104) Seal of the Brazil District. — One of the countries in 
 which our own Lutheran Church has done a large amount of 
 missionary work among the German immigrants is that great 
 South American republic Brazil. According to the most recent 
 figures available, we have now in Brazil more than 25,000 bap- 
 tized members, who are being served by 49 ministers. In addi- 
 tion, work is now being done in the Portuguese language. The 
 medallion shows a Missouri Synod church in the Brazilian 
 forest and overhead the beautiful constellation seen in the 
 Southern heavens, the Southern Cross. 
 
 105) Seal of the Argentine District. — This emblem shows 
 the famous “Christ of the Andes,” the great bronze statue 
 erected among the mountains between Argentina and Chile. 
 The suggestion of the Mission Board for South America was 
 followed in the choice of this symbol, which is to be embodied 
 in the seal of the Argentine District. 
 
 106) Coat of Arms of Gustavus Adolphus.—No actual 
 coat of arms of the Lion of the North could be discovered. The 
 research instituted by the Committee was, however, rewarded 
 by the information that the Vasas, from which Gustavus 
 sprang, originally used a vase as an emblem, and that this vase 
 
— 109 — 
 
 was sometimes badly drawn and then resembled a sheaf of 
 wheat. From this description and the Swedish coat of arms 
 an emblem significant of Gustavus Adolphus was created by 
 the Committee’s artist. Against a blood-red background (Gus- 
 tavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, died November 16, 1632, in 
 the Battle of Luetzen, near Leipsic, fighting the armies of the 
 Pope) is displayed a crowned lion rampant and in his right claw 
 the white sword of righteousness. Below, in a small shield, the 
 family arms, a vase against the blue and white bars of the 
 national coat of arms. See also Gustavus Adolphus Archway. 
 
 107) Coat of Arms of Sweden.— Sweden is one of the 
 Lutheran States of Europe. For nine hundred years its flag 
 has carried a red lion. The Viking ship is based on a relic 
 excavated at Oseberg in 1908. The window memorializes the 
 contribution which Sweden made to Lutheran church-life in 
 America. The population of Sweden is about 6,000,000, prac- 
 tically all Lutherans, and the Swedish Lutheran Church of 
 America is one of the strongest synods, having a communicant 
 membership of more than 200,000. 
 
 108) Coat of Arms of Norway.— The North Cape, with 
 midnight sun and the cross standing high upon the cliffs above 
 the roaring waves below, is the symbol of Norway, one of the 
 European countries which is almost exclusively Lutheran. Of 
 its 2,630,000 inhabitants only 200,000 are non-Lutherans. The 
 Norwegians have contributed much to the literature and music 
 of American Lutheranism. 
 
 109) Coat of Arms of Denmark.— One of the Lutheran 
 countries of Europe. It has 1,500 pastors, 2,200 churches, and 
 more than 3,250,000 baptized members. The emblem shows the 
 Danish ensign, a swallow-tail red fly with the “Danebrog,” or 
 silver cross, upon it. The origin of this cross is said to date 
 from 1219, when King Waldemar, at a critical moment in his 
 career, averred he had seen this cross in the heavens. It is the 
 oldest national ensign in existence. 
 
 110) Coat of Arms of Slovakia. — One of the countries of 
 Southern Europe in which, despite Roman opposition, the 
 Church of the Reformation has continued to live and flourish. 
 The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Slovakia has 312 churches, 
 342 pastors and 800,000 communicant members. There are 488 
 congregational and church institutions, 5 publication houses, 
 and two publication societies. The Church has five orphan 
 
— 110 — 
 
 homes, 2 hospitals, 3 poorhouses, and 1 deaconess house. The 
 new emblem of Slovakia is shown in the medallion, displaying 
 a Greek cross surmounting three hills. 
 
 111) Coat of Arms of China.—In this greatest of all 
 heathen lands our Synod has been doing missionary work for 
 the past fifteen years. The design is original with our artist. 
 It displays the Chinese dragon (a demon from an old Chinese 
 print), representing the Chinese Christians’ turning to the 
 source of everlasting light — God. This symbol of the Triune 
 God, the equilateral triangle, usually contains the Hebrew 
 letters signifying Lord. It here contains the Chinese name 
 for God, Shang-ti. 
 
 112) Coat of Arms of India. — Above the elephant, typical 
 symbol of India, bearing a white cross on a blood-red blanket, 
 the official emblem of India is seen. This badge is in the shape 
 of a star in the center of a flaming sun and originally bears this 
 inscription, “Heaven’s Light Our Guide.” 
 
 118) Coat of Arms of Alberta and British Columbia 
 Provinces. — The rocky shores of Alberta and British Columbia 
 are shown with a lighthouse and the sun streaming through the 
 storm-clouds. The artist gives this interpretation: “Grounded 
 firmly on the Rock of Ages, Christ, the Christians’ faith stands 
 like a lighthouse amid the roaring shock of this world’s trouble- 
 some waters, while through the darkness and evil Heaven sends 
 the encouraging rays of Christ’s cross.” 
 
 114) Coat of Arms of Manitoba and Saskatchewan Prov- 
 inces. — This symbol has been worked up from the seal of 
 Manitoba (buffalo and red cross) and of Saskatchewan (lion 
 and sheaves of green wheat). The Christians of these provinces 
 are upholding the message of the Cross, and the sheaves are 
 being brought in. 
 
 In Vestibule: — 
 
 158) Seal of the Ontario District. — This coat of arms is 
 built upon the seal of the Province of Ontario to which the 
 Luther coat of arms has been added. The St. George’s cross 
 has been lengthened into the conventional cross of Christ. The 
 three maple leaves are emblematic of the Trinity. 
 
