Se RPes nay fis fo ees ponte Stitt St er eteet . 224 ob ete = Se Stesetraces Stn tM eee ‘Se rrats 2 Pesto =p ete eA, ett Stk een neler ackeee tte eae See j 7 ‘ ¢ i i 4 , a a, j 1) FE ' 4, j ) y in) ‘ \ , / nigh ae D v4 - A { iT un ,. Lay Af ; J a wall , fs) ; ray : Cay, c Pipi Ek ya Vn PR Aunts } Pig en ae tai A. 0 4 : ‘4 Ae! a; ‘ i + : f Lv & ‘ PEL v4 ot Wie dae & a Lis “Binh ay, ai Hin WA 7%) i Mh U ek ust nu ie ee ta Rok pele ye 79 Bt PA my } Val 5 a ' 10> nO Le Tai ie. ; te 4 it uy ve 4 rn rte ; ta nye f : > . | roar is tinh Ae me iN ee is c i" \@) ye rt We We va ts x ae ry i cH slag i a is ii ay | s % i t ony Jf 7 7 ' af 4 Cho's CAho in the Bible Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library httos://archive.org/details/whoswhoinbiblediO0Oflet Who's Who in the 6 Hl Directory of Scriptural Charac S “e DEC 10 1925. BY Rev. E. Fletcher Allen, MW. H. G.P. Putnam’s Sons New York & London The Rnickerbocker Press 1925 Copyright, 1925 by E. Fletcher Allen Made in the United States of America Foreword TuIs collection of brief biographies does not pre- tend to include every name that was mentioned in the Scriptures or in contemporaneous history. It has been compiled on the basis that is laid down in present-day dictionaries of biography: the in- dividual mentioned must have some claim to in- clusion. He (or she) must have counted in some particular manner in the historical development of religious history or religious thought. The contri- bution may have been small or isolated, and, for the immediate moment, have been seemingly incon- sequential—but little happenings have frequently blossomed into a great magnitude when time has passed and the judgment of centuries has been formed. Matrutas, for instance, filled an honor- able post. He was numbered with the Twelve— but he did nothing. He, as an individual, counts little, but as an example he counts much. It is unfortunate for him, perhaps; but so long as Christ- ianity persists he will be the example of the futility of conventional government not informed by the Divine Spirit. The Twelve were lacking their com- plete number after Judas went. There was a break in their organization. Simply to preserve a united company at its full complement, Matthias was elect- Vv Vi Foreword ed, and that is all we know about him. He might well be taken as a practical warning to the Churches to be extraordinarily careful of the qualities of priests. The rest of the Twelve were prophets of the Lord. Matthias undoubtedly had other estim- able qualities; but the Spirit had not drawn him to devoted and inevitable service. The honor, the distinction, the elevation of the hierarchy perhaps appealed; but the essential quality was lacking. He is more to be remembered as the man chosen by men who held what was obviously Paul’s rightful place; for it is Paul whom we instinctively include in the number of the immediate disciples of our Lord. Some readers will perceive that the greatest figure in religious history is not included. Not to avoid controversy especially, but because of the very com- pass of this little book, no biography of our Lord is given. In the nature of things it must be so. For an understanding of the significance of Jesus, there are myriad books, simple and profound, readily available; and, above all that is written, is the monu- ment of the Christian Faith with its millions of adherents; the deepening morality and Christ-sense in Humanity which explain and bespeak Him. Concerning the references, it is sufficient to say that the sources quoted are not necessarily the earliest references to particular individuals but are connected in some way with an occurrence or inci- dent of major importance. A cross-reference Bible is generally available to such as will be interested in this book, and, the lead once given, can be followed easily. Foreword Vil As a student, the writer not infrequently. found himself wishing there were some handbook of reason- able price but of critical accuracy which would give the salient facts concerning the careers of the im- portant people of the Bible. He was not seeking other people’s opinions concerning the characters, particularly, but a readable concise analysis of their works and significance. The idea of preparing such a handbook himself was suggested to him, and an enjoyable year has been occupied in the work. There is a singular value to the constant changing from one period to another that was necessary. If the book is read consecutively, as well as being used as a reference, the reader will perhaps find that value for himself. Facts that once were orderly and progressive, but slightly unrelated, achieve a significant relativity. Isaiah, for example, somehow reaches with new force and with peculiarly apposite reasoning to the time of the Maccabees and to the time of our Lord. Traces of the influence of discarded cults crop up unexpectedly, to throw a strangely illuminating light on later civilization; and thereafter history 1s seen afresh. It becomes possible to say with understand- ing, ‘They went back, there,’ or, considering the trivial incident of a passing change, to say, “‘Here, they are building better than they know’’; and Biblical history takes on again the form of a great adventuring. So far as is possible, the subject matter of this book is drawn from the Scriptures; where that is not so, it has been made obvious; and, for the commerce of Vill Soreword the spirit, no other sources were necessary. By taking the great men and the great movements of the Scriptures through their various courses, the in- evitability of Christianity stands out plainly. It ceases to matter whether, as some say, Moses found his idea of God during his sojourn in Midian and came back to his people with the God of the Midianites, or whether he was driven into exile in order to appreciate the virtues of the God of his own people. Wherever Moses got the dominating in- spiration is somehow insignificant, academic. The great fact is that he returned capable of welding his people into a spiritual unity first, and then to bring about their coalition into a nation. But the spiritual unity preceded the national unity and has persisted long after the national unity disappeared under economic pressure. Facts that have been well known for many years, but because of their very familiarity have lost their appeal and ceased to reveal fundamental charac- teristics, are brightened again when seen in their relation to human beings who have all the frailty and elusiveness of the great majority. By being balanced, page by page almost, with characters separated by centuries in point of time, the people of the past become the people of the present and are strangely the same. It comes as a shock to realize that the Great War of the Old Testament was occasioned by incidents as trivial, seemingly, in the political economy of the world known to the Israelites as was the incident at Sarajevo only a few years ago. Kings then had the Foreword ix habit of seasonal warfare; the same dream of domina- tion; the same essential habit of forming alliances and counter-alliances; of buying loyalty and of try- ing to maintain the “balance of power”’ in their continents. It is illuminating, too, to grasp at last, that war was the habit of kings and was pursued much as Sport is pursued. ‘‘At the time when kings went forth to war” would, in a modern peaceful nation, correspond to—shall we say—the Football Season or the Baseball Season as a chronological reference. There is a wealth of suggestive homiletical material in the bare biographies of