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 aN ey RES S 
 
 DELIVERED AT THE 
 
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 IN PHILADELPHIA, AUG. 9, 1876, 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD D. MANSFIELD, L. L. D., 
 
 Late Commissioner of Statistics for Ohio. 
 
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 Set ce ei wow oe oe > > > 
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 ° 
 
 CLEVELAND, O.: 
 CO-OPERATIVE PRINTING, COMPANY, 105 gENECA ST, 
 1876, 
 
 BITION 
 
INTRODUCTION AND AUTHORITIES. 
 
 The reader of the following Address will see that a large part 
 
 of it is a statement of facts, which depend for their accuracy on 
 
 the accuracy of statistics examined. In order that these may 
 
 not be doubted, however strong the statements may seem, I 
 
 subjoin the principal authorities for the facts I have cited: 
 
 1. 
 
 S05 SO SE PY “Ye 88. 89 
 
 The United States Census for 1870. 
 
 Statistics of Ohio’ for 1875. 
 
 Geological Report of Ohio for 1834. 
 
 Geological Report of Ohio for 1873. 
 
 Coal Regions of America, (McFarlane). 
 McCullough’s Account of the British Empire. 
 McGregor’s Statistics of Europe. 
 
 U. 8. Report on Commerce and Nayigation, 
 
 Report of Commissioner of Schools in Ohio for 1875. 
 
 10. Report of Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce. 
 The results stated in the address have heen carefully calcula- 
 
 ted and deduced from these authorities, and are only incomplete 
 
 in not ne as fully illustrated as they might have been. 
 
 E. D. M. 
 
 Morrow, Ouro, September 20th, 1876, 
 
 SO atlas 
 
 b¢ 
 es ds 
 Le 
 
CP EEGy 
 
 (9) 
 
 One hundred years ago, the whole territory from the Alle- 
 gheny to the Rocky Mountains was a wilderness, inhabited only 
 by wild beasts and Indians. The Jesuit and Moravian mission- 
 aries were the only white men who had penetrated the wilderness 
 or beheld its mighty lakes and rivers. While the thirteen old 
 colonies were declaring their independence, the thirteeen new 
 States which now lie in the western interior had no exist- 
 ence, and gave no sign of the future. The solitude of Na- 
 ture was unbroken by the steps of civilization. The wisest 
 statesman had not contemplated the probability of the coming 
 States, and the boldest patriot did not dream that this interior 
 wilderness should soon contain a greater population than the 
 thirteen old States with all the added growth of one hundred 
 years. 
 
 Ten years after that, the old States had ceded their western 
 lands to the General Government, and the Congress of the 
 United States had passed the ordinance of 1785 for the survey 
 of the public territory, and in 1787 the celebrated ordinance 
 which organized the Northwestern Territory, and dedicated it 
 to freedom and intelligence. 
 
 Fifteen years after that, and more than a quarter of a century 
 after the Declaration of Independence, the State of Ohio was 
 admitted into the Union, being the seventeenth which accepted 
 the Constitution of the United States. It has since grown up 
 to be great, populous and prosperous under the influence of 
 those ordinances. Ather admission, in 1803, the tide of migra- 
 tion had begun to flow over the Alleghenies into the Valley 
 of the Mississippi, and although no steamboat, no railroad, then 
 existed, nor even a stage coach helped the immigrant, yet the 
 
6 
 
 wooden “ark” on the Ohio, and the heavy wagon slowly wind- 
 ing over the mountains, bore these tens of thousands to the 
 wilds of Kentucky and the plains of Ohio. In the spring of 
 1788—the first year of settlement—4,500 persons passed the 
 mouth of the Muskingum in three months, and the tide con- 
 tinued to pour on for half a century in a widening stream, min- 
 gled with all the races of Europe and America, until now, in the 
 hundredth year of America’s independence, the five States of 
 the Northwestern Territory, in the wilderness of 1776, contaim 
 ten millions of people, enjoying all the blessings which peace 
 and prosperity, freedom and Christianity, can confer upon any 
 people. Of these five States, born under the ordinance of 1787, 
 
 Ohio is the first, oldest, and in many things the greatest State _ 
 
 in the American Union. In some things it is the greatest State 
 inthe Union. Let us then attempt in the briefest terms to draw an 
 outline portrait of this great and remarkable commonwealth. 
 
 Let us observe its PHYSICAL ASPECTS. Ohio is just one-sixth 
 part of the Northwestern Territory—40,000 square miles. It 
 lies between Lake Erie and the Ohio River—havying 200 miles: 
 of navigable waters—on one side flowing into the Atlantic 
 Ocean, and on the other into the Gulf of Mexico. Through 
 the Lakes its vessels touch on six thousand miles of interior 
 coast, and through the Mississippi, on thirty-six thousand miles 
 of river coast; so that a citizen of Ohio may pursue his naviga- 
 tion through forty-two thousand miles, all in his own country, 
 and all within navigable reach of his own State. He who has 
 circum-navigated the globe has gone but little more than half 
 the distance which this citizen of Ohio finds within his natura} 
 reach in this vast interior. 
 
 Looking upon the surface of this State, we find no mountains, 
 no barren sands, no marshy wastes, no lava-covered plains, but 
 one broad, compact body of arable land, intersected with rivers, 
 and streams, and running waters, while the beautiful Ohio flows 
 tranquilly by its side. More than three times the surface of 
 Belgium, and one-third of the whole of Italy, it has more nat- 
 ural resources in proportion than either, and is capable of ulti- 
 mately supporting a larger population than any equal surface in 
 Europe. Looking from this great arable surface, where upon. 
 
