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 The Evolution of apan. 
 
 BEING THE 
 LOWELL LECTURES 
 DELIVERED AT BOSTON, MASS., APRIL, 1893, BY 
 
 Professor henry Drummond 
 
 EDITED BY 
 WILLIAM TEMPLETON. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 HENRYWALLEMUS 
 1893 
 
Copyrighted, 1893, by 
 HENRY ALTEMUS. 
 
 “ 
 
 ALTEMUS’ BOOKBINDERY, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 
 

 
, Us ie! € ¥ 
 
 
 
Contents, 
 
 THE EVOLUTION OF MAN - - . - 2g 
 
 THE ARREST OF THE ANIMAL BODY OF 
 
 MAN - $ - : r 109 
 
 THE RESIDUUM OF THE ANIMAL IN MAN 135 
 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE : - - 169 
 THE EVOLUTION OF MIND - - - - 189 
 THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE - - 213 
 THE EVOLUTION OF SEX - : - - 235 
 THE EVOLUTION OF A MOTHER - - 247 
 

 
fntroduction, 
 

 
Mntroduction. 
 Pror. DRUMMOND never says any- 
 
 thing that is not both interesting and 
 
 valuable. He is the foremost living 
 member of that group of writers which 
 may be generally called the reconcilers 
 of religion and science. Since Butler, 
 the author of the ‘‘Analogy of Religion 
 atidue oClence,. athere ©71s no. ‘clerical 
 
 thinker who has produced so profound 
 (19) 
 
20 Sntroduction. 
 an impression upon the class of doubters 
 who were willing and eager to be con- 
 vinced. | 
 
 The fight, or the apparent fight, be- 
 tween Religion and Science is an old 
 one. Science is contimually making 
 discoveries which seem to oppose the 
 current dogmas of faith. Science, for 
 exainple, discovers that the earth is a 
 globe and revolves around -the sun. 
 Straightway there is a hubbub amongst 
 the )}doginatists. . Text after’ textwae 
 quoted from the Bible to prove that 
 
 Science must be wrong. Then the 
 
Sntroduction. 24 
 Reconciler steps in. to show that Scrip- 
 ture, properly interpreted, does not 
 mean what the dogmatists asserted. 
 Again, Science discovers that the arth 
 has existed for millions of years. An- 
 other hubbub among the dogmatists! 
 According to their interpretation of 
 Biblical chronology the earth has ex- 
 isted for just about six thousand years. 
 sLhen; the  Reconciler by referetice: to 
 the Sanscrit original, shows that the 
 six days of creation undoubtedly mean. 
 six geological periods of indefinite. 
 
 length, and that there is no real antago- 
 
22 gntroduction. 
 
 nism in the assertion made by Science. 
 And so-the conflict goes on with the 
 progress of the views and the increase 
 in man’s knowledge. 
 
 When the theory of evolution—the 
 so-called Darwinian theory which has 
 ‘been endorsed and elaborated by Hux- 
 ley and Herbert Spencer—when this 
 theory was first promulgated there was 
 dismay and anger and disgust in the 
 religious camp. That man should be 
 descended in a straight, orderly and un- 
 broken line from the animal, that his 
 
 creation was not a special fiat of the 
 
! Introduction. 23 
 Almighty, but that he and the entire 
 universe are the result of a gradual pro- 
 cess of evolution resulting from certain 
 laws inherent in matter itself—these 
 new ideas struck the dogmatists as 
 hideous and appalling heresies. To 
 allow them would be to disallow the 
 Bible, religion and God. 
 
 Yet slowly but surely the reconcilia- 
 tion between religion and these strange, 
 new theories has been going on. Not 
 that all theologians are agreed on what 
 to accept or what to reject. But all 
 
 theologians do now agree that even that 
 
r 
 
 2d. Fntroduction. 
 portion of the doctrine which they re- 
 ject is entitled to respect. 
 
 Professor Drummond is no ordinary 
 theologian. He is ahead of all his fel- 
 lows. He boldly accepts the doctrine 
 of evolution. He accepts it in its en- 
 tirety. “Fle goesieven further \ ie wage 
 tempts to show how the same laws 
 which science has discovered in the 
 phenomena of nature continue and can - 
 be traced in the phenomena of the 
 spiritual, that evolution is not only true 
 of the body, but also of the soul. 
 
 Of course his attitude has dismayed 
 
Introduction, 25 
 many of his more conservative brethren. 
 Evangelicals did not at once know how 
 to take him. They could not be quite 
 sure whether he was for or against them. 
 Indeed the narrower portion of them still 
 look upon him asa decidedly dangerous 
 heretic. But a large proportion of 
 thoughtful, conscientious and earnest 
 Christians, wavering in their faith be- 
 cause of the new light which ‘science 
 had thrown upon religion, have given 
 an eager welcome to his teachings and 
 have found in them the solution of their 
 
 doubts. 
 
26 Introduction. 
 
 Born in 1852, Professor Drummond 1s 
 a comparatively young man ; he is still in 
 the dawn of his powers. It is signifi- 
 cant of his modesty that his published 
 books represent only the merest fraction 
 of his intellectual life-work. Asa writer 
 his style is vigorous and simple. He 
 expresses himself with a robust. sin- 
 cerity that, colvinces as seavellemes 
 thrills. 
 
 This little book is made up from the 
 contemporary reports of the lectures re- 
 cently delivered by Professor Drum- 
 
 mond in the Boston Institute. ‘hese 
 
Introduction. 27 
 reports have been carefully collated and 
 edited and are presented to the reader 
 with the certainty that they will prove 
 
 of interest and value. 
 
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Che wvolution of Man. 
 

 
Che Evolution of aman. 
 
 In these lectures I propose to intro- 
 duce you to a few of the more recent 
 facts bearing upon the Ascent of Man. I 
 have chosen the subject not only because 
 Evolution is the great word of this 
 closing century, nor because the Evolu- 
 tion of Man is the noblest theme of 
 which science can ever speak, but 
 because, singular though the omission 
 
 might seem, no connected account of 
 G1) 
 
32 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 this great drama exists at the present 
 time. | 
 
 In the monographs of Minot and His, - 
 the Embryology of Man has received a 
 just expression ; Darwin and Haeckel 
 have traced the origin of the Animal-_ 
 Body ; the researches of Romanes mark 
 a beginning with the Evolution of 
 Mind ; Herbert Spencer has elaborated 
 theories of the development of Morals ; 
 Edward Caird of the Evolution of 
 Religion. Supplementing the contri- 
 butions of these authorities, some veri-. 
 fying, some criticising, some combating, . 
 some rebutting, area multitude of others 
 
 who have devoted their lives to the 
 
The Evolution of Man. 38 
 
 same rich problems. But these re- 
 searches, preliminary reconnaisances 
 though they be, are worthy of being 
 looked upon as a whole. No one can 
 say that this multitude of observers are 
 not in earnest, nor their work honest, 
 nor their methods competent to the 
 last powers of science. What they see 
 in the unexplored land in which they 
 travel belongs to the world. Like the 
 work of all pioneers, it is at least a be- 
 ginning, and must be treated with 
 respect. By just such methods, and by 
 just such men, the map of the world of 
 thought is filled in—here from the 
 
 tracing up of some great river, there 
 3 
 
34 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 from a bearing taken roughly in a 
 darkened sky, yonder from a sudden 
 glint of the sun, caught by a quick eye 
 on a far-off mountain peak, here by a 
 swift induction of an adventurous mind 
 from a momentary glimpse of a natural 
 law. Ina century which has added to 
 the sum of human learning more than 
 all the centuries that have gone before, 
 it is not to be conceived that on the 
 highest themes of all some further reve- 
 lation should not be vouchsafed to man. 
 
 Now that the first rash rush of the 
 evolutionary invasion is past, and the 
 sins of its youth atoned for by sober 
 
 concession, Evolution is seen to be little 
 
The Evolution of fan. 35 
 
 more than the story of creation as told 
 by those who know it best. ‘‘ Evolu- 
 tion,’’ says Mr. Huxley, ‘‘or develop- 
 ment, is at present employed in biology 
 as a general name for the history of the 
 steps by which any living being has 
 acquired the morphological and the 
 physiological characters which distin- 
 guish it.’ Though applied specifically ° 
 to plants and animals, this definition 
 expresses the chief sense in which Evolu- 
 tion is to be used scientifically at present. 
 
 After all the ink spilt, Evolution is 
 simply ‘‘history,’’ a ‘‘ history of steps,’’ 
 a ‘“‘general name”? for the history of 
 
 the steps by which the world has come 
 
36 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 to be what it is. According to this 
 definition, the story of Evolution is. 
 narrative. It may be wrongly told ; it 
 may be colored, exaggerated, over- or 
 under-stated, like the record of any 
 other set of facts ; it may be told with 
 a theological bias, or with an anti-theo- 
 logical bias; theories of the process 
 ‘may be added by this thinker or by 
 that; but none of these are of the 
 substance of the story. Whether history 
 is told by a Gibbon or a Green the facts 
 remain, and whether Evolution be told 
 by a Haeckel or a Wallace, we accept 
 the narrative so far as it isa rendering 
 
 of Nature, and no more. 
 
The Evolution of Man. 37 
 
 It is true, before this story can be 
 fully told, centuries still must pass. At 
 present there is not a chapter of the 
 record that is not incomplete, nota page 
 that is wholly finished. The manuscript 
 is already worn with erasures, the 
 writing is often blurred, the very lan- 
 guageisuncouthand strange. Yet even 
 now the outline of a continued story 
 is beginning to appear—a story whose 
 chief credentials lie in the fact that no 
 imagination of man could have designed 
 a spectacle so wonderful, or worked out 
 a plot at once so intricate and so tran- 
 
 scendently simple. 
 
38 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 THE RIGHTFUL CLAIM OF SCIENCE. 
 
 The day is past when one need apolo- 
 gize for treating Man as an object of 
 scientific research. Hamlet’s ‘‘ being 
 of large discourse looking before and 
 after’’ is, withal, a part of nature, and 
 can neither be made larger nor smaller, 
 anticipate less or prophesy less, because 
 we investigate, and perhaps discover, 
 his pedigree. And should his pedigree 
 be proved to be related in undreamed- 
 of ways to that of all other things in 
 nature, ‘all other things’’ have that to 
 gain by the alliance which philosophy 
 
 and theology have often wished to dower 
 
Rigbttul Claim of Science. 39 
 
 them with, but could never lawfully do. 
 Every step in the proof of the oneness 
 in an evolutionary process of this divine 
 humanity of ours with all lower things 
 in nature is a step in the proof of the 
 divinity of all lower things. 
 
 If Evolution can be proved to include 
 Man, from that moment the whole course 
 of Evolution and the whole scheme of na- 
 ture assume a new significance. The be- 
 ginning must then be interpreted from 
 the end, not the end from the beginning. 
 All that is found in the product must be 
 put into the process. Few things are 
 
 more needed at the present hour than a 
 
40 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 readjustment of the accents in telling 
 the story of Evolution. 
 Largely because the theory of develop- 
 ment became known to the popular 
 mind through the limited form of 
 Darwinism, the whole subject began 
 out of focus, was first seen by the world 
 out of focus, and has remained out of 
 ‘focus to the present day. Darwinism 
 on its own levels, modified, doubtless, 
 by time, may prove to be true; its princi- 
 ples, when extended to other levels and 
 balanced with whatever other principles 
 are found there, may also prove to be 
 _ true; but when they are allowed to 
 
 enter those other regions alone, with 
 
Rightful Claim of Science. AL 
 
 the emphasis unchanged, without allow- 
 ing for new factors and new forces, they 
 become false and pernicious. An 
 Evolution theory which includes Man 
 drawn to scale and with the lights and 
 shadows properly adjusted—adjusted to 
 the whole truth and reality of nature— 
 is needed as a standard for modern 
 thought, and when it comes, it must 
 make impossible all those inversions and 
 perversions which interpret everything 
 from beneath. An engineering workshop 
 is unintelligible until we reach the room 
 where the completed engine stands. 
 Everything culminates in that final pro- 
 
 duct, is contained in it, is explained by it. 
 
42 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 The Evolution of Man also is the 
 complement and corrective of all other 
 forms of Evolution. From this height 
 only is there a full view, a true perspec- 
 tive, a consistent world. ‘The whole 
 mistake of naturalism has been to in- 
 terpret nature from the standpoint of 
 the atom—to study the machinery which 
 drives this great moving world simply 
 as machinery, forgetting that the ship 
 has any passengers, or the passengers 
 any captain, or the captain any course. 
 It is as great a mistake, on the other 
 hand, for the theologian to separate the 
 ship from the passengers as for the 
 
 naturalist to separate the passengers 
 
Rigbtful Claim of Science. 43 
 
 from the ship. It is he who cannot 
 include Man among the links of Evolu- 
 tion who has greatly to fear the theory 
 of development. In his jealousy for 
 that religion which seems to him higher 
 than science, he removes at once the 
 rational basis from religion and the 
 legitimate crown from science, for- 
 getting that in doing so, with whatever 
 satisfaction to himself, he offers to the 
 world an unnatural religion and an 
 inhuman science. ‘The cure for all the 
 small mental disorders which spring up 
 around restricted applications of Evolu- 
 tion is to extend it fearlessly in all 
 
 directions as far as the mind can carry 
 
44 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 it and the facts allow, till each man, 
 working at his subordinate part, is com- 
 pelled to own, and adjust himself to, 
 the whole. 
 
 THE RIGHTFUL CLAIM OF THEOLOGY. 
 
 If the theological mind be called upon © 
 to make this expansion, the scientific 
 man also must be asked to enlarge his 
 views in another direction. If he in- 
 sists upon including Man in his scheme 
 of Evolution, he must see to it that he 
 include the whole Man. For him at 
 
 least no form of Evolution is scientific 
 
- Rightful Claim of Theology. 45 
 
 or is to be considered, which does not 
 include the whole Man, and all that is 
 in Man and all the work and thought 
 and life and aspiration of Man. ‘The 
 great moral facts, the moral forces so 
 far as they are proved to exist, the moral 
 consciousness so far as it is real, must 
 coine within this scope. Human History 
 must be as much a part of it as Natural 
 History. ‘Thesocial and religious forces 
 must no more be left outside it than the 
 forces of gravitation or of life. 
 
 The reason why the naturalist does 
 not usually include these among the 
 factors in Evolution is not oversight, but 
 
 undersight. Sometimes, no doubt, he 
 
AG The Evolution of Aan. 
 
 may take at their word those who assure 
 him that Evolution has nothing to do 
 with those higher things, but the main 
 reason is simply that his work does not 
 lie on the levels where those forces come 
 into play. ‘The specialist is not to be 
 blamed for this; limitation is his 
 strength. But when the specialist pro- 
 ceeds to reconstruct the universe from 
 his little corner of it, and especially. 
 from his level of it, he not only injures 
 science and philosophy, but he may 
 fatally mislead his neighbors. The 
 man who is busy with the stars will 
 never come across Natural Selection, 
 
 yet surely must he allow for Natural 
 
Rigbtful Claim of Theology. Aq 
 
 Selection in his construction of the 
 world asa whole. He who works among 
 star-fish will encounter little of Mental 
 Evolution, yet will he not deny that it 
 exists. The stars have voices, but there 
 are other voices; the star-fishes have 
 activities, but there are other activities. 
 Man, body, soul, spirit, are not only to 
 be considered, but are first to be consid- 
 ered in any theory of the world. You 
 cannot describe the life of kings, or 
 arrange their kingdoms, from the cellar 
 beneath the palace. ‘‘ Art,’? as Brown- 
 
 ing reminds us, 
 
 *‘Must fumble for the whole, once fixing on a 
 part, 
 
48 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 However poor, surpass the fragment, and aspire 
 To reconstruct thereby the ultimate entire.” 
 
