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BX 8947 .C2 W52 1927 ne Wicher, Edward ATCDUT 13794 The Presbyterian Church! in California, 1849-1927 ish | we he ‘ ie i se Vad ty (a if ix mas ye iy Ay + ; er rs 1 .E AL tl 7 * ‘ oaks ry a - i Panta |V. oD) ‘ y j hd ‘ath as 5 ot i ei at He) " cae Mi TES hese Bay P40) PPS oo j Pas i , ™ Bias 0 ea THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA 1849-1927 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2021 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library ~ a https://archive.org/details/presbyterianchurOO0wich THE REV. EDWARD ARTHUR WICHER, D.D: —e MW itne> JUL 27 927 nae Xo dorens gent PRESBYTERIAN CHUR IN CALIFORNIA 1849-1927 EDWARD ARTHUR ‘WICHER, D.D. Robert Dollar Professor of New Testament Inier pretation in San Francisco Theological Seminary FREDERICK H. HITCHCOCK Che Grafton Press NEW YORK MCMXXVII Copyright, 1927, By FREDERICK H. HITCHCOCK This History has been Published by the Order of the Synod of California IN HONOR OF THE PIONEER MINISTERS WHO WROUGHT IN THE FIELD OF HOME MISSIONS, WHO FREQUENTLY SUFFERED POVERTY, CONTEMPT AND LONELINESS, BUT WHO ENDURED AS SEEING HIM WHO IS INVISIBLE, THAT THEY MIGHT LAY DEEP AND STRONG THE FOUNDATION OF THE KINGDOM OF GOD, UPON THE PACIFIC COAST ———— FO ———————— Er T—o—e CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . : ‘ : : ; : : : ; : ona CHAPTER PAGE I. THE SPANISH BACKGROUND IN CALIFORNIA : , ty ade II. AMERICAN BEGINNINGS IN CALIFORNIA : a ; Lat LUE HMOW LOURCIAISTORY (IS IVIDED I Gy cnn ee ues ek alge BAL IV. THE PIONEERS OF FORTY-NINE . : : : : eh VY. First PRESBYTERIES AND SYNODS . , : ; q Pee VI. THE First DECADE: ; i ; : : ‘ i Ene VII. THE SEcoND DECADE IN THE NorTH ; : A paris) VIII. THE BEGINNINGS oF Los ANGELES AND THE SOUTH . . 130 IX. THE REUNION PERIOD AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PRESBYTERIES . : F ¢ : : : : ’ ans Ca X. THE PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NORTH TO 1902 . 168 XI. THE CHURCH IN THE SOUTH, 1875-1902 . . . . 204 XII. THE UNION WITH THE CUMBERLAND CHURCH . ._. 242 XIII. EDUCATIONAL WorkK . , : , ; : ; . 246 XIV. SAN FRANCIscO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY . 4 ; . 269 XV. THE WoRK OF THE WOMEN . Ents EV Hime witnnay 2e F XV Leora NISH EVVORK LIN, CALIFORNIA! vr, fT 2 esau dua) me sr SOR XVII. THE ORIENT IN CALIFORNIA . : : ; : : ee 3 XVIII. PRESBYTERIANS IN NEVADA... > ds yp he a ae CHURCH CODA. Wp ol Ueek hua h Guu ar, antibod, palit ota Sly APPENDICES I. A List OF THE EARLIEST PROTESTANT SERVICES HELD IN CALIFORNIA folie aD ose thes Shea gar II. A LIsT OF THE Prerernes sheds ireesees PRIOR TO THE CLOSE OF 1849 ASE Neen FY Hee ee 350 III. A List or MINISTERS AND CHURCHES IN Carini IN RHECUACERCION (AUGUST EZ9, LSS EN Ceo, Akh es SST NDE Xai SN ce ts ati Tetkc etph SMe SR ER EOL “eG nikon ee ehhh art qkel SSS Vil ay, i ee eH? ai Td ry eat Mh i rays ian 5) 2 T i Ni i ah j win Les, Toate hn A Aa at ee es a ey. A ILLUSTRATIONS THE Rey. EDWARD ARTHUR WICHER, D.D. . . THE THREE W’s . a 5 : fe : : A THE REv. WILLIAM STEWART YOUNG, D.D., LL.D. A PAGE OF PRESBYTERIAN WORTHIES . : , A PaGE oF MODERATORS . : é 3 ; : THE First PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SAN FRANCISCO THE Rev. SAMUEL H. WILLEY, D.D., LL.D... First PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SAN JOSE . ... THE MARYSVILLE CHURCH AND ITs EARLY PASTORS CALVARY PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SAN FRANCISCO Rev. WILLIAM ANDERSON ScoTT, D.D., LL.D .. CFENERAL SS) OH NU BIDWELL site dieel «cust cti re ae FirsT PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SAN RAFAEL . Rev. THOMAS FRAsER, D.D. Sitiehi Vi reied ta gma First PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, Los ANGELES .. THE First PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, BERKELEY : First PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, FOWLER . é : PUHEREALOGALTO } CHURCH NY Gl). 07) es ie he ELAVO GE ASTORS LOF (PALOCALTOj2 9.50) a ah THE REv. W. J. CHICHESTER, D.D. .. . PASADENA PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH . s ; : THE REV. ROBERT FREEMAN, D.D. .. ee bit. THE GLENDALE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH . - : THE REV. HERBERT Bootu, D.D. : AS al ‘ NEw IMMANUEL CHURCH, Los ANGELES . : : First CHURCH, REDLANDS . : ; : : . First CHURCH, UPLAND Cine Tic kitten i hives 1X Frontispiece FACING PAGE e e 6 e ° 22 Ne ee ae go 5 . 124 . 126 ; LE SQ sur 7S ‘ Presbyteries. 3) in) 1.00 3;0mi neers sponse to a petition from the Presbytery of Nevada, there was organized the Presbytery of Washoe, which included newly organized churches in the ‘Ter- ritory of Nevada. As we shall later have to deal in a separate chapter with the history of Presbyterian- ism in Nevada, we will make no further reference to these churches at this point. We now turn to the Cumberland Presbyterian Church which held the first meeting of the Sacra- mento Synod in Sonoma, October 11, 1860. By this time the Cumberland church upon the coast contained four Presbyteries, namely, California, the Pacific, Sacramento and Oregon, which hitherto had had a connection with Synods in the older sections of the church. Early in 1860 the three Presbyteries in California concurred in memorializing the General Assembly of the Cumberland Church to erect a new Synod which would convene later in the year. Upon the Assembly’s favorable action the meeting of the Sacramento Synod was held. ‘There were present eighteen ministers and nine elders. Only three ministers were absent from California but none of, the eleven ministers of the Oregon Presby- tery was able to be present. The matters which occupied them chiefly were a discussion as to the methods of promoting dignity and uniformity of First PRESBYTERIES AND SYNODS £7, worship throughout the bounds of the Synod, the possibility of publishing a church paper, which all the members agreed would be of the greatest value in the promotion of religious work, a report on Sab- bath observance which was very similar to that made at the first meeting of the Synod of Alta California, the erection of a new Presbytery in the State of Oregon, and a discussion upon the condition of re- ligion within the limits of the Synod. Upon the topic last named we read in the report which was adopted: There is just and great cause for the deepest humiliation before God in view of the widespread moral dearth that prevails in many parts of the bounds of Synod....A majority of the ministers are comparatively idle and inactive. In this there is something wrong. Ministers perhaps have failed in a proper manner to impress upon the minds of the people they have served the necessity of ministerial sup- port. Your committee would earnestly hope and pray that there may be a general awakening upon this important subject. | From its very inception the Cumberland Church was strongly evangelistic and some of its most signal gains were made in fields which at the time of their occupation contained least promise. CHAPTER VI THE FIRST DECADE N the fourth chapter we have given some account of the churches launched in 1849, together with the story of their ministers, and in the fifth chapter we have traced the development of the ecclesiastical organization until there were in existence Synods of all the three Presbyterian bodies which afterwards united to form our present church. It has been for the purpose of obtaining clarity of statement that we have grouped our material in this way. In the present chapter we must return to the stories of individual men and churches during the decade of 1850 to 1860, and in doing this we will first give a list of the pioneer churches founded dur- ing these years and afterwards deal with some of the more important of them. For we cannot always measure the importance of the event of the founding of a new church at the time when it is founded. Some churches which began with large promise for the future soon found themselves in completely changed environment which made impossible any large achievement, and others which began in an insig- nificant way found themselves the center of a strong forward movement which brought them to power and ultimate greatness. Indeed, some of the churches established in the first decade, such as the First Church of Sacramento and the First Church of Los 78 THE First DEcapE 79 Angeles, actually died out, so that when a new foun- dation took place in another decade there were few traces of the work of the original church. Others, after a long period of apparently futile struggle, came to splendid strength. In the following table the date of the foundation of the several churches is given as completely as is now possible. But the records do not always give the dates in full. And in the case of a church which afterwards vanished, its earlier existence is some- times revealed to us only through a casual reference in another record. For this list | am chiefly indebted to the ‘California Pioneer Decade” of the Reverend James Woods. 1849—Benicia First, April 15, Rev. Sylvester Woodbridge, D.D., pastor; San Francisco First, May 20, Rev. Albert Williams, pastor; San Jose First (originally the Independent Presbyterian Church), October 7, Rev. John W. Douglas, acting pastor. 1850—Stockton First, March 17, Rev. James Woods, acting pastor; San Francisco Howard (originally Howard Street), September 15, Rev. Samuel H. Willey, D.D., pastor; Marysville First, November 24, Rev. William W. Brier, acting pastor. 1851—No record of organization found. 1852—Santa Clara First (originally called Camden Church), January 16, Rev. Robert McCoy, pastor; Grass Valley First, February 8, Rev. William W. Brier, acting pastor. 1853—San Francisco Welsh, January 16, Rev. William Williams, acting pastor; Oakland First, March 26, Rev. Edward B. Walsworth, D.D., acting pastor; succeeded by Rev. Samuel B. Bell, D.D.; Placerville First, May 1, Rev. James Pierpont, acting pastor; Sonora First, May 14, Rev. Silas S. Harmon, act- ing pastor; Centerville (originally called Alameda Church), June 5, Rev. William W. Brier, acting So Tue PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA pastor; San Francisco Chinese, November 6, Rev, Wm. Speer, D.D. missionary pastor. 1854—San Francisco Geary Street, June, Rev. James Woods, acting pastor; San Francisco Calvary, July 23, Rev. “William A Scott, ) Diet LiL ye pastor. Eden, October, Rev. Wm. W. Brier, acting pastor —reorganized August 19, 1860, as the Alvarado Church; Columbia First, December 19, Rev. John H. Brodt, acting pastor. 1855—Napa First (originally the Independent Presbyterian Church), January 19, Rev. James Herron (Asso- ciate Reformed Church), pastor; Los Angeles, March, Rev. James Woods, acting pastor; Cres- cent City First, Rev. Edward §. Lacy, acting pastor. 1856—Santa Rosa First, March 17, Rev. James Woods, acting pastor; Sacramento First, April 27, Rev. Wm. E. Baker, acting pastor; reorganized with name Westminster, Jan. 21, 1866, Rev. Jas. S. McDonald, D.D. pastor; Georgetown, Rev. David McClure, acting pastor. 1857—Suisun First, December, Rev. James Woods acting pastor (the Vacaville congregation divided the time and support equally with Suisan); Jamestown, Rev. Robt. McCulloch, acting pastor. 1858—Healdsburg First (O.S.), October 10, Rev. James Woods, pastor; Mount Zion, near Petaluma, Rev. Jas. Pierpont, acting pastor; Chinese Camp, Rev. Robt. McCulloch, acting pastor; St. Helena, Cum- berland Presbyterian, Rev. Y. A. Anderson, pastor. 1859—Healdsburg First (N.S.), Rev. Jas. Pierpont, pastor; Martinez, Contra Costa County, First, Rev. David McClure, acting pastor; Mendocino First, Novem- ber 5, Rev. David McClure, pastor; Stockton, Cumberland Presbyterian (now Eastside Church). The following also are entitled to recognition as pioneer churches, although their formal organiza- tion was effected later: Alameda First, January, 1860, Rev. Geo. Pierson, acting pastor; Two Rock THe First DECADE 81 First, May 17, 1860, Rev. Thos. Fraser, D.D., act- ing pastor; Gilroy First, September 16, 1860, Rev. Albert F. White, D.D., acting pastor; Arcata First, January 1, 1861, Rev. Alex Scott, acting pastor; Vallejo First, November 22, 1862, Rev. Nathaniel B. Klink, acting pastor. The last named church was founded by Rev. S. Woodridge in the early fifties. The Rev. N. B. Klink came in 1861, organized it in 1862, and was its minister until 1883. In the case of the original Cumberland churches especially it is often difficult to learn the date of the organization of any given church, as the minutes of the Sacramento Synod do not contain the names of the churches, but only those of the ministers and elders who composed the membership of the Synod. In a previous chapter we have already dealt with the founding of the church of 1849, namely, the First and Howard Churches of San Francisco, and the churches of Benicia and Marysville. Some others contained in the above list, by reason of their value for the work of the church at large, demand some more extended consideration. Such are the First Church of Stockton, the First Church of Oak- land, the Chinese and Calvary Churches of San Francisco, and Santa Rosa. On March 17, 1850, the Reverend James Woods, of whose qualities of mind and heart we already know something, founded the First Church of Stock- ton. He entered upon his work in this city shortly after his arrival in the state. He sailed up the Sacra- mento River on the steamer Captain Sutter and landed at Stockton late on Saturday night. The next morning Mr. Woods, after much difficulty, found temporary shelter in a boarding house kept by a 82 THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Methodist. Here he held his first religious service. Later he was able to secure more comfortable lodg- ings at the principal hotel in the place. It was a two- story wooden building, made by setting on end boards of from fourteen to fifteen feet in length. The upper story was divided into small rooms on each side of a narrow hall, and the partitions of both hall and rooms were of white cotton. The lower floor was one large room, filled with gambling tables. Each table rented for twenty-five dollars a day. Mr. Woods’ one thought and desire now was to secure a place where public worship might be held. While walking through the town his attention was attracted to a large sign reading ‘“Temperance Store.” He immediately decided that this was just the place. It was a cloth structure and in the back end was a black- smith shop, divided off by a cloth curtain. The pro- prietor of this store was an old sea captain by the name of Atwood, and a sincere Christian man. He willingly gave Mr. Woods the privilege of using the front part of the building for Sunday worship. Here he preached his first sermon, which was one of the first Protestant sermons, and the very first Presby- terian sermon, ever preached in the place. In regard to it Mr. Woods says: While I was attempting to wield the gospel hammer to break in pieces the stony heart of the sinner, the blacksmith was wielding his iron hammer to mould a horseshoe into shape, and adjust it to the feet of the horse. But the poor man had quite a pressing temptation, for the price of shoeing a horse in ’49 was eight dollars a shoe, making thirty-two dollars if the horse was fully shod. But the ringing of the anvil chimed in but sadly with the music of sacred song in divine worship on the holy Sabbath. THe First DECADE 83 On the next Sunday Mr. Woods found a more commodious room, with no blacksmith shop annexed. Seats were made by standing half barrels on end and laying boards on them. It was afterward dis- covered that these half barrels were full of whiskey. These two experiences led Mr. Woods to take immediate steps toward erecting a church edifice. Hearing that a certain Captain Weber owned a large portion of the town and was a very prosperous man, Mr. Woods solicited from him the donation of a church lot. His response was: ‘‘Get together some of the most prominent citizens of the town, select a lot, then come to me.” Acting upon this suggestion, Mr. Woods consulted with several influential citizens. They selected what they supposed to be a very choice lot and reported to Captain Weber, who very generously donated not only the lot where the church long stood, but a quarter of a block. Im- mediately upon this donation a meeting was called by Mr. Woods, to which were invited all who were interested in the erection of a church edifice. Considering the moral and social condition of the times, and the fact that there appeared but one thought uppermost in the minds of all—the amass- ing of a fortune—it seems strange that this invita- tion should have met with such a ready response. Certainly a large throng gathered to greet him on the day set. In response to the question ‘Shall we build now?” all enthusiastically declared themselves ready and willing to furnish the money for such a purpose, but refused to act on a committee on the plea that they had not the time to spare. Money was plentiful, but time was precious. Mr. Woods was therefore ap- 84 [Hr PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA pointed a committee of one to attend to everything in connection with the enterprise and he was bountifully supplied with the means to carry it out. Mr. Woods now visited San Francisco and pur- chased, at a very reasonable figure a frame (ready for erection), which had been sent to California from New York for a storehouse. It was fifty feet long and twenty-six feet wide, and being large and strong, it proved an excellent building for a church edifice. This structure still stands in Stockton and is owned by the African Baptist congregation, who purchased it from the Presbyterians and moved it to its present location. It is needless to say that Mr. Woods was a man of energy and determination, for this is plainly shown by the fact that he obtained every subscription, em- ployed every workman, made every purchase from a single nail to the bell on the tower, paid every bill and had his church completed and dedicated just ten weeks from the time he started out with the subscrip- tion paper. The cost of this building was about four thousand dollars. Compared with other buildings of the time it was quite imposing. The pulpit consisted of two upright pieces of un- dressed lumber, with a board laid across the top, the whole being covered with red cotton. ‘The seats were of plain pine. From the windows hung green curtains of Chinese manufacture, and lamps burn- ing whale oil were fastened to the walls. This, the first Presbyterian church built in California and the first but one on the Pacific coast, soon became one of the largest and most influential in the state. We have given this history at length because it is THE First DECADE 85 typical of the stories of many of the pioneer ministers of the decade. Several of the churches organized at this early time were in country districts, among the newly arrived ranchers, who were generally of good American stock; indeed almost all the new agricul- tural settlement made at this period was American. It was at a considerably later date that the immi- grants from the south of Europe came into the Cali- fornia valleys and in some localities largely displaced the original American settlers. It was Americans who made the country churches in Santa Clara, Contra Costa, Sonoma, Napa and Marin counties. Some of the rural churches organized at that time continue to the present day, though most of these are weaker now than they were at an earlier date. Several of the early rural fields have quite disap- peared from the roll of Presbytery; a few began as rural fields and have continued as substantial town churches. Among the churches founded at this time was that of Santa Clara, which was organized by the Reverend Albert Williams, and at first called the Camden church after the name of the former home, in the state of Missouri, of some of the members of the congregation. Soon after its organization the Reverend Robert McCoy, recently arrived from Tennessee, became the minister. In the same year a church was organized at Grass Valley, with the Reverend William W. Brier as acting pastor, but this church survived for less than a year and later a Congregational church was established in its place. Several churches were organized in 1853, among which was the Welsh Church of San Francisco. It began with twenty-seven members and the Reverend 86 THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA William Williams became the acting pastor. With many vicissitudes in its history it has continued strong and fruitful to the present day. It may be said of this church, as of many of the churches of foreign nationality, that so far from preventing the Americanization of their members they virtually promote it, inasmuch as they constitute a sort of bridge between the life of the old world and that of the new, and enable the members of these churches to carry over the wealth of old tradition and the passionate glow of the devotion of the land they have left behind into their new life in America. The next in point of time to come into existence during this year was the First Presbyterian Church of Oakland, which was organized on March 26, 1853, by the Reverend Edward B. Walsworth. Dr. Walsworth was one of a party of eight ministers sent to the Pacific Coast in November, 1852, around Cape Horn in the clipper ship Trade Wind, by the American Home Missionary Society. After a voy- age of one hundred and twenty days, during which the ship took fire and was in imminent peril of being lost with all on board, they arrived on February 24. The six who remained in California were W. C. Pond))G;G. Hale, James Pierpont, 5) Sharman S. B. Bell and E. B. Walsworth. After preaching in Oakland for three Sabbaths, Dr. Walsworth went to Marysville, where he remained nearly ten years. Following Dr. Walsworth the Reverend Samuel B. Bell became the pastor of the church, the first meet- ing place of which was the Oakland school house. In November the church was received under the care of the Presbytery of San Francisco. The first building was erected in 1854, under Tue First DrcapeE 87 difficulties, for, we are told, “‘a violent norther pros- trated the frame in a night.”” Nevertheless the work went steadily forward, a small work during the de- cade with which we are now occupied but growing to be a great work two decades later. This church has had a great succession of ministers, including the Reverend James Eels, D.D., the Reverend. 8. P. Sprecher, D.D., the Reverend Francis A. Horton, D.D., the Reverend Robert Coyle, D.D., LL.D., and the present pastor, the Reverend Frank Mitchell Sisley, D.D., under whose pastorate the church has attained its greatest growth. [wo of its past min- isters, Drs. Eels and Coyle, have been Moderators of the General Assembly. Under Dr. Coyle it held a notable evening congregation, when fifteen hun- dred people would often crowd the church to its capacity, the larger part of the audience being men. At this time its membership was the largest of all the churches of the state. It has always been a force to be reckoned with in the life of the city of Oakland. Placerville Church was one of the picturesque towns of California which became famous in the early days as a center of the mining country. It is not far from the historic Sutter Mill. The church was organized on May 1, 1853, by the Reverend James Pierpont, a missionary of the American Home Missionary Society. He had already been laboring upon the ground for some two months prior to its organization and after this date continued to be stated supply until the spring of 1856. The church became self-supporting from the beginning and is stil] prosperous and effective. Sonora Church was also organized in the center of the mining country and it too has survived the 88 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA chances and changes Of the years, but unlike Placer- ville it has not found itself with a new history in the center of a rich agricultural district. Whereas once the population of its vicinity was numbered by the thousands today there are just a few sturdy inhabi- tants of a mountain town. For a large part of its history it has received only casual service. But among those who have ministered here was the Reverend Hugh Furneaux, famous among the rug- ged sky pilots of the Sierra. Centerville Church, located in a flourishing farm- ing district south of Oakland, and called originally the Alvarado Church, was organized on June 5 by the Reverend William W. Brier, who became acting pastor. It has ministered to a flourishing country community and continues as strong and effective today as it has been at any time in the past. It was on November 6 of the same year that the San Francisco Chinese Church was organized, with the Reverend William Speer, D.D., one of the great leaders of the early history of the coast, as its mis- sionary pastor, but inasmuch as it is our purpose later to treat in a separate chapter the work of Oriental Missions within the Synod we will at this time omit further reference to this church. Early in 1854 the Reverend James Woods, for reasons of health, moved from Stockton to San Fran- cisco and here he projected, and under the auspices of the First Church effected, the establishment of a new mission church which became known as the Geary Street Church. The organization did not sur- vive, chiefly because Mr. Woods found that he could not live in the climate of San Francisco and in October of the same year left for Los Angeles. ‘The THE First DECADE 89 minutes of Presbytery do not contain any record of this church, though we know from Mr. Woods’ own narrative that Dr. Scott preached at the dedication of the church early in July. We come now to one of the truly great events in the progress of Presbyterianism upon the Pacific Coast, the organization of Calvary Church, San Francisco. By the year 1854 the city had grown stronger in population, in financial resources and in confidence of spirit. ‘The wealth of the mines had immensely enriched it. It had also attracted thither such an assemblage of gamblers, confidence men, crooks and criminals as have been rarely gathered in one place in the history of civilization. If the forces of evil were strong, the forces of righteous- ness were unabashed. And the better elements of the community were resolved upon a higher and finer life for their city. Calvary Church started in full strength as an expression of the best aspirations of some of the most responsible citizens of San Fran- cisco. About the first of January, 1854, a company of eight gentlemen of the city gathered together and discussed the religious conditions of their community and then sat down and addressed a letter to the Rev- erend W. A. Scott, D.D., at that time the outstand- ing preacher of the city of New Orleans, inviting him to visit San Francisco with a view to the organi- zation of another Presbyterian church and promis- ing financial aid and every other needed support in the new enterprise. Dr. Scott accepted the invitation and reached the city on May 19, 1854. He preached his first sermon in the Music Hall on Bush Street. This sermon was a historical event. Take him alto- 90 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA gether, the church upon the Pacific Coast has had no minister of greater intellect, of more sympathetic spirit, and of more outstanding powers of leader- ship, than the Reverend William Anderson Scott. There was an immediate concerted movement to secure the permanency of his ministrations in the city. On June 19 there was held a meeting in which formal steps were taken to establish a new Presby- terian Church and to call Dr. Scott as the pastor. The mayor of the city, the Honorable C. G. Gar- rison, was chairman of the meeting, and Mr. Jesse Crothers was secretary. The committee of twenty which was appointed to take the necessary steps in- cluded some of the most prominent men in the com- munity. It proposed to itself to secure seventy-five thousand dollars for the purchase of a lot and the erection of a church building. Within two weeks half of this amount had been subscribed, but the ultimate cost of the enterprise exceeded the estimate by a good many thousands of dollars. ‘The lot was on the north side of Bush Street between Mont- gomery and Sansome Streets. The church was finished and Dr. Scott and his family arrived in the city in December, 1854. ‘The new church was dedi- cated on January 14, 1855, when it was crowded to overflowing at both morning and evening services. This gave to the city another church of the Old School of first class strength and influence. Although the larger number of the original sixty-three mem- bers of Calvary Church had been for a longer or shorter period in some connection with the First Church, there was no opposition on the part of the earlier organization toward the newer one. The Session of First Church had been advised of the YwOLsVd “C'd ‘SANN NVA NATIY vazq *AIY OOSIONVYA NVS “HOUMNHO NVIYALAGSANd AUVATVO THE First DECADE 9! proposals for the new organization and had given its approval. It had even addressed an official letter to Dr. Scott urging his acceptance of the call to San Francisco. Dr. Williams also wrote a personal letter assuring Dr. Scott of his “acquiescence and cordiality in the plan of establishing another Presbyterian Church in our city.” The subsequent history of the Presbyterian church in this state would scarcely be comprehen- sible unless we linger for a little time over the record of the life of Dr. Scott and endeavor to enter into something of the significance of this high-souled personality. He was a typical son of the south, born at Bedford County, Tennessee, on January 31, 1813. Like many other of the illustrious makers of our Presbyterian history, he had behind him the genera- tions of a Scotch-Irish ancestry. When fifteen years of age he became a communicant member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. A few months later in the same year he was received under the care of the Hopewell Presbytery. When seventeen he was licensed to preach. And at the same age he be- came a chaplain in the Black Hawk War, and later wrote out the treaty of peace which was signed by Black Hawk and brought the war to a close. One of the most daring stories of adventure of which I have ever heard was his voyage in a canoe down six hundred miles of the Mississippi River, between camps of hostile savages, who held both banks, with- out opportunity of cooking food, and with no escort other than that of a single Indian boy. Such was the temper of this young man who began his ministry as an evangelist in the wilds of the state of Ten- nessee. His was a faith that from the very begin- 92 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA ning glowed with the enthusiasm of love. At twenty years of age he was graduated from Cumberland College, Kentucky, and one year later, in 1834, he completed his theological studies at Princeton Theo- logical Seminary. On May 17, 1835, he was ordained by the presbytery of Louisiana, and during the three following years engaged in Home Mise ca work. Then he became the pastor of the Hermitage Church on the estate of General Andrew Jackson near Nashville, where in the days of retirement of the great general and president he enjoyed his inti- mate confidence. During the years 1840-3 he was pastor of the church at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and from 1843 to 1854 pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of New Orleans. With the rise of the City of San Francisco into a place of commanding importance, there was a mani- fest need of one of the strongest leaders of the church in this strategic position to give coherence and power to the Christian forces that were emerging in the community and to introduce the leaven of spiritual beauty into a life where materialism and the dreams of gold threatened to exclude every high aspiration. Dr. Scott was called to carry this heavy responsibility. He became the pastor of Calvary Church which was organized on July 24, 1854, with sixty-three members, and which under his ministry speedily grew to be a great church. It was located at the very center of the wild, turbulent life of the new city, on Bush Street between Montgomery and Sansome Streets. Here for seven years, during the most formative period of the growth of the city, Dr. Scott’s rich voice rang out as a clarion call in rebuke of sin and in confession of God. bd Dy SCOTT, D.D DERSON N REV. WILLIAM A > oe | +i % fade “weet rr _ l go * ai iy 5 = > 7 A Get ate na ; 7 - ret bal 4 a eo | 4 i = ‘ ‘ a | : t i i a r L i : C- 4 ‘ at i ' j a ? : p 4 ane > % c Sm q = * ‘ ’ > é af me 4 ; ‘ ik ‘ 2 ; - 6 17 d f 9 * ia , ¥ a ¢ oil , » 5 aoe, ¢ . = » i VJ ‘~ “07 THE First DECADE 93 When the Civil War came and rent the nation into two conflicting camps, bringing dissension into the most intimate relations of human life, Dr. Scott, as a native of the south, sympathized with the southern side in the struggle. And thus he found himself opposed by some of the very men with whom he had wrought in previous years. The Civil War is long past now, and north and south have fought upon the same side since then. Americans can now for- get, and they ought to forget, the enmities of those old days. North and south together can now listen while a patriot speaks. The words which I am about to quote are Dr. Scott’s, written on the margin of one of his books, when his thought had been kindled by the thought of the author whom he was reading: First let me live for my God; next, for my country; then, for my family; and, last of all, for my weak, unworthy self.’ With the period of his brief British ministry and his subsequent New York ministry we are not here concerned. Sufhce to say that Dr. Scott never got away from his affection for California and that he returned to San Francisco in 1870 to found St. John’s Church, of which he continued to be pastor until his death in 1885. We must content ourselves with merely chronicling some of his noteworthy successes achieved in other fields, which were of astonishing variety. For three years in New Orleans, he was editor of The Pres- byterian, and, in San Francisco, he founded and for four years edited The Pacific Expositor. Ue was the author of eleven published books, which had a wide circulation throughout the country. He took 94 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA a leading part in the founding of both the City College and the University Mound College, which gave at least a flavor of higher learning to the rather unruly life of the first generation of San Francisco. In days when travel really meant strenuous labor he visited the countries of Europe on one tour, and upon another the lands of Egypt, Arabia and Palestine. He was the friend of Agassiz, and made suggestions for the advancement of scientific knowledge. He was a great ecclesiastical leader, and when the Gen- eral Assembly met in his former home in New Orleans, in 1858, he was elected Moderator. This mere recital of facts would be incomplete without some further characterization of the personality of the man. I believe that the secret of his life was laid bare in that one swift note upon the margin of his book, to which I have already referred. In personal appearance he was tall of stature and dignified in his bearing. With his dignity there was blended gentleness and geniality. We are told that he was a very approachable man. He used to call his students his “boys,’’ and this too in days when most professors were afraid of such unbending. When he preached his eyes glowed and his face shone with his joy in the truth of Jesus. Dr. James Woods tells us how, when standing on the corner of Bush and Montgomery Streets one day, he said to one of the prominent members of Dr. Scott’s church: “God is jealous of His glory and will allow no idols. Beware lest your church make an idol of its pastor, and in some way the Lord take him from you.” He tells us that he sometimes trem- bled for him when he saw so much of what seemed the spirit of idolatry among his people. Upon an- THE First DECADE 95 other occasion he said to an old lady of the Calvary congregation: “But you must not worship your pas- tor.”’ Her quick reply was: “I don’t. I only worship the God that is in him.” Physically Dr. Scott was a powerful man, but he was lame, and the story of his lameness is this. When he was a country lad in Tennessee books were few and the boy was eager to possess books but with- out money to buy them. He learned that a neighbor was owner of a Greek Testament which he could not read and which the young lad could not buy. So he bargained with him to give him three days’ plowing in his fields as the price of the book. It was while plowing amid the stumps and rocks and dampness that he contracted the cold which resulted in per- manent lameness. Such was the temper of the man who preached in Bush Street during the formative days of the first decade. From this time onwards the founding of new churches proceeds with such rapidity that it will be impossible for us to enter into the details as closely as we have done hitherto. We shall have to content ourselves with briefly chronicling the foundation of most of the new churches in the northern part of the State. The First Presbyterian Church of Napa was organized on January 19, 1855, with eleven mem- bers, the Reverend J. C. Herron acting as pastor until January 18, 1858. He was followed by the Reverend Peter V. Veeder, who remained six years. Following his resignation Dr. I. M. Condit supplied the church for a year, when the Reverend Richard Wyllie, D.D., began his labors, being at first en- gaged as stated supply for six months, and remain- 96 ‘Tuer PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA ing as pastor for fifty-five years, the longest pastorate in the history of the Pacific Coast. It has been a story of quiet, steady growth, including the building of a church edifice in 1875 and the installation of an organ. [he Reverend Otto Ironmonger became pastor in 1922, and under his fine leadership the church is going steadily forward. It is interesting to note that the first endeavor to found a church in the capital of the state ended in failure. In 1856 the Reverend William E. Baker organized the First Presbyterian Church in an up- stairs room on the northwest corner of J and Sixth Streets. It had thirty-eight members, three of whom united by confession of faith, and this year this church was represented in the Synod of the Pacific. Mr. Baker was unanimously chosen as pastor with a salary of two thousand dollars a year, but in May, 1857, he resigned and shortly afterwards sailed for New York. ‘There was casual supply given to the church for about one year. Efforts to obtain a pas- tor of the church ended in disappointment to the congregation. About January 1, 1858, the Board of Missions had to inform the church that no suit- able minister could be procured to fill the place. Three ministers were called who declined the call. Occasional help was rendered by some of the most eminent of the ministers of the church but the con- eregation became disintegrated and at the outbreak of the Civil War there was a sharp cleavage which finally disrupted the church. In 1861-2 the city was swept by destructive floods. ‘The ultimate outcome of the combination of troubles was that the name of the church disappeared from the roll of the Presbytery. A sheet pasted in the Sessional Record ‘THE First DECADE 97 of the church contains the last written documentary statement bearing upon its early history. Sacramento, April 27, 1864. G. I. R. Morrell, Esq., Clerk of Session of First Presbyterian Church of Sacramento: Since the last meeting of the Session I have given letters of dismission to the following persons in good standing in the church to unite with other churches. Please enter a proper record in the Session Book and on the roll of mem- bers. This communication was not signed. Some twenty- nine members were thus dismissed. When the West- minster Church was organized in 1866 by the Rev- erend James McDonald, D.D., some of these mem- bers were regained. The early history of the First Presbyterian Church of Santa Rosa was almost, but not quite, parallel to that of the First Church of Sacramento. It began when Santa Rosa was a hamlet of twenty- five houses and had a population of possibly one hundred and fifty. But the country district round about was already settled. Indeed Sonoma County, having some of the finest land of the state, was early sought by farmers from the western frontiers. It was known upon the coast as the “State of Missouri.” The church here too had rather a precarious early history. The Reverend James Woods gave it supply from December, 1855, until December, 1856. Then came a period of irregular and discontinued service. The next stage of the history of Presbyterianism in Sonoma County begins with the arrival of the Rev- erend Thomas Fraser in December, 1859. Here, for the first time, we reach one of the names most 98 THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA conspicuous in the story of Presbyterianism upon the Pacific Coast. As we proceed further in the next decade we will learn that the church had no greater pioneer founder than Dr. Fraser. The Santa Rosa church for some time was conjoined with Two Rock and one or two other outside points to form one pastoral charge. Other churches founded prior to 1860 were the Church of Suisun in Sonoma County, which for some years formed one pastoral charge with Vacaville but ultimately disappeared, leaving Vacaville alone. In 1858 the church of Healdsburg was organized by the Reverend James Woods. Indeed for some time there were two Presbyterian churches in Healds- burg, one belonging to the Old School and the other to the New School. Among the early mining towns near Sonora was Chinese Camp in Tuolumne County, which was a scene of busy merchandise, and here a church was organized by the Reverend Robert McColloch. In 1858 the place was swept by fire and with the re- cession of mining the church disappeared from the roll of the Stockton Presbytery. There were other churches projected and extinguished in the same way. Meanwhile the church was reaching out to a wider range of service. ‘Three hundred miles north of the Golden Gate, not far south of the Oregon boundary line, is Crescent City, a thriving center of the lumber industry. The San Francisco Presbytery, on April 18, 1855, took steps to supply this place with the gospel. ‘The church was organized during that year by the Reverend Edward S. Lacy, who had been the pulpit supply of the Howard Presbyterian Church THE First DECADE 99 during the six months’ absence of Dr. Willey. Mr. Lacy did not remain long in the place, being shortly afterwards called to be the pastor of the First Con- gregational Church of San Francisco, where he re- mained for almost a decade. There is no record of the enrollment of the Crescent City church, and for the first three years it had a precarious existence. For a time the church building was occupied by the Methodists; afterward the Roman Catholic Church permanently gained possession of it. Later the Presbyterian Church reorganized in a new building. Early in the history of American settlement upon the coast Mendocino became an important port for the shipping of lumber. Here was a mill that cut millions of feet of redwood timber; and the pro- prietors, Messrs. Ford and Williams, were earnest Christian men, who practically out of their own re- sources established the Mendocino Church. It was organized in 1859, the most northerly point thus far in the Benicia Presbytery, a Presbytery which even today has an extent of three hundred miles north and south. The church building in Mendocino was one of the finest of the first decade of construction. Later, owing to the decline of business in the town, the church became less prosperous. In the following year still farther to the north was established the Arcata Church on a beautiful site overlooking Humboldt Bay. The Reverend Alex- ander Scott, a graduate of Princeton Seminary, was commissioned by the Board of Missions in 1860 to labor in California. After spending a month in Sacramento and feeling the almost complete hope- lessness of the situation there, he went on to Union Town, as Arcata was first called, and here organized 100 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA a church. He was followed by the Reverend James S. MacDonald in 1862, who speaks of the beautiful house of worship close to the border of the redwood forest, with its wonderful outlook. This church in a new building, still remains, strong and effective, to this day. Settlement was reaching out in all directions up the Sacramento Valley. ‘The Reverend W. W. Brier organized the Red Bluff Church in 1860 at the head of navigation of the Sacramento River. Southwards, in what was then the lower part of the Presbytery of San Jose, the Reverend James Woods organized the Watsonville Church in 1860, which was reorgan- ized later by the Reverend W. W. Brier and placed upon a permanent basis. And far away in the south- land, at the pueblo of Los Angeles, there had been made efforts for the organization of a Presbyterian Church. But inasmuch as we are to deal with the early history of the church in Los Angeles in Chap- ter VIII, we will her eomit any further references to the obscure beginnings in the southern metropolis. These then were the churches founded in the decade that closes in 1860. ‘The earliest of these churches were located in the earliest centers of popu- lation, in San Francisco, Benicia, Marysville, Stock- ton and Sacramento. These were generally of per- manent growth and achievement. Where they dis- appeared they were succeeded by other churches either Presbyterian or of some other evangelical denomination. ‘The organizations effected in the mining towns were more precarious, and most of these vanished in another decade. But already agri- culture is giving promise of a wholly new develop- ment, such as the first arrivals could scarcely have THE First DECADE IOI foreseen, and there are new rural settlements, first in the country around the bay of San Francisco, such as the San Ramon valley and the land stretching southward on both sides of the bay towards San Jose. There are farming districts, south as far as Watson- ville and north as far as Red Bluff, also on the north- ern coast around Humboldt Bay, where lumbering, too, is now becoming an immense factor in develop- ment. But practically all of this settlement depends upon water transport. ‘The following decade, with its vast. railway extension, is the decade of the ex- pansion of the church into the wide valleys. It may be well here to give a summary of the Presbyterial statistics of the decade. In doing so we omit the statistics of the Presbytery of Oregon, which was so far removed from California as to be practically a distinct field. The Old School statistics are as follows: 1855 Presbytery of California, 3 ministers, 5 churches, 233 members Presbytery of Stockton, 3 ministers, 2churches, 65 members Total 6 ministers, 7 churches, 298 members 1860 Presbytery of California, 9 ministers, 2churches, 625 members Presbytery of Stockton, 3 ministers, 3churches, 63 members Presbytery of Benicia, 7 ministers, 5 churches, 214 members Total 19 ministers, ro churches, 902 members ——— The New School statistics are as follows: 1855 Presbytery of San Francisco, 13 ministers, rochurches, 302 members 1860 Presbytery of San Francisco, 7 ministers, 4 churches, 123 members Presbytery of Sierra Nevada, 3 ministers, 4 churches, 154 members Presbytery of San Jose, 6 ministers, 3 churches, 104 members Total 16 ministers, rz churches, 381 members 102. TH: PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Dr. Scott, the outstanding preacher of the church, belonged to the Old School, and at the height of his popularity drew such crowds that it was difficult to accommodate them, but the New School men were very able and much more aggressive in the Home Mission work than were the men of the Old School. The First Church of Oakland, San Jose, Red Bluff, Mendocino, Alameda, nearly all the churches in the mining camps, and most of the early churches in Nevada, were organized by “New School” men. Dr. Kendall, the General Secretary of the New School Board of Home Missions was a man of statesmanlike vision, capable of inspiring the Home Missionaries to the remotest field of the church. We should note also that from the very beginning the strong churches of San Francisco were accus- tomed to help the weaker churches outside. For in- stance when the First Church of Sacramento became disintegrated and was about to dissolve, the Rev- erend Dr. Anderson, pastor of First Church of San Francisco, came to its aid and at a meeting of the congregation held about May, 1858, offered on be- half of his church, and Calvary Church, to raise the sum of $1200 for that year, provided the church would continue its organization and pay its debts. The records do not disclose the sequel. In this same connection there lies before me an interesting letter written to the Reverend Thomas Fraser, D.D., by Mr. James B. Roberts, a well known elder of Cal- vary Church, with which he encloses checks to the amount of $150.00 in part payment of the pledge of the Ladies’ Missionary Society of Calvary Church, towards the cost of constructing the church in Santa Rosa. More is to follow. But he naively remarks THE First DECADE 103 that the ladies collect money slowly. The date of this letter is indeed December 5, 1862—somewhat later than the period under discussion, but it indicates a settled policy. } On the whole the new population was American, especially in the rural communities, fundamentally devoted to the American ideals of justice, honesty, freedom to pursue one’s lawful occupation, and civil and religious liberty. Despite the riot and violence which in the days of the gold rush were everywhere open (and practically every man carried a gun), the underlying sense of public decency soon asserted it- self, and substituted a truly American administration for both the mediaevalism of the Mexican institu- tions and the shoddiness and political jobbery which disgraced the beginnings of municipal government in San Francisco. In every community where the American population is relatively strong the ulti- mate triumph of American ideals is certain. Even today it is probable that California is more American in blood than is New York or Massachusetts. Thus our churches, from the beginning to date, have been generally composed of native American settlers, in which other men of English speaking nationality find themselves readily at home. But our church in California has also always had a considerable number of people of foreign blood, near to ourselves, or more remote, for whom we have had to provide gospel ordinances. Thus we have seen the foundation of the Welsh church. There were also Spanish and German churches. And when we come to the history of Oriental missions in this state we will learn how definitely the burden of the Chinese lay upon the Christian conscience. 104 “THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA In various directions the Presbyterian church reached out beyond the borders of its own organiza- tion to bless the community. For instance the Ladies’ Protection and Relief Society of San Fran- cisco had its origin with one of the splendid women of Howard Church. She was the wife of Major Amos B. Eaton, Commissary of the U. S. Army, one of those rare and radiant women of refinement and position who freely consecrate all their gifts to the glory of God and the blessing of humanity. She was sitting at her window one day, looking into the street, when a young girl, a complete stranger, rushed to her door and asked for her pro- tection. She had arrived alone in the city, had been enticed into a house which she soon discovered to be disreputable, had escaped into the street, and hurrying along in her desperation had chanced to catch a glimpse of the kind, motherly face of Mrs. Eaton, and had appealed to her for aid. She did not appeal in vain. Mrs. Eaton soon found that she was worthy of her shelter. And from this incident, which might so easily have terminated in a tragedy, Mrs. Eaton learned the necessity of providing a permanent refuge for the tempted and defenceless girls of the city. She called a meeting of Christian women of all denominations to be held in the First Baptist Church, and started on its career the “Ladies Protection and Relief Society,” which was the parent society of all the similar unselfish, holy organizations of women whose work has illuminated the pages of the history of San Francisco. The Protestant Orphan Society of San Francisco originated with one of the good women of First Church. Dr. Williams tells us that in January, THE First DECADE 105 1851, a Mrs. Nathaniel Lane, a prominent member of his church, called at his home and spoke of the importance of making some provision for the care of orphans such as she had known in her former home in New Orleans. On January 31, 1851, a meeting was held in First Church, for the purpose of forming an orphan society. Mrs. Williams was elected the first President and Mrs. S. H. Willey, the first Vice-President. ‘The original society still re- mains with all its beneficent ministry and it has been the inspiration of many similar societies, Protestant, Catholic and Jewish. There has been some contradiction in accounts given of the origin of the Young Men’s Christian Association in San Francisco. But the present his- torian accepts that of the Reverend Albert Will- iams,* who was an eyewitness of the events he re- cords, and also is generally a most reliable witness. It was my privilege to become one of the founders of the Young Men’s Christian Association of San Francisco. This cause has retained an abiding interest in my mind. In view of the need of such an instrumentality, especially in San Francisco, I was prompt to give to the proposal of organization special attention. ‘The meeting with this ob- ject in view, was held in the First Presbyterian Church, and the draft of a Constitution was made by myself. At that meeting, July 18, 1853, the Young Men’s Christian Associa- tion was formally instituted. The first president of the Association was a young man named Osborn, a lawyer and a member of First Church, whose example gave refreshment and moral strength to the young men of the city, but who died before he had reached his prime. 1 Pioneer Pastorate, p. 158. 106 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Such were the beginnings of one of the greatest and most beneficial institutions of our city and state. The early work of the Presbyterian Church in the way of education is so important that I must reserve that for a separate chapter. We cannot close this chapter without some refer- ence to the attitude of the church and the ministry to the moral conditions which existed in the city from 1849 to 1856 and culminated in the organiza- tion of the Vigilance Committee. Conditions of public safety were continually growing worse dur- ing these years. ‘Thieves, incendiaries and murder- ers were numerous, cruel, aggressive and defiant. Fires were kindled to destroy and to give the perpe- trators an opportunity for plunder. ‘The laws were not executed because the officers of the law were themselves inefficient and corrupt. The better people seemed for a time to be totally unable to cope with the situation. They held conventions and en- deavored to make good nominations to place before the electorate. But when the elections were held the candidates returned always had the same notort- ous character. In the subsequent investigation it was discovered that ballot boxes were made with false sides and bottoms in which were packed any desired number of ballots beforehand. ‘Thus it made no difference how many votes were cast on the election day. Voting became useless. This device was not known at the time or drastic measures would have been taken earlier. It was the subsequent investiga- tion that brought into light the full enormity of the corruption of the political bosses of San Francisco down to the year 1856. Meanwhile, on October 8, 1855, the San Francisco Evening Bulletin began pub- THE First DECADE 107 lication, edited by Mr. James King. He produced a remarkable paper, one which discussed the political situation without fear or favor. He even gave the names of the men who were responsible for fraudu- lent elections and moral corruption. One of these, a man named Casey, had been a convict in Sing Sing Prison in New York. Mr. King stated this fact in his paper. On the same afternoon Casey found Mr. King on the street of the city and shot him in cold blood. Casey immediately gave himself up to his friends at the police station where he thought that he would be safely taken care of. It is certain that he did not expect that any punishment would follow. Indeed it is said that in those days the prisoners arriving at the jail were welcomed with a glad hand- shake by their friend the sheriff and by his associates the jailors. The shooting of King brought to a crisis the moral indignation which had been steadily growing. The tolling of the fire bell brought to- gether a crowd so great that the confederates of the assassin were filled with terror. Casey had to be kept in jail for his own safety. The volunteers were organized into regular military companies, each with its officers, and all under the direction of a central executive committee of thirty-three members. They declared their one purpose to be “to perform every just and lawful act for the maintenance of law and order, and to sustain the laws when faithfully min- istered, but we are determined that no thief, burglar, assassin, ballot stuffer, or other disturber of the peace shall escape punishment either by quibbles of the law, the carelessness or the corruption of the police, or the laxity of those who pretend to administer justice.’ At this juncture Dr. Scott, the pastor of 108 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Calvary Church, declared against the Vigilance Com- mittee, asserting that they themselves were criminal lawbreakers and that the punishment of criminals should be left to the officers who were sworn to execute the laws. No one doubted the complete sin- cerity of Dr. Scott, but upon this occasion he en- tirely failed to carry public sentiment with him. Extra-judicial measures were evidently necessary. The Reverend J. W. Brayton made an able reply to Dr. Scott, which was published in The Pacific on De- cember 18, 1856. Ele pointed out that: = Men guilty of crimes could not be punished. From homicidal lists carefully kept it is known that at least twelve hundred murders have been committed in San Francisco and not more than three or four have been executed by law. The ballot box and the execu- tive power of the city were in the hands of criminal classes and unprincipled demagogues, who could thus perpetuate their own rule. The worst official swin- dles that have ever been perpetrated ruined and mad- dened our business men. Life had no security where there was no punishment. The body of some unfor- tunate man was found floating in the bay almost everyimorning, v.38! Phere was not a ‘manvinethe city who did not know that left to the law there was no chance that Casey should be punished. When the news of Mr. King’s murder startled the city, I also joined the crowd that from all quarters has- tened to the fatal spot. Gaining access to him I sat long at his side as he lay in agony and blood, breath- ing yet no vengeance against his murderers.” Sufhce to say that in this time of testing practically the whole moral strength of the church was behind the work of the Vigilance Committee. THE First DECADE 109 In closing this account of the general activities of the church during this decade, let us note that on DSeptembery1y) 1851, Phe Pacific! sissuedi its first number, a joint production of the Congregational and New School Presbyterian churches. ‘The Pacific Expositor began publication in 1860. CHAPTER VII THE SECOND DECADE IN THE NORTH CCORDING to the United States Census of 1850 the population of California was 92,598; according to that of 1860 it had reached 379,994 and at the end of the decade now under considera- tion it had risen to 560,247. During the first decade the chief industry of the state was mining, which attained the peak of production in 1855 when it yielded the immense sum of $67,613,487. Some- times the miner struck it rich and acquired sudden wealth; more often he derived a steady daily gain from the washings of his pans, which in the accumu- lations of the months of labor amounted to a tidy sum; occasionally he had his earnings stolen from him. His was a hard, rough life, unwashed and un- shaven, with the mud for a floor, a wooden box for a bed and a saddle-bag for a pillow. His diversion was commonly a drunken orgy. Mining has never ceased to be an important item in the industry of California, and in the second decade of our history it was still in vigorous opera- tion. But from the very beginning of the existence of California as a state there had been a protest from the agricultural interests against the domina- tion of the legislature by the miners. Los Angeles, 1 Estimate of the California State Mining Bureau in 1912, quoted by Cleland, His. of Cal., Am. Pd., p. 268. IIo THE SECOND DECADE IN THE NortH III which was chiefly a cattle county, was especially ag- grieved; and out of this conflict of interest there arose frequent proposals for the division of the state and the establishment of territorial government in the southern part. But a shifting of the center of political power oc- curred in the second decade. Agriculture was rapidly achieving a new importance. Already shrewd specu- lators were perceiving that wealth derived from the ownership of land might ultimately exceed wealth produced by mines. In 1860 there were shipped from San Pedro a million pounds of grapes packed in sawdust. And William Wolfskill had already planted his first seedling orange trees. Although the southern part of the state never was rich in the golden metal, and thus did not come into prominence or gain population so early as did the northern part, it did become rich in golden fruit. And a disastrous drought in 1863-4 proved to be a blessing in dis- guise in that it forced the southern ranchers to divide the cattle ranges into smaller holdings suitable for the raising of fruit and to study the possibilities of artificial irrigation of the land. All of which means that for the period of the life of our church which we are now studying, the agricultural settlement is displacing in importance the mine, and affording a far more permanent basis for religious work than we have had thus far; and, moreover, there is a new south emerging, a south of orange groves and cities, which in its subsequent ecclesiastical development will far outstrip the north. But inasmuch as the next chapter will deal with the early history of our church in the southern section of the state we will here omit further reference to 112 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA the important churches which were there founded during this decade. The other characteristic of this period as it re- lates to the growth of the church is the building of railways. It soon became evident to the early leaders of the state that its commercial and indus- trial development would be narrowly restricted, especially its development in agriculture, unless it could have a closer communication with the eastern states and a readier access to their markets. ‘The establishment of the Overland Mail and the Pony Express were intended to bring the east and west into closer postal relations; but this did not greatly aid the marketing of the rancher’s produce. It was railroads that were needed, and it was by the vision and energy of the Big Four, Messrs. Stanford, Hop- kins, Crocker and Huntington, that the Central Pacific Railroad was driven through and pushed over the mountains between the years 1861 and 1869, until it met the Union Pacific near Ogden. And now the way was open for the unrestricted westward movement of the vast new population which would fill the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, and in the course of time send all their varied produce of cattle-range, grain field, vineyard and orchard into the markets of the east. The extensions of the railway into the southern part of the state still lay in the following decade, and the Oregon-California Railroad was not completed until 1887. But from this time onward the progress of settlement and the location of churches mainly followed the line of the railroad. Other movements affecting the life of the church besides those which were local in California were the THe SECOND DECADE IN THE NortTH 113 national agitation between the north and the south which culminated in the Civil War. ‘This did not indeed affect California so directly or so deeply as it did the states in the east, because it was remote from the scene of the conflict, and at the outset of the struggle it seemed impossible to send any con- siderable body of troops to join either army. Later there were some fifteen thousand young men of Cali- fornia who stood in the ranks of the Union Army. On the whole the sympathy of California was de- cidedly with Lincoln and his cause, but there were a good many influential people who espoused the side Ore thes, Contederacy. |; Dhecleavage j/entered ‘the churches and divided the communion table. The national body of the Presbyterian Church was cleft in two, the south against the north. At the same time, working beneath the outward divisions, there were new forces making for unity. And the two schools of Presbyterianism in the north, the old and the new, returned in 1870 into the one fold. Indeed the national disruption was one of the most compelling causes of the reconciliation of the two schools of northern Presbyterianism for they both discovered that in the presence of a danger which threatened the freedom of the human spirit, their former difficulties became of minor import. California happily, being removed from the scene of actual conflict, and substantially standing with the northern side, escaped the national division. On the other hand she shared in the new spiritual union, when the two divergent schools of interpretation of the Confession of Faith, agreed to live together and trust one another, and she entered joyously into the reunion of 1870. 114 [He PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Such are the general characteristics of the period that lies before us. It remains for us now to deal with the details of the picture, to behold the rise of new churches and to trace the progress of churches already established, keeping in view some of the potent personalities who move in these new scenes. We begin with the Brooklyn Church, which is now a downtown church in the city of Oakland, faced with all the perplexing problems of a district from which the older families are removing to the desirable new residential suburbs. But in the early sixties it was a village of a few hundred inhabitants, known by the Mexicans as San Antonio Embar- cadero, and having the additional American name of Clinton, cut off from Oakland by the marshy estuary, which is now Lake Merritt, and having a reputation for whiskey drinking and insecurity of life and property. Not far from the place where the church afterwards stood was the bull pen, where there was a large amphitheater in which on Sunday mornings the populace would gather to see bulls and bears fight. No one believed that a church could live in this place. It was a very unpromising field. But here the Reverend W. W. Brier, the vigorous Synodical missionary of the New School, determined to start a church, holding the first meeting of which we have record on April 16, 1859, when he gathered a group of five men “to be known as the Trustees of the First Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn, and to receive and hold in trust all prop- erty which may be acquired by the said Board.” Mr. Brier being a minister of the San Jose Presbytery, this church became connected with that body. There was in the community a Mr. A. G. Webster, who THE Seconp DrcaDE IN THE NortTH 115 was a godly man, and who was the first person to try to hold religious services there. He fitted up the old school house after a primitive fashion and sent out invitations to different ministers to come and preach. Just then there appeared the Reverend George Pierson, a returned missionary from the Micronesian Islands, who was detained in San Francisco harbor by the illness of his wife, and who undertook the pastoral care of this needy field. He organized the church on February 16, 1861, and dedicated the first building on the first Sabbath of the following May. He was a man of rare devotion and power, and from the very outset of this ministry worked without the aid of missionary money. Even the men who ridiculed the project of the church respected him. ‘The proprietor of a circus one day came to him and offered to give him a show for the benefit of his church. The offer was graciously declined. Mrs. A. H. Hamilton, one of the few original members of the church, has supplied some sig- nificant reminiscences of those days. Among these she tells us: ““The morning on which we went across from Clintonside to the dedication of the church, a lady walking with us, looking at the beautiful sight of the new church, and the people gathering, said: ‘This is a very different sight from what I saw as | looked across there a Sunday morning a year or eighteen months ago, and saw two human bodies hanging from the limbs of one of those oak trees, on the other side of the street in front of the church.’ ”’ From the outset this church has been blessed with the spirit of evangelism and missionary zeal. It has 116 THr PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA had a succession of strong ministers, among whom were the Rev. Robert Paterson, D.D., under whose ministry from 1875 to 1885 the church made a great increase of membership, the Reverend E. S. Chap- man, D.D., in whose pastorate, in 1887, the present building was erected, and the Reverend Samuel S. Palmer, D.D., afterwards moderator of the Gen- eral Assembly. The neighborhood soon outlived its early qualities of roughness, and became one of the most desirable residential districts of the expanding Oakland. Who can say how far the presence of Brooklyn Church in the community was the cause of the change? But in the cities of California no population is perma- nent; and Brooklyn church is engaged in a new strug- gle for existence of a kind which the last generation could not have foreseen. Just about the same time the Synod of Alta Cali- fornia, under the administration of Dr. Brier as Synodical Missionary was pressing over the lines into Nevada and beginning work there, establishing the church at Carson City in 1861, and that of Vir- ginia City in 1862. We reserve these churches for later consideration when we study the history of the Presbytery of Nevada. From this time onwards in San Francisco there are made repeated efforts to establish new churches. The majority of these have succeeded splendidly; but some have been abortive. We have already seen one such attempt in the story of the Geary Street Church and now we meet with another. St. Paul’s Church was organized in 1861 as a south of Market Street church of the Old School, and received under the care of Presbytery, and in 1865 it was dissolved THE SECOND DECADE IN THE NorTH 117 by Presbytery and its members were added to the roll of First Church. The Vallejo Church was founded on November 22, 1862, but earlier than this date the town had received occasional service from Dr. Woodbridge of Benicia. Under the ministry of able men it has had a steady, continuous growth throughout its history. Three of its pastors have remained long enough to allow their full powers of service to tell in the life of the church and community. The Reverend Nathaniel B. Klink was stated supply from 1862 to 1883. The Reverend Theodore F. Burnham was stated supply and pastor from 1892 to his death in 1910, and the Reverend Darius A. Mobley, D.D., has been pastor from that date to the present. A distinctive feature of the work of the church is its close connection with Mare Island Naval Station, where hundreds of workmen are employed and thousands of our American blue jackets are coming and going every year. In 1863 the Vacaville Church was organized by the Presbytery of Benicia. Some years previously it had been worked by the Reverend James Woods in connection with Suisun. The latter church dis- appeared from the records from this time onwards and Vacaville remained alone. It is now a thriving church, in a beautiful fruit district, and under the care of Sacramento Presbytery. Early in the sixties the city of San Francisco passed over, and around, Nob Hill, and began to build up a new district in the valley through which ran Larkin Street, and here amid the sand hills a new church of fourteen members was organized on November 8, 1864, known as the Larkin Street 118 [He PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Church. Later with the growth of the city, the church was moved still further to the west, and its name changed to Franklin Street. Under the one name or the other it had a honorable history for forty-one years, growing to moderate strength and then declining, until the fire of 1906 wiped it out of existence. Its pastors were a succession of faithful men, some of them bearing well known names, such as: The Reverends J. D. Strong, J. H. McMonagle, Dr. Fillmore, J. C. Eastman, D.D., J. M. Allis, W.tWoe Baris; fic Wills. sip. In 1865 the Central Presbyterian Church was orga- nized in San Francisco to serve the district centering about the junction of Sixth and Market Streets. Its last building was on Tyler Street, now Gol- den Gate Avenue, between Taylor and Jones Streets, and was dedicated on November 28, 1869. But it was never free from a crushing debt, which, in its later years, accumulated greatly, until it amounted to $33,000. The building was sold to the United Presbyterians, and in 1893, the name of the congre- gation disappeared from the roll. Meanwhile, on the eastern side of the bay, two new churches came into being, both destined to use- fulness, and one to eventual strength. They were the Contra Costa church, and that of Alameda. In February, 1863, the Board of Home Missions commissioned the Reverend H. R. Avery to labor in San Ramon Valley. He held services in Pacheco, San Ramon and Green Valley, adding Antioch in the following year. In 1875 it was decided to con- centrate this work in the organization of a central church in Danville, and to adopt Danville as the name of the field, In the early years of the settle- Tue Seconp DecapE IN THE NorTH 119 ment of this valley the farmers were of American stock, but within the present century here, as in many other sections of northern California, the land has passed into the hands of the Portuguese and Italian Swiss colonies. The name “Alameda”’ means “lovely,” and lovely it was in its ways, and its homes, and its sunlight, for the people of San Francisco who sought its retreat at the close of the day’s work. ‘The church began in 1864 with an afternoon service given by the Rev- erend George Pierson of Brooklyn, who labored here for six months, and was followed by the Rev- erend W. W. Brier, who organized the church on November 5, 1865, with twelve members. Its story has been one of steady, unintermittent growth. And so effectively has it covered the needs of the city of Alameda that a second church has never been seri- ously undertaken. Its pastors have been the Rever- end E. Graham, the Reverend F. L. Nash, who is still living and teaching a Bible Class in the church, the Reverend Rodney L. Tabor, who carried the church through its most painful struggles, and dying in 1885, left a fragrant memory, the Reverend E. G. Garette, who finished a noble life work here, the Reverend Frank S. Brush, D.D., a cultured gentle- man and builder of churches, under whose ministry the present building was erected, the Reverend Herbert Thomson, D.D., a refined scholar and preacher, and the Reverend Earle P. Cochrane, under whose pastorate the church attained its largest membership. We have already spoken of the Westminster Church of Sacramento, which, after the failure of the first attempt at Presbyterian organization, was 120 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA launched on January 21, 1866, by the Reverend James S. MacDonald, with a new hope and a new name. But behind the presbytery’s minute of its organization there lay a petty, bitter struggle, in which the minister of the defunct First Church en- deavored to block the way of Dr. MacDonald, who was then a young man, and prevent his obtaining funds from Mission sources. Sacramento had not yet recovered from the floods and the drought of 1864, which, coupled with the previous injurious failure of the church, had precluded the possibility of raising funds upon the ground. But young Mac- Donald persisted. Mr. J. B. Roberts, elder of Cal- vary Church, wrote to him: “You go on and I will see that you do not want.”” He sent him each month a check for ten dollars, and Calvary Church sent him an additional two hundred and fifty dollars dur- ing the year. The church used the buildings of the State Capitol for all its earliest meetings. ‘The first meeting for conference was held in the Assembly Room. This was almost two years earlier than the date of actual organization. The old Senate Chamber was the first place of worship, and later the District Court Room housed the congregation until the church was built. Calvary Church, San Francisco, then under the pastorate of Dr. Wadsworth, gave two thousand dollars towards the erection of the new building and Calvary’s minister preached the dedicatory sermon. Standing in the State Capitol close to the center of political strife and contention, where sometimes the honor of legislators has been bought and sold, where always the temptations are strong to postpone the people’s good to private advantage, where amid ee ng em igh THE SECOND DECADE IN THE NorTH 121 the dust of opposing factions it is hard to see clearly the right and to walk bravely in it, this church has been ever a source of righteousness, refusing to negotiate any weak compromise with evil, and there- fore strong, and affording to many a legislator and public servant a new access of strength to resist the wrong and finely and fearlessly to obey the calls of duty. The Reverend Sherman L. Divine, D.D., who entered upon his pastorate in 1925, has a rich in- heritance from the labors of the past, and a holy benediction. And to-day he is leading his congrega- tion, now grown great and strong, in the new enter- prise of erecting a building to cost $350,000. Still the east-bay church was lengthening its cords, following the movement of population southward along the shore, and, in 1866, San Leandro Church was founded. And the Presbytery of Stockton lengthened its lines to the borders of the State of Oregon by send- ing the Reverend R. McCulloch to occupy Yreka. But no permanent organization was effected and in the minutes of the Presbytery of Sacramento, dated April 25, 1873, we read that “the churches of Yreka, Scott Valley and Austin, Nevada, having ceased to exist as organized churches, were stricken from the roll.’ The Methodist Episcopal Church per- manently and effectively held this place. In San Francisco, still further to the west than the church had yet gone, on Fell Street, near Gough, the Westminster Church was organized in 1866. It was in a growing residential district and if it had not been for the fact that the Howard Church and Cal- vary church both moved into territory tributory to 122 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA this church, and, at a later period, the First United Presbyterian Church also, it would doubtless have grown to be one of the city’s great churches. Even as it is, surrounded by a neighborhood largely Roman Catholic, it has rendered a steadily effective service in a location which is today the very center of the city. It has had such pastors as the Reverends F. L. Nash, John Quincy Adams, D.D., E. H. Avery, D.D., Ralph Marshall Davis, D.D., D. A. Mobley, D.D., and the present large and genial soul, the Reverend Hugh Gilchrist, D.D. Among the well- known Presbyterian families which have been con- nected with this church are those of elders C. S. Capp, Charles Geddes, Charles Adams, Almer M. Newhall, F. M. Greenwood, and John Maclaren. The last named was the maker of Golden Gate Park. In 1867 a new southern outpost was established in the San Joaquin Valley in the founding of the Visalia church with sixteen members. Its early records were lost by fire. Like more than one of our California churches it has suffered at one period of its history by the unfaithful or disgraceful conduct of its minister. But this outpost was never aban- doned, and today, under the leadership of the Reverend Herbert W. Tweedie, it is one of the strongest and most agressive churches in the San Joaquin Valley. In the same year San Francisco Presbytery organ- ized the Emmanuel Church, another which did not survive, being disbanded in 1878. But the Chico Church, founded at this time, has had abiding and growing strength. In July, 1868, the Reverend James S. McDonald, then of Sacra- mento, at the invitation of General and Mrs. John a THE SECOND DECADE IN THE NoRTH 123 Bidwell, visited Chico, which visit resulted in the organization of Chico Church with sixteen members. This church has been self-supporting from the in- ception of the work, owing largely to the steadfast generosity of General Bidwell, and his noble wife. There has been no extraordinary growth at any time in the history of the Church, but a solid, steady gain in strength year by year. Under its present pastor, the Reverend Rollo Clay LaPorte, its future is full of promise. We cannot leave Chico Church without some more extended reference to General Bidwell, whose life was interwoven with much of the history of our state and country. We have already seen him as the pioneer; ” it was he who after the discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill brought out the first free gold to San Francisco. He was intimately associated with men who gambled, and drank, and indulged in flagrant immoralities, at a period when these things were almost the usual course of life in California; but his own life throughout was clean. He was in turn a member of the State Legislature and of Congress; but no taint of corruption was ever connected with his name. When nominated as the candidate of the National Prohibition Party for the presidency of the United States, he polled the largest vote in the his- tory of that party. His views on the subject of tem- perance are illuminating. [Earlier in his life he be- lieved that the use of light wines would minister to temperance; and, accordingly, he cultivated the choicest grapes for this manufacture. Later, from some sad experiences, he saw his mistake and at a eS, 124 HE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA vast loss to himself destroyed, root and branch, one of the finest vineyards in the state. Elsewhere we deal with the history of Indian Missions to which the Bidwells, husband and wife, devoted themselves. No man in his death was ever more sincerely mourned than General Bidwell in April, 1900, when the Indians whom he had settled on his great ranch near Chico stood about his bier with tears streaming down their cheeks. Indians do not cry. These did. And hundreds of school chil- dren strewed flowers along the way by which the cortege passed to the cemetery. At his funeral there were three hymns sung, the first by a choir from the Indian School of our church, the second by a choir from the State Normal School, the third by the choir of the Presbyterian church. And the essentials of the scene were repeated in the death of Mrs. Bidwell in 1917. Most of the great estate had been dispersed in charities during the lifetime of these fine Christians. The residue was left by Mrs. Bidwell to the cause of Christian Education, and was disposed of under the direction of the committee on Christian Education of the Synod of California. Other churches founded about this time were Trinity and Olivet of San Francisco, and the San Rafael Church. In 1865 San Francisco started on a new growth southwest from Market Street in the direction of the Mission. ‘The dwellers in this new district congratu- lated themselves on their escape from the fogs which, especially in the summer, crept into most of the crevices of the rest of the city. Some of the mem- GENERAL JOHN BIDWELL THE Seconp DecabDE IN THE NortTH 125 bers of Calvary Church, particularly Elder Roberts, interested themselves in establishing a church in the new locality. In the summer of 1868 religious ser- vices were begun at the corner of Folsom and Twenty-second Streets, also a Sabbath School. In December a church was organized with seventeen members, under the pastoral care of the Reverend James H. Marr. Dr. Woodbridge succeeded to this pastorate in 1870 and remained until 1875, when the church divided, a group going out to form the Woodbridge Church. But the church thus formed did not continue in existence. In succession came the Reverends A. K. Strong, D.D., A. S. Fiske, D.D., George L. Spinney, D.D., and J. Cumming Smith. Under the eloquent preaching of the last named the church grew so greatly that a new house of worship was needed, and the present building was erected in 1892. Following Dr. Smith came the Reverend A. N. Carson, D.D., who died suddenly within a year of the date of his installation. Following him came Dr. J. H. Kerr, now of Brooklyn, New York, and following him Dr. E. K. Strong, the son of a for- mer pastor, who resigned in 1912 to become the superintendent of Home Missions in Benicia Presbytery. From the time of the great fire in 1906 the char- acter of the Mission has been changed. ‘Tens of thousands of homeless people of the poorer classes were driven out of the old south of Market district into the Mission. It ceased to be desirable for the residence of the well-to-do, and Trinity Church be- came depleted of the families which had made it great in the days of Dr. J. Cumming Smith. It is still an 126 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA important, but not a conventional church, and we will deal with it later in a chapter upon present day con- ditions in San Francisco. | Olivet Church, organized on April 12, 1868, has done a quiet, persistent work throughout its history. It stands on Potrero Heights, overlooking the bay, in full view of the Union Iron Works, close to the Russian community; and has been a steady witness for evangelical truth and piety. San Rafael Church was organized in the public school building on September 26, 1869, by the Rev- erend H. D. Cain, with thirteen members. It was then within the Presbytery of California, having no rail communication, and depending upon water trans- portation to San Francisco. Mr. R. J. Trumbull, an elder of the First Church of San Francisco, did much of the work in preparing for the organization, and later became the clerk of session of the new church. The church was served temporarily by the Reverends A. Williams and A. W. Loomis, of San Francisco. In July, 1870, the Reverend ‘Townsend E. Taylor became the first pastor, remaining until 1873, and being followed successively by the Rev- erend J. S. Hawk and the Reverend James S. Mc- Donald. In the pastorate of the last named, in 1876, a church building was dedicated, free of debt, the sermon being preached by the Reverend John Hemphill, pastor of Calvary Church. After a pastorate of nine years Dr. McDonald resigned to become Synodical Missionary, and was succeeded by the Reverend Arthur Crosby, D.D., of Brooklyn, New York. Dr. Crosby remained until 1892, when he resigned to found the Mount Tamalpais Military Academy. The Rev. W. B. Noble, D.D., was pastor RCH, SAN RAFAE } RIAN CHI ~ 4 FIRST PRESBYTE if pt THE SeconD DECADE IN THE NortTH 12 from 1893 to 1898, during which time the present stone building was erected. The Reverend David James followed and remained nearly ten years. The Reverend Professor Lynn IT. White, D.D., was pas- tor of the church from 1908 to 1920. ‘The present pastor is the Reverend Herbert Thomson, D.D., who was previously in Alameda. It is a church of wealth and refinement and of large potential leadership. Such is the roster of churches which came into existence in the north during the decade. But it is to be feared that this mere list will very inadequately convey an impression of the gathering strength and power of the Presbyterian Church as a whole. It would be well if we could get below the surface facts and see something of the living movement in the church of this time. We will try to do something of this kind in our chapter on reunion. But we can- not leave this chapter without a further reference to the attitude of the church towards the Civil War. The church entered upon 1861 without a tremor of surmise of the terrific events which would take place before the year had run its course. ‘The news- papers spoke of the discontent in the Southern States, then they announced the secession of seven of the states and the organization of another government. Still the truth of the situation did not quite sink into the mind of California. Then the gun that fired upon Fort Sumter awakened the national consciousness to the grave realities of war. There were a good many citizens in California who had come from the Southern States. Some of them undoubtedly would have favored an extension of slavery into the state of their adoption, and did in fact try to influence the State Legislature in that 128 ‘THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA direction. But this sentiment was not very weighty among Californians as a whole, and though Senator Gwin, the leader of the Southern Democrats, has sometimes been charged with desiring to transport slavery into California, there is no evidence to show that even he ever seriously regarded this as a practi- cal policy. Later Gwin held a commission in the Confederate Army, and a cell in a Union prison. But with the outbreak of war there was but little open disloyalty in this state. ‘The ministers of the churches all preached loyalty mightily. It was a great moral issue, a question of conscience, a cry for human liberty, without which there could be no moral life. The ministers prayed for the Northern Armies, and Northern victory. All but Dr. Scott. He was indeed a Southerner, and his sympathies were Southern. He was quite conscientious in feel- ing that liberty was endangered by the endeavor of the North to impose its will on the South. He be- lieved in the rights of the states, which included the right of secession, if the federal government did not govern to suit them. When the other churches of the city flew the flag of the Union, Calvary church did not. The officers of Calvary church were dis- mayed and expostulated with their pastor, requiring of him that he pray for the President of the United States. He acquiesced. And then—he prayed for the Presidents. At least tradition thus credibly in- forms us. Whatever Dr. Scott believed he had the courage of his convictions. But a riot in the house of God nearly ensued, and while a crowd was shout- ing for his blood in front of the church, one of the good ladies of the congregation carried him away in a closed carriage from a rear door. This was in THE SECOND DecADE IN THE NorTH 129 October, 1861. Dr. Scott never returned as pastor to the pulpit of Calvary which he had made the greatest force for righteousness on the Pacific Coast. And after the long years now we can perhaps take a dispassionate view of the whole transaction and realize that Dr. Scott spoke not merely as the South- erner, but also as the conscientious objector, to whom war was an evil thing. The sequel belongs to a subsequent period of our story. But here we cannot refrain from recalling that when Dr. Scott later returned to California and had labored for years as the pastor of St. John’s Church, and at length had come to die, among those who stood closest to him at the end were the office bearers of Calvary Church. The wounds of the war had been healed. CHAPTER VIII THE BEGINNINGS OF LOS ANGELES AND THE SOUTH P to the date to which we have carried our his- tory there was little in the pueblo of Los Angeles to suggest the amazing development of the past fifty years or more. And certainly the field con- tained little to attract any minister who was looking for a reward in this life. The beginnings of evangelical service are obscure. It is evident that even the occasional ministers who sojourned in the place did not always know of the work of their pre- decessors upon the same ground. It seems probable that the Reverend John W. Douglas, who established the Independent Presby- terian Church in San Jose in 1849, afterwards worked in Los Angeles for several months early in 1851. And if so, he is the first American minister to hold regular service in the place.t Mr. Douglas became the first editor of The Pacific. In any case a minister signing himself ‘“Baptist’’ in The Pacific of June 4, 1852, utters this cry: Long have I, in connection with others, waited the settle- ment of a missionary and school teacher in Los Angeles, but in vain. As yet the calm is continued, no minister is 1 This is upon the authority of the Rev. William Warren Ferrier, D.D., of the Northern Congregational Association of California, 1926. 130 BEGINNINGS OF Los ANGELES AND SOUTH 131 there to break the Word of Life to Spanish and American residents. No place needs the Gospel more than Los Angeles. The native population are ignorant and degraded, though possessing the wealth of the land. Few can read, and still fewer can write, whilst hundreds of children are brought up in idleness, ignorance and wickedness. ‘They are super- stitious in religion, and attached to the ridiculous obser- vances of the Roman Church. ‘The American population, as a rule, are not likely to favor the preaching of the Gospel, or the establishing of pure morals among the people. The city of Los Angeles contains about 1600 people, three- fourths of whom are native Californians, speaking the Spanish language. Is there no Presbyterian, Methodist, Epis- copal or Baptist minister, who feels it his duty to preach Christianity to the people of Los Angeles! Our next record of the religious conditions of the place is preserved in the Recollections ? of the Rev- erend James Woods, who, late in the autumn of © 1854, went to Los Angeles, gathered a congregation and preached the gospel for a year. The place of worship was the old adobe court house, where, on November 18, 1855, he effected the organization of a Presbyterian church of twelve members, except that no elder was ordained. ‘Two men were elected to this ofice, of whom one declined because he could not subscribe to the Westminster Confession of Faith; and the other desired that his installation be deferred. Dr. Woods also secured a lot for a build- ing. At that time there were probably about five thousand in- habitants. Four-fifths of these were Spanish. Of the other one thousand, probably one-half were Americans; the other half were English, Scotch, Irish, German, Dutch, French, Swiss, Italians, Swedes, Norwegians, Russians and Europeans generally. Los Angeles at this time, as to population, was 2Pp. 197 fi. 132 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA a miniature of California. I do not suppose there is a county or nation in the civilized world that has not a representative in California. As to the buildings in Los Angeles, more than nine-tenths were adobe. Brick and frame structures were the exception and very rare. He gives a lively and amusing description of the life there. ‘The only man in the land who had a car- riage was Don Abel Stearns, who had been born in Boston and had lived thirty-five years in Los Angeles and had acquired a hundred thousand head of cattle roaming over five Spanish grants of land. He was the proud father of a Spanish family, for whom shortly before the arrival of Mr. Woods he had bought the afore-mentioned carriage. But as for the rest of the inhabitants the proper mode of locomotion was:a. carro, “thatis, a) care having a platform twelve feet by five, set on a pair of wheels, each of which was a drum sawed from a log about three feet in diameter. ‘The axle of the cart went through a hole in the center of the round block which was here about ten inches thick, narrow- ing down to five inches at the rim, and generally bound with iron. Over the platform, sustained by four stakes at the corners, was a covering of stretched rawhide. It was drawn by two, or four, oxen. And on this ‘‘carro” the aristocratic ladies of the don’s family, in silks and satins, went to the ‘‘fandango,” or ball. But the men of the family rode on horses by their sides, and their horsemanship was superb. Sunday was the chief day of amusement and bull-fighting was the chief entertainment of that day, until an American law stopped this. Mr. Woods did not remain long in Los Angeles after organizing the church, and the organization did not long survive his departure. BEGINNINGS OF Los ANGELES AND SOUTH 133 The next attempt was made by the Rev. Thomas K. Davis, D.D., who long afterwards was the librarian of the College of Wooster and who, when the General Assembly met in Los Angeles in 1903, returned thither as a Commissioner and was enter- tained by the Reverend William S. Young, D.D., clerk of Los Angeles Presbytery and of the Synod or Galtrorniasy Inia letter dated April 20,7100 7; addressed to Dr. Colmery of Los Angeles, he wrote as follows: I found myself the only Presbyterian minister in the south- southern half of the state . . . had a good Sabbath School, preached regularly twice every Sabbath to a congregation sometimes encouragingly large, and sometimes very small. We organized a church of twelve members, with the prin- cipal teacher in the public school, an Irishman, Mr. McKee, as elder.” An extract from his diary of March 29, 1856, reads: “On Saturday preached at two o'clock a discourse preparatory to communion. Eight persons were present, four men and four women.” March 30, Sunday: “We had our first communion. Fourteen persons communed. ‘Three others who will unite with us, were providentially prevented at the time. The congregation was unusually large for this place. Dr. Davis remained in Los Angeles about a year, and for a time did not even know that Dr. Woods had preceded him, so little impression did any of our early Protestant pastors make. We add one other item, copied from The Pacific of October 16, 1856. A Committee of the State Agricultural Society, consist- ing of Judge Divine and Reverend Eli Corwin of San Jose, has just returned from a visit to Los Angeles. They speak in the highest terms of the physical beauties and natural resources of that region of vineyards, and with warmth of 134. THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA the hospitality which they enjoyed; but they think it very doubtful whether the place will take a premium for morality. It is yet a kind of forty-nine place. The distance from mar- ket has prevented the right kind of population from going there in sufficient numbers to control the place. “The last preacher they had there advised the respectable Americans all to leave the place in a body, and give it up to its own. It would be easy to condemn these early Presby- terian preachers, who professed a doctrine of the perseverance of the saints, for not holding fast in Los Angeles. It may be that what was needed was the perseverance of the angels. At any rate the Presbyterian church did not finally succumb. In the “Home Missionary” of April, 1857, we come again upon the Reverend J. W. Douglas who in the prosecution of his exploring mission in the southern section of California, has been spending considerable time at Los Angeles. ‘This has been in many respects a foreign mission, inasmuch as it required him to pass months isolated from such society as an American minister would find agreeable. Most of those early Californian ministers did not stop to ask whether their social environment was agreeable or otherwise. That kind came later when the early hardships were conquered and California had gained the reputation of being an earthly para- dise. These pioneers endured hardships, and did not talk about them. The Reverend W. E. Boardman, D.D., of Philadelphia, was the next, beginning his labors in February, 1859. [he Los Angeles Vineyard re- ported that Mr. Boardman delivered a sermon on Sunday which was listened to with marked satisfaction by his audience. . . . In Ree ace: ia < Sale — BEGINNINGS OF Los ANGELES AND SOUTH 135 accordance with the wishes of the people he consented to remain with them. Under Dr. 8oardman’s preaching the congrega- tion grew rapicly and soon steps were taken to erect a church building. A Sewing Society was organized, of which Mrs. Boardman became president, and in the Pacific Expositor of March, 1860, probably from Dr. Scott’s pen, we read the following: From various notices in papers that have fallen under our eye, we should judge that the labors of this man of God are abundant and highly appreciated at Los Angeles. He is deservedly popular among all classes and with all denomi- nations. We hope soon to be able to report that his congre- gation is organized and a house of worship is in process of construction. The day is coming when the “City of the Angels” will be populous; it may be more populous of men and women and children playing in the streets than it ever has been of angels. Los Angeles will doubtless be one of the largest cities of Southern California. Now is the time to sow the seed. ‘This is the day for laying broad and strong the true foundations; for founding schools and churches. The same periodical in the issue of June, 1861, tells of the laying of the foundation stone of the First Presbyterian Church, which was the first . Protestant house of worship in Los Angeles. Catho- lics and Hebrews joined with Protestants of every variety in extending felicitations on this auspicious beginning. The ladies of the community chiefly had raised the necessary funds. The difficulties of the past seemed to be lifting. But this effort also was destined to fail. Dr. Boardman labored there for three years, but was unable to organize a church—he had only a build- 136 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA ing. In March, 1862, he and his family left Los Angeles on the steamship St. Louis for the east. The ministers engaged in these early efforts be- lieved that they had failed. But they had not failed. Dr. Boardman had not failed. ‘Their efforts were preparing the way for the final victory. Meanwhile without a minister, and without a definite ecclesiasti- cal organization, the women of the community still carried on for a time. There is no record of any minister arriving in Los Angeles up to October 1, 1863, when this telegram was sent to San Francisco: The ladies’ festival for the completion of the Presbyterian Church came off on September 21, and was generally attended. But even these good women failed in their effort permanently to establish their church. Our next light in the obscurity of this period comes from “The Pacific” of July 19, 1866: The church edifice erected by the Old School Presby- terians in Los Angeles, under Reverend Mr. Boardman’s labors, has recently been turned over to the Episcopalians. We understand that Rev. Mr. Blaisdell will go to Los Angeles and remain there until October. Again in the issue of April 11, 1867, a correspondent gives another picture of the city and refers to the church that had been Presbyterian and had now be- come Episcopalian. Hard and hopeless as Los Angeles has been to all Prot- estant effort hitherto, the tide seems just now on the turn- ing point, although there will have to be a vast amount of hard work done before Presbyterianism can sail in deep water. Because so many Protestants actually have been obliged to leave this angelic spot or starve, it does not follow that there is nothing to show that they ever were here. BEGINNINGS OF Los ANGELES AND SOUTH 137 Just under the hill, not far from the court-house, is a new commodious brick church. It was built by the Old School Presbyterians, when Rev. Mr. Boardman, author of “The Higher Christian Life,’ was here as their missionary. It is now an Episcopal Church, and has the name of St. Athanasius. Our Presbyterian friends are not easy about this transfer of their chapel to the “‘regular succession.” ‘They hint about a contract which is yet unmet. ‘The rector that preaches in this sainted house, I am told, has made a great blunder in telling his congregation that it is wrong to do wrong, and that sinners ought to repent. ‘This is meddling with private matters, and the talk wherever I go is, that the leaders have decided upon the policy of starving the rector. Unless the bishop comes to the rescue the rector must leave Los Angeles, if not a wiser and better man, perhaps too good a man for his people. Thus from 1862 to 1869 there does not appear to have been a Presbyterian minister in Los Angeles. Then came another, who believing in the endurance of the saints, tried and, after a little time, confessed his failure. It was the Reverend William C. Hard- ing, of the Old School, who was able to find but few Presbyterians in the settlement, and these apparently not encouraging. But better days were soon to come. We will now have to turn to the story of one of the most resolute and most effective pioneers of Home Missions with whom God has blessed the church upon the Pacific Coast. The Reverend Thomas Fraser, D.D., was never robust in body, but he was strong in faith. Moreover he was one of those rare souls who can simply lose themselves in their devo- tion to a great cause. Body, mind and soul he be- longed to the Kingdom of God and, more particu- larly, to the Presbyterian Church. It is possible that 138 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA at times his zeal for Presbyterianism led him to undervalue other forms of doctrine, say Congrega- tionalism. For he certainly believea that Presbyteri- anism was better than any of the other ways, and he could be a doughty champion of his own church. But in all the documents bearing upon his life and work which have come under the eye of the present historian—letters, reports, actions of ecclesiastical bodies—there has been no trace of selfish interest or personal ambition in the soul of this man. With all the facts of his ministry we, in a Califor- nian history, are not concerned. We are not con- cerned with his early missionary work in Wisconsin where he helped to organize the first Presbytery and the first Synod, and was the first moderator of each of these pioneer courts, nor with his subsequent work in North Carolina or Arkansas. For us his story begins when in December, 1859, he located at Santa Rosa, California, as the pastor of this church and of the one at Two Rock. But his was a spirit which could not stay. While attending faithfully to his pastoral duties in his new field he was at the same time reaching out in all directions to propagate his faith. “The churches he organized and guided in Sonoma county are mentioned elsewhere. In 1868 he was elected by the Synod of the Pacific, and, after an inexcusable delay, appointed by the Board of Home Missions, to the arduous re- sponsibility of being Synodical Missionary. The vast extent of this Synod will be discussed in the fol- lowing chapter. It all belonged to the parish of Dr. Fraser. He journeyed over the whole extent of it, traveling by land and sea. When he began there were few railways; and the mountain roads some- . REV. THOMAS FRASER, D.D. BEGINNINGS OF Los ANGELES AND SOUTH 139 times ran almost perpendicularly upwards, and some- times along the edge of precipices. One needed a steady head to travel them. And the accommoda- tions in the inns were usually the roughest possible. Such was his life for twenty years, much of the time deprived of the comforts and joys of home, ex- posed to many hardships, but devoted to the found- ing of churches, and to their care so long as they were weak. Added to this was the duty of correspondence with the Board, the churches and the ministers, and, in his multifarious tasks, the occasional burden of misunderstandings. This was a work for a strong man. And Dr. Fraser was a strong man, in intellect and soul, if not in body. The story of Dr. Fraser’s appointment would be instructive, if we had space to tell it in detail. The initial movement came from the Synod of the Pacific which had now come to realize the necessity of havy- ing a man free from the obligations of a parish and invested with the authority of the church as a whole who could travel through the entire extent of the Synod, evangelizing and organizing as he went. They fixed his salary at $2500, this amount to in- clude his traveling expenses, the Synod agreeing to raise one half of the sum from its own membership and asking the Board of Domestic Missions to give the other half. But the Board for the first year of Dr. Fraser’s tenure of his office, declined to commission or sup- port him. Considering the distance between the office of Dr. Musgrove, the secretary of the Board, and the place of meeting of the Synod, and the i1m- possibility of the Board’s obtaining any reliable in- formation about the needs of California except 140 [Hr PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA through Presbyterial and Synodical action, one can- not but feel the injustice of such a control from a dis- tance. he outcome was that Dr. Fraser during his first year of service received $526.89, which was about one hundred dollars less than the amount he had expended in travel. The Synod at its meeting in 1869, receiving this report with consternation, raised on the spot $503.50 from the various churches repre- sented. hey following yyearay Dr.) \Praserespe ceived from the Board the sum of $600. After the Union of 1870 we do not hear much about the finan- cial problem. The amount of service the Synodical Missionary rendered seems to have had no relation to the amount of salary he received. For a consider- able period during Dr. Fraser’s administration of his ofhce the churches he founded averaged one a month. He is credited with the organization of something like one hundred and twenty-five churches in all. Now we return to Los Angeles. In the spring of the year 1869 Dr. Fraser spent two months in ex- ploring Southern California. All this travel was done by stage. The first day he had a narrow escape from a runaway team. He passed through and preached in Salinas, Monterey, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara, and after a long ride by night, which he found bitterly cold, he arrived in Los Angeles. There he spent two weeks, ‘‘a sad, sorrowful time,” he calls it in one of his letters. He tried to find the Presbyterian church, or some member of it. He says: I think I visited everybody in town but could find absolutely to trace of it anywhere; I preached several nights; finally in the county recorder’s office I found that a deed had BEGINNINGS OF Los ANGELES AND SOUTH I41 been made by the trustees of the Presbyterian Church con- veying its entire property to the Episcopal Church; that was all I could find. The local trustees who had made over the prop- erty to Bishop Kip of the Episcopal Church had laid down two conditions, namely, that a regular service should be maintained by the latter body, and that they should refund to the Presbyterian Board of Church Erection the sum of $500 expended by the Board upon the building. Dr. Fraser found that the service had been duly maintained but that the money had not been refunded. It was soon after- wards paid to him, and as he could do nothing im- mediately in Los Angeles, it was used toward the erection of the First Presbyterian building in Wil- mington, which at this time was called San Pedro. But it was also discovered somewhat later that this transfer of property had been made by the trustees of the local church on their own responsi- bility, without vote or sanction of the church, which action seriously clouded the title of the Episcopal church. This first building stood at the corner of Temple and New High Streets, so that the land soon became of great value. Litigation ensued, and in 1882 the property was recovered in part by the Presbyterians. When Dr. Young arrived in Los Angeles in 1884 the old building was still standing. Later it was used as a tax collector’s office. The site of it is today included in the court house grounds. It was Dr. Fraser’s desire that the Board of Mis- sions should send out from the east a man of com- manding personality and outstanding pulpit ability to represent our church in Los Angeles, in order, if possible, to recover the lost ground. Dr. Fraser had 142 [HE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA made up his mind that this was a strategic point for Home Mission work. To Dr. Henry Kendall, the secretary of the Board, he wrote that there were places which the Presbyterian Church should take and hold, regardless of expense, as England held Gibraltar, and that Los Angeles was one of them. Dr. Kendall replied. “I have read your letter to the Board; you hit us hard; hit us again.”” But for the time being this was all the satisfaction the Synodical Missionary received. The Board had lost faith in Los Angeles, and no outstanding preacher was forth- coming to give new leadership in that city. On February 4, 1894, the First Church of Los Angeles celebrated the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the organization of the church, thus dating its foun- dation from 1869. But as a matter of fact at that time Dr. Fraser was unable to reorganize the church as he desired. Even the great statesman of the Board of Home Missions, Dr. Henry Kendall, was unwilling to seek to revive a work which had died so often and it was not until 1874, when the church was reorganized, that anything like regular services were held. Meanwhile we must turn our attention to other towns of Southern California in which, under Dr. Fraser’s leadership, new congregations were form- ing and gathering strength. Ventura church was the earliest of the southern churches to be organized which continuously retained its vitality. In the spring of 1869 the Presbytery of San Jose received a petition from thirty-four residents there asking for the establishment of a church in their community. The Presbytery gladly acceded to this request and appointed the Reverend BEGINNINGS OF Los ANGELES AND SOUTH 143 Townsend E. Taylor to effect the organization He was assisted by the Reverend S. S. Harmon and the Reverend Mr. Bristol of the Congregational Associa- tion. The church was organized with twenty mem- bers. Mr. Taylor supplied the church until July, 1870. Its record has been one of quiet, systematic growth. This was the only church in the south organized by the New School Presbytery prior to the reunion. When Dr. Fraser left Los Angeles, where he had unsuccessfully endeavored to resuscitate the First Church, he turned his face further southwards towards San Diego. His journey was a progress through a panorama of hills and sea, in the soft, warm atmosphere of the early summer. The hill- sides were covered by vast herds of cattle, sheep and wild horses. Dr. Fraser sat beside the stage drivers, with his feet on the buckboard, and learned what they had to tell of the immense resources of this beautiful land; and he foresaw for it an assured development. A new population would soon enter into possession of these Mission grants, plant orchards and vine- yards, build thriving towns and introduce a genuine civilization. Great churches would arise. In San Diego he found an old friend, the Rev- erend Russell Clark, who formerly had been the principal of a flourishing seminary in San Francisco, and who, his health failing, had sought a retreat in the milder climate of the south. With his help it was easy for Dr. Fraser to organize a Presbyterian church. This settlement had formerly been the gate- way through which the Christian religion had entered Alta California. Now the Protestant Church had here planted its most distant outpost in the United States. San Diego was destined by nature to high 144 [HE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA importance. ‘The church began with thirteen mem- bers. And today after giving off to new churches arising in all directions it has more than a hundred for every one with which it started on its career. Dr. James 8S. McDonald, pioneer in so many fields, was the first pastor here, entering upon his new charge on April 10, 1870, and holding his services in Horton’s Hall. Shortly afterwards, a Mr. J. W. Edwards, of Marquette, Michigan, one of the first tourists to travel over the new railway line and spend the winter in San Diego, gave $600 towards a church building. Calvary Church, of San Francisco, contributed $300 more, and on June 18, 1871, the Presbyterians dedicated their new building, Dr. Scott, by that time pastor of St. John’s, San Fran- cisco, preaching the sermon. Another, and a much more commodious, church was built under the pastorate of the Reverend W. B. Noble, D.D., in 1887, and the present splendid structure was erected in 1912 in the pastorate of the Reverend Edwin Forrest Hallenbeck, D.D., under whom this great congregation came to its full ma- turity. To-day it is a great and flourishing church under the strong leadership of the Reverend Wallace M. Hamilton, D.D. As Dr. Fraser was returning from San Diego, in response to an invitation from a company of Presby- terians in Santa Barbara, he stopped over there and organized another church, which also was predes- tined to become great, the First Church of Santa Barbara. The meeting for this purpose was held on Monday, June 21, 1869. Dr. Fraser had arrived by steamer on the Saturday preceding. ‘There were eighteen charter members. On the following Sun- BEGINNINGS OF Los ANGELES AND SOUTH 145 day the first service was held in an adobe house on the corner of Chahala and Canon Perdido Streets, Dr. Fraser preaching. ‘[wenty-five years later, Mrs. L. G. Oliver, one of the charter members and the wife of the senior elder, gave an account of that first service. ‘The congregation had the use of a small borrowed organ, of which some of the keys were silent; but the people made up for this in the lustiness of their singing. A pulpit was improvised from a lamp stand, a sewing machine box, and a damask table cover. ‘To the evening service the worshippers brought their own lamps. They made up a Sunday School library out of donations from their private libraries, which were not extensive. But during the next month they ordered from San Fran- cisco a good organ, church hymnals and Sunday School supplies. The Reverend H. H. Dobbins was the first min- ister, being stated supply of the church for two years, at a salary of $1,000 a year, one-half of which was contributed by the Board of Home Missions. After the adobe house, the congregation wor- shiped in the school house for a year, then in the Court House. Mrs. Oliver tells us that the late- comers felt conspicuous when they had to occupy the seats in the witness box. The ventilation was not perfect. And the small boy who went out of doors to get a whiff of fresh air became too much interested in looking through the low windows into the jail and seeing the prisoners there. Certainly a church edifice was needed. The people built the house of God before they had houses for themselves; for the congregation consisted of men and women of culture and position, some of 146 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA them distinguished college graduates, who were liv- ing in shacks until they could get their start in this new land of promise. The first church was built at the corner of Ortega and De la Vina Streets at a cost of $2,300, of which $300 was the gift of Calvary Church of San Francisco. It was dedicated free from debt, in June, 1871. A second and much more imposing building was erected under the pastorate of the Reverend Edward Graham, D.D., in 1875, and under the ministry of the Reverend Clarence A. Spaulding, D.D., the third building was erected, one of the most beautiful and most complete of the entire Synod. Dr. Spaulding came to the Santa Barbara church as minister in 1919, with a distinguished rec- ord as a scholar and pastor. He had studied in Oxford University as Rhodes Scholar from the State of California. The conditions in Santa Barbara were ripe for his coming, and in a few years his church grew to be one of a thousand members. ‘The splen- did new edifice was erected in 1923, and then in 1925 there came the disastrous earthquake which laid Santa Barbara, its homes and its churches, in ruins. Dr. Spaulding’s own people had suffered so acutely in their private fortunes that in many cases they were unable to do much to make good the damage to the church. Nevertheless they gathered up their courage, took stock of their remaining resources and went forward. ‘The church at large has rallied to their aid, and soon this great congregation will again be meeting in its own church building. I quote now an extract from a letter of Dr. Fraser written in January, 1921, to Dr. Edgar P. Hill: Returning home from Santa Barbara I found as usual a BEGINNINGS OF Los ANGELES AND SOUTH 147 great file of letters. ... A few months later a minister arrived from the east with good recommendations, who was quite willing to try the work in Los Angeles. I gave him money for his expenses and all the information in my pos- session. He failed totally in Los Angeles but, with the strong support of Governor Stoneman’s wife, he organized a Presbyterian Church in San Pedro, and with the $500 (before referred to) secured the erection of a house of worship. Unhappily for this chronicle we are quite unable to discover any record of such a church organized in San Pedro at this date. There was no such church among those which composed the Los Angeles Pres- bytery three years later. It seems probable that Dr. Fraser here is referring to the Wilmington Church, the history of which was so intimately interwoven with that of San Pedro. ‘The two Presbyterian min- isters who carried on in Los Angeles and vicinity at this time, giving intermittent service in the city down to the date of 1874, were the Reverend W. C. Hard- ing, who has been already mentioned and the Rey- erend W. C. Mosher, who became the first Modera- tor of the new Presbytery. Our present San Pedro church was not organized until 1883. In the next three years three other churches in the south came into being: namely, Calvary, Wilming- ton, organized in 1870; Anaheim, organized in 1870; and Westminster, organized in 1872. The Reverend William C. Mosher, who spent his later years in retirement in the city of Los Angeles, and also wrote a “History of the Mosher Family,”’ says of himself that in April, 1871, he returned to California after an absence, and for three years preached to the Presbyterian Church at Wilmington. When the Presbytery of Los Angeles was erected by the Synod of the Pacific, it was directed to hold 148 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA its first meeting in this church, which it did on March 20, 1873, when the Reverend William C. Mosher was elected Moderator. The strength of this church has fluctuated with the passing of the years. During a part of its life- time it was supplied by the minister of the San Pedro Church. In recent years, owing to the new develop- ment of the metropolis, it has grown to real power. Anaheim was originally a German colony, of marked characteristics, with all the strength and all the weakness of the typical German settlement. It was always thrifty; and it was sometimes tipsy. But the church that once had hold there in 1870, did not cease to live and grow. Its first minister was the Reverend L. P. Webber. Anaheim is a beautiful, prosperous modern city, with another effective church. Westminster Church (located in Westminster, and not to be confused with the Westminster Church of Los Angeles, which is our colored church and which will be mentioned later) was organized on March 17, 1872, with seven members in a district of homes. Its first minister was the Rev. L. P. Webber, who was also pastor of the Anaheim Church, and one of the founders of Westminster Colony. It continued for a long time without much change, or increase of strength, its ministers being all stated supplies. Then with the strong, new currents of life which have swept across the southern land in recent years, it has made rapid progress, and is today a substantial church of some two hundred members. These then were the six churches which composed the new Presbytery of Los Angeles in 1872. But the First Church of Los Angeles was not among BEGINNINGS OF Los ANGELES AND SOUTH 149 them. According to Dr. Fraser’s narrative three more ministers had tried and failed to effect a last- ing organization. Other ministers acknowledged the importance of the work, but declined to undertake it. One minister, after faithful effort, declared that it was the hardest nut to crack he had ever tried, and heartsick he returned to the east, and died there. Dr. Kendall himself visited the field, and when later he heard of Dr. Fraser’s persistent determination to occupy and hold it, he wrote him: “TI see you still have faith in Los Angeles. After all our failures you must work it on your faith—and not on mine.” When Dr. Fraser received this letter he handed it to his wife and said: “I shall go to Los Angeles and establish a Presbyterian Church, even if it takes six months.” On reaching Los Angeles he found no change in the situation except that several new Presbyterian families had moved into the place, with the prospect of more to follow. Two of the ministers who had unsuccessfully tried to launch the church were still living in the town, one making his living by deliver- ing milk, and the other by teaching a school com- posed of half a dozen young Mexicans. Both were willing to give assistance, but the Synodical Mission- ary felt that in view of the past history of the place he would do better to proceed alone. He made arrangements for preaching in the Court House, and posted notices to that effect. On the Sabbath he had a good congregation and told the people to prepare for regular church work. Every one seemed happy. Dr. Fraser resolved to take time and do the work thoroughly. Meanwhile he made a trip to San Bernardino, 150 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA seventy miles to the east, and found there a situation which on a smaller scale was almost identical with that in Los Angeles. Here a good physician, a Dr. Craig, who formerly had been a Presbyterian elder, came forward to offer his support. The Methodist minister offered the use of his church and on the Sabbath Dr. Fraser preached to a large congregation and announced that in two weeks he would return and preach again. He then returned to Los Angeles, resumed his canvass which he made from door to door, preached on the Sabbath and gave notice that in two weeks’ time he would organize a Presbyte- rian Church. On the following Sunday in San Ber- nardino, in the Methodist Church, he organized a Presbyterian Church of twelve members. The time had come for decisive action in Los Angeles. On the Sabbath, January 11, 1874, the good missionary faced a large congregation in the Court House and there organized (or reorganized, as some prefer to say) the First Presbyterian Church with twenty substantial members. “Iwo elders were ordained and installed. ‘This church never failed, though at the time of its organization it was des- tined for some stormy days in the history yet unborn. But from now on, with some interruptions, the church grew steadily with the increase of population. During the period from 1874 to 1879 it was supplied by the Reverend Drs. A. F. White, W. J. McKnight, W. F. P. Noble, and F. M. Cunningham. Ina few years it was able to erect a building which cost $50,000 and to pay its pastor $4,000 a year. Thus did 1874 begin with the organization in the south of two such churches as San Bernardino and First Church, Los Angeles. SHTHAONV SOT ‘HONNHO NVIYALAISAYd LSI Ld CHAPTER IX THE REUNION PERIOD AND THE ORGAN- IZATION OF THE PRESBYTERIES OWHERE, in the wide range of the entire na- tion, was the reunion of the two branches of the Presbyterian church more heartily welcomed than in California. Here it had been recognized that rivalry and duplication of effort were positively injurious to the work they were supposed to advance. And the two branches of the church had learned in quiet and effective ways to support and not to antagonize one another. ‘They were accustomed to welcome the ministers of the other side into their discussions in Presbyteries and Synods; and an exchange of pulpits was freely made across the dividing line. Indeed this line had become almost obliterated, as the men of the reunion period had learned that they could trust one another in faith and conduct, and in the interpretation of their common creed. For instance in the Minutes of the Synod of Alta California of 1863 we read “On motion it was resolved that when we adjourn, we adjourn to meet with the Synod of the Pacific, at their request, in Calvary Church, at nine o'clock to-morrow morning to spend an hour together in devotional exercises.” I5I 152 ‘THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA In the direct work of negotiating the union the ministers of the coast could have but little part, so far were they then removed from the administrative center of the ecclesiastical organization. No min- ister of the Pacific Coast was upon any of the negotiating committees. For that matter neither was any minister west of Minnesota; though it was the aim of the Assemblies to give representation to all parts of the country in these important bodies of con- ference. But if the Pacific Coast had been directly represented, the action of the committees of dis- cussion and conference could not have been more agreeable to the members of the western Synods than it was. In this connection it is worth remembering that the Report of the Committee on Reunion was submitted to the Assemblies of 1868, and the Plan of Reunion together with the concurrent Declara- tions of the General Assemblies was adopted and issued by the Assemblies meeting in New York on May 17, 1869. It was on May to that the first transcontinental railroad was completed. In 1870 there was effected the fusion of the Synod of the Pacific and the Synod of Alta California. We have already given* a résumé of the statistics of the two Synods for the years 1855 and 1860. In order that the progress of the church in the decade of reunion may be thus graphically apparent let us here give the statistics of the years 1865 and 1870. In so doing we put down separately the statistics of the Presbytery of Oregon. 1P. 106. REUNION PERIOD AND ORGANIZATION 153 1865 The Synod of the Pacific (O. S.) Ministers. Churches. Members. Presbytery of Benicia 8 10 Qn Presbytery of California 15 4 862 Presbytery of Stockton 8 6 141 31 20 1234 Presbytery of Oregon 6 8 207 Total in Synod 27 28 1441 1870 Ministers. Churches. Members. Presbytery of Benicia 12 10 216 Presbytery of California 15 8 1182 Presbytery of Stockton ‘) 10 337 34 38 1735 Presbytery of Oregon 8 9 308 Total in Synod 42 aur 2043 1865 The Synod of Alta California (N. S.) Ministers. Churches. Members, Presbytery of San Francisco 7 B 229 Presbytery of Sierra Nevada 5 4 175 Presbytery of San Jose II 9 pies Presbytery of Washoe 4 3 53 Total in Synod 27 19 729 1870 Ministers. Churches. Members. Presbytery of San Francisco II 5 651 Presbytery of Nevada 9 Gy 454. Presbytery of San Jose 12 TZ 584 Total in Synod 32 24 1689 154 [HE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA In reference to the New School reports it is to be noted that the Presbytery of Washoe was erected by the Synod of Alta California in 1863 to include all the work of the Synod lying within the boundaries of the Territory of Nevada. Early in the sixties there was a considerable movement of the mining population out of California into the region of the new mines of Nevada. Carson City and Virginia City were places of relatively large importance, the former having about 50 members and the latter about twice this number. But in 1868, after the railway had linked up to some extent the scattered communities east of the mountains with those on the other side, the Presbyteries of Sierra Nevada and Washoe were joined under the name of the Nevada Presbytery. The two Synods of the uniting churches appear in the Minutes of the General Assembly of 1870 under their former names and in separate classifications, but they were completely fused by the action of this Assembly and, according to its appointment met in Howard Church, San Francisco, on July 12, 1870, as a united body. ‘They convened as eight Presby- teries, and reorganized themselves into five, namely Benicia, San Francisco, San Jose, Sacramento and Oregon. All the Presbyteries were strongly repre- sented except Oregon, which by reason of distance was not represented then and was seldom repre- sented afterwards, and then generally only by one minister, so long as it was connected with the Synod of California The field occupied by the new Synod was of immense extent and vast importance. As stated in the action of the Assembly it was “‘to embrace all REUNION PERIOD AND ORGANIZATION 155 ) the region west of the Rocky Mountains.” From its southernmost church on San Diego Bay to its north- ernmost on Puget Sound was a distance of more than 1500 miles. Proceeding from north to south in the definition of the boundaries of the Presbyteries, that of Oregon included the State of Oregon, the Terri- tory of Washington; and, though not specifically mentioned by the Assembly, the Territory of Alaska. Sacramento Presbytery included the entire Sacra- mento Valley, and beyond to the Oregon line, the State of Nevada, and the Territories of Idaho, Montana and Utah. Benicia Presbytery included all the land in Northern California north of the Golden Gate and the Sacramento River which was not in- cluded in Sacramento Presbytery. San Francisco Presbytery, which was then the stronghold of the church upon the coast, included the counties of San Francisco, San Mateo, Contra Costa and part of Alameda. San Jose Presbytery took in part of Alameda County and thence extended south and east indefinitely to include the counties of Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Tulare, Inyo, Kern, San Bernardino and the Terri- tory of Arizona. This is the largest extent of American territory which has ever been embraced within the limits of a single Synod; and the name Synod of the Pacific was a modest rather than a grandiose title. To anticipate future action in order to complete our survey of the history of the limits of our Synod, we note that in 1876 the General Assembly separated from the Synod of the Pacific the territory contained in Oregon, Washington and Alaska and erected it into the Synod of the Columbia. Subsequently other 156 THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA divisions were set off so that gradually the Synod of the Pacific was divested of Arizona, Idaho and Utah; and in 1892, when the General Assembly met in Portland its boundaries were made coterminous with the limits of the States of California and Nevada and, in accordance with the petition of the Synod made at its previous meeting, its name was changed to the Synod of California. According to the Minutes of the General Assem- bly of 1871 this vast Synod contained 84 ministers, and 4539 members, of whom twenty per cent were in the Presbytery of Oregon. It was also stated in the Synod’s narrative of the State of Religion that the total population of this territory was a million souls, most of whom lived in sparsely settled dis- tricts. San Francisco was the one large city, claim- ing at that time a population of about 200,000. The three strongest churches in the Synod were all located in San Francisco and were as follows: Howard, with §82 members; Calvary, with 480; and First, with 386. The First Church, of San Jose, had 207 mem- bers; St. John’s Church, of San Francisco, had 160; First Church, of Oakland, had 105; First Church, of Stockton, had 175; Westminster Church, of Sacra- mento, had 154. The ill-starred Central Church of San Francisco, which afterwards disappeared com- pletely, was at this time credited with 230 members. On October 3, 1872, the Synod of the Pacific, meeting in Gilroy, decided to divide the Presbytery of San Jose and to erect the Presbytery of Los Angeles in the south, this Presbytery to extend over the counties of Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, San Diego and San Bernardino in California, and the Territory of Arizona. It contained six churches, REUNION PERIOD AND ORGANIZATION 157 namely: Santa Barbara, San Buenaventura, Wil- mington, Anaheim, Westminster and San Diego; and on the roll of ministers were the Reverends Joshua L. Phelps, D.D.; Lemuel P. Webber, Hugh H. Dobbins, John Marquis and William D. Mosher. Though First Church of Los Angeles was not one of the constituent churches, on the confident faith of Dr. Fraser the name of Los Angeles was given to the new Presbytery. It was ordered to hold its first meeting in the church at Wilmington, ‘‘on the third Thursday in March,” which was done. The Rev. Joshua L. Phelps, D.D., who had been appointed convenor of the new Presbytery, preached the open- inpecriMmoOnwiromutihoet text leu lfol toraet: thee; *O) Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning. Let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth, if [ remember thee not, if I prefer not Jerusalem above PyeCuicne | Overcinsmil 37 05.0 l) Lneakeves VEC Mosher was elected the first moderator. And thus was inaugurated one of the greatest Presbyteries of the church. In 1873, the first year of its independ- Entw existencemmtnis s Presbyterye reported. tow the Assembly: 9 ministers, 6 churches, 175 members. The General Assembly of 1880 transferred the ter- ritory of Arizona to the Presbytery of Santa Fe, leaving to Los Angeles Presbytery the land lying within the present boundaries of Los Angeles, Riverside and Santa Barbara Presbyteries. The history of the subsequent organization of the several Presbyteries can be quickly told. In 1885 the Presbytery of Stockton was formed by detaching from the Sacramento Presbytery the churches in the vicinity of Stockton and those springing up in the San Joaquin valley. In 1891 the Presbytery of Oak- 158 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA land was erected and given all the territory of the former Presbytery of San Francisco on the east side of the Bay. In 1896, after repeated ineffectual petitions to Synod, the Presbytery of Santa Barbara was organized, and given as its territory the coun- ties of Ventura and Santa Barbara. In 1902 Synod erected the Presbytery of Riverside to consist of the ministers and churches within the bounds of the coun- ties of San Bernardino and Riverside. Both of these last two actions reduced the area of the Los Angeles Presbytery. In 1906, consequent upon the union with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, which contained a large number of churches in the San Joaquin Valley, the name of Stockton Presbytery was changed for that of San Joaquin. In 1907 the Presbytery of Nevada, consisting of the State of Nevada, was erected out of the territory previously belonging to the Presbytery of Sacramento. ‘The final change in the boundaries of the Presbyteries up to the date of this writing was made in 1916, when the Synod reunited the Presbyteries of San Francisco and Oakland, calling the united Presbytery by the name of San Francisco-Oakland, which name was altered in the following year to San Francisco Pres- bytery. Thus today the Synod contains nine Presby- teries which in the order of their erection are San Francisco, Benicia, Sacramento, San Jose, Los Angeles, San Joaquin, Santa Barbara, Riverside and Nevada. Subsequently, each of these will be dealt with separately. But now let us return to the date of the reunion of the Old School and New School Presbyteries, from which emerged the whole of the later ecclesiastical development. This is not merely a history of organi- REUNION PERIOD AND ORGANIZATION 159 _ zation, which is a mechanical thing unless it is in- spired with love and faith and enthusiasm; and it so happens that amid a pile of old books left in the basement of Scott Hall by some one, no one knows whom, possibly Dr. Robert Mackenzie, there is a scrap book containing specimens of all the concert programs, Sabbath School tickets, and church reports of the Howard Presbyterian Church of San Fran- cisco covering the years 1867-77. It is a most illuminating book. It shows the church at work. It is reliable contemporary history. And out of this volume we can gather the sense of the life of the church of the period. It opens with a number of newspaper cuttings re- garding “Dr. Scudder’s New Church.” It is evident that the pastor, the Rev. Henry W. Scudder, D.D., was a personality who loomed large in the life of the community. The papers were willing to give him space; and the papers were tremendously interested in the architecture of the new edifice which was erected on Mission Street, between Third and Fourth Streets. Indeed they conducted a controversy as to the merits of this architecture, one paper praising the building because of the absence of “gewgaws’’ on its front, and another paper explaining that the rear of the building, as it towers above the surrounding edifices, is thoroughly suggestive of the “sawdust. The entrance also seems singularly narrow and cramped.” Still another paper throws out the idea that ‘‘as the Reverend Doctor’s style partakes largely of the melodramatic, and his congregation has set the example of applauding his telling points, it might not be inappropriate to finish the interior in the style of a first-class theater. This is an age 160 ‘Hr PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA of progress.” Generally the tone of the papers is one of gratification and congratulation over the fine new achievement of this church, and of appreciation of the service it was rendering the city, and of joy at the increase of church attendance in this and many of the other churches. The main ‘Auditorium’ would accommodate 1300 persons comfortably. Upon the occasion of the dedication of the church it was crowded to the doors. The pastor preached, and was assisted by nine of his brethren, chiefly of the New School of Presbyterianism. Dr. Willey, the founder of the church and at this time the acting president of the University of California, read the Eighty-fourth Psalm. The service was beautiful, and dignified, with depth and power. Among the ofhcers of the church, whose names were printed on the last page of the program of the dedicatory ser- vice were William A. Palmer, Wales L. Palmer, Samuel I. C. Swezey, George $8. Mann, D. O. Mills and Isaac E. Davis, all leading men in church ‘and state. From a statement of the trustees we learn that those contributing had been “requested to sub- scribe only what they could cheerfully set apart for this new enterprise. No sum would be regarded too small, and none too large.” Members were not lightly received into the church in those days, but those entering had to make a full and public confession of faith and to enter into a solemn covenant with God and the church. Even those who joined by letter from other churches had to enter into covenant, by stern and binding vows. The covenant was modified in detail from time to time, new editions of it appearing in several suc- cessive years, but the essentials remained the same. REUNION PERIOD AND ORGANIZATION 161 The social side of the church was not un- important. There were concerts held, some- times in the church, sometimes in a public music hall, in which were given programs of great classical music, rendered not only by professional artists, but also by members of the church choir, and greeted by full houses. ‘There was a Ladies’ Fair in Platt’s Hall, extending over a week in 1866, and a May Festival for three days in the following year. Dr. Scudder was himself greatly in demand as a popular lecturer, and he had a favorite lecture on ‘‘The Hindu Mutiny and the American Rebellion.” The Sunday School was evidently a great institu- tion, attended by nearly six hundred scholars, and when the anniversary day came around there were songs by the whole school and by individual chil- dren, and recitations and speeches. ‘here were two Sabbath School libraries, one for the pupils which consisted for the most part of stories and simple religious narratives and another for the officers and teachers which included some of the best books of theaday upon the lite or Christiethe Jite: of Paul, the histories of the Old and New Testaments, the history of the Bible and the church, and the geog- raphy of Palestine. And it is evident from the records that the teachers read these books, and were indeed very well equipped for their work of teach- ing. The probability is that the Sabbath School teacher of that day and in that school was as well furnished for his task as are any of the teachers of today, except those who have been professionally trained. There were well-filled Bible Classes for both men and women from which were chosen most of the new teachers. Every Friday evening at eight 162 ‘THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA o’clock there was held a Teacher’s meeting for an hour or more at which was studied the Sabbath School lesson for the following Sabbath, as well as some more general and systematic subject. The annual Sabbath School picnic was a great event of the church year, participated in by old and young, rich and poor. For instance, there is the announcement and program of the picnic to be held on May 2nd, 1872. For some weeks in ad- vance the committee met at the church on Friday nights, and on Wednesday nights after the prayer meeting, to perfect its plans. The date was fixed on a Saturday afternoon, earlier in the year than usual in order that the crowd might enjoy the green grass and profusion of wild flowers in Belmont Park. A special train was chartered to leave the San Jose Depot on Valencia Street, at 8:45 A.M., arriving at Belmont at 10:30, and leaving Belmont for the re- turn at 4 P.M., arriving in the city at 5:30. The round trip tickets cost one dollar for adults, and fifty cents for children, but any member of the church or Sabbath School who had not the price of a ticket could obtain one for nothing from Mr. S. J. C. Swezey. For some weeks in advance reserved seat tickets were sold without additional cost in order to permit families and groups of friends to travel to- gether. Everybody took a basket and was happy. There were tea and coffee provided for the older people and lemonade for the children. ‘There were games at the picnic grounds, where the boys ran three-legged races and sack races; and the lady teachers, who did not then wear short skirts, played baseball. All was fun, all was good nature. The children returned home in the evening, very tired and REUNION PERIOD AND ORGANIZATION 163 badly spotted as to their clothes; the young ones being towed sideways by their mothers through the streets to their homes. There is another side to the life of the church not so happy. The pews were leased at a fixed price per quarter. ‘The plan of the church was printed as con- cert hall plans are printed. today, with the price of every pew noted upon it, the most desirable locations having the higher valuation, and the less desirable the lower. The price of pews was generally from twelve to thirty dollars a quarter. Pew number 46 was set apart and labelled for the pastor’s family. Pews in arrears could be relet, without the consent of the former lessees. Pew rents were the chief source of income of the church. In the vestibule of the church there was the following placard posted in several conspicuous places. NOTICE Many of the seats in this church are taken and paid for by members of the Society, and are to be reserved for the holders until the services commence. VISITORS are therefore requested Nor to occupy the Pews, either in the Gallery or in the Body of the House, UNTIL SHOWN TO THE SAME BY AN USHER, who will make every effort to meet the reason- able wishes of all. The finances were helped out by concerts, fairs and socials. [here was upon one occasion a high rivalry between the Howard Church, of which Dr. Scudder was pastor, and the First Church, of which Dr. Eells was then pastor, as to which of the two could raise the larger sum of money by a concert for the benefit of the church. Dr. Eell’s church had just succeeded in raising $1200 in one grand effort in 164 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA which the entire congregation had exerted itself. The members of the Howard Church were exhorted to emulate this good example. There was also a Howard Social Union which met in the church on the first Thursday evening of each month, when there was a program of music and read- ings. On one evening we read that the concert closed with a grand finale when “Home, Sweet Home” was played, introducing a chime of thirty- two bells, drums, cymbals, anvils, triangles, and other instruments. ‘Chere was a good deal of wholesome hilarity at these meetings, and a systematic effort was made to introduce strangers and make them feel at home. ‘Refreshments were kindly furnished by the ladies of the congregation.” Such are the pictures of the life of a typical, well- organized church in San Francisco in the reunion period. Howard Church was not different from the other churches of the day, it was only larger and more effective in carrying out a working program which was common to all. The preaching of the day was powerful. It was more theological, more oratorical, than most of our congregations of the present day would care to listen to; but it brought sinners face to face with God and resulted in conversions, and it trained the members of the churches in the knowledge of their faith. It is quite certain that the average church member of 1870 was more intelligent in his personal creed than is he of today. On the other hand his personal creed was far more likely to be identical with the formal creed of his church than it is at the present time. The ministers of the reunion period, the Reverend REUNION PERIOD AND ORGANIZATION 165 Doctors