the characters of Scripture, which will be useful to teachers and students alike; and always it is modern. The peculiarities of suc- cession to the throne, the lightness with which assassination and usurpation were regarded, strike the imagination more forcibly when the biography is condensed. Assassination was by far the most popular means of assuring succession to any given throne, as will be seen from the most rapid reading of the biographies; and the thrills incident to na- tional history will recur. The very brevity of this handbook will probably do for the reader what it did for the writer—hold up the progress of particular study for the sheer enjoy- ment of reading on to the next chapter of the Scrip- tural account. And, when the chapter is finished, and the desire to read just for the pleasure of reading has been conquered (if it ought to be conquered, in view of the work in hand), there will remain the unbidden, self- X Foreword awakened comparison of past and present. All the concomitants of the late war are here; there is per- fect similarity both of personal and national conse- quences. Provided that the compilation of this handbook serves to stimulate the desire to read, in fuller and finer description, the stories as they are in the Scrip- tures, it will have served no mean purpose. If, by chance, it could serve to suggest that the Bible is the best text-book for kings and statesmen, that would be more than the writer would dare to hope. What he believes, from his own experience, is that many—both teachers and taught—will find that it is useful and gives an authenticated biography concisely, and in a form readily remembered, of all the characters who count. It is intended to econo- mize the time of those who have not sufficient leisure in which to extract the important information for themselves, but who wish to know what that infor- mation is; and to supply the means of ‘‘verifying references.”’ E. F. A. LONDON, 1924. CAho’s CAho in the Bible AD Nya i NU ACN ie Ay io Ad | CNN NR sii SLVR eto iy Wan nL at pi i) che (a The} ‘ ss ‘i " ‘Vall aha EAS iyi ip ”, hy si 4 ra me 5 5 ’ ae eu piu Xs ; H ve : i J ] | i oe at eh tek y AE CBee V7 Pita mie . pee #1) $8 . yt , Uy iat $) 4! hi ‘ PAY es hay ONG ae ot , Oy Pe Von CA a) SOA gare Ge TEAR En AV ie i ey J 4 “; , 4 q “A j Pe i bY: Hae ih aes “ Pie 4% h' a ; : . | | iif bites LEON Mi ut 4 \ Ae aa P| Y iN MN } Mai 4 i 7 t L fia gar gd cca ay \ tb” ‘i 3 ae iat tanith Pye ) re ee Att Carr ee if { ior iy la We > ; : ia apy eB it tt, i what Biro) | ' . ; Thu, ? rf iy te eT ae | (ide 1M ' Mee \ Babe O Ki a ie f gy’ : my : ryan ay : ’ biK4, hy 4 i Who's Who in the Bible AARON .— Ex. 4:14 Aaron was the head of the priesthood of Israel, who began his career well, as brother of Moses, but made the fatal mistake of trying to combine the goldsmith’s craft with religion. | When the Israelites in the Wilderness grew tired of waiting for Moses to return from Sinai, and loudly demanded a God they could see, Aaron pacified them by making a golden calf, which brought them no peace, but locked him out of the promised land. He had a strange career, full of promise and of error. When the time of the flight of Israel drew near, and Moses was sent to Pharaoh to demand their release, Aaron was appointed spokesman, both to the people of Israel and to Pharaoh. He was not acceptable to either, at first, and signs had to be given which established him as the chosen of God. Twelve princes ot the people laid their rods before the Ark with their names inscribed on them. Aaron also laid his rod before the Ark. With the morning it was discovered that Aaron’s rod had blossomed and was bearing ripe almonds, by which sign the people were convinced that he and his tribe, the 3 4 Wiho’s Who in the Bible tribe of Levi, were divinely appointed to the priest- hood. Thereafter he accompanied Moses on his visits to Pharaoh, and with him wrought the plagues, and on Pharaoh’s request removed them. In the later wars he was always at Moses’ right hand, upholding him against the Amalekites and the raiding hordes. ‘Too much authority, and a sense of his own importance, led him to combine with Miriam in antagonism to Moses’ leadership, on the basis that they too received direct revelation from God. In the resulting estrangement, it is worth noting that Aaron suffered the woman, Miriam, to take the blame. Because he failed to show the proper honor to God at Meribah Kadesh, Aaron was forbidden to enter the promised land, and in the presence of the assem- bly at Mount Hor, he was formally stripped of his priestly robes and disgraced. He died at Moserah, at the age of 123 years, and was succeeded in the priesthood by his son Eleazar. ABAGTHA.— Esther 1:10 Very little is known of this young man, save that he appears in the book of Esther as one of the seven chamberlains whom King Xerxes (Ahasuerus) sent to summon the Queen Vashti to his banquet. ABEDNEGO.—Dan. 1:7 This is aname given by the officers of Nebuchad- nezzar to Azariah, a friend of the prophet Daniel. He in common with his two friends Meshach (Mish- Abel 5 ael) and Shadrach (Hananiah) had been advanced to high office, which brought them fame and posi- tion, and the favor of the king, but the fruits of office were not sweet enough to seduce them from the greater loyalty they owed to their God. There- fore, when Nebuchadnezzar, somewhat misled by his princes, took it on himself to build an image and to command every person in his kingdom to worship before it, these three and Daniel resisted the king, and refused to bow down and worship. The three were cast into the fire, to the secret sorrow of Nebuchadnezzar and the open glee of the scheming princes. ‘Their loyalty was well placed, however, and the king saw the miracle of them walking un- harmed in the midst of the flames. ABEL.—Gen. 4:2 The first martyr to faith. He was the second son of Adam and Eve, and by calling a herdsman. The two sons offered sacrifices to God, and by some sign it was made manifest that God preferred the offering of Abel, not because of its nature, but because of the sincerity of its giver. Cain made a mean sacrifice, that cost him neither time nor trouble, while Abel chose the firstlings of his flock, perfect and costly, and of these the fattest. He sacrificed what cost him something, and because God read the inner meaning of the gift he signified his preference. Of this Cain became aware, and murdered his brother, thinking perhaps thereby to gain the favor of God more easily, and became an outcast instead. 6 Cho's Who in the Bible ABIATHAR.—TJ Sam. 22:20 A strange mixture of loyalty and scheming. There were several such characters in the Old Testa- ment, men who were capable of great sacrifice and devotion, but who could not carry straight to the end. Abiathar was a landowner of the city of Anathoth, in Benjamin, from which city came also Jeremiah. He was the son of the high priest Ahijah or Ahime- lech, and had an adventurous life. When the priests were massacred at Nob, he alone escaped, and joined David at Keilah, where he feared that David might do him harm, but was reassured, and the two men became close friends. This friendship stood Abia- thar in good stead later, when David was betrayed, for of the two culprits Joab was put to death, while Abiathar had his sentence of death commuted by Solomon to one of degradation, in remembrance of the former friendship. Before combining with Joab in treachery, Abiathar was of considerable service to David, bringing to him an ephod, which was the means of inquiring directly of God. Through this he was appointed one of David’s counselors. When there was trouble with Absalom, and David fled for his life, Abiathar tried to share the exile with him, but was commanded to stay where he was. Jonathan, Abiathar’s son, acted as messenger and carried to David the dispatches revealing Absalom’s secret plans. On Absalom’s defeat and death, Abiathar paved the way for David to return to the throne, but his devoted loyalty suffered a change soon after. David’s Abijah 7 other son Adonijah commenced a new revolt, and whether Abiathar was looking more to the security of his own office or feared that the people would not follow David longer, he and the cunning general, Joab, lent themselves to high treason, supporting Adonijah. For this Joab was executed, and Abiathar was ‘thrust out of the presence of the Lord’”’ by Solomon. ABIGAIL.