LANGUAGE MONOGRAPHS 
 
 LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA 
 
 EDITED BY 
 GEORGE MELVILLE BOLLING 
 Ohio State University 
 AURELIO M. ESPINOSA SAMUEL MOORE 
 Stanford University University of Michigan 
 DANIEL B. SHUMWAY 
 University of Pennsylvania 
 
 NUMBER 3 DECEMBER, 1926 
 
 eee 
 
 POST-CONSONANTAL &% IN INDO-EUROPEAN 
 
 BY 
 
 : FRANCIS A. WOOD 
 Professor of Germanic Philology, University of Chicago 
 
 LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA 
 
 204 St. MARK’s SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 1926 
 
LINGUISTIC ‘SOCIETY OR AMERICA 
 
 Founded at 
 
 OFFICERS FOR 1926 ce 
 
 President, PROFESSOR MAURICE BLOOMFIELD » Johns Hopkins Ronen Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Vice-President, PROFESSOR OLIVER FARRAR EMERSON, Western Reserve University, — 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio. Soy: site 
 
 Secretary and Treasurer, PROFESSOR Rotanp G. Kent, University of Pennsylvania, 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. : x 5 
 
 Executive Committee, the preceding, and 
 PROFESSOR LEONARD BLOOMFIELD, Ohio State Gaveeny Columbus, Ohio. - 
 ProFEssor EpwarbD Sapir, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. 
 
 ~ PROFESSOR EDGAR oye STURTEVANT, Yale Volvos New fant Conn. 
 
 Committee on PA 
 
 Editor and Chairman, PROFESSOR Gronce Menvinte BoLuina, Ohio Stat Uni- 
 
 versity, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 To serve through 1926 : PROFESSOR SAMUEL Moors, University of Michigan: | 
 
 Ann Arbor, Michigan. 
 
 To serve through 1927 : PROFESSOR ‘Danie B. ‘Suomwvay, University of Penn- Z 
 
 sylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 To serve through 1928 : PROFESSOR AvRELIO ane Esenvosa, Derg se Univer- 
 
 sity, California. — 
 
 The Linguistic Society of Aiea was folnded in i center 1924, for the 
 advancement of the scientific study of language, The Society plans to promote this 
 
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 - fruits of research. It has established both a quarterly journal anda series of mono- 
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 _ will receive both in return for the annual dues of Five Dollars. 
 Membership in the Society is not restricted to professed scholars in linguistics, All 
 
 persons, whether men or women, who are in sympathy with the objects of the — 
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 should be addressed . 
 
 Manuscripts for publication, eeeatges fan hoi ie review should be sent to 
 
 Professor George Melville Bolling, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
LANGUAGE MONOGRAPHS 
 
 LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 GEORGE MELVILLE BOLLING 
 Ohio State University 
 
 AURELIO M. ESPINOSA SAMUEL MOORE 
 Stanford University University of Michigan 
 
 DANIEL B. SHUMWAY 
 
 University of Pennsylvania 
 
 NUMBER 3 DECEMBER, 1926 
 
 POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANCIS A. WOOD 
 Professor of Germanic Philology, University of Chicago 
 
 LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA 
 
 204 St. Mark’s SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 1926 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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PREFACE 
 
 The aim of this work is to discuss only those points that are in 
 dispute or that have been incorrectly interpreted, without a survey of 
 exploded theories or the repetition of well established facts. In giv- 
 ing new etymologies it is hoped that the bare facts presented without 
 comment will be illuminating enough to those among the open-mind- 
 ed who can see for themselves. If in any particular case the etymolo- 
 gies offered do not bring conviction, certainly the body of proof can 
 leave no doubt. This mass of evidence establishes, along with other 
 minor points, the following theses maintained in the paragraphs as 
 given below : 
 
 4-5. That the loss of post-consonantal w clears up many anomalies 
 in ablaut that have been otherwise explained. 
 
 6-8. That initial gw-, gw-, ghw-, lose the w in Sanskrit and in Greek, 
 and become v- in Italic, thus proving a disputed point and giving 
 consistency to the explanation ; that initial sgw- results in Skt. sk-, 
 Gr. on-, Ital. skw- ; that medially the pure velars + w are not sim- 
 plified in these languages. 
 
 9-10. That the palatals + w give in Greek initially and before and 
 atter consonants x, 8, 9 (never 7, 6, 8), between vowels (when the 
 combination begins the syllable) zz, 8, 9, otherwise xx, @, xy; ini- 
 tially in Italic k, g, f, after consonants (except m) kw, gw, yw, Lat. 
 qu, Vv, v ; that initial z@h- falls together with gh- in Italic, in Germanic 
 (cf. 45.24 ff.), and probably in Indo-Iranic, and becomes regularly in 
 Greek oy- or (before w) oo-. 
 
 41. That the intervocalic labials + w result in geminations in 
 Greek and Latin. 
 
 12. That initial tw- (except where w is lost by dissimilation) be- 
 comes Italic p- as claimed by Sommer, Hdb. 227 ; but intervocalic -tw- 
 results in an early gemination -?f- or a later assimilation -pp-. 
 
 43. That intervocalic -nw- regularly gives Italic -nn-. 
 
 I 
 
2 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 14. That there is no basis for deriving initial Greek o- from IE 
 sw-. 
 
 45. That initial IE o”h-, ghw-, ghw- result in Germanic w- except 
 before u, original or developed. 
 
 16. That w causes pre-Germ. gemination resulting in Germ. pp, 
 mm, tt, nn, kk, and a later Germ. gemination of the labials, dentals, 
 and gutturals. 
 
 Because of my financial inability to pay for the printing of this 
 little book and my failure to secure a subvention for it, this study has 
 had to wait for several years for its publication though, as I believe, 
 the explanations here given are basic and far-reaching. I am all the 
 more grateful to the Linguistic Society of America for accepting this 
 work as one of its series of monographs, especially as it brings no 
 profit to the practical world and is, therefore, limited in its appeal to 
 he unappreciated few whose only reward is the joy of achieve- 
 ment. | 
 
 F.A.W. 
 Chicago, January 1926. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 DUT REUCTION sab rdcon ated he «Saichai slay dahil ete! War Sd slide 5 
 
 1. Initial Labials +- w in Indo-European................ 6 
 
 2 URTV ECTTS ES ESR OU Bly a8 PUNT URO iat li ao RR ae 15 
 
 3. Initial Liquids + w in Indo-European................ 21 
 
 AOL SISSIITNALOTY) AOSS VON Ue aie, gg htots in eral vi@ahina shel dou WAY a's 24 
 
 S piiitiate Velars i aim Indo-European sive s/c @. aids Sea 26 
 
 Pmt Welarse-- to in. Sansk vit ustisal ays Well! ala eels. ale holadee 29 
 
 Te E Ne MUTE VATS: te th IN Geek tojeare Ay lives Maun. ale es 32 
 
 Set Nenburewy clare +, ty in Utalicuine. Fate ayiads Qiuq ew des 46 
 
 mee ea alatals’ 1g eo. ith: Green is aa Ways Seiten a tit) eld Ms 55 
 
 Pome Neora ata Sime tert IUPAC a Seve dg are oth vl al/oraty aa aye tglale 69 
 tr. Intervocalic Labials -- w in Greek and Italic............ 86 
 Peewbe entale tat iniitalian veces cian Haney seed a keke 89 
 BPM ett ty Wali oP 9t~ svi iialaten Dd aigahs A sla Ware dca AOR Racties AN 98 
 Ree MATEGTOO CY arya titans fetus Rilke oie dhe: cis Me OH 99 
 Preis ewe pm. Sys in Germanics ie ag bie ete ¥ gale eee 102 
 DRne ce Ma Roast (SO ITMINALLON 27 4ue Wi starals Ma wiedl WHY Cows Ss a 114 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2022 with funding from 
 Princeton Theological Seminary Library 
 
 https://archive.org/details/postconsonantalwOOwood 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 It may be assumed that in primitive Indo-European postconsonan- 
 tal w was extremely rare and in some combinations unknown. For it 
 was probably only through the loss of a vowel that w came to stand 
 after a consonant. So arose such forms as Lith. tvinti ‘ swell’ : Skt. 
 taviti ‘is strong’ ; Goth. fon (*pwon-) : gen. funins ‘fire’, Skt. pavanah 
 ‘purifying’ ; Skt. ¢vdyati ‘ swell, become strong’ : ¢avirah ‘ strong’ ; 
 Skt. hudyati : havate ‘call’ ; Gr. xanvéc, Lat. vapor, Lith. kudpas‘ breath, 
 fragrance’ : Skt. copati ‘ bewegt sich’. 
 
 In some instances even in IE postconsonantal w thus arising no 
 doubt disappeared. But we are not to suppose that this was a haphazard 
 matter. Unless we can give a phonetic reason for the disappearance 
 of a sound, we have no right to assume it. We must also bear in mind 
 that parallel forms with and without w may simply be rime-words 
 and not related at all. E. g., Persson, Beitr. 194 f., puts Gr. xovapoy’ 
 edtpao%, mova, Spactijerov on the same footing phonetically as xeveds 
 (on which see 4.01). But unless. xovaeds is from *kwonw*ros, there 
 would be no explanation for the loss of the w. 
 
 But after giving all such cases the benefit of the doubt, we still 
 find, even in languages in which the w regularly remains, many words 
 that may fairly be suspected of having had a w at an earlier time. 
 However, even when such suspected words occur in several languages, 
 we cannot safely refer the loss to the IE period. For the same cause 
 that might have eliminated the w in IE may actually have done so in 
 the separate dialect life. The examples given below are therefore not 
 intended to prove that under certain conditions postconsonantal w 
 was lost in IE, but only to indicate the loss without attempting to fix 
 the time. Where the loss can be established as belonging to the 
 separate dialect life, it will be discussed under its proper head. 
 
 But — and this is a point that many either forget or ignore — the 
 development of a consonant + w need not be, and often is not, the 
 same medially as it is initially. This is due to the fact that the 
 syllabic division came between the consonant and the w. The evidence 
 all points to the fact that the consonant goes with the preceding, not 
 with the following vowel, and that this division continued in the 
 
6 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 various IE languages down to a comparatively late period. E.g. an 
 TE*gwag-wi would regularly give Skt. *kakvd, Gr. *xaxxj, Lat. *vaqua, 
 Goth. *hwawa. If the division had been *gwa-qwi, there would be no 
 explanation for the difference in treatment. 
 
 4. Initials Labials +- w in Indo-European 
 
 After initial labials the loss of w, if not IE, must certainly have oc- 
 curred early in all the dialects, perhaps as a result of assimilation The 
 words in 4.04-3 may come from a base *pewd- ‘ swell, blow, puff ’. 
 Many other examples could be given ; cf. Persson, Beitr. 241 ff. 
 
 1.01. 1. OPruss. panno ‘fire’, *pwona, Goth. fon, *pwony : gen. 
 funins, dat. funin, “punen-es, -i, Icel. funi ‘ flame’, *punén (formed by 
 analogy), Gr. mavog ‘torch’, *nareovee (cf. Boisacq 745), Skt. pavanah 
 ‘ purifying ’, pavakabh ‘ purifying ; fire’. 
 
 Goth. fon : funins, with ablaut as in Skt. va: gunah ‘dog’, pre- 
 serves a nom. sing. type for the neuter not otherwise found in Germ., 
 viz. -~ as in Skt. dhama, Lat. nomen, etc. This explanation of fon: 
 funins shows that what seems an inexplicable change of a neuter o- 
 stem to an u-stem is only in appearance. There is no need of assum- 
 
 ing an original -r-/-n- declension. For various theories cf. Feist, Et. 
 Wh. 117. 
 
 1.02. Gr. x@dog ‘foal, colt, young animal ; young person’, *pwo- 
 los (not *poulos, from which we should expect *xotAog) : Lat. pullus 
 ‘a young animal’, Goth. fula ‘ foal’, etc. 
 
 1.03. Lat. panus ‘ swelling, tumor ; ear of millet’, *pwan- (or *twan- 
 12.19) : Lett. pune ‘Knollen, Knoten’, punis ‘Beule’, puns ‘ Auswuchs 
 am Baum ; Hocker’, paune ‘ Biindel, Tornister ’. Similarly Lat. pam- 
 pina, papula, papilla, papaver : papus, piipa ; OBulg. pagy ‘corymbus’, 
 pagvica ‘ globulus ’: Skt puajah ‘ Klumpen’, pagah ‘ Haufe, Menge’, 
 etc. ; OBulg. pesti ‘ Faust’, : Gr. n¥&, moypy, Lat. pugnus, and many 
 others. 
 
 1.04 OHG fibtu ‘fechte’, pret. sing. fabt, pre-Germ. *pwektd, 
 *pwokte: pret. plur. fubtun, pp. gifohtan, pre-Germ. “puktut, *puktonds : 
 Lat. pugndre, pugna, pungere, pugnus, pugio, etc., base *peweg- ; or from 
 *pewek- in Gr. tyexsvxig ‘ sharp-pointed’, zevxe3avb¢ ‘ sharp, fierce (of 
 war),’ nedxy ‘ fir’, Lith. puszis, OHG fiuhta ‘ Fichte’. This explains the 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 7 
 
 otherwise unaccountable ~ in the pret. plur. and pp. of the Germ. 
 word. 
 
 From IE bases *bewa-, bewe- may come parallel forms *biix- : *bax-, 
 *bex-. These may be only rime-words from unrelated bases, but the 
 parallels are so striking that it seems hardly to be chance. 
 
 4.05. Skt. dalam‘ Kraft, Starke, Gewalt’, baliyan ‘stirker’, OBulg. 
 boliji ‘ grdsser’, Gr. BeArtwv ‘better’, Lat. debilis ‘ weak’, LG pall 
 ‘fest, straff, steif, unbeweglich’ (cf. Walde? 222 ; Fick III*+ 218), base 
 *bel-, *bol- (probably from “*bwel-) ‘ swell’, also in Gr. Borde * bulb, 
 onion ’, Lat. bulbus, etc. : Lat. bulla ‘ bubble, boss, stud ’, Lith. bulis 
 ‘ buttocks’, MLG pule, pole‘ pod’, MDu. palen, Du. puilen ‘ swell’ 
 (cf. Walde? ror; Fick III* 220). 
 
 4.06. Lat. baro ‘ blockhead, dolt’ (*baso ‘ chunk, block ”), bardus 
 (*basidus) ‘stupid, dull’, bastum ‘ staff, cudgel’, NIcel. pastur ‘vigor’, 
 Skt. bastah ‘ buck’, *bwas- ‘ swell’ : Gr. Biopa, Biote ‘plug, bung’, 
 ON piss ‘Beutel’, Norw dial. pias ‘ Geschwulst’, pisna, peysa ‘an- 
 schwellen ’, ON posi, OE posa, pusa ‘bag, wallet’. 
 
 Or baro may have original r : Skt. bald-h ‘jung, kindlich, téricht ; 
 Kind, Knabe, Tor’, *bwaro- ‘ chunk, block’ : Icel. paur ‘ fiend, devil’. 
 Similarly with s occur Swed. pys ‘ kleiner Knabe’, dial. pus id., tomte- 
 pys ‘Kobold ’, pyssling ‘sehr kleiner Mensch, Zwerg, Kobold’; and 
 with g: OWN piki ‘ Teufel’, OSwed. puke, OE piicel ‘ goblin’, Norw. 
 dial. pauk ‘kleiner, schwichlicher Mensch, Knabe ’, Swed. dial. pik 
 ‘Knabe’, etc. (cf. Persson, Beitr. 264f.). 
 
 1.07. Gr. Bazexyoc, Ion. B&boxyxes ‘ frog ; a kind of fish ; the frog 
 of a horse’s hoof ’, *bat- or *badh- ‘ swelling, bunch * : ON padda ‘frog, 
 toad’, NIcel. ‘toad ; beetle’, ME padde, paddok ‘ frog or toad’, MDu., 
 Du. padde ‘toad’, etc., identical with NE pad (early padde) ‘a soft 
 cushion or a stuffed part to relieve pressure ’, vb. ‘ stuff, wad ’, Lat. 
 bassus ‘crassus, pinguis, obesus’, Russ. botét' ‘ dick, fett werden’, 
 botélyj ‘beleibt, dick, fett, feist’, Jotvii'-c'a ‘geil werden, ippig 
 wachsen von Pflanzen ’ (cf. Persson, Beitr. 263). 
 
 With these compare the bases *but-, *bud(h)- in Russ. butét' ‘ dick, 
 fett werden’, Slov. dita ‘ grossképfiger Mensch, stumpfsinnige Per- 
 son’, bitast ‘ stumpf, plattképfig, dumm, tdlpelhaft’, batac ‘ Gewicht 
 der Wanduhr ; Grosskopf ; Kaulkopf; Télpel ’, MDu. podde ‘ toad’, 
 pudde ‘ eel-pout’, puut, Du. puit ‘ frog ’, puitaal ‘ eel-pout’, OE &le- 
 pute id., NE pout ‘ purse up the lips, be sullen ’, EFris. piit‘ Geschwulst, 
 
8 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 Beutel, Sack’, OE pott ‘ pot’, Lat. bifo ‘ toad’, and many. others. 
 
 1.08. Gr. Gdtpug ‘cluster, bunch of grapes ; lock or tuft of hair’, 
 Boteuyog id., Bécetpuyes ‘curl or lock of hair’, Lat. botulus ‘ gut ; a 
 kind of sausage’, *bwot ‘ bunch’ : OE pudoc: wen, wart’, NE pod ‘a 
 legume or silicle ’, vb. ‘swell and assume the appearance of a pod’, 
 poddy ‘ round and stout in the belly’, LG puddig ‘ thick, swollen ’, 
 Westfal. puddek ‘ lump, pudding, sausage’, MLG pudel ‘ Dose, Beu- 
 
 tel’, etc. 
 
 1.09. Nicel. pata‘ gesticulate’’, NE pat ‘strike gently with the 
 fingers ’, patter ‘ make a quick succession of small sounds against any 
 object; move with quick steps; chatter, clatter’, MHG pfetzen ‘ zupfen, 
 zwicken ’, Gr. adog ‘ walk, step, path ’, Badi{w march, walk ’, Raréa, 
 ‘ tread, walk’ (or the Gr. words may be connected with @atvw), OE 
 pep * path’, OHG pfad, etc., NE pad ‘ tread or beat down, make 
 smooth or level by treading ; tramp slowly or wearily along’, paddle 
 ‘an instrument with a flat broad blade and a handle ; an oar’, vd. 
 ‘propel by paddle or oar ; dabble or play about, in water or as in 
 water ; strike with a flat object ’, Lat. battuo ‘ beat, strike, hit ’, Russ. 
 bétat’ < schaukeln, hin- und herbewegen, batfmeln ; gerduschvoll auf- 
 treten, trampeln ; im Schmutze waten ; das Wasser triiben ; klingeln, 
 klirren ’, bétalo ‘ der einen schweren Tritt hat; die Fischerstange zum 
 Treiben der Fische ’, botn'a ‘Unruhe, Tumult’. 
 
 With these compare *but-, *bud(h)- in early NE pother ‘ disturbance, 
 stir, tumult, bustle *, vb.‘ make a stir ; puzzle, annoy ’, pudder id., 
 MDu.. puederen ‘ stir or poke about in anything ; annoy anyone’ ; 
 Icel. pota‘ thrust, poke’, OE potian ‘ butt, gore ; prod’, NE potter 
 ‘ poke about, busy one’s self over trifles ; poke along, walk slowly’, 
 Du. peuteren ‘stochern, klauben, wihlen ’. 
 
 1.10. Gr. @ao4 ‘a dipping, as of redhot iron in water, the tem- 
 per of steel ; the dipping of cloth in dye, dyeing, coloring, dye’, 
 Gantw ‘dip, dip under ; fill by dipping in, draw; dye, color, steep’, 
 Gancitw ‘dip under ; steep, wet, soak ; dip a vessel, draw water’, 
 Baéuya ‘that in which a thing is dipped: sop, sauce; dye, paint’, 
 MLG pap ‘ Mehlbrei’, pappen ‘ Brei zurechtmachen und damit fiittern; 
 intr. sich vollstopfen ; mit Mehlkleister stirken’, MDu. pappe, Du. 
 pap ‘ Pappe’, etc., *bwabh- ‘ press down : dip, sop; cram, stuff, fill, 
 etc.’ : Gr. Birtew Bancttew Hes., Lat. bubindre ‘menstruo mulierum 
 sanguine inquinare’ (: imbuo ‘ wet, moisten, soak, steep, saturate ; 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 9 
 
 stain, taint, infect’), Icel. paufalegur ‘ dark, gloomy’, paufa ‘ sneak 
 about ’, Lett. ap-bibét ‘sich mit Schimmel tberziehen ; schimmeln’ 
 (er. 4.16) 
 
 If Ganz and Birtw belong together, 8 can not come from a labiove- 
 ‘lar unless @éntw has v from 6v6d¢ etc. The comparison with OSwed. 
 kwaf ‘ Tiefe’ etc. makes it necessary to assume a_ base *o”ébh-, with 
 ablaut 6, 2, and for such a base there is no other evidence. Moreover 
 the Germ. words do not correspond well in meaning and may better 
 be referred to a base *gweébh- (or -p-). With OSwed. kwaf ‘ Tiefe’, 
 kwefia ‘ ersticken’, nidher-kova ‘ hinunterdriicken’, ON h(w)efia, pret. 
 kéf ‘ersticken’, kuefa, kefa id., k(u)afna ‘ erstickt werden’, Nlcel. 
 kaf ‘a dive, diving ; thick smoke’, kafa ‘dive, swim under water’, 
 kof ‘thick vapor ; thick fall of snow ; thick sweat’; kefa ‘ choke, suf- 
 focate ; quell, subdue’, kafna ‘ be suffocated ’, MHG erqueben ‘ ersticken ’ 
 (Germ. ablaut a, 2, 6; IE 2 or 0, é,0); compare Av. gufré ‘ verborgen, 
 tief’, ChSl. zupa ‘ Grab’, Gr. yin? xothupa vis, Oakdyn, ywvta Hes., 
 OE cofa ‘ chamber’, NE cove ‘ a small inlet, or bay; a hollow, nook, 
 or recess in a mountain’, etc., root *s@u- ‘bend, bend down; press, 
 press down’, also in Skt. guhati ‘ verbirgt’; guiha ‘ Versteck, Hohle’, 
 Av. gaozaiti, OPers. gauday- ‘ verbergen’, Lith. giiszti * schiitzen’, 
 etc. (cf. Uhlenbeck, Ai. Wb. 81), guziné ‘ Blindekuhspiel’, guzinéti 
 ‘blinde Kuh spielen’, Icel. kuiga ‘oppress, tyrannize over’, Dan. kue 
 ‘bandigen, zihmen’, Swed. kuva ‘ besiegen, unterwerfen, bezwingen; 
 bindigen ; dimpfen, unterdriicken, ersticken (perhaps in part an 
 ablaut-form of kudva ‘ ersticken, erdriicken ; unterdriicken, dimpfen’), 
 kugga ‘prellen, diipieren’, NE cow ‘ cause to shrink or crouch with 
 fear, overawe’, MHG kiichen ‘kauern’, etc., cf. 6.06. 
 
 1.41. Gr. Bé0pov ‘ pit, gulf’, Bd0p0g, Bsbdves ‘ pit, trench, ditch, 
 hollow’ (*bwodh-), Ir. baidim ‘ tauche unter, ertrinke’ (*bwédh-), Gr. 
 Ba0dg ‘ deep (of sea, river, valley, voice) ; close, thick (woods, 
 grain, vegetation, beard, hair)’, 6a6svw ‘ hollow out, excavate’, @de¢ 
 ‘depth’ (*bwydh-), BévOog ‘ depth, especially of the sea’, ME, NE pond 
 (Germ: *pand-) : Gr. @v6o¢ ‘depth, esp. of the sea’, uosds ‘depth’, 
 Biccahor’ Bd0ec Hes., Bv0itw ‘immerse, sink’, OE pudd ‘ ditch’, ME 
 podel ‘ puddle, pool’, EFris. pudel, NHG dial. pfudel ‘Sumpf’, OE 
 pytt ‘ pit, grave, pond’ (perhaps influenced by Lat. puteus but certainly 
 not derived therefrom), ON pytir, OHG pfuzzi, NHG pfiitze, etc., 
 WFal. pot, Norw. dial. payta‘ Pfitze’. The forms with it, ¢ may have 
 IE dh or d, the primary meaning being ‘ press, poke, dig; depress, 
 
 mae 
 
IO LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 cause to sink: depression, hollow, hole’ : OE pyttan ‘dig, prod’, 
 potian ‘ butt, gore ; prod’. 
 
 4.42. Skt. bilam ‘Hoéhle, Loch, Offnung’, *bwalo-, Lith. bala 
 ‘Bruch, eine sumpfige 6fter mit Gehdélz bewachsene Strecke ’, OBulg. 
 blato ‘ See, Teich, Sumpf’, Russ. boléto ‘ Sumpf, Morast, Moor’, Bulg. 
 blato ‘See, Sumpf ; Kot’; Skt. jam-balab ‘ Sumpf, Schlamm’, *bwalo-, 
 Russ. balka ‘Schlucht, ausgetrocknetes Flussbett in der Steppe’, OE 
 pol * pool’, OHG pfuol ‘ Pfuhl’, MDu. poel ‘ pool, marsh ; ditch’, poe- 
 len ‘ deepen’ (cf. Berneker, I 40, 70) : Skt. boldyati * taucht unter’ : 
 Lat. imbuo ‘ wet, soak ; stain, taint ’. 
 
 Compare the following with r : Skt. -barab ‘ Offnung’, Russ.- 
 ChSI. bara ‘ Sumpf’, LRuss. bar ‘ feuchter Ort zwischen zwei Hiigeln’, 
 Bulg. béra ‘ Sumpf, Pfiitze’, Gr. 0508090¢ ‘slime, mud, mire’, which 
 may be from IE *bwor-, *hewer- ‘ bend, bend down ; sink’ : Skt. bulvah 
 ‘schief ’, Lat. imbirus (or -burvus) ‘bent’, bira, baris ‘ the bent 
 hinder part of the plow’. 
 
 1.13. Russ. bagnd ‘ niedrige, sumpfige Stelle’, LRuss. bahno 
 ‘Sumpf, Morast’, Czech bahno, Pol. bagno, etc., Lith. bognas 
 ‘Fichtenbruch’, base *bag- (perhaps from *bwég-) ‘hollow, low-lying, 
 deep’. Compare *biig- ‘ bend, sink; press, press down’ in OE piician 
 ‘creep’, Nicel. pukur ‘ mysteriousness, secrecy’, i pukri ‘secretly, by 
 stealth’, pukra ‘ make a secret of, conceal’. 
 
 Several color-words are found in this group, in which the pri- 
 mary meaning is either ‘deep’, asin Gr. Bade ‘deep ; deep-colored, 
 dark’, absypees ‘of a deep, dark color’ ; or ‘dipped, dyed’, as in 
 Gr. Ganzbs ‘dipped : dyed, bright-colored’, @zoq ‘a dipping, dyeing, 
 coloring ’, é&pya ‘dye, paint’. 
 
 1.44. OBulg. bagiri ‘Purpur’, Russ. bdgori ‘ Purpurfarbe, Coche- 
 nille’, bagrit’ ‘mit Purpur farben’, LRuss. dabra ‘braunrote Kuh’ : 
 *bago- ‘deep’ in 1.43. 
 
 4.45. Gr. @a0s¢ ‘deep : dark-colored’ ; Lat. basus ‘ rufus, niger’ 
 (with s from ty?), Span. bazo ‘ dark-brown’ ; Olr. buide ‘ yellow’, 
 Lat. badius ‘brown, chestnut-colored ’ (of horses), It. bajo, Fr. bai, 
 NE bay, whence OF r. baie, Fr. boie, Du. baai, NE bay‘ a light woolen 
 fabric’ (originally of a bay color), usually in plural bays, whence 
 baize : Gr. %eb8e¢ ‘robe of purple or of costly material’, from an adj. 
 “beudo- ‘deep, dark’. Compare Norw. peyta ‘pit’ etc. (4.14), and 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN II 
 
 Welsh budr ‘schmutzig’, budro ‘beschmutzen’. For OHG kozzo etc., 
 which are wrongly combined with (ed3ec, cf. 8.30. 
 
 4.416. Gr. Bapyo ‘dye, paint’, Banzd¢ ‘dipped, dyed, bright- 
 colored’, ae ‘a dipping, dyeing, coloring; dye’, Gas ‘ a dipping, 
 dyeing’, Russ. bosyj, epithet of the wolf in Igorslied (with s from ps, 
 bhs) : Russ. bisyj ‘dunkelblaugrau, dunkelgrau, aschtarben’, dzisko 
 ‘Tier, namentlich Katze mit so getirbtem Fell’, dial. buseli ‘ Schim- 
 mel, Uberzug auf stehendem Wasser’ (cf. Berneker I 104; but the 
 words for ‘ stork’, Russ. dial. buselit, buzdnit etc., belong rather in 
 the group with Gr. Bac, Bifa ‘owl’, B5¢w ‘howl, hoot’, Lat. bibo, 
 biiteo, etc.). : Lett. ap-babét ‘sich mit Schimmel tiberziehen ; schim- 
 meln ’, NIcel. paufalegur ‘ dark, gloomy’, Gr. Bintew’ Bantivew, Lat. 
 imbuo ‘wet, soak; stain, taint’, cf. 1.40. 
 
 Compare also Lat. burrus, *birus (perhaps from *bouros) ‘ scarlet’, 
 It. buio ‘dunkel, finster’, Lomb. bur id., Prov. burel ‘ braunrot’, Russ. 
 bury; ‘ schwarzbraun, dunkelbraun von Pferden’, buirka, birko‘ Brauner’, 
 LRuss. bury; ‘ graubraun’, Pol. bury ‘grau, dunkelgrau, schwarz- 
 grau ’, buras ‘ Wolf, Isegrimm’ (cf. Berneker I 102f. with lit.). The 
 Slav. words may be original rather than borrowed as Berneker assumes. 
 The primary meaning was perhaps ‘ stained’: Lat. imbuo. 
 
 A large number of words of the types *bhax-: *bhax- may be deri- 
 ved trom an earlier *bhewax-, root *bhewd- ‘ swell, rise, grow, become, 
 be’. In the first type occur words of the form *bhax-, *bhdx- *bhax- or 
 (from the thematic stem *bhewe-) *bhex- etc. In the second type occur 
 *bheux-, *bhoux-, etc. The derivation of types *bhax, *bhox- from *bhaux, 
 *bhoux- is an unwarranted and unnecessary assumption, and in view 
 of the ablaut-form *bhax- impossible. 
 
 4.17. OBulg. dodo ‘ werde, yiyvovat ’, Russ. bidu, etc., from 
 *bhwond- (Berneker I 80), with which compare *bhwod- in Skt. bhad- 
 rah ‘erfreulich, glicklich, giinstig, gut, schén’, bhadram ‘Glick, 
 Heil’, Av. hu-basro ‘glicklich, gesegnet’, Goth. batiza ‘bessere’, 
 batists ‘best’, gabatnan ‘ Vorteil haben’, ota ‘ Vorteil, Nutzen’, etc. : 
 Welsh budd ‘utilitas, commodum, quaestus’, Ir. buaid ‘Sieg’, ON 
 byte‘ Tausch, Beute’, byta ‘tauschen, verteilen’, MLG bite‘ Tausch, Ver- 
 teilung ; Beute ’, biiten ‘ tauschen, verteilen ; erbeuten ’ (Fick II* 175), 
 Pol. bydfo (Gewinn, Habe) ‘ Vieh’, Czech bydlo ‘ Wohnung ’, bydliti, 
 ‘leben, wohnen’, OE bot! ‘ dwelling, house’, bytlan ‘ build; tortity ’. 
 
12 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 4.18. MLG bode, MHG dbuode ‘ Hitte, Bude’, OS dédlos pl. ‘Haus 
 und Hof, Hausgerat ’, OFris., MLG bédel ‘ das gesammte Vermégen ’, 
 Du. boedel ‘die ganze Masse, Menge; Besitztum, Verlassenschaft’, MDu. 
 boedel ‘ Haus und Hof, Eigentum, bewegliches Vermégen ’, *bhwot- : 
 ON bud ‘ Aufenthalt, Zelt, Bude’, Serb.-Cr. Dice ‘ Dasein, Wesen, 
 Stand, Zustand ; Stoff, Eigenschaft ; Wohnung ; Vermégen, Hab und 
 Gut ’, OBulg. po-byti ‘ Sieg’, Russ. do-byéa ‘ Gewinn, Beute’, do-byt' 
 ‘erhalten, erlangen, erwerben, gewinnen, erlegen’, Skt. bdhiitih 
 
 * Kraft, Macht, Gedeihen, Wohl, Heil, Gltick, Schmuck ’. 
 1.49. Gr. owded¢ ‘den, lair’, ON ddl * couch, bed ; lair ’, *bhwol-: 
 
 Swed. dial. bylja ‘kleines Nest’, Gr. 954% ‘tribe, clan ; community ; 
 kind, class ’, and also ovAaé ‘ excubitor, watcher, guard, sentinel ; pro- 
 tector’, gvddecw ‘excubo, lie in wait, lie in ambush for; watch, 
 guard’. 
 
 1.20. Lat. fatuus ‘dull, silly, foolish; flat, insipid’, *b/wat- ‘ big, 
 blunt’, Russ. dati ‘Eichenstock, Kniittel’, *bhwat-, Serb.-Cr. bit 
 ‘Keule, Stock’, ddtati ‘schlagen, klopfen’, ON badmr ‘ Baum’, base 
 “bhewd-t-, -d- ‘ swell, grow, become big, chunky : chunk, beam, tree, 
 cudgel : cudgel, beat’: Gr. gutév ‘plant, tree ; tumor’, OE open 
 ‘rosemary ; thyme; darnel’, ME budde ‘ bud’, MHG butte ‘ Frucht- 
 knopf der Hagerose ?, MLG buddech ‘ dick geschwollen ’, MHG 
 butzen ‘ turgere’, butze ‘Masse, Klumpen’, biizen ‘ aufschwellen’, bize 
 ‘das Hervorsprossen’, NHG Styr. butzen ‘ Kliimpchen ; Knospe ; knotig 
 verdickte Stelle der Haut; in der Entwickelung zuriickgebliebenes 
 Tier’, botzen ‘ Knospe, Spross ; Samen- oder Kerngehduse ’, OE buttuc 
 ‘end ; piece of land’, NE buttocks ‘ podex’, butt‘ das dicke Ende ; 
 Kolben ; Hinterteil’, Du. Jot ‘stumpf, plump, dumm’, Goth. baups 
 ‘stumm, taub ; fade ’, MHG dbutzen ‘ stossweise losfahren ’, NHG Alls. 
 botzen ‘einen Schlag versetzen’, ON bduitr ‘Klotz’, bita ‘ zerhacken’, 
 bauta ‘ stossen, schlagen’, Lat. confttare, etc. 
 
 1.24. Skt. babhasti (swell) ‘ blast’, bhdstra ‘ Schlauch, Balg’, bhasat 
 ‘ Hinterteil ’, Norw. dial. bas, base ‘Strauch, bush’, Goth. basi ‘Beere’ 
 (Kliimpchen) ; OE bism, OHG duosam ‘Busen’, *bhewds- ‘swell’: 
 Skt. bhisnuh ‘wachsend’, LRuss. buhniti ‘anschwellen, sich aurbla- 
 sen’, Ir. buas ‘ Bauch’, Swed. dial. baus ‘ Kugel, Ball’, ON beysinn 
 ‘dick, gross’, beysti ‘ Schinken ’, beysta ‘ Klopfen, schlagen’, MHG 
 busch * Kniittel, Kniittelschlag ’, busch, biischel, Lat. fustis. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 13 
 
 1.22. Skt. bhdjati ‘ begiebt sich zu, wendet sich zu, liebt; teilt zu, 
 teilt, erhalt als Teil’, bhdgab ‘Reichtum, Gliick; Zuteiler, Herr’, 
 OBulg. logit ‘Gott’, u-bogi ‘unbegiitert’, bogatii ‘reich’, Skt. 
 bhaktém ‘Teil, Speise, Mahlzeit’, *bhwog- : Skt. bhunakti, bhunjati 
 ‘beherrscht, benutzt, geniesst, verzehrt ; ist niitzlich’, bhuktdh ‘ ge- 
 nossen, gegessen’, bhujyih ‘reich’, bhojab ‘ freigebig, spendend, 
 ippig ’ : bhdvati ‘werden, geschehen, gedeihen ; jmd zufallen, oder 
 zu teil werden, gereichen zu’, with abbi- ‘ herankommen, sich jmd 
 zuwenden, jmd beschenken mit ; jmd bedrangen, bezwingen’, bhiitih 
 ‘Kraft, Gedeihen, Gliick’, bhavah ‘Entstehen, Werden ; Gesinnung, 
 Gefiihl, Neigung, Liebe’; bhavakahb’ veranlassend, férdernd, be- 
 gliickend ’. 
 
 Perhaps here also, from an original *bhwog-, may belong Russ. 
 dial. bazat’, -it’ ‘ wiinschen, begehren, wonach hungern und diirsten’, 
 bazényj ‘ geliebt ’, bazénie ‘ Liebe, Mitleid’, bazenyj ‘ verzartelt, ver- 
 wohnt ’, LRuss. baba ‘ Begierde, Sehnsucht ’, za-bahdty ‘ begehren’, 
 bazaty, -~ty ‘wiinschen, begehren, lechzen’, Czech baziti ‘nach etwas 
 verlangen, streben, sich sehnen ’, dial. bazny ‘leckerhaft, begehrlich ’, 
 Pol. dial. za-bagaé sie ‘Lust bekommen’, etc., which Berneker I 38 
 combines with Gr. gwWyw etc. Compare rather Skt. bhdjati, -te ‘ teilt 
 aus, verteilt ; empfangt, erwahlt, geniesst, zieht vor, begiebt sich zu, 
 wendet an, liebt’, bhdgab ‘ Wohlstand, Gluck, Liebeslust, Liebe ’, 
 bhagya-h ‘gliicklich’’, -m ‘Los, Schicksal, Gliick’, etc. : bhavah ‘ das 
 Werden, Entstehen ; Neigung, Herz, Gemiit’, bhavayuh ‘hegend 
 pflegend ’, etc. 
 
 4.23. Lat. faba ‘ bean’, *bhwabha ‘ swelling, growth, bunch’, Russ. 
 bobit ‘ bean’, etc., WFlem. dabbe ‘ Geschwulst’, Swed. dial: babbe 
 ‘Kind, kleiner Knabe’, babb(a) ‘ Insekt’ ; MHG buobe ‘ Knabe, 
 Diener ; zuchtloser Mensch’, buoben ‘ die weibl. Briiste’, Germ. *boban 
 ‘bunch, lump, clod’, with which compare Slay. *bob- in LRuss. biba 
 ‘kleines Geschwiir ’, buben ‘ kleiner Junge, Knirps’, bubnavity ‘ auf- 
 schwellen ’, Serb.-Cr. buban ‘ Art Bohne’, etc. (cf. Berneker I 78) : 
 ON dyfa < clubfoot’, Norw. dial. dive, bitva ‘a clumsy person, lub- 
 ber’, boven ‘ big’, ON bobbi ‘knot ; snailshell’, ME bobbe ‘ cluster ’, 
 NE bob, Swed. bobba ‘ Finne, Schwulst, Insekt’, NHG Swab. poppel 
 ‘a roundish object of moderate size : ball of yarn ; mole ; berry, 
 kernel ; little animal or child’, etc. (cf. Class. Phil. 9.154 ; Persson 
 Beitr. 253) : *bhewa- ‘ swell, grow’, Gr. give ‘growth, swelling, boil’, 
 gutoy ‘tree ; tumor’, OE beam ‘beam; tree’, OHG boum ‘Baum’, 
 
 bona ‘ Bohne’, ON baun, OE béan ‘ bean’. 
 
14 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 1.24. Gr. oaxd¢ ‘lentil ; a flattish warming bottle ; mole’, gancdeg 
 bundle, fagot’, Alb. ba: ‘Saubohne’ (Meyer Alb. Wb. 22) from 
 *bhwak- ‘swelling, bunch’: Dan. bugne ‘sich biegen, strotzen, schwel- 
 len’, Nicel. bjugur ‘ swelling, oedema’, ON bdla (*bublon) < Beule, 
 Schildbuckel ’, Norw. bila ‘ Buckel ; Blatter, Pocke ; Luftblase’, bogna 
 ‘Mutterkorn’, bauga ‘ Milcheimer ’, OHG buhil ‘ Hiigel ’, NHG Swab. 
 bihal, bil ‘ Hagel ; kleine Hautgeschwulst ’. 
 
 4.25. Gr. onyds, oayoo ‘a kind of oak and the fruit ot the 
 same’, Lat. fagus ‘beech’, ON bék, OHG buobha ‘ Buche ’, buoh 
 ‘Buch’, Goth. boka ‘Buchstabe’, bokos ‘Buch, Schrift, Brief’, etc., 
 IE *bhwag- ‘swelling, growth, bunch: nut, nut-tree : beech, oak, 
 etc. ; staff, stick: letter, pl. letters, book’. The assumption that these 
 came from JE *bhdaug- ‘ beech’ is phonetically and semantically impro- 
 bable and unsound. Trees do not change their names any more than 
 than any other object in nature. The different application of a certain 
 term to different trees (or any other object) arises from the fact that 
 the descriptive term fits the various objects so named. Thus NE nut- 
 tree is any tree that bears nuts, but is used also specifically in England 
 of the hazel ; while in Germany Nussbaum means walnut. So also 
 Gr. Bahaves ‘acorn, ben-nut, date, chestnut : the trees that bear these 
 fruits ’. 
 
 With these compare *bhoug- (not *bhaug-) in Nicel. beyki‘ beech ’, 
 Russ. buzinda, dial. buzi ‘ Holunder ’; *bhig- in LRuss. dial. bye‘ Holun- 
 der, Flieder’, Kurd. baz ‘Art Ulme’ ; *bhug- (or *bhwag-) in Russ. 
 dial. bozit, etc. Compare the following, in which the idea of bigness, 
 roundness comes from ‘sweli, bulge’, not from ‘beech : beechen 
 vessel, vessel in general ; belly, etc’. 
 
 1.26. Skt. bhajanam ‘ Gefiss ’, bhagah ‘ Schamgegend’, OE bec, OS 
 bak ‘ back; Riicken ’, OHG bahho ‘ Schinken ’, bahho, backo, ‘ Backen’, 
 MHG -backe, NHG -backen ‘ die fleischige Erhéhung zu _beiden 
 Seiten des Afters’: OHG bith ‘Bauch; Rumpf’, MHG biich ‘ Keule 
 eines Kalbes ’, MDu. buuc ‘ bulge : belly, rump ; half or quarter of a 
 slaughtered animal; beehive ’, OE bic ‘ pitcher ; stomach’, Skt. bhujab 
 “Arm ; Ast’, Gr. odyeOAov * swelling’. 
 
 4.27. Skt. bahib ‘stark, reichlich’, Gr. raydg ‘ thick, large, fat ; 
 dull, stupid ’, *bhwyghu-, OHG bungo ‘ Knolle’, MHG lbengel ‘ Prii- 
 gel’; Skt. babih ‘Arm, Vorderfuss beim Tier ’, Gr. xiyu¢ ‘ fore- 
 arm’, OE bog ‘shoulder, arm; bough’, OHG dbuog ‘ Bug’, MHG 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN IS 
 
 biiegen ‘biegen ’, “bhwagh- ; Lith. bazgmas ‘Menge, Masse ’, *bhwagh- ; 
 bize ‘Keule ; Kloéppel am Dreschflegel ; Kopf der Stecknadel ’, 
 *bhwogh- (cf. Mod. Phil. 11.324f.), base *bhewa-gh- : Lith. buzmas 
 ‘Falte, Krause’, Lett. dajelis bifelis) ‘ Zottenkopt’, baufe (bie) 
 ‘ Schlagel am Dreschflegel ; ein Hélzchen am Zugnetze’, Norw. dial. 
 bugge ‘ machtiger Mann ’, NE dig-bug id., big (*buggia-) ‘dick, gross, 
 aufgeblasen’ (cf. Persson Beitr. 257f.). These are closely related in 
 form and meaning to the preceding. 
 
 4.28. Lat. meto ‘cut off, pluck off; reap, gather ’, Gr. pozde ‘ shred- 
 ded linen, lint’, Goth. mapa ‘Made, Wurm’, perhaps from a base 
 *mwet- : ON mod ‘ Schabsel, Schrot’, motti ‘Motte’, OE moppe ‘ moth’: 
 ON ma (*mawen) ‘ abnutzen, abschaben ’, mda (*méwoén) ‘ verdauen ’, 
 Norw. mugg ‘ Sigemehl ’ (cf. Fick III+ 324). 
 
 4.29. Lat. madére ‘be wet; drip, flow ; be drunk ; be boiled, sod- 
 den ’, madidus ‘wet, drenched ; drunk; soaked, sodden’, Gr. padéw 
 ‘be moist, melt away ; fall off (of hair)’, w2dzed¢ ‘ melting away ; 
 flabby, loose ; bald’, perhaps from *mwad-: Gr. pvddw ‘ be damp or 
 wet ; be damp or clammy from decay ’, 530g ‘damp, wet ; clamminess, 
 decay’, wddatve ‘ wet, soak’, Lett. mudét‘ weich, schimmelig werden’, 
 Skt. mudirdh ‘Wolke’, Du. mot ‘ feiner Regen’, Swed. dial. muta 
 ‘fein regnen’, root *meu- in many other derivatives. | 
 
 2. Initial jw- : j- 
 
 A large number of parallel forms of the types *jex- : *jewx- occur, 
 which may be combined under the assumption that *jex- is from 
 *;wex-, from a base *jewex-. These may be referred to a primitive root 
 *jewe-, -a-. Two groups, which may be ultimately related, appear with 
 the meanings ‘ agitate, excite, stir up, mix’ and ‘ join, yoke’. 
 
 2.04. Skt. ydsyati, yasati, ‘ wird heiss, siedet, strengt sich an’, a-yas- 
 tab ‘ angestrengt, ermiidet’, prd-yastah ‘ tberwallend, hitzig, eifrig ’, 
 a-ydsayati ‘ strengt an, quilt’, nir-ydsdh ‘ Ausschwitzung der Baume, 
 Harz’, Gr. ¢é ‘ boil, seethe, bubble, be hot’, feord¢ ‘ boiled, boiling 
 hot’, Cécya, Céua ‘decoction’, téo.g ‘a seething, boiling’, (67 ‘ foam, 
 skin on milk’, Cwyo¢ ‘ broth, soup’, IE *jwes-, jwos-, jwos-, OHG 
 
 jesan ‘ gihren’, jeren ‘durch Gahren bereiten, hervortreiben’, MHG 
 jest ‘Gischt, Schaum’, jesten ‘schaumen’, OE giest ‘ yeast’, gestende 
 
 ek 
 
16 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 ‘ swelling Coane ”, ON jostr ‘ yeast’, Norw. xsa (*jesian) ‘ gihren’ 
 Skt. yisa-h, -m ‘ Fleischbriihe, Briihe’, Gr. Coyn ‘leaven, yeast’, 
 Cops aera make to ferment’, Coywpa ‘ a fermented mixture’, 
 Copocts ‘ fermentation ; swelling (of the liver)’, Lat. jas ‘broth, soup ; 
 juice, liquid’, Lith. juisze ‘ Fischsuppe, schlechte Suppe’, Chsl. jucka 
 ‘ Brithe, Suppe *, LRuss. juchd’ Suppe, Briihe, Brei ; Blut, Blutjauche’, 
 jusyty ‘blutig machen’, -Sa ‘ fliessen, bluten’, Pol. jucha ‘ Brihe ; 
 Blut der Tiere’: Skt. yuvdti, yauti ‘vermengt’, pra-y. ‘umrihren, 
 mengen, zerstéren’, d-ydvanam ‘ Riihrloffel ’, Lith. jduti ‘ heisses 
 Wasser dariiber schitten ’, jovalas ‘ Schweinefutter, Traber’, Lett. 
 jaut ‘ Teig machen, einriihren’, jaws ‘ Gemengsel von Viehfutter’ (cf. 
 Berneker I 456). Here perhaps also, with the meaning of ‘ mixture of 
 fodder, fodder ’, Skt. yavah ‘ Getreide, Hirse, Gerste ’, ydvasam ‘ Gras, 
 Futter, Weide’, Lith. javai ‘ Getreide’, Gr. Cerat ‘a kind of grain, esp. 
 as fodder for horses’, etc. Or see below. A genuine Greek word is 
 probably (io¢ ‘a kind of beer’, perhaps from *jathos : MBret. yot 
 ‘bouillie’, Ir. ith ‘ puls’, etc., according to Fick II+ 224, from *juto- 
 ‘Brithe’. An outgrowth of this root is also in OBulg. jugu# (*jougo- 
 ‘a warming up; a thawing’) ‘ Siiden; Siidwind’, LRuss. jub id., 
 jubd ‘warmer Wind’, juihovyj « sidlich ; brennend, warm’, Slov. 
 jug ‘ Tauwind; Stiden’, od-juiziti se sanftadn i Ghee jibnouti c tauen, 
 schmelzen’, etc. (cf. Berneker 1457) : OE g2ocer (*jeugro- ‘ hot, bit- 
 ter’) ‘full of hardship; sad’ géocre ‘ severely’, NHG Swiss giecht 
 (Germ. *jeuhti-) ‘ Entziindung, eiternder Zustand einer Wunde ; 
 Erbitterung, Hass, Zorn’, Goth. jiukos ‘ 8vyot, Zornausbriiche ; Zo:Heta, 
 Streitereien’, jiukan ‘kimpfen’, and also OE giccan ‘itch’, OHG 
 jucchen, MHG jucken ‘ prurire’, primarily ‘ burn’. 
 
 Toa base *jeudh- (not *yeudh-) probably belong Lith. jundi, justi 
 “in zitternde Bewegung geraten, sich zu regen beginnen’, jundulas 
 ‘Aufruhr, Aufstand’, judéti ‘sich bebend, zitternd bewegen, sich 
 regen’, jidinti ‘bewegen, schitteln, riitteln’, judius ‘ zanksiichtig’, 
 judra ‘Wirbelwind’, jaudrinit ‘in Bewegung setzen’, Lett. jauda 
 ‘Kraft, Starke, Vermégen’, Lat. juba ‘ the flowing hair on the neck 
 of an animal ; hair of the head; tuft on the head of cocks ; foliage of 
 trees’, jubar ‘ radiance, splendor’, jubeo ‘urge, command; order, 
 decree ; wish, desire, entreat’, Skt. ud-yodhati ‘walt auf (vom Was- 
 ser) ; fart zornig auf’, Av. yo3ti- ; Rihrigkeit, Emsigkeit’, yaozaiti, 
 OPers. yaudatiy ‘ gerit in unruhige Bewegung’ (cf. Walde? 396 with 
 lit.). If Skt. pidhyati, yodhati ‘ kampft’ belo ngs here, as semantically 
 it very well may, then it must be separated from Gr. doptvy ‘ fight, 
 
a 
 
 WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN I7 
 
 battle’, which in any case is phonetically ambiguous and can not be 
 referred to a base with 7. Compare also Lett. jdwkt ‘in Verwirrung 
 bringen ; mengen, mischen’, jukt ‘verwirrt werden, in Unordnung 
 geraten, vermischt werden’, jukums ‘ Mischmasch ; Unordnung, Ver- 
 witrung ; Zwiespalt’, jukurét ‘durch einander mischen, eine bunte 
 Reihe machen; albern herumspringen’ with the following, which 
 may come from *jweq- etc. : Umbr. iwka, iuku ‘ preces’, *jog- (*jwog-?) 
 ‘excitare, incitare, jubere’, Osc. iu#klei ‘ the formula of consecration ’, 
 Lat. jocus ‘joke, jest’, Lith. ja’kas ‘ Scherz, Spott, Lachen, Gelachter’, 
 juktis ‘lachen’, Skt. ydcati ‘ fleht, fordert’ (or this to ya- ‘ gehen, 
 kommen nach, angehen um’, yaman- ‘ Gang, Weg; das Angehen, 
 Anrufen, Flehen’), but not Gr. ébia (cf. Walde 2 391 f.). 
 