 Or, to make the application in the wise 
 words of Bacon, ‘‘ This I dare affirm in 
 knowledge of Nature, that a little natu- 
 ral philosophy, and the first entrance 
 into it, doth dispose the opinion to 
 atheism, but on the other side, much 
 natural philosophy, and wading deep 
 into it, will bring about men’s minds to 
 
 religion.’? (Meditationes Sacrae X.) 
 
 DOGMATISM FORBIDDEN. 
 
 To give an account of Evolution, it 
 
Dogmatism Forbidden. 49 
 
 need scarcely be remarked, is not to 
 account for it. No living thinker has 
 yet found it possible to account for 
 Evolution. Mr. Herbert Spencer’s cel- 
 
 ebrated definition of Evolution as ‘‘ 
 
 a 
 change from an indefinite coherent heter- 
 ogeneity to a definite coherent hetero- 
 geneity through continuous differentia- 
 tions and integrations ’’—the formula of 
 which the Contemporary Review re- 
 marked that ‘‘the universe may well 
 have heaved a sigh of relief when, 
 through the cerebration of an eminent 
 thinker, it had been delivered of this 
 account of itself ’?—is simply a summary 
 
 of results, and throws no light, though 
 ji | 
 
50 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 it is often supposed to do so, upon ulti- 
 mate causes. While it is true, as Mr. 
 Wallace says in his latest work, that 
 “Descent with modification is now 
 universally accepted as the order of 
 nature in the organic world,’’ there is 
 everywhere at this moment the most 
 disturbing uncertainty as to how the 
 Ascent even of species has been brought 
 about. 
 
 The attacks on the Darwinian theory 
 from the outside were never so keen as 
 are the controversies now raging in 
 scientific circles, over the fundamental 
 principles of Darwinism itself. On at 
 
 least two main points—sexual selection 
 
Dogmatism Forbidden. 51 
 
 and the origin of the higher mental 
 characteristics of man—Mr. Alfred Rus- 
 sel Wallace, co-discoverer with Darwin 
 of the principle of Natural Selection 
 though he be, directly antagonizes his 
 colleague. The powerful attack of 
 Weismann on the Darwinian assumption 
 of the inheritability of acquired char- 
 acters has opened one of the liveliest 
 controversies of recent years, and the 
 whole field of science is hot with con- 
 troversies and discussions. In his‘‘Germ- 
 Plasm,’’ just published, the German 
 naturalist believes himself to have finally 
 disposed of both Darwin’s ‘‘ germules”’ 
 
 and Herbert Spencer’s ‘‘ primordial 
 
52 The Evolution of Aan. 
 
 _units,’? while Eimer breaks a lance 
 with Weismann in defence of Darwin, 
 and Herbert Spencer in the Conxtempora- 
 ry Review for March replies for himself, 
 assuring us that ‘‘either there has been 
 inheritance of acquired characters or 
 there has been no evolution.’ It is the 
 greatest tribute to Darwinism that it 
 should have survived to deserve this 
 era of criticism. Meantime all prudent 
 men can do no other than hold their 
 judgment in suspense both as to that 
 specific theory of one department of 
 Evolution which is called Darwinism, 
 and as to the factors and causes of 
 
 Evolution itself. 
 
Dogmatism Forbidden. 53 
 
 No one asks more of Evolution at 
 present than permission to use it as a 
 working theory. Without some hy- 
 pothesis no work can ever be done, and, 
 as all know, many of the greatest con- 
 tributions to human knowledge have 
 been made by the use of theories either 
 themselves imperfect or demonstrably 
 false. ‘This is the age of the evolution 
 of evolution. All thoughts that the 
 evolutionist works with, all theories 
 and generalizations, have been them- 
 selves evolved and are now being 
 evolved. Even were his theory per- 
 fected its first lesson would be that it 
 
 was itself but a phase of the evolution 
 
54 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 of further opinion, no more fixed than 
 a species, no more final than the theory 
 which it displaced. Of all men the 
 Evolutionist, by the very nature of his 
 calling, the mere tools of his craft, his 
 understanding of his hourly shifting 
 place in this always moving and ever 
 more mysterious world, must be humble, 
 
 tolerant, and undogmatic. 
 
 THE VISION OF EVOLUTION. 
 
 Nevertheless these are cold words 
 with which to speak of a Vision—for 
 Evolution is after all a Vision—which 
 
 is revolutionizing the world of Nature 
 
Vision of Evolution. 90 
 and of thought, and, within living 
 memery, has opened 3 up avenues into 
 the past and vistas into the future such 
 as science has never witnessed before. 
 While many of the details of the theory 
 of Evolution are in the crucible of criti- 
 cism, and while the field of modern 
 science changes with such rapidity that 
 in almost every department the text- 
 books of ten years ago are obsolete to- 
 day, it is fair to add that no one of these 
 changes, nor all of them together, have 
 touched the general theory itself except 
 to establish its strength, its value, and 
 its universality. 
 
 Even more tremarkable than the 
 
56 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 rapidity of its conquest is the author- 
 ity with which the doctrine of De- 
 velopment has seemed to speak to 
 the most authoritative minds of our 
 time. Of those who are in the front 
 rank, of those who have, by common 
 consent, the right to speak, there are 
 scarcely any who do not in some form 
 employ it in working and in thinking. 
 Authority may mean little; the world 
 has often been mistaken; but when 
 minds so different as those of Charles 
 Darwin or of John Richard Green, of 
 Herbert Spencer or of Robett Brown- 
 ing, build half the labors of their life 
 
 on this one law, it is impossible,‘ es- 
 
Wision of Evolution. bY 
 
 pecially in the absence of any other 
 even competing principle at the present 
 hour, to treat it as a baseless dream. 
 Only the peculiar nature of this great 
 generalization can account for the ex- 
 traordinary enthusiasm of this accept- 
 ance. Evolution involves not so much 
 a change of opinion as a change in 
 man’s whole view of the world and of 
 life. It is not the statement of a mathe- 
 matical proposition which men are 
 called upon to declare true or false. It 
 is a method of looking upon Nature. 
 Science for centuries devoted itself to 
 the cataloguing of facts and the dis- 
 
 covery of laws. Hach worker toiled in 
 
58 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 his own little place—the geologist in 
 his quarry, the botanist in his garden, 
 the biologist in his laboratory, the as- 
 tronomer in his observatory, the his- 
 torian in his library, the archeologist 
 in his museum. Suddenly these work- 
 ers looked up; they spoke to one an- 
 other; they had each discovered a law; 
 they whispered its name. It was the 
 same word that went round. They had 
 each discovered Evolution. Henceforth 
 their work was one, science was one, 
 the world was one, and mind, which 
 
 discovered the oneness, was one. 
 
All Things are Rising. 59 
 
 ALL THINGS ARE RISING. 
 
 But this is not the whole result of 
 this discovery. ‘The doctrine of Evolu- 
 tion has ushered a new hope into the 
 world. Nature is to be read not only 
 with the eyes, but with the mind ot 
 only with the mind, but with the soul. 
 If Man, and all that is in Man, are to 
 be the subjects of Evolution, Man and 
 all that is in Man must view the proc- 
 ess, must form the audience, must pro- 
 nounce upon the meaning or the mean- 
 inglessness of the spectacle. Sum- 
 moned to this task, the whole man sum- 
 
 moned, there can be but one verdict as 
 
60 The Evolution of fan. 
 
 to the import of Evolution, as to its 
 bearing upon the individual life, and 
 the future of the race. The supreme 
 message of Science to this age is 
 that all Nature is on the side of the 
 man who tries to rise. Evolution, de- 
 velopment, progress are not only on her 
 programme, these are her programme. 
 For all things are rising, all worlds, all 
 planets, all stars and suns. An ascend- 
 ing energy is in the universe, and the 
 whole moves on with one mighty idea 
 and anticipation. The aspiration in 
 the human mind and heart is but the 
 evolutionary tendency of the universe 
 
 becoming conscious. Darwin’s great 
 
ope of Evolution. 61 
 
 discovery, or the discovery which he 
 heralded, is the same as Galileo’s—that 
 the world moves. The Italian prophet 
 ‘said it moves from west to east; the 
 English philosopher said it moves from 
 low to high. And this is the last and 
 most splendid contribution of Science 
 to the faith of the world. 
 
 THE HOPE OF EVOLUTION. 
 
 The discovery of a second motion in 
 the earth has come into the world of 
 thought only in time to save it from 
 despair. As in the days of Galileo, 
 
 there are many even now who do not 
 
62 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 see that the world moves—men to whom 
 the earth is but an endless plain, a 
 prison fixed in a purposeless universe 
 where untried prisoners await their un- 
 known fate. It is not the monotony of 
 life which destroys men, but its point- 
 lessness ; they can bear its weight, its 
 meaninglessness crushes them. But 
 the same great revolution that the dis- 
 covery of the axial rotation of the earth 
 effected in the realm of physics, the 
 announcement of the doctrine of Evo- 
 lution makes in the moral world. Al- 
 ready, even in these days of its dawn, 
 a sudden and marvellous light has fallen 
 
 upon earth and heaven. Evolution is 
 
bope of Evolution, 63 
 
 less a doctrine than a light; it isa light 
 revealing in the chaos of the past a per- 
 fect and growing order, giving meaning 
 even to the confusion of the present, 
 discovering through all the deviousness 
 around us the paths of progress and 
 flashing its rays already upon a coming 
 goal. 
 
 Men begin to see an undeviating 
 ethical purpose in this material world, 
 a tide, that from eternity has never 
 turned, making for perfectness. In that 
 vast progression of Nature, that vision of 
 all things from the first of time moving 
 from low to high, from incomplete- 
 
 ness to completeness, from imperfection 
 
64 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 to perfection, the moral nature recog- 
 nizes in all its height and depth the 
 eternal claim upon itself. Wholeness 
 and perfection—Holiness and Right- 
 eousness—these have always been re- 
 quired of Man. But never before on 
 the natural plane have they been 
 proclaimed by voices so commanding, 
 or enforced by sanctions so great and 
 rational. 
 
 ‘‘’The study of the historical develop- 
 ment of man,’’ says Prof: Edward 
 Caird,. “‘especially,.in respect of his 
 higher life, is not only a matter of ex- 
 ternal or merely speculative curiosity ; 
 
 it is closely connected with the devel- 
 
Dope of Evolution. 65 
 
 opment of that life in ourselves. For 
 we learn to know ourselves, first of all, 
 in the mirror of the world ; or, in other 
 words, our knowledge of our own na- 
 ture and of its possibilities grows and 
 deepens with our understanding of what 
 is without us, and most of all with our 
 understanding of the general history of 
 man. It has often been noticed that 
 there is a certain analogy between the 
 life of the individual and that of the 
 race, and even that the life of the indi- 
 vidual is a sort of epitome of the his- 
 tory of humanity. But, as Plato al- 
 ready discovered, it is by reading the 
 
 large letters that we learn to interpret 
 ; 
 
66 Tbe Evolution of Aan. 
 
 the small. . . . It is only through a 
 deepened consciousness of the world 
 that the human spirit can solve its own 
 problem. Especially is this true in the 
 region of anthropology. For the inner 
 life of the individual is deep and full 
 just in proportion to the width of his 
 relations to other men and things; and 
 his consciousness of what he is in him- 
 self as a spiritual being is dependent on 
 a comprehension of the position of his_ 
 individual life in the great secular 
 process by which the intellectual and | 
 moral life of humanity has grown and 
 1s growing. Hence the highest practi- 
 
 cal, as well as speculative, interests of 
 
Evolution of the Animal Man. 67 
 
 men are connected with the new exten- 
 sion of science which has given fresh 
 interest and meaning to the whole his- 
 tory of the race.”’ 
 
 And now let us proceed to the sub- 
 
 ject proper by considering the 
 
 EVOLUTION OF THE ANIMAL MAN. 
 
 The embryo of the future man begins 
 life, like the primitive savage, in a one- 
 roomed hut, a single simple cell. This 
 cell is round and almost microscopic in 
 size. When fully formed it measures 
 only one-tenth of a line in diameter, 
 and with the naked eye can be barely 
 
 discerned as a very fine point. An 
 
$8 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 outer. covering, transparent as glass, 
 surrounds this little sphere, and in the 
 interior, embedded in protoplasm, lies 
 a bright globular spot. In form, in 
 size, in composition there is no appar- 
 ent difference between this human cell 
 and that of any other mammal. The 
 dog, the elephant, the lion, the ape. 
 and a thousand others begin their 
 widely different lives in a house the 
 same as man’s. At an earlier stage, 
 indeed, before it has taken on its pel- 
 lucid covering, this cell has affinities 
 still more astonishing ; for at that re- 
 moter period, the earlier forms of all 
 
 living things, both plant and animal, 
 
Evolution of the Animal Ahan. 69 
 
 are one. It is one of the most astound- 
 ing facts developed by modern science 
 that the first embryonic abodes of moss 
 and fern and pine, of shark and crab 
 and coral polyp, of lizard, leopard, 
 monkey and man are so exactly similar 
 that the highest powers of mind and 
 microscope fail to trace the smallest 
 distinction between them. 
 
 ‘‘Hven under the highest magnifying 
 power of the best microscope,’’ says 
 Haeckel, ‘*there appears to be no essen- 
 tial difference between the eggs of man, 
 of the ape, of the dog, etc. This does 
 not mean that they are not really differ- 
 
 ent in these different mammals. On 
 
70 The Evolution of San, 
 
 the contrary, we must assume that such 
 differences, at least in point of chemical 
 constitution, exist universally. In ac- 
 cordance with the law of individual va- 
 riation, we must assume that all indi- 
 vidual organisms are, from the very 
 beginning of their individual existence, 
 different though often very similar. 
 But with our rough and incomplete 
 apparatus we are not in a position 
 actually to perceive these delicate indi- 
 vidual differences which must often be 
 sought only in the molecular struc- 
 fure.?/ 
 
 But let us watch the development of 
 
 this one—called human embryo. | In- 
 
Evolution of the Animal Man. ral 
 
 crease of rooms in architecture can be 
 effected in either of two ways—by 
 building entirely new rooms, or by 
 partitioning old ones. Both of these 
 methods are employed in Nature. The 
 first, gemmation, or budding, is common 
 among the lower forms of life. The 
 second, differentiation by partition, or 
 segmentation, is the approved method 
 among higher animals and is that 
 adopted in the case of man. It pro- 
 ceeds, after the fertilized ovum has 
 completed the complex preliminaries 
 of karyokinesis, by the division of the 
 interior-contents into two equal parts, 
 
 so that the original cell is now occupied 
 
re The Evolution of Adan. 
 
 by two nucleated cells with the old 
 cell-wall surrounding them outside. 
 The two-roomed house is, in the next 
 development, and by a similar process 
 of segmentation, developed into a struc- 
 ture of four rooms, and this into one of 
 eight, and so on. 
 