—I Sam. 25:14 The clever and beautiful wife of Nabal the Car- melite. David sent messengers to Nabal, before attacking him, and the messengers were dismissed with scant courtesy. Abigail, with more diplomacy, and perhaps with greater vision than her husband, herself went to David, secretly, to try to undo her husband’s mistake. She carried with her food and provisions for David and his followers, and gained such favor with David that he abandoned the attack on Nabal. This was the beginning of one of the great romances of the Bible, for ten days later Nabal died, and David married Abigail, who took her share of his tribula- tions, and watched and suffered with him during his life in Gath, was captured by the Amalekites, but quickly rescued, and finally lived in peace with David at Hebron, where she bore him a son, Daniel. ABIJAH (Abiam, Abijam).—2 Chr. 13:1 One man, whose name is given differently in some manuscripts. There are also several characters of the same name but the subject of this note is the principal character and was King of Judah. Abiam 8 Cho's ho tn the Bible was the eldest son of the favorite wife of Rehoboam, and so succeeded his father to the throne. It is difficult properly to appraise his value, for he reigned something like two years, and is alternatively de- scribed as one who ‘‘walked in the sins of his father”’ and as a great and good man. Whatever else may be said of him he was a great general and a good fighter. With a relatively small army of 400,000 men he met and put to rout an army of 800,000 under the command of Jeroboam, and of this vast army he succeeded in slaying half a million, and pressed his victory so well that he captured three cities of Israel, the kingdom of Jeroboam. He was a much married man, having fourteen wives and thirty-eight children. ABIMELECH.—Jud. 9:50 A son of Gideon, and one of the Judges, who ascended the throne by blotting out his brothers. Determined to be ruler, he hired cutthroats and slew all but one of his seventy brothers. Jotham escaped the massacre, and stirred up antagonism to his brother among the Shechemites at Mt. Gerizim. Abimelech loved the fruits of office without its responsibilities and was practically an absentee king. Three years were quite enough of his reign for the people, but he had one faithful friend in Zebul, the governor of Shechem, who kept the non- resident Abimelech posted as to affairs. Conse- quently when Gaal, the Israelitish leader, gained ground in Shechem, Zebul pretended to comply with his designs, but furnished Abimelech with informa- Ahishat 9 tion as to the growth and plans of the revolutionary movement, suggesting the means of checking it. Acting on this information, Abimelech attacked the city, and completely routed Gaal, whom he expelled, and then put to the sword as many of the citizens as fell into his hands. A certain number took refuge in the temple, thinking to escape the fury of the victorious leader, but he had no respect for either man or holy place, and burned the temple over their heads. Following up his campaign he attacked and be- sieged the town of Thebez, where a woman on the walls dropped a millstone on him as he paraded. Stricken, he ordered his armor bearer to kill him, lest he be disgraced by dying at the hands of a woman. ABISHAI—JI Sam. 26:7 One of the most courageous and daring of David’s captains, one of David’s nephews, being the eldest son of his sister Zeremiah. Abishai was permanently adventurous, always seeking the dangerous road. When David went down to Saul’s camp, Abishai volunteered to accom- pany him, and was only prevented by David from striking Saul to the earth at one stroke. For his courage, Abishai was put in command of the second division of David’sarmy, winninga greatvictory against Edom in the Valley of Salt, as well as against the Ammonites and Syrians. With Joab he shared command of David’s army in the war with Absalom. There is a less attractive episode in Abishai’s adventures, for he, with Joab, treacherously mur- 10 Cho’s Who in the Bible dered Abner, who had come to David offering allegiance and help, and by this act almost destroyed David’s campaign. His character is redeemed, however, by his devo- tion and fearlessness. The Philistine giant Ishbi- benob, whose spear-weighed 300 shekels of brass, had David at his mercy, when Abishai successfully undertook the rescue, and later with his own spear slew three hundred Philistines. ABNER.—I Sam. 14:50; IIT Sam. 3:8 Jerome holds that Abner is the son of the Witch of Endor. At all events he was Saul’s captain of hosts, and when Saul died succeeded in forcing the allegiance of all the tribes except Judah to the weak king Ishbosheth. This of course meant war, so Abner marched out against David, but sought to save bloodshed by letting the champions of the armies decide the issue by single combat. Abner reluctantly slew Asahel, but the war went on, stead- ily progressing in David’s favor, so Abner ‘‘made himself strong in the house of Saul.’’ The spineless Ishbosheth accused Abner of trying to usurp the crown for himself, which may not have been entirely unfounded, but so disgusted Abner that he entered into negotiations with David to unite the kingdoms under one strong ruler. After preliminaries, to guarantee good faith, Abner was entertained by David at Hebron, where the compact was sealed, and Abner had just started his return journey when Joab returned from a raid. Remembering that the death of Asahel was still unavenged, and being jealous Abraham II of possible rivalry now that Abner was turning to David, he recalled Abner secretly, and with the assistance of Abishai, committed the heinous crime of murdering Abner at the gates of Hebron, which was actually a city of refuge, and wherein according to the law the blood avenger must hold his hand. David, hearing of the crime, pronounced the curse on Joab, and neither forgave nor forgot. Abner was buried at Hebron, David acting as chief mourner, and making the funeral oration. The death of Abner, in David’s camp, prevented the completion of David’s plans in secret. Ish- bosheth became aware of the plot, and the crisis was hastened, but despite the consequent disorganiza- tion, David was victorious and Ishbosheth was killed. (See Rechab.) By a singular coincidence the head of the defeated king was buried in the grave of his chiet captain. So Ishbosheth and Abner, having shared the same palace in life, shared the same grave. ABRAHAM (Abram).