 For possible *jour- : *jwér- compare Russ. jurit ‘ Volksgewihl ; ein 
 vom Volk belebter Platz’, jurit' ‘ eilen, sich beeilen, sich sputen ; hin- 
 und herrennen, wogen ; sich drangen, wimmeln’, jurdvyj ‘ rasch, 
 flink, gewandt, mutwillig’, jurdki ‘ Herde, Schwarm’, jurd ‘ beweg- 
 licher Mensch’, LRuss. na-riryty sa ‘zornig, aufgebracht, bése wer- 
 den’, jurma, jurba ‘Gewimmel, Andrang, Menschen’, jurbyty ‘sich 
 in Haufen sammeln’, jurkyj, jurnyj ‘ausgelassen, geil, wollistig’, 
 Serb.-Cr. juriti ‘treiben, jagen’, Pol. jurzy¢ ‘aufhetzen; ereifern’, 
 -sie ‘zornig werden’, etc. (cf. Berneker 1461) : OBulg. jari (*jwor-) 
 ‘avotnpds, herb, streng’, sarosti ‘@vyss, Zorn, Heftigkeit’, jariti se 
 ‘ziirnen, sich erbittern’, Russ. jdryj ‘jahzornig, heftig; mutig; feu- 
 rig, hitzig; geschwind, eifrig; brennend, blitzend, glinzend, weiss’, 
 LRuss. jdryj ‘grell, bunt’, jarkyj ‘feurig, heiss, hitzig’, jaryty sa 
 ‘ergrimmen’, vid-jaryty sa ‘sich erneuern, erholen und freudig gedeih-, 
 en’, Bulg. jard ‘ Lichtschein, roter Schein vom Brand ; das Flimmern 
 in der Luft bei grosser Hitze’, Serb.-Cr. juriti se ‘in Hitze geraten’, 
 Slov. jariti ‘ bespringen, belegen’, -se ‘ Wellen bilden’, jarina ‘Stelle 
 wo das Wasser schiumt’, Pol. dial. jarzy¢ ‘ erbittern’, -sie ‘ funkeln, 
 erleuchten’, Gr. Cwode ‘strong (of wine), éveoyis, tayds’ (Hes.), éem- 
 Gapéw ‘oppress’ (cf. Berneker and Boisacq with lit.). Similarly *joul- : 
 *jal- (“jwal-?): Russ. julé ‘ Windfang; Kreisel, Drehwiirfel; bewegli- 
 cher Mensch’, julit’ ‘nicht ruhig sitzen, sich drehen und wenden’ : 
 Gr. Cijdos, Cag Seager rivalry; vehement passion, esp. jealousy’, 
 Cndow ‘rival, vie with; envy; admire, praise’, (éAq ‘the surging of 
 the sea, surge, spray: storm; great trouble, distress’, Ca\o¢ ‘ surge, 
 foam *, CaAderg ‘surging, stormy’, Cadaw ‘ storm, surge’, Cadatvw’ 
 
 popativo Hes. 
 
 Compare also the following, which may have *jex-, jax- from *jwex-, 
 
/) 
 | 
 
 18 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 etc. : Gr. Cégveog ‘a westerly wind’, representedin Homer as stormy 
 (c 295); as rainy (€ 458); as soft ‘and gentle (6 567); as the swiftest 
 of all winds (T 415), *jebh- ‘drive, storm’, Cégo¢ ‘darkness, gloom; 
 esp. the gloom of the nether world’, *sobho- * storm-cloud, darkness’ 
 (for meaning compare Skt. rdjah ‘ Dunst, Dunstkreis, Nebel, Dunkel’, 
 Gr. Zoe8eg ‘ gloom of the nether world’), Czech jebati ‘ bewegen, 
 
 ‘riihren; schimpfen; futuere’, jebati se ‘sich fortpacken’, Pol. jebac 
 
 ‘ schlagen ; schimpfen ; futuere’, etc. (cf. Berneker1 452), Skt. yabhatt 
 ‘futuit’, Gr. otgw (*o-jbh-, not *oibh-, Brugmann). This brings us to 
 an old combination differently explained. With these compare *jabh- 
 in Gr. tay ‘storm’, éni-Cagehog ‘ vehement, violent’ (anger), ént- 
 Cagehts ‘vehemently, furiously’. Or these perhaps rather with IE 
 oh: Russ. dial. jdglyj ‘heftig; eifrig; geschwind’, jaglit’ ‘ brennen 
 vor Begierde ’, -s‘'a ‘sich riihren, sich bewegen, vorwarts gehen’, Skt. 
 yaksati ‘ eilt vorwarts, verfolgt’, yaksam ‘ iibernatiirliches Wesen, geis- 
 terhafte Erscheinung’. Lett. jedels ‘Sidwind’, no-jedinat ‘ abquilen, 
 turbiren’, jads ‘ein béser Geist, ein Waldteutel’, possibly also Lith. 
 jilds ‘schwarz’, if the primary meaning was ‘turbid, tribe’, Skt. 
 yddas- ‘ein im Wasser lebendes Ungeheuer’. 
 
 2.02. To *jewe-, -a- ‘ bind, join, etc.’ in Skt. yuvdti, yauti ‘ bindet 
 an, spannt an, verbindet’, yundkti, yunjati ‘schirrt an, spannt an, 
 verbindet’, yugdm, Gr. Cuydv, Lat. jugwm, Goth. juk “ yoke’, etc. may 
 belong several bases *jex-, *jax- ‘bind, join’, Skt. ydmati ‘halt, halt 
 zusammen, bezwingt, bindigt’, yamdb ‘ gepaart’, sb. ‘ Zwilling’, ydtate 
 ‘verbindet’, Lith. jedndti ‘ vereinigen, verbinden, versGhnen’, Lett. jeda 
 ‘ Stiick eines Setznetzes’, jedas ‘eine Reihe von Netzen an einem 
 Anker im Meere ausgesetzt’, jade ‘ein ganzer Satz von Netzen a 
 Skt. yidamanah ‘ verbunden mit’, Gr. &-Cog (*o-ywo- ‘paired, in pairs, 
 branching; attending”) ‘branch, twig; companion’, d{eta" Osoaneta 
 Hes. : Skt. yii-h ‘ Gefahrte *, ywvdti ‘ bindet an, verbindet ’, yilj- 
 ‘verbunden”, sb. ‘Gefahrte, Genosse’, Gr. g-Cvk, dy6-Gv8 ‘conjux’, 
 etc. Note the following parallels; Skt. ydtati ‘ ordnet; verbindet; 
 schliesst sich zusammen’, ydtdyati ‘ordnet, vereinigt’, Russ.-Chsl. 
 jato ‘agmen’, Russ. dial. jdtvo ‘Zug, Schwarm Fische’, Bulg. jdto 
 ‘Schwarm Vogel; Sammelplatz der Fische ’, Serb.-Cr. jdtati * ver- 
 sammeln ’ (cf. Berneker 1450) : Skt. yathd-m, -b ‘ Schar, Menge, 
 
 1. [This unusual character is even more prominent in the earliest attested (Aristotle) 
 form of the text than in the vulgate; cf. my External Evidence for Interpolation in 
 Homer 234. G.M. B.] 
 
Se tye (oo 
 
 WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN T9 
 
 Herde ’, yatih ‘ Verbindung’, Lett. satis ‘ Gelenkstellen, wo zwei 
 Knochen sich beriihren ’, Lith. jautis ‘ Ochse’’ (jumentum), Skt. 
 yotram ‘ Strick, Seil ’. Closely related, in the sense ‘ inclose, cover’, 
 are Czech jata ‘ Hiitte, Bude, Fleischbude ; (alt auch) Gétzentempel, 
 HGéhle’, Pol. dial. jata ‘ Hiitte, Bude, Schuppen, Zelt’, ChSI. po-jata 
 ‘Dach ; Haus’, Bulg. po-jdta ‘ Schafstall, Schafhiirde’: Russ. jutit' 
 ‘ beherbergen, in sein Haus aufnehmen ’, -s'‘a ‘ unterzukommen 
 suchen; ein Unterkommen finden’, pri-jutiéi ‘Zuflucht, Obdach’, 
 
 _ ujiiti ‘bequeme Einrichtung, Wohnlichkeit’, u-jdtnyj ‘ behaglich, 
 
 bequem, gemiitlich’,.: Skt. yduti ‘befestigt, bindet an ; hilt fest, 
 nimmt in Besitz’, Lat juvare ‘help, assist, support, benefit; delight, 
 please’, Av. yav-‘ zu jemandem haltend’. OBulg. po-jasati , giirten’, 
 po-jasu ‘ Giirtel’ (“jwos-), Russ.-ChSI. po-jasit ‘ Giirtel; Lenden; Ver- 
 band ; Himmelskreis ; Geschlecht, Generation’, Russ. po-jasnica 
 ‘Kreuz, Lenden’, Lett. jist, Lith. ji’sti ‘giirten’, ji'sta ‘Girtel’, 
 dangais- ‘Regenbogen’, Lett. jista ‘ Gurt, Giirtel’, isla ‘ein bunter 
 Streif im Zeuge ’, juslains ‘ buntstreifig ’, Av. yah ‘ Girtelschnur’, 
 yasta ‘ gegiirtet’, Gr. Covvous ‘gird, esp. for battle’, Cava ‘ belt, girdle ; 
 waist, loins; zone’, €worje ‘girdle; stripe or band which marks a 
 certain height in a ship; a kind of sea-weed’ (cf. Berneker I 449) : 
 Lat. jis (that which is binding or fitting, as in Skt. yujydte ‘ wird zu 
 teil, passt zu, schickt sich fiir; ist recht oder richtig’, yuktdh ‘ ange- 
 spannt, angestellt; verbunden, vereinigt; passend, richtig, recht ’) 
 ‘right, law, justice’, jurare, -ri (bind one’s self; band together) 
 ‘swear, take oath; conspire’, Skt. yéh ‘ Heil’ (this nearer in meaning 
 to Lat. juvo), Av. yaox-dataiti ‘macht recht, reinigt’ : Skt. ywvdti 
 ‘verbindet’ (cf. Uhlenbeck Ai. Wh. 241): Lett. jrtawas ‘Kreuz, 
 Lenden’. 
 
 Since joining implies separation at the point of junction, as in Lett. 
 jatis ‘ Gelenkstellen, wo zwei Knochen sich beriihren’, zefa- ‘ Scheide- 
 weg,’ gada jutis‘ beim Jahreswechsel’, we may derive Skt. yuyéti 
 ‘trennt von, halt ab, bewahrt vor, wehrt ab; wird getrennt, hilt 
 sich ferne’, yutdh ‘ getrennt’ (: yutdh ‘ verbunden’), vi-yutah ‘ getrennt 
 von, beraubt des’, ydvah ‘abwehrend’, yavanam ‘das Fernhalten’, 
 pra-yoti ‘ Abtrenner, Vertreiber’, yiyuvib ‘ beseitigend’, etc. from the 
 root in yduti ‘bindet an, verbindet’. Naturally also there was con- 
 tained in this group of words the idea of ‘holding, restraining; barring, 
 etc.’ asin Skt. ydmati ‘ halt zusammen, an, ein, zuriick, ziigelt, ban- 
 digt’, yamah ‘ gepaart’, sb. ‘Zwilling’, yamah ‘ Ziigel, Lenker ; Hem- 
 mung, Unterdriickung’, Gr. cavides eCevyyévan ‘fastened, close-shut 
 
20 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 doors’, (i-w0eev ‘the cross-bar or bolt of a door’, Ciyastpev ‘a chest 
 or box strongly fastened together’, Lith. jrtryna ‘ein fest eingelasse- 
 nes Schloss einer Thiir’, Russ. jutit! ‘beherbergen’, etc. (as above). 
 Here belongs Lett. jadit ‘scheiden ; entscheiden’, and also Lat. jaju- 
 nus, jejiinus (sich ferne haltend, abstinent) ‘fasting, hungry, thirsty ; 
 dry, barren, unproductive ; mean, wretched ’, jéunitas ‘ fasting, empti- 
 ness of stomach ; dryness; ignorance’, jéjunium * a fasting, fast ; hun- 
 ger ; leanness, poorness; barrenness’, jéjunare ‘ abstain from a thing ; 
 fast’, jajentaculum ‘breakfast’, from *jajwan- (or -jwén-). Compare 
 *iwal- (or -0-) in ChSl. jalovit ‘sterilis’, Russ. jdlyj, jalovyj “ gelt, 
 unfruchtbar ; unbearbeitet (vom Lande)’, jdlovica ‘ gelte Kuh’, LRuss. 
 jatovyj ‘unfruchtbar ; unniitz’, jdfovyna ‘ unfruchtbares Vieh ; Kalb- 
 fleisch ’, jafov'd ‘junges Vieh, Kalber’, jalivka ‘ junge Kuh, Firse’, 
 Pol. jafowy ‘unfruchtbar ; leer, vergeblich, eitel’, jatowizna ‘ Jung- 
 vieh ; leere, wiiste Stelle’, etc. These are compared in Berneker 
 1444 with Lett. jels ‘ungar, roh, unreif, wund’, jél-kali ‘ windtrok- 
 kenes, ungedérrt zu dreschendes oder gedroschenes Getreide’, jéliins 
 ‘ Sodbrennen’, which go better with Russ. jolkij ‘ ranzig, unangenehm 
 bitter’, joloci ‘ Ablagerung von unreinem Salz (auf der Salzpfanne oder 
 gesalzenen Fischen); Ranzigsein’, dial. ‘Galle’, jelcdt’ * ranzig wer- 
 den’, jeléit’ ‘ bitter schmecken’, etc. The common meaning is “ seeth- 
 ing, sodden, fermented’, perhaps from the base *jwel- ; boil, bubble, 
 ferment’. Compare the same development of meaning above. 
 
 2.03. Here belong several plant-names with the primary meaning 
 ‘crest, tuft’ : Skt. ydvab ‘ Getreide,; Hirse, Gerste ’, Av. yavo 
 ‘Getreide’, yavanham, Skt. ydvasam ‘Gras, Futter, Weide’, Gr. Gere 
 ‘akind of coarse grain, esp. as fodder for horses, supposed to be spelt’, 
 guat-Coog ‘producing grain ’, Lith. javai ‘ Getreide ’, Ir. eorna ‘ Gerste’, 
 probably named from their appearance while growing, not as the 
 product of drying. They are therefore better separated from Russ. 
 ovini ‘ Getreidedarre, Riege’, Lith. jdauja ‘ Flachsbrechstube, wo der 
 Flachs gedérrt und gebrochen wird’, dial. ‘ Scheuer mit einem Ofen, 
 in Wwelcher das Getreide noch im Stroh getrocknet wird’, which 
 belong to the root *jewe- ‘ boil, heat’ in Lith. jauti ‘ heisses Wasser 
 daritber schiitten ’, just as Lith. pirtis ‘Badestube ; jauja, Flachsbrech- 
 stube’ belongs to Gr. xiyxpqys ‘burn’, Russ. prét’ ‘schwitzen, sieden, 
 sich entziinden’, etc. And yet the above words for grain may come 
 from the same root in the sense of ‘ wave to and fro, flutter’, whence 
 ‘Juba, crista, tuft’. Lith. jadrios ‘ein gewisses Unkraut im Flachs : 
 
—. ~———_—. ee 
 
 
 
 WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 21 
 
 Flachsdotter, Létardel’ : jadra ‘ Wirbelwind’, jude'ti ‘ sich bebend, 
 zitternd bewegen’, Lat. juba ‘ mane, flowing locks, foliage’. Here 
 perhaps also OHG jetto ‘ Unkraut, Lolch’, *jwedhnon-, OS wiod, OE 
 weod * weed’, *wi-judho-. Or the primary meaning here may rather 
 be ‘ something pulled out’ : Skt. viyutah ‘ getrenntvon’, ywydti ‘ trennt 
 von ; wird getrennt’, yipyati, yopdyati ‘ verwischt, macht unkenntlich ; 
 schlichtet, glittet’, Lett. jadit ‘ scheiden’ : OLG jeda ‘Hobel’, *;wedha 
 or -ta, OHG jetan ‘ jaiten’, etc. Lat. jini-perus ‘juniper’ may mean 
 ‘tuft-bearing’, from *jani- or *jouni- ‘ tuft, fold’ : Skt. yavani (and 
 yamant : yamati ‘ halt zusammen’) ‘ Ptychotis ajowan’, Gr. tifévt0v 
 a weed that grows in wheat, tare, lollium’, *j7jwanio- : Skt. yu- ‘ bind’. 
 Skt. yathika ‘ Art Jasmin’ (‘‘ distinguished by the fruit being twin, 
 or septicidally divisible into two ”), in form related to. yathd-m, -s 
 (Verbindung) ‘Schar, Herde, Menge’, but meaning ‘something in 
 pairs’: yw- ‘ bind’: Lett. jumis ‘ eine Doppelfrucht, Doppelahre’, per- 
 haps with original w: Skt. yamdh ‘ gepaart’, sb. ‘ Zwilling ’, ydmati ‘ halt 
 zusammen, bandigt ; halt, hebt’. 
 
 3. Initial Liquids + w in Indo-European 
 
 Since w is not found after initials, it is probable that it never occur- 
 red in this position in IE. Yet it is possible that words of the types 
 *Jex- : *leux- may be combined under an original */ewex-, as has been 
 done in some instances. 
 
 3.04. Gr. Aéxw ‘ strip, peel ’, Aémog ‘ bark, rind, husk, scale’, 
 hondg ‘shell, husk, bark, peel; hide, leather’, Lith. /apas ‘Blatt’, 
 Slov. lepen id., base *Jewep- : Goth. laufs ‘Laub’, Russ. Ivipa ‘ Haut- 
 schuppe ’, /upit’ ‘ schalen, abschalen; aufpicken (Eier)’, ko-lupdat' 
 ‘abkratzen ; brechen’, Lith. J#pti ‘ abhauten, schilen ‘ (cf. Persson 
 Wz. 187 f.; Hirt Idg. Ab]. 678) : Skt. léva-h ‘das Schneiden, Ab- 
 schneiden; Abgeschnittenes, Schur, Wolle, Haar; Abschnitt, Stick, 
 Bisschen ’, luniiti ‘ schneidet, schneidet ab’, etc. 
 
 3.02. Gr. 208, ‘despiteful treatment, outrage, dishonor ; mutila- 
 tion, maiming ’, Aw@céovon ‘maim, mutilate; pillage; maltreat, outrage’, 
 
 ‘Lith. /i’bas ‘ Baumrinde’, Lett. Jabs ‘Schale’, */wob- : Lett. /ubit 
 
 ‘ spleissen ’, Juba ‘ Dachschindel ’, Lith. Juba ‘ Brett’, Russ. lubii 
 
22 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 ‘Borke, Bast’, OHG louft ‘Baumrinde, Bast, Nusshiille’, ON Jaupr 
 ‘Korb’ (cf. Berneker I 741). 
 
 3.03. OBulg. lomiti ‘xray, brechen’, -se ‘sich abmtihen’, Russ. 
 lomit’ ‘ brechen, zerbrechen’, lomi ‘ Bruch, Bruchstticke ; Windbruch’, 
 pl. ‘Brucheisen ; Gliederreissen’, OE Jama ‘lame, paralytic’, lemian 
 ‘lame, cripple; tame, break (horse) ’, OHG Jam ‘lahm’ ; luomi ‘ matt’, 
 OBulg. pré-lamati ‘ «day, frangere’, base *lewem- (or -ém-): Gr. hown 
 ‘ outrage, maltreatment, esp. maiming ; ruin, destruction’, Adpatvoyat 
 ‘maltreat, esp. of personal injuries, scourge, torture; cause ruin’. 
 The meaning here is plainly ‘strip, tear, break, maim’, so we may 
 add Xupvse" yuuvds Hes. The connection with Asp ‘ filth’ is impos- 
 sible unless the primary meaning is ‘ offscouring, scraping’ (cf. 7.42). 
 But in that case Atpa must be separated from Lat. /utum. 
 
 3.04. Lat. lanio ‘ tear to pieces, mangle, lacerate’, lanio, lanius “ but- 
 cher’, OE Jane (lacinia, strip) ‘lane; street’, ON Jon ‘ row of houses’, 
 OFris. Jan, lone, MDu. lane, Du. laan ‘way, road’; Pol. tan ‘ eine 
 gewisse Flache bestellten Landes, Acker, Feld’, Czech lan ‘ Hufe 
 Landes, mansus, aratura’, Serb.-Cr. Jdnac ‘ Joch (Landes)’, base 
 *lewe-n-: Skt. linab ‘geschnitten, abgeschnitten’, Jundti ‘ schneidet, 
 
 schneidet ab, pfltickt, zerreisst’, lavi-h, lavi-tram ‘ Sichel ’, Gr. datoy, 
 
 ON lé (*lewan-) ‘sickle’. 
 
 3.05. LRuss. #ézvo, Russ. Jezvejo ‘Schneide am Messer ’, lexoudt' 
 ‘schleifen, abziehen’, Gr. A<3noic ‘skin, slough of serpents’ (@ from 
 éw, 9.45), Lat. legamen ‘ pulse’, lego (pluck) ‘ gather, select; steal’, 
 Gr. Xéyw ‘gather, pick out’ ; Russ. lazina (*log-) ‘ Gereut; lichte 
 Stelle im Wald’, Serb.-Cr. Jdz ‘Liicke ; Menge iibereinander getall- 
 ter Baume’ (but in the sense ‘Steig’ another word : Russ. /dzit' klet- 
 tern, steigen’: OBulg. lezati ‘liegen’, etc.), Slov. Jaz ‘baumleere 
 Flache im Wald; Gereute, Neuland, Wiese ’, etc., base */eweg- ‘ pull 
 out, tear, break, strip, pluck, gather, etc.’ : OHG liohhan ‘ziehen, 
 rupfen’, NHG Swab. liechen ‘ herausziehen, rupfen, bes. Hanf, Flachs 
 (auch Riiben) mit den Wurzeln aus dem Boden herausziehen’, Goth. 
 uslauk ‘ <cthnvsey’, uslikands ‘ onackyevos’ (sword from scabbard), OE 
 Incan ‘ pull up, weed’, OHG Joh ‘ Héhle, Loch’, lucka, Iuccha ‘ Loch, 
 Liicke’, Lith. Jazis ‘ein Bruch, ein Knick an einem Stock; eine Stelle 
 im Walde, wo der Wind viele Biume umgeworfen hat’, uzti, ldugti, 
 léuxyti ‘brechen’, lauzis ‘ zerbrechlich’, Lett. Jau/t ‘brechen’, Lat. 
 lizeo ‘be heartbroken, mourn’, etc. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 23 
 
 To *leg-, *log- in the sense ‘ pull, drag’ (not to *legh- ‘lie’, as given 
 by Berneker 1697) belong also the following : LRuss. fazyty ‘ krie- 
 chen, schleichen ’, Bulg. Jaz ‘krieche; gehe, eile’ (tear along, reisse 
 aus), Slov. /dziti ‘ kriechen, schleichen’, Pol. Jazi¢ ‘ kriechen, langsam 
 gehen’, Russ. ldza ‘Kriecher’, w-lazit ‘ Ausschneiden der Waben’, 
 na-ldzit! ‘in Menge ausnehmen (Honig)’, etc., Gr. Ady’ svvaywryh 
 citov Hes., Dor. thuvyn? ZAeyev, Awyas ‘scortum, a lewd woman’, 
 Awyévtoy (lacinia) ‘ the dewlap of oxen’, Awyavier (pieces) ‘ dice’. 
 
 From these is to be distinguished the root *Jeug- in Lith. lugnas 
 ‘ biegsam, geschmeidig’, Gr. Avyi~w ‘ bend, twist’, Avyos ‘ pliant twig’, 
 OE 4@r-loc ‘ oarwithe’, Iucan ‘interlace ; close, shut up; conclude; 
 intr. join together’, Goth. galikan ‘ schliessen, einschliessen, ein- 
 fangen’, etc. 
 
 3.06. Lat. Jacer ‘ mangled, torn to pieces, mutilated ’, Jacero ‘ tear to 
 pieces, mangle; ruin, destroy, squander; censure, rail at, slander’, 
 lacinia ‘flap, fringe; dewlap;asmall piece or part, strip (of land)’, 
 lancino ‘rend, mangle; destroy, squander’, Gr. A&xoc, axis ‘rent, 
 rending’, Aextdeg néxAwy ‘rags, tatters’, Aaxitw ‘tear, rend’, anéAynxa’ 
 anépowya, Kinero. Hes., OHG Jahan (lacerare) ‘ schelten, tadeln’, OE 
 léan * blame’, leahtor ‘bodily defect; vice, sin’, leahtrian ‘ blame, 
 revile; corrupt, vitiate’, OFris. laster ‘ Verletzuug, Beschidigung’, 
 ON lostr ‘ Gebrechen, Fehler, Tadel’, OHG Jastar ‘ Schmach, Schande, 
 Laster’ (Mod. Lang. Notes 13.287), base *lewég-: Skt. luncati ‘rauft, | 
 rauft aus, rupft ’,/uk ‘ Abfall, Schwund’, OPruss. lunkan, Lith. lunkas, 
 Lett. aks * Bast’, Russ. lyko ‘ Linden-, Weidenbast’, etc., whence the 
 wide-spread base *Joug-, *leug- ‘open, clear space’, ‘ clear, bright, be 
 clear, shine’ : Skt. lokah ‘das Freie, Raum, Weite’, Lith. lamkas 
 ‘Feld’, Lat. lacus ‘ grove’, OE léah ‘meadow, field’, Gr. Aevxd¢ 
 ‘clear, bright, light’: dw ‘ clear, open space, garden, field’, Aeveds 
 ‘smooth, level, even, polished’ (Color-Names 67 f.). Cf. 3.05. 
 
 3.07. Goth. lisan ‘ oordéyet, cvvayewv, lesen, sammeln’, OE lesan 
 ‘collect, gather, pick, glean’, OHG Jesan ‘auslesen, lesen’, Lith. esti 
 * mit dem Schnabel aufpicken, pickend fressen ’, freq. Jasyti, with which 
 compare Dan. Jas, lase ‘ Lumpen’, MLG Jas ‘ keilformiger Lappen’, 
 MHG Jasche ‘ Lappen, Fetzen ’, NE Jash, Russ. loskutt ‘ Stiick, Lappen, 
 Fetzen ’, dial. lochma ‘ Lumpen ’, lochmatyj ‘ rauh, behaart’, lochmétit' 
 “in Stiicke zerreisen ’, Jachoni ‘ Lappen, Fetzen’, tach ‘ lumpiges, 
 zerfetztes Kleid’, base */ewes- ‘ tear off, pluck, pick; gather, collect’ : 
 Russ.-ChSl. Juska ‘ Schale (einer Frucht)’, Russ. luskd ‘ Hiilse, 
 
24 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 Schale ; Spreu ’, Juscit’ ‘ aushilsen ; knacken; gierig essen; Schlige 
 austeilen ’, Juzgd ‘ Hiilsen, Spreu ; Fischschuppen ’, Serb. -ChSI. luz- 
 » gati ‘ zerkauen’, Slov. Iuzgati ‘schilen’, Lett. lJauskas ‘ Schinn, 
 *‘ Schelfer’, Lith. Jaskos ‘Lumpen ’, luskis, luzgis ‘Lump’, Russ. luspa 
 ‘Schuppe, Spelze, Granne’, Justa ‘Scheibe, Schnitte Brot ’, lustd 
 ‘ Hiilse, Schale ’, ON lidsta ‘ schlagen ;(Rinde) ablésen’, Norw. dial. 
 losta ‘ basten’ (cf. Berneker 1685 f., 747 f.). 
 
 3.08. Lat. rapio ‘ seize, snatch, rob’, Alb. rjep ‘ ziehe aus, ab, 
 beraube’, Gr. éoéntoyar ‘ crop, eat’, Skt. rdpah ‘ Verletzung, kérper- 
 licher Schaden, Gebrechen’, OHG refsen ‘ ziichtigen, strafen ', base 
 *rewep- : Goth. bi-raubon, OHG roubon ‘ rauben’, OE réafian ‘ seize, 
 rob, plunder ; ravage, destroy ’, reaf ‘ spoil, booty; robe, dress ’, réo- 
 fan ‘tear, break’, Lat. rumpo, etc. : Lat. ruo ‘turn up, rake up’, 
 Lith. rduti ‘ ausreissen, ausjiten’, OBulg. rivo ‘ reisse aus, jate 
 aus’, ryjo ‘ grabe ’, ON ryja ‘ (Wolle) ausreissen °. 
 
 4, Dissimilatory Loss of w 
 
 Besides such cases as those given above postconsonantal w may 
 occasionally have been lost by dissimilation because of a labial at the 
 end of the syllable or win the next syllable. This loss, whichis natu- 
 rally not uniform, may in some instances have occurred in the IE 
 period, in others in the separate dialects. Cf. the following and 
 12.03-05, 12.24-34. 
 
 4.04. Gr. Hom. xeveds, Ion. xewds Aeol. xévvog, Att. xevdg 
 ‘empty’, IE *kwen(e)wos, Arm. sin ‘ empty, vain’: Lat. cavus 
 ‘hollow’, OBulg. suji ‘ vanus’, Skt. ¢amam ‘ Leere’ (cf. Persson 
 Beitr. 191). Cf. 9.04. 
 
 4.02. Lat. tesqua from *twesqua, with early, perhaps pre-Ital., dissi- | 
 milation. Cf. 10.55. 
 
 4.03. Lat. torqueo, torgués, Skt. tarkih ‘spindle’, OBulg. traki 
 ‘band, girdle ’, OPruss. tarkue ‘ band, thong’, perhaps from IE 
 *tworgu- : Goth. Pwairhs ‘ angry’, OHG dwerah, dwerawér ‘ schrig, 
 quer ’, etc. Or these may be simply rime-words from “feré- ‘ drehen ’ 
 and *twere- in OHG dweran ‘ drehen, rihren ’, Skt. tvdrate ‘ eilt’. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 25 
 
 4.04. Skt. tanakti ‘zieht zusammen, macht gerinnen’ : tvanakti 
 ‘ zieht zusammen’ may likewise be only rime-words. But if we insist 
 upon combining them, the loss of w in the first may have resulted 
 froman original *twonqu- as in Lith. tdnkus ‘ dicht’: tvankus ‘schwil’. 
 
 4.05. IE *ten- ‘ stretch’, might equally well be derived from an 
 original *fwen- because of such forms as Skt. tandti ‘ dehnt, dehnt 
 sich’, tanuh ‘diinn’, Gr. tava(F)¢, Lat. tenuis, Lith. tanis ‘ geschwol- 
 len’, dial. tenvas ‘ schlank’, etc., as compared with Lith. tvinti ‘an- 
 schwellen’ (: tinti ‘schwellen ’), tvanis ‘leicht uberflutend, anschwel- 
 lend’ (: tanus), tudnas ‘ Flut’ (: tanas ‘ Geschwulst’), etc. 
 
 4.06. Lat. silva, *s(w)elwa : Gr. tin ‘ wood’. 
 
 4.07. ON kot, dat. kjotui, OSwd. kiot, ket(t) ‘flesh, meat’, stem 
 *ketwa- from *kwetwa- (perhaps with the loss of w in pre-Germ.) : 
 MLG kat ‘ das weiche, knochenlose im Tierkérper, Eingeweide ’, 
 Du. kuit ‘ Rogen, Laich ; Wade’ (cf. Fick 1114 46). For related 
 words cf. 7.414. 
 
 4.08. Lith. debests ‘ Wolke’, Gr. tégpa ‘ashes, dust °, tép9d¢ ‘ ash- 
 colored’, Oentavds* antéuevos Hes., base *dhebh-, perhaps from *dhwebb- : 
 Gr. tdgog ‘ smoke, mist, cloud’, tvedAdg ‘ blind ’, Ir. dub ‘ black’ : Skt. 
 dhiinoti * schittelt, facht an’. 
 
 The reference of tég9a to a root *dhegh- should be abandoned. For 
 Lat. favilla is from *dhowé- (71.25), and Goth. dags etc. show no trace 
 of a labiovelar.. The explanation of Lith. debesis as being for *nebesis 
 is likewise unfounded. 
 
 4.09. Skt. dhamati ‘ blast, stiebt’, OBulg. doti ‘ blasen’ Lith. dimti 
 ‘wehen, blasen’, ON damr ‘ Geschmack’, Norw. daam ‘ Geruch, 
 Geschmack’, daame ‘ Wolkenschleier’, daam ‘ dunkel’, ON dimmr, 
 OE dim ‘ dim, dark ’, Ir. deim ‘ diister’, OHG timber ‘ dunkel, finster ; 
 dumpf’, Gr. 0é,e90¢° cepvdg : Skt. dhamadh ‘ Rauch, Dampf’, OBulg. 
 dymu ‘Rauch’, Lat. fimus, Skt. dhiimrab ‘ rauchfarbig, grau’, Lett. 
 damals ‘ dunkelfarbig, dunkelbraun ’, etc. 
 
 Many similar examples might be given, but nearly all of them 
 would rest under the suspicion of being rime-words from unrelated 
 
 roots or else parallel formations with and without w from a primitive 
 
 root (cf. IE a’). 
 
26 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 5. Initial Velars + w in Indo-European 
 
 It is possible that primitive IE never allowed w to come in contact 
 with an initial velar, and that whenever this combination occurred, it 
 was simplified. This simplification is best explained by H.Pedersen’s 
 theory, IF 22. 354 f., of the ‘ Abneigung der “‘ reinen Velare” gegen 
 die Verbindung mit einem w ’. For, as he explains, the pure velars or 
 ‘ uvulars ? were the farthest back of the &- sounds, and consequently 
 would not combine readily with the labial w. This would explain the 
 apparent loss of w where no other phonetic reason is present. 
 
 When in the later dialect life the vowel fell out between the velar 
 and w, the inherent difficulty of pronouncing the combination was 
 obviated in various ways : by changing w to ww, as occasionaly in all 
 the languages ; by dropping w, as in Greek and Sanskrit, or the velar, 
 as in Italic ; or by fronting the velars. This last process could not have 
 begun in the IE period, though it was later accomplished in all the 
 IE languages, probably first after s. Hence the loss of a velar or of w 
 must be referred to a time in each dialect when the velar was still a 
 back guttural and different from the palatals. 
 
 Even in languages in which w is regularly retained after a velar, 
 the loss of w occurs occasionaly. E.g. : Bulg. dial. gagdam : gua%dam 
 ‘lege, setze, stelle’. Bulg. gdgdij, Pol. gdgdz, etc. : Bulg. gudzdej, Pol. 
 gwégdz ‘Nagel’. Serb. -Cr. éééati ‘hocken, kauern’ (perhaps with a 
 very early loss of w) : édcati ‘ hocken, kauern ’, Slov. kucati ‘ nieder- 
 hocken’, Avéciti ‘kriimmen, biegen’, kudha ‘Haken: Klinke’ (cf. 
 7.02). OHG Alem. cheden (: quedan), chat (: quad), chelen (: quellen), 
 erchibhit (: erquickit), etc. (Braune Ahd. Gram. § 107, Anm. 2). Here 
 the Alem. back guttural ky caused the loss of the following w. Such 
 examples as the above, and many more from all languages could be 
 found, prove conclusively that the assumption of the loss of w in 
 Sanskrit and Greek is a reasonable theory. That w wag not lost in the 
 other languages does not militate against this theory. It was simply a 
 dialect variation (as in Alem. chat : Franc. quad) caused either by the 
 local earlier fronting of the velars or else by the insertion of an 
 before w, as in Skt. guvdti, kuvalam, kvathati (from *kuvathati), etc. 
 Similarly OAlem. chat appears occasionally as choat, i.e. kyowdt. What 
 takes place sporadically in all the IE languages may have been the rule 
 in some of them. 
 
 A large number of words derivable from a base *gewé-p-,-d-p- may, 
 in the ablaut-forms *gwéep-, *qwap-, etc., have lost the w in the IE 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 27 
 
 period. Here the p may in part be responsible, but bases ending in a 
 dental or guttural illustrate this loss. For a full discussion of the IE 
 root *géu-, cf. Mod. Phil. 17. 331-350, 567-580. 
 
 5.04. Lat. capio ‘seize, catch, overpower, injure’, *qwapid ‘ bend, 
 turn toward, rush upon’: Skt. copati ‘ bewegt sich, riihrt sich’, LRuss. 
 kudpyty sa ‘sich sputen, eilen’, Czech kvapiti ‘eilen’, kvapny ‘ eilig’, 
 (early) kypri ‘ strebsam, emsig, eifrig, frisch’, Lat. cupio ‘ be inclined 
 to, favor ; long for, desire, wish’, cupidus ‘ inclined toward, favoring ; 
 longing for, desiring ; eager, greedy; lustful ; avaricious’, occupare 
 (perhaps with original w) ‘ fall upon, attack, seize ; occupy, employ’, 
 occupatio ‘ a taking possession of’ (: incumbo ‘ lean toward ; fall upon, 
 rush toward, upon ’, incubatio ‘ unlawful possession’), recuperdre 
 ‘recover, regain, retake’, *gewé-, gew- ‘ bend, turn toward, fall upon, 
 
 seize’. Cf. 5.02. 
 
 5.02. Goth. hafjan ‘heben’, OE hebban ‘raise, lift up’, with ap 
 ‘rise in the air, fly’, NE heave ‘ raise, lift; lift with effort ; cause to 
 swell or bulge upward ; utter painfully (sigh, groan) ; throw upward or 
 outward, cast or toss with force, hurl; intr. rise, swell, bulge out ; rise 
 and fall with alternate motions, as the waves of the sea, the lungs in 
 difficult breathing, the earth in an earthquake, etc. ; pant, as after severe 
 exertion ; make an effort to vomit, retch’, heave ‘an act of heaving, 
 swell, as of the waves of the sea, of the lungs in difficult breathing ; 
 tise of land, knoll’, OE haf ‘sea’, MLG haf ‘Meer, See’, have, 
 havene ‘ Hafen ’ (for meaning compare Gr. c&%dog ‘ any unsteady tossing 
 motion, esp. the rolling swell of the sea; the open exposed sea; a 
 roadstead, anchorage’), IE *qwap- from the base *gewé-p- : OE North. 
 a-hofen (probably not a new formation but a survival from an original 
 TE *g(w)apid : pp. *quponds), early NE hove(n) ‘swollen, bloated, 
 puffed out, esp. of cattle that swell with overeating’, hove ‘ raise, 
 lift ; swell, inflate, puff up or out; rise, swell out’, Dan. hoven ‘ ge- 
 schwollen, aufgedunsen, dick; aufgeblasen’, hovne ‘ schwellen, an-, 
 aufschwellen’, NE huff ‘a swell of sudden anger or arrogance, a fit 
 of petulance or ill humor’, dial. huff ‘blow, puff; breathe heavily, 
 pant; swell, puff up; rise in baking; become angry, rage’, hover 
 ‘light, puffy, raised ; of soil : light, loose ; of birds or animals: having 
 the coat or feathers ruffed from cold’, ChSl. kypri ‘ locker, pords’, 
 Czech kypéti ‘ giren, aufgehen, aufwallen, aufsieden’, OBulg. kypéts 
 ‘wallen, aberlaufen’, Lith. kapii'ti ‘schwer atmen’, ‘ heave, huff’, 
 Russ. kipét' ‘ wallen, sieden ; aufbrausen ; wimmeln’, NE dial. hobble, 
 
28 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 hubble‘ shake, jolt; dandle, toss ; move unsteadily, shake with a quiv- 
 ering motion; swarm with vermin, wimmeln’, EFris. hubbeln ‘ auf- 
 wechselnd auf und niedersteigen, sich wellenformig bewegen’, Du. 
 hobben ‘hin und her schwanken, schaukeln’, hobbelen ‘schwanken, 
 schaukeln, hiipfen, stolpern, stottern’, huppelen ‘ hipfen, springen’, 
 MHG hiipfen, hopfen, OE hoppian ‘hop’, Skt. kuipyati ‘ gerat in Wal- 
 lung, ziirnt’, copati ‘ bewegt sich, riihrt sich’, Czech Avapiti ‘eilen’, 
 etc. (cf. Mod. Phil. 17. 349 f. with lit.). 
 
 5.03. OHG habaro ‘Hafer, Haber’, OLG havaro, ON hafre id., 
 OBulg. koprii ‘anethum’, Russ. koprii ‘ Anethum graveolens, Dill ; 
 Seefenchel’, Slov. képar ‘Dill; Kamille’, kdpre ‘ Fenchel’, etc. imply 
 a base *gapro- ‘bunch, bush, tuft’, probably identical with Lat. caper 
 ‘he-goat’, primarily ‘bushy, shaggy’ (for meaning cf. 8.17), capra 
 ‘she-goat ; nickname for a man with bristly hair’, Gr. x%ngo¢ ‘ boar’ 
 (the bristly), ON hafr ‘he-goat’, etc., from IE *gwap-ro- ‘ swelling, 
 bunch, tuft’: OE hofer ‘ swelling, goiter,hump’, OHG hovar ‘ Buckel’, 
 Lith. kupra ‘ Hocker’, Russ. kiprit ‘Steissbein, Biirzel’, Gr. xdmprs 
 (swelling, blooming) ‘a name of Aphrodite, love, Zpw¢ ; bloom, blos- 
 som, esp. of the olive and vine’, xuzpi~w ‘bloom’, LRuss. cuper 
 ‘ Haarschopf’, Russ. cupii ‘Schopf’, Lat. vepres (8.05). 
 
 5.04. Russ. kopd ‘Haufen ; Schock (Eier) ; Gemeindeversammlung 
 der Bauern; (dial.) Schober’, Bulg. kopd ‘ Haufen, Schober’, Lith. 
 kipas ‘Grabhiigel’, Lett. kaps ‘ Grabhigel, Grab; Kanne als Getrei- 
 demass, Schock’, kapét ‘ aufhaufen ’ (cf. BerneckerI 562), perhaps from 
 *gwop- : OBulg. kupi ‘Haufen’, Russ. kvipa ‘ Haufen, Menge’, Czech 
 kupa ‘ Haufe ; Gruppe ; Schober’, etc. (5.03). 
 
 5.05. LRuss. kipno ‘ es ist Tauwetter, kotig ’, Aipnity ‘tauen ’, 
 Serb.-Cr. Aépnjeti < tauen, schmelzen ; dahinschwinden ; in Ohnmacht 
 fallen; vor Sehnsucht vergehen ’, OBulg. kapati, Russ. kdpat' ‘ trop- 
 feln, triefen ’, Adnut’ ‘ zerrinnen ; versinken, verschwinden’, Pol. 
 kapaé ‘ trépfeln, (dial.) sterben, umkommen ; verarmen ’, kapiec “ ver- 
 kommen ; abnehmen’ : Russ. dial. po-kvapit’, Slov. kvapati, -1tt, 
 Czech, Slovak. kvapati ‘trépfeln ’, kvapa ‘ Tropfen * (cf. Berneker 
 1487, 566), OBulg. kypéti ‘ wallen, tiberlaufen’, is-k. ‘xqyaew, scatu- 
 rire’, Skt. copati ‘ bewegt sich, rahrt sich’. Cf. 5.02. 
 
 5.06. Russ. Aépot' ‘ feiner Russ; Staub’, koptit’ ‘mit Rauch schwarz 
 machen, riuchern ’, dial. kopotét’ ‘ dahinstieben, schnell laufen’ : Czech 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W _ IN INDO-EUROPEAN 29 
 
 kvapiti ‘eilen’, Lith. kudpas ‘ Hauch, Duft’, Lett. kwepes pl. ‘ Hauch, 
 Qualm, Dampf, Russ’, etc. (cf. Berneker 1565). 
 
 5.07. Gr. xijzog, xdnog ‘garden, orchard’, OHG huoba ‘piece of 
 land of a certain dimension’, Alb. kopste ‘ garden’, perhaps from IE 
 *qwapo- ‘ inclosure’ : OHG hof ‘ inclosed space around a house, yard, 
 court’, OS OE hof ‘ inclosure, house, temple’, ON hof ‘ temple’. 
 
 5.08. Lat. caput, ON hofod, OE hafela, heafola ‘head’, Skt. kapilam 
 ‘ Schale, Hirnschale, Schadel, Pfanne am Schenkel, schalen- oder 
 scherbenférmiger Knochen’, perhaps from *gwap- ‘ hole, hollow, hol- 
 low object, pan, skull, etc.’ : Goth. haubip, ON haufod, OE héafod, 
 OHG houbit ‘head’, Skt.. kipah ‘Grube, Héhle, Brunnen’, Lat. capa 
 ‘tub, cask’, ON hifr ‘the hulk or hull of a ship’, OE hyf ‘hive’, 
 hiife ‘hood’, OHG hiba ‘ Haube’. 
 
 5.09. OBulg. gadi ‘ Kriechtier, Gewiirm ; schadliches Tier’, gadinii 
 ‘garstig’, ChSl. gaditi ‘ verabscheuen, tadeln’, Russ. gddit’ ‘ beschmut- 
 zen, verderben ’, gadi#, gadina ‘ Scheusal, ekelhafter Mensch’, Lith. 
 gé'da ‘Schande, Unehre ’, MDu. quaet, MLG quat ‘ bése, schlecht ; 
 schimpflich ; zornig’, subst. ‘Kot, Dreck, Unflat’, OHG quat ‘ bése, 
 schlecht ; Kot, Schmutz’, LG quader ‘ schmutzige Feuchtigkeit, 
 Schleim’, ON kudda, NIcel. kvoda ‘sticky matter, gum, resin ’, Norw. 
 dial. kueda, koda ‘ beestings’, IE *e“(w)odh- (-é-), with which compare 
 *g’udh (-ou-) in LRuss. hyd ‘Abscheuliches, Ekel’, hydyty sd ‘sich 
 vor etwas ekeln’, Czech hyzditi ‘tadeln, schmahen’, hyzd ‘ Hasslich- 
 keit’, Pol. gizd‘ Schmutz, Ekel; unreiner Mensch’, OE cwéad ‘ dung, 
 excrement’, OFris. guad ‘schlecht’, Germ. *kwauda-: Skt. guvati 
 ‘cacat’, gtithab, -m ‘Kot, Schmutz’, ChSl. govno, Russ., Bulg. gound 
 ‘Mist, Dreck, Kot’, Serb.-Cr. gaviti se ‘sich ekeln’ (cf. Berneker 
 1298 f., 339 with lit.). But Lat. bubindre (1.10) and Welsh budr 
 *‘schmutzig’ (1.15) have IE 5. 
 
 5.40. The IE root *e”ewe- (and -e-) ; *g*(w)e- may be contained 
 also in Gr. Baddc” xtvardog Hes., Batag: & xatacepis, Batadog’ mpwxtds, 
 xivardos, BatadtCowat ‘live in debauchery’, and in Lat. bditimen, Skt. 
 jatu ‘Lack, Gummi’, OHG quiti ‘ Leim, Kitt’. 
 
 6. The Velars +- w in Sanskrit 
 
 For examples of the disappearance of w after an initial velar, cf. 
 Zupitza Germ. Gutt. 55 f.; Brugmann Sdchs. Ber. 1897. 36 f.; Hoff- 
 
30 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 mann BB 18. 149 ff. Against this view stands Persson Beitr. 126 f. 
 and elsewhere. His objections are not sustained by the examples. 
 TE gw-: Skt. k- 
 6.04. Kapi- ‘ incense’ : Lith. kudpas ‘breath, exhalation aH Be 
 vapor, etc. 
 
 6.02. Kiri-h ‘ gering, elend, arm’, *qwili- ° bowed down, abject’ : 
 Lat. vilis, Lith. kvailus (8.06). 
 
 6.03. Kacipu ‘Matte, Kissen’, kageru ‘ eine Grasart mit knolliger 
 
 Wurzel’, kacah, kath ‘geschlossene Hand, Handvoll’, *gwok- ‘bunch, 
 tuft’ : kuchh ‘ein bestimmtes Gras’, Gr. xavaadrte ‘an umbelliferous 
 herb’, with which compare forms with g, q : Skt. kunjab ‘Laube, 
 Gebiisch’, MHG_ hocke ‘ Getreide- oder Heuhaufen’, Lith. kiigis, 
 kauge ‘Heuhaufen’, Russ. kuica ‘Haufen’, kuka ‘Faust’, Slov. kuica 
 ‘Biischel, Schopf, Quaste ’, Skt. kucati ‘ zieht sich zusammen, kriimmt 
 sich’, etc. The primary meaning is ‘ bend, draw together ; crouch, 
 cower’, whence the figurative use in the following. 
 
 6.04. Kagmala-b, -m, kagmaca- ‘ Bestirzung, Kleinmut’, kastam 
 ‘Elend, Jammer’ : Lith. kuszlas ‘ schwachlich, kiimmerlich’, Lett. 
 kusls ‘klein und zart von neugeborenen Kindern’, kust ‘mtide wer- 
 den’. Compare with -g- : Gr. xaxd¢ ‘low, base, vile; feeble ; wretch- 
 ed’: Slov. Aukav ‘traurig, elend’, Skt. kucdti; with -g-: ON hokinn 
 ‘bowed, bent’, heykjask ‘crouch, cower’, Norw. hawken ‘weak and 
 sickly looking’. Cf. 7.02. 
 
 6.05. Skdndati ‘springt, spritzt’, “sqwendeti : skuindate ‘ eilt’, Norw. 
 skvetta ‘ spritzen ; aufschrecken ’, Gr. oxévéw “ pour ets, Leas 
 
 TE gw- : Skt. g- 
 
 6.06. Gahate ‘taucht sich, vertieft sich’, gdhanah ‘ tief, dicht’, 
 géhanam ‘ Tiete, Versteck, Dickicht ’, gabvaram id., gabvarab ‘tief’, 
 *owagh- : ghd ‘ Versteck, Héhle ’, géhah ‘ Versteck, Lager ’, gihati, Av. 
 gaozaiti ‘verbirgt’, Lith. guzis ‘die Lege der Gans’, guxti ‘ schiitzen’, 
 gaszta ‘Nest eines Huhns, einer Gans’ (cf. Uhlenbeck 47. Wb. 81), 
 ON kiga ‘ unterdriicken, zwingen, oppress, bully’, Dan. kue ‘unter- 
 driicken, bandigen, zihmen’, NE cow (OE *cugian) ‘depress with 
 fear, cause to shrink or crouch with fear, overawe’, base *gewa-gh- 
 ‘bend (down), curve’. These are from the root “geu- ‘ curve, bend, 
 stoop, etc.” Compare similar meanings in 8.27. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 31 
 
 6.07. Gddati ‘sagt her, spricht; benennt’, gadah ‘ Rede, Spruch’, 
 perhaps from *g“wed-, *owod- : gavate ‘tént’, jdguve ‘lasse erténen, 
 schreie’, Gr. Bodw, Bo ‘call, cry’ : Lith. gaasti ‘in langgezogenen 
 Tonen heulen’, Lett. gaudit ‘ heulen, wehklagen’, OE cjta ‘kite, 
 bittern’, MHG kutze ‘ Kauz’. 
 
 IE ghw-: Skt. gh- 
 
 6.08. Gadhah ‘ seicht, untief’, gadhadm ‘ Untiefe, Furt’, *ghwadho- : 
 Lat. vadum, OHG wat ‘ ford’ (8.32), base *ghewadh- ‘ bend, sink, sub- 
 side’ (identical with the base described in 8.32) : Bulg. gvid'ii, guz- 
 dam, dial. guaxdam, gaxdam ‘lege, setze, stelle’. These are from a 
 root *ghewa®- ‘ press down, depress, lay; bend (back and forth) ; inir. 
 bend, sag, sink, subside, etc.’, whence a base *ghewa*b(h)- in OBulg. 
 giinott ‘biegen, falten, neigen’, Lett. gwbt ‘einsinken, sich senken, 
 zusammenfallen, sich biicken’, OBulg. gybati ‘zugrunde gehen, ver- 
 derben ’, pré-gybati ‘beugen’, Bulg. gin ‘gehe zugrunde, schwinde 
 dahin; schlendere ’, Norw. dial. gitva ‘zusammengesunken sitzen’, Icel. 
 gaufa ‘dawdle, saunter, schlendern’, gauf ‘sluggishness’. For other 
 related words, cf. 7.47; for Ir. baidim, 1.40. 
 
 For meaning, compare ME saggen ‘sag, sink, hang down’, Norw. 
 sagga ‘langsam gehen’, Swed. sacka ‘zusammensinken, sich legen 
 (v. Winde)’, Du zakken ‘ sinken, abnehmen’, OBulg. i-seknoti ‘ abneh- 
 men’, pré-s. ‘ versiegen ’, Serb. o-seka ‘Ebbe’, Lith. senki, sékti ‘ fallen, 
 sich senken, niedriger werden (v. Wasser)’, seklus ‘seicht’, seklis 
 “eine seichte Stelle’, with which compare the enlarged base *sge-/- 
 ‘fall, fall away : wither, dry ; become thin, shallow; fall, perish’ in 
 Gr. oxéhhw ‘dry up, make dry’, MHG schalme, schelme ‘ Pest, Seuche, 
 cadaver’, MLG schal ‘ vom Geschmack abgefallen ’, ME schalowe ‘ shal- 
 low, thin’, NE shallow, shoal. Cf. Fick II+ 428 f., 459. 
 
 6.09. Ghdsati ‘ verzehrt, frisst, isst’, ghasah ‘ Fresser’ (Name von 
 Damonen), ghasanam ‘ das Fressen’, ghasih, ghasih ‘ Futter, Nahrung’, 
 ghasrah ‘ verletzend’, *ghwes- ‘wear away, consume’, base *ghewe-s- 
 ‘fall away, diminish; wear away, consume, etc.’ : Lat. véscor ‘ con- 
 sume, feed on; enjoy, make use of, use’, véscus ‘small, little, thin, 
 weak ; delicate, dainty (in eating)’, Germ. *wes-, *wez-, *woz- in 15.114, 
 Lett. goste ‘Schmaus’, Lat. haurio (hério from *ghéus-) ‘ scrape up, col- 
 lect; scoop up, draw, drain, drink; tear, pluck, devour, consume, 
 exhaust’. 
 
 In the medial position v remains in Sanskrit after velars, as : 
 
 RK 
 
32 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 takvd- (taku-); pakud- ; vakvan-, vakvasa- ; srakva- ; phalgva- (phalgi-) ; 
 mrgvan- ; yugvan- ; vagvand-, etc. This agrees exactly with the develop- 
 ment in Greek and Latin. 
 
