ane lie eS eae oe Sas ne ee pk ee gle gtmitet. Sree ae "ee fr ~ — ne pane See 3 3 = Fa ae RITE : : % ‘Z R 3 Fee Ae ee : gh ve aa = : m hee 5 = 7 a Z att, Ss ry : ele. Cats eo : = Z = arn ee ; estate abe . = fan : aa ae ex : a et ; - ‘ Fat . ae i my : = : Z : F : See in ine. ; } : eat? ; : : : See : aces : : : Bes: Tae Fas Panha hao ar JUL 7 - 192 4 | Ss SM oc1041, ge Division F_ | 3 4 Section . G Z..E. 79 mt vt waa akan 1, a) < ca a a igh MONGREL VIRGINIANS MONGREL VIRGINIANS THE WIN TRIBE N OF PNET JUL 7 - Wee %Y BY » ARTHUR H. ESTABROOK Carnegie Institution of Washington AND IVAN E. McDOUGLE Goucher College BALTIMORE THE WILLIAMS & WILKINS COMPANY 1926 This study is a contribution from the Depart- ment of Genetics of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. CopyricnutT, 1926 THE WILLIAMS & WILKINS COMPANY Made in United States of America Published March, 1926 COMPOSED AND PRINTED AT THE WAVERLY PRESS FOR Tue Witiiams & WitKins ComPANy BAttmoreE, Mp., U.S. A. Ambiguous of race they stand By one disowned, scorned of another, Not knowing where to stretch a hand, And cry! “My sister,” or “My brother!” —COUNTEE CULLEN. Ny rte Ce iN Hey ASE MRE BL e FOREWORD Within recent years there has been a growing interest in the subject of racial mixtures particu- larly in the South. The published material has for the most part been frankly political or racial propaganda or has taken us into the field of sociological generalizations. This book offers to this field of study an inten- sive investigation of a small group of Indian-negro- white crosses who have lived in the same locality for over a hundred years. This century of resi- dence has fortunately been in a county and a state where official records have been kept regu- larly and preserved intact without a single loss. Again the commonwealth has had a vital statistics law since 1853 with the exception of 1896-1912. With all these data it has been possible to check the Federal census records decade by decade to complete the family tree to the present generation. The entire genealogy broken into small portions will be found in the various charts scattered throughout the first half of the book. To make the study more valuable the two authors—one a specialist in eugenic research, 7 8 FOREWORD the other in social research—have codperated over a period of years in exhausting not only the historical and genetic background but in viewing the present generation from every possible angle. All living members of the Win tribe have been visited time and again by one or both authors. In addition every known white, colored or Indian person in the county, state or nation who could furnish information concerning the deceased or living has been consulted and asked to give any material of value to the investigation. As the closing pages of the book will show, this is not the only group of its kind in the South. It has been studied first, however, because for the various reasons given above it has the most com- plete set of records of any of the triple crosses known. Deep appreciation must be given to Dr. Charles B. Davenport of the Eugenics Record Office for his active codperation in the research; to the various state and county officials for their aid, and to the highly efficient college women who assisted in the field work, but they must remain unnamed. CONTENTS SEPIA VIL GRID EC tarcctelts see's seksi Mise gisiels' a's atic ph isis we hs HEEPOCUCHION SE eae le autos wilca na whice Meh Mis aie arctaes Bk CAGE ViEALISLOIV Ae arene eehe Te ete oe oa a ete ate cane The White Brown Family ...............06- EUS ECan LOW DS ccrantenioat eienccte ual tala area ake tle ENE tICIATN ONES curstaniaina wats cietoaiets ashes PO CHLLASIOU ters ene haeie eu ai rte alae tS CRT Shuts CCUNCIE Cot tbe ani e cua thesis rete ate LS ener ae LORS APOE cre ere ai tens ou ied ana eyes MOI ACU eee. ot ienest cage hale es tai ius eid ected RPHGISER VIOTES 4 ie lgg oe beet e HA ICOHOLISITTOO Se oo ener arent MerG te cng NaC ue ar Ne a WETIETEAL THISCAS@LL a ene tay valet sleeve SERIDETCULOSISH abc ete ees rion cs GPs echt Peed Soh ake taal gi SCHOOIS ween ce SUIT CHANOCIVI ISSIONGELISCOTY. 15 by tere lute eae eave 2 WEATT IA SGCTVOCOLUS a erie airiciacn Bid etwrord 4 enw oot side COTE REM RN OARIOAS Son Lehi N at cunigs oon raw YS eel ee CTE NE RAL LOUMMA Ric, tortie nae son dae a seat yee er Otters Tal p59 SISTA) Bre PURE dy Coe org Ua al ea g gRatn Mi Cane hg ON re a Re DE Sma RG Virginia Racial Integrity Law ot 1924.............. CON AM RW NY = \o CHARTS pearly) Generation of/ the, WiNS.ass secu pas coe cas dienes lke ee UeVWOILeZDTOWIL EADY y see. cic hoi) et aerate Noah ita tae . The Half-breed Brown Ser etelie Selene ivvenGwors te prs We . The Bill B. Brown Family. . 26 . The Amelia Family... AP ORE Whe AE rE oer aT TA Morea lnhonse Een Faria TERNAL OAT NT ae ak ie V2 rane Alta- am LONG MAMLV 7 obs ok dams del tl ie ween ed Orbe Kopert) Brown Mami vay ire evn anes ve ei telecon eed PLE 7a BOW LAMY. cid wai wives tate rahe ENE CODEN ROSS: HAMUY: fancier teeing he Oe ee ee RE: See Se ESLCL Eat Verne boa soe y My lait S Mahe a vista a TOM pel De Austin ROsANNA Pamilyy sales. cng oe dv eae Or PER OID AUS CAIN Vee sees y ae suath advise cis 59 PEL EAA LCLSOY A AIT Yee elt chih copia eh wae eat oa th Wale ee, Red Phe tal-Ada Jones amily, sag sk va likecy ee cel de eidel ana ed Wet He ialtenreed Jones LANE, 4h. Slee. ad Sea woaten as we a OO ie ei aga EMD PUTO Seis At Oa ae fe . The Gus Family. . 85 Sine atin Ramil DX oeeg he: satsiiag alan hcl tty eae kee Coe . The Webster Burton Family... SOP sy ears Ge ar HD . The Hamlin Family.. SOLA Cae: Sar nT a ante? a BO . The Abraham Hold or Farnive 112 . The Saul Lillie Family. . Ag Jet ayia che eae Bs) Pike Anieeati ali Parnas OI Dees eD ce CSE VEN WS) eae Soucy ee PUG Aare eTAlcine Pamillynccws aioe a4 mie tercwien Lat oe eel HEAVY LOL GOR AIIU Wt crue yoo ate wight ead oe aie he othe vce a COE Pe Lat AICE CAIN ete scat Wasta shelesa ata ale dak wi sige alenep Eto TABLES ecPopulation cage aes eee Eee ee oo teak oa ee oe se Se : panera eom nn AUN Uhac 146 . Consanguinity. . SANSA Vents ae aR eR Re ver . 149 . Legitimacy.. Ke seth he 4 . Results Obtained nah Stanton een af Binet: Simon Test. . . Earth 4 od roe atc Lu VA . School Apandenee Lae! aera, Waray eR AOE , Racial’ Claccification oe eae eatin seen 177 12 THE WIN TRIBE INTRODUCTION Situated in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Ab! County, Virginia, is a group of people of mixed bloods, known locally by a certain term but designated here as the Win Tribe. The general population of Ab County consider them neither white nor negro. The Wins themselves claim to be of Indian descent. They are found In an area approximately eight miles long and varying in width up to four miles. There are about five hundred people in this group. They live generally in log houses or rough shacks; a few are in board houses. ‘They are mostly renters on the land; a few own their own homes and land, Their main source of income is from tobacco raising on shares. Some few work as laborers for the white farmers near-by. One mission school of a church has furnished practically the only education offered to these folks. This mission also has had a chapel for some twenty 1 With a few obvious exceptions all names of persons and places in this book are fictitious. 13 14 MONGREL VIRGINIANS years. ‘Transportation into and through the area is easy during the summer months; difficult during the winter. The one dirt road which cuts the area into halves becomes impassible in winter except by horseback. A rural free delivery route supplies mail each day. This Win group is set apart because of its “color’’ and because it has been considered an inferior set. They take no part in any activities outside of their particular area; they have no connection with the political activities in the county in which they live. The white folks look down on them, as do the negroes, and this, with their dark skin color, has caused a segregation from the general community. They are described variously as ‘low down’’ yellow negroes, as Indians, as ‘‘mixed.’’ No one, however, speaks of them as white. The Wins themselves in general claim the Indian descent although most of them realize they are ‘‘mixed,”’ preferring to speak of the ‘‘Indian” rather than of a possibility of a negro mixture in them. A few claim to be white. The term by which they have been known locally for many years is that used to designate the negro slaves who were given their freedom by their masters before the Civil War. This term clung to these freed negroes. ‘These THE WIN TRIBE 15 freed negroes mated with themselves or the half- breed Indians in the county. Because the freed ones were looked down upon by other negroes, having no masters, and also were unable to associate with the whites, this group necessarily remained separate and the name of the freed negroes clung to the whole. Hence this group described had come to be called such in earlier days. The term Wins, however, in Ab County, has remained only attached to this mixed group, most of the mixture having taken place previous to the Civil War. The study of this tribe has been carried on from two angles; genetics and from that of sociology. It has been made through search of official records in the Ab County Courthouse and at the Bureau of Vital Statistics of the State of Virginia at Rich- mond, conferences with white people who have lived in or near the Win region, and the mission workers, past and present, and by visits to the homes of the Wins themselves. The study has included both mental and physical characteristics, modes of living, earning capacity, schooling and special customs. It has lasted over a period of two years beginning in January, 1923. The senior students in sociology in one of the colleges in 16 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Virginia have assisted in the field work and in the tabulation of the data gathered. PRINTED DATA ABOUT THE WINS The Wins have never been studied in any way. One article on the Ab Indians, as they are locally called in addition to the term Wins, appeared in the Richmond (Virginia) Dispatch in one of the Sunday issues some years ago. At other times, more recently, there have been letters in the newspapers discussing the group, and since the founding of the Indian Mission about the year 1900, some short articles and notes have been published in the mission papers of the church. These are mostly of a cursory nature and written in the main to describe the activities of the mission. Where any historical statements are included, they have been based in general on the article in the Dispatch. Otherwise, nothing has been written of the group. EARLY HISTORY OF THE WINS The present study shows that the Wins start from four fountain heads; one a white man named Brown, and the other three from Indians, named respectively Lane, Thomas and Jones. The THE WIN TRIBE 19 negro blood now present came in later. , Briefly, the history is as follows. A white man named Brown married a Dolly Thomas, either a full-blood or a half-blood Indian. These two had many children, half-breeds, by the name of Brown, which children have in turn married and their descendants are now found in the Coon mountain THE HALF-BREED JONES LINE. CHART 1. EARty GENERATION OF THE WINS regions of Ab County. Dolly Thomas’ father, William Thomas, was known to have been an Indian and lived on the Ban River in that county. It is not known, however, from what tribe he, or the other Indians to be mentioned, came, whether Cherokee from the Southern Appa- Jachians or Powhatan from Eastern Virginia or Tuscarora from Southeastern Virginia. It is 18 MONGREL VIRGINIANS evident that they were wandering Indians as Ab County never belonged to any particular tribe of Indians. Legend has it that these Indians were travelling from their lands in the Carolinas on to Washington to see the Great Father just after the Revolutionary War and that for some reason these few stopped in Ab County. Another daugh- ter of William Thomas married an Ed Jones, an Indian, on December 6, 1790, the official record of the marriage being found in the Ab Courthouse. This license does not state the color of the people concerned here. That fact is deduced from the statements of the people of Ab County and from the information secured from some of the older Wins. ‘The son of this Ed Jones, named Ned, and born about 1791, a half-breed, married his first cousin on his mother’s side, a girl named Iders, and had a set of children named Jones, also half- breeds. ‘These Jones have increased in number and now form at least one half of the Win families now in the region. ‘The name Jones is also found in Virginia in 1746 and later in what is now Ac County, this region being north of the James River. This name is white and in certain parts of the county a good name. A third Indian strain comes in through a John Lane, a full blood Indian, THE WIN TRIBE 19 born 1780, his daughter having married into the half-breed Brown family. All these people lived on or near Coon Moun- tain, about seven miles west of Ab Courthouse in Ab County. Their children intermarried with each other, with a few of the white families nearby and a few matings, of an illegitimate nature, took place with the negroes, some who were slaves and some free, the latter being spoken of as “‘the free issue.” ‘The early mixture of the Indian and the white and their settlement on Coon Mountain, in an isolated area, caused them to be separated socially from the white folks of the country who looked down upon them because of the mixture. It has also been said that the negroes have always looked down upon the mixture, especially in the earlier period when there were slaves in the state. This race feeling caused further segregation until after a period these Browns and Jones came to be considered a separate group and the name Win was given to them. Although the family group might be considered as the descendants of one William Thomas, it will be described in three sections; the white collaterals of William Brown who lived at one time in Ab County, Virginia, and later went away; the Indian- white Browns; and the Jones. 20 MONGREL VIRGINIANS THE WHITE BROWN FAMILY Examination of the land grant records in the State Capitol at Richmond, Virginia, and of the deeds and wills in the county clerk’s offices of Ac and Ab Counties of the same state show that the Brown family was migrating west along the James River beginning about 1730. A William CHART 2. THE WHITE BROowN FAMILY Brown is found just south of Richmond in Chester- field County in 1752, a Thomas Brown a short distance up the James River from Richmond in 1737 and a William and a John Brown owned land on south and north branches of the James further west, on Willis River and on Rockfish River, this in 1750. In 1769, a Robert Brown was living on his own land of several hundred acres on the THE WIN TRIBE 21 south side of Jones Creek in Ab County. This is in that part of the county southeast of Ab Court- house and east of the line of the present Southern Railway. He was still living there in 1778 when he died leaving some property. It is probable that he had three sons; Sam, Hen and Bill. Sam, born about 1750, married, on April 6, 1779, and had one child, born 1790, who was married twice. This line has been lost. Hen, the brother of Sam, and married the same day, died the same year, 1799. The inventory of his estate, as given in the records, shows a personal property of $25,000, this list of property including a number of slaves, one negro wench, Kate, valued at 800 pounds, sterling. The amount of land owned by Hen is not shown. Bill is considered to be the full brother of Hen and Sam because of general refer- ences in the wills and deeds of that period, al- though the statement is not specifically made, and also because Sam was made the executor of his will in 1777. Bill at the time of his death had a personal estate of $2500; a goodly amount in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Because of the fact that these Browns owned slaves and that their personal property holdings were large for that region and time, it is assumed 22 MONGREL VIRGINIANS with reason, that the people of this group were of white blood and no doubt part of that same Brown family which had come up the James River from near Richmond. It is also probable that this Brown family was of English descent. This Bill, who had land and personal property in Ab County, had three sons, Andy, Bill and a third, name un- known. Andy Brown lived in Ab County, was married June 18, 1794, and died in 1801, leaving five children; all born, of course, between 1794 and 1801. Three of these were married in Ab County in the years immediately after 1822. The other two were also married but only the name of one consort is known. The wife of one died about 1840. At this time the family had gone west and the only trace of them has been found in T— County, Illinois, in 1848. One grandson was found to have lived in that county and was recognized as a prominent citizen and a grocer by trade. This man had a couple of daughters who went to Galesburg, Illinois, several years ago. The other son of Bill Brown was also named Bill and he married Dollie Thomas, the half-breed, and his descendants, very numerous in number, have remained in Ab County in the Coon Moun- tain region. If the legend of the Indians regard- THE WIN TRIBE 23 ing the existence of a Sampson Brown is true, it is evident that Bill senior was the one, and he may have also been called Sampson or had that for a middle name, although his will uses only the name Bill. It would seem that the legend that the Browns were Portuguese has no basis for fact from any data now available. It appears then that the original Brown stock was at least average with if not better than the common white population of Virginia in the earlier days. THe INDIAN BROWNS The Brown family has been the aristocratic part of the Wins. This family has had less or con- sidered that it had less mixing with the negro, and has felt itself superior to the Jones who have had more admixture with the colored race, part of it openly. This aristocratic feeling shows itself in an attitude of superior social status and general superiority over the Jones and particularly the Blacks, a branch of the Jones who have decided negro physical characteristics. In some cases the feeling has become very personal as in the case of Nannie Black, mentioned later. These Browns have “looked down” on the others for many 24 MONGREL VIRGINIANS years but at the present time it is found more in the older folks than in the younger. The Browns have considered themselves more ‘‘In- dian” than the others but in studying this group it will be seen that there is some negro blood in that family which has been brought in since the half-breed mating at the beginning, and that the superiority, therefore, is more fancied than real. CHART 3. THE HALF-BREED BROWN FAMILY Bill Brown, born probably about 1770 in Ab County, Virginia, of white stock, as already noticed, married Dollie Thomas, the daughter of Wm. Thomas, a full-blooded Indian. This man purchased in 1833, four hundred acres of land on Coon Mountain in Ab County for $400; and on this tract, known as the ‘Brown Settlement,” THE WIN TRIBE 25 built a humble dwelling in a little cove on the east side of the mountain. Here ‘“‘he farmed a little and lived a retired life and died,” ‘‘a peace- able citizen,” in 1861. Nothing is known at all of his wife other than her stock, Indian, and that she was “dark.” Six children were born to this couple, all of whom were dark skinned, had long black hair and were typical “Indian” in make-up. They all lived on the land, raised a little corn and some tobacco and had a precarious existence. They kept to themselves. They were not white neither did they consider themselves negro. They are reported in the early census records as “free persons of color.” The oldest of these children, Albert, born about 1795, is unknown except as the father, by a white woman of low social instincts, Mary Johnson, of an illegitimate child, Abraham Johnson, born 1848, who will be found again as the consort of one of the Jones. The second in this fraternity was Bill B. Brown, born 1799, probably near Coon Mountain. He was a typical Indian, copper colored, with a broad face. He had no education but was very provident. He had some land which he acquired from his father and sold 150 acres of this on Coon Mountain for one dollar an *HetOdy “11D V1ORT vanvural many AIWV] NMOUG ‘G¢ Tg IHL ‘Pp LaVHO : *x1INVd evs ’ ES * TING “KIOWA ONO “RIM sHadny (22) nagiza-vey -_—sXTIAVS LTIa WSL s ASNOHATV aa is Lia} ais 44s = *KmOuR * sanot pad TWH zQIv1 “NMOUG =mMOUd | -y, nmoug | WsT cinor “HOV GIMGH INddVC | NOU waaNva)) NIN gana) | “NA TILA “youve oe Viv NITY GTUd *NOSAHOr aIsns j °a Tila 26 THE WIN TRIBE fy acre. He had two children by his first wife; nothing is known of them. His second wife was Susie Johnson, unknown as to physical traits or build but white in color, the Johnson strain in Ab County and the Coon Mountain region having been white in the beginning. Susie and Mary were sisters. Bill B. and Susie had some fourteen children in all. Some of them have been darker in complexion than others but all characteristically Indian. The oldest, Amelia Brown, born 1845, was of medium dark complexion and when young was spoken of as very good looking. At the age of eighteen, she had an illegitimate child, Amanda, by a white man of intelligence and ability, who had come to Virginia from another state, and two years later another illegitimate child, Eloise, called ‘‘E].”” These two are discussed later in detail. In 1867, she married Adam Brown, a cousin, son of Al Brown. He looked like an Indian but “had long tight corkscrew curls and was medium dark in skin color.” He was not very bright mentally, was a laborer, and uneducated, as were all the others of the Wins at this period. Amelia had four children by Adam. Nothing is known of the first two other than a birth record; Alice, the third, born 1871, 28 MONGREL VIRGINIANS skin copper color, with black curly hair, has learned to read and write but is not very intelli- gent, and has been unchaste and steals. She married a cousin, of the Jones, has several children and maintains a very poor standard of living in her home. The children, of varying ability, are described under the father. The fourth, Alice’s brother, Alexander, or ‘‘Alec,’’ born about 1872, has left the Win region but is supposed to be in the same county and is now living with his father’s last wife. He is a typical Win, unintelligent and very stubborn in make-up. He has never married. He works as a farm hand. Amelia and her husband separated in 1873 and she later had two more illegitimate children. The first was Alfred Brown, born 1875, and it said that Adam Brown was his father. Alfred has always been a laborer, never rising much above the level of a poor woodchopper. He is a good hand to work but is unambitious, inefficient, dishonest and very weak in character. One has spoken of him as “the meanest scoundrel in the county.’ He has never been associated with the church mission at any time. He married Louise Hall, August 6, 1905, by whom he has eleven children. He and his wife have separated because of her THE WIN TRIBE 29 licentious behavior recently, during which she has “taken up” with Adelbert Brown, another Win. Louise is the daughter of Andrew Hall, a light mulatto, and Lu Ethel Black, a Jones negro mixture. She has no characteristics of an Indian whatever and gives the appearance of “‘a mean white woman with a little negro in her.” Intel- at Mi ADAM BROWN. muino, HARMON = ELOISE CHARLIE DeLGHE | ALICE ALFXANDER LOUISE ALVA | ATHENA 4 JONES JONES. RALL. BROWN, THE SIE SAUL-LILLIE WILLETT ra OG) (kG ain A 5 A CuHart 5. THe AMELIA FAMILY lectually she is of fair ability, more capable than her husband. All of Alfred and Louise’s eleven children have straight black hair, and copper skin and have no negro appearance. All of these children have fair ability in school, much better than the average Win. ‘‘A,’’? the oldest daughter, born 1906, reached the seventh grade and now has 2 Letters are used to indicate children in order of birth. 30 MONGREL VIRGINIANS a rather good range of information and is bright and quick in her reactions both physically and mentally. She has worked as a housemaid and was doing well until recently, March 1924, when she had an illegitimate child, the father being in question but known to be one of two men. The mother, Louise, has been keeping a disorderly house for some time and it is felt that ‘‘A”’ and her next younger sister, ““B,” have been in very poor surroundings more recently. “B,’ born 1908, did very well in school, but was not as bright as her older sister. She lives at home. The next four younger children attend school very irregu- larly and hence are backward in their school work. “G,” a boy of seven, was born with a paralysis of both legs below the hips. The physician of the State Orthopedic Clinic states that this was due to a clot on the brain, ‘‘G” having been examined at the clinic in 1923. His mentality is typical of a Win. Alva Brown, born 1879, the other illegitimate child of Amelia, was by a white man but otherwise unknown. He grew up with no schooling and became a tenant farmer. He married, in 1902, Athena Brown, daughter of Abigail Brown, and has had six children by her. Some years ago he THE WIN TRIBE 31 moved away from the Win area and more recently has gone into the western part of Virginia, place unknown. His wife, Athena, practically white in color and with pink cheeks, died of pneumonia in 1918, and since then, one son has gone to Georgia, two are in Lynchburg, Va., and the others are with the father. Hence the family is now scattered. Nothing is known of the traits of these children other than that one girl was a prostitute. Alva has recently been “ living” with a colored woman. Amelia, herself, is reported to have had very good sense, though uneducated, and was a wonderful mother with her children. This ability has shown up in two of her children, Amanda and El, more so in the former than the latter. Amanda, who married Uriah Black, and El, now the wife of Charlie Jones, will be described in detail with their consorts. Amelia died in 1903. | Alphonse was the next child of Bill B. Brown and was a brother of Amelia, just described. He was a typical Indian in physical traits and always worked hard as a renter, later acquiring a little land; “never amounted to anything and was no ’count.’”’ He was very ignorant and not bright intellectually but was a man of good char- 32 MONGREL VIRGINIANS acter and stood well for a Win. He married — Belle Jones, a typical Indian, an industrious woman of good character but little intelligence and enough schooling to barely read and write. Alphonse in his later years was very childish in his reactions and behavior. He was born in 1849, married in 1888 and died October 29, 1922, of arterio-sclerosis. He lived all his life on Coon RUTH ALPHA B WINNIE | ANTONIO BERTHA DEAN E fF G H I J HILL JONES. CHART 6. THE ALPHONSE BROWN FAMILY Mountain and there his ten children were born. Alpha, the first son, born 1890, a copper colored Win, uneducated, has worked as a farm laborer and more recently, since his cohabitation with Ruth Brown the past year, has been a tenant farmer. Ruth is the illegitimate daughter of Lina Hill and is white in complexion, mentally a moron, disagreeable and suspicious. “B,”’ born 1892, brother of Alpha, has huge coarse features, THE WIN TRIBE 33 a yellow copper tinted skin, is alcoholic, “a brow- beater” and has threatened to shoot and kill. He has served time in jail for misdemeanors. He is not bright mentally and ‘“‘has not much sense.”