Scott, Cunningham, Wadsworth, Hemphill, Scudder, Carpenter, Macdonald, Lindsley, Willey, Parr, Walsworth and others, are referred to else- where, and here receive only this passing mention. But certain of the elders of the church who gave it character and strength should in this place have some further notice. Conspicuous among these was the Hon. Henry Huntley Haight, who was governor of the State of California at the time of the reunion and whose printed speeches, which have been preserved among our valued Californiana, prove him to have been a true statesman and patriot as well as a humble and earnest Christian soul. He was born at Rochester, New York, on May 20, 1825. On his father’s side his ancestry was English; on his mother’s side it was Scotch. His father, Fletcher M. Haight, was a lawyer of distinguished ability who was appointed, by President Lincoln, Judge of the United States Court for the Southern District of California, to which he had removed in 1854. ‘The son took part in founding Calvary Church and was early elected an Elder. After his inauguration as governor and during his residence in Sacramento he taught a Bible Class in the Sunday School of Westminster Presby- terian Church, thus in the midst of his high public duties, conspicuously identifying himself with the work of the Church of Christ. He refused to trans- act the business of the state upon the Sabbath Day. There is also a significant incident concerning him in the early records of Calvary Church when he con- tributed two hundred dollars for the purchase of parts of the Chinese Scriptures to be distributed among the Chinese. He was a member of the Board 166 ‘THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA of Regents of the University of California, whose charter he signed as governor; he was also a director of the San Francisco Theological Seminary His address delivered in Sacramento on May 8, 1869, upon the completion of the Pacific Railroad, was one of the most eloquent and prophetic utterances ever made by a governor of the State of California Mr. Nathaniel Gray, Senior, was an Elder of dis- tinction in the First Church of San Francisco at this time. He, with Mr. Frederick Billings, to whom we have already referred, was largely instrumental in the founding and maintaining throughout its early years of the California Bible Society, which was later merged in the American Bible Society. He was active in the work of the Y. M. C. A., a director of the Old People’s Home, and a trustee of the San Francisco Benevolent Society. He was one of the earliest benefactors of the San Francisco Theological Seminary, in which the Chair of Hebrew Exegesis and Old Testament Literature bears his name. ‘The same honored name is borne by the Hall of Science at Mills College, Oakland. In various and divergent ways his wise and kindly influence can be traced through the years of the reunion period and down to 1899, when he passed away mourned by many people. We should not close this chapter without a refer- ence to one more minister, the Reverend Henry Loomis, D.D., a member of the Presbytery of Benicia. In the earlier years of his ministry he had a struggle with ill health, and this fact determined many of his movements. He was appointed at first as a missionary at Fuchou, China, and afterwards to Japan, but by reason of sickness was soon com- REUNION PERIOD AND ORGANIZATION 167 pelled to return to America in 1872, and for nine years made his home in San Rafael. As colporteur and itinerant preacher he had a wide influence; and, in 1882, he returned to Japan, where for more than thirty years he served as the representative of the American Bible Society. Already the lines of the church in California were being extended to the lands across the Pacific. CHAPTER X THE PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NORTH TO 1902 Wt have seen the wonderful new organization effected in the union of the two great branches of our church, and have traced the ramifications of this organization through the Synods and Presby- teries of the coast. With the reunion there came a new uprush of vitality in the soul of the church, a new power to overcome difficulties, a new sense of access to the throne of grace, and a new conscious- ness of the glorious efficiency for service of the life that is filled with the spirit of the living God. This new life manifested itself in many ways, in the founding of a theological seminary and other insti- tutions of higher learning, in the planting of scores of new churches and in increased membership of the old ones, in new philanthropic enterprise in the home field and in new interest in the missionary field in foreign lands. We now have to pass in review the new churches founded in northern California from the date of the reunion in 1870 to that of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Synod in 1902. We will deal first with the churches established around the Bay of San Francisco, then with those in the Presbytery of Benicia, then with those in Sacramento Presby- tery, excluding however the churches in Nevada; 168 PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH _ 169 then with those in the San Joaquin Valley; and finally with those in San Jose Presbytery. Owing to the limits of space we must content ourselves in many cases with little more than the mention of the name of the new church. It is a period of very rapid growth and this owing to several causes, the rapid increase of the popula- tion of the country, the opening up of new agricul- tural lands, and the subdivision and intensive culti- vation of lands already occupied, the extension of railways, and other such general causes of increase in all departments of the life of the state. Another cause was the growing strength and efficiency of the church itself, which having attained a high degree of influence in some communities now increased in numbers and resources with a natural momentum. With the opening of the railway to the east it be- came easier to secure suitable ministers for the new fields, and the rise of the seminary soon began to produce a new supply of coast men trained on the coast. The Board of Home Missions was also now expending larger sums upon California. For the six years following 1870 its contributions to the work of the coast averaged $25,000 a year. Prac- tically every church founded throughout this period received Home Mission money in its inception. But above all, we are told by Dr. Fraser in his report to the Synod of 1876, the minsters and people alike had a growing faith, and an increasing confidence that the preaching of the gospel of redemption by the Son of God would build the church. The preach- ing of the word was the proof of the presence of Christ and the earnest of ultimate success. A significant fact of this period is that the churches 170 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA of the coast are now making contributions to the Board of Home Missions. In 1871 they contrib- ited A SO22 CAM in 872, Mita CeO? sella Lonaae $1652.86; in 1874, $1740.50; in 1875, $5203.66; in 1876, $2818.47. It will be seen from this state- ment that the contributions were still erratic, and not reliable and standardized as they became later, when the western churches had more fully realized a sense of responsibility for their share of the church’s work as a whole. ‘The year 1876 was a critical one in the finances of the church, especially in Home Missions, and the Board in order to escape bankruptcy had to reduce its appropriations by $75,000. Ultimately this meant acute suffering to the wives and children of home missionaries, whose meager salaries on the frontier were generally barely sufficient at the best of times. In many rural districts of California it meant heroic, silent suffering. But from the very beginning the stronger congregations on the coast had recognized their obligations toward the weaker, and had given them help both in the erection of their buildings and in the support of their ministers, and under the strong appeals of the leaders of 1876 this sense of responsibility was made greater. There was another problem which emerged from the new growth of this period. When Dr. Fraser was first appointed Synodical Missionary in 1868 it was with the idea that he should visit unoccupied fields, give such occasional service as he found pos- sible, and ultimately establish new churches. During the decade following reunion the number of these new churches multiplied so greatly that it became im- possible for him to spend much time in exploring outside territory. His whole energy was absorbed PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH 17! in caring for the new, weak churches, many of which had been started in a more or less irresponsible way by other ministers of a more sanguine, or a less sensible, temperament, than the Synodical Mission- ary himself. Indeed there were some of the good brethren of that day who seemed to think that the success of their ministry was evidenced by the num- ber of new churches they were able to organize, without regard to whether these churches were rightly planted or gave any promise of fruitfulness. Some of them, amid unpromising surroundings, disclosed amazing vitality. Others naturally died. But there was here a grave problem for Home Mis- sion statesmanship. Should every such weak church be held and maintained? Should the church always snold) the tort’: The answer emerged’ in the struggle of the day. Holding forts never conquers a country. he conquering army advances, and it consolidates its gains. The story of this period is chiefly one of advance into new fields. And now the Home Mission Committees of the several Presbyteries became increasingly effective. In San Francisco and Los Angeles the leading pas- tors and elders were all whole-heartedly enlisted in the forward movement, acquainting themselves with the dependent fields, giving time and thought and money to their needs, and in the process of the work acquiring the strength and skill of experience. We begin now with the churches of San Francisco, which have their origin in the middle years of 1870- 1902. St. John’s, San Francisco, was organized in 1870 by the Rev. W. A. Scott, D.D., with forty mem- 172 [HE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA bers. He had returned to the city after an absence of some five years and his church at once became the recognized home of a large number of the old South- ern families, resident in the city, who had fully sym- pathized with the attitude of Dr. Scott while he was pastor of Calvary Church, and, perhaps, gone somewhat beyond him. Back in his beloved city, Dr. Scott’s health, which had suffered somewhat from the buffetings of the years of conflict, now re- gained its earlier buoyancy. His voice again became vibrant, and his eyes glowed as in the old days. Under his ministry the church which had its first location on Post Street, near Stockton Street, grew rapidly. Later it was moved to the corner of Cali- fornia and Octavia Streets, where it occupied a large and well-equipped building. Following Dr. Scott's death it had a strong succession of ministers, but nevertheless declined in members and influence, un- til in 1901 the people of Calvary Church purchased its property in order to prevent a foreclosure by the bank for debt. The young pastor of that date, the Reverend George G. Eldredge, D.D., and the people of St. John’s Church, united with the congregation of Calvary in worship, until in 1905, Mr. A. W. Foster, of San Rafael, the son-in-law of Dr. Scott, erected at his own cost the present building at the corner of Arguello Boulevard and Lake Street, and presented it as a gift to the people of the church. It contains two beautiful windows, one commemorative of Dr Scott, and the other of Mr. Newhall, one of its former elders. The present pastor is the Reverend William A. Philips, D.D., under whose ministry the church membership has increased PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH 173 to 452, though now it has lost something of its for- mer distinctive Southern quality. On February 12, 1871, there was organized by the Reverend W. W. Brier the church of Liver- more, which was then a town in an upland valley of wheat. ‘[oday the fruit crowds the wheat. ‘The church has had no unusual growth at any time, but it has steadily held upon its way, ministering to the community, and, like scores of undistinguished churches, standing to the glory of God and shedding light and life over a whole country side. The value of the work of all such churches, country churches and small town churches, is incalculable. They do not die and they do not greatly grow, but they are steady centers of the irradiation of goodness. ‘The present pastor is the Reverend Edwin B. Hays. Memorial Church, of San Francisco, was or- ganized on March 19, 1871, and named to com- memorate the reunion. For a time it was grouped with Olivet Church and afterwards separated. Lo- cated in the southern part of the city, it seemed to have a promising future in the decade preceding the San Francisco fire of 1906; but this disaster changed its neighborhood into one of warehouses, and after forty years of existence the church disappeared The First German Church, of Oakland, was or- ganized by Dr. Poor, with thirty-three members in 1872, and it also soon served its day and its mem- bers were absorbed into the English-speaking churches. Almost at the same time and in the same way the First German Church of San Francisco arose and disappeared. In 1873, the church at Menlo Park was organized, 174 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA chiefly through the activity of Dr. Coon, who previ- ously had been an elder in Calvary Church. It is still alive, with a new promise today. On March 22, 1875, there was organized by Dr. Fraser and Dr. Eells acting together the First Church of San Pablo with fifteen members. This church was afterwards merged in the Richmond Church, but it is significant as being the first move- ment of Presbyterianism northward along the east shore of the Bay from the First Church of Oakland. Pleasanton Church was organized on October 15, 1876, in a beautiful valley, south of Oakland. Woodbridge Church was organized in San Fran- cisco in 1876, to minister to the Mission District, under the pastorate of the Reverend Sylvester Woodbridge, D.D., of whom we have already read. The church promised well at the outset, but Dr. Woodbridge died on April 1, 1883, and the congre- gation, badly harassed by debt, and discouraged by the loss of several pastors, sold its building in Feb- ruary, 1893, to the Second Unitarian Church, and was dissolved by Presbytery in the following April. Another of the San Francisco Churches which did not survive, Centennial Church, San Francisco, was organized in the Mechanics’ Pavilion on February 20, 1876, with eighty-eight members, and dissolved by Presbytery on December 30, 1878. The French Church of San Francisco originated in a mission to the French residents of the city con- ducted by the Reverend Edward Verrue, dating from November, 1876. The Board of Home Mis- sions contributed $1000 a year to this mission, which was regularly organized into a Presbyterian Church on January 4, 1895, with the Reverend E. J. Du- PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH 175 prey as minister. In 1904, it disappeared having done an important work in a period of transition. On March 18, 1877, the West Berkeley Church was organized by the Reverend James Curry, D.D., and the Reverend David McClure, D.D., with nine members. It was the first of the Presbyterian churches to be organized within the territory which ultimately was embraced in the University city. Its task was never an easy one, and in the ante-prohibi- tion days it was particularly difficult because the state law prohibited the sale of alcohol within a mile of the State University and the West Berke- ley Church was just beyond this limit. For most of its history this church has received aid, but is now coming into a new period of aggressive effectiveness. Walnut Creek Church was organized in 1878, and changed but little for thirty-five years. Now, owing to the construction of the Tunnel Road and the in- creased use of the automobile it finds itself a suburb of Oakland and Berkeley, and is ministering with a new institutional equipment to the needs of the com- munity as a whole. We come now to consider the beginnings of one of the really great churches of Northern California, the First Presbyterian Church of Berkeley, which, by reason of its close proximity to the University of California and its consequent influence upon the higher life of the state, and by reason of its leader- ship in the work among the young people in the state Christian Endeavor organization and by rea- son of its consistent emphasis upon a conservative type of theology, is of outstanding importance in our history. It was organized on March 31, 1878, with fifteen members and two elders. At this time 176 “THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Berkeley was but a small place, West Berkeley, or Ocean Park as it was then called, not being within the corporate limits of the University City of that day. Thus it is that while Westminster Church, Berkeley, was founded earlier than First Church, the latter really is entitled to the name it bears, be- cause it was the first church of the Presbyterian de- nomination to be organized within the limits of the contemporary Berkeley. The neighborhood of the University at that date was but little more than a farming community. The first house which was not a ranch house was that built by Dr. Samuel H. Wil- ley in 1865, who was then acting president of the University. Gradually a town community arose; but the earlier churches in the place were country churches rather than city churches. A Congrega- tional minister, the Rev. S. V. Blakeslee, editor of The Pacific, preached the first sermon in Berkeley sometime between February, 1871, and February, 1872; and after some three years of desultory preaching, his denomination organized the first church there in December, 1874. In February, 1877, Bishop Kip, of the Episcopal Church, established the “Bishop Berkeley Mission,” out of which was organized in June, 1878, St. Marks’ Church. ‘The First Presbyterian Church was organized on March 31, 1878; Trinity Methodist Church on October 28, 1883; the First Baptist Church in 1889. In the first year of the existence of the First Presbyterian Church it received from the Board of Home Missions $1,000.00. Later it repaid to the Board all the money it had earlier received. Its earliest ministers were the Reverends L. Y. Hays and Williel Thomson, followed by the Reyv- PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH_ 177 Grcodsm moe oreck.: |) eae ve Dewiswuand H. A. Ketchum, D.D. Among the first trustees was Professor Joseph Le Conte, who gave much of his time to the business of the church. During the ministry of Dr. Ketchum a fine building was erected at the corner of Allston Way and Ellsworth St., just across the road from the campus, and was dedicated on May 3, 1896. ‘The Reverends Robert F. Coyle, D.D. and Henry C. Minton, D.D., assisted in the dedicatory service. ‘This is the building which is today occupied by Trinity Methodist Church. The congregation was now growing rapidly. In 1897 Dr. Minton, who was then Professor of Sys- tematic Theology in the Seminary, became acting pastor. He was also intimately connected with the life of the university, and made frequent contri- butions to the Philosophical Society. Under his min- istry the church drew in largely from the faculty and student body of the university; and with the progress of the city increased in membership until it num- bered about 500. Following the removal of Dr. Minton to the east in 1901, the church prospered under the care of Dr. Edgar Whitaker Work, who two years later removed to New York City. In 1905 the Rev. Lapsley A. McAfee, D.D., was called from Phoenix, Arizona, and entered upon a ministry which has been among the most notable of the entire church. From a membership of some six hundred the congregation has grown under his ministry to a membership of some two thousand. The story of Dr. McAfee’s entrance upon his pastorate is illuminating as showing several of the. problems which were present not in this church alone, but in many others at the same period. ‘The exist- 178 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA ing church building, which had been the pride of the community ten years earlier, had now become too narrow for the congregations which thronged it on Sunday mornings. Some of the leading mem- bers, including several of the men of wealth, and most of the Session, had decided that a larger church was necessary. Indeed they desired a local church which would stand with the most important in the nation. Some of the other members were opposed to this effort and thought that their build- ing which was still new and beautiful would be en- tirely adequate for a long time to come. At the same time the church was without a minister, and the consistory of the church, including the Session and trustees, could not go forward with the plan for building a new church unless they had a leader in the pulpit. It was then that Dr. McAfee, a master of administrative detail, entered upon the strenuous work of this church, and through many vicissitudes euided the people safely through to the completion of their new enterprise. ‘The present building was occupied in 1907, and at once became the home of a warm and enthusiastic congregation. Since the beginning of the history of Berkeley there has been a twofold quality in the population of the community, the university people on the one hand and the townspeople on the other, and these two have not always understood one another, nor admired the same things. Only today the towns- people are not ranchers, but San Francisco business men, most of whom have never attended a university and who commute daily to their work in the metrop- olis. Nowhere is suburban life more beautiful and attractive than in the hill streets of Berkeley. But ¢ "A'C ‘ASA YOW “VY AdISdV] “ATY AATANYVA SHONNHO NVINALAGSAYd LSU AHL T1OJSEqd S}I puy PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH 179 the presence of these two decided human types in one town has always caused a social problem, and sometimes also a church problem. The tendency in recent years has been for the churches to become more highly specialized, some to minister predomi- nantly to the intellectuals of the community, and others to the generality of business men. But it would be a mistake to think that any single church was to be too sharply differentiated in this way. There have always been some university professors whose intellectual outlook was certainly not re- stricted and whose theology was decidedly conserva- tive; and there have always been business men whose theological liberalism approximated that of the most advanced groups of the intellectuals of the univer- sity. Sufhice to say that at the close of his energetic first year of service Dr. McAfee, who preached a conservative evangelical gospel, had completely won the following of the mass of the people. At the same time some of the liberal people felt that with the rapid increase of population in the city it would be well to have another church which would repre- sent the liberal viewpoint. ‘The result was that the city of Berkeley henceforth had two churches close to the University, the First Church, now located in its vast, new building, which from this time onward became the theologically conservative church of the city, and St. John’s Church, which hived off from the parent organization and became the liberal church. With the expansion of the city of Berkeley, both of these grew to be great churches. Both are evangeli- cal. Both have ministered, each in its own way, to the great crowds of students who throng one of the largest of the world’s great universities. 180 THeE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA In 1878 there was founded the Union Street Church, in Oakland, which began as a mission of First Church in the western part of the city, and was organized as a church on April 8, 1878, by the Rev- erends); Thomas Praser,4D: Dew james tells De and David McClure. ‘The first minister was the Rev. John Rea. Under the pastorate of the Rev. H. H. Rice, who was installed in 1888, and remained for thirteen years, the present church building was erected. In 1901, the Rev. Dwight E. Potter, a young and energetic minister, with a passion for mis- sions and for men, became the pastor. The church was located not far from the car shops of the South- ern Pacific Railway, and Mr. Potter was fond of placarding his neighborhood with signs which read: WANTED, FivE Hunprep MEN to attend Union Street Presbyterian Church on Sunday Evening next and hear a sermon on THE CARPENTER OF NAZARETH The method was a new one then, and the results were extraordinary. The five hundred men came, and many of them joined the church, which became a famous workingmen’s church, with more than 300 members; and in a short time they raised $1500 a year for missions, and had their own missionary in Persia. Mr. Potter became a secretary of Young People’s Work, under the Foreign Board, in 1907, and died, brave and faithful as he had lived, in 1908. The neighborhood of the church had undergone a change PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH I8!1 and become largely foreign. Good men have min- istered there but they have been unable to make a congregation of the American type. In 1881 the Lebanon Church of San Francisco was organized in Noe Valley, in the vicinity of Cas- tro Heights. Its first minister was the Rev. Joseph Hemphill. ‘The present building was erected in 1888, and has been twice added to and improved. The longest pastorate in the history of the church was that of the Rev. Richmond Logan. The present pastor, the Rev. Kenneth G. Murray, has been ap- plying in his church work, with good results, many of the lessons which he learned in the Y. M. C. A. huts of the Army during the war. The Hamilton Square Church was organized in 1882, in Hamilton Hall, at the corner of Geary and Steiner Streets. For several years it was under the care of the Home Missions Committee but it did not survive. The proceeds of a lot owned by the church, and finally sold by the Presbytery, were voted to the use of St. John’s Church in April, 1902. Services had not been held by the church for the preceding eight years. The Concord Church was organized in 1882 with eight members. Lying almost directly east of Berkeley on the other side of the hill, it has always been one of the strongest of the rural churches of the Bay region. ‘Today it has a hundred members in a fine organization under the pastorate of the Reverend Samuel C. Patterson. Crockett Church was organized in 1884 with nine members. Later the Valona Church was organized near at hand, and these two churches were fused in the Valona Church, of Crockett. 182. THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA The Church of San Leandro was organized in February, 1886. For a good many years it was a small congregation gathered in a ranching commun- ity. Now it finds itself in the suburban life of the city of Oakland, with enlarged prospects of growth. The Rev. Monroe Drew, its faithful and efficient pastor, has ministered here for fifteen years. In 1886 was organized the North Temescal Church, of Oakland, by the Rev. Thomas Fraser, D.D. It has had faithful pastors, including the Rev. James Curry, D.D., 1891-1902, under whom the present building was erected. Its name was afterwards changed to Emmanuel. The Valona church was organized in 1887, and was known as the Crockett Church in 1908. After the organization of the Rodeo Church in 1909, these two churches found themselves in increasingly close connection, being brought into one pastoral charge under the ministry of the Rev. George H. White- man. Later the Valona Church was separated from Rodeo and finally it was merged in the Valona Fed- erated Church. In April, 1888, the Centennial Church of Oakland was organized and the Rev. Robert Dickson, D.D., became its first pastor. The church has had strong pastors including the Reverends Campbell Coyle, D.D., J. W. Ellis, D.D., R. C. Stone, D.D., and Her- bert Hays. Its present pastor is the Reverend E. C. Philleo, and although the conditions today are not so favorable for rapid growth as they were earlier, the church is still holding its own. The Golden Gate Church was organized later in the same year. The Welsh Church of Oakland was organized on March 31, 1889. It has never received aid from PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NortTH 183 Home Mission funds, but has been supported by a loyal and devoted people. With 162 members it is stronger today, under the pastorate of the Rev. Owen P. Williams, than it has been at any time in the past. Holly Park Church was organized on September 14, 1890, in the district of Bernal Heights, south- wards from the Mission, in San Francisco. In many ways it is one of the undistinguished churches. It has had a struggle to keep a pastor, and at intervals has been supplied by students from the Seminary. But it illustrates in another way the interdependence of part on part in the great work of the church as a whole, for from the membership of this church came the Reverend Alvin E. Magary, D.D., pastor of the Woodward Avenue Church of Detroit, and one of our foremost American ministers. His story is significant in the present history. In 1898 the Rev. Charles Gordon Paterson, B.D., a recent graduate of the Seminary, entered upon the pastorate of Holly Park church. He soon won the love of the members of the church and the people of the community. Most promising among the young people in the Christian Endeavor Society was Alvin Magary, who was then a clerk in a small store in the Mission. This young man was advised by his pastor to enter the Seminary at San Anselmo, which he did, graduating with distinction in 1903. His subsequent life is matter of public record in many ways. He wasa pastor in Troy, New York; Orange, New Jersey; Cedar Rapids, Iowa; and now he 1s one of the outstanding leaders in the great city of Detroit. His story shows conclusively that the gifts of the churches are no longer wholely one-sided. If 184 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA the east is giving men of conspicuous power to the pulpits of the west, the west is also giving some men of the highest qualities of mind and heart to the work of the church in the east. And the most in- significant Home Mission churches are sometimes producing and training the leaders for the most re- sponsible and difficult positions in the religious life of the nation. In 1890 the Fruitvale Church was organized, the Presbytery thus occupying another position in the fine line of churches extending southward from Oak- land along the highway. The first pastor was the Reverend R. M. Stevenson, and the present pastor is the Reverend Pitt M. Walker, under whom the fine growth of the past has been maintained and enlarged. Another church lying in the same direction but further south is Haywards, organized in 1891, of which the Reverend Josiah Daniel is now the well loved pastor. A church was organized in San Mateo in 1890, and dissolved in 1892, largely because the members who had signed the first roll removed to other places. The Mizpah Church of San Francisco, organized in 1893, did not become extinct. ‘The pastor, the Reverend Frederick A. Doane, has spent his entire life within a few blocks of the church to which he ministers. He, together with the Reverend G. D. B. Stewart, entered upon Christian work in a Band of Hope organized in the old Howard Church. Out of this grew a mission, and in 1889 the mission was adopted by the First Presbyterian Church. Then the mission was organized into Mizpah Church, and throughout its entire history this church has been a PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH 185 center of evangelistic, one might almost say rescue, work in one of the neediest sections of San Francisco. Its pastor has two passions, saving souls and killing the drink trafhc. Two other churches filled out the line of the new communities stretching southwards from Oakland; these were Elmhurst Church, organized in 1893, and Newark, organized in 1894. Elmhurst being di- rectly on the highway and nearer to the center has had the stronger growth. Among its pastors have been the Reverends E. E. Clark, J. P. Gerrior and Arthur T. Davies, all men of power who have led in the enlargement of the work in numbers and spir- itual strength. The Newark Church has now the ministry of the Reverend Henry J. McCall, who was formerly a missionary in Brazil, and in his new field finds abundant opportunity to help his Portuguese neighbors. Knox Church, Berkeley, was organized in 1896 by the late Reverend H. H. Dobbins, D.D., who living in retirement in Berkeley, came down to this border land between the cities of Berkeley and Oak- land and began work in a hall in the neighborhood. Out of these services grew the church and Dr. Dob- bins became its first settled pastor. In its early days it was known as South Berkeley Church. The Rev. R. S. Eastman, then a young man recently out of the Seminary, and son of a western manse, followed in 1904. In 1907 the present church edifice was erected. In 1918 the Rev. James Falconer, D.D., be- came pastor. It is significant of the transient char- acter of the population of the Bay region that in the eight years following the installation of Dr. Falconer practically the entire membership of his 186 Tuer PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA church, which numbers 256, has undergone a change. In 1902 there was founded a new church in the new town of Richmond. ‘The Santa Fe Railway made Point Richmond, a promontory of the bay fourteen miles north of the city of Oakland, the terminal of the line. Here too the Standard Oil Company located its vast refineries. Other indus- tries naturally congregated there, thus starting a city with a population of several thousand souls, and with a vast, incalculable possibility of expansion. Mr. John Nicholl, a shrewd man of business and a wise rancher, owned the land upon which the city grew. He was a pious man who for years had been accustomed to travel in his buggy down San Pablo Avenue to the Oakland Church for the Sunday morning service. He became an elder in the San Pablo Church, which was still nominally existing. He now donated land on which a church could be built. The Reverend Arthur Hicks, D.D., a splendid speci- men of the Sunday School Missionary, began by organizing a Sunday School in January, 1902, and went on to organize a church of fourteen members on February 17, 1902. The Reverend James S. McDonald, D.D., preached for the congregation in its formative period. Several ministers followed until the Rev. Henry K. Sanborne, formerly pastor of Brooklyn Church, Oakland, assumed the leader- ship of Richmond in 1915. From this time onwards its growth was steady. In 1924 Mr. Sanborne re- tired to become the pastor of the neighboring church of Stege, and the Reverend Earl Webster Haney was called from San Luis Obispo to be his successor. The membership today numbers some four hundred, with every prospect of large expansion in the future. PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NortTH 187 This brings to a close the roster of new churches founded in the limits of San Francisco Presbytery down to the year 1902. We turn now to Benicia Presbytery. The Calistoga Church was organized by Dr. Thomas Fraser on January 28, 1871, with twenty- seven members, largely as the result of the faithful labors of the Reverend Charles H. Crawford. It has served for fifty-five years the town of Calistoga and the beautiful valley stretching northwards to Mount St. Helena, with no large growth, or pros- pect of much change, but with an abiding faithful- ness. ‘The present pastor is the Reverend Ray C. Krug and the present membership less than one hun- dred. Other churches organized in this period are as follows: Tomales, in 1871; Kelseyville, in 1872; Point Arena, in 1873; Bolinas, Ukiah, St. Helena, and Lakeport, all in 1874. These churches cover a wide range of territory and indicate the manner in which the gaps of population and organization were being filled by the activities of the growing church. Kelseyville and Lakeport are in Lake County, which is still without any rail communica- tion with the rest of the world, but is a fine farming and dairying county chiefly lying around the shores of the beautiful Clear Lake. This is the period when the building of manses began. In 1871 a manse was built at Santa Rosa, which was the first to be erected within the bounds of Benicia Presbytery. What an insight this one statement affords into the conditions of the life of the minister’s family during this period! Fulton Church, in a beautiful farming district, 188 ‘THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA was organized in 1876; Duncan’s Mill’s Church was organized in 1879, but proved to be temporary. But its story has a value. Alexander Duncan was a pioneer lumber manufacturer, who built his first mill on this coast at the mouth of the Russian River and his second three miles inland. The itinerant minister was always welcome in his home, which was a beau- tiful oasis of culture in the midst of this wilderness, and where Mrs. Duncan presided with gracious hos- pitality. Mr. Duncan was the mainstay of the church in his community; but the lumbering business of the early days was a transitory one; the popula- tion moved away and the Presbytery dissolved the church. Still the handful of people living