—Gen. 17:5; Gen. 11:27 A man so devoted to God that he was willing to sacrifice his son on the altar, or to forsake his own home and go forth ‘‘not knowing whither he went,’ through many adventures and almost famine, trust- ing that his God would bring him safe through. His faith was accounted to him for righteousness. Abraham was the son of Terah, and his early home was Ur of the Chaldees. He married Sarai (later called Sarah), a close relative, in fact his half sister, and in his old age had a son Isaac, who was the actual founder of the chosen people. 12 Cho's Who in the Bible Together with his nephew, Lot, he forsook Ur, and journeyed according to the divine command to Canaan. On the way of his travels he passed through Shechem and Bethel, where he built altars. Driven by famine to Egypt, he was in great danger, as the princes of Egypt carried news to Pharaoh of Sarai’s great beauty. To escape danger, Abraham said that Sarai was his sister, not his wife, and she was taken into the harem of Pharaoh, but was saved from harm by divine intervention. Abraham was showered with presents, but when plagues were sent upon the Egyptians (as a sign of the divine anger), and Abraham’s relation to Sarai was made known, Pharaoh hastened them out of his kingdom, with remonstrances, for the deception. Abraham and Lot returned to Bethel, with in- creased possessions. There they had disputes as to territory, and Lot, being given the choice of country, took the rich pasture land of the Jordan valley. Abraham remained in the district God had indicated, and resided at Hebron. Rebellion against the Elamites broke out in the Jordan valley, but was overcome, and Sodom and Gomorrah taken. Lot was captured and carried off. Abraham, with certain other leaders, joined the pursuit and won a victory, by night, at Dan. Lot was rescued, and much spoil taken, but Abraham refused to take any share of the booty, allowing it to be divided among his allies. Although Abraham had the divine promise of a son, Sarai was childless. A son was born to him by Hagar, and called Ishmael, but this was not the Absalom 13 promised son. Nearly thirteen years later Abraham entertained angels unawares, and learned from them of the threatened destruction of Sodom and Gomor- rah, and of the renewal of the divine promise. Isaac was born to Sarai. At this time Abram was re- named Abraham, and Sarai renamed Sarah. Ishmael and Hagar were cast out from the house of Abraham. Abraham prospered and entered into a treaty with Abimelech, king of Gerar. When Isaac was a well-grown lad, God tested Abraham, commanding him to offer Isaac on the altar as a sacrifice. Abraham obeyed immediately, but by the Divine will was prevented from carrying his act to the death of Isaac, who was preserved to become the founder of Israel. Sarah died and Abraham married Keturah, by whom he had six sons who became the patriarchs of the Arabian tribes. He died aged 175 years, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah. ABSALOM.—2 Sam. 15:1 The rash, charming son of David, who came into prominence first by taking revenge upon his brother Amnon for the outrage he committed on his sister Tamar. Absalom was David’s third son, with hopes of succeeding to the throne. When he had Amnon murdered he fled to the palace of Talmai, king of Geshur, where he was in exile for three years. Being pardoned and allowed to return home, but not into the presence of the king, his father, Absalom tried to persuade Joab to intercede for him. Joab refused 14 ho’s Who in the Bible even to see Absalom, so Absalom ordered his servant to set fire to Joab’s crops, which brought Joab post haste to see what was the matter. Absalom inter- cepted him and persuaded him to plead with David on his behalf. The intercession was successful and Absalom returned. — He was so charming to the courtiers that they became his allies, and Absalom began to lay his plans for the usurpation of the throne, taking advantage of the misunderstanding that existed between king David and his captains. } Obtaining leave of absence from the court, he went through the country stirring up rebellion, which was so successful that David took refuge east of Jordan, deserting Jerusalem. Absalom arrived in Jerusalem, where Hushai, David’s faithful friend, played the rebel so well that he gained Absalom’s confidence, delayed him and upset his organization, sending messengers to David, who made a sudden attack, dividing his army into three divisions under Joab, Abishai and Ittai, whom he charged to deal gently with his son Absalom. The rebels lost the battle. Absalom, riding his mule beneath some trees, was caught in the fork of a branch by his head, and hung there. Joab being informed, without hesitation pierced the rebel prince through the heart. David grieved sorely when he heard of Absalom’s death, but Joab, out of his soldier’s experience, be- sought David to remember hismen. David, choking his grief, then addressed the soldiers, thanking them for their valor, dissembling his grief for the dead prince. Adam 15 ACHAN.—Jos. 7:1 A looter who broke the nation’s vow for his own ends, and paid the penalty. He was of the tribe of Judah, and son of Carmi. When Jericho was taken, although the city, and all the spoils that were taken, were devoted utterly to destruction (that is, were to be regarded as a sacrifice to God), Achan coveted certain trophies and spoils, which he stole and secret- ed. In so doing he broke a sacred vow taken by the nation as one body, which resulted in calamity falling on the people. The attack on Ai was repulsed, al- though it should have been easily successful, and the army lost 36 men. Realizing that something was wrong, other than generalship, the leaders caused lots to be drawn to see whose fault the disaster was. By a long process Achan was singled out, whereupon he confessed, and the stolen treasure was found hidden in his tent. Achan, his tent, goods, cattle, spoils, and children were stoned and later burnt in the Valley of Achor and the curse was removed. ADAM.—Gen. 3:17 The first named created man. According to the Scriptures, while the earth was still without life, a barren wilderness, God created Adam out of the dust and breathed life into his nostrils. He was given care of Eden, and allowed to eat freely of its fruits, with the exception of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The animals were created as his companions and assistants. These being insufficient, God caused him 16 Ciiho’s Who in the Bible to go into a deep sleep, and from his side took a rib, from which he formed Eve, with whom Adam lived in a state of childlike innocence, until she, tempted by the serpent, and in turn tempting Adam, caused him to eat of the fruit of the tree of knowledge, so that they became like Gods, knowing good and evil, whereupon they became conscious of sin. They had however ‘‘become like Gods,” knowing the difference between good and evil, and lest they also eat of the tree of life, and so become immortal, they were cursed and driven out of the Garden, to earn their subsistence by hard work on lands which were made barren for their sake. ADONIJAH.