 : 
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 4 
 . 
 
 ne ia *. - 
 
" 
 
 the very hills the grass and the forest trees now grow exuber- 
 ent and abundant, we find that underneath this surface, and 
 easily accessible lie 10,000 square miles of coal, and 4,000 square 
 miles of iron—coal and iron enough to supply the basis of 
 manufacture for a world! All this vast deposit of metal and of 
 fuel does not interrupt or take from that arable surface at all. 
 There you may find in one place the same machine bringing up 
 coal and salt water from below, while the wheat and the corn 
 grow upon the surface above. The immense masses of coal, 
 iron, salt and freestone deposited below have not in any way 
 diminished the fertility and production of soil. 
 
 It has been said by some writer that the character of a peo- 
 ple is shaped or modified by the character of the country in 
 which they live. If the people of Switzerland have acquired a 
 certain air of liberty and independence from the rugged moun- 
 tains around which they live, if the people of Southern Italy 
 or beautiful France have acquired a tone of ease and politeness 
 from their mild and genial clime, so the people of Ohio, placed 
 amidst such a wealth of nature in the temperate zone should 
 show the best fruits of peaceful industry, and the best culture 
 of Christian civilization. Have they done so? Have their own 
 labor and arts and culture come up to the advantages of their 
 natural situation? Let us cxamine this growth and their pro- 
 duct. 
 
 The first settlement of Ohio was made by a colony from 
 New England, at the mouth of the Muskingum. It was lit- 
 erally a remnant of the officers of the Revolution. Of this 
 colony no praise of the historian can be as competent or as 
 strong as the language of Washington. He says, in answer to 
 inquiries addressed him: ‘‘ No colony in America was ever set- 
 tled under such favorable auspices as that which has first com- 
 menced at the Muskingum. Information, property and strength 
 will be its charactastics. I know many of the settlers person- 
 ally, and there never were men better calculated to promote the 
 welfare of such a community;” and he adds, that if he were a 
 young man, he knows no country in which he would sooner set- 
 
 tle than in this western region.* This colony, left alone for a 
 * Spark’s Washington, 9th Yol., 38th Page. 
 
8 
 
 time, made its own government, and nailed its laws to a tree in 
 the village, an early indication of that law-abiding and peaceful 
 spirit, which has since made Ohio a just and well ordered commu- 
 nity. The subsequent settlements on the Miami and the Scioto 
 were made by citizens of New Jersey and Virginia, and it is cer- 
 tainly remarkable that among all the early immigration there 
 were no ignorant people. In the language of Washington, they 
 came with “information ’’—qualified to promote the welfare of 
 the community. 
 
 Soon after the settlements on the Muskingum and the Miami, © 
 the great wave of migration flowed on to the plains and valleys 
 of Ohio and Kentucky. Kentucky had been settled earlier, 
 but the main body of immigrants in subsequent years went into 
 Ohio, influenced partly by the great ordinance of 1787, securing 
 freedom and schools forever, and partly by the greater security 
 of titles under the survey and guarantee of the United States 
 government. Soon the new State grew up, with a rapidity 
 which, until then, was unknown to the history of civilization. 
 On the Muskingum, where the buffalo had roamed, on the 
 Scioto, where the Shawnees had built their towns; on the 
 Miami, where the great chiefs of the Miamis had reigned; on 
 the plains of Sandusky, yet red with the blood of the white man; 
 on the Maumee, where Wayne, by the victory of the “ Fallen 
 Timbers,” had broken the power of the Indian confederacy; the 
 immigrants from the old States and from Europe came in to 
 cultivate the fields, to build up towns, and to rear the institu- 
 tions of Christian civilization, until the single State of Ohio is 
 greater in numbers, wealth and education, than was the whole 
 American Union when the Declaration of Independence was 
 made. 
 
 Let us now look at the statistics of this growth and magnitude, 
 as they are exhibited in the censuses of the United States. 
 Taking intervals of twenty years, Ohio had: 
 
 A TORO ran '..s.wnmhtned oc Gs co RRO 6. 45,365 
 MONGOO0, Sroka? ck ce. Se Selkces se 937 908 
 1Gsigitc bie oe pi neeiee vb» care Se eMac 1,980,329 
 
 SAE TO STs donee » a aon ewe sik ea ds Seen 2,665,260 
 
9 
 
 Adding to the increase of population in the last six years, 
 and Ohio now has, in round numbers, three millions (3,000,000) 
 of people—half a million more than the thirteen States in 1776; 
 and her cities and towns have to-day six times the population of 
 all the cities of America one hundred years ago. This State is 
 now the third in numbers and wealth, and the first in some of 
 those institutions which mark the progress of mankind. That a 
 small part of the wilderness of 1776 should be more populous 
 than the whole Union was then, and that it should have made 
 a social and moral advance greater than that of any nation 
 in the same time, must be regarded as ove of the most starthng 
 and instructive facts which attend this year of commemoration. 
 {f such has been the social growth of Ohio, let us look at its 
 physical development. * This is best expressed by the ageregate 
 productions of the labor and arts of a people applied to the 
 earth. In the census statistics of the United States these are 
 expressed in the aggregate results of agriculture, mining, manu- 
 factures and commerce. Let us simplify these statistics by com- 
 paring the aggregates and ratios as between several States, and 
 between Ohio and some countries of Europe. 
 
 The aggregate amount of grain and potatoes—faranaccous 
 food—produced in Ohio in 1870 was 134,938,413 bushels, and in 
 1874 they were 157,323,597 bushels, being the largest aggregate 
 amount raised in any State but one, Illinois, and larger per 
 square mile than Illinois, or any other State in the country. 
 The promises of nature were thus vindicated by the labor of 
 man; and the industry of Ohio has fulfilled its whole duty to 
 the sustenance of the country and the world. She has raised 
 more grain than ten of the old States together, and more than 
 half raised by Great Britain or by France. I have not the re- 
 cent statistics of Europe, but McGregor, in his Statistics of 
 Nations for 1832—a period of profound peace—gives the follow- 
 ing ratios for the leading countries of Kurope: 
 
 AREA, Am’? oF GRAIN, RATE PER S, 
 Mules. Bushels. MILE. 
 BA TORUONUORIN, oo, osc os es cue cers 120,824 262,500,000 2,190 tol 
 2S Coe Cl sip a aa 258,608 866,800,000 PADD 2 
 LO ee rc 215,858 233,847,300 1,080 ” 
 