 159) Seal of the Australian Synod. — Based upon the South 
 Australian coat of arms, which shows a yellow field bearing 
 a white-backed piping crow. The white star has been added as 
 a symbol of the guiding light of divine revelation. 
 
— ill--— 
 
 WARTBURG HALL. 
 
 The north wing of the dining-hall group is 
 called Wartburg Hall. As the south dining-hall 
 was dedicated to the history of the Church 
 during ages past and in foreign lands, so the 
 ornamentation of the north dining-hall, both 
 in respect to its carved stone and its window 
 medallions, is enlivened with symbolism bear- 
 ing upon the work of the Church in the United 
 States. Conformably with this general plan the 
 great seal of the United States has been given 
 the central position in the front bay and is 
 flanked by the seals of Missouri, Perry County, 
 and of the City of St. Louis. Medals commemo- 
 rating events in the history of the Missouri 
 Synod and views of buildings familiar to every 
 Missourian, but also seals and other designs 
 related to the earlier history of Lutheranism in 
 the United States, are depicted on the medal- 
 lions nearest the bay. Then follow long rows of 
 windows on each side of the dining-hall, bearing 
 each the seal of a District of the Missouri Synod 
 —a series of unique importance and very beau- 
 tiful appearance. A number of lay organiza- 
 tions within the Synod are also remembered by 
 their seals. 
 
— 112 — 
 
 115) Great Seal of the United States.— This beautiful 
 reproduction of the Great Seal of the United States dominates 
 the medallion designs in this dining-hall. Under the beneficent 
 laws of our country, particularly the constitutional guarantees 
 of religious freedom, our Church has developed into the twenty- 
 eight Districts shown in these windows. Under the protection 
 of these same laws the church organizations represented in the 
 other medallions of this hall are conducting their successful 
 and blessed activities. 
 
 116) Missouri State Seal. — The official seal of the State 
 of Missouri, reproduced from an authentic impression. 
 
 117) Seal of the City of St. Louis. — This design is used on 
 the official stationery of the City of St. Louis. The early growth 
 of the city was due to its river commerce, and up the river by 
 steamer came the early pioneers of our Synod. 
 
 118) Perry County Seal. — At Perry County, Mo., the first 
 Concordia was built in 1839. The County Court seal of that 
 distant age is no longer in existence, and we have been unable 
 to unearth any impressions. However, Mr. Charles E. Cashion, 
 County Clerk, quotes a description of the original seal, made in 
 1830, as follows: “A plain circular marginal label inscribed, 
 ‘Perry County Court Seal— Mo.’ In the center a spread eagle 
 having in its claws three arrows and in the center of it a harp.” 
 From this description the artist has developed the striking 
 design shown on this window. 
 
 119) Log Cabin. — The original Concordia Seminary. The 
 drawing is made after an enlarged photograph, shown at the 
 Sedalia State Fair Lutheran Exhibit in 1925. The drawing 
 is correct in every detail, even as to the light-and-shade effects. 
 (See Walther Entrance.) 
 
 120) Four-Hundredth Anniversary Medal. — This coin was 
 struck in 1917 at the four-hundredth anniversary of the begin- 
 ning of the Reformation. It is a reproduction of the angel 
 shown on the front page of Der Lutheraner, which, again, is 
 suggested by the verses Rey. 14, 6.7, a prophecy of the Refor- 
 mation. 
 
 121) Coat of Arms of Oglethorpe. — General James Ogle- 
 thorpe, governor of the British province of Georgia, has in- 
 scribed his name upon the roll of honor among Lutherans for 
 receiving the Lutheran exiles who were driven by the Catholic 
 rulers from Salzburg, Austria, on account of their faith. The 
 
— 118 — 
 
 first vessel bearing the Salzburgers arrived at Savannah, Ga., 
 in March, 1734. They were received by General Oglethorpe, 
 who aided them in founding various settlements. — Great diffi- 
 culty was encountered in discovering the correct coat of arms 
 of that particular branch of the Oglethorpe family to which the 
 general belonged. In tracing the heraldic data, the St. Louis 
 libraries proving unavailing, the search led to the office of the 
 Oglethorpe Club of Savannah, Ga., and the correct coat of arms 
 was thus obtained. It shows a boar’s head holding an oak 
 branch, resting on a twisted bar. 
 
 122) Coat of Arms of New Sweden. — The colony of New 
 Sweden was founded in 1688 by a small party of Swedish 
 Lutherans who took possession of the mouth of the Delaware 
 River and made a settlement there which was called New 
 Sweden. It was the beginning of the State of Delaware. The 
 minister of the little congregation was Reorus Torkillus. The 
 Dutch, who had settled New York, looked upon these Swedes 
 as intruders and in 1655 annexed their territory west of the 
 Delaware River. The coat of arms shows the Swedish lion 
 carrying in his claw the torch of Biblical truth, first brought 
 to this country in its purity by the Swedes. The blue-and-white 
 background is also taken from the Swedish coat of arms. 
 
 123) Concordia Seminary Tower.— This beautifully exe- 
 cuted medallion shows the tower recognized the world over by 
 the graduates of Concordia Seminary. It is the tower of the 
 building erected in 1883, the four-hundredth anniversary of 
 Martin Luther’s birth. Dr. Walther was president. 
 