 7. The Pure Velars + w in Greek 
 
 Without taking time and space to review what has been written on 
 the development of JE velars and palatals + w in Greek and Italic, I 
 submit the following examples in evidence of the usually accepted 
 opinion that these do not develop alike. Those who hold that IE gw 
 and kw fall together both in Greek and in Latin (cf. e. g. Persson 
 Beitr. 124 ff., 520 ff.) virtually deny that there is any difference in 
 the centum-languages between the pure velars and the palatals. Because 
 IE ga- and a- fall together in Greek and in Latin is no proof what- 
 ever that gwa- and kwa-would do the same. Such an inference is based 
 onthe erroneous assumption that IE gwa- became in early Greek xfa-, 
 in early Latin gwa-. That is begging the question, for then, of course, 
 IE qwa- and kwa- would coincide in both languages. 
 
 But the difference in the treatment of gwa- and fwa- in these lan- 
 guages, and that there is a difference the examples given sufficiently 
 prove to the unprejudiced, is not Greek and Latin at all, but post-IE. 
 That is, it fell in a period when there was still a difference between 
 the pure velars and the palatals. In the satam-languages this difference 
 continued and increased; but in the centum- group it ceased in prehis- 
 toric times. 
 
 That being the case, we should expect initial gw-, gw-, ghw- to 
 develop consistently, and that is exactly what we find. For the exam- 
 ples given below prove that the initial pure velars + w give Gr. z-, 
 -, y-, and Ital. v- in all the three combinations. 
 
 Where the pure velar was followed by ww as in Skt. kivalam, 
 guvdti, there would result in Grek xfa-, yF2-, yra-, from older xvFa- 
 etc., which would then fall together with the palatals +- w. In Italic 
 the development of IE guwa- and kuwa-(but not kwa-) was identical 
 with that of IE g“a-. 
 
 IE qw- : Gr. x 
 For the usual examples cf. Boisacq Dict. Et. under x¢ixy (: Pruss. 
 
 po-quelbton) ; xanvog (: Lat. vapor) ; xapnd¢ (: Goth. hwairban) ; xisoa 
 (: Pruss. qudits) ; xddno¢ (: ON hualf) ; and Brugmann Gr. 1? 313. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 33 
 
 The loss here is not due to dissimilation, even where followed by a 
 labial, but to the regular phonetic process in Greek. Cf. 5. 
 
 1.01. xdp« (“gwom-) ‘a deep sleep’, xwpotcba. ‘fall into a deep or 
 sickly sleep’ : Serb.-ChSl. po-kymati ‘ nuere’, White Russ. Kimad 
 ‘sleep’, Norw. dial. hjma ‘ be dumpish, drowsy ; be sullen’, hrimen 
 ‘hunched up, cowering with cold or illness’, huma ‘ dawdle, be weak, 
 limp, feeble, stale, become weak from age’, humen ‘limp, weak as 
 after overexertion or spree; feeble with age’, OE héamol ‘ miserly, 
 frugal’, Skt. komalah ‘ weich, zart’, OBulg. po-kyvati ‘ xweiv, cxdedew, 
 nicken, den Kopf schiitteln ’, etc. (cf. Mod. Phil. 17. 332 f.). 
 
 1.02. xaxd¢ ‘low, base mean, vile, bad ; cowardly, feeble ; unhappy, 
 hed’, *gwagds ‘bendi ingi bject’ sm ‘mal 
 
 wretched’, *gwagés ‘bending, cringing, abject’, xaxdw ‘maltreat, 
 afflict, hurt; destroy, corrupt ; pass. be distressed, suffer ’, xaxtCw ‘ blame, 
 reproach” : Lat. vacillo ‘waver’, Upper Sorb. kwaéi¢ ‘ umbiegen, 
 kriimmen’, kwaka ‘ Haken’, Sloven. kuéka ‘Haken ; Klinke’, kvéciti 
 ‘kriimmen, biegen’, Skt. kucdti‘ zieht sich zusammen, kriimmt sich’, 
 Bulg. kukam (draw back) ‘lebe einsam, stehe allein ’, kujkaven ‘trau- 
 oF an , ¢ P ? , wr he a id $ > 4 
 rig’, Slov. kuikav ‘traurig, elend’, kukati ‘traurig sein’, Russ. dial. 
 kucno * bange’, Slov. s-kuciti ‘ beugen ’, Pol. do-kuczyc, -kuczad ‘jem. 
 zusetzen, plagen, peinigen’, dokucxliwy ‘ empfindlich, schmerzhaft, 
 lastig ’, Slov. s-kuéati ‘ gemere, iachzen, winseln’ (cf. Mod. Phil. 17. 
 336 f.). 
 
 These are from the root *géu- ‘nuere, nutare; cubare, incumbere’, 
 whence also Gr. xavvos" xaxds, cxrnode, Goth. hauns ‘ niedrig, demii- 
 tig’, haunjan ‘niedrig machen’, Gr. xavpds, xaxds, MHG hiiren 
 ‘kauern, zusammengebiickt sitzen’, bebiiren ‘ knicken, zertreten ; tiber- 
 waltigen, belastigen’, ChSl. po-kymati ‘ nuere’, etc., 7.04. 
 
 71.03. xdA«& (cringer)’ fawner, flatterer’, xoAuxts ‘ female flatterer ; 
 a woman who crouches down to let persons step on her back to 
 mount a carriage, xAipaxic’, xohaxeia ‘a stooping to the whims and 
 tastes of others, fawning, flattery’, xoAzxedw ‘ fawn on, flatter’, *gwol-, 
 qwel-, goul- ‘bend, stoop, cringe’ : White Russ. kul'd¢ Sa ‘sich tief 
 verneigen’, kil'am ‘ mit dem Kopf vorniiber’, Pol. kuli¢d ‘ zusammen- 
 ziehen, kriimmen’, kulawy ‘hinkend, lahm’, kulec ‘hinken’, dial. 
 kulgac, Czech. kulhati ‘ hinken’, OPruss. po-quelbton ‘kneeling’, etc., 
 8.04. 
 _ Or the Greek words may be referred to a synonymous base “gel- : 
 Gr. xe\dov" otpehAev, aAcyioy Hes. (or this may be from *qwelno-), 
 
34 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 wwrroe ‘crooked, bent inwards, crippled’ (may be from “qulno- rather 
 than *gJno-), Skt. kunib ‘lame in the arm’ (may also have original 
 uw). Cf. Mod. Phil. 17. 333. Compare alsoGr. xsaev ‘colon’, and for 
 
 meaning ¢\.2 ‘convolution : colon’. 
 
 7.04. xndi¢ ‘voting-urn, dice-box’, xfhrov, wndagroy id., xabog 
 onveic, 2000 ‘ drinking vessel, cup, goblet’ (cf. Boisacq 446 with lit.), 
 from *gwadh-(-a-, -d-): Gr. xdabeog (*quwadh-) ‘cup; hollow of the 
 hand’, Lat. vas, OLat. vasum, vasus * vessel, dish ; vtensil, implement ; 
 beehive’, *gwadh-s- ‘hollow’ : OHG hutta, MHG hiitte ‘hut’, NE hod 
 ‘a portable trough used by masons ; a coal-scuttle ; (dial.) a tub made 
 of half a flour-barrel’, dial. buddock ‘the cabin of a coal-barge; a small 
 wooden hut or hutch’, root *géu- ‘bend, curve’, whence many words 
 for ‘cup, tub, cask, vessel’. 
 
 1.05. xwztdaw ‘chatter, prattle, wheedle *, xwtthog ‘ chattering, 
 prattling, twittering ’, *qwol- : natoryos (earlier *xvFat-) ‘ clattering ; 
 dashing, plashing; rattling’, Lat. quatio (*quwatid) ‘shake, beat, agi- 
 tate’, Lith. Avaténti ‘laut lachen’, kutéti ‘ aufriitteln, aufmuntern’, 
 NHG Swiss hudlen ‘schiitteln ; riitteln und damit zerstéren ; hohnen ; 
 zanken, schimpfen’, hotteren ‘ riitteln ; schiittelnd lachen’, hutteren 
 ‘cacabare’, NE wheedle ‘ cajole, coax, flatter >, OE *hwédlian, older 
 *lnvodilon. Cf. 1.10, 8.26. 
 
 71.06. x40w° BAGG, Hes., xd0ovp06 “ dock-tailed’, epithet of drones, 
 *gwodh- ‘contract, shrivel, stunt’: Lith. kasti ‘abmagern’, su-kiidés 
 “zusammengeschrumpft’, kidas ‘hager, mager’, kidikis ‘ein kleines 
 Kind ’, Lett. kade ‘Kohlstrunk’, kids ‘ mager ’, OE gehwéede ‘ slight, 
 small, young’, Swed. dial. hodd, hott ‘kleiner eingeschrumpfter 
 Mensch’, NHG Swiss hutzlen ‘zusammenschrumpfen *, hotzen ‘ sich 
 zusammenziehen ; stocken, nicht vonstatten gehen’, hotien kauern’, 
 Skt. kubith ‘new moon’ (cf. 10.06). 
 
 1.07. xexddovto ‘they gave way’, éxexyder dnexeywornet Hes., xexa- 
 dév ‘robbing’, xexad%aat” BAavar, xanmoar, oteehoa H., d&moxadéw*® aobe- 
 vé H., base *gwéd-, qwad-, goud-, etc.: ON Miata * pierce’, OHG 
 fir-hwazan ‘verstossen, verfluchen, verderben’, OBulg. po-kuditi 
 ‘zugrunde richten’, pro-kuditi ‘ Siapbetosty, aoavitey’, pro-kuda * gav- 
 rorne’, Russ. proktida ‘Schaden, Verlust >, Serb.-Cr. kidati ‘abreissen, 
 zerreissen’, etc. (cf. Mod. Phil. 17. 341 f.). Cf. 7.27. 
 
 1.08. xivocbar'... Weiv, Sravocteba: Hes., base *gwi-n- : xodw ‘mark, 
 erceive’, OBulg. éujo feel, notice’, Russ. ci ‘at’ ‘ empfinden, fiihlen, 
 oO > > 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 35 
 
 wittern, spiiren; wahrnehmen, héren’, Lith. kvitéti ‘lauschen, wit- 
 tern’, to which should perhaps be added MHG witeren, wit(é)ern ‘als 
 Geruch in die Nase bekommen, wittern’ (in this case to be separated 
 from witeren ‘Wetter sein oder werden’, weter ‘ Wetter’). Cf. Mod. 
 
 Ph atz §79% 
 
 1.09. x%30c, Dor. x%0¢ ‘attention, care: trouble, sorrow ; (obser- 
 vances, obsequies), mourning for the dead, funeral; object of care; 
 connection by marriage’, xy2ela ‘care for the dead, funeral, affinity’, 
 nfdSerog ‘cared for, dear; funereal’, x43w ‘ distress, trouble’, xqdepey 
 ‘ guardian, protector’, xn3<dw ‘take charge of, attend to, attend ; con- 
 tract affinity’, d&xndqs ‘ without care; careless, heedless ; uncared for, 
 neglected, unburied’, &xy2éu ‘ neglect, not care for, slight ’, base *qwéd- 
 ‘observe, care for; observe due rites (of marriage or funeral) ; observ- 
 ance, caution, care, solicitude; sorrow’: OE hwata (*qwadon- ‘ obser- 
 ver’) ‘augur, diviner’, hwatan ‘ omens, divination’, hwatian ‘ practice 
 divination ’, Russ. éddit'-Sa § scheinen, vorkommen ’, vido, OBulg. éudo 
 ‘Wunder’, ¢éuditi se ‘sich wundern’, Gr. xd80¢ ‘glory, fame, honor’, 
 etc., base *géwe-, qwa- ‘ observe, notice, perceive’: Lith. kudc%a-s (man) 
 ‘ mir diinkt, ich ahne’, Lat. vatés (8.07), Skt. kavih ‘ Seher, Weiser, 
 Dichter’, d-kivate ‘ beabsichtigt’, OE hawian ‘ gaze on, survey’, beha- 
 wian ‘look carefully, take care’, OBulg. écuti ‘merken, fiihlen ’, Slo- 
 vak. éuhat (“géugh-) ‘lauern, lauschen, aufpassen’, with which com- 
 pare Goth. hugs ‘ Verstand’, ON hugr ‘ mind, thought; feeling, affec- 
 tion ; desire, wish; foreboding’, OE hyge ‘ mind, heart, mood ; cou- 
 rage; pride’, hogu ‘ solicitude, care’, hycgan ‘ think of ; plot ; be intent 
 on’, forhycgan ‘ despise ; neglect, ignore; reject’, Goth. hugjan ‘ den- 
 ken, meinen’, af-hugjan ‘ bezaubern’. Cf. 7.26. 
 
 IE guw-: Gr. x- 
 
 1.410. natzcsw ‘beat, knock; palpitate (of the heart); clap the 
 hands ; smite, wound’, xétayos ‘clattering, clashing; the dashing or 
 plashing of the waves or of a body falling into the water ; the rattling 
 of the wind; chattering of the teeth’, watayéw ‘clatter, clash, clap; 
 dash, plash ; chatter (of birds); gnash’, from **Fat-, earlier *xuFac-, 
 *quvat- : Lat. quatio, Gr. xwttAdw ‘ chatter’, cf. 7.05, 8.26. 
 
 IE gw- : Gr. y- 
 
 1.441. -aorye ‘ paunch, belly, womb; hollow ofa shield; sausage, 
 botulus ’, yaerea ‘the belly of a jar, pot-bellied drinking vessel’, yac- 
 
36 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 pata ‘a kind of turnip ’, yéoteug ¢ pot-bellied ; glutton ; a kind of cake’, 
 yastpoxviun ‘calf of the leg’, *ewyd-ter-, -tro-, identical with Lat. venter 
 ‘belly, paunch, womb ; swelling, protuberance’, with which compare 
 *ownd- or *gund- in Norw., Swed. kunt ‘Ranzen’, Norw. kunta ‘ Ran- 
 zen, cunnus, vulva’, ODan., Dan., MLG kunte, MDu. conte ‘ cunnus, 
 vulva’, etc., NHG dial. quenzel ‘dicker Bauch’, Av. gunda- ‘ Teigbal- 
 len’, Skt. gundrab, gundra (bunch, tuft), names of plants. For the for- 
 mation of yasthe, venter, compare Gr. datpe¢ ‘ belly’, botéoa * womb’ 
 from *ud-tro-, -tera-: Skt. udaram ‘ belly’. 
 
 These are from the nasalized base *ewad- : Skt. gudé-h, -m ‘Darm, 
 Mastdarm, After’, MLG kite ‘ Eingeweide’, LG hit ‘Tasche, Beutel, 
 Sack an einem Fischnetz’, Du. kuit ‘Wade’, NE dial. kite ‘ belly, 
 maw’, OFris. kate ‘Knéchel’, MLG kote, kute ‘ Huf, Klaue ; Fessel’, 
 Norw. kyta ‘Buckel, aufgebauschte Falte, Anschwellungen an einem 
 feisten Kérper; sackformige Erweiterung eines Netzes’, Swed. dial. kat 
 ‘Puckel ; Riicken’, kita ‘mit gekriimmtem Ricken gehen’, etc. (cf. 
 Persson Beitr. 109 ff.). 
 
 1.42. yorede ‘hole, lair of a wild beast’, *gwél- (not *gdul-, which 
 would give *youkzds), Lith. gilis ‘ Lagerstatte’ (may represent an ear- 
 lier *guilis) : gualis, etc. (8.27), Gr. yavdds ‘ any round vessel : milk- 
 pail, water-bucket, bee-hive ’, yatAo¢g ‘ merchant-vessel ’, yd/10¢ ‘a long- 
 shaped wallet for soldiers’ provisions’, ON kyll ‘Sack, Tasche zum 
 Autbewahren von Mundvorrat’, OHG kiulla ‘ Tasche, Ranzen’, kiol 
 ‘ Schiff’, etc., root *geu-, also in 7.43. Compare the rime-word gwiedq, 
 
 149: 
 
 1.13. ywpdtds ‘ bow-case, quiver’, *gwor- : ySeog ‘ring, circle; a 
 round hole to plant a tree in’, y¥eds ‘round, curved, bent, arched’, 
 vies ‘round, bend, curve’, ME couren ‘cower’, Swed. dial. kara 
 ‘hervorgebeugt und zusammengekrochen sitzen, hocken um sich zu 
 verbergen’, ON kira‘ sleep, doze’, etc. 
 
 From the root *geu- ‘bend’ come many words for ‘ hollow, hole, 
 receptacle’. Compare OE cjf ‘ tub, vessel’, cuppe ‘cup’, OHG kopf, 
 chupf ‘Becher’, MHG kiibel ‘Kibel’, kober ‘Korb, Tasche’, whence 
 probably (or from an allied form) OFrench couvre, coivre, quivre ‘ qui- 
 ver’. Byzant. xodxovgov, MLat. cucurum are probably loanwords from 
 rather than the source of the Germ. equivalents : OE cocur ‘ quiver’, 
 OLFranc. kokar, OHG kohhar ‘Kocher’. In form these are most close- 
 ly related to Norw dial. kokul, kokla ‘ Fruchtzapfen (der Nadel- 
 biume)’, kokle, kukle ‘Klumpen’, kjuka ‘kugelférmiger Klumpen, 
 
 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN Si) 
 
 Klotz, Knorren’, Icel. kjuka ‘ Fingerknéchel ’ (cf. Persson Beitr. 113): 
 Russ. dial. gdgl’a ‘Beule’, Pol. guga id., gugutka ‘unreife Kirsche’. 
 Notice also that OE cocur is used in the sense of ‘sword, spear’, i. e., 
 ‘a round object, cudgel, club’. For the ending compare Gr. yinéerov 
 ‘nest, cranny’. 
 
 1.44. ysitwy ‘neighboring, near ; neighbor’, a&yyi-yeftwyv ‘ neighbor- 
 ing’, *gwei-t- * holding, touching’, : ayy!-yvesg ‘ neighbor’, éy-yu¢ 
 ‘near, near to, hard by’, *en-gu-s ‘adjoining, anstossend ’, Lith. 
 gaunu, gduti ‘bekommen ’, uz-gduti ‘anstossen, beriihren’, apgauti 
 ‘iibervorteilen’, gavinéti id., su-gduti ‘ fangen, ergreifen’, gdudyti ‘ zu 
 fangen suchen ; fangen’, Lett. gaju, giit ‘haschen, fangen, greifen’, 
 guwejs ‘Gewinner’, giiwejums ‘Fang, Beute’, ChSl. o-, po-gymati 
 ‘betasten, streicheln’, root *geu- ‘bend (the hand), grip, seizé, hold’, 
 to which belong Av. gav-, gava- (holder, yee) ‘hand’, ginao'ti 
 ‘procure’, Gr. éyydn ‘surety, security, bail ; betrothing’, éyyudw 
 ‘give or hand over, esp. asa pledge, plight, betroth ; promise’, etc. 
 Cf. 7.30. 
 
 1.15. ystcov, yetooov * eaves of a roof, cornice of the entablature ; 
 coping ; eyebrows ; hem or border of a garment’, yeicwya ‘ penthouse ’ 
 belong to the above from *gweitwo-‘ that which holds in or surrounds, 
 Einfassung, border, hem, rim’. 
 
 7.46. Parallel with the loss of w after g is that of w after g” in 
 snxatou-bq : *-g’wa, Skt. cata-gu- ‘ having a hundred cows’, Bécrogos : 
 *o"wos, BoFés (cf. Brugmann, Gr. FP 313), unless we assume that the 
 loss occurred after the labiovelar had become a labial, which is improb- 
 able. 
 
 IE ghw- : Gr. x- 
 
 1.47. xqgqv ‘a drone-bee; a lazy greedy fellow ; old bird with the 
 pen-feathers gone ; weak, feeble’, xwg¢ ‘ obtuse, blunt, dull (8¢i0<) ; 
 dumb, mute ; quiet, silent (xtpa, Arw4v); deaf; dull, stupid; idle, 
 empty, good for nothing ’, xwg% ‘ make dumb, silence; deafen; 
 blunt, dull, injure’, xw9ém ‘silence, etc. ; mutilate’, xegnorg ‘a blunt- 
 ing, mutilating’, xexagqus ‘ verschmachtend, languishing’, xéxy9e° 
 té0vyxev Hes. (Bezzenberger, BB 5.313), *ghwabh-, -d-, -0-, base *ghe- 
 wabh- ‘bend, sway, give way (under pressure); bend down, sink, 
 subside, languish, perish, etc. ; tr. press or beat down, oppress, injure, 
 mutilate’: Gr. xdgo¢ ‘ bent, stooping (with age)’, xtgo¢ ‘ crookedness ; 
 hump’, OBulg. pré-gybati ‘ beugen’, Pol. gibnad sie ‘ sich hintiberbeu- 
 
38 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 gen’, ginaé ‘ verloren gehen, verschwinden’, OBulg. gybati ‘ zugrunde 
 gehen, verderben’, Serb.-Cr. dial. is-po-gibati ‘umkommen, fallen 
 (von einer Menge)’, Bulg. ginii ‘ gehe zugrunde ; schwinde dahin’, 
 etc. (cf. 6.08), OBulg. gubiti < verderben, zugrunde richten’, Czech 
 hubiti ‘ unterdriicken, verderben, verwisten ’, /ubeny ‘ mager, armse- 
 lig’, Lett. gubit ‘ gewaltsam wegschaffen (z.B. Leibesfrucht)’, Lith. 
 gubyti ‘prellen, schlagen’, gitbyti ‘ verlieren ; schelten, zwingen, pla- 
 gen’, MHG gupfen ‘stossen’. 
 
 These are from a root *ghewa-, ghewe- (or *ghéu-), with derivatives 
 showing both strong and weak bases : Lith. gumé ‘ Argernis’, gumulis 
 ‘das Mangelhafte, Gestutzte’ (of a hornless cow, tailless hen) ; LRuss. 
 dial. uty; ‘hornless’, etc. Cf. 7.49 f., 8.34 f.,45.40f. Compare 
 
 also *ghewebb- in 1.48, *ghewé-r- in 7.20. 
 
 1.18. xémqog’ efdog dpveton novgotatov, Sedyepig amd avéwov wetayetat, 
 xovgos &vOewnes Hes. from *ghwebhwo- (in this case perhaps with loss 
 of w by dissimilation) : xo¥ee¢ ‘light, nimble; idle, frivolous’, Pol. 
 gubaé sie ‘sich drehen, wenden’, Russ. gibdt' ‘biegen’, gibkij ‘ bieg- 
 sam ; geschmeidig’, Bulg. gibam ‘ rihre, bewege’, Serb. gibati ‘ bewe- 
 gen, schwenken, wiegen ’, Slov. gibak ‘leicht beweglich, gelenkig’, etc. 
 (cf. Bezzenberger, BB 4.352). 
 
 The underlying root is in MLG gowe, gauwe ‘ rasch, schnell ; klug, 
 schlau’, EFris. gau ‘schnell, rasch, hastig, geschwind’, MDu. gauw 
 ‘cautus, catus, acutus, agilis, alacer’, Lith. guvis ‘rasch, behende’ 
 (cf. Fick, III + 122), Gr. ywoua ‘be agitated, be in violent emotion, 
 be troubled; be wroth, angry’. Perhaps here also rather than to 
 5.09 may belong ChSI. o-gaviti ‘ vexare’, o-gavije ‘ molestia’, which 
 with the Greek word may represent *ghdu-. 
 
 1.19. yadrenés ‘rough, rugged, steep ; harsh, hard, difficult, severe, 
 cruel’, *ghwalepo- ‘broken, rough, abrupt’, ywAds ‘ maimed, imper- 
 fect, defective; lame, limping; dull, stupid’, *ghwélo- ‘contusus, 
 obtusus, truncus, xéAos, xod0GSs’ : Lith. gvildyti ‘ausschlauben’, 
 Serb.-Cr. guliti ‘ schinden, schilen, abrinden ; saufen ’, guliti se 
 ‘plirren’, Slov. guliti ‘wetzen, reiben; schinden’, gzilja ‘ Schind- 
 miahre’, LRuss. hityj ‘hornlos’, MDu. giile, guul ‘hengst; oude 
 knol, bonk’, ‘horse; poor horse, plug’, MHG gal ‘ Ungetiim’, NHG 
 gaul, Lat. véles, 8.34. 
 
 Here also occurs a homophonic base meaning ‘ swing, sway, bend’, 
 etc., which may be ultimately related, probably preserving the older 
 meaning: Skt: gharnati ‘ schwankt, wankt, zuckt’, ghiirnah ‘ wankend, 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 39 
 
 schwankend’, Russ. gul'dt' ‘ausschweifen, liederlich leben; missig 
 gehen, spazieren gehen’, gulitdj ‘Lebemann, Faulpelz’, LRuss. hiita- 
 vyj ‘ wahnsinnig ’, bul'dty ‘tanzen, sich unterhalten; liederlich leben’, 
 Pol. dial. gulad ‘ schwelgen, schwairmen ’.. 
 
 1.20. yéova ‘ poverty’ Hes., yeevi¢ ‘poor, needy; poor man, 
 laborer’, yeovarys id., yepvatic ‘a workwoman, esp. a woman that 
 spins for daily hire ’ (with fortuitous association — if any at all out- 
 side the minds of certain etymologists — with véw ‘ spin’), yepvqtixds 
 ‘like a poor man or day-laborer’, 7d y. ‘the poorest class of day- 
 laborers’ : Lat. verna (8.35), OHG werna (15.10), base *ghwer-nd- ‘a 
 wearing away, Aufreiben, Schinden’ : Lith. isz-gvéres ‘ von réhrenar- 
 tigen Dingen : Spulen, Radbiichsen, durch den Gebrauch ausgerieben, 
 ausgeweitet, auch von anderen Dingen in den Fugen los geworden’, 
 gurus ‘locker, bréckelig’, gurti bréckeln, stiickweise brechen’, OE 
 worian ‘crumble’, OPruss. gurins ‘ poor’, Goth. gaurs ‘ betriibt; 
 miirrisch’, OHG goérag ‘erbairmlich, armselig, elend’, Skt. ghorab, 
 ‘furchtbar, schrecklich ’, Ir. gure ‘ Schmerzhaftigkeit, Heftigkeit’, Russ. 
 xurit ‘ schelten’, LRuss. zurity ‘ betriiben’. 
 
 Postconsonantal Velars + win Greek 
 
 After a consonant an IE pure velar + w became a labial in Greek, 
 for the pre-Gr. (IE) syllabic division was between the velar and w. 
 Later, when the pure velars and the palatals had fallen together, the 
 syllabic division came between the consonant (usually a liquid ora 
 nasal) and the guttural, and the new combination -kw-, -gw-, -ghw- 
 resulted in Gr. z, 6, 9. This change seems to be earlier than that of 
 
 intervocalic -qw- to -xx-. 
 
 1.24. d%medog ‘ vine’, *angwelos ‘ bending, spiral’ : &yxdde¢ ‘ crook- 
 ed, curved’, Skt. ankurdh ‘ young shoot, sprout’, diicati ‘ bend, crook’ 
 (cf. Prellwitz? 34). 
 
 1.22. dynve ‘anything round or rounded : wheel; cover of acup; 
 band or fillet for binding up women’s front hair; the hair braided 
 round the head ; headstall, bridle’, guxvxafw ‘ bind the front hair ; bind, 
 wreathe’, originally *&mix- with v from été or restored later from 
 related words, base *angwi- : Lat. anquina ‘Ring oder Schlinge, womit 
 die Raa eines Schiffes am Mast befestigt ist’ (8.12), Gr. ayx5%n “ any- 
 thing bent or rounded : loop or noose in a cord, loop or ring at the 
 end of a leash; bowstring; any thong or string’, ayxdios ‘curved, 
 
40 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 rounded’, Skt. ankugah ‘hook’, etc., which imply an adj. *angu-s, 
 fem. -wi. Compare the double forms ay@§, late ayGvé. 
 
 7.23. dévtvt ‘the rim of a shield ; the rail or high rim of a chariot ; 
 (later) the frame of the lyre ; the disc of the moon; round outline (of 
 breasts, hip)’ was naturally associated with énvé. In dvtvz the » was 
 original. For this may be derived from av(«) and *tug-, *twag- ° press 
 together, hold, contain, inclose’ : Gr. cdyq ‘ trappings, equipment, 
 armor’, sayic ‘wallet’, cxyoupev’ yupyxbuov, etc. (cf. 14.02). The same 
 *tug- ‘ Einfassung, cover’ is in Gr. xatai-tv= ‘a low leather helmet’. 
 
 1.24. sonedsvq ‘a rope or cord for binding or snaring game; the 
 twist or thread of which cloth is made ; a bow-string’ probably has = 
 from gw : dexvs, dpxug ‘net, snare’. If the rough breathing is not ori- 
 ginal compare *argu- ‘ bend, bind, band’ in 8.46. Or the words may 
 be referred to a base *sygu-, *ser-g- ‘serere’ : Gr. %oxog, Lat. sarcio, 
 
 etc. (cf. author, Class. Phil. 3.84; Meringer, IE 17. 157 f.). 
 
 1.25. Ogdnw ‘warm, heat ; foster, cherish ; burn, scorch, inflame ; 
 distract (@zAnove: povia Aesch., Pr. 878), cozen, cheat’ (compare the 
 same meaning in the Germ. words below), §éAmog ‘ warmth, heat; 
 sting, smart (toZevpatwy) ’, Suebakaye ‘hard to warm, chilly’, Oaknwe74 
 ‘a cheering, comfort’, probably from *#adxp- : Oxdvxpde ‘ warm, hot, 
 slowing’, (for *6adxveds influenced by dvuxeds ‘ warm’, Badvecdpevoc’ 
 ohevouevog Hes., from *dhwlqw- : Norw. dolgen ‘ dumpfig, schwiil’, ON 
 dole, dylgja(Hitze) ‘ Feindschaft ’, dolgr ‘ Feind’, OEdolg (62dn0¢, sting) 
 ‘wound’, OFris. dolg, dulg, OHG tolg ‘ Wunde’, Lith. dilkés ‘Staub’, 
 dulketi ‘ stiuben’ : dilis ‘Rauchermasse zum Forttreiben der Bienen’, 
 Lett. diailetés ‘schwelen, fortglimmen; fig. von lange andauernder 
 Krankheit’, OHG twalm ‘ betiubender Dunst, Betaubung’, OE dwel- 
 lan ‘lead astray, deceive’ : ON dyja ‘ schiitteln’, Skt. dhanéti * schiit- 
 telt, bewegt hin und her; facht an (Feuer)’” : Lett. dukt ‘brausen, 
 tosen’, Lith. dwkti ‘rasend werden, rasen’, dvékoti ‘ atmen, keuchen’, 
 duakas ‘Hauch, Atem’, duksé'ti ‘hauchen, seufzen’, Skt. sam-dhuksate, 
 -dhuksayati ‘facht an, ziindet an, belebt’ (Persson, Beitr. 653), Lat. 
 focus ‘ fire-place’ (*dhwogos : Lith. dudkas), focilare ‘ revive or refresh 
 by warmth, foster, cherish ’ : fovere ‘warm, keep warm; foment; 
 cherish, foster ‘ (*dhowe- or *dhewé- : Skt. dhii- ‘ Feuer anfachen’, Lat. 
 fiimus, etc.), favilla ‘glowing ashes’ (*dhowélna or -alna : Lett. diletés 
 ‘fortglimmen ’) foculum ‘ fire-pan, brazier ‘(*foveclom from *dhowetlom : 
 Skt. dhavitram ‘ Facher, Wedel’). 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN AI 
 
 1.26. éunafouar ‘give attention to, take heed of, care for’, gumact#- 
 pag plOwv’ mtotet&s, paptueas Hes., *en +- *qwad- : OE hwata ‘ augur’, 
 Gr. x%3og ‘attention, care’, x33aivw ‘do honor to, honor’, OBulg. 
 cudo ‘ Wunder’, etc. (7.09); Gr. fynarov’ xatabdptov, *gwat- : Lith. 
 
 ? > V. Ys 
 kvécxa-s (man) ‘ mir diinkt, ich ahne’, Skt. d-kitam ‘ Absicht’, etc. ; 
 Gr. Zumatos ‘ knowing, experienced in’, *-qwayo- : Russ. ¢ujat' ‘ emp- 
 y ; 
 finden, wittern, spiiren; wahrnehmen, héren’, Gr. xoéw ‘ perceive, 
 hear’, xtvuobar’ iSeiv. Or Zynarog from *qwasio- : Russ. dial. cuchat' 
 ¢ ~ > x £té ss > ? , é ~ 
 wahrnehmen, héren’, Slov. ¢uhati ‘spiiren, ahnen’, Gr. a&xcder* tapet 
 Hes., axovw, Goth. hausjan ‘ hear ’, etc. Cf. 7.08. 
 
 1.27. xateunato ‘ xararapBave ’, “gwad-, *gewed- : Goth. gahwat- 
 jan ‘anreizen’, Gr. xexadmv ‘robbing’, xexadjour BAadar, otep%oae 
 Hes., Serb. kidati ‘ abreissen, zerreissen ’, Skt. cédati ‘ treibt an, dringt ; 
 schafft schnell herbei’. Cf. 7.07. 
 
 1.28. &uBiE -ixeg ‘cup, beaker’, &y8w (anything round) ‘ edge ot 
 a dish; bottom of a cup; round top of a hill; pulpit’, *angw-: Lat. 
 angulus ‘angle’, ungustus ‘ fustis uncus’, Skt. angusthah ‘ finger, toe’, 
 dngam ‘limb, body’, Gr. &yyog (anything bending out, rounded) ‘a 
 vessel of various kinds, jar, bowl, pail, pan’. 
 
 7.29. XéuS0g ‘a small boat with a sharp prow’, *Jengwo- : A&yvves 
 
 (*“/ygu-no-) ‘ flagon, bottle’. Cf. 7.44. 
 
 1.30. xpéo@% ‘honored, revered’, *prer-ewa, npésBos ‘object of 
 reverence’, *-gwo-s, xpésBwv, *-gwon, nogobic ‘age, aged woman’, 
 *-ewi-, etc. have -c@- from -zgw-, whence through leveling comes 8 
 in mpgoBuc, moecBetor, mocGedu; etc. for *rpgayug etc. Such dialect forms 
 as Boeot. mptovyeres, Cret. mperyus, Arg. mpecyeav, etc. are therefore 
 regular. For the last part of the words is from the root *geu- ‘ bend’. 
 Nearest related is Skt. purd-gavd-h ‘leader’, *gewo- ‘ turn hither and 
 thither, wander’, with which compare -gu- in Skt. vanargi-h ‘ wan- 
 dering in the wood’, Gr. pecoy-yt, -ydg ‘in the middle, between’, 
 éy-yu¢ ‘near, near to; akin to’, i. e. ‘ zugewandt; verwandt; gegen- 
 wirtig’, ayy-yvec ‘neighbor’ (7.44.). For the use of *geu- ‘ bend’ in 
 such compounds compare Skt. praty-aic- ‘ entgegengewendet, zuge- 
 kehrt’, anv-dac- ‘ hinterher folgend’ : dacati ‘ biegt, kriimmt’. 
 
 1.31. fio ‘lightly, swiftly’, guoaddog ‘light, swift’, *renghw- : 
 MHG geringe ‘leicht, beweglich, behende, schnell’, OHG ringi 
 ‘leicht, klein, gering’, Germ. *ringu-; Lith. pa-rangis ‘ geschmeidig, 
 gelenkig’, etc. (cf. Boisacq 841 with it.) 
 
42 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 IE (pre-Greek) sqw- : Gr. ox- 
 
 The combination sgw-, arising probably in the separate languages 
 rather than in IE, gives Gr. on-. The phonetic explanation of this 
 change is that the s caused an early fronting of the velar g to a guttu- 
 ral k. The examples illustrating this change are for the most part deri- 
 vates of the root *seg- ‘ secare’. 
 
 7.32. oxdéw ‘ pull, draw out; pluck off ; tear, rend, esp. of ravenous 
 animals ; wrench, sprain ; cause convulsion or spasm ; draw tight, pull 
 (reins) ’, onéstg ‘convulsion, spasm’, ondeya ‘what is drawn out, 
 sword ; piece, shred ; convulsion’, exacyd¢ ‘spasm ; tension, esp. pria- 
 pism, tentigo’, base *sgwo-s- ‘ pull, tear’ : Skt. a-skauti  zerkleinert 
 durch Stochern’, d-skunéti ‘macht Einschnitte’, ni-skavam ‘ zerfet- 
 zend’, co-skitydéte ‘scharrt zusammen’, Lat. coinquo ‘cut off’ (8.20), 
 
 and 7.33 ff. 
 
 1.33. omatog’ dépya, oxtroc Hes., omatiter’ tay omatéwy sAnet, TOY 
 Scopatwy, tov tidy H., base *sqwa-t-, *sqewa-t- ‘ pull, tear’ : oxdto¢ 
 ‘skin, hide’, oxutiter’ omapatter. Cf. 7.34. 
 
 1.34. onatéyyng ‘a kind of sea-urchin’, *sqwat- : Lat. squatina, 
 
 8.23. 
 
 1.35. onadé 6a branch torn off’, oxaduv ‘tear, rent; spasm’, oxa- 
 Swv ‘eunuch’, onder’ oxvlx Hes. (for meaning compare onacpo¢ 
 above), base *sqwad-, *sqewa-d- : oxbfaw ‘be in heat, of dogs’, oxifa 
 ‘sexual desire, lust’, oxd{oyar (be rent, torn, as in OHG zorn, OE 
 torn, ‘ grievous ; anger, grief’) ‘be angry’, Lith. skaudus ‘ schmerz- 
 haft ; heftig’ (torn ; tearing), skudrus ‘ scharf, rauh’, skiduras ‘ ein 
 zerrissener Lappen’, skisti ‘nervés mtide werden’, Lett. skundeét ‘ miss- 
 génnen, murren, schmollen, sich beklagen, ztirnen ’, ska’udeét ‘ neiden, 
 missgiinstig sein mit dem Nebenbegriff des Schadens’. 
 
 1.36. oxzpésow ‘tear, rend in pieces, mangle, esp. of dogs and 
 carnivorous animals; attack (with words, like Lat. lacero); pass. be 
 convulsed, retch with desire to vomit’, onapaypég a tearing, man- 
 gling ; convulsion, spasm’, base *sgewer- (or *sqewdar-): Gr. extgo¢ * chip- 
 pings of stone’, Lith. skiauré ‘ein durchlécherter Kahn als Fischbe- 
 halter’, MLG schore ‘ Riss, Bruch’, schoren ‘ zerreissen, zerbrechen ; 
 intr. zerreissen, Risse, Lecke bekommen, bes. von Schiffen’, Icel. 
 skora ‘cut a notch or notches in anything, score’, Lith. su-skirés 
 
= ie ae 
 
 WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 43 
 
 ‘zerlumpt’, skuernas ‘ Lappen’, skuerbti, skvirbinti, (freq.) skvarbyti 
 ‘ mit einem spitzen Werkzeug bohrend stechen’, skara ‘ Leder; Baum- 
 rinde’, Lett. skura ‘ Hiilse, Schale, Hille, Haut’, skurigs ‘argerlich’, 
 skurotés ‘ sich argern’ (as in 7.35), skurindt ‘ lausen, zausen ; schiitteln 
 (Apfelbiume)’, skurinatés ‘in den Haaren sich kratzen, krauen, von 
 Végeln: mit dem Schnabel in den Federn suchen’, MLG schiiren ‘ reiben, 
 scheuern’, Lat. squarrésus, etc., 8.24. 
 
 1.37. oxév8w ‘ pour : pour a drink-offering, make a treaty’, sxovey 
 ‘ drink-offering, pl. covenant, treaty’, Lat. (dial.) spondeo ‘ promise 
 solemnly, bind one’s self, vow’, sponsus ‘ promised, engaged’. sb. 
 ‘bridegroom ’, sponsa ‘ bride ’, sponsum ‘ covenant, agreement’, Umbr. 
 spefa ‘ *spensam’ (v. Planta, Buck), base *sqwe(n)d- : Skt. skandati, 
 ‘springt ; spritzt’, skandab ‘das Verspritzen (intr.) ; der Uberfaller’ 
 (name of the god of war), skandayati ‘ verschiittet, vergiesst ; tiber- 
 springt, versiumt’, skindate ‘eilt’ (6.05), Norw. skvetta (*“skwintan) 
 ‘ spritzen, sprudeln ; aufschrecken’, Swed. skudtta ‘ schwappen, sprit- 
 zen; verschiitten, ausspritzen’, Icel. skvetta ‘ sprinkle, splash’, etc., 
 with which compare *sgeud- in OE scéotan ‘ shoot, throw ; move quick- 
 ly, rush’, scéot ‘ quick, ready’, ON shkidtr ‘ swift, speedy ’, skidta 
 ‘ throw, push, shoot’, skotra ‘ push, thrust’, Lith. skudrus ‘ flink’, etc. 
 
 The Pure Velars +- w before Consonants 
 
 Before liquids and nasals the pure velars + w become Gr. x, §, 9. 
 For the retention of w in this position compare Goth. siuns ‘vision’, 
 Germ. *segwni- ; OE hweobhol, hweowol ‘wheel’, Germ. *hwebwla-, 
 *hwegwia- : Skt. cakrdm; OHG zoum ‘ Zaum’, Germ. *taugwma-, pre- 
 Germ. *doukwm¢-. 
 
 1.38. éxr4 ‘ hoof’, *sogwila : Av. haxa-(*soqwo-) ‘ sole of the foot’, 
 perhaps also in Lat. (dial.) soccus ‘a low-heeled shoe’. The primary 
 meaning was ‘strip, hide’, base *sequ- ‘cut’: Gr. sxteoc, oxddov, 
 oxdtes, Lat. seciiris, OBulg. sekyra ‘ax’, root *seq- ‘ cut’, whence ON 
 sigg ‘callosity, callus’ from *seqyé- or perhaps rather *seqwyd-. Cf. 
 
 1.32 ff. 
 
 1.39. dnid-rep0g -tazveg ‘later; younger, youngest’, *sogwlo- ‘ sag- 
 ging, slow, late’ : Norw. sagga ‘langsam gehen’, ME saggen, NE sag 
 ‘droop, settle or sink through weakness or lack of support; be de- 
 pressed ; slouch’, *saggon from Germ. *sagwon, pre-Germ. *soqwa-, 
 whence by a pre-Germ. gemination comes Germ. *sakkon in MLG (sik) 
 
44 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 sakken ‘sich senken, sinken’, Du. zakken, etc. (cf. 46 and 6.08), root 
 *seq- ‘sink’ in Lith. sékti ‘ fallen, sich senken, niedriger werden ’, Gr. 
 Zxa ‘low (sound); slightly’, #x070¢ ‘ slowest ; lowest, meanest, worst’, 
 sour ‘less, lower, inferior’, Lat. ségnis ‘slow, slack, lingering, slug- 
 gish ’. 
 
 7.40. éurtev ‘bowl in which the blood of victims was caught’, 
 from *abviov, *sugwniyom : Lat. sanguis ‘blood’, *snowen-, Goth. sig- 
 gan ‘sink’, base *se(n)g-u-, with which compare *se(n)g-u- in 7.39. 
 
 1.441. raBodvieg ‘a llarge cup with handles’, perhaps from *Ingur- : 
 héeyuvog ‘ bottle’, 7.29. 
 
 7.42. dopé¢ ‘ foam, froth, frothing blood’ belongs neither in form 
 nor in meaning to Lat. imber. It is rather from *ayFed¢ (probably 
 *aghwro- ‘ something rubbed or scraped off’) : Gr. éyupov ‘ chaff, bran, 
 husks left after threshing or grinding’, base *agh-u- ‘ rub, scrape, 
 grind, etc.’ in Skt. akhi-h ‘rodent : rat, mouse, mole’, Gr. a&ywe 
 ‘scurf, dandruff’, &yvq ‘ chaff ; lint ; down (on fruit) ; foam, froth’, 
 Lat. acus ‘chaff’, Goth. abana ‘ éyvpov’, ON ogn ‘chaff, husk’, OE 
 egene ‘chaff’, eg] ‘mote (in the eye)’, OHG agana ° Spreu’, abhil 
 “Achel’, Lith. aki'tas ‘Granne’, etc. These have nothing to do with 
 the root *ak- ‘sharp’. 
 
 For the meaning of gee, &yveov compare Gr. yvdo¢ ‘foam, froth ; 
 down on the chin; wool pulled for stuffing cushions, flock ; dust of 
 chaff’: yvasw ‘ scrape, gnaw off, nibble’, ON gaia ‘ rub’. 
 
 1.43. thaseds ‘light; trifling; nimble, quick, swift, active’, from 
 *eInghwro- : thaz5s ‘small, short, little’, *elyghu-, Lith. lengvas, len- 
 guils ‘leicht’, Skt. laghih ‘leicht, gering, rasch ’, OBulg. ligithit ‘ tha- 
 oos¢’, Lat. levis, IE */e(n)ghu- ‘light ; trifling, little, mean ; light-foot- 
 ed, nimble, quick’, root */e()gh- in Gr. 24éyz (make small, belittle, 
 abase : 2kayv¢ ‘small, short, little, low, mean *) “dishonor, disgrace, 
 treat with contempt; reprove, reproach ; overpower, conquer ; dis- 
 prove, confute’, zrsyyo¢ (masc.) ‘accusation ; trial, proof’, Zaeyyo¢ 
 (neut.) ‘disgrace, dishonor, shame, cowardice ; reproach, insult ’ 
 (primarily ‘lowness, meanness, baseness ; debasement’), &AeyxA¢ 
 ‘shameful, cowardly ’, OHG gilingan (accomplish with speed) ‘ gelin- 
 gen’, OFris. *linga not *liunga (cf. Siebs, Pauls Grdr. ? £1303) 
 therefore with Germ., Goth. g not gw (as in OFris. siunga : Goth. 
 sigewan). 
 
 This root *le(n)gh- ‘low, short, little, light, quick, etc.” may be 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 45 
 
 referred to the root *legh- ‘lie; lay’. Compare Icel. lagr ‘low, low- 
 lying ; short (of stature)’, MHG lage ‘ niedrig, von gemeiner Abstam- 
 mung; flach’, MLG légede ‘Niedrigkeit; Niederung’, Goth. ligan 
 ‘liegen’, Upper Sorb. Jezity ‘ flach, platt’, OBulg. Jezati ‘ liegen’, 
 lego, lesti ‘sich legen’, laziti * xaraRatver’, Bulg. lagi ‘krieche; gehe, 
 eile’ (: OBulg. ligwki ‘leicht’, Bulg. lekota ‘ Leichtigkeit, Gewandt- 
 heit’, Gr. éhagedg ‘light; nimble, swift’). 
 
 The Pure Velars +- w between Vowels 
 
 Because the syllabic division was after the velar, intervocalic IE -qw- 
 became early Gr. -xf-, which was later geminated to -xx-. Though few 
 examples occur, they are certain. On the same footing with this 
 change is that of early Gr. -xx- from -xF- arising from IE -g”w- with 
 lost labialization, and also of -xx- from -kw-. This gemination was some- 
 times simplified or else failed to take place, possibly in localities where 
 the syllabic division continued to be before w down to the time when 
 Fy disappeared. Parallel with -xx- from -xf- we should expect -yy- from 
 -yf-, and -xy- from -yF-. 
 
 1.44. hax(x)eog * hollow, hole, pit; cistern, tank’, *Jagwo-: OBulg. 
 loky, gen. lokiive ‘ iaxx0¢”, Bulg. lékva ‘Tiimpel, Pfiitze, kleiner See’, 
 Lat. lacus ‘hole, tank, pool’, cf. 8.09. 
 
 1.45. no8o-xzx(%)y ‘stocks for the feet’, *guqwa : Skt. kaicu-kah 
 ‘Panzer, Wamms, Mieder’, kajicate ‘bindet’, kazci ‘ Girtel’, Gr. 
 xanaha’ tetyn Hes., OE sciccels, sciccing, scincing, ON skikkia ‘ cloak’, 
 OHG scecho ‘ stragulum’, MHG schecke ‘ Leibrock, Panzer’, OE scacol 
 ‘shackle’, etc. Cf. Mod. Phil. 18. 87. 
 
 1.46. Dor., Boeot. puxxds ‘small’, *(s)migwo- : pixds, Minoo ; 
 (c)ytxeds, Lat. mica, micidus. 
 
 1.41. Sxxov* do8arydv Hes., from *xpov, earlier *Zxvov, with lost 
 labialization, perhaps from *og’uwom : Aeol. txnata ‘eyes’, *og™wy- 
 
 (cf. Brugmann, Griech. Gram. 81, 5). Cf. 14.02. 
 
 1.48. oixyé¢ 6a squeamish, fastidious person, esp. in eating’, ox- 
 yaiv ‘loathe, dislike’, omyacta ‘loathing, disgust’, *twighw- (velar or 
 palatal) ‘bend, turn away’. Cf. 12.09. 
 
46 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 8. The pure Velars + w in Italic 
 TE qw-: Italic v- 
 
 For examples cf. Walde, Et. Wh. under invitus, vapidus, vapor, 
 and Brugmann, Gr. I? 321. As_ noted above, this change is not Latin 
 nor even Italic, but pre-Italic. For if IEgw- had come down into Italic 
 as kw-, it would have fallen together with g”-. If Persson, Bettr. 
 520 ff., is correct in regard to the primary meaning of invitdre, this 
 must be dropped from the list. But perhaps two different words are 
 represented in invitdre : one connected as given by Persson |.c., and 
 the other related to Lith. Avésti, as usually given. 
 
 8.01. Vitare «shun, avoid, evade’ may well be indentical with 
 -vitare in invilare, a combination that Walde? 844 declares ‘ unan- 
 nehmbar ’. The primary meaning of vitare is ‘recoil from, turn from’, 
 while in invitare it is ‘turn toward, incline to; wave to, beckon’. 
 The two groups of words are to each other as ON hopa ‘ draw back, 
 recoil’, Lat. cubare, etc. :incumbere ‘incline toward, pay attention to 3 
 OE hopian ‘hope’. With invitare, Lith. Avésti ‘einladen’, compare 
 Lith. Avitéti ‘lauschen, wittern’, and the root “qwor-, gwi-, an exten- 
 sion of *géu- in OBulg. po-kyvati ‘ xweiv, sadevetw , Russ. kivat’ ‘ win- 
 ken; nicken; heben und senken’, LRuss. kyvaty ‘wackeln, nicken, 
 schiitteln, winken’, kyv ‘ Locken; Drohen’; céirdty sa ‘ sich abson- 
 dern, meiden, sich zurtickziehen’, MHG hiiren ‘kauern, zusammen- 
 gebiickt sitzen’. 
 
 8.02. Vacillo ‘move back and forth, waver’, *gwag- : Gr. xaxc¢ 
 (7.02), Upper Sorb. kwadi¢ ‘ umbiegen, kriimmen’, etc., root *géu- in 
 OBulg. po-kyvati (8.01), Czech kyvati ‘ winken, nicken, wedeln, bewe- 
 gen, schiitteln’, -se ‘ wanken, schwanken’, Pol. kiwad ‘ hin und her 
 bewegen, wedeln, nicken ’, -sig ‘ wanken, wackeln, schwanken’, etc. 
 
 8.03. Vagus ‘ roving, wandering, unsteady, wavering °, vagor ‘ wan- 
 der, rove’, *gwag- : ON hoka ‘ waver; sit or stand in a bent posture’, 
 hokinn ‘bowed, bent’, hitka ‘squat, hocken’, hokra ‘hocken, kauern, 
 kriechen’, Norw. hokra ‘humpeln, hinken’, hykla ‘in gebiickter Stel- 
 lung unsicher und vorsichtig einhergehen ’, ON hvika, hvak ‘ wanken, 
 weichen’, Lat. conquinisco (8.13), root *géu- as above. 
 
 8.04. Valus ‘qui genibus junctis ambulat’, valgus ‘bent, wry ; 
 bow-legged ’, *qwal-go- : OE hylc ‘bend, turn’, gehylced ‘ spread out, 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 47 
 
 diverging’, NE dial. Shetl. folk ‘hump, humpback’, vb. ‘walk bent 
 or humped up; hobble, limp’, Pol. kulgac, kulhac, Czech kulhati 
 ‘hinken’, root *géul-, *qwel- ‘ bend, roll, etc.’ : Pol. kuli¢ ‘ draw to- 
 gether, bend’, kule¢ ‘limp’, etc. (cf. 7.08), Lett. Aiiletés ‘sich unruhig 
 hin und her legen’, Gr. xvAtvaw, xvAtw ‘roll, roll along’, xéd77n ‘ trot, 
 amble’ » OPruss. ve guelbton ‘ kneeling’, ON ari ‘arched’, ielfa 
 
 ‘arch, atileh 
 
 8.05. Vepres ‘thornbush, bramblebush’, *gweéepr- ‘tuft, bush’ : 
 LRuss. ¢cuper, cupryna (*géup-) ‘Haarschopf’, Russ. éupii ‘ Schopf’, 
 Serb.-Cr. éupérak ‘ Biischel’. Compare the following with IE): Russ. 
 éubit ‘Schopf’, LRuss. éub ‘ Schopf, Busch’, Czech dial. cub ‘ Vogel- 
 schopf’, éubek ‘Cirsium arvense’, etc. (cf. Berneker, I 160), OE heope 
 ‘hip of the dog-rose’, OS hiopo ‘Dornstrauch, vepres’, OHG hiufo 
 ‘thorn, thornbush’, base *gewé-p-, -b-, also in Gr. xinpi¢ (swelling, 
 blooming) ‘a name of Aphrodite; love; bloom, blossom, esp. of the 
 olive and vine’, xumeifw ‘bloom’, Lith. kupra (swelling) ‘ Hocker’, 
 OHG hovar id., OE hofer ‘ hump ; swelling, goiter’. 
 