? Antonio, his brother, born 1893, with “vellow” hair and copper skin, never attended school and can neither read nor write. He is industrious, a good farmer and reliable and has remained on the same rented farm now for several years. It is a general rule among the Wins to become dissatisfied and to move from one place to another during the winter and thus get a new landlord for the coming year’s crop. A few, more industrious and ambitious, remain on one place sometimes for many years, and so get ahead a little more than those who move each year. Land- lords are anxious to keep those who are industrious and a stay of more than one year on a rented place is generally an index of ability and enterprise and energy more than the average. Antonio married Winnie Jones, daughter of Bruno, born 1896. She attended school from the age of seven until fourteen and although she applied herself, never progressed beyond the third grade and never learned to read and write. She has a meek dis- position but is rather quick physically and a 34 MONGREL VIRGINIANS hard worker. One of her children, the older, born 1919, is named after a patent medicine but the mother can never spell his name unless she looks at the bottle. She has one other child born 1921. Dean and “E,” born 1896, were twins and the next children of Alphonse and Belle. The former is ‘‘just an average Win—not a very steady fellow and not of much account.” He married Bertha Jones, one of the illegitimate children of Bertie Jones, practically white in color, but has no children yet. Dean and his wife are tenants on the C place. ‘‘E” has straight black hair, a copper-color skin, and there is “nothing against him.” ‘“‘F,”’ born 1898, did not start in school until the age of fourteen, and was slow to learn. He is now a hard worker as a tenant farmer and lives at home with his mother whom he supports. He is known as honest, a character- ization given to but few of the Wins, and is well respected. He is the secretary and treasurer of the Mission chapel. ‘‘H,” the next known child of Alphonse “did not have good sense”’ in school, and was continually in a fight with the other children. She has deformed feet. She is a fit case for institutional care. She lives with her mother. ‘“‘J,’”’ born 1903, the next boy, is very THE WIN TRIBE 3 honest and truthful and also a worker, though, like his brother ‘‘F,” very slow in school work. “J,” born 1907, the last in this fraternity, is almost a defective mentally like his sister ‘“‘H’’. He could learn nothing in school. Allen Brown, born 1850, was brother of Al- phonse, and a dark colored man with long straight black hair, a typical Indian. He is very ignorant ALTA SAM BROWN LONG BURTON ADDIE HORICR wusa CCS ABEL | BEATRICE AVERY | BESSIE @ LOR grow | BERYL JONES. BLACK JONES JONES BLACK. WEBSTER- OSTALD me, OOO OO nO HO JONES FACLY, c D «OE a CHaAart 7. THe ALTA-SAM LONG FAMILY and troublesome, a fighter and a thief. He was very licentious and known to have been the father of at least one illegitimate child by a Win. He was continually fighting, and finally was driven from the county. His wife was a black negro with kinky hair. Both Allen and his wife asso- ciated with negroes as did their five children. One daughter married a negro, born a slave. This whole family group has left the county and though “near Lynchburg,’ has not been found or seen. 36 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Alta Brown, born 1851, was a sister of Allen. She had straight hair and was fairly dark in color. Mentally, she was “rather poor.’? She married Sam Long, born 1852, a white man, brought up in a free negro family, who was industrious and of a good character, but ignorant. His brother lives in Ad County, Virginia, now. He has acquired some property and is very well thought of. Sam lived with Alta on part of a large estate and was always a tenant farmer, never acquiring any property, and always poor. He died about 1900, his wife dying a few years later. They had nine children, four of whom died of tuberculosis. Addie, the eldest, born 1871, according to her marriage record, but probably in 1874, after the marriage of her parents, had only a few days’ schooling and never learned to read and write. She is so dull in academic matters that she cannot even make change in money in a store. She married at eighteen, and since then has always worked on the farm as well as in the home which she maintains at a very low standard. She married Burton Jones, son of Bob, a tenant farmer who has never been successful and the family has always been poor. ‘They live at present in a two- room shack on the D place near the Mission, THE WIN TRIBE 37 raising tobacco on shares. Addie herself has a slight copper-color complexion, much the same appearance as a person tanned by the sun, with soft medium brown hair, and somewhat protrud- ing lips. She has no traits of the Indian. Four of her nine children have died, three of tubercu- losis near the adolescent age, and one younger. These children are described under the father. All of these are of very poor mentality, even for Wins. Achsa, the second child of Sam and Alta, born 1876, was a hard-working woman of rather good traits and of more ability than her sister. She became pregnant by Horace Jones, married him the same year, 1898, had another child, and died about 1900 of tuberculosis; worn out by the disease and the hard work forced upon her by her husband. “C,” the third child of Sam, died of tuberculosis when young. “D,”’ born 1882, was a boy of very fair mental and physical ability and rather excellent traits. He, too, died of tuberculosis, in 1905. Abel, born 1884, brother of “‘D,” light in skin and hair color, is mentally below average for a Win, uneducated, never having attended school. He is an inefficient farm laborer. When young 38 MONGREL VIRGINIANS he was considered a “rather nice boy,” but since his marriage to Beatrice Black in 1911, has never amounted to anything, although a hard worker. He and his wife never come to the Mission. They have five children, the oldest, “A,” born 1912, and “B,” born 1914, both with light skin color, are of fair school ability. ‘The other children are small. Abel now lives on the N Fruit Farms. Avery, brother of Abel, born 1885, with dark brown hair and dark copper skin, has never attended school and can neither read nor write. He has, however, a very fair range of information. He has been a thief at times and never very industrious. When sick once he was assisted by the students of a nearby college with milk and food, and upon becoming well demanded it as his right. He has been a laborer and tenant farmer, but always very poor and maintained a very low standard of living. His wife Bessie Jones, daugh- ter of Hugo, a cousin, with black hair, dark brown eyes but light skin, of very poor mentality, is unindustrious, shiftless, and permits her home to become so littered that one can scarcely walk across the floor on account of the filth. He and his wife have never had any contact with the Mission though at one time they lived across the THE WIN. TRIBE , 39 road from it. This couple have six children. The oldest, “A,” born 1911, with light hair and light skin color, has had little schooling but has learned to read and write, and does very well for the little opportunity she has had. She is capable and quick in her physical reactions, and better in many ways than most of the group. She is now hired out at housework to a neighbor. “B,” born 1913, her sister, is not as capable or bright as her sister ‘“‘A” and is much below the average Win child. She fights with the other children at school. Her father will not permit the removal of her tonsils which are badly dis- eased. ‘‘B” and her younger sibs all have dark hair and dark skin. “G,” the next child of Sam Long, died of tuber- culosis when young, and Agnes, her sister, born 1890, with dark, slightly kinky hair, brown eyes, skin light but spotted like a mulatto, had no schooling and cannot read nor write. She is quick in her actions, but mentally dull. She married Lon Jones, an inefficient, shiftless tenant farmer, of poor mentality, and the two have a very low income and maintain a very poor home. They have seven children, three of whom attend school, and have never been able to go beyond 40 MONGREL * VIRGINIANS the third grade. A next younger child is con- sidered an imbecile. Agnes buys-many things at the mission sales of clothing and the like, but otherwise has no contact with it. The children are all light in color and have hair lighter than the parents. Alton Long, the last in the group, born 1892, never attended school. He is a poor worker, gets into debt and will not pay his way if it is possible to get out of it. During the World War he did nothing, and finally was taken directly into the army service. He has been intoxicated several times. He married Beryl Black, a prosti- tute, and has one child by her, born 1923. The next five children of Bill and Susie Brown, returning to the earlier generation, are unknown as to traits. Three of them, women, are found elsewhere with their consorts. Hemid, born 1862, another child of Bill, has gone away from this region. Rupert, the next son, born 1863, hair straight, color black, now grey with brown eyes and light copper skin, never went to school and never learned to read and write. He is rather quick though, in his gen- eral reactions, and has acquired much knowledge without reading. He has always worked hard, THE WIN TRIBE 41 been honest and paid his debts, and is well con- sidered by the white folks of the neighborhood. He has a good deal of pride and wishes to appear white. He and his family have mixed little with the others and he has tried to maintain a strict moral code. Temperamentally he is quiet in manner, retiring, and not particularly com- municative. He took an active interest in the Mission at its beginning, but more recently has Cuart 8. THE RUPERT BROWN FAMILY attended but seldom, and now takes no active part in the work. He has understood and com- prehended matters in general much better than any of the other Wins. He has never been strong physically, and has never acquired property or saved money, but has always made a good living for himself and his family. He married first, in 1884, Adelaide Jones, born 1865, daughter of 42 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Bob and Salva, but she died a few years later and two children which she had died young. Rupert then married Miranda Hillin 1888. Miura, as she is known, born 1869, was the daughter of George Hill and Grace, the latter being a waif, who was brought up by Hal Jones. She had red hair, blue eyes and a fair skin. She was well trained as a child and maintained a neat home and cared well for her children. She did not have much intelligence, being a “‘repeater” in conver- sation, never contributing anything. She was very honest. As a white woman she associated little with the Wins. She had “slow tuberculosis” for many years, but could not be trained in the care of herself and’so transmitted it to her daugh- ter-in-law, Inez, who later died from it. Her own daughter, Nora, also has it, formerly active, but now in an inactive state. Miura died April 11, 1923, of Bright’s disease. It is interesting to note that the physician’s record here shows “Indian” as color and race. Rupert and Mira had four children one dying in infancy. The oldest, Nora, born 1890, has hair of medium brown color, straight, with dark brown eyes, but with a light skin color. She attended school until she reached the fifth grade where she stopped. She has a THE WIN TRIBE 43 good education for a Win, and her range of infor- mation is very fair. She is a hard worker and maintains a neat, clean home, which is well fur- nished. She has always borne herself well and been chaste. Soon after her marriage she became bed-ridden because of tuberculosis but more recently it has become inactive. She does not come to the Mission or send her children to the school, it being five miles away; but she does buy clothes there, and asks the Mission helpers to come whenever any of her children are sick. She married Lloyd Jones, son of Gus, and a distant cousin, and has six children, all as light or lighter in color than Nora and with soft, medium brown hair. Only one child, the oldest, has attended school and that for a short time only. Nora now lives with her family in Rock Hollow. Her brother Mick, born 1892, with brown curly hair, brown eyes and light skin, tall and fat, attended school several years, learned to read and write, and acquired a good fund of information. He is rather quick in his reactions physically, but mentally somewhat inert, very easy-going like his mother. He is much like his father in being upright and rather proud. During the past winter, 1923-1924, he has been sick with inflam- 44 MONGREL VIRGINIANS matory rheumatism. He never goes to the Mission, and will not let his children be baptised but is willing to ask help of them when he is sick. He is a tenant farmer. His first wife was Inez Brown, born 1890, daughter of Leander, a good girl who did fair work in school, though not bright intellectually. She died in 1920 of tuberculosis, the infection apparently acquired from her mother- in-law. She left two small children, one “A,” born 1915, doing very fair in school. Selma James, daughter of Ham and Liz James, a white family, but socially and intellectually of low grade, came to Mick’s home to work while Inez was sick and after her death remained on at the house. Mick married her in 1921, after having associated with her improperly previous to his wife’s death and after. He has one child by Selma. She, of white stock, is dirty, shiftless and careless, one of the “Dirty James.” Intel- lectually, she is about the average with the other Wins. Shy is the last of the children of Rupert. He is ‘‘whiter” than any of the others. He did poor work in school and tried hard to learn but was slow and dull mentally. He isa good worker, however, and has been employed as a tenant THE WIN TRIBE 45 farmer and also in the railroad shops at Clifton Forge, and, more recently, on a fruit farm in Buck Hollow, Ab County. He is considered defective mentally. His wife is Leah Jones, daughter of Bruno, and they have four small children. The other two children of Bill and Susie were Leola, born 1864, and Adolph, born 1865. The former is in Texas with her husband; the latter is unknown. This ends the family of Bill Brown as charted. It originally was an Indian-white mixture and in some matings later added negro. The physical characteristics in the group vary. Several still have Indian physical traits; the greater number show the mixed physical condition of the Indian- negro-white, the light skin, and hair color and in some the curly hair. The families of Amanda, Alphonse and of Rupert show a much higher social reaction than any of the others. Bill, the husband of Susie, had a brother, Al, born 1803, a typical Indian in every respect, who lived on the land which he acquired from his father. He died in 1863. Nothing is known of his personal traits. His wife, Elza Lane, an In- dian, the daughter of John Lane and Sarah William Louise Abner, both Indians, was born in 1806, apparently one year before her father and ATINV, NMOUG VZTY-TY FHL °6 LUV) Vov-"1VH Vav-1VH <3 aig “NmOUd saxor gmor CmIaite 3 a@ @INNy | Miva AIDWE $sou ; IUVHO Naanad witha ov SV TTY TL wip ms “yngua ganor 1H Nmowa TIVE Lapa Lue? |CMINIA voy |uaHLGE Ig *gsou a MOINWag | WANGV | VE VIUVA| NVOV | VITIRY ZIG VA xe *Naoud vz | Vv er astmnot WV ITI NYT HYEVS aHor 46 THE WIN TRIBE 47 mother were married, although the date, 1806, has not been completely verified. Elza had sev- eral bastard children before she married Al Brown, and it is supposed that Austin Brown, Elza’s last child, was illegitimate. At any rate Austin himself states that his own father was a negro and a slave made free by his master and given some land which he later lost. The presence of negro NFRA | OSWALD Huuo HULDA JOSEPH} LISLE KEFORD HETTY SIMON | IZETTA 3 LANE HALL BROWN BROWN. A B CAL c JACOB | JOSIE WILLIAS JONES CuHart 10. THe REUBEN Ross FAMILY traits in some of Austin’s children aids in this. Elza was regarded as a typical Indian in every respect. She died in 1890. Her oldest legitimate child was Mamie Brown, born about 1835, an Indian, who married Reuben Ross, a white man, in 1856. She had many children all of whom were probably illegitimate. She was ignorant and un- 48 MONGREL VIRGINIANS educated. Although regarded as promiscuous, she lived with Reuben practically all her life and he made a poor living as a tenant farmer. Four of her earlier children apparently died in infancy. Nera, one of the earlier ones, is found again in the story here as the wife of Oswald Jones. Then comes Hulda, born 1865, uneducated and ignor- ant, married to Hugo Jones, son of Bob, and with two children, one dark and typically an Indian, the other with black hair but lighter in skin color. Lisle was the next child of Mamie. She, too, was probably illegitimate and physically shows both colored and Indian blood. She has always been immoral and has associated with the worst characters of the region. She has always kept not only a filthy house but many vicious characters have made it their headquarters. She married Joseph Lane, a son of Warren Lane, the illegiti- mate son of Elza, who married Al. It is doubtful if the paternity of Lisle’s children is known. They all have the appearance of regular negroes, but, with the exception of “C’’, do not have kinky hair. The oldest boy, “A,’’ born 1884, is of poor intelligence, a laborer, unmarried. A daughter “B,”’ born 1888, married a Cal Williams of Ad County, Virginia; probably from a mixed area THE WIN TRIBE 49 in that county, and lives near the county seat on a farm as a tenant and has several children, all small. The last child of Lisle is ‘‘C’’ Lane, born 1890, a fine looking mulatto, honest and reliable, but with little education. He works as delivery man for a crossroads store, not far from the Win region, and is spoken of very highly by his em- ployers. In 1916 he was arrested for breaking and entering a store with Vergil Jones, and fined. This seems to have been his only offense. Lisle left her first husband and married again in 1905, Keford Hall, a mulatto, a nephew of Andrew Hall, who has figured quite extensively in the Win country. Lisle has never stood well in the com- munity and has never had any contact with the Mission. She attends all funerals, visits all the sick and generally is found where anything is going on. Simon Brown was a brother of Lisle. He was married twice, both times, his cousins, and lived on the Skunk Mountain. He had two children and died in 1914. Other than this nothing is known of him. Adam, born 1837, was a brother of Mamie and son of Al and Elza. Physically he had black corkscrew curls and was medium dark in skin 50 MONGREL VIRGINIANS color. He was uneducated and not particularly bright mentally. He was a tenant farmer, never having acquired any property. His first marriage was with Amelia Brown, already mentioned, and, even after separating from her, he evidently asso- ciated with her for a time as Alfred Brown is also reputed to be his child. He then married in 1879, Maria Hall, a sister of Andrew, of low social behavior and poor mentality, and had by her one son, Union Brown, born 1879, this marriage taking place because of the pregnancy of Maria. Maria left Adam after a time to live with his son Alexander with whom she is now. Union Brown is rather industrious as a tenant farmer, but ignorant and uneducated. He married Gretel Johnson, white, ignorant and licentious, in 1899, but left her after a while and is now with a white woman, a low grade prostitute. Adam died some years ago. His next brother was Abner, or ‘‘Ab” as he was sometimes called, born 1838. He was a typi- cal Indian, physically and heavy set. He was of large stature and recalled as the largest of them all physically. He had a good business sense for a Win, better than any of the others and was a good man with a very pleasant disposition. He THE WIN TRIBE 51 married Etta Brown, daughter of Aba, for her first husband, and had one child, Henrietta, born 1860. She later left him and he married Bernice Hall, a widow, and had five children by her, now unknown. Abner died about 1900. Henrietta married Hiram Jones, son of Walt, and had two children. She died many years ago. Both of these children are of low grade mentality. REX ABETA VALFNTINE HAN- BARIS GILBERT RILEY mt JOHNSON BLACK NIBAL LFOLA BROWN SILAS ULYSSES [HELENA VERA| LEVAN ICHABOD JENNIE ON} ZIDA JONES BROWN JONES CuHarT 11. Tue Asa-EstoHer FAMILY Abner’s brother “D,” born 1839, who married Elsie Jones, is known only as a name with no descendants. Asa, his brother, born 1839 also, with light color skin, but not a copper tint, and with black hair, was made to work at Petersburg, Virginia, during the Civil War and during this time claims to have been very much ill-treated by LWA MONGREL VIRGINIANS being beaten often. As a result of this he never forgave anyone—an Indian trait—and held many grudges all his life. He was always a hard worker and owned some land which he farmed. He was a good man and honest, although not very intelli- gent, and with no education. He married Esther Jones, born 1843, a cousin, the daughter of Hal Jones. Asa died May 20, 1913, no cause being given in the death record. This couple had nine children known, two of whom died young. Gil- bert, born 1860, was the first, and is recalled as a good, sterling man, one to be relied upon. He married a cousin, Leola Brown, daughter of Bill B., but no children were born. Gilbert died many years ago. His brother, Riley, yellow in color, a good worker, left the county and went to Texas. Izetta, the next, born November 1, 1865, mar- ried first Roland Ross by whom she had four children. She then married Simon Brown for his second wife and had two more children. Sheis still living. Helena, her first child, born 1885, had some schooling and was married at seventeen to Ulysses Jones, the son of Gus. She has had many children and since the death of her husband two years ago has kept the family going and still maintains a very fair standard of living. She is THE WIN TRIBE 53 industrious and honest herself and wishes her children to be likewise. She lives in Buck Hollow. Her brother, Levan, born 1892, is an intelligent, educated Win who has had charge of the gardens on a large estate for the past ten years. He is honest, reliable, and unquestionably the superior of any in the whole Win group. He married Vera Brown, the daughter of Leander, a negro-white mixture with light, straight hair. Vera did very fair work in school, was always well behaved, and much more capable than the others. This pair has five children. ‘The oldest attends the Mission school because, having medium dark skin and the slightest touch of a hair curl, cannot attend the white school, and he will not go to a negro school. He is doing good work at the age of twelve in the fifth grade, except in numbers, in which he is slow. He is industrious and is well-behaved. The other children are small. Ichabod Ross, a brother of Levan, has much the appearance of a “‘darkey with thick lips,” and is generally repulsive looking. He is industrious, a bully, and disliked by many. He was in the army during the World War. He married Jennie Jones, a daughter of Imogen, a prostitute. She had a bastard child before marriage but has had none by Ichabod. S08 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Oneida, the last of this fraternity, born 1896, light in color, has little education, and has been a prostitute for some years. She has had two illegitimate children, one by Lloyd Jones, now with its father and “B,” “of mixed blood,” who died in 1914, soon after birth from what was supposed to be mumps. She is “no good.” Mildred, the next known child of Asa and Esther, born December 12, 1870, uneducated, of poor mentality, has led a hard life as the wife of Rex Johnson who has put the whole burden of the support of the family on her. She maintains a low standard of living and is a poor housekeeper, but does her best. So far as known her reputation is good. She has several children all more or less stupid mentally. Anita, born 1872, her sister, next in the line, with dark brown curly hair but light skin, short and fat, had some schooling and can read and write, but is only of fair mentality. She has no children by her husband, Valentine Black. Hannibal, born 1877, the next child of Asa, a tenant farmer and horse-trader, is of very fair ability and industrious. He was arrested and convicted of common assult in 1914, and served THE WIN TRIBE 55 a year in jail. He married “A,” a white woman with flaxen hair. They have no children but have adopted the two youngest children of Adel- bert Brown and are now living in the “free love colony” of the Wins. Areta, born 1875, is the last child of this fraternity of Asa which grew up. She has grey hair, curly, with dark eyes and a light copper skin. She has no schooling, can neither read nor write, and is mentally dull. She has always been more or less shiftless and with little idea of the fitness of things, but she and her husband have always paid their debts. Areta has taken good care of her children. Her first two children, Silas, born 1891, and Robin, born 1894, were both illegitimate and were by Earle Booker, a white man of rough character, formerly a resident of the region, but now in the west. A few years later Areta married Sandy Brown, son of Austin, by whom she has had seven other children. She is now living with Sandy on the place she acquired from her father. Sandy is a hard-working man of poor intelligence, but honest. Silas, the older illegitimate child, dark curly brown hair, green eyes, light skin, attended school five months and learned to write. He was in the Navy for two years during the war and saw 56 MONGREL VIRGINIANS much service on board ship. Since then he has worked with Levan and on his own farm which was given to him by his father. He is considered of good intelligence, equal to that of Levan, and his character and reputation have always been good. Robin, his brother, did very fair work in school and later was capable and efficient as a car- penter. He is now a farmer on his own land given him by his father. He has always been licentious, even after marriage, and would not join the church Mission as he did not wish to give up his habits. He has little to do with the other Wins and he and his wife never come to the sales at the Mission. Robin married Maxine, daughter of Imogen Jones, and has three small children. Areta’s other children by Sandy are all mentally slow and have done poorly in school. ‘They are all with the mother. The second oldest, at the age of nineteen, has already had an illegitimate child. Lambert, or ‘‘Bert,” was the next son of Al and Elza. He was a typical Indian, a renter, and amounted to nothing. His wife was Winifred, a daughter of Bill B. Brown and they had three children: Annie, born 1889, a feeble-minded wo- man who married Paul Jones, and lives at the ATINV, VNNVXOY-NILSAY GH], ‘Z] LavHD a v 4 KA a 9 ra Y Sait ¥, one NAOUE WAT NZZ ULISHATAS VSSTTAR vigwy | xcnvs TAQVH | LHATTICY H Ly) “NKOvE NAOUE YNNVXOU NILSIY¥: of 58 MONGREL VIRGINIANS top of the Mountain at Buck Hollow, very poor; “B,” unknown, and “C,” who married Winfield Brown, and died of tuberculosis at the age of twenty-four. Austin was the last child in this fraternity and was born in 1845. He himself states that he was the son of Elza Lane, the Indian, and a free issue negro who owned land given him by his master but later sold it for practically nothing. This would make him a half-brother to these others with the same Indian ancestry on the mother’s side, and negro, probably full-blood, on the father’s. His hair color is grey-black, straight, eyes hazel, skin medium dark without any copper tint. As stated