 When the multicellular globe, made 
 up of countless offshoots or divisions of 
 the original pair, has reached a certain 
 size, its centre becomes filled with a 
 tiny lakelet of watery fluid. ‘This fluid 
 gradually increases in quantity, and 
 . pushing the cells outward, packs them 
 into a single layer, circumscribing it on 
 
 every side with an elastic wall. At 
 
Evolution of the Animal Man. 73 
 
 one part a dimple soon appears, which 
 slowly deepens until a complete hollow 
 is formed, the invagination of the 
 sphere being carried so far that the 
 cells at the bottom of the hollow touch 
 those at the opposite side. The ovum 
 has now become au open bag or cup—a 
 cup such as one might make by doubling 
 in an India-rubber ball—the »astrula 
 of biology. 
 
 The great evolutionary interest of 
 this development lies in the fact that 
 probably all animals above the Protozoa 
 pass through this gastrula stage. That 
 some of the lower Metazoa, indeed, 
 
 never develop much beyond it may be 
 
74 The Evolution of ddan. 
 
 shown by a glance at the structure of. 
 the humbler Coelenterates—the sim- 
 plest of all illustrations of the fact that 
 embryonic forms of higher animals are 
 usually permanently represented by the 
 adult forms of lower. ‘The chief thing, 
 however, to note here is the doubling- 
 in of the ovum to gain a double instead 
 of a single wall of cells. For these two 
 different layers—the ectoderm and the 
 endoderm, or the animal layer and the 
 vegetal layer—play a unique part in the 
 after-history ; all the organs of move- 
 ment and sensation spring from the 
 one, all the organs of nutrition and re- 
 
 production develop from the other. 
 
Evolution of the Animal ASan. 75 
 
 Soon the number of chambers is so 
 great that count is lost, and the activity 
 becomes so vigorous in every direction 
 that one ceases to notice individual 
 eells+.at,,all..>The; tenement,., ‘m.. fact, 
 consists now of innumerable groups of 
 cells congregated together, suites of 
 apartments, as it were, which have 
 quickly arranged themselves in sym- 
 metrical, definite, and withal different 
 forms. Were these forms not different 
 as well as definite, we should hardly 
 call it an evolution, nor should we 
 characterize the resulting aggregation 
 as a higher organism. A hundred cot- 
 
 tages placed in a row would never form 
 
76 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 a castle. What makes the castle supe- 
 rior to the hundred cottages is not the 
 number of its rooms, for they are possi- 
 bly fewer; nor their differences in 
 shape, for that is immaterial. It lies in 
 the nature and number and variety of 
 useful purposes to which the rooms are 
 put, the perfection with which each is 
 adapted to its end, and the harmonious 
 co-operation among them with refer- 
 ence to some common work. This also 
 is the distinction between a _ higher 
 animal and a humble creature like the 
 centipede or the worm, which are but 
 ageregations of similar segments. The 
 
 fact that any growing embryo is passing 
 
Evolution of the Animal aan. vu 
 
 through a real development is decided 
 by the new complexity of structure, by 
 the more perfect division of labor, and 
 of better kinds of labor, and by the in- 
 crease in range and efficiency of the 
 correlated functions discharged by the 
 whole. In the development of the hu- 
 man embryo the differentiating and 
 integrating forces are steadily acting 
 and co-operating from the first, so that 
 the result is not a mere aggregation of 
 similar cells, but an organism with 
 many different parts and many varied 
 
 functions. 
 
78 Tbe Evolution of Aan. 
 
 THE DISTANCE MAN HAS COME. 
 
 But to the student of evolution it is 
 not the beauty of this development that 
 is the significant thing ;-nor is it the 
 occultness of the process, nor the per- 
 fection of the result, that fills him with 
 awe as he surveys the finished work. 
 It is the immense distance man has 
 come. Between the early cell and the 
 formed body, the ordinary observer sees 
 the uneventful passage of perhaps some 
 score of months. But the evolutionist 
 sees concentrated into these few months 
 the labor and the progress of inealcula- 
 
 ble ages. Here before him is the entire 
 
The Distance Man bas Come. 79 
 
 stretch of time since life first dawned 
 upon the earth ; and as he watches the 
 nascent organism climbing to its ma- 
 turity he witnesses a spectacle which 
 for strangeness and majesty stands alone 
 in the field of biological research. 
 What he sees before him is not the 
 mere shaping or sculpturing of a man. 
 The human form does not expand like 
 a flower from its own flower-like bud. 
 In all this, for a long time, there is 
 nothing the least like aman. Whathe 
 sees 1S a succession of animal forms, of 
 strange inhuman creatures emerging 
 from a crowd of still stranger and still 
 
 more inhuman creatures—a vast proces- 
 
80 The Evolution of man. 
 
 sion of lower forms of life. And it is 
 only after a prolonged and unrecogniz- 
 able series of metamorphoses that they 
 culminate in some faint semblance of 
 an image of one of the newest yet the 
 oldest of created things. Hitherto we 
 have been taught to look among the 
 fossiliferous formations of geology for 
 the buried lives of the earth’s past. 
 But recent science has startled the 
 world by declaring that the ancient life 
 of the earth is not dead. It is risen. 
 It exists to-day in the embryos of still- 
 living things, and soine of the most 
 archaic types find again a resurrection 
 
 ‘and a life in the frame of man himself. 
 
The Distance Man has Come. 81 
 
 It is an amazing and an almost in- 
 credible story. In the successive trans- 
 formations of the human embryo there 
 is a visible, actual, physical representa- 
 tion of part of the life-history of the 
 world. Human embryology is a con- 
 densed zoology, a recapitulation and 
 epitome of the main chapters in the 
 natural history of the world. ‘The 
 same processes of development which 
 once took thousands of years for their 
 consummiation are here condensed, fore- 
 shortened, concentrated into the space 
 of months. Nature husbands all its 
 gains. A momentum won is never lost: 
 
 Each platform reached by the humanem- 
 
82 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 bryo in its upward course represents the 
 embryo.of some lower animal which in 
 some mysterious way has played a part 
 in the pedigree of the human race, which 
 haply has itself long since disappeared 
 from off the earth, but is now and forever 
 built into the inmost being of man. 
 These lower animals, each at its succes- 
 sive stage, have stopped short in their 
 development ; man has gone on. At 
 each fresh advance his embryo is found 
 again abreast of some other animal form 
 a little higher than that just passed. 
 Continuing his ascent that also is over- 
 taken, the now very complex embryo 
 
 making up to one animal-embryo after 
 
The Distance Man bas Come. 83 
 
 another until it has distanced all in its 
 series, and stands alone. 
 
 As the modern stem-winding watch 
 contains the old clepsydra and all the 
 most useful features in all the time- 
 keepers that were ever made; as the 
 Walter printing-press contains the rude 
 hand-machine of Guttenburg, and all 
 the best in all the machines that fol- 
 lowed it; as the locomotive of to-day 
 contains the engine of Watt, the loco- 
 motives of Hedley and of Stephenson, 
 and most of the improvements of suc- 
 ceeding years, so man contains the em- 
 bryonic bodies of earlier and humbler 
 
 and clumsier forms of life. Yet in 
 
84 The Evolution of Adan. 
 
 making the Walter press in a modern 
 workshop the artificer does not begin 
 by building again the press of Gutten- 
 burg, nor in constructing the locomo- 
 tive does the engineer first take a Watt’s 
 machine, and then incorporate the Hed- 
 ley, and then the Stephenson, and so 
 on through all the improving types of, 
 engines that have led up to this. 
 
 But the astonishing thing is that in 
 making a man, Nature does introduce 
 the framework of these earlier types, 
 displaying each crude pattern by itself 
 before incorporating it in the finished 
 work, 
 
 The human embryo, to change the 
 
The Distance Man bas Come. 85 
 
 figure, 1s a subtle phantasmagoria, a 
 living theatre in which a weird trans- 
 formation scene is being enacted, and 
 in which countless strange and uncouth 
 characters take part. Some of these 
 characters are well known to science, 
 some are strangers. As the embryo un- 
 folds, one by one these animal actors 
 come upon the stage, file past in phan- 
 tom-like procession, throw off their 
 drapery, and dissolve away into some- 
 thing else. Yet as they vanish each 
 leaves behind a vital portion of itself, 
 some original and characteristic me- 
 morial, something itself hath made or 
 
 won, that perhaps it alone could make 
 
86 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 or win—a bone, a muscle, a ganglion 
 or a tooth—to be the inheritance of the 
 race. And it is only after nearly all 
 have played their part and dedicated 
 their gift that a human form, mysteri- 
 ously compounded of all that has gone 
 before, begins to be discerned in their 
 midst. 
 
 The duration of this process, the pro- 
 found antiquity of the last survivor, 
 the tremendous height he has scaled, 
 are inconceivable by the faculties of 
 man. But measure the very lowest of 
 the successive platforms passed in the 
 ascent and see how very great a thing 
 
 it is even to riseatall. The single cell, 
 
The Distance MMan bas Come. 87 
 
 the first definite stage which the human 
 embryo attains, is still the adult form 
 of countless millions both of animals 
 and plants. Just as in modern America 
 the millionaire’s mansion—the evolved 
 form—is surrounded by laborers’ cot- 
 tages—the simple form—so in nature, 
 living side by side with the many-celled 
 higher animals, is an immense democ- 
 tracy of unicellular artisans. These 
 simple cells are perfect living things. 
 The earth, the water and the air teem 
 with them everywhere. They move, 
 they eat, they reproduce their like. 
 But one thing they do not do—they do 
 
 not rise. These organisms have, as it 
 
88 The Evolution of Man. - 
 
 were, stopped short in the ascent of 
 life. And long as Evolution has worked 
 upon the earth the vast numerical ma- 
 jority of plants and animals are still at 
 this low stage of being. So minute 
 are some of these forms that if their 
 one-roomed huts were arranged in a 
 row it would take twelve thousand to 
 form a street a single inch in length. 
 In their watery cities—for most of them 
 are lake-dwellers—a population of eight 
 hundred thousand million could be ac- 
 commodated within a cubic inch. Yet 
 as there was a period in human history 
 when none but cave-dwellers lived in 
 
 Europe, so was there a time when the 
 
First Stages. 89 
 
 highest forms of life upon the globe 
 were these microscopic things. See 
 therefore the meaning of Evolution 
 from the want of it. In a single hour 
 or second the human embryo attains the 
 platform which represents the whole 
 life-achievement of myriads of genera- 
 tions of living things, and the next day 
 or hour is immeasurable centuries be- 
 
 yond them. 
 
 FIRST STAGES. 
 
 Through all what zodlogical regions 
 the embryo passes in its great ascent 
 
 from the one-celled forms, one can 
 
90 The Evolution of Ahan. 
 
 never completely tell. Two cells, four 
 cells, eight cells, a hundred cells, they 
 succeed one another with such rapidity 
 that it is impossible at each separate 
 stage to catch the actual likeness to the 
 embryo of other animals. Sometimes 
 ‘a familiar feature suddenly recalls a 
 form well known to. science, but the 
 likeness fades, and the developing em- 
 bryo seems to wander among the ghosts 
 of departed types. Long ago these 
 crude, ancestral forms were again the 
 highest animals upon the earth. For 
 afew thousand years they reigned su- 
 preme, furthered the universal evolu- 
 
 tion by a hairsbreadth, and passed away. 
 
S$ntermediate Stages. 91 
 
 The material dust of their bodies is laid 
 long since in the Palzeozoic rocks, but 
 their life and labor are not forgotten. 
 For their gains were handed on toa suc- 
 ceeding race, from that transmitted 
 through an endless series of descend- 
 ants till, sifted, enriched, accentuated, 
 and still dimly recognizable, they re- 
 
 appear in the physical frame of Man. 
 
 INTERMEDIATE STAGES. 
 
 After the early stages of human 
 development are passed, the transfor- 
 mations become more definite, and the 
 
 features of the contributory animals . 
 
92 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 more recognizable. Here, for example, 
 is a stage at which the embryo in its 
 anatomical characteristics resembles 
 that of the Vermes or Worms. As yet 
 there is no head, nor neck, nor back- 
 bone, nor waist, nor limbs. A roughly 
 cylindrical headless trunk—that is all 
 that stands for the future man. One 
 by one the higher Invertebrates are left 
 behind, and then occurs the most 
 remarkable change in the whole life- 
 history. ‘This is the laying down of 
 the line to be occupied by the spinal 
 chord, the presence of which hence- 
 forth will determine the place of Man 
 in the Vertebrate sub-kingdom. At 
 
Intermediate Stages. 93 
 
 this crisis, the eye which sweeps the 
 field of lower Nature for an analogue 
 will readily find it. It is a circum- 
 stance of extraordinary interest that 
 there should be living upon the globe 
 at this moment an animal representing 
 the actual transition from Invertebrate 
 to Vertebrate life. The acquisition of 
 a vertebral column is one of the great 
 marks of height which Nature has be- 
 stowed upon her creatures ; and in the 
 shallow waters of the Mediterranean 
 she has preserved for us a creature 
 which, whether a degenerate form or 
 not, can only be likened to one of her 
 
 first rude experiments in this direction. 
 
94 The Evolution of Aan. 
 
 This animal is the Lancelet, or Am- 
 phioxus, and so rudimentary is the 
 backbone that it does not contain any 
 bone at all, but only a shadow or proph- 
 ecy of it in cartilage. The cartilag- 
 inous notochord of the Amphioxus 
 nevertheless is the progenitor of all 
 vertebral columns, and in the first in- 
 
 stance this structure appears in the 
 human embryo exactly as it now exists 
 
 in the Lancelet. But this is only a 
 singleexample. In living Nature there 
 are a hundred other animal character- 
 istics which at one stage or another 
 
 the biologist may discern in the ever- 
 
The Climax. 95 
 
 changing kaleidoscope of the human 
 
 embryo. 
 
 THE CLIMAX. 
 
 We are not nearly half-way up the 
 ascent yet, but the outline of the 
 marvellous process will be seen. Up to 
 this point man is but a first rough draft, 
 an almost formless lump of clay. As 
 yet there is no distinct head, no brain, 
 no jaws, no limbs; the heart is imper- 
 fect, the higher visceral organs are 
 feebly developed, everything is element- 
 ary. But gradually new organs loom 
 
 in sight, old ones increase in complexity. 
 