 124) Medal of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Missouri 
 Synod. — A night scene, very difficult to reproduce in painted 
 glass. The design is taken from a coin struck in 1897 at the 
 fiftieth anniversary of the Missouri Synod. Around the coin 
 are found the texts Heb. 18,14 and Rev. 3,11. The ship of the 
 Church, guided by the lighthouse of God’s Word, is sailing 
 toward the heavenly Jerusalem. 
 
 125) Medal of the Three-Hundredth Anniversary of the 
 Formula of Concord. — The medallion shows the Church of 
 Christ built upon the Rock. Matt.16,18. It is taken from 
 a medal struck by the Missouri Synod on the occasion of the 
 three-hundredth anniversary of the Book of Concord (1580— 
 1880). The Book of Concord contains all the Lutheran Con- 
 fessions, proclaiming the adherence of the Church to the Word 
 of God. 
 
 8 
 
— 114 — 
 
 126) Seal of Justus Falckner. — Justus Falckner, whose 
 beautiful seal is shown in this medallion, was one of the earliest 
 and most faithful preachers of the Lutheran Church in 
 America. He began in 1703 to serve St. Matthew’s Church, 
 New York, being the first Lutheran minister ordained in 
 America. After serving as traveling missionary along the 
 Hudson, he died in 1724. The seal shows a falcon, emblematic 
 of the name Falckner. 
 
 127) Seal of Muhlenberg Churches. — The three sheaves of 
 wheat ready to be garnered for the eternal harvest indicate the 
 three congregations in and about New York served by H. M. 
 Muhlenberg. The seal is drawn after a facsimile in Schmauck’s 
 The Lutheran Church in Pennsylvania. (For Muhlenberg see 
 also No. 176.) 
 
 128) Seal of St. Matthew’s, New York. — The seal of 
 St. Matthew’s Church, the oldest Lutheran seal in America, 
 dating from the years 1671—1723. Supplied by Rev. Karl 
 Kretzmann. St. Matthew’s is the oldest Lutheran congrega- 
 tion on the Western Hemisphere. Its seal shows sheaves of 
 wheat and a cup of wine with a lamb uniting both, indicating 
 the doctrine of the real presence of Christ in the Sacrament. 
 An inscription surrounding the original seal reads: Sigillum 
 Ecclesiae Augustanae Confessionis Insulae Manhatanensis, 
 “The Seal of the Church of the Augsburg Confession on the 
 Island of Manhattan.” 
 
 129) Trinity Church of Wilmington. — The oldest Prot- 
 estant church in America is the Wilmington Lutheran church 
 in New Jersey. It was erected by Lutherans near the spot 
 where the only Lutheran colony in America landed. The picture 
 is taken from Schmauck’s The Lutheran Church in Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 130) Seal of Southern District. — This beautiful design 
 originated with our artist. It shows a pelican holding a torch 
 and a palm-branch. The pelican is a southern symbol and 
 especially suited for Louisiana. It is at the same time used as 
 a symbol of the resurrection in place of the phoenix, and the 
 legend which ascribes to the mother pelican the habit of opening 
 her breast with her bill in order to feed the young with her blood 
 makes it a symbol of Christ. The torch indicates spiritual 
 knowledge; the palm, victory. The pelican is based upon a 
 study from a photograph taken at Pelican Island, Florida. 
 
Plate 45 
 
 
 
 Seals in Wartburg Hall. (Painted Glass.) 
 
 126. Justus Falekner. 153. South Wisconsin District. 156. Lutheran 
 Laymen’s League. 139. Oklahoma District. 130. Southern District. 
 158, Ontario District. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 (181) Seal of Southern Illinois District. — As suggested by 
 the District President, J.G.F.Kleinhans. It shows the Bible 
 with Alpha and Omega, with wheat and grape suggesting the 
 Sacrament of the Lord’s Table. 
 
 132) Seal of Central Illinois District. — Since the District 
 had no seal of its own, President W.Heyne suggested as an 
 emblem characteristic of the District “a church within a corn- 
 field,” Central Illinois being situated in the heart of the great 
 American corn belt. The artist has depicted a church based 
 upon the general style of Lutheran church architecture prevail- 
 ing in Illinois. 
 
 133) Seal of Northern Illinois District. — This emblem is 
 a creation of the Committee —the ship of the Church, sug- 
 gested by the inland sea commerce which centers in the metrop- 
 olis of the District (Chicago). A suitable inscription would be 
 Heb. 11,16: Paravit illis civitatem, “He hath prepared for 
 them a city.” 
 
 184) Seal of Western District. — Designed by our artist at 
 the suggestion of President Kretzschmar. The St. Andrew’s 
 cross with the Luther seal quarters the seal. Sailboats brought 
 the forefathers to our shores, where they could worship the true 
 God (A and O) unmolested. The log cabin is reminiscent of 
 the first Concordia Seminary, from which our churches have 
 received such inestimable blessings. 
 
 185) Seal of Michigan District. — The seal of the District; 
 colors supplied by the Committee. Blue, the color of hope. The 
 laurel leaves are the crown of victory accorded to those who 
 remain steadfast in hope. 
 
 136) Seal of Central District. — The cross around which 
 two vines are intertwined. ‘The reference is to John 15, 5: 
 “T am the Vine, ye are the branches.” 
 
 1387) Seal of Eastern District. — A creation of the Com- 
 mittee, based on Eph. 6, 16.17: “Above all, taking the shield of 
 faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts 
 of the wicked. And take the helmet of salvation and the sword 
 of the Spirit, which is the Word of God.” The arms, in har- 
 mony with the text, are Roman, as used in the time of Paul, 
 with Christian symbolism, the cross and flaming heart, and the 
 three sets of triple bosses on the sword, a reference to the 
 Trinity. 
 