—I Kn. 1-2 An unfortunate, impulsive son of David. Adoni- jah was the fourth son, and followed his three elder brothers to a violent death. When Absalom died, Adonijah naturally regarded himself as being heir to the throne, in which assumption he seems to have been encouraged by his father, and the expec- tation was shared by the nation. Bath-sheba, how- ever, David’s new queen, gave birth to Solomon, and intrigued against Adonijah, who, knowing her in- tention to secure the throne for her own son, made a sudden attempt to secure the throne during David’s life. His scheme went well at first, for he acquired the assistance of the commander-in-chief, Joab, and the priest Abiathar. Everything promised so fa- vorably that Adonijah gathered a festival party at En-rogel where he was to be crowned. Nathan, the prophet, however heard of this and Ahab 17 hastened to Bath-sheba, whom he easily aroused to action. She went straight to David, and reminded him of his promise to make Solomon king. During the interview Nathan also arrived, and cunningly supported her efforts. David renewed his promise to give the throne to Solomon, and took immediate steps to secure the succession. Despite Adonijah’s success with the army, the royal guard was loyal, and the leader of the guard took Solomon to the high priest to be anointed, which was done in the presence of an enthusiastic populace. Adonijah’s party naturally broke up in utter con- fusion when they learned how neatly they had been checkmated, and Adonijah himself fled to the altar for protection, and his life was spared by Solomon on the condition of future loyalty. Adonijah, however, did not quite relinquish his royal aspirations. When David was dead he sought Solomon’s consent to his marriage to Abishag the Shunammite woman who had been with David just before he died, cunningly persuading Solomon’s moth- er, Bath-sheba, to put his petition forward, saying ‘Thou knowest the kingdom was mine.” The ruse was too obvious, however. What Adonijah really was doing amounted to high treason, which Solomon recognized, and for which Adonijah was executed. AHAB.—IJ Kn. 16:31 An idolatrous, selfish king of Israel; son of Omri. At the instigation of his wife, Jezebel, he tried to sub- stitute the worship of Baal for the worship of God. For this and the murder of Naboth, vengeance was 18 Cho's Who in the Bible slow to arrive, but sure. Ahab, having built him- self a gorgeous palace, wanted grounds to set it off and for that purpose the land of Naboth, near by, was ideal. Naboth being unwilling to sell, Ahab, again urged by Jezebel, murdered Naboth. The population were iricensed by the brutal murder, and Elijah the prophet pronounced the doom of both Ahab and his wife. Although so vicious a man, Ahab was a clever warrior. In the war with Syria, when Ben-hadad, the Syrian ruler, had fought a winning campaign, and was bringing the attack close home to Ahab, the invader made impossible demands on Ahab, which were refused. Ben-hadad thereupon made all his preparations for a great and final attack, but delayed for feasting. Ahab gathered about 7,000 soldiers together and in a furious attack defeated the much more numerous army of Ben-hadad, and forced a treaty from him. He then pursued his policy of making treaties, and finally brought in most of the surrounding peoples in an alliance against the rapidly growing power of Assyria. They were not strong enough, however, to avert defeat at the hands of the Assyrians, and the alliances were broken up. As a consequence smaller wars broke out against the Syrians. The prophets sought to dissuade Ahab, but instead of listening to them he imprisoned them and carried on his battle. Believing that he would have a better chance of personal safety by being inconspicuous in the battle, Ahab took off his in- Signia, and drove a plain chariot, but he was not to escape, for a soldier ‘‘drew a bow at a venture’’ and Ahas 19 shot Ahab between the folds of his armor, so that he slowly bled to death. AHAZ.—II Kn. 16:1 A king of Judah, who believed more in alliance with Assyria than in the power of God. The son and successor of Jotham, he made a compact with Assyria when he came to the throne because he feared the alliance of Israel and Syria, and wished to resist the pressure they brought on him to enter their own alliance. Isaiah the prophet advised Ahaz to ignore the two powers, but Ahaz went his own way. What actually happened, of course, was that. instead of making Judah an ally of Assyria he made it a sub- ject, and consequently was compelled to pay ex- tortionate tribute and his people lived under fear and oppression. The Assyrians actually compelled Ahaz to journey in person to Damascus to pay tribute. Unfortunately his journey was not con- fined to the payment of the taxes they enacted, for learning the religion of the Assyrian people, Ahaz returned an apostate. He carried his excesses so far that he burned his sons in the fire, closed the temple, and destroyed the holy vessels, leading his people to an orgy of drunken idolatry, and establish- ing a régime of luxury and the shameless corruption of justice. The forces of Syria and Israel invaded his territory and took captive 200,000 of his people, whereupon he called on Assyria, his ally, to come to his aid. Their coming was a complete disillusionment to Ahaz, for 20 Gbo’s Who in the Bible the Assyrians came not to fight for, but to fight against him, and he died utterly discredited. AHAZIAH There are two kings of the same name. (aye Kae t A king of Israel, son of Ahab, who followed the course of idolatrous worship of Baal, to his own undoing. (b) II Kn. 09:27 A king of Judah, the youngest son of Jehoram, who was crowned king by popular acclamation, his brothers having been carried off by the Philistines and Arabians. Ahaziah died at the hand of Jehu. Joram, the King of Israel, continued the warfare that Ahab had begun, and Ahaziah, being Joram’s nephew, joined him. At the capture of Ramoth-gilead, Joram was wounded. This meant a serious reversal of the fortunes of war, and Ahaziah fled for his life, but was pursued by Jehu, and was slain. AHIJAH There are nine men of this name, two of whom play a moderately important part. (a) I Sam. 14:3 A high priest (called Ahimelech in I Sam. 22:9) during the reign of Saul, who had reproved the king for his impatience before God, and who was en- countered by David as he fled from the king. David came to Ahijah for counsel, and the High Priest gave him both counsel and practical help. | Ahijah 21 For food he gave him the shewbread, and for a weapon Goliath’s sword, which hung as a trophy before the altar. The incident was witnessed by Doeg, the Edomite, who was worshiping then. The news was carried to Saul who, in vengeance, charged Ahijah and 85 ‘‘of his father’s house”’ with conspiracy, condemning them to instant death, which sentence was willingly executed by Doeg. (b) I Kn. 11:29 The Shilohite. Ahijah of Shiloh prophesied the rise and fall of Jeroboam I. Jeroboam, an ambitious, self-willed king, was met by the prophet in his journeying, and Ahiah en- deavored to consecrate and control the king’s ambition. The prophet, clad ina new garment, tore his robe into twelve pieces, ten of which he handed to the king, with the promise that on the death of Solomon the kingdom of ten tribes should be his. Jeroboam, on his accession, achieved his ambition, but did not develop the character the prophet desired. When Ahijah was an old man, and in retirement, and the king was in personal sorrow, fearing his son would die, he thought of the true prophet. The prophets around him were not to be relied on, but he remembered that Ahijah had told him the truth. He therefore sent his wife, disguised as a poor woman, to the old man. Ahijah, warned by God of the deception, ridiculed the paltry gifts she brought and the deception she practiced, and told her what she came to learn, saying that the mourners would greet her on her return, for the son was dead, and the 22 Who's Who in the Bible doom of Jeroboam’s house was declared. This she found true to the letter when returning home. ALCIMUS.