 8.06. Vilis ‘low, mean, base, vile; low in value, of little worth’, 
 *qwilis or *qwoilis ‘bowed down, abject, low’: Skt. firth ‘ gering, 
 elend, arm’ (6.02), Lith. kvailis, kvailas ‘dumm, stumpfsinnig’, kvailti 
 ‘dumm und stumpfsinnig werden’, LRuss. cvityty ‘ geisseln, schlagen’, 
 Slov. cvéliti ‘ qualen, betriben’, Russ. dial. cvélit' ‘qualen, zergen ; 
 zum Weinen bringen’, ChSI. cvéliti ‘ weinen machen ’, cviliti ‘ wein- 
 en’ : OSwed. bwin ‘ molestia’, OE d-hwénan ‘ vex, tease, grieve’, 
 a-hwened ‘ afflicted, sad’. For meaning, cf. 7.02. 
 
 8.07. Vates ‘seer, prophet, sage, poet’ may well be an original 
 Latin word (to be separated from Olr. faith etc.). Compare Lith. kudc- 
 zas (man) ‘ mir diinkt, ich ahne’, Skt. d-kiitam ‘ Avsicht’, Lat. cautus 
 ‘sacerdos’, Skt. a-kiivate ‘ beabsichtigt’, kavih ‘Seher, Weiser, Dich 
 er’ : OE hwata ‘augur, diviner’, cf. 7.09. 
 
 8.08. Vitrum ‘glass’, *qwitrom : Lett. kwitét ‘ flimmern, glinzen’ 
 (cf. Walde 845), NE whidder ‘tremble, shake ; whisk’, whid ‘ whisk, 
 scud, move nimbly’, OE hwifa ‘breeze’, Icel. hvida ‘squall of wind; 
 fit’, base *gwit-ro- ‘ waver, flutter ; flicker, glitter ; blow’, with which 
 compare *géwi- *gawi-, in Gr. xatw (xara) ‘burn, light, kindle’, 
 xqwerg (exhaling) ‘fragrant’, root *géu- ‘rise and fall, heave, puff; 
 move back and forth, waver, flutter, flicker etc. ’, root *géu- in 8.02. 
 
 eRACK 
 
48 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 Intervocalic and Postconsonatal qw 
 
 In the position between vowels or after nasals and liquids IE qw 
 " became Ital. Aw (Lat. qu, dial. p) because the syllabic division was 
 between q and w. As in Greek, initial IE sqw- becomes Ital. skw- : Lat. 
 squ-, dial. sp-. 
 
 8.09. Laquear ‘paneled ceiling’: Jacinar id., lacuna ‘pit, hole, 
 hollow ’, lacus ‘ hole, tank, pool’, Gr. Axxxo¢ ‘hollow’, cf. 7.44. 
 
 810. loguor : Gr. Adoxw, Zhaxov ‘ speak” (Walde * 440). 
 
 8.44. Tri-quetrus ‘ three-cornered’, *-qwedros (not *gadros as given 
 by Walde? 792) : OHG hwaz ‘ scharf, heftig’, ON hvatr ‘ schnell, 
 mutig’, hvetja ‘wetzen, anreizen’, OE hwettan ‘sharpen, whet ; 
 incite’, ON hudta ‘ durchbohren’, OS far-hwatan ‘verfluchen’, Goth. 
 hwotjan ‘ drohen’, OSwed. hata ‘den Boden mit einem Pfahl durch- 
 bohren ’, MHG hotzen ‘ schnell laufen ; in Bewegung setzen’, NHG dial. 
 hiitzen ‘ hetzen, treiben’, Lett. pa-kadit ‘antreiben, ansputen’, ChSl. 
 kuditi ‘tadeln, schmahen ’, Skt. cédati (7.27), Gr. xvdiag’ 1% a0q tOv 
 sdsvtav Hes., xdvdahog ‘ peg, wooden pin’, etc., to which add OE hun- 
 tian ‘ hunt’. ; 
 
 8.42. Anguina ‘ring or loop to fasten the sailyard to the mast is 
 without reason supposed to be derived from Gr. &yxotvq ‘ the bent 
 arm; anything closely enfolding’ (cf. Walde * 46). It is rather from 
 *anqui-na ‘ring, loop’ : Gr. a&yxd-Ay ‘loop or noose in a cord, loop or 
 ring at the end ofa leash’, ayxdog ‘curved, rounded’, Skt. ankucah 
 ‘hook’, Gr. dparvé, cf. 7.22. 
 
 8.13. Conguinisco, conquexi ‘cower down, squat, stoop down’ may 
 well be from *qweg- or *qweq- : NHG hocken, MHG hiichen, ON hika 
 ‘squat, sit in a squatting position’, hokenn ‘ gekriimmt’, loka, hokra 
 ‘kriechen’, etc. (cf. 8.03); NHG Swiss hiigen ‘ hinken’, Serb.-Cr. 
 éicati ‘hocken, kauern’, Skt. kucati ‘kriimmt sich, zieht sich zusam- 
 men’, etc. (cf. Persson, Beitr. 527 ff.). Butin that case they must be 
 separated from coxim ‘squatting’, incoxdre ‘squat’ unless we assume 
 here an IE loss of w (cf. 5). However, coxim, incoxo may be elimi- 
 nated from consideration, since they may well be derivates of coxa ‘hip’, 
 as meaning ‘sit on the haunches’, or else meaning simply ‘bend’, 
 which seems to be the primary meaning of this group (cf. Fick, II* 
 67). But perhaps after all the best solution is to assume an IE loss of 
 
a 
 
 i 
 
 WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 49 
 
 w inthe group to which coxim, incoxo and coxa belong, deriving them 
 from an original *gweq-, *qwog-, and comparing Serb.-Cr. éééati ‘ hok- 
 ken, kauern’ : é1iéati ‘ hocken, kauern’. 
 
 8.14. Torqueo, torques : Skt. tarkti-h ‘spindle’, OPruss. tarkue 
 ‘band’ (cf. Walde? 785). 
 
 8.15. Querquétum ‘oak forest’ : guercus ‘ oak’, base *perqu- ‘ point- 
 ed object, bolt, point : acorn (: oak), cone (: pine, fir, etc.), fig 
 (: fig-tree) ; bolt, thunder-bolt, thunder ; point, peak, mountain, etc. ’ 
 in OHG fereh-eih ‘aesculus’, forha ‘ Kiefer’, MHG forhe ‘ Féhre, picea, 
 pinus’, OE furh ‘fir’, fiergen ‘mountain’, Goth. fairguni ‘ Gebirge’, 
 OPruss. percunis ‘ thunder’, Lith. perkunas ‘thunder, Thor’, perkunyja 
 ‘thunder-storm’, etc. (cf. Walde 7 632). 
 
 8.16. Arques, arquitenens ‘ bowman’, arcus, OLat. gen. argqui, ‘ bow, 
 rainbow, arch, anything curved’, arcuo ‘ bend like a bow’, perhaps 
 also arcudtus, arqudtus ‘jaundice’ (: arcus ‘ rainbow’), base *argqwo- 
 ‘bend, curve’ : Goth. arlwazna, OE earh ‘arrow’, Russ. rakita, 
 Czech rokyta ‘Haarweide’, Gr. dépxug, Att. goxvg ‘net, snare’ (cf. 
 Walde? 57; Boisacq 78, 79 with lit.). 
 
 8.17. Hircus ‘he-goat, buck’, Osc.-Sab. hirpus ‘ wolf’, hirquinus 
 ‘ goatish’ (and /ircinus, formed later from hircus like porcinus, porcus), 
 Osc. Hirpini, all from a base *ghir-qu- or *ghirs-qu- ‘ tufted, bristly, 
 shaggy’, the latter also in hispidus ‘rough, shaggy, hairy, bristly, prick- 
 ly’, from *giirs- in hirsitus ‘ rough, shaggy, hairy’, enlarged from 
 *shir- in hirtus id. The constant i makes connection with horreo improb- 
 able. The words may be referred to a base *ghéir- or *ghair- (not 
 *shers- as in Walde? 366 f.). Compare Gr. yotoos ‘ pig, hog ; puden- 
 dum mul.’, *ghoiro- (or -di-)‘ bunch, tuft’, Gr. yorpé¢ ‘ rock jutting 
 from the sea’, pl. ‘glands of the neck when swollen and hardened’, 
 Lith. gairé ‘Stange’. 
 
 These are from a root *ghéi-, *ghdi- or *ghai-, “Shot ‘ asper, hispi- 
 dus’: Gr. yattq ‘long hair, mane; foliage’, yarrqers ‘ with long hair, 
 with long mane; shaggy (of bears), tough (of plants)’, Av. gaésa- 
 
 ‘ chevelure bouclée”, NIr. gavisid ‘crinis’, MIr. goisideach ‘crinitus’ (cf. 
 Boisacq 1047 with lit.). Lat. haedus ‘ young goat, kid’, Goth. gaits 
 ‘ goat’, *ghaido- (or -ai-) ‘ hispidus’, OPruss. gaydis ‘ wheat . (named 
 from its tufted or bearded head), Gr. yidea “wheaten groats’, OBulg. 
 xélit (asper) ‘heftig’, Lith. gatlus ‘jahzornig ; scharf, bitter vom 
 Geruch, scharf itzend vom Geschmack’, gatlu ‘leid vom Schmerz im 
 
50 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 Herzen, von der Reue von Mitleid’, gailis, gailiai ‘ Porst, Porsch’, OE 
 gal ‘wicked, bad, wanton ; proud’, MHG geil ‘von wilder Kraft, 
 mutwillig, ippig ; lustig, fréhlich’, Goth. gailjan ‘erfreuen’, etc., 
 Gr. yiad¢ ‘ green fodder for cattle, esp. for horses, forage, grass’, *ghilo- 
 ‘bristly, prickly’, in reference to the spears or blades of grass. Lith. 
 gizin ‘grolle’, géztia ‘es kratzt’, man kakle g. ‘ mir kratat (oder juckt) 
 es im Halse’, gézitis ‘ich verlange heftig’, gaizus ‘im Halse nachbit- 
 ternd, von verdorbenen Kartoffeln, verdorbener saurer Milch’, gyszti 
 ‘yon der Milch und Ahnlichem sauer werden’, gyzimas ‘das Sauer- 
 werden ’. 
 
 8.48. Here may belong some dialect words with -cc- from -qw- 
 (cf. 10.56 f.), as in the following : bacca ‘a small round fruit, berry’, 
 *baqwa-, ‘ swelling, bunch’ : NE, LG pack, Germ. *pakka-, with -kk- 
 from -qw6-. Lacca ‘ a swelling on the shinbone of draught-cattle ’, Ital. 
 *lakwa : Norw. lakka (*lakkon) ‘hupfen, trippeln’, ON ler, Swed. 
 lar (*labwaz) ‘ Schenkel’, ChSI. lakitti ‘Ellenbogen’ (cf. 16). Occa 
 ‘harrow’, probably from Ital. *okwa : ON sod-4ll (*ahwala-) ‘ Fleisch- 
 gabel ’, OE awel * awl, hook, fork’, Lat. aculeus, acuo, etc. 
 
 IE sqw- : Italic skw-, Lat. squ-, dial. sp- 
 
 8.19. Squalus ‘a large sea-fish’, *sqwelo- ‘rough, scaly’, squalus 
 ‘dirty, filthy’, squalidus ‘rough; dirty, foul’, squalor ‘ roughness ; 
 filthiness’, squdalére ‘be rough; be dry or parched ; be filthy’ : Gr. 
 oxvarey ‘dogfish’, oxddov, oxvaoc, ‘an animal’s skin’, oxdAa ‘arms 
 stript froma slain enemy, spoils’, exddroo ° skin, flay ; rend, mangle ; 
 pluck out the hair ’, root *sqéwe-, *sqwa- ‘tear, strip, peel off’. Cf. 
 1.32 ff., 8.20-23. 
 
 — 8.20. Coinguo “cut off’, *coinsquo : secare (cf. Brugmann Grdr. 
 1? 766) : 7.32. 
 
 8.24. Squarrdsus ‘scurfy, scabby’ : OBulg. skurina ‘ inquinamen- 
 tum’, Russ. skvérna ‘ Unreinigkeit, Unsauberkeit, Schmutz’, skvérno 
 ‘hisslich, garstig’ (Persson, Beitr. 532), base *sqewer- ‘scrape, strip, 
 tear, make rough, scabby’: MLG scharen, Du. schuren ‘ scheuern, 
 reiben’, OSwed. skar ‘Schmutz’, Gr. oxtpog ‘ the chippings of stone’, 
 onapdcow ‘tear’, etc., 7.36. 
 
 8.22. Squama ‘a scale (of fish or serpent) ; scales of iron struck off 
 by the hammer; hulls of millet ; roughness, rudeness ; a fish’, squa- 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 51 
 
 mosus ‘ scaly ; stiff, rough ’, *sgwam- ‘ tear off, strip’: Lett. skumt ‘ be 
 sad’, skumigs ‘sad, sorrowful’ (: Gr. oxd\iw ‘skin, flay : trouble, 
 annoy’, cxvAydg ‘ trouble, grief’), OHG scitim, MHG schiim ‘scum, 
 foam, slag’, etc. Or squadma from “*sqwapsma : *sqwab-, squb- ‘ vellere’, 
 Gr. oxi@adhev ‘offscouring, refuse, filth’, OBulg. skubati ‘ vellere’, 
 Pol. skubad ‘ zupfen, rupfen’, Norw. skopp ‘Schale’, Gr. cxvOadtitw 
 ‘reject, treat contemptuously’, MDu. schoppen ‘spotten’, ON skop 
 ‘Spott’, skopa, skaupa ‘ spotten’, etc. (Mod. Phil. 18. 89). 
 
 8.23. Squatina, squatus ‘a fish with rough scales used in polishing 
 wood ’, *sgwat- : Gr. onazog’ 3épa, oxttog Hes., onaréyyns ‘a kind of 
 sea-urchin’, oxtrtog ‘skin, hide’, oxvtife.: onapatter (7.33), base 
 *sqewa-t- and *sgewe-t- : Lith. skvetas ‘ Flick, Lappen’, skuiw ‘ schabe’, 
 skutna ‘ eine abgeschabte Stelle’, skuwtas, skiauté ‘ Flick, Stiick Zeug’, 
 Lett. skust ‘ rasieren, Haare abschneiden’. 
 
 8.24 Spondeo (dial. word) ‘ promise solemnly, vow’, Umbr. spefa 
 **spensam’, Gr. onévdu, etc., 7.37. 
 
 IE quw- : Italic kw- 
 
 IE or pre-Ital. guw- became Ital. kw-, falling together with kw- from 
 g’u- and kuw-. 
 
 8.25. Queror, questus ‘lament, bewail, complain’, *guwes- : OHG 
 hiwo, huwila ‘ Eule’, MHG hiuweln ‘ heulen, klagen, schreien ’, LRuss. 
 kovaty ‘schreien, vom Kuckuck’, Russ. Aédvat' ‘stark husten’, kdévka 
 ‘Frosch’, dial. ‘Dohle’, Lith. kévas, Bulg. éavka ‘ Dohle’, Skt. kauti 
 ‘ schreit ’, etc. (cf. Brugmann Grdr. II* 1026; I? 320). 
 
 8.26 Quatio ‘shake : beat, strike, drive; break in pieces, batter, 
 shatter; agitate, excite; plague, vex’, quassus ‘shattered, broken; 
 broken down, worn out; leaky’, quasso ‘shake or toss violently : 
 shatter, shiver; impair, weaken’, *quwat-, also in Gr. matéeow (7.10) : 
 Lith. Autéti ‘aufriitteln, aufmuntern’, NHG Swiss hudlen ‘ schiitteln, 
 riitteln und damit zerstéren; héhnen; zanken, schimpfen’, OE hide- 
 nian ‘ shake’, NE dial. howd ‘ sway, rock; bump up and down’ howdle 
 ‘move up and down, sway, rock’, howder ‘ push; blow fitfully’, OE 
 hwaperian ‘ foam or surge (of sea)’, Goth. hwadjan ‘ foam’, Skt. kud- 
 thati ‘kocht, siedet’ (for *kuvathatt). 
 
 3 IE gw- : Ital. v- 
 — 8.217. Vallés, vallis ‘hollow; valley’ : Lith. gvalis ‘ Hohle, Lager 
 
52 _ LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 eines Tieres’, gulé'ti ‘liegen’, MLG hiile ‘Grube, Vertiefung, Hohle i 
 OSwed. kala ‘hole’, Gr. ywhed¢ hole, lair’, 7.42. 
 
 8.28. Vespix ‘thicket’ : Skt. guspitah ‘verflochten, verschlungen ’ 
 may well belong together (cf. Walde* 828), but not better than the 
 latter with OS, OE cosp $ fetter’, OE cyspan ‘ fetter ’, which can hardly 
 be derivatives of Lat. cuspis. Gr. Boetevyes ‘ curl, lock of hair ; tendril 
 ofa vine’ can be added only in case it comes from “guwos-, 
 
 8.29. Venter ‘belly, paunch; womb; swelling’, *gwgd-tro- : Gr. 
 asthe, Norw. kunia ‘cunnus, vulva’, etc., hake 
 
 8.30. Vatius ‘bent inward, crooked’, vatax ‘ having crooked feet’, 
 vascus ‘ crooked, bent’ (tibia), *gwat- ‘ bend, crook’: Gr. yaveds * bent, 
 crooked’ (*“yxutyoc), yaucdu ‘ bend, crook’, yavo&3ag* vevdy¢ Hes., 
 probably also -avoxnq¢ (curly) ‘a shaggy woolen cloth, shag, nap’, 
 whence Alb. gesdf ‘Pelz’, Lat. gausapa : OS kot, pl. kottos ‘ grobes 
 zottiges Wollenzeug, Decke oder Mantel davon’, OHG koto, choxzo 
 id., pre-Germ. *gutndn- or *guiwon- ‘curly, shaggy ’, Compare with r 
 Lith. gaurai ‘die kurzen, eine Haut rauch machenden Haare’, gaura 
 ‘Matte’, Norw. dial. Raure ‘krause Locke’, ON karr (*hawara) 
 ‘Locke’, Gr. -2e4s ‘round, curved’. 
 
 IE guw- : Italic gw- 
 
 8.34. For this there are no certain examples. Dial. botulus ‘intes 
 tine ; sausage’ probably has original b (cf. 4.08). If related to Goth. 
 gipus ‘belly’, etc. CE *gwetus : 12.36), it could only come from 
 *suwot-. Baro, as a dialect word, and varo might be combined from 
 an original *guwar6, but baro may have IE b(4.06). Bara, biris might 
 come from *guwosa (Gr. ys ‘ buris’) or from *-guwosa after a nasal, 
 as in imbarus ‘bent’, in either case a dialect word. But these proba- 
 
 bly have IE b. Cf, 4.42. 
 IE ghw- : Italic v- 
 
 8.32. Vadum ‘a ford’, vadare ‘ ford, wade’, OHG wat ‘ vadum’, 
 watan ‘ vadare’, OE wadan ‘wade’, etc., from *ghwadh-: Skt. gadab 
 ‘seicht, untief’, ghadhdm ‘ Untiefe, Furt, vadum’, 6.08. 
 
 With these fall together a root *wadh- ‘ push (forward), thrust, 
 pierce’ in Lat. vddere ‘advance, go’, inuadere ‘go, come or get into, 
 enter upon; rush upon, assault, attack ; fall upon, seize >, OHG watan 
 ‘schreiten, gehen, dringen, durchdringen’, MHG waten ‘pierce’, 
 
 } 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN $3 
 
 MLG waden ‘schreiten’, with dor ‘ durchdringen, durchbohren’, 
 OE wadan ‘advance’, gewadan ‘ penetrate’ : Skt. vadh- ‘ schlagen, 
 toten’, Gr. ow ‘thrust, push, shove; pass. force one’s way, push 
 forward, advance’ (cf. Class. Phil. 11. 210). 
 
 8.33. Dial. vafer ‘sly, artful’, *ghwadhro- ‘bending, turning, 
 artful, wily’: Lith. gadras, gudrus ‘klug, schlau’, Lett. gudrs ‘klug, 
 listig, verschlagen’, Lith. gzisti ‘ klug, gescheit werden’, giidinti ‘klug 
 oder gescheit machen, geistig anregen, wecken’ (cf. Niedermann, 
 BB 25. 88), OE gydig (flighty) ‘ insane’, NE giddy ‘ dizzy ; foolishly 
 light or frivolous, flighty, heedless’ : MLG gauwe, gowe‘ rasch, schnell, 
 klug’, Lith, gwvis ‘rasch, behende’ : Gr. xodge¢ (*ghoubhos) * light, 
 nimble ; frivolous, idle’, Slov. guba ‘ Falte’, Pol. (old) gubad sie ‘ sich 
 drehen, wenden’, Polab. po-¢a'ubné ‘weise, klug’, OE géap ‘ crook- 
 ed, curved; cunning, deceitful’, OBulg. pré-gybati ‘ beugen ’, Russ. 
 gibat' ‘biegen’, Bulg. gibam ‘rithre, bewege’, Slov. gibati ‘regen, 
 bewegen’, gibiti ‘falten’, gibak ‘leicht beweglich, gelenkig’, Czech 
 hebky * beweglich, biegsam’, hbilj ‘ regsam, gewandt, behend’, hnouti 
 ‘bewegen, regen’, OBulg. ginoli ‘ biegen, falten, neigen’, etc. (cf. 
 Berneker, 1 360 f., 366, 373), Norw. dial. gava ‘ zusammengesunken 
 sitzen’, gobb ‘die Schultergegend’, MHG gupf ‘ Spitze, Gipfel’, gup- 
 fen ‘stossen’ (cf. Fick, 111+ 136 f.) 
 
 8.34. Véles ‘a kind of light-armed soldier, skirmisher ’, vélox ‘ swift, 
 quick, fleet,rapid’, *hwel-‘ strip, stript : light-armed, light; swift’ : 
 Lith. gvildyti ‘ausschlauben’, Serb.-Cr. guiliti ‘schinden, schilen, 
 abrinden’, Slov. guiliti‘ wetzen, reiben; schinden’, etc. (cf. 7.19), ME 
 goll (*ghulno-) ‘an unfledged bird’, NE gull, dial. golly, golling, gollock, 
 gollop, golp id. 
 
 For meaning compare Gr. Ad ‘ rubbed bare, stript : light-armed’, 
 of WrAot, WiAwtat ‘light troops, such as archers, slingers’, Gr. yupvée 
 ‘naked, stript, unclad, unarmed’, yore ‘ light-armed footsoldier ’. 
 
 8.35. Verna ‘household slave, home-born slave ; a native (common) 
 citizen’, verndculus ‘of home-born slaves ; native, vernacular’, vernilis 
 ‘ slavish, servile’, verndre ‘shed the skin (of serpents)’, verndtio ‘the 
 sloughing or shedding of the skin of snakes; the slough of a snake’, 
 base *ghwernd- ‘a skinning, stripping; bareness, poverty’ : Gr. yéeva 
 ‘poverty’, yeevys ‘poor, needy; poor man, laborer’ (7.20), OHG 
 werna ‘ Qual, Sorge’ (15.40). 
 
 _ For meaning compare Gr. yopvis, yowyyjowog ‘an Argive serf’ : yuy- 
 vég ‘naked, stript’. Gr. <iAws ‘helot, Spartan serf’; Lat. vellere (cf. 
 
54 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 Walde 2 813-4 with lit.). Gr. mevéorqs ‘servant, laborer, Thessalian 
 serf’, évq¢ ‘ poor man, laborer’: *kwen-‘ empty, poor’ 9.04. 
 
 8.36, Vescor ‘consume, feed on ; make use of, use, enjoy’, véscus 
 ‘small, little, weak, thin, feeble; delicate, dainty in eating’ (not 
 ‘“‘abnorm essend, nicht essend wie ein gewéhnlicher Mensch’’, daher 
 ‘* wahlerisch”’, the explanation given by Walde s.v. in support of 
 a conjectural etymology), vésculi ‘male curati et graciles homines’, 
 *ohwés- : Goth. fra-wisan ‘verbrauchen, vergeuden’, MHG verwesen 
 ‘zunichte werden, vergehen ; zunichte machen, verderben, aufbrau- 
 chen’, wesel ‘schwach, matt, abgestorben’, ON veslask ‘ waste 
 away’, vds ‘toil, fatigue’, OE wérian ‘crumble’, wérig ‘weary, 
 exhausted’, etc. (cf. 15.41), Skt. ghasati ‘ verzehrt’ (6.09), Lat. haurio, 
 -horio (*ehsus-) ‘draw off, drain, drink; pluck, devour, consume, 
 exhaust ’. 
 
 8.37 Venia ‘indulgence, grace, favor’, veneror ‘revere, worship, 
 adore’, *ghwen- : OBulg, govéli ‘ebrxBeizbx, religiose vereri, atdetcbar, 
 venerari’, govénije ‘pietas, verecundia’, Czech hovéti ‘ Nachsicht 
 haben, gewahren, schonen, dulden, folgen’, Upper Sorb. howié ‘ giins- 
 tig, passend, dienlich sein, begiinstigen’, Lat. favére, favor (cf. Ber- 
 neker, 1338 f. with lit.), Goth. gaumjan ‘bemerken’, ON geyma 
 ‘take care of, observe’, OE gieman’, OHG goumen ‘Acht worauf 
 geben, beobachten’, gouwma ‘Aufmerken, Bewirtung, Gastmahl’, 
 NHG dial. (Habkern) guuma ‘ pflegen, bes. von der Wartung eines 
 Kindes’ (cf. Pub. MLA 14. 326). Cf. 8.38. 
 
 8.38. Veréri ‘feel awe of, avoid reverently, revere’, verécundus 
 ‘shy, bashful, modest’, base *ghwesé-, *hawes- ‘ yield to, heed, etc.’: 
 OHG (g7)weren ‘leisten, erfiillen, gewihren’, MHG gewern ‘ gewah- 
 ren, zugestehen’ (45.44), Lat. favor, faustus, Lith. gausus ‘ reichlich’, 
 etc. 
 
 Medial gw and ghw in Latin 
 
 8.39. After a nasal IE gw (and probably also ghw, for which no 
 example is found) gives Lat. gw : langueo, stinguo, instinguo, etc. Com- 
 pare g”’, oh, ghw in the same position : inguen, ninguit, lingua. The 
 development after the other consonants is uncertain, but it would 
 probably be parallel with that of postconsonantal gw. Intervocalic gw, 
 ghw would probably fall together with intervocalic gw, ghw, as indica- 
 ted by levis ‘light’, *leghwi : Gr. hayde. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 55 
 
 9. The Palatals +- win Greek 
 
 The treatment of initial palatals + w is quite different from that ot 
 the velars -+-w. For the closer contact of w with the palatals pro- 
 duced an early (pre-Greek) regressive assimilation of kw-, gw-, ghw- 
 (through kb, kp; gb, gb; ghb, ghbh to (x)x-, (8)3-, (¢)9-. For this as- 
 similation compare Iran. sp from kw, zb from gw, ghw. Here no further 
 assimilation took place as the palatals had become sibilants. 
 
 According to the usually accepted theory we should expect =, §, ¢ 
 only before back vowels, but z, 3, 6 before front vowels. This would 
 leave no phonetic explanation for the change. For a comparison with 
 the labiovelars is inadmissible, since IE g” gives Gr. =, +3 while kw 
 gives (x). Moreover g” is a single sound ; kw composite. They would 
 therefore never at any time fall together. Even the double develop- 
 ment of the IE labiovelars in Greek has a double cause. For Gr. x, 8, 
 9 representing IE g”, g”, g”h is not, properly speaking, a phonetic 
 change but a sound-substitution. On the other hand z, 2, 0 indicate 
 an early palatalization (similar to that in Skt. c, 7, hb) to t/, dz, dhs, 
 whence also the occasional dialect writing ¢o, s, ¢ from g™, g” (cf. 
 Mansion 78). 
 
 The assumption that the dentals would occur in Greek before front 
 vowels is based on comparisons which may and, in view of the cer- 
 tain examples given below, must all be otherwise explained. Let us 
 examine them. 
 
 7 
 
 9.04. 64, Lesbian of, gefo ‘wild animal, esp. a beast of prey’ : 
 Lith. zvéris ‘wild animal’, etc. The Balto-Slavic word may be derived 
 from a base *Shwéri- ‘devourer’, *ghéu- ‘hiare, open the mouth, 
 devour greedily’ : OHG gewon ‘das Maul aufsperren’, giumo, goumo 
 ‘Gaumen’, MHG giemolf (*giem-wolf) ‘den Rachen aufsperrender 
 Wolf’, ON gymer ‘Schlund, Meer’, Russ. zévit ‘ Maul, Rachen’, Gr. 
 xaos ‘open space, gulf, chasm’ : Norw. gop ‘chasm, abyss’, OE géap 
 ‘wide, spacious’ (not the same as géapin 8.38), géopan ‘swallow’, 
 ON gaupa ‘lynx’. For the Greek words substitute the following : 
 
 O49, oh0, octe ‘wild animal, esp. a beast of prey’, ®netov ‘wild 
 beast, animal’, 040% ‘the chase, eager pursuit’, Oye%w ‘hunt, chase, 
 pursue ; catch, take’, Lat. ferus, fera ‘a wild beast : lion, goat, 
 serpent, sea-monster’, ferus ‘wild, savage, cruel’, IE *dhwer- : Gr. 
 Noteces (“dhworwo-) ‘leaping, rushing, raging, impetuous’, Jovedu 
 
56 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 ‘rush or leap upon’ ( : Oyeaw ‘chase, pursue; catch’), Av. dvaraite 
 ‘lauft, sttirzt’, Serb. duriti se ‘aufbrausen’, Slov. dur ‘scheu, wild’, 
 Russ. duri ‘Torheit’, durndj ‘schlecht, tibel’, dial. ‘ unverninftig, 
 witend’, Lith. pa-dirmai ‘mit Ungestiim, stiirmisch’, etc. (cf: Ber- 
 neker, 1 239), MHG turm ‘Wirbel, Taumel, Schwindel’, termen, 
 ‘taumeln’, tarmic ‘tobend, ungestiim’, tire ‘Wahnsinniger, Tor’, 
 toren ‘toll sein, rasen’. 
 
 The above are radically related to Goth. dius ‘ Onpiev, wild animal’, 
 ON dyr, OE déor, OS dior, OHG tior ‘Tier’, etc. : OE déor ‘ fierce; 
 severe ; brave, bold’, OHG teorlih ‘ ferox’, pre-Germ. *dheusd- ‘ raging, 
 fierce, wild’, with which compare Gr. 6vt« ‘Bacchante’, Oura¢ id., 
 adj. ‘raving, frantic’, Ovotad<e¢" Baxyou, Lat. furo, furor, Furiae, MLG 
 dusich ‘betaubt, schwindelig’, dusen ‘bummeln’, dwdasen ‘ Unsinn 
 reden, delirare’, dwas‘téricht; Tor’, etc. : Gr. 65w, Lesb. Ovtw ‘ rage’, 
 gov ‘rush fast and furiously’, 6éw ‘run’, Skt. dhsndéti ‘shake, set in 
 motion’ (cf. Boisacq 360) : Av. dav- ‘dringen, bedrangen’, Lith. 
 dévyti ‘zu starker, fortgesetzter Bewegung antreiben’, refl. ‘herum- 
 rasen, toben’, OBulg. daviti ‘ sticken, wiirgen’, Russ. davit' ‘ driic- 
 ken, pressen, witirgen, zerquetschen’, Phryg. dde¢’... dnd PDovyay 
 Adxog Hes. (cf. Berneker, 1 181 f.); Lett. dakt ‘ brausen, tosen’, Lith. 
 dikti ‘rasend werden, rasen’, diakimas ‘das Rasen, Toben’, dika 
 ‘ein Dummer oder Rasender’, diakis ‘Tollheit, Raserei’, OE dogga 
 "dog :.:Ct AJPh, at.) 3454, 
 
 9.02. 6éryw (press, stroke) ‘soothe, appease, charm, enchant; 
 enchain, entrap, flatter’ is used by Homer especially of Hermes, who 
 with his magic wand dvdedv Sypartx Ory. (mulcet), of Poseidon 6é,- 
 Ea¢ gece, of the enchantress Circe, of the magic song of the sirens, etc., 
 where the idea of ‘soothing, charming’ has not the least suggestion 
 of ‘looking at’ but may easily be derived from ‘ pressing, stroking, 
 caressing’. The comparison with Lith. gvelgiu ‘ blicke wonach’ (on 
 which see 10.37) may and must therefore be dropped. Compare 
 rather Gr. d0éhyw" d&yéryo Hes., root *dhel- ‘ press, press out, press 
 down; sink, sink down’ in many derivatives : 26cA@atewv" SryOeiy, 
 OPruss. dalptan ‘Durchschlag’, Swed. dial. dalpa ‘overturn, turn 
 over’, dulpa, dylpa ‘ dive’, dulpa ‘holes, ruts in the road’, Norw. dial. 
 dolp ‘hollow in the ground’, dulpa ‘dive; pulsate’, dylpa ‘ hop; duck 
 (the head) up and down (esp. of fowls)’, Lith. nu-delbin, -dilpsti 
 ‘schlage die Augen nieder, glupe’, dilba ‘Gluper’, Slov. dial. dtabit’ 
 ‘driicken, pressen’, Czech dlabati ‘héhlen, meisseln’, Russ. dolbat' 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO+EUROPEAN SH 
 
 ‘meisseln, ein Loch ausstemmen; hacken, picken’, Bulg. dilb ‘ Ver- 
 tiefung’, LG délben ‘ schlagen’, NHG Swiss tiilpen ‘ schlagen, priigeln’, 
 OHG bitelban ‘ begraben’, OE delfan ‘dig, delve’, etc.; Gr. 26é)3etar’ 
 inSettar, Lett. de/dét ‘abnutzen, tilgen, vernichten’, drt ‘sich 
 abnutzen, abschleifen’, Lith. dilti ‘sich dusserlich abreibend kleiner 
 werden’, Icel. dula ‘worn strip of cloth’, Russ.-ChSl. dolit ‘Grube’, 
 OBulg. dolé ‘unten’, Goth. dal ‘ Tal, Vertiefung, Grube’, ON dala 
 ‘dent; be hollowed out’, Swed. dala ‘sink’, Gr. 6d0¢ ‘ dome, 
 vault’, 04am ‘crush, bruise’, 9A%e7¢¢ ‘ crushed’, Mahr. dial. dtachnet 
 ‘ driicken, wiirgen’. 
 
 9.03. A better example than the above for the change of IE 
 Shwe- to Gr. 0- might have been given in the comparison of sfévos 
 ‘strength, power, force; quantity, plenty; force (of men)’, s6évw 
 ‘have strength or might; be able’, ofevapés ‘strong, mighty’, obéviec 
 epithet of Zeus, D6evé-Adocg, Voévehog, aabevig ‘weak, feeble, sickly ; 
 poor; insignificant; small’, doO¢vera ‘ weakness, sickliness; poverty’, 
 acbevéw “be weak, sickly’, etc. (as if from a base *x@hwen-) with Skt. 
 sdbvan-, sahaivan- ‘stark, gewaltig’, sabu-rih ‘ gewaltig, iiberlegen’, 
 Gr. tyv-pd¢,. dyv-pd¢, t-oyug, toydods, opnrdss (9.29 ff.). 
 
 Though this is a very alluring comparison, the constant 6 excludes 
 it. For the examples given below prove that IE ghwe- would phoneti- 
 cally result in Gr. ge- and only that. The only way to combine Gr. 
 oféves with Skt. sdhvan- is to assume some analogical change from an 
 original *sévog, and no words present themselves to motivate the 
 change with the possible exception of ed0evyj¢" ebmabotox, loyupa, etc. 
 So we must adopt the combination of Gr. obéves (*xe"henos) with Skt. 
 saghnoti ‘ist gewachsen, nimmt auf sich, vermag zu tragen’ (cf. Boi- 
 sacq 862 with lit.). For the earlier comparison of oévos (“sthenos) 
 with ON stinnr, OE. stip (*sthénto-) is improbable’ in face of the 
 otherwise uniform Gr. ot- for Skt. sth-. 
 
 IE kw-: Gr. x- 
 
 9.04. xévoua ‘be devoid of ; be in want, be poor; work, toil’, 
 mevuOcig ‘ poor, needy’, reveypdg ‘ poor’, mévq¢ ‘a poor man, laborer’, 
 meveotas ‘serf’, movog ‘distress, toil, drudgery, work’, xovéw ‘ be in 
 distress, toil; afflict, distress’, sovnod¢ ‘in bad case; painful; useless, 
 good for nothing ; weakly; bad, knavish, base, cowardly’, base 
 
 1. [But Sommer, Gr. Lautst. 65-8, seems to me to have succeeded now in over- 
 coming this difficulty. G.M.B.}]. 
 
58 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 *kwen-, *kwon- ‘empty, lacking, wanting’. Compare Hom. xevedc, 
 Ion. xewds, Att. xevd¢ ‘empty : fruitless, vain; exhausted; void, des- 
 titute, bereft of’, IE *kwen(e)wo-, becoming by haplology *ken(e)wo-, 
 Arm. sin ‘leer’ : sun ‘sehr gering, entblésst von’, Skt. cuinam 
 Leere, Mangel’, canydh ‘leer, dde ; frei von, ermangelnd ; eitel, 
 nichtig’, Lat. cavus, etc. Cf. 4.04. The same meaning probably 
 underlies Skt. giadrdb ‘ein Mann der dienenden Kaste’. Cf. 9.42, 
 10.45-22. 
 
 9.05. xétoo¢ ‘stone, rock’, nérpa ‘rock, crag; ledge or shelf of 
 rock’, also used as a symbol of firmness or hardheartedness, *kwetro- 
 ‘big, massive, solid’ : ON hvedra ‘rock, crag’, hvedna ‘stone’ 
 (Zupitza, Gutt. 58, quoting Johansson, Beitr. 7), Lith. szutis ‘pile 
 of stone or wood’, base *kewe-t- ‘ swell’, with which compare *kewa-t- 
 
 in 10.09. 
 
 9.06. xéuxw ‘accompany, escort; conduct, lead; send, send 
 away ; discharge (in large numbers), shoot’, noynds ‘escort, guide, 
 messenger’, xouxy ‘a sending under an escort or in company ; atten- 
 dance, escort; a sending away; a solemn procession’, nopned¢ ‘ guide, 
 escort’, moyredw ‘attend, escort; march ina procession; mock, jeer’, 
 nopretz ‘a leading or attending in procession; any solemn, esp. reli- 
 gious procession ; pomp, display ; abuse, jeering’, base *kweng’’- ‘ go 
 or send in a body or in large numbers : send under an escort, accom- 
 pany ; go ina procession’ : Lat. conctus, cunctus ‘in a body, whole’, 
 Lith. szdéka ‘Heuhaufen’ (40.43), root *hkewe-, *kewa- ‘tumere’ : 
 Gr. zag ‘ whole, all’. Perhaps here also Skt. vi-cua-h ‘all, whole’, Av., 
 OPers. vi-spa- ‘all’. 
 
 9.07. xédaveg ‘any half-liquid mixture : oil; honey; clotted blood ; 
 foam at the mouth; esp. a mixture offered to the gods, of meal, 
 honey and oil’ (not the slightest connection in meaning with Lat. 
 planus, since the reference is to a soft or semi-liquid substance, not to 
 something flat), méA«60g ‘human ordure’, onéAabog id. (with o from 
 onatiay ‘thin excrement, human ordure’), tonéAxbog ‘ swine’s dung’, 
 améAAngt’ omenorg Hes., meAdta’ omédebor: Lith. szvelnis ‘ weich, sanft 
 anzufassen’, OE hwelian ‘suppurate; cause to suppurate’, hwylca 
 ‘tumor, boil’, Lat. colostra (40.26), base *kwel- ‘swell : suppurate, 
 eitern ;_ be soft, viscous ; soft or semi-liquid substance ; filth’ (cf. Class. 
 Phil. 3.81). For meaning compare Gr. zjw ‘ maketo suppurate’, mbec¢ 
 ‘colostra’, Lat. piis ‘ viscous matter of a sore’, puter ‘rotten, putrid ; 
 
 loose, mellow, soft, flabby’, NE foul, filth, etc. Cf. also 5.09. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 59 
 
 9.08. xny4, Dor. nay BS pan well, source’, *kwaga ‘ swelling : 
 gushing’, the fem. of ryyd¢ < swelling, huge (xspa) ; thick, solid, 
 strong (innot) ; thick, bushy (nAéxos)’ : *kewa- ‘swell’, also in 9.09. 
 
 9.09. xnrdc, madéec, ‘clay, earth, mud; thick or aa wine, wine- 
 lees’, *kwalo- ‘thick, stiff’ (as opposed to ‘thin, watery *), Taraxtfw 
 ‘ throw dirt at’, scanned stain, defile’, zaAxdg° mnkdg Hes.: Lat. cal- 
 
 lus, calx, 10.04. 
 
 9.10. mé&ddas, -avtog ‘young’ (also used as a name), maddAdxtoy. 
 
 pstpaxtov Hes., madhaxy ‘concubine’, Hakhac, epithet of Athena, 
 *kwaln- $ swelling, blooming, young’ : Lat. Covella C*howealna), epithet 
 of Juno as the moongoddess, Calendae (new moon) ‘ Calends’, Lith. 
 szulnas ‘stattlich, vortrefich’ (: Kuéoy* 4 ’AOnvé Hes.), Skt. cavah 
 ‘das Junge eines Tieres’, cicgub ‘Kind, Junges’, Gr. xtxv¢ ‘strength, 
 vigor’, Skt. ¢inah ‘ geschwollen’, Lith. szaiinas, szaunis ‘ tiichtig, 
 brav’, Skt. ¢vayati ‘schwillt an, wird stark’, Lith, szvézias, szvé%ils 
 ‘frisch’, szvézinti ‘ auffrischen, erneuern’. Cf. 10.06. 
 
 9.14. xdvt0g ‘the open sea; in myth. the son of Gaea, father o1 
 Nereus’ is compared with Skt. panthah ‘path’ and Lat. pons ‘ bridge’, 
 none of which has any connection with either of the others, either in 
 form or meaning. For Lat. pons, see 12.48. Gr. xdvz0¢ is from *hwonto 
 
 ‘swelling, rolling’ : Skt. ¢vantah ‘*swelling’, Lat. Consus (40.10), 
 Skt. ¢udyati ‘schwillt an’, Gr. xtya ‘swell of the sea, wave, roller, 
 billow’. Similarly from *tewd- ‘swell, roll’ comes Gr. cado¢ ‘any 
 unsteady, tossing motion, esp. the tossing, rolling swell of the sea, 
 the open sea’ 
 
 9.12. nods ‘defective : lame; stupid; blind’, myeéw ‘ maim, inca- 
 pacitate’, mwed¢ ‘ blind, miserable’ (Gramm.), mupee ‘be blind; be 
 wretched’ (Gr.), wpa ‘make blind’, mweqtds ‘misery, distress’, 
 *kwar-, *kwor- ‘hollow, empty ; devoid of, defective, maimed’ : Gr. 
 xa ‘hole, eye of a needle’, Lat. caverna bole, hollow, cave’, Av. 
 siira- ‘hole’, probably also Lith. szvaras “sauber, rein, reinlich’, 
 (*kwaru- ‘empty, devoid of, free from: pure’ as in 10.22) : Lat. 
 cavus, etc. 
 
 9.43. xijpax ‘leather pouch’, znpiv ‘scrotum’, zdpo¢ ‘tufa: a kind 
 of marble; stalactite; a node of the bones; a callus or substance 
 exuding from fractured eae and j joining their extremities ° , "kwara-, 
 “hworo- ‘swelling, bunch’ : Gr. x¥pgc¢ ‘power’, Skt. gurah, ¢avirah 
 
 ‘strong, powerful’, ¢udyati ‘swell’. 
 
60 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 9.414. x% xah xy inl tod nat&nacce nat xatandesety Hes., root *kwwe-, 
 rad ‘a ) 
 whence *hkwet-, *kwat- : nécow, Att. nattw ‘strew, sprinkle’, mftea” 
 nitvoa Hes.. rnzizar’ mirdgiver dpzor. Adnwves H. (cf. Boisacq 780), 
 Olr. caith ‘acus, furfur’, *kwoti- (not *g“ati- as in Fick, Il* 57), 
 Lat. canicae, cantabrum ‘bran’, and quatio (if from *kuwoat-) ‘shake, 
 beat, shatter’, Lith. szidkszmes ‘ Kehricht’, Gr. xuxéu, 10.23 f. 
 
 9.15. xizdea ‘husks of grain, bran; refuse; scurf, dandruff’, xicvhoc 
 ‘any quick repeated sound or movement : the plash of oars; the 
 dropping of water; the beating of the breast by mourners; the clap- 
 ping of hands; the brandishing of spears ; frantic movement, passion ’, 
 nirvacbw ‘move quickly to and fro, as in rowing’, mitvAtw ‘make a 
 plashing sound, as with oars; practice a regular swinging of the 
 arms’, base *kwit-, *kwéit- ‘wave, shake, brandish; flutter, flicker, 
 glitter, shine’ : Lith. szvaitti ‘mit der Hand ausholen, schwenken, 
 schwingen, fechten; leuchten, bestrahlen’, sgvite'ti* flimmern, glan- 
 zen’, szvintt, szvisti ‘hell werden’, ChSI. svitéti, svitati ‘leuchten’, 
 Skt. cvétate ‘leuchtet, ist hell, ist weiss’, cvetdh ‘ weiss’, etc. For mean- 
 ing, compare G. cefw ‘shake, move to and fro, agitate’, Skt. tvisatt 
 ‘ist in heftiger Bewegung, ist erregt; funkelt, glinzt’. 
 
 9.16. xivoy ‘liquor made from barley’, *kwinwo-, Lat. cinnus ‘a 
 
 mixed drink of spelt grain and wine’, concinnat ‘ dissipat’, concinnus 
 ‘well arranged, adjusted, beautiful’, Gr. zvicow (struo, instruo) ‘ in- 
 struct, admonish, make wise or prudent’, etc., 10.28. 
 
 9.17. nivoc ‘filth, dirt’, nwvdo ‘be dirty’, *kwin- : Lat. conquinare 
 ‘defile’, caenum ‘ filth’, 10.27, 40.53. 
 
 9.18. onatihn ‘thin excrement, human ordure’, *skwat- ‘gush 
 out; pour out’, onataddg ‘riotous, gluttonous’, oratardw ‘live riot- 
 ously or lewdly, run riot; be soft or effeminate’, oi-onazq, -orwry 
 ‘sheep-dung, esp. the dirt that collects about the hinder parts of a 
 sheep’ : Norw. dial. skvadra ‘splash, dabble’, NHG schiitien, Lat. sca- 
 teo, 10.29. 
 
 9.19. oxvOro ‘spark’, perhaps from *skwinther : Lat. scintilla, 
 10.30. 
 IE gw-: Gr. @- 
 9.20. 842 ‘a cough’, Bicow, Bitrw ‘cough’, Biyxiev ‘tussilago’, 
 base *¢wagh-: OE cohhetan ‘shout; cough’, MDu. cochen, cuchen 
 ‘cough, wheeze; sigh, groan’, MLG koge ‘ Krankheit, bes: ansteckende ; 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 61 
 
 Husten’, kogesch ‘ mit koge behaftet, krank; nam. vom Vieh, das an 
 Lungenseuche leidet’, Lith. ziwkteré'ti ‘mucken, mucksen’ : Gr. youu 
 ‘wail, groan’. Cf. 9.24, 16.52. 
 
 9.24. Batw ‘speak, say’, Baypa ‘sound, voice; speech’, Babe 
 ‘call, report, announcement, esp. of an oracle’, $48a§ ‘ chatterer ; 
 dancer, reveler’, BaSakar* dpyhoacba. Hes., Baonerv’ Agvet, xanohoyety 
 H., Bacxavog ‘slanderous, envious; slanderer, talebearer; one that 
 bewitches, magician ; malignant person’, Sacxzxtvw ‘ slander, backbite ; 
 bewitch, envy’, *Swag-, *fowag- ‘make rapid or violent movements : 
 dance, revel ; chatter, shout, call, etc.’ : Lith. Zvagé'ti ‘klappern’, 
 ON fkvaka ‘twitter, chirp’, MLG gquaken ‘quacken; schwatzen’, 
 quackelen ‘schwatzen; krachzen’, Norw. dial. kauka ‘rufen’, MHG 
 kuchen ‘keuchen’, ONkok gulel, esp., of birds’, koka (gulp) ‘ swal- 
 low’, Goth. kukjan (smack) ‘kiss’, OE cwacian ‘quake, tremble; 
 chatter (of teeth)’, cweccan ‘shake, brandish’ : Skt. jdvate ‘eilt’, 
 juvate, jundti ‘ist schnell, eilt; treibt an, drangt, befdrdert, ver- 
 scheucht’, etc. (10.34 f.), Gr. yodw ‘wail’, yéqs ‘howling, wailing ; 
 enchanter, wizard, sorcerer; juggler, cheat’, ye7%tw¢ ‘ witch’, yonteta 
 ‘sorcery, witchcraft, juggling’, *Sowd-t-, Icel. kaudi (*Zout-) ‘ rogue, 
 wag’, NE codding ‘wanton, lecherous, lustful’ (Shak.), cod ‘make 
 fun of or play practical jokes upon; intr. play practical jokes’, sb. ‘a 
 practical joke, sport’ (slang); ON kue#di ‘song, poem’, kveda ‘ recite, 
 sing’* (*gwet-), Goth. gipan, OHG quedan ‘sprechen, sagen’, etc., 
 MHG kiuten (*$ut-) ‘schwatzen, sprechen’; Gr. yoedvee (*Sowed-) 
 ‘mournful’, EFris. kwatteln, kwattern ‘schwatzen, plaudern, plappern, 
 zwitschern ’, quatter ‘ Staar’, quattel ‘Wachtel’ (cf. 45.46), MHG 
 kuttern ‘girren; lachen, verlachen’, kutzen ‘lachen’ : Gr. -yonpds, 
 yoeeds (*Gowdr-, -er-) ‘mournful, distressful ; sad (of the nightingale)’, 
 OHG queran ‘seufzen’, MLG quarren ‘kurren, grollende, brum- 
 mende Téne ausstossen’, EFris. kwarren ‘laut schreien, weinen, mur- 
 ren; laut rauspern’, ON kvara ‘quarren’, kvarta ‘complain, sich 
 klagen’, kaura ‘ creak, knarren’, kura ‘complaint, Klage’, NHG kur- 
 ren, etc. These can not be combined with Skt. jarate ‘tént, rauscht, 
 ruft’ under the assumption of a root *g“er- 
 
 IE ghw- : Gr. ¢9- 
 
 9.22. oéva§ ‘cheat, quack’, gevaxttw ‘cheat, lie; tr. cheat, trick’, 
 
 base *@hwen-, *hawen- : yabva= ‘boaster; liar, cheat’, yavvieto 
 5) 5 n > > > ji 
 
 ‘cheat, beguile ; pass. go astray, err’ (Gramm.), yatves ‘slack, loose, 
 
62 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 flabby; empty, vain’, Lat. fenestra (10.41), Gr. yaog ‘open space; 
 gulf, chasm’. 
 
 9.23 ofyyos ‘light, splendor, luster; gladness, joy’, géyyw ‘make 
 bright; intr. and pass. shine, gleam’, probably from “ghweng-, a 
 byform of *ghweg- in 9.48, 15.15. 
 
 9.24. odhog ‘projection on a helmet’, gahov’ to otepedy xdxrwpa: 
 zoU otépvou. of S& tov pwpdv, gahulets’ mapatoonets, padtnter’ pwpatver 
 Hes., godxd¢ ‘ bandy-legged’ : Lith. zvilti ‘schaukeln, wiegen’, pa- 
 zulnus ‘schrige, abschiissig’, Lett. fwelt ‘walzen, fortbewegen, 
 umwerfen, abbeugen’, Skt. hudlati ‘ geht schief, strauchelt’, etc. (cf. 
 Persson, Beitr. 757), to which should be added Gr. gédxq¢, g&dutc, 
 osrnog ‘beam in a ship’, Lat. falx (ghw]k-) ‘ reaping-hook, sickle’, 
 falcones dicuntur quorum digiti pollices in pedibus intra sunt curvati, 
 a similitudine falcis : Gr. godxé¢. 
 
 9.25. odciov’ xpocordéc, od Hes., IE *ghw0-tio- or -dhio- : Olr. 
 baid ‘ lieblich, stiss’, Kelt. *gwadi, Goth. wofeis ‘ pleasing’. This is an 
 old comparison differently explained, and it is only in this way that 
 the Gr., Ir., and Germ. words can be combined. Even so the compar- 
 ison is not exact. For the Gr. word may have JE ¢ and correspond 
 with the Germ. ; or IE dh (in this case for *xw610¢) and be like the 
 Irish. The primary meaning was probably ‘ giving way, yielding’, 
 whence ‘mild, gentle, gracious’. Cf. 15.19. 
 