— 116 — 
 
 138) Seal of Atlantic District.— This splendid emblem 
 is built upon the official seal of the Atlantic District. As our 
 artist puts it: “It shows the bright light of the Word of God 
 breaking through the mists of unbelief and doubt and greet- 
 ing the believer, who has equipped his ship of life with the 
 mast of Christian faith.” 
 
 139) Seal of Oklahoma District. — Created by the Com- 
 mittee. When our Church commenced work in Oklahoma, 
 part of it was still Indian territory. The design shows the 
 Indian calumet, or peace-pipe (designed from an original in 
 the collection of Hotel Astor, New York). The combination of 
 the peace-pipe with the symbol of the Holy Spirit is unique and 
 yet pleasing. 
 
 140) Seal of Texas District. — Designed by Mr. Taenzer 
 on the basis of the Walther League emblem of that State. 
 Within a single large star (suggested by Lone Star State) there 
 is the state flower, the bluebonnet. 
 
 141) Lutheran School Emblem. — The Lutheran school em- 
 blem below is the emblem of the American Luther League. The 
 book shows superimposed a Luther emblem and above it a little 
 acorn, flanked by L S (Lutheran Schools). The American 
 Luther League is here remembered for its work in behalf of our 
 Christian day-schools. Both designs originated with our artist. 
 
 142) Lutheran Publicity Organization Emblem. — The or- 
 ganization here memorialized has done pioneer work in Lu- 
 theran Publicity, particularly through Lenten services. The 
 design originated with the Committee and shows the torch of 
 truth in winged flight enlightening the world. 
 
 143) Seal of Colorado District. — President Luessenhop 
 writes: “Our Colorado seal is very fitting and characteristic of 
 our work. Notice the stream of the water of life flowing from 
 the open Bible, the ice-covered mountains, ete.” The mountains 
 are colored from sketches made by our artist while on a sojourn 
 in Colorado. 
 
 144) Seal of California and Nevada District. —A close 
 rendition of the official District seal. The cross colored red 
 represents the Atonement. 
 
 145) Seal of Oregon and Washington District. — Created 
 by the Committee’s artist. It combines the grape, which is 
 Oregon’s state emblem and at the same time a reminder of our 
 
— it — 
 
 Lord’s words: “I am the Vine, ye are the branches,” with the 
 rhododendron (mountain laurel) the state flower of Washington. 
 Both plants are rooted in the Word of God. 
 
 146) Seal of Kansas District. — This emblem (like a num- 
 ber of others) was created by the Committee because the District 
 had no emblematic device in its official seal. In all such cases 
 the advice of the District officers was sought. The sunflower, 
 the state flower, was chosen in the present instance, its fruit- 
 fulness representing the growth of our Church in Kansas. 
 Aspiration for union with Christ is represented by the stars 
 above. The number of stars in this inscription is thirty-four. 
 This number is found on the official seal of the State of Kansas, 
 that State being the thirty-fourth admitted to the Union. 
 
 147) Seal of Southern Nebraska District. — The creation 
 of the Committee, since the District has no emblematic device 
 on its seal. Under the watchful eye of Jehovah the seed of the 
 Word of God falls into men’s hearts, is plowed and furrowed 
 and made receptive by the sorrows of this world, there to spring 
 forth and bear wonderful fruit. The device was suggested by 
 the fame of Nebraska wheat and by the parable of the Sower. 
 
 148) Seal of Northern Nebraska District.— The creation 
 of the Committee. The artist acted upon the suggestion of 
 President Harms in choosing the goldenrod, the state flower of 
 Nebraska, as part of the emblem. To this was added the 
 Wyoming state flower, the gentian, the Nebraska District ex- 
 tending also over this State. Both are united in the heart of 
 Christ and flower under the cross, which is inscribed I. N. R. L: 
 “Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews.” 
 
 149) Seal of Iowa District. — This is a reproduction of the 
 official seal as idealized by our artist. 
 
 150) Seal of South Dakota District. — Created by the Com- 
 mittee. As the emigrant in the prarie schooner on the South 
 Dakota plains always looked for a stream of water before going 
 into camp, so our South Dakota Lutherans rest at the Water 
 of Life, under the cross of Christ. 
 
 151) Seal of North Dakota and Montana District. — This 
 seal was suggested by President Hinck: the mountains and 
 sheep of Montana, the wheat-fields of North Dakota, and a 
 river (the Missouri) dividing the two scenes. 
 
 152) Seal of Minnesota District. — An exact reproduction 
 
— 118 — 
 
 of the design in the seal of the Minnesota District. A Bible 
 with inscribed Alpha and Omega, surrounded by a laurel wreath 
 and stars. 
 
 158) Seal of South Wisconsin District. — Created by our 
 artist at the suggestion of the Committee: The Christian’s 
 faith firmly anchored in the Bible. The streams of Wisconsin, 
 rich in finny inhabitants, suggested the fish (pickerel, drawn 
 after a study from life); at the same time the fish was an early 
 Christian symbol (see No. 49). The anchor is blue, the color 
 of hope, the ring above represents eternity, and the cross-bars, 
 each terminating in three bosses, are symbols of the Trinity. 
 