earlier, his statement here is questioned. He has never attended school and has never learned to read and write and his range of information is limited to his own im- mediate experience which has been very meagre. His reactions as a man of eighty are very slow. He has been a tenant farmer all of his life and raised many children, and has always been very poor and never amounted to anything. He has never been known to tell the truth and has been called the “‘unofficial press agent for all the les in the community,” “an old reprobate” and like THE WIN TRIBE 59 terms. ‘Ten years ago he was partially paralyzed and now is deaf and blind in one eye. He has lived for some years in Buck Hollow. He lived with Roxanna Brown, daughter of Aba, later marrying her in 1879, after many of their children were born. She was a typical Indian, of no edu- cation, but chaste as far as is known. There were fourteen children. The oldest, “A,” born 1865, A ATHENA] ALYA HE/PSy| Ez JES [SIE | FRANKLIN z MAUD MARRY SU BAN JULIUS. JONES BROWN, og te CHART 13. Apicart’s FAMILY married and went away about 1890 to Af County, Virginia. Further than that nothing is known of him. The next, Leroy, born 1866, was distinctly negro in his make-up: as to hair form, kinky; and skin color, dark. His first wife was unknown, his second, Josephine, daughter of Leander. He took her to Tennessee with him, later going to Oklahoma where he is now. The next. SOn ya born 1867, married a Hill.in 1888, and has also 60 MONGREL VIRGINIANS gone away from the Win area. Abigail, the next child of Austin, born 1868, has dark, now grey, curly hair, brown eyes, light skin, but with hands as dark as a negro’s. She never attended school and never learned to read and write. She has acquired some information and has a good memory. She is a hard worker, rather capable, and for a number of years has been one of the three midwives in the Win region. She has never married but wears two huge brass wedding rings. She had eight children, all illegitimate. Now that her children have all reached maturity, she has “adopted” the following children and is taking care of them: “B,”’ a bastard child of her daughter Hepsy; “A,” the bastard daughter of her daughter Susan; and “B,” the young child of her brother Adelbert. Some of her children have distinct Indian characteristics which is interesting in view of the fact that, although illegitimate, the father of each child is known by name, and is one of two white men in the Win region. She lives now in Buck Hollow and her two youngest children, Susan and Julius, and the adopted children are with her. ‘‘A,” the oldest child of Abigail, by “X,’’ white, very deaf, has moved away to Ad County, Virginia, where he is a tenant THE WIN TRIBE 61 farmer. ‘“X,” the father, was a bachelor who lived alone but admitted that he was the father of several “huckleberry children.”” He was per- fectly honest, a good business man, a heavy drinker, a fighter. Athena, the next child, born 1890, practically white and with pink cheeks, learned to read and write fairly well and was quite capable and talked intelligently,—the most capable of her sibs. She was always clean, a superior child for a Win. She married and had several children already noted under her husband, Alva Brown. She died in 1918 of the influenza. The next child of Abigail’s was by “‘Y,” a farmer with property, a heavy drinker, uneducated, married and with eight legitimate children. He is now dead. This child, Hepsy, born 1894, has dark brown curly hair, brown eyes, light skin, mottled over the cheek bones, is uneducated and unable to read and write, and of only fair mental ability. When young she was a “promising girl” and received good training as a housemaid. She became a prostitute when in her youth, and at the age of eighteen had her first illegitimate child, “A,” born 1912. Six years later, still a prostitute, she had another illegitimate child, “‘B,” an imbe- cile. Soon after this she cohabited with Ez G2 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Jones, son of Willett, later marrying him a year after their first child was born. Since then she has had another child by Ez, born 1922. Re- cently she has been promiscuous again, although still living with Ez. She is a rather attractive, quiet-mannered woman who keeps a neat home and her children clean. It is said, however, that she has an ugly temper which she uses occasion- ally, especially toward her mother. Jessie, her sister, born 1896, was by ‘“‘Y” and is therefore a full sister to Hepsy. She has straight black hair, brown eyes and light skin color. She attended school at the Mission for about three years, reached the third grade and learned to read and write. This, however, seemed to be the limit of her academic training potentiality. She was well-trained in housework, and since her marriage, has kept a fairly clean and neat house and taken good care of her children. Her first child, “A,” a bastard, was born in 1913. Her marriage was forced in 1916 by her second pregnancy. Since then she has been reputed chaste. She has had six children by her husband, Franklin Brown, son of Leander. Her oldest child, “‘A,” born 1913, with straight dark brown hair and light brown skin, at eleven is in the second grade in THE WIN TRIBE 63 school doing fair work. The other children are like “A” in physical make-up and border more on the Anglo-Saxon white than the Indian. “EK”? Brown, born 1898, is the next illegitimate child of Abigail Brown and is by “X.” He is dull mentally and could learn little in school. He has a disagreeable temper and twice when angry, has left his crop in August. He is industrious at times; at others lazy. Maud, his sister, born 1899, with dark brown curly hair, brown eyes, but almost white skin, attended school for four years and did very fair work. She is of fair mentality for a Win, but sullen and suspicious and reticent. She is afraid of her husband and joined church against his will. She takes fair care of her home. Her husband is Harry Jones, son of Oswald, by whom she has three small children. Next younger than Maud is Susan, born 1904 and the most attractive physically of Abigail’s children. She has heavy straight black hair and an olive skin. For several years she has been associating with Owen Jones, son of Ulysses, and has two illegiti- mate children by him, but Abigail will not allow her to marry him because of the “spells” which Susan has, although she will let Owen stay at her house over week-ends. Susan has some ability 64. MONGREL VIRGINIANS for a Win, but has never been trained. Julius, born 1907, the last of Abigail’s children, reached only the second grade in school and is without energy or ambition. He has used alcohol quite extensively. He works as a farm hand for his mother. Abigail and her children in general show more energy and ability than any one group among the Wins. It is true that the incidence of illegitimacy is high among them. Negro characteristics ap- pear here and there and it is possible that along with the physical characteristics of the negro there came also some industriousness and ability from the negro strain of Austin Brown’s colored father, unknown, however, as to traits except that he was the kind of a negro to have land given him by the master who set him free. Returning again to the children of Austin: Hetty, the next, born 1872, was a prostitute and had a bastard child before her marriage to Simon Brown in 1895. She died soon after marriage and no one recalls her particularly. ‘“‘G,” the next child, born 1873, had negro characteristics in skin color and hair, married a mulatto but sepa- rated from him after a brawl in which the mulatto killed another negro who had been associating THE WIN TRIBE 65 with her. This was in Ad County where “G” was married. Since then nothing has been known of “G.” “H” and Adelbert, twins, born 1876, were the next two children of Austin and Rox- anna. ‘The former died at the age of twenty-one of tuberculosis; the latter, a typical Indian with straight black hair and dark skin, learned to read and write in school, and then for a while went among the Win houses to read to them. His education went no further than the mere ability to read and write. He is a good worker, a tenant farmer, good in that he is capable and works hard, but is shiftless, borrows and never repays, assumes no responsibility, and is distrustful. He married Hazel Miller, had six children by her, recently left her, gave his children away to various relatives with no sense of the fitness of things or feeling the responsibility of them, and then co- habited for a time with Louise Hall Brown, until Alfred, her husband, knocked him in the head and drove him off. He then lived on Bull Creek by himself for a while but recently has returned to Louise and is now living with her, since Alfred has left his wife and family because of her be- havior. All of Adelbert’s children are girls. The oldest, “A,” born 1912, with curly black hair, 66 MONGREL VIRGINIANS “black eyes,” copper skin, and high cheek bones, is now with Charles and “El’’ Jones who have “adopted” her. At twelve she isin the third grade in school, has learned to read and write, but is slow and does very poor general school work. Her next younger sister, ‘“B,”’ born 1915, with black straight hair, brown eyes, but light skin, and high cheek bones, lives with Abigail Brown. She has had no schooling except the past year, and is very stupid mentally, a low-grade moron. Her sister, ‘‘C,” born 1916, is with Melissa Jones, her aunt, who is teaching her at home both in reading and writing and giving her general training for housework. ‘‘C’”’ has black straight hair and a medium dark complexion. She is rather bright and an attractive child fora Win. ‘The other two children are small and are with Hannibal and ‘“‘A”? Brown. Hazel Miller, the mother of these children, of white blood, with little education but of fair ability, however, has been a prostitute since Adelbert, her husband, left her. Her chas- tity previous to that time, however, is questionable. She first went to Brunhilde Brown in the “Shades,” and lived with her in her “red light” house. More recently she has been cohabiting with Lem Jones. She is a bad character and has a very; poor reputation. THE WIN TRIBE 67 Sandy Brown is the next child of Austin, born 1879. He is very black, with a slight curl in his black hair. He is a good carpenter and brick- layer. He can figure the number of bricks neces- sary for a chimney. He also cuts off timber and has shipped as much as a carload at a time, hauling it to the railroad. He always pays his debts and is considered very honest. He is not very intelligent otherwise and, as many of the older generation, had no schooling. His house is always ‘‘awful.” He married Areta, with negroid characteristics, daughter of Asa, already de- scribed, and has six living children. The oldest girl, Rosalind, born 1902, very dark brown hair, curly, with black eyes and copper skin and some- what pinkish cheeks, attended the Mission school and can read and write. She was slow and dull in school, but a plodder. She now works out at washing, etc. She is not very capable and must always be supervised in whatever she does. She sews nicely, however. Her character has always been good. Her sister, Myra, born 1904, with straight black hair, dark eyes, dark skin, attended school and learned to read and write. She is much like Rosalind in ability. At the age of nineteen she had an illegitimate child, born in 68 MONGREL VIRGINIANS 1923. This is a white child with blue eyes. ‘‘C,” Myra’s brother, born 1907, is dark like Rosalind, ignorant, dull and works at home with his father. “D,” born 1911, another brother, at thirteen is in the third grade in school, slow and dull, but rather capable at farm work. “E,” born 1913, is very stupid and cannot talk plainly. This ends the fraternity of Sandy and Areta. Melissa Brown, born 1881, is the next daughter of Austin and very negroid in physical character- istics. She has black curly hair, brown eyes, skin dark with some copper tint, a flat nose and thick lips. She has a bit of schooling and can read but just barely write. She is very talkative and quite a scandal-monger. Before marriage she was a prostitute. She laughs about the one child she had which died, perhaps because it was very black in color. She has a better and cleaner home than most of the Wins being more energetic and ambitious. She married Sylvester Jones in 1904. She has no living children but has adopted her niece “‘C” Brown and is bringing her up well. Melissa’s sister is Augusta, born 1884, with long black straight hair, brown eyes and copper skin. She never attended school but is more THE WIN TRIBE 69 intelligent than her sister Melissa although she buys everything at the store with five cent pieces. She is a rough coarse woman and contemptible in her attitude toward the Mission folks. She has no moral principle and previous to her last mating was promiscuous. Her first marriage was to a Nevin (record not found), then to Ben Hill in 1902, divorced in 1907, then married in 1915 to Uriah Black with whom she has been since that time. She has no children. The last in this fraternity is Althea, born 1885, with straight black hair, black eyes, copper skin, short and fat. She is mentally dull, slow in her reac- tions, very ignorant. She married at the age of thirty-two, “‘a war bride,’”’ to Leslie Jones. She now takes care of her aged father Austin. ‘This completes the description of the children of Austin. It will be noticed that negroid physical charac- teristics have reappeared in the offspring at various places. Intellectually the group is rather poor, perhaps even a little below the average for Wins. Another illegitimate child of Elza Lane besides Austin Brown was Warren Lane, born about 1833, previous to all her legitimate children. This Warren is recalled by many people as “‘a typical Indian with long black hair and copper skin, tall, 70 MONGREL VIRGINIANS high cheek bones.” He married Keturah Smith and had many children by her. None of these has been traced out as Warren and his family moved to Af County, Virginia, many years ago and have had no communication with the Win people since then. This Al Brown-Elza Lane mating of two appar- ently pure Indian types shows offspring some of whom have more or less pure Indian physical characteristics while others appear negroid. Some of the negroid traits are explained by the acknowledged introduction of negro blood in one strain, that of Austin. It is thus apparent that this Brown group is more of a mixed group than a pure type Indian. Socially it is considered next in the scale to the family of Bill Brown, just described. Aba, born 1805 or so, son of Bill and Dollie Thomas, is unknown as to traits other than that he was a typical Indian. His first wife, Betsey Hill, probably white (from the name), whom he married October 21, 1828, bore him seven chil- dren. The first was Harold, born 1829. He was a typical Indian, uneducated in books but indus- trious and made his children work in the fields. He married Phebe Johnson, a white woman. ATINV.] AGSLAG-V4Y FHI, ‘pl LUVHD A1Dwa ne] neva INH WHLsa ed & Ps) TIVOTEY CT¥aso V¥ Suan Ts qs tig ais NIAIN INO 4 ed se SINor *NAQUE oqNoe SSOu C) K T Teilvd] NVNVOT Tavuzr NIDOVUE [BIssae sows | cxevqg NVATI ek nS eae sanive HVT / aga SS) IIR LyvHO kiDWws VREVXOW S1DWA VATYS god sno EVHO KILgov VATS GOW qs aHL = Vv qHL HL *sanor a 3504 nsovg “NaOUd sanor 3anv12 W¥sstuv1d stot wyst | visa WaNaY NILSQV | VNNVXOY © god VAS wy NeOuE TIIH v ur vay hislaa “HAOUE XOuHT | ENTHaNSOf 2 CAME CITLINIa aova xaOug MACNYET VAMININ ows ROSNHO? zavo) [¥TIuAE¥D @lowvit | ZaaHa 72 MONGREL VIRGINIANS As soon as his children grew up they left home and went west. He died many years ago. The next child of Aba, of whom anything is known, is Carvilla, who as a young girl associated with Gabe Sams, a black negro, who has been connected with others of the Wins, and had, by him, one son, Leander, born 1854. Carvilla seems to have died young as nothing else is known of her. Le- ander will be taken up later. Carvilla had one sister, Salva, a typical Indian, who married Bob Jones, a cousin whose children are described later; also a sister Roxanna who married Austin Brown, as already noted; Etta, another sister, a typical Indian, who married first Abner Brown, then later cohabited with Isaac Ross. Aba later cohabited with Idella Miller, born 1830, a white woman who had two illegitimate children, Lois and Clar- issa Miller. In view of the fact that both of these women are white, it is probable that Aba was not the father of either of them. Both married into the Wins and are noted with their respective con- sorts. To return to Leander, born 1854, of an Indian half-breed mother and a negro father, we find a man with curly black hair, now turning grey, brown eyes, light skin, oval contour of face with sharp features. He had no schooling and THE WIN TRIBE 73 never learned to read and write. His information is limited entirely to his own experience in the Win area, which is necessarily very narrow. He is a great talker. He has always worked hard and is active physically and of fair ability men- tally, for a Win. He married first Minerva Brown, daughter of Bill B., a typical Indian with copper color, and had eight children by her, three of whom died in infancy. Minerva died about 1891 and he then cohabited with Beulah James. She has black, curly hair, hazel eyes, light weather-beaten skin and high cheek bones. Beulah had been previously married in 1889 to Adolph Brown, son of Bill. She had no schooling, never learned to read and write, is slow mentally and rather dull, but tries hard to keep her home neat. She is spoken of as honest and generally wanting to do right. That she is shrewd shows in the fact that some years ago she had the same child baptized several times in order to get more clothes each time from the Mission for the family in general. She and Leander had seven children at the time they had their marriage ceremony per- formed, this in 1908, in the presence of these seven children, one of the children, then aged sixteen, announcing the following day to a neighbor, 74 MONGREL VIRGINIANS “Papa and Mama got married yesterday.” Le- ander and Beulah have not been particularly interested in the Mission activities, the former having appeared there but once, at a Fourth of July celebration, while Beulah attends the sales and occasionally the sewing circle. Leander had five children by Minerva who reached maturity. Revo, the oldest, born 1880, dark curly hair, copper skin but light, facial contour round, can read a little having attended school a year. He is a hard worker, a tenant farmer, and lives on the Sailes place. He has poor mentality but is physically active. He has never married. His sister, Josephine, born 1882, much like him in color and industry, married Leroy Brown in 1904 and the two are now in the west; place unknown. “Ky,” the next, is married and also “‘west.” Inez, next, born 1890, of medium dark color, attended school for a short time but was dull mentally. She was industrious, bore a good name and was spoken of as a “good sweet kind of a girl.”’ She married Mick Brown, son of Rupert, as mentioned, in 1913, and died of tuberculosis, November 20, 1920. Vera, her sister, born 1891, has lght straight hair and is mixed negro-white in physical appearance. She is very capable, industrious and THE WIN TRIBE Fie intelligent, much better than the average Win. She married Levan Ross in 1912 and had several children as already noted. Gladys Brown, born 1888, is an illegitimate child of Beulah James and is placed here on the chart. Beulah was the second consort of Leander and this child is probably an Anderson. She is very defective mentally, never had any training and maintains a very poor standard of living. Her house is dirty and children unkempt. She married Jack Jones and has many children later to be described under Jack. Franklin is the first child of the Leander-Beulah mating, born illegitimate in 1892, but later legitimized by their marriage in 1908. He has dark brown straight hair, brown eyes, light skin, Anglo-Saxon facial contour. He attended the Mission school for five or six years but was very slow and dull and never learned to read and write more than his name. He is now a hard working man, a tenant farmer, poor, but with an industrious wife, Jessie, the daughter of Abigail Brown, and maintains a very fair home for a Win. He is a faithful attendant at the church. His children are described under Jessie, the wife. Franklin’s sister, Rebecca Brown, the second 76 MONGREL VIRGINIANS in the Leander-Beulah fraternity, born 1897, did very fair work in school, much better than her brothers. At the age of twenty-two, she married Izrael Jones, who soon left her giving the excuse that he found she was still licentious after marri- age. She has had two illegitimate children, both since her marriage, and both acknowledged to be by a white man who says that he is willing to marry her but no divorce has yet been secured. Rebecca is a distinct Indian type and is handsome. She is considered decidedly vicious. Lorman, her brother, born 1901, copper color, was very slow and dull in school though more capable than Franklin. He worked as a laborer until he married, since when he has been a tenant farmer. He cohabited for some time with Patri Nevin before marrying her in 1921. He has two children by her. “L,” born 1904, brother of Lorman, black hair, brown eyes, light copper skin, at- tended school but was too dull mentally to learn to read and write. He is physically slow and has the general reaction of a low grade moron. “M,” his twin, is much like him but reached the second grade in school after eight years of at- tendance. He can read and write a little. “‘N,” the next child, born 1908, of the same physical THE WIN TRIBE 77 type as the twins, reached the third grade in school but is dull and inert mentally and physically. He lives at home as does his younger brother “OQ,” born 1909, with black hair, brown eyes and skin light. He did better work in school than any of his full brothers and is quick in his reactions. “P,” born 1910, the last of this fraternity, with curly black hair, brown eyes, skin light, at four- teen, is doing very poor work in school, cannot write his name, reads very poorly and does better in figures and with the multiplication tables. This ends the Leander-Beulah fraternity, a group in which poor mentality is quite the rule. The Aba Brown family is a mixed group with an Indian-white mixture first and negro entering later. It is intellectually and socially of low grade none of its members standing out even in the Win county. The next on the list of Wins is Ada, the sister of Aba and daughter of the first Bill Brown. She was born about 1810 and married in 1830 to Hal Jones. Her first child, born about 1830, was illegitimate according to local information. This was Walt Jones, “‘one-half black,’ married to a white woman, Celia Johnson, and the father of four known children: Hiram, Charles, Lanie and 78 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Belle. Hiram, born 1855, “a typical Indian,” married Henrietta Brown and had two children; Pompey, reputed insane at the age of twenty-five for a time, later disappeared, and Paul, born 1882, now reputed ‘‘crazy.” Nothing is now known of Pompey. Paul will not work for the man on whose place he rents but says he would work for a ak onl JONES CELIA WALT CLARICE 808 SALVA ELSIE D CLARA ae ASA | ESTHERPAPSTINA JOHNSON HILL BROWN BROWN LACK B THE THE Ez BOB-SALVA ASA-ESTHEH ABRAHAM FAMILY. FAMILY JOHNSON On] 2-00 OF ra HENHIETTA HIRAM CHARLES EL LANIE SELLE] ALPHONSE BROWN BROWN BROWN THE ALPHONS & ROWN B aE © a. POMPEY PAUL ANNIE BROWN CHART 15. THe HaAt-ApDA JONES FAMILY Mr. Nevin. His family as a result is reported very poor and “starving.” His wife, Annie Brown, daughter of Lambert and Winifred, is a wanderer and never at home. They have small children and live in the mountains at the head of Buck Hollow. Hiram died in the Insane Hospital some years ago. THE WIN TRIBE 79 Charles, brother of Hiram, born 1860, is a hard worker, is thrifty and has saved money and pur- chased the home where he now lives. He has the cleanest home among the Wins. He married “ED’ Brown, the illegitimate child of Amelia Brown, mentioned previously. She has black, curly hair, brown eyes, a copper skin with the features of the Caucasian. She shows no negroid characteristics but ‘‘has some of the looks,” the expression of one person. She had no education and can neither read nor write. Her range of in- formation is very limited. She has always worked hard and is more active physically than her sister Amanda. She never attends the Mis- sion church services but is present at the sales and always pays cash for whatever she buys. She married first Harmon Jones in 1882, but after his death she married Charles Jones in 1890. She has no children. Lanie, sister of Charles and Hiram, born 1858, is very ignorant and dull mentally. She has never married and poses as being very virtuous. She goes about caring for the sick. She always pays her debts, is “pretty decent sort of a soul” and no harm has been heard of her. When visiting she sits for hours in a house hardly saying a word. She makes her home 80 MONGREL VIRGINIANS mostly with “El.” Belle, her sister, born 1865, who married Alphonse Brown and has many chil- dren already described, has always been dull mentally, but is a good honest character. She is spoken of now as ‘‘a nice old woman.” ‘This is the last of the fraternity of Walt Jones, the supposedly bastard son of Ada. Ada Brown then married Hal Jones and the history of the early Thomas and CHART 16. THE HALF-BREED JONES LINE Jones will be discussed here to explain the en- trance of the Jones blood. Dollie Thomas, the wife of Bill Brown, already noted, was the daugh- ter of William Thomas, an Indian. He had two other daughters. One was named Petri, who married Ed Jones, an Indian, December 6, 1790. This couple had at least one son, named Ned, also an Indian, who married his first cousin THE WIN TRIBE 81 “Tders,” the daughter of the other child of Wm. Thomas. This marriage took place about 1810. The children of this mating were Hal, who married Ada Brown, Karen, Janet, Tabitha and Belinda Jones. All these Jones had some Indian blood at least, so local folk lore has it. Otherwise their make-up is unknown. All of these have been dead many years and little is known of them. THE INDIAN JONES The oldest, Hal, who married Ada, was born about 1810, and he “‘came out of the mountains, was half white, black hair and complexion but without a nappy head.” It is evident from this statement that he was a half-breed Indian. Bill Brown, son of Bill, has said the Thomases were Indians and the statements of Clara Black with the one marriage record of Ed Jones and Petri Thomas in 1790, have furnished the information to fix the earlier generations of the Thomases as shown on the chart. The important point how- ever, Is that the common mother of the Browns was a sister of the common mother of the Jones, so that the same germ plasm, probably Indian, is found in both families. The name Jones, as noted earlier, is found as a white name in Ac 82 MONGREL VIRGINIANS County, Virginia, at about the same time it appears in Ab County. Hal Jones and Ada Brown, both carrying Indian blood, and probably none else other than white, were married about 1830 and had a number of children; these will now be described. Bob, the first, born 1835, is spoken of as “‘seven- eighths black but had straight hair,” this by a man who knew the people well. He is described otherwise as a ‘“‘dark blue Indian.’ He was a carpenter and “‘good in woodcraft and basketry.”’ He was a handsome man and a very capable fellow. He had no formal education. He owned some land which was given him by his father who had come to the country and purchased land on Coon Mountain very early. He was lazy and an hypochondriac. He married first Clarice Hill but evidently separated from her soon after this and lived with Salva Brown, a daughter of Aba. No record is found of this mating. Salva was an Indian type, copper color, uneducated and igno- rant, but otherwise nothing known of her traits. These two had fourteen children, most of whom reached maturity. Gub is the oldest child of Salva. For some time the investigators thought this his name KTINV VATVS-€OG FHI, ‘J] LavHD NAOUR ONOT YHITV HLOW Ba @ WW s-VITY . Gis ONO TIVH sanor JMHAV | AISGAG gnuxd MNVH | YHOO BOUdOOR LTEVOUVR sinor aT =RONT «TISWIA SOR OOOH LO OL OO OT OO TOUTMOE sce sno IDV NIT H NIDA NOWWMa-waLseiA THL HHL hg ONOT sagnor NAOUG aia iene grates Dad’ -gqy VI TWH avs tot ‘TEOMAA REHONIN) NITAVH, XGGKT SIS|WSd AIAYa aXrcav |Nomuna Wiicaia |] NAOORI NSOUd NSONG MATIN VoInH ‘Td NOMEVH QVssIuvig aGAvVID = g NaOvd TIIH VATYS goa @STHV1D 84 MONGREL VIRGINIANS but a remote record shows Gus to be correct. He has gone by the name Gub for so long that no one knows any other. Born 1855, hair grizzled brown, curly, eyes brown, skin copper, facial con- tour oval, he had no schooling and never learned to read and write. He has a very fair range of information for a Win, is active and a fairly good worker. He has ‘never been in trouble.” He does not amount to much, but even then is better than average among the Wins. He is one of the group of renters in Buck Hollow which has been quite stationary in its movement of population. He has no association with the Mission. He married Lois Miller, the daughter of Idella Miller who cohabited with Aba Brown. Lois has curly grey hair, formerly brown, blue eyes and very light skin. She is considered a white woman ‘from low down white trash.” She has no schooling and a very limited range of information and is slow in her reactions. She is a hard worker and used to spin and weave but now only knits. Her reputation in earlier years was that she was always stealing some other woman’s husband for the time being but now as a woman of sixty-five, is considered a rather quiet, shrewd person. Gub and Lois have many children. Christina, the 85 THE WIN TRIBE @ v MIAZA Oe : » NHOUOn O — LUVHO CTYKSO LK a NSOUG “aHL is WIHLSd VS Vaud HLING sso’ VNIL gaNor naOua WOT IG Mooud Wis ssow -v XxTIcn YTIID, ONONG SASSA10 WNETIH -SIVHD»y civaso VOMEMS ‘TavUZT I ‘WkeEa} SINOl = v¥ON | GOTT varano CHart 18. THe Gus FAMILY S6 MONGREL VIRGINIANS oldest known, born 1879, married Oswald Jones, a cousin, at the age of fourteen. Ulysses, the second child, born 1880, never went to school. He was a quiet man, mentally slow, but always worked, renting part of the Lowe farm in Buck Hollow for over twenty years. He bore a good reputation but amounted to little although he maintained a fair standard of living in his home. He died in 1922. He married Helena Ross, the daughter of Roland Ross and Izetta Brown, a cousin. She was born in 1885. She talks about her “‘blue blood” and looks practically white. She had ten children, has cared for them well, maintained a comfortable home, had farm papers in the home to read and has brought up her chil- dren to work on the theory that “a child which works won’t steal.” This family, especially since the death of the father in 1922, has held itself rather aloof from the others and feels somewhat superior. Helena has some schooling and is better than average for the Wins. It will be re- called that she is a sister of Levan Ross. She has some ability at planning and has carried on the large family since the death of her husband. Owen, the oldest child, born 1903, did fair work when in school, with about fourth grade possibil- THE WIN TRIBE 87 ity. He is not well physically and has been sick with both pneumonia and pleurisy and it is felt that he has tuberculosis. He is a good worker, reliable, and the main support of the family since his brother ‘“‘C” has joined the Navy. Owen has associated with Susan Brown, daughter of Abigail, for several years and is the father of her two illegitimate children. Abigail will not permit them to be married because of the “fits that Susan has.” “B,’’ born 1905, the next child of Ulysses and Helena, has pink cheeks, light hair, blue eyes, and would pass for a white woman anywhere. When young, she attended school and did fair work until she reached the third grade when she seemed to have reached the limit of her mental develop- ment. She has “fits” and several times has had hysterical spells in church. She married a Nevin, of the Win area, with white skin, and supposed to be an Irishman. He is a “surly, ungracious cuss,’ with little schooling, a “fourth grade possibility.”” They have two nice children, aged three and one. “C,” “B’s” brother, born 1906, has straight black hair and comparatively dark skin. He is good looking and gives the appear- ance of a white boy of Italian origin. He has been called the most normal boy of the Win area. 88 MONGREL VIRGINIANS He was never permitted to attend school much. He always worked hard, has a keen sense of humor, and is witty. He recently joined the Navy and likes the service. “D,” “C’s” sister, born 1908, did not get beyond the second grade although she attended for some years. Recently she has been promiscuous sexually, mainly through the associations at her married sister’s home. “KE,” born 1910, a brother, is much like ‘‘C,” bright and alert. He reached the fourth grade in school which, at the age of fourteen now, seems to be his academic limit. He has ‘‘cat’s eyes,”’ (coloboma), and can see better in the night time than during the day. No other case of this is known in the group. “F,” born 1913, practically white in color, brown hair, attends school at the Mission. He is doing very fair work in grade three and ‘‘thinks very well.” The other children of Helena are small. The family still lives in Buck Hollow. The second child of Gub is Bruno Jones, born 1881, dark brown thin hair, bordering on black, short and soft, medium brown skin, not copper, ignorant, but for a Win, quite intelligent. He has a very fair range of information. He has always worked hard but recently complains of THE WIN TRIBE 89 “gall stones” and the like and says “he can’t work much now.” His sex morals are reported bad and he keeps a “harem” at his home. He has lived for several years on the ‘“D—” place in an old unpainted house, quite dilapidated. His wife is Cilla Smith, born 1881, the daughter of Marcia Smith, father unknown. He cohabited with her several years before marrying her. She has straight black hair, dark eyes, skin practically CuHartT 19. Tue Bruno FAMILY white. She gives every appearance of a white person, but is descended on the mother’s side from Clement Smith of the Arep region, an Indian- negro-white combination which has become prac- tically white in color. Cilla is ignorant, unintelli- gent and untrained, but has always worked hard for her numerous children, twelve in number, and all probably illegitimate, the father of each being in doubt except Eric, whose father is known to be 90 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Cyril Black. When young, Bruno Jones was “adopted’’ by Cyril and Clara Black who brought him up and they have continued to live with Bruno since his marriage to Cilla in 1900. Bruno has had many “‘women” at his house as visitors and in turn Cilla has been quite promiscuous, hence though nominally placed on the chart under Bruno, it is questioned if the paternity of any of the children belongs to him. Leah, the oldest child of Cilla, born 1895, while Bruno and Cilla were living together but before they were legally married, is a rather bright capable woman who did fair work in school. She is a light yellow in skin color, nearly white, with brown hair. She married Shy Brown, son of Rupert, already noted. Winnie, her sister, born 1896, with dark brown curly hair, brown eyes, skin light (yellow like Chinese), attended school from the age of seven until she was four- teen and only reached the third grade. She is of fair mentality for a Win and reads newspapers. She tries hard to get along. She married Antonio Brown and has several children already noted. Charlotte, born 1901, the next child of Cilla, hair color light, soft and straight, medium dark skin, started in well at school but never got beyond THE WIN TRIBE 91 the third grade. She has always worked at home helping her mother with the latter’s numerous offspring. She has been immoral sexually and became so notorious after a time that she was forced to leave Buck Hollow where she then stayed. She was associating then with Lance Black; later became pregnant by him and a few months after that married him. They have one baby born in June, 1923. Crystal, sister of Char- lotte, born 1904, with the same physical character- istics as her mother, was “slow and stupid” in school and did not attend long. She lived at home, became promiscuous, and at the age of seventeen had an illegitimate child whose father is unknown. Soon after, she married Conrad Smith, from the Hallfamily of Wins. Neither she nor her husband are “any good.” Eric, her brother, born 1910, father known to be Cyril Black, has dark kinky hair, and with dark brown skin color not black. He has the appearance of a typical mulatto. At school he is in the fourth grade doing fair work except in arithmetic in which he is very slow. He works with his father on the farm during the summer. “F,’’ born 1911, the next child of Cilla, has very dark curly hair, light brown eyes, dark skin and oval facial contour. At thirteen she 92 MONGREL VIRGINIANS is in grade three in school doing average work for the grade. “G,” born 1914, with light red curly hair, dark eyes, light skin, facial contour oval, is in grade three at ten and does very fair work in school. She is so “‘white” in color that the family spoil her, it being a curious custom of the Wins to treat the lighter colored members of the family better and give them more privileges than they do to the darker ones. For instance, Lillie Black, noted later, a black slave, had many children of various shades of black by a white man. The darker ones were not permitted to eat at the same table with the lighter ones. The other children of Cilla are small, have medium brown hair and light skin. In many of these children, the skin becomes darker with age and a slight “kink” in the hair will often disappear as a child gets older. It will be seen from the description of the children of Cilla that all physical types are present and because of the lack of knowledge of the father in each case, no deductions can be made as to the inheritance of traits in this particular family. The next child of Gub and brother of Bruno was Job, born 1884. He has typical copper skin, dark hair, and married Stella Brown, of unknown par- entage and lives on the “F’’ farm as a laborer. THE WIN TRIBE 93 He has been away from the Win area and little is known of him other than that he is a hard worker. Leslie Jones, his brother, born 1887, with black straight hair, grey eyes, dark skin, had some schooling and then worked as a tenant farmer. He has pretty fair ability as a Win. Just before entering the army during the World War he married Althea Brown, daughter of Austin. He served as orderly to a captain in the service and had overseas service with an excellent record as shown by a watch given him by his immediate superior. He has always borne a good reputation and is one of the faithful men at the church. He has no children and now lives in Buck Hollow. Lloyd is his brother, born 1891, a tall, dark straight-haired and dark-skinned man, with very little schooling, poor mentally but able to read and write and with a very fair range of information. He has always been very immoral, having had one illegitimate child by Oneida Ross before his marriage. This boy, “A,” very slow and dull mentally, light in complexion, is at the home of his father. Lloyd married Nora Brown, the daughter of Rupert. She has medium brown, straight hair with rather light skin and all her children are like her physically, the younger ones 94 MONGREL VIRGINIANS being much lighter in color. The older child “B” has attended school a bit; the others none. They too live in Buck Hollow, about four miles from the schoolhouse. Louis, born 1894, was the next child of Gub. He was “rather black,” had little schooling, became a tenant farmer in Buck Hollow and married Beryl Black in 1914. He has always worked hard. He died in 1919 of pneumonia leaving two small children. His wife, Beryl, has since become a prostitute and has remarried. “T,’’ the next child of Gub, died young of tuberculosis. Izrael, born 1898, the next child, had little schooling and has been very industrious. He married Rebecca Brown but left her soon after, and went away from the region and is reported to be in the army. He “does not amount tomuch.” ‘The other two children of Gub noted on the chart died in infancy. This ends the description of the children of Gub, the oldest child of Bob Jones. The next, ‘“B,”’ died young. Claude, born 1858, following, is spoken of as a “good darkey.” He is also known as Claude Bellam and may possibly have been the father of Cilla Smith. He is shiftless, considered “bad and dangerous.” At one time he had a white wife, a colored wife and a Win wife, all living THE WIN TRIBE 95 together. He had eleven children by Clarissa Miller, a white woman. Clarissa later died in the hospital for the insane. Nothing is known of the traits of these children, Claude having moved away some years ago. “D” and Harmon, the next two children of Bob Jones died comparatively young: Harmon died of tuberculosis a few years after marrying “El” Brown. Hugo, born 1865, is the next, very dark in color, both hair and skin, uneducated, has always been a laborer. He lived until recently in the Win area when he went into Ad County. His first wife was Hulda Brown, daughter of Mamie, of unknown traits, by whom he had Hank and Bessie. Hank, born 1890, a typical Indian with straight black hair, dark brown eyes, copper skin and high cheek bones, ‘“‘was kicked out of the house by his step-mother when very young and brought himself up.” He has always worked hard at Nole, Ab County, away from the Wins for the past twelve years. During this time he has earned an excellent repu- tation there for honesty and industry. He served overseas in the Veterinary Corps of the United States Army during the World War. He married Cora Jones, daughter of Claude by whom he has two small children. His full sister, Bessie, born 96 MONGREL VIRGINIANS 1894, with black hair color, dark brown eyes, light skin, went to school for many years but never learned to read and write. She has “‘little sense” and ambition and energy. She married first Cyrus Hall, later leaving him and then married Avery Long by whom she had several children. Hugo Jones has as his second wife, Lydia Hall, daughter of Andrew, married in 1896, who came to him with an illegitimate child Margaret, then one year old, the putative father of the child being Horace Jones. Margaret attended school and did fairly well: at fifteen she married a man aged thirty and these two have moved away. Woodrow, the first child of Hugo and Lydia, born 1898, did very poor work in school and was morally very weak. He worked as a farm hand in Ad County and there married a daughter of Athena Brown, but these two have since separated. Lu, the next child, born 1899, did better than her brother in school but was a thief and stole a wed- ding ring and bracelets from the woman at whose house she worked at one time. She married in 1913 at theageof fourteen and is now in Ad County. Adelaide, the wife of Rupert Brown, very dark in color, was the next child of Bob Jones and after her came Imogen, born 1868, a prostitute, who 97 THE WIN TRIBE KINV] NOLYAG-UaISHaM, AHT, ‘OZ LAVHO v a v 7 a v q Y ere WVHD ZITITI Zas IK TAVS HLAOL EE naoug SNT S9ON NTAIN 190 sya D wmitana eoove | axslor nraoy |-XVA ZININZP COVHOT NOX cauver IaH | NOSTR “ONOT Sanor Sanor aicav KOLHAE ValSeap NEDO} RI 08 MONGREL VIRGINIANS had four illegitimate children before marriage, the father of all of these probably being Leander Brown. She is a typical mixed Indian type with dark complexion and dark hair, very defective mentally. She is ignorant, untrained, and, in the words of one of the former workers at the Mission, “keeps the worst house visited.”’. She has a son by Webster Jones born 1906, and later married him in 1908. Webster is rather light in color, ignorant, quarrelsome, high tempered, but rather capable. The first child of Imogen was Harriet, of fair intelligence, industrious, and one who has always tried hard to do well, although much abused by her husband, Mason Black. Jared, born 1890, the second child of Imogen, with dark curly hair, black eyes, dark skin, facial contour oval, is a good worker as a tenant farmer. He steals whatever he can, is of poor mentality and has never amounted to anything. He married Ton Nevin in 1911 but left her later and cohabited with Octavia Miller, a prostitute, practically white. She has had in all eight children: the first two probably by a white man, the mail carrier, both capable but with no chance for train- ing, nearly white in color. The first, a girl, born 1905, is quite disreputable at the present time. THE WIN TRIBE 99 The other six children of Octavia are reputed to be by Jared Jones. ‘‘A,” the first, born 1912, medium brown curly hair, brown eyes, dark skin, has learned to read and write in four years of schooling and does not appear very bright, is hard to manage and likes to annoy animals. “B,”’ born 1913, with medium brown hair and blue eyes and light skin, is of poor mentality and has not yet learned to read and write. “C,” born 1914, has light hair, brown eyes and light skin and as yet has had no schooling. The other three children are small. The next child of Imogen was Jennie, born 1895, practically white in color, with third grade school- ing, a prostitute before marriage with an illegiti- mate child at the age of twenty-three. She married Ichabod Ross as already noted. Maxine, born about 1896, the last of the illegitimate children of Imogen, married Robin Brown and is described under him. ‘‘E,” the child of Webster, is very defective mentally and it is said has only sense enough to follow a horse plowing in a furrow. He also chops wood well. He is a rather good looking boy, very Indian in type, with straight black hair and dark skin. Imogen’s brother, next in line, is Burton Jones, born 1870. He is very black in color, has straight 100 MONGREL VIRGINIANS black hair, and ‘‘very poor sense.” He was formerly a hard worker but some twenty years ago “‘was sick” and ‘“‘since then not able to do much.” He has always been a tenant farmer and for several years recently has been on the “D—” place. He is very poor and he and his wife maintain a rather poor standard of living. His wife Addie Long is from a defective family, also tubercular, and has already been noted under Alta Brown. The first child of this couple, who were married in 1892, was Jacob, born the follow- ing year. He has very dark skin and hair color, yet is registered as white in a nearby city. He is very feeble-minded and incapable; he runs away whenever he sees anyone coming. He married Josie Brown, daughter of Simon, also defective mentally, and has three small children. The first child of Josie was illegitimate; father un- known. Evelyn, the next child of Addie and Burton, born 1895, was not very capable either with her head or hands. At twenty-three, she had an illegitimate child which later died. Evelyn died the same year of tuberculosis. Her sister, ““C,”’ born 1896, died young also of tubercu- losis. ‘The next two children died very young. “FF” the next, born 1909, has almost black, kinky, THE WIN TRIBE 101 long hair, with a light brown “spotted” skin with dark eyes. She has attended school for some years but has only been able to copy words and do a little modelling in clay. The next two girls of Addie are much like “F” except brighter in school. “J,” the youngest child, is quite stupid mentally. Physically he is like the others. David Jones, the next son of Bob and Salva, a typical Indian, dark color, straight black hair, a hard worker, quiet in disposition, married in 1893, Persis Hill, who previously had two il- legitimate children. The Hill family, white in general, is not extremely capable. Persis is mentally weak, but very voluble, a hard worker but incapable of planning and managing her own home. She lives near her daughter Lucy who married Vergil Jones. These two illegitimate children were Lucy, with little sense, physically a poor type but essentially energetic, married to Vergil Jones, and Lina, a mentally inert prostitute who had one bastard Ruth, feeble-minded, and who is now married. David and Persis have always been poor. David’s brother Hamlin, born 1875, with straight black hair and dark copper skin, almost black, black eyes, never attended school and never 102 MONGREL VIRGINIANS learned to read and write. He has always worked hard but still has acquired only a team of horses andawagon. Hehas always been a tenant farmer and at present works for the Taylors. He has lived in the same two-room log cabin with his very large family for several years. He has always been interested in the Mission activities and one of the Mission workers has said that Hamlin Jones and Valentine Black were the only two LyYDOY HAMLIN | MINCHEN WALL HALL CHART 21. THE HAMLIN FAMILY in the group with any religious sense. ‘This same worker also said that she felt that in the last few years Hamlin had been sitting back and letting the church partially support him through giving clothes, etc., to the children. He is spoken of as “not much account to do anything” and “‘no harm in him.” His first wife was Lyddy Hall, a mu- latto Indian mixture, by whom he had one child, “A.” lLyddy died of tuberculosis about the year THE WIN TRIBE 103 1900 and it is said on good authority that she was buried with ‘‘perspiration all over her face as she lay in the coffin.” This was noticed by many persons present but the funeral continued irre- spective of this. She was probably buried alive; this is the opinion of many people. Hamlin then married her sister, Minchen Hall, also a daughter of Andrew, and a mulatto. She herself, has black curly hair, black eyes, light copper skin and high cheek bones, with the appearance of a negro withal. This negro blood comes in on the mother’s side more than from the father. She had some schooling, claiming the seventh grade herself. She can read and write and has a very good range of information and is rather active mentally. Her teacher says that she did very acceptable work in school. It is estimated that she has a “D” mentality on the basis of the army mental tests. She is the “biggest liar in the crowd but does it only to be interesting” and is a trouble maker. She works a good bit at the Mission at washing and cleaning and “gets more out of it than anyone.” She pretends to be very religious—‘‘a pillar of the church’’—so states one of the former workers at the Mission. She has always been chaste—she and Sophia Black, the only ones of the older gener- 104 MONGREL VIRGINIANS ation now living who can claim to be chaste and know the paternity of their children. Hamlin’s children are numerous. The oldest, ‘‘A,’’ born 1896, by the first wife, was a typical Indian in physical make-up; dark skin and black hair. He attended school at the Mission for many years and his school record was poor. He was sent to the Hampton Institute at Hampton Roads, Va., and there classed as an Indian. He broke the honor system rules at the school and spent most of his time in negro cabins in the town and finally acquired a very unsavory reputation at that place. Subsequently, the Indians at the school would have nothing to do with him. He remained only a short while and was then expelled. He then went to Washington, D. C., where he has been variously employed in the car barns, butcher shops and other like places. During the World War he returned to Ab County at one time with a white woman almost fifty years old as his bride. She remained but a short while and left. Two years later he went there with a mulatto woman as his second wife. It is now stated that he is married a third time to a white wife. Nothing is known of these women and so far as is known he has no children. Nothing further is known of his THE WIN TRIBE 105 personal traits. All the other children of Hamlin are by Minchen, the sister of “A’s” mother. The first is ‘B,” born 1903, physically a typical Indian. He wasa plodder in school at the Mission but never went beyond the third grade. He went to Washington and is now with his brother. Little is known of him other than that he has served several terms in jail for minor offenses. His relatives in Ab County have sent him money at various times “‘to help him out”’ but he has never returned any of it. “C,” his sister, born 1904, the next child of Hamlin and Minchen, has straight Indian hair, copper skin, dark eyes—a typical Indian. She attended the Mission and reached the fifth grade in school but could not pass long division. She had special training in music but plays the piano with no idea of rhythm or time and never plays the same selection twice the same way. She was taken into the home of the pastor of a church in Ab County as a maid and did very acceptable domestic service but spent her evenings in immoral practices, a fact which would not be believed by the pastor until he became aware of the fact that she was pregnant when he forced her to marry the father of the child. The latter is a white man, aged about forty-five, an ex-soldier 106 MONGREL VIRGINIANS with none too savory a reputation, though of fair ability. ‘They are now living in Ad County where he is a tenant farmer. ‘They have one child born in 1923, practically white. “D,” born 1907, brother of “C,” another typical Indian in physical characteristics, reached the fifth grade in school. At fourteen, he led the dances in the Win cabins. Even his mother admits that when a boy he was immoral. He broke into the Mission house once with intent to steal. He has lost every job he has taken because of his thieving propensities. At present he is working on the rented farm of his brother-in-law. ‘“E,” born 1908, sister of ‘““D,” with long black straight wiry hair, black eyes, dark skin, Indian facial features, short in stature, had St. Vitus Dance as a child. She later went to school but always appeared tired and it was discovered that she was made to get up at four o’clock every morning. She did not do as good work as the others but is mentally as capable. She went into domestic service in the county seat of Ab County. At one time, her behavior was questionable and she acquired the reputation of a prostitute. At present her reputation for chastity is good. She “apes” her mistress in speech and manner. “F,” THE WIN TRIBE 107 born 1909, her brother, with black straight hair, dark brown eyes, skin light copper, facial contour oval, reached the fifth grade in school and did very fair work. He and his brother seldom missed school because of the weather. ‘“F” was the “showy kind in school—always wanted to answer all the questions.” His reactions are quick and he is bright and interested in things, and has a good disposition. He is a good worker and is now with his sister “C.”’ He is always telling marvel- ous tales with no apparent object in view. At one time he tried to set fire to the Mission build- ings. He is a sex degenerate and a masturbator. “G,” born 1911, the next boy of Hamlin’s, with straight, black, soft (not wiry) hair, dark brown eyes, medium dark olive skin, rather high cheek bones but with a tendency to a flat nose, tested 8.8 years mental age at the physical age of 11.5. His immediate memory was good but vocabulary poor and with little reasoning power in abstract matters. At thirteen he is in the fifth grade doing fair work. He lacks the ability to stick to a thing, as do most of the Wins, has a bad temper and is overbearing and contentious at times. He has been a petty thief and has bad sex habits. Physically he is rather quick in his reac- 108 MONGREL VIRGINIANS tions and ambitious. ‘‘H,’’ his sister, born 1914, tested 8.6 years mentally at a physical age of 8.5 and did fair work in the third grade in school. At the age of 9.5 she is doing fair work in the fourth grade. She knows things one day in school; on another knows nothing. ‘This is characteristic of many of the children in school. There are already signs that she is “slowing up” mentally. At ten, she is already “‘going with the boys.” She has some ability in singing. ‘“H” has straight black hair, brown eyes, copper skin, facial contour oval. “I,” her sister, is a typical Indian in physi- cal make-up except that she is very thin and has a tendency to a curl in her hair. She is in the second grade at eight and is fair in her work except in arithmetic. She leads the singing in the church and knows all the tunes by number. “J,” the next child of Hamlin, has black curly hair, brown eyes, copper skin. At six, he is in grade one. Another child, aged four, “‘K,’’ ends the list of children of Hamlin and Minchen. Twins, born several years ago, died, and a last child is reported to have “‘just died as the mother thought she had enough to care for.’”? These children are all workers; some are distinctly In- dian, others show negroid traits from the mother. THE WIN TRIBE 109 They are all hypererotic and are committing anti- social acts in the sexual realm. Several of them have been petty thieves. There has been an expectancy that some of the children of Hamlin would do well but they all seem to “break” during the adolescent period, and none have “‘turned out” well. Vergil Jones, brother of Hamlin, born 1879, is like Hamlin in physical make-up. He is a good worker but not as capable nor does he have the planning ability of his brother. He, however, stays in one place and is a regular attendant at church. He isnot very intelligent, “‘has not much sense,” and cannot read and write. In 1916 he was arrested with “C,” the son of Lisle Lane, and fined for entering and breaking property of another Win. Further details of this are not known. He is reported somewhat intemperate at present. His family is considered the most degenerate group among the Wins. His wife, Lucy Hill, born 1883, light in color, the illegitimate daughter of Persis Hill, has ‘‘no sense,” and is very ignorant. Physically she is a poor type, underfed and under-nourished, but still energetic in her stupid way. She married Vergil Jones and has six living children. The oldest boy, 110 MONGREL VIRGINIANS “A,” born 1904, dark in color, was very stupid in school and learned nothing. He works, when employed, as a woodchopper. ‘B,” born 1906, with blue black hair, dark skin, a typical Indian, with much modesty, is doing very fair work in the fifth grade, industrious, dependable, truthful and conscientious but slow. His brother ‘‘C” was committed on December 10, 1920, to the Staunton, (Virginia) State Hospital as an idiot, for per- manent care. “FE,” born 1914, the next living child, at ten is in grade four in school, under- nourished, with poor mental ability. It is said that “E”’ is an illegitimate child, that Vergil is not her father. The other two children of Lucy are young. Nothing has been learned of Frank Jones the last son of Bob other than his marriage. Returning to the main line again, to continue the children of Hal Jones and Ada Brown; Elsie is known only by name as married to her cousin “D” Brown; no children. Another, Clara Jones, born 1836, is still living. She isa tall, heavy built woman weighing about 250 pounds. She has black, now becoming grey, straight hair, dark eyes, heavy coarse features with rather high cheek bones, medium brown skin with a tinge of copper THE WIN TRIBE 111 in it. She does not have the coloring or appear- ance of the mulatto. She is very ignorant, her whole information being that of “‘what has gone on in the Win area for sixty years,’’ most of which she has forgotten. She is a typical beggar, always approaching strangers. Naturally she has had no schooling having grown up at a period when schools were not known except in the county seat and then not for the ‘‘colored.”’ At eighty-seven, she is a grumbler, very emotional, can put forth a copious flow of tears especially when her “rheu- matism” or “heart disease” is enquired about. She is industrious although untrained, and even now helps at times in stripping tobacco and caring for the younger children. She is always talking about and very proud of her ‘“‘clar-blooded ancestors.”’ She married first a ‘““M—’” and later Cyril Black in 1871. She had no children. She and Cyril live with their “adopted son,’ Bruno Jones, whom they have brought up since a little child. Esther Jones is a sister of Clara and little has been found concerning her. She married Asa Brown, the son of Al. Next in this fraternity was Faustina, born 1840 or so, who looked almost white. She had an illegitimate child by a man half white, but very black, of negro blood. This TE MONGREL VIRGINIANS child, Felice, married Abraham Johnson, men- tioned earlier. Faustina cooked for many years for a white owner before he married. Then she took Abraham Johnson away from her own daugh- ter for a while, living with him for seven years in a near-by city. At one time when a prostitute, living near the Mission, she sent word to the Mission asking for clothes for herself. She has ABRAHAM JOHNSON. TIMOTHY LUCIA DONALD SALOME WILDFR C BLACK BLACK CHART 22. THE ABRAHAM JOHNSON FAMILY always been considered a rascal. She died a few years ago. Felice, born 1855, was her only child. She has grey curly hair, blue eyes, facial contour round, short and fat in build, and with only a few months schooling in which she did not learn to read and write, she has grown up an ignorant woman. Her mentality is dull but she has been a hard worker and has done a great deal for the THE WIN TRIBE 113 support of her family. She married Abraham Johnson, the illegitimate child of Mary Johnson and Albert Brown, had three children by him, and while he was away from home associating with her mother, had a bastard child Daniel. Abra- ham or Abe, born 1848, with grey curly hair now, skin light, tall and thin, claims to be a white man. He had a year’s schooling as a child and learned to read and write. When the Mission first started he became the superintendent of the Sunday School and kept this position for many years. He makes long speeches in church. He is very licentious, his cohabitation with his mother-in-law having just been mentioned. He is a good hand to work under direction but has never been particularly industrious and never amounted to anything. He and Felice had three children: Timothy, Gretel and Rex. Timothy, born 1872, the oldest, shows colored blood and a yellow complexion and it is stated that there is a question of his paternity. He has no education and is a tenant farmer, like the others. He is very deaf and stutters. He married Deborah Black, daugh-: ter of Nannie, and four children have been born to her since marriage. ‘The first two are reputed to be by Timothy; the others unknown as to 114 MONGREL VIRGINIANS father. Deborah, like her mother, as a Black, has much negro in her and is very dark. She has ordinary intelligence for a Win or negro of that class. She goes out to do washings and house- work and has the reputation of stealing whenever she can. Her first child, Donald, spent a little time in school] but never learned to read and write and is of comparatively low intelligence. At school he was well behaved and one of the better ones. He was arrested several times for petty offenses and in general amounted to nothing. He died in 1923 of pneumonia, his wife, Lucia Black, having a posthumous child the same year. Salome, born 1905, the second child of Deborah, has kinky hair, dark skin but white features, and reached only the second grade in school. Sheisa kleptomaniac and at times has exhibited hyster- ical spells. She has always been chaste, her mother has guarded her closely and kept her within sight up to the time she married Wilder Black, in 1923. “C,”’ son of Deborah, father un- known, very fair complexion, practically white, is listed in grade four in school at the age of eleven but cannot concentrate, is stupid and attends very irregularly. He is considered mentally defective. The other illegitimate child of De- AN AVERAGE WIN HOME INTERIOR OF A BETTER GRADE HOME THE WIN TRIBE 115 borah is “D,” born 1915, of light complexion with no negroid features. Her father is reputed to be a certain white man, acarpenter. She is in grade three at school at the age of nine, but is not attending regularly. Gretel, the second child of F elice, born 1877, light complexion with negroid features, has long kinky hair, a big mouth and talks like a negro. She is of fair intelligence but has had practically no schooling. She has had several children. “A,” the first, born 1893, when Gretel was sixteen, is a bastard. Then follow two boys born after her marriage in 1899 to Union Brown, son of Adam. After that are two illegitimate children. One of these is married and now moved away; the other, “C” Johnson, now twelve, is in grade two in school and doing very fair work. Union tried to divorce Gretel on grounds of adultery but failed to produce the evidence in court and the case was dismissed, but Union left-her taking the two boys with him. After he left she cohabited with Andrew Hall and at one time tried to secure a license to marry but it was refused. She is still with him as his housekeeper. ‘‘A,” the girl, with black hair, black eyes, skin dark, with a negroid appearance, attended the Mission school 116 MONGREL VIRGINIANS and can read and write a little. She is mentally inert, slow in her reactions and “acts stupid.” She once said “she could write a beautiful letter but no one could read it.” She married Douglas Jones, one of the lowest Wins, and has several - children. The father of “‘C,”’ the daughter of Gretel, is probably a white man. Rex is the third of Felice’s legitimate children and was born in 1879. He has black curly hair, brown eyes, dark skin, facial contour oval, medium height and is very thin. He has had no schooling and cannot read or write, has a very narrow range of information and is rather low in intelligence. He is a libertine and every once in a while gets tired of Mildred, his wife, and goes to Ohio for a time. He is not very intelligent as seen by the statement he makes that “he would join church if the clergy did not have to have money and would live from house to house.” He is a great idler,—too proud to work. He also spends much time fox hunting. His wife is Mildred Brown, of poor intelligence, a hard working woman who has taken the burden of the whole family. They have several children. “A,” the oldest, born 1900, with black straight hair, dark eyes, light skin, attended school for two years and learned to read and write. THE WIN TRIBE 117 He works for a milk concern in a near-by city. He is very offensive in manner, continually “‘show- ing off,’’ especially on trains. He “hasn’t much to contribute” was the answer when an informant was asked as to his ability. His brother ‘B,” born 1903, did better in school than ‘‘A”’ but he~ too attended only two years. He also is employed in the city. He is more intelligent than “A.” As a young boy he was adopted by Valentine Black. Heis now married. ‘“‘C,” his sister, born 1905, with light hair and skin, is totally deaf, has never attended school, and is very incapable even in her own home. “D,” born 1907, with straight black hair, light skin, has never attended school and is of poor mentality. ‘“E,”’ born 1910, the last in this fraternity, is now at fourteen doing fair work in the third grade with only one years schooling. The child however shows little promise of much further mental development. Felice had one illegitimate child by an unknown father. This boy, Daniel Johnson, born 1890, is part negro and recognizes that he has that blood in his veins and so will not marry out of that race; he feels that none of the Wins is good enough to marry, hence he has remained single. He is a good farmer but uneducated, and main- 118 MONGREL VIRGINIANS tains pleasant relations with his neighbors and the Mission folks. This ends the descendants of Faustina Jones, the daughter of Hal. Hal’s wife, Ada, had a bastard Aaron Brown; already noted as the husband of Daphne Brown, daughter of Bill. The foregoing description gives the main part of the Jones family. Here and there are found LILLIF SAUL JONES BLACK CLARA CYRIL NAN [UE DAISY. | ANDREW AMANDA | URIAH AUGUSTA CARL apes JONES HALL BROWN BROWN Tie = sNDREW HALL FACLY omusatit Oat ate Oye, © Cl eS rs spr VALENTINE B TIMOTHY Ipeporak HARRIET BRUCE DELTA HARVEY JOHNSO! MASON JONES JOHNSON CHART A FY CuHart 23. THE SAvL-LILLIE FAMILY a few lines that are probably Indian white mixture only. The greater part, however, have a triple mixture; Indian, white and negro. Intellectually, it is low grade but here and there are found family groups that stand out in the area; groups that maintain themselves with a very fair social re- sponse. In general the social reaction is very poor and the economic levels very low. THE WIN TRIBE 119 Hal had four sisters who will be taken up next. Two of these are unknown except by name. The others are Tabitha and Belinda. The former, born 1809, is recalled as a little, brown skinned, almost full blooded negro who, it is related, lived to be almost one hundred years of age. Nothing is known of her life other than the fact that she had a daughter Lillie by a negro slave, this daughter born about 1825. It is said that this child belonged to the Taylor family as a slave. Saul Black, a white man, came to Ab County from ‘Tidewater, Virginia and settled on some land in the Win country. He took Lillie: whether he bought Lillie as a slave is not known. He kept-her on his rented place and had several children by her. She was very ignorant but evidently very industrious. She was very black and had kinky hair. As the children grew up, she treated the lighter ones of the family with greater respect than the dark ones and would not permit the latter to eat at the same table with the light ones. This greater consideration given to the lighter colored members of a family is often found among the Wins as noted elsewhere, but this was particularly true of Lillie. It is known that several white men from Ab County have had 120 MONGREL VIRGINIANS illicit relations with Lillie more or less frequently. Saul Black was a tenant farmer of no particular abilicy, with no property and was never able to forge ahead. He was born about 1810. The only record of him is a marriage license issued to him and a Johnson in 1835. No explanation of this has been found. Lillie had six children: Cyril, Nannie, Daisy, Lu Ethel, Uriah, and Carl. Cyril has already been mentioned as the husband of Clara Jones and was born in 1850. He is a typical mixture, short, kinky hair now becoming grey, medium dark complexion, flat nose, a typical mulatto type. He has no schooling and never learned to read and write. He has always worked as a tenant farmer or as a laborer. He has never acquired anything and now as an old man of seventy-four, is poor. He and his wife live with their ‘‘adopted”’ son Bruno Jones and his wife Cilla and it is said that several of Cilla’s children are by Cyril. He recognizes that he is part negro and does not profess to be anything else. Nannie, his sister, is like him in physical traits except taller and thinner. She was born in 1851. She has typical negra hair, curly but long, now whitening, negro black skin coloring lacking the copper tint such as is found in Hamlin THE WIN TRIBE Pat Jones, for instance. She has no schooling and intellectually is very poor as to academic possibil- ities. She learned to spin and weave on a loom as a child and formerly made her own clothing. She lives in a ramshackle old cabin on the Tom (white) place. She has had five children, two dying young. Valentine, the oldest living, is supposed to be by a white man; Deborah by Allen Brown; and Mason by the old man on whose place she lived. Some of the white men of the commun- ity in years past are known to have gone to Nan- nie’s house for purposes of illicit relations and it is said that one minister of the gospel also fre- quented the house for the same reason. As an old woman, she takes wandering spells but never goes far. She has always supported herself by working. Her oldest child, Valentine, born 1870, has grey curly hair, grey eyes, light skin color, facial contour square. He had no schooling and can neither read nor write. He has a wide range of information and is quick mentally and physi- cally. Heis a good worker and thrifty—a sort of feudal lord to the Wins and loyal to both the Wins and the whites. He always ran a “‘harem”’ at his home, keeping a group of young Win married couples at his house until the time he joined the 127 MONGREL VIRGINIANS church. Since then he seems to have been less licentious in his behavior. His wife, Anita Brown, will not accompany him anywhere because of his reputation for licentiousness. Anita, born 1872, a daughter of Asa and Esther, has no children. Deborah Black, the second child of Nannie, born 1874, has much negro in her, dark skin, long black curly hair, thin angular face. She has ordinary intelligence, is industrious and main- tains a very comfortable home. She has been a prostitute at times. Her children are described under the husband, Timothy Johnson. Mason, the third child of Nannie, born 1886, six feet tall, good looking, light complexion, has been a horse trader and raised some tobacco. What money he earns he spends on women other than his wife, Harriet Jones, daughter of Imogen, whom he neglects. He has been a hard worker but never gets anywhere. Some of Hepsy’s chil- dren are reputed to be by him. Mason married Harriet in 1904 when he was eighteen and she nine- teen. They have six children: three attend school, are dull and slow in their work but are “‘more re- fined than some of the others.” Harriet never comes to the sales at the Mission and has little contact with them except through the school. 123 THE WIN TRIBE ATINVA TIVE MAXGNY FHL ‘$7 LAVHO — “sanor y ¥ ‘W1cgkwd QVUNOD = V ZORVI ort} * KIM IUVEO VIR NITHVH *ISVHO VATYS HOG xis Sect Bas naowa NIAZN senor AHO *caxor sanof sanort Oxy TY [ASINC1 SMUXQ MISSHG -NIN [NTiAVH] AcaK1 900v2 VIGAT ) OSOH ~ONTHSY ViIndos 1 LO OF] OL +0 O10 HO GIO THS 124 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Daisy was the third child of Lillie, born 1854. All that is known of her is that she had one child Washington, or ‘‘Wash,” by Andrew Hall, il- legitimately. She died many years ago. Andrew then lived with her sister Lu Ethel and had many children by her. “Wash” Black, born 1878, has a light complexion, soft dark brown hair with some curl in it, one person having described him as looking like a foreigner with tuberculosis. He 1s tall and thin. He had some schooling and can read and write. As a young man and for a time after marriage he worked hard and did well but began to borrow money which he failed to pay back and soon after that became “spoiled” and settled back a bit and has been less industrious in more recent years. He is now a tenant farmer on the ““M—” place and moving about each year “to better himself.” One man said of him, ‘He talks well and easily but when he tells the truth you know he has made a mistake.”’ For some time he has been janitor of the Mission church. This he continues to do although he has moved recently several miles from the buildings. He married Sophia Jones, daughter of Willett, a woman with black curly hair, brown eyes, light copper skin color, high cheek bones. Her mother THE WIN TRIBE 125 is an Indian-white combination, her father a mixture of the three races. In studying the chil- dren of ‘‘Wash” and Sophia, all of whom are legitimate, it will be interesting to consider the characteristics. Sophia had a third grade educa- tion and now can read and write. It is said that she has a seventh grade academic ability, much better than the average Win. She and “Wash” had nine children reaching maturity and six who died in infancy. Lance, the oldest, born 1900, applied himself in school and went as far as the seventh grade and would have continued but his spirit and will were broken by his father and he left school and took to drinking for a time. He had wished to enter the Navy but his father prevented this. He has since become a tenant farmer in the Win area and married Charlotte Jones to legitimize their unborn child. He and his family now live with the father and he is trying hard to get along. He is morally weak and does not have the courage of his convictions. He ts dark in color with curly hair but is not typically Indian. His brother, “B,” born 1905, with black curly hair, brown eyes, dark skin, facial contour oval, had seven years schooling and did very fair work in school to the sixth grade. He was 126 MONGREL VIRGINIANS capable in arithmetic, a study in which the Wins are generally poor. He was desirous of attending a military camp but his father would not let him go. He has remained with the Wins and became a farm hand. In 1923, he forged a check for $27.00, was arrested, and sentenced to three years in prison, but white friends, secured a change of sentence to thirty days probation. ‘“C,” born 1907, the next child of “‘Wash,” a light yellow in color, has attended school for a number of years but never went beyond the fourth grade. Some days he did very well; others very poorly; a char- acteristic of the group. He was troublesome in school, stubborn, and fought with the other chil- dren. He has been quite vicious in some of his behavior. He is at home with his father. ‘D,” born August 1, 1911, is a typical negro physically with short kinky black hair, dark skin, flat nose, typical negro inflection of the voice. At the physical age of 11.5, she tested 9.2 years old mentally by the Binet-Simon test. She does very fair average work in grade five at 12.5 years. Her teacher states that she is unusually reliable and bright and active physically. She has never been troublesome in school but has been known twice to have stolen money. “FE,” her brother, THE WIN TRIBE 127 with medium brown curly hair, does very fair work in grade four at eleven. He seems to have some artistic and musical ability. His sister “G,” like “E” in physical make-up, is doing good work in grade one at the age of eight. The other children of this family are still small. The children of this family are seen to be more typical of negroes than Indians, and three of them are of very fair school ability. “Wash” Black had many half brothers and sisters who genetically are perhaps full sibs as their mothers are sisters. The first of these is Lydia, born 1878, (?) who married Hugo Jones already mentioned. Her brother, Zadoc Hall, born 1881, a mulatto type, ‘‘very sorry and no good,” married a sister of Cilla Smith who married Bruno Jones, practically white with blue eyes. They live “back in the mountains” and have not been seen. Zadoc died in 1923 leaving two chil- dren, one being Conrad who married Crystal Jones. Lyddy and Minchen, the next two chil- dren of the fraternity, have just been described under Hamlin Jones, whom they married. Cyrus, born 1886, the next brother, was a mulatto, ‘‘no account,” like his next older brother. He married first, in 1908, Bessie Jones, daughter of Hugo, 128 MONGREL VIRGINIANS then four months later, with no divorce interven- ing, secured another license from the same county clerk’s office and married a Miller. She is appar- ently a white woman. ‘They have one child born in 1921. In 1918 Cyrus was found guilty and fined for violation of the prohibition law in Ab County. “G,” his brother, born 1889, reputed illegitimate, “looks like a stylish white boy,” did very well in school and showed good mental ability but is ‘‘a rascal.” He has been a wanderer for a time in West Virginia and recently in Wash- ington, D. C. He “amounts to nothing.” He married a Nevin in 1911, and has one small child. Louise, the next child of Andrew and Lu Ethel, a medium dark negroid woman, rather vicious in type, and mean in disposition, married Alfred - Brown and her children are described under Alfred earlier. “I,’”’ the last of this fraternity, a mulatto type, “yellow,” has served three years in the penitentiary in West Virginia for horse stealing. He has been away from Ab County and little is known of him other than this. Uriah, is the next child of Lillie Black. Hewas born in 1858, has black (now grey), curly hair, dark brown eyes, skin with darkish red tinge, facial contour round, never had any schooling, THE WIN TRIBE 129 has never learned to read and write, but has a very fair range of information. He is physically active, rather quick in his general reactions. He has always done farm labor and been very thrifty, has acquired some property upon which his first wife now lives. When the Mission chapel was built he was made one of the trustees. He mar- ried Amanda Brown, then sixteen, the black daughter of Amelia Brown, this on December 24, 1879, and later had three children by her. He divorced her about 1912 on grounds of adultery and then married Augusta Brown, daughter of Austin, a prostitute. In 1923 it was known that Uriah was making liquor illegally and although previously warned that he was going to be searched, he still continued his activities and later was caught and fined about $150. This he paid by selling some of the land which he owned. He is now living on rented land. His first wife Amanda, born 1863, was the illegitimate daughter of Amelia Brown, daughter of Bill, and a white man of good stock. She has greyish hair with a slight curl, dark complexion, not showing much copper color, and is stockily built. She had no schooling, married young and has three children. Her home has always been clean, she is industrious, 130 MONGREL VIRGINIANS thrifty, and takes good care of her place. She and Uriah acquired land through saving, and she now lives on it since the divorce. She associates little with the other Wins and thinks she is “quite somebody.” She seldom buys at the Mission sales and has little contact with the workers. Recently, however, when one was ill she was very helpful. Her children are: Bruce, born about 1880; Delta, born December, 1882; and Harvey, born about 1885. Bruce, with dark curly hair, yellow skin, negroid features but of mixed type, has always worked hard and acquired by thrift one hundred seventy-five acres of land worth about three thousand dollars. He is stingy, unlike the other Wins who spend or give away their money as soon as they get it. He is ugly in disposition, silent and quarrelsome. People are always having trouble with him at the Win cemetery which ad- joins his land. He has pneumonia almost every year, is sickly in general, and unable to do much work now. He is probably tubercular. It has been said that as a young boy he was quite trifling. , His sister, Delta, is shorter in stature than her mother and rather heavy. She has thin light brown hair, short curl, light skin color, prominent THE WIN TRIBE 131 cheek bones, was accounted very stupid in school, and could not even be made to play with the other children. She has always worked hard in the fields as a laborer, and, like all in her family, saves what money she earns. She has a toxic goitre and complains of heart trouble. She states that she goes to a “town doctor” for treatment, meaning a physician in a near-by city, but others state that she has “lovers