 Whe State of Ohio.............. 40,000 150,000,000 3,750 ” 
 
10 
 
 Combining the great countries of Great Britain, Austria 
 and France, we find that they had 594,785 square miles, and 
 produced 863,147,300 bushels of grain, which was, at the time 
 these statistics were taken, 1,450 bushels per square mile, and ten 
 bushels to each one of the population. Ohio, on the other hand, 
 had 3,759 bushels per square mile, and fifty (50) bushels to each 
 one of the population; that is, there was five times as much 
 grain raised in Ohio, in proportion to the people, as in these great 
 countries of Europe. As letters make words, and words express 
 ideas, so these dry figures of statistics express facts, and those 
 facts make the whole history of civilization, 
 
 Let us now look at the statistics of domestic animals. These 
 are always indicative of the state of society in regard to the phy- 
 sical comforts. The horse must furnish domestic conveyances, 
 the cattle must furnish the products of the dairy, as well as meat, 
 and the sheep must furnish wool. 
 
 Let us see how Ohio compares with other States and with 
 Europe. 
 
 In 1870, Ohio had 8,818,000 domestic animals; Illinois, 
 6,925,000; New York, 5,283,000; Pennsylvania, 4,493,000, and 
 other States less. The proportion to population in these States 
 was. 
 
 IneOhio, .to) CACh' Person 5... wieder: tal eictastetere etorels ae sheen 3.3 
 In Illinois, if oe ee Wrote baat sietalen Aegucectaialts constenesiamees ont EG 
 In New York “ EPO A OOO AOC DOA DUO CROC 1.2 
 In Pennsylvania, Pe oa a aia k Saka aie PE tis Se 1.2 
 
 Let us now see the proportion of domestic animals in Europe. 
 The results given by McGregor’s statistics are: 
 
 In Great Britain, to each person..........-++s-- Toran 2.44 
 In Russia, af sees el ataralole’ eo areveintetatangeter ions 2.00 
 In France, as 660 TREES Sc, ciarecee eee etbare mperatees 1.50 
 In Prussia, ff eC AR toot: Stra 1.02 
 In Austria, << (6, va ie iaie a inlald alee e neater 1,00 
 
 It will be seen that the proportion in Great Britain is 
 only two-thirds that of Ohio; in France only one-half; and in 
 Austria and Prussia only one-third. It may be said that in the 
 course of civilization, the number of animals diminish as the 
 density of population increases; and, therefore, this result 
 might have been expected in the old countries of Europe. But. 
 
11 
 
 this does not apply to Russia or Germany, still less to other 
 States in this country. Russia in Europe has not more than 
 half the density of population than in Ohio. Austria and 
 Prussia have less than 150 to the square mile. The whole of 
 the north of Europe has not so dense a population as the State 
 of Ohio, still less have the States of Illinois and Missouri, west 
 of Vhio. Then, therefore, Ohio shows a larger proportion of 
 domestic animals than the north of Europe, or States west of 
 her with populations not suv dense, we see at once there must 
 be other causes to produce such a phenomena. 
 
 Looking to some of the incidental results of this vast agricul- 
 tural production, we see that the United States exports to 
 Europe immense amounts of grain and provisions; and that 
 there is manufactured in this country an immense amount of 
 woolen goods. Then, taking these statistics of the raw material, 
 we find that Ohio produces one-fifth of all the wool 3 one-seventl 
 of all the cheese; one-eighth of all the corn, and one-tenth of all 
 the wheat; and yet Ohio has but a fourteenth part of the popu- 
 lation, and one-eightieth part of the surface of this country. 
 
 Let us take another—a commercial view of this matter, We 
 have seen that Ohio raises five times as much grain per square 
 mile as is raised per square mile in the Empires of Great 
 Britain, France and Austria taken together. After making 
 allowance for the difference of living in the working classes of 
 this country, at least two-thirds of the food and grain of Ohio 
 are a surplus beyond the necessities of life, and therefore so 
 much in the commercial balance of exports. This corresponds 
 with the fact that in the shape of grain, meat, liquors and dairy 
 products, this vast surplus is constantly moved to the Atlantic 
 States and to Europe. The money value of this exported pro- 
 duct is equal to $100,000,000 per annum, and to a golid capital 
 of fifteen hundred millions of dollars ($1,500,000,000) after all 
 the sustenance of the people has been taken out of the annual 
 crop. 
 
 We are speaking of agriculture alone. We are speaking of a 
 State which began its career more than a quarter of a century 
 after the Declaration of Independence was made. And now it 
 may beasked what is the real cause of this extraordinary result, 
 
12 
 
 which, without saying anything invidious of other States, we 
 may safely say has never been surpassed in any country? We 
 have already stated two of the advantages possessed by Ohio. 
 The first is that it is a compact, unbroken body of arable land, 
 surrounded and intersected by water courses, equal to all the 
 demands of commerce and navigation. Next, that it was se- 
 cured forever to freedom and intelligence by the ordinance of 
 1787. ‘The intelligence of its future people was secured by im- 
 mense grants of the public lands for the purposes of education; 
 but neither the blessings of nature nor the wisdom of laws could 
 obtain such results without the continuous labor of an intelli- 
 gent people. Such it had, and we have only to take the testi- 
 mony of Washington, already quoted, and the statistical results 
 I have given, to prove that no people has exhibited more steady 
 industry, nor has any people directed their labor with more 
 intelligence. 
 