in the place carried on a Sabbath School and an informal Sunday evening service of their own. Who can say what a blessing some of these mushroom churches proved in their brief day? Pope Valley Church, remote from the railway, was organized in 1882, with ten members, and it still has ten, but it has done the work of a church through these years. Petaluma Church was organized with fifty-one members on July 22, 1883. Its first pastor, the Reverend W. H. Darden, remained with the church for twenty-five years. The city is the center of the poultry interest and has large resources, but the town contains representatives of almost all denomina- tions, which are too many. ‘The present pastor is the Reverend Frederick S. Shimian, and his church num- bers one hundred members. In 1885 Covelo Church, in Round Valley, forty-five miles from the railway at Willitts, was organized. ‘“The Round Valley Indian Reservation” is the home of about six hundred In- PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH _ 189 dians. Beside these there are a considerable num- ber of white people, formerly drawn from all de- nominations, who have happily united in the Presby- terian Church. Covelo is the only village in the great circular valley, which, with the surrounding hills and mountains, is chiefly a grazing ground for sheep and cattle. It is in such a community that the church finds a unique opportunity, for the entire life of the people can here be made to center in the church of Christ. Our church, under the ministry of the present devoted young minister, the Reverend Joshua L. Kent, is endeavoring to minister to the entire life of the people. Fort Bragg Church, in a lumber town on the coast, was organized in 1887. The Grizzly Bluff Church, in the fertile Eel River Valley, was organized in 1888, but is now absorbed in the reorganized Fel River Parish, of which the headquarters is Shively. Blue Lake Church, nine miles from Arcata in the redwood country, was organized in 1888. Several other churches were organized about the same time, chiefly in lumber districts, but they did not survive and their names are not here recorded. In 1890 the church in Eureka was organized, late in beginning but strong in growth. It has now three hundred and fifteen members and is the largest of our churches north of Santa Rosa. This church is surely destined to large importance in the future. Most of its great growth has been made under the guidance of the present pastor, the Rev. Robert Crichton. Crescent City Church was organized in 1892, and the Novato Church in 1896. ‘The former of these is far beyond Eureka and Arcata, and the latter is 190 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA on the highway midway between San Rafael and Petaluma. Crescent City is still a lumber village with a struggling church; Novato is now an impor- tant demonstration center for community work in the rural church. As such it is worthy of closer de- scription. It has a hall where plays, lectures and concerts are held, a lounging room with a spacious fire place, a library of general literature, basket ball court and gymnasium, and clubs for all the varied interests of the community. Some of the most active promoters of its work are young men with Portuguese and Italian names. About this period Marin County became increas- ingly a home for business men of San Francisco, who, with the improved facilities of suburban service began by spending their summers in the hills and pleasant valleys north of the bay and ended by building there their homes for all the year around. Where hitherto there had been broad pasture lands, now there grew up little towns, with a city-minded population. Of such were the churches of Corte Ma- dera and San Anselmo, both founded in 1897. But most of the religious activity of this region belongs to the period subsequent to this. In its inception the church in San Anselmo was known as the Seminary Church, but as this name tended to create in the minds of the people living in the neighborhood the idea that it was exclusively intended for Seminary service, this title was subsequently changed to the First Church of San Anselmo. Throughout most of its history this church has been ministered to by professors of the Theological Seminary. We come now to the churches established within the present bounds of Sacramento Presbytery from PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH Ig! 1870 to 1902. Already prior to this period the lines of settlement were well determined, and the new ad- vance movement consisted in filling up the vacancies of the existing organization and occupying the new towns as they arose. We begin with the city of Sacramento itself, in which hitherto there had been only the one Presby- terian Church, the Westminster Church. Out of the Bethel Mission School conducted by members of the Westminster Church, there grew the Fourteenth Street Church, afterwards known as the Fremont Park Church of Sacramento. The General Assem- bly of 1870 issued an appeal to the churches to raise a memorial fund as a thanksgiving to God for the reunion. Pursuant to this appeal the Westminster Church of Sacramento raised money enough to pay for the lumber of a building for the new Mission and friends volunteered to do the work. It con- tinued to be the Bethel Mission until March 26, 1882, when it was organized as a church. The Rev- erend A. H. Croco was the first pastor. ‘The pres- ent pastor is the Reverend Robert Burns McAulay, under whose ministry the congregation has _ in- creased rapidly in strength and resources until today it has erected a beautiful new church in one of the finest residential districts of the city. From Sacramento we will travel eastward and northward through the Sacramento Valley, mention- ing the new churches in the various communities through which we pass. The church at Davisville was organized in 1869 with fifteen members and for many years was merely a country church, ministering to the people who lived in the surrounding ranch houses. As such it had a steady and healthy growth; 192 ‘THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA but its importance has become immensely greater in recent years owing to the great increase of the attendance of students of agriculture at the Farm of the University of California. There are now some six hundred students pursuing various courses in chemistry of the soil, plant zoology, veterinary science, and other branches of agriculture. ‘Today the Presbyterian Church has the sole responsibility for the religious welfare of the members of the Uni- versity, and after much delay and strong efforts on the part of the pastor, the Reverend Nathan Fiske, the church finds itself at length adequately housed in a beautiful and well-appointed edifice fitted for all the various lines of service which it is called upon to render. Other churches organized in this period were that of Dixon, in 1878; Elk Grove, in 1876; Colusa, in 1874; Tehama, in 1876; Anderson, in 1884; Grid- ley in 1884; Redding, in 1878; Fall River Mills, Olinda and Orangevale, in 1895; Corning, in 1900; and Red Bank, in 1902. All of these were planted in small towns, with a prosperous farming com- munity lying immediately around them, and thus ministering to both town and country. Most of the churches organized in this period have continued to live and increase in strength, though there were a few that proved to have been started unnecessarily or in the wrong location, and which consequently did not survive. Dunsmuir, for instance, was a promising place for a church, and one was organized here in 1889. But the population of a railway town forty years ago was largely migratory, and it was too far remote to be united with another town in a single pastoral charge. The Methodist, Congregational PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NoRTH 193 and Episcopal churches now adequately serve this community; and the former Presbyterian building is now owned by the Episcopalians. By the end of this period practically the entire Sacramento Valley had been claimed for our church. The occupation of the San Joaquin Valley during this time was even more pregnant with consequences, for here several of the strongest churches of the state were organized within the twenty years under consideration. Let us deal with them in the order of their geographical propinquity to the earliest church of the Presbytery, that of Stockton, which stands at the junction of the two great inland val- leys. The church in Tracy was organized in 1877, but the town having been made by the railway and — having no special reason for subsequent growth, the church, like many others of its kind, has not much increased in members, though it has steadily gained in power of ministry. Modesto Church was organ- ized in 1879 with thirteen members. Now it has 426; and is representative of the finest type of val- ley church. Where in the early years of the life of the church the land was held in vast, continuous ranches, which grew grain, today it is divided into small fruit farms which are cultivated intensively and support in comfort a population many times greater than that of 1870. San Joaquin Valley has become the home of a thrifty, wholesome, and, on the whole, pious people, who live in beautiful small cities, whose homes are sometimes modest, sometimes spacious, and always beautiful, whose children are cared for and educated. It is such homes that furnish the fame of our nation; and it is safe to predict that many a strong minister will come from these homes 194 “THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA to the service of the church in the future. The church in Modesto has much in common with the other valley churches, something that is distinctive. It contains an extensive plant for institutional work, and a swimming pool in the basement which is much appreciated in the dry, hot, summer season. One peculiarity of the history of this church was that years ago it received an endowment from a worthy lady on the condition that no minister of the church should every be installed as pastor. It would be so much easier to dismiss an unsuitable man without friction. The Reverend Homer K. Pitman, D.D., was minister here for fifteen years without being installed and when he left to go to the Trinity Par- ish of San Francisco, his people protested his re- moval. So the bequest did not mean much in the way of binding the people. But the principle was a bad one and unpresbyterian, and in recent years the congregation paid the legacy to the Board of Home Missions, which was the secondary legatee, and had its present worthy pastor, the Reverend Marcus P. McClure, D.D., duly installed. Thirty miles south of Modesto is Merced where the church was established in 1873, six years prior to the date of the Modesto church. Indeed two Presbyterian churches were organized in this town, one of which belonged to the Cumberland Church, as we shall see hereafter, and the present church represents the union of these two on October 25, 1912, together with the great growth in numbers and spiritual power which followed this union. To- day the membership of the church is 637 and the pastor is the Rev. James S. Stubblefield, D.D. ‘This sketch would not be complete without a reference to PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH _ 195 the late Judge John K. Law in whose home the church was organized, who was its first ruling elder, who was elected Moderator of the Synod of Cali- fornia at its meeting in Napa in 1901, the only elder ever to be thus honored, and who served his God, his church and his community with unswerving fidelity until, shortly after the union of the two local churches, he entered upon the larger service of the life above. The Oakdale Church, in the foothill country, not so far from the earlier mining scenes, was organized in 1883, but generally speaking the foothill churches have not had the benefit of the increase of popula- tion given to the churches in the open valley. In 1890, the Madera Church was organized and has grown to splendid strength under the pastorate of the Reverend Alfred M. Williams, D.D. Its present membership is 250. The strongest of all the valley churches is natur- ally the First Church of Fresno, which is the metrop- olis of the San Joaquin, the center of the raisin industry, the point where the two great lines of railway, the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe, converge on the two sides of the city. ‘This church was or- ganized by the Reverend James S$. McDonald, D.D., Synodical Missionary, on January 20, 1884, and grew rapidly in membership. Throughout its entire history this church has laid its emphasis upon the devotional life, sometimes perhaps tending to check the freedom of the expression of the intellectual life in religion in the interest of piety. But the church has never tended to pietism. It has been well dis- posed toward premillennialism, eager in evangelism, and enthusiastic in the work of missions. ‘The long- 196 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA est pastorate in the history of the church was that of the Reverend Thomas Boyd, D.D., who served here from 1900 to 1914, when he became pastor emeritus. He was Moderator of Synod in 1910 when the Synod met in his own church. The Rey- erend Hugh Henry Bell, D.D., a former Moderator of the Assembly of the United Presbytreian Church, and a former professor in the San Francisco Theo- logical Seminary, was pastor from 1919 to 1924, during which time the splendid new building enter- prise was undertaken. The church decided that in building it would first consider the needs of the work of religious education and provide ample and suitable accommodation for the Sabbath-School, the Bible Classes, Christian Endeavor Societies and Women’s Societies. Thus a first unit costing some $300,000 was erected in 1922, but before the build- ing was completed or the bills were fully paid there came a terrific slump in the raisin industry which brought financial reverse to the whole valley, and utter ruin to some ranchers whose land was heavily mortgaged. ‘The sudden fall in land values was a severe blow not only to the Fresno churches, but also to all the other churches of the Presbytery, from which they are only now recovering. The educa- tional equipment of the First Church is admirable in every respect, and the remaining unit of the building which is to contain the main place of worship will follow in due time. The present pastor of the church is the Reverend George H. Gibson, D.D., a graduate of London University, fine in his scholar- ship, his manhood and his Christianity. Founded just two years after the Fresno Church, and a few miles to the south of it, is the Fowler oe oe ia , es UMOT, [[ewWg eB UT YoInyS [NfunesIg e& fo aj dwexy ouly VY YWATMON ‘HOMNHO NVINALATSAad LSuls PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH 197 Church. ‘The writer once knew the little town of Fowler to be held up in a religious paper as a ter- rible example of the over-churched community, be- cause it contained only some two thousand of a pop- ulation and seven churches. Evidently the author of the article did not know that one of those churches was made up of negroes and two of them of Arment- ans, and that Fowler stood in the midst of one of the most fertile and densely populated districts of Cali- fornia. ‘The country people come from their beau- tiful homes among the vineyards and orchards for many miles to the splendid churches of Fowler, all of which have good congregations. In respect of the beauty of the architecture of the edifice, the excellence of the music, and the simplicity and dig- nity of the worship, the church in Fowler and the churches in many of the neighboring towns have at- tained a very high standard. The present pastor of Fowler is the Reverend B. J. Reemtsma, -and the membership is 368. Other churches organized a few years later in the same general locality, but nearer to the Sierras, all of which have attained to strength and high efficiency are, St. James’ Church, Orisi, and Sanger Church, both of 1890. Dinuba Church, established in 1894, has become one of the strongest in the Presbytery. Its pastor is the Reverend Frederick R. Thorne, and its present membership is 457. A fine new church gives the congregation ample opportunity for all its work. We close this survey of the churches founded in this period in the San Joaquin Valley with the Bak- ersfield Church which was first founded in 1874 and afterwards died out. For some years it existed only 198 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA in name, and in 1896 was dropped from the roll of the Stockton Presbytery. In 1901 a new church was organized under the name of Westminster, which later was changed to First. The resources of Kern County were now becoming known; first, grain; then, alfalfa; then, fruit; and lastly, oil. The oilfields have made this county immensely rich. The church today has 230 members and the pastor is the Rev. Willis E. White. It should be noted that here we do not deal with the fine group of churches entering the Presbytery through the union with the Cumberland Church, which will form the subject of a separate chapter. We turn now to the churches organized between 1870 and 1902 within the boundaries of the Pres- bytery of San Jose, as it was finally constituted. Milpitas was the first church to be organized after the date of the reunion. It began with fifteen mem- bers and after fifty-five years of existence it is cred- ited with thirteen. But it has served a countryside for fifty-five years. A church was organized at Salinas in 1873, where the United Presbyterians had always been much stronger. But it did not survive, and the remnant of our membership became merged in the United Presbyterian Church. In 1873 the Hollister Church was organized, and has made steady, quiet progress until today it numbers 150 members. In 1876 a church was organized at May- field, which later was merged in the Palo Alto Church. One of the strong churches of the Presbytery is that of Los Gatos, which was organized in 1881, in a beautiful town, nestling at the foot of the Santa Cruz mountains, and looking out across the orchards —— ee ee, oS a a eam PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH 199 of the Santa Clara valley. Under the pastorate of the Rev. Henry H. Wintler the church has attained a strength of 278 members, and has sent forth an offshoot in the Martin Memorial Church. Monterey, as we have learned, was the scene of one of the earliest ministrations of the Presbyterian Church in California. This was when Dr. Willey first landed in California and Monterey was the capital. But the change of the seat of government to a more central location, first in San Jose, and later in Sacramento, and the discovery of gold which drew from the earliest scenes of American settle- ment practically every man who was movable, left Monterey without an American population out of which a Presbyterian congregation could be formed. The current of incoming American life swept past this old stronghold of Spanish and Mission author- ity; and thus it was not until 1883 that the First Church was organized in this town. Of the thir- teen persons who formed the original roll one was Mr. David Jacks, a Sabbath-School Superintendent and Elder, famous in his day, who largely supported the church for several years. But dissensions arose and a second church was formed in 1892, consisting of members who had taken letters from the First Church and including Mr. Jacks. Again in 1899 the two churches were united, and from that time onward there has been a steady increase in members and spiritual influence. Most of the pastorates have been for relatively short periods, none of them ex- ceeding five years. Under the Reverend H. A. Fisk a modern building was erected, and under the pres- ent pastor, the Reverend Edward M. Sharp, the balance of the debt was cleared away and the organi- 200 “Hr PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA zation put on a new and more effective basis. In this beautiful old city, with its quaint, adobe ruins, its memorials of the past occupation of the land by the Spanish Government, its beautiful environment of land and sea, and the captivating loveliness of its blue bay, there is much to attract the modern Ameri- can visitor and the sojourner for the winter. The church has now a well assured future. At the famous seaside resort of Santa Cruz a church was organized in 1889, and it has grown to be one of the strongest and most effective churches of the Presbytery, having a membership of 350. The largest growth of its history has taken place under the ministry of its present pastor, the Rev- erend Warren D. More, D.D., a former moderator of the Synod and a leader in many departments of the church’s work. Within the Santa Cruz mountains the Ben Lo- mond church was organized in 1891, and the Felton church in 1872. Each of these churches became the center of an active missionary service reaching out into the surrounding settlements in the mountains. In 1891 there was organized the Second Church of San Jose. It emerged from the First Church, with the blessing of the parent organization which realized that with the growth of the city its religious needs could be better met by the ministrations of two churches wisely located in different neighbor- hoods than by one. The Reverend Clement E. Babb, D.D., presided at the meeting of organization, and 105 members were enrolled from the First Church. Charter members were afterwards entered until they numbered 127. The Reverend Robert F. McLaren, D:D, "pastorvor the: Centrale Ghurciworaocuebaue HOYWNHO OLTV O1TVd AHL PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH 201 Minnesota, accepted a call to the pastorate of the new church, and continued with it for eleven years, during which time it so increased in strength as al- most to equal the old First Church. It has had a succession of strong pastors, but the civic conditions of recent years have not been so favorable to its growth as they were earlier. Its present pastor is the Reverend M. M. Kilpatrick, D.D., under whose leadership the congregation has decided upon the erection of a fine modern building on a new site in a good residential district of the city, on the highway leading northwards toward San Francisco. In 1893 there was organized the church of Palo Alto, close to Stanford University. This great uni- versity was founded in 1885 by Senator Leland Stanford and his wife, Jane Lathrop Stanford, as a memorial to their son and only child, Leland Stan- ford, Jr., who died in 1884 in his seventeenth year. The university opened its doors in 1891 to 559 stu- dents, the vanguard of a great army. It was built upon Senator Stanford’s former breeding farm, which contained some 9000 acres, in the beautiful Santa Clara Valley. Almost immediately this uni- versity became one of the world’s centers of schol- arship, and at its gates there grew up the town of Palo Alto, partly made up of tradesmen who waited upon the needs of the members of the university, partly of families who moved hither that their chil- dren might profit by the educational advantages of the place, and partly of residents of San Francisco who enjoyed the social atmosphere of the town and found it agreeable to live there. The last named class has been greatly increased in recent years. From the outset it was certain that a church 202 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA planted here would attain great importance. Pres- bytery appointed a committee consisting of the Rev- erend Doctors John W. Dinsmore, Robert McLaren and James M. Newell, and Elders David Jacks and D. L. Sloan, to visit the field and recommend a course of action. ‘They were met by the interested citizens of Palo Alto, among whom was Professor James O. Griffin of the university, from the time of organization forward, as long as he lived, an Elder of the church. The work began modestly. A lot was purchased. Services were held in Lyric Hall. Two meetings relative to organization fol- lowed, the first presided over by Dr. Newell, and the second on February 13, 1893, by Dr. Dinsmore. The first pastor was the Reverend Walter D. Nicho- las, followed in succession by the Reverends J. W. Graybill, M.D., Charles Ellis Smith, Walter Hays, D.D., and the present pastor, the Reverend George H. Whisler. Under the pastorate of Dr. Hays, which was the longest in the church’s history, the present edifice was erected. Under the present pastorate the membership has increased from about 300 to about 700. ‘Today it is a great and growing church minstering sincerely to the spiritual needs of one of the most important centers of intellectual cul- ture in America. And inasmuch as the constitution of Stanford University does not permit the establish- ment upon the campus of any organized religious work on a denominational basis, the responsibility thus rests the more heavily upon the Palo Alto Church for meeting the spiritual problems of the hundreds of Presbyterian young men and women who annually congregate here to study, and who, in the efforts to secure a new intellectual orientation, OLIV OLlVdeiO SdOrs Vd OM YAISIH AA “EL ADUOADH “AY AH] ‘aq ‘SAVH -WALIVAA ‘ATY AHL 4 PROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NorTH 203 are often in peril of losing the spiritual values of church and home and need above all things else some kind and competent guidance to a new synthesis of science and religion, of mind and heart, of faith and knowledge. In 1898 the Presbytery organized the church at San Martin, which began with eleven members and now has forty-three, and is an active flourishing church. The churches of Nevada Presbytery can best be dealt with in a separate chapter, and thus we bring to a close our review of the new churches founded in the north in this period. CHAPTER XI THE CHURCH IN THE SOUTH, 1875-1902 ya\e the close of Chapter VIII we left the story of Los Angeles Presbytery with the statement that at the time of its erection in 1872 there were six churches which constituted the original Presby- tery, namely, Santa Barbara, San Buena Ventura, Calvary in Wilmington, Westminster, Anaheim and San Diego. The first Church of Los Angeles and the First Church of San Bernardino were both or- ganized in 1874. We have now reached the period when the re- markable development of Los Angeles began. The census of 1880 gave the place a population of 11,000; an estimate of 1885 added 5000. ‘The cen- sus of 1890 gave the population as amounting to 50,395. Today there are about a million people within the city limits. And the expansion of the church has gone forward pace for pace with the erowth of the city. It has been a throbbing, pul- sating, exulting expansion, which has been so rapid at times as to make it almost impossible for the historian to note the precise lines of new develop- ment. Nor has the almost unprecedented increase of churches, and church memberships, been unat: tended with strife. It would be strange if it were otherwise. For it would be impossible to put down together in one community a considerable number of vigorous, aggressive men, each bent on making 204 THE CHURCH IN THE SOUTH 205 his own excellent purposes come to pass, without the occasional friction of some cross-purpose. ‘The wonder is that under the strain of incessant, ener- getic action there has not been more conflict. Little would be gained today by emphasizing these points of disagreement. In some cases such a course might only mean the reopening of old sores; and the knowl- edge gained would do little to guide toward future health. We have already witnessed the founding of the First Church of Los Angeles, which from the time of its reorganization by Dr. Fraser, in 1874, did not cease to exist and grow; but during the five years which extended to 1879 the work was often discour- aging. Then the Reverend J. W. Ellis, D.D. be- came pastor and continued until 1885. This was the period in which our church in Los Angeles got finally upon its feet. A good building was erected at Second and Fort Streets (now Broadway) and some 350 members were added to the church. The service which Dr. Ellis rendered, though somewhat discounted at a later period, was then of very real value. In the fall of 1885 the Reverend W. J. Chiches- ter, D.D., was called from Germantown, Pennsy]- vania, to succeed Dr. Ellis, and during the three years of his pastorate in First Church there were received 700 members, of whom one-third were en- rolled upon confession of faith. During the year 1888 the congregation contributed to the Boards of the church $9267, and to all objects a total of $38,839. And this was the church which fifteen years previously could scarcely remain alive! But already the central hive was swarming. In 206 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA 1882 the Second Church was organized, about a mile due north from the mother church. In 1884 the Third Church was organized, about a mile due west. In 1885 the Boyle Heights Church was or- ganized about a mile due east. In 1886 the Grand View Church was organized, about two miles south- west of the center, and in 1887 the Bethany Church was organized about one mile to the west. Then in 1888 the Reverend Dr. Chichester himself, perceiv- ing the inevitable movement of the population of the city, left the pastorate of the First Church with a colony of 106 of his people and organized the Im- manuel Church in a new, rapidly growing district of the city, situated about a mile south and west of the center. Thus without aid from the Boards of Home Missions or Church Erection, there came into being that church which was destined to be the largest of the Synod. Then, in 1893, was organized Bethesda, about a mile south and east of the center, destined to be a workingmen’s place of meeting. These churches, together with the Chinese, Welsh and Spanish churches, made up the list at the time of the celebration of twenty-five years of local church history in 1894. Every one of these churches, Im- manuel alone excepted, had been made possible by the aid of the Boards of Home Missions and Church Erection. And yet the total sums of outside money contributed up to the date mentioned were from the Board of Home Missions something less than $25,000, and from the Board of Church Erection $5450, or a total of less than $30,000 a year. And the annual contributions from these churches in 1894 were more than $35,000. Do Home Missions pay? Ee REV eVVeml pe COIGHES VERS Dub: First Pastor of Immanuel Church, Los Angeles THE CHURCH IN THE SOUTH 207 With this brief introduction it is now time for us to retrace our steps to 1874 and to pass in review each of the churches of this great presbytery as they came into being. We therefore now revert to the First Church of Los Angeles. In 1888 the Reverend J. L. Russell became pas- tor and after four years was followed by the Reyv- erend Burt Estes Howard, under whose leadership the church removed to its present location. ‘There was a division in the congregation at this time which was temporarily painful. The old property at the center of the city had been sold for $55,000, and a minority of the congregation protested to the Presbytery against its removal, with all its financial resources, to the new site. At a meeting held on May 7, 1895, Presbytery divided the First Church into two organizations known respectively as the Central and Westminster Churches. Those mem- bers who desired to enter into Central Church were directed to meet at the Temperance Temple, on Way 316; 01805,. at.) 330 4P.M.,) corethe! purpose of electing elders and trustees and for completing the work of organization. When this meeting was held it was found that Central Church had 350 members. The branch of the First Church to which Presby- tery gave the name of “Westminster,” and over which it set the Reverend B. E. Howard as pastor, passed through a stormy period of conflict in the ecclesiastical and civil courts. The record states that it became independent, and hired a hall in which to hold services. ‘The last decision of the civil courts in the case finally established the authority of the Presbytery and its rights over the property. Mr. Howard withdrew, with his adherents. Presbytery 208 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA made an equitable division of the property. The members of the church formerly called Westminster who remained loyal to Presbytery numbered now less than one hundred. But under the Reverend A. B. Pritchard, D.D., who now assumed the pastorate of the rehabilitated church, and was ever a peace- maker, the new organization was drawn together and united. It was given the records and the name of the original First Church, whose life it thus per- petuated. Its new building at the corner of Figu- eroa and Iwentieth Streets was for some years the finest ecclesiastical edifice of Los Angeles. It has had a succession of strong ministers in the persons of the Reverend Doctors Aquilla Webb, Frank De- Witt Talmage, William Andrew Hunter and Ed- ward Campbell. The present pastor, the Reverend Hugh K. Walker, D.D., has woven his life into the very fabric of the history of Southern Califor- nia, having been pastor of Immanuel Church of Los Angeles; and after an interval in Atlanta, Georgia, of the First Church of Long Beach; and now of the First Church of Los Angeles. Under his pastorate the splendid old church has come into a new place of power, having grown from a membership of two hundred to one of more than a thousand. During the first year of Dr. Walker’s pastorate a mortgage which had burdened the congregation from the time of its relocation, was cancelled; and a new, full vitality flows through every department of the work. We now take up in the order of foundation the other churches of the Presbytery, beginning with the year 1874. The Orange Church was founded in a beautiful orange district reaching from the western base of THE CHURCH IN THE SOUTH 209 Orange Mountain and sloping downwards to the Santa Ana River four miles away. ‘The soil is rich, and the water for irrigation is close at hand in the high Sierra Madre Mountains. ‘Thus this com- munity was a pioneer in the growing of oranges. Its people were both intelligent and hard-working. Most of them came from the agricultural districts of the older states, with the definite intention of engaging in agriculture in their new homes. ‘Thus the rural districts of Southern California were filled with a new population of men and women, who came not for gold, but for homes, and who were generally godfearing. For part of its early history the church was supplied from Anaheim. ‘Then the Reverend Alexander Parker, D.D., was for many years its able and devoted pastor. ‘Today it numbers 600 members and under the pastorate of the Reverend Earle P. Cochran is strong on every side. In the year of 1874 the town of Pasadena was founded by twenty-seven settlers, who transformed a portion of the sand of the Los Angeles desert into one of the most beautiful gardens of the earth. In 1875 the First Church of Pasadena was organized, destined to grow into one of the greatest of Amer- ica’s churches. The Occident of April 1, 1875, contained this very interesting and valuable report of the organi- zation of the Pasadena Church. It was written un- der date of March 23 by Dr. A. F. White, at that time pastor of the First Church of Los Angeles. Last Friday, Mrs. General Stoneman of San Gabriel Orange Grove Association, called at my study with a sub- scription of $385 towards a house of worship, and a petition signed by a number of the heads of families in the Associa- 210 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA tion, asking that I would on the 21st organize them into a Presbyterian Church. I consented to do so, and had Rever- end Mr. Mosher supply my place in Los Angeles. Reverend C. Haley and his sister, from Newark, N. J., Judge Thompson, one of the elders of this church, and myself, rode out nine miles to the Association on Sabbath morning. We found the people assembled at the school house, where the services were held, and soon nearly the entire neighborhood were present. After singing and prayer, Reverend Mr. Haley read the forty-second chapter of Isaiah. I occupied about twelve or fifteen minutes showing the authority for church organiza- tions, the character they should bear, and the spirit in which they should be entered upon and sustained. Sixteen persons then rose and entered into church fellow- ship by assenting to the covenant. ‘The constituting prayer was offered and the church declared duly organized accord- ing to the rules of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. W. T. Clapp and Dr. Homer G. Newton were elected ruling elders. ‘They are to be ordained on the first Sabbath in April. It was decided that the new church should be called the “Pasadena Presbyterian Church.” Afterwards six other persons who had expected to unite came forward and subscribed to the covenant and had their names enrolled as members, making the whole number twenty-two. Steps were taken to increase the church building fund. The day was in many respects one of the most delightful. The country is in its glory, and the ‘Association,’ most gen- erally known as the “Indiana Colony,” is situated in one of the most lovely parts of California. ‘The people are intelli- gent, enterprising and determined to make their homes attractive. Houses are being erected, orchards are being planted, and every material interest is advancing. A good school has been established, and now they have organized a church, have a lot given by the colony, and are taking active measures to erect a house of worship. HOUNHO NVIVALAGSAaAd VNAGVSVd THE CHURCH IN THE SOUTH 211 All in all, I know of no place more