 9.26. odd, -8s¢ ‘a kind of wild pigeon’, 9%eex, gatza ‘the wood- 
 pigeon, ring-dove’, *shwuyg-, *shwyg’ya- : Lith. xvangé'ti ‘klingen’, 
 zvéngti ‘ wiehern’, OBulg. zvego, zvesti ‘ canere’, zvakit, zvekit ‘sonus’, 
 zueknoti ‘sonare’ : zvinéti ‘sonare ’, zvonii ‘sonus’, Skt. huvanyati  ruft, 
 schreit’, havate, hudyati, Av. zavaiti, xbayeiti ‘ruft’, OBulg. zivati 
 ‘rufen’, etc. Cf. 15.16. 
 
 9.21. odypog ‘whetstone, axévq; a kind of fish’, gaywpd¢" tybd¢ 
 moss Hes., gayderos id., *#hwag- ‘sharp, sharpen’, ¢o%é¢ ‘pointed, 
 sEvxgoxhog’, gobives, a river fish, ghwogso- : OHG waks ‘ sharp’ (cf. 
 Fick, 1 417), base *hwa- ‘sharp, pointed’ : Skt. jihva (*ghi-ghwa), 
 rubit (*shughn) ‘ tongue’, Av. (with reverse deaspiration) bizud-, hizi- 
 ‘tongue’, NIcel. goggur ‘iron hook; beak, bill’, Germ. *gugwa- ‘a 
 pointed object’. Perhaps here also Lith. Zuvis ‘ fish’, Zukljs ‘ fisher’, 
 OPruss. suckans ‘fishes’ (acc. pl.). Names of various fishes and of 
 ‘fish’ in general naturally come from words meaning ‘sharp point, 
 prickle’. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 63 
 
 9.28. gayeiv ‘eat, devour, of men and beasts; waste, squander’, 
 gayas ‘devourer, glutton’, payawa ‘ravenous hunger; a cancerous 
 sore’, gaydves* owaydvec, yva0or Hes. contain a Gr. base gay- that has 
 nothing in common with Skt. bhdjati ‘begiebt sich zu, wendet sich 
 zu, liebt; teilt zu, erhalt als Teil’, bhaktam ‘ Teil, Speise’, etc. (cf. 
 4.22). The Gr. words have in them rather the idea of ‘ cutting, tear- 
 ing’, hence a word for ‘cancer’. They may therefore be compared 
 with Lith. z%vagoti ‘fressen, vom Vieh’, and referred to the base 
 *thwag- ‘ sharp, cutting’ in the above. 
 
 IE zghw- : Gr. oo- 
 
 9.29. dconror’ acbevets, conddv yup td toyupdv Hes., eptcondov’ toov 
 7@ éprcbev% (cf. Prellwitzs.v. obdave), *x@hweé-lo-: Skt. sdhu-rih ‘ gewal- 
 tig, siegreich’, Gr. éyveds, dyveds ‘strong, firm’, t-cyts ‘might, 
 strength’, icyiw ‘be strong, powerful; be in good health’, icyipss 
 
 strong, mighty ; obstinate, severe ; violent’. 
 
 9.30. spedavo¢ vehement, violent, eager’, coo3ed¢ ‘ violent, impet- 
 ? > » SPOCP ’ 
 
 uous, excessive ; active, zealous; strong, robust’, ood3ea ‘ very much, 
 exceedingly, violently’, *z@hwed-, *x@hwod- ‘strong, violent’, from 
 *éhwe- in the above. Compare the meanings in icyips¢ ‘strong, power- 
 ful, violent’, -eaé¢ ‘ valde, strongly, very much, exceedingly’, and the 
 formans d in oyed5v, vy<304¢, syaio ‘check, master, overpower’. 
 
 Ps KESPOSs, TX > > 
 
 9.34. cgev3svq ‘band, bandage, loop, sling’, *x@hwend- ‘hold, 
 bind; band, sling’, cpev3ovee ‘use the sling, hurl; swing, brandish ’, 
 spadatw ‘whirl about, struggle, rear, like a restive horse; writhe in 
 pain; struggle, be eager’, *x@/wud-, Lat. funda ‘sling; a castnet; a 
 purse’, *(z)Shunda ‘band, anything that binds or holds; sling’, also 
 in fundare ‘ fasten, secure, make firm’, fundatus ‘ firm, durable’ : Gr. 
 dyed¢ ‘ anything for holding or fastening : the band or strap for fasten- 
 ing the helmet under the chin; pi. the clasps of the belt ; bolts on a 
 door’, gy ‘hold, hold firm, grasp’, etc. 
 
 spévdauvos ‘the maple’, cpevdépvives ‘of maple; tough, stout’, are 
 closely related to the above from the meaning ‘firm, strong’, as in 
 dyvedc ‘ firm, lasting, durable, of wood’. Compare also Lett. fwédras 
 ‘Maser im Holze’, /wedrains ‘ masericht’. 
 
 9.32. codatw, Att. cpattw (hold tight, press together ; throttle) 
 ‘slay, kill, slaughter; sacrifice’, spéy.og ‘slaying, sacrificing; killing, 
 deadly’, codyiev ‘ victim, hostia’, cpay4 ‘slaughter, sacrifice; throat’, 
 
 AK LK 
 
64 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 soayess ‘slayer, butcher; sacrificial knife ’, cpautng ‘slayer’, coaxtora 
 ‘priestess’, ogdxog (astringent) ‘sage, salvia’, coaxshos (a drawing 
 together) ‘ gangrene, mortification ; blight, smut; spasm, convulsion ; 
 fury (avéuwy)’, egaxeditw ‘mortify ; be frostbitten ; be blighted ; suffer 
 violent pain, have convulsions’, bases *xghweg-, zehwek- (-2-) ‘hold, 
 press together: overpower, slay, throttle; pinch, contract, shrivel, 
 etc.’, also in Lat. factor ‘oil-press’, facio (press together) ‘form, 
 make’, conficio ‘overpower, subdue, besiegen; cut in pieces, kill ; 
 crush, consume, destroy’, etc. (40.42), and perhaps Lith. iawksoti 
 “massig sein’. 
 
 A considerable number of Greek words with initial og- have paral- 
 lels in Latin with initial f-. In some cases the Latin words have been 
 regarded as loanwords from the Greek. But this explanation cannot 
 possibly be given in many cases and is improbable in all. They may 
 be easily combined on the assumption of initial x¢hw-. 
 
 9.33, cosyyo¢ ‘sponge’, pl. also ‘tonsils’, Lat. fungus ‘ mush- 
 room, fungus; a soft-pated fellow, a dolt’, to which add Gr. cpayvoc 
 ‘a kind of tree-moss found especially on oaks’, base *xghwong-, 
 *-¢hwyg-. It is altogether improbable that in a Latin loanword Greek 
 co- would become f-. We should expect rather sp- or ph-. The pri- 
 mary meaning was probably ‘bunch, bundle’, coming from the base 
 *-shw(n)g- ‘hold, fasten, bind : handful, bundle, bunch, lump’. By 
 itself Lat. fungus could come from *bhongo-s ‘bunch’ : Lith. banga 
 ‘Masse, Menge’, ON bakke ‘bank’, NE bank, bunch, Notw. bunka 
 ‘kleiner Haufe, Beule’ (Class. Phil. 9.156). But if we compare fungus 
 with e9syyos, which is the best combination, we may also add Lith3 
 xvagitis ‘ Taschelkraut, thlaspi bursa pastoris’: Gr. oyed¢ ‘anything 
 that holds : band; clasp; bolt’. 
 
 9.34. ootypa ‘that which is bound tight ; a binding or compressing 
 by machines’, og@-yw ‘bind tight, bind in or together ; shut tight 
 (nShaz) ; straiten, abridge (pedo), check (Adyov)’, seryytoy ‘ string, 
 band, esp. a bracelet or necklace’, cgryyix (pinching) ‘ greediness, ava- 
 rice’, opuyxrs¢ ‘tight bound; by strangling (death)’, cgryxrie “lace, 
 band; muscle closing an aperture ; a Tarentine ytwy’, base *-éhwi(n)g- 
 ‘hold together, compress, bind’ : Lat. figo ‘fasten, fix’, fingo ‘form, 
 frame make’ (10.43); from *xghwe-i- ‘hold firm, fasten, compress, 
 close, etc.’ in 9.35 f. and in in Lith. zvikras (conivens) ‘blinzelnd’, 
 xwikris ‘schielaugig’, zvairas ‘ schielend’, etc. Cf. 15.22. 
 
 9.35. sid, ‘gut, cat-gut’, *<ghwida “anything that holds: band, 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 65 
 
 cord’ : Lat. fidés ‘ gut-string, string of a musical instrument; stringed 
 instrument, lyre, lute; poetry’, fidicen ‘ lute-player, lyrist ; lyric poet’, 
 fidicula ‘a small stringed instrument; cord, line, a sort of instru- 
 ment of torture’. 
 
 The meanings ‘anything that holds or fastens : bar, bolt; band, 
 cord, string, gut, etc.” occur repeatedly in the bases *segh-, zghe-; 
 *chei-; *xeheu- ; *xShwi-, and their derivatives : Gr. ¢ypa ‘ bulwark, 
 defense; stay, prop’, ype ‘hold, band, fetter’, dyavov ‘the handle 
 ot a shield, consisting of two bands fastened crosswise’, dyed¢ ‘ band ; 
 clasp; bolt’, Lat. fanis ‘rope, line, cord’, *(z)ghinis, funda ‘sling’, 
 fundare ‘fasten, make firm’, Gr. cgev3svq ‘ band, loop, sling’, OE gut- 
 tas ‘ guts’, *(z)éhudno- ‘ band, cord’, Gr. coqxmpa ‘ band’, ogtdy ‘ gut’, 
 Lat. fidés, Gr. covyyioy ‘string, band’. 
 
 9.36. Similarly Skt. hirab ‘Band, Girtel’, hira ‘ Ader’, Lith. zérna 
 *‘Darm’, ON gorn id., garn, OE gearn, OHG garn ‘yarn’, Gr. yo93%, 
 ‘a string of gut, the string of a lyre, bow-string’ may be derived 
 from the root *her- ‘hold, bind, gird’;in Skt. harati ‘halt, nimmt’, 
 Osc. heriiad ‘ capiat’, heriam ‘arbitrium, potestatem’, Goth. gairdan 
 ‘gird’, etc. It is quite possible that this root *Sher- was from IE 
 *<Sher-,a derivative of *se@h-, surviving in Gr. cyepég ‘continens’, etc. 
 
 Palatals +- w before and after Consonants 
 
 Before and after liquids and nasals the palatals + w became labials, 
 falling together with the pure velars + w in these positions. 
 
 9.37. ndony ‘buckle, brooch, clasp’, xdema& ‘handle of a shield ; 
 part of the headdress of a horse’, *porkwa- ‘hook, ring’ : Skt. par- 
 cud-m, -h (bend, curve) ‘side, flank’, pargub ‘rib, sickle’, Gr. ndexn¢ 
 ‘ ring, hoop, esp. of gold, passed around the place where the 
 head of a spear was fastened to the shaft’. 
 
 9.38. Aeol. duony ‘neck’, *anghwen ‘Enge, narrow part’: Skt. 
 ahub,. Goth. aggwus ‘ narrow, strait’, Gr. &yyw ‘throttle’, etc. 
 
 The combination of égqv with Goth. hals-agga (Prellwitz) or with 
 OHG wanga ‘Wange’ (Boisacq) is equally impossible, since neither 
 has IE g”h, on which the connection is based. Reference to Gr. adyfy 
 ‘neck, throat; narrow passage, isthmus, strait, mountain pass’ is 
 possible only on the assumption that aby4v was transposed from 
 *aypny, “nghwen ‘Enge’. But it is more probable that abyiv comes 
 
66 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 from *aughén (or *aughén) ‘hollow, hole’: Olr. dag ‘hole, grave’, 
 Goth. augo ‘ eye’ (cf. Zupitza, Gutt. 74). 
 
 9.39. Séovn ‘laurel, bay-tree’, Perg. Aagvq id., probably named 
 fromits pointed or tonguelike leaves, “dyghwnd, “Ipghwna, implying Gr. 
 *S4on, *héon ‘tongue’ (with 4 from Astyw as in Lat. and Lith ahs diag 
 dingua, lingua. With these compare Thess. daiyva, savypss’ dzpvy 
 nixed, which may be by metathesis from *dayiva, “Sayuysc. The same 
 root is probably also in Gr. 8éxcvdo¢ ‘ finger ; date’, ON, Norw. tange 
 ‘tang of a knife; spit, or projection of land’, ME tange ‘ point, sting, 
 dagger’, NE tang ‘ point, projection, prong’ (cf. Class. Phil. 3. 74 f.). 
 
 Intervocalic Palatals + w 
 
 Intervocalic -fw- gives Gr. -xx- by assimilation only when the 
 combination begins the syllable, i.e. when it is virtually initial. When’ 
 it is in the true medial position, the syllabic division falls between 
 and w, resulting in pre-Gr. -xf-, with later local gemination to -«x- 
 or simplification to -x-. This gemination must have occurred at an 
 early period, for in later Greek the new contact of x or y with v pro- 
 duced no change : XAcAuxvia, yutov, etc. For the difference between the 
 treatment of initial and medial kw, compare the Latin, which has ini- 
 tial c-, medial -gu-. 
 
 9.40. innoc, dial. ixxo¢ ‘ horse’, from *}-fwo-s ‘the swift’, in which 
 i- is a prothetic pronominal stem as in i-y%¢. Other languages have 
 a different pronominal prefix : *e-kwo-, Av. aspa-, Skt. dgva-p, Lat. 
 equus. The dialect form txxo¢ shows an early syllabic division *fx-Fo¢ 
 for the original t-xfog. Hence inns is parallel in development with the 
 following. 
 
 9.41. Org-nractes, Tuvé-nezer0g, Boeot. 7% nrayata ‘ possessions’ 
 (all with kw- originally beginning the syllable) : Dor. raya “ pro- 
 perty’, rczs0a. ‘have in one’s power, possess’, etc. (cf. Boisacq 748 
 with lit.). 
 
 9.42. yrixna’ A ~ronitnc, ~yruxxdv’ yauxd Hes. These have -xx- 
 from -x-f-, that is with the syllabic division between x and ¢. So 
 also Hom. nédexxov ‘ax-handle’, mekexxdw ‘hew’ : nérexvg, Skt. para- 
 cub ‘ ax’. 
 
 9.43. With simplification of -xf- or -x«- to -%- : post-Hom. mehe- 
 xa, perhaps also in xzAzxdv ‘pelican’, nehexds ‘woodpecker’, etc. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 67 
 
 The development of early Gr. -xf- from the palatal is exactly paral- 
 lel with -xg- from the velar. Cf. 7.44 ff. This is to be expected, for at 
 this time thé velars and palatals had probably fallen together in 
 Greek. 
 
 In line with the development of intervocalic -kw- to -(%)x- and 
 -Shw- to -(x)y-, -@w- might be expected to result in -(-;)-. But the 
 examples indicate -@-. The same inconsistency prevails in the Italic : 
 Intervocalic ~kw- gives Lat. -qu-, Osc.-Umbr. -ku-, -kkv- : -Sw- gives 
 Lat. -v-, Umbr. -b-. 
 
 9.44. o\:Bw ‘ press, squeeze’, apparently from *bhligwo : Lat. fligo 
 ‘strike, strike down’, Lett. blai/it ‘quetschen, schmettern, schlagen’ 
 Czech blizna ‘Narbe’ (cf. Boisacq 1031). 
 
 > 
 
 9.45. AcByotcs? td Aémog tod xvayov Hes., also ‘skin, slough of a 
 serpent’, AéG1v00r" éeéGrvOer H., AoBés ‘capsule or pod, esp. of legumi- 
 nous plants’ : Lat. /egamen ‘leguminous plant’, “*/egwo-, *logwo- 
 ‘strip, peel’: Russ. lezvejo ‘Schneide am Messer’, Jezovat' ‘ schleifen, 
 abziehen’, LRuss. #ézvo ‘Schneide’, root */eg- ‘ pull off, strip, peel : 
 gather, legere’ in Lat. lego, Gr. X¢yo. This brings us to and old com- 
 bination, but with a different primary meaning. Cf. 3.05. 
 
 9.46. épéSives ‘a kind of pulse, chickpea’, Spo8o¢ ‘vetch’, Lat. 
 ervum, Ital. *erogwom, with IE §, root *ere’- ‘scrape, bruise; tear, 
 strip’ : Gr. épsyyds, Zoeyya ‘bruised or pounded beans’, edyyvos 
 ‘made of bruised beans’, MHG rechen ‘mit den Hinden zusammen- 
 kratzen, raffen, scharren, haufeln’, reche ‘Rechen, rastrum’, ON reka, 
 OS reka, raka, OE raca, racu ‘rake’, ON raka (*rakon) ‘ rake ; shave’, 
 Goth. rikan ‘haufen’, Lat. rogus ‘funeral pile’. 
 
 That 颢8tv00s, 39080¢, ervum are loanwords from a non-lE language 
 is pure conjecture. And since the above explanation furnishes just such 
 a primary meaning as should be expected (Lith. zirnis ‘ Erbse’: Skt. 
 jirnab ‘zerrieben, morsch’), it may well be regarded as correct. Germ. 
 “arwait-, arwit- ‘ pea’ (cf. Fick, HI+ 19) no doubt goes back to the 
 same primary meaning but can not be combined with the above. It 
 may, however, be compared with Gr. dpaxds ‘Art Hiilsenfrucht ’ 
 (perhaps for *zoaxxés, from -kwo- or -gwo-). Cf. Walde with lit. As 
 for Gr. épiyyn, Zprypa ‘ bruised beans’, éprxas’ 6 dpeyy.ds Hes., epernte, 
 geixts ‘bruised barley’, these belong to épetxw ‘break, tear; bruise, 
 pound’ (cf. Boisacq 273) just as Zpeyya, teeypds, te¢21v00¢ to the syno- 
 nymous “*ereg-. 
 
68 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 9.417. Su84¢ ‘crooked, bent, esp. of bandy legs’, gageow ‘make 
 crooked, bend’, *wraigwo-: Goth. wraigs ‘ oxoh.d¢’, Av. urvizo-maisya- 
 ‘die Leibesmitte, Taille schniirend ‘(Persson, Beitr. 502), with which 
 compare Lat. ringor ‘draw back the lips to show the teeth; snarl, be 
 angry’, rictus ‘ aperture of the mouth’. 
 
 Intervocalic -hw- appears as -p- only where it begins the syllable 
 and is therefore equivalent to the initial position. In the true medial 
 position it becomes -xy- from -yy-, older ~yF-. 
 
 9.48. not-eéeow ‘run wildly about, rush; quiver : look wildly 
 about’ : 8:z-gdecetv" Sragaiverw Hes., pwd" gdog H., Lat. fax, Lith. Zvake 
 ‘light, candle’. Cf. 9.23, 15.15. 
 
 9.49. %-ceho¢ ‘furtherance, advantage, help’, o-9¢iAw ‘increase, 
 enlarge, prosper, strengthen ; pass. increase, grow, thrive’, *ghwelo-, 
 Shewelo- ‘flow out, abound’ : OE wela (*ghwelon-) ‘ prosperity, happi- 
 ness; weal, wealth’, wel ‘ prosperously, in good condition, well’, 
 welig ‘ prosperous, wealthy’, OS welo ‘Glick, Reichtum ’, OHG welo, 
 welida ‘ Reichtum’, wela, wala, wola ‘wohl, gut; véllig ; fast’, welak, 
 walak (NHG woblig) ‘in Wohlstande lebend’, Lat. felix (¢hweél-) 
 ‘prosperous, lucky, happy; auspicious, favorable ; productive, fertile’: 
 Gr. yéw ‘pour out’, ~v8yv ‘abundantly, wholly, utterly’, yudatec 
 ‘poured out in streams, abundant’, yo¢ ‘a mound of earth heaped 
 up’, yovvupt ‘heap up, raise a mound’. Cf. 10.40, 15.20. 
 
 Thé -9- in this position is probably simplified from -xg-, just as z- 
 occurs where xz- would be regular. On xéxgo¢, given by Brugmann 
 Grdr. I? 312 f., as having -x¢- from medial -ghw-, see 7.18. 
 
 9.50. Dor. dxy4 ‘prop, support’, dxyéw ‘bear, endure’ (xévov Pin- 
 dar O 2.122), *soghw-: dyev¢ ‘ band, clasp’, dyv-pd¢ ‘firm, strong’, 
 éyw ‘hold’, Zypa ‘ bulwark ; stay, prop’. 
 
 The forms dy%, yg were either without -f- or else have simpli- 
 fied the older forms as in the case of doublets with -xx- or -x-. A 
 large number of words with -xy- by the side of -y- may be so ex- 
 plained. Some of these, of course, would come from the velar + w, 
 since -yr- would develop the same whether the y was originally a 
 pure velar or a palatal. 
 
 9.54. Dor. gxz0¢ ‘ chariot’ (Pindar O 6.40), usually éyo¢ : *woghwo-, 
 Lith. vazu-nai ‘span of horses’, OSwed. wagga, ME waggen ‘wag’, 
 etc. Cf. 46.60. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 69 
 
 40. The palatals + w in Italic 
 
 In primitive Italic IE kw-, gw-, ghw- became initially k, g, f, whe- 
 ther through an early gemination or assimilation or the loss of w it 
 is impossible to make out. In any case the change occurred before 
 the palatals fell together with the labiovelars, but apparently after 
 kwe preceding ? or m had become kwo : colostra, combrétum (10.03, 
 10.26). Yet this is not certain, since these words may have original o. 
 
 IE kw- : Italic k- 
 
 "40.01. Canis ‘dog’, *kwanis : Gr. xbwv, Skt. cud, ciivd, etc., base 
 *kwon-, kwan-, *kun- ‘sharp, fierce’, root *kewd- ‘sharp’ in 10.02. 
 
 10.02. Carex ‘ reed-grass, sedge’, *kwar- ‘sharp, pointed’ : Sabine 
 curis ‘hasta’, Lith. szuré Schaftheu, Schachtelhalm, Equisetum hie- 
 male’, root *kewa- : OE hwatend ‘Iris illyrica’, a bane with sword- 
 like leaves (or this to 8.41), Lith. szidudas ‘Strohhalm’; Skt. ¢ala- 
 ‘sharp stake, spear, spit’, guka- ‘beard on grain; a kind of grain; 
 sting on insects’, Lat. cicata ‘hemlock ; reed-pipe’. 
 
 40.03. Combrétum ‘an umbelliferous or composite plant’, *kwen- 
 dhro- (or *kwondhro-) : Lith. szvendrai ‘ Schilfart, Typha latifolia’ (cf. 
 Walde 18x with lit.). Or from *kwombro- ‘tuft, bunch’ : Skt. geémba- 
 lam ‘Strohhalme, Werg’. In any case from “hewwe-, * had ‘swell’ : 
 Gr. xdp ‘anything swollen : billow, wave ; fetus ; the young sprout 
 of a cabbage’, xdayoc ‘bean; testicle; the swelling of the breasts’ ; 
 ON hvonn (* won) Angelica archangelica ’, an umbelliferous plant, 
 hinn ‘knob’, OE hiane ‘hoarhound’, Skt. inal ‘swollen’ ; Skt. 
 curanah ‘ Amorphophallus campanulatus, ti elinga-potato *, surah (swol- 
 len, big) ‘ strong; Lat. cucumis ‘cucumber’, Gr. xdxvov' tov ornvéy, 
 etc., OE hocc ‘ Palen, , 16.15; Skt. cunga ‘ Knospendecke, nament- 
 lich der Feigenarten’, Gr. miyavov Chwag-) ¢ rue’, named from its 
 thick leaves or corymbed flowers, my5¢ ‘ swelling, thick, bushy’ 
 (9.08); Gr. xvduviov ‘quince’, -10¢ ‘swelling like a quince, round 
 and plump, of a girl’s breasts’, unnecessarily regarded as a loan- 
 word. 
 
 10.04. Callum, callus ‘the hardened thick skin upon animal 
 bodies; the hard skin or hard flesh of plants; hard covering of the 
 soil ; hardness, stupidity ’, ca/losus ‘ hard-skinned, callous ; close, thick, 
 hard, solid’, callere ‘ be callous; be experienced, wise’, callidus ‘ expe- 
 
70 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 rienced, expert; crafty, sly’ (for meaning compare Gr. muxvé¢ ‘close, 
 compact ; firm, solid; wise, crafty’), base *kwaln- ‘solid, hard, stiff, 
 close’, with which compare *kwal- in Gr. xd4¢ ‘clay, earth’, proba- 
 bly from the primary meaning ‘swell, become massive; mass to- 
 gether, solidify’: OE hwal, hwall ‘insolent, bold’, hwyle ‘tumor, 
 boil’. Cf. 9.09, and 9.07, 10.42. 
 
 10.05. Calx ‘stone; limestone, lime’, calculus ‘a small stone’, 
 *kwalk-* solid, hard’: Gr. mands’ mqddg Hes., Lat. callum. 
 
 10.06. Calendae ‘the first day of the month, Calends’, not ‘the 
 dark of the moon’ (: *calére, occulo, célo, Walde s.v.), but ‘ the young 
 (moon)’, hence consecrated to Juno (: Skt. ydsa ‘ Madchen, junges 
 Weib’, yuva, Lat. juvenis, Walde? 398), older form *callandae, from 
 *kwalno-, -d- ‘blooming, young, fresh’ : Lat. Covella, epithet ot Juno 
 as moon-goddess, older form *covalla ‘ young woman, maiden’: Gr. 
 mé&hnas Svéog’, Hakdas, epithet of Athena (cf. 9.40). The connection 
 of Covella, Calendae, n&dduc, Lakdag is so strikingly evident that to 
 disbelieve it indicates a conservativism that has ceased to be a virtue. 
 For meaning compare Skt. balacandrah ‘new moon’ : balab ‘ young, 
 childish’, candrah ‘shining ; moon’. OE gehwade ‘small, young’, 
 Swed. dial. hodd ‘kleiner eingeschrumpfter Mensch’, Lith. kadikis 
 ‘ein kleines Kind’ : Skt, kubuh ‘ new moon’. 
 
 10.07. Just as Calendae, Covella have reference to the new moon, 
 so idis, Osc. eiduis ‘idibus’, name of a festival, refer to the full 
 moon, for these are from the stems *éidu-, éido- ‘ swollen, full’ : Gr. 
 otdeg ‘swelling, tumor’, otééw ‘ swell, become big’ (*oid-), Lat. aemi- 
 dus ‘tumidus’ (*aid-), Skt. induh (globule ; globe) ‘drop ; moon’. 
 
 10.08. Caseus ‘cheese’, from kwats- or kwatt- ‘coagulate, curdle’ : 
 MLG, MDnu. botte ‘curdled or thick milk’, MDu. hotten become thick, 
 curdle’, Du. hotten ‘gerinnen; gedeihen’, Skt. ¢vatrab ‘ gedeihlich, 
 kraftig’ (cf. 40.09), cvdyati ‘ schwillt an’. 
 
 For meaning compare Gr. tied¢ ‘cheese’, Lat. turunda, obtiiro, 
 tumeo. Gr. tpogahis ‘fresh cheese’, tog ‘make firm, solid, thicken, 
 congeal, curdle’. Norw. krodda ‘ Kase von eingekochter Milch’, ME 
 crudde, curde ‘curds’, OE cradan ‘ press, crowd’ (cf. Fick, TI+ 54). 
 Skt. takram ‘Buttermilch’, ON #é] ‘geronnene Milch’, éttr ‘dicht’, 
 OHG gidihan ‘ gedeihen’, daha ‘Lehm, Ton’, Lith. tdnkus ‘ dicht’, 
 Skt. tandkti ‘ zieht zusammen, macht gerinnen’. 
 
 The combination of cdseus with OBulg. Avast ‘ferment’ is seman- 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 71 
 
 tically improbable and phonetically impossible. For *gwats- could give 
 only Lat. *vds- unless there were something present to cause the pre- 
 Ital. loss of w, such as an w or w in the next syllable; and cheese is 
 not described as a ‘ ferment’ but as ‘a solidifying, curdling’. An appa- 
 rent exception to this occurs in Swed. dial. dst, ast, ON ostr (Finn. 
 juusto) ‘cheese’, supposed to be related to ‘Skt. yiisa-h, -m, Lat. jas, 
 Gr. Cwuds ‘broth, soup’, Cin ‘yeast’, Coydw ‘cause to ferment’, etc. 
 This is no doubt the correct connection. Nevertheless the primary 
 meaning was not ‘ferment’, but ‘a binding together, making firm, 
 solid’ : Skt. yduti, yuvdti ‘befestigt, bindet an, halt fest; mengt, 
 riihrt um’, ‘etc, This Germ. word for cheese is therefore related in 
 form and meaning to Lith. j#’sta ‘ girdle, band’, ji’sti gird’. 
 
 10.09. Caterva ‘crowd, troop, band of men; herd, flock’, *hwa- 
 triwa, Umbr. kateramu ‘catervamini, congregamini’ : Skt. ¢vdtrah 
 ‘gedeihlich, kriftig’, and the following, which may belong to the 
 light base *kewe- : Lith. szdtis ‘Holzstoss’, szutis ‘Haufen Steine, 
 Holz’, szusnis ‘Haufen, wirrer Haufe’, Skt. gdthab ‘ Anschwellung, 
 Aufgedunsenheit’. Or caterva from *kwadr- : Av. spada-, NPers. 
 sipah ‘Heer’, Osset. afsad ‘ grosse Menge, Heer, Regiment’ (cf. Horn 
 
 699). 
 
 10.40. Consus ‘an ancient Roman deity’, *kwontto- ‘bountiful’, 
 consiva ‘an epithet of Ops’: Skt. ¢vanidh (swelling, swollen), Gr. 
 movtog (xopatvwv), 9.44. 
 
 10.14. Caménae ‘fountain goddessess, Muses’, *kwom- : Gr. Koyo 
 *a Nereid’, x3ya ‘ wave of the sea or of the river, root *kewa- ‘swell’ : 
 Lith. sgwmnas ‘vortrefflich’ : Lat. camillus ‘a noble youth employed 
 in the sacrifices’. 
 
 10.42. Celeber ‘abundant, numerous, frequent; populous, fre- 
 quented, abounding in, rich; honored, famous’, celebrare‘ go in large 
 numbers or often, frequent, repeat ; celebrate, solemnize; honor, 
 praise ; publish, proclaim’, *kwelesro-, -d- ‘swelling, abounding, big, 
 etc.” : OE hwelign (swell) ‘suppurate’, hwylca ‘tumor, boil’, Lith. 
 szaulis ‘hip’, etc. Cf. 10.04, and for meaning 9.06. To *hwel- 
 ‘swell’ may belong also Gr. xéAayoo (swelling, surging, billowy) 
 ‘the high, open sea ; a vast quantity (xaxdyv, drys, atnpdc Sdqc, TAod- 
 tov)’, medayiCe ‘form a sea or lake, overflow (of a river) ; be flooded 
 (of places)’. For meaning cf. 9.44, and Gr. Oddacox, Att. -r7a ‘sea’, 
 which may be referred to the base *dhewel- ‘set in motion, agitate ; 
 
72 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 be agitated, etc.’ : OJeAdx ‘storm’, Odvo ‘rush fast and furious’, 
 Of ‘run’, 00b¢ ‘swift’, tOge¢ storm, whirlwind’, OHG toben ‘ rasen, 
 toben ’, etc. 
 
 40.43. Conctus cunctus ‘united into one whole, in a body, whole, 
 all, entire’, *kwong™to- ‘in a mass, joined together’ : Lith. szvankus 
 (joined, fitting) ‘ anstindig’, szka ‘ Heuhaufen auf dem Felde’, *kewe-, 
 *hewa- ‘swell’ : Gr. nae ‘all, whole’, *kwant-. Cf. 9.06. 
 
 10.14. Cara ‘care, attention, the management of affairs’, cirare 
 care for, attend to; manage, administer, govern’, Paelign. coisatens 
 ‘curaverunt’, from *fw0isd- ‘a taking into one’s power, control, 
 management, care’, caeriménia (*kwoais-) ‘ religious rite’, perhaps also 
 Caesar (manager, ruler), quaero (kuwaisd) ‘seek, search for; aim at, 
 plan; examine, investigate ; ask, inquire; acquire, get, obtain’ : 
 Skt. cudyati ‘schwillt an, wird stark, wird machtig’: Gr. Dor. raca- 
 ca. ‘have in one’s power, possess’, maya ‘possession, property ’, 
 Core. éyrder¢ ‘acquisition’ (cf. Boisacq 748 with lit.), Skt. cdvah 
 ‘force, power’, OE hyran (get into one’s power, acquire) ‘hire’ ’ 
 
 (10.34). 
 
 10.45. Capsa ‘chest, box, case’, capsus ‘a wagon-body; pen’, 
 capsula ‘a small box’, *kwapso-, -d- ‘hollow, hole’, : Gr. xvbéry 
 ‘chest, box; bee-hive; hollow of the ear’, xdgeAda ‘hollows of the 
 ear; clouds’, Skt. cudbhra-h, -m ‘Erdspalte, Loch, Grube’, NPers. 
 sunb ‘ Hohle, Loch’, sunbam, suftam ‘ durchbohre’, Bal. sumb ‘a hole, 
 boring’, swmbag ‘ bore’ (cf. Persson, Beitr. 195), Compare also Lat. 
 dial. casa ‘hut, cottage’ (from “catya according to Walde s.v.), 
 which may belong to the base *hwat- in 10.16, root *kewa-, *kewe- : 
 Lat. cavus ‘ hollow; empty’, cavdre ‘ hollow out ; pierce through, per- 
 forate’. 
 
 10.46. Catax ‘limping, lame’, cassus ‘empty, void, hollow ; 
 vain, wanting, deprived of’, *kwaf- ‘empty, void : lacking, defective, 
 maimed’ : Lett. schutisks ‘gebrechlich am Leibe, sonderlich am 
 Gesichte, an Zihnen’: Skt. cainam ‘ Leere, Mangel’, etc. For meaning 
 cf. 9.42. . 
 
 40.47. Cocles ‘blind from birth’, *hwotlit- : catax. Or *kwog"lit-: 
 Lett. schuke ‘ Liicke, Gebrechen; Scherbe’, schukis, Lith. szukys, ‘ einer, 
 dem Zihne im Munde fehlen’, sziwké ‘Scharte ; Scherbe’. Here proba- 
 bly Gr. Kéxiwb from *kugl-dg’- ‘ hollow-eyed, one-eyed’, xbxhog 
 ‘vault of the sky; ring, circle, wheel’ (to be separated from Skt. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 73 
 
 cakra- ‘wheel’), *kug“lo- ‘cavus; convexus’. Compare also Skt. 
 cvdncate ‘ 6ffnet sich, tut sich auf’, ucchvankdh ‘ das Aufklaffen, Sich- 
 auftun’ (cf. Persson, Beitr. 189 ff.), aud Gr. néymedocg, epithet of 
 very old persons, probably ‘lacking, defective, decrepit’. 
 
 40.48. Careo ‘be devoid of, not have; be absent from, abstain 
 from; be deprived of, lack, want; want, miss, feel the want of’, 
 Falisc. carefo ‘carebo’, Osc. kasit (caret) ‘oportet’, Lat. castus 
 ‘devoid of, free from; abstinent, chaste, pure, guiltlesss ; holy, 
 sacred’ (cf. Walde ? 131), base *kwas- ‘hollow, empty; devoid of, 
 free from, etc.’ : Skt, gusib ‘Hoéhlung eines Rohrs’, ¢usirah ‘ hohl’, 
 Gr. xdotg ‘bladder, bag’, xdaty* detos onoyyttns, Norw. hosen 
 ‘spongy, porous; dropsical’, hosna ‘become spongy, bloat’: Lat. 
 cavus etc., root *kewd-, -e- ‘swell : puff up, become hollow, empty’, 
 whence ‘ wanting, lacking’ and ‘ devoid of, free from, pure’. 
 
 10.49. Thesame underlying meaning appears in Av. spanyab-, spd- 
 nista- ‘holier, holiest’, spanab- ‘holiness, sanctity’. According to 
 Persson, Beitr. 194, the primary meaning is ‘ ganz, heil, integer’ as in 
 heilig : heil. This opinion does not seem to be borne out by the facts. 
 But since *kewd-, -e- ‘swell’ develops both into ‘ become big, strong, 
 etc.’ and ‘puff up, become spongy, hollow, empty’ : Skt. ¢andh 
 ‘geschwollen, aufgedunsen’, c¢undm ‘Glick, Heil’ : giinam ‘Leere, 
 Abwesenheit, Mangel’, ¢anydh ‘leer, dde, eitel ; frei von, ermangelnd’, 
 etc. ; there might always arise the question whetber a particular word 
 for ‘holy’ came from ‘swelling, prosperous’ or ‘empty, devoid of, 
 free from, abstinent’. In casius there can be no doubt. And other IE 
 words for ‘holy’ derivable from the root *keu- may best be explained 
 in the same way. Av, spanyah- ‘holier’ is certainly better explained 
 by referring it to the root *kewe- in the sense ‘carens, castus’ : Gr. 
 nevia, ‘want, poverty’, Skt. ¢anydh ‘leer, eitel; frei von, ermangelnd, 
 ohne’ (cf. 9.04). Closely related are Av. spanta-, Lith. szventas ‘ hei- 
 lig’, szvésti ‘feiern, heiligen, heilig halten’, szvemté ‘ Feiertag, Festtag’, 
 implying the abstention from one’s usual work and pleasures. Arm. 
 surb ‘rein, heilig’ (*kubhro-), whence srbem ‘reinige, heilige’, corre- 
 sponds in form with Skt. gubbrab, ‘schmuck, schén, glinzend’, but in 
 meaning better with Skt. gudbhrah ‘Loch, Grube’ (10.15). For the 
 primary meaning is rather ‘empty, free from’. But Skt. ¢ubbrab, 
 cubhah ‘schmuck, hibsch, angenehm, erfreulich, Gliick verheissend’, 
 cobhate ‘ist stattlich, nimmt sich schén aus, ist schmuck’, etc. come 
 from the meaning as in Skt. gandb ‘geschwollen’, cundm ‘Glick, 
 
74 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 Heil’, Lith. szadinas ‘tiichtig, brav’. Whether Skt. guéindhati ‘ reinigt’, 
 cuddhab ‘rein’, Av. suéu- ‘ Reinigung (des Getreides)’ comes from 
 one meaning or the other can not be determined. But probably from 
 “emptied, cleared : pure’. In this case we may add here Gr. xafaeds 
 
 ‘clear, open, free (space) ; pure, clean from guilt or defilement’, 
 from “rwadlruero-, with pre~Gr. loss of the first w by haplology (cf. 
 4.01). For Lith. szvarus ‘sauber, rein’ cf. 9.12, 10.22. 
 
 10.20. Caelum ‘ vault, arch ; heaven’, Osc. katla ‘aedem, templum’ 
 (Buck, Oscan-Umbr. Gram. 313), *kwoilo- ‘hollow, cavus’, also in 
 caelebs (being empty, deprived, alone, as in Skt. giinyah ‘leer, unbe- 
 sucht, unbesetzt ; besitzlos, allein; ermangelnd’) ‘ single, unmarried : 
 Gr. xothog (*kowilo-) “hollow, hollowed’ , xorhatvw ‘make hollow, 
 hollow out; make empty, make poor ’. 
 
 10.24. Cilium est fete quo oculus tegitur, unde fit superci- 
 lium, *kwelyom ‘hole, hollow’ : Gr. xdda’ té& tmoxdta toy Phegpapwy 
 xothowata Hes. Or better Lat. cilium from *kwilyom: Gr. xothes ‘hol- 
 low’, xotAev ‘hollow of the eyes’, Lat. caelum, 10.20. 
 
 10-22. Carina ‘the bottom of a ship, keel; vessel, boat ; nutshell’, 
 Carinae (Hollows), a place in Rome between the Coelian and the 
 Esquiline hill, *kwarina ‘hollow’:Gr. xsap ‘hole, eye of a needle’, 
 Lat. caverna ‘ hole, hollow, cave’, Av. sara- ‘hole’, Gr. myo ‘ defec- 
 tive; lame, blind, stupid’ (*kwaro- ‘hollow, empty: devoid of, defec- 
 tive, lacking’ p92). 
 
 in spite of the superficial difference in meaning, here may belong 
 Lat. carus ‘ dear, costly, of a high price; precious, valued, loved’, 
 caritas ‘dearness, scarcity, high price or value; high regard, esteem, 
 love’, *kwaro- (in form identical with Gr. rps) | empty, devoid of, 
 lacking : scarce, rare; of great value, precious’. This explanation 
 would, of course, separate cdrus from Skt. ciruh ‘angenehm, lieblich’ 
 (*géru-), with which it does not fit in form, and from Lett. kars 
 ‘liistern, begehrlich’, Goth. hors ‘adulterous’, etc., which are based 
 on an utterly different meaning, quite unlike Quintilian’s definition, 
 6. 2. 12: amor na8og, caritas 78oc. 
 
 With carus in all senses compare NE dear, dearth, NHG teuer, Teue- 
 rung, Germ. “deuria- or *deuzia- : ON dsr ‘dear, expensive ; costly ; : 
 artificial’, OE diere ‘costly, precious, dear, beloved; glorious, noble’, 
 OHG tiuri ‘wertvoll, vornehm, kostbar; selten, in geringem Masse 
 oder gar nicht vorhanden’, tiuri ‘hoher Wert, Herrlichkeit, Kostbar- 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN BS 
 
 keit; Teuerung’, tiurida ‘ Herrlichkeit, Ehre ; Teuerung’, etc. Here the 
 primary meaning was probably ‘scattered, sparse, scarce, rare; of 
 high value, precious’ : Skt. dha- ‘ schittelt, schiittelt aus, ab, entfernt, 
 beseitigt’, dhudsati, -te ‘zerfallt, zerstiebt’, dhvastah ‘ zerfallen, vernich- 
 tet, zerstreut’, etc. For meaning compare also Lat. rarus, and Gr. 
 omaveg ‘scarce, rare; in want of, lacking’. 
 
 10.23. Cocétum ‘ genus edulii ex melle et papavere factum ’, *hwogé- 
 tom (or -kétom), not a derivative of Gr. xvxq74v, but cognate therewith 
 (Vanitek 307), xvxedv ‘mixture, esp. a mixed drink’, xoxéw ‘ stir 
 up, mix up; throw into confusion or disorder ; pass. be confounded, 
 panic-stricken’, xdxpov ‘ladle for stirring ; agitator’, Lett. sisla ‘ein 
 mit Syrup siiss gemachtes Getrank’, Lith. sgiwkszmées ‘Gerdll, Aus- 
 kehricht’, sziwksztus ‘mit Spreu oder Kleie gemischt’. sgduksztas 
 ‘Léffel’ (cf. Bezzenberger, BB 27. 170), base *hewe-g- ‘set in 
 motion, agitate, stir up; be agitated, seethe, burn’, also in Skt. 
 cocati, cucyati ‘flammt, brennt, empfindet Schmerz, trauert, betrau- 
 ert’, ¢ocdyati ‘entziindet, betriibt; ist traurig, beklagt’, cékah ‘ Glut, 
 Flamme, Schmerz, Trauer’, ¢vcih ‘leuchtend, glanzend, blank, rein, 
 ehrlich’, cukrah, cuklah ‘klar, licht, hell, weiss, rein’, Av. saocant- 
 ‘brennend’, saocayeiti ‘ziindet an’, etc., Gr xtxvog ‘swan’, root 
 *hewe-, -G-: Gr. xdpatvw ‘swell, rise in waves; boil up, seethe (of 
 restless passion); set in violent commotion, make restless’, etc. 
 
 10.24. Canicae ‘bran’, *kwanagai ‘particles scattered out, thrown 
 off’, cantabrum ‘bran’, *kwant- : Gr. nétex ‘bran’, xéccw, xértw 
 ‘strew, sprinkle’, xiv" xatandocewy (9.14). Here perhaps Germ. *huna- 
 (n)ga- ‘honey’: OHG hunang, hunag, OE honig, etc. For meaning 
 c.9) OT. 
 
 10.25. Cada ‘arvina’, *kwadha ‘soft rotten mass; fat, smear’ 
 (compare OHG smero ‘ Fett, Schmeer’: Goth. smarna ‘Mist, Kot’) : 
 Lith. szddas, Lett. suds ‘ordure, excrement’, Gr. xvOvév" 7d &xvov 
 odowanov. xak moAdnvOva morvonepya, xvOvdv yx 1d oxéoua Hes., xvbm- 
 Be0c° Sucdcyou H., doxvdd bd¢ apddevna H. (cf. Boisacq 530). These 
 may be derived from *hewé-, -e- ‘swell’, whence ‘puff up, become 
 spongy, soft, rotten’. Compare Skt. ¢dva-h, -m ‘ Leichnam’, *kowo- 
 ‘swollen, bloated’, in form corresponding to Lat. cavus, but in mean- 
 ing to Skt. ¢indh ‘geschwollen, aufgedunsen’ : Skt. gophab ‘ Ge- 
 schwulst, Geschwiir, Beule’, Lith. su-szupés ‘ faul, verfault, von Holz’ : 
 Skt. ¢éthab ‘ Anschwellung, Aufgedunsenheit’, Lith. szuntd, szist; 
 
76 - LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 ‘schmoren, vor Hitze (ohne viel Wasser) weich werden, briihen, 
 auch faulen in Nasse und Warme’, Lett. sust ‘heiss werden, bahen, 
 schmoren’, suta ‘Bahung, Dampfbad; Nasse von einem siependen 
 Schaden’, sutet ‘bihen, briihen ; priigeln; saufen’, sutra ‘ Dunst, 
 Dampf’, sutrainis ‘Qualm, Jauche, Misthaufen ’, sautét ‘ bahen, brii- 
 hen; priigeln’, etc. : Gr. xdaveg (smeary, smutty : dark-colored) “a 
 dark-blue substance’, xvudveog ‘dark, dark-blue’, Lith. szvinas, Lett. 
 swins ‘lead’ (Prellwitz). 
 
 40.26. Colostra ‘ beestings’, *kwelos- or *kwolos- : Gr. néhavog ‘ any 
 half-liquid mixture’, 9.07, perhaps also Atog ‘ porridge’ (whence 
 Lat. puls). Similarly, to the above belongs Lett. swtnes ‘ ein Gericht 
 von Hafermehl und Griitze’. 
 
 10.27. Caenum ‘filth’, obscaenus, -cénus ‘filthy, foul’, *kwain-, 
 ciinire ‘ stercus facere’, *kw6oin-, inquindre ‘ befoul, pollute; stain, dye’ 
 (10.53) : Gr. névog ‘dirt, filth’, mwvaw ‘be dirty’, muwvaedg ‘dirty, 
 squalid’, xaxo-miviis ‘ fouland filthy’, Swed. dial, buen (Germ. *hwaino-) 
 ‘tiefliegende, feuchte Wiese’. Cf. 9.47. 
 
 40.28. Cinnus ‘a mixed drink of spelt-grain and wine’, *kwinwo- 
 ‘a stirring up, mixture’, identical with cimnus ‘nutus; tortio oris; 
 inde dictus est concinnus’, cinndvit ‘innuit, promisit’, (rem hostium) 
 cinnat ‘dissipat’, concinnus ‘ well arranged, adjusted, beautiful; fit, 
 appropriate’, base *kwin- ‘wave, move about; stir, mix, confuse; 
 shift about, instruere, arrange, order’, concinno ‘arrange, order, 
 adjust; prepare, produce; render, cause one to be’: Gr. sivov (*kwi- 
 nwo- ‘ mixture’) ‘liquor made from barley, beer’, ztvdw (set in order, 
 instruo) ‘instruct, admonish, make Wise or prudent’, mtvutd¢ (in- 
 structus) ‘wise, prudent, sagacious’, mvu74 ‘understanding, wisdom’, 
 
 9.16. 
 
 10.29. Scateo, scato ‘bubble, gush, well, flow forth; swarm, 
 abound, be full of, rich in’, scatebra ‘a bubbling or gushing up’, 
 scatirio‘ stream, flow, gush out; come forth in great numbers, swarm, 
 abound (vermiculi); be full of, filled with’, base *skwat- ‘gush out, 
 flow; abound, swarm’ : Gr. onatiky ‘thin excrement’ (9.418). Lith. 
 szvatrinéti ‘kriechen, von den Ameisen’, NHG schiitten ‘ hiufend hin- 
 streuen, ausgiessen; reichlichen Ertrag geben’, es schiittet ‘ regnet 
 stark’, schutt ‘hingeschtitteter Uberrest Erde, Sand, Kalk, Steinen 
 usw.’, MHG schiit(e) ‘ Anschwemmung, angeschwemmtes Erdreich, 
 dadurch gebildete kleine Insel; kiinstlicher Erdwall; Schutt, Unrat; 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN Ta 
 
 Ort wo der Schutt abgeladen wird’, schiitten ‘ schiitten; das Erdreich 
 an- oder aufschwemmen ; das Erdreich anhaufen, eindimmen’, Leschiiten 
 ‘beschiitten, begiessen, bedecken ; tiberwAltigen ’, verschiiten ‘ verschiit- 
 ten, vergiessen’, schotte ‘ durch Herumwilzen verunreinigt, schmutzig’, 
 schottach ‘Spreu’, Norw. dial. skvadra ‘splash, dabble in a vessel, 
 cause to splash’. 
 
 10.30. Scintilla ‘ spark, sparkling point’, perhaps from *skwintherla : 
 Gr. onivOje ‘spark’, 9.19. 
 
 IE kuw- : Italic kw- 
 
 10.34. Quirinus (mighty, lordly) ‘epithet of a deity’, Quirites 
 ‘Roman citizens’, *kuwer- : Gr. Kuéon’ 4 ’AOnva% Hes., xtpog ‘ supreme 
 power ; validity’, xbptog ‘having power or validity; lord, master’, 
 Skt. gitrah ‘ strong, valiant ; hero’, etc., to which add OE hyr ‘ hire, 
 wages; usury, interest’, hyran ‘hire’, MLG hiire ‘ Miete, Pacht’, 
 htiren ‘ mieten, besolden’. Here also, in spite of Volsc. couehriu, the 
 meaning of which is doubtful (and may itself be ultimately related, 
 *xowiria- ‘a massing together, a gathering’ : Skt. ¢dvirah ‘ mighty’), 
 may be included Lat. caria ‘ assembly, place of assembly, curia’, with 
 which compare Lith. szurai ‘ Tross, Gefolge ’. 
 
 10.32. Quaero ‘ seek ; acquire, get’, *huwaiso (or -disd) : Gr. xvicxnw 
 ‘impregnate ’, xvéw ‘ be pregnant’, Skt. cudyati * swell ; become power- 
 ful’, Gr. néoya: ‘get, acquire’, 10.14. 
 
 IE gw- : Italic g- 
 
 10.33. Genesta ‘broom-plant, Ginster’ *gwenes-ta : Gr. Barog 
 (*éwy-to-) ‘bramble, any prickly bush ; the prickly roach’, @é-ov 
 ‘blackberry’, @atder¢ ‘thorned, spiny’, Saris ‘name of a prickly 
 plant ; prickly roach’, Welsh banadl, Corn. banathel ‘ broom-plant’, 
 *éwano-tlo- ; Olr. banb, Welsh banw ‘swine’, *Swan-wo- * bristly’, 
 perhaps also OE cunelle ‘ thyme’, OLG quenela, OHG quenela, konala, 
 NHG quaiee Du. kwendel. The primary meaning was perhaps ‘ shoot, 
 sprout’ : Skt. java, name of a plant, jdvan- ‘ treibend ; weilee tasch: 
 javin- ‘ schnell, geschwind’, 10.35. 
 
 10.34. Gero ‘ bear, wear, have; entertain, cherish; bring forth, 
 produce ; manage, regulate, transact, carry on, wage’, se gerere ‘ behave 
 or conduct one’s self, act’, gestdre ‘bear, carry, have’, gestdri ‘ ride, 
 drive, sail’, gestus ‘carriage, motive, gesture’, gestire ‘ exult, be joy- 
 ful; desire eagerly’, base *@wes-, *Gewes- ‘set in motion, drive; agere ; 
 
78 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 carry, bear, take’: Skt. juvas- ‘Rihrigkeit, Flinkheit’, jdvas- ‘Ge- 
 schwindigkeit’, juvate, jundti ‘ist schnell, eilt ; treibt an, dringt, befor- 
 dert, verscheucht’, jatih ‘ Drang, Eile, Antrieb ’, javd-h < eilig, schnell ; 
 Eile, Hast, Drang’, javan- ‘ treibend; eilig, rasch’, javin- ‘schnell, 
 geschwind ’, NPers, zad ‘schnell’, zor ‘ Kraft, Gewalt’, Av. zavar- 
 “Macht, Kraft’ (cf. Horn, NPers. Et. 149), root *gewe-, -a-, to which 
 may belong Gr. Gacratw (*Swas-) ‘lift up, raise; praise ; bear, support ; 
 bear in mind, consider; carry off, take away’, but not Olr. ticsath 
 ‘ tollat, tollito’, etc. Or @aeta{w may belong rather to PrGaCw ‘ lift up, 
 raise, exalt’ (or this to the above), afvw ‘go, walk; put in motion, 
 lead, drive, lift, carry’. 
 
