ivi IIH WER NE Hp a ata Meg iy ara eda ea Be {regent iaitpe. ne jab oe DE ORAL eee ORSEUL TET i 2 iW pan i sdeinns a aye Ae hb tis it baie th i Reda es He AAU ay iit) ius spall rie bidqanst Naa oe ya tiie ohh he ier 4t ‘ “ pe is 40 rigs a htt 3 sepals nie it she habe fete irc® Lard ks aes oath pat a Re tat ees id % welew: | th nah a j m Ant if mi Wath pes yotare \ pipe sy) one sag hid Me ro Mieisad tsk as, a Rytiy eee 1) A BIA erie Hara SANT Rs eae ej ieea 9 Die estan maith! aaa papi 8 hoee taeadees ndeenayeatss ipa parts bias ya anes ries ahd taaha Manele } qe ene, a ; A Ped Am FA Vhi | 42 oat ee ee ( bith i : y Wer rian ALE Ee May hileh SUALRU GED paid ah haart yy ee Ora utoeae ralrseici oy saath V o0 ke [bi 1498 " a +8 nen ‘ate 4 teal As ie te aed ee f the yt ako Kh \ cae i cay 1 USal stant ene Sd Lab th celal Ate EDU BL I bes) a see, i % bol a bh ay prigety aieatate: act chp wai Vim saad fp Fab iaes Hitt ne ith rea) iy satay gh ial tae pear g iinet ait NPA i ara Bet 9) vy AEM aN he +h) 7 Gt Uitonal & Nitya K A) e184) aes MEME ETSY oe 2 ta pti OMe Poe pedat Welty) *lh hf fa wet at iad) 920g set) eet 4 mide + Hse Prerrene eye efi qed + aT EM NL ae é hs SURE E AD fs aoe fh wi hs abd pie fit Vata) sat eae a a4 behed esas ety Svelegiaten ane. 4 dhapang meas ht PETE re § Ht nu te : rig Nein 7) bars i aie POON joi dM H ihn if 4 Bg oth , epitey : get iid ah dian byes + \ AST ty Depphae 4 room wa fe Lega? ey His 3 ey igen itt tet ° SRO ae ; Bs rays +B ou eae (ork: ae fe hatoht hy 4 nh Mey Nays eG ne speait rapt fed Ay aft ret amen ret Gry Leas ry 4 rath o i CHEN Nin eo Meet bas Aes eit fe ise TG E | aft 4 Wisner els. te aoe os Aaty ter 3 AI es ake teh eh 3 DRE oat (MEA ash Hal saustas.s fees ohhh hy fw ¥ Ae apie beet wee Mra aNh. 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Hy a 4s) is 4 he M at Y} fi a ae reas NE ee pale Hi vee sire se pa Peerage nh nh Hi ae if uty ei oe eign egal Wal bey thet isha wets iv a Lay ageedy bo eds eee its D és Riders ee oe. & AT , ie Fai} PRN rai. an , on + HN a4 fakditath DY Gadaleta i uhitl = t+ he aha Bhai Une 4 a fhg apathy ies eh i Ms ded sr i ‘olchabid » wy neath se : ¢ ie x yf edetty ae At dh, far A eb ents tae whe SI AUS hstcuba ube sd in Apert haat eH ri Riel td bh ote ry (ds ted ‘a he tien Stacha dasa Net 4 4 Unshe vot Mh Ls tstaga ps saw Were + t 4, ty ae Cuts SF e A A ae : AN Hy ated a's ae Aa ene Pa en, Heng ONC at ee ay yet} ‘7 Whe xf) art Vin? ae 4 Mt CUNEIFORM PARALLELS TO THE reo I. THE CREATION 1. THE STORY OF CREATION! When above the heaven was not named, And beneath the earth bore no name, And the primeval Apsu, who begat them And Mummu and Tiamat, the mother of them all,— 5 Their waters were mingled together, And no field was formed, no marsh seen, When no one of the gods had been called into being, And none bore a name, and no destinies [were fixed] Then were created the gods in the midst of [heaven], 10 Lakhmu and Lakhamu were called into being .. . When they grew up they became mighty .. . 1 The text is published by King, in Cuneiform Texts, xiii. See further for additional fragments, King, The Seven Tablets of Creation, where also are to be found transcription, translation, and a valuable commentary. Earlier editions, which are still valuable, are Heinrich Zimmern, in Gunkel, Schépfung und Chaos, pp. 401ff.; Delitzsch, Das Babylonische Weltschépfungsepos. (Abhandlungen der Sdachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Bd. xvii, 1896); Jensen, in Schrader’s Ketlinschriftliche Bibliothek, vi, 1, pp. 2ff.; Winckler, Ketlinschriftliches Textbuch zum Alten Testament, 3te urs pp. 94ff.; Bezold, Die Schépfungslegende (Kleine Texte fiir theolog. Vorlesungen und Uebungen. Litzmann, Heft 7, Bonn, 1904); P. Dhorme, Choiz de Textes Religieux Assyro-Babyloniens, pp. 2ff. The literature in explanation of this difficult text and of its relations to the religion of Israel is very extensive. The following may be mentioned: Jastrow, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (1898), pp. 407ff., and Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens (1904-1912); A. Loisy, Les Mythes Babyloniens et les Premiers Chapitres de la Genése (1901); A. T. Clay, Light on the Old Testament from Babel (1907); Rogers, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, especially in its relations to Israel (1908). e-nu-ma, e-li§ la na-bu-u Sa-ma-mu Sap-lis am-ma-tum Su-ma la zak-rat Apsii-ma ri8-tu-u za-ru-Su-un Mu-um-mu Ti-amat mu-al-li-da-at! gim-ri-Su-un 5 mé-Su-nu i8-te-nis i-hi-ku-u-ma gi-pa-ra la ki-is-su-ra su-sa-a la Se-’ e-nu-ma ilani la Su-pu-u ma-na-ma Su-ma la zuk-ku-ru Si-ma-tu la [Si-ma] ib-ba-nu-u-ma ilani ki-ri{b] [Sa-ma-mi?] 10 (ilu) Lab-mu u (ilu) La-ha-mu u&-ta-pu-u[. . .] a-di ir-bu-ui-[. . 1 Variant mu-um-ma-al-li-da-at, British Museum, No. 93015. * King’s restoration, accepted by Ungnad, but with a query. 3 4 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS Anshar and Kishar were created, and over them... Long were the days, then came there forth . . Anu, their son... 15. Anshar made Anu, his first born, his equal. And the god Anu Nudimmud, whom his fathers, his peers ont aie Abounding in all wisdom He was exceeding strong 20 There was no rival : So were established and . . . the great gods. But [Tiamat and Apsu] were in confusion They were troubled and In confusion 25 Apsu was not diminished in might And Tiamat lapsed into silence She smote their deeds Their way was not good, they Then Apsu, the begetter of the great gods, 30 Summoned Mummu his messenger and said unto him “OQ Mummu, messenger that rejoicest my heart, Come, let us go unto Tiamat.” An-Sar u (ilu) Ki-Sar ib-ba-nu-u e-li-Su-[nu . . .] ur-ri-ku Gmé us-si-[su (ilu) A-nu! a-pil-Su-nu [da-nij-nu [. ape 8 15 An-Sar (ilu) A-num [. ; u (ilu) A-num ut-[. (ilu) Nu-dim-mud sa abé-Su a-lit- oe Rata 4 pal-ka uz-nu ha-sis e-[im-ku gu-uS-Sur ma-a-di-i$ [. . .] 20 la i-Si S[a]-ni-na [. in-nin-du-ma . e-Su-u Ti-[amat u Koaabe, He de | da-al-hu-nim-ma [. i-na Su-’-a-ru $u [. 25 la na-Si-ir Apsd[. . u Ti-amat [Su]-ka-am-mu-ma-fat Oe Pe im-has-sa-am-m{a i]p-Se-ta-Su-un [. . .] la ta-bat al-kat-su-nu Su-nu-[t]i i-ga-me-la i-nu-Su Aps@ za-ri il4ni ra-bi-u-tim 30 is-si-ma (ilu) Mu-um-mu suk-kal-la-3u i-zak-kar-$u Mu-um-mu suk-kal-li mu-tib-ba ka-bit-ti-ia al-kam-ma si-ri-i8 Ti-amat i-ni-{il-li-ik] 1 Some copies read num. THE STORY OF CREATION Cr They went and before Tiamat they lay down, They consulted on a plan concerning the gods, their sons. 35 Apsu opened his mouth and said, _ And unto Tiamat, the brilliant, he spake a word: ane way yp day I cannot rest, I cannot lie ret I will destroy their way, I will [disperse them] 40 That the clamor may be appeased, that we may lie down.” When Tiamat heard these words, She was furious, and cried for She went into a terrible anger She conceived evil in her heart: 45 “All that which we have made, we will destroy Lo, their ways are become evil, and let us Mummu answered, and gave counsel unto Apsu, An hostile counsel was the counsel of Mummu “Come, their way is strong, but destroy thou it. 50 So shalt thou have rest by day, by night thou shalt lie down.” il-li-ku-ma ku-ud-mi-is ‘Ti-{amat] sak-pu a-ma-ti im-tal-li-ku a8-Sum ilani [m4-ri -e-Su-un] 35 Ap[su pa]-a-Su i-pu-[Sam-ma, i-kab-bi] a-na [T]i-am[at] el-li-tu-ma i-zak-k[ar a-ma-tum]! im-[. . .] al-kat-su-n[u e-li-ia] ur-[rja la Su-up-Su-ha-ak mu-8i [la sal-la-ak]? lu-uS-hal-lik-ma, al-kat-su-nu lu-[Sap-pi-ib}* 40 ku-u-lu li§-sa-kin-ma, i i ni-is-lal [ni-i-nj] Ti-amat an-ni-ta i-na [Se-mi-Sa] i-zU-uz-ma il-ta-si e-li [bar-mi .] mar-si-i8 ug-[gat] e[-di8-Si-Sa] - li-mut-ta it-ta-di a-na, {kar-Si-Sa] 45 [mi]-na-a ni-i-nu Sa ni-i[p-pu-us] nu-uS-hal-lak‘* {ajl-kat-su-nu lu Sum-ru-sa-at-ma i-ni-[. . fi]-pu-ul-ma (ilu) Mu-um-mu Ap-su i-ma-al-{li-ku] .| u la ma-gi-ru mi-lik mu-[um-mu(?)] [a]- lik li-’-at al-ka-s{u]- u[{n] e-Si-[. 50 [ur-r]Ji$ lu Sfu]p-Su-ha-at mu-SiS lu sal- la- {at} 1 King’s restoration here seems highly probable. 2 Restored from line 50, King. 3 Restored from the fragment K. 7871, 4 Also restored from K. 7871. CUNEIFORM PARALLELS Apsu hearkened to him and his face brightened The evil designs which he had conceived against the gods, his children, he feared Gon nie knees he took him (?), ‘vail kissed him, 55 Because of the evil, which they all had plated they changed their Be aetae they were agitated Lamentation . . . they sat in sorrow 60 Then Ea who knoweth all things, perceived their design he fixed he went to make a pure incantation OR Ed NRO 68 SF ea a Me a wT ae [Lines 68-82 are wanting] SB iy ra De PENTA. eck bo Se aE [iS-me]-Sum-ma Apsti im-me-ru pa-nu-u-s[S]u [Sa lim]-ni-e-ti ik-pu-du a-na ilani mfa]-ri-e-Su j .] i-te-dir ki-[Sad-su] . -uf8-[. . .] bir-ka-a-8u [u]-na-a3-Sa-ku Sa-a-3u 55 [eli lim-ni-e-ti ik-pu-du pu-[u]b -ri-Su-un tt } .|-ri-Su-nu uS-tan-nu-ni ig Gehae i-dul]-lu ku-l[u eh tah aie Sa-Ieu-um}-mi-is uS-bu [. . Su-te-li’ | 60 [ellie (iu) I E-a ha-sis mi-im [b]a-[S]u i-Se-’ ~a me-ki-Su-un [. . u-kin-Su] e kji iL-ku $u(?)-tu-ru ta-a-Su el-lum b ..,-te-e8 Sa kit-tu kit-[. | 65 ‘ ]ku-takla[. . .] ku-u-ru — [. NN GOES aa ena [Lines 68-82 are wanting] De se LR OTR oo Bret Naar dele a Pan livel el eh Wh rte Soar pi rasta hela RIC na ata it en a BB Lik ony lee = ON SOS Sa) DE te ene cle 90% 100 . THE STORY OF CREATION 7 an avenger, he shall confound Tiamat Tes aii. forever. the evil, haametesee es Hevspale: thy en Ata he hath conquered and he weepeth nd sitteth in tribulation ; of fear we shall not lie down. ae Apsu is laid waste (?) And Mummu, who were taken captive thou didst that we may lie down they will smite that we may lie down aan fie take vengeance for them in the tempest shalt thou 105 aa Tiamat hearkened unto the word of the bright god (and said) © o ee ee ee ee a eet . . . . . . ° . . . . . . . . . . . . ° . = > oO . 1 feed = or mu-tir gij-mil-li .|-ga-am-ma i-dal-lah (ilu) Ti-amat .| i-du-ul-[li] .| da-a-ri-Sam .| i-mut-tum .| tur-sa iz-zak-kar . .j-ba-ki i-na-ru-ma, ke ki-ma ka-li-i$ uS-bu | 8a pu-lub-tum .| ul ni-sa-al-lal ni-i-ni .| Ap-su-u har-ba-{. uu u ilu) Mu-um-mu a ik-ka-mu-u ina Sets aiken ys) .|-bi-i8 ta-du-ul-l[i] .| i ni-is-lal ni-i-[ni] | bu-um-mu-ra e-na-tu-u[. . .] .| i ni-ig-lal ni-i-[ni] | gi-mil-la-Su-nu tir-ri-[. . |] .|.a-na za-ki-ku $u-uk-[. . |] .] a-ma-tum i-lu el-[lu] 8 - CUNEIFORM PARALLELS . . .. thou shalt give; let us make [war]!” . . . . . the gods in [the heavens] é for the gods, the creators. (They banded themselves together, and] at the side of Tiamat advanced 110 They were furious, they devised mischief night and day without rest. They take up the combat, they devastate, they rage. [They join their forces], they organize battle [Ummu-Khubu]r, who formed all things Made also weapons invincible, she spawned monster serpents, 115 Sharp of tooth, and merciless in carnage; [With poison instead of] blood she filled [their] bodies [Terrible dragons] she clothed with terror, [With splendor] she decked them, she made them of lofty appearance. [Whoever beheld] them, terror overcame him, 120 Their bodies reared up and none could withstand [their attack] [She set up] serpents, and dragons, and the monster Lakhamu, [And hurricanes], and furious dogs, and scorpion men gusts daa estar ce 3 . .] lu-ta-ad-di-nu i ni-pu-u8[. . |] [ 7 il4ni ki-rib Paras) .] an ilani ba-ni-[. ] [im-ma-as-ru-nim-ma] i-du-us Ti-amat ti-bi-[u-ni} 110 [iz-zu kap-du la sa-ki-pu] mu-Sa u[im-ma] {na-Su-u tam-ha-r]a na-zar-bu-bu la-[ab-bu] {[unken-na Sit-ku-nu]-ma i-ban-nu-u su-l[a-a-ti] {Um-mu-Hu-bu]r pa-ti-ka-at ka-l[a-ma] fuS-rad-di ka]k-ku la mah-ru it-t[a-l]ad sirmahé 115 [zak-tu-ma ae la pa-[du-u] at-ta[-’-i] {im-tu ki-ma] da-mu zu-mur-[Su-nu] us-ma-al-fli] [uSumgallé] na-ad-ru-tum pu-ul-ha-{a]-ti u-Sal-[biS-ma] Haas uS-da8-Sa-a i-li-i8 [um-tas-Sil] a-mir]-8u-nu Sar-ba-ba [I]i8-b[ar-mi-im] 120 [zu]-mur-su-nu li8-tab-hi-dam-ma la i-ni-’-u [i-rat-su-up] bre ba-aS-mu sir-rus u (ilu) [La-ba-mu] ugallJé ur-Be akrab-am[élu] THE STORY OF CREATION | And mighty [tempests], and fish men and [rams]; They bore pitiless weapons, without fear of the fight. 125 [Puissant] were her orders, [none] could resist them In all, eleven monsters of this kind, she created. Among the gods who were her first born, who formed her troop, She exalted Kingu; among them she made him great. To march before the troops, to lead the throng, 130 To seize the weapons, to advance, to begin the attack, The primacy in the combat, the control of the fight She entrusted to him, in costly raiment she made him sit. “T have uttered the spell,in the assembly of the gods I have made thee Lord, The lordship over all the gods I have entrusted to thee. 135 Be thou exalted, thou mine only spouse. May the Anunaki exalt thy name over all.”’ She gave him the tablets of destiny, on his breast she placed them. “Thy command shall not fail, the word of thy mouth shall be established.” When Kingu was exalted, and had received the power of Anu, [u-me] da-ab-ru-te nin-amélu u ku-[sa-rik-ku] {na-Si] kak-ku la _pa-du u la a-di-ru [ta-ha-zi] 125 [gab-Sa] te-ri-tu-Sa la mab-ra Si-[na-a-ma] ap-pu-na-ma, is-ten es-rit kima Su-a-ti u[s-tab-si] i-na il4ni bu-uk-ri-Sa Su-ut i8-ku-nu-[8i pu-ub-ri] u-Sa-a8-ki (ilu) Kin-gu ina bi-ri-Su-nu 8a-a-8[u uS-rab-bi-is] a-li-kut mab-ri pa-an um-ma-ni-mu- ’-ir-ru-[ut pubri] 130 [na]-a8 kakku ti-is-bu-tu te-bu-[u] a-na-[an-tu] $u-ud tam-ha-ru ra-ab sik-ka-tu-tu ip-kid-ma ka-tuS-Su u-Se-Si-ba-a8-Su ina [kar-ri] ad-di ta-a-ka ina pubur ilani u-Sar-bi-ka ma-li-kut il4ni gim-ra-at-su-nu ka-tuS-[Su us-mal-li] 135 lu Sur-ba-ta-ma ha-’-i-ri e-du-u at-ta li-ir-tab-bu u zik-ru-ka eli kali-[Su-nu . . . (ilu) A-nun- na-ki] id-din-Su-ma dupSimAti i-ra-[tu-u8] u-Sat-mi-ib ka-ta kibft-ka la in-nin-na-a I[i-kun si-it pi-i-ka] e-nin-na (ilu) Kin-gu Su-u8-ku-u li-ku-u [(ilu) A-nu-ti] 10 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS 140 He decreed destiny among the gods his sons, (saying :) “The opening of your mouth shall quench the fire god The strong in combat shall increase his strength.” THE SECOND TABLET Tiamat made strong her handiwork, Evil she devised among the gods her children. [To avenge] Apsu, Tiamat planned evil As she had collected her [army, against] Ea she mar- shalled them. Ea [listened] to this word and He was [sadly] afflicted and sat in sorrow. The days went by, and his anger was appeased, And to the place of Anshar, his father, he made his way. He went before Anshar, the father who begat him, 10 All that Tiamat had planned, he announced to him: Tiamat our mother has conceived a hatred against us, An assembly has she made, she rages in anger. All the gods have turned to her, - Even those whom ye have created march at her side 140 ina ildni [ma-r]i-e-Su Si-ma-[ta i$-ti-mu ip-S8a pi-ku-nu (ilu) Gibil' ]fi-ni-ib-ha] n4’id ina kit-mu-ru ma-ag-Sa-ru lis-[rab-bi-ib] THE SECOND TABLET u-kab-bi[t]-ma Ti-a-ma-tum pi-ti-ik-Su [lim-ni-e-ti ik]-ta-sar a-na ilAni ni-ip-ri-Su [ana tu-ur gi-mil]-li Apsu u-lam-mi-in Ti-amat -u]§ ki-i is-mi-da a-na (ilu) E-a ip-ta-Sar 5 [is-me-ma] (ilu) E-a a-ma-tum Su-a-tim [mar-si]-i$ us- ha-ri-ir-ma 8a-ku-um-mi-is us-bu [GQmé u]-ri-ku-ma uz-za-Su i-nu-bu {ur-ha-Su aS-ri]-iS An-Sar a-bi-8u Su-u uS-tar-di fil-lik]-ma mah-ru a-bi a-li-di-Su An-Sar 10 [mim-mu]-u Ti-amat ik-pu-du u-Sa-an-na-a a-na Sa-a-8u [um-ma Ti]-amat a-lit-ti-a-ni i-zi-ir-ra-an-na-a-ti [pu]-uh-ru Sit-ku-na-at-ma ag-gi-i§ la-ab-bat fis]- bu-ru-Sim-ma ilani gi-mi-ir-Su-un [a-di] Sa at-tu-nu tab-na-a i-da-a-Sa al-ka 1 Variants Brr-ai and G1§-BarR. 15 20 20 30 15 20 25 30 THE STORY OF CREATION 11 They have banded together, they advance at Tiamat’s side; They are Airioust they plan without rest night or day They prepare i battle, they fume, they rage, They have joined their forces, they prepare battle. Ummu-Khubur, who created all things, Hath made in addition invincible weapons, she hath spawned monstrous serpents, Sharp of tooth, merciless in carnage. With poison instead of blood she filled their bodies Terrible dragons she clothed with terror, With splendor she decked them, she made them of lofty appearance. Whoever beholds them terror overcomes him, Their bodies rear up and none can withstand their attack. She set up serpents, and dragons, and the monster Lakhamu, And hurricanes and furious dogs, and scorpion men And mighty tempests and fish men and rams; They bear pitiless weapons, without fear of the fight. Puissant are her orders, none can resist them In all, eleven monsters of this kind, she created [im]-ma-as-ru-nim-ma i-du-uS Ti-amat te-bu-u-ni {iz]-zu kap-du la sa-ki-pu mu-Sa u im-ma {na]-Su-u tam-ha-ra na-zar-bu-bu la-ab-bu unken-na Sit-ku-nu-ma i-ban-nu-u su-la-a-tum [U]m-ma-Hu-bu-ur pa-ti-ik-ka-at ka-la-mu uS-rad-di kak-ku la mab-ru it-ta-lad sir-ma-hu zak-tu-ma Sin-nu la pa-du-u at-ta-’-um im-tu ki-ma da-am zu-mur-Su-nu uS-ma-al-lu uSumgallé na-ad-ru-ti pu-ul-ha-a-ti u-Sal-bis-ma me-lam-mu u8-das-Sa-a i-li-i$ um-tas-8i-il a-mi-ir-Su-nu Sar-ba-bi-i§ li-ib-har-mi-im zu-mur-Ssu-nu lis-tah-hi-da-am-ma la i-ni-’-e i-rat-su-un uS-zi-iz-ma ba-as-mu (ilu) siruS$u u (ilu) La-ha-mu u-gal-la UR-BE u akrab-amélu u-me da-ab-ru-ti ntin-amélu u ku-sa-rik-ku na-Si kak-ku la pa-du-u la a-di-ru ta-ha-zi gab-Sa te-ri-tu-Sa la ma-har-ra Si-na-ma ap-pu-na-ma iS-ten e8-rit ki-ma Su-a-ti u8-tab-3i 12 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS Among the gods who were her first born, who formed her troop é She exalted Kingu; among them she made him great. 35 To march before the troops, to lead the throng To seize the weapons, to advance, to begin the attack, The primacy in the combat, the control of the fight She entrusted to him, in costly raiment she made him sit, saying, ‘I have uttered the spell, in the assembly of the gods I have made thee Lord, 40 The lordship over all the gods, I have entrusted to thee. Be thou exalted, thou mine only spouse, May the Anunaki exalt thy name over all’ She gave him the tablets of destiny, on his breast she placed them. ‘Thy command shall not fail, the word of thy mouth shall be established.’ 45 When Kingu was exalted, and had received the power of Anu, He decreed destiny among the gods his sons, saying ‘The opening of your mouth shall quench the fire god i-na ilani bu-uk-ri-Sa Su-ut i8-ku-nu-8i pu-ub-ru u-Sa-a8-ka (ilu) Kin-gu ina bi-ir-ri-Su-nu Sa-a-Su uS-rab-bi-i8 35 a-li-ku-ut mah-ru pa-ni um-ma-nu mu-ir-ru-tum pu-ub-ru na-Se-e kak-ku ti-is-bu-tum te-bu-u a-na-an-tum [Su-u]d ta-am-ha-ra ra-ab Sik-kat-u-tum [ip-kid-m]a ka-tu-uS-Su u-Se-Si-ba-a8-8i i-na kar-ri {ad-di ta-a]-ka i-na pu-bur ilani u-Sar-bi-ka 40 [ma-li-kut] ilani [gim-rat-su-nu ka-tuk-ka] uS-mal-li {lu-u Sur-ba-ta-ma ha-i-ri e-du-u a]t-ta {li-ir-tab-bu-u zik-ru-ka eli kali-Su-nu E-nuJ-uk-kit [id-din-Sum-ma dupsimAti i-ra-tu-uS] u-[Sat-mJe-ib {ka-ta kibit-ka la in-nin-na-a] li-kun s[i-i]t pi i-ka 45 [in-na-nu (ilu) Kin-gu Su-u8-ku]-u li-ku-u (ilu) A-nu-ti [an il4ni maré-Sa] Si-ma-ta i8-ti-mu [ip-8u pi-ku-nu] (ilu) Gibil li-ni-ib-ha 1 E-nu-uk-ki for Anunnaki. Bezold, Proceedings of the Society of — Biblical Archeology, xi, March, 1889. THE STORY OF CREATION 13 The strong in combat shall increase his strength’ When Anshar heard that Tiamat was mightily in revolt 50 he smote his loins, he bit his lips wp his mind was not at peace, His... . ,hesounded a cry: battle 55 Mummu and Apsu thou hast cast down — But Tiamat has exalted Kingu, where is her rival? reflection ne gods, Nudimmud [Lines 59-71 are wanting] Anshar unto his son addressed the word my mighty warrior Whose power is great, whose onslaught resistless 75 Go and stand before Tiamat That her spirit may be appeased, her heart calmed. But if she hearken not to thy word, Then shalt thou speak our message, that she may be pacified.” ’ He heard the word of his father Anshar, {na’id ina kit-mu-ri] ma-ag-Sa-ra liS-rab-bi-ib i8-me-ma (ilu) AnSar Sa Ti-a-ma]-tu rabi8 dal-hat osO[. . . . . . . . . §Saj-pat-su it-ta8-ka ak LEME ee ph oles ty . .] la na-hat ka-ras-su fe Sea Ge = Su Sa-gi-ma-Su uS-tah-ha-ab [. . . . . . . .j-u tu-ku-un-tu .|-pu-Su i-taS-8i at-ta 55 [(ilu) Mu-um-mu ul] Apst ta-na-ra [Ti-amat u-Sa-a8-ki (ilu) Kin]-gu Balt bares ESS os SA a Jil rai Ge (ilu) Ntul- di{m-mud] [Lines 59-71 are wanting] (Glu) An-Sar ana] ma-ri-$u [a-ma-tu i]-zak-kar ajn-nu-u ka-Su-[Su] kar-ra-di [$a ¥a-ka-a e-mu]-ka-a-Su la ma-har te-bu-su 75 [al-kam]-ma mut-ti8 Ti-amat i-ziz-za at-ta . .] kab-ta-taS lib-bu-uS lip-pu-u8 (Sum-ma-ma] la Se-ma-ta a-mat-ka [a-ma-t]u-ni at-me-Sim-ma §$i-i lip-pa-aS-ha {i8-me-e]-ma zik-ri abi-Su An-Sar 14 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS 80 And turned his path to her, toward her he made his way, Anu drew nigh, he looked ine ine opened jaws of Tiamat But he could not endure her presence, he turned back Anshar A Meso Nr Sm | a aa hespake tone 85 She drew nigh (?) her . . . hand toward met Anshar was silent in sorrow, he looked at the ground, And moaned. Unto Ha he lifted up his head The leader; (?) the chief of them all has put Anu to flight (2) Their might (?) has been made surpassingly great. . . 90 A god nowhere leads against thee Before Tiamat he went not up Me Anshar, father of the gods, greatly ... [Lines 93-109 are wanting or are too broken to yield sense] 110 Thou art my son, who opens wide his heart, to the battle shalt thou approach, he shall see thee in peace.” { Lines 85-92 are supplied from a fragmentary duplicate preserved in the Royal Scottish Library, Edinburgh. It was first published by Sayce, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology, January, 1911, p. 6. It is discussed by Langdon, Hxpository Times, March, 1911, who has kindly supplied these lines to me after a fresh collation of the original. 80 [uS-te-Sir har]-ra-an-Sa-ma u-ru-uh-Sa us-tar-di [it-hi-ma] (ilu) A-num me-ku-u8 Ti-a-ma-ti i-Se-’-am-ma {ul i-li-’-a ma-har-Sa] i-tu-ra ar-kis PTRTIES VRAD eD tet 3 - . . .)-Su An-Sar [. il-zak-kar-Su 85 (tustab]- bi ka-ti-ta ka-mi-di ina mubhi-ia uS-ha-ri-ir-ma An-Sar kak-ka-ri i-na at-ta-[al] i-kam-ma-am a-na (ilu) E-a u-na-’i kakkad-su pa-ab-ir (?) ma-an-za-za ka-li-Su-nu (ilu) A-nuf. . | Sam (?)-me-Su-nu Su-ut-tu-kat-ma ka-li (?)[. . J 90 ilu ai-ka-ma ul ia-ar-ki [. : ma-ha-ri-i8 Ti-amat ul us-si-i [. 4) ee .) An-Sar a-bi iléni ra-bi-i Go oar {Lines 93-109 broken or wanting] 110 at-ta-ma ma-ri mu-nap-pi-Su lib-bi-3u RAR es . . kjit-ru-bi-i8 ti-hi-e-ma [. . . . . . . .| e-ma-ru-uk-ka ni-i-hu 115 120 130 115 120 THE STORY OF CREATION 15 And the lord rejoiced at his father’s word, And he drew nigh and stood before Anshar Anshar looked upon him and his heart was filled with Joy He kissed his lips and fear departed from him. “O my father, let not the word of thy lips be covered, O let me accomplish all that is in thy heart O Anshar, let not the word of thy lips be covered O let me accomplish al! that is in thy heart.” What man is it, that hath brought battle against thee? Tiamat, who is a woman, attacks thee with arms rejoice and be glad, The aa of Tiamat, shalt thou soon trample under foot. rejoice and be glad, The aut of Tiamat shalt thou swiftly trample under foot. O my son, who knowest all wisdom, Appease Tiamat with thy pure incantation Set out speedily on thy way, Thy blood shall not be poured out, thou shalt return again.” The lord rejoiced at his father’s word, ih-du-ma be-lum a-na a-ma-tum a-bi-Su it-hi-e-ma it-ta-zi-1z ma-ha-ri-iS An-Sar i-mur-Su-ma An-Sar lib-ba-Su tu-ub-ba-a-ti im-la [i]S-Si-ik Sap-ti-Su a-di-ra-Su ut-te-is-si [a-bi] la Suk-tu-mat pi-ti Sa-ap-tu-uk lu-ul-lik-ma lu-8a-am-sa-a ma-la lib-bi-ka fAn-Sar] la Suk-tu-mat pi-ti Sa-ap-tu-uk (Iu-ul-li}k-ma, lu-Sa-am-sa-a ma-la lib-bi-ka ai-u zik-ri ta-ha-za-’u u-Se-si-ka .] Ti-amat Sa si-in-ni-Sa-tum ia-ar-ka i-na kak-ku J-nu-u bi-di u 8u-li-il ki-Sa-ad Ti-amat ur-ru-hi-i8 ta-kab-ba-as at-ta 5 J-nu-u hi-di u Su-li-il fki-Sa-ad] "Ti-amat ur-ru-hi-i§ ta-kab-ba-as at-ta [ma]-ri mu-du-u gim-ri uz-nu [Ti-ama]t Su-up-si-ih i-na te-e-ka el-lu fur-ha-ka] ur-ru-hi-is Su-tar-di-ma . .) la ut-tak-ka Su-te-e-ri ar-ka-ni8 [ih- dju-mfa bJe-lum a-na a-mat a-bi-8u 16 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS His heart exulted and he spoke to his father: “O lord of the gods, Destiny of the great gods, If I, your avenger, 135 Do enchain Tiamat, and give you life Make an assembly, exalt my destiny. In Upshukkinaku seat yourselves joyfully together, When I speak even as you may I decree fate That which I do shall remain unchanged, 140 It shall not be changed, it shall not fail, the word of my lips.” THE THIRD TABLET Anshar opened his mouth, and Unto Gaga, his minister, spoke the word ““O Gaga, thou minister that rejoicest my heart, ‘Unto Lakhmu and Lakhamu will I send thee. 5 The order of my heart thou canst comprehend, ~ « « . « . . thou shalt bring before me let the gods, all of them, M te sanity for a feast, at a banquet let Hoh sit, Let them eat bread, let them mingle wine, 10 For Marduk their avenger, let them decree destiny Go Gaga, stand before them, [e]-li-is lib-ba-Su-ma a-na a-bi-Su i-zak-kar be-lum il4ni Si-mat ilAini rabiti sum-ma-ma a-na-ku mu-tir gi-mil-li-ku-un 135 a-kam-me Ti-amat-ma u-bal-lat ka-a-Su-un Suk-na-ma pu-ub-ra Su-te-ra i-ba-a Sim-ti i-na Up-Su-ukkin-na (ki) mit- ha-ri8 ha-dis tiS-ba-ma ip-8u pi-ia ki-ma ka-tu-nu-ma Si-ma-ta lu-Si-im Ja ut-tak-kar mim-mu-u a-ban-nu-u a-na-ku 140 ai i-tur ai i-in-nin-na-a se-kar Sa-ap-ti-ia THE THIRD TABLET An-Sar pa-a-Su i-pu-Sam-ma fa-na (ilu) Ga-ga suk-kal-li-] Su a-ma-tu i-zak-kar [(ilu) Ga-ga suk-kal]- lum mu-tib ka-bit-ti-ia fa-na (ilu) Lah-mu u (ilu) La-hJa-mu ka-a-ta lu-u8-pur-ka 5 Maca lib- er ti-is-bu-ru te-li-’ . Su-bi-ka a-na mab-ri-ka . ini na-gab-Su-un fli-Sa-nu li8-ku-nju i i-na ki-ri-e-ti li8-bu [a8-na-an li-k] u-[l]Ju lip-ti-ku ku-ru-na 10 [a-na (ilu) Marduk mulJ-tir-ri gi-mil-li-Su-nu li-3i-mu Sim-ta (a-lik (ilu) Ga-ga kud-me-Su-nu i-ziz-ma THE STORY OF CREATION 17 All that I say to thee, repeat thou to them, saying, Anshar, your son, hath sent me, The command of his heart, he hath made me to know 15 He saith, that Tiamat our mother, has conceived a hatred against us, An assembly has she made, she rages in anger. All the gods have turned to her, Even those whom ye have created, march at her side. They have banded together, they advance at Tia- mat’s side; 20 They are furious, they plan without rest night or day, They prepare for battle, they fume, they rage, They have joined their forces, they prepare battle. Ummu-Khubur, who created all things, Hath made in addition invincible weapons, she has spawned monstrous serpents, 25 Sharp of tooth, merciless in carnage, With poison instead of blood she filled their bodies. Terrible dragons she clothed with terror, With splendor she decked them, she made them of lofty appearance. Whoever beholds them, terror overcomes him. {mim-mu-u] a-zak-ka-ru-ka Su-un-na-a Sa-a-Su-un {An-Sar] ma-ru-ku-nu u-ma-’-i-ra-an-ni {te-rit] libbi-Su u-Sa-as-bi-ra-an-ni ia-a-ti 15 fum-ma Ti-a]mat a-lit-ta-ni i-zir-ra-an-na-Si [pu-ub-ru Sit-k]u-na-at-ma ag-giS lab-bat is-hu-ru-Sim-ma ilAni gi-mir-Su-un a-di Sa at-tu-nu tab-na-a i-da-Sa al-ka im-ma-ag-ru-nim-ma i-du-u8 Ti-amat te-bu-u-ni 20 iz-zu kap-du la sa-ki-pu mu-%a u im-ma na-Su-u tam-ha-ri na-zar-bu-bu lab-bu unken-na Sit-ku-nu-ma i-ban-nu-u su-la-a-[ti] Um-mu-Hu-bur pa-ti-kat ka-la-[ma] uS-rad-di ka-ak-ki la mab-ri it-ta-lad sirmabé 25 zak-tu-ma Sin-ni la pa-du-u at-ta-’-[i] im-tu ki-ma da-mi zu-mur-Su-nu uS-ma-al-I{i] uSumgallé na-ad-ru-u-ti pul-ha-a-ti u-Sal-bis-[ma] me-lam-me uS-da8-Sa-a e-liS um-ta8-[8il] a-mir-Su-nu Sar-ba-ba lis-har-[mi-im] 18 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS 30 Their bodies rear up and none can withstand their attack She set up serpents, and rene and the monster Lakhamu, And hurricanes and furious dogs, and scorpion men And mighty tempests and fish men and rams; They bear pitiless weapons, without fear of the fight. 35 Puissant are her orders, none can resist them; In all, eleven monsters of this kind, she created Among the gods who were her first born, who formed her troop She exalted Kingu; among them she made him great. To march before the troops, to lead the throng, 40 To seize the weapons, to advance, to begin the attack, The primacy in the combat, the control of the fight She entrusted to him, in Be BN raiment she made him sit, saying, ‘I have uttered the spell, in the assembly of the gods I have made thee lord, The lordship over all the gods, I have entrusted to thee. 45 Be thou exalted, thou mine only spouse, May the Anunaki exalt thy name over all.’ 30 zu-mur-Su-nu 1i8-tah-hi-dam-ma la i-ni-’-u i-rat-su-[un] uS-ziz ba-aS-mu sir-ruS-Su u (ilu) La-ba-[mi] u-gal-lum UR-BE u akrab-amél[u] u-mi da-ab-ru-ti niin-amélu u ku-sa-rik-[ku] na-aS kakké la pa-di-i la a-di-ru ta-b[a-zi] 35 gab-Sa te-ri-tu-8a la ma-har Si-na-a-[ma] ap-pu-un-na-ma es-tin e8-ri-tum kima Su-a-tu u8-tab-[Si] i-na ilA4ni bu-uk-ri-8a Su-ut i8-kun-Si [pu-ub-ri] u-Sa-a8-ki (ilu) Kin-gu ina bi-ri-Su-(nu Sa-a-8u] u8-rab-[bi-i8] [a]-li-kut mah-ri pa-an um-ma-ni [mu-ir-ru-ut puhri] 40 [na-a]S kakké ti-is-bu-tu ti-[bu-u a-na-an-tu] [Su-ud tam-ha-ri ra-ab Sik-[ka-tu-ti] [ip-kid]-ma ka-tuS-Su u-Se-Si-ba-aS-[Su ina kar-ri] [ad-d]i ta-a-ka ina puhur ilani [u-Sar-bi-ka] {ma]-li-ku-ut ilani gi-mir-[Su-nu ka-tuk-ka uS-mal-li] 45 [lu-u] Sur-ba-ta-ma ha-’-i-ri e-du-[u at-ta] Seiad tee zik-ru-ka eli kalisu-nfu . . . (ilu) A-nun- na-ki 50 55 60 50 55 ’ 60 THE STORY OF CREATION 19 She gave him the tablets of destiny, on his breast she placed them, saying, ‘Thy command shall not fail, the word of thy mouth shall be established.’ When Kingu was exalted and had received the power of Anu He decreed destiny among the gods his sons, saying, “The opening of your mouth shall quench the fire god; The strong in combat shall increase his strength.’ I have sent Anu, but he could not withstand her presence, Nudimmud was afraid and turned back. But Marduk is ready, the director of the gods, your son; To set out against Tiamat, his heart has moved him. He opened his mouth and spoke to me, saying, ‘If I, your avenger, Do enchain Tiamat and give you life Make an assembly, exalt my destiny. In Upshukkinaku seat yourselves joyfully together With my word, in your stead, will I decree destiny. That which I do shall remain unchanged. It shall not be changed, it shall not fail, the word of my lips.’ id-din-Sum-ma dupSimati i-ra-tu-uS u-Sat-mi-ib ka-ta kibit-ka la in-nin-na-a li-kun si-it pi-i-[ka] in-nan-nu (ilu) Kingu § Su-u8-ku-u li-ku-u [(ilu) A-nu-ti an ilani maré-Sa Si-ma-ta iS-t{i-mu] ip-Su pi-ku-nu (ilu) Gibil li-ni-ib- ha na id ina kit-mu-ri ma-ag-Sa-ri li$-rab-bi-ib a’-pur-ma (ilu) A-nu-um ul i-li-’-a ma-har-Sa (ilu) Nu-dim-mud i-dur-ma, i-tu-ra ar-ki§ -ir (ilu) Marduk ab-kal-lu il4ni ma-ru-ku-un ma-ha-ris Ti-amat lib-ba-Su a-ra ub-la ip-Su pi-i-Su i-ta-ma-a a-na ia-a-ti Sum-ma-ma, a-na-ku mu-tir gi-mil-li-ku-un a-kam-me Ti-amat-ma u-bal-lat ka-Su-un Suk-na-a-ma pu-ub-ru $u-ti-ra i-ba-a Sim-ti i-na Up-Su-ukkin-na-ki mit-ha-ris ha-diS taS-ba-ma ip-Su pi-ia ki-ma ka-tu-nu-ma Si-ma-tu lu-Sim-ma la ut-tak-kar mim-mu-u a-ban-nu-u a-na-ku ai i-tur ai in-nin-na-a se-kar Sap-ti-ia 20 65 70 75 80 65 70 SO CUNEIFORM PARALLELS Hasten therefore, and fix quickly your destiny That he may go and attack your strong enemy!” Gaga went, he made his way and Before Lakhmu and Lakhamu, the gods his fathers, Humbly did he make obeisance, and kissed the ground at their feet He humbled himself; then he stood up and spoke to them, saying, Anshar your son has sent me, The purpose of his heart he has made known to me, He says that Tiamat, our mother, has conceived a hatred against us, An assembly has a: made, she rages in anger. All the gods have turned to her, Even those whom ye have created, march at her side. They have banded together, they advance at Tia- mat’s side; They are furious, they plan without rest night or day, They prepare for battle, they fume, they rage, They have joined their forces, they prepare battle. Ummu-Khubur, who created all things, Hath made in addition invincible weapons, she has spawned monstrous serpents, hu-um-ta-nim-ma $i-mat-ku-nu ar-bis Si-ma-Su hil-lik lim-hu-ra na-kar-ku-nu dan-nu il-lik (ilu) Ga-ga ur-ha-Su u-Sar-di-ma aS-riS (ilu) Lah-mu u (ilu) La-ha-me ilani abé-3u uS-kin-ma iS-Sik kak-ka-ra Sa-pal-Su-un i-Sir iz-ziz-ma i1-zak-kar-Su-un An-Sar ma-ru-ku-nu u-ma-’-ir-an-ni te-rit lib-bi-Su_u-Sa-ag-bi-ra-an-ni ia-a-ti um-ma Ti-amat a-lit-ta-ni i-zir-ra-an-na-Si pu-ub-ru 8it-ku-na-at-ma ag-gis lab-bat is-hu-ru-Sim-ma ilani gi-mir-Su-un a-di Sa at-tu-nu tab-na-a i-da-Sa al-ku im-ma-ag-ru-nim-ma i-du-u ‘Ti-a-ma-ti te-bu-ni iz-zu kap-du la sa-ki-pu mu-3i u im-ma na-Su-u tam-ha-ri na-zar-bu-bu lab-bu unken-na Sit-ku-nu-ma i-ban-nu-u su-la-a-ti Um-mu-Hu-bur pa-ti-kat ka-la-ma uS-rad-di kakké f mah-ri it-ta-lad sirmahé THE STORY OF CREATION 21 Sharp of tooth, merciless in carnage, With poison instead of blood, she filled their bodies. 85 Terrible dragons she clothed with terror, With splendor she decked them, she made them of lofty appearance Whoever beholds them, terror overcomes him. Their bodies rear up and none can withstand their attack. She set up serpents and dragons, and the monster Lakhamu 90 And hurricanes and furious dogs, and _ scorpion men I And mighty tempests and fish men and rams; They bear pitiless weapons, without fear of the fight. Puissant are her orders, none can resist them; In all, eleven monsters of this kind, she created. 95 Among the gods, who were her first born, who formed her troop She exalted Kingu; among them she made him great. To march before the troops, to lead the throng, .To seize the weapons, to advance, to begin the attack, The primacy in the combat, the control of the fight zak-tu-ma, Sin-ni la pa-du-u at-ta-’-i im-ta kima da-a-mi zu-mur-Su-nu uS-ma-al-li 85 uSumgallé na-ad-ru-ti pul-ha-a-ti u-Sal-biS-ma me-lam-me uS-daS-Sa-a i-li$ um-taS-Sil a-mir-Su-nu Sar-ba-ba li-ih-har-mi-im zu-mir-Su-nu lis-tah-hi-dam-ma la i-ni-’-u i-rat-su-un uS-ziz ba-aS-mu sir-ruS-Su u (ilu) La-ha-mi 90 u-gal-lum UR-BE u akrab-amélu timé da-ab-ru-ti nin amélu u [ku-sa-rik-ku] na-aS kakké la pa-di-i la a-di-ru ta-ha-zi gab-Sa te-ri-tu-sa la ma-har Si-na-ma ap-pu-un-na-ma i8-tin eS-rit ki-ma Su-a-tu uS-tab-8i 95 i-na ilani bu-uk-ri-8a Su-ut iS-ku-nu-8i pu-ub-ri u-Sa-a8-ki (ilu) Kin-gu ina bi-ri-Su-nu Sa-a-3u uS-rab-bi-i8 a-li-ku-ut mabh-ri pa-an um-ma-ni mu-ir-ru-ut pubri na-aS kakké ti-is-bu-tu te-bu-u a-na-an-tu Su-ud tam-ha-ri ra-ab Sik-ka-tu-ti 22 100 110 115 100 105 110 115 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS She entrusted to him, in costly raiment she made him sit, saying, ‘I have uttered the spell, in the assembly of the gods I have made thee Lord, The lordship over all the gods, I have entrusted to thee. Be thou exalted, thou mine only spouse, May the Annunaki exalt thy name over all.’ She gave him the tablets of destiny, on his breast she placed them, saying, Thy command shall not fail, the word of thy mouth shall be established. When Kingu was exalted and had received the power of Anu He decreed destiny among the gods his sons, saying, The opening of your mouth shall quench the fire god, The strong in combat shall increase his strength I have sent Anu, but he could not withstand her presence, Nudimmu was afraid and turned back But Marduk is ready, the director of the gods, your son; To set out against Tiamat, his heart has moved him. He opened his mouth and spoke to me, saying, If, I, your avenger, ip-kid-ma ka-tuS-Su u-Se-Si-ba-aS8-8u ina kar-ri ad-di ta-a-ka ina pubur ilAni u-Sar-bi-ka ma-li-kut il4ni gim-rat-su-nu ka-tuk-ka uS-mal-li lu-u Sur-ba-ta-ma ha-i-ri e-du-u at-ta li-ir-tab-bu-u zik-ru-ka eli kali-Su-nu . . = . = (ilu) A-nun-na [-ki] id-d[in-S]um-ma dupSimAti i-ra-a[t-su u-Sat-mi-ih ka-ta kibit-ka la in-nin-[na-a li-kun si-it pi-i-ka] in-na-na (ilu) Kin-gu Su-us-ku-fu li-ku-u (ilu) A-nu-ti] an il4ni maré-Sa Si-[ma-ta iS-ti-mu] ip-Su pi-i-ku-nu (ilu) Gibil [li-ni-ib-ha] na-id ina kit-mu-ru ma-ag-s[a-ri li$-rab-bi-ib a-pur-ma (ilu) A-nu-um ul i-[li-’-a ma-har-8a] (ilu) Nu-dim-mud e-dur-ma i-[tu-ra ar-ki§] ’-ir (ilu) Marduk ab-kal-flu ijl4{ni ma-ru-ku-un ma-ha-ri8 Ti-amat lif{b-ba-Su a-ra ub-la] ip-Su pi-i-8u [i-ta-ma-a a-na ia-a-ti] Sum-ma-ma a-na-ku [mu-tir gi-mil-li-ku-un] THE STORY OF CREATION 23 Do enchain Tiamat and give you life Make an assembly, exalt my destiny In Upshukkinaku seat yourselves joyfully together 120 When I speak, even as you may I decree fate. That which J do shall remain unchanged. It shall not be changed, it shall not fail, the word of my lups’ Hasten therefore, and fix quickly your destiny That he may go and attack your strong enemy” 125 Lakhmu and Lakhamu heard, they cried aloud, All of the Igigi complained bitterly, saying, Because of what enmity is it that they We do not understand the deed of Tiamat’’ Then they gathered together, they went 130, The great gods, all of them, who decree destiny. They entered before Anshar, they filled They kissed one another, in the assembly They made ready the feast, at the banquet they sat, They ate bread, they mingled the wine. 135 The sweet drink made them drunken By drinking they were drunken, their bodies were filled. a-kam-me Ti-amat-m[a u-bal-lat ka-Su-un] Suk-na-a-ma pu-ub-ru §[u-ti-ra i-ba-a Sim-ti] i-na Up-Su-ukkin-na-ki mi[t-ha-riS ha-diS taS-ba-ma 120 ip-Su pi-ia ki-ma k{a-tu-nu-ma Si-ma-tu lu-Sim-ma] la ut-tak-kar mim-m[u]-u a-ban-nu-u [a-na-ku] {a]i i-tur [ai in]-nin-na-a se-kar [Sap-ti-ia] hu-um-ta-nim-ma §i-mat-ku-nu ar-hi8 [Si-ma-Su} il-lik lim-hu-ra na-kar-ku-nu dan-nu 125 [i]S-mu-ma (ilu) Lah-ha (ilu) La-ba-mu i is-Su-U e-li-tum (ilu) Igigi nap-bar-Su-nu i-nu-ku mar-si-i§ mi-na-a nak-ra a-di ir-Su-u Riebieitinl ements lant la ni-i-di ni-i-ni $a Ti-amat e-pi[S-ti-Sa] ik-Sa-Su-nim-ma il-lak-[ku-ni] 130 ilani rabdti ka-li-Su-nu mu-sim-[mu Sim-ti] i-ru-bu-ma mut-ti-iS An-Sar im-lu-u[. . in-ni8-ku a-hu-u a-hi ina pubri [. li-Sa-nu i§-ku-nu ina ki-ri-e-ti [us-bu] _ a$-na-an i-ku-lu ip-ti-ku [ku-ru-na] 135 Si-ri-sa mat-ku u-sa-an-ni[. . .]-[r]a-[d] i-Su-[un] Si-ik-ru ina Sa-te-e ha-ba-su zu-um-[ri] 24 10 10 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS They shouted aloud, their heart was exalted, Then for Marduk, their avenger, did they decree destiny. THE FOURTH TABLET They prepared for him a princely seat, Before his fathers, he took his place as sovereign. ‘Thou art most honored among the great gods, Thy destiny is beyond compare, thy command is Anu. O Marduk, thou art most honored among the great gods, Thy destiny is beyond compare, thy command is Anu. In all time thy command shall not be changed, To exalt and to abase lie in thy hand. Established shall be the word of thy mouth, resistless thy command, . None among the gods shall transgress thy limits. Maintenance is the desire of the shrines of the gods, In their sanctuary shall thy sanctuary be estab- lished. ; O Marduk, thou art our avenger. We give thee lordship over the whole world. ma-’-diS e-gu-u ka-bit-ta-Su-un i-te-el-{li] a-na (ilu) Marduk mu-tir gi-mil-li-Su-nu i-Sim-mu sim-[tu] THE FOURTH TABLET id-du-Sum-ma pa-rak ru-bu-tim ma-ha-ri-i$ ab-bi-e-Su a-na ma-li-ku-tum ir-me at-ta-ma kab-ta-ta i-na il4ni ra-bu-tum Si-mat-ka la Sa-na-an se-kar-ka (ilu) Anum Glu) Marduk kab-ta-ta i-na ilAni ra-bu-tum Si-mat-ka la Sa-na-an se-kar-ka (ilu) A-num iS-tu u-mi-im-ma la in-nin-na-a ki-bit-ka Su-uS-ku-u u Su-uS-pu-lu §i-i lu-u ga-at-ka lu-u ki-na-at si-it pi-i-ka la sa-ra-ar se-kar-ka ma-am-ma-an i-na il4ni i-tuk-ka la it-ti-ik za-na-nu-tum ir-Sat pa-rak ilani-ma, a-Sar sa-gi-Su-nu lu-u ku-un as-ru-uk-ka Glu) Marduk at-ta-ma mu-tir-ru gi-mil-li-ni ni-id-din-ka Sar-ru-tum kiS-Sat kal gim-ri-e-ti THE STORY OF CREATION 25 15 Thou shalt take thy seat in the assembly, thy word shall be exalted. Thy weapon shall not lose its power, it shall break in pieces thy foe. O lord defend the life of him that trusteth in thee. But, as for the god, who undertook oat pour out his te zi Then they placed among them a garment, 20 And unto Marduk, their first born, they spoke: Thy destiny, O lord, is supreme among the gods, To destroy and to create, when thou dost command, it shall be fulfilled. Thy command shall destroy the garment, And if thou dost command, the garment shall be intact.” 25 Then he spoke with his mouth, the garment was destroyed, He commanded again, the garment was restored. When the gods, his fathers, beheld the efficacy of his word They rejoiced, they paid homage, ‘Marduk is king.” They bestowed upon him the sceptre, the throne, the palu,* 1The palu was some badge of authority. King translates ‘ring,’ but we have no proof of its correctness. 15 ti-Sam-ma i-na pu-hur lu-u Sa-ga-ta a-mat-ka kak-ki-ka ai ip-pal-tu-u li-ra-i-su na-ki-ri-ka be-lum Sa tak-lu-ka na-pis-ta-Su gi-mil-ma u ilu Sa lim-ni-e-ti i-bu-zu tu-bu-uk nap-Sat-su uS-zi-zu-ma i-na bi-ri-Su-nu lu-ba-Su iS-ten 20 a-na (ilu) Marduk bu-uk-ri-Su-nu Su-nu iz-zak-ru $i-mat-ka be-lum lu-u mah-ra-at ilAni-ma a-ba-tum u ba-nu-u ki-bi li-ik-tu-nu ip-Sa pi-i-ka li-’-a-bit lu-ba-Su tu-ur ki-bi-Sum-ma lu-ba-Su li-i8-lim 25 ik-bi-ma i-na pi-i-Su ’-a-bit lu-ba-Su i-tu-ur ik-bi-um-ma, lu-ba-Su it-tab-ni ki-ma si-it pi-i-Su i-mu-ru ilAni ab-bi-e-Su ib-du-u ik-ru-bu (ilu) Marduk-ma Sar-ru u-us-si-pu-8u (isu) hatta (isu) kussa u pala(a) 26 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS They gave him an invincible weapon, which destroys the enemy. “Go and cut off the life of Tiamat, Let the wind carry her blood into secret places.” After the gods his fathers had decreed for the lord his destiny They made his way a path of salvation and success. He made ready the bow, appointed it as his weapon, He seized a spear, he fastened . . . He raised the club, in his right hand he grasped it, The bow and the quiver he hung at his side. He put the lightning in front of him, With flaming fire he filled his body. He made a net, to enclose Tiamat within it, He set it up at the four winds, that naught of her might escape, At the South wind, and the North wind, and the East wind and the West wind, Beside he attached the net, the gift of his father Anu. He created an evil wind, a tempest, a hurricane, A fourfold wind, a seven fold wind, a whirlwind, a wind beyond compare, He sent forth the winds, which he had created, the seven of them, id-di-nu-Su kak-ku la ma-abh-ra da-’-i-bu za-ai-ri a-lik-ma Sa Ti-amat nap-Sa-tu-uS pu-ru-’-ma Sa-a-ru da-mi-Sa a-na pu-uz-ra-tum li-bil-lu-ni i-Si-mu-ma Sa (ilu) bél Si-ma-tu-uS il4ni ab-bi-e-Su u-ru-ub Su-ul-mu u taS-me-e uS-ta-as-bi-tu-uS har-ra-nu ib-Sim-ma (isu) kaSta kak-ka-Su u-ad-di mul-mul-lum uS-tar-ki-ba u-kin-Su ba-at-nu iS-Si-ma (isu) mitta im-na-Su u-Sa-hi-iz (isu) kaSta u (masku) i8-pa-tum i-du-uS-8u i-lu-ul i8-kun bi-ir-ku i-na pa-ni-Su nab-lu mu8S-tab-mi-tu zu-mur-8u um-ta-al-la . i-pu-uS-ma sa-pa-ra Sul-mu-u kir-bi8 Ti-amat ir-bit-ti Sa-a-ri uS-te-is-bi-ta ana la a-si-e mim-mi-Sa Satu iltaénu sada aharrd i-du-u8 sa-pa-ra uS-tak-ri-ba ki-i8-ti abi-Su (ilu) A-nim ib-ni im-bul-la SAra lim-na me-ha-a a-Sam-Su-tum Sar arba’i Sar sibi Sara é84 SAra 1A Sandan u-Se-sa-am-ma Sr $a ib-nu-u si-bit-ti-Su-un 50 55 . 