96 The Evolution of Aan, 
 
 By a magic which has never yet been 
 fathomed the hidden Potter shapes and 
 re-shapes the clay. The whole grows 
 in size and symmetry. Resemblances, 
 this time to the embryos of the lower 
 vertebrate series, flash out as each new 
 step is attained ; first the semblance of 
 the Fish, then of the Amphibian, then 
 of the Reptile, last of the Mammal. 
 Of these great groups the leading em- 
 bryonic characters appear as in a moving 
 panorama, some of them pronounced 
 and unmistakable, others mere sketches, 
 suggestions, likeness of infinite subtlety. 
 At clast the true Mammalian form 
 
 emerges from the crowd. Far ahead of 
 
“AL But’? Proved. 97 
 
 all at this stage stand out three species— 
 the Tailed Catarrhine Ape, the Tailless 
 Catarrhine, and last, differing physi- 
 cally from these mainly by an enlarge- 
 ment of the brain and a development 
 
 of the larynx—Man. 
 
 “ALL BUT’? PROVED. 
 
 Whatever views be held of the doc- 
 trine of Evolution, whatever theories 
 of its cause, these facts of Embryology 
 are all but proved. One says ‘‘all but ”’ 
 proved ; for in perfect fairness one must 
 record two facts on which any one may 
 
 build an objection if he feels they have 
 7 
 
)3 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 serious strength. The first is that the 
 exact genealogy of the vertebrates is 
 not yet traced in every minute detail. 
 Embryology is one of the youngest of 
 the sciences. Man at present has a 
 choice of early relatives. ‘Though his 
 genealogical line is generally clear, yet 
 so far as actual and specific identification 
 is concerned, he is still ‘‘in search of 
 a father.’’ For another thing, part of 
 this embryological argument is at pres- 
 ent founded on analogy. Our ideas of 
 “the probable history of the human 
 ovum for the first few days are mainly 
 taken from our knowledge of the 
 
 development of other mammals and of 
 
“FL But’? Proved. 99 
 
 birds and reptiles. It is a general 
 scientific fact, however, that over the 
 graves of these myriad aspirants the 
 Animal Man hasrisen. It was formerly 
 held that the entire animal creation had 
 contributed something to the anatomy 
 of Man; or that, as Serres expressed it, 
 ‘‘Huiman Organogenesis is a condensed 
 Comparative Anatomy.’? But though 
 Man has not such a monopoly of the 
 past as is here inferred—other types 
 having here and there diverged and 
 developed along lines of their own—it 
 is certain that the materials for his body 
 
 have been brought together from an 
 
109 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 unknown multitude of lowlier forms of 
 life. 
 
 THE ‘TEMPLE OF THE BODY. 
 
 Those who know the Cathedral of 
 St. Mark’s will remember how this 
 noblest of the Stones of Venice owes 
 its greatness to the patient hands of 
 centuries and centuries of workers, how 
 every quarter of the globe has been 
 spoiled of its treasures to dignify this 
 single shrine. But he who ponders 
 over the more ancient temple of the 
 human body will find imagination fail 
 
 him as he tries to think from what 
 
Temple of the Body. 101 
 
 remote and mingled sources, from what 
 lands, seas, climates, atmospheres, its 
 various parts have been called together, 
 and by what innumerable contributory 
 creatures, swimming, creeping, flying, 
 climbing, each of its several members 
 was wrought and perfected. , What 
 ancient chisel first sculptured the 
 rounded columns of the limbs? What 
 dead hands built the cupola of the brain, 
 and from what older ruins were the 
 scattered pieces of its mosaic-work 
 brought? Who fixed the windows in 
 its upper walls? What forgotten looms 
 wove its tapestries and draperies ? What 
 
 winds and weathers wrought the 
 
102 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 strength into its buttresses? What 
 ocean-beds and forest glades worked up 
 the colors? What Loveand Terror and 
 Night called forth the Music? And 
 what Life and Death and Pain and 
 Struggle put all together in the noise- 
 less workshop of the past and removed 
 each worker silently when its task was 
 done? Of how all these things came 
 to be Biology is one long record. The 
 architects and builders of this mighty 
 temple are not anonymous. ‘Their 
 names and the work they did are graven 
 forever on the walls and arches of the 
 Human Embryo. For this is a volume 
 
 of that Book in which Man’s members 
 
Degradation or Lxaltation. 103 
 
 were written, which in continuance 
 were fashioned, when as yet there was 
 
 none of them. 
 
 DEGRADATION OR EXALTATION. 
 
 The descent of man from the animal 
 kingdom is sometimes spoken of as a 
 degradation. It is an unspeakable ex- 
 altation. Recall the vast antiquity of 
 that primal cell from which the human 
 embryo first sets forth. Compass the 
 nature of the potentialities stored up in 
 its plastic substance. Watch all the 
 busy processes, the multiplying energies, 
 
 the mystifying transitions, the inexpli- 
 
104 The Evolution of Ahan. 
 
 cable chemistry of this living laboratory. 
 . Observe the variety and intricacy of its 
 metamorphoses, the exquisite eradation 
 of its ascent, the unerring aim with 
 which the one type unfolds—never paus- 
 ing, never uncertain of its direction, 
 refusing arrest at intermediate forms, 
 passing on to its flawless maturity with- 
 out waste or effort or fatigue. See at 
 every turn the sense of motion, of pur- 
 pose and of aspiration. Discover how, 
 with identity of process, and loyalty to 
 the type, a hairsbreadth of deviation is 
 yet secured to each, so that no two forms 
 come out the same, but each arises an 
 
 original creation, with features, charac- 
 
Degradation or Erxaltation. 105 
 
 teristics, and individualities of its own. 
 Remember finally, that even to make 
 the first cell possible, stellar space had 
 to be swept of matter, suns had to be 
 broken up, planets had to cool, the 
 agents of geology had to labor for mil- 
 lenniums at the unfinished earth, and 
 without mould or mortar fashion the 
 pedestal to hold these breathing images 
 of the Worker who made them all. 
 Consider all this, and judge if Creation 
 could have a sublimer meaning, or the 
 human race possess a more splendid 
 
 genesis. 
 

 
Che Hrrest of the Hnimal Boop 
 of Man. 
 
| ie 
 eth oes. 4a Deh T SK 
 4 Me oe 
 
 au iatd fo sei ine ae Ge Hla 
 
 i \d 
 
 at ato pve: 
 
 
 
Che #rrest of the Hnimal Bodp 
 of aan. 
 
 Not less remarkable than that groups 
 of plants and animal forms have ad- 
 vanced by gradual modifications during 
 the geological ages is the fact that other 
 whole groups have apparently stood still 
 —stood still not in time, but in organ- 
 ization. If nature is full of moving 
 things, it is also full of fixtures. Thirty- 
 
 one years ago, Mr. Huxley devoted the 
 (109) 
 
110 The Evolution of Aan. 
 
 anniversary address of the Geological 
 Society to a consideration of what he 
 called ‘‘ Persistent Types of Life,’’ and 
 threw down to Evolutionists a puzzle 
 which has never yet been fully solved. 
 Ages ago the morphological possibilities 
 along certain lines of bodily structure 
 seem to have exhausted themselves. 
 While some forms attained their climac- 
 teric tens of thousands of years ago and 
 perished, others persevered, and, with- 
 out changing in any material respect, 
 are alive to this day. 
 
 Among the earliest carboniferous 
 plants, for instance, there are found 
 
 certain forms generically identical with 
 
Arrest of the Animal Body of Man, 111 
 
 those now living. The cone of the 
 existing Araucaria is scarcely to be dis- 
 tinguished from that of an oolite form. 
 The Tabulate Corals of the Silurian 
 period are similar to those which exist 
 to-day. ‘The Lamp-shells of our present 
 seas so abounded at the same ancient 
 date as to give their name to one of the 
 great groups of "Silurian rocks—the 
 Lingula Flags.  Star-fishes and Sea- 
 urchins, almost the same as those which 
 tenant the coast-lines of our present 
 seas, crawled along what are now among 
 the most ancient fossiliferous rocks. 
 Both of the forms just named, the 
 
 Brachiopods and the Echinoderms, have 
 
112 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 come down to us almost unchanged 
 through the nameless gap of time which 
 separates the Silurian and Old Red 
 Sandstone periods from the present era. 
 
 This constancy of structure reveals a 
 conservatism in Nature as unexpected 
 as it is widespread. Does it mean that 
 the architecture of living things has a 
 limit beyond which development can- 
 not go? In Gothic or Norman architect- 
 ure there are terminal points which, 
 once reached, can be but little improved 
 upon. Without limiting working effi- 
 ciency, they can go no further. These 
 styles in the very nature of things seem 
 
 to have limits. 
 
Arrest of the Animal Body of Man. 113 
 
 Mr. Ruskin has indeed told us that there 
 are only three possible forms of good 
 architecture in the world: Greek, the 
 architecture of the Lintel ; Romanesque, 
 the architecture of the Rounded Arch ; 
 Gothic, the architecture of the Gable. 
 All the architects in the world, he © 
 assures us, will never discover any other 
 way of bridging a space than these 
 three ; they may vary the curve of the 
 arch, or curve the sides of the gable, or 
 break them down ; but in doing this they 
 are merely modifying or subdividing, 
 not adding to the generic form. In the 
 same way there may be terminal generic 
 
 forms in the architecture of animals; 
 § : 
 
114 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 and the persistent types just named may 
 represent in their several directions the 
 natural limits. of possible modification. 
 No further modification of a radical 
 kind, that is to say, could in these in- 
 stances be introduced without detriment 
 to practical efficiency. ‘These terminal 
 forms thus mark a normal maturity ; 
 they represent the ends of the twigs of 
 the tree of life. 
 
 TERMINAL POINTS. 2 
 
 Now consider the significance of that 
 fact. Nature is not. an interminable 
 
 succession. It is not always a becom- 
 
Terminal Points. 115 
 
 ing. Sometimes things arrive. The 
 Lamp-shells have arrived: they are a 
 part of the permanent furniture of the 
 world ; along that particular line there 
 will probably never be anything higher. 
 The Star-fishes also have arrived ; and 
 the Sea-urchins ; and the Nautilus, and 
 the Bony Fishes, and the Tapir, and 
 possibly the Horses—all these are highly 
 divergent forms which have run out the 
 length of their tether and can go no 
 further. When the plan of the world 
 was made, to speak teleologically, these 
 types of life were assigned their place 
 and limit, and there they have remained. 
 
 If it were wanted to convey the impres- 
 
116 The Evolution of dan. 
 
 sion that Nature had some large end in 
 view, that she was not drifting aimlessly 
 towards a general higher level, it could 
 not have been done more impressively 
 than by everywhere placing on the field 
 of Science these fixed points, these in- 
 numerable consummations, these clean- 
 cut mountain peaks, which for millen- 
 niums have never ascended higher. 
 Even as there is a plan in the parts, 
 
 there is a plan in the whole. 
 
 THE BODY OF MAN. 
 
 Now the most certain of all these 
 
 ‘terminal points’? in the evolution of 
 
The Body of Man. ui b 
 
 Creation is the body of Man. Anatomy 
 places Man at the head of all other ani- 
 mals that were ever made; but what is 
 infinitely more instructive, with him 
 the series comes to an end. Man is not 
 only the highest branch, but the highest 
 possible branch. The physical tree of 
 life has here run out. Take the only 
 valid testimony on this point, that of 
 anatomy itself, and see not only the fact 
 aintmed, but .the rationale. of it... In 
 the words of Clelland: 
 
 ‘“The development of the brain is in 
 connection with a whole system of de- 
 velopment of the head and face which 
 
 cannot be carried further than in Man. 
 
118 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 For the mode in which the cranial cav- 
 ity is gradually increased in size is a 
 regular one, which may be explained 
 thus: we may look on the skull as an 
 irregular cylinder, and at the same time 
 that it is expanded by increase of height 
 and width, it also undergoes a curva- 
 ture or bending on itself, so that the 
 base is crumpled together while the 
 roof is elongated. This curving has 
 gone on in man till the fore end of the 
 cylinder, the part on which the brain 
 rests above the nose, is nearly parallel 
 to the aperture of communication of 
 the skull with the spinal canal, z. e., 
 
 the cranium has a curve of 180 ora few 
 
The BWodyp of Man. 119 
 
 degrees more or less. This curving of 
 the base of the skull involves change 
 in position of the face bones also, and 
 could not go on to a further extent 
 without cutting off the nasal. cavity 
 from the throat. ... Thus you see 
 there is anatomical evidence that the 
 development of the vertebrate form has 
 reached its limit by completion in 
 man.’?* This author’s conception of 
 the whole field of living nature is so 
 suggestive.that we may continue the 
 quotation: ‘‘To me the animal king- 
 
 dom appears not an indefinite growth 
 
 
 
 *ProhUR Clelland, MAIDsULY. Disk. RiS., 
 
 Journal of Anatomy, vol. xviii., p. 361. 
 
120 Tbe Evolution of Man. 
 
 like a tree, but a temple with many 
 minarets, none of them capable of being 
 prolonged, while the central dome is 
 coinpleted by the structure of man. 
 The development of the animal king- 
 dom is the development of intelligence 
 chained to matter; the animals in 
 which the nervous system has reached 
 the greatest perfection are the verte- 
 brates, and in Man that part of the 
 nervous system which is the organ of 
 intelligence reaches, as I have sought to 
 show, the highest development possible 
 to a vertebrate animal, while intelli- 
 gence itself has grown to reflection and 
 
 volition. On these grounds, I believe, 
 
Arrest of the Animal. 121 
 
 not that man is the highest possible in- 
 telligence, but that the human body is 
 the highest form of human life pos- 
 sible, subject to the conditions of mat- 
 ter on the surface of the globe, and 
 that the structure completes the design 
 
 of the animal kingdom.’’ 
 
 THE ARREST OF THE ANIMAL. 
 
 Even before these facts about the 
 brain were known Mr. Fiske had 
 reached the same conclusion on general 
 grounds. On the earth, he assures us, 
 there will never be a higher creature 
 
 than Man. Itisa daring prophecy, but 
 
122 The Evolution of Adan. 
 
 every probability of science substan- 
 tiates it. With the body of Man the 
 final fruit of the tree of Organic Evolu- 
 tion has appeared. In Man, about this 
 time in history, we are confronted with 
 a stupendous crisis in Nature—the ar- 
 rest of the animal. This was illus- 
 trated by the case of the hand. The 
 first hand was the Amoeba hand, and 
 from that upwards there was a long ar- 
 ray of more and more accurate instru- 
 ments of prehension until the Chim- 
 panzee hand was reached. Even for 
 the use of her highest product Nature 
 has not been able to make anything 
 
 much more perfect than the hand of 
 
Arrest of the Animal. 123 
 
 this anthropoid ape. It is probable 
 that Nature could take out no new 
 patent in this direction. ‘The causes up 
 to this point which furthered the evolu-_ 
 tion of the hand had begun to cease to 
 act. There came atime when the ne- 
 cessities became too numerous and too 
 varied for anatomical adaptations to 
 keep pace with them. Then came a 
 fatal day for the hand when the discov- 
 ery of tools was made. Henceforth 
 what the hand used. to do, and was 
 slowly becoming adapted to do better, 
 was to be done by external appli- 
 ances. ‘Tools are external hands. Le- 
 
 vers are the extensions of the bones of 
 
124 The Evolution of Aan. 
 
 the arm. Hammers are callous substi. 
 tutes for the fists. Knives do the work 
 of nails. The day that the cave-man 
 first split the bone of a bear by thrust- 
 ing a stick in it and striking it home 
 with a stone, the doom of the hand was 
 sealed. ‘Take up the functions of the 
 animal body one by one, and it will be 
 seen how the same arresting hand is 
 laid upon them all. ) 
 
 The same causes that lead to the ar- 
 rest of the hand are working to stop 
 the development of the eye. Spec- 
 tacles, telescopes, microscopes—external 
 eyes—have superseded the work of Or- 
 
 ganic Evolution. Science has not only 
 
Arrest of the Animal. 125 
 
 invented these better eyes, but has gone 
 the length of making a better eye to 
 look through them—the photographic 
 eye. In at least five important particu- 
 lars this new eye is superior to the eyes 
 of Organic Evolution. It can see where 
 the human eye with the best aid of 
 optical instruments sees nothing at all. 
 It can distinguish certain objects with 
 far greater clearness and definition. 
 Owing to the rapidity of its action it 
 can detect changes which are too sud- 
 den for the human eye to follow. It 
 can look steadily for hours without 
 
 growing tired, and it can record what 
 
126 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 it sees with infallible accuracy upon a 
 plate which time will not efface. 
 