 After the agricultural capacity and production of a country, 
 its most important physical feature is its mineral products—its 
 capacity for the production of coal and iron, the two great ele- 
 ments of material civilization. If we were to take away from 
 Great Britain her capacity to produce coal in such vast quanti- 
 ties, we should reduce her to a third-rate position, no longer 
 numbered among the great nations of the earth. Coal has 
 smelted her iron, run her steam engines, and isthe basis of her 
 manufactures. But, when we compare the coal fields of Great 
 Britain with those of this country, they are insignificant. The 
 coal fields of all Kurope are small, compared with those of the 
 central United States. The coal district of Durham and North- 
 umberland in England is only 880 square miles. There are 
 other districts of smaller extent, making in the whole probably 
 one-half the extent of that in Ohio. The English coal beds are 
 represented as more important, in reference to extent, on ac- 
 count of their thickness. There is a small coal district in Lan- 
 cashire where the workable coal beds are in all 150 feet in thick- 
 ness. But this involves, as is well known, the necessity of going 
 to immense depths and incurring immense expense. On the 
 other hand, the workable coal beds of Ohio are near the surface, 
 and some of them require no excavating, except that of the 
 
 ¢ ¥ 
 
13 
 
 horizontal lead from the mine to the river or the railroad. In 
 one county of Ohio there are three beds of twelve, six and four 
 feet each, within fifty feet of thesurface. At some of the mines 
 having the best coal the lead from the mine is nearly horizontal, 
 and just high enough to dump the coal into the railroad cars, 
 These coals are of all qualities, from that adapted to the domestic 
 fire to the very best qualities for smelting or manufacturing 
 iron. Recollecting these facts, let us try to get an idea of the 
 coal district of Ohio. The bituminous coal regions descending 
 the western slopes of the Alleghenies occupies large portions of, 
 Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky and 
 Tennessee. I suppose that this coal field is not less than 50,000 
 square miles, exclusive of Western Maryland and the southern 
 terminations of that fieldin Georgia and Alabama. Of this vast 
 field of coal, exceeding anything found in Europe, about one- 
 fifth part lies in Ohio. Professor Mather, in his report on the 
 geology of the State, (first Geological Report of the State,) says: 
 
 “‘The coal measures within Ohio occupy a space of about 180 milesgin 
 length by $0 in breadth at the widest part, with an area of about 10,000 
 Square miles, extending along the Ohio from Trumbull county in the 
 north to near the mouth of the Scioto in the south. The regularity in the 
 dip, and the moderate inclination of the strata, afford facilities to the mines 
 not known to those of most other countries, especially Great Britain, where 
 the strata in which the coal is embedded have been broken and thrown out 
 of place since its deposit, occasioning many slipsand faults, and causing 
 much labor and expense in again recovering the bed. In Ohio there is 
 very little difficulty of this kind, the faults being small and seldom found.’ 
 
 Now, taking into consideration these geological facts, let us 
 look at the extent of the Ohio coal field. It occupies, wholly or 
 in part 36 counties, including, geographically, 14,000 square miles; 
 but leaving out fractions, and reducing the Ohio coal field within 
 its narrowest limits, it is 10,000 square miles in extent, lies near 
 the surface, and has on an average 20 feet thickness of workable 
 coal beds. Let us compare this with the coal mines of Durham 
 and Northumberland (England), the largest and best coal mines 
 there. That coal district is estimated at 850 square miles, 12 
 feet thick, and ig calculated to contain nine billions (that is nine 
 thousand millions) of tons of coal The coal field of Ohio is 
 twelve times larger and one-third thicker. Estimated by that 
 
14 
 
 standard, the coal field of Ohio contains 180 billions (one hun- 
 dred and eighty thousand millions) of tons of coal. Marketed 
 at only $2.00 per ton, this coal is worth $360,000,000,000 (three 
 hundred and sixty thousand millions of dollars), or, in other 
 words, ten times as much as the whole valuation of fhe United 
 States at the present time. But we need not undertake to esti- 
 mate either its quantity or value. It is enough to say that it is 
 a quantity which we can scarcely imagine, which is tenfold 
 that of England, and which is enough to supply the entire 
 continent for ages to come. 
 
 After coal, tron is beyond doubt the most valuable mineral 
 product of a State. As the material of manufacture it is the 
 most important. What are called the “precious metals” are not to 
 be compared with it as an element of. industry or of profit. 
 But since no manufactures can be successfully carried on with- 
 out fuel, coal becomes the first material element of the arts. 
 Iron is unquestionably the next. Ohio hasan iron district extend- 
 ing from the mouth of the Scioto river to some point north of the 
 Mahoning river in Trumbull county; the whole length is near 
 200 miles, and the breath 20 miles, making as nearly as we can 
 ascertain, 4,000 square mile. The iron in this district is of vari- 
 ous qualities, and is manufactured largely into bars and castings. 
 In this iron district are 100 furnaces, 44 rolling mills, and 15 
 rail mills, being the largest number of either in any State of the 
 Union, except only Pennsylvania. 
 
 Although only the 17th State in its admission, I find that by the 
 census statistics of 1870, it is the third State in the produc- 
 tion of iron and iron manufactures. Already, and within the 
 life of one man, this state begins to show what must in future 
 time be the vast results of coal and iron applied to the arts and 
 manufactures. In the year 1874 there were 420,000 tons of pig 
 iron produced in Ohio, which is larger than the product of any 
 State except Pennsylvania. The product and the manufacture 
 of iron in Ohio have increased 60 rapidly, and the basis for 
 increase is so great, that. we may not doubt that Ohio will continue 
 to be the greatest producer of iron and iron fabrics, except 
 only, Pennsylvania. AtCincinnati the iron manufacture of the 
 
15 
 
 Ohio Valley is concentrating, and at Cleveland the ores of 
 Lake Superior are being smelted. 
 