60 65 50 60 THE STORY OF CREATION 27 To disturb the inner re: of Tiamat, they followed after him. Then the lord took the flood, his mighty weapon, He mounted the chariot, the storm incomparable, the terrible. He harnessed four horses and yoked them to it, Destructive, pitiless, overwhelming, swift, their teeth carry poison They know how .. . , they are trained to trample under foot, | “Ores Cie Ra fearful are they in battle Left and right His garment . . . he was clothed with terror, With overpowering brightness his head was crowned. He took his road, he followed his path. Toward Tiamat, the raging, he set his face. On his lips he held : he grasped in his hand Then Wee beheld him, the gods beheld him, The gods his fathers beheld him, the gods Heield him. And the lord drew nigh, he gazed upon the inward parts of Tiamat, He perceived the design of Kingu, her spouse. kir-bi8 Ti-amat Su-ud-lu-hu ti-bu-u arki-su i8-Si-ma be-lum a-bu-ba kakka-Su rabA(a) (isu) narkabta u-mu la mah-ri ga-lit-ta ir-kab’ is-mid-sim-ma ir-bit na-as-ma-di i-du-u8-Sa i-lul fpabeest | la pa-du-u ra-bi-su mu-up-par-Sa . .J-ti Sin-na-Su-nu na-Sa-a im-ta i]-du-u sa-pa-na lam-du .}-za ra-aS-ba an un-tum Su-me-la u fim-na . . .]-ai-p na-ab-l[ap-ti-su 9) eA a aurea ‘Thal- lip-ma me-lam-mi-Su sab-[pu a]-pi-ir r[a]-Su-us-Su us- te-Sir-ma [har-ra-an-Su ujr-ba-su | u-Sar-di-ma as-ri8 Ti-amat [Sa ag]-gat pa-nu-u8-8u i8-kun i-na Sap-ti[. . . . .] u-kal-lu u-mi-im-ta [. . .]-ti ta-me-ih lak-tuS-Su i-na u-mi-8u i-t[ul]-lu-Su ilani i-tul-lu-Su Ani abe-Su i-tul-lu-Su iléni i-tul-lu-su 5 it-hi-ma be-lum kab-lu-us Ti-a-ma-ti i-bar-ri $a (ilu) Kin-gu ha-’-ri-Sa i-Se-’-a me-ki-Su 28 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS As he gazed, he was troubled in his motions, His resolution was destroyed, his action was dis- ordered, And the gods, his helpers, who marched by his side, 70 Beheld their leader's . . . their vision was troubled. But Tiamat uttered a cry, she turned not her neck, With full lips, she held fast rebellion, ight, thy coming as rn of the gods yeni their places have they gathered, in thy place are they.” 75 Then the lord raised the flood, his mighty weapon, And against Tiamat, who was raging, he sent it with the words. Thou hast made thyself great, thou hast exalted thyself on high, And thy heart has moved thee to call to battle. their fathers SO Noe theme get Bet Oe eee Thou hast exalted Kingu to be thy spouse, Thou hast . . . him, to issue decrees like Anu, hay hast followed after evil, ene seat the gods my fathers thou hast eras evil. i-na-at-tal-ma e-Si ma-lak-su sa-pi-ib te-ma-Su-ma si-ha-ti ip-Sit-su u ilAni ri-su-8u a-li-ku i-di-Su 70 i-mu-ru[. . . -ajm-ta a-Sa-ri-du ni-til-Su-un i-si fijd-di[{. . .] Ti-amat ul u-ta-ri ki-Sad-sa i-na Sap-t{i] Sa lul-la-a u-kal sar-ra-a-ti . . .j-taf. . .] Sa be-lum ilani ti-bu-ka {aS]-ru-uS-Su-un ip-hu-ru Su-nu as-ruk-ka 75 [i8-Si-ma be-lum a-bu-ba kakka-Su rab4(a) eae . Ti]-amat sa ik-mi-lu ki-a-am i8-pur-Si .|-ba-a-ti e-liS na-Sa-ti-[ma] .]-ba-ki-ma di-ki a-na-an-[ti] .] abé-Su-nu i-da-[. ‘ 80 .|-Su-nu ta-zi-ri ri-e-[. J (ilu) Kin-g]u a-na ha-’ -ru-t{i-ki] .]-Su a-na pa-ra-as (ilu) An-nu-ti . lim-nji-e-ti te-Se-’-e-ma . ilJAni abé (e)-a li-mut-ta-ki tuk-tin-ni Oe aes e e e . . . . . . 85 90 95 100 85 90 THE STORY OF CREATION ' 29 When thou hast prepared thy army, hast girded on thy weapons, Come on, I and thou, let us join battle. When Tiamat heard these words, She was beside herself, she lost her reason, Tiamat cried wild and loudly, She trembled, she shook to her foundations. She recited an incantation, she uttered her spell, And the gods of the battle consecrated their weapons. Then advanced Tiamat and Marduk, counsellor of the gods; To the combat they marched, they drew nigh to battle. The lord spread out his net, and caught her, The storm wind, that was behind him, he let loose in her face. When Tiamat opened her mouth to its widest He drove in the evil wind, that she could not close her lips. . The terrible winds filled her belly, And her heart was taken from her, and her mouth she opened wide. He seized the spear, and tore her belly, He cut her inward parts, he pierced her heart. [lu sja-an-da-at um-mat-ki lu-rit-ku-su Su-nu kakké-ki en-di-im-ma a-na-ku u ka-a-Si i ni-pu-uS Sa-a8-ma Ti-amat an-ni-ta i-na Se-mi-Sa mabh-bu-tiS i-te-mi u-Sa-an-ni te-en-Sa is-si-ma Ti-amat sit-mu-ris e-li-ta Sur-SiS ma-al-ma-li§ it-ru-ra iS-da-a-[Sa] i-man-ni Sip-ta it-ta-nam-di ta-a-[Sa] 100 i vu ilani $a tahazi u-Sa-’-lu Su-nu kakké-Su-u[n] in-nin-du-ma Ti-amat abkal ilAni (ilu) Marduk $a-aS-me$ it-tib-bu kit-ru-bu ta-ha-zi-i8 uS-pa-ri-ir-ma be-lum sa-par-ra-Su u-Sal-mi-Si im-bul-lu ga-bit ar-ka-ti pa-nu-us- -$u um-das-Sir ip-te-ma pi-i-’a Ti-amat a-na la-’-a-ti-Su im-hul-la u8-te-ri-ba a-na la ka-tam Sap-ti-Su iz-zu-ti Saré kar-Sa-Sa i-sa-nu-ma in-ni-haz lib-ba-Sa-ma pa-a-Sa u8-pal-ki is-suk mul-mul-la ib-te-pi ka-ras-sa kir-bi-Sa u-bat-ti-ka u-Sal-lit lib-ba 30 105 110 115 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS He made her powerless, he destroyed her life; He cast down her body and stood upon it. When he had slain Tiamat, the leader, Her power was broken, her army was scattered. And the gods, her helpers, who marched at her side, Trembled and were afraid and turned back. They broke away to save their lives, But they were surrounded, they could not escape. He took them captive, he broke their weapons, In the net they were thrown, and in the snare they remained, The . . . of the world they filled with cries of sorrow, They bore his punishment, they are shut up in prison, And on the eleven creatures, which were full of fearfulness, Upon the troop of devils, who marched before her, He cast fetters upon them, their side he Them and their opposition he trampled under his feet. And Kingu, who had been exalted over them 120 105 110 115 120 He conquered, and with the god Dugga he counted him, ik-mi-Si-ma nap-Sa-taS u-bal-li Sa-lam-Sa id-da-a eli-Sa i-za-za ul-tu Ti-amat a-lik pa-ni i-na-ru ki-is-ri-Sa up-tar-ri-ra pu-hur-8a is-sap-ha u ilAni ri-su-Sa a-li-ku i-di-’a it-tar-ru ip-la-hu u-sab- hi-ru ar-kat-su-un u-Se-su-ma nap-Sa-tuS e-ti-ru ni-ta la-mu-u na-par-Su-di8 la li-’-e fe]-sir-Su-nu-ti-ma kakké-Su-nu u-Sab-bir sa-pa-riS na-du-ma ka-ma-ri§ uS-bu [. , .}-du tub-ka-a-ti ma-lu-u du-ma-mu Se-rit-su na-Su-u ka-lu-u ki-suk-kis u i8-ten eS-rit nab-ni-ti Su-ut pul-ha-ti i-sa-nu mi-il-la gal-li-e a-li-ku ka-[. . . nji-Sa it-ta-di gsir-ri-e-ti i-di-Su-n[u 4 ga-du tuk-ma-ti-Su-nu Sa-pal-Su [ik]- bfu]-us u (ilu) Kin-gu Sa ir-tab-bu-u ina [e-li]-Su-un ik-mi-Su-ma it-ti (ilu) Dug-ga(-)e Su-a[. . .] im-ni-3u 125 130 125 130 135 THE STORY OF CREATION 31 He took from him the tablets of Destiny, which be- longed not to him, He sealed them with a seal and laid them in his own breast. After he had conquered and cast down his enemies, And had beaten down the arrogant enemy, And had fully established Anshar’s victory over the enemy, And had attained the will of Nudimmud, And over the captive gods had made the prison fast, Then he turned back to Tiamat, whom he had conquered, And the lord stood upon the foundations of Tiamat, With his merciless club he broke her skull. He cut through the channels of her blood, And he made the North wind bear it away to secret places. His fathers saw, and they rejoiced and were glad, Presents and gifts they brought unto him. Then the lord rested, he gazed upon her dead body, As he divided the flesh of the . . . he devised a cunning plan. He split her open like a flat (?) fish into two halves; i-kim-Su-ma dupSimati la si-ma-ti-Su | i-na ki-sib-bi ik-mu-kam-ma ir-tu-uS it-mu-ub iS-tu lim-ni-8u ik-mu-u i-sa-du ai-bu mut-ta-’-du u-Sa-pu-u su-ri-Sam ir-nit-ti An-Sar e-li na-ki-ru ka-li-i8 u8-zi-zu ni-is-mat (ilu) Nu-dim-mud ik-Su-du (ilu) Marduk kar-du e-li il4ni ka-mu-tum si-bit-ta-Su u-dan-nin-ma si-ri-i8 Ti-amat Sa ik-mu-u i-tu-ra ar-ki-i8 ik-bu-us-ma be-lum Sa Ti-a-ma-tum i-Sid-sa i-na mi-ti-Su la pa-di-i u-nat-ti mu-ub-ha u-par-ri-’-ma uS-la-at da-mi-Sa Sa-a-ru il-ta-nu a-na pu-uz-rat uS-ta-bil i-mu-ru-ma ab-bu-Su ih-du-u i-ri-Su Si-di-e Sul-ma-nu u-Sa-bi-lu Su-nu a-na Sa-a-Su i-nu-uh-ma be-lum Sa-lam-tu-uS i-bar-ri Sir ku-pu u-za-a-zu i-ban-na-a nik-la-a-ti ih-pi-Si-ma ki-ma nu-nu ma§s-di-e a-na Sin4-8u 32 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS One half of her he established as a covering for heaven. He fixed a bolt, he stationed a watchman, 140 He commanded them not to let her waters come forth. He passed through the heavens, he considered its regions, He set himself over against the Deep, the dwelling of Nudimmud, And the lord measured the construction of the Deep, And he founded E-sharra a mansion like unto it. 145 The mansion E-sharra which he built like heaven, He caused Anu, Bel and Ea to inhabit in their districts. THE FIFTH TABLET He made the stations for the great gods; The stars, their images, as the stars of the Zodiac he fixed. He ordained the year, he marked off its sections, For the twelve months he fixed three stars for each. 5 After he had fashioned images for the days of the year, He founded the station of Nibir,! to determine their bounds; 1 Nibir = the planet Jupiter. mi-is-lu-uS-Sa i8-ku-nam-ma Sa-ma-ma u-sa-al-lil “we i8-du-ud par-ku ma-as-ga-ru u-Sa-ag-bi-it 140 me-e-Sa la Su-sa-a Su-nu-ti um-ta-’-ir $amé(e) i-bi-ir aS-ra-tum i-bi-tam-ma, uS-tam-hi-ir mi-ib-rat apst Su-bat (ilu) Nu-dim-mud im-Su-uh-ma be-lum Sa apsi bi-nu-tu-uS-Su e8-gal-la tam-Si-la-Su u-ki-in E-Sar-ra 145 e&-gal-la E-Sar-ra Sa ib-nu-u 8a-ma-mu (ilu) Anum (ilu) Bél u (ilu) E-a ma-ba-zi-Su-un uS-ram-ma THE FIFTH TABLET u-ba-aS-Sim man-za-za an ilani rabiti kakkabAni tam-Sil-Su-nu lu-ma-Si uS-zi-iz u-ad-di Satta mi-is-ra-ta u-ma-as-sir XII arhé kakkab4ni III ta-a-an uS-zi-iz i8-tu u-mi Sa Satti us-s[i_ . .] u-su-ra-ti u-Sar-Sid man-za-az (ilu) Ni-bi-ri ana ud-du-u rik-si-Su-un Or THE STORY OF CREATION 33 That none might err or go astray He set the station of Bel and Ea by his side. He opened gates on both sides, 10 He made strong the bolt on the left and on the right. In the midst thereof he fixed the zenith; V The Moon-god he caused to shine forth, to him con- fided the night. He appointed him, a being of the night, to determine the days; Every month, without fcrene like a crown he made him, saying, 15 “At rahe beginning of the month, when thou shinest on the land Thou shalt show the horns, to determine six days, And on the seventh day let the tiara disap- pear. | On the fourteenth day thou shalt stand opposite the half When the Sun-god on the foundation of the heaven ; thee, 20 The . . . thou shalt cause to . . . and thou shalt make his : unto the path of the Sun-god thou shalt approach, a-na la e-piS an-ni la e-gu-u ma-na-ma man-za-az (ilu) Bél u (Glu) E-a u-{kJin it-ti-3u ip-te-ma abullé ina si-li ki-lal-la-an 10 Si-ga-ru ud- dan-ni-na Su-me-la u im-na ina ka-bit-ti-Sa-ma iS-ta-kan e-la-a-ti (ilu) Nannar-ru uS8-te-pa-a mu-Sa ik-ti-pa u-ad-di-Sum-ma Su-uk-nat mu-3i a-na ud-du-u u-me ar-hi-Sam la na-par-ka-a ina a-gi-{e] u-sir 15 i-na re’ arhi-ma na-pa-hi [i-na] ma-a-ti kar-ni na-ba-a-ta ana ud-du-u VI u-mi i-na Gmi VII kan a-ga-a [bi-i-]-la {fum] u XIV-tu Ju-u Su-tam-hu-rat meS-l[i . . .J-u [e-nJu-ma (ilu) SamaS i-na i-sid Samé(e) [. . .|-ka O[. . .]+ti Su-tak-si-ba-am-ma bi-ni ar-{. .J-u Shes a-na har-ra-an (ilu) chee Su-tak-rib- [ma] 34 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS And on the . . . day thou shalt stand opposite, and the Sun-god shall : to traverse her way. tie shalt cause to draw nigh, and thou shalt judge the right. QD isl galt khan iae Ne I Soak Ch Oh ae Mee ACLs DCE: RIVE AeA ErE nen Le RUN TENA AAR TY yi) cu abd vice Mga OAT oh [The following twenty-two lines are taken from British Museum K. 3449a, which are supposed to form part of the fifth tablet. The numeration here followed is King’s, though it is necessarily uncertain. | 66 . From In E-sagil 70 To establish The station of The great gods The gods He took and . 75 The gods his fathers beheld the net which he had made, They beheld the bow, that it was skilfully made. fina i on ] kan lu Su-tam-bu-rat (ilu) Sama’ lu &a- Na Pee .|-Si-um ba-’-i u-ru-ub-Sa [ S]u-tak-ri-ba-ma di-na di-na BOeP CM Mec kei | eal ore ee ha-ba-la Rae mnie wor nael Satuser Aka tee no a [From Fragment K. 3449a] 66 u-[. . .] zar-ba-bu [. . .] is-tu[. . |] ina E-sag-gil[. . .] 70 kun-na[. . man-za-az (ilu) Punneweed ilami rabiti[. . .] ilani ik-[. . .] im-bur-ma [. . 75 sa-pa-ra $a i-te-ip-pu-3u i i-mu-ru ilani [abé-Su] i-mu-ru-ma (isu) kaSta ki-i nu-uk-ku-lat lip Sit-sa} THE STORY OF CREATION 35 The work which he had done they praised. Then Anu arose in the assembly of the gods He kissed the bow, saying, It is 80 And thus he named the names of the bow, saying, “Longwood shall be one name, and the second name shall be And its third name shall be the Bow Star, in the heaven Then he fixed a antl for it After the destiny of 85 He set a throne ; in heaven [The following words, which conclude the Fifth Tablet, are taken from the reverse of K. 11641, and from the reverse of K. 8526:] Dp eyN Gini s he sie lex vie he LIN REN a ane them SO er en wou ay) Dim them SOIC eh Ws sherk NAY the gods spoke the heavens ip-Sit i-te-ip-pu-Su i-na-a-d[u. * 38-Si-ma (ilu) A-num ina pubur ilAni ik rues | (isu) kaSta it-ta-8ik Si-i [. 80 im-bi-ma & Sa, (isu) ka&ti ki-a-am [Sumé-Sa] is-su a-rik lu i8-te-nu-um-ma Sa-nu [. Sal-Su 8um-Sa (kakkabu) KaStu ina Samé(e) re Peel u-kin-ma gi-is-gal-la-Sa [. . ul-tu Si-ma-a-ti 8a [. . .] 85 [id-d]i-ma isu kussé[. . .] eee k's reese le re ae 87 [. oer ru-[ . . [From Reverse of K. 11641 and from the Reverse of K. 8526] Se Ve ees) a sess, -|-tu-bu [. .] PP tens hee) eh, of BUMUHtl nu-{. eine 1S0Peee age es (o -d]a-8u. ef ' dH ae 2. °c pe ae =& se oa & ce rar) i]lani i-kab-bu Tu] .] Samé(e) [. J 36 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS LB minerate noes Varta te your son . ayes OUT, Pee oe Dats nei. he hath caused to live splendor PRS aS ORT Rye OURTLO Ge nes LAL) FM ha Oe A Seay OTS ne pen at DNS THE SIXTH TABLET When Marduk heard the word of the gods, His heart moved him and he devised a cunning plan. He opened his mouth and unto Ea he spoke, That which he had conceived in his heart, he made known unto him: 5 “My blood will I take and bone will I fashion, I shall make man that man may I shall create man who shall inhabit the mets Let the worship of the gods be established, Jet their shrines be built. But I shall transform the ways of the gods, and I shall change their paths 10 Together shall they be honored, and unto evil shall they 135 [ .] ma-a-ru-k[u-un . . |] [ .]