 So far as hearing is concerned, the 
 cause which has mainly furthered its 
 evolution up to this point—fear of sur- 
 prise by enemies——has ceased to operate, 
 and the muscles for the erection of the 
 ears have fallen into disuse ; while the 
 ear itself, in contrast with that of the 
 savage, is slow and dull. The skin, 
 from the continuous use of clothes, has 
 forfeited its protective power. Owing 
 to the use of cooked viands the muscles 
 of the jaw are losing strength. The 
 teeth are undergoing marked degenera. 
 
 tion. In an age of vehicles the lower 
 
Arrest of the Animal. 127 
 
 limbs find their occupation almost gone, 
 especially in America. For mere mus- 
 cle, man has almost now no use. Nim- 
 bleness and strength, once a necessity, 
 are either a luxury or a pastime. Once 
 all men were athletes ; now you have to 
 pay to see them. ‘To some extent at 
 least some phonograph may yet speak 
 for us, some telephone hear for us, some 
 typewriter write for us, chemistry di- 
 gest for us, and incubation nurture us. 
 So everywhere the animal in Man is in 
 danger of losing ground. He has ex- 
 panded until the world is his body. 
 The former body, the one hundred 
 
 aud fifty pounds or so of organized tis- 
 
128 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 sue he carries about with him, 1s little 
 more than a mark of identity. His 
 body no longer generates but only 
 utilizes energy. It is but a link with 
 the wider framework of the arts; a 
 belt between machinery and machin- 
 ery, a turncock of the physical forces. 
 Never was the body of Man greater 
 than with this sentence of suspen- - 
 sion passed upon us. This marked an 
 era in the world’s history; the cycle 
 of matter was now complete. Evolu- 
 tion had culminated in a creation so ex- 
 alted and complex as to form the founda- 
 tion of a new and inconceivably loftier 
 
 order of being. Nature is full of 
 
Arrest of the Animal. 129 
 
 new departures, but since time began 
 there never was anything approaching 
 in importance that period when the 
 animal brain broke into activity and 
 the creature first felt it had a mind. 
 Henceforth intelligence triumphed over 
 physiological adaptation ; the wise were 
 naturally selected before the strong. 
 The favors of evolution were now lav- 
 ished upon the brain, and Man entered 
 into final possession of a monopoly 
 which can never be disturbed. The 
 ethical implications of all this were sig- 
 
 nificant and overwhelming. 
 2 
 
Ad De 
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 2 
 
 TH, ST It HOSE 
 
 
 
The Residuum of the Hnimal 
 in Man. 
 
re: “tHe a é 
 
 men MED 
 
 ae 
 
 ote yous ot sous $0 Hie a : Aa 
 
 net | 
 hee uP 
 
 | eT oe Ree Oe ee VA 
 Gist nis Ween s eth 
 
 eae to. al ‘Big 
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 ul 
 
 ‘earid te, be 
 
 bi ee 
 cee be 
 
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The Residuum of the Animal 
 in Man. 
 
 WHEN man emerges from his long 
 sojourn in the Animal Kingdom he 
 returns laden with relics to show where 
 he has been. ‘These things were once 
 part of his ancestor’s life and lot; they 
 represent organs which have been out- 
 grown; old forms of apparatus long 
 since exchanged for better, yet somehow 
 not yet destroyed by the hand of time. 
 
 The physical body of Man, so great is 
 (133) 
 
134 The Evolution of ddan. 
 
 the number of these relics, is an old 
 curiosity-shop, a museum of obsolete 
 anatomies, discarded tools, outgrown 
 and aborted organs. All other animals 
 also contain among their useful organs 
 a proportion which are long past their 
 work ; and so significant are these rudi- 
 ments of a former state of things that 
 anatomists have often expressed their 
 willingness to stake the theory of 
 
 Descent upon their presence alone. 
 
 TRACES OF THE SEA. 
 
 Prominent among these vestigial 
 
 structures, as they are called, are those 
 
Traces of the Sea. 135 
 
 which smack of the sea. At one time 
 there was nothing else in the world but 
 sea-water life ; all the land animals are 
 late Evolutions. One reason why ani- 
 mals began in the water is that it is 
 easier to live in the water—anatomi- 
 cally and physiologically cheaper—than 
 toliveon the land. The denser element 
 supports the body better, demanding a 
 less supply of muscle and bone ; and 
 the perpetual motion of the sea brings 
 the food to the animal, instead of 
 making it necessary for the animal to 
 move to the food. ‘This and other cor- 
 related circumstances call for far less 
 
 mechanisin in the body, and, asa matter 
 
- 1386 The Evolution of Man, 
 
 of fact, all the simplest forms of living 
 at the present time are inhabitants of 
 the water. 
 
 The chief characteristic of a fish is, 
 of course, its apparatus for breathing the 
 air dissolved in the water. ‘This con- 
 sists of gills supported on strong arches, 
 the branchial arches, which in the Elas- 
 mobranch fishes are from five to seven 
 in number, and are not covered by any 
 operculum or lid. Communicating with 
 these arches, in order to allow the water 
 which has been taken in at the mouth 
 to pass out at the gills, an equal num- 
 ber of slits or openings are provided in 
 the neck. Without these holes in their 
 
Traces of the Sea, 137 
 
 neck all fishes would instantly perish, 
 aud we may be sure Nature took excep- 
 tional care in perfecting this particular 
 piece of mechanism. Now, it is one 
 of the most extraordinary facts in 
 natural history that these slits in the 
 fish’s neck are still represented in the 
 neck of Man. Almost the most prom- 
 inent feature, indeed, after the head, 
 in every mammalian embryo, are the 
 four clefts or furrows of the old oill- 
 slits. They are still known in embry- 
 ology by no other name—gill-slits—and 
 so persistent are these characters that 
 children have been known to be born 
 
 with them not only externally visible— 
 
138 The Evolution of Aan. 
 
 which is a common occurrence—but 
 open through and through, so that fluids 
 taken in at the mouth could pass through 
 them and trickle out at the neck. 
 Almost more remarkable is a second 
 association of these vestigial structures 
 with what are known as cervical ears. 
 Nature seldom parts with any struct- 
 ure she has ever taken the trouble to 
 make. She changes it into something 
 else. She rarely also makes anything 
 new. Her method of creation is to 
 adapt something old. Grant that the 
 marine animals passed into land ani- 
 mals, and that then the water-breathing 
 
 apparatus proved useless, what became 
 
Traces of the Seca. 139 
 
 of it? One of the first things needed 
 by the animal is an improved apparatus 
 for hearing. In fishes sound enters 
 through the walls of the head to an in- 
 ternal™ear. ‘The land animal needs an 
 external ear. Theexternal and middle 
 ear in man have been made out of the 
 first gill-slit and its surrounding parts. 
 Ears are sometimes found in human 
 beings bursting out half-way down the 
 neck, at the place which gill-slits would 
 occupy if they still persisted. These 
 vestiges appear occasionally, not only 
 in human beings, but also in the lower 
 
 animals. 
 
140 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 SURVIVALS OF THE APE. 
 
 Then there is the survival of the tip 
 of the ancestral ear which was noticed 
 by Mr. Darwin; the survival 8 the 
 power to move the ears and the skin of 
 the forehead and scalp—a power once 
 useful for shaking flies off the skin ; the 
 nictitating membrane of the eye, for 
 sweeping that member clean; the 
 human tail, which appears in the human 
 embryo, where may also be seen the 
 muscles for wagging it ; the rudimentary 
 hair on the arm connected in its direc- 
 tion with the arboreal habits of the 
 
 anthropoid apes. 
 
—Survivals of the Ape. 141 
 
 Coming under the same category is 
 perhaps the most striking of all the 
 vestigial organs of man—that of the 
 Vermiform Appendage of the Czcum. 
 Heres a structure which is not only 
 of no use to man now, but is a veritable 
 death trap. In herbivorous animals this 
 ‘‘ blind tube’’ is very large—longer in 
 some cases than the body itself—and 
 of great use in digestion, but in man it 
 is shrunken into the merest rudiment, 
 while in the orang-outang it is only a lit- 
 tle larger. Inthe human subject, owing 
 to its diminutive size, it can be of no 
 use whatever, while it forms an easy 
 
 receptacle for the lodgment of foreign 
 
142 The Evolution of Man, 
 
 bodies such as fruit-stones, which set 
 up inflammation and in various ways 
 cause death. In man this tube is the 
 same in structure as the rest of the in- 
 testine ; it is ‘‘ covered with peritoneum, 
 possesses a muscular coat, and is lined 
 with mucous membrane. In the early 
 embryo it is equal in calibre to the rest 
 of the bowel, but at a certain date it 
 ceases to grow pari passu with it, and 
 at the time of birth appears asa thin 
 tubular appendix to the cecum. In 
 the newly-born child it is often abso- 
 lutely as long as the full-grown man.”’ 
 
 This precocity is always an indication 
 
Survivals of the Ape. 143 
 
 that the part was of great importance 
 to the ancestors of the human species. 
 So important is the key of Evolution 
 to the modern pathologist that in cases 
 of malformation his first resort is always 
 . to seek an explanation in lower forims 
 of life. It is found that conditions 
 which are pathological in one animal 
 are natural in others of a lower species. 
 Take for instance a common case of 
 malformation—club-foot. All children 
 before birth display the most ordinary 
 form of this deformity—that, namely, 
 where the sole is turned inwards and 
 upwards and the foot is raised—and it 
 
 is only gradually that the foot attains 
 
144 The Evolution of Man, 
 
 the normal adult position. The abnor- 
 mal position, abnormal that is in adult 
 man, is the normal condition of things 
 in the case of the gorilla. Club-foot, 
 hence, is simply gorilla-foot—a case of 
 the arrested development of a character 
 which apparently came along the line 
 of the direct Simian stock. 
 
 Take away the theory that Man has 
 evolved from a lower animal condition, 
 and there is no explanation whatever 
 of any one of these phenomena. With 
 such facts before us, it is mocking 
 human intelligence to assure us that 
 Man has not some connection with the 
 
 rest of the animal creation, or that the 
 
The Missing Wink. 145 
 
 processes of his development stand un- 
 related to the other ways of Nature. 
 That Providence, in making a new 
 being, should deliberately have inserted 
 these eccentricities, without their hav- 
 ing any real connection with the things 
 they so well imitate, or any organic 
 relation with the rest of his body, is, at 
 least with our present knowledge, simple 
 
 irreverence. 
 
 THE MISSING LINK. 
 
 It is not to be supposed, nevertheless, 
 that Man is descended from any exist- 
 
 ingape. The anthropoid apes branched 
 10 
 
146 The Evolution of Aan, 
 
 off laterally at a remote period from 
 the nearest human progenitors. ‘The 
 challenge to produce links between man 
 and the living man-like apes is difficult 
 to take seriously. Should any one so 
 violate the first principles of Evolution 
 as to make it, it is only to be said that 
 it cannot be met. An anthropoid ape 
 could as little develop into a man as 
 coulda man pass backwards into an an- 
 thropoid ape. That does not, however, 
 affect the fact of the kinship that exists 
 between them—a kinship so marked 
 that the anthropoids are more like Man 
 in several prominent anatomical charac- 
 
 ters than they are to the next, or flat- 
 
The Missing Link. 147 
 
 nosed, monkeys. The distance, indeed, 
 between the lower and the higher apes 
 is greater than between the higher apes 
 and man. 
 
 The challenge, however, to produce, 
 not missing links between man and ape, 
 but between man and cruder man-like 
 forms, isafairone. Eighteen years ago 
 Dana entnciated this challenge in em- 
 phatic terms: ‘‘No remains of fossil 
 man bear evidence to less perfect erect- 
 ness of structure than in civilized man, 
 or to any nearer approach to the man 
 ape in essential characteristics—this is 
 the more extraordinary in view of the 
 
 fact that from the lowest limits in exist- 
 
148 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 ing man, there are all possible stadhe 
 up to the highest; while below that 
 level there is an abrupt fall to the ape 
 level, in which the cubic capacity of the 
 brain is one-half less. If the links ever 
 existed then without trace is so ex- 
 tremely improbable that it may be pro- 
 nounced impossible. Until some are 
 found, science cannot assert that they 
 ever existed.” 
 
 Since these words were written no 
 conquest either in the field of palzeon- 
 tology or anthropology has revealed any 
 trace of the existence of anthropithecus, 
 or homo alalus, or the hypothetical ape- 
 
 like man who led up to Man. Even 
 
The Missing Link. 149 
 Mr. Huxley admits that ‘‘the fossil re- 
 
 mains of man hitherto discovered do 
 not seem to take us appreciably nearer 
 to that lower pithecoid form, by the 
 modification of which he has probably 
 become what he is, and that it is an 
 unsolved problem why no traces of the 
 lower line of man’s ancestors, back to 
 the remote period when he first branched 
 off from the pithecoid type, have been 
 discovered.’’ Should any one, therefore, 
 incline to set off this negative proof 
 against all the positive proof of embry- 
 ology and anatomy, so far as facts are 
 
 concerned, he is at full liberty to do so. 
 
150 The Evolution of Aan. 
 
 But in assuming such a position, one or 
 two facts must be held in view. 
 
 In the first place one must cite, as 
 always when such objections are urged, 
 the imperfection of the geological 
 record. Until the earth’s crust, and 
 even some parts of the sea bottom, have 
 ‘yielded up all the fossils they contain, 
 this objection can only be provisional. 
 In the second place the later discoveries 
 of paleontology have met the demand 
 for missing links in several most striking 
 and unexpected cases. For some time 
 after the call for an actual sign was 
 made—the call to science to produce the 
 
 actual stages in the transmission of any 
 
The Missing Link. 151 
 
 given species—there was no response. 
 