 After coal and iron, we may place sa// among the necessaries 
 of life. In connection with the coal region, west of the Alle- 
 ghenies, there lies in Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Ohio a 
 large space of country underlaid by the salt rock, which already 
 produces immense amounts of salt. Of this, Ohio has its full 
 proportion. In a large section of the south-eastern portion of 
 the State salt is produced without any known limitation. At 
 Pomeroy and other points the salt rock lies abont 1,000 feet 
 below the surface, but salt water is easily brought to the surface 
 by the steam engine. There, the salt rock, the coal seam, 
 and the noble sandstone lie in successive strata, while the 
 green corn and the yellow wheat blooms on the surface above.’ 
 The State of Ohio produced in 1874, three million five hundred 
 thousand (3,500,000) bushels of salt; being one-fifth of all 
 produced in the United States. The salt section of Ohio is 
 exceeded alone by that of Syracuse, (N. Y.) and of Saginaw, 
 (Michigan). There is no definite limit to the underlying salt 
 rock of Ohio, and, therefore, the production will be proportioned 
 only to the extent of the demand. 
 
 Haying now considered the resources ind the products of the 
 soil and the mines in Ohio, we may properly ask how far have 
 the people employed their resources in the increase of art and 
 manufacture ? We have two modes of comparison ; the ratio of 
 increase within the State, and the ratio they bear to other 
 States. The aggregate value of the products of manufacture, 
 exclusive of mining, in the last three censuses were: 
 
 In 1850. ..... MA eee leie viele Mt we islelsiele wais'esichsisve's’s *, $ 62,692,000 
 MOO es iis vcitele «cu aieidic.c oc'e ep bisiaiee 08 pe Kk vinisiely 6 cece 121,691,000 
 Tn 1870... .cccceeceecerseeres Ecletaa wetaietatetki Inlace hifers 269,713,000 
 
 The ratio of increase was over 100 per cent. in each ten years, 
 a ratio far beyond that of the increase of population, and much 
 bevond the ratio of increase in the whole country. In 1850, 
 the manufactures of Ohio were one-sixteenth part of the 
 aggregate in the country; in 1860, one-fifteenth part; in 
 1870, one-twelfth part. In addition to this, we find from 
 the returns of Cincinnati and Cleveland, that the value of 
 
16 
 
 the manufactured products of Ohio in 1875 must have reached. 
 four hundred million dollars ($400,000, 000), and by reference to 
 the census tables, it will be seen that the ratio of increase ex- 
 ceeded that of the great manufacturing States of New York, 
 Massachusetts and Connecticut. Of all the States admitted 
 into the Union prior to Ohio, Pennsylvania alone has kept pace 
 in the progress of manufacture. Some little reference to the 
 manufacture of leading articles may throw some light on the 
 cause of this. In the production of agricultural machinery and 
 implements, Ohio is the first State; in animal and vegetable oils, 
 the second; in pig iron, the second; in cast iron, the third; in 
 tobacco, the third; in salt, the fourth; in machinery, the fourth; 
 and in leather, the fourth. These facts show how largely the 
 resources of coal, iron and agriculture have entered into the 
 manufactures of the State. This great advance in the manu- 
 factures of Ohio, when we consider that this State is relatively 
 to its surface the first agricultural State in the country, leads 
 to the inevitable inference that its people are remarkably indus- 
 trious. When on forty thousand square miles of surface, three 
 millions of people raise one hundred and fifty million bushels of 
 geain, and produce manufactures to the amount of $269,000,000,, 
 (which is fifty bushels of breadstuff to each man, woman and 
 child, and one hundred and thirty-three dollars of manufacture), 
 it will be difficult to find any community surpassing such results. 
 Itis a testimony not merely to the State of Ohio, but to the 
 industry, sagacity and energy of the American people. 
 
 Looking now to the commerce of the State, we have said there 
 are 600 miles of coast line, which embraces some of the princi- 
 pal internal ports of the Ohio and the lakes, such as Cincinnati, 
 Cleveland, Toledo and Portsmouth, but whose commerce is al- 
 most wholly inland. Of course, no comparison can be made 
 with the foreign commerce of the ocean ports. On the other 
 hand, it is well known that the inland trade of the country far 
 exceeds that of all its foreign commerce, and that the largest part 
 of this interior trade is carried on its rivers and lakes. The 
 materials for the vast consumption of the interior must be con- 
 veyed in its vessels, whether of sail or steam, adapted to these 
 waters, Let us take, then, the ship building, the navigation. 
 
My. 
 
 and the exchange trades of Ohio as elements in determining the 
 position of this State in reference to the commerce of the coun- 
 try. At the ports of Cleveland, Toledo, Sandusky and Cincin- 
 - nati there had been built 1,000 sail and steam vessels in the last 
 
 _ twenty years, making an average of fifty each year. The number 
 
 e of sail, steam and all kinds of vessels in Ohio is 1,190, which is 
 equal to the number in all other States in the Ohio Valley and 
 the Upper Mississippi. 
 
 -When we look to the navigable points to which these vessels 
 are destined, we find them on all this vast coast line, which ex- 
 tends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Yellowstone, and from 
 
 ~Duluth to the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Looking again to see the extent of this vast interior trade 
 which is handled by Ohio alone, we find that the imports and 
 exports of the principal articles of Cincinnati amount in value 
 to five hundred millions of dollars ($500,000,000); and when we 
 look at the great trade of Cleveland and Toledo we shall find 
 that the annual trade of Ohio exceeds seven hundred millions of 
 dollars ($700,000,000). The lines of railroad which connect 
 with its ports are more than 4,000 miles in length, or rather 
 more than one mile in length to each ten square miles surface, 
 This great amount of railroads is engaged not merely in trans- 
 porting to the Atlantic and thence to Europe the immense sur- 
 plus grain and meat in Ohio, but in carrying the largest part 
 of that greater surplus which exists in the States west of Ohio, 
 the Granary of the West. Ohio holds the gateway of every rail- 
 road north of the Ohio, from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, and 
 hence it is that the great transit lines of the country pass 
 through Ohio, 
 
 Let us now turn from the progress of the arts to the progress 
 of ideas; from mateyial to intellectual development. It is said 
 that a State consists of men, and history shows that no art or 
 science, wealth or power will compensate for the want of moral 
 or intellectual stability in the mind of a nation. Hence, it is 
 admitted that tne strength and perpetuity of our republic must 
 consist in the intelligence and morality of the people. A repub- 
 lic can last only when the people are enlightened. This was an 
 