 With *wes- in gerere compare *geus- ‘ take to one’s self, take, under- 
 take, partake, choose, try, test, taste, etc.’ : Skt. jusdte, -ti ‘ etwas 
 auf sich nehmen, erleiden ; heimsuchen, bewohnen ; geniessen, gern 
 haben, sich freuen an’, josdyate ‘lieb haben, Gefallen finden an, bil- 
 ligen ’, justab, -tdb ‘angenehm, erwiinscht ; besucht, gewohnt, umge- 
 ben von, versehen mit’, Gr. yedouat ‘ partake of, have experience of ; 
 try, prove ; taste, eat; enjoy’; Lat. gustus ‘a partaking slightly of 
 anything, a taste; taste, flavor’, gustdre ‘taste, take a little of any- 
 thing; partake of, enjoy’, Goth. kiusan ‘ prifen, erproben, wahlen’, 
 OE céosan ‘choose, select ; accept ; decide ’, etc. 
 
 10.35. Germen (*Swesemy) ‘ offshoot, sprout ; offspring ; fetus, 
 embryo’, germino ‘ put forth, bud; put forth (pennas, capillum), ger- 
 ménus (offspring) ‘ full brother’: gero ‘ bring forth, produce’ (fruges, 
 violam, malos, frondes, arbores, etc.), gesto ‘bear, be with young’, 
 
 10.34. 
 
 10.36. Gemo ‘ sigh, groan ; bemoan, bewail’, *@wemd: OHG chama 
 ‘querimonia’, kamen ‘ jammern’, Swed. dial. kauma id., kaum ‘ Jam- 
 mer’, OE ciegan (*kaujan) ‘call’, Gr. yé0¢ ‘ wailing, groaning, howl- 
 ing, mourning’, yodw ‘wail, groan, weep, bewail’, probably from 
 the root *Sewe-, -d- ‘agitate ; be agitated’ in Skt. jdvate ‘eilt’, jundit 
 ‘treibt an, dringt’, jatah ‘ angetrieben’, etc., 10.34. Cf. 9.24. 
 
 10.37. Gilvus ‘ pale yellow’ (of horses), galbus ‘yhweés’ *Swel-wo-, 
 Sw]-bho- : Skt. jvalitah ‘flammend, gliihend, leuchtend’, jvdlati 
 ‘brennt hell, flammt, gliiht, leuchtet ’, jvalab ‘ Flamme’, jvalah, 
 ‘Licht, Schein, Flamme’, jvdrati ‘ist heiss, fiebert’, jvardh ‘ aufge- 
 regt’, sb. ‘Fieber, Glut, Hitze, Schmerz’, jirnih ‘Glut, Lohe’, juar- 
 vati ‘ verbrennt, verzehrt’, ON hola‘ a small open train-oil lamp’, hol, 
 OE col, OHG holo ‘ coal’, Olr. gual ‘ Kohle’ (cf. Fick III* 48), Kel- 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 79 
 
 tic “gwelo- ‘hell, glanzend’, Gall. Belenos (: Skt. jvaland- ‘ brennend a 
 -h * Feuer’, -m ‘ das Brennen’), Belinus, Belinia, etc., Ir. del-tene ‘ der 
 1. Mai, an welchem die heidnischen Iren Feuer anziindeten und Vieh 
 hindurch jagten’ (cf. Fick II* 164), Lith. zvilgéti « glanzen’, xvilgiu, 
 -€ti ‘kurz hinblicken’, zvelgid ‘ blicke wonach’, zvalgyti ‘ mehrfach 
 umherblicken’, Lett. /witot ‘glimmen’ (with secondary 7 ?). These 
 may come from the root discussed in 10.34, whence also Lett. fwers 
 ‘funkelnd’, /weriit ‘ glimmen, glithen, aufleuchten ’, fweérinat 
 ‘anfeuern, Feuer aufblasen’, which Persson, Beitr. 120 f. combines 
 with the Skt. words, without considering the possibility that both r- 
 and /- forms might occur, the r- extension perhaps also in Gall. Ambi- 
 barii ‘ furiosi, furibundi’, Ir. bara ‘ Zorn’, Welsh bar ‘indignatio, ira’ 
 (cf. Fick II+ 161). Compare Skt. jvarah “aufgeregt ’, and also Av. 
 xavar- * Macht, Kraft’, Skt. junati ‘treibt an, drangt’, jdvan- ‘ trei- 
 bend, eilig, rasch’. 
 
 IE ghw- ; Italic f- 
 
 10.38. Februum ‘ purgamentum’, fébrua < festival of purification and 
 expiation ’, fébrudre ‘ purify, expiate’ are formed from a base *thweés-, 
 “ghewé-s- ‘pour out (a libation)’, whence also *@hwesa- or -o- ‘ liba- 
 tion or offering to the dead’ : ferdlis ‘of or belonging to the dead, 
 esp. belonging to the festival of the dead ; deadly, dangerous ’, féestus 
 (pouring out, esp. libations) ‘solemn, festal ; joyous, happy ’, féestum 
 ‘feast, banquet’, feriae (fesiae) ‘festivals, holidays’, fanum (*shwas- 
 nom)‘ temple’, Osc. flisnam ‘templum ’, etc. 
 
 The root “ghewe- (or here properly *Zheweé-) is used frequently of 
 libations or drink-offerings. Compare Skt. juhsti ‘ giesst oder wirft ins 
 Feuer, bringt dar, opfert’, huidh ‘ geopfert, durch Opfer verehrt’, 
 hava * Oper’, havis- (*Showas- : OLat. *fas-nom ‘ fanum”) ‘ Opfer- 
 gabe, Opferspeise oder -trank, bes. Soma’, héta ‘Opferer, Oberpries- 
 ter’, etc., Gr. yéw ‘pour out, esp. drink-offerings’ (yohy yeicbat 
 verdes x 518 5 4 26 and frequently), yox ‘ drink-offering, libation, such 
 especially as were made to the dead’, in Trag. always in plural yout, 
 sometimes of the whole sacrifice offered to the dead, yeipa ‘gush, 
 stream; drink-offering’ (: Skt. héman- ‘Opfer, Spende’), -ithov 
 ‘libation to the dead’, probably also Lat. funus (ghis- or *¢hus-no- 
 ‘libation ’) ‘ funeral rites; death, corpse’. 
 
 10.39. Similarly Libitina ‘the goddess of corpses; bier, funeral 
 pile ; death’ meant primarily ‘the goddess of libations’ : */ibitio « liba- 
 tion’, dé-libuo ‘ anoint’, Gr. gen. 206, acc. AiBa ¢ drop, stream, drink- 
 
 FARRAR 
 
80 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 offering’, Au3%s ‘drop, spring, stream (of tears)’, A.Gabecbas “run out 
 in drops, trickle’, Aei@w ‘ pour forth, make a libation’, Aor@4 ‘ liba- 
 tion’, AowWaran” omévder, Over Hes., Lat. libare ‘ pour out, make a liba- 
 tion’, libamen ‘ drink-offering ; that which is thrown on a funeral 
 pile’. 
 
 40.40. From *shewé- *shwe- ‘ pour out ’ may come Lat. felix ‘ pros- 
 perous, fertile’ (9.49), fecundus “ abundant, fruitful, fertile, prolific’, 
 fenus ‘ gain, profit, advantage’, fétus (dropping, producing) ‘breed- 
 ing; that has just dropped its young ; fruitful, productive’, fetus ‘a 
 dropping, hatching of young; a bearing, producing of fruit; off- 
 spring, brood ; fruit, produce’, fétare * bring forth, breed, hatch ; fruc- 
 tify, impregnate’, with which compare fitilis ‘ pouring out (of dogs 
 voiding excrement) ; futile’, fwtwere, etc. For other derivates of *¢heu- 
 with a similar development in meaning, compare ON gjésa ‘ hervor- 
 quellen’, NHG Swab. gusen ‘ sich begatten’, guse ‘ wolltistiges Mensch, 
 mannstolles Madchen’, gusel ‘ geil; Geilheit’, guslen ‘ rieseln ; sich 
 begatten’, ON gjdla ‘giessen, werfen’, NIcel. ‘drop, cast (one’s 
 young)’, got ‘spawning’, got ‘spawn, Laich’, Dan. gyde ‘ giessen, 
 laichen’, Lat. fundo ‘ pour out; bring forth, bear, produce in abun- 
 dance (of plants and animals)’, Gr. yéw ‘pour out, scatter (9uA)«), 
 produce abundantly (xapnév A 588); pass. be massed together (tyve¢ 
 trl bayddows. y 387)’, yurss ‘flowing, streaming; luxuriant (Zpves), 
 going in shoals (ty@ve¢) °- 
 
 40.44. Fenestra ‘opening in the wall, loop-hole, window’, from 
 *chwenestra ‘opening’ : Gr. éva ‘cheat, quack’, yasva§ “ cheat, 
 liar’, yadvog ‘slack, loose ; empty, vain’, ag ‘ open space’ (9.22). 
 
 IE zghw- : Italic f- 
 
 10.42. Facio ‘make, prepare, produce; value, esteem, regard ; 
 hold, affirm, assert; make believe, feign, pretend ; practice, exercise ; 
 perform (a religious rite), make an offering; take part with, side 
 with; be useful to, benefit, etc.’ is referred to the root “dhe- ‘ put, 
 place, set’, to which it no doubt in part belongs. But the meanings of 
 facio and its derivatives can not all be explained from this root, though 
 they can be readily explained from a base *zghwe-k- “hold, hold 
 together, press together ; form, prepare, make, etc. ’, an extension of 
 *se@he-u-, *x@hu-, discussed in 9.29 ff. Compare the following parallels 
 with yo and habeo (*zgha-bhe-, 10.46) : facilis : habilis ; facultas 
 ‘capability, power, means; abundance, plenty, supply, store ® : habi- 
 
 ee 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN SI 
 
 litas ‘ability’, Gr. teydg ‘strength, force, power’, ¢yw ‘hold, have; 
 have means or power, be able’ ; facere (cum, ab aliquo) ‘ hold with, 
 take sides with’, factio ‘a company of persons associated or holding 
 together, class, order, sect, party, adherents, faction’ : Gr. yeo0a 
 ‘hold to, cling to (s1v4¢) ; hold to or by one, be closely connected, 
 depend on’ (2x ttwvo¢), Zyovtar mode &AAAOLS ‘they hold together’, 
 perhaps also &yhe¢ (*soghlo- ‘ holding together’) ‘ crowd, throng, mass, 
 multitude ; tumult, disturbance’ ; facere ‘form’, facies ‘form, figure, 
 shape ; external form, appearance; face’ : Gr. oyjya ‘form, shape, 
 outward appearance, figure ; bearing, look, air, mien’; factor ‘oil- 
 press ; batsman in ball-playing’, factus ‘oil-pressing ”) conficere ‘ over- 
 power, subdue (Athenienses, provinciam); cut in pieces, kill; dimin- 
 ish, lessen, weaken; grind (of teeth grinding food); consume, de- 
 _ stroy’, confectio ‘a chewing, masticating (of food) ; a weakening, 
 impairing (of health)’, confector ‘destroyer, consumer’, confectorium 
 “ yorpoogaryetoy ’, interficere ‘ destroy, kill, slaughter, murder’: Gr. conto, 
 Att. opatzw “slay, kill, slaughter ; sacrifice ’, opayiog ‘slaying, sacrifi- 
 cing’, opdyiov “victim, hostia’ (: Lat. sacrificium) :i-oy%c ‘might, 
 strength’, gw ‘hold, overpower, lay low, oppress’, suvéyw ‘hold 
 together; check, hinder ; constrain, oppress, afflict’, Skt. sdhati ‘ bewal- 
 tigt ’, etc. 
 
 10.43. Figo ‘ fasten, fix, attach ; fix, earnestly direct (one’s mental 
 activities)’, fixus ‘fixed, fast, immovable; determined’, fibula ‘that 
 which serves to fasten two things together : clasp, buckle, latchet, 
 pin, brace ; bands, fillets ; a surgical instrument for drawing together 
 the lips of a wound ’, fibulare ‘fasten together’, base *xShwig- ‘hold 
 together, fasten, fix’, also in fingo ‘ form, shape, fashion, make ; give 
 form to, adorn, dress, trim ; modify (for the purpose of dissembling), 
 inform, teach, train; imagine, think, suppose ; invent, feign ’, fictus 
 ‘feigned, imaginary, false’, figura ‘ form, shape; shade, phantom ; 
 quality, nature, manner ; figure of speech, syzua’, etc.. finis (*xehwik- 
 sni-) ‘boundary, limit, border, end ; land, country’, finire ‘inclose, 
 limit, bound; restrain, check; determine, fix ; finish, terminate ; 
 come to an end, cease’ : Gr. ogiyyw ‘bind in or together ; close, 
 shut ; straiten, abridge’, cgtyyiev ‘string, band, fibula’ (9.34). Here 
 also perhaps Germ. *wika-, *wihsa- in OE wic ‘ dwelling, village ; pl. 
 camp; street, market-place’, wician ‘dwell, encamp’, OFris. wik 
 ‘Ort, Dorf’, OS wik, OHG wich ‘ bewohnter Ort, Flecken’, etc., 
 which can hardly be loanwords from Lat. vicus but may be genuine 
 
82 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 Germanic with the primary meaning ‘ inclosure’, to which belongs, 
 with s-addition, Goth. weihs ‘yess, xopq, country, town’. The 
 meaning ‘close’ is also in OE wincian ‘ shut the eyes’ (: Gr. ogtyyw), 
 15922: 
 
 For the meaning of fingo, figira, etc., compare Gr. oy7ya ‘habitus, 
 form, shape, frame, outward appearance, figure ; bearing, look, mien ; 
 show, pretense; fashion, manner, way ; state, nature, constitution ; 
 sketch, outline, plan’, oyqpati{w ‘form, shape, dress up, arrange ; 
 dress (hair), adorn; behave one’s self, simulare’. 
 
 In the sense ‘ pierce, transfix’, figo belongs to Lith. dégti ‘ stechen’, 
 dygits ¢ stachlich’, Gr. Ovyyzvw, Ovyetv ‘ touch’, OE dic ° ditch’, dician 
 ‘dig’. And fingo ‘mould, knead’, figulus ‘potter’, Osc. feéhtss 
 ‘muros’, etc. go with Skt. déhmi ‘ bestreiche, verkitte’, Gr. zetyos, 
 toiyos ‘ wall’, etc. 
 
 40.44. Other examples of Lat. f- from zghw- are funda, fundare : 
 cgevdsvn (9.34); fungus : cesyyos (9.33); fides : sptdy (9.35). 
 
 IE zgh- : Italic y- 
 
 10.45. The primitive root *segh- occurs in secta ‘ way, mode, man- 
 ner of conduct or procedure, mode of life; doctrines, school, sect’, 
 and probably also in sexus (permanent physical power or condition) 
 ‘sex’, in spite of secus, which may have arisen from “seghos, gen. 
 *sekses, etc., from which the new nom. secus. Compare Gr. 21g ‘a 
 being in acertain state, a permanent condition; a habit of body or 
 of mind; skill from practice’, éxtd¢ ‘ that one can possess’, éutuxd¢ 
 ‘habitual’, oyée.g ‘state, condition, habit; the nature or fashion of 
 anything ; way (of life)’. Compare also sector (grasper) ‘a buyer of 
 public goods’ with Gr. éxzwe ‘ holding fast’, epithet of Zeus, also of 
 a net, OE sigere ‘glutton’. When the stem-vowel fell out, the result- 
 ing zeh- before a vowel became h-, Ital. y-. 
 
 10.46. To a base *xghabhe- may be referred habére ‘ yw, have, hold, 
 keep, possess, cherish, entertain; have property ; have ability, have 
 knowledge, be able?, babéna ‘thong, rein; management, government’, 
 with which compare Goth. gabei ‘Reichtum’, gabeigs ‘reich’, ON 
 gofogr ‘noble, of high rank’, gofga ‘ worship, honor ; ennoble’, gafr 
 ‘angenehm, dienlich’, NIcel. ‘ mild, gentle, quiet’ (: habilis ‘ man- 
 ageable, suitable, fit, proper; handy, expert’), gefa ‘good luck, for- 
 tune’, OFris. géve ‘valid’, MDu. gave, Du. gaaf ‘tauglich, gut’, 
 MHG gabe ‘lieb, gut; gabe ’ (incorrectly associated with geben), ori- 
 
Se 
 
 WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 83 
 
 ginal form *zghébhio- ‘ to be held : good, suitable, valid ; manageable, 
 gentle’. 
 
 10.47. Hebére ‘be blunt or dull; be dull; sluggish, inactive’, hebes 
 “blunt, dull; dim, faint; sluggish, doltish, stupid’, hebetare ‘ make 
 dull or blunt; dim, deaden, weaken; moderate, lessen, quench’, 
 *Shebh- ‘hold, hold in check, subdue, weaken, dim ; be weakened, 
 etc.’ : Lith. zébe'ti (hold back, abstain, refrain) ‘ungern fressen, von 
 Tieren, wenn dieselben die Nase in das Futter hineinstecken ohne zu 
 fressen’, Zébti ‘langsam, mit langen Zahnen essen’, *eblidti ‘ langsam 
 und mit Widerwillen essen, von Menschen und Tieren’, Zebdti ‘ zau- 
 men’, and perhaps Germ. *geban ‘ give way, yield, give’ (cf. Class. 
 Phil. t1. 208): Gr, yw ‘ hold, hold in, check, stop, assuage’, tcyw 
 ‘hold, check, stop’, toyavee ‘hold, hold back, check, hinder ; intr. 
 hold on to a thing, desire eagerly (with gen.); pass. hold back, check 
 one’s self, loiter, tarry’, icyatvw ‘ check, assuage ’, oyaCw ‘ check, mas- 
 ter, overpower’, oxeo$¢ (holding in, restraining) ‘ tight, exact, care- 
 ful’, cyéorg ‘habit, condition of body ; retention, checking, esp. of 
 urine’, syettxds ‘holding back ; holding firmly, retentive’, cyc% (a 
 holding back, refraining from one’s usual work) ‘rest, respite (from 
 toil or trouble) ; leisure, ease, leisure time; idleness, etc.’, cyoratw 
 ‘have rest or respite from anything, cease from (twi¢, amd z1Vv0s), 
 have leisure or spare time; act leisurely, linger, delay’, oyodziog ‘lei- 
 surely, slow’, syoAkadtyg * slowness, laziness’, etc. 
 
 40.48. Honds, honor ‘ honor, esteem, official dignity, office; reward, 
 fee, sacrifice, legacy; ornament, grace, charm’ and Goth. gansjan 
 ‘ raoéyswv,verursachen’ may be derived from a base *xéhon-os-, *seéhon- 
 os- ‘ strength, power, validity’ : Gr. t-cyavaw * hold, hold back; hold, 
 cling to, long for’, Skt. sahana- ‘ bewaltigend’, -m ‘ geduldiges Ertra- 
 gen’, sahate ‘ bewiltigt, ist siegreich, vermag’, ud-sahayati ‘jemand zu 
 etwas vermOogen oder antreiben’, Gr. zapéyw ‘offer, furnish, supply ; 
 afford, cause, bring, give; allow, grant’, etc. 
 
 10.49. Hostus ‘der bei einer einmaligen Olpressung erzeugte 
 Ertrag’ (*xhosto- ‘a pressing’), hostire ‘ treffen, schlagen ; nieder- 
 schlagen, dimpfen’, hostia ‘ victim, sacrifice’, hostire (identical with 
 the preceding, meaning here ‘ appease, assuage’) ‘ vergelten, aequare, 
 gleichmachen’ (cf. Walde 371) contain a base zéhos-, *seghos- ‘ hold, 
 hold in check, overpower, subdue; kill, sacrifice’. Compare Skt. has- 
 ta-h (identical in form with hosius) ‘hand’, primarily ‘ holder, grasp- 
 er’, MLG gaspe, gespe ‘ Spange, Schnalle, fibula’, gespe ‘die Héhlung 
 
84 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 der beiden aneinander gelegten Hinde, soviel man darin halten 
 kann’, OE gegiscan ‘ block up’ (45.27), Skt. sdhas- ‘ gewaltig, stark’, 
 sb. ‘ Gewalt, Kraft, Sieg’, sahasand- sahasavan- ‘ gewaltig, miachtig’, 
 Av. haxah- ‘ Gewalt, Sieg’, Goth. sigis ‘Sieg’, OE sigor ‘triumph, 
 victory’, sigor-, sige-tiber ‘sacrifice’, Gr. éyw ‘hold; lay low, 
 oppress’, etc. For meaning of hostia compare Lat. victima : vinco, 
 Goth. weihan ‘kimpfen’, MHG wihen ‘ schwachen, erschépfen, ver- 
 nichten’, ON vega ‘ kampfen, téten’. Cf. 9.32. | 
 
 10.50. Haereo ‘hold fast, stick, adhere, be fixed, remain fast, keep 
 firm; keep near or close to, follow’, *xghais- ‘hold, hold to, cling 
 to; hold in check, check, stop’: OE g&sne ‘ barren; deprived of, 
 wanting, scarce; dead’, OHG keisini ‘ egestas, sterilitas’ (15.32) : 
 Gr. yw ‘hold, grasp’, éyec0a. ‘hold on by, cling to («wé¢), be 
 close, touch, border on (of places) ; hold back from, abstain, refrain’, 
 toyavaw ‘hold back, check, hinder; hold on by, cling to’, avréyecba 
 ‘hold to, cling to, keep close to, adhere to, worship’. 
 
 Palatal + w after Liquids 
 
 After liquids the palatals +- w became Ital. k, g, g. But between 
 vowels and after mand 5 assimilation did not occur, since in this posi- 
 tion the syllabic division between the palatal and w persisted into the 
 Ital. period. Hence intervocalic -kw-, -gw-, -hw- became Ital. -kw-, 
 -gw-, -yw-: Lat, -qu-, -v-, -v-; Osc.-Umbr. -p- or -k(k)v-, -b-, [--?]. 
 After m and s the palatals + w apparently develop in the same way as 
 the pure velars + w. 
 
 40.54. Dulcis, from the fem. *dulkwi: Arm. khater ‘ sweet’, *dw]ku-, 
 Scheftelowitz, BB. 28. 290. 
 
 10.52. Tergum, tergus ‘ skin, hide; back ; anything made of hide or 
 leather’, terginum ‘a hide, raw-hide, as a scourge’, *terShwo- ‘ any- 
 thing stript off’ : Gr. téegog, otéego¢ ‘ hide, skin ; husk, shell’, base 
 *stere--Sh- ‘strip, pull off, pluck’ : Gr. zépyvog, tpéyvos ‘twig’, Lat. 
 termes ‘a bough cut off’ (cf. Walde s.v.). 
 
 Alcédo : Gr. &dxudy ‘ kingfisher’ seems to belong here. But they 
 are rather derivatives of a color-word with different suffixes : alcédo as 
 in albedo, nigredo, rubédo ; %dxvwev as in a&hextevov. The underlying 
 colorword may be in the last word, it meaning ‘ dawn-bird’, and in 
 nréuzwa ‘bright; brightness, sun’, #Asxteev ‘an alloy of gold and sil- 
 ver ; amber’, etc. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 85 
 
 Palatals + w after m or s 
 
 40.53. Inguinare ‘ befoul, stain, pollute, defile’, inquinatus ‘ pollut- 
 ed; stained, dyed’, etc., base *kwind- : Gr. maw ‘be dirty’, ives 
 ‘filth’, Lat. caenum, 10.27. But inciens is from *en-kwyent-, with early 
 loss of w (cf. Brugmann, Grdr. ? 321). Cf. 9.47. 
 
 10.54. Dingua, lingua ‘ tongue’, *dyghwa : Goth. tuggo * Zunge’, 
 Gr. 8é0vn (9.39). With these are supposed to be related OPruss. 
 inzuwis, OBulg. jezykit ‘tongue’, and even Skt. jihua, jubi, etc. (on 
 which cf. 9.27). These probably represent three distinct groups, alike 
 in suffix only, with a common primary meaning, such as ‘sharp point, 
 Spitze’. 
 
 40.55. In the position after s, one example presents itself : tesqua 
 ‘desert places’, from *tweskwa (cf. 4.02): Skt. tucchah ‘leer, de, 
 nichtig ’, OBulg. titi ‘leer’. This is what we might expect, since sk, 
 st, sp are inseparable combinations. That is, the syllabic division was 
 *twesk-wa. 
 
 Intervocalic kw : Lat. gu; Osc.-Umbr. p, kku, kv 
 
 40.56. Equus, Equitius, dial. Epidius; Umbr. ekvine, if related to 
 Lat. equinus (cf. Buck, Osc.-Umbr. Gram. 141 a). 
 
 40.517. Aguifolium (sharp-leaf) holly’, *akwi- ‘sharp’ : acus 
 ‘needle’ (cf. Walde? 53); aquila ‘eagle’, in reference to its sharp beak 
 or sharp sight (: Gr. d&deropog ‘ sharp-beaked’, dgvax%¢ © sharp-sight- 
 ed’, of the eagle) ; aquilo (the sharp, stinging wind) ‘north wind’, 
 Perhaps also apis ‘bee’ (like favus, 15.17, a dialect word) : *akwis 
 ‘having a sting, aculeata’. 
 
 10.58. Nequalia ‘detrimenta’ : Gr. véxvg, Av. masu- (Vanitek 
 137; Walde? 586). 
 
 40.59. Osc. Dekkviarim ‘ Decurialem’, Umbr. tekvias ‘ decuriales’ : 
 tekuries, degurier ‘ decuriis’, Lat. decuria, decu-plus, etc., Ital. *deku- : 
 Germ. *tegu- in Goth. tigus, etc. These may representan early *deku-, 
 not late analogical formations. Compare the similar formation in Lat. 
 quadru-peés, septud-ginta, octud-ginta, Gr. dy3o%4-xovta, Goth. ahiu-da 
 (cf. 42.33; Brugmann, Grdr. II? 2. 15). 
 
 Intervocalic gw : Italic gw 
 
 40.60. Fluo ‘flow’, Ital. *fugwd from *bhlugwo, fluvius ‘river’ : 
 
86 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 fluxi, fluctus, conflugés, Gr. odilw, ght2o ‘ overflow, swell’, ghvxtis, 
 gadutawva ‘swelling, pimple’, Serb.-Cr. bljustiti ‘sich ekeln’ : bljavatt 
 ‘erbrechen’, OBulg. bl'uvati ‘speien’, Gr. amopdtew" ancpedyecban 
 Hes., gadw ‘ overflow, gush, babble’, oAéw ‘ swell, overflow’ (cf. Ber- 
 neker, I 64). 
 
 10.64. Fruor ‘make use of, enjoy’, *fragwor, *bhrigwo (or -gwo) 
 ‘break in pieces, share : have a share of, possess, enjoy’ : frix, friugi, 
 fructus, Goth. britks ‘brauchbar’, braikjan ‘ brauchen’, OE brican 
 ‘make use of, enjoy; eat, spend (life); possess, keep’, etc. : base 
 *bhréug- ‘ rub off, break in pieces’, with which compare the meanings 
 ‘rub, scour, make a grating noise, crackle, etc.’ in Gr. ged-~w (crackle) 
 ‘roast, broil’, Lith. brigyti ‘driicken’, braziti ‘mit Gerdusch 
 scheuern ’, ON brauk ‘ Gerausch’, brauka ‘larmen’, root *bhreu-, *bhe- 
 rewo- : Skt. bharvati ‘ verzehrt, kaut’, etc., OE bréotan ‘ break, de- 
 stroy’, bryttian ‘tear to pieces, divide; distribute, share; possess, 
 enjoy, frui’, ON bdrjéta ‘ brechen, zerbrechen ; sich brechen, bran- 
 den’, brytja ‘ zerschneiden’, bryti ‘ Vorschneider’, brot ‘ Bruchstiick ; 
 
 Bruch ’, Norw. brot ‘ Brechung, Bruch; Brandung ; Gepolter, Lirm’, 
 etc. (cf. IEa 55). 
 
 10.62. Ervum ‘ chick-pea’, *erogwom : Gr. épéGivO0c, Sp080¢, 9.46. 
 
 10.63. Umbr. Grabouie (dat., voc.) ‘ Grabovius’, epithet of Mars, 
 Jupiter, and Vovionus, may be the later extension of a stem *grabo- 
 with the secondary suffix as in Fisouie, Osc. Kaluvis, Lat. Pacuvius, 
 Iguvium, Lanuvium, etc. This *grabo- (or *grabo-) may come from 
 Ital. *gragwo-, IE *gragwo- or *grwo-: Olr. garg(g) ‘rough, wild’, 
 grain ‘ugliness’, OBulg. groza ‘Furcht, Schauder’, ChSI. groziti 
 ‘drohen’, Russ. grozé ‘ Drohung ; Strenge, strenge Zucht ; Gewitter, 
 Unwetter’, Slov. gréga ‘Schauder, Grausen’ (from IE *grag-), Gr. 
 yooyds ‘ fearful. fierce, esp. of the eye andlook; hot, spirited (of hors- 
 es)’, yooysouar ‘be spirited or wild, of a horse’, yooydy ‘ fierce- 
 eyed’, yooyamc, epithet of Athena, I'opys, a monster of fearful aspect, 
 * oT, 
 
 Bi Intervocalic ghw : Italic yw, Lat. v 
 
 10.64. Brevis ‘short, brief’, *bhregwi : Gr. Beaytg ‘small, short, 
 
 trifling’, *brghu-. 
 
 44. Intervocalic Labials +- w in Greek and Italic 
 
 In Greek, intervocalic -pw-, -bw-, -bhw- probably resulted in -rz-, 
 
 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 87 
 
 -88-, -no-, though these may have occured by the side of -n-, -8-, -9-, 
 at least locally. Such examples as vi-mtesg, dxep-giakos (Brugmann, 
 Gr. I? 311 f.) represent the initial not the medial development and 
 are therefore not here in point, since the w would here regularly disap- 
 pear. This is true also of Lat. ama-bam, -bo, super-bus. This difference 
 in treatment is due to the fact that in the true medial position the 
 . syllabic division was between the labial and w. In Latin, medial pw, 
 bw, fw, mw undergo progressive assimilation : pu to pp ; bv, bb; fu, 
 ff ;mv mm. The geminations thus arising are regularly simplified 
 when the accent follows. Hence aperio, operio for “apperio, “opperio, 
 Umbr. subocauu from *subbocayo. 
 
 11.04. otinny (*otizpz) ‘tow, the coarse part of stalks of flax or 
 hemp next to the woody bark’, cturzciov ‘ tuft of tow, tow’, otdnnt- 
 vos ‘of tow’, otdnnat ‘rope-seller’, Lat. stuppa ‘tow’ (perhaps a 
 native word), MLG stoppe, stoppel ‘ stubble’, MHG stupfe, stupfel, OHG 
 stupfila ‘stubble’, with Germ. -pp- from pre-Germ. -pw+ ; ON stubbr, 
 stubli < stub’, MLG, ME stubbe, NE stub, stubble, with -bb- from Germ. 
 ~bw- : Lett. stups, stupe, stupure ‘ das nachgebliebene Ende von Etwas 
 gebrochenem, abgebrauchter Besen’, etc. (cf. Fick, I[I+ 496). Cf. 16. 
 
 11.02. Aeol. 3nnata ‘ eyes’ from *tnrata, with gemination occurring 
 after IE g” became Gr. x. Cf. 7.47. 
 
 11.03. xéxgo¢ from *Shwebhwo-. Cf. 7.18. 
 
 11.04. Hippitare ‘ oscitare, badare’, *hippaire, Span. hipar ‘sob’, 
 *hipva- : Swed. dial. gippa ‘ Riss, Spalte’, gippa ‘ klaffen, locker sein’, 
 OE gifre ‘ greedy, desirous’, ON geifla ‘ schwatzen’, Pol. zipac’ ‘ schwer 
 atmen’, Czech zipati ‘keuchen’ (cf. Persson, Beitr. 318 f.). For the 
 -pp- in Germanic, cf. 46. 
 
 41.05. Lippus ‘blear-eyed’, *lipuos : Lith. lipis ‘sticky’ (Stolz, 
 Lat. Gr. 143), EFris. libbe, libsk, libber(ig) ‘schmierig, klebrig, ekel- 
 haft’, /ib-sét ‘schmierig und klebrig siiss, unangenehm siiss’, Germ. 
 
 *libw- (cf. 16.23 ff.), Skt. ripib (slippery) ‘ tricky’. 
 
 11.06. Lappa ‘a bur, Klette’, */apva ‘ broad surface, blade’ : Bulg. 
 lépus * Klette’, Jopuh < Arum maculatum; ein noch nicht aufgeblatteter 
 Kohlkopf’, OBulg. lopata ‘ Wurfschaufel’; Russ. apa ‘ Pfote, Tatze’, 
 Goth. lofa, etc. (cf. 16.02 ; Berneker, I 690, 723). 
 
 11.07. Mappa ‘napkin; signal-cloth’, probably a genuine Lat. 
 word, *mapva : OE maffa ‘ caul’, 16.24. 
 
88 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 14.08. OLat. suppus ‘supinus’, suppire ‘supinare’, “supvo-, -vd- 
 (Walde 757): ON upp ‘up’, OS uppa, etc. (46.04) : Lesb. hunv. 
 For this appended w, compare Lesb. and, Skt. pu-nar, Gr. mipatog: 
 and; Skt. dnu, Av. anu : ana. 
 
 41.09. *Puppa, Italian poppa ‘woman's breast’, “pupvd, *pupud : 
 NE fob ‘a little pocket’, dial. fub‘ a plump, chubby young person fe 
 etc., 16.24. j 
 
 11.10. Vappa‘ stale wine’, *vapvd from *qwapwa: Gr. xanug’ nyedya 
 Hes., xandw ‘breathe, gasp’, xanveds ‘dried by the air ; parching’, 
 Lith. kuapas ‘ breath’. 
 
 44.41. Vappo ‘animal est volans, quod vulgo animas vocant’, 
 *gwopwo ‘breath, anima’: Gr. xénug’ nvetya, etc. For meaning, com- 
 pare Gr. Yuy% ‘breath, anima : butterfly’. 
 
 44.12. Gibbus, gibber ‘hump-backed’, gibbus, gibba ‘hump’, “gibhw- 
 ‘bend, curve’, also in Germ. *hipp- (cf. 16), LG hippen ‘ wanken, 
 schwanken, umwerfen’, NHG dial. kipfen ‘kippen’, kipfe ‘ Spitze’ : 
 Lith. geibus ‘ plump, ungeschickt’, Lett. g‘eibt, gibt ‘ schwindelig, 
 ohnmichtig werden ’, Norw. dial. keiv < schief, gedreht’, keiven ‘ klot= 
 zig, plump’ (cf. Walde 340; Persson, Beitr. 83 f.). 
 
 41.43. *Gubbus ‘hump-back’ (cf. Walde as above), *gubhwo-, also 
 in Germ. *kupp- and *kubb- (cf. 16) : OE copp ‘summit’, dtor-coppe 
 ‘spider’, cuppe ‘cup’, ON hoppr ‘Tasse, Napf, halbkugelformige 
 Erhéhung’, OHG hopf, etc. ; Icel. kubbi, kubbr ‘ stump, stub’, ON kobbi 
 ‘Robbe’, LG obbe ‘ spider’, NE cub, cob, cobble, etc.: Icel. kufr ‘ rund- 
 licher Gipfel’; Du. kuif ‘Haube, Federbusch, Wiptel’ (cf. Mod. Phil. 
 18. 83, 90; and 16 below). 
 
 44.44. Obba ‘a vessel large at the bottom, beaker’: obua id., 
 *obhena ‘bunch, ball : bowl’, whence also dial offa ‘a piece, lump, 
 mass’, ofella (*offella) ‘a little bit, morsel’ (cf. Lidén, BB 21. 111 f.). 
 
 44.45. Limbus ‘border, hem, fringe ; belt, band, girdle ; headband, 
 fillet; noose, snare; zodiac’, *limvos : limis, limus ‘askew, aslant’, 
 limus ‘a girdle or apron trimmed with purple worn by priests’, /imes 
 ‘cross-path, boundary ; line or vein in a precious stone ; path, pas- 
 sage ; track of light left behind by meteors, zodiac >, ON limr ‘ Glied, 
 Zweig’, acc. pl. limu, Germ. stem *limu-, OE lim ‘limb’, root */z- 
 ‘bend, give way’: Lat. litwus ‘the crooked staff of the augur’, 
 Goth. lifus ‘Glied’, Gr. Xtra acc. ‘garment’, déivov ‘ flax, lint ; 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 89 
 
 linen ; thread, line, cord; net’, Lat. linum, linea; licitum, obliquus ; 
 laevus, etc. 
 
 41.16. Nimbus ‘violent rain, rain storm; rain cloud, cloud of 
 vapor, smoke, dust; cloud-shaped splendor enveloping the gods; 
 multitude, great quantity’ (peditum, pilorum, telorum, lapidum 
 saxorumque), *imvos ‘violence, power, great quantity’ : mimius 
 “very great, very much, too great, too powerful’, nimium ‘ supera- 
 bundance, excess’, nimis ‘ excessively, overmuch’, nimietas ‘a too 
 great number or quantity’, base *neim- in Welsh nwyf ‘ pervading 
 element; vivacity, energy, vigor’, nwyfo ‘ lebendig werden’, nwyfiant 
 ‘Gewalt ; Glanz’, Ir. niam ‘Glanz’, etc. (cf. Class. Phil. 8. 313 3 14. 
 260). 
 
 12. The Dentals + w in Italic 
 
 The change of initial dw- to b- is generally acknowledged for Latin 
 but not for the dialects. The material on hand is not sufficient, how- 
 ever, to prove that the treatment was different in the dialects. The 
 apparent exceptions, and these occur in Latin as well, are due in part 
 to analogy andin part to the fact that dw- is simplified to d- when the 
 following vowel precedes a labial (m, p, 5, v) or the next syllable con- 
 tains w (v). The change ot dw- to b- is without doubt the result of as- 
 similation : db-, db-, bb-, b-. Between vowels the d disappears: sudvis, 
 sevocare (Brugmann, Gr. I? 322). This loss must have occurred at a 
 time when the syllabic division was *suad-vis. In the same way we may 
 explain mollis from *mol(d)wis, and derbidsus from *der(d)wi- with 
 vulgar Lat. b for v. This loss of d was much earlier than the change 
 of dw to b. Hence *londhwos through the comparatively late */ondvos 
 became lumbus. 
 
 The change of original dw- to b- is illustrated by Lat. bi-, bis, bellum, 
 bene, bonus, bellus, bedre, etc. (cf. Waldes.v.). For the dissimilatory 
 loss of w after d, see 12.03 ff. 
 
 12.04. Bellua ‘beast, distinguished for size or ferocity, as an ele- 
 phant, lion, wild boar, whale, etc. ’, béstia ‘ beast, wild animal’, from 
 *dwés- (not *dhwes-) ; *dewes- ‘ pull, tear’ in ME 10-tasen ‘ touse’, NE 
 touse ‘tear or pull apart; tease, comb ; worry, plague ; handle rough- 
 ly ; intr. bustle, struggle’, touser towser ‘one who or that which 
 touses’ (often used as the name of a dog), tousy ‘ rough, shaggy, 
 unkempt, tousled’, tousle ‘pull, about roughly; dishevel’, tussle 
 
90 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 ‘struggle, scuffle’, Icel. tosa ‘ pull, drag’, MHG er-ztisen ‘ zerzausen ’, 
 vase ‘ Gestriipp, Haarlocke’, EFris. tasen ‘zausen, reissen, zupfen, 
 rupfen, beschadigen; rauh sein, stiirmen’, tasig ‘ zerzaust, zerris- 
 sen, wirr, wild, stiirmisch’, tuse(/) ‘ wirrer Knauel, wirr und rauh 
 aussehender Biischel, Zotte’, Lat. dirus (“dasos) ‘rough, harsh, 
 hard, rude, uncultivated; severe, toilsome; hardy, vigorous’, damus 
 ‘thorn-bush, bramble’, Skt. dasdyati ‘ verdirbt, versehrt, schandet, 
 beschimpft’, dusyati ‘ verdirbt, wird schlecht’, etc. 
 
 12.02. IE *dwi- ‘bi-’ appears in Lat. regularly as bi- except before 
 labials, otherwise as di- : dimus ‘bimus’, divium ‘ bivium’, difariam 
 ‘ bifariam’. This gave rise to a feeling fora double form for the prefix, 
 hence bimus for dimus, etc. on one hand, and diennium ‘ biennium’, 
 disulcus ‘ bisulcus ’ on the other. The forms with d where not pho- 
 netic would also be accounted for by association with duo, as is cer- 
 tainly the case with Varro’s dés ‘ bes’. Compare NE thribble made over 
 from triple, treble crossed with three, thrice. 
 
 The apparent change of dw- to d- in Umbrian may be explained in 
 the same way. Umbr. di-fue ‘ bifidum’ may be regular. U. dia ‘ det’ 
 may be an extension of an opt. *dwye- (where w would dissappear) 
 modeled on habia ‘ habeat’. U. purditom ‘ porrectum’, purdoutto ‘ por- 
 ricito’, O. akkatus ‘ advocati’ from *ad(o)kato- are on another basis, 
 since medial -dw-, -d-w- are differently treated. 
 
 42.03. Damia ‘bona dea’, *duamia : bere, bonus, Skt. diuivah * Gabe, 
 Ehrerweisung ’. 
 
 12.04. démum, démus ‘at length, at last’, *dwémo- : dum ‘while, 
 as long as; until; now, yet’, dadum : ‘a short time ago, formerly’, 
 Gr. 34v, Dor. dav ‘ for a long time’, *dwam, OBulg. davé ‘ einstmals’. 
 
 42.05. Domnus, dominus ‘lord ’, perhaps from *dvomnos, *dvobnos : 
 OLat. dubenos ‘ dominus’. 
 
 12.06. Aside from such examples IE dw- does not become Lat. d-. 
 For dirus ‘ portentous, ominous, ill-omened, fearful, awful ; abomi- 
 nable, horrible’, dirae ‘ portents, unlucky signs; Furies’, are not from 
 a root “dwei- ‘ fear’, but from IE *diro- ‘ appearing, seen : appearance, 
 sight, omen’: Norw. tira ‘stieren, genau zusehen’, fir ‘Spihen, 
 Glanz’, ON tirr, OE, OS tir ‘splendor, glory, honor’, Swed. tira 
 ‘leuchten’, Lith. dyréti ‘hervorgucken’, root *déi- also in Skt. divyati 
 ‘leuchtet’, LRuss. dyvyty sa ‘schauen’, OBulg. divi ‘ Wunder’, 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 91 
 
 Czech divny ‘wunderbar, sonderbar, schrecklich’, ORuss., divii 
 ‘Wunder, Schreckbild ’, Lith. detvé ‘ Gespenst’, etc. Cf. MLN 34. 208. 
 
 IE tw- : Italic p- 
 
 Initial tw- becomes Ital. (not simply Lat.) p- through the assimila- 
 tion 16, tp, pp. The objection made by Persson, Beitr. 470 ff., against 
 the parallelism dw- b- : tw- p-, because dw- and tw- do not develop 
 alike in Greek, is entirely unfounded. For the only certain compa- 
 risons there given for IE tw-: Lat. t- (tesqua, tama, to which might 
 have been added several others) are due to dissimilation either because 
 of a following labial or w in the next syllable, as Persson admits in 
 the case of tesqua. For the following discussion, cf. Class. Phil. 14. 
 262 ff. 
 
 12.07. Pacio ‘contract’, paciscor ‘make a contract, bargain’, pax 
 ‘agreement, peace’, Umbr. pacer ‘ propitious’ (cf. Buck, Gram. § 257. 
 2); pango ‘ fasten, fix; compose, make ; agree upon, conclude’, pagus 
 (inclosure) ‘district, province; country; country people’, pagina 
 “leaf, slab ; page, paragraph ; four rows of vines joined together, in 
 a square, bed’, bases *twég-, *twag- ‘press down, pack; press to- 
 gether, join, inclose, etc.’ : Gr. c&ttw ‘ pack close, press down, stamp 
 down ; load, arm, equip; cram, stuff, fill tull ; pass. sink down, settle’ 
 onxds ‘any inclosure : pen, fold; den, nest; garden; chapel, shrine 
 hollow trunk of an olive tree’, sjxmya ‘sacred inclosure’ ; c%yq ‘ trap” 
 pings, harness, equipment, armor’, oxyya ‘ pack ; covering, clothing ; 
 anything piled together ’ (may also represent *twag-), cayfvy ‘seine’, 
 cayis’ mihpa, cayoupev’ yuoyabrov, Lat. tugurium ‘hut, cot’ (through 
 association with tego also tegurium). 
 
 In the sense ‘ drive in, set, plant’, pango represents the root *pag-. 
 
 12.08. Paetus ‘having leering eyes, blinking; having a pretty cast 
 in the eyes ’, *twattos ‘ bent, bent in, hollow; bent, ote«d¢, schielend ’, 
 root *twéi-: Gr. civsg ‘bent, bent in, concave, hollow; tugAd¢’ 
 (Hes.), oigdd¢ ‘bent, crippled; bent in, hollow; blinking, purblind’, 
 crAAouv’ tobs Eqbadrwods nuéoa Tapagpépery ev TG Stragavattey nal Sracd- 
 eewv, ‘leer at in contempt and mockery’. 
 
 12.09. Piget ‘it irks, troubles, displeases, disgusts; repents ; 
 makes ashamed’, piger ‘ unwilling, averse; backward, slow, dull, lazy, 
 sluggish ; benumbing; dejected, dispirited, sad’, base *twig- ‘ bend, 
 turn away, give way, cause to turn away; bend down, depress, 
 
92 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 deject’: Gr. ciyq (giving way, subsidence) ‘quiet, silence’, styéu 
 ‘cease, rest ; cease to speak, be still, be silent’; ctxyoo Clwigh-wos ‘a 
 turning away from’) ‘loathing, disgust’, siyaivw ‘loathe, dislike’, 
 oinyatoua id., otnyalopevoc’ oxwmtdyevoc, root *twéi- ‘ bend (in, out, 
 up, down), give way, yield; cause to bend or sway’: Gr. ociyde 
 ‘bent, inclined (up, down, in, out): steep; hollow, concave’, civsw 
 ‘turn up the nose, sneer at; bend in; pass. be bent in, become hol- 
 low or flat’, txt-c. ‘ bend, turn aside one’s course’, &x0-c. ‘make flat 
 or pug-nosed ; turn (ships or army) aside, make a movement side- 
 ward’, drocipdcar’ to mixta xal thy moyqy mpocbeivar your4yv; OE pwi- 
 nan (give way, subside) ‘dwindle’, MSwed. thwima ‘ hinschwinden, 
 hinschmachten, hinsiechen’, Swed. tvina (dort) ‘ hinwelken (von 
 Pflanzen) : hinschwinden, hinsiechen ’. Cf. 7.48; 44.07. 
 
 12.10. Pila ‘ball, globe, ballot, stuffed effigy’, pilleus, pilleum ‘a 
 conical felt cap’, Parthi pilleati ‘the bonneted [top-knotted] Par- 
 thians’, base “*fwil- ‘bend, turn, roll’ : Gr. dvaotAdog ‘ top-knotted, 
 wer aufgebogenes Haar, einen in die Héhe stehenden Haarschopf 
 hat’, avéorhkov ‘topknot, tuft ; the hair on the head of the lion; 
 on the forehead of Parthians; as a slave’s mask in comedy’, otA\vBog 
 ‘tuft, bob; parchment label’. , 
 
 12.44. Pilus (something scraped or pulled off) ‘hair; particle, 
 trifle’, pilare ‘make bald; plunder, pillage’, *twi-lo-, -la- ‘scrape, 
 wear away” : Gr. otAddcg’ avapdédavtos, ‘bald’, otAdéa* teiyopa 7 
 hetov Hes., i.e. ‘the beginning of a growth of hair’ (Lat. pilare ‘ grow 
 hairy’) or ‘smooth place’ (Lat. pilare ‘make bald’), stron, stron 
 (scraper, gnawer) ‘grub, beetle; bookworm’, root *twéi- in cwisw 
 ‘rub, polish, make shining’, otgAwya, otyé¢kwya ‘an instrument for 
 smoothing or polishing ; the polished metal rim of a shield’, cfyakow 
 ‘polish’, civowa. (*twinyo-) ‘tear away, tear in pieces, devour; rob, 
 plunder ; hurt, damage’, OE dwitan ‘shave off, cut’. 
 
 12.42. Palor ‘wander hither and thither, be dispersed, straggle’, 
 dispalo ‘ scatter, disperse’, *twal-: Pol. tutad sie ‘sich herumtreiben, 
 herumirren’, Lett. tufot (waver) ‘siumen, langsam sein, zégernd an 
 die Arbeit gehn; schwatzen’, Gr. oddog (*twal-) ‘ any unsteady, toss- 
 ing motion’, caAedw ‘make to shake or rock; move to and fro, roll, 
 toss; roll in one’s walk, swagger’, coddxwy ‘ swaggerer, coxcomb’, 
 chan ‘agitation, distress’, cakayet’ tapdccer Hes., cadkavy ‘noise, 
 uproar’, ON yr ‘ noise’, OE fyle ‘ orator, buffoon, jester’. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 93 
 
 42.13. Palear ‘dewlap’ (*tval-), palpo ‘ stroke ; flatter, caress’, pal- 
 pito ‘tremble, throb, pant’, palpebra ‘winkers, eyelashes, eyelids’ 
 may belong to 12.42. 
 
 12.44. Pulpitum ‘ staging made of boards, scaffold, platform ’, *tvel- 
 pitom : Lett. tulpités ‘sich haufen’, Pol. tuli¢ ‘ schmiegen, pressen ’, 
 o-t. ‘einhiillen, bedecken ’, s-t. ‘ schliessen, zumachen’, OE for-pylman 
 ‘choke ; envelop, encompass, cover’, Pwéele ‘ band, fillet’, Gr. cakacow 
 ‘ overload, cram full’, ceApig ‘anything made of planks; an angler’s 
 noose made of hair’, c¢Aya ‘the upper timberwork of a ship, deck ; 
 seat, throne ; pl. rowing-benches ; scaffolds on which the defenders 
 of the wall stood; logs of building timber’, céAtg ‘space between 
 benches in a boat or in a theater ; blank space between two columns, 
 page of a book’, base *twel- ‘ press together, enclose’. 
 
 12.45. Polleo ‘be strong, powerful’, pollex ‘thumb, great toe; 
 knob or protuberance on a tree; short twig of a vine’, palmes ‘a 
 young branch of avine, bough, branch’, *twel- ‘ swell’ : Gr. cdheg 
 ‘around mass of iron orstone used as a quoit’, tdAo¢ ‘lump, knob, 
 knot, callus, bolt, peg’, 7¥Aq ‘lump, callus, pad, cushion’. 
 
 42.16. Pulpa ‘the fleshy portion of animal bodies, pulp of fruit’, 
 pulmentum ‘sauce, relish ; food’, perhaps also pulmo (soft substance) 
 ‘lung; a fish, sea-lung ; pulmoneus ‘ pulmonic ; soft, spongy ’, *twel-p- 
 ‘wet, soft, spongy’, this probably from ‘swell, bloat’ : Gr. oginov ‘a 
 juicy plant eaten asa relish’, o%Any ‘a sea fish, salpa’, séhayog ‘a 
 cartilaginous fish’, oéAivov ‘a kind of parsley’, Lith. tulsztu ‘ become 
 soft or mellow’, pa-t. ‘be softened by water’, NIcel. Avalur ‘ damp; 
 moist, clammy’. 
 
 42.47. Penus (enclosure) ‘locus intimus in aede Vestae’, penes 
 ‘within, in possession of’, penitus ‘inner, interior’, Pendtes ‘ guardian 
 deities’, *teven-, tewe-n- ‘ enclose, guard, cover’: tunica ‘ tunic; tegu- 
 ment, husk, peel’, éweor, tuor ‘ watch, observe, guard, protect, main- 
 tain; care for’: pontifex (*tvontifax), from tvonti- ‘ observance, cere- 
 mony, sacred rite’: Pontifex (for -fax cf. 10.42) is a counterpart of 
 sacerdés, which may be from *sacro-dhots (rather than -dots), and simi- 
 lar in meaning to flamen : Goth. blotan ‘ worship’, OE blotan < sacrifice 
 to, worship with sacrifice’. 
 
 42.48. Pons (plank, timber) ‘wooden bridge over swamp, ditch, 
 river, between towers ona wall, from ship to land ; floor of a tower ; 
 
94 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 deck of a ship’, *twont-: Gr. cavig (*twanid-) ‘board, plank, door, 
 tablet ; platform, stage, deck’. Cf. 12.49. 
 
 12.49. Panis ‘panel of a door; lump (of metal); loaf, bread’, 
 panus ‘swelling, tumor; tuft, panicle’ (or this and panicum “ panic 
 grass’ to 4.03), *twan- ‘swelling, bunch’ : Lith. tvinéi ‘ swell, rise’, 
 tudnas ‘ flood’, Skt. tauti, taviti‘ ist stark, hat Macht’, Gr. cavic, 
 12.18. 
 