-ni it-[. J BOG U ew ale oats 7) u-bal-li-i{t piety [. . . . .). . .mej-lam-meimi-{. . p—_ ot * 29 Az ae < 99 ce o oo TO ae} ie & Kr & fe wm< i} e-piS lim-ni-e-ti la u-Se-su-u it-ti-Su mu-kin puhri ’a ilAnif. . . IJib-bi-Su-un mu-kan-ni8S la ma-gi-[ri mu-Se-Sir kit-ti na-[. 40 Sa sa-ar-ti u kfi .] Glu) Tu-tu (ilu) Zi-si mu-Xat- kare | mu-uk-kiS Su-mur-ra-tu [. h Glu) [Tu-tu] Glu) Sub-kur Sal-Xis na-si{h iets mu-{sap]-pi-ih [ki]Jp-di-Su-nu [. . .] 45 hearer [nap-hjar rag-g[i | eg ATA ast Beek Flu [. wae] (The foto lines are from K. 12830, British Museum:] 1 ib-bi kib-ra-a-te sal-mat ebeg ib-ni-ma] [e-li sa]-a-Su te-[e-mu . THE STORY OF CREATION 41 [The following lines are taken by King from K. 18761:] The mighty one Agi The creator of the earth [The following lines are faker by King from KX. 8519 and a duplicate therefore K. 13337:] ee euebages ees c the ehierof-all:lords supreme is his power. ideareil Ainiecalthy ie king of the band of the gods, the lord of “allan Who is exalted in a royal habitation, 5 Who among the gods is exalted Adu-nunu, the counsellor of Ea, who created the gods his fathers, Unto the path of whose majesty, No god can ever attain! gus, as in Dul-azag he made it known, TUR ee nes siete pure.is hisidwelling, of those without Paterna is Lugal dul-azaga. supreme is his power [The following lines are taken by King from K. 13761:] Pe re, Sa eile x tee (ina ly ai we ee] rab-bu [. . ilu A-gi [l- . ba-nu-u [irsitim (tim) pales OR [The following lines are from K. 8519 and K. 13337:] Pieri meals oi hs . njap-bar be-lim £ ayes ka]-a e-mu-ka-Su [(ilu) Ungal-dur-mah Sar mJar-kas ilAni be-el dur-ma-bi Sa ina $u-bat Sarru-u-ti Sur-bu-u 5 [Sa] ina il4ni ma-’-diS siru f(ilu) A-du-nun-na] ma-lik (ilu) E-a ba-an ilani abé-8u $a a-[na] tal-lak-ti ru-bu-ti-Su I[a-a u]-maS-Sa-lu ilu ai-um-ma Lara, Renee 1 Dul-azag u-ta-da-Su 103] ey cee, . Su-bat-su el-lit Pe .]-bar la has-su (ilu) Ungal-dul-azag-ga [. . . . . . .| Sa-ka-a e-mu-ka-Sa 42 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS pit’ ee theirs Ap so ain the midst) Of i ane Ra Rinse a ies ear 94 of the battle LOB He RO Rec OAR, RRM re pram re RL ET : the star which shineth in the heavens. He who taketh the beginning and the future, may they look unto him, Saying, “He who Reed through the midst of Tiamat, without resting, Let his name be Nibiru, who seizes the midst! 110 He upheld the paths for the stars of heaven, Like a flock all the gods together do pasture. He conquered Tiamat, he troubled and ended her life In the future of mankind, in the aged days, Sing without ceasing, let him rule forever. 115 Since he created the heaven and made the earth, “The Lord of the world,” has father Bel called his name. The names which all the Igigi did name, Ea heard and his heart was rejoiced: “He whose name his fathers have magnified 120 Shall be even as I, his name shall be Ea. The whole of my orders shall he control, [. . . . . © .)-Su-nu kir-bi$S Tam-tim [ -ja-bi-ka ta-ha-zi [The numbering of the lines following is King’s] LO5 fig oe ee ea] ACT) ae ies seh . . -rju kakkaba S[a i-na Sa-me-e Su-pu-u Tu-u sa-bit réSu-arkat Su-nu Sa-a-Su lu-u pal-su[. . .] ma-a Sa kir-biS Ti-amat i-tib-bi-[ru la a-ni-hu Sum-su lu (ilu) Ni-bi-ru a-hi-zu kir-bi-Su 110 Sa kakkabAni Sa-ma-me al-kat-su-nu li-ki-il-lu kima si-e-ni li-ir-ta-a il4ni gim-ra-Su-un lik-me Ti-amat ni-sir-ta-Sa li-si-ik u lik-ri ab-ra-taS nisé la-ba-ri8 u-me liS-Si-ma la uk-ta-li li-bi-il ana sa-a-ti 115 a&-Su a8-ri ib-na-a ip-ti-ka dan-ni-na be-el matAti Sum-Su it-ta-bi a-bi (ilu) Bél zik-ri (ilu) Igigi im-bu-u na-gab-Su-un i8-me-ma (ilu) E-a ka-bit-ta-Su i-te-en-gu ma-a $a abé-Su u-Sar-ri-hu zik-ru-u-8u 120 Su-u ki-ma ia-a-ti-ma (ilu) E-a lu-u Sum-3u ri-kis par-si-ia ka-li-Su-nu li-bil-ma THE STORY OF CREATION 43 The whole of my commands shall he pronounce!’’ By the name of Fifty did the great gods Make known his fifty names, they made his path lofty. 125 Let them be held in remembrance, and when learned let one make them known, The wise and the understanding shall consider them together, The father shall repeat them and teach them to his son; They shall be in the ears of the shepherd and the sheep driver. Let man rejoice in Marduk, the lord of the gods, 130 That he may make his land fertile, and that he may have prosperity. His word is established, his command is unchange- able, The word of his mouth, no god hath annulled. When he looketh in anger, he turns not his neck; When he is wroth, no god can face his indignation. 135 Wide is his heart, broad is his compassion; The sinner and the evil doer in his presence They received instruction, they spoke before him, unto . . of Marduk may the gods gim-ri te-ri-ti-ia $u-u lit-tab-bal ina zik-ri Hanga-a-an ilAni rabiti hanSa-a-an Sume-Su im-bu-u u-Sa-ti-ru al-kat-su 125 li-is-sab-tu-ma mab-ru-u li-kal-lim y en-ku mu-du-u mit-ha-riS lim-tal-ku oe li-Sa-an-ni-ma a-bu ma-ri li-Sa-hi-iz $a (amélu) ré’t u na-ki-di li-pat-ta-a uz-na-Su-un li-ig-gi-ma a-na (ilu) Bél il4ni (ilu) Marduk 130 mAt-su lid-diS-Sa-a Su-u lu Sal-ma ki-na-at a-mat-su la e-na-at ki-bit-su si-it pi-i-Su la us-te-pi-il ilu ai-um-ma ik-ki-lim-mu-ma ul u-tar-ra ki-Sad-su ina sa-ba-si-Su uz-za-Su ul i-mah-har-Su ilu ma-am-man 135 ru-u-ku lib-ba-Su ra-pa-a8 ka-ra[s-su] Sa an-ni u hab-la-ti ma-har-Su ba-[. . .] ohel ert mah-ru-u id-bu-bu pa-nu-uSs-s[u] [i gare, tur . .j-kana-nate[. . .] Peres C2 ‘j-at (ilu) Marduk lu-u ilani[. . .] 44 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS 140" May they.i4.\..) 2 his name piper. oo < Po OR 3h. Sthey: tookwanG e e e e e ° . e ° ° e e e ° e e . e 140 [. . . . .J+mat-tu-uSu-ulm .. |] Way! eh orile he] UieKU-U-Pne sales 2. THE BABYLONIAN COSMOGONY ACCORDING TO DAMASCIUS ? Among Barbarians the Babylonians seem to pass silently over the single origin of all things, but to make two: Tauthe and Apason, making Apason~the husband of Tauthe, and naming her the mother of the gods. Of these two was born an only child, Moymis, the same, I think, as the intelligible Cosmos, proceeding from two origins. From these same came a second generation, Lache and Lachos, and also from them a third, Kissare and Asséros, from whom were born three, Anos, Illinos, and Aos. Of Aos and Dauke was born Belos, whom they call the Demiurge. 1 Damascii Successoris Dubitationes et Solutiones de primis principii, edition Car. Aem. Ruelle Parisiis, 1889, pp. 321, 322. See also Damascius le Diadoque. Problémes et Solutions touchant les Premiers Principes, par. A, edition Chaignet. Paris, 1898. ~ \ / BG / \ x ‘ ~ ” z Ld x § 125. Tov dé BapBapev éoiKace BaPvdavior hey THY wlay Tov bAwv apxiyv oryn maptévat, dvo dé moteiv Tavé kai ’Arracdr, rov pév 'Aracay avdpa Tic Tav6é TroLourrec, TabT HV dé pntépa Seav ovonacovrec, && ov Hovoyera maida yevvnOjvat TOV Mwoidtpir, avtdr, oluat, Tov vonTov Kéopov EK TOY dvEiy apyYaV mapayduevov, EK dé TOV avTaV GAAnv yevedv mpoEeAbeiv, Aaxnv Kar Aayxédv, eita ab Tpitny EK TOV avTov, Kiooapy Kai ’Acowpdv, && Ov yevéobar rpeic, Avov kat TAdtvov xai’Adv; tov dé Aov xat Aatxye vidv yevéobar tov ByAov, bv Snutoupyov elvai pac. 3. A COSMOLOGY IN A RITUAL! When Anu created the heavens, 1 This fragmentary ritual found at Babylon was first published by F. H. Weissbach, Babylonische Miszellen (1903, Tafel 12, and translated, p. 32ff. It is translated again by Ungnad in Gressmann, Altorientalische Texte und Bilder, i, p. 25. The ritual was to be used when a temple had fallen and had to be restored. As a part of the ritual this interesting cosmological passage was recited, after various offerings of bread, honey, butter, and oil had been made. e-nu-ma (ilu) Anu ib-nu-ti Same(e) COSMOLOGY IN A RITUAL 45 25 Nudimmud' created the ocean, his dwelling, Ea, in the ocean, broke off ie clay, ‘He created the god? of bricks to renew [the houses (?)] He created reed and forest for building work [. . .] He created the god of carpenters, the god of smiths and Arazu’ to complete building work, 30 He created mountains and seas for all[. . .] He created the god of goldsmiths, the god of smiths, the god of masons, and the god of miners for work [. . .] and their rich produce for sacrificial gifts, He created Ashnan, and Lakhar,* Siris, Nin-gishzida, Ninsar and [. . .] to make the offerings numerous . 35 He created Umutaan® and . . . who hold the sacrifices in the hand, 1A form of Ea. Ea is here creator of men, who are formed out of clay. In the same way Aruru made Engidu in the Gilgamesh epic (col. ii, line ay, see p. 82. These form interesting parallels to the ac- count in J, eek: 2 The = flies Hee these gods are written in Sumerian, which are here literally translated. 3 Arazu, an unknown god, the word means “prayer,” and Ungnad suggests that it may be prayer personified. 4Ashnan and Lakhar are gods of vegetation, Siris probably god of wine. Ningishzida is the earlier days (time of Gudea), one of the chief gods, but he sank later to be the servant of the gods. He is known also as the father of Tammuz. 5 Unknown god, the reading of the name, as also of the following one being quite uncertain. Ungnad suggests that they may be the gods of brewing and of cooking, but there is no evidence for this. 25 Nu-dim-mud ib-nu-u apst Si-bat-su Glu) Ea ina apsi ik-ru-sa ti-ta-[am] ib-ni il libitti ana te-di8-ti[. . |] ib-ni (isu) kand u (isu) kistu (?) ana Si-pir nab-ni-ti (?) [. . .] ib-ni (ilu) NIN-IGI-NANGAR-GID (ilu) NIN-D& u (ilu) A-RA-zU ana mu-Sak-lil Si-pir na{b-ni-ti : 30 ib-ni S4-di-i u ta-ma-a-ti ana mim-ma Sum ziri (?) du-[. . .] ib-ni (ilu) GuSskin-banda (ilu) NrN-A-GAL (ilu) NIN-ZADIM (ilu) NIN-KURRA ana, ip-Se-ti u hi-sib-Si-nu du-uS-Sa-a ana nin-da-bi ki-ra-bu (?) ib-ni (ilu) As-na-an (ilu) La-har (ilu) Siri (ilu) NIN-GIS-zI-DA (ilu) NIN-SAR (ilu) [. . .] a-na mu-di8-Su-t sa-at-[tuk-ki?] 35 ib-ni (ilu) u-mu-Ta-a-AN . . . (ilu) U-MU-TA-A-AN .. mu-kil nin-da-[bi-e?] 46 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS He created Azag-suga, the high priest of the great gods, to complete the commands and ordinances, He created the king to adorn the shrines of the gods He created men to carry on [worship] [ose ARS MA at ola oer acai | ib-ni (ilu) azaG-suD-GA Sangam-mah il4ni rabite ana mu-Sak- lil par-si ki[-du-di-e?] ib-ni Sarru ana za-ni-nu . . . [eSréti ilani?] fib-nji a-me-lu-ti . . . anmai-bi-S{i? . . . i = 5 Pee r ue f. . . (ilu)] A-nim (ilu) Ellil (ilu) a WOE BRL 4 oe ig 1 With this line is to be compared the Creation story, vi, 8 (see p. 36), which makes the restoration of this line probable, if not, indeed, certain. 4. THE CREATION OF THE MOON (AND THE SUN)! When the gods Anu, Ellil and Ha, the [great] gods, Through their unchangeable counsel and powerful commands, Fixed the crescent of the moon, To cause the new-moon to shine forth, to create the month, Signs for heaven and earth they fixed. The new moon, which was created in heaven with majesty, In the midst of heaven arose. Version. When Anu, Ellil and Ka The great gods, through their unchangeable counsel, 1 The text is published and translated by King, The Seven Tablets of Creation, i, pp. 124ff., and ii, pl. xlix. The tablet is a student’s practice, or exercise, and contains on one side seven lines extracted from some Sumerian composition, and on the other seven lines froma similar Babylonian composition, which is called “Version,” though it is not a version or translation of the Sumerian text. The passages are also translated by Ungnad in Gressmann, Altorientalische Texte und Builder, i, 26. The translation here given, especially the Sumerian, is indebted to Langdon for useful suggestions. ud an-na (dingir) En-lil-l4 (dingir) En-ki dingir-[gal-gal] (MAL+GAR)-ne-ne-gi-na-ta me-gal-gal-la-{ta] ma-gur (dingir) En-zu-na mu-un-gi-me-e[§] t-Sar Sar-Sar-da itu 0-tu-ud-da u-iti an-ki-a mu-un-gi-ne-eS m4-gur an-na im-sig-é ag-a-ne Sag an-na igi-bar-ra ta-é S{a]-n{i]-[e] e-nu-ma (ilu) A-num (ilu) Ellil (ilu) E-a ilani rabiti ina mil-ki-Su-nu ki-i-nu BILINGUAL OF CREATION 47 10 Fixed the forms (?)' of heaven and earth, And to the hands of the great gods entrusted (them,) To create the day and to renew the month, as signs for mankind; (Men) saw Shamash in the gate of his going forth In the midst of heaven and earth they commanded? him faithfully. 1The word is doubtful in meaning. King translates “bounds”; Ungnad, ‘“‘Bilder.’’ 2The signification here is uncertain. King translates ‘‘created’’; Ungnad, ‘‘erglanzen.” 10 usurati Samé(e) u irsitim (tim) i§-ku-nu a-na katé il4ni rabdti u-kin-nu ti-mu ba-na-a arha ud-du-su ittati! a-me-lut-tum (ilu) Samaég ina libbi bab ast-Su i-mu-ru ki-rib Samé(e) u irsitim (tim) ki-ni§ uS-ta-mu-u 1 nig-igi-tah. 5. ANOTHER VERSION OF THE CREATION OF THE WORLD BY MARDUK (So-CALLED “‘BILINGUAL OF CREATION’’)! This interesting text formed merely the introduction to an incantation which was intended to be recited in honor of Ezida, the great temple of Naba at Borsippa”’ (King). It was found, in 1882, in the ruins of Abu- Habba by Hormuzd Rassam, and is preserved both in Sumerian and in Assyrian. Though so different from the main story of the creation, it belongs to the same set of political ideas which made use of ancient religious material to justify the position of Marduk at the head of the Babylonian pantheon. 1 The text is published by King, in Cuneiform Texts, xiii, pp. 35ff. It is translated by Pinches, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, xxiii (new series), Pp. 393ff.; Zimmern, in Gunkel’s Schépfung und Chaos, pp. 419f.; Jensen, Ketlinschrijuiche Bibliothek, vi, p. 38f.; King, The Seven Tablets is Creation, i, pp. 130ff.; Dhorme, Choix de Textes Reiigieux Assyro- abyloniens, pp. 83ff.; Winckler, Keilinschriftliches Textbuch zum Alten Testament, 3te Auf., pp. 91, 92; Ungnad, in Gressmann, Altorientalische _ Texte und Bilder, i, pp. 27, 28. } CUNEIFORM PARALLELS The holy house, the house of the gods, in the holy place had not yet been made; No reed had sprung up, no tree had been created. No brick had been made, no foundation had been laid, No house had been made, no city had been built; No city had been made, no creature had been estab- lished. Nippur had not been made, E-kur had not been built; Erech had not been made, E-ana had not been built; The Deep had not been made, Eridu had not been built; The holy house, the house of the gods, the dwelling had not been made, 10 All lands were sea. When the middle of the sea was a water basin; In those days Eridu was made, E-sagil was built, E-sagil, where in the midst of the deep the god Lugal-dul-azaga dwelt, Babylon was made, and E-sagil was finished, 15 The gods, the Anunaki, he made at one time; 10 15 The holy city, the dwelling of the heart’s desire, they proclaimed supreme. bitu el-lim bit ilAni ina as-ri el-lim ul e-pu-us! ka-nu-u ul a-si i-si ul ba-ni li-bit-ti ul na-da-at na-al-ban-ti? ul ba-na-at bitu ul e-pu-uS alu ul ba-ni alu ul e-pu-uS nam-ma&g-Su-u ul Sa-kin Ni-ip-pu-ru ul e-pu-uS e-kur ul ba-ni U-ruk ul e-pu-uS e-an-na ul ba-ni ap-su-u ul e-pu-[uS] Eridu ul ba-ni bitu el-lum bit il4ni Su-bat-su ul ip-Se-it nap-har ma-ta-a-tu tam-tum-ma i-nu Sa ki-rib tam-tim ra-tu-um-ma ina Q-mi-Su Eridu e-pu-uS E-sag-ila ba-ni [E-sag-il]a Sa ina ki-rib ap-si-i ilu Lugal-dul-azag-ga ir-mu-u Babilu (ki) e-pu-[us] E-sag-ila Suk-lul Ani (ilu) A-nun-na-ki mit-ha-ris i-pu-uS alu el-lum Su-bat tu-ub lib-bi-Su-nu si-ri$ im-bu-u 1 The Sumerian text has been omitted. * Compare 92572 2 Sam, 12. 