18 
 
 axiom with the early legislators of this country. Hence it was 
 that when Virginia, Connecticut and the original colonies ceded 
 to the General Government that vast and then unknown wilder- 
 ness which lay west of the Alleghenies, in the valleys of the 
 Ohio and Mississippi, they took care that its future inhabitants 
 should be an educated people. The Constitution was not formed 
 when the celebrated ordinance of 1787 was passed. That ordi- 
 nance provided that “ Religion, morality and knowledge being 
 necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, 
 schools and the means of education shall be forever encour- 
 aged;” and by the ordinance of 1785 for the survey of the 
 public lands in the Northwestern Territory, Section 16 in each 
 township, that is, one thirty-sixth part, was reserved for the 
 maintenance of public schools in said township. As the State 
 of Ohio contained a little more than twenty-five millions of 
 acres, this, together with two special grants of three townships 
 to universities, amounted to the dedication of 740,000 acres of 
 land to the maintenance of schools and colleges, It was asplen- 
 did endowment, but it was many years before it became avail- 
 able. It was sixteen years after the passage of this ordinance 
 (in 1803), when Ohio entered the Union, and legislation upon 
 this grant became possible. The Constitution of the State 
 pursued the language of the ordinance, and declared that 
 * schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged 
 by legislative provision.” ‘lhe Governors of Ohio, in successive 
 messages, urged attention to this subject upon the people; but 
 the thinness of settlement making it impossible, except in few 
 districts, to collect youth in sufficient numbers, and impossible 
 to sell or lease lands to advantage, caused the delay of any effi- 
 cient school system for many years. In 1825, however, a general 
 
 law establishing a school system, and levying a tax for its sup- | 
 
 port, was passed. 
 
 This was again enlarged and increased by new legislation in 
 1836 and 1846. From that time to this, Ohio has had a broad, 
 liberal and efficient system of public instruction. The taxation 
 for schools, and the number enrolled in them at different periods, 
 will best show what has been done; 
 
19 
 
 In 1855 the total taxation for school purposes, WAS.. 2 seeer++s $2,672,827 
 The proportion of youth of schoolable age enrolled Was..... ..67 per cent. 
 In 1874 the amount raised by taxation was... .......scseee ree $7,452,135 
 The number enrolled of schoolable age was........ 70 per cent., or 707,943 
 
 As the schoolable age extends to 21 years, and as there are very 
 few youth in school after 15 years of age, it follows that the 
 70 per cent. of schoolable youths enrolled in the public 
 schools must comprehend nearly the whole number between 4 
 and 15 years. It is important to observe this fact, because it 
 has been inferred that the whole number of youth between 5 
 and 21 are not enrolled, that, therefore, they are not educated. 
 This is a mistake; nearly all over 15 years of age have been in 
 the public schools, and all the native youth of the State, and 
 all foreign born, young enough, have had the benefit of the 
 public schools. But in consequence of the large number who 
 have come from other States and from foreign countries, 
 there are still a few who are classed by the census sta- 
 tistics among the “ illiterate;” the proportion of this class, how- 
 ever, is less in proportion than in twenty-eight other states, and 
 - less in proportion than is Connecticut and Massachusetts, two 
 of the oldest states, most noted for popular education. In fact, 
 every youth in Ohio, under 21 years of age, may have the ben- 
 efit of a public education; and since the system of graded, and 
 of high schools has been adopted, may obtain a common knowl- 
 edge from the alphabet to the classics. The enumerated 
 branches of study in the public schools of Ohio are thirty-four 
 (34), including mathematics and astromomy, French, German 
 and the classics. Thus the State which was in the heart of the 
 wilderness of 1776, and was not a State until the 19th century 
 had begun, now presents to the world not merely an unrivaled 
 development of material prosperity, but an unsurpassed system 
 of popular education. 
 
 In what is called the higher education, in the colleges and 
 universities, embracing the classics and sciences taught in reg- 
 ular classes, it is the popular idea, and one which few dare to 
 question, that we must look to the Hastern States for superiority 
 and excellence; but that also is becoming an assumption with- 
 out proof; a proposition difficult to sustain, The factsin regard 
 
n0 
 
 to the education of universities and colleges, their faculties, stu- 
 dents and courses of instruction are all set forth in the complete 
 statistics of the Bureau of Education for 1874. They show 
 that the State of Ohio had the largest number of such institu- 
 tions; the largest number of instructors in their faculties, ex- 
 cept one State, New York; and the largest number of students 
 in regular college classes, in proportion to their population, ex- 
 cept the two States of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Perhaps 
 if we look at the statistics of classical students in the colleges, 
 disregarding preparatory and irregular courses, we shall get a 
 more accurate idea of the progress of the higher education, in 
 those States, which claim the best: 
 Colleges. Teachers. Students. Proportion. . 
 
 IHOONION, = scp eae ee ens 36 258 2,189 1 in 124 
 In Pennsylvania........ 27 239 2,309 1 in 150 
 pin New. Yorks, 2. shart 26 343 2,764 1 in176 
 In6N. E. States....... 17 252 3,341 1 in 105 
 iTNin gis. Ses ceed ne 24 © 219 1,701 1 in 140 
 
 This shows there are more collegiate institutions in Ohio 
 than in all New England; a greater number of college teachers, 
 and only a little smaller ratio of students to the population; a 
 greater number of such students than either in New York or 
 Pennsylvania, and as a broad, general fact, has made more pro- 
 gress in education than either of the old States which formed 
 the American Union. Such a fact is a higher testimony to the 
 strength and the beneficent influence of the American govern- 
 ment than any which the statistician or the historian can ad- 
 vance. 
 