 154) Seal of North Wisconsin District. —- Emblem sug- 
 gested by the Committee. Under the all-seeing eye of God the 
 Protestant Church flourishes into healthy spiritual growth, in- 
 dicated by the arbor-vitae, a species of evergreen native to 
 Wisconsin and a symbol of everlasting life. The interpretation 
 of this seal is thus given by Rev. H. Meyer, President of the 
 Minnesota District: — 
 
 “On the basis of their unswerving fidelity to the Holy Scrip- 
 tures, of which Christ is the Alpha and Omega, the work of our 
 pastors in the great Northwest has been crowned with marvelous 
 success, the Gospel of Christ having been spread over a vast ter- 
 ritory, including parts of Northeastern Nebraska, South Dakota, 
 North Dakota, Montana, and the provinces of Western Canada. 
 Daughter Districts, branched off from the Minnesota District, are: 
 the South Dakota District, the North Dakota and Montana District, 
 the Alberta and British Columbia District, and the Manitoba and 
 Saskatchewan District.” 
 
 155) Seal of English District. — Suggested by the Com- 
 mittee. The English District sprang from a parent stem, the 
 original German Synod of Missouri. This is indicated by the 
 stout trunk. It continued separately for a while as the English 
 Synod of Missouri and in 1911 again united with the Missouri 
 Synod. This is indicated by the intertwining of the branches 
 in the crowns of both trees. The tree is a sycamore, which is 
 found everywhere in Missouri and which frequently displays 
 the characteristics set forth in the design. 
 
 In Vestibule: — 
 
 156) Seal of the Lutheran Laymen’s League.— The Lu- 
 theran Laymen’s League is an association of lay members of the 
 Missouri Synod whose purpose is to “aid Synod in business and 
 financial matters.” The design shown on this window embodies 
 symbols illustrating business (coin, fountain pen) and labor 
 
— i119 — 
 
 (wheel, hammer). The drawing thus pictures the Lutheran 
 business man and the Lutheran working man united in the 
 Lutheran Laymen’s League, donning the armor of Christ to 
 labor and achieve— “All for the glory of God.” The most 
 notable effort of the Lutheran Laymen’s League has been made 
 in behalf of a $3,000,000 Endowment Fund for the support of 
 aged ministers, teachers, and professors, and their widows and 
 orphans. 
 
 157) Seal of the Walther League.— The emblem of our 
 well-known young people’s organization. It bears in its center, 
 in pictorial language, the League’s slogan, Pro Aris et Focis, 
 “For Church and for Home.” 
 
 (For Nos. 158 and 159 see corresponding windows 
 in North Vestibule. ) 
 
 Stained Glass in Reception-Room. 
 
 160—163) The words ‘‘Soli Deo Gloria.’’ — 
 This is the motto of the Missouri Synod, as it 
 was that of the Book of Concord, adopted 1850: 
 ‘‘To God alone be glory!’’ The script chosen 
 for this inscription is that of the late medieval 
 manuscripts, about the time of the invention of 
 printing. The Book of Concord is mentioned 
 in this prominent place since it contains all the 
 confessional writings of the Lutheran Church. 
 The red cross is symbolical of the Atonement, 
 and the circles indicate Eternity. 
 
 Carved and Painted Timbers 
 in Reception-Room. 
 
 On a ribbon, which forms the center of the 
 ceiling in this room, surrounding the light fix- 
 tures, the words are carved: ‘‘Go ye into all the 
 
— 120 — 
 
 world.’’ The four directions to which the Gospel 
 is brought from Concordia Seminary are sym- 
 bolized by four birds painted on small wooden 
 shields in the ceiling. East, or morning: the 
 lark. West, or evening: the bird of paradise. 
 South, or noon: the bluebird. North, or mid- 
 night: the owl. Designs furnished and colored 
 by Mr. Taenzer. The carving was done by 
 Mr. Maene, of Philadelphia, who donated his 
 work on these timbers. 
 
 Memorial Panels in Pritzlaff Library. 
 
 The bottom panel in each window of the 
 south bays is inscribed with the name of 
 a famous theologian. Standing within the 
 Reading-room and facing south, the names 
 have the following order: Koren, Hoenecke, 
 Krauth, Muhlenberg, Hutter, Calov, Brenz, 
 Bugenhagen, Quenstedt, Gerhard, Chemnitz, 
 Melanchthon, Bengel, Loescher, Leyser, Secken- 
 dorf. 
 
 164) Seckendorf.— Born 1626; died 1692. Chancellor of 
 the University of Halle. He is best known by his great work, 
 particularly valuable for the documents drawn from the archives 
 of various states, Commentarius Historicus et Apologeticus de 
 Lutheranismo, written in answer to the work of the Jesuit 
 Maimbourg and indispensable even at the present day to every 
 student of the Reformation. 
 
 165) Leyser.— Born in 1552. An eminent professor in the 
 University of Wittenberg toward the end of the sixteenth: cen- 
 tury. At the time when an attempt was being made to bring 
 
— 121 — 
 
 Calvinism into the Lutheran Church, Leyser did his full share 
 in the restoration of sound Lutheranism and for the practical 
 introduction of the Formula of Coneord into the churches and 
 schools of the Wittenberg diocese. He was later court preacher 
 at Dresden. Particular fame attaches to him since he continued 
 the Harmonia Evangelistarum begun by Chemnitz. He died 
 in 1610. 
 
 166) Loescher. — Valentin Ernst Loescher, the noblest and 
 manliest defender of Lutheran orthodoxy during the Pietistic 
 controversy at the beginning of the eighteenth century, was 
 born December 29, 1673. He studied at Wittenberg and Jena. 
 He vigorously opposed the schemes of the Berlin court, which 
 sought to effect a union between the two Protestant churches. 
 He acknowledges no two legitimate churches of the Reforma- 
 tion; he knows of only one, the Evangelical; the Reformed is 
 only a defection from her. Loescher stood firm as a rock in the 
 disturbance of his times, guarding like a faithful sentinel the 
 good confession of his Church against every attack. After 
 being professor at Wittenberg from 1707 to 1709, he was called 
 to the honored, but laborious position of superintendent and 
 member of the Supreme Consistory at Dresden. In this posi- 
 tion he labored unweariedly and very successfully to his very 
 end. He died December 12, 1749. 
 