attractive to those seeking homes, health, happiness, than the “San Gabriel Orange Grove Association!” These words were written fifty-two years ago. At first the place was called the ‘Indiana Colony,” but the name was afterwards changed to Pasadena. The Reverend William C. Mosher took charge of the new work and within a few weeks completed the organization, to which he ministered for the first two years of its history. Then he resigned to en- gage in a mission to the Spanish people, in which he was most effective. The two pastorates of greatest extent have been that of the Reverend Malcolm J. McLeod, D.D., who entered upon his work on November 12, 1900, and under whom the church rose to outstanding in- fluence and that of the present pastor, the Reverend Robert Freeman, D.D., who began his ministry on Apriles; 1911. The church is great on every side. For the year 1925-6 it reported 2810 members; congregational expenses amounting to $126,365, and benevolences amounting to $87,916. But statistics do not tell the inner story. It has a congregation composed of both rich and poor, learned and unlearned. Its church edifice is one of the finest in the United States, where architect, artizan and musician have com- bined to make possible a service of glorious power and beauty. It has a scientifically ordered depart- ment of religious education, with provision for the instruction of both adults and children. It has a parish house which gives a home to the varied activi- ties of the social life of the community. Boys’ work and girls’ work, aged minister, widow and orphan, 212 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Spanish, Mexican and Indian, home and foreign missions, civic problems and international goodwill, all receive their emphasis in due season. And this great equipment is the instrument of ministry of a staff of some fifteen trained workers, men and women. The things of time are brought under the light of eternity. The Santa Monica Church, which was organized on September 28, 1875, was largely the outgrowth of the work of one family, who early settled here. A writer in The Occident of May 11, 1881, who signed himself M. G. S., speaks of “this new wild place, which was brought into existence in 1875. Among the many who came was a large and inter- esting family, of which the mother and daughters were members of the Presbyterian Church. ‘The young ladies immediately organized a Sabbath School. As it was on a desert almost (only tents and shacks had been hastily erected), they held their Sabbath School upstairs, over a store. Later they built a little church, and were ready for the minister when he arrived.” The little church experienced some «years of ‘struggle. In 1882" the wReverena Williel Thomson became pastor. During the sum- mer he held evening services on the sea shore, where he preached not only to Santa Monica but to some from the crowds of people who came out of the interior valleys to get the refreshment of the salt air. For twenty years the Reverend William H. Cornett was the pastor. ‘Today it is a strong, effec- tive church of more than six hundred members and constantly growing stronger. It is interesting to note that even Los Angeles Presbytery has had its quota of churches early THE REV. ROBERT FREEMAN, D.D. Pastor of the Pasadena Presbyterian Church THe CHURCH IN THE SOUTH Sin organized, and afterwards disbanded. Such was Newport which had a lifetime of eight years from 1878 to 1886, when its members were added to the roll of Santa Ana. And there were a score of others. Santa Ana Church was organized on November 26, 1882, with twenty-five members and one elder. Today its membership is 1313, and its resources commensurate. As it was planted in a community which was prosperous from the beginning it is one of the few churches of the Synod which have received very little, if any, aid from the Board of National Missions. Ihe Reverend Joseph A. Stevenson, D.D., was pastor of this church for fifteen years from 1906 onwards, and it was under his adminis- tration that the congregation came to the rank of a church of more than a thousand members. On July 9, 1882, the Second Church of Los Angeles was organized with eight members. It has had strong pastors and has served the community faithfully and well. But, like several of the churches earliest founded in the city, with the passing of time it has found itself in a locality which did not make a church great in numerical strength. It is rich in its faith and its ministry to its community. Its mem- bership now is less than three hundred. The El Cajon Church, in San Diego County, was organized by Dr. Dodge, of San Diego, on May 6, 1883, with eight members. It is located in a valley of raisins and honey, and has been prosperous from the beginning. It has now some two hundred mem- bers. On November 25, 1883, the San Pedro Church was organized with seven members and one elder. The town, with its harbor, was at that time a separate 214 THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA corporation. ‘Today both are embraced within the limits of Los Angeles, and the harbor is one of the most important on the Pacific Coast. ‘The church had a checkered career for the first fifteen years of its existence. For a time it was grouped with Wil- mington, one of the old churches. Then in 1886 this dual pastorate was undertaken by the Reverend W. A. Waddell, afterwards the president of McKenzie College, Sao Paulo, Brazil. After six months of ex- perience in his work he said to the Presbytery: “San Pedro, with its forty-eight saloons, is where you ought to push things. Let me give all my time to San Pedro. Put another minister into Wilmington, with Long Beach as a preaching station. He would better live in Long Beach.”’ Six months later, under Dr. Waddell, San Pedro became self-supporting. From 1887 to 1890 a tremendous boom thrust forward all the towns of Southern California. Then from the latter date it declined to the crash of 1893. Men who had been considered wealthy now knew what it was to be hungry. The millionaires for a day became near paupers. The Reverend Frederick D. Seward, who had been Synodical Missionary in that noble succession of which Dr. Fraser was the pioneer, now became the pastor of San Pedro Church, and declared that he had the hardest Home Mission field in Southern California. The people had moved away. The new ports of Redondo and Santa Monica were competing for the business of San Pedro! And besides the Presbyterian there were eight other churches in the town. For ten years it seemed as though the church was doomed. But it survived, and then it grew. ‘The pastorate of the Reverend Henry T. Babcock, D.D. gave it a new 1, THE CHURCH IN THE SOUTH 215 consciousness of spiritual power; and today it has almost 500 members. On May 2, 1883, there was organized by the Reverend Thomas Fraser the Pomona Church, with fourteen members and three elders, in the midst of fields and orchards. ‘The village had only a few hun- dred inhabitants at the time of the organization of the church, but today it is a beautiful city and the seat of one of the strongest colleges of the state. The longest pastorates of the church have been those of the Reverend Charles D. Williamson, 1900-— 1906; the Reverend T. T. Creswell, D.D., 1906- 1914; and the Reverend J. Hudson Ballard, Ph.D., 1921-1926. ‘The present building was erected in the ministry of Dr. Creswell in 1907. Dr. Ballard was called from its pulpit to the chair of Religious Education in Occidental College. This church has now established the tradition of a scholarly ministry. The Reverend Jesse H. Baird is the present pastor. The Third Church of Los Angeles was organized on October 6, 1884, in the building which had al- ready been built and was owned by the congregation. Services had been held for some months by the people who, upon this date, were regularly organized as a Presbyterian Church. The Sabbath of its organization was a notable one. ‘The Reverend James S. McDonald preached the sermon and effected the organization, assisted by the Reverend W.S. Stevens, the first pastor, the Reverend Edward F. Robinson, and the Reverend Charles Bransby, who was afterwards for many years professor of Spanish in the University of California. There were also present the Reverend Albert Williams, D.D., founder of Presbyterianism in San Francisco, the 216 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Reverend C. A. Poage, D.D., Editor of The Occident, and the Reverend C. E. Babb, D.D., moderator of Synod. ‘The field of this church has been limited by reason of the close proximity of other churches, new and old, and yet its history has been one of steady, substantial growth. Today, under the pastorate of the Reverend Herbert H. Fisher, it has upwards of 400 members. We come now to the origin of another of the notable churches of the presbytery, the Glendale Church, which was organized on September 28, 1884, with twelve members, and known at first as the Riverdale Presbyterian Church. It was the fruit of the planting of Dr. John M. Boal, pastor of the Second’ Presbyterian” Church) ot) loos) angeles: Though the members were few, they were conse- crated workers. The Reverend William S. Young, whose name now appears for the first time among the ministers of Los Angeles, supplied the church for a year. For a time this congregation, in partnership with the Methodist Brethren, built and occupied a house of worship. But this arrangement did not long continue to be satisfactory and the congrega- tion, though weak in financial resources, met the emergency and erected for itself a modest and attractive building. From 1890 to 1895 this church formed one pastoral charge with Burbank, under the ministry of the Reverend Ruel Dodd. The Rev- erend S. Lawrence Ward, D.D., was pastor from 1905 to 1911, during which time the second building was erected, this building being now occupied by the Broadway M. E. Church, South. In rg11r the Rev- erend Walter E. Edmonds, D.D. entered upon a ministry in this place which is among the most notable YWOLS¥d ‘SANOWAY “A ‘AA ‘AID (€c61 ‘Ee raqwasaq ‘peieotpaq) HOUNHO NVINUALASSHYAd YIVANYIS AHL pak, & 54° * cee =e hn - . = yet & ns a=, ov, cf o—ee te ee ae dels = => : “4 7 It ~~ “. re _« = - 1) a r ys ew sy ‘ oie . = Ais Dag ge a ah eo ee > ad a ; ai < . te me = ee) fc] Che Y Ay our ba ~) "a i THE CHURCH IN THE SOUTH Pu ty, in the history of the synod. The membership of the church was then 197. In 1926 there was re- ported 1776 members, and all departments of the work of the church have grown proportionately. The present new and beautiful building was dedi- cated on December 23, 1923. “Iwo other churches have emerged out of its membership, Tropico in 1904, and Grand View in 1924. The Tustin Church, located in the Santa Ana Valley, was organized by a committee of Presbytery on October, 1884, with twenty-six members, and began its career in a well-appointed building of its own which was dedicated at the time of organization. It is now a prosperous church with some two hun- dred members. The Boyle Heights Church was organized on May 3, 1885, Lhe Occident of May 13 contains the fol- lowing item regarding this event: On the commanding heights overlooking Los Angeles from the east Presbyterianism took a strong and permanent foothold on Sunday, May 3, by the organization of a church of a round score of members. Reverend W. S. Young is greatly to be commended for the energy and tact with which he has, under the Master, brought about this result. Seven were received on profession of faith, one adult and two in- fants baptized. Mr. J. G. Bell was elected elder, and he, with his family, is destined to be a tower of strength to the church. . . . There was a congregation of over fifty, of just such devout and intelligent people as make up our best Presbyterian churches. The congregation grew rapidly. It built its first house of worship at once, and used it for the first time on September 6, 1885. On the afternoon of that day Mr. John Edward Hollenbeck was buried 218 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA from the church. At the first communion service in the new building Mrs. Hollenbeck and her nephew, Mr. Alphonzo E. Bell, the son of Mr. Bell who is mentioned above, were received into the membership of the church. It was Mrs. Hollenbeck who after- wards founded the Hollenbeck Home for the Aged, of which Dr. Young later became the superintendent; and it was Mr. Alphonzo E. Bell who gave to Occidental College the magnificent tract of land in Beverly Hills, which lifted it into the front rank of Presbyterian Colleges. To hold the growing congregation a finer and larger church was built in 1895, and Dr. Young re- tired from the pastorate in 1896. ‘The church is now known as that of Hollenbeck Heights. But whereas twenty years ago those heights enjoyed a certain altitude of vision and retirement, today they are close to the center of the bustling life of the busiest district of the city, and no longer a place of quiet homes. And the church, which at the height of its strength had some five hundred members, today has less than two hundred. A word should be added concerning Dr. Young, who came from Oregon to California for reasons of health in 1884, and was enrolled in Los Angeles Presbytery in April 17, 1885. He has served the church in many ways as home missionary, pastor, founder of churches, leader in educational work, superintendent of a home for the aged, clerk of Presbytery, and clerk of Synod. He became clerk of Synod in 1892, and has held the office ever since, beloved and honored by every one, until the name of Dr. Young has become almost a synonym for the Synod. THE CHURCH IN THE SOUTH 219 The Grandview Church of Los Angeles was organ- ized on March 21, 1886, with twenty-seven mem- bers. In its early days it received aid from the Board, and its growth was fluctuating. Its first build- ing was a thank-offering erected by the Reverend and Mrs. F. M. Dimmick. In June, 1900, by reason of the expansion of the city, its location was changed to a new growing district. In 1912 its name was changed to that of West Adams, which it now bears. For twenty years of the shifting life of the city this church was ministered to by one pastor, the Reverend William H. Fishburn, D.D., a man with a gifted pen, who retired in 1926 to devote himself to literary work and was succeeded by the Reverend William E Roberts, DD., formerly of Santa Ana. It is’a great church, housed in a beautiful, grey stone build- ing, where the service is dignified and reverential. La Crescenta Church was organized in Decem- ber, 1885, with eight members, but its early services were intermittent. Due to deaths and removal of members no services were had from 1889 to 1896, when the congregation began to meet in a little chapel on Michigan Avenue. From this time forward its history is continuous. The present building was erected under the pastorate of the Reverend A. H. Kelso in 1921. Under the pastorate of the Reverend Clifford F. Jones the church is growing rapidly and is now known as La Crescenta Community Presby- terian Church. Burbank Church was organized on October 23, 1887, with nine members and one elder. During the early years of its existence it was aided by the Board and gave comparatively little promise of the fine strength to which it subsequently attained. To- 220 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA day it is in an attractive suburban city of fourteen thousand people and has a membership of some five hundred under the pastorate of the Reverend Thomas FE, Stevenson. The First Church of Alhambra was organized on July 17, 1887, with nine members. ‘Today, under the ministry of the Reverend Samuel J. Kennedy, Ph.D., it has grown into a strong church of nearly seven hundred. Its history has been one of steady progress, greatly accelerated in recent years. ‘he original building of the church was repeatedly en- larged, the most signal addition being that to house the splendid Sunday School in 1911. Ground was broken for a new building in a fine location on Sun- day, May 30, 1926, Mrs. Margaret B. Anderson, a charter member, and Mrs. A. A. Dinsmore, widow of the first pastor, breaking the sod. The new build- ing will cost about $250,000, the first unit of which, the educational, will be finished at about the same time as this book appears from the press. The First Church of Azuza was organized on November 3, 1887, with eleven members and one elder. Its history has been one of quiet, steady growth, until it numbers 236 members. Bethany Church was organized on December 28, 1887, by the Reverend Doctors W. D. Chichester and T. D. Seward, on West Temple Street, with thirty-one members, largely by colonization from the First Church. Like other churches located at this period within one or two miles of the City Hall, the growth of the city has taken population away from its territory rather than added. Today it has something more than two hundred members. Calvary Church, of South Pasadena, was organ- THE CHURCH IN THE SOUTH 221 ized on October 23, 1887. It was the outgrowth of a Sabbath School, held under a broad live oak tree, and conducted by a young lady who had been frustrated in her desire to work on the foreign mis- sion field. The Reverend A. Moss Merwin, for many years a devout missionary among the Spanish and Mexican people, organized the church in the Sierra Madre College building. It began with nine mem- bers and one elder, and soon a neat chapel was built. But the supply of the pulpit was intermittent during the first ten years of the church’s existence and on November 23, 1897, the membership of the church to the number of twenty-seven was merged in that of the Pasadena Church. A desultory service was continued in the afternoons and evenings, in charge of various members of the Pasadena Church. ‘Then in 1902 the church was revived and reorganized. Since then its growth has been steady and remark- able, until today it has almost 700 members. ‘The Reverend Samuel G. Livingstone, D.D., has been pastor of the church for nearly ten years, and has led his people in their time of greatest advance. The church of Fullerton was organized on Febru- ary 19, 1888, with eight members. It is located amid the Valencia oranges, and in a city of attrac- tive homes. For a time it was united with Anaheim in one pastoral charge, and for some years it was assisted by the Board. ‘Today under the pastoral care of the Reverend Graham C. Hunter, D.D., it has nearly three hundred members and is growing steadily. The Graham Memorial Church was organized on March 18, 1888, at Coronado, where the skill of man has transferred a sandspit into one of the most 222 ‘THr PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA radiant gardens of the state. The present church edifice was erected at a cost of some $7000 by Mrs. FE. S. Babcock, in memory of her parents. Under the present pastor, the Reverend Notley S. Ham- mack, the congregation has gone forward and the membership is now upwards of 100. The El Monte Church was organized on May 27, 1888, in what The Occident was pleased to call “a region that had long borne a hard name.” The Rev- erend A. A. Dinsmore, then minister of Alhambra, preached here on the Sabbath evenings. The Rev- erend Williel Thomson supplied this church for a time, as did also the Reverend Robert F. Maclaren, D.D., both able men brought hither by reasons of ill health. The Reverend Charles A. Clark, D.D., is now pastor, and the membership is about 200. The Church of Monrovia was also organized on May 27, 1888, with twenty-eight members. For some years its meeting places were stores and halls. The first church building was erected in 1897 and dedicated on the first Sabbath of January, 1898. The membership then numbered only twenty-three, but the building was dedicated free of debt. Additions were made as the congregation expanded. In the course of time the First Congregational Church combined with the Presbyterian. A splendid building, in a modified Moorish style of architecture, was erected in 1922. The membership of the church is now some 800 and its pastor is the Reverend John W. Haman, Ph.D. On June 24, 1888, the First Church of Long Beach was organized with nineteen members. But prior to this time there had been desultory services held in the community, especially by Reverend W. THE CHURCH IN THE SOUTH 223 A. Waddell, who was then in San Pedro. The Reverend D. K. Colmeny came from Columbus, Ohio, to take the pastoral charge of Wilmington and Long Beach. Services were held for a time in the Congregational Church. ‘Then a meeting place was erected at'125)E) Pirst otreet.)/ he srowthof the church was a rapid one. A larger building was erected on the southwest corner of Pine Avenue and Fourth Street, where the congregation worshipped for some years. Until 1897 it received aid from the Board. Then in 1907 the present building was erected. The church has had a succession of strong preachers in its pulpit, including the Reverend Doc- tors H. B. Gage, Josiah Sibley, O. H. L. Mason, Hugh K. Walker, and the present pastor, George M. Rourke. It is today a church of more than 2000 members, thoroughly equipped for all the parts and duties of the church’s work, and, in a community which has been visited by many vagaries of religion, loyal to the heart to the fundamental truths of our Christian faith. From the First Church, in 1913, went forth the nucleus of the membership of the churches afterward organized as Second and Calvary Presbyterian Churches of Long Beach. We have already referred to the action of the Reverend Doctor Chichester in withdrawing from the First Church of Los Angeles to establish the Immanuel) Church, in, 1883.9; God swith us.) ) It was a prophetic name. The ministry of Dr. Chichester in the First Church had been one of great fruitfulness. The rapid growth of the city and the large proportion of sin- cere Christians who were among the newcomers con- 224 “THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA tributed greatly to the prosperity of the church. The pastor was a strong preacher and personally most winning. As his church became overcrowded he made several vain attempts to induce his people to colonize and found new churches. They clung to their church and to their pastor. It was at this time that Dr. Chichester determined to begin a new organization. He made no effort to persuade his people to go with him. A committee was appointed consisting of one member who expected to go and one who did not, and to this committee those who decided to go gave their names. At the time of the organization very few knew how many would identify themselves with the new enterprise. It was found that 105 were ready to follow the minister into the new church, and twenty-five others from other churches were also ready to join. So that Im- manuel Church began, on September 3, 1888, with 130 members (another report says 139). The four elders elected were Samuel Minor, Lyman Stewart, BA. Saxton, and W..S. Elewes, caters upomercs adoption of the rotary system by the church, these four elders resigned, and nine were elected, which however included the original four. The church grew rapidly. On its fifteenth anniversary it reported 1809 members, which made it at that time the largest congregation upon the Pacific Coast, a distinc- tion which the First Church of Seattle has since wrested away. But it is still the largest in the Synod of California which contains sixteen churches with a membership of above one thousand and the second largest in the denomination. The Reverend Hugh K. Walker, D.D., followed Dr. Chichester in the pastorate in 1897, a man of kindred spirit and power. D:D; Angeles, 1927 ) n lo) a y a0 KH © © = > jad a5 aa a4 ae . eo _ z - a a a a) ‘ . 4 ° = 4 * . — \ = ad 7s J 2» = : Fs = i - a : ‘ S % < at “a 4 * a - — “a ‘ - a 7 = os = ‘ . - ~ ¥ — - 5 ~- = . . « A Ls = * - ‘ > + . ’ * 2 - - } - = ~ P - 2 = = » SAN FRANCISCO "THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 283 who should have constituted the senior class of 1903, being fearful that there would be no adequate instruction, left the institution to take their final year in another seminary. The sole student left in the senior class was the Reverend Alvin E. Magary, Ph.D., D.D., now of Detroit. His subsequent career of distinction shows that his loyalty to a des- perate cause was no error. But in this hour of dis- heartenment it was time for things to begin to amend. The Board now gave closer attention to the in- vestment of its funds. It appointed as business manager Mr. Charles A. Laton, who for more than twenty years held this responsible office. The Finance Committee was reorganized, and became able gradually to withdraw the funds from non- productive investments and reinvest them where they produced income. A lot and business building on California Street, which had been left to the Seminary by Mr. J. D. Thompson, was now sold for $145,000 and the proceeds were invested as a fund for general maintenance. And the depleted faculty was restored by the coming of the Reverend Hugh Watts Gilchrist, D.D., to give instruction in the Greek New Testa- ment and the Reverend John S$. McIntosh, D.D., to become Stuart Professor of Systematic Theology. Dr. McIntosh was a courtly gentleman and a dis- tinguished scholar. Subsequently he was elected president of the Seminary. He made many new friends for it in all sections of the Pacific Coast. After a brief three and a half years of service he died in January, 1906. The Reverend Charles Gordon Paterson, a recent graduate of the Semi- 284 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA nary, was also drawn into service in the emergency of 1903. He became Dr. Alexander’s successor in 1906 and continued as professor of Church Huis- tory until he removed to Winnipeg, Canada, in 1914. Five years later he went home to his Mas- ter, leaving a fragrant memory of fine idealism, courageous devotion to the social meaning of the Gospel, and untiring sympathy with the needs of his fellowmen. In 1905 the author entered upon his duties in the Seminary as professor of New Testament Inter- pretation, and has so continued in sunshine and rain for twenty-two years. ‘Thus he is a part of the history of later years. But already, in 1905, the Seminary was emerging from the shadows which had temporarily darkened it. In 1906 the Rev. Thomas Verner Moore, D.D., became professor of Systematic Theology in suc- cession to Dr. McIntosh, and held this position for twenty years, dying in June, 1926. He was a strong, cogent thinker, an enemy of mysticism and a friend of clear, logical definition:.» Ele shadea great, kindly soul, and left an ineffaceable impress upon a whole generation of theological students. In 1913 the Synod of California unanimously adopted a new plan for the Seminary which placed it henceforth directly and exclusively under the con- trol of the General Assembly. A new charter was now obtained from the State of California under which the Seminary received the power of confer- ring degrees. We can only briefly refer to the other men who now compose the faculty. In 1913 the Reverend William Henry Oxtoby, D.D., was called from the SAN FRANCISCO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 285 Tabernacle Church of Philadelphia to be Gray Professor of Hebrew Exegesis and Old Testament Literature. Beside discharging the full duties of his chair he has served the church in manifold prac- tical ways, especially in the cause of Christian Edu- cation. In 1915 the Reverend Remsen Dubois Bird, D.D., became California Professor of Church History, and held the chair with distinction until 1921, when he was called to the presidency of Occidental College. In 1920 the Reverend Lynn Townsend White, D.D., formerly pastor of San Rafael Church, became the first incumbent of the Margaret Dollar Chair of Christian Sociology, with which office he combines the duties of librarian. In the same year the Reverend Edwin Forrest Hallen- beck, D.D., was called from the pulpit of the First Church of San Diego to the Ladd Professorship of Practical Theology. In 1922 the Reverend John Elliott Wishart, D.D., LL.D., was called from the Xenia Seminary of the United Presbyterian Church to succeed Dr. Bird as Professor of Church History. And in 1924 the Reverend Merlo K. W. Heicher, Ph.D., became the first Professor of Mis- sions on the Thayer Foundation. ‘These are the men who compose the permanent faculty of today. For longer or shorter periods the Seminary has had the benefit of the services of other able men, notably the Reverend William Martin, M.A., who held the Montgomery Chair from 1910 to 1914, and then became pastor of the Yokohama Union Church, dying in 1920; and the Reverend Hugh Henry Bell, D.D., who occupied the Ladd Chair from 1916 to 1919. Among the strong friends raised up to bless the 286 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Seminary in recent years especial mention should be made of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Dollar, who en- dowed the chairs of New Testament Interpreta- tion and Christian Sociology, so that the friends of the Seminary insisted that these chairs should be called by their names. ‘They also gave the beautiful chime of bells which morning and evening peal out to the surrounding hills. Mr. and Mrs. Clarence A. Thayer endowed the Chair of Missions, thus giving this Seminary a strong missionary foun- dation. ? Other prominent friends of the Seminary are Messrs. Almer M. Newhall, Charles A. Belden, J. D. Richards, Jed W. Burns and William M. Wheeler; and in every case the wives of these good elders share their husbands’ interest in the institu- tion. Among the recent development are the admis- sion of women on equal terms with men, the build- ing of a group of cottages for the use of mission- aries on furlough, who desire to pursue graduate study, and the inauguration of a system of week-end work in connection with Trinity Center, San Fran- cisco, where students can learn how other people live, and what to do to reach and serve them. In 1922 Mr. Samuel D. Archibald was elected Business Manager in succession to Mr. Laton. Today the graduates of San Francisco Theo- logical Seminary are found in every section of the coast from the farthest north in Alaska to the far- thest south on the Mexican boundary. ‘They are in most of the states of the union and on every foreign field of our church throughout the world. CHAPTER XV THE WORK OF THE WOMEN WAV ELEN one comes to speaking of women’s work it is necessary that first of all there should be the clear recognition of the fact that this work is far wider than the range of organized women’s work, specifically so called. The acknowledged work is great; but the unacknowledged is far greater. There is many a church where some good woman, or group of women, without holding any office, is nevertheless the life and motive power of all the work that is done there. Though women may not be ordained to the eldership, there is many a mission church where, without the aid of the women, the minister would have no one to support him in any spiritual under- taking. And behind the minister stands the min- ister’s wife, sharing his privations and discourage- ments, bearing with him all his burdens, praying and singing, and cheering her husband on his way. A very large part of the secret of the successful min- ister is the minister’s wife. Mother, sister, wife and daughter, what a place they have held in the manse! What strength have they brought to the preacher’s arm, and what spring to his step! There is of course another side to this discussion; for if a muinister’s wife can save him, she can also destroy him. It is likely that the most common cause of ministerial failure on the Pacific Coast has been that the min- 287 288 ‘THr PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA ister’s wife was out of sympathy with his life and work, or unsuitable in some way. Few men can sur- vive such a handicap. All of which is simply to say in another way that the influence of women, for good and for ill, is immeasurable. ‘The indirect power of their own regularly organized work is only surpassed by the indirect control which, with all grace, tender- ness and loveliness, they exert over the offices which are supposed to be the exclusive prerogative of the men. It is only about one hundred years since women attained such a measure of social freedom that they were able to effect independent organizations within Protestant Churches. Then the Christian women of America began to concern themselves with new thoughts of service, which involved new capacities of personal development. It is only a little more than fifty years since the Presbyterian women of Cali- fornia began to organize themselves into missionary societies. The years of reconstruction following the Civil War were notable in the history of foreign missions, for all over America as one expression of the uprush of the new vitality felt in the soul of the nation there sprang into existence women’s organizations for mis- sions, which soon were crystallized into great Mis- sion Boards. ‘The Congregational and Methodist women led the way in 1868; and in 1870 there fol- lowed the first Presbyterian Women’s Board, the Philadelphia Society. ‘The enthusiasm consequent upon reunion carried forward this movement with a sweep, and five other Boards were formed through- out the nation in quick succession. ‘The Occidental Board, the first to be launched upon the Pacific Coast, OCCIDENTAL BOARD PIONEERS Mrs. ALBERT WILLIAMS Mrs. GEORGE BARSTOW President 1873-1874 President 1874-1877 Mrs. P. D. BROWNE President 1877-1900 Mrs. I. M. ConpitT Mrs. E. V. ROBBINS Founder Editor THre Work OF THE WOMEN 289 came into existence on March 25, 1873, but was at first known as the California Branch oY the Women’s Missionary Society. It was then that a little company of faithful women met in the old Calvary Church, and, in order to accomplish something effectual for the ante of non-Christian women and children, decided to organ- ize. The first officers were as follows: President, Mrs. Albert Williams; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. S. B. Cooper and Mrs. Lorenzo Hubbard; Secretary, Mrs. I. M. Condit; Recorder, Miss Kate Nicholls. The constitution, adopted at a subsequent meeting, on April 14, defined the purpose of the Society thus: An aid to the General Society in sending to foreign fields and sustaining female missionaries, Bible readers and teachers, who shall labor among heathen women and children. But this wide-reaching aim had to be confined, in the initial stages of the new Society, to the one specific work of caring for Chinese women and children in California. In372) theres was; now lxclusion; Act. Gbivery steamer brought Chinese immigrants through the Golden Gate, and among them were many women of low caste. Mrs. Condit, the wife of the Rev. I. M. Condit, D.D., who in 1870 had returned from China to work among the Chinese in California, felt especially the burden of the Chinese women who were practically slaves of vice. Thus it came to pass that the first plans of the Society, which included the establishment of an orphanage in Shanghai, were ex- changed for others, which involved the founding of a home for Chinese women and girls in San Fran- 290 ‘CHE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA cisco. In July, 1874, a committee was appointed to ‘find a suitable house for a rescue home, and in August the upper floor of a small new building at 8% Prospect Place was rented, and Miss S$. M. Cum- mings, who had expected to be the first Missionary of the Board to go to China, was installed as matron with two Chinese girls under her care. ‘The good news of the home spread rapidly through Chinatown. A larger house at 933 Sacramento Street was occu- pied on October 31, 1876. In June, 1878, Miss Margaret Culbertson took charge of the home and for seventeen years faced dangers and overcame difficulties and laid deep and strong the foundations for the great work to which it was destined. Upon the death of Miss Culbertson in 1897 Miss Mary Field became superintendent, and she, in turn, was succeeded in 1900 by Miss Donaldina Cameron, a woman of rare charm and courage, who has continued as_ superintendent through all the subsequent years. In time more room was needed and a new build- ing was erected at 920 Sacramento Street, which was destroyed by the fire of 1906, and two years later replaced by the present attractive edifice. In 1915 a home for the younger girls was established in East Oakland, which later developed into the beautiful Ming Quong Home. Other Oriental girls have been cared for at vari- ous times within the home. The work for Japanese girls was subsequently transferred to the Methodist Church. From the beginnings of the church on the coast, schools were conducted for the benefit of Chinese in San Francisco, and afterwards in Sacramento, San THe WorK OF THE WOMEN 291 Jose, Los Angeles, San Diego, and other places. A class held in the historic Globe Hotel by Mrs. C. H. Cole, a retired missionary, was the initial enterprise out of which grew the Occidental Day School, where some of the future leaders of Chinatown were trained. Among these is Dr. Ng Poon Chew, who gratefully remembers Miss Baskin, his teacher. With the reorganization of the Board in 1922, all the Oriental work in California was placed under the care of the Board of National Missions. Let us return now to the history of the organiza- tion which we left with the adoption of a constitution by the Society in April, 1873. It was a busy period. The women of the church had to be gathered into missionary societies, auxiliary to the Board. The first of these was First Church, Oakland, in April, 1873; then followed San Diego in July; Santa Clara in November; San Jose, Calvary Church, San Fran- cisco, and Hirst Church, San’ Francisco, in March, 1874; Trinity Church, San Francisco, in July, 1874; Howard in San Francisco, Brooklyn in Oakland, and Carson City, in 1874; Westminster, Franklin Street, Danville and Sacramento in 1875; San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Chico in 1876; San Rafael, Virginia ityoe Nevada, (Pasadena and ,Vallejosinwi1ery;: Alameda, Santa Barbara, Stockton and Santa Rosa in 1878. These societies quickly took up the work and offer- ings began to come regularly into the treasury. About this time children’s work was begun, the first band of seven members being named in honor of Mr. John Arundel of London who made the first donation of twenty-five dollars to the Home for Chinese Girls. 