 Paleontology seemed baffled. Then 
 came the magnificent demonstration 
 
 from Yale of the Evolution of the Horse, 
 and from Steinheim of the transmuta- 
 tion of Planorbis—cases where the miss- 
 ing links have come in one after another, 
 and in series so perfect that the evidence 
 for the evolution of these forms is 
 irresistible. ‘‘On the evidence of pa- 
 leeontology,’’ says the ‘* Encyclopedia 
 Britannica,’’ ‘‘the Evolution of many 
 existing forms of animal life from their 
 predecessors is no longer an hypothesis, 
 but a historical fact.”? 
 
 Should neither of these considerations 
 
152 The Evolution of Asan. 
 
 weigh in the case of Man, there remains 
 one other. It may be essential to the 
 Darwinian theory of Evolution that 
 minutely graded links should at one 
 time have existed between all forms of 
 animals, but it is not essential to the 
 general theory of Evolution. It is the 
 belief of many evolutionists that advance 
 does not proceed by microscopic changes, 
 but that Nature, on the contrary, some- 
 times makes sudden leaps. As every 
 one knows, this is Wallace’s view, but 
 what is of more significance in the im- 
 mediate connection is that it is the 
 opinion of Mr. Huxley. ‘‘Mr. Darwin’s 
 
 position,’’ he says, ‘‘ might, we think, 
 
Otber Evidence. 153 
 
 have been even stronger than it is if he 
 had not embarrassed himself with the 
 aphorism, Natura non factt saltum. 
 We believe, as we have said above, that 
 
 Nature does make jumps.”’ 
 
 OTHER EVIDENCE. 
 
 Were it the present object to complete 
 a proof of the descent of Man, one 
 might go on to select from other depart- 
 ments of science evidence equally large 
 and not less striking. ‘Turn the side of 
 paleontology, it might be shown that 
 Man appears in the earth like any other 
 
 fossil, and in the exact place where 
 
154 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 science would expect to find him. 
 When born, he is ushered into life like . 
 any other animal, he is subject to the 
 same diseases, he yields to the same 
 treatment. When fully grown, there 
 is almost nothing in his anatomy to 
 distinguish him from his nearest allies 
 among other animals. Almost bone for 
 bone, nerve for nerve, muscle for 
 muscle, he is the same. But the im- 
 mediate purpose is not to accumulate a 
 proof. It is to outline the story and 
 extract its meaning. And these curious 
 facts about vestigial organs are cited for 
 a deeper purpose than to produce con- 
 
 nection on a point which, after all, is 
 
The Problem of Evil. 155 
 
 of importance only in its higher impli- 
 
 cations. 
 
 THE PROBLEM OF EVIL. 
 
 The anatomist and pathologist are 
 not the only people who discover traces 
 of an animal pastin Man. ‘There is a 
 further class of scientific experts, in as 
 true a sense students of nature, whose 
 work is the dissection of the soul. 
 Within Man’s being they have detected 
 vestiges, not greater but larger in num- 
 bers, not less but more distinct, of an 
 animal’s moods, proclivities, and pas- 
 
 sions. ‘hese men have. not invented 
 
156 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 these remains, these abnormalities, these 
 malformations of the moral nature. 
 They are as real as the gill-slits and the 
 cervical ear, infinitely more real, be- 
 cause their muscles are not yet atro- 
 phied. 
 
 To say that theology invented sin is 
 as unintelligent a charge as to say that 
 biology invented vestigial structures. 
 
 It is an extraordinary circumstance 
 that scientific men should so often be 
 blind to these facts, should treat their 
 fellow-evolutionists in the moral region 
 with so much contempt, should regard 
 them as if they were merely analyzing 
 
 moonshine, and spending their lives in 
 
The Problem of Evil. 157 
 
 fighting shadows. ‘Theology, let it be 
 said once more, does not make the 
 problem of evil ; it is its efforts to solve 
 it that have led men to associate it with 
 that science. And beside the life of a 
 man who is striving to eradicate the 
 animal in human nature, the career of 
 the most brilliant investigator who con- 
 fines himself to himself and to the 
 natural plane is a waste and a denial of 
 evolution. 
 
 If Man inherits the gill-slits of a 
 shark, is it unscientific to expect that he 
 will also inherit the spirit of a shark? 
 And when he plays the shark in busi- 
 
 ness, is the phenomenon less worthy of 
 
£5685") Che Evolution of Man. 
 
 investigation? If the first excite won- 
 der, is it absurd that the last should ex- 
 cite pity, or call forth some attempt to 
 counteract it? If Man inherits the 
 head of a tiger or a bear, shall not 
 some blood of the tiger or the bear run 
 in his veins? and if his temptation is 
 to let these loose in his family life, are 
 the means for helping him to check it 
 a thing for laughter? Whatever other 
 content the theologian may read into 
 the word evil, this much at least it con- 
 tains; this much the evolutionist on 
 his own principles must admit; this 
 much the scientific man is as much re- 
 
 sponsible for acknowledging and at- 
 
The Problem of Evil. 159 
 
 tempting to deal with as any other phe- 
 nomenon in nature which he sees to be 
 injurious to the life and welfare of his 
 fellow-beings. 
 
 It is not to be supposed that his ani- 
 mal past has left nothing more in man 
 than material relics. A father leaves 
 his son his money, his home, his busi- 
 ness, his material likeness, it may be, 
 and physical constitution. But these 
 are nothing. His chief legacy is his 
 mind and soul. What mind and soul, 
 what disposition and nature an animal 
 has, that also it has partly left in Man. 
 An attempt has been made by some 
 
 evolutionists to throw light on the ques- 
 
160 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 tion of sin—treating it as a “‘ vestigial 
 structure’’ or residuum of the animal, 
 with the difference that it still func- 
 tioned more than anything else beside. 
 This, valuable up to a point, was pre- 
 carious except to distinctly theistic 
 forms of evolution. 
 
 The problem really is, not how sin 
 came into the world, but how to get it 
 out. If science would come to the 
 rescue here, its contribution would be 
 worth having. But if science can even 
 in part diagnose the disease, that of it- 
 self isa step toward removing it. If 
 we knew how vestiges disappeared in 
 
 the animal world, that knowledge might 
 
The Problem of Evil. 161 
 
 ‘accelerate the disappearance of evil. 
 Some of the attempts to stop evil in the 
 world are as unwise and as futile as 
 were some of the attempts to eradicate 
 cholera or cancer. Scientific precision 
 is especially needed inthe departments 
 of applied theology, sociology, and even 
 political economy. Man’s present am- 
 phibious life cannot be final. As Vic- 
 tor Hugo said: ‘‘I am the tadpole of 
 
 an archangel.”’ 
 11 
 

 
The Struggle for Life. 
 
3 dh vk ‘9 aioe! 
 aa J Jeuett ae 
 
 As feng 
 
 
 
The Struggle for Life. 
 
 THE first practical problem in the 
 Ascent of Man was to get him started 
 on his upward path. It was not enough 
 for Nature to equip him with a body, to 
 plant his foot on the lowest rung of the 
 ladder. She must introduce into her 
 economy some great principle which 
 shall secure, not for him alone, but for 
 every living thing, that they shall work 
 upward toward the top. The inertia of 
 
 things is such that without compulsion 
 (165) 
 
166 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 they will never move. And so admir- 
 ably has this compulsion been applied 
 that its forces are hidden in the very 
 nature of life itself—the very act of 
 living contains within it a law of 
 progress. An animal cannot be with- 
 out becoming. 
 
 One of the great principles into the 
 hands of which this mighty charge was 
 given is the Struggle for Life. It is 
 one of the chief keys for unlocking the 
 mystery of Man's Ascent, and so im- 
 portant in all development, that Mr. 
 Darwin gives it the supreme rank 
 among the factors in Evolution. 
 
 Matthew Arnold describes a_ bird 
 
The Struggle for Life, 167 
 
 “‘deep in its unknown day’s employ.’’ 
 But, peace to the poet, there is no 
 doubt as to its day’s employ. ‘The bird 
 is struggling to get a living. It awoke 
 at daybreak, and set out to catch the 
 early worm. But another bird was 
 awake before it, or perhaps the early 
 worm, in its own struggle for life, had 
 discreetly disappeared. With fifty other 
 breakfastless birds it had to bide its 
 time, to scour the country, to prospect 
 the trees, the grass, the ground, to lie 
 in ambush, to attack and be defeated, to 
 hope and be forestalled. At every meal 
 the same programme is gone through, 
 
 and every day, except that as the sea- 
 
168 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 sons change, it has to take wing and fly 
 for hundreds and thousands of miles to 
 find a new hunting-ground. This is 
 how birds live, and this is how birds 
 are made. ‘They are the children of 
 Struggle. Beak and limb, claw and 
 wing, shape, strength, color, down to 
 the last detail, birds and all living 
 things are the expressions of their mode 
 of life. 
 
 Unfortunately this principle has been 
 greatly perverted. ‘The emphasis has 
 been placed on Struggle instead of upon 
 Life, and Nature held up to us as a vast 
 murderous machine for the annihilation 
 
 of the majority and the survival of the 
 
The Struggle for Life. 169 
 
 few. But the struggle for life, in the 
 first instance, is simply living ; at the 
 best it is living under a normal maxi- 
 mum of pressure; at the worst, at an 
 abnormal maximum. ‘The universe has 
 to be so ordered that that which Man 
 would not have done alone he should 
 be compelled to do. In other words, it 
 was necessary to introduce into Nature, 
 aud into Human Nature, some such 
 principle as the Struggle for Life. The 
 first law of evolution, in short, is the 
 first law of motion. ‘* Everybody con- 
 -tinues in a state of rest, or of uniform 
 motion in a straight line, unless he is 
 
 compelled by impressed forces to change 
 
170 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 that state.’ Nature supplied mankind 
 with the impressed forces, with some- 
 thing which it was compelled to respond 
 to. Without that, it would have con- 
 tinued forever as it began. 
 
 The difference between a moving 
 _ thing, however, and a moving maz, 1s 
 that while the first is in itself unchanged 
 by being moved, the sensitive and 
 mobile body of the last is distinctly 
 affected by the process. Man’s body is 
 a quivering mass of protoplasm, that 
 mysterious vital clay of which all his 
 parts are made. ‘This protoplasm is one 
 of the most complex substances in 
 
 Nature, and unstable almost to explo- 
 
The Struggle for Life. 171 
 
 siveness. Its molecules are built up 
 like houses made of cards, which will 
 tumble down at a touch. Every mo- 
 ment it is on the brink of changing into 
 something else ; it trembles on the verge 
 of a physiological collapse. Now the 
 remarkable thing is that when proto- 
 plasm collapses, when the card house 
 tumbles down, it does not tumble down 
 into ruins. It tumbles down into cells, 
 and cell-walls, and tissues, and the 
 formed parts of the body. Muscle, 
 bone, nerve, all the solid structures of 
 the body, are tumbled-down protoplasm}; 
 have all once been protoplasm. The 
 
 business of protoplasm is to tumble 
 
172 Tbe Evolution of Man, 
 
 down into these; and, when these are 
 made, to keep on repairing their waste, 
 to enlarge them, and to add new things 
 to them. : | 
 
 Now the thing that pulls the trigger, 
 the touch that sets all the cards tum- 
 bling, comes from the world around us. 
 A whiff of cold air, a pressure of some- 
 thing hard, some strain or friction, these 
 call for adaptive changes in the body. 
 Such is the nature of the body in 
 man. 4 
 
 A baby, for instance, is born without 
 any teeth. Read in the light of Em- 
 bryology, this means that the ancient 
 
 stock from which man came had soft 
 
The Struggle for Life. 173 
 
 and toothless gums. But this entrance 
 to the mouth in the early days was a 
 much-used gateway. It bore the. brunt 
 of°all the traffic ‘of the’ food, ‘allthe 
 strains and pressures and friction due 
 to the passing in of coarse herbs and 
 hard nuts and tough flesh. The harder 
 the food, the greater would be the strain, 
 The effect of these pressures upon the 
 delicate cells of the gums is to harden 
 them, just as corns are produced by 
 pressure or callosities on the hands of a 
 mechanic. ‘The response in increased 
 density of tissue is in proportion to the 
 strain and shock applied, and by the 
 
 steady accumulation of sinall gains, the 
 
174 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 gums become more and more callous, 
 and teeth—which are anatomically sim- 
 ply developments from the skin—are 
 eradually established. Bone again is 
 associated with the stimulus of the 
 strain of muscular contraction ; and the 
 entire circulatory system is a response 
 to the pressure of the moving current 
 of the blood. 
 
 What is true of man’s bodily organi- 
 zation is true of his life and habit as a 
 whole. In the discharge of the few and 
 simple activities of the day’s routine, and 
 under the stimulus of competition with 
 others like himself, man passes on to 
 
 even higher and higher improvements. 
 
The Struggle for Lite. 175 
 
 I can only dwell hastily on the 
 struggle for life in the primitive savage, 
 on his first tentative efforts to adjust 
 himself to the physical conditions that 
 surround him, on his assumption of the 
 erect position, on his invention of 
 weapons. His next stimulus came from 
 his becoming a member of a tribe— 
 necessarily in those days a fighting 
 tribe. In the tribal struggle for life 
 many new elements of character, or the 
 germs of such elements, were introduced 
 into his nature. Before being aggregated 
 into a tribe the savage was a purely 
 selfish being. Afterwards he had to 
 
 divide his interests. Selfishness slowly 
 
176 The Evolution of dan. 
 
 gave place to altruism, In battle the 
 individual is lost sight of. It is the 
 tribe which lives. Each victory in- 
 creases the sense of unity, creates a 
 feeling of patriotism, demonstrates that 
 conjoint action is a paying thing in the 
 struggle for life. Emergencies called 
 out acts of self-sacrifice. By-and-by to 
 the primary motive of joint action there 
 was added another. One of the earliest 
 emotions in the savage is loveof esteem. 
 Hence a premium upon any action 
 specially serviceable to the tribe. Hence 
 special serviceableness would tend to 
 become a definite ambition. The tribe 
 
 which was most united, most heroic, 
 
The Struggle for Wife. 177 
 
 whose individuals were most disinter- 
 ested, most ready to make brilliant sac- 
 rifices, would in the long run conquer 
 tribes manifesting these qualities less. 
 In time, nations with the rudiments of 
 many such high qualities—forced upon 
 them at the bayonet’s point—would be 
 organized. 
 
 This process is still going on. War 
 was simply the modern form of the 
 struggle for life. As the higher quali- 
 ties became more pronounced and their 
 exercise gave more satisfaction, the 
 struggle passed into more refined forms. 
 One of these was the industrial struggle. 
 