 167) Bengel. — Johann Albrecht Bengel was born June 24, 
 1687. He became one of the greatest theologians and scholars 
 of the Lutheran Church. His most celebrated work is Gnomon 
 Novi Testamenti, an edition of the New Testament with notes. 
 Bengel held views regarding the Last Times which are based on 
 a mistaken interpretation of the “millennium,” but in all other 
 respects remained a sober and sound theologian. He died 
 November 2, 1752. 
 
 168) Melanchthon. — Philip Melanchthon, son of George 
 and Barbara (Reuter) Schwartzerd, was born February 16, 
 1497. He studied under some of the best scholars of his age 
 and became so expert in the use of Latin and Greek that he used 
 both these languages not only in learned correspondence, but in 
 every-day conversation. One of his teachers changed his name 
 from Schwartzerd, meaning “black earth,” to its Greek equiv- 
 alent, Melanchthon. July 24, 1518, he accepted a call to the 
 professorship of Greek in the University of Wittenberg. The 
 friendly relations of Luther and Melanchthon present one of 
 the most pleasing sights of the splendid drama of the Reforma- 
 
— 122 — 
 
 tion. Luther loved Melanchthon as a son, and Melanchthon 
 revered Luther as a father. For nearly twenty-eight years they 
 were colleagues. If Melanchthon weakened in the profession of 
 the Lutheran faith after the decease of Dr. Luther, this must 
 not blind us to the effective service which he rendered the cause 
 of the Reformation during his early years. Melanchthon has 
 been called the “Teacher of Germany.” He lectured on nearly 
 every science and wrote text-books on Greek and Latin, Gram- 
 mar, Rhetoric, Logic, Physiology, Physics, Metaphysics, Ethics, 
 and History, besides his great theological works. He contrib- 
 uted important sections to the Augsburg Confession. April 19, 
 1560, is the date of his death. 
 
 169) Chemnitz. — Martin Chemnitz, one of the most emi- 
 nent theologians of the Lutheran Church, was born in Branden- 
 burg, November 9, 1522. He attended the University of Frank- 
 fort and that of Wittenberg, but at first did not study theology. 
 His theological studies were prosecuted privately, while he was 
 tutor and private teacher. After 1553 he went to Wittenberg 
 and began to lecture at the university. His most distinguished 
 work was his criticism (Hzamen) of the decrees of the Council 
 of Trent, a work which is generally regarded as the most power- 
 ful work ever written against the claims of Romanism. His 
 contribution to the Formula of Concord was most important. 
 On account of his sterling orthodoxy he is generally called the 
 “Second Martin of Lutheranism.” He died April 8, 1586. 
 
 170) Gerhard. — Johann Gerhard, the standard dogma- 
 tician of the Lutheran Church, was born October 15, 1582. He 
 was a Saxon. His student years were spent at Wittenberg, 
 Marburg, and Jena. At the University of Jena he labored from 
 1616 to his death (August 20, 1637), as the greatest ornament 
 of the Lutheran Church in those times, eminent as teacher, 
 author, and counselor to men of every station, in theological, 
 ecclesiastical, and even political matters, “the oracle of his 
 times.” He was a man of extraordinary humility, great charity, 
 and immovable confidence in God. 
 
 171) Quenstedt.— Johann Andreas Quenstedt was one of 
 the greatest dogmaticians of the Lutheran Church. After 1549 
 he taught theology at Wittenberg University and died in 1685. 
 His dogmatic works are among the most learned ever written, 
 his books being monuments of sound Christian scholarship. 
 
 172) Bugenhagen.— Johannes Bugenhagen, called Pome- 
 
— 123— 
 
 ranus, was born at Wollin in Pomerania, June 24, 1485, and 
 when twenty years of age, he was famous as a master of classical 
 learning. In 1520, after the reading of Luther’s book The 
 Babylonish Captivity, he arrived at the true evangelical con- 
 ception of the Christian doctrine. He met Luther shortly before 
 the latter’s departure for Worms. Johannes Bugenhagen was 
 elected a regular professor and in 1523 was chosen pastor of the 
 church in Wittenberg, which post he held for thirty-six years. 
 As a result of his work he received the most tempting calls, 
 especially from the king of Denmark, whom he had crowned. 
 But he remained true to his congregation in Wittenberg, not 
 forsaking it either in times of pestilence (1525) or in times of 
 war (1546). Perhaps his saddest ministerial function was the 
 burial of Luther, February 22, 1546. He died April 20, 1558. 
 
 178) Brenz.— Johann Brenz, the Swabian Reformer, was 
 born at Weil, in Wurttemberg, July 24, 1499. Through in- 
 dustry he developed his natural gifts to an extraordinary degree. 
 He lectured at the University of Heidelberg and at the same 
 time served one of the churches as pastor. Opposed by the 
 enemies of the truth, he proclaimed the Gospel without fear, 
 calmly and victoriously. In 1526 he published a catechism for 
 the young. He took part in many of the most famous contro- 
 versies of the Reformation age, always on the side of the pure 
 doctrine. He died September 11, 1570, full of years and labors. 
 