 Let us now turn to the moral aspects of the people of Ohio. _ 
 No human society is found without its poor and dependent 
 classes, whether made so by defects of nature, by acts of Provi- 
 dence, or by the accidents of fortune. Since no society is exempt 
 from these classes, it must be judged not so much by the fact of 
 their existence, as by the manner in which it treats them. In 
 the civilized nations of antiquity, such as Greece and Rome, 
 hospitals, infirmaries, orphan homes, and asylums for the infirm 
 were unknown. These are the creations of Christianity, and 
 that must be esteemed practically the most Christian State 
 which most practices this Christian beneficence. In Ohio, as 
 
a1 
 
 in all the States of this country, and of all Christian countries, 
 there is a large number of the infirm and dependent classes ; 
 but although Ohio is the third State in population, she is only 
 the fourteenth in the proportion of the dependent classes. The 
 more important point, however, was, how does she treat them? 
 Was there wanting any of all the varied institutions of bene vo- 
 lence? How does she compare with other States and countries 
 in this respect? It is believed that no State or country can 
 present a larger proportion of all these institutions which the 
 benevolence of the wise and good have suggested for the allevia- 
 tion of suffering and misfortune than the State of Ohio. With 
 3,500 of the insane within her borders, she has five great lunatic 
 asylums, capable of accommodating them all. She has asylums 
 for the deaf and dumb, the idiotic and the blind. She has the 
 best hospitals in the country. She has schools of reform and 
 houses of refuge. She has ‘‘ homes” for the boys and girls, to 
 the number of 800, who are the children of soldiers. She has 
 penitentiaries and jails, orphan asylums and infirmaries. In 
 every couuty there is an infirmary, and in every public institu- 
 tion, except the penitentiary, there is a school. So that the 
 State has used every human means to relieve the suffering, to 
 instruct the ignorant and to reform the criminal. There are in 
 the State 80,000 who come under all the various forms of the 
 infirm, the poor, the sick and the criminal, who, in a greater or 
 less degree, make the dependent class. For these the State has 
 made every provision which humanity or justice or intelligence 
 can require. A young State developed in the wilderness, she 
 challenges, without any invidious comparison, both Europe and 
 America to show her superior in the development of humanity 
 manifested in the benefaction of public institutions. 
 
 Intimately connected with public morals and with charitable 
 institutions is the religion of a people. The people of the 
 United States are a Christian people. The people of Ohio have 
 manifested their zeal by the erection of churches, of Sunday 
 schools, and of religious institutions. So far as these are out- 
 wardly manifested, they are made known by the social statistics 
 of the census. The number of church organizations in the 
 leading States were: 
 
In the State of Ohio | is 248 ciwat, celeb eet ete 28 1. 6,488 
 In.the ‘Stateof (New py orki<.d 520, sinter nina ees aki eee 5,627 
 In the State of Pennsylvania....... ........ a, bes hS Si aera ent 5,984 
 Inthe State: of linois;: "ccc seis et ee ce ee 4,298 
 
 It thus appears that Ohio had a larger number of churches 
 than any State of the Union. The number of sittings, however, 
 were not quite as large as those in New York and Pennsylvania. 
 The denominations are of all the sects known in this country, 
 about thirty in number, the majority of the whole number being 
 Methodists, Presbyterians and Baptists. Long before the 
 American Independence, the Moravians had settled on the Ma- 
 honing and Tuscarawas rivers, but only to be destroyed; and 
 when the peace with Great Britain was made, not a vestige of 
 Christianity remained on the soil of Ohio; yet we see that 
 within 90 years from that time the State of Ohio was in the 
 number of its churches the first of this great Union. 
 
 In the beginning of this address I said that Ohio was the old- 
 est and first of these great States carved out of the northwestern 
 territory, and that it was in some things the greatest State of 
 the American Union. I have now traced the physical, commer- 
 cial, intellectual and moral features of the State during the 
 seventy-five years of its Constitutional history. The result is to 
 establish fully the propositions with which I began. These 
 facts have brought out: 
 
 1. That Ohio is, in reference to the square miles of its sur- 
 face, the first State in agriculture of the American Union; this, 
 too, notwithstanding it has 800,000 in cities and towns, and a 
 large development of capital and products in manufactures. 
 
 2. ‘That Ohio has raised more grain, per square mile, than 
 either France, Austria or Great Britian. They raised 1,450 
 bushels per square mile, and ten bushels to each person. Ohio 
 raised 3,750 bushels per square mile, and fifty bushels to each 
 one of the population; or, in other words, five times the pro- 
 portion of grain raised in Europe. 
 
 8. Ohio was the first State of the Union in the production of 
 domestic animals, being far in advance of either New York, 
 Pennsylvania or Illinois. The proportion of domestic animals 
 to each person in Ohio was three and one-third, and in New 
 
23 
 
 York and Pensylvania less than half that. The largest pro- 
 portion of domestic animals produced in Europe was in Great 
 Britain and Russia, neither of which come near that of Ohio. 
 
 4. The coal field of Ohio is vastly greater than that of 
 Great Britain, and we need make no comparison with other 
 States in regard to coal or iron. For the 10,000 square miles of 
 coal, and 4,000 square miles of iron in Ohio are enough to sup- 
 ply the whole American continent for ages to come. 
 
 5. Neither need we compare the results of commerce and 
 navigation, since from the ports of Oleveland and Cincinnati 
 the vessels of Ohio touch on 42,000 miles of coast, and her 
 5,000 miles of railroad carry her products to every part of the 
 American continent. 
 
 6. Notwithstanding the immense proportion and products of 
 agriculture in Ohio, yet she has more than kept pace with New 
 York and New England in the progress of manufactures during 
 the last twenty years. Her coal and iron are producing their 
 legitimate results in making her a great manufacturing State. 
 
 7%  Qhio is the first State in the Union as to the proportion 
 of youth attending school; and the States west of the Alleghenies 
 and north of the Ohio have more youth in school proportion- 
 ably than New England and New York. The facts on this sub- 
 ject are so extraordinary that I may be excused for giving them 
 a little in detail. 
 