31 Q.. Nah. 3. 14 20 25 30 BILINGUAL OF CREATION 49 Marduk laid a reed-work' upon the face of the waters, He formed dust and poured it out upon the reed- work. To cause the gods to dwell in a habitation of their heart’s desire, He formed mankind. The goddess Aruru, with him, created the seed of mankind, The beasts of the field and living things in the field he created. He created the Tigris and the Euphrates, and set them in their place, Their names he did well declare. The grass, the rush of the marsh, the reed, and the forest he created, The green herb of the field he created, The lands, the marshes, and the swamps; The wild cow and her young, the wild calf; the ewe and her young, the lamb of the fold; Gardens and forests; The he-goat and the mountain goat . . . him. The lord Marduk filled in a dam by the side of the sea, He . . . aswamp, he established a marsh, 1A construction of reeds. 20 25 30 (ilu) Marduk a-ma-am ina pa-an me-e ir-ku-us e-pi-ri ib-ni-ma it-ti a-mi i$-pu-uk il4ni ina Su-bat tu-ub lib-bi ana su-Su-bi a-me-lu-ti ib-ta-ni (ilu) A-ru-ru zi-ir a-me-lu-ti it-ti-Su ib-ta-nu bu-ul séri Si-kin na-pis-ti ina si-e-ri ib-ta-ni (naru) Diglat u (néru) Purattu ib-ni-ma a§-ri i8-ku-un Sum-Si-na ta-biS im-bi uS-Su di-it-ta ap-pa-ri ka-na-a u ki-8u ib-ta-ni ur-ki-it gi-rim ib-ta-ni ma-ta-a-tum ap-pa-ri a-pu-um-ma lit-tu pu-ur-Sa me-ru la-ab-ru pu-bad-sa im-mir su-pu-ri ki-ra-tu u ki-Sa-tu-ma a-tu-du Sap-pa-ri is-sa-as-ru-Su be-lum (ilu) Marduk ina pa-at tam-tim tam-la-a u-mal-li .] a-pa na-ma-la is-ku-un 50 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS he caused to exist. Roe he Created! trees he created; 30. . . . . he made in their place; Bree He ariel a foundation he laid; Houses he made, cities he built; Cities he made, creatures he created. Nippur he made, E-kur he built; 40 Erech he made, E-ana he built. [The remainder of the obverse and the beginning of the reverse of the tablet are wanting. The latter part of the reverse contains an incantation.] . .] uS-tab-si [ka-na-a lt i-sa ib-ta-ni J ina a8-ri ib-ta-ni (li-bit-tu id-di na- -a]l-ban-tu ib-ta-ni {bitu e-pu-uS ala ib-ta-ni] [ala e-pu-uS nam-maS-Su-u i8-t]a-kan [Ni-ip-pu-ru e-pu-uS] E-kur ib-ta-ni 40 [U-ruk e-pu-uS E-an-na] ib-ta-ni. 6. THE CREATION OF CATTLE AND BEASTS? This small Assyrian text, which probably belonged to Ashurbanipal’s library, refers only incidentally to the creation of cattle and beasts, its main object being to chronicle the creation of two small creatures, who were formed by Nin-igi-azag at the time when the larger animals were made. George Smith thought that this text might have formed a part of the seventh tablet of the Creation series, but King has shown this to be incorrect. When the gods in their assembly had made the [heavens?] 1The text is published in Delitzsch, Assyrische Lesesticke, 3te Auf., D. 94f., and by King, in Cuneiform Texts, xiii, 34. It is translated by immern, in Gunkel, Schépfung und Chaos, p. 415; Jensen, Keitlin- 4a Spee Bibliothek, vi, 1, p. 42f.; King, The Seven Tablets of Creation, i, pp. 122ff.; Dhorme, Choix de Textes Religieux Assyro-Babyloniens, p. 96f.; 5 eremias, Das Alte Testament im Lichte des Alten Orients, p. 170; Ungnad in Gressmann, Altorientalische Texte und Bilder, i, p. 26. e-nu-ma ilani i-na pu-ub-ri-Su-nu ib-nu-u [. . .] CREATION OF CATTLE 51 Had formed the firmament, and settled the [earth], Living things [of all kinds] had brought into life, And had made the cattle of the field, and the beasts of the field, and the moving things of the city Denitien | veo elu. unto tne living things fis, ..| [And between the beasts] of the field and the moving things of the city had divided [. . .] PAN te gue) yal ecreatures,) the tae of creation[. . .| a ee on ee etna towhichniin toe. woole. of Iysraiy weve Then arose (?) Nin-igi-azag and [created'] two small creatures 10 [In the] assembly of the beasts he made their [form?] beautiful eee een Ne, POMUEsS Gua ely als, | .] one white [and one black . . .] a a ee] es oe, Ohe white’ and one black 1 The restoration is by Jensen. 2 Jensen. u-ba-aS-si-mu [bu]-ru-mi ik-su-[ur . . .] u-Sa-pu-u [Sik-na]-at na-pis-ti Pee bu-ul séri [u-ma-a]m séri u nam-mas-Se-e [. . .] 5 ultu[. . .J] a-na Sik-na-at na-pi8-ti[. . .] ies bal] séri? u nam-mai-de- e-e ali u-za-’-[i-zu . . |] eae bs pu-ujb-ri nam-maésg-ti gi-mir nab-ni-ti[. . .] .] Sa i-na pu-ub-ri kim-ti-ia S[e- . [i-te-li (?)P-i-ma (ilu) Nin-igi-azag Sina su-ha-[ri ib-na-a?] Ofi-na . . . *puj-ub-ri nam-maés-ti uSs-tar-ri-i[h nab-nit-su- un [- . . . . (ilu)] Gu-la ha-ma-a-niir[{. . .] 26s Saas .] 18-ka pi-gi [u ga-al-mi ] [Pius . . .) id-ka pi-si uga-(al-mi . . .] 1 . AN}GrR. 2 So Jensen. 52 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS 7. AN INCANTATION AGAINST TOOTHACHE! This text is here given, though it belongs properly with the literature of magic, because it begins with a cosmological introduction which purports to give the life history of the worm that causes toothache. After Anu [had created the Heavens] The Heavens created [the Earth], The Earth created the Rivers, ‘The Rivers created the Canals, 5 The Canals created the Morass, The Morass created the Worm. Then came the Worm weeping before Shamash, Before Ea came her tears:— “What wilt thou give (me) for my food, 10 What wilt thou give me to destroy?” “T will give thee ripe figs, (And) jam of great figs.” ‘‘What are these ripe figs to me, And jam of great figs? ; 15 Exalt me and between the teeth 1The text, written in Neo-Babylonian character, is published in Cuneiform Texts, XVii, 50. It is published in transliteration and translation by R ean Thompson, The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia, ii, pp. 160-163. See also B. Meissner, Mittheilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1904, 3, pp. 40ff.; Rogers, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, especially in its relations to Israel, pp. 155, 156; Ungnad in Gressmann, Altorientalische Texte und Bilder, i, 28. ul-tu (ilu) A-nu-um [. Samu (u) ib-nu-u [ir-si-tum] ir-si-tum ib-nu-u n4érati narAti ib-na-a a-tap-pa-ti 5 a-tap-pa-ti ib-na-a ru-sum-ta ru-Sum-ta ib-nu-u tu-ul-tu il-lik tu-ul-tu a-na pan (ilu) SamaSh i-bak-ki ana pan (ilu) Ea il-la-ka di-ma-a-Sa mi-na-a ta-at-ta-an-na a-na a-ka-li-ia 10 mi-na-a ta-at-ta-an-na a-na mun-zu-ki-ia at-tan-nak-ki titta ba-si-il-ta ar-ma-na-a titti ana-ku am-mi-na an-na-a titta ba-si-il-ta u ar-ma-na-a titti 15 Su-uk-ka-an-ni-ma ina bi-rit Si-in-ni ASSYRIAN COSMOLOGY 53 And the gums set me That I may devour the blood of the teeth And of the gum gnaw the cartilage; Fix the pin, seize the foot.’’! 20 ‘Since thou hast said this, O Worm! May Ea smite thee with the might of his fist.” INCANTATION OF THE TOOTHACHE This is the (magic) ritual, Mix beer, the plant sa-K1L-Brr, and oil together, 25 Repeat thereon the incantation thrice, (And) put it on his tooth 1 The expression means, ‘‘Seize the man, and do not let him go.” u la-a8-bi $u-Si-ba-an-ni $a $i-in-ni-ma lu-un-zu-ka da-mi-Su REv. u Sa la-aS-hi-Si-im lu-uk-su-us ku-sa-si-e-Su sik-ka-ta ni-te-ma Sépa sa-ba-at 20 aS-Sum an-na-a tak-bi-i tu-ul-tu lim-ha-as-ki (ilu) E-a i-na dan-na-ti ri-it-ti-Su, inim-inim-ma gig-gig-ga-kam kikitti Suati Sikari (sammu) SA-KIL-BIR u Samni iSteni$(ni’) tuballal 25 Sipti I1I-Su ana eli tamannu(nu) i-na eli Si-in-ni-Su taSakkan(an) 8. THE ASSYRIAN COSMOLOGY The cosmology of the Assyrians is rooted in the cos- mology of the Babylonians, and developed quite nat- urally after the separation of the two peoples began. | In Assyria the chief god of Babylon, Marduk, is dis- placed and the national god, Ashur, takes his place just as Marduk had in earlier times displaced Ellil in Babylonia. The oldest form of the name of Ashur was Ashir, but when speculation and comparison of the older literature began he was identified with 54 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS Anshar (Creation, i, line 12; see p. 4). Unhappily, no complete Assyrian cosmological text has come down to us, and we can only illustrate their beliefs by two fragments: 1. ASSYRIAN CREATION TExT! The key of the rising? (?) After he had [determined] the days . . . The watch of the night and theday .. . The breadth of Tiamat . . . 30 Did Anshar create ... He brought together . . . The assault of the wind . . . He determined ; 35 He established the head . . . He opened aspring .. . He opened and .. . Heopened ... He opened her* nostrils . . . He poured down .. . 40 The spring .. . 1The text upon a badly broken and joined tablet is published by King, in Cuneiform Texts, xiii, p. 24f., and he has transliterated and partly translated it with notes in The Seven Tablets of Creation, i, pp. 197ff. See also Dhorme, Choix de Textes Religieux Assyro-Babyloniens, pp. 90ff., and Ungnad, in Gressmann, Altorientalische Texte und Bilder, 1 D2eo. 2 Probably the sun’s rising. * Probably Tiamat’s. Sigar a-si-[t]i ul-tu t-me u At ma-as-rat mu-Si uim-[mi] . . ru-pu-uS-tu Sa Ti-[amat] . . . 30 An-sar ib-ta-nfi]} . . . te-bi Sa-a-ri ait Su-uk-turim .. . u-ad-di-ma rfa] . . . 35 i8-kun kakka-du .. . nak-bu up-te-it-[ti] . . . ip-te-e-ma . . . na-hi-ri-Sa up-t[e-it-ti] . iS-pu-uk-na Shae 40 nam-ba~-’u ASSYRIAN COSMOLOGY REVERSE: A cedar Deas, pe edad? He placed upon The sceptre of peace From the glory The one that receives him is the mighty ocean 10 In it In his sanctuary : The gods, as many as there were Lakhmu and Lakhamu They made 15 In the presence of Anshar Nannar The second, he hae SAR i The god When to 20 The word Since the days hen thou 1 Adad is the god of the weather. REVERSE: ha-Sur-ru Hee ceneee ue... (ilu) Adad is-kun eli eye uSpara Sul-me ul-tu me-lam-me a-za-mil-Su apSu arya 10 ina e-ma-Si as- . ina si-ma-ak-ki-su ilani ma-la ba-Su-[u] (ilu) Lab-mu u ve (La-ha-mu) i-pu-Su-ma pa 15 pa-na-a-ma An-Sar_ i (ilu) Nannar Sa[r $a-nu-u iz-zak-ru (ilu) ’ e-nu-ma a-na .. 20 amatu ak-tum ki ul-tu Q-me at-ta 55 56 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS Everything which thou hast said Anshar opened his mouth and spake, to ihe SOCHG. te That which is above the ocean, the home of 25 A copy of Esharra which I have builded, I Beneath I have fortified the places I will build a house, the dwelling In its interior will I found a city Afterward from the ocean 30 The place the ates . . the habitations of the great gods His father 35. . . . . over all that thy hands have founded created over the earth which thy hands have the city of Asshur, the name of which thou hast pronounced I know for eternity 40. . . Whatever our work which we have fash- ioned The place mim-mu-u at-ta ta-kab-bu . An-Sar pa-a-su epuS(us)-ma i-kab-bi a-na (ilu) e-li-nu ap-si-i Su-bat . . 25 mi-ih-rit E-Sar-ra $a ab-nu-u “a-na-ku Sap-liS aS-ra-ta u-dan-ni-[in] , lu-pu-uS-ma bita lu Su-bat : kir-bu-us-Su ma-ha-za-Su lu-Sar-gid-ma e-nu-ma ul-tu apst 1-til-{]i] 30 ag-ru sade e. -pat silli OB cicero kin . . . -ki bitaétiilanirabiti . . . ni-ip-pu-[u’].. . abi-Su Here eli mimma Sa ib-na-a ka-ta-a-ka eli kak-ka-ru Sa ib-na-a ka-ta-a-[ka] _ ; (alu), Asshur (ki) Sa taz-ku-ra su[m-3u] a-ni i-di da-ri-Sam_ . . . . . . tuk-ka-ni li-bil-lu-ni 40. . . . . ma-na-ma Sip-ri-ni $a ni-p[a-su] aS-ru : ASSYRIAN COSMOLOGY 57 They rejoiced . . The gods That which they eve EMO Wi esas suis 45 He opened 2. ASHUR THE CREATOR ! To Ashur, king of all the gods, their creator, father of the gods, Whose hand was developed in the ocean, king of the heavens and the earth, Lord of all the gods, sustainer of the Igigi and the Anunaki, Creator of the heaven of Anu and of the Hades, maker of all men, 5 Dweller in the brilliant skies, Lord of the gods, determiner of destiny, Inhabitant of Esharra, which is in Asshur. To his great lord, his lord Sennacherib, King of Assyria, maker of the statue of Ashur. The great gods : The length of his days, the goodness of his heart, the stability of his years of reign 1A small fragment, in British Museum 5413A, dedicated by Sennach- erib to Ashur, and quite instructive as showing the creative position claimed for Ashur in the eighth century. The text is published by Craig, Assyrian and Babylonian Religious Texts, i, 83. Translated by Martin, Textes Religieux Assyriens et Babyloniens, i, p. 312; Jastrow, Religion, i, p. 523f.; and Dhorme, Choix de Textes Religieux Assyro- Babyloniens, p. 92f. ib-du-[u] ilani Su. $a i-du-[u] 45 ip-te-e a-na (ilu) A&’ur Sar ki8-Sat ildni ba-nu-u ram-ni-8u abu iani $a ina apsi is-mu-hu gat-tu-uS Sar Same-e u irsi-tim bel ilani ka-la-ma $a-pi-ik (ilu) Igigi u (lu) A-nun-na-[ki] pa-ti-ik sa-mi (ilu) A-nim u ki-gal-li e-pis kul-lat da-ad-me 5 a-Sib bu-ru-mu elliti (ilu) bél il4ni mu-sim simati a-Sib E-Sar-ra a ki-rib ASSur (ki) bél-i rab-i bé li-Su (ilu) Sin- abe]-irba sar ee ASSur (ki) e-piS sa-lam (ilu) ASSur ilani rabdti a ardl’ fimé-u tu-ub lib-bi-Su kfin palé-[SuJ) . . . 