 Another was the moral struggle. The 
 12 
 
178 The Evolution of Man, 
 
 former of these must give place to the 
 latter. ‘The animal struggle for life 
 must passaway. And under the stimu- 
 lus of ideals man will continually press 
 upwards, and find his further evolution 
 in forms of moral, social, and spiritual 
 antagonism. That a price in pain has _ 
 been paid for the evolution of the world 
 is certain. But Nature might safely be 
 left to look after her own ethic. It is 
 a principle in the study of history to 
 suspend judgment both as to the mean- 
 ing and the value of a policy until the 
 chain of sequences it set in motion 
 should be worked out to their last fulfil- 
 ment. When the full tale is told it will 
 
The Struggle for Life. 179 
 
 be time to pass judgment on its moral 
 value. Men forget when they denounce 
 the struggle for life that itis to be judged 
 not only on the ground of sentiment, 
 but of reason. The object of the sur- 
 vival of the fittest is to produce fitness. 
 If this is going to be a good world, the 
 elimination or the transformation of the 
 bad is the one thing required. To 
 make a fit world, the unfit at every stage 
 must pass away. Andif any self-acting 
 law can bring this about, even if its 
 bearing in individual cases seemed un- 
 just or harsh, its necessity for the world 
 as a whole is vindicated. For nature in 
 
 her wisdom has a twofold object. The 
 
180 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 first and most important is the preserva- 
 tion and perfection of the species. The 
 second is the comfort of the individual 
 during this evolution. At times she is 
 even willing to retard progress for the 
 sake of the individual comfort of a 
 whole generation. But she will ruth- 
 lessly sacrifice the individual who isina 
 hopeless minority whenever his interests 
 
 conflict with the interests of the race. 
 
The Evolution of Mind. 
 
Me 
 
 evoia Yao 1 Ie: bens | 
 
 — mn hai 
 
 7 ty 
 yi ea 
 
 moth, ee: oat ie Z 
 
 v 
 
 fa) 
 
 Na) 
 et : 
 jou 
 Ou s Neel 
 
 (i 
 batts 
 
 ie 
 
 a 
 
 van ab: 2 | “a seat 
 
 if nee His Mii 3 
 
 
 
The Evolution of ADind. 
 
 THE Evolution of Mind is an open 
 question. As to the nature of mental 
 faculty, science is absolutely without 
 light. The passage from molecular 
 movement to states of consciousness is 
 unthinkable ; and the origin of mind as 
 great a mystery as the origin of life. 
 Of that evidence there are mainly four 
 sources—the mind of a child, the mind 
 of the lower animals, anthropological 
 
 collections, and the mental states of 
 (183) 
 
184 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 savages. With regard to the first, if 
 the mind of the infant had been evolved, 
 and that not from primeval man, but 
 from some more ancient animal, it 
 could not to more perfection have simu- 
 lated the appearance of having so come, 
 The mind of a child not only grows, 
 but grows in a certain order; and the 
 astonishing fact about that order is that 
 it is the probable order of evolution of 
 mental faculty as a whole. Where 
 science gets that probable order will be 
 referred to by-and-by. Meantime, note 
 the fact that not only in the manner, 
 but in the order of its development, the 
 
 human mind simulates a production of 
 
The Evolution of Mind. 185 
 
 evolution. The mind of a child, in 
 short, is to be treated as an unfolding 
 embryo; and just as the embryo of the 
 body recapitulates the long life-history 
 of all the bodies that led up to it, so 
 this subtler embryo in running its 
 course through the swift years of early 
 infancy runs up the psychic scale 
 through which, as evidence from an- 
 other field will show, mind probably 
 evolved. We have seen also that in 
 the case of the body, each step of: 
 progress in the embryo has its equiva- 
 lent either in the bodies or in the em- 
 bryos of lower forms of life. Now each 
 
 phase of mental development in the 
 
186 The Evolution of Aan. 
 
 child is also permanently represented by 
 the brain of some species among the 
 lower animals or by the mind of some 
 existing savages. 
 
 With reference to Mind in the lower 
 animals, it is mainly to Mr. Romanes 
 that we owe the working out of the 
 evidence in this connection ; and even 
 though his researches be taken as little 
 more than a preliminary exploration, 
 their general results are striking. Real- 
 izing that the most scientific way to 
 discover whether there are any affinities 
 between Mind in Animals and Mind:in 
 Man is to compare the one with the 
 
 other, he began a laborious study of the 
 
The Evolution of Mind. 187 
 
 animal world. That abundant traces 
 of Mind were found in the lower ani- 
 mals goes without saying. But the 
 range of mental phenomena discovered 
 there may certainly excite surprise. 
 Thus to consider only one set of phe- 
 nomena—that of the emotions—all the 
 following products of emotional devel- 
 opment are represented at one stage or 
 another of animal life: Fear, Surprise, 
 Affection, Pugnacity, Curiosity, Jeal- 
 ousy, Anger, Play, Sympathy, Emu- 
 lation, Pride, Resentment, Sense of the 
 Beautiful, Grief, Hate, Cruelty, Benev- 
 
 olence, Revenge, Rage, Shame, Re- 
 
188 The Evolution of fan. 
 
 egret, Deceitfulness, Sense of the Ludi- 
 crous. 
 
 But this list is something more than 
 a bare catalogue of what human emo- 
 tions exist in the animal world. It is 
 an arranged catalogue, a more or less 
 definite psychological scale. These 
 emotions did not only appear in animals 
 but they appeared in this order. Now 
 to find out order in evolution is of first 
 importance. For order of events is 
 history, and Evolution is history. 
 
 This history of course has no dates. 
 It uses for calendar the table of the suc- 
 cession of life on the earth. In creat- 
 
 ures very far down the scale of Jife— 
 
The Evolution of Mind, 189 
 
 the Annelids—Mr. Romanes distin- 
 guished what appeared to him to be one 
 of the earliest emotions—Fear. Some- 
 what higher up, among the Insects, he 
 met with the Social Feelings, as well 
 as Industry, Pugnacity, and Curiosity. 
 Jealousy seems to have been born into 
 the world with Fishes ; Sympathy with 
 Birds, ‘The Carnivora are responsible 
 for Cruelty, Hate, and Grief; the An- 
 thropoid Apes for Remorse, Shame, the 
 Sense of the Ludicrous and Deceit. 
 Now when we compare this table 
 with a similar table compiled from a 
 careful study of the emotional states in 
 
 a little child, two striking facts appear. 
 
190 Ube Evolution of Man. 
 
 In the first place, there are almost no 
 emotions in the child which are not 
 here—this list, in short, practically ex- 
 hausts the list of human emotions. 
 With the exception of the religious 
 feelings, the moral sense, and the per- 
 ception of the sublime, there is nothing 
 found, even in adult Man, which is not 
 represented with more or less vividness 
 in the Animal Kingdom. But this is 
 not all. These emotions, as already 
 hinted, appear in the mind of the grow- 
 ing child 27 the same order as they ap- 
 pear on the animal scale. At three weeks, 
 for instauce; Fear is perceptibly mani- 
 
 fest in a little child. When it is seven 
 
The Evolution of Mind. 191 
 
 weeks old the Social affections dawn 
 At twelve weeks emerges Jealousy, with 
 its companion Anger. Sympathy ap- 
 pears after five months ; Pride, Resent- 
 ment, Love of Ornament after eight ; 
 Shame, Remorse, and Sense of the 
 Ludicrous after fifteen. ‘These dates, of 
 course, do not indicate in any mechani- 
 cal way the birthdays of evolution ; they 
 represent rather stages in an infinitely 
 gentle mental ascent, stages nevertheless 
 so marked that we are able to give them 
 names, and use them as landmarks in 
 psychogenesis. Yet taken even as rep- 
 resenting a rough order, it is a circum- 
 
 stance to which too much significance 
 
192 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 cannot be attached—that the tree of 
 mind as we know it in Lower Nature, 
 and the tree of mind as we know it in 
 a little child should be the same tree, 
 starting its roots at the same place, and 
 though by no means ending its branches 
 at the same level, at least growing them 
 so far in a parallel direction. 
 
 If we turn from emotional to intellec- 
 tual development, the parallel line, 
 though much more faint, is at least 
 shadowed. Again we find a list of in- 
 tellectual products common to both 
 Animal and Man, and again an approxi- 
 mate order common to both. It is true 
 
 Man’s development beyond the highest 
 
The Evolution of Mind. 193 
 
 point attained by any animal in the 
 region of the intellect is all but infinite. 
 Of rational thought he has the whole 
 monopoly. Wherever the roots of mind 
 be, there is no uncertainty as to where, 
 and where exclusively, the higher 
 branches are. But. grant that the 
 mental faculties of Man and Animal 
 part company at a point, there remains 
 to consider the vast distance—in the 
 case of the emotions almost the whole 
 distance—where they run parallel with 
 one another. Why should the Mind 
 thus recapitulate in its development the 
 psychic life of animals unless some vital 
 
 link connected them? Comparative 
 13 
 
194 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 Psychology is not so advanced a science 
 _ as Comparative Embryology; yet no one 
 who has felt the force of the recapitula- 
 tion argument for the evolution of bodily 
 function, even making all allowances for 
 the differences of the things compared, 
 will deny some weight to the corre- 
 sponding argument for the evolution of 
 Mind. 
 
 A singular complement to this argu- 
 ment has been suggested recently— 
 though as yet only in the form of the 
 dimmest hint from the side of Mental 
 Pathology. When the Mind is affected 
 by certain diseases, its progress down- 
 
 ward can often be followed step by step. 
 
The Evolution of Mind, 195 
 
 It does not tumble down in a moment 
 into chaos, like a house of cards, but in 
 a definite order, stone by stone, or 
 story by story. Now the striking thing 
 about that “orde#'1s,o' that’ it's + the 
 probable order in which the building 
 has gone up. ‘The order of descent, in 
 short, is the inverse of the order of 
 ascent. The first faculty to go,in many 
 cases of insanity, is the last faculty 
 which arrived; the next faculty is 
 affected next ; the whole spring uncoil- 
 ing as it were in the order and direc- 
 tion in which, presumably, it had been 
 wound up. 
 
 That the highest part of Man should 
 
196 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 totter first is what, on the theory of 
 mental evolution, one would already 
 have expected. ‘The highest part is the 
 last added part, and the latest added 
 part is the least secured part. As the 
 last arrival, it is not yet at home; it has 
 not had time to get lastingly imbedded 
 in the brain; the competition of older 
 faculties is against it; the hold of the 
 will upon it is slight and fitful; its 
 tenure as a tenant is precarious and 
 often threatened. Among the older 
 and more permanent residents therefore 
 it has little chance. Hence, if anything 
 goes wrong, as the last added, the most 
 
 complex, the least automatic of all the 
 
The Evolution of Mind. 197 
 
 functions, it is the first to suffer. We 
 are but too familiar with cases where 
 men of lofty intellect and women of 
 purest mind, seized in the awful grasp 
 of madness, are transformed in a few 
 brief months into beings worse than 
 brutes. How are we to account, on any 
 other principle than this, for that most 
 shocking of all catastrophes, the sudden 
 and total break up, the devolutzon of a 
 saint ? 
 
 It is a favorite expedient with some 
 evolutionists to assert that at this point 
 some special interposition of a creative 
 hand must have taken place. ‘his is 
 
 Mr. Wallace’s opinion, and it is that of 
 
198 The Evolution of Aan. 
 
 many theologians. It is a perfectly 
 scientific hypothesis, for science has no 
 account whatever of the origin of Mind 
 except that it be a Divine in-breathing. 
 But there seems no necessity to believe 
 that that which we describe by the 
 metaphor in-breathing was a sudden 
 and unrelated act. While there is only 
 one theory of origins in the field there 
 is only one theory of process in the field, 
 and that is evolution. And while there 
 is nothing against a per-saltum evolu- 
 tion in the case of Mind, one gains 
 nothing for theism by insisting on it too 
 rigidly. Those who yield to the ten- 
 
 dency to reserve a point here and there 
 
The Evolution of Mind. 199 
 
 for special Divine interposition are 
 scarcely aware that this virtually ex- 
 cludes God from the rest of the process. 
 If God appears periodically, He dis- 
 appears periodically. If He comes upon 
 the scene at special crises, He is absent 
 from the scene in the interval. Whether 
 is all-God, or occasional-God, the nobler 
 theory? And as to facts, the daily 
 miracle of a flower, the upholding and 
 sustaining of all living things, needs 
 God as much as the creation of matter. 
 If by the accumulation of irresistible 
 evidence we are driven to accept Evo- 
 lution as God’s method in creation, it is 
 
 a mistaken policy to glory in what it 
 
200 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 cannot account for. The reason why 
 some men grudge Evolution, grudge 
 each of its fresh claims to show how 
 things have been made, seems simply to 
 be the fear that if we discover how they 
 are made we minimize their divinity. 
 That is to say, when things are known, 
 they are human, natural, on man’s level ; 
 and these men want something unknown, 
 in order to call it divine, as if our ignor- 
 ance of a thing were the stamp of its 
 divinity. If God is only to be left to the 
 gaps in our knowledge, what is to hap- 
 pen when these gaps are filled up? 
 
 A miracle is not ‘‘something quick.” 
 
 It may be that on the physical side it is 
 
The Evolution of Mind. 201 
 
 a more or less clear or a more or less 
 dark chain of causes and effects. It 
 may be that the doing of it may come 
 to seem to us no miracle. Nevertheless 
 
 it is a miracle because it has been done. 
 
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Che Evolution of Language. 
 
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Che Evolution of Language. 
 
 ONE of the most remarkable gaps in 
 Nature is between the brain of Man 
 and that of his nearest ally among the 
 lower animals. Mind burst out in an 
 almost sudden efflorescence. When 
 the question comes to be asked, What 
 brought about this sudden rise in in- 
 telligence? there is a wonderful unan- 
 imity among men of science as to the 
 answer. It came about in connection 
 
 with the acquisition by mau of the power 
 (205) 
 
206 Ebe Evolution of Man, 
 
 to express his intelligence, that is, to 
 Speak.» ‘The condition of all growth is 
 exercise, and till man could find a 
 further field and a larger opportunity 
 to work what little brains he had, he 
 had little chance of getting more. Now 
 speech gave him this opportunity, and 
 in other more important ways supplied 
 the conditions of mental development. 
 
 It is a growing belief indeed that to 
 the invention of language we almost 
 owe the Evolution of Mind. It at 
 least gave an impetus to the progress 
 of the human species which nothing else 
 did or could have done. 
 
 Evolution, up to this time, had only 
 
The Evolution of Language. 207 
 
 one way of banking the gains it won— 
 heredity. To hand on any improve- 
 ment physically was a slow and preca- 
 rious work. If the gain was small, it 
 would be so small in the heir as to be of 
 little account in giving it an advantage 
 in the struggle for life ; if it was great, 
 it might be too abnormal for safety, and 
 in any case unless it was carried off 
 
 ‘‘ physiological isolation’’ in a few 
 
 into 
 generations inter-marriage would have 
 called it back and reduced the organism 
 to the average level of the species. 
 