 42.20. Pario (join, bring together) ‘create, accomplish, devise, 
 invent ; acquire, get; beget, bear, drop, spawn’, pardre ‘make ready, 
 prepare, furnish ; order, contrive, design ; procure, acquire ’, zmperare, 
 -dlor, imperium, base *twer- : OBulg. tvoriti ‘ machen, schaffen’, Serb. 
 ivoriti ‘ machen, bilden, formen’, Lett. wert ‘ greifen, fassen, halten’, 
 Lith. tvérti ‘fassen ; ziunen’, su-tvérti ‘ zusammenfassen, erschaffen ’, 
 turéti ‘haben; ein Junges werfen (von weiblichen Tieren)’, ap-t. 
 ‘erhalten, erlangen, besitzen’ : Gr. tevpcopar ‘ prepare, form’ ; tedyu 
 ‘prepare, form, create’, zetuyyévog ‘made, built; compact, lasting, 
 firm ’, cvyvég (held together, packed) ‘ continuous; much, many, fre- 
 quent’, Skt. tudksati ‘ wirkt, gestaltet’, OHG dwingan ‘zusammen- 
 driicken, pressen ; beengen, drangen’, etc. 
 
 12.24. Parco ‘spare, use sparingly; abstain from, forbear’, parcus 
 ‘sparing, frugal; penurious; spare, scanty, little, mean’, compesco 
 ‘fasten together, confine, hold in check, repress’, porceo ‘keep off, 
 hinder; restrain’, Osc. pestlim (inclosure) ‘templum’, Mars. pesco 
 ‘sacrum’: Lith. tvarka ‘ schickliche oder angenehme Haltung, Fas- 
 sung, Ordnung’, tvarkyti ‘etwas in die gehdrige Fassung bringen’ : 
 ivérti ‘fassen, einfassen, zaunen’, tvord ‘ Zaun’, tvartas ‘ Einzaunung, 
 Hiirde’ (: Lat. paries Sommer, Hdb. 227), Lett. ap-turét ‘ anhalten, 
 nicht weiter lassen, abhalten’, twermes, twérzme ‘ Anhalt, Riickhalt ; 
 Schutz, Trost’, Lith. me-tvermé ‘ ein Massloser, wer in keiner Hinsicht 
 Mass halt’, ON pyrma ‘spare, parcere’, Pyrmilega ‘ gently, leniently’, 
 Norw. tyrma ‘schonen, sparen, moderieren’, u-tyrma ‘ harter, riick- 
 sichtsloser Mensch’, OE ge-Pwre ‘ united ; peaceful, gentle, pleasing ; 
 yielding to, obedient; prosperous’ (: Lett. turigs ‘ wohlbehalten, 
 wohlhabend’), Pwerian ‘ reconcile, agree ; consent to ; suit, fit’, root 
 *tewe- ‘ press, repress, confine, hold, inclose, etc.’, whence also OHG 
 doubon ‘ domare, redigere’, Lett. taupit ‘aufhalten, aufschieben ; spa- 
 ren, schonen’, taupigs ‘ sparsam’. 
 
 12.22. Perdo (*perzdo) ‘ destroy, ruin, squander, waste, consume ; 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 95 
 
 lose’, pestis (*perstis) ‘destruction, ruin, death, pest’, base *twers- : 
 ON fuerra ‘decrease, diminish, fall away, wane; dry out’, OS thor- 
 ron “vergehen’ : thior ‘diirr, trocken’, Pol. tyrac ‘abnutzen, abrei- 
 ben’, *twer- in the above. Or perdo (*perido), pestis from *!wes- in 
 OHG thwesben, dwesben ‘ vertilgen, verderben, ausléschen’, Waldeck. 
 dispen ‘ unterdriicken, bezwingen, léschen’, Lat. tesqua (10.55). 
 
 12.23. Perperam ‘wrongly, incorrectly’, *twerp- ‘twist, pervert, 
 distort’ : turpis ‘distorted, disfigured ; ugly, loathsome, unsightly, 
 base’, from *twer- in Skt. tudrate (whirl) <eilt’, OHG dweran 
 ‘schnell herumdrehen, umrihren, mischen’: dwerah < schrag, quer, 
 verkehrt’, OE pweorh ‘ adverse ; angry ; perverse, bad’, Goth. pwairhs 
 ‘angry ’. 
 
 IE tw- : Italic t- before Labials 
 
 12.24. Tama ‘a swelling of the feet and legs’, *tuamad : Gr. c&pos 
 ‘dune’, Lat. twmeo, tumor (Persson, Beitr. 47 I). 
 
 12.25. Tomentum (*twomptom) ‘ stuffing for cushions’: Gr. sdpa 
 (*twompt) ‘ body’, Lat. tumeo. 
 
 12.26. Templum ‘an open space for observation, marked out by 
 the augur, any inclosed space, temple, shrine, chamber of the mouth ; 
 crossbeam’, contemplor ‘ contueor’, base *twem-Io-, -la- ¢ press togeth- 
 er, confine, inclose, hold; behold’ : con-tumax ‘firm, steadfast ; 
 obstinate, stubborn, insolent’, contumdcia ‘firmness, steadfastness ; 
 obstinacy ’, Gr. tevyzoyon ‘ prepare’ (for meaning, cf. 12.20). 
 
 12.211. Timeo, timor ‘fear’, *twi-m- ‘ bend, turn’: Gr. ciyds bent’, 
 Guyot vata" avtk tod petabddAer tz vOta Hes., root *twei- ‘ turn, shake, 
 agitate, trepidare’ : Av. 6way- ‘inspire fear’ ; Skt. ivisdti ‘ist in hefti- 
 ger Bewegung, ist erregt’, Gr. cctw ‘shake, move to and fro ; agitate, 
 disturb, excite’. 
 
 12.28. Tibia, *twibhya : Gr. stgwy an empty or hollow body, reed, 
 straw, tube’ Walde? 778). 
 
 12.29. Tabanus ‘ gad-fly, horse-fly’, *twabhano- sucker, ctowy’ : 
 Lat. tuba, tubus. For meaning, compare aipatoc av8eav stowves, which 
 in Mel. 93.2 describes gnats or mosquitoes. 
 
 12.30. Teba ‘hill’, *twebha : tuber ‘ swelling’, Icel. pifa ‘hillock, 
 knoll’. 
 
 12.34. Tabula ‘board, plank; tablet, table; a square of ground in 
 
 FERRE 
 
96 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO, 3, 1926 
 
 a vineyard; a fold in a garment’, tabulatio ‘a planking or flooring 
 over, a floor or story’, tabulinum ‘balcony, terrace >, taberna ‘ hut, 
 booth, stall, shop, inn’, base */wabh- ‘ make firm, hold, etc.’ : Gr. 
 cuss ‘ fixed, well established, certain, sure, true > 2d capée (the fixed 
 or established) ‘ truth’, 74 capavés id., cagqvito ‘ make certain, explain ; 
 establish, determine’, Icel. pybbinn (holding firm) ‘stubborn, obsti- 
 nate’, pybbast fyrir ‘make a stubborn resistance ’, pumbast fyrir id., 
 Pumbari ‘obstinate person; sluggard’, pauf ‘ laborious struggle’, pofta 
 (beam, plank, thwart) ‘rower’s bench’, OHG dofta id., gidofto 
 “socius’, gidofta ‘socia’: Gr. oxo¢ * safe, sure, certain’, Lat. tueor 
 ‘protect, guard, hold, maintain ’. 
 
 Intervocalic -tw- in Italic 
 
 Intervocalic -tw- results eithet in an early gemination -/f- (or -ttu-) 
 or a later assimilation to -pp-, in which latter case the -tv- came from 
 an earlier -/u-. 
 
 42.32. Quattuor, vulg. quatior. The vulgar form is regular, while 
 quattuor is probably a compromise of quattor and *guatu(w)or. Osc. 
 pelora owes its single ¢ to forms in which ¢ is regular. 
 
 42,.33. Octaivus from “*octtévos, *octvdvos : octud-ginta, Gr. oyde%- 
 xovta, Goth. abtu-da ‘ eighth’, etc. 
 
 12.34. Batto, battuo ‘ beat’, *batvd. Cf. 1.09. 
 
 12,.35: Vitta ‘band, fillet’, *vitua : vitus, Gr. irug ‘the rim of a 
 round body’ (cf. Brugmann, Gr. I? 322 with lit.), OE wippe etc., 
 16.33. 
 
 12.36: Gutta ‘drop’, *gutva ‘globule’, guttus (round object) “a 
 vessel for liquids’, guttur ‘gullet, throat’, gutturnium ‘vas ex quo 
 aqua in Manus datur’ (not ‘‘ ab eo, quod propter oris angustias gut- 
 tatim fluat”, but because of the’ bulging or rounding bottom) : OE 
 codd (Germ. *kudwa-). ‘ bag; cod, shell, husk’, Goth. gipus (*gwetu-) 
 , belly’, OE céod ‘ pouch, vessel’ (*géuto-). Cf. 16.40. 
 
 12,.31. Mitto ‘send, throw, hurl’, *smitwo : Av. mae0- ‘ mittere’, 
 MDu. smiten, MHG smizen ‘ schmeissen, werfen ’, smitzen ‘ etwas Spit- 
 ziges schnell bewegen; geisseln, hauen; intr. eilig gehen, laufen’, 
 smiltze ‘ Hieb, Streich’ (with Germ. -t-, -it- from pre-Germ. -tw+), 
 OHG smiththa, smidda, smitta ‘Schmiede’, Germ. *smipwon- : ON 
 smidr, gen. smidar, ‘Germ. *smipu-, Goth. gasmipon ‘schmieden’. 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 97 
 
 With Germ. *smitan ‘throw, smite; hasten’ fell together *smitan in 
 OE smitan ‘smear’, Goth. bismeitan ‘beschmieren’, Norw. smita 
 ‘bestreichen’, smiten ‘einschmeichelnd’, with IE d : Lett. smaidit 
 “schmeicheln, lacheln’, Gr. wedéw ‘smile’, etc. (cf. Mod. Phil. 4. 
 496 f.). Cf. 16, and Mod. Phil. 18. 86, 92. 
 
 12.38. Littera ‘letter, writing’, from *slitwera ‘a cutting, slitting, 
 Ritzen ’ (for suffix, cf. Brugmann, Gr. Il? 357) : Goth. sleips ‘ schad- 
 lich’, gasleipjan ‘schadigen’, root *slei- in ON slita, OE slitan ‘slit, 
 split’, etc. ; OE t0-slifan ‘split’, OHG sliffan ‘gleiten; schleifen’, 
 and many others. Cf. 16.20. 
 
 12.39. Sagitia ‘ arrow, shaft, bolt’ is probably from *sagitva, with 
 suffix -twa as in ChSI. britva ‘ Scheermesser’. The word has certainly 
 nothing to do with sagwm ‘mantle’ (unless this is from the primary 
 meaning ‘ something cut or stript off : hide, pelt’), but is from the 
 root *ség-, sag- (or *seg-) ‘cut, secare’. Compare OHG, MHG sabs 
 “Messer, kurzes Schwert, Eisenspitze eines Geschosses ?, ON sax, OE 
 seax ‘knife, short sword’, Lat. saxum ‘rock, stone’, OBulg. socha 
 “Knitippel’, osositi ‘abscindere’, Pol. socha ‘Pflugschar’ (cf. Walde 
 693, where the words are referred to *seq- ‘secare’), MLG sek, seke, 
 OHG seh, MHG sech ‘ Pllugschar’, and: perhaps Lat. seges ‘crop, fruit’ 
 (cf. Fick, III+423). For meaning compare ChSl. zetva ‘ Ernte’ : Skt. 
 hantvah ‘ occidendus’. 
 
 12.40. Here also probably belong the ##- perfects in the dialects : 
 Osc. prufatted ‘ probavit’, dadikatted ‘ dedicavit’, teremnattens ‘termi- 
 naverunt’, tribarakattins ‘aedificaverint’, d]uunated ‘ donavit’, Pael. 
 coisatens © curaverunt’, Marruc. amatens ‘amaverunt’, Volsc. sistiatiens 
 *statuerunt’, in which the tt or ¢ may come from tw (cf. Buck, Osc. 
 Umbr. Gram. 228). These are probably formed on the verbals in -tu-, 
 -two-. 
 
 The change of medial -tv- to -pp- was comparatively late and per- 
 haps local. It results from the change of -tu- to -tv- and the shift of 
 the syllabic division. Thus an early Italic *pit-wita would give *pit(t)ita, 
 but a later Lat. pi-iviia gave *pip(p)ita. 
 
 12.44. Italian pipita: Lat. pitvita (Horace) for the usual pituita 
 ‘slime’ (Brugmann, Gr. I? 322). 
 
 12.42. Cappa ‘cap’, *catva, *calua: ON hotir ‘hat’, stem hattu- 
 from *gatw- (46.08), Gr. xdcza, xdtrm, norris ‘the head, esp. the 
 cerebellum’, xétt0g ‘a river fish, Cottus gobio’, KOTTAOUA’ Te dna the 
 
98 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 xéyypou Hes., Gr. -tz- from -tw-, Lat. cassis ‘helmet’, *gattis, with 
 which compare OE hassoc (tutt) ‘ coarse grass’, ME hassok ‘ tuft of 
 grass or rushes’, NE hassock ‘ coarse grass which grows in rank tufts 
 on boggy ground, esp. the large sedge, Carex paniculata ; a besom, 
 anything bushy; a thick hard cushion used as a footstool’, OE hod 
 ‘hood’, etc. Here also ME haddok ‘ haddock’ : xétt0¢. 
 
 12.43. Cuppa ‘beaker’, *cutva, *cutua ‘hollow’ : Gr. xdooupog 
 ‘concave of sky ; anus’, Lat. cuturnium ‘vessel’. 
 
 12.44. Lippus ‘ dropping, running; blear-eyed ’, *litvos, litu- : Gr. 
 Zdersov ‘drinking-cup’, Goth. leipus ‘Obstwein’, Lith. lytus ‘rain’. 
 Or.cf. 44.05: 
 
 12.45. Pappa ‘ food’, pappare‘ eat’, *paiva-: Skt. pitd-h ‘ food’, Gr. 
 
 / > 
 matéoua, ‘eat. 
 
 12.46. Puppis ‘the stern of a ship’, *putvis ‘big end, bulge’ : Skt. 
 puta ‘ buttock’. Or from *pupvis : 11.09. 
 
 43. IE -nw- : Italic -nn- 
 
 The change here assumed must have been pre-Italic, for the later 
 combination -nv- remained, regardless of the origin of the v. Such 
 forms as convenio, invitus are plainly late compounds, since the phone- 
 tic forms would have been *conguenio, *inquitus. That does not mean 
 that the old compounds did not exist, but simply that there was a 
 constant re-formation of con+venio. The same explanation would 
 hold for words with original v, as in con-veho. Wherever nv come 
 together in Latin or in the dialects, it follows either that there must 
 have been a vowel between mand vor else that it was a new compound, 
 that is, new as explained above. 
 
 13.04. Cinnus ‘a mixed drink’, *kwinwo- ‘a stirring up, a mixture’, 
 identical with cinnus ‘nutus; tortio Oris ; inde dictus concinnus’, con- 
 cinnus ‘well arranged, adjusted, beautiful ; fit, appropriate ’: Gr. xivoy 
 (*kwinwo-) ‘liquor made from barley’, z.vdw (set in order, instruo) 
 ‘instruct, admonish, make wise or prudent’, muutd¢ ‘ wise, prudent. 
 
 sagacious ’. Cf. 9.46, 10.28. 
 
 13.02. Tinnio ‘ have a sharp or shrill voice, cry, scream ; ring, 
 tinkle, clink’, tinnulus ‘ shrill-sounding, tinkling ’, primarily ‘ making 
 a thin sound’ : tenuis ‘ thin’. 
 
 13.03. Vinnulus ‘ mollis, blandus, delectabilis’, *wywelo-or wen- 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 99 
 
 welo- : Skt. vanéti ‘wiinscht, liebt, verlangt, gewinnt’, vanti-h 
 ‘eifrig’ ‘ k, labor; perf hieve ; wi in’ 
 eifrig’, ON vinna ‘work, labor; perform, achieve ; win, gain’, 
 Goth. winno, wunns ‘Leiden’, winnan ‘leiden’, OHG wunna 
 ‘Wonne ’, etc. 
 
 13.04. Vannus ‘ winnowing-fan ’, *vanvos from *wytwo- : OE wind- 
 wian “blow ; winnow’, *uéntwa-, Lat. ventilare, ventus. 
 
 Or vannus may be from *wenwo-, with which compare OHG wanna 
 “ Getreideschwinge’, wannon ‘worfeln’ (probably not a loanword, 
 since that would give NHG *Vanne with v as in Vers), Gr. aive ‘sift, 
 winnow’, *wanyd. 
 
 13.05. Indnis ‘ empty, void, useless, vain’, Italic *innanis from *en- 
 wanis : vanus ‘empty’. The difference in treatment between indnis : 
 inverto is parallel with that in operio : obverto. 
 
 13.06. Pinna ‘ peak, pinnacle; fin’, *pinwd ‘ point, sharp point’, 
 
 OE finn ‘fin’. 
 44. IE sw-in Greek 
 
 Inasmuch as it is certain that initial sw- regularly loses the s in 
 Greek, it is a priori improbable that the s is ever retained. The 
 examples given to prove such an hypothesis are all easily explained 
 otherwise, as I have shown in Class. Phil. 14. 245 ff. Compare espe- 
 cially the following : 
 
 14.01. cafande ‘ shattered : enervated, effeminate’, caScxrns ‘ shat- 
 terer, esp. of a mischievous goblin who broke pots’, *twmb- or *twab- : 
 toyBo¢ ‘doddering’ (on which see Boisacq 991), NE thump ‘beat’, 
 Lett. taubens ‘ was leicht zerbricht ; vertrocknet ; abgestorben, schlaff’, 
 Lat. titubo. Or from *twag” : Skt. tujdti, tujati ‘ schlagt, stésst, treibt 
 an ; med. kommt in schnelle Bewegung ’, tvangati ‘springt, hiipft ’, 
 etc. : Lith. tvdti ‘ tiichtig priigeln’. 
 
 14.02. ca-yivq ‘a large dragnet for taking fish, seine’, sayice* nhox, 
 szyoupoy’ yupya0uov : od&yya ‘covering, clothing, covering of a shield’, 
 *“twag-, “twag- ‘inclose’ (cf. 42.07). Similarly from *fwer- ‘draw 
 together, inclose’ come Lith. ap-tvara ‘der das Netz der Fischer 
 umfassende Strick’, Gr. cereé ‘cord, rope, band’, capydévy < plait, 
 braid; wicker-work, basket’, odpryos ‘ wicker-work’, cap3dv ‘the 
 upper edge of a hunting net’ (cf. 12.20 f.). 
 
100 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO, 3, 1926 
 
 14.03. o¢hacg ‘light, blaze, flash, lightning’, ceAqyq ‘moon’, *twel- 
 ‘move violently, flicker, flash’ : &Aog ‘ any unsteady motion’, root 
 *tewe-, *tewa-, whence OHG dweran ‘schnell herumdrehen’, etc. ; 
 ON #ysja ‘bustle, rush’, pjésir <vehemence, anger’, OHG doson 
 ‘brausen, rauschen’, Lith. tvaskw ‘ schwatze; glinze, leuchte’; Skt. 
 tvisdti ‘ist in heftiger Bewegung, ist erregt ; funkelt, glinzt’, Gr. cet, 
 etc. With ofaag compare also Lat. pulcher ‘ glorious, illustrious ; beau- 
 tiful, fair’ from *twelkro- or *twolkro- ‘ bright, resplendent’. 
 
 14.04. catow ‘sweep’, cxpo¢ ‘ broom; litter, refuse’, ode 
 ‘sweepings, refuse, litter’, cdegos’ Onpidiov prxpov, omotov Eumts He 
 cgooog ‘a kind of gnat’ (for meaning compare OE gneit ‘gnat’ : 
 Swed. dial. gnatt ‘ particle, atom’, MHG gnatz ‘scurf, scab’), ovew 
 ‘sweep along (of rivers)’, cupyé¢ ‘anything that sweeps or tears 
 along with violence’, cde{y, zeny, Lat. turba, OHG dweran ‘ drehen, 
 rihren’. 
 
 44.05. céorg ‘a kind of endive’, cépigec, ceptgrov ‘a kind of worm- 
 wood’ belong to the same root in the sense ‘draw together, pucker, 
 be bitter’ in reference to the effect on the mouth. Compare especially 
 Skt. uvarah ‘ adstringierend ; eine bestimmte Kornart’. 
 
 v.W 
 ~ 
 
 14.06. coveds ‘ spongy, loose, porous; hollow (sound)’, *twombho- 
 ‘swelling, tumidus’ : tJyeq ‘a mountain in Epirus’, tigq ‘a plant 
 used for stuffing bolsters and beds’, Lat. taber ‘hump, swelling, 
 tumor; a kind of mushroom’, Gr. éxtugog ‘ puffed up, empty’. 
 
 Or from *dhwombho- ‘sinking, soft’ ; ON dofinn ‘ erschlafft, trige’, 
 EFris: duf ‘ gedimpft, dumpf; klanglos, hohl ; farblos, matt ; dumpfig, 
 feucht, moderig’, Norw. dov ‘ bebender Sumpfboden’, MLG dobbe 
 ‘Niederung, Vertiefung; Sumpf’, Lith. dumb, dibti ‘durch Einsin- 
 ken tief oder hohlwerden’, dumblas ‘Schlamm, Morast’, Pol. dub- 
 nie¢ ‘innen hohl werden, ausfaulen’, dial. dupniec ‘hohl werden, ver- 
 modern’, etc., IE bases *dheweb(h)-, *dhewep-. 
 
 14.01. civé ‘silence’, siyée ‘ cease, rest ; cease to speak, be silent’ 
 are related to OHG swigén ‘ schweigen’ only in meaning. In the latter 
 word the primary meaning is ‘ bend, swerve, give way, cease’. For 
 schweigen is certainly related to OSwed. swigha ‘ sich neigen’, Swed. 
 dial. sviga ‘ sich beugen, nachgeben’, NlIcel. svigna ‘sag, bend, give 
 way’, ON sveigja ‘biegen, beugen’, Germ. root *swi-, swai- “swing, 
 sway, swerve’ in ON svifa ‘schweben, schwanken’, svifask ‘ zurtick- 
 weichen von, scheuen’, Goth. sweiban ‘ablassen, aufhéren’, OHG 
 ciswifton ‘ conticescere’, MHG swiften ‘zum Schweigen bringen’. 
 
 a 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN IO! 
 
 If we should admit the above combination, then we must assume 
 an original *gswi-, for which see Class. Phil. 14. 257 f. But we may 
 better derive ovyaw from a base *!wig- ‘bend, give way, sink, subside’ 
 from a root *twéi-, ‘move to and fro, up and down : bend, subside, 
 cease; tr. bend, press down, in, out, up’ : OE Pwinan (subside) 
 ‘dwindle ’, MSwed. thwina ‘ hinschwinden’, Gr. stpd¢ ‘ bent, inclined 
 in, out, up’ (cf. 42.09), cidrog ‘ jeering’, *twil- ‘turn, turn up, roll’ 
 (12.10), rode ‘ pit’, *twir- ‘ bent in, hollow’, apdd¢ ‘ bent, crippled ; 
 bent in, hollow’ (cf. 12.28), cwviov (shaker) ‘sieve’, owatw ‘ sift, 
 winnow’ (for meaning, compare oé\a& ‘sieve’, cadhacow * shake’), 
 ctvec%a. ‘move back and forth,. roll’ (cf. Class. Phil. 14. 253), cel 
 ‘shake, move to and fro’, Skt. tuisdti ‘ ist in heftiger Bewegung ’, etc. 
 
 14.08. cwxdéecbar ‘be silent’ in ceowrdpévov, diacwracowar, and 
 evownta’ qovyta Hes. are best explained as containing a base *twdp- 
 ‘press down, suppress; settle down, subside’. Conipare OHG doubon 
 ‘domare, redigere’, gidoupdn ‘subigere, domare, subjugare (equos per 
 flagella)’, Pol twpad ‘stampfen’, Lett. taupit ‘aufhalten ; sparen’, tupt, 
 tupét ‘hocken’, Lith. timpti ‘sich niederkauern’, tupé'ti ‘ hocken, 
 kauern’, Gr, vtuzé¢ ‘ cowering’. 
 
 Compare the similar development in meaning in other bases from 
 the root *tewa-, *tewe-: Gr. odztw ‘ pack, press down, stamp, cram; 
 pass. sink down, settle’, Lat. pax ‘ peace’, pacare ‘ quiet, pacify, sub- 
 due, soothe’ (cf. 12.07). OHG dwingan ‘zusammendriicken, pres- 
 sen; bedringen, bezwingen, unterdriicken’, Av. Owazja'ti ‘ gerit in 
 Bedringnis’’ (Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 798), Gr. zedyw (press, put 
 together) ‘ prepare, make, form’, tetuypévog ‘ made; compact, firm’, 
 suyveg ‘continuous; frequent’, base *tewegh-, *twengh- ‘ press, com- 
 press, form; oppress, afflict; suppress, subdue; be suppressed, sink 
 down, settle, rest’ (cf. 12.20) : Gr. #-cuyog ‘still, calm, quiet, at 
 rest ; peaceful, gentle, soft, silent’, jcuvxta ‘ stillness, rest, quiet, ease, 
 peace; silence, solitude’, jovyatw ‘be still, quiet, at rest; ¢r. still, lay 
 to rest’, from *sé- (or *swé-) tugho- ‘ resting apart (from labor, war- 
 fare)’. Gr. caddécow ‘ overload, cram full’, OE for-fylman ‘ choke ; 
 cover, overwhelm’, Pol. tulid ‘ schmiegen, pressen’, o-tuli¢ ‘ einhil- 
 len, bedecken’, u-tuli¢ ‘ beruhigen, besinftigen, stillen’ (cf. 12.414). 
 Lat. obtiro ‘stop up, close; assuage, allay’, Lett. sa-twrét ‘anhalten, 
 festhalten’, refl. ‘ sich zurtickhalten, inne halten ; standhaft bei etwas 
 bleiben ’, twermes ‘Anhalt, Rickhalt ; Schutz, Trost’, ON ¢yrmilega 
 ‘gently, leniently ’, OE gePwére ‘ united ; peaceful, gentle ’ (cf. 12.21). 
 
102 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 NLG diispen ‘unterdriicken, bezwingen, léschen’, OHG dwesben 
 (*Pwaspian) ‘ausldschen, vertilgen’, Icel. pista ‘bully, tyrannize’, 
 OSwed. pustna ‘verstummen’, OPruss. tusnan ‘ stille’, tussise ‘ er 
 schweige’, OBulg. po-tuchnoti ‘ quiescere’, Skt. tisnim ‘stille, schwei- 
 gend’, tusyati ‘ist zufrieden, freut sich’. 
 
 In the above the idea of ‘rest, peace, gentleness, calm, quiet, 
 silence, etc.’ comes either through ‘ press down, suppress, hold, check’ 
 or ‘be suppressed, subside ’. 
 
 For meaning compare MHG tuzzen ‘ pressen, driicken ; verbergen’, 
 OE dyttan ‘ obturare, shut (ears), stop (mouth)’, MHG #itzen ‘zum 
 Schweigen bringen, beschwichtigen ’, taze ‘stille, sanft, ruhig ’. MHG 
 hiiren ‘ kauern’, beharen ‘knicken, zertreten ; tiberwiltigen’, gehiure 
 ‘sanft, anmutig’, NHG Swiss gehiir ‘ geheuer, sicher ; ruhig, gemtit- 
 lich ; massvoll, massig’, Icel. hyrast ‘lie quiet, rest; be gladdened’. 
 MHG haichen ‘ hocken, kauern’, NHG hocken, Swiss hiicken ‘ nieder- 
 kauern ; refl. sich ducken, still halten’, gehiicken ‘sich still halten, 
 zufrieden geben, sich unterziehen ’. 
 
 14.09. cwx4 ‘silence, stillness’, cuwzdéw ‘ be silent ; keep in silence, 
 keep secret, not speak of’, med. ‘ make silent, quiet’ may be referred 
 to a base *twi-wog’d- ‘suppressing speech’, a compound of the 
 apyénanos type. For *twi-, cf. 42.09, 12.13. For the second part ofthe 
 compound, compare Skt. vak ‘Sprache, Stimme, Rede, Wort’, vaca 
 ‘Rede, Wort’, vacilah ‘ geschwitzig’ (: o-wngdd¢), Lat. vox, vocdlis. 
 
 For s&os, cxAdoow, choc, cavic, axoc, cagis, caAmn, séAayos, oéAt- 
 vov, GéAtc, ofApa,. oéAmov, siahow, otyaAdw, ofxyoc, otAAdS, GLAAODY, aVa- 
 StAAOG, GtAAuBos, studs, GdA0c, cua, etc., cf. 12.07 ff. 
 
 15. IE g”h-, ghw-, ghw- in Germanic 
 
 Initially the above would fall together, probably in pre-Germanic, 
 and become Germ. g before u, original or developed, otherwise uni- 
 formly w. The examples given by some as evidence of the change of 
 initial g”h- to Germ. g before other vowels are all fallacious. Initially 
 before consonants occurs ¢. 
 
 Medially the above and IE g%+, qw+, kw+ became Germ. -gw- 
 (where gemination had not already set in, on which see 16), and this 
 remained after in all branches of Germ., as : Goth. siggwan, ON 
 syngua, OFris. siunga, which implies a WGerm. *singwan, with later 
 loss of w in the separate dialects. Between vowels Germ. gw became g 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 103 
 
 before u (but probably not before IE 0, which would assume a very 
 early loss of w in this position), otherwise regularly w. Through ana- 
 logy and leveling g often displaces w, and vice versa. 
 
 TE g”b- : Germ. w 
 
 15.04. Goth. warmjan ‘wirmen’, OHG warm ‘warm’, wirma 
 “Warme’: Skt. gharmah ‘heat’, Lat. formus, Gr. Oeeyog ‘warm’, 
 etc. is beyond a question the correct comparison. Cf. 15.02 f. 
 
 15.02. OE wermod ‘ wormwood’, OHG wermuota, MHG wermuot(e), 
 -tiete, wirmet, MLG wermode, -ede, warm-, wormode, MDu. werm-, war- 
 moede ‘\Wermut’ represent Germ. *wermddd(n)-, with some secondary 
 analogical changes. This comes from *e“hermo- ‘hot : acrid, bitter’ : 
 OHG wirma ‘warmth’, Gr. Ocousg¢ ‘warm, hot’, 9eeydtqs ‘heat’, 
 with which compare @oye¢ ‘Lupinus albus’, a plant with a bitter 
 juice, and with ablaut OBulg. gorikii ‘ nizeéc, bitter’, Russ.-ChSl. 
 goricica ‘ herba amara’, Russ. gérikij ‘bitter’, gortica ‘Senf’, gorécii 
 ‘Knéterich, Wasserpfeffer’, Serb.-Cr. gdrtika ‘Saudistel, Sonchus 
 oleraceus ’, Czech horec ‘Bitterwurz’, Lower Sorb. gércye ‘ Hederich’, 
 etc. (cf. Berneker, I 332 f.). 
 
 15.03. Goth. wairsiza ‘schlimmer, arger’, ON verre, OE wieérsa, 
 OHG wirsiro ‘ worse’, etc. represent a Germ. stem *wirsizan-, which 
 together with the adv. *wirsiz, Goth. wairs, etc., comes from pre- 
 Germ. *g“hersis(on)- ‘hotter, more bitter’. Compare 15.02 and 
 OBulg. gorviji ‘ schlimmer, schlechter’, Russ, gérsij ‘ bitterer’, Czech 
 horst ‘schlimmer, schlechter’, horsiti ‘ arger, schlimmer machen; 
 zornig machen’, Pol. gorszy ‘schlechter, schlimmer, arger’, etc. (cf. 
 Berneker, I 334). In form the Germ. words are more closely related 
 to Gr. 9épce¢° Oép0¢ Hes., and also @epcizns, named from his hot, bitter 
 speech, 9éo0¢ ‘ heat, summer’, Skt. bdrab ‘ Flammenglut’. 
 
 15.04. In meaning might belong here ON gersir ‘ unwillig, mir- 
 risch’, MHG garst ‘ranzig, garstig’, etc. But here the primary mean- 
 ing is ‘rough, harsh ’, as in Lat. asper ‘rough; thorny, prickly ; harsh, 
 sour, acrid, pungent; harsh, grating (sound) ; harsh, cruel’. Compare 
 OHG gersta ‘ Gerste’, OE gorst ‘ gorse, furze, Stechginster ’, Lat. hor- 
 deum. ‘barley’, named from the prickly beards, Gr. yépcos ‘ rough; 
 hard, dry, barren’, Skt. gharsati ‘reibt’, ghystab ‘gerieben, wund’ 
 (cf. Mod. Phil. 1. 236). 
 
 These belong to the wide-spread root *ghere- (from which the base 
 
104 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 *chere(n)d- shows the same development in meaning): Lith. gréndu 
 ‘reibe’, Lat. frendo ‘crush, grind; gnash (the teeth), rage’, Dan. 
 dial. grotte (*gruntan) ‘mahlen’, Dan. grante ‘ leise weinen’, granting 
 ‘ miirrische Person’, Norw. gretten ‘ miirrisch’ ; Goth. gretan ‘weinen’, 
 MHG grazen ‘schreien, wiiten, sich ibermiitig oder anmasslich gebar- 
 den’, grax ‘ Wut, Ubermut’ : OBulg. griidi ‘stolz’ (schroff), Russ. 
 gérdyj ‘stolz, hochmiitig’, LRuss. hordyty ‘ verschmihen, verachten ; 
 stolz sein gegen’, Serb.-Cr. gfd ‘stolz; schrecklich ; hasslich’, grditi 
 ‘ garstig machen, verunstalten, schimpfen’, grst ‘ nausea’, etc. (unex- 
 
 plained by Berneker, I 370). Cf. 45.05. 
 
 15.05. MHG gerwe(n) ‘ Hefe, Unreinigkeit’, MLG gare ‘die in den 
 Acker gebrachte Diingung’, OFris. iere, gere ‘ Jauche’, ON gyor 
 ‘dregs’, gerp ‘yeast, ferment’, Norw. dial. gerast ‘become ripe’ (if 
 the primary meaning is ‘ become mellow’), OE gyrwe-fen ‘ marsh’ can 
 not be derived from the root *“her-. They represent a pre-Germ. 
 ' *ghor-wo-, *gher-wo- ‘crushed, soft, mellow, mitirbe, morsch’, root 
 *ohere- ‘rub, crush, grind, etc.’ Compare the following, in which 
 the same meanings occur repeatedly : OHG, OE gor ‘dirt, dung’, 
 NE gore ‘clotted blood’, NHG dial. gur ‘ frischer Kot des Rindviehs ’, 
 ON gorm ‘Dreck, Schlamm’, Norw. dial. gurm ‘ Hefen, Bodensatz, 
 Kot, Speisebrei’, Gr. yépadeq ‘sand, gravel, rubbish’, yepuae ‘ pebble’, 
 Dan. grums ‘ Bodensatz’, Swed. grums ‘ Rickstand, Seihe, Schmutz’, 
 ~ grummel ‘Schmutz, Bodensatz’, grumla ‘triiben’, ON  grémr 
 ‘Schmutz, Dreck’, NIcel. grém ‘grime, dirt’, Gr. yeatve ‘touch; 
 smear, stain, paint’, yeavrés * stained, defiled’, yowtw touch; tinge, 
 stain ; defile’, Lith. grédas ‘ frischer, steifgefrorener Strassenschmutz ’, 
 OBulg. gradii ‘ Hagel’, Norw. graks ‘ Bodensatz’, Lat. fraces ‘dregs of 
 oil’, fracéscc ‘become soft or mellow, rot, spoil, become rancid ’ (or 
 these to marceo, Walde ? 312); Dan. grime, ‘Strich, Streifen’, gri- 
 met  gestreift ; besudelt, schmutzig’, NE grime, Gr. yptpa ‘ ointment’, 
 Lith. greimas ‘schleimiger Niederschlag im Wasser’, Lith. griiti ‘in 
 Triimmer zerfallen ’, ON grugg ‘ Bodensatz’, grjin ‘ Griitze’, OHG 
 griobo ‘ Griebe’, MHG griezen ‘zermalmen ; schiitten’, grax ‘Korn’, 
 MDu. gruut ‘Griitze, Hefe’, Norw. grut ‘Bodensatz’, NE grouts 
 ‘lees, dregs ’, OE grat ‘ coarse meal’, gréot ‘ sand, dust’, grot “ par- 
 ticle’, ON grautr ‘Brei’, ChSl. gruda ‘Erdscholle’, grudinit ‘rauh’, 
 etc. (cf. Mod. Phil. 1. 235-45). 
 
 From *ghor-wo- ‘ crushed : rough, harsh’ may come NE dial. yare, 
 yar ‘sour, brackish’, yarrish ‘having a rough, dry taste’, OE “gearo 
 
 oo 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 10§ 
 
 ‘rough, harsh’, with which compare Olr. garb ‘ rauh’, Welsh garw 
 ‘asper’, gerwin ‘ asper, rigidus’, Bret. garu ‘ dur, cruel’. These would 
 fit in with the above words and would explain OE gearwe ‘ yarrow, 
 milfoil’, OHG garawa, MDu. gharwe, gherwe id., named from its bit- 
 ter taste. 
 
 15.06: But unrelated is Germ. *garwa- ‘ ready, prepared ; equipped, 
 clothed; made, done’: OE gearo‘ ready’, gearwe ‘ clothing, orna- 
 ments, armor’, gearwian ‘ make ready; make, do ; clothe’, gier- 
 wan ‘ prepare ; adorn, clothe, dress’, OHG garo ‘ fertig, bereit, ausge- 
 riistet, vollstindig’, garawi ‘ Ausriistung, Schmuck’, garawen ‘ berei- 
 ten, zuriisten, ausriisten’, etc. These are referable to pre-Germ. *ghor- 
 wo- ‘ girded, clad, armed ; ready’, root *gher- ‘ hold, encircle, gird’. 
 Compare especially Skt. hdrati ‘nimmt, halt, trigt ; schafft herbei, 
 holt’, Osc. heriiad ‘ capiat’, Goth. gairda ‘ girdle’, bi-gairdan ‘ gird’, 
 Gr. xopbthag nat xdp0wv° tod cwpod.xat tv svotpogyy, to which add 
 Av. zra3a- ‘ Kettenpanzer’. Cf. 15.34. 
 
 Germ. *garwa- ‘cooked; tanned’ may belong to the above from 
 the general meaning ‘ prepared’, or else be from *ghorwo- in the sense 
 ‘soft, mellow’. 
 
 45.07. ON verdr ‘ Mahlzeit’, *werdu-, Goth. wairdus ‘ Wirt’, etc. 
 may come from pre-Germ. *g“her-tu- ‘ attendance ; attendant’, root 
 *oWher-in Gr. e0stow, (*20épyw) ‘ till, cultivate’, gpa, Oepanuy “atten- 
 dant, companion’, Oepanefa ‘a waiting on, attendance, service ; wor- 
 ship; a fostering, nurture, care ; rearing, keeping (of animals) ; culti- 
 vation (of plants)’, Segaredw ‘wait on, attend, serve; tend, cure ; 
 rear, keep (animals); till, cultivate (soil); cultivate, grow (trees)’, 
 928% ‘pasture, food’, ¢4p8w (with analogical ¢), énepépfer ‘feed, 
 nourish, preserve ; pass, feed on (wisdom, the soul on the body) ; 
 absol. live, be’, 02x ‘a dwelling, abode ; female attendant’, a-§<pitw 
 ‘not to care for, nihil curare, neglect, dpeAéiv’, a0éeretog ‘unheeded’, 
 BOeoés* dvdqrtov, dvécrov [- —*y-], anpiBec [a- —"sm-] Hes., Lat. forbea 
 ‘food’, Gr. zodv-Oep%s ‘feeding many’, Schol. Soph. Tr. 191. 
 
 From the same root may come OBulg. gradii ‘ Burg, Stadt; Gar- 
 ten ’, o-grada ‘ Gehege’, Russ. gérodi ‘Stadt’, Slov. grdja ‘ Verziu- 
 nung ; Zaunmaterial’, za-grdja ‘Damm’, graditi ‘umziunen’, Czech 
 braze ‘Lehmwand, Gartenmauer, Damm’, hraditi ‘ umzaunen, 
 befestigen, verwahren’, etc. (cf. Berneker, I 330), base *o” hor-dh- 
 “ guard, inclose’, with which compare ON grind ‘Heck, Rahmen, 
 Gestell, Gitterwerk, Einziunung ’, OE grindel ‘bar, bolt’, OHG grintil 
 
106 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 ‘Riegel, Balken, Deichsel’, Lith. grindis ‘ Dielenbrett’, ChSIl. grada 
 ‘Balken ’, etc. (cf. Berneker, I 348), and *e“hr-k-, -g- in Gr. godeow, 
 gear ‘inclose, fence in, defend, fortify; block up’, gpaxrys * inclo- 
 sure ; sluice with gates’, ge%yya ‘inclosure, fence, palisade ’’, and per- 
 haps Lat. farcio, frequens. 
 
 In Germ. may belong here some of the words referred to the root 
 *wer-. Compare especially OE waru ‘defense, guard ; care’, OFris. 
 ware ‘ Verwahrung, Besitz’, OE warian ‘ guard, watch over ; inhabit, 
 possess ’, OHG biwarén ‘ bewahren’, wart ‘ Wachter, Hitter, Wiarter’, 
 OE weard ‘ guardian, protector, possessor’ : OBulg. graditi ‘ bauen’, 
 o-graditi ‘ umhegen, umzaunen ’, etc. 
 
 15.08. Goth. winja ‘ voun, Weide’, OHG winne, MHG winne (and 
 with rounding of the vowel wiinne, wunne), ON vin ‘ Weide, Gras- 
 platz’ ; NHG gewann ‘ die aus ahnlich liegenden Ackern, Wiesen oder 
 Garten bestehende, ein Ganzes bildende Ackergrenze’, early NHG 
 gewende, gewendt ‘Mass der Weite, soweit ein Ross lauft’, MHG 
 gewende ‘ Ackermass einer Landgebreite ’ (combined in the dictionaries 
 and by popular feeling with wenden), pre-Germ. *g*henya-, *ehontyo- : 
 OBulg. Zeno ‘ treibe’, Lith. geni ‘jage, treibe, nimlich Vieh auf die 
 Weide’ genestys ‘ Viehtrift’, ganyti ‘ Tiere hiiten, weiden’, ganykla 
 ‘Weide’, Lett. ga'ns ‘ Hirt’, gani ‘ Weide’, OBulg. goniti ‘jagen, trei- 
 ben’, Russ. gonit’ id., vy-gonit ‘ Austreiben des Viehs; Viehweide’, 
 LRuss. hény ‘Stiick Feld, soweit es der Lange nach ohne umzuwen- 
 den gepfliigt wird; Strecke als Langemass’, Upper Sorb. hon ‘ Jagd’, 
 wu-hon ‘ Viehtrieb ’, za-hon ‘ Gewende; Flur’, Lower Sorb. gon ‘ Feld- 
 weg’, bu-gon ‘ Trift’, za-gonc ‘ Ackerbeet’, Polab. pii'é-gon ‘Trift, 
 Gewende’ (cf. Berneker, I 328). 
 
 The exact correspondence here leaves little room for doubt. The 
 only other possibility would be toassume a root *wen- ‘drive’ (Lat. 
 venari) by the side of *wei- : Skt. véti ‘verfolet’, OHG weida ‘Jagd, 
 Weide’. The combination with OHG wunna ‘ Wonne’ is semantically 
 altogether improbable. Gewende, it is true, may belong to wenden, 
 like Lith. varsna, varstas ‘ Pfluggewende’ : vartyti, versti ‘wenden’, 
 Lat. verto : versus (not a turning over of the ground but a turning 
 round of the plow, as explained formerly) ‘ furrow; line, row ; verse; 
 a land measure’. 
 
 15.09. OE wenn ‘tumor’, NE wen ‘a benign tumor’, MDu. wan 
 ‘wen’, MLG wene ‘Geschwulst, Beule’, Germ. *wanja-, pre-Germ. 
 *o“honyo- : Skt. ghanah ‘kompakt, dick, dicht’, subst. ‘ Masse, Klum- 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 107 
 
 pen, Haufe’, a-hands ‘ schwellend, strotzend, wppig, geil’, Gr. <b-6<- 
 vis’ stnabotcn, toyvex Hes., edfevéw ‘prosper, flourish’, Lat. prae- 
 gnans, etc., to which may be added Goth. gund ‘ Krebsgeschwiir’, 
 yayyeawa’, OE gund‘ pus, matter’, OHG gunt ‘Eiter, eiterndes 
 Geschwiir’, *g“hyté- ‘swollen, swelling’. For ON gandr ‘dinner 
 Stecken, wand’, which has been wrongly referred to the above root, 
 
 chlnicae, 
 
 IE ghw- : Germ. w- 
 
 15.10. OHG werna ‘ Qual, Sorge ; quilender Hunger’, wernén, -en 
 “vexari, satagere, sich qualen, sich plagen, Miihe haben’, OE wearn 
 “reproach, abuse’, base “ghwer-na- : Gr. yéova (7.20), Lat. verna 
 (8.35), base *ghewer- : WhRuss. zuri¢ $a ‘sich grimen’, LRuss. 
 xuryty “betriiben’, Zurba ‘Sorge’, zurit’ ‘schelten’, Goth. gaurs 
 “betriibt’, etc., root *ghewe-, also in 15.44 f. Here or to 15.44 belong 
 OE worian ‘crumble’, werig ‘weary’, wérigian ‘ weary, exhaust’, OS 
 worig ‘ entkraftet’, OHG wuorag ‘berauscht’. 
 
 15.41. ON vds ‘toil, fatigue, exposure to bad weather’, Nlcel. 
 vos “scurf, scab; toil, fatigue’, vera ‘dandruff, scurf’, ON vesall 
 ‘wretched, poor, miserable’ (and vesell by contamination with 1-szll 
 ‘unhappy ’), Norw. dial. vesall ‘small, thin, delicate, weak’ (and 
 visall : visa ‘a weak languid person’, ON visna ‘ welken’), vesla tr. 
 ‘diminish, waste’, veslast intr. ‘diminish ’, ON veslask pine or waste 
 away ’, vesligr ‘ wretched ’, Swed. dial. ves, vesen ‘weak’, vesa ‘ grow 
 weary; delay, tarry’, Goth. frawisan ‘verbrauchen, vergeuden’, 
 MHG wesel ‘ schwach, matt, abgestorben ’, verwesen ‘ zunichte werden, 
 vergehen, herunterkommen ; zunichte machen, verderben, aufbrau- 
 chen, consumere ’ (but in the sense ‘ verwalten, vertreten, etc.’ ano- 
 ther word), OHG arweran, irweran ‘ affectus, decoctus, confectus, 
 decrepitus’, OE for-weren, -weoren, -woren ‘ decayed, worn out’, for- 
 werian ‘wear out’, NE wear ‘ waste or impair by rubbing or attrition, 
 consume, destroy by degrees, exhaust, weary’, worn ‘ weary, exhaust- 
 ed, showing signs of care, illness, fatigue, etc.’ (nothing to do with 
 wear, OE werian ‘ wear, of clothes; clothe’ : Goth. wasjan ‘ clothe’), 
 pre-Germ. “ghwes-, *ghwos- ‘ rub, wear away, consume, exhaust, etc.’: 
 Skt. ghas- ‘verzehren, fressen, essen’, ghasréh ‘ verletzend’, Lat. vés- 
 cor, véscus. Ct. 6.09, 8.36. 
 
 15.12. Goth. wamm ‘ spot, blemish’, unwamms ‘ unspotted, blame- 
 less’, ON vamm ‘Fehler, Gebrechen’, OE wamm ‘ wicked ; sb. injury, 
 
108 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926. 
 
 crime; stain, defilement’, wemman ‘ injure, destroy ; defile, pollute, 
 profane’, pre-Germ. *ghwamwo- ‘ rubbed, scraped ; injured; spotted’: 
 Lith. gumulis ‘das Mangelhafte, Gestutzte’, etc. Cf. 16.05 f. 
 
 15.43. OE gewed ‘ford, shallow’, wadan ‘wade’, OHG wat, 
 watan, etc., *ghwadb- : Lat. vadum, Skt. gadhdm, 6.08, 8.32. 
 
 45.44. OFris. wera ‘Gewiéhr leisten’, OHG (gi)werén ‘leisten, 
 tun, erfiillen, gewihren’, MHG wern ‘zahlen, geben; leisten, gewah- 
 ren, bezahlen, beschenken ; Gewihr leisten, biirgen’, erwern ‘ machen, 
 etrichten’, gewern ‘gewahren, zugestehen’, pre-Germ. “ghwes- : Lat. 
 favor * good-will’, faustus ‘favorable’, *ghawesto-, faveo be well dis- 
 posed toward, befriend, protect’, Icel. g@ (gawen) ‘ heed, attend to’, 
 gaumr ‘heed, attention’, Goth. gaumjan ‘ beachten’, etc., Czech 
 hovéti ‘ Nachsicht haben, gewahren, schonen, dulden, folgen °, Upper 
 Sorb. howié ‘giinstig, passend, dienlich sein ; begiinstigen’, OBulg. 
 govéti ‘ ebhaBetcOar, religiose vereri, atdeicba:, venerari’. Cf. 8.37 f. 
 
 To the same root belong Goth. gup ‘ God’, pl. ‘ gods’, *ghutém 
 ‘something observed, apparition’ (for meaning compare Skt. divyati 
 ‘leuchtet’, devdh ‘Gott’, Lith. deivé ‘ Gespenst’”), Goth. gudja (obser- 
 ver, augur) ‘priest’, Icel. godi ‘ priest, chief’, gydja ‘goddess’, OHG 
 coting ‘tribunus’, gota, MHG gote (guardian) ‘ godmother’, gote, gute 
 ‘godfather’, etc. 
 
 IE ghw-: Germ. w- 
 
 45.15. OHG wabi, MHG wake ‘glinzend, schon, fein, zierlich, 
 kostbar, schmuck, stattlich’, OHG wahi, MHG wehbe ‘ Schonheit, 
 Zierlichkeit ; Ziererei, verstelltes Gebaren, Schéntun ; Kunst, Verherr- 
 lichung’, pre-Germ. *shweq"’-yo-, -in- : Gr. pay" gaog Hes., Siagdocery. 
 Siacatvery H., rarpdcow ‘look wildly about, glare; rush about a Baty 
 fax ‘torch’, Lith. Zuake ‘Licht’. The ablaut is é, 0, 2. Here may 
 belong OS wanum ‘ glanzend’, wanami ‘Glanz’, if from “wabnum 
 (otherwise compare Hom. Gr. rivop ‘ bright”). Compare also OHG 
 gougaron, MUG gougern ‘umherschweifen’, gougel, goukel ‘ narrisches 
 Treiben, zauberisches Blendwerk, Zauberei’, gogel ‘ausgelassen, 
 iippig; Scherz, Possen’, gogelen ‘sich ausgelassen geberden, hin und 
 her gaukeln, flattern’, gugen ‘schwanken’, gucken ‘neugierig 
 schauen’, *Shoug”-, *shug*- ‘flutter, flicker, flash’. Cf. 9.48. 
 
 45.46. OHG wabhtala ‘Wachtel’, OE wyhtel, MDu., MLG wachtele 
 may well have been named from its call. If so, we may refer it to 
 pre-Germ. *ghwaq"tla- : Gr. oéecx ‘the wood-pigeon, ring-dove’, 
 
 ——— 
 
 EE 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN I0O9 
 
 9%, gaffes ‘a kind of wild pigeon’, Lith. zvangé'ti ‘klingen’, OBulg. 
 xvego, xvesti ‘ canere’, xveknoti ‘ sonare’, ziivati ‘rufen’, Skt. havate, 
 hvayati ‘ ruft’, etc. Cf. 9.26. 
 
 Similarly named are MDu. quackel, Du. kwakkel, MLG quackele 
 ‘Wachtel’ : quackelen ‘schwatzen; krichzen’; OS quattula, OHG 
 quattala, MDu., MLG quattele ‘ Wachtel’ : EFris. kwatteln ‘ schwat- 
 zen, plappern’ (cf. Franck, Et. Wb.2 360); Du., LG kwartel ‘ Wach- 
 tel’ : from kwarren ‘laut schreien’ with -tel from wachtel, kwattel ; 
 Lith. grezlé ‘Schnarrwachtel’, grézé ‘Schnarrvogel, Drossel’ : gré’zti 
 ‘knirschen’, 
 
 15.17. ON vax ‘wax’, OE weax, OHG wabhs, etc., pre-Germ. 
 *ghwokso-, ‘ porous, full of holes’, with which compare Lat. (dial.) 
 fauces ‘throat, gullet’, *ghauk-, base *Shawo- in Gr. yaog ‘empty 
 space’ and Lat. (dial.) favus ‘est quem fingunt [apes] multicavatum e 
 cera’. Similarly we may derive Alb. diite, dite ‘wax’ from *¢hiilo- 
 ‘porous’ (rather than explain it as « das Gegossene » as given by 
 G. Meyer, Alb. Wb. 78): Gr. yaddos, yadves ‘ open, porous, spongy’. 
 So also OE camb ‘honeycomb’, the fem. of camb ‘ comb’, is descrip- 
 tive of the striated surface of the honeycomb, with special reference 
 to the interstices. Hence the use of NE honeycomb as a verb. Even 
 when the honeycomb is described as a ‘ web’, it is because of its retic- 
 ular surface, not because it was thought of as woven. . 
 