in that city,” and that she stays there days at a time. She has a violent temper, and a generally quarrelsome disposition. Once she threatened to shoot another with a pistol. By some she is considered insane at times. She lives with her mother. Harvey, her other brother, has dark curly hair and dark skin. He was injured in the leg when a child and sustained a severe cut which has rendered him crippled since. He became a carpenter by trade, and has farmed and raised horses. He was thrifty and being clever and capable has saved money. He loaned money out among the Wins and col- lected “high interest”? and so became generally known as a usurer. In 1916, Harvey went to another state with a white woman and married. They are now living in North Carolina. Nothing further is known of them. 132 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Carl Black was a brother of Uriah and the last of Lillie’s children. He was born in 1860 and grew up a typical darkey with black kinky hair, dark skin, flat nose and thick lips. In fact he and his children were so dark and typically negro that they were not allowed to come to the Mission. He had no schooling but was a hard worker, though a “sorry” negro and always poor. He BERYL | ALTON Lycra DONALD LONG JOHNSON oon a ae LONG CHART CHAR’ CuHart 25. THe CArt-GERALDINE FAMILY married Geraldine Hall, a sister of Andrew, dark in color who considered herself a ‘“‘Portugee Tribe Indian,” as did Andrew. She was a frail, tubercu- lar woman, and died many years ago. Nothing is known of her first three children. ‘“D,” the next, very defective mentally, has five illegitimate chil- dren and lives on Bull Creek. She has not been seen. ‘The next, “E,’’ married a Brown, the son of Aaron, and Beatrice married Abel Long. They THE WIN TRIBE 133 are also noted under their husbands. Wilder, the next, born 1897, attended school a bit but cannot read and write. He is very slow and dull mentally but with a very fair range of information. He was in the Army during the World War, serving part of the time in France. Physically he has straight black hair, black eyes, copper color skin, with the facial contour and bone structure of an Indian. He married Salome Johnson, also a Win. His sister, Beryl, born 1899, a typical mulatto, did rather well in school, married at fifteen and later married again after the death of her first husband. Now she is licentious, quarrelsome, and continually in trouble. She lives on Bull Creek. Lucia, the last child of Carl, a typical mulatto, was a prostitute before her marriage last year to Donald Johnson. This ends the description of the descendants of Tabitha Jones and of her one child Lillie. The Black family, descended from the mixture of an Indian-white woman and a negro, is the most characteristically negro group in the Win Tribe. The negroid physical and mental charac- teristics are very prominent and hide almost completely any Indian that may be present. Intellectually some in the group show a very fair 134 MONGREL VIRGINIANS reaction for a Win, and there is more industrious- ‘ness, probably from the negro influence, than in the rest of the Tribe. These Blacks, however, are looked down upon by the rest of the Wins because of the obvious presence of negro blood. Next is Belinda Jones, the last child of Ned Jones and Iders. She was born about 1820 and was “black and had a nappy head.” She mated CHART 26. THE WILLETT FAMILY with a half negro, who was killed during the Civil War, and had two children, Willett and Oswald. Willett, born 1844, was a mulatto of the white type, honest, industrious, intelligent about things he knew, but very ignorant and amounted to nothing. He died in 1914 of heart disease, “hem- orrhage from the nose,” being given as the cause on his death record. He married Blanche Brown, THE WIN TRIBE 135 daughter of Bill, born 1852, of whom it was im- possible to obtain information. They had eleven children. Dwight, the first, born 1869, black curly hair, black eyes, skin copper, negroid in make-up, a good worker but trifling, uneducated and unintelligent, is the “sorriest” of Willett’s children. He has been a thief and warrants for his arrest have been issued many times but he has never been arrested. He has had pleurisy several times and is now probably tubercular. He mar- ried Alice Brown, the daughter of Amelia and Adam, black curly hair, dark eyes, copper skin, not very intelligent and a thief. They have a poor home and maintain a very low standard of living. Douglas Jones is their oldest child, born 1893, with dark hair and skin. He learned to read and write at the Mission school but is very slow and dull in his reactions. He has poor mentality and little range of information. He cannot answer simple questions as to dates, etc. He has served two terms in prison, in 1912 and again in 1919, for robbery. He was a deserter from the United States Army during the war. He married ‘“‘A” Johnson, daughter of Gretel, and has two small children. Nothing is known of the next two children of Willett: the next, 136 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Sophia, with black curly hair, light copper skin, of very fair ability, has just previously been noted as the wife of “Wash” Black. The next two are also unknown. Bertie, born 1879, black curly hair, blue eyes, skin copper, facial contour oval, learned to read and write at the Mission school, is of fair mentality for a Win with a range of in- formation limited to her personal experience. She has been a prostitute all her life, is brazen and has an ugly temper, defiant and rude. She maintains a low grade home and permits her children to go about dirty. She attempts to earn a living by washing and doing housework but is very inefficient in her work. Like Oneida Ross, “she is an awful vamp.” She has four children of unknown fathers. Bertha, the first, born 1901, practically white, did very fair work and was a well-behaved child in school. She is lame from tuberculosis of the hip bones. She married Dean Brown in 1920. “B,” born 1905, the next child of Bertie, whose father is reputed to be Jack Jones, learned nothing in school and has been somewhat of a tramp since then. He will stay at one place a few days then go to another to work. “B” is a “copper colored boy,” and is now spoken of as capable in farm THE WIN TRIBE 137 work and energetic in manner. ‘‘C,” his brother, born 1907, practically a white boy with light hair color, was very dull in school but is a good boy and industrious since leaving school. “D,” born 1911, the last of Bertie’s children, with light hair and blue eyes, white skin, attends school irregularly but is now doing fair work in the third grade. She stays with Dean Brown that she may go to school. Bertie is absolutely indifferent to the schooling or any of the activities of any of her children. Sylvester Jones, the next of Willett’s children, born 1880, black straight hair, dark skin, at- tended school for a time and can read and write. He is a tenant farmer and generally lazy but does make a crop. He is a good schemer and trader and always pays his debts to the Mission when buying clothes there. He is a thief and some people do not trust him at all and consider him generally unreliable. He formerly was sexton of the Mission church. His wife, Melissa Brown, daughter of Austin, sells butter and eggs and with their combined income they maintain a very fair standard of living and have a neat home, one of the best in the area. “I” Jones, brother of Sylvester, born 1886, black straight hair and quite 138 MONGREL VIRGINIANS dark in complexion, always worked hard and by keeping to himself did better than the others. He and his wife, a Nevin, blue eyes, red hair and very light skin, maintain a very fair standard of living. His two children have light skin and hair color. Ez, another brother, born 1887, attended school for a time but to little purpose. He has been a laborer and tenant farmer but is shiftless at times and generally inefficient. He was in the army during the World War but deserted once. He co- habited with Hepsy Brown for a time before marrying her in 1921. Lem, born 1889, the last of this fraternity, a typical negro with straight hair, had some schooling but never amounted to anything. During the World War he was a deserter and since then has not been very indus- trious. He cohabited for a time with Adelbert Brown’s wife, Hazel Miller, by whom he had one childy As’ born (192124) Memsvstilewiihebaze! Miller on a tenant farm near the Win area. Oswald is the brother of Willett and the other son of Belinda. He was born in 1848. He was very light in complexion, quiet in manner, but never attended any of the activities of the Mission. He was very ignorant and uneducated. He mar- THE WIN TRIBE 139 ried thrice, first to Nera Ross, daughter of Reuben. By her he had Horace, Webster, “‘C,”’ Lon, Jack, “F” and “G.” Horace, born 1871, is a typical negro in physical features, with yellow mulatto skin. He has always been considered one of the most industrious of the Wins. He owned some property which he sold to Alphonse Brown. He found his own daughter once with a colored man and abused the child so that the colored people CHRISTINA NEHA OSWALD a) JONFS HILL ACHSA | HORACE 5 IMOSEN ¢ : JACK LON anes OF HARRY | waUD eee WEBSTER. JONES LONG B BURTON-WEBSTER CH 'T A B A B c A 8 c D A B € CHART 27. THe OSWALD FAMILY had him arrested for cruelty to children and Horace left the area before the trial. Later he attempted to get his children into the white school on account of their “Injun”’ blood. He married Achsa Long, daughter of Sam, and had several children by her. She died a few years ago as result of tuberculosis and ill treatment by Horace. He has been very licentious. Little is known of his children. 140 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Webster, born 1873, his brother, rather light in color, reddish hue to his complexion, is ignorant, a good worker and capable. He never has ac- quired anything. He has one club foot, appar- ently from infantile paralysis. He is high tem- pered and troublesome. He married Imogen Jones, as already noted. “C,” his sister, born 1875, light in color but with mulatto features, married a white man and now lives in Johnson City, Tenn. Her husband has a criminal record and has been a murderer. Lon, the next in the line, born 1880, has always been lazy and, as a tenant farmer, never did any work unless forced to do so by the man on the place where he lived. Then the following year he would always move to another place where his traits were not known. During the World War he worked in Johnson City, Tenn., in the iron works there, but has since returned to the Win country. He is of poor mentality, ignorant and known as “poor trash.’ His wife, Agnes Long, daughter of Sam, is not much brighter than he and the two maintain a very poor home. ‘They have no contacts with the Mission other than the buying of clothing and the sending of the children to school. These latter are of poor mentality. ‘A,’ born 1909, came to THE WIN TRIBE 141 school only a short time—several months—but is capable of third grade education in the opinion of the teacher. She is capable in home matters. She has dark hair but only medium dark com- plexion. Her brother, ‘“‘B,” born 1911, has dark hair and dark skin and is very irregular in his attendance in school, does poor work, is quarrel- some and has been a petty thief. “C,” born January 1, 1912, has soft light brown hair and light skin. She is able to pass anywhere for a white child, and tested eight years mentally at the physical age of eleven years. She is now, at twelve, doing third grade work very poorly. She is brighter than her sibs, and it is said that she can be depended on to go to the store. The next child, ‘DD,’ born 1914, is tongue-tied and has never attended school. ‘“E,” the next, has a dark complexion and is considered ‘all right” mentally. Jack is the next son of Oswald, born 1879. He has dark hair, dark complexion, and high cheek bones, the Indian type. He is an un- intelligent, slow, disgruntled kind of man who has never amounted to anything, always poor, with an unintelligent wife, Gladys James. The family has maintained a poor standard of living. Jack 142 MONGREL VIRGINIANS has always worked. ‘A’ Jones is the oldest child of Gladys and was born in 1909 and considered an illegitimate child of one white man. ‘This child has black hair, gray eyes and is talland thin. He has attended school for seven or eight years and reads and writes but is dull and stupid and now quite troublesome at school. “C,” the next living child, born 1913, has dark straight hair, brown eyes, copper skin and is still in grade one at school although attending regularly for several years. ‘“D,” the next child, has red brown hair, very straight, grey eyes, light skin, and does very fair work in school and is bright for a Win. “E,” her sister, next younger, is now in the first year at school and doing better than her older brother. It is said that all the children of Gladys may be illegitimate, as she has been very promiscu- ous always. Returning now to the children of Oswald: “F” is not known, while “G,” the last of the fraternity, has medium straight brown hair, blue eyes and light skin. Born 1887, he never at- tended school and can neither read nor write. He is a tenant farmer on the Sailes place. Nera Ross, the first wife of Oswald, died of tuberculosis and he then married a Hill in 1892 and had twin boys THE WIN TRIBE 143 by her the following year who died. It is not known what became of this woman but in 1894 he married Christine Jones, daughter of Gub, and a child Harry, was born in 1894, the marriage taking place to legitimize the child. Harry has dark curly hair, blue eyes and light skin. He had some schooling and did very fair work for a Win. However, he is rather ambitionless. He has always behaved himself well and worked hard on the Sailes place. He married Maud Brown, daughter of Abigail and they have three small children. This ends the description of the children of Oswald, a very defective group mentally and socially; the lowest in the whole Tribe. This also ends the account of the whole Win Tribe so far as studied. POPULATION The population of the Win group is 658. Five hundred sixty-six of these belong to the Brown- Jones family, called one family because of the common Indian Thomas ancestor, though includ- ing besides the name Brown and Jones, the Lane, Black, Johnson, Long, and Hall names (in gen- eral), and 84 are of out blood, who have married 144 MONGREL VIRGINIANS into the network here and there. Thirty-five of the 84 are classed as white, 49 as ‘‘colored.” This “colored” here includes those of Indian, negro or mixed blood. There are four negroes who married into the family. Three of these were full blooded negroes; TABLE I Population GENERATION In: “COTE Malev tetas Li Ss 28 SOM TT Gl aazoS “Colored” female.......... 416 | 22} 59/102) 66) 1 | 260 Wihite nraiesci cy ui ee wus inj tae 4 are 20 White female.............. Out: “Colored” malercs ont. oar DSTO Clee 22 “Colored” female...........| 1 BN hee fg Bs Bae, 27 White male sie. yee res « 6} 5] 4 15 White'female.. 28 97 2 Slo 2S 20 Lota oo) as Pa dane No ee tie tar Leta en ch tetera haem an eee 658 Frederick Sams, Sam Moore, Rebecca Conroy wife of Allen Brown. Frisco Payson who married Belinda Jones was very black but considered one-half white, by mixture. Elisha Hall, who has mated into the group at several places, is a light mulatto. The father of Austin Brown, BETTER GRADE HOMES OF THE WINS eae a or) rs a = Sis > toes af A THE WIN TRIBE 145 son of Elza Lane Brown, is reputed a full blood negro, though not known by name. It is thus seen that there is quite an admixture of negro blood into the group. Pure white blood, or “‘clar blood,” as the Wins speak of it, has been brought into the group by a number of people, some legitimately, others il- legitimately. Among the former group are Sam Long, Reuben Ross, Susie and Celia Johnson. Dr. Merrill Alexander, the father of Amanda and El Brown; Earle Booker, the father of Areta Brown’s illegitimate children; Mary Johnson, the mother of Abraham Johnson; and Chester Dolan, the “X”’, and Alan Maynard, the “Y’’, who mated with Abigail Brown have introduced white blood into the group by illegitimate matings. Starting with the three Indian lines, Thomas, Jones and Lane (and it is possible that the first two of these were half-breed whites, with the later addition of the negro and the whites) it can be seen that this is truly a mixture of the Indian, Negro and White. FECUNDITY The fecundity in the Win group has been high. Table II gives the rate by generations. There ee 0¢'T L8'¢ £3 °P SoS 00°9 00°9 00°? MONGREL VIRGINIANS ALIGNONOGHA aOV aaGAV asi keh, STE OS. 6 ee 88 Beara ek es Bo Ban hie © ees ner ee oA Ol we tame Teruo) Sct I Peer Bae ee teh O SF See PVE ede) Oc eer hot lee ¢ Let IIA LE T T T Eee Csi Sa el. Ca eo eee IA LV Tata C gE ter Ae ey 2 aed ai 2s pan ee ges BS De A 97 C T PS Octo Lato eteoencn le borne ies open Al 6 T T Lest Sa a A III c T T II I T I —|—|—|—} 4} || $+ 4} - | -+ |} sawnar| 41) 90} St} st] er|a}imjorje|s}4i/9j}s|rie;z}risg NOILVYANDO (SUAHLON GalaavNNa ONIGNIONI) SHIVNAA ONTONGOAdAA JO NAAGTIHO JO ATAWAN 146 AytpUunga sy Il f1aVL THE WIN TRIBE 147 have been comparatively few women who. have had no children. The fecundity of some others has not been known. There are a sufficiently large number of women bearing children to show that the group, as a whole, is reproducing at a very high rate. Generation IV with a reproduction rate of 5.58 children per female is practically through reproduction but generation V is still reproducing and now has a rate of 4.83 children per child bearing female and this rate will mount higher as 14 of the 47 in this generation are still bearing children. In generation VI, already with a rate of 3.87 children per child bearing female, the greater number of women are still bearing. The number of women known to be barren is 14 of a known total of 139 women whose reproduc- tive activity has been checked. This is approxi- mately 10 per cent of the group. The Jukes hada total of 144 barren women of a total of 658 women known, or approximately 22 per cent. In con- sidering this difference of fecundity which seems significant, it may be of value to note that prac- tically no syphilis is found among the Wins while it was comparatively prevalent among the Jukes. The social level of the Win area in Ab County, as to sexual morality, has been very low. ‘This region 148 MONGREL VIRGINIANS is more compact in size than that of the Jukes and more opportunity for contact between the sexes may be possible, but it would not seem that this slight difference would influence the rate of reproduction in illicit matings to any great extent. Even with a rather high death rate in infancy and a high incidence of tuberculosis, this group is maintaining its own in point of numbers. CONSANGUINITY Adjoining will be found a table of matings among the Wins. In a number of cases the two consorts may be related to each other through more than one line. In such cases the nearest line of relationship has been used. The table shows that approximately half of the matings have been into the family itself. In generation V 58.6 per cent of the matings were back into the family. Generation VI is still mating but even at the present time 37 per cent of the unions are consanguineous. The social barrier erected in earlier times and still continued against the Wins by the whites and negroes of Ab County has been to a great extent the chief factor in forcing the Wins into matings with their own folks. This 149 THE WIN TRIBE v 67 0°0S OLE 9°8S 0°0S 1 ET 0°e¢ SONTLV NISQ00 JO INGO aad T9-SOT ts tI-te Lo-€V €T-Le v-S —£ SONILTVIAL TIVLOL ‘Surzdsyo JNoy}IM sSur}eU Jo IaquINU 94} S9}VOIPUL FYSI oy} 3e Joquinu oy} {warp poonpoid yor sBurzeUL Jo Laquinu sy} S9yVOIpUI WUINTOD Yowa Jo 79] 94} ¥ Joquinu oy, PR he ee ee SS eee 6¢-SP | 77-09 | O-S |Z-F | T-9 |S-8 |O-€ |S-6 |Z-IT |O-T |F-7F |€-6 |" TPIO.L 1-é Get =a Cc ITA U8 iron! Bi og ae Be eee a T IA sf Reco a an 2 eg ee fe ome tb Noa Ts ioe Oy oe (hoe area | Ser A Leber s I-T pee Ad ed Wag 5 Be) $28 So od Fe, AI v-? = T Til =o 43 T II es Ae) Batam Ss ae ted! eng | Ntsa0o q f ap NOILVUANTD TVLOL B NISQOO GaIHL NISQN09 GNOOGS NIsooo Isat a KP1UINSUDSUOD il aTavL 150 MONGREL VIRGINIANS social barrier is not due to their own choosing as many of them consider it a desirable social asset to be married to a white person or one lighter than themselves. Hence matings on the part of the Wins into the white is much desired. This social barrier has segregated the Wins into the Coon Mountain area and the Bull Creek sec- tion with a few stragglers on the remote edges of this general region. Here the Browns, the Jones and the Lanes, “the Indians,” have lived— and the James, Smiths, Johnsons, Longs, Nevins and Millers (white or “mixed’’), either in the region or nearby, have also resided and mixtures between all these have taken place. Some few “stray”? men have mated here and there. The James and the Nevins are low class white families. The Millers and Smiths came from a similar mixed area at Smithtown, about twenty miles away, also noted in this report. The Johnson family in earlier days was a low grade white family several of whose women mated into the group. Sam Long was a white boy brought up in a negro family and he married a Brown. Practically all of the out matings have been into poor stocks mentally. The consanguineous matings in the group are like- wise of a poor stock into itself. The number of THE WIN TRIBE 151 first cousin matings is comparatively small. A greater number is found in the second cousin col- umn and an almost equal number in the third column set. A survey of the chart shows no matings of either cousin or outbloods where there is apparently much difference in the offspring due to the consanguinity in one line and not in an- other. ‘This is no doubt due to the fact that all the matings are from like poor stocks. As an example of the statement above that the cousin matings in poor stocks do not necessarily make the stock weaker, examination of the Leander Brown-Minerva Brown cousin mating shows the children Revo and Vera much better in ability than any of the children of Leander by Beulah James, an out mating with a common father, yet the two mothers were very much alike in stock. In some of the cousin matings, the children vary very much in ability, as in the chil- dren of Ulysses Jones and Helena Ross where several, Owen, “‘C,” and ‘“‘E,” are much better in ability than the rest of their sibs. The Sandy Brown-Areta Brown cousin mating on the other hand has produced a set of children all of whom are very stupid mentally. Other examples of this may also be found. 152 MONGREL VIRGINIANS The high incidence of consanguinity here is noted in order to call particular attention to the factors causing such intermarriage. These are discussed again later. TABLE IV Legitimacy 4 ILLEGITIMATE Ps B z ~~ 5 < : Be BES sou te GENERATION i x, © so se a a aa | eg | # |PPe| Be | B | 8 ae 3 ss i be 2 > a8 c 2 |see|sec| 6 S ef : S |scF) She) & : LV 54 44. 4 6 SL Ueye ie boven V 144 119 11 Oe 10 Li conan ce VI 229 181 20 it 17 79.1 | 20.9 VII 139 109 16 13 1 78.4 | 21.6 VIII 4. 3 4 75;0025.0 ‘Lotale,cow 570 449 51 42 28 78290) Jit LEGITIMACY A tabulation of births in the Win group accord- ing to legitimacy gives a general figure of about 80 per cent of the births legitimate and 20 per cent illegitimate. ‘There are quite a number of women among the Wins known to have been promiscuous sexually. In fact several persons have said of one generation that only two, naming Sophia THE WIN TRIBE 153 Black and Minchen Jones, knew who were the fathers of their children. It is probably an exaggeration to say that these two are the only chaste among the group as many in later marriages are known to have been chaste after matrimony. Many are known, however, to have been promiscu- ous and for this reason the real legitimacy in the group is no doubt much less than the 80 per cent shown by the table and it would be difficult to make a fair estimate of the number of children on the chart who were really legitimate. For example, Cilla Smith Jones, wife of Bruno, has thirteen children; twelve are classed as legitimate, one as illegitimate. She is known to have been exceedingly promiscuous both before and after marriage and especially so with Cyril Black, her “foster daddy.” A number of cases have been noticed of children born illegitimately who in turn at adult age had illegitimate children. Abigail Brown had eight illegitimate children; one of these eight had one illegitimate child and two of them had two such children. Another, Imogen Jones, had four il- legitimate children, one of whom in turn has had two illegitimate children. Persis Hill had two illegitimate children, one of whom had a bastard. 154 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Beulah James, of out blood, had among other children, one illegitimate who later had an il- legitimate child. Lilie Jones Black had six illegitimate children; one of these six had five bastards and one of these five in the third genera- tion has had in turn two bastards. The effect on a child of the knowledge that its mother is living alone and that it has no father, or, if aware of the father, knows that he is the father only by chance, cannot be measured. The child in turn grows up and often repeats the history of illegitimacy by bringing forth into the world another child who in turn has no association with its father. ‘The social consciousness of the Win region is so low that such illegitimacy, while a matter of common discussion, is not looked down upon or frowned against in any way. ‘The birth of an illegitimate child is taken as a matter of course and no social stigma placed upon the mother or on the putative father. THe SEx MorREsS The marriage relationships among the Wins are typical of such communities. The conditions governing the relationships between the two sexes in the earlier days is little known other than the THE WIN TRIBE 155 illicit matings of two of the Wins, Belinda and Tabitha Jones, with negroes and resulting 1il- legitimate offspring. In this generation, III, the people born about the period of 1810 and just following, there are many marriages with a few of the women having illegitimate as well as legitimate children. In generation IV much more is known of the relationships between the sexes; here much promiscuity of the men and women is found and five women have illegitimate children as single women and without visible means of support for themselves or their families. A few white men of Ab County frequently visited the Win country for purposes of sexual intercourse and there was also much illicit relationship be- tween the Win men and women. In generation V, at a time when much more is known of the people, the visits of white men from other parts of the county were still going on, and, as a matter of fact, are still, and study shows a large number of the women promiscuous, i.e., not chaste. It has been said that practically all the women were immoral before marriage and it is known that many marriages were forced because of a preg- nancy. In some cases, men and women have lived together for years, chaste and faithful to 156 MONGREL VIRGINIANS each other during this period, and later have married after their children had reached quite an age. For example, Austin and Roxanna Brown lived together and had seven children the oldest about fifteen when the two were married in 1879. Leander Brown and Beulah James lived together and had six children, the oldest sixteen, when they were married in 1908. In the later generations some of the women have been chaste until mar- riage, but the great majority have been licentious before marriage and some have continued their licentiousness after marriage. A fair number of women have been reputed chaste after marriage. Some have been licentious always without mar- riage. Many factors have led to this. The home conditions of the people—many of them living in one room and few of them having more than two rooms in which to house a large family that may number ten or twelve—lead to a famil- iarity in sex matters. There has been no restraint on the part of the older ones and no response to the mores can take place by the children where the parents have no such respect. The boys and girls become adolescent among the Wins at a rather early age. Obscene and prurient stories are rife among the school children and are THE WIN TRIBE 157 repeated by some of the very young ones, six and seven years of age. The girls become “boy-crazy”’ at the age of nine, ten and eleven. A feeble minded boy of twelve with a mental age of six told the writers all about the illegitimate children of one of the Win women and who the fathers were in a perfectly nonchalant manner. The young girls at eleven and twelve are sexually ac- tive while the boys of thirteen are distinctly adolescent. In the case of the young girl, the period of adolescence is almost simultaneous with her leaving school, the latter follows the former. The child in the next few years becomes more or less promiscuous, generally with the younger boys of the vicinity. Pregnancy is generally followed by marriage unless the girl has been too pro- miscuous. Competent local observers feel that the moral behavior of the Wins is exceedingly low and see little or no change in more recent years since the school and church mission have been active. These statements would seem to be borne out by the present investigation. The sexual relations _of the Wins are on a very low plane, almost that of the animal in their freedom. 