—A pocrypha, I Mac. 7:14 The high priest nominated by Antiochus Eupator. He was unable to exercise his office, however, because of the power of Judas Maccabeeus. Therefore he went to Antioch to complain of the ‘‘lawless and un- godly men of Israel’? and to charge Judas Macca- beus with treason. This gained the king’s favor, and Demetrius was persuaded to send an army to establish Alcimus at Jerusalem and to punish the Maccabees. The invading army murdered the leaders in Jeru- salem and Judas Maccabzus fled into hiding. Alcimus was not popular with the people, who chafed under his rule, and were favorably disposed to Judas Maccabeus who was fighting a guerilla warfare in the outlying districts with some success. Alcimus again visited the king, whom he bribed by presents to send troops to Jerusalem. Judas escaped again however, and was free for a while, but later was killed and Alcimus exercised his office without hindrance. His hope was to unite the Jews and Greeks, and for that reason he ordered the destruc- tion of the wall of the sanctuary, but before the destruction was completed he died of paralysis. His period was about 163 B.C. AMAZIAH.—IJI Kn. 14:1 A vainglorious king of Judah who succeeded to the throne after the assassination of his father Jehoash. Amaziah had such success in a little war Amos oye with Edom and Israel that he vaunted himself and challenged his neighbor Jehoash (who was the grandson of Jehu, and must not be confused with Amaziah’s father) to fight. Jehoash was sarcastic, but peacefully inclined because he knew his strength. Amaziah, however, smarting under the taunt rushed headlong into war, and to death. In the battle the forces of Judah were completely routed and Amaziah taken prisoner. Jehoash followed up his victory to the walls of Jerusalem, which he partly destroyed, and pillaged the city, taking captives. Amaziah was murdered, his death probably being due to popular disaffection consequent on the damage to the holy city. AMON .—JJ Kn. 21:19 A king of Judah, son of Manasseh, who figures in the ancestry of the house of David, and also in the genealogy of our Lord. He was unworthy of this, however, for he carried on idolatrous practices which had been begun by his father Manasseh. Although Manasseh had re- pented, this repentance did not influence his son who seems to have gone so far as to offer human sacrifices to strange gods. Amon was killed as the result of a conspiracy which appears to have had its rise in the court, and not amongst the populace, probably the outcome of a desire to make religious reform possible. AMOS The prophet. He probably lived in the land of Judah, where he had a small flock of ungainly short- 24 Wiho’s Who in the Bible footed sheep, who produced excellent wool. For further means of existence Amos sold the fruit of a few sycamore trees. From the narrative he appears to have been of moderate means but independent, and there is no evidence that he belonged to a particularly distinguished family. He journeyed from Judah to denounce the sins of Israel at Bethel, the religious capital of the northern kingdom, and his warrant for so doing was a direct call from God. Amos, who prophesied during the reign of Jero- boam, was alarmed by the Assyrian menace. Ama- ziah, however, the chief priest, accused Amos before the king of treason, and ordered him to quit the kingdom, fearing a popular revolt. This was quite natural, for Amos’ message would have found much acceptance among the poor and oppressed. The issue was joined between the highly influential politicians and the unknown prophet. For reply Amos predicted Amaziah’s utter de- struction and the destruction of Israel. After de- livering his final message to Israel, Amos departed to his home. His writings have a powerful, direct style, are full of illustrations that would be understood by the common people, and show an understanding mind inspired by God. ANANIAS. Altogether there are no fewer than nine people bearing this name. ‘Three stand out, and of these three two are in singular coincidence. Ananias 25 (a) Acts 9:10 Ananias, the follower of Jesus, who, in obedi- ence to a vision, found Saul of Tarsus in his blind- ness, baptized him, and restored his sight. (b) Acts 23:2 The high priest to whom Paul, now renamed, was brought and who shortly afterwards appeared against Paul when he was charged before Felix. During the high priesthood of this Ananias there were quarrels between the Samaritans and the Jews which rendered him liable to lose his office. The Jews raided the Samaritan villages and Ananias was accused of being party to the raid. In his trial at Rome Ananias was only narrowly acquitted. He thereupon returned and carried on his office with rapacity and force, sending his servants to the threshing floors to collect the tithes by violent means. He defrauded the minor priests of their due share, leaving many to die of starvation. Paul called him a ‘‘whited wall.” His end was fitting. He was known to favor the Roman occupation. When rebellion broke out Jerusalem was taken and destroyed. Ananias, fearing for his life, took refuge, but he was found and murdered by a fanatical populace. (c) Acts 5:1 The husband of Sapphira who fell dead at the rebuke of Peter. Three hours later Sapphira died also. The reason given is that Ananias withheld part of the price which he said he had given in its entirety to charity. The sin lay not in keeping part for himself but in denying that he did so. Peter 26 Cho's Who in the Bible made it clear that he could keep part if he so wished, but having kept it he sinned in saying that he had retained nothing for himself. ANDREW.—John 1:40 Was fishing with his brother, Simon Peter, in the Sea of Galilee when Jesus called him to be his disciple. According to the Acts of the Apostles, Andrew was originally a disciple of John the Baptist, and hearing the call ‘‘ Behold the Lamb of God,”’ not only followed Jesus himself but brought his brother to Jesus also. The two brothers were afterwards visited by Jesus, who healed Peter’s mother-in-law. Andrew assisted at the feeding of the five thousand, and it was due to his information that the boy with the loaves and fishes was discovered. With Philip, he brought the inquiring Greeks to Jesus’ notice. There are many traditions concerning Andrew, the principal account saying that Andrew was crucified at Patre by Ageas, the proconsul, on account of his preaching, which caused Avgeas’ wife to leave her husband. ANTIOCHUS IV (called Epiphanes). See A pocry- pha, II Mac. Ascended the throne of Syria about B.c. 175, and appears in II Maccabees. He visited Jerusalem to see Jason, the high priest, who had obtained his office by purchase. Jason was later supplanted by Menelaus, who paid more. Hearing that Antiochus was dead, Jason besieged Aguila 27 Jerusalem, but the rumor was false, and Antiochus marched against Jason, taking Jerusalem and spoil- ing the temple. He madea second attack later, out of sheer wrath, burning the city and massacring the Jews, selling the women into slavery, and establish- ing an idolatrous religion. Some of the Jews escaped, with Judas Maccabeus, and the tribe of Judah opposed Antiochus in his effort to debase the religion, revolting under the leadership of Mattathias, and later under Judas Maccabzeus, who regained the territory, with the exception of the fortress of Jeru- salem, and restored the religion of the people. Antiochus died insane, probably as the result of his extreme debauchery. APOLLOS.