58 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS 3. AN ASSYRIAN BUILDING INSCRIPTION WITH COSMOLOGICAL MATERIAL A building inscription’ of Sennacherib (705-681 B. C.) contains some cosmological references which supply use- ful hints concerning the development of the faith of Ashur. The text describes a bronze door erected by the king in the New Year’s festival house at Ashur (Kal- ’at Shergat), which has recently been discovered and laid bare by the Deutsche Orientgesellschaft. (5) A door of gleaming red bronze, which like a the work of the god of the forge? (6) I caused to be made by my artistic skill; a representation of Ashur, when he went to battle into the sea,’? (7) as he bore the bow, while he drove upon the chariot and let loose the storm flood (8) and a representation of Amurru, who drove with him as charioteer, according to the command of Shamash and Adad (9) given me in harus- pication‘ (him) I graved upon that door. The gods . who go before him (10) and go behind him, who drive in chariots and go afoot, [also] as they before Ashur (11) are ordered in line of battle and behind Ashur are 1The text is published by Meissner and Rost, Die Bauinschriften Sanheribs (1893), Plate 16, and translated pp. 98ff., and again by Zim- mern, Zum babylonischen Neujahrsfest (Berichte der k6niglich Sachsis- chen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1906), Band 58, pp. 126ff., and by Ungnad in Gressmann, i, p. 29f. 2 The god of the forge or smithy i is Ea. dy That is, Tiamat, the name both of the sea and of the great being in the sea. 4Probably divination by the examination of the liver; see Jastrow, Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens, ii, pp. 138ff. (5) abullu siparri ruSSa Sa ma-la a-Qa- . se Si-pir (ilu) Ea Sa nappibi (6) [ina] nik-lat ram4ni-ia u-Se-piS-ma ga-lam [Glu) Assur Sa ana libbi Ti-amat sal-ti illa-ku (7) (isu) kaStu ki-i 8a na-Su-u ina narkabti $a ra-ak-bu a-bu-bu [8a pa-a]k-du (8) (ilu) Amurru Sa a-na mu-kil ap-pa-a-ti it-ti-Su rak-bu a-n{a pji-i Sa (ilu) Sama’ u (ilu) Adad (9) ina bi-ri ik-bu-nim-ma si-ir abulli Sa-a-Su e-sir ila [ni Sa] ina mabri-8u illa-ku (10) u arki-Su illa-ku Sa ru-ku-bu rak-bu 8a ina Sepa-Su illa-ku u ki-i 8a ina mahar (ilu) ASSur (11) si-id-ru u ASSYRIAN COSMOLOGY 59 ordered in line of battle; Tiamat,! the beings within her, among which came Ashur, the king of the gods (12) to battle, I graved according to the command of Shamash and Adad, upon that door. (13) The remain- ing gods, who go afoot, according to the command of Shamash and Adad (14) before Ashur binds Tiamat; the beasts which Tiamat! bears, (15) to death given over, therefore run hither and thither afoot (16) (with) their hands(?) . . . according to the command of Shamash and Adad (as I had (feverse) determined for this door, I graved . . . of silver, gold, copper, (2) I set up. Vessels of silver gold, copper [The following lines are mostly unintelligible, but at the close comes a list of the gods, represented in the sculptures on the bronze doors, as follows:] (10) the image of Ashur, who goes to battle into the sea; the image of Sennacherib, king of Assyria; (11) Sharur, Shargaz,? Gaga,*? Nusku, Shulmanu,‘ Tishkhu,® Ninib, of the wall,® (12) Azag-suga (?) Khani, Sibitti; these are the gods who go before Ashur. (13) Nin-lil, Sherua, Sin, Ningal, Shamash, Aja, Belit (?) 1 Tiamat means here “‘thesea,’”’ a meaning retained to the last along with the perhaps more common application to the mythological being of Chaos. 2'Two forms of Ninib. 3 Gaga is the messenger who fills so considerable a role in the chief creation story. 4 A form of Shamash as the god of judgment. 5 A form of Ninib. 6 The reference is to the cosmic wall; see Jensen, Gilgamesch-E pos. i, 35. arki (ilu) ASSur si-id-ru Ti-amat nab-nit [kir-bi-Su] Sa (ilu) AS8ur Sar il4ni (12) a-na lib-bi-Su sgal-ti il-la-ku a-na efli pji-i Sa (ilu) Sama u (ilu) Adad si-ir abulli Sa-a-Su e-sir (13) si-it-ti ilani Sa ina SepA-Su-nu il-la-ku ina eli pi-i Sa (ilu) Samaé u (ilu) Adad (14) a-di la-a (ilu) ASSur Ti-amat i-kam-mu-u u-ma-ma-a-nu Sa Ti-amat i-na-as-Sa-a (15) [ana mu]-tu i-nam-di-nu ki-i an-ni-i ina Sépa-Su- nu i-du-ul-lu (16) [ina riJ-it-te-Su-nu la . . . [ana elf[i] pi-i Sa (ilu) Sama u (ilu) Adad [Sa si-ir] (Reverse) (1) [a-bul]-li Su-a-ti a&- tu-ru [e-sir] . . . kaspi burdsi siparri Se-er-tu (2) ul-ziz u-nu- tu kaspi burasi siparri . . . (10) sa-lam (ilu) AS8ur 8a a-na Ti-amat sal-ti illa-ku salam (ilu) Sin-ahe-erba Sar (mat) ASSur (11) (ilu) Sar-ur (ilu) (ilu) Sar-gaz Gaga (ilu) Nusku (ilu) Sulmanu (ilu) Ti8hu (ilu) Ninib Sa ddri (12) (ilu) Azag-suga (ilu) Hani (ilu) Si-bitti an-nu-ti ilAni 8a ina mahar (ilu) ASSur il-la-ku (ilu) Nin-lil (ilu) Se-ru-’u-a (ilu) Sin (ilu) Nin-gal (ilu) Samas (ilu) Ai (ilu) 60 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS (14) Anu, Antum, Adad, Shala, Ea, Damkina, (15) Belit- il4ni, Ninib; these are the gods, who go behind Ashur. [The following words are on the left margin] (1) The victorious Prince, seated upon Ashur’s chariot. (2) Tiamat with the creatures within her. Gam-lat (14) (ilu) A-nim (ilu) An-tum (ilu) Adad (ilu) Sa-la (ilu) E-a (ilu) Dam-{ki-na] (15) (ilu) be-lit ilani (ilu) Ninib an-nu-ti ilani Sa arki (ilu) [A8-Sur illa-ku] MARGIN: (1) [mal]-ku ka-Si-du ina narkabti (ilu) AsSur Sak-nu (2) [Ti]-amat a-di nab-nit kir-bi-su. 9 AN ADDRESS TO THE RIVER OF CREATION! O thou River, who didst create all things, When the great gods dug thee out, They set prosperity upon thy banks, Within thee Ea, the king of the Deep, created his dwelling, 5 A deluge unparalleled to thee they gave. Fire and wrath, and splendor, and terror Have Ea and Marduk presented unto thee. Thou judgest the cause of mankind. O great river, exalted river, river of sanctuaries. 1 Published and translated by King, The Seven Tablets of Creation, i, 128, 129, 200, 201, and translated also by Ungnad in Gressmann, Altorientalische Texte und Bilder, i, 30, 31. The passage is found upon two duplicate tablets and is used to introduce two different incanta- tions. See King’s note, op. cit., Pp. 128, and compare Sayce, Hzbbert Lectures, p. 403. As King suggests, ‘ ‘this mystical river of creation was evidently suggested by the Euphrates.” Siptu at-ti n4ru banat(at) ka-l[a-mu] e-nu-ma ih-ru-ki il4ni rabiati ina a-hi-ki [i8-ku-nu] dum-ka ina libbi-ki (ilu) E-a Sar ap-si-i ib-na-[a Su-bat-su] a-bu-ub la ma-har ka-a-8i 18-ruk-[ku] ji-Sa-tum uz-za na-mur-ra-ti pu-lub-t[i] (ilu) E-a u (ilu) Marduk i8-ru-ku-nik-kim-ma dfij-ni te-ni-Se-e-ti ta-din-ni at-ti naru rabiti (ti) naru sir-ti naru e§-ri-e-ti Il. THE DRAGON AND DEMONS 1. ELLIL AND THE LABBU A curious variation of the creation myth is afforded by a small text which gives a story of a contest between on ELLIL AND THE LABBU 61 Ellil and a great sea monster, whose name may be read Labbu, that is, Lion. The name might also be read Kalbu (dog), or even Ribbu; if this latter reading could be authenticated, it would form a most interesting parallel to the Rahab of the Old Testament (Job 9. 13; 26. 12; Psa. 89. 10; Isa. 30. 7): In this fragment the monster is represented as of great size, for his length is fifty biru’ (line 8). The biru is the distance that may be covered in two hours’ travel, about six or seven miles, and this would make the dragon three hundred or three hundred and fifty miles long, and the height which it reared the head out of the water six or seven miles. (So King.) The blood of the dragon flowed for three years when slain (line 8, reverse), which seems quite consistent with this esti- mate of its size. 1The ideogram is KAs-PU, which is to be read biru as Landsberger has just shown. See Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologic, xxv, 385, 356 ELLIL AND THE LABBU* The cities sighed, men [. . .] Men uttered lamentation, [they : . .] Orcneiy sIMnent es) Ot |.) || omsieioriety.). ..7 oe not [ss .] 5 Who had [borne(?)] the dragon [. . . 2] 1 The text is published by Delitzsch, Assyrisches Wdrterbuch, p. 390f., and by King, in Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, etc., xiii, pp. 33ff., and translated by him, Seven Tablets of Creation, i, pp. 117ff. It has also been translated by Zimmern in Gunkel, Schépfung und Chaos, pp. 417ff.; Jensen, Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, vi, 1, pp. 44ff.; Hrozny, Mittheilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1903, p. 265; Jeremias, Das Alte Testament im Lichte des alten Orients, 2te Auf., pp. 138, 139; Weber, Literatur der Babylonier und Assyrer, pp. 63ff. Com- pare also Jensen, Das Gilgamesh-E'pos in der Weltliteratur, pp. 56ff.; Gressmann, Altorientalische Texte und Bilder, i, pp. 31, 32 i-ta-an-hu alani niséd{a . . |] in-da-ta-a nisée-[. . .] a-na ik-kil-li-Si-na ul[. . .J a-na rim-ma-ti-Si-na ul i-sab-[.. . .] 5 man-nu-um-ma siru[. . .] §2 10 15 20 10 1 oO CUNEIFORM PARALLELS The sea had [borne(?) . . .] Ellil in heaven hath formed [. . .] Fifty biru in his length, one biru [his height?] Six cubits is his mouth, twelve cubits [his . . .] Twelve cubits is the eat of his’ [carseat For the space of sixty cubits he[. . .] birds In water nine cubits deep he drags [. . .] He raises his tail on high [. . .] All the gods of heaven [. . .] In heaven the gods bowed themselves down before[. . .] The border of Sin’s robe they hasti[ly grasped]: “Who will go and [slay] the Labbu (?) And deliver the broad land [from . . .] And become king [over . . .] ?” Go, Tishpak, [slay] the Labbu (?) And deliver the broad land [from . . .] And exercise kingship [over . . .] Thou hast sent me, O Lord, of the oféurity of the Tver ito: | scene | But I do not understand the [. . .] of the Labbu tam-tu-um-ma siru[. . (ilu) Ellil ina Samé (e) i-te-sir [. L simanu mu-rak-3u L kas-plu . . |] 4GaAR pi-i-SuI Gar[. . . I Gar li-ma-a-ti $a u[z- . . |] ana V Gar is-gu-ri i-[. i-na mé IX ammatu i-Sad- da-[ad BPR ky u-Se-ik-ki zi-im-bat-su i-{. . .] ilani Sa Samé(e) ka-li-Su-nu [. ina Samé(e) ilaéni ka-an-3u ana pan pan oh u Sa (ilu) Sin ina ulinni-Su ur-ru-[. . .] man-nu il-lak-ma Jab-bfi Nee ma-a-tum ra-pa-as-tum u-Se-iz-[zab . . .] u Sarru-u-ti ip-pu-u[S J 20 a-lik (ilu) Ti8pak lab-bi d[u- sftiteeen ma-a-ta ra-pa-as-ta Su-zi-bla . . .] u Sarru-u-ta e-pu-uS [. taS-pu-ra-an-ni be-el ri-hu-ut nari {: /ovias} ul i-di-e-ma Sa lab-bi[. . .] THE SEVEN EVIL DEMONS 63 [The remainder of the Obverse illegible, as well as the beginning of the Reverse] . . . . .) opened his mouth and [spake] to the SOC ey “Let cloud arise and storm [stir up] The seal of thy life [hold] before thy face, Set on (?), and thou shalt slay the Labbu.” 5 He raised up cloud, and [stirred up] storm, He [held] the seal of his life before his face. He set on (?) and [he slew] the Labbu. For three years and three months, one day and The blood of the Labbu flowed [unceasingly (?)] [ REVERSE: . . .] pa-a-Su i-pu-uS-ma a-na (ilu) [. . |] Su-uS-hi-it ur-pa mi-ha-a[. . . ku-nu-uk-ku na-pi§-ti-ka i-na pa-ni-ka[. . .] us-kam-ma lab-ba du-[. . . 5 u-Sa-a5-hi-it ur-pa mi-ha-af[. . .] ku-nu-uk-ku na-pi§-ti-Su ina pa-ni-Su[. . .] is-su-kam-ma, lab-bi [. Ill Sanati WI arhé GmulI xanuf[. . |] $a lab-bi il-la-ku da-mu-’u [. . .] 2. THE LEGEND OF THE SEVEN EVIL DEMONS}? Raging storms, evil gods are they Ruthless demons, who in heaven’s vault were created are they, Workers of evil are they, They lift up the head to evil, every day to evil ? 1This legend forms the sixteenth tablet of the Evil-Demon series. It is published IV R., 2d edition, p. 5, and Cuneiform Texts, xvi, pp. 19ff. It is translated by R. C. Thompson, The Devils and Evil Spirits of Baby- lonia, i, pp. 88ff. See further, Winckler, Altorientalische Forschungen, iii, pp. 58ff.; Jastrow, Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens, i, pp. 361ff.; Jeremias, Das Alte Testament im Lichte des Alten Orients, p. 102f., Eng- lish Translation, p. 111; Ungnad in Gressmann, Altorientalische Tecate und Bilder, i, pp. 32ff. fimé mut-tak-pu-tum ilAni lim-nu-tum gu-nu! Se-e-du la pa-du-tum Sa ina Su-puk Same(e) ib-ba-nu Su-nu Su-nu e-piS ma-ru-us-ti Su-nu mu-kil kakkad limuttim(tim) Sa fimi(mi)-Sam-ma ana limutti . 1 The lines are numbered to correspond to the translation at the top of the page. The Sumerian text of the original is not here given, and the Semitic is consequently numbered conventionally. 64 5 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS Destruction to work. Of these seven the first is the South wind The second is a dragon, whose mouth is opened. . . That none can measure. The third is a grim leopard, which carries off the YOUNG) een 10 The fourth is a terrible Shibbu [. . .] The fifth is a furious Wolf (?), who knoweth not to flee, The sixth isarampant . . . which marches (?) against god and king. The seventh is a storm, an evil wind, which takes vengeance, Seven are they, messengers of King Anu are they, 15 From city to city darkness work they, A hurricane, which mightily hunts in the heavens, are they, Thick clouds, that bring darkness in heaven, are they, Gusts of wind rising, which cast gloom over the bright day, are they, With the Imkhullu,’ the evil wind, forcing their way, are they, 1 The Imkhullu appears also in the Creation story, col. iv, 45, 96. 5 10 15 nir-tu ana na-a-ri ina si-bit-ti Su-nu[. . .] Su-u-tu $a-nu-u u-Sum-gal-lum Sa pi-i-Su pi-tu-u ma-am-ma [la] Sal-Su nim-ru iz-zu Sa pi-i-ri e(?)-[ki-mu] ri-bu-u Ssib-bu gal-ti ha-aS-Sa ab-bu na-ad-ru Sa ana arki-Su ni-’-alaf[. . .] sis-[Su] . . . -u ti-bu-u Sa ana ili u Sarri : si-bu-u me-hu-u Sa-a-ru lim-nu Sa gi(?)-i8[. . .] si-bit-ti Su-nu mar Sip-ri $a (ilu) A-nim Sar-ri Su-nu a-li ana a-li da-um-ma-ta i-Sak-ka-nu Su-nu a-Sam-Su-tum Sa ina Same(e) iz-zi-i8 is-sa-nun-du Su-nu ir-pi-tum Sa-pi-tum Sa ina Same(e) da-um-ma-ta i-Sak-ka-nu Su-nu zi-ik Sa-a-ri te-bu-tum Sa ina time(me) nam-ri e-tu-ta i-Sak-ka- nu Su-nu it-ti im-hul-li Sa-a-ri lim-ni i-Sur-ru Su-nu 20 25 30 THE SEVEN EVIL DEMONS 65 The overflowing of Adad, mighty destroyers, are they, At the right of Adad stalking, are they, In the height of heaven, like lightning flashing, are they, To wreak destruction forward go they, In the broad heaven, the home of Anu, the king evilly do they arise, and none to oppose. When Ellil heard these tidings, a plan in his heart he pondered, With Ea, exalted Massti! of the gods, he took counsel. Sin, Shamash and Ishtar, whom he had set to order the vault of heaven, With Anu he divided the lordship of the whole heaven, To these three gods, his offspring, Day and night, without ceasing, he ordained to stand, When the seven evil gods, stormed the vault of heaven, Before the gleaming Sin, they set themselves angrily,” 1 The signification of Mass is unknown. 2 The evil gods darken the moon by an eclipse, Shamash helping them by withdrawing his light from the moon, and Adad by sending cloudy weather. 