 The prpertion of youth in Ohio attending Shee te the population is 1 in 4.2 
 
 oe Illinois “ cc 1in 43 
 i re ee Pennsylvania 5 ee ss lin 48 
 < OC fe New York i ge < 1 in 5.2 
 «6 ot 66 Connecticut and Massachusetts “ 1in8.7 
 
 These proportions show that it is in the West, and not in the 
 Hast, that education is now advancing; and it is here where we 
 see the stimulus given by the ordinance of 1785 is working out 
 its great and beneficent results. The land grant for education ~ 
 was a great one, but at last its chief effort was: in stimulating 
 popular education; for the State of Ohio has taxed itself tens of 
 millions of dollars beyond the utmost value of the land grant to 
 found and maintain a system of public education which the 
 world has not surpassed. 
 
24 
 
 8. We have seen that above and beyond all this material and 
 intellectual development Ohio has provided a vast benefaction of 
 asylums, hospitals and infirmaries and special schools for the 
 support and instruction of the dependent classes. There is not 
 within all her borders a single one of the deaf, dumb and blind, 
 of the poor, sick and insane, not an orphan or a vagrant, who is 
 not provided for by the broad and generous liberality of the 
 State and her people—a charity which the classic ages knew 
 nothing of; a beneficence which the splendid hierarchies and 
 aristocracies of Europe cannot equal—has been exhibited in the 
 young State whose name was unknown one hundred years ago; 
 whose people, from Europe to the Atlantic, and from the 
 Atlantic to the Ohio were, like Adam and Eve, cast out—‘‘ the 
 world before them where to choose.’ 
 
 Lastly, we see that, although the third in population and the 
 seventeenth in admission to the Union, Ohio had, in 1870, 6,400 
 churches, the largest number in any one State, and numbering 
 among them every form of Christian worship. The people, 
 whose fields were rich with grain, whose mines were boundless 
 in wealth, and whose commerce extended through thousands of 
 miles of lakes and rivers, came here, as they came to New 
 England’s rock-bound coast— 
 
 ‘‘ With freedom to worship God.” 
 
 The church and the school house rose beside the green fields, 
 and the morning bells rang forth to cheerful children going to 
 school, and to a Christian people going to the church of God. 
 
 Let us now look at the possibilities of Ohio in the future 
 development of the American Republican Republic. The two 
 most populous parts of Europe, because the most food-producing, 
 are the Netherlands, and Italy, or, more precisely, Belgium and 
 ancient Lombardy; to the present time, their population is in 
 round numbers 300 to the square mile. The density of popula- 
 tion in England proper is nearly the same. We may assume, 
 therefore, that 300 to the square mile is, in round numbers, 
 the limit of comfortable subsistence under modern civilization. 
 It is true that modern improvements in agricultural machinery 
 and fertilization have greatly increased the capacity of produc- 
 
2d 
 
 tion on a given amount of land with a given amount of labor. 
 It is true also that the old countries of Europe do not possess 
 
 an equal amount of arable land with Ohio in proportion to the 
 "game surface. It would seem, therefore, that the density of 
 population in Ohio might exceed that of any part of Europe. 
 On the other hand, it may be said with truth, that the Amer- 
 ican people will not become so dense as in Europe, while they 
 have new lands in the West to occupy. Thisis true; but lands 
 such as those in the Valley of the Ohio are now becoming 
 scarce in the West, and we think that with her great capacity for 
 the production of grain on one hand, and of illimitable quan- 
 tities of coal and iron to manufacture with on the other, that 
 Ohio will at no remote period reach nearly the density of Bel- 
 guim, which will give her ten million (10,000,000) of people. 
 This seems extravagant, but the tide of migration which flowed 
 so fast to the West is beginning to ebb, while the manufactures 
 of the interior offer greater inducements. With population 
 comes wealth; the material for education; the development of 
 the arts; advance in all the material elements of civilization; 
 and the still grander advancements in the strength and elevation 
 of the human mind, conquering to itself new realms of material 
 and intellectual power, acquiring in the future what we have 
 seen in the past, a wealth of resources unknown and undreampt 
 of when an hundred years ago the fathers of the Republic de- 
 clared their independence. I know how easy itis to treat this 
 statement with easy incredulity, but statistics is a certain science; 
 the elements of civilization are now measured, and we know the 
 progress of the human race, as we know that of a cultivated 
 plant. We know the resources of the country; its food produc- 
 ing capacity; its art processes; its power of education, and the 
 undefined and illimitable power of the human mind for new in- 
 ventions and unimagined progress. With this knowledge it is 
 not difficult’ nor unsafe to say that the future will produce 
 more, and ina far greater ratio, than the past. The pictured 
 scenes of the prophets have already been more than fulfilled, 
 and the visions of beauty and glory which their imagination 
 failed fully to describe will be more than realized in the bloom 
 of that garden which Republican America will present to the 
 
26 
 
 eyes of astonished mankind. Long before another century shall 
 have passed by the single State of Ohio will present four-fold the 
 population with which the thirteen States began their indepen- 
 dence; more wealth than the entire Union now has; greater 
 universities than any now in the country, and a development of 
 arts and manufactures which the world now knows nothing of. 
 You have seen more than that since the Constitution was 
 adopted, and what right have you to say the future shall not 
 equal the past? 
 
 I have aimed in this address to give an exact picture of what 
 Ohio is; not more for the sake of Ohio than as a representation 
 of the products which the American Republic has given to the 
 world. A State which began long after the Declaration of In- 
 dependence, in the then unknown wilderness of North America, 
 presents to-day the fairest example of what a Republican govern- 
 ment with Christian civilization can do. Look upon this pic- 
 ture and upon those of Asyria, of Greece or Rome, or of Europe 
 in her best estate, and say, where is the civilization of the earth 
 which can equal this? Ifa Roman citizen could say with pride, 
 “OCivis Romanis Sum,” with far greater pride can you say this 
 day “I am an American citizen.” 
 
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