—Acis 18:24 An eloquent, educated Jew of Alexandria, who did much to spread Christianity. He visited Corinth where he was entertained by Priscilla and Aquila, who instructed him in the faith, and later he refuted the Jews who opposed Christianity, demonstrating that Jesus was the Messiah. It appears that because of his eloquence there were certain people of Corinth who called themselves ‘‘of his party”’ with the result that factions threatened to do harm to the cause, but this was prevented by Paul, and Apollos finally retired to Crete. He and Paul maintained their friendship. AQUILA.—Acts 18:2 A Christian friend of Paul, who, with his wife Priscilla, fled from Rome when Claudius issued a decree expelling the Jews. 28 Cho's Cho in the Bible Taking up residence in Corinth, he received Paul on his second missionary journey, later removed to Ephesus, where his house became the meeting place of the groups of Christians who composed the oa Church. The edict of Claudius seeming to be unim- portant, Aquila journeyed once more to Rome, to see Paul, from whom he again returned to Ephesus, possibly to prepare the city for Paul’s own coming. ARCHELAUS.— Mat. 2:22 Son of Herod the Great, Governor of Judea. When Herod died, and the Jews at last got their way in the matter of being ruled directly from Rome, Herod’s sons became governors of the provinces. With them the folly of the Jewish politics became apparent. The Jews were not competent to make a state for themselves, and their religion soon made it impossible to live at peace under a foreign ruler. Their own idea was the rulership of God, and not the rulership of Rome. Friction naturally followed, and after friction, rebellion. Under Archelaus, who was by no means the strong man his father had proved to be, direct Roman rule came into operation, and with it tax- ation. Taxation being levied, a small revolt under Judas of Damala broke out. It was quelled like the snuffing out of a candle, but it served to produce a sect of revolutionaries, called the Zealots, who demonstrated the inevitability of conflict. Archelaus, unable to cope with the rising storm Asher 29 and the difficulties of government, was deposed and died in exile. ARISTARCHUS.— Acts 19:29 A co-worker with Paul, who was taken prisoner during the riot in Ephesus. He accompanied Paul from Troas to Jerusalem and thence to Rome, where he was with him during the imprisonment, and at the time the epistles to Colossians and Philemon were written. Tradition says that Aristarchius was martyred in Rome under Nero. ASA.—I Kn. 15:9 A king of Judah, who sought to abolish idolatry. Being attacked by Baasha, the king of Israel, he sold the treasures of his palace and of the temple to pur- chase aid from Ben-hadad, king of Syria. Baasha was put to flight, and Asa enjoyed a long reign, in which he distinguished himself as a great warrior, defeating the Ethiopian forces. He made a great appeal to the people to purify their religion, gathering them in one great concourse, and exhorting them to loyalty to Jehovah. ASHER.—Gen. 30:13 Jacob’s eighth son, the founder of the tribe of Asher. He had a great opportunity, rich lands and good crops, but was an indifferent leader, and could not use the opportunities that were plentifully be- stowed upon him, slowly fading into insignificance. 30 Wiho’s Who in the Bible ASHTORETH (Astarte).—I Sam. 31:10 A goddess of the Phoenicians, whose worship spread through Babylon and Assyria and to whom Solomon built a ‘‘high place.’”’ She was worshiped by some renegade Israelites also, and Saul’s armor was deposited in her temple by the Philistines. The rites of her worship were characterized by profligacy and debauchery. The shrine erected in worship of this goddess by Solomon was destroyed by Josiah. ATHALIAH.—JTI Kn. 11 The idolatrous daughter of Ahab and Jezebel who married Jehoram, king of Judah, and strengthened the idolatrous worship of Baal, so that the temple of God was broken down. On the death of Ahaziah, Athaliah had all her grandchildren murdered, with the exception of Joash who escaped, and reigned as queen for several years. The high priest, Jehoiada, alarmed by her rule, won over the army, and bringing Joash to their midst, had him crowned king. Athaliah, hearing the up- roar, ran into the temple, and seeing what had taken place, sought to rally her own followers, crying ‘““Treason.’’ Her appeal was fruitless, however, and she was taken out of the temple, in order that blood might not pollute it, and put to the sword. AZARIAH. There are more than twenty of this name in the Scriptures, many of them being high priests, one Balaam 31 king of Judah (Uzziah), and some captains in the army. See Abednego. BAAL.—Jud. 2:11 The name applied to local gods whose worship was finally overthrown by the Israelites and the worship of Jehovah substituted. The name means ‘‘owner,” e.g. ‘‘BAALZEBUB,” God of the flies, who was consulted by Ahaziah, king of Israel. BAASHA.—I Kn. 15:27 ff. A man of obscure birth who rose to be king of Israel, and reigned twenty-four years. He organized a plot against Nadab (son of Jeroboam), whom he killed, along with all Jeroboam’s descendants. He continued the forbidden ‘‘calf worship,” for which he was cursed by the prophet Jehu. March- ing against Asa, king of Judah, he was utterly defeated. BALAAM.— Num. 22 ff. A diviner or soothsayer of the Midianites who was paid by Balak, king of Moab, to curse Israel, and whose life was saved by his ass. When the Israelites approached Canaan, and the Canaanites were in fear of the invasion, the king sent for Balaam and after giving him great presents, commanded him to set forth and utter a curse on the chosen people. An angel, however, seeing Balaam with the rulers, countermanded the curse and Balaam dismissed the princes. They returned with greater gifts, and God having consented to Balaam’s 30 Who's Who in the Bible journeying to the Israelites, but commanding him to speak according to His words, the soothsayer saddled his ass and departed. An angel stood in the way, whom Balaam did not see, but the ass, terrified by the vision, refused to move, consequently Balaam abused it, and the ass, finding voice, protested. Balaam then perceived the angel, who permitted him to proceed with the princes of Canaan, but to speak as he was directed. Seven altars were made ready, with offerings of calves and rams, but Balaam, being ordered by the King to curse the Israelites, rejoined, ‘‘How shall I curse him whom God hath not cursed,’’ and instead of pronouncing the doom of the people prophesied their increase. Balak grew furious, but Balaam con- tinued, and foretold the overthrow and destruction of Moab and Edom at their hands. He then de- parted, but was finally killed in a raid by the Israel- ites on Midian. BARABBAS.— Matt. 27:15 A criminal who was in custody at the same time that Jesus was a prisoner. The high priests com- manded the people to demand the release of Barabbas when Pilate offered to release one man from prison in honor of the Passover. BARAK.—Jud. 4:6 Deborah’s ally in the war with the Canaanites. Under her direction he made a flank attack on Sisera with 10,000 men, routing the army and pursuing Barnabas Be ‘Sisera, who took refuge in the tent of Jael, whom he commanded to hide him. Jael, pretending to obey Sisera, covered him with a cloak, but while he slept drove a tent pin through his temples. When Barak arrived he was con- fronted with the dead body of his enemy. BAR-JESUS.— Acts 13:6 A magician, friend of Sergius Paulus, who sought to refute Paul and Barnabas when they spoke before the proconsul. Bar-jesus, seeing that Sergius Paulus was deeply interested, and fearing that he might lose his office and perquisites, opposed the apostles openly, prob- ably working some magic, for he is accused of ‘‘per- verting the ways of the Lord.”’ Paul repaid him in his own coin, by striking him blind. This act con- vinced Sergius Paulus, who believed in the message of the Apostles. BARNABAS.—A cis 4:36 Called apostle, but not one of the twelve. This is the new name given to Joseph of Cyprus by the apostles, a faithful landowner who sold some of his property and gave the proceeds to the apostles. He recommended Saul, after his conversion, to the elders at Jerusalem, and later brought him to Antioch where they were together for a year and had great success in spreading the gospel, prevailing on the Christians there to send funds to the brethren of Jeru- salem, who feared a famine. 34 @iho’s Who in the Bible He later accompanied Paul on his first missionary journey, but owing to a dispute as to companions on the second journey, Barnabas and Paul separated, although they remained friends. Like Paul, Barnabas is reported to have been a self-supporting apostle. BARTHOLOMEW.—WMatt. 10:3 One of the twelve apostles who is usually identified with Nathanael. Tradition credits him with the writing of a Gospel, and he is reputed to have died in Armenia. BARTIMAUS.—WR. 10:46 A blind beggar at the gate of Jericho who, by his insistence and faith, obtained his sight through a miracle of healing performed by Jesus. BARUCH.—VJer. 36:26; 51:59 A young nobleman, himself an inspired writer, and to whom certain books are ascribed, who acted as secretary to his friend Jeremiah the prophet. It was Baruch, the son of Neriah, who read the prophe- cies of desolation for Jeremiah in the temple. The writings were afterwards burned by Jehoiakim as a sign of his displeasure. When the people of Israel departed to Egypt they compelled Baruch and Jeremiah to accompany them. Tradition says that Baruch continued to live in Egypt until the death of Jeremiah, when he went to Babylon, where he resided until his death. Ben-hadad 35 BATH-SHEBA.— II Sam. 11:2 Formerly the wife of Uriah the Hittite (q. v.) and later of King David. An astute far-seeing woman of great discretion. In co-operation with Nathan the prophet she prevailed on David to establish her son, Solomon, on the throne. BENAIAH.—ITI Sam. 23:20 One of David’s captains, who brought the ‘““mighty men,’’ the King’s bodyguard, to the cause of Solomon. Ultimately he became the commander of the army, after he had obeyed orders to execute Joab, the former holder of that office, not so favorable to Solomon. BEN-HADAD. Three kings of Damascus bore this name. ay Kh 1'75-18 Benhadad I was bought as an ally by Asa, king of Judah, against Baasha, king of Israel, who had declared war against him. (b) I Kn. 20 Ben-hadad IT, not so great a general as his father, Ben-hadad I, whom he succeeded. Jn his wars with Ahab the Israelites were victorious and Ben-hadad was compelled to restore the cities taken by his father, and to grant to the victors the right to trade in Damascus. During his illness, Ben-hadad sent his servant Hazael to inquire of the prophet Elisha, who was in 36 Cho's Who in the Bible Damascus, whether he would recover. MHazael, however, smothered the king and usurped the throne. (C) LR gee Ben-hadad III, son of Hazael, who lost all the Israelitish territory in waging war against Joash. BEN JAMIN.—Gen. 35: 16, 18 Jacob’s youngest son. Rachel, his mother, who died when Benjamin was born, named him “‘ Benoni, ”’ which means ‘‘son of my sorrow”’ but the name was changed to Benjamin to escape the ill omen. At the time of the famine, when Joseph, un- known to his brethren, held high office in Egypt, he commanded the sons of Jacob to bring their youngest brother with them. Joseph and Benjamin were the children of Rachel, and therefore full brothers. On the second visit Benjamin accompanied his brethren, and Joseph dealt generously with him, revealing his identity. BEZALEL.—I Chr. 2:20 The son of Uri, of the tribe of Judah, who was ordained to be chief designer and constructor of the tabernacle. In calling him to oversee the building of the tent of meeting, God endowed Bezalel with the necessary qualities for the carrying out of his task. In addition, Bezalel instructed his assistants in the art of architecture. Cain a7 BUKKI.— Num. 34:22 A son of Jogli, prince of the tribe of Dan, who was one of ten to whom was entrusted the division of Canaan among the twelve tribes. CAIAPHAS.—VJohn 11:40, 51 The high priest of the Jews, a Sadducee, who played a great part in the persecution of Jesus. When our Lord was gaining power, Caiaphaswas the most powerful personality in the council which planned to repress him and check the popular movement. He advised the execution of Jesus, suggesting that he should be taken by subtlety. Judas was suborned, and Jesus arrested. The ensuing trial was a mockery of justice. Caiaphas trusted to false witnesses, but Jesus maintained a complete silence, and Caiaphas, growing fearful of the issue, demanded that Jesus say whether he was the Christ, the son of God. To this direct question Jesus replied, knowing that in so doing he was signing his own death war- rant. Caiaphas then rent his garments saying, ‘‘He hath spoken blasphemy.”’ Jesus was sentenced to death, and the sentence was confirmed by the Sanhedrin. CAIN .—Gen. 4:1 The first murderer, and the builder of the first city. By occupation he was a tiller of the ground, and offered an unworthy sacrifice to God, of the fruits of the earth. His sacrifice being offered in an unwilling spirit, his offering was rejected, and Cain was rebuked. 38 @ho’s Who in the Bible He thereupon murdered his brother Abel, whose offering had found favor, but was convicted by his brother’s blood which cried out from the ground, and was driven out, an exile. Being in fear of his life, he was promised protec- tion, and a brand was placed upon him. He went into the land of Nod, where he built a city. The story probably covers many generations of primitive conditions, and has been condensed and made to center around one individual by verbal transmission. CALEB.— Num. 13:6 A man of whom it was written, ‘‘He wholly fol- lowed the Lord, the God of Israel.’”’ One of the scouts sent by Moses into the land of Canaan to espy the land and to report on the possibility of its capture. He, with Joshua, was alone in saying that Israel could conquer the inhabitants and take pos- session of the promised land. For his courage he was excluded from the Divine prohibition which fell on the others, preventing them entering the land, and was permitted to go forward. Later, claiming his heritage from Joshua, he had Hebron and the adjacent country assigned to him. CHEDORLAOMER.—Gen. 14 King of Elam, and leader of the collected attack made by the alliance of states against the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah whose princes had rebelled. Chedorlaomer won the initial battle, capturing Lot, and despoiling the cities. Abraham, hearing of the Claudius Lypsias 39 raid, pursued the enemy army, and defeated the raid- ers, rescuing his relative, and recapturing the booty. CLAUDIUS.—Acts 11:28 A statesmanlike Roman Emperor who reigned from 41 to 54 A.D. He was weak and puny from birth, and suffered constant illness. During his reign Britain was invaded and occupied, and also in his era the great famine swept over the Roman Empire (see Acts I1: 28). The Jews were expelled from Rome under Claudius because of their quarrels (Acts 11:2). These are events whose dates establish the chrono- logy of much of the Scriptures, being verified by con- temporaneous history. Claudius was murdered in 54 A.D. in the month of October. CLAUDIUS LYSIAS.—