20 25 30 ri-hi-is-ti (ilu) Adadi te-Su-u kar-du-te Su-nu ina i-mit-ti (ilu) Adadi il-la-[ku Su-nu] ina i-Sid Same(e) ki-ma bir-ki it-ta-nab-ri-ku Su-nu] ni-ir-tu ana na-a-ri ina mab-ri il-la-ku [Su nu] ina Same(e) rap-Su-ti Su-bat (ilu) A-nim Sar-ri lim-ni§ iz-zaz- zu-ma ma-hi-ra ul i-Su-u i-nu-Su (ilu) Ellil te-e-ma Su-a-tum i$-me-ma a-ma-ta ana lib-bi- Su i$-du-ud it-ti (ilu) E-a mas-si-e Si-ri sa ilAni im-ta-lik-ma (ilu) Sin (ilu) Sama’ u (ilu) IS-tar Su-puk Same(e) ana Su-te- Su-ri uk-tin-nu it-ti Glu) A-nim be-lu-ut ki8-Sat Same(e) i-zu-us-su-nu-ti ana Se-lal-ti-Su-nu ilA4ni m4r4ni-3u mu-Sa u ur-ra u-zu-uz-zu la na-par-ka Su-nu-ti u-ma-’-ir-Su- nu-ti i-nu-Su_si-bit-ti-Su-nu ilAni lim-nu-ti ina Su-puk Same(e) i-Sur-ru ina ma-har (ilu) Nannari(ri) (ilu) Sin iz-zi-i8 il-ta-nam-mv-u 66 45 50 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS The mighty Shamash, Adad the warrior they brought on their side, Ishtar, with Anu the king moved into a shining dwelling, exercising dominion over the heavens, {Here follow some broken lines, which yield no con- tinuous sense] Day and night he was dark [i. e., Sin] in the dwelling of his dominion he sat not down, The evil gods, the messengers of Anu, the king, are they, Raising their evil heads, in the night shaking them- selves, are they, Evil searching out, are they, From the heaven, like a wind, over the land rush they. Ellil saw the darkening of the hero Sin in heaven, The lord spoke to his minister Nusku,' “‘O my minister Nusku, my message unto the ocean bring, The tidings of my son Sin, who in heaven has been sadly darkened, Unto Ea, in the ocean, announce it.” Nusku exalted the word of his lord, To Ea, in the ocean, he went quickly, To the prince, the exalted Massu, the lord Nudimmud. 1A god of fire and light. 45 50 id-la (ilu) Samas ny Adad kar-du ana i-di-Su-nu u-tir-ru (ilu) IS-tar it-ti (ilu) A-nim Sar-ri Sub-tu ellitim(tim) ir-me- ma ana Sarru-ut Samé(e) i-kap-pu-ud {Here follow badly broken lines] [muSa (?) u] ur-ra a-dir ina Su-bat be-lu-ti-8u ul a-8ib Ani lim-nu-tum m4r-Sipri $a (ilu) A-nim Sar-ri Su-nu mu-kil kakkad limuttim(tim) ina mu-8Si il-ta-na-ar-ra-ru Su-nu li-mut-tu i8-te-ni-’-u Su-nu i§-tu ki-rib Same(e) ki-ma Sa-a-ri ana ma-a-ti it-te-bu-ni Su-nu (ilu) Ellil Sa id-li (ilu) Sin na-an-dur-Sa ina Same(e) i-mur-ma be-lum ana suk-kal-li-Su (ilu) Nusku i-Sis-si suk-kal-li (ilu) Nusku a-ma-ti ana ap-si-i bi-i-li te-im ma-ri-ia (ilu) Sin Sa ina Same(e) mar-si-i§ [’]-ad-[ru] a-na (ilu) E-a ina ap-si-i Su-un-ni-Sum-ma Glu) Nusku a-mat be-ili-Su it-ta-’-id-ma a-na (ilu) E-a ina ap-si-i pu-ri-du il-lak a-na ru-bi-e mas-su-u si-i-ri belu (ilu) Nudimmud THE MYTH OF ADAPA 67 55 Nusku, the word of his lord there announced, Ea in the ocean heard that word, He bit his lip and filled his mouth with wailing, Ka called his son Marduk, and gave him the message: “‘Go, my son Marduk, 60 Son of a prince, the gleaming Sin has been sadly darkened in heaven, His darkening is seen in the heavens, The seven evil gods, death dealing, fearless, are they, The seven evil gods, like a flood, rush on, the land they fall upon, do they, Against the land, like a storm, they rise, do they, 65 Before the gleaming Sin, they set themselves angrily, The mighty Shamash, Adad the warrior they brought on their side.’” 1 After this there is a break in the tablet, in which probably Marduk spoke the magic word and released Sin frorn his predicament. The tablet concludes with a ritual for exorcising these demons. 55 (ilu) Nusku a-mat be-ili-Su a-hi-en-na-a uS-[ta]-an-na [-a] (ilu) E-a ina ap-si-i a-ma-tu Su-a-tu i8-me-ma $a-pat-su i8-Suk-ma ’u-a pi-i-8u um-tal-li (ilu) E-a méari-Su (ilu) Marduk is-si-ma a-ma-ta u-Sah-haz a-lik ma-ri (ilu) Marduk 60 mar ru-bi-e na-an-na-ri (ilu) Sin Sa ina Same(e) mar-si-iS ’-ad-ru na-an-dur-Su ina Same(e) Su-pu-u si-bit-ti Su-nu ilAni lim-nu-tum mus-mi-tu-ti la a-di-ru-ti Su-nu si-bit-ti Su-nu il4ni lim-nu-tum Sa kima a-bu-bi ti-bu-ma mati i-ba-’-u Su-nu ana ma-a-ti ki-ma me-hi-e ti-bu-ni Su-nu 65 ina ma-har na-an-na-ri (ilu) Sin iz-zi-is il-ta-nam-mu-u id-la (ilu) Sama§ (ilu) Adad kar-du a-na i-di-Su-nu ut-tir-ru Ill. THE MYTH OF ADAPA.? This myth is preserved upon four fragments, three of which once belonged to the library of the Assyrian 1 The texts of the four tablets are published as follows: 1., V. Scheil, Recueil de Travauz relatifs a la Philologie et a l Archéologie Egyptiennes et Assyriennes, xx (1898), pp. 127ff. 2. H. Winckler and L. Abel, Der Thontafelfund von El-Amarna, No. 240; J. A. Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna Tafeln,. No. 356. 3. Jensen, Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, vi, 1, p. xviif., in transcription only. 4. A. Strong, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology, xvi (1894), pp. 274ff. The four tablets are translated by Jensen in Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, vi, 1, pp. 92ff.; Dhorme, Choix de Textes Religieux Assyro-Babyloniens, pp. 148ff. Besides these No. 1 and No. 4 by Scheil, op. cit.; No. 2 by Harper, Beitrage zur Assyriologe, ii, pp. 420ff.; J. A. Knudtzon, op. cit.; Zimmern, in Gunkel’s Schépfung und Chaos, pp. 420ff.; No. 4 by Strong, op. cit. 68 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS king, Ashurbanipal (668-626 B. C.) in Nineveh, while the fourth was discovered among the archives of the Egyptian heretic king Amenophis IV (1377-1361 B. C.), in Tell-el-Amarna, Egypt. The latter had the divisions of words marked by small dots in red ink, and was there- fore used as a means of teaching the Babylonian lan- guage in Egypt. The contents of the four tablets may be here sum- marized as a clue to their contents, which in the trans- lation alone might not always be clear upon the first examination. No. 1. Adapa, or perhaps Adamu, son of Ea, had received from his father wisdom, but not eternal life. He was a semidivine being and was the wise man and priest of the temple of Ea at Eridu, which he provided with the ritual bread and water. In the exercise of this duty he carried on fishing upon the Persian Gulf. No. 2. When Adapa was fishing one day on a smooth sea, the south wind rose suddenly and overturned his boat, so that he was thrown into the sea. Angered by the mishap, he broke the wings of the south wind so that for seven days it could not blow the sea coolness over the hot land. Anu calls Adapa to account for this misdeed, and his father Ea warns him as to what should befall him. He tells him how to secure the pity of Tammuz and Gishzida, whom he would meet at heaven’s portal, and cautions him not to eat the food or partake of the drink which would be set before him, as Ia feared that food and drink of death would be offered him. The counsel was ill advised, for it was, rather, the food of life and the water of life that were set before him, and overcaution deprived him of im- mortal life, and he had to return to earth. No. 3 is a duplicate of lines 12 to 21 of No. 2. THE MYTH OF ADAPA 69 No. 4 is so badly broken that its general sense is very difficult to obtain. The correspondences with Genesis 2 and 3, and the differences also, are most interesting, and it may well be hoped that later discoveries may provide material for still more striking comparisons. It may here be pointed out simply that the “food of life’ belongs to the same category as the ‘“‘tree of life’’ in Genesis. Adam lost immortality because he desired to become like God; Adapa, on the other hand, was already en- dowed with knowledge and wisdom, and failed of im- mortality, not because he was disobedient, like Adam, but through his literal obedience to Ea, his creator. That the Paradise narrative (Gen. 2, 3) may have been influenced at least in part (Zimmern) by the Adapa myth seems most probable. We know, certainly, that this myth had reached Egypt as early as the fourteenth century B. C., and presumably also had passed through Palestine. TABLET NO. 1 He possessed (?) intelligence [. . .] His command like the command of Anu[. . .] He [i. e. Ea] granted him large intelligence to reveal the destiny of the land, He granted him wisdom, but he did not grant him eternal life. 5 In those days, in those years the wise man of Eridu, Ea had created him as chief (?) among men, A wise man whose command none should oppose, ta-Sim-tum ir-[SJa-au[. . |] ki-bit-su ki-ma ki-bit (ilu) [A-nu] lu-u-ma(?)-ti(?) uz-na rapas-tum u-Sak-lil-Su u-su-rat mati kul-lu-mu ana Su-a-tu ni-me-ka iddin-Su napi’-tam da-er-tam ul iddim-su 5 ina u-me-Su-ma ina Sa-na-a-ti Si-na-a-ti ab-kal-lum mar (alu) ridu (ilu) E-a ki-ma rid(?)-di ina a-me-lu-ti ib-ni-Su ab-kal-lum ki-bit-su ma-am-man ul u-3am-sak 70 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS The prudent, the most wise among the Anunnaki was he, Blameless, of clean hands, anointed, observer of the divine statutes, 10 With the bakers he made bread, With the bakers of Eridu, he made bread, The food and the water for Eridu he made daily, With his clean hands he prepared the table, And without him the table was not cleared. 15 The ship he steered, fishing and hunting for Eridu he did. Then Adapa of Eridu While Ea, [. . .] in the chamber, upon the bed, Daily the closing of Eridu he attended to. Upon the pure dam, the new moon dam, he em- barked upon the shine 20 The wind blew and his ship Renate With the oar, he steered his ship Upon the broad sea[. . .] li-e-um at-ra ha-si-sa Sa (ilu) A-nun-na-ki Su-ma ib-bu el-lam ka-ti pa-si-Su muS-te-’-u par-8i 10 it-ti nu-ha-tim-me nu-ba-tim-mu-ta ip- -pu-uS it-ti nu-ha-tim-me Sa (alu) Eridu KI-MIN a-ka-la u me-e Sa (alu) Eridu t-mi-Sam-ma ip-pu-uS ina ka-ti-Su el-li-ti pa-a8-Su-ra i-rak-kas u ba-lu-us-8u pa-aS-Su-ra ul ip-pat-tar elippa u-ma-har b#iru-tu da-ku-tu Sa (alu) Eridu ip-pu-u8 e-nu-mi-Su A-da-pa mar (alu) Eridu [. . .] sir (ilu) E-a ina ma-ia-li ina Sa-da-di i-mi-Sam-ma Si-ga-ar (alu) Eridu i8-8a-ar ina ka-a-ri el-li kar Nannari (isu) Sabhita ir-kab-ma 20 [Sa-a-ru i]-zi-kan-ni-ma (isu) e \ppi-8u ik-ki-lip-pu [ina gi]-mu8-Si-ma (isu) elippi-Su u-mab-bir ina tam-ti ra-pa-as-ti 1 Or TABLET NO. 2 The south wind [. . . when] He had (driven me) to the house of my lord, I said, bus) Su-ti-tu [ .] a-na bi-i-ttu be-li-iJa i-Sa-am-si-i-flu . . .] THE MYTH OF ADAPA 71 “O South wind, on the way increase thy wrath, [as thou mayest] 5 Thy wing will I break.”” As he spoke with his mouth, The wing of the South wind was broken, seven days The South wind blew not upon the land. Anu Called to his messenger Ilabrat: Why has the South wind not blown upon the land for seven days? 10 His messenger [labrat answered him: ‘‘My lord, Adapa, the son of Ea, the wing of the South wind Has broken. §u-ti-tu [i-na har-]ra-ni ub-hi-e-ki ma-la i-[. 4 ‘5 ka-a[-ap-pa-ki lu-t-Se-bi-ir ki-ma i-na bi-i[SJu ik-bu-{] Sa [Su-U]-ti ka-ap-pa-Sa it-te-e3-bi-ir vii i-mi {Su-t]-tu a-na ma-a-ti t-ul i-zi-ig-ga (ilu) Anu (a-na S]u-uk-ka-li-Su (ilu) i-la-ab-ra-at i-Sa-a{s]-si fam]-mi-ni Su-ti-tu i8-tu vii G-mi a-na ma-a-ti la i-zi-ga 10 [S]u-uk-ka-la-Su i-la-ab-ra-at i-pa-al-8u bif-e-Ii (m) A-da-pa ma-ar (ilu) E-a Sa Su-t-ti ka-ap-pa-Sa iS-te-bi-ir TABLET NO. 2 (continued) When Anu heard these words 13 He cried, ‘Help!’ He ascended his throne, “Let some one bring hm,” 14 Likewise Ea, who knows the heaven. He roused him TABLET NO. 2 (continued) (ilu) A-nu a-ma-ta an-ni-ta i-na Se-e-mi-Su 13 il-si na-ra-ru it-ti-bi i-na ku- ee ae $u-[tu_ li-il]-gu-ni- GF u 14 an-ni-ka-a (ilu) E-a Sa Sa me-e i-di_ il-pu-us-[su]- m{a} TABLET NO. 3 1 When heard that 2 In the anger of his heart 3 His messenger he sent. 4 He who knows the heart of the great gods Same ee | TABLET NO. 3 {(ilu) Anu anni-] ti ina Se- mi-Su 2 [ina ug]-gat lib-bi-Su 3 mar gip-ri i-Sap-par 4 [mu]-du-u lib-bi Hani rabati 0s Peach ee ee A 72 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS TABLET NO. 2 (continued) Lda: .]} he caused him to wear. With a mourning garment 16 He garbed him, and gave him counsel 17 Saying: ‘‘Adapa, before the face of Anu the king thou art to £9, TABLET NO. 2 (continued) 15 [. . .] l{u]-l[a]-a [u]§-te-eS- i-Su ka-a-ar-ra 16 [U-Sa-al-ba-as-su-ma ti-]e-ma i-Sa-ak-ka-an-Su 17 [{um-ma (m)A-da-pa a-na pa-ni (ilu) A-ni Sa]r-ri at- ta ta-la-ak TABLET NO. 3 6 To King Ea (?) to come, 7 To him, he caused words to be borne. Silsadeo 6] ) (to: Shim oy king Ea. 9 He sent a messen- ger. | 10 With a wide ear, know- ing the heart of the great gods, 11 [. . .] of the heavens: be fixed. 12 A soiled garment he made him wear, 13 With a mourning garment he _ clad him, 14 A word he spoke to him. TABLET NO. 3 6 ana [(ilu) E-Ja Sar-ri ka-Sa- di 7 [. . .] Su a-ma-ti u8-ta-bil 8 [... .] Su ana Sar-ri (ilu) E-a 9 [mar Sip-r]i il-tap-ra 10 [rap-Sa] uz-ni mu-du-u lib- bi ilani rabd-ti 11 [. . .] Same-e u-kan-Su 12 ma-la-a ul-taS-Si-Su 13 [u]-ba-zik-ma kar-ra ul-tab- bi-[is-su] 14 [a-mJa-ta i-kab-bi-Su THE MYTH OF ADAPA 73 TABLET NO. 2 (continued) sf Eat od Wane heaven 19 (When) thou comest up, and when thou approachest the door of Anu, 20 At the door of Anu, Tammuz and Gish- zida 21 are standing, .] to TABLET NO. 3 15 Adapa, before the king Anu thou shalt go 16 Fail not the order, keep my word 17 (When) thou comest up to heaven, and approachest the door of Anu, 18 Tammuz and Gishzida at the door of Anu are standing. TABLET NO. 2 J they will see thee, they will ask thee; “‘Sirt For whose sake dost thou so appear, Adapa? For whom Art thou clad in a mourning garment?” “In our country two gods have vanished, therefore Am Iso.” “Who are the two gods, who in the land, 25 Have vanished?”’ “Tammuz and Gishzida.”’ They will look at one another and 1 Adapa is to wear mourning at heaven’s portal, as though for Tam- muz and Gishzida, and thereby excite their interest and sympathy, and the ruse proves successful. TABLET NO. 2 (continued) 18 [. . . .] a-na S[a-me]-e 19 fi-na e]-li-k]a-ma a-na ba-a- bi (ilu) A-ni i-na te]-hi-ka 20 [i-nJa ba-a-bu (ilu) A-{ni (ilu) Dumuz-zi u (ilu) Gis-zi-da 21 iz-za-az-zu TABLET NO. 3 15 [A-da-pa ana pan (ilu) A-ni Sar-ri at-ta ta-lak-ma 16 [la te-me-ik-ki] te-ma a mat-i sa-bat 17 [ana Same-e ina e-li-ka ana ba-a{b] (ilu) A-ni ina te- hi-ka 18 [(ilu) Dumu-zi u (ilu) Gi8- zi-da ina ba-ab (ilu)] A-ni iz-za-az-[zu] TABLET NO. 2 im-ma-ru-ka il-t{a-n]Ja-a-[l]u-ka i{d-lu] a-na ma-a-ni ka-a e-ma-ta(m) A[-da]-pa a-na ma-an-n{i] ka-ar-ra la-ab-Sa-ta i-na ma-a-ti-ni i-lu Si-na ha-al-[k]u-ma a-na-ku a-ka-na ip-Se-e-ku ma-an-nu i-lu Se-na Sa i-na ma-a-ti 25 ha-al-ku (ilu) Dumu-zi u (ilu) Gi8-zi-da Su-nu a-ha-mi-i§ ip-pa- la-su-ma 74 30 395 CUNEIFORM PARALLELS Be astonished. Good words They will speak to Anu.