 174) Calov.— Abraham Calov, born in Morungen, East 
 Prussia, 1612, was one of the most learned and faithful theo- 
 logians of his own or any other age. He served as professor in 
 Koenigsberg and Wittenberg. Especially did he oppose the 
 unionistic tendency of his day and thus helped preserve the 
 Lutheran Church. His industry was unbelievable. His most 
 famous work is the Biblia Illustrata in four huge volumes. He 
 died February 26, 1686. 
 
 175) Hutter.— Leonhard Hutter was born 1563 at Ulm. 
 He was professor at Wittenberg from 1596 until his death in 
 1616; a zealous and solid representative of the most faithful 
 type of Lutheranism; a tireless polemic against Calvinism and 
 Melanchthonianism. His best-known work was his Compen- 
 dium Locorum Theologicorum. A much more extensive work 
 is his Loct Communes Theologici, which comments at great 
 length upon Melanchthon’s treatise of the same name. He also 
 wrote a defense of the Formula of Concord, Concordia Concors 
 (1614), and a commentary upon it, 
 
— 124 — 
 
 176) Muhlenberg. — Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, “Patri- 
 arch of the Lutheran Church of America,” was born in Han- 
 over, September 6, 1711, and died, after many years of activity 
 in building the Lutheran Church in America, October 7, 1787. 
 When first called to the German settlements of New York and 
 Pennsylvania, he found the people sadly neglected, scattered, 
 without church-buildings or regular organizations, without 
 schools, and at the mercy of impostors claiming to be pastors. 
 His life was spent in traveling and preaching and in organizing 
 congregations. He was the founder of the first synod, for which 
 the Church in Germany gave him few precedents, if any, as to 
 details of organization. 
 
 177) Krauth. — Charles Porterfield Krauth was born 
 March 17, 1828, at Martinsburg, Va. He held pastorates at 
 Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, then became editor of the Lu- 
 theran, through which paper he advocated true, historical, con- 
 servative Lutheranism. He became theological professor in 
 1864 and helped establish the General Council, of which he was 
 president 1870—1880. He was one of the most prolific and 
 brilliant writers of the English Lutheran Church. He died 
 January 2, 1883. 
 
 178) Hoenecke. — Adolf Hoenecke was born February 25, 
 1835; died January 3, 1908. The foremost theologian of the 
 Wisconsin Synod, a large body of Lutherans united with the 
 Missouri Synod in the Synodical Conference, which he helped 
 found. He was professor of theology in Wauwatosa Theological 
 Seminary from 1878 to the year of his death. 
 
 179) Koren. — Ulrik Vilhelm Koren was born in Norway, 
 December 22, 1826; died December 19, 1910. He was one of 
 the leading theologians of the Norwegian Synod. He was the 
 first Norwegian minister to settle west of the Mississippi River, 
 his territory being in Iowa and Minnesota. He taught in 
 Luther College, Decorah, which institution owes to him its fine 
 campus, and later took active part in the Election controversy 
 as a staunch defender of Biblical truth. He was president of 
 the Norwegian Synod from 1894 to 1904. 
 
 Memorial Windows in Assembly Hall. 
 
 The eight windows in this hall are dedicated 
 to Lutherans who have been prominent in the 
 advancement of the Reformation faith through 
 
— 12 — 
 
 the arts of music, poetry, and painting. The 
 following names are inscribed on panels in the 
 eight windows: Bach, Mendelssohn, Gerhardt, 
 Heermann, Kranach, Duerer, Luther, and 
 
 Walther. 
 
 180) Bach. — Johann Sebastian Bach was one of the 
 greatest musicians that ever lived. After filling various posi- 
 tions as organist and concertmaster, he was in 1723 appointed 
 eantor at the Thomas-Schule in Leipzig, a position which he 
 held until his death, July 28, 1750. It was here, as organist 
 and musical director of the churches of St. Thomas and 
 St. Nicholas, that his wonderful genius fully unfolded itself and 
 that he wrote his greatest works. His largest and most im- 
 portant works are his Passion oratorios and the Mass in 
 B Minor. 
 
 181) Mendelssohn. — Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, born 
 1809 of Jewish parentage, as a child showed his great musical 
 ability. He was the reformer of Protestant church music and 
 restored Bach to his rightful position as the master musician in 
 the Church. His principal oratorio is Hlijah. He died at the 
 early age of thirty-eight, 1847. 
 
 182) Gerhardt. — Paul Gerhardt, next to Martin Luther, is 
 the greatest hymn-writer of Protestantism. Born March 12, 
 1607; died June 7, 1676. His fame rests not only upon the 
 one hundred and twenty hymns which he wrote, many of them 
 now translated into other languages, but also on his faithfulness 
 to the Lutheran Confessions. He refused to refrain from 
 preaching as his conscience dictated even against the orders 
 of the political rulers. 
 
 183) Heermann. — Johannes Heermann was born 1585 and 
 died 1647. His pastorate partly coincided with the terrible 
 Thirty Years’ War, which helped to ground him in the school 
 of affliction. As a hymn-writer he is second only to Paul Ger- 
 hardt, and his hymns, distinguished by unwavering faith and 
 trust, fervent love to Christ, humble submission to the will of 
 God, and the beauty and force of their language, still hold their 
 place among the classics of German hymnody. More than 
 twenty of them have been translated into English. 
 
— 126 —— 
 
 184) Kranach.— Lukas Kranach, born 1472 in Kranach, 
 East Franconia, the great painter and cartoonist of the Refor- 
 mation, noted for his portraits of the Saxon electors, Luther, 
 his Biblical pictures, e. g., on the Passion, Christ and the twelve 
 apostles, the adulteress and Christ, Jesus and the Samaritan 
 woman, etc., was burgomaster of Wittenberg (1537—1544) and 
 went into captivity with his patron, John Frederick the Mag- 
 nanimous, to Innsbruck (1550). In 1552 he painted his last 
 work, the altar-picture in Weimar. He died October 16, 1553. 
 