158 MONGREL VIRGINIANS ALCOHOLISM Intemperance and drunkenness are not found to any great extent among the Wins. Some drink- ing takes place at gatherings such as corn huskings and dances and a few of the men drink somewhat heavily by themselves. There is some “moon- shining’ going on but not to any great extent. The economic level of the Wins is too low to offer a market for bootleggers from the outside. The use of alcoholic liquors in the past does not seem to have been any greater than at present. VENEREAL DISEASE The physicians in Ab County report little or no venereal disease among the Wins. ‘There was formerly a negro woman who lived near the Win area who “cured” syphilis by the use of vegetable drugs and charms but a cursory investigation shows that no Wins ever went to her. If gonor- rhea is present it has never come to the attention of the physicians. ‘TUBERCULOSIS The death records of the Wins have been very meagre and previous to 1912 no mention is made THE WIN TRIBE 159 of the cause of death in the few records that do exist. These few records with the information from the people show that 16 of the Wins are known to have died from tuberculosis and two more probably from the same disease. There are two adults now living known to have the disease and three other suspected cases. These figures are based on general knowledge, not on the results of any regular examinations. It is felt by the trained nurse at the Mission School that a routine examination would show some incipient cases among the children. The physical condition of some indicate it now. This number of 18 deaths and 5 other living cases makes a total of 23 in a population of 658 a rather high rate. Pure blood Indians are very susceptible to the disease as are negroes. It is evident that the mixed race is the same. SCHOOLS THEIR HISTORY: STUDIES OF CHILDREN For many years none of the people in the Coon Mountain region had an opportunity to attend schools. After the Civil War the Wins were given a chance to attend the schools for the negroes when these were started but they were 160 MONGREL VIRGINIANS denied admission to the white schools. As the Wins refused to attend the negro schools claiming Indian blood and declining to associate with the colored race, the result was that they remained without schooling. Beginning about 1895, the county started a school for the “Indians” with Mr. Hamlet, a white citizen of the county, as teacher. This he carried on for about ten years and during this period a good many of the Wins were taught by him. As now, their attendance was irregular and the children stopped early in the spring “to help work on the farm at home.” During this time Mr. Hamlet states that none of the Wins was able to do average work in school or progress sufficiently to make his training of any value. Later Miss Kenyon took over the school and since that time the school activities have been under the joint control of the mission and the county authorities. Miss Kenyon was formerly a teacher in a normal school in the middle west. She was followed by Miss Gardner. Later Miss Fanny Gibbon assisted by Miss Nancy West taught for five years. Since the latter part of 1922 Miss Amy White and Miss Jane Small have taught the school. The school has drawn from the whole Win area THE WIN TRIBE 161 but more particularly from the Coon Mountain region. The people living in Buck Hollow have not attended as much, feeling that the distance, about five miles, was too great and so have not sent their children. In the course of the thirty years of schooling not one of the Wins have been sufficiently educated to become a teacher and take on the position of a leader of his own people. It might be mentioned here incidentally that none of the people has ever become a ‘“‘preacher.”’ Some few have learned to read and write fairly well and some can figure enough to estimate the amount of lumber necessary to build a house or bricks for a chimney. ‘The greater number have never gone beyond the third grade. A few have reached the fifth grade, a couple the seventh, but not one has ever gone to high school. Most of those who were more capable in their work have never done anything with their schooling. One, Helena Ross Jones, wife of Ulysses, who received some schooling, has farm papers in her home which the children read. ‘This is the only family where there is any reading at home. It is difficult to analyze the work of the school at the present time because of the irregularity of attendance on the part of the children. There 162 MONGREL VIRGINIANS are children of all ages in the same grade and there is lack of personnel and equipment to divide the children into groups on a basis of mental ability, thus permitting those with some ability to pro- gress faster than the group. TABLE V Resulis obtained with Stanford Revision of Binet-Simon test PHYSI- | MENTAL CAL AGE] AGE PEMA ES Grade 4 sie Nb he 13.8 | 8.0 | 1924, repeating grade big bb eee ge tel 11.5 | 9.2 | Teacher says best pupil mentally Powe ees TT} hehe: 1924, grade 5 Grade 3 PL Die porconet 11.1 | 8.0 | Teacher says defective mentally pe Ue sera $.64)720 1924, grade 3 she et A 8.5 | 8.6 | Teacher says good one day, poor next; 1924, grade 4 Grade 2 SG ies 14.0 | 6.5 | Teacher says stupid; 1924, out of school Grade 1 gs arr any 8.0 | 8.1 | Lacks imagination; 1924, grade 3 hel Kad a Bt 8.0] 6.5 | 1924, grade 1 el Rates tecte 7.0 | 5.0 | 1924, grade 2 Uk gla “048825 The Stanford revision of the Binet Simon test was given to eleven children during the winter of 1923. The best then were selected as well as a scattering through the group. THE WIN TRIBE 163 Arranged by grades Table V appears. The highest mental age secured by any child was 9.2 years by “B,”’ then aged 11.5 years physically and in grade four, an Indian-negro mixture, more predominantly negro. At 12.5 age she is in grade five doing very fair work for the grade. ‘‘C,” at 11.5 years physically, tested 8.8 mentally, a good memory assisting in making this score. A year later he is in grade five. ‘“F,” at 8.5 years of age, tested 8.6 in the third grade; at 9.5 she is in grade four and doing very fair work. “B” above, has a sister “‘H,’’ grade one, who tested eight years mentally at the physical age of eight. All the other children tested had a mental age much lower than their physical age, the lowest being that of “‘G’’ who tested mentally 6.5 when 14 years old. It is evident that only a small proportion of the children in the school group are even approximating a mental test age coincident with their physical age. Language difficulties did not interfere with the giving of the tests. Table VI gives a brief summary of the school ability of the children who were present in school at any time during the year 1923-1924, based on the teacher’s estimate. They are classified ac- 100g CY 9 T eT XTX 1oog | tood A10A 9 T €T | IIAX ATV pooyy V ¢ eT ITAX AIG’ ITE T 100g Te[NsoiI] v ¢ eT IAX ATC ATCT ‘i v eT AX pooy ATCT C ¢ eT AIX wn .Ssajadoy],, | 100d Ata 100g v ¢ CP SSie tbc : «PIdnjs,, 100g 100d v ¢£ £T TIX Jowulid ul sivok 100g ood Aa, L I FI IX o SIoquInu UT poor 100g eq 9 Z PI xX Jooyos ul Iva 4SITT 100g 100g S ¢ FI XI = sroquinu url 100g ITC ITB ¢ ¢ vl IITA 4 pepuru-s[qoe,, | rood A19\ 100g 9 Z tI | IDA a Jooyos 19T ey ood AoA, ¢ S al TA ) 100g 100g P P FI A a 100g Iood A193 A, 8 I ST AI = Spiom Mouy jou s90q | ood Ara, rey 9 I CT TII Arey 100d 9 ¢ ST II Ajjeyusu MOTS | poos Ara leq L S ST I swavngu ao adnan | SONVONSEIV | Cruse | savEO HOV TVAGLATGNI sH Kouaryforg pun aaunpuayjy 100495 = IA “aTdvi 165 S]ISUO} peg Ioog | 100d AI9A ¢ T Or XIXXX Iopeel poor) ITe.J 100g € T OL TTIAXXX gjqedeo Apire.q ioog | 100d Aro, Z Z OT TIAXXX Id 100g IIe] ¢ T OT IAXXX poor Ile] 0 T OT AXXX poystmnousrspuy 100g eq 0 v OT | AIXXxX IIe] Te J T ¢ OT TIXxXxX = ureyd ye} youueD, 100g 100g P T TT TIXxXxX pooy Trey c 3 ia! IXXX 5 9}21}UIDUOD JOUUZ) 100g rood AI9A, I y Lt XXX ee areq-}>2 100g c = IT XIXX Zz WSVIDAY Ie J Ie] T v TT TIIAXX = 97331] SYTRL 100g 100g ¢ I cl TIAXX = ajqedey Ire J 100g P Z cl IAXX = Yyyeoy 100g 100g ITe,J ¢ ¢ cr | AXX Ire 100g ¢ ¢ cl AIXX apeis YINoj suryvoday ITe,.J 100g Z 4 cl TITxXxX ITe,J 100g ¢ * cl XX ITe,J ITB ‘3 1 cl IxXX WPRIIAY eq IIe] T ¢ ara | xX SuuvWaa gm aint | SONVONGLLV praia aavao GOV TVNGIAIGNI panuruoj—TA ATAV.L MONGREL VIRGINIANS 166 100g TTC 0 T 9 AT WSVIDAYV roog | 100d A1oA 0 T z AIT ll"), 100d ea | T T GL SELE sioquinu UI 100g Ie pooy 0 c 8 ITI [118 ayy, | ~Jood Ata 100g T if 8 lis 100g 100g T T 8 T «P1dnys,, 100g 100g T T 8 XTTX AyjeotsAyd yea 100g IIe] T : 8 ITIATX SNOAIONT 100g IIe T T 8 ITATX Ie Te T T 8 IATX AYIGV Ite J 1oog | 100d AtaA 0 re 8 yd 4 WRIIAV Ile] 100g Cc T 6 AITX ioog | 100d A193 0 ¢ 6 TWTX poor eT 0 2 6 ITTX Ieq eq 0 ¢ 6 ITX [218 oT. 100g 100g ¢ T OT is SHUVNTa etna | SONVGNELLV | _y ponabet ae £3 GOV ‘TVOGLAIGNI SES EE Ve es dai nate ad Oa aaa i cal enc ale aE INE ees, Bes ae Ea a SE TS oS rn eS papnpuod—TA ATAVL THE WIN TRIBE 167 cording to age and retardation on a basis of initial school attendance at age six and grade promotion once a year. The attendance is given and re- marks, generally by the teacher. Five of these fifty-five have done well in their grade the past year (1923-1924), 19 fair, 27 poor and 4 very poor. Twenty-four of the 55 have attended regularly, that is, at least three-fourths of the time, and this school has a seven month’s session. ‘The others have attended very irregu- larly. The amount of retardation based on age grade condition shows none better than grade for his age, nine at grade for his age, eleven re- tarded one year, seven two years, ten three years, and the rest, eighteen in number, from four to eight years retarded. Practically all the children listed here are within walking distance of the school or have places where they can stay during the school week. Some have several miles to walk and a few as much as four miles. There is no truant officer for the district and no means are taken to enforce attendance at the school. The children are kept home on the least pretext and often go home during the middle of the day’s session. A stranger appearing at the school is often the cause of many 168 MONGREL VIRGINIANS of the children getting up from their desks and going directly home. Public health physicians and nurses who have visited the school have made a few children frightened of strangers. The few examinations made, and the general school results found, indicate that the Wins from an academic point of view are not very capable and much below the average for a like school of white children. The fact that no one has even been to high school is significant. This group is composed of intellects much below the average. Their schooling then should be practical and fitted for the lives they will live as tenant farmers and laborers for few of them have arisen from this level in which they are now and have been for many years. The people in the Win area lived on a non-school basis until about 1890, i.e., their school education was nil with the exception of one subscription school which ran for several weeks at one time soon after the Civil War. ‘Their literacy was very low. After the regular school started in the 90’s some learned to read and write but the average schooling for those years was not greater than the third grade. In the earlier days one girl reached the seventh grade but the great majority remained THE WIN TRIBE 169 in the third and fourth grade level. The attend- ance then, as later, was very irregular, so school conditions were then much as now apparently. A study of the grade levels of the children who have been attending the school for the past year, from the age of twelve on, shows that the average grade reached by the twenty-seven pupils in this group is only the third (see Table VI). If those thirteen years old and over are taken, nineteen show a grade proficiency of third grade as an aver- age. At present seven children fourteen years old and four children older are in school and their grade average is only three. Children begin to drop out of school at the age of thirteen and very few attend after the fourteenth year. From this set of figures, it appears that the present Win generation is to grow up and work and maintain itself on a third grade schooling basis; a basis which does not seem to have been increased as a result of thirty years of education. CHURCH AND MIssIOoN HISTORY In the 1850’s two men, Judge Charles Millis, a lay preacher in the Baptist Church, and Colonel James Colpitt, a class leader in the Methodist Church South, both citizens of Ab 170 MONGREL VIRGINIANS County, became interested in the Wins because one of the Wins had stated that they never had any preaching. Hence these two started meet- ings, held revival services, conducted burial ceremonies and established a joint church with a Baptist minister to immerse those who preferred that mode and a Methodist to instruct those who preferred the Methodist church. This work continued until the Civil War when the evangel- ists were called into army service. Soon after the war Northern Methodist preachers worked in the area for several years. ‘Then the work stopped. About 1890 a Baptist colporteur and a Presby- terian elder preached to them for a time. About 1900 the Reverend Thomas Briggs of the Episcopal Church of Ab built a chapel and secured a religious worker in the person of Miss Blanchard, a woman of high character and ideals. She was assisted by Miss Kenyon as teacher in the school which was taken over partly from the county, the Episcopal Church paying part of the salary of the worker, the county the rest. After about five years, these two ceased work and Miss Gardner became worker and teacher for a period of about ten years. Miss Gardner was succeeded by Miss Gibbon assisted by Miss THE WIN TRIBE 171 West. Miss Gibbon had spent a number of years in mission work for the Episcopal Church among the Indians of the Northwest and was chosen for the Ab Mission because of her experience there. Miss Gibbon left in 1922 and Miss Amy White, a trained nurse and mission worker, and Miss Jane Small as teacher took charge of the mission and school. The mission and school is still under the Ab Episcopal Church and is called the Coon Moun- tain Mission. The school is operated on a com- bination budget. At present the county pays $65 per month for six month’s schooling or $390 for the academic year. The church makes it up to $700. The head worker is now paid $1,000 because of her training asanurse. Of this sum $900 comes from the Southwestern Diocese of the Episcopal Church of Virginia. Religious activities have now been carried on by the missionaries of the Episcopal church for over twenty years. Church services are held regularly, the rector at Ab preaching often; other services being carried on by the mission workers. Sunday School is conducted by a lay superintendent. Second hand and new clothing and books and 172 MONGREL VIRGINIANS magazines have been sent to the mission for distribution by the Church since the starting of the mission activities. The clothing is sold to the Wins at the mission buildings on “sales days,”’ although people may secure things at any time. They are sold for a very nominal sum, very much less than their second hand value. This money is used for the support of the mission activities and sometimes amounts’ to enough to pay the salary of one worker. Many of the families buy all their apparel}from the mission at a very low figure. In a few cases clothing is given directly to very poor families or children. Layettes are given when needed. The supply secretary of the Woman’s Auxiliary to the National Council of the Protestant Episco- pal Church writes that from May 1920 to May 1923 the value of the boxes sent to the Coon Moun- tain Mission was $4,429.65. Many of the articles sent were new. Under the sales policy above the mission secured far less than this amount from the purchasers of the goods. This clothing is sold at such a low figure that it is practically being given away and the people who buy realize that it is but a fraction of the cost of the same article in a store. Not all the THE WIN TRIBE 173 Wins buy at the Mission but those who do have become dependent upon that supply, partially because of the proximity and also because of the very low price. These sales also offer an oppor- tunity for an interchange of commodities since some of the Wins pay for the clothes with eggs, potatoes, etc., which are used at the mission. Little money is at hand among the group. The economic level of these people is so low that many of the families do not handle more than an average of $20 per month for all expenses, and this money is generally available after the tobacco crop is turned in during the fall months. Often this money is already spent at the store on credit, vouched for by the landlord. ‘The question arises whether these sales at their very low figure are not assisting in maintaining a low economic level by taking away the stimulus for more activity for better clothing and living conditions which might be present if it were necessary to buy clothes at store prices. — Is this scheme of low prices pauperizing the people? One of the former workers at the Coon Mountain Mission has felt that the sale of goods at the mission has been harmful to the people. The present rector at Ab feels, however, that there 174 MONGREL VIRGINIANS are some families so poor that they could not possibly clothe their children at the market price, and believes that the mission boxes are very valuable. Several of the Win women have stated that they would not be able to clothe their children without this source of cheap supply. One of these women is of the more intelligent and better class and economically should be independ- ent and self-supporting on a normal basis of expenditures. The subject needs further inves- tigation. MARRIAGE RECORDS The marriage and birth records of Virginia since 1870 state the color of the persons concerned in these records as White, Indian, Colored (or Negro), and sometimes the word “mixed” is used. This record of the color is desired for two reasons —for the information itself and also to check the matter of matings between races, some of which are forbidden by statute. Marriages between the negro or colored and white have never been legal- ized in Virginia and social feeling is very strong against it. The common law of Virginia does not recognize matings between races and open co- habitation of the white and colored is not per- THE WIN TRIBE 175 mitted. It is, of course, common knowledge that illicit relations between white men and colored women have been and are taking place. This has been true since the coming of the black man to this country. In order to assist in the prevention of mis- cegenation Virginia and the other Southern states have required the filling out of the marriage license application with respect to color. County clerks have also been careful in issuing licenses in doubt- ful cases, where they were not sure of the ‘“‘color.” The Wins have been an anomalous race from the standpoint of registration. They have claimed to be Indians. The people of the county have recognized some Indian blood, but point to a negro mixture in many and so are inclined to consider the whole group negro. The United States Census in earlier days classified the Wins as “free persons of color’ and so did not dis- tinguish them from the freed slaves of pure negro descent. As late as the federal census of 1910 with the exception of seven they were all listed as “colored.” In the census of 1920 they all slipped by an apparently ignorant census taker and the entire group is classified as “Indian” having statistically increased a hundred fold in a decade. 176 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Most interesting is this tabular study of the marriage records from the standpoint of color noted in the county clerk’s books. Table VII shows the matings of the parents as recorded in the marriage licenses, their real racial make-up as shown by this study and the color stated in the application of their children when married. Fourteen of these matings are colored x colored and four white x white. These col. x col. may just as well be Indian xX Indian actually as no distinction was made in the records previous to 1900. Prior to that date everything except white was ‘‘colored.” It will be seen that the colored matings had children listed at their ‘time of marriage under all three races while the white X white matings had children in turn listed white and Indian. There were seven matings where the parents gave no color in the license application and all kinds of ‘‘colors’’ are found in the children. Examining the records further we find that eleven persons were married twice. Five of these were married with the same ‘‘color’’ on the license at both registrations. Six, however, were married with a “color” different at the second from the first. Mick Brown, an IW, actually, and son of a “col X col” mating, married first 177 THE WIN TRIBE J sv [eysAIQ pur 9730] -IeyD SM SB auUIA, pur yroT TS? «,, J SB BdDEqQ2Y ‘M se uewioy pure ulpyueiy J SB vayiV ‘N S® ..D,, pue ..d,, -M SB Bisnsny pue essay “azsqjepy ‘AyWeH ‘AIT M S® seisnoq M pue'N se [479g ‘[ SB viony pue sop rc en “M se 991T} 89 pue «WV MSS [hed J Sv sWIO[eS pur pleuog M S® Xa SN se Aqjoury, J sB qoovt J SB yUvy SM Se oissaq N s® smo ‘{ sv Javisy pure osey ‘MM se pAoyy pue qof ‘ounig ‘sassh[Q ‘eurstayd M BISA ‘Ni se zouy pure surydosof M S® ottUy te 2 | -BYIT SAA SB UAT pur vusjoyy M Se AyS pue BION :(Z)M PUP (T)N SB 31 M SB 9 pue «fy, af se «WV» M WI0q ‘Uvag pure oruojuy SV Galwavn Nada MXM MXM MXM MXM 19D X 199 Pir X Wr 10 X 19D PD X PD Pe XK Pr 19 XPD PD X 1D ie) TD aASNAOIT NI NGAID BOTOO UVaA ‘OUT M ‘AA SoaBaNy ‘NT Swerpuy ‘7 MNI X MI AF ae fe et SOO fe Sty DUS OUT IET AV oO NI st eereeeseeeessouof euslay pur sessf[-) MI X MNI [°° '* *'souef yefnog pue umoig rzspuvey MI NC NI ee eee eee “UMOIG VUULXOY pue unsny MI x MNI ee ed souof ao1TV pue Waa ALN ON ol ew ee {Pe IUIp[esss) pue [rey MI < MNI a 68 50 0-46,0) 6.5 5 souof ey OLUIY pue We] MNT A MND uosuyof Yyeioged pue Aq}oULy, MNI < MI eee ewes rae “uosuyof ddI[97 pue weyeiqy MI X MI "t+ s*sSuo0'Ty oIppy pue souof uojing mG ew, eas mec ay ‘*‘uMOIg ep[ny pue souof osny_Z M te MI (7: @ @ oC -ce%e 6. @ 0 e58 ITT SIO'T pue souof sny MAP OSAN beat cate ee UMOIG PAIOUIPY pue Jopuvey MI a MI mee SERS ay AKG Sr PorIUr A pue yoquie’y ANTS CNA UMOIG €}]9Z] pUe ssOY puro MX MI ste seessriry ApuBy, pue uMorg jrodny MI X MI “*****-uMmoIg suydeg pue uMOIg UoIKy MI X MI “+ essssoquof ofjaq pue UMOoIg osuoyd Ty Na gabon ee SULLUVd ONILOVULNOO Sasuay advt4dput KQ umoys sp Uuoynorifissnj9 jwIDY IA d@TavL 178 MONGREL VIRGINIANS as negro (the word negro being used here instead of colored as on the record to obviate any mis- understanding of terms from the frequent use of the word “colored’’), then eight years later in 1921,as white. Mick has one-fourth Indian blood which by Virginia law of 1919 defines him as In- dian; further his physical characteristics would place him as an Indian at once. Lisle Ross, an IW mixture on her mother’s side, unknown as to father, married first an Indian mixture as ‘‘col- ored”’ (i.e., negro) in 1885; in 1905 she married Keford Hall, a mulatto, as white. Her brother Simon Brown, probably illegitimate also, at least three-fourths Indian, married an IN as white in 1895 and in 1902 an IW as negro. Adam Brown, an IW, at least three-fourths Indian, married an IW as negro in 1867 and in 1879 married an NW as white. Leander Brown, an INW, married first Minerva Brown, an IW as negro in 1881, then Beulah James, unknown exactly as to mix- ture but with some white blood, as white in 1908. Beryl Black, an INW, married an IW as negro in 1914; seven years later married an IW as white. Examining further one finds ‘‘D”’ Brown, born August 26, 1923, registered as Indian from a mating registered as white x white; father Mick THE WIN TRIBE 179 Brown. On October 5, 1904, Mason Black, the son of a white man and Nannie Black, the daughter of a white man and a negress with earlier Indian taint, having therefore white, negro and Indian blood, married Harriet Jones with Indian and white blood at least—has one child, among others, “F’’, born August 22, 1921, registered as Indian yet undoubtedly having one-sixteenth at least of negro blood, which under the code of Virginia of 1919 classifies him as negro under the rule that one-sixteenth or more of negro blood shall be deemed negro. Quite a few similar cases could be cited—especially the children of Carl Black. These few registrations indicate that the present registration of marriages and births is not showing clearly the racial make-up of the Wins. In the earlier days, before 1900, the colored x colored matings are inclusive of both Indian and colored. Hence these earlier records are valueless for the purpose of determining racial composition in any case. After 1900 more discrimination was used, apparently, as after that date the term ‘“‘Indian’’ often appears. Still Louise Hall, whose grand- mother was a very black negro with some Indian blood, is registered Indian, and her cousins ‘‘E,”’ 180 MONGREL VIRGINIANS Wilder and Lucia, children of Carl Black, all typical mulattoes, are registered Indian, all after the year 1905. The records of those who married twice with different registration ‘‘colors” indicates that the present system of records is inadequate. The marriage of people in Virginia has been under the provisions of the law in Section 6/7, code of Virginia of 1919, for many years. This is as follows: ‘““Every person having one-sixteenth or more of negro blood shall be deemed a colored person, and every person not a colored person having one-fourth or more of Indian blood shall be deemed an Indian.” In 1924 the legislature passed an act which has since become widely known as the Virginia Racial Integrity Law. This act provides not only for the registration of the people of Virginia by color, but makes an entirely new definition of the colored race. Sec- tion five reads in part as follows: ‘For the pur- poses of this act, the term ‘white person’ shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatso- ever of any blood other than Caucasian; but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian and have no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed to be white persons.”’ THE WIN TRIBE 181 By inference then any trace of negro blood is sufficient to classify one as colored. The same section also states that laws heretofore passed and now in effect regarding the intermarriage of white and colored shall apply to marriages pro- hibited by this act. It also provides that whites may marry only whites or a person with no other admixture than American Indian. If this law can be enforced, it will preserve racial integrity. OTHER MIXED AREAS PAINT CREEK, VIRGINIA On the top of the Blue Ridge in Ad County, Virginia, at Paint Creek, with an elevation of 2,000 feet, is a group of “red-skinned people” who have considered themselves white folks although sepa- rated from them socially. They number approxi- mately three hundred now and live more or less together along Paint Creek about eight miles from its mouth. Physically the great majority have the appearance of Indians, with high cheek bones, reddish complexion and black straight hair. The rest show negro physical characteristics, especially the curly hair and the flat nose. The generally light color of the skin indicates the presence of some white blood. The place is often called Williamstown from the number of Williams who formerly lived there. Previous to the Civil War there were several “typical Indians” at Williamstown. These particular ones are de- scribed as tall with dark red skin, high cheek bones, well built physically and stalwart in their appearance. ‘They were proud people and claimed 182 OTHER MIXED AREAS 183 direct Indian blood. ‘They lived on the top of the Blue. Ridge before the Revolutionary War and some of them, the Williams and Hammond fami- lies, still had, a few years ago, the land grant papers in their possession. ‘The Gerrys are another stock considered purer who lived further north on the Blue Ridge. There is a record that Governor Spottswood, of colonial days in Virginia, saw these people when passing through the Blue Ridge at a gap. Ad County was a battle ground for the Indians and it is said that these people were of Iroquois origin and remained there after the battles. As this region is rather far south for the Iroquois, this recollection is questioned. In 1912 schools were started and since then have been carried on regularly. The teacher reports that children with mixed Indian-negro bloods do not progress as rapidly as the purer Indian blood. The standard of living is low, many are unindustrious and “sorry.” Some are moon- shiners. More recently their income has been augmented by the opportunity to get out ties for the Bond River Lumber Company which is cutting off that whole region. There is no doubt of the presence of negro blood in these ‘‘Indian-whites” even though it is denied 184 MONGREL VIRGINIANS by the people themselves. Matings are now tak- ing place between these people and the Wins, _ the whites in the Valley and among themselves. SMITHTOWN, AB COUNTY, VIRGINIA Living in the extreme western edge of Ab County and nestling against the very foot of the high peaks of the Blue Ridge, near Solo, is Smith- town. Here the Smiths live, about fifteen fam- ilies, all descended from Fred Smith, an Indian, who settled there about 1800 or earlier. Their early genealogy is not clear: much admixture with white blood is acknowledged. Reputable people state that there has been mixture of the negro with the Smiths in the earlier period and it is showing now in the physical characteristics of some in kinky hair, flat noses and thick lips. The hair texture in many is soft, its color is medium brown or lighter; the skin olive or light in color and white in some instances with often the reddish copper showing through. The il- legitimacy is high and sex relations very loose and the paternity of many is not known. A few children show fair mentality but school facilities have been very meagre because of the inaccessi- bility of the place. The present school teacher, OTHER MIXED AREAS 185 one of the Smiths, has himself the equivalent of a fifth grade education. They live over an area several miles long rather fertile in spots but ten miles away from a graded road. ‘Tobacco is their money crop. They are mostly tenants and very poor. Ac County, VIRGINIA In Ag County, Virginia, are many scattered families with Indian-negro-white bloods in their make-up. Some of these have come from the Ab County groups; others are unknown as to origin. ‘These are all individual families and there are no group areas as in the Wins. Am COUNTY, VIRGINIA Near Polo, Am County, are some “Indians,’’ several hundred in number, separated entirely from the white in social intercourse. It is re- ported that there has been admixture of the original Indian stock with both the white and the negro but in spite of that the people still claim to be Indian. As such, they have special schools for their children. 186 MONGREL VIRGINIANS WEROMOS In Rob and Plumb Counties are the Weromos, a set of Indians probably descending from the Powhatan Tribe. These Weromos live on 800 acres of land ceded to them by the Colonial Assem- bly. Some few years ago the tribe numbered 110. All authorities in American ethnology agree that the blood has become much tainted especially with negro blood. The estimate of its purity runs all the way from one-sixteenth to three- fourths. In recent years there has been a rule that there must be no matings with the negroes. Their government is that of a pure democracy, a chief and council of four are elected. The lands are held in common. A free school is held on the reservation with teachers supplied by the state. A tactless official once sent a negro to take charge of the school but he was promptly ousted. The present chief of the Weromos is a typical Indian and has a very high regard for his people and is deeply interested in their welfare. RENABEES The Renabees group is found in Clearview County. This name was given to these people OTHER MIXED AREAS 187 by an act of the legislature some years ago through the activity of a preacher. A prominent resident of the county for many years states that these people, who are of mixed Indian, negro and white origin, with straight hair and flat noses and an olive skin generally, are offshoots from the Weromos and have no Renabee blood at all. Of the total number of about 200 there are only a very few who are distinctly Indian in type. The Renabees live in lowlands in little clearings and are very poor. A small school in charge of a white teacher furnished by the state offers their only means of education. DELAWARE AND MARYLAND Near Stanton, Delaware, are people with very dark skin and black straight hair. They asso- ciate little with the white and have their own schoolhouse and teacher. They are an Indian- negro mixture which has also mated with the whites. Dr. Henry of Wilmington states that there is an Indian-negro mixture in the southern part of Maryland. There has also been some white mix- ture with this combination. ‘These are a low class of people socially and intellectually. 188 MONGREL VIRGINIANS RoBIn County, NORTH CAROLINA The Robin County, North Carolina, region is the home of approximately 10,000 “Indians” called the “Rivers.”’ Their history is in doubt, but they claim to be descended from the Captain John White colony left on Cremo Island. Sir Walter Raleigh had planted a colony in 1584 on Cremo Island which later returned to England. Another colony in 1585 remained but a short while. In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh sent another colony in charge of Captain John White as governor. They settled at Cremo Island. White went back to England for supplies leaving 120 persons under 90 family names in the colony. There were friendly Indians “50 miles up into the main” called Rivers Indians who had wanted the white people to move to their country. It was arranged by White that if these people went to the Rivers country they were to leave the word ‘Rivers’ carved on a tree so that he would know where there were when he returned. In 1590 when White returned the word “Rivers” was found carved as directed. These Rivers were evidently in a region southwest from Cremo Island. The sound immediately west of Cremo Island still OTHER MIXED AREAS 189 bears the name Rivers. Apparently at this time no attempt was made to find them. The next clue is from an early historian writing in 1714: ‘‘The ‘Hat’ Indians, who lived on Cremo Island, or much frequented it, tell us that several of their ancestors were white people and could talk in a book, as we do, the truth of which is confirmed by grey eyes being frequently found amongst these Indians and no others. They value themselves extremely for this affinity to the English and are ready to do them all friendly olices.’) Later there is’.a record that,at the coming of the white settlers there was found located on the banks of the Limb River, a tribe of Indians speaking English, tilling the soil, owning slaves and practising many of the arts of civilized life. These Indians call themselves ‘““Meros” and this name is still retained among the Indians of Tennessee, whose ancestors are claimed by the tribe in Robin County to have come origi- nally with their ancestors from eastern North Carolina. French emigrants, as early as 1690, had settled in Licking Sound, where they came in contact with a mixed race to whom they gave the name ‘‘Mero.” A study of the names of the Captain John 190 MONGREL VIRGINIANS White colony shows that 40 per cent of the family names in that colony are again found among the present Rivers in Robin County. At present the Indians in Robin County cover the greater part of the western end of that county and center about Slater. They also spread out into Norton County, South Carolina, which is just across the state line. There are approxi- mately 10,000 in Robin and3,000in Norton County making the whole group 13,000. Robin County is level except for the creeks cutting through and ‘is located in the coastal plain. The soil is sandy with scrub pine and other small trees over much of the land. The main crop is cotton but corn is raised to feed a rather large number of hogs. With the exception of a few men who are in business in Slater they are mostly tillers of the soil. Physically all types of hair are seen, long, straight to kinky and curly and soft; the skin color varies from a deep blue-black through the copper red to the olive and the yellow and the white. With the lighter skins, one finds blue eyes and sometimes hazel. A River is very sensitive of the fact that there has been some negro ad- mixture and hedges away from an enquiry into OTHER MIXED AREAS 191 the matter. They resent questioning as to the probability of the negro having come into their blood and coédperation so far with them has been impossible. Suggestions furnished by white peo- ple in Swenson point to the mixture with the negro taking place about the year 1835 when by act of the legislature these Indians were classed as colored. For some years past and more particu- larly at present, the trustees of the school are very careful to keep negroes out of the area so little mixture is now taking place but the effects of past mixtures show in “‘nappy and curly” heads, flat noses and thick lips and a “‘yellow” complexion. These conditions are not always found together but often several appear in one family group. The skin color of the people seems to have little to do with their economic or intellectual level, some of the very dark people being of very high grade ability. ‘The Prices are a very high grade set of people, teachers and leaders. They have a notice- able red color which seems to be quite constant in the family. These same Prices are related to the Price gang of criminals who murdered and robbed immediately after the Civil War. The Havens, Keiths, Duncans and Prices are the aristocrats of the Rivers. Some of them 192 MONGREL VIRGINIANS have graduated from college. One, a Price, is a graduate of Johns Hopkins Medical School. Stephen Wall, ex-U. S. Senator from Mississippi, was born in Robin County, and is one of the tribe. He graduated from Oberlin College and later went to Mississippi. Stanley Newcomb was educated at Howard University in Washington, became a lawyer in North Carolina and repre- sented Athol County in the general assembly. Later he was dean of a well known college in the state. He was always classed as colored. In 1835, the negroes and free persons of mixed blood were disfranchised by amendment to the constitution of North Carolina. This act was enforced on the Indians of Robin County. This is evidence that they were considered at that time of negro descent at least within the fourth gener- ation, irrespective of their claims as Indians. Marriages between free persons of color and the white were forbidden in 1854. All these laws rendered the Indians subject to the same treat- ment as the negroes, and it is probably during this time that admixture with the negro took place. In 1885 a local historian made a study of the origin of the group and came to the conclusion that they were the descendants of the John White OTHER MIXED AREAS 193 colony and the friendly tribe of Rivers Indians on the Cremo River. He secured the passage of an act by the North Carolina legislature providing that these Indians were to be known and desig- nated as the Rivers Indians and provided special schools for them. They have since been known by this name. In 1887 a normal school was pro- vided for the Rivers and a board of Indian trustees selected. This same legislature provided that marriage between the Rivers Indians and persons of negro descent to the third generation inclusive should be void. Following the passage of these laws the Rivers once more came to be a race by itself and ceased to be classed with the negroes. At present a fine normal school is operating with special teachers in agriculture and domestic science besides the ordinary academic work. Grade schools are scattered over the area with white and Indian teachers. No school tests were given here but inspection of the ages of the chil- dren with respect to grade showed that there was a large amount of school retardation. Many of the Indians have gone away to other places and in many communities have passed for white and married into white stocks. Some 194 MONGREL VIRGINIANS have left but later returned and again taken up farming or gone into business. The problem of illegitimacy is not greater here than in the general population of this section. There is much immorality among the Indians but it is apparently decreasing with the advent of better schools. ‘The Indians seem to disapprove greatly of anyone from the outside having any relationships with their women even though im- morality within the group is not noticeably frowned upon. There is not an exceptionally large amount of crime among the Rivers. The Indians will come and testify in court against their friend or enemy with an equally stolid face. ‘They harbor a grudge a long, long time. In the temperamental field they show no resemblance to the negro. In the case of Indian-negro crosses the Indian seems to completely dominate in temperamental char- acteristics. The Indians now are guarding the purity of their stock and vigilance is more necessary now that these Indians have better schools than the negroes. ‘The latter are moving onto the Indian lands hoping they may get their children into the better Indian schools. OTHER MIXED AREAS 195 Norton County, SOUTH CAROLINA In Norton County, South Carolina, are 3,000 of these Rivers as mentioned above. This state has taken no interest in these people and they have no special classification as do their relatives in North Carolina. Until within recent years they have gone to colored schools or attended none. This group has much more admixture with the mulatto as shown by physical characters and many matings between the two are found today. ‘There is some mixing of the white through illicit matings. The people are all very poor, living on the land as tenant farmers. The county superintendent states that they are very improvi- dent, unindustrious and immoral. The northwestern corner of Norton County contains the group known as the Cheek Indians. These are people whose physical characteristics vary from the black straight hair and deep brown eyes and dark red skin to kinky hair and soft brown hair and light skin, with the red showing through. Many of these own their own land whereas the South Carolina Rivers are renters. The Cheeks are traders and have better homes. They are much interested in each other’s business 196 MONGREL VIRGINIANS and will trade horses and tell lies for each other. Among the lower classes there is some licentious- ness. Special schools are provided for the Cheeks and the school superintendent of the county feels that these children rank well with the white pupils when they have good teachers. About eight or ten of the Cheeks have gone to college. The Cheeks claim they are directly descended from the Indian tribe of that name which lived in this section of the state in colonial days. This claim is no doubt well authenticated but there has been considerable mixing with negro and white. It is rather interesting to note that some of the same names appear among the Cheeks, the South Carolina Rivers, and also in the group at Slater. This raises the question of the common origin of the Slater and the Cheek peoples. RAND CouNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA At Pons is a sand hill section where there is a feeble-minded group of people said to be mixed Indian-negro-white. Some of these are Indian with negro showing through in hair color, nose and lips. Others are practically white showing little trace of stocks other than white. Some of the OTHER MIXED AREAS 197 relationships could be worked out, others are impossible because of their mixing. A full-blooded Chinaman, named Cook, mated into the group early which complicates any specific studies. MeEros, TENNESSEE In southwest Virginia and in eastern Tennessee are the Meros, a mixed group of people generally dark in color, some with straight hair, some curly, and ‘‘dark’’ skin color. It is said that this special group which is quite numerous, is an off- shoot of the Rivers, and it is considered a triple mixture. GENERAL SUMMARY This general report shows that there has been and still is much mating between the Indian, the negro and the white races in the South. There are a number of spots where Indians lived pre- vious to the Revolution and, because they were “dark-skinned,” they were prevented in the main from having social relations with the white. Here and there a white man mated with some Indian woman. Sometimes these matings were by mar- riage, often illegitimately. The resulting offspring were still dark-in color. In the early part of the nineteenth century the race prejudice against the negro became stronger and all dark skinned persons were therefore included in the ban. Their classification became “persons of color.” This naturally threw the Indian and the negro closer together although the former had always felt himself superior to the negro. As early as 1830 we find Indian-negro matings taking place among the Rivers in North Carolina. Many of the Indians had already mated with the whites. This completed the triple mixture of the races. Since then intermixing has continued 198 GENERAL SUMMARY 199 with the results shown in the foregoing descrip- tion. It is evident from this study that the intellectual levels of the negro and the Indian race as now found is below the average for the white race. In the Wins the early white stock was probably at least of normal ability, 1.e., for the white. After the mating of this white Brown stock with the Indian, the general level of the white was lowered in the mixing. Since that time the group has mated either into itself, into negro stocks, which are necessarily below the level of the whites, or into white stocks which are known to be below the average mental level. Only one mating of better white stock into the Wins has taken place in more recent years, that of Amelia Brown, and the two resulting offspring, two women, have been of better calibre than the general run of the Wins. One of these two women had children and these three have been more energetic and active than the vast majority of the whole group. The whole Win tribe is below the average, men- tally and socially. They are lacking in academic ability, industrious to a very limited degree and capable of taking little training. Some of them do rather well the few things they know, such as 200 MONGREL VIRGINIANS raising tobacco or corn—a few as carpenters or bricklayers, but this has been the result of years of persistent supervision by the white landlords. Less than a dozen men work even reasonably well without a foreman. The women have had little training in household matters—the result is poor living conditions. A few who have been trained in white homes when young keep better homes of their own later when married, depending to a great extent upon the husband being able to fur- nish one. The children as well as the adults are for the most part fed the year round on an infinite variety of combinations of corn and pork products. There are only two families which raise any garden truck and only three homes in the area keep chickens. Once in a while they do some trading at a country store but even then they cannot count money making their purchases usually in terms of so many nickels. Very few could tell the value of either twenty-five or seventy-five cents. In their social relationships they represent a very crude type of civilization. With early adolescence and no social restrictions, excluding the influence of the one church mission, there is great sexual freedom with considerable illegitimacy GENERAL SUMMARY 201 and even promiscuity after marriage. ‘They have of their own free will developed no means of amuse- ment for themselves and life appears to drag along from day to day in the same old dreary way. The persistency of Indian traits among the Wins appears remarkable when the remoteness of pure Indian blood is taken into consideration. When one sees a group of men walking along the county road they will always be found parading in single file and for the most part noncommuni- cative. They are all very suspicious but this may be largely due to their geographical and their even greater psychological isolation throughout life. For the most part they are extremely diffident, reserved, timid, graceless, taciturn and very humble. There is practically no music among them and they have no sense of rhythm even in the lighter mulatto mixtures. As is well known, the negro is “full” of music. Some of them have been given special training in music but no Win has ever shown any semblance of ability in this line. Not a single teacher or preacher has ever been produced by the group in its history and yet these characteristics are very typical of the negro. It would seem from these and many other observations that the negro 202 MONGREL VIRGINIANS temperamental characteristics are completely dominated by the Indian. Unquestionably the people covered by this study represent an ever increasing social problem in the South. Social consciousness has only begun to be awakened. Amidst the furor of news- paper and pamphlet publicity on miscegenation which has appeared since the passage of the Virginia Racial Integrity Law of 1924 this study is presented not as theory or as representing a prejudiced point of view but as a careful summary of the facts of history. APPENDIX THE VIRGINIA RAcIAL INTEGRITY LAW oF 1924 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia, That the State Registrar of Vital Statistics may as soon as prac- ticable after the taking effect of this act, prepare a form whereon the racial composition of any individual, as Caucasian, negro, Mongolian, American Indian, Asiatic Indian, Malay, or any mixture thereof, or any other non-Caucasic strains, and if there be any mixture, then the racial composition of the parents and other ancestors, in so far as ascertainable, so as to show in what generation such mixture occurred, may be certified by such individual, which form shall be known as a registration certificate. The State Registrar may supply to each local registrar a sufficient number of such forms for the purposes of this act; each local registrar may personally or by deputy, as soon as possible after receiving such forms, have made thereon in duplicate a certificate of the racial composition as aforesaid, of each person resident in his district, who so de- sires, born before June fourteenth, nineteen hundred and twelve, which certificate shall be made over the signature of said person, or in the case of children under fourteen years of age, over the signature of a parent, guardian, or other person standing in loco parentis. One of said certificates for each person thus registering in every district shall be forwarded to the State Registrar for his files; the other shall be kept on file by the local registrar. Every local registrar may, as soon as practicable, have such registration certificate made by or for each person in his dis- trict who so desires, born before June fourteen, nineteen 203 204 MONGREL VIRGINIANS hundred and twelve, for whom he has not filed a registration certificate or a birth certificate. 2. It shall be a felony for any person.wilfully or knowingly to make a registration certificate false as to color or race. The wilful making of a false registration or birth certificate shall be punished by confinement in the penitentiary for one year. 3. For each registration certificate properly made and re- turned to the State Registrar, the local registrar returning the same shall be entitled to a fee of twenty-five cents, to be paid by the registrant. Application for registration and for tran- script may be made direct to the State Registrar, who may retain the fee for expenses of his office. 4. No marriage license shall be granted until the clerk or deputy clerk has reasonable assurance that the statements as to color of both man and woman are correct. If there is reasonable cause to disbelieve that applicants are of pure white race, when that fact is stated, the clerk or deputy clerk shall withhold the granting of the license until satis- factory proof is produced that both applicants are ‘‘white persons”’ as provided for by this act. The clerk or deputy clerk shall use the same care to assure himself that both applicants are colored when that fact is claimed. 5. It shall be unlawful for any white person in this state to marry any save a white person, or a person with no other admixture of blood than white and American Indian. For the purpose of this act, the term ‘‘white person” shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian; but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian and have no other non-caucasic blood shall be deemed to be white persons. All laws heretofore passed and now in effect regarding the inter- APPENDIX 205 marriage of white and colored persons shall apply to marriages prohibited by this act. 6. For carrying out the purposes of this act and to provide the necessary clerical assistance, postage and other expenses of the State Registrar of Vital Statistics, twenty per cent of the fees received by the local registrars under this act shall be paid to the State Bureau of Vital Statistics, which may be ex- pended by the said bureau for the purposes of this act. 7. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent with this act are, to the extent of such inconsistency, hereby repealed. 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