 15.18. OHG wabhs ‘sharp, pointed’, MHG wabs, webse ‘sharp’ 
 (stein, strale, scharsahs) : Gr. go&¢ ‘pointed, dEuxéexzhos’ (Fick, I 
 417), IE *ghwogso- (not *e“hogso-). Cf. 9.27. 
 
 15.19. Goth. wofeis ‘ pleasing’, OE wee ‘ pleasant, mild’, OS 
 wotht ‘ angenehm’, pre-Germ. *ghwotio- ‘ yielding, mild’ : Gr. gdov" 
 mposguhéc, 30 Hes., ghw0-tio- or -dhio-,- Olr. bdid <lieblich, siiss’, 
 Kelt. *gwadi (cf. 9.25), root *ghewe- ‘give way, yield, etc.’ in Gr. 
 yadveg « spongy, loose, flabby’, Icel. gugginn (*guwwanaz) < dispirited, 
 downcast’, gawd ‘poltroon’, EFris. gul ‘lose, locker; weich, sanft, 
 mild, gutmiitig, freigebig’, Du. gul ‘gentle, kind, mild’, Fris. gol 
 ‘frank, open-hearted’, WFlem. guven ‘ Platz machen, ratimen’. 
 
 15.20. OE wela ‘prosperity, happiness; weal, wealth’, OS welo, 
 OHG welo, welida ‘ Gliick, Reichtum’, welak, walak ‘in Wohlstand 
 lebend’ (NHG woblig), Germ. *wel-, *wal-, pre-Germ. ghwel-, *ghwol- : 
 Gr. ¢-¢éhAw “increase, enlarge, prosper, strengthen’, Lat. felix ‘ prospe- 
 rous, happy ; productive, fertile’. Cf. 9.49, 10.40. The Germ. words 
 
110 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926. 
 
 are semantically unrelated to Lat. volo, velle, and not easily derivable 
 from the root *wel- ‘ bubble up, boil’. 
 
 TE zghw- : Germ. w- 
 
 Inasmuch as pre-Germ. medial -zgh- becomes Germ. -zg-, we may 
 infer that initial zgh- would give g-. It is probable that initial zgh- 
 became pre-Germ. gh-. Consequently zghw- would become Germ. w. 
 The examples given below are only for palatal gh, but it would be 
 equally true for gh and g”h. Cf. 15.24. 
 
 45.24. OE wetla ‘ bandage, cloth’, watol ‘ wattle, hurdle ; pl. thatch- 
 ing, roof’, NE wattle ‘a frame-work made of interwoven rods or 
 twigs, hurdle ; rod, wand, twig ; basket, wallet; the fleshy lobe bang- 
 ing from the front of a fowl’s head’ may come from pre-Germ. 
 *shwod- ‘bind, fasten together’: OE guttas ‘ guts’, primarily ‘bands, 
 cords’, *x&hudno-, Lat. funda ‘ sling, cast-net; purse’, *ghunda, fun- 
 dare ‘ fasten, secure, make firm’, Gr. cgev8svq ‘ band, bandage, loop, 
 sling’ : dyed¢ ‘ band; clasp ; bolt’, etc. 9.34. 
 
 With thesecompare ON voitr, Du. want ‘ mitten’, Germ. *wantu-, 
 whence MLat. wantus ‘the long sleeve of a tunic, gauntlet, glove’, 
 OF rench gant, gantelet, NE gaunilet. 
 
 45.22. OE wincian ‘ wink, blink, shut the eyes’ is probably unre- 
 lated to OE wancol ‘unstable’, NHG winken, wanken, etc. NE wink 
 may rather be from the primary meaning ‘hold, shut, close’, base 
 *-¢hwing- : Gr. optyyw ‘bind tight; shut tight’, from *xghwi- in 
 Lith. zulkras ‘ blinzelnd’, zvairas ‘schielend’, etc. Cf. 9.34, 10.43. 
 
 45.23. These come from the root *seghe-, x@hé-, x@he-i-, 7ghe-u- 
 ‘be strong, master, hold, possess ; make strong, secure, fasten’, with 
 many other derived meanings. According to Fick, III+ 426, the root 
 *se¢h- occurs in Germ. only in Goth. sigis, *sigu ‘ Sieg’ and the clo- 
 sely related words in the other dialects. This is an unwarranted state- 
 ment. The following may be referred to this root. 
 
 ON seggr, OE secg ‘man, warrior’ are not properly explained by 
 connection with Lat. socius ‘attendant’. Germ. *sagja- is rather from 
 *soshyo- ‘strong’ : Skt. sabya-h ‘zu ertragen’, sahyu-h ‘ gewaltig’, 
 saksa-b, saksdyna-h ‘iiberwiltigend’, saksdyi-h ‘ Uberwinder, Kampfer’, 
 sahasand-h ‘ gewaltig, maichtig’, etc. With the last words compare ON 
 Saxi, OE Seaxa, OHG Sahso ‘Sachse’, etc., Germ. stem “sahsan- 
 ‘ warrior ’. 
 
 Se a es = 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN DEY 
 
 Here also ON segja ‘ say’, OE secgan, OHG sagen, etc. The pret. 
 OS sagda, OE segde indicates a root with gh. We may therefore 
 compare Ir. saigim ‘sage’, but not Lith. sakyti ‘sagen’, ChSI. socyti 
 ‘anzeigen’, etc. The Germ. and Ir. words may be referred to a base 
 *soghe- ‘ make strong, hold, affirm’, asin Gr. teyveitowa ‘contend stift- 
 ly ; affirm, maintain’. As further possibilities of derivatives of the 
 same root are offered the examples in 15.24 ff. 
 
 IE xgh- : Germ. g- 
 
 15.24. ON, Nlcel. gagn ‘ use, avail, advantage’, gagna ‘be of use 
 to, avail, do good to’, gegn ‘gerade, gerade ans Ziel fiihrend; obe- 
 dient, serviceable, ready’, gegn ‘entgegen’, gegnum, gognum ‘ dutch’, 
 OE gegn, gen ‘direct’, gegn-, gén-, NE gain- ‘gegen-, entgegen-’, 
 gegnum ‘forwards, direct’, geyninga ‘straight forwards, direct; altoge- 
 ther, entirely; certainly’, OHG gagan, gegin ‘zu, gegen, entgegen, 
 gegentiber’, gaganen ‘entgegenkommen, begegnen’, etc., pre-Germ. 
 “gghagh-on-, -en-, with which compare *soghdgh- in Gr. sno ‘prop, 
 hold’, éxwxsd ‘hold’, av-oxwy ‘armistice’, cvv-oxnuyh ‘a joining, 
 junction’, svy-cxwysze ‘ drawn together’ (of shoulders) : ovv-wyaddv 
 ‘continually’, gy« ‘very’, yw ‘hold, hold toward, tend toward’, 
 ozseov “near, hard by; nearly, almost ; towards, in the direction of, 
 gegen’. 
 
 15.25. OHG gai ‘schnell, rasch, eilig’, gain adv. ‘eilig, schnell, 
 plotzlich’, gahen, -on ‘eilen’, OS gahun ‘schnell’, MLG ga ‘jah, 
 tasch, schnell, pre-Germ. *zghdnk-yo- ‘strong, powerful, violent, 
 quick ; valid, good’, identical with the following (with suffix 
 accent) : OE genge ‘having influence, effective, valid’, OFris. ganse 
 ‘valid’, OHG gengi ‘ gebrauchlich, gewohnlich’ (not related to gan- 
 gan ‘gehen’), ON Nicel. gengi ‘good luck, success ; help, support ; 
 fepute, reputation’, and OHG gingo ‘Begehr, Sehnsucht’, gingen 
 ‘wonach streben, verfolgen’ (: MLG mi is ga ‘ich habe Eile, Verlan- 
 gen’) : Gr. yw ‘hold, have; have power, be able’, icyavéw ‘hold on, 
 cling to ; desire, long after’, Skt. sdhah ‘Gewalt, Macht’, sahasa 
 ‘plétzlich, sofort, iibereilt’. 
 
 15.26. Goth. gabei ‘wealth’, etc. : Lat. habeo ‘have, hold, pos- 
 sess’, Ir. gabim ‘take’, 10.46. 
 
 Here also may belong Goth. aban, OHG haben ‘ have’, etc., origi- 
 nal base “xghabhé-, becoming pre-Germ. *ghabhe-, which was changed 
 to *kabhe- after the analogy of synonymous words with &-. Compare 
 
 SRR ACR 
 
112 _ LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926. 
 
 Lat. capio, heben, heften ; halten, hold ; hitten, heed ; hegen ; hemmen ; hin 
 dern, all of which have meanings that might have helped to bring 
 about the change. That this change, if it occured, must. have been 
 pre-Germ. is evident from the pret. : OS habda, OHG hapta, etc., 
 which from a Germ. change would have been *hafta from “gafta. 
 
 15.217. MLG gaspe, gespe ‘Spange, Schnalle, fibula’, gespe, gepse 
 ‘die Hohlung der beiden aneinander gelegten Hinde, soviel man darin 
 halten kann’, EFris. gaps(e), geps(e) id., gasp(e), gaspel ‘Schnalle, 
 Spange, Haspe’, gaspen, gespen ‘schnallen’, Du. gesp, MDu. gespe 
 ‘buckle, hook’, OE gegiscan ‘block up’ (probably from *gaskian), 
 perhaps from a base *xghos- ‘hold, contain’, which may be also in 
 Skt. bastab (holder) ‘hand; trunk of the elephant’, Av. Zasta-, 
 OPers. dasta- ‘hand’, Lith. pa-xasté ‘der Raum unterm Arm, Achsel- 
 hohle’ : *seghe- ‘hold, contain, etc.’, whence Gr. dyed¢ ‘helmet- 
 band ; belt-clasp ; door-bolt’ ; cyzdia ‘a cramp or holdfast’, oyevdvAy 
 ‘tongs, pincers’. 
 
 15.28. Goth. gansjan ‘ napéye1v, verutsachen’ : Lat. honds, 10.48. 
 
 45.29. OHG gadum ‘umschlossener Raum, Gemach’, gegathema 
 gegadema id., MLG gadem ‘ angebautes Hauschen, Bude ; Kramladen ; 
 Stockwerk ’, etc., base *ghot-, *zahet- ‘ hold’ : Gr. tyésAvov ‘hold of a 
 ship’, yéc4q ‘handle, plow-handle’, cyeué¢ ‘holding back, holding 
 firmly’, oyétdws ‘hard, harsh, cruel’, eyéorc ‘habit of body, state, 
 condition ; nature or fashion of a thing ; a checking, retention, esp. 
 of urine’ : ON ged ‘mood, temper, disposition, character; mind ; 
 spirits ; liking’, OHG geti-lés ‘ ziigellos, mutwillig’, *zghotyo- ‘a hold- 
 ing, restraint ; habit, disposition’. Here also in part may belong the 
 
 Germ. base *gad ‘zusammenhalten, festhalten, eng verbunden sein’ 
 (Fick, III+ 123). 
 
 15.30. OHG ganz ‘ ganz, vollstindig’, *xghondo- ‘ holding together’ : 
 Gr. cyevdikq ‘tongs, pincers’, oxebed¢ ‘tight, exact’, oyepd¢ ‘ conti- 
 nent, mainland’, éde-cyepf¢ ‘ whole, entire, sound, complete’. From 
 *<¢hed- ‘hold, possess ; have power, be able” may come ON geta “be 
 able, can’, gefa ‘means, resources’ (and perhaps in part gela ‘ get’) : 
 Gr. cyedix ‘a cramp or holdfast’, oyé8te¢ ‘close, hand to hand ; sud- 
 den’, yw ‘hold, possess ; have power, be able’. 
 
 15.34. OE gearo ‘ready’, gearwe ‘completely, well’, gearwian 
 ‘make ready, prepare; make, do; clothe’, gearwe. ‘ clothing, orna- 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN IT3 
 
 ments, armor’, gierwan ‘ prepare, cook (food), serve (meal) ; adorn, 
 clothe’, OHG garo ‘fertig, bereit, ausgeriistet, vollstandig’, adv. 
 ‘ganzlich, vollstindig’ may be referred to a base *z@horwo- ‘held 
 together’ : Gr. syeps¢ (15.30); or be derived from the root *gher- 
 “hold, hold together’ (cf. 15.06), which may ultimately be the same 
 as the above. 
 
 15.32. ON gaddr ‘harter Boden’, NIcel. gaddur ‘hard snow, 
 frost’, gadd-frosinn * hard-frozen’, gadda ‘freeze’, Norw. dial. gadd- 
 fura ‘ yerd6rrte Fichte’, gadd-kvist ‘ verdérrter Zweig’, gadd-kit ‘ gelte 
 Kuh’, Germ. *gazda- from *xghoz-dho- ‘firm, hard (soil, snow) ; 
 holding back (milk etc.), dry’: *ghos- (cf. 15.27), *seéhos-, Skt. 
 sahas- ‘ gewaltig, stark’, Goth. sigis ‘Sieg’ : Skt. sdhate ‘ bewiltigt’, 
 Gr. zy, toy “hold, check’, icyaivw ‘check, assuage’, toyavaw ‘hold, 
 hold back, check, hinder’, isyvd¢ ‘ thin, lean, withered, meager, hag- 
 gard’, icyvatve ‘ make thin, shriveled, withered, lean, dry’ : Swed. 
 dial. gank ‘a lean and nearly starved horse’, Norw. gand ‘a thin and 
 pointed stick ; a tall and thin man’, ON gandr ‘dinner Stecken’, 
 whence ME gawnt, NE gaunt ‘ emaciated, lean, thin’ : Gr. toys ‘a 
 dried fig ; the plant spurge’, cyétw ‘check, overpower’, Lith. zédeti 
 ‘alt und hart werden, vom Brot’, Zedéti ‘ backen” ; Gr. toyadéos ‘dry, 
 dried’, Norw. dial. gall-kvist ‘ verdorrter Zweig’, ON geldr (*zgholtid- 
 “dry, sterile”) ‘gelt, keine Milch gebend’, OSwed. galder OE gielde 
 ‘sterile’, ON Nicel. gelda (*galdian ‘ make dry, sterilize’, not ‘ cut’), 
 “geld, castrate; dry up (cow)’, refl. ‘become dry, come off milk’, 
 geldingr “ gelding ; wether ; eunuch’, NHG getling ‘ einjahriges Kalb’; 
 ON gamall ‘ old’ (*xghomo-lo- ‘shriveled, withered, dry, sterile’), 
 gemlingr ‘a year-old wether’, gemla ‘a year-old sheep’, NIcel. gemla 
 “stump, worn-out tooth’, OE gamol ‘old’, gamelian ‘ grow old’, 
 EFris. gammel ‘ schwach, matt, flau, halb ohnmichtig, elend’, MDu. 
 ghemilick ‘morosus, fastidiosus, difficilis’, Du. gemelijk ‘ miirrisch, 
 verdriesslich, unzufrieden, melancholisch’ (compare the double 
 meaning of Gr. oyétktog ‘holding firm, hard, harsh, cruel, savage ; 
 enduring, suffering, miserable, unhappy’), EFris. gammer ‘alter 
 Mann, elender abgelebter gebrechlicher Mensch’, Norw. dial. gimber, 
 gymber © Schaf das noch kein Lamm geworfen hat’; OE g@sne ‘ bar- 
 ren; deprived of, without ; wanting, scarce; dead’, OHG heisini 
 ‘egestas, sterilitas’, OFris gest, gast, MLG gest ‘das hohe trockene 
 Land im Gegensatz zu den Marschniederungen’ (incorrectly referred 
 to a Germ. base gis ‘gihnen : bersten, trocken sein’ in Fick, 
 MI+ 134), pre-Germ. zghais- ‘hold, check’ : Lat. baereo (10.50) ; 
 
114 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926. 
 
 EFris. gist ‘brach, ohne Ertrag, unfruchtbar, nicht trachtig, nicht 
 milchgebend, trocken, diirr’, MLG, MDu. Du. gust ‘unfruchtbar, 
 trocken, gelt’, pre-Germ. *,gheustio- ‘ held in check, checked ; holding 
 back, retaining’, formed from a base *zgheu-, “seghe-u- ° hold’ : Gr. 
 isyd¢ ‘strength, force’, teyse ‘be strong ’, toydeds ‘ strong, firm ; hard 
 (ground) ’, 2yvess, dyveds, ‘firm, strong ’, Skt. sdburih ‘gewaltig, 
 iiberlegen ’, etc. 
 46. Germanic w- Gemination 
 
 In Mod. Phil. 18. 79-92, 303-81 have shown that w-gemination 
 is a common phenomenon in Germanic. The geminations so caused 
 date from various periods. Some are Primitive Germanic (urgerm.) 
 inherited from pre-Germanic ; others North or West Germanic ; and 
 others restricted to a single dialect. The reason of this is that the 
 w did not always come into contact with the preceding consonant. 
 Given the right conditions, IE pw-, pu- in an u- stem might produce 
 Germ. pp, ff, bb, f, b, or by analogy even p. The existence of such 
 parallel forms may be regarded as a priori evidence of w-gemination, 
 though analogy no doubt added to the number, especially in verbs 
 in pp, tt, kk, which came to have an iterative or intensive force. 
 
 Many examples of consonant lengthening have been wrongly attri- 
 buted to n. We may properly exclude from Germ. m-geminations all 
 words in which the loss of m cannot be explained. Even if OHG 
 cknappo, chnabo represent double paradigms from an original nom. 
 *knabo, gen. pl. *knabbno (cf. Brugmann, Gr. IP 715); ON skabb, OE 
 sceabb ‘scab’ cannot be referred to a Germ. *skabna-, for in that case 
 the » would have remained, just as / and r remain where they cause 
 gemination. Much less can such forms as OHG fethdhah be explained 
 as n-geminations. It is not here denied that ” is.responsible for many 
 geminations : pp, tt, kk, this being a Prim. Germ. or pre-Germ. pro- 
 cess in which the m was assimilated or absorbed. But in the later 
 Germ. such a process cannot be claimed in face of Goth. rign, taikns, 
 wepn, and many similar forms in North and West Germ. 
 
 A w-gemination may be suspected wherever related -wo-, ewo-, Or 
 u-stems are found. In some instances the u-stem remains in Germ., 
 as in ON hottr from *gatw-, *gatu-, with the tt generalized just as we 
 have un in Goth. kinnus : Gr. yévug. 
 
 The w- geminations are here divided into two groups: Prim. 
 Germ. words with pp, mm, tt, kk; and other, in most cases later, 
 geminations of the labials, dentals, and gutturals. In the first group 
 
 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDE-EUROPEAN LTS 
 
 pp comes from IE -pw+, bhw+ ; tt from -tw+, -dhw+; kk from velar or 
 palatal -kw+, -ghw+. These geminations must have taken place in pre- 
 Germ. The process was about as follows : IE -pw+, pre-Germ. pp+, 
 Germ. bb (stop not spirant), latter pp; IE -bhw+, pre-Germ. bbh, 
 Germ. bb, pp. Similarly with the dentals and gutturals. The gemination 
 nn from nw is here omitted as it is generally admitted. 
 
 In the second group are included the geminations ff, £6, hh (which 
 may have been inherited from pre-Germ. «pp-, +it-, +kk-, but more 
 probably arose in Germ. from -fw- etc.); pp, tt, kk (which are like- 
 wise ambiguous, since they might proceed from pre-Germ. bb, dd, g¢ 
 from dw, etc., or might have originated later from Germ. pw etc., to 
 which the evidence in many cases points); and bb, dd, gg, which 
 must have come from Germ. bw, dw, gw. 
 
 Here, of course, are also given the geminations kk, hh, gg from 
 Germ. kw, hw, gw from IE labio-velars. For many other examples 
 besides those here given see the articles in Mod. Phil. 
 
 IE -pw+, -bhw+ : Germ. -pp- 
 
 16.041. OE upp(e) ‘up’, ON upp, uppi, OS upp, ap, OE ap, OHG 
 af, Goth. iup, pre-Germ. *dipwa, *eupwa-: Lesb. hun, Lat. s-uppus 
 (*supvos) ; Gr. ox6, Skt. vipa, Goth. uf, OHG oba. Cf. 14.08. 
 
 16.02. OE leppa ‘tag, end, skirt ; lobe (of ear, liver); district’, 
 OLG lappe ‘ Zipfel eines Kleides’, MLG Jappe ‘Stiick, Fetzen Tuches 
 oder Leders ; das weiche Bauchfleisch der Tiere’, etc., *Japwon- ‘ tlat 
 piece, flap’: Lat. Jappa (*lapva), Czech lopun, lopoun ‘ Klette’, lopaé 
 ‘ flache Schaufel’, Slov. lopdr, Serb.-Cr. lépar ‘ Backschaufel, Schie- 
 ber’, OE Jefer, thin plate of metal; bulrush’, dial. liverack ‘the 
 English iris; the bulrush’. Cf. 14.06, 16.22, 16.25. 
 
 16.03. ON /nappr‘ Schale, Trog’, OE hnzpp ‘cup, bowl’, OHG 
 hnapf ‘ Napf’, Germ. *hnappa- ‘ compact mass, chunk’, OSwed. nap- 
 per, ON hneppr (*hneppia-) ‘knapp’, hneppa ‘klemmen, drangen’, OE 
 hnzppan ‘ strike (against)’, pre-Germ. *qnabhw+: Lith. knabis ‘lang- 
 fingerig,- diebisch ; geschickt’, Gr. uvaged¢ ‘carder, fuller’, xvagedw 
 ‘card, full’, xvantw ‘scratch, scrape ; tease, card or comb wool; 
 mangle, tear’, Lith. knabé'ti ‘ abschilen’, ON hnéf ‘ schnitt ab’. 
 
 46.04. Norw. knapp ‘ enge, kurz, knapp’, LG kuapp ‘ gering, kurz, 
 sparlich, rasch’, ON knappr ‘ Knorren, Knopf’, OE cnepp ‘top, 
 mountain-top ; brooch’, probably from pre-Germ. *gnabhw+ by the 
 
116 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3; 1926. 
 
 side of *enabhu- (parallel with 16. 03), whence Germ. “knappa- and 
 *knabwa(n)- : Norw. dial. knabb(e) ‘Knollen, Bergknollen’, Swed. 
 dial. knabbe ‘ Klotziges, Klumpen, untersetzter Bursche’, OHG knappo, 
 knabo ‘ Knabe’, NHG dak knabe ‘ Stift, Keil’, OE cnafa “boy ; ser- 
 vant’, NE knave ‘a mean, low person’, and, with analogical ve OE 
 cnapa, OS knapo. 
 
 Like these are the following : MDu. rappe, MHG rapfe (andi rappe 
 from -bw-) ‘ Kritze, Raude’, ‘OHG raphen, NHG dial. rapfen ‘ ver- 
 harschen’ : Pol. ropucha ‘ Kréte *. MDu. ruppe, ripe ‘ Raupe’, roppen, 
 ruppen, MHG ropfen, rupfen ‘rupfen, zupfen’: Lith. rupis ‘ grob, 
 rauh ’, rupiizé ‘ Kréte’. Cf. also 44.12, 14.43. 
 
 IE -mw- : Germ. -mm- 
 
 46.05. Goth. faurdammjan ‘ verdimmen, hindern’, ON dammr 
 ‘dam’, etc., Germ. *damma-, pre-Germ. *dhamwo- : Gr. *Oapde, pl. 
 Qayéeo ‘crowded, close, thick’, Oapéwc, Oxyé% ‘together, in crowds ; 
 often’. The usual explanation that dam is from *“dhamno- is inadmis- 
 sible. 
 
 16.06. ON suimma, suamm, summenn ‘swim’, and suima, suam, 
 sumenn come from original suimma, suam, etc., pre-Germ. *swemwo6, 
 *swome. 
 
 Like these are OE grimm ‘ cruel, fierce’, grimman ‘rage’, ON 
 grimmr ‘grimmig’, OS grimman ‘ rage’, etc. : Gr. yogyv-Aog. ME, 
 NE clam $ sticky, viscous, clammy’, MDu., Du. klam‘ moist, clammy’ 
 
 > > 3 > » 
 Germ. *klamma-: Gr. *yhayo- in yAuyopds, yAc&po'eo (for *yhapv- 
 wvgog) * blear-eyed’, Az ‘ humor in the eyes’. Cf. 16.27 f. 
 IE -tw+, -dhw+: Germ. -tt- : 
 
 46.07. ON knottr ‘ Kugel, Ball’, Norw. knott ‘kurzer und dicker 
 
 € oO BP] 
 
 K6orper, Knorren’, Germ. *knattu- : ON knoda ‘ driicken, kneten’, 
 OE cnedan ‘knead’, OBulg. gneto; gnesti ‘ driicken’. 
 
 16.08. ON hottr, OE hett ‘hat’, Germ. “*hattu-, pre-Germ. 
 *gatwo+: Lat. cappa ‘ cap’, from *catva, *catud. Cf. 12.42. 
 
 46.09. MHG statzen ‘aufrecht sitzen, sich briisten ; stammeln, 
 stottern ’’, Germ. *sfatt-, pre-Germ. *statw+ : ON stodua ‘ stop, check ’, 
 Lat. statuo ‘raise, establish, erect’, status ‘ position, posture ; height, 
 stature’, Lith. statis ‘ steil: unhdflich’. Cf. 16.34. 
 
 16.10. Goth. skatts ‘ piece of money, money’, ON skattr ‘ tribute, 
 
 a 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN Ly, 
 
 tax’, OE sceatt ‘coin, money, property ; tribute, rent’, OFris. sket 
 ‘Geld, Vieh’, OS scat ‘coin, money, property’, OHG scar ‘ Miinze, 
 Geld, Schatz’, Germ. *shatta-, pre-Germ. *skhaiw6-‘ something stripped 
 off, strip, piece : coin, money, property ’. Cf. 16.34, 16. 42. 
 
 The explanation of Goth. skatts ag above would seem to be inad- 
 missible in view of Goth. fidwor ‘four’ : Skt. catvirah. But fidwor 
 may be from *g”etuwores, as in Lat. quattuor, quattor for *quatuor, quat- 
 tor (42.32). 
 
 Wherever -#t- occurs by the side of -dd- or -f$-, preGerm. -tw-, 
 -tu- may be suspected. Thus may be explained OE Izit, OS latta 
 ‘lath’ : ME Jaththe, OHG lJatta ‘ Latte’, MHG Jade ‘ Brett, Laden’. 
 ON, MLG motte ‘moth’: OE mobpe ‘moth’, MHG moite. OE 
 mattoc ‘mattock’, OHG steinmezzo ‘Steinmetz’ : OBulg. moty-ka 
 ‘Hacke’. OE cottuc ‘mallow’ : OE codd ‘bag ; husk’ (46.40). Cf. 
 also 12.37. 
 
 16.44. NIcel. sléttur ‘ clumsy fellow’, Norw. slott ‘ triger Mensch’, 
 stem “*slattu-, Dan. slat, slatten ‘ schlaff’, MLG, Dan. slatte, OSwed. 
 slatta ‘Lumpen, Fetzen’, Germ. *s/att- from pre-Germ. *sladhw+, base 
 *sladh-, -é-, -0- ‘slide, slip, hang down, etc.’ : Norw. dial. slad ‘sanft 
 geneigt, abdachig’, slad ‘ Vertiefung in der Erde’, slade ‘ abdachen’, 
 OE sled ‘dell’, Norw. sléda ‘schleppen’, ON s/6d ‘Spur’, s/d0i 
 ‘was nachgeschleppt wird’, NlIcel. ‘ track, trail; train ; idle fellow’, 
 
 Lith. slédnas ‘ abschissig’, LG sladde ‘ Lumpen, Fetzen’, with Germ. 
 gemination, 
 
 IE -qw+, -kw+, -ghw+, -ghw+ : Germ. -kk- 
 
 46.42. Norw. lakka (*lakkon) ‘ hipfen, trippeln’, MLG lecken (*lak- 
 kian) ‘ mit den Fiissen hintenausschlagen’, MHG Jecken ‘ mit den Fiis- 
 sen ausschlagen, springen, hiipfen’, pre-Germ. */agw+: ON ler, 
 Swed. dr ‘Schenkel’ (*/ahwaz), OE ‘leow ‘thigh, ham’ (*lebwaz), 
 ChSI. lakiti ‘Ellenbogen’, Gr. Aaxzilw ‘kick, stamp or trample on ; 
 struggle convulsively, quiver, throb’ (cf. Fick, II* 357). 
 
 46.43. OE leccan (*lakkian) ‘seize, catch, arrest’ : Lat. Jacio (“laq- _ 
 wyd) ‘allure, entice’, Jaqueus ‘noose, snare, trap’, laqueo ‘ ensnare, 
 entangle’. 
 
 46.44. OE hracca ‘Nacken, Hinterkopf’, hrecca ‘occiput’ : Pol. 
 krokwa ‘ Dachsparren’, Russ. krokva ‘Stange, Knebel, Dachsparren’, 
 Gr. xebcca: ‘ battlements’, OE ofer-bragian ‘iiberragen’ (cf. Zupitza, 
 Gutt. 122). 
 
118 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO, 3, 1926. 
 
 16.415. OE hocc ‘ mallow ’, NE hollyhock « Althea rosea’ : Gr. xSxvey' 
 <ov oxvov, Lat. cucumis. Cf. 10.03. 
 
 16.16. ON rokkr ‘Oberkleid, Rock’, OE rocc ‘upper garment’ 
 OFris. rokk, MDu. rock, MLG rock (and roch, which implies Germ. 
 *rubwa-, *rubha-), OHG roc (-ck-, -cch-) ‘ Rock’ , Germ. *rukka-, pre- 
 Germ. a a rough object, hide with the hair on’: OHG rith, 
 ‘rauh, rauch » OLG rigi, raw ‘ rauhes Fell, grobe Decke’ , OE ryhe, 
 réowe ‘blanket, rug’, ME rugg ‘a rough woolen fabric used asa cover- 
 ing, rug’ , NE rugged shaggy, bristly ; covered with rough projec- 
 tions, rough, uneven ° (Germ. *rugwa-) : OE stan-rocc ‘high rock’, 
 NE rock ¢ rupes ’, identical in form with *rukka- ‘a rough upper 
 garment, rough covering’. For meaning compare Lat. rumpo ‘ break’, 
 
 ripes <a rock’, Lith. rupas ‘ rauh, holprig’. Cf. 16.55, 46.57. 
 
 16. 17. ME rokken (and roggen from Germ. *rugw-) ‘ rock, cause 
 to sway’, NE rock ‘move backward and forward, cause to sway or 
 totter’, OHG rucch ‘ geschwinde Fortbewegung ’, rucchen ‘ fort-, weg- 
 bewegen’, MHG riicken, rocken, MLG rucken, ON rykkia ‘ pull, jerk, 
 wrench’, rykkr ‘a pull, jerk’, Germ. *rukk- from pre-Germ. *rukw- : 
 Lith. ruszus ‘ tatig, geschaftig, arbeitsam’, ruszauti ‘ tatig sein’, ru- 
 szytt ‘antasten’, ravszinti ‘ bertihren’, root *reu- ‘ruere’. Cf. 16.59. 
 
 16.18. ON rakki, OE racca ‘ cord forming part of rigging ot ship’, 
 Germ. -kk- from pre-Germ. -kw+, with which compare, with analogi- 
 cal -k-, ON rekendi, OE racente, OHG rabhinza ‘ chain, fetter’. Cf. 
 16.56, and for another example 16.58. So also NHG dial. jacken 
 “schnell reiten’ (OHG jagon ‘jagen’) : Skt. yahii-, yabvd- ‘ rastlos’. 
 
 IE -bw- : Germ. -pp- 
 
 16.19. OHG scapf (and scaf) ‘Getass fiir Flissigkeiten’, MHG 
 schapfe (and schaffe) ‘Schdpfgetiss’, ON skeppa ‘ Scheffel., MLG 
 schap (-pp-) ‘ Schrank, um Geld, Speise, Kleider etc. aufzubewahren’, 
 MDu. schappigh, schappelick ‘bene formatus, formosus, compositus, 
 decens’, Germ. *skapp-, pre-Germ. *sgabw-: Lett. skabufis ‘ Hunde- 
 stall ; Abteilung im Stalle zum Aufbewahren des Viehfutters ; ein 
 altes Gebiude’, OS scap ‘ Schaff, Bottich, Scheffel, Boot’, skepil 
 ‘ Scheffel’, Goth. Solna schaffen ’, etc. root *sgab- ‘cut, hew : 
 hollow out ; shape, make’. Compare the synonymous base *sqabb-, 
 
 16.26. 
 16.20. OHG slipf ‘ Ausgleiten, Fall’, slipfen ‘ ausgleiten’, MLG 
 
 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN Ilg 
 
 slippen ‘gleiten, gleiten lassen; einschneiden, schlitzen, zerreissen’, 
 MDu slippen ‘slip ; slit’, etc., Germ. *slipp-, *slipw-, pre-Germ. *slibw- + 
 Lat. dé-libuere ‘smear, anoint with a liquid’, de-libare ‘touch, take 
 from, take off’, OHG sliffan, MLG slipen ‘ gleiten, schleichen ; schlei- 
 fen, scharf machen’. 
 
 Similarly with -pp- from pre-Germ. -bw-: OHG scoph (and’ scof) 
 ‘Dichter’, scoph, scopf ‘Gedicht, Spott’, MHG schopfen ‘ dichten’, 
 MDu. schoppen “spotten’, MLG schuppen, Norw. dial. skuppa ‘ stossen’, 
 MHG schupfen ‘in schwankender Bewegung sein’, OSwed. skuppa, 
 skoppa ‘springen, laufen’: Lith. skubis ‘geschwind’, Swed. dial. 
 skopa “hiipfen’, ON skopa ‘springen, laufen’, shop ‘ Spott’, skopa, 
 skaupa ‘ spotten’, OBulg. skubati ‘ vellere’, Pol. skubad ‘zupfen, rup- 
 fen’, Gr. oxi@adrov ‘off-scouring, filth, refuse’, sxv3artCo “reject, 
 _ treat contemptuously’, etc. Cf. 8.22. 
 
 IE «pw- : Germ. -ff- 
 
 16.24. OE maffa ‘caul’, ‘Fetthaut um die Dirme’, Germ. *maf- 
 wan-: Lat. mappa ‘napkin ; signal-cloth’, probably a genuine Latin 
 
 word, *mapva. Cf. 11.07. 
 
 16.22. OHG Jaffa ‘ palmula, extrema pars remi’, NHG Swiss laff 
 ‘Lowenzahn’, Germ. */afwo : Lat. lappu (44.06), Bulg. Idpus 
 “Klette’, OHG lappo ‘ Ruderblatt’ (46.25), OE leppa, etc. (16.02). 
 
 Similarly OE gaffetung ‘scoffing’: ME gabben ‘scoff, jest, gab, 
 gabble’, ON gabba ‘ mock, make game of’, MLG, MDu. gabben ‘ scoff, 
 laugh in derision ’. 
 
 Germ. -bw- : -bb- 
 
 16.23. OE ebba ‘ebb, low tide’, ebbian ‘ebb’, MLG ebbe, OHG 
 
 ippihhon * zuriickrollen’ : Goth. ibuks ‘ sich riickwarts wendend ’. 
 
 46.24. NE fob ‘a little pocket as a receptacle for a watch’, dial. 
 fub, fubs‘a plump, chubby person’, fubby, fubsy ‘plump, chubby’, 
 NHG Pruss. fuppe ‘ Tasche, die man an sich tragt’, sich fuppen < falten 
 werfen, nicht glatt anschliessend stehen, von Kleidern’, Germ. *tubw- : 
 Ital. poppa ‘ Brustwarze’, etc., 14.09. 
 
 16.25. Swed. labb ‘ Pfote’, OHG lappo ‘ Ruderblatt’, lappa ‘ nieder- 
 hangendes Stick Zeug, Lappen’, MHG lappe ‘einfaltiger Mensch ’, 
 LG labbe ‘ Haingelippe, Mund’, NIcel. Jabba ‘ walk slowly, saunter’, 
 Germ. “labw- : OLG lappe (16.02) ; OHG Jaffa (16. 22). 
 
120 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926. 
 
 16.26. ON skabb, OE sceabb ‘scab’, NE shabby ‘mean, scurvy’, 
 MLG schabbich ‘ riudig’, Germ. *skabwa-: OE scafopa ‘ what is scraped 
 or shaved off’, OLG scavatho ‘Raude’ (*skabu-pan-), Lith. skabus 
 ‘sharp’, skabi ‘cut’, OE scafan ‘shave, scrape’, Goth. skaban 
 “schaben’, Lat. scabo, scabiés, etc. Cf. also 14.05, 114.13. 
 
 Germ. -m-w- : HG -mm- 
 
 46.27. OHG frammert, frammort, framort ‘ vorwarts, ferner’ : 
 *framwert ; heimort ‘ heimwarts’ : *heimwert (Braune, Abd. Gr., § 109, 
 Anm. 4); MHG giemolf ‘den Rachen aufsperrender Wolf’ : “giem- 
 wolf (Lexer). 
 
 16.28. Like these are OHG emmiz, emiz, emmizig, emizig, emaxzig 
 ‘fortwahrend, beharrlich ’ (NHG emsig), emmizén, emmizigén ‘immer’, 
 from *“amwiz, *an(t)-wiz ‘recurring’ (translating Gr. émrodowes), a 
 compound of *wiz ‘coming, going’, with which compare OHG taga- 
 wizzi (‘ coming daily’, also translating Gr. émtodorog) ‘ daily’, ar-wix- 
 zan ‘go away’. Here 1 is first assimilated to m before w as in LG 
 man ‘nur’ : *nwan, OS newan; MDu. mare, maer, Du. maar : *nware, 
 neware, newaer. 
 
 IE -dw- : Germ. -tt- 
 
 16.29. ON patti‘ kleines Kind’, Swed. dial. patie ‘ Weiberbrust, 
 Zitze’, NE pat ‘a lump, as of butter’, Germ. *patt-, pre-Germ. “badw-: 
 Skt. badva-m ‘Haufe, Trupp’, badara-h ‘Zizyphus jujuba, Juden- 
 dorn’, bddara-m ‘ Brustbeere’. Other examples of Germ. -ti- : -/- may 
 be similarly explained. | 
 
 IE +tw- : Germ. -pp- 
 16.30. OHG fethdhah (fettah) ‘ Fittich’, Germ. *fepwaka-: Lat. 
 
 im-petus, Gr. xéropa ‘ fly’. Compare the ending in Gr. ztépu§ ‘ wing’ : 
 Lat. pro-ptervus ‘ xponeris’ ; OHG fedarah ‘ wing’ : fedara ‘ feather’. 
 
 16.31. OE sceppfa (and sceapa) ‘nail’, Germ. *skapwan- : OE sca- 
 pel ‘ weawing-instrument’ (strip, shaft), identical in form with Goth. 
 skapuls * schadlich ’, *skhotulo- ‘cutting, stripping’, sb. ‘a strip, shaft, 
 peg’. Cf. 16.40, 16.42. 
 
 46.32. OS kledthe, kleddo, OHG chledda, chleddo (chletta, chletto, 
 chleta) ‘Klette’, Germ. *klipw- (and *klidw-) : Lith. glitis “glatt, 
 schliipfrig’, Gr. yAittov’ *;hovdy Hes.; Lat.glis, -tis ‘ humus tenax’, 
 glns, -tis ‘sticky substance’, OE clipa ‘ poultice, plaster (for wound)’, 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAEL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN I2I 
 
 et-clipan ‘stick-to, adhere’. Similarly OE clate ‘ burdock’, clite ‘ colt’s- 
 foot’ belong to a base *glid- ‘stick, adhere’: Lett. glidet ‘ glatt, 
 schleimig werden’; and OE clife ‘burdock’, OHG kiliba ‘ Klette’ to 
 OE clifian ‘adhere’. 
 
 16.33. OE wipfe <withe, bond; chaplet, crown’, cyne-w. ‘ dia- 
 dem’, OFris. withthe ‘ Bande, Fessel’, MLG wedde (and wede) ‘ Strick, 
 Strang, bes. von Weidenreisern’, Germ. *wipwan- : Lat. vitia (*vitva) 
 ‘band, fillet’, Gr. izuc, Aeol. Fizug ‘ the edge or rim of a round body ; 
 the rim of a shield ; the felly of a wheel’, ictéx, OPruss. witwan ‘ wil- 
 low’. Notice that Lat. vitta is from an early gemination from *vit- 
 va, while cappa is a later assimilation from *ca-tva, earlier *cat-ud. 
 
 Chi 2.35: 
 
 16.34. OE stepfan ‘stay, support’, steppig ‘sedate, serious’, 
 Germ. *stapw-: OE stapol ‘foundation, base; stability ; firmament, 
 sky; position, place’, ON stpdua ‘stop, check’, Lat. statuo, status, 
 etc. Cf. 16.09. For Germ. -f#- similarly arising, cf. 12.37, 16.10. 
 
 Germ. -dw- : -dd- 
 
 16.35. MHG ratte ‘ Kornrade, agrostemma’, NHG Swiss, Bav. 
 ratte, Germ. stem *rédwan-, *radwan- : early NHG ratwen, OHG rato, 
 OLG rada (cf. Fick, I+ 337). 
 
 16.36. OE ruddoc ‘ robin redbreast’, ME ruddok, NE dial. ruddock, 
 Germ. *rudwaka-: Lith. rudugys ‘ September’, rudavimas ‘ das Braun- 
 werden’, ruduszis ‘ Cyprinus rutilus’, ridas ‘ rétlich braun’, OE rudu 
 ‘red color’. 
 
 16.37. MHG matte (and mate) ‘Matte’, Germ. *madw0o, *medwo : 
 OE md ‘ mead, meadow’ (*“madwu), pl. m&dwa, OHG mato-screch 
 ‘ Heuschrecke ’. 
 
 16.38. Similarly OHG fettah, chletta, latia : 16.30, 16.32. 
 
 16.39. Norw. krodda ‘ Kase von eingekochter Milch’, ME crudde 
 ‘curds’, Germ. *hkrudwa- : Ir. gruth (*grutu-) ‘geronnene Milch, 
 
 Quark’ (Fick, III+ 54). 
 
 16.40. OE codd ‘bag ; cod, shell, husk’, ON koddi ‘cushion, pil- 
 low’, OSwed. kodde, MDu. codde ‘Hode’, Germ. *kudwa-n- : guttus 
 
 (*eutwo- ‘a bulging or round object’) ‘a vessel tor liquids’, etc. Cf. 
 42.36. 
 
122 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 16.44. Norw. dial. skadda, skodda (ON “*skadda, gen. *skoddu) 
 ‘Nebel’, MHG schatte (and schate) ‘Schatten’, Germ. *skadwa- and 
 *skadu- : Goth. skadus ‘shadow’, OHG scato, gen. scatuwes, Gr. oxdt0¢ 
 * darkness’. 
 
 16.42. OE sceadd ‘shad, Clupea alosa’, Norw. skadd ‘kleiner 
 Schnapel’, Germ. *skadwa- : OE scepfa ‘nail’ (46.34), pre-Germ. 
 *skhatu- ‘strip, thin piece’, Goth. skapjan ‘schaden’, Gr. acxnOye 
 ‘unharmed’, root *skhé-i- : Skt. chyati ‘ cut off’, pp. chatah, chitah, 
 Gr. cyéorg Sa pricking, scarifying’, oyaw ‘split’ (oyi€w, Skt. chindttt, 
 Lat. scindo), oyu ‘ slit, lance’, ON skata ‘ Glattrochen’, Norw. skata 
 ‘Elster’ (‘‘nach dem spitzauslaufenden Schwanze benannt”, Fick, 
 IIl+ 448), skata ‘in eine Spitze hinauslaufen’. Similarly ME haddok, 
 NE haddock ‘a fish of the cod family’ : Gr. xt70¢ ‘a river-fish, Cot- 
 tus gobio’, xottis, xottq ‘head ® (with -tz- from -zf-). 
 
 IE -g”-, -gw- : Germ. -kw-, -kk- 
 
 46.43. OHG ackes, acchus ‘ax’, Germ. *akwisjd-, *akwizjo-: Goth. » 
 agizi ‘ax’. With i-syncopation also WGerm. *akus- in OS acus, 
 OHG achus, whence the u in acchus for *acches. 
 
 46.44. OHG nackot ‘ nackt’, ON nekkuedr, nokkuedr, Germ. *nak- 
 wida-, nakwada- : Goth. nagafs, and with later syncope also *nakuda- : 
 
 MSwed. nakudher, OE nacod, OHG nabhut. 
 
 16.45. Double forms arose similarly in the following : OHG quek, ~ 
 gen. queckes, OLFr. quicca fe ‘ live stock’, ON acc. kuikkuan, kykkuan : 
 nom. kuikr, OE cwicu ‘ quick, alive’. Olcel. vekkua ‘zum Fliessen 
 bringen’, ONorw. pres. vekkir: ON vokr (*vakuz) ‘feucht’. OHG 
 nicchessa, MHG_ nickes Nix’ : OHG nihhus, ON nykr, OE nicor. OE 
 secce (acc., WGerm. *sakwa): nom. sacu ‘quarrel’, Goth. sakuls 
 ‘quarrelsome’. ON nokkue ‘Nachen’: OE naca, OS naco, OHG 
 
 nabho. 
 
 16.46. OE haccian ‘hack’, OFris. to-hakkia ‘ zerhacken’, MLG 
 MHG hacken ‘hacken’, hacke ‘Hacke’, Germ. *hakwojan, *hakwo- : 
 OS hacud, OE hacod ‘a fish, pike’, haca ‘hook’, NE hetchel, heckle 
 ‘comb for flax or hemp’, MHG hachel, hechel ‘ Hechel’. 
 
 16.47. OE sticca ‘ stick, peg’, ON stikka, OLG stekko, OHG stecko 
 ‘Stecken, Pfahl’, sticchen ‘stechen, sticken’, irsticken ‘ ersticken’, 
 etc., Germ. *stikk-, pre-Germ. *stigw- : OE sticol ‘high up, steep; 
 rough’, Lat. stiva ‘ plow-handle’ (*stigwa ‘ stick”), stinguo ‘ quench’, 
 di-stinguo, in-stigo, etc. 
 
 
 
WOOD, POST-CONSONANTAL W IN INDO-EUROPEAN 123 
 
 16.48. ON pykkr, piukkr ‘thick’, OE ficce, OFris. thikke, OS 
 thikki, OHG dicchi, Germ. *fekwa- (peku-) : Ir. ting (*tegu-) < thick’. 
 
 16.49. Other examples are : OE faccian ‘pat, flap’, NIcel. pjokka 
 “klopfen’ : OS thako-lon ‘ streicheln’. ON rakkr : Goth. rigis ‘dark- 
 ness’. ON slakkua ‘ léschen, stillen’ : Lat. Jangueo, ON slakr ‘slack’. 
 
 IE «q¥-, «qw-, skw- : Germ. -hw-, -bh- 
 
 16.50. OHG abha (and aha) ‘ aqua’ : Goth. abwa; firliche (firlihe) 
 ‘verleihe.’ : Goth. leithwai; nabhitun ‘nahten’: Goth. nehwidedun ; 
 sehhan ‘sehen’, sabhun ‘sahen’ (here analogical) : Goth. saihwan, seb- 
 wun (cf. Braune, Ahd. Gram. § 154, Anm. 6). OE tiobhian, Angl. 
 tibhian (*tibwojan, Bulbring § 541) ‘ arrange ; determine, consider’, 
 . MHG xechen ‘ fagen, anordnen, schaffen, veranstalten ; zechen’, zeche 
 ‘Anordnung, Reihenfolge, Zunft, Zechgesellschaft’, MLG teche, techge, 
 teghe, Goth. tewa ‘Ordnung’; OE seobhe ‘strainer’, MLG sigge 
 “Seihe’, siggen ‘seihen’ (or these with -gg- from Germ. -gw-), Tyrol. 
 seichen ‘seihen’, MDu. sichene ‘ Sieb’ ; OE ceabhettan ‘ laugh loudly’, 
 *kabwatjan, OHG kabhazzen, MHG kachzen, kachen ‘laut lachen’, 
 kach ‘ lautes Lachen’. 
 
 16.54. OE cobhetan ‘cough; shout’, *kuhwatjan, OE *cohbian, 
 *citbhian, ME coghen, coughen (couwen), NE cough, MDu. cochen, cuchen, 
 
 MHG fkiichen ‘keuchen’. 
 
 16.52. OE geneahhe ‘ sufficiently ; frequently’, *nahwé : Lith. na- 
 szus * bearing fruit, fruitful’, Goth. ganah ‘ geniigt’. 
 
 16.53. OE pohha ‘ pouch, bag’, *puhwan- ‘swelling’, MLG poche 
 (and pocke) ‘ Blatter, Pustel’, pochen (puggen) ‘ pochen, trotzen’, MDu. 
 pochen, puchen ‘bacchari; tonare murmure et verberibus ; et jactare, 
 jactitare’, pogge ‘toad’: Gr. @uxévy ‘trumpet’, Pol. buczec’ ‘ bril- 
 len’, buczyc’ sig ‘sich aufblasen’. Here we have Germ. -bh-, -gg-, -kk-. 
 
 16.54. WS, Kent. geohhol, Angl. gebhol ‘ Yule’, Germ. *jehwla- : 
 OE géol ‘ Yule’, géola, Goth. jiuleis ‘ December’, *jegwi-. WS, Kent. 
 hweohhol ‘ wheel’, Germ. *hwelwla- : hweog(u)l, hweowol, hwéol ‘ wheel’, 
 *Iwegwila- : Skt. cakrdm ‘wheel’. OHG nihbhein, nechein ‘keiner’ : 
 Germ. *nehwe ainaz, Lat. neque anus. 
 
 16.55. OE *robhe, reobhe ‘a fish’, MDu. rochche, roche, rochghe, 
 rogghe ‘ roach’ (a sea-fish), MLG roche, ruche id. : OE rah (and prob- 
 ably *rabh) ‘shaggy, hairy, rough’, OHG rith ‘rauh, rauch’, OLG 
 
124 LANGUAGE MONOGRAPH NO. 3, 1926 
 
 . aus ee = > 
 rigi, riwi ‘rauhes Fell’, pre-Germ. *riiqgwo- ‘ broken, rough’, Lat. 
 : ? 
 runco ‘pull out, weed’. For meaning compare Lat. rumpo ‘ break’, 
 
 riipes ‘rock’, Lith. rupas ‘ rauh, holperig’. Cf. 46.16, 46.57. 
 Germ. -gu-, -gw- : -gg- 
 
 16.56. raggig ‘ shaggy’, NE rag, ragged, ON rogg, roger ‘long, 
 coarse wool’, *ragwo-, -wa-: OE ragu ‘lichen’, MDu. raegh ‘ cob- 
 web’, OLG raginna ‘long hair’, Skt. ragand ‘ Strick, Riemen, Gurt’, 
 racmih * Strang, Ziigel, Strahl’. Cf. 16.48. 
 
 16.57. OSwed. ruggotter ‘rough’, early Swed. rugg ‘ rough entan- 
 gled hair’, ME rugg ‘a rough woolen fabric used as a covering’, NE 
 rug, rugged ‘ shaggy, bristly, ragged; covered with rough projections, 
 rough, uneven (: rock ‘rupes’, OE stan-roce ‘high rock’, identical 
 with 16.16); wrinkled, furrowed; harsh’, Germ. *rugwa-: 16.55. 
 
 16.58. Late OE stagga ‘ stag’ (not a loanword), Swed. dial. stagg 
 ‘ Achel, Stichling’, ON steggr, steggi ‘male animal’, pre-Germ. *sta- 
 ghu- : Gr. otayug ‘ear of corn, spica; woundwort’, Lith. stagdias 
 ‘Pflug’, stagaras ‘dirrer Pflanzenstengel’, Lett. stagars ‘ein stach- 
 lichter Fisch’, OE stagan ‘ impale, spit’, with which compare *staghw+ 
 in ON stakka ‘stump’, stokkuttr, stakkadr (stumpy, stubby) ‘short’. 
 
 16.59. ME roggen ‘ rock, move back and forth’, Icel. rugga ‘ rock, 
 roll’, rugg ‘a rocking, rolling’, rugga ‘a rocking cradle’, Germ. 
 “rugw- : MLG rogen ‘regen, rithren, bewegen, erregen’, Icel. rugl 
 ‘confusion, disorder’, rugla ‘confuse’ : ME rokken ‘rock’, 16.47. 
 
 c > 
 16.60. ME waggen “wag ’, NE wag, waggle, OSwed. waged ‘wag, 
 fluctuate, rock’, wagga ‘cradle’, Swed., Icel. vagga ‘cradle’, vagga 
 ‘rock’, MDu. waggelen, NHG wackeln, dial. wacken, pre-Germ. 
 *woghw- : Gr. exyog ‘chariot’, etc., 9.54. 
 
 16.641. ME schoggen ‘shake, agitate, shock’, Norw. dial. skygg 
 ‘scheu, furchtsam’, Germ. *skugwia-, Swed. skygga ‘ scheu werden’: 
 ON skykkr ‘undulatory motion’, OLG skokk ‘schaukelnde Bewe- 
 gung’, MLG schucke ‘Schaukel’, schocken ‘ sich hin und her bewegen ’, 
 ME shokken, NE shock: OE scéoh ‘ shy’, MHG schiuhen, schiuwen ‘ ver- 
 scheuchen ’. 
 
 
 
 PROTAT BROTHERS, PRINTERS, MACON (FRANCE). — MCMXXVII