 But now there was a new method of 
 passing on a step in progress. Instead 
 
 of sowing the gain on the wind of 
 
208 The Evolution of dan. 
 
 heredity, it was fastened on the wings 
 of words! Before the savage’s son was 
 ten years old he knew all that his father 
 knew. The ways of the game, the 
 habits of birds and fish, the traps and 
 snares—all these would be explained. 
 The physical environment, the changes 
 of season, the location of hostile tribes, 
 the strategies of war, all the details and 
 interests of savage life would receive 
 expression. And before the boy was in 
 his teens he was equipped for the Strug- 
 gle for Life as his forefathers had never 
 been even in old age. This at least 
 was time saved. The son started to 
 
 evolve where his father left off Try 
 
The Evolution of Language. 209 
 
 to realize what it would be for each of 
 us to begin life afresh, to be able to 
 learn nothing by the experiences of 
 others, to live in a dumb and illiterate 
 world, not knowing enough even to 
 recognize the advantage of pantomime, 
 and we can see what chance the animal 
 had of making pronounced progress 
 until the acquisition of speech. It is 
 not too much to say that speech, if men- 
 tal evolution is to come to anything or 
 is to be worth anything, is a necessary 
 condition. 
 
 The evolution of Language is one of 
 the easiest studies in development. 
 
 Before Homo sapiens was evolved, he 
 14 
 
210 The Evolution of Aan. 
 
 was necessarily preceded for a longer 
 or shorter period by Homo alalus, the 
 not-speaking man. If Evolution is the 
 method of Creation, the faculty of 
 speech was no sudden gift; man’s 
 mind was not the cylinder of a phono- 
 graph to which ready-made words were 
 spoken and stored up for future use ; | 
 Man had to make his words, and _ be- 
 ginning with dumb signs and inarticu- 
 late cries to build up a body of language 
 word by word as the body was built up 
 cell by cell. 
 
 The only condition of understanding 
 the process is, that we take it up asa - 
 
 study from the life, that we place our- 
 
The Evolution of Language. 211 
 
 selves in the primeval forest with early 
 man, in touch with the actual scenes in 
 which he lived, and that we note the’ 
 real experiences and necessities of such 
 a lot. 
 
 One of early man’s first discoveries 
 was the power of numbers. Instead of 
 prowling about the beast-infested forest 
 alone, he came to form part of a 
 family or tribe or clan, and had thus 
 the advantage in the struggle for life 
 which the gregarious state affords to all 
 creatures. that have hit upon this idea. 
 What is that advantage? Partly the 
 mere animal strength of the combina- 
 
 tion, but, partly also, and much more 
 
212 The Evolution of dian. 
 
 important, its mental strength. Every 
 man in the tribe now shares the power 
 of observation of every other man; he 
 has as many eyes as the tribe, as many 
 ears, his nervous system extends 
 throughout the whole space the tribe 
 covers—provided one thing be added: 
 some power of conversation. Here isa 
 herd of deer, scattered, as they love to 
 be, in a string a quarter of a mile long. 
 If these deer by signs of head or foot, 
 or neck, or ear, by any motion or by 
 any sound, can pass on the news that 
 you are about, each deer has a quarter 
 of a mile of nerves, several hundred 
 
 eyes and as many ears and noses. Num- 
 
Tbe Evolution of Language. 213 
 
 bers are strength, but only when 
 strength is coupled with communica- 
 tion by signs. 
 
 Whenever we find animals living in 
 _ close association with one another, some 
 system of communication prevails 
 among them. ‘The mere fact that they 
 are together proves that they communi- 
 cate. Among the ants, perhaps the 
 most social of the lower animals, this 
 power is so perfect that they are not 
 merely endowed with a few general | 
 signs, but seem able to communicate 
 upon matters of detail. Sweeping across 
 country in great armies they keep up 
 
 communication throughout the whole 
 
214 The Evolution of Man, 
 
 line, and succeed in conveying to one 
 another information as to the easiest 
 route, the presence of enemies or ob- 
 stacles, the discovery of food supplies, 
 and even of the numbers required on 
 emergencies to leave the main band for 
 any special service. 
 
 Everybody has observed ants stop 
 when they meet one another and ex- 
 change a rapid greeting by means of 
 their waving antennz, and there can be 
 no doubt that it is through these per- 
 plexing organs that definite intercourse 
 between one creature and another first 
 entered the world. ‘The exact nature 
 
 of the antenna-language is not yet 
 
The Evolution of Language. 215 - 
 
 fathomed, but the perfection to which 
 it is carried proves that the idea of 
 language generally has existed in nature 
 from the earliest time. Among higher 
 animals various outward expressions of 
 emotions are made. ‘The howl of the 
 dog, the neigh of the horse, the bleat 
 of the lamb, the stamp of the goat, and 
 other signs are all readily understood 
 by other animals. One monkey utters 
 at least six different sounds to express 
 its feelings; and Mr. Darwin has de- 
 tected four or five modulations in the 
 bark of the dog. 
 
 Now these signs are as much language 
 
 as spoken words. Any method of com- 
 
216 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 munication is language, and to under- 
 stand language we must first fix in our 
 minds the idea that it has no necessary 
 connection with actual words. In the 
 simple instances just given there are 
 illustrations of at least three kinds of 
 language. Whena deer throws up its 
 head suddenly, all the other deer throw 
 up their heads. That is a sign. It 
 means ‘‘listen.’’ If the first deer sees 
 the object which has called its attention 
 to be suspicious, it utters a low note. 
 That is a word. It means ‘‘caution.” 
 If next it sees the object to be not only 
 suspicious but dangerous, it makes a 
 
 further use of language—intonation. 
 
The Evolution of Language. aVe 
 
 Instead of the low note, ‘‘listen,’’ it 
 utters a.sharp, loud cry that means ‘‘ run 
 for your life.’’ Hence these three kinds 
 of language—a sign, a note, an intona- 
 tion. The first of these was the first 
 human language. It is still largely 
 used by savage tribes. The Red In- 
 dians can communicate with other 
 tribes without the use of more than a 
 few grunts. 
 
 From the gesture-language to mix- 
 tures of signs and sounds, and finally to 
 the specialization of sound, is a neces- 
 sary transition. A sign language is no 
 use when one savage is at one end of a 
 
 wood and his wife at the other. He 
 
218 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 must now roar; and to make his roar 
 explicit, he must have a vocabulary of 
 roars and of all shades of roars. In the 
 darkness of night also his signs are out 
 of count, and he must now whisper and > 
 have a vocabulary of whispers. 
 
 Everything around him that conveyed 
 any impression of sound would have 
 associated with it some self-expressive 
 word which both could understand ; the 
 sighing of the wind, the flowing of the 
 stream, the beat of the surf, the call of 
 the bird, and so on. 
 
 Once the idea had dawned of ex- 
 pressing meaning by sounds the forma- 
 
 tion of words is a mere detail. We 
 
The Evolution of Language. 219 
 
 have probably all invented words. Al- 
 most every family of children invents 
 words of its own. Cases are known 
 where quite considerable languages 
 have been manufactured in the nursery. 
 
 The construction of the mouth and 
 lips has had something to do with dif- 
 ferences in languages and even with the 
 possibility of language. You must have 
 your trumpet before you can get the 
 sound of a trumpet. One reason why 
 many animals have no speech is simply 
 that they have not the mechanism which 
 by any possibility could produce it. 
 They might have a language, but noth- 
 
 ing at all like human language. It is 
 
220 Tbe Evolution of Man. 
 
 one of the significant notes in Evolution 
 that man, almost alone among verte- 
 brates, has a material. body so far de- 
 veloped as to make it an available in- 
 strument for speech, and there was 
 almost certainly a time when this was 
 to him a physical impossibility. 
 Articulate speech became possible to 
 man only when the alveolar arch and 
 ‘palatine, area became shortened and 
 widened, and when his tongue became 
 shorter and more horizontally flattened. 
 Even for differences in dialect there is a 
 physical basis. With the macrodont 
 alveolar arch and the corresponding 
 
 modified tongue, sibilation is difficult, 
 
The Evolution of Language. 931 
 
 and the sibilant sounds are almost un- 
 known in many dialects. From speech 
 the next transition was to writing, 
 which passed through the same stages 
 —signs, words, accents. Then came 
 the telegraph and the telephone. Theo- 
 retically, the next stage in Evolution is 
 
 telepathy. 
 
Uigay 
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Che Evolution of Ser. 
 
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Che Evolution of Ser. 
 
 A WHOLLY new chapter in the Evolu- 
 tion of man has now to be opened. 
 Up to this time we have found a body 
 for Man, and the rudiments of Mind. 
 But man is not a body, nor a mind. 
 In these man cannot even live. ‘The 
 temple still awaits its final tenant, the 
 soul. With a body alone, man is an 
 animal; the highest animal, yet a pure 
 animal, struggling for its own narrow 
 
 life, living for its small and sordid ends. 
 15 (225) 
 
226 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 Add a Mind to that, and you get an in- 
 finite advance. 
 
 The struggle for Life assumes the 
 high shape of a struggle for light; he 
 who was once a savage pursuing the 
 arts of the chase becomes what Aris- 
 totle defines man to be—‘‘a hunter after 
 Truth ;’? the animal thirst is trans- 
 formed into a thirst for learning. Yet 
 this is not the end. Noman lives upon 
 light, no human thirst is satisfied with 
 truth or learning. These are parts of 
 man’s life, but not his true life. Man’s 
 true life is neither lived in the material 
 tracts of the body, nor in the chilly re- 
 
 gions of the intellect, but in the warm 
 
Tbe Evolution of Ser. Q07 
 
 world of the affections. Tull he is 
 equipped with these, man is not human. 
 Equipped with these, he is more than 
 human. He reaches his full height 
 only when these become to him the 
 breath of life, the energy of his will, the 
 summit of his desire. 
 
 As the story of Evolution is often 
 told, Love has no place. The chief 
 emphasis of science falls upon the op- 
 posite—the animal struggle for life. 
 Hunger was seen by the early natural- 
 ists to be the first and most imperious 
 appetite of all living things, and the 
 course of nature was interpreted in 
 
 terms of a ceaseless struggle. Since 
 
228 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 there are vastly more creatures born 
 than can ever survive, since for every 
 morsel of food provided a hundred 
 claimants appear, life to an animal is 
 described to us as one long tragedy, and 
 Nature as a blood-red fang. But the 
 struggle for food is not the only function 
 of living things. Creation is a drama, 
 and no drama was ever put upon the 
 stage with only one actor. 
 
 There are ¢wo functions, two main 
 functions, discharged by all living 
 things—Nutrition and Reproducizon. 
 The first aims at the life of the indi- 
 vidual, the second at the life of the 
 
 species. ‘The first is self-regarding, the 
 
Tbe Evolution of Sex. 299 
 
 second is other-regarding. All that is 
 greatest in the world has come along 
 the line of this second function. 
 
 Love is not an after-thought with 
 Creation,...It..is not a novelty ofa 
 romantic civilization. It is not a mere 
 pious word of religion. Its roots began 
 to grow with the first cell of life which 
 budded on the earth. How great it is, 
 how old it is, how bound up with the 
 very constitution of the world, science 
 is only now beginning to appreciate. 
 
 The first chapter in the Evolution of 
 Love was the Evolution of Sex. Not 
 
 that love was an outcome of the sex- 
 
230 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 relation, but the creation of sex was in- 
 directly necessary to it. | 
 
 The grand work of evolution in re- 
 gard to sex is the position that sex dis- 
 tinctions are differentiations from early 
 individuals who combined the functions 
 of sex in one example. In botany the 
 plants yet present examples where the 
 differentiation has not taken place. 
 The bearing of this proposition on the 
 evolution of society is that the male 
 and female are equal divisions from a 
 parent stem, and that no inequality of 
 abilities or rights exists in this division 
 by nature. It is a partition of varied 
 
 functions, but one nature lies under all. 
 
The Evolution of Ser. 231 
 
 In social evolution the sexes may 
 therefore expect to see an increasing 
 reciprocity, and yet more applied skill 
 in the divided labors of a world where 
 every special gift is intensified and 
 strengthened by the multiplication of 
 
 demands for its use. 
 

 
The Evolution of a Mother. 
 
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Che Evolution of a Mother. 
 
 THE Evolution of ‘a mother—which 
 means the evolution of sympathy, care, 
 and love—was one of the most stupen- 
 dous tasks ever undertakén by nature. 
 It involved a complete reversal of the 
 older order, and required the bringing 
 about of at least four fundamental 
 changes. | 
 
 In the first place the number of young 
 produced at a birth had to be slowly 
 
 reduced from millions to one. ‘The fe- 
 (235) 
 
236 The Lvotution of “ban, 
 cundity in the lower stages of plant and 
 animal~-life was prodigious. Crypto- 
 grams produced countless millions of 
 spores, and even creatures so high as 
 the fishes spawned with scarcely less 
 fertility. The reason of this is that 
 these forms were otherwise defenceless, 
 and had to be created in vast numbers 
 to prevent extinction. 
 
 Maternal care in these cases was out 
 of the question—no mother could lovea 
 
 million—so that before this could be- 
 come possible the numbers had to be 
 
 reduced to hundreds, as among the rep- 
 tiles, or to a score, as in some birds, and 
 
 so gradually to one or two, as ainong the 
 
The Evolution of a Motber. 237 
 
 higher mammals. ‘Till this change was 
 effected there was no maternal care in 
 the world. There was great solicitude 
 among insects and others for the egg, 
 but that was a different thing from care 
 of the young. A second change was in 
 the form in which the young appeared 
 whien born. In lower nature the young 
 have no resemblance whatever to their 
 parents ; but the likeness becomes more 
 marked as we ascend. ‘The young were 
 gradually delayed in birth, so that by- 
 and-by they only appeared when they 
 were recognizable. A third change was 
 
 to compel them to remain by their 
 
938 Tbe Evolution of man. 
 
 parent’s side long enough to make the 
 mother care for them. 
 
 There were no children in lower 
 nature; there were only off-spring, 
 | springers-off, the young forsaking the 
 parent at the moment of birth, and set- 
 ting up an independent life from the 
 first. But with the physiological ar-— 
 rangements which culminated in the 
 Mammalia, the young were forced to 
 remain with their mothers for months 
 or years. The mother also—and this 
 was the fourth change—was compelled 
 by the physiological necessities of lacta- 
 tion to remain in company with her 
 
 young, and thus the physical basis of 
 
The Evolution of a Motber. 239 
 
 the family was laid. ‘Then followed the 
 ethical stages. With the lengthening 
 of infancy in the human subject—a pro- 
 cess required for the due fitting up of 
 the complex mental apparatus, and 
 needed by no other animal—time was 
 given for care to ripen into sympathy, 
 and sympathy into love. 
 
 The entire basis of the social and 
 moral life is physical, and all these 
 preparations in nature had an ethical 
 end. It is a fact to which too little 
 significance has been given that the 
 whole work of organic nature culmi- 
 nates in the making of Mothers—that 
 
 the animal series end with a group 
 
240 The Evolution of Man. 
 
 which even the naturalist has been 
 forced’ to call the Mammalha. When 
 the savage mother awoke to her first 
 tenderness, a new creative hand was at 
 
 work in the world. 
 
The Altemus Library. 
 
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 (241) 
 
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 Natural Law in the Spiritual World. By Henry 
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 Reveries of a Bachelor. By Ik Marvel. A Book 
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 (242) 
 
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 27. Ethics of the Dust. By John Ruskin, 
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 (243)