 185) Duerer. — Albrecht Duerer, of Nuremberg, born 1471, 
 died 1528, the foremost of the old German painters and father 
 of a German line of art, did much to popularize art in Germany. 
 His wood-engravings are masterpieces. Through them espe- 
 cially the educating influence of real art was felt all over 
 Germany. An ardent adherent of Luther, he introduced the 
 portraits of the Reformer in several of his paintings. Among 
 his best works are illustrations of Revelation and of the Passion. 
 
 186) Martin Luther. — The name of the great Reformer is 
 given a memorial in this hall because of the profound influence 
 which he exercised upon the music of Protestantism. Far from 
 being a destroyer of ancient forms of art, Luther was a lover 
 of music, which he placed next to theology, and through his 
 hymns he gave the impulse to Protestant hymnology. His 
 “A Mighty Fortress,” written and composed by himself, is gen- 
 erally acknowledged the greatest hymn and hymn-tune of the 
 ages. The Reformer as poet and musician is memorialized by 
 this window. 
 
 187) Walther, C.F. W. — The first great leader of Missouri 
 Synod theologians and staunch defender of sound Lutheranism, 
 born 1811, died 1887, is remembered in this hall because of the 
 mighty aid which Lutheran music received through him as 
 organist and choir-leader: Walther loved music in all its forms, 
 was an accomplished organist, and it was mainly through his 
 influence that the high standards of church musie which have 
 obtained in our Synod were developed. 
 
—_ 127 — 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 Kraus, F. X.; Roma Sotterranea. Die roemischen Katakomben. 
 Kine Darstellung der neuesten Forschungen. Freiburg im Breis- 
 gau, 1873. 
 
 Walther, Wilhelm; Die deutsche Bibeluebersetzung des Mittelalters. 
 Braunschweig, 1889. 
 
 Grulich, Friedrich J.; Denkwuerdigkeiten von Torgau. Torgau, 1855. 
 
 Preuschen, Erwin; Kirchengeschichte fuer die christliche Familie. 
 Reutlingen, 1905. 
 
 Archw fuer kirchliche Kunst. Berlin. 
 
 Wach, Carl; Das Zeitalter der Reformation; Wilhelm v. Kaulbachs 
 Wandgemaelde. Berlin, 1868. 
 
 Werckshagen, C.; Der Protestantismus in seiner Gesamtgeschichte 
 bis zur Gegenwart in Wort und Bild; n.d. 
 
 Lesser, F.C.; Besondere Muentzen, auf gelehrte Gesellschaften und 
 Leute gepraegt. Frankfurt & Leipzig, 1739. 
 
 Palmer, Karl; Das Lutherdenkmal zu Worms. Darmstadt, 1866. 
 
 Meusel, Karl Heinrich; Kirchliches Handlexikon. Seven volumes. 
 Leipzig, 1887—1902. 
 
 Graebner, A. L.; Geschichte der Lutherischen Kirche in Amerika. 
 Concordia Publishing House, St. Louis, 1892. 
 
 Rossi, Giovanni Battista de; Roma Sotterranea. Four Volumes, fol. 
 Rome, 1864—77. 
 
 British Museum; A Guide to the Harly Christian and Byzantine An- 
 tiquities. Oxford University Press, 1903. 
 
 Dallmann, Wm.; Martin Luther. Concordia Publishing House, 
 St. Louis, 1917. 
 
 Finck, W. J.; Lutheran Landmarks and Pioneers in America. Phil- 
 adelphia, 1917. 
 
 Kretzmann, Karl; The Oldest Lutheran Church in America (1664 
 to 1914). 1914. 
 
 Reu, M.; Dr. Martin Luther. Wartburg Publ. Co., Chicago, 1917. 
 
 Sibole, Edward E.; Historical Sketch of St. John’s Ev. Luth. Church, 
 Philadelphia. (1806—1906). 
 
 Wenner, G. U.; The Lutherans of New York. Petersfield Press, 
 New York, 1918. 
 
 Wentz, A. R.; The Lutheran Church in American History. United 
 Lutheran Publication House, Philadelphia, 1923. 
 
 Audsley, W.J. Handbook of Christian Symbolism. 
 
— 128 — 
 
 Clement, Clara; Handbook of Christian Symbolism. 
 
 Hulme, Fred E.; History, Principles, and Practise of Symbolism in 
 Christian Art. 
 
 Drake, Maurice; Saints and Their Emblems. 
 Allen, John Romilly; Harly Christian Symbolism. 
 Bles, Arthur de; How to Distinguish the Saints in Art. 
 
 Juncker, M. Christian; Vita D. Martini Lutheri. Nummis atque 
 iconibus illustrata. Frankfort and Leipsic, 1699. 
 
 Blanchan, Neltje; Wild Flowers. Doubleday, Page & Co., 1900. 
 Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary. ; 
 National Geographic Magazine. 
 
 The People’s Natural History. Dodd, Mead & Co., 1903. 
 
 World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1928. 
 
 Flammarion, Camille; Popular Astronomy. Translated by J. Ed- 
 ward Gore. 
 
 Arndt, E.L.; Chinese Lutheran Hymnal. 
 Noted Chinese Paintings of the Middle Ages. 
 
 Horne, Ellis; The World’s Famous Events, Francis Nieglutch, 
 New York. 
 
 Die Abendschule, Vol. 1897. 
 
 
 
 
 
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