292 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA In 1874, after the removal of Mrs. Williams from San Francisco, Mrs. George Barstow became prest- dent of the Board, and served it with tact and grace during its formative period. But there were still some worthy men who looked askance at all this organizing done by women, and in 1875 there was held a joint meeting of the Synod of California and the California Branch of the Women’s Foreign Mis- sion Society, at which a complete understanding was reached, and from which dates the custom of the presentation to the Synod of the annual report of the Occidental Board. | In 1876 Mrs. P. D. Browne became president, with a fine band of co-workers, among whom must — be named Mrs. J. G. Chown, Mrs. L. A. Kelly, Mrs. E.. G. Denniston, Mrs. E. G. Gassette, and Mrs. W. H. Hamilton. Mrs. Denniston, as treasurer, carried the ever-increasing financial responsibility of her ofhce for twenty-seven years; Mrs. Kelly rendered a large service in gathering the funds for both of the successive buildings at 920 Sacramento Street. At the annual meeting of 1877, in order to em- brace within the organization the whole Pacific Coast, the name California Branch was changed to Occi- dental Branch, and this name in 1881 was changed to Occidental Board. At the annual meeting of 1883 it was voted to organize Presbyterial Societies fol- lowing the lines of the Presbyteries and immediately this action was put into effect in San Francisco, San Jose, Benicia and Los Angeles Presbyteries. Next year Sacramento also was organized. Up to this point our narrative has concerned itself with work done in northern California. Now we turn to the consideration of work done in foreign I. 2. 3. . OCCIDENTAL BOARD GOLD STAR MISSIONARIES LoutisE McGowan McLEAN LovuIsE WILBUR SHEDD Dr. CAROLIN MERWIN EMMA CAMPBELL COZZENS Mary STEWART McFARLAND Mary Hays JOHNSON 7. MARION SKINNER BROOKS 8. AUGUSTA Gist MCKEE 9. KATHRYN F. STEWART to. Mary M. WALLACE tr. SADIE NoURSE WELBON 12. Dr. ALICE Fish MorFretr THE WorK OF THE WOMEN 293 lands. From the beginning the Occidental Board gave through its auxiliary societies various small sums to practically all the Presbyterian Mission Sta- tions abroad, and in 1879 it adopted as its missionary Harriette Eddy Hoskins, of Syria. In 1883 the Board sent out its own first foreign missionary born on the Pacific Coast, Miss Mindora Berry, now Mrs. Goodwin, who was designated to China. For rea- sons of health she was able to remain on the field only three years, but both before going and after returning she assisted the Board greatly in its con- structive work of organization, especially among young people and children, and was a pioneer in con- ducting classes for mission study. Altogether 135 young women have gone forth under the Occidental Board to labor and suffer in strange and distant lands. They are all worthy of being named, but the limits of our space forbid our citing more than those who are enrolled upon the list of eleven gold star missionaries, who, even in their young womanhood, have received the crown of glory. Mrs. Mary Hayes Johnson and Mrs. Emma Campbell Cozzens gave their lives to Africa; Miss Kathryn Stewart to India; Mrs. C. C. Vinton, Dr. Alice Fish Moffett and Mrs. Elizabeth Fuller Whiting to Korea; Miss Sargais Hoormah and Mrs. Louise Wilbur Shedd to Persia; Mrs. Louise McEwan McLean to Chile; Mrs. Augusta List McKee and Dr. Caroline S. Merwin to China. School and hospital ward have been the chief fields of service in which the women’s societies have par- ticipated. In the mission schools the children of king and peasant have been taught together. The Reverend Ray C. Smith, a faithful missionary of the 294 [HE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Occidental Board, gave his life in the work of a boys’ school in India. The first hospital built on foreign ground by the Board was known as “In His Name Hospital’ at Syen Chun, Korea, erected in 1912, and served by Dr. Alfred Sharrocks, an unwearying medical missionary, until he died at his post. Through the doors of the mission hospital has filed a long procession of the world’s sadness, the halt, the blind, the lame, the incapacitated and the suffer- ing, old and young, men and women, afflicted with all manner of disease and in all stages of their afflic- tion, an endless procession, and hopeless, until touched by the compassion of the heart of Jesus, mediated through the skillful hands of the mission- ary physician. Turkey, China, Korea, India, Africa, South America and the Island countries, all of them have centers of light, growing, glowing, kindling and healing, which have been founded and fostered through the efforts of the noble women of the Occi- dental Board. Mrs. P. D. Browne held the presidency for twenty-three years, during which time the work of the Board grew from its small beginnings into its full maturity and power. She retired from office in 1900. She was succeeded by Mrs. C. S. Wright, the daughter of Nathaniel Gray, to whom reference has been made elsewhere, and a wise administrator, who retired in April, 1906. Mrs. H. B. Pinney came into office amid the ruins of the great fire, and upon her lay the strenuous task of guiding the affairs of the Board through the period of reconstruction. She and her co-workers rose bravely to the emer- gency, so that none of the larger interests abroad were allowed to suffer because of the unusual diffi- Mrs. C. S. WRIGHT Mrs. H. B. PINNEY 1900-6 1906-19 Mrs. RAWLINS CADWALLADER 1919-27 THE PRESIDENTS OF THE OCCIDENTAL BOARD THE WorkK OF THE WOMEN 295 culties at home. In 1919 Mrs. Pinney retired from the presidency and Mrs. Rawlins Cadwallader was elected to succeed her. The jubilee year of the work of the National Women’s Missionary organi- zation, fell in 1920, and in its celebration in Cali- fornia Mrs. Cadwallader was the guiding spirit. At the time of meeting of the General Assembly in 1924 the Board voluntarily voted to merge itself into the Pacific District to be organized for both Home and Foreign work. It was truly a sublime act of self-effacement. Thus, in 1925, after fifty- two years of distinctive work, the Occidental Board surrendered its independent organization and _ its name; but its work goes on. There was however one value in the Occidental Board which was in danger of being lost in the reorganization, unless some plan should be devised to conserve it. This Board and each of the five other Women’s Boards which were merged in the new organization had been very close to their re- spective constituencies. Might not this personal touch cease to be felt in the very largeness of the new order? ‘To meet this need there was devised a system of “Districts,” and thus the “Occidental District’? became the worthy successor of the Occi- dental Board, and the first officers of the new Dis- trict Committee were practically the same as the ofh- cers of the former Occidental Board, with Mrs. Rawlins Cadwallader as chairman. But the move- ment toward close unity of Home and Foreign Mis- sions was irresistible. After all missions are mis- sions, whether at home or abroad, directed to the propagation of the Gospel among human beings, who all alike have souls, and sins, and are in need 296 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA of a Savior. ‘Thus the six Foreign District Com- mittees in their turn passed out of existence to be succeeded by joint District Committees, organized in the interests of both Home and Foreign Mis- sions. In the west the Pacific District Committee was organized to include the areas which had for- merly been covered by the Occidental and North Pacific Districts. Thus the name Occidental disap- peared from the roll. If there was some inevitable sadness over the passing of the old order, there was also joy and hopefulness in greeting the new program of co-operation. The New Paciic District committee after study- ing the conditions of the coast came to the conclu- sion that it would be better to subdivide the District into two parts and that a very small advisory com- mittee for each District would be most effective. Thus in the fall of 1926 there was substituted for the former large Pacific District Committee a District Committee of five, centering in San Francisco with Mrs. A. F. Hockenbeamer as Chairman, and another of three, centering in Portland, with Mts. spe Thaxter as Chairman. We must now turn backward to the story of the Women’s Synodical Society for Home Missions, the other one of the two merging societies, which in consequence of the report of Dr. Thomas Fraser, Synodical Missionary, to the Synod meeting in San Jose, in 1879, was organized to be an auxiliary in the whole work of Home Missions within the Pres- byteries of the Synod. A committee of three women from each Presbytery was appointed, and, in accord- ance with their instructions, they met on December 12, 1879, in old Calvary Church, and organized what Miss M. CuLBERTSON Mrs. MINpDoRA BERRY- GOODWIN LEADERS OF THE FOREIGN WORK OF THE WOMEN s i ' . : ' a j of ’ ‘ y : , < 7 _ : 4 I 7 é ‘4 7 . i y \ td | \i f | : 5 : h ; ‘ e ef) ~ 7 | % f , © ‘ P fs? 9 ‘ ‘ ' a \ 7 " p } $ - ; : a - ’ ‘ e F ' ae : ; : ' ; + a THE Work OF THE WoMEN 297 was one of the earliest Synodical Societies in the church, antedating by three years the similar organi- zations of the period in the Synods of New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. It is evident that the pioneer women of the west were not afraid to make a venture. Or perhaps the Home Mission needs were more directly thrust upon their attention. The officers elected at this first meeting were as follows: President, Mrs. E. S. Cameron; Vice- Presidents, Mesdames J. W. Burling, G. M. Dim- mick, W. W. Brier, H. H. Rice, and Gunn (of San Diego); “Recording Secretary, Mrs. H. E.’ Hall; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Lucy Grove; Treas- urer, Mrs. James M. Newell. In the following year it was recommended by the Society that in the interest of efhciency the number of members from San Francisco Presbytery be in- creased, and that through a nominating committee of their own choosing, the personnel of the Synodical Committee to be appointed should be presented to Synod. Mrs. Newell, the treasurer, who lived in Santa Clara at that time, found herself obliged to resign and was succeeded by Mrs. O. L. Nash. It is inter- esting to note that all the early treasurers conducted their correspondence with Mrs. M. E. Boyd, of New York, who was the first treasurer of the “Women’s Executive Committee of Home Missions,’ and who later came to California and made her home with her daughter, Mrs. J. H. Laughlin. As there was little formal business to transact at these early meet- ings the women made prayer the chief part of their programs. Mrs. Cameron, the first president, had a rare gift of leadership in devotion. 298 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA But soon Mrs. Cameron removed to the Hawaiian Islands and Miss Grove became both President and corresponding secretary. In the days before Presby- terial Societies existed, her gifted pen carried the messages of the committee to the scattered local so- cieties in the churches. In 1883 Los Angeles and Benicia Presbyteries were organized for both Home and Foreign Missions and for some years were the only Presbyterial organizations doing any Home Missions work. In 1884 the women of Los Angeles Society began work among the local Chinese under the guidance — of Mrs. Chapin, a retired missionary from China. They also opened a Spanish School and placed it under the care of Miss Boone. ‘This has grown to be one of large importance and now bears the name of one of the beloved early presidents of the Pres- byterial Society, Miss R. J. Forsythe, and is called the Forsythe Memorial School. ‘The following year, at the meeting of the Women’s Executive Commit- tee, it was recommended in a reference to the Synodi- cal Society of the Pacific that special attention be given to actual mission work among Indians and Mexicans. A large part of the activity of the local Societies at this time seems to have been expended upon mak- ing up donation boxes to be sent to the families of home missionaries living in frontier communities. Many of these boxes contained stuff that was pa- thetically unsuitable for the purpose for which it was intended, and Mrs. W. S. Bartlett, a witty lady and a' corresponding secretary of the Synodical Society of those middie years, did a good service in en- deavoring to raise the standard of the contributions of the local societies. 7 Ls WORK OF WOMEN’S HOME MISSION LEADERS L s E. CORNEL JULIA FRASER . CHARLE . Mrs 5 Ss GARRATT GODDARD BBON ANNA GI ARS Mrs. Rosa Mrs. H. i Ze ARDS BENJAMIN F. EDw DoNALD Ll . Mrs MIss 6 7. ES M ET E MOND B., aA Miss MARGAR 2 3. S 1, Ros es ) . Mrs 8 BOYCE . 4. THE WorK OF THE WOMEN 299 The succession of presidents is one of capable and consecrated women. ‘They are Mrs. R. M. Steven- son, Mrs. Willis T. Perkins, Mrs. R. B. Goddard, the last named of whom held office from 1900 to 1914. Other efficient officers were Miss Jennie Partridge, Mrs. J. P. Prutzman, Mrs. A. G. Garratt and Miss Julia Fraser, who entered ofhce as Young People’s Secretary, became the General Secretary of the Women’s Board, with headquarters in New York, in 1909-1913, and returning to California became president of the Synodical Society in 1914, which office she held up to the time of the reorgant- zation of the Boards. | The chief aim of the Women’s Synodical Society was the steady, constant increase of contributions from among the women of the Synod for the gen- eral work of Home Missions. But it fostered also certain special objects. or instance in January, 1901, the Board commissioned Miss M. G. Chase to work among the Indians of the Hoopa reservation in Humboldt County. Miss Chase completely won the affections of her people, nursing the sick and burying the dead, and rendering services of many kinds. At North Fork in Madera County there was a similar example of beautiful Christian devotion where Miss Nellie McGraw, afterwards Mrs. Joel Hedgpeth, Miss Dorothy Damkroeger, Miss Mars- ton, the Reverend and Mrs. Alexander Hood, Miss Blackford, afterwards Mrs. J. W. Dinsmore, and others, wrought in a holy succession. Other work among the Indians was undertaken in Shasta County, near Glenburn. For a time the meetings of the committee were held in a room provided by Mrs. Garratt in her home on Washington Street, until this was wiped out in 300 ‘THeE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA the fire of 1906. Upon the rebuilding of the home at 920 Sacramento Street the Occidental Board gen- erously gave the use of a room to the Synodical So- ciety for a depository and office, and Mrs. M. L. Whaley was put in charge. Later all the offices of the women’s organizations were concentrated at 278 Post Street, in Presbyterian Headquarters. Mrs. A. T. Aldrich, afterwards Mrs. C. E. Cornell, was appointed Field Secretary by the Women’s Board and upon her resignation Mrs. F. E. Bancroft was chosen to this important post. Mrs. Bancroft, being the daughter of Mrs. P. D. Browne, is heir to a rich tradition in family and in office, and is true to the succession. Among the conspicuous achievements of recent years has been the foundation of the Potrero Hill Neighborhood House, for the benefit of the large community of Russian people living in this part of sani Francisco. ) Here Mr, and Mrs:aWalterug: Tanghe are doing a work both deep and wide for the benefit of one of the most difficult foreign popu- lations of our state. It has been work faithfully done by women who have had to sacrifice time and money to its perform- ance. The results of their labor are found in all parts of the Pacific Coast, north and south. As they have given to others their own lives have been im- mensely enriched. And their labor also now enters into the combined work of the new Women’s Synodi- cal Society for Missions. But before we proceed to this we must speak of the California Synodical Society for Foreign Mis- sions. The organization of this society was necessi- tated by the fact that the territory in which the Occi- THE EARLIER LEADERS OF WOMEN’S HOME MISSION WORK 1. Miss Lucy GRovE 5. Mrs. MARTHA E. CHASE 2. Mrs. EMMA S. CAMERO 6. Mrs. R. M. STEVENSON 3. Mrs. Susan A. HALL 7. Mrs. W. T. PERKINS 4. Mrs. Francis L. NAsH 8. Mrs. F. M. DimMIcK ‘ ~ ~ ~ ’ THe Work oF THE WOMEN 301 dental Board was operating was enlarged by the ad- dition of Arizona in 1903 and Utah in 1908 and Synodical organizations were set up in the three Synods which now constituted the field of operations of the Occidental Board. Most of the organization of this new Society was concentrated in the southern part of the state, so that the new churches now rising with power in the south were thus given a more adequate share of the work of general administra- tion. Mrs. R. W. Cleland was elected President. Mrs. George Bradbeer, Treasurer, and Mrs. Lav- erty, Secretary. Mrs. Cleland continued to be presi- dent for eleven fruitful years, resigning in 1921, when she was succeeded by Mrs. Marshall C. Hayes, who continued in office until 1924, when the two Synodical Societies were merged in one. ‘This So- ciety, during the fourteen years of its lifetime, gave a closer fellowship between the Presbyterial Societies, so that they steady strength of the larger organization entered into and empowered the smaller ones, many of which were located in isolated com- munities. And moreover the existence of two synodi- cal organizations, co-extensive in their territory, and complementary in their purpose, one aiming at the propagation of the faith abroad, and the other at the evangelization of the home-land, necessarily and inevitably brought them both together. They first united in prayer, in the use of a common prayer cal- endar; then they united in the dissemination of in- formation, in the issuing of a common missionary magazine; finally, they united in the synodical or- ganizations themselves. If the story seems to be somewhat intricate, it is because of the swift changes of organization; but it has issued in the large and 302 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA kindly simplicity of a single society engaged in a work for missions which is as wide as the church itself. It was at the joint annual meeting of the two synodical societies in Glendale, held in connection with the meeting of Synod on July 26, 1924, that both voted themselves out of existence; and then that the same good women who had constituted the mem- berships of these two societies forthwith organized themselves into The Women’s Synodical Society for Missions. On July 30 a constitution was adopted, and on July 31 officers were elected. Upon this group of officers now devolved the responsibility of caring for the well-being of all the presbyterial so- cieties which, in turn, pass down to the local societies in the several churches whatever of knowledge, in- spiration and devotion they have received in the vantage ground of their outlook upon the world. The oficers elected for the first year of the reorganiza- tion were as follows: President, Miss Margery Schu- berth, of Pasadena; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. W. F. Geldert, of San Francisco, Mrs. H. Z. Austin, of Fresno, Mrs. C. P. Hessel, of Arcata; Recording Secretary, Mrs. Mary Crane Rider, of Glendale; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. David Thomas, of Los Angeles; Secretary of Literature, Mrs. C. A. Poage, of Colusa; Secretary of Missionary Educa- tion, Mrs. R. W. Jones, of Orange; Young People’s Secretary, Mrs. Earl Haney, of Richmond; Secretary of Westminster Guilds, Mrs. Arthur Hicks, of Han- ford; Secretary of Children’s Work, Mrs. E. L. Mc- Cartney, of Los Angeles; Secretary of National Mis- sions and Overseas Sewing, Mrs. H. M. Campbell, of San Jose; Secretary of Stewardship, Mrs. R. W. Cleland, of Los Angeles; Secretary of Associate Membership, Miss Ruth Harris, of Redlands; PACIEIGIDISTRICTAEREADERS Mrs. FRANCIS EDSALL BANCROFT Mrs. CHARLES W. WILLIAMS Sec’y Board of National Missions Sec’y Board of Foreign Missions Miss MARGERY M. SCHUBERTH President California Synodical Society for Missions = 5 t ; ~~ _ * s \ : ms ; , : om ; i . t F i a - 5 7 a * e ° : 3 z ° —— 4 - 7 . "3 - , y ‘ rf ‘ 4 > \ ‘ = ’ : if 7 v e J i ~ ' ‘ = ' i - . s THE WorkK OF THE WOMEN 303 Treasurer of Contingent Fund, Mrs. D. I. Cone, of Berkeley. The very recital of the names of these officers dis- closes how varied, how highly organized and how widely spread, is the work of this new Synodical Society, to which has been entrusted the responsibil- ities for both home and foreign fields. In a chapter on women’s work we should make some reference to the Presbyterian Orphanage and Farm, or “The Home,” as they now prefer to call it, at San Anselmo. Six ladies met on February 26, 1895, to organize and plan this new enterprise on behalf of homeless children, Mrs. P. D. Browne being the prime mover. In May, 1895, Articles of Incorporation were drawn and adopted. Soon the institution had twenty acres of land in San Anselmo, a dormitory and a school. Almost from the beginning it sheltered 100 to 120 children. : NANG The orphan who has lost both parents is not the saddest of all orphans. He or she is most pitiable whose parents are divorced and perhaps both mar- ried again, and have no use for their boy or girl. In San Anselmo there are orphans of every kind, and it is a blessed refuge for little children who would otherwise be helpless and hopeless in a cruel world. It has been ministered to by noble women, both in its Board of Directors and in its matrons, some of whom, if they had lived in the middle ages, could scarcely have escaped canonization. We can name On Vad owm Ot tics Vits th ea browne, nthe founder, who was for some years President of the Board; Mrs. Robert Dollar; Mrs. L. A. Kelly; Miss Louisiana Foster, who was president during the years when a distressing series of fires occurred, and 304. "THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA under whose administration the present beautiful buildings were erected; Mrs. Rex Shearer, the pres- ent president; Mrs. John Dollar, Mrs. Almer New- hall, and Mrs. Raymond H. Thayer. There are many others. For years the superintendents were Presbyterian ministers, outstanding among whom, as an admin- istrator and friend of the children, was the Rev- erend Andrew Beatty, D.D., who gave here more than ten years of ministry. Miss Helen Whitney, a competent young woman and a trained social worker, is now the superintendent. The annual Grape Festival held for the benefit of the orphanage on the beautiful grounds of Mr. and Mrs. William Kent, in Kentfield, has become one of the famous institutions of Northern California and is participated in by thousands of people of all denom- inations. Mr. Robert Dollar has been the largest single benefactor of this worthy institution. We have said nothing about the Ladies’ Aid, and similar organizations, which in almost every church furnish the carpets, and the pulpit furniture, and the flowers, and the social rooms, and look after the janitor service, even when they do not do it them- selves. In most of our churches the deacon’s work is done by deaconesses, official and unofficial. And today there are open to women many de- partments of professional service in the church. They are secretaries, and stenographers, and pas- tors’ assistants, and superintendents of religious edu- cation, and specialists in work for girls, and mission workers. ‘There is simply no limit to the possibili- ties of feminine usefulness in the present day work of the church, CHAPTER XVI SPANISH WORK IN CALIFORNIA to eee. American rule there has always been a Spanish work in California, because there was a Spanish population before there was an American. And the American ministers have never been indiffer- ent to the needs of the Spanish-speaking populations whom they have found intermingled with their own people. So far as we know the earliest Presbyterian Sabbath-School established in the state was that opened by Dr. Willey in the presidio of Monterey chiefly for the benefit of Mexican children. At a later period the cure of the souls of the inrushing American settlers so taxed the powers of the mis- sionaries that they had but little time or opportunity to pay attention to the Spanish population. But even then there was an occasional minister with an understanding of the Spanish tongue who wrought in their behalf. Such a man was the Reverend Wil- liam C. Mosher, who after he had served the Pasa- dena Church for the first two years of its history withdrew from the pastorate to do the work of a colporteur among the Spanish-speaking people. Many times he visited every hamlet of the six South- ern counties, distributing thousands of Christian books, and tracts, and Sabbath-School papers, and preaching constantly. In the minutes of the presbyteries we read occa- 305 306 THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA sionally of the establishment of churches. There was a Spanish church organized at Anaheim on Sep- tember 2, 1882, with ten members, but in 1887 it was dissolved and its membership was added to that of the First Church of Anaheim. And at the meet- ing of the presbytery of San Francisco held on No- vember 12, 1883, a committee was appointed to organize a Spanish Church, “if the way be clear.” In the minutes of April 22, 1883, there is a refer- ence to the recent organization of this church. But it disappeared almost immediately from the roll of presbytery. We now come to a period of more definite devel- opment of the Spanish work. There are three names that stand out in the beginnings in Los Angeles, and they are the Reverend Carlos Bransby, Miss Ida Boone and the Reverend Antonio Diaz. The Rev- erend Carlos Bransby was a man of personality fine and rare. His father was an Englishman and his mother a Colombian. He had the heritage of the spirit of adventure of the pioneering Englishman, and the easy aftability in speech and address of the Spanish gentility. Before coming to California he had served the Foreign Board in Bogota. He started a mission at Los Olivos, and preached regularly every Sabbath at the school for Mexican girls which had been opened by Miss Boone in Second Street, Los Angeles. Dr. Bransby’s missionary labors in the south approximately covered the years 1884 to 1888. He was assisted by an elderly gentleman, Mr. Antonio Diaz, whom the presbytery of Los Angeles ordained on April 6, 1884. He had been born of Roman Catholic parents near the City of Mexico in 1822, was converted in 1862, and was led by cir- SPANISH WorK IN CALIFORNIA 307 cumstances into Los Angeles early in the eighties. He was an eloquent man. He died on October 8, 1895, and left behind a memory of whole-hearted consecration in the service of his Lord. Most of his work was done in places where organization was impossible in his day. Here is a typical story from his life which the author has found in an old manu- script. In 1883 a man drove his team into Los Angeles with a load of wood which he intended to sell in order to enjoy a carousal. He arrived on a Sabbath morning and heard Mr. Diaz preaching on the street to a group of Spanish-speaking people. He tied his team and came near to listen. At the close of the service the minister spoke to Facundo Ayon and in- vited him to his house. Here the stranger remained several days, and when he returned to his home in Azusa he was not only sober but converted to Christ. He bore the gospel to his neighbors and became the first elder of the Azusa Spanish Church, when it was organized on August 11, 1889. When he died even the Roman Catholics showed their respect for him by attending his funeral. This reference to Azusa brings us to the next out- standing name in the history of Spanish work, the Reverend A. Moss Merwin, D.D., who having been a missionary in Chile, and having had to resign on account of ill-health, became, in 1888, the first super- intendent of Mexican work in Southern California. He preached his first sermon at the Forsythe School, where Miss Boone presided, on March 18,1888. He was an able man, in the full maturity of his powers and he gave himself for twenty years to the evan- gelization of the Mexican population in Southern 308 THe PrespyTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA California. He published the first Spanish evangeli- cal paper of the state, which soon became strongly influential. On September 9, 1888, under the leadership of Dr. Merwin, the First Spanish Church was organ- ized with five members. For a time its services were held in a school house on Second Street, and then in any available room for some ten years. A lot and building on Avila Street were purchased, this being the first property owned as a Mexican Presby- terian Church in Los Angeles. Later this property was sold, and the church now owns a good building on Daly Street. Shortly after organizing the Los Angeles Church Dr. Merwin opened missions at Los Nietos, San Gabriel, Irwindale and San Bernardino. Occasional services were had at various other points. The work at Los Nietos died out, but at each of the other three places a strong church grew up. At San Gabriel he found a Spanish family, living under the shadow of the mission, who had been converted by reading the Bible. ‘This church has now a membership of 152, and a Sabbath-School of 200. The property con- sists of a Church, a manse and a parish house. For some time the Home Board aided this work, but now it is self-supporting. At San Bernardino a building costing $22,000 has just been completed. On February 28, 1904, one year before he died, Dr. Merwin organized a Spanish Church at San Diego. Earlier he had visited the field and seen the opportunity, but money for the opening of a mission there was not available. He told the story to his people in Los Angeles, and Mr. Juan B. Guerrero, then an elder, volunteered to go to San Diego and SPANISH WorK IN CALIFORNIA 309 open the work, if only money enough for the rent of a house could be supplied him. Dr. Merwin raised fifteen dollars a month for this purpose, but the good missionary had difficulty in finding in San Diego a house, with a room large enough to hold an audi- ence, which could be rented for this amount of money. Standing weary at a street corner late in the afternoon of the day of his arrival he was ac- costed by a friendly Mexican who offered him hospi- tality for the night, and out of this chance meeting came the first converts. San Diego Mexican Church, under the ministry of the Reverend Jose B. Rodri- guez, is now one of our most effective missions and its first missionary is now the Reverend Juan B. Guerrero, pastor of the Mexican Church of San Jose. After the death of Dr. Merwin in 1905 his daugh- ter, Miss Mary Merwin, who spoke Spanish as though it were her mother tongue, and who had been her father’s constant assistant, became his successor in the superintendency. She organized the missions at Redlands and Riverside. In 1912 she resigned. The Home Board now inaugurated a new policy in its Spanish work. This was necessary, for now the floods of Mexican immigrants began to pour in unprecedented numbers over the southern borders of the boundary states. Mexican work was being done in several different Synods and presbyteries, but without coordination in a unified plan. The Board now appointed the Reverend Robert McLean, D.D., as superintendent of all this work in the five south- eastern states. Dr. McLean had had wide expert- ence in Chile, Oregon and Porto Rico, before taking up this work, and he had a statesmanlike grasp of 310 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA its problems. During his period of administration from 1913 to 1918 he organized churches at stra- tegic centers along the border, and inland, which would get in touch with the Mexican immigrant im- mediately upon his entrance into the United States. One of these was the Church of the Divine Savior in Los Angeles, which has now a membership of 325, and a Sunday School of 400, housed in a substantial property. The Reverend Jose Falcon, a protégé of Miss Merwin, became the inspiring pastor of this church. He died suddenly on June 9, 1924, and his son, Hubert Falcon, who is now stated supply, is splendidly carrying forward his father’s work. Dr. McLean, the father, resigned in 1918, and Dr. Robert N. McLean, the son, was appointed in his place, which he is filling in a manner worthy of the succession. His administrative duties have been more clearly defined in recent years, to the benefit of the work. New churches have been organized at Mon- rovia, LaVerne, Upland, Otay, Brawley, Belvedere Park, San Jose and San Francisco. This last named city has now a Spanish Church which promises to stay, the Church of the Good Shepherd, housed in a reconditioned Lutheran Church, and ministered to by the Rev. Charles A. Thomson. A mission has also been opened in Visalia and work for the Portuguese begun at San Leandro. There are now in California 17 Spanish churches, 7 missions, 1277 members, and 1661 Sunday School scholars. One of the interesting developments of recent years is the organizing of Spanish departments in some of the American Churches. Bethesda Church, in Los Angeles, is the best example. Mexicans and Americans have one elder for each twenty-five mem- SPANISH WorK IN CALIFORNIA 311 bers. At present there are nine elders, of whom five are Americans and four Mexicans. The Ameri- cans use the auditorium in the morning, and the Mexicans at night. As we have already seen, the Reverend Christopher H. Gaskell is minister, and the Reverend Jose Venecia, formerly of El Paso, is pastor of the Mexican members. In dealing with women’s work we made mention of the Forsythe School, but any treatment of Span- ish work in the state would be incomplete without some further reference. Since its foundation the school has moved twice and now occupies a bright and attractive home at 507 Evergreen Avenue, Los Angeles. It has grown steadily in numbers and in- fluence. It has trained many Mexican girls in the finest things of American life and returned them to their homes to be leaders among their own people. There are some seventy-five girls living in the home, and the influence of their training extends widely throughout the Mexican population. The Portuguese Church in San Leandro deserves another word. It has been three times attempted: in 1891, by the Reverend Joseph F.. Cherry; in 1910, by the Reverend James T. Houston; and, in 1925, by the Reverend Henry J. McCall. Both of the last named were, previous to their arrival in Northern California, missionaries to Brazil. It is said that there are some 100,000 Portuguese living in Cali- fornia, perhaps one-third of whom are in the Bay Region. CHAPTER XVII THE ORIENT IN CALIFORNIA (OEE ESE immigration through the port of San Francisco began in 1846, when three arrived. But long before this time, there had been an ex- tensive trade carried in American ships, between the coast of California and China. With the discovery of gold, and the new opportunities of labor, vast numbers of Chinese coolies sailed in through the Golden Gate. In their new place of habitation they were not highly esteemed, but were wanted simply as hewers of wood and drawers of water. White men were miners; yellow men were not allowed to mine, except in abandoned diggings. But there were Christians who cared for them. The first public meeting of Chinese was convened on October 20, 1850, at the call of Mr. John W. Geary, Mayor of San Francisco, Mr. F. A. Wool- worth, Acting Chinese Consul, and the Rev. Albert Williams, Pastor of First Presbyterian Church, and at this time there were distributed among them tracts and religious books in their own language. ‘The first Chinese Christian of whom we hear in the United States was a certain Ah Chick, who had been bap- tized in Hong Kong, and who, with three compan- ions, constituted a Bible Class in connection with the Sabbath School of First Presbyterian Church, in the winter of 1851-2. In response to a petition from the Session of this church the Board of Foreign Mis- 312 THE ORIENT IN CALIFORNIA 313 sions in October, 1853, appointed the Reverend Wil- liam Speer, D.D., as the first missionary to the Chinese on the Pacific Coast. He organized the first Chinese Church in San Francisco on November 6, 1853, with eleven members. By the close of this year the first mission building was erected and occu- pied on the northeast corner of Sacramento and Stockton Streets. After four years of faithful service, Dr. Speer was obliged to relinquish the work for reasons of health, and was succeeded by the Reverend A. W. Loomis, D.D., afterwards agent of the American Bible So- ciety in Japan. Other superintendents in the order of their appointment were the Reverends A. J. Kerr, Dee Vi Gondityi Dips) ) eH Eauchliny D:Ds and Mrs. J. H. Laughlin. In 1882 the old First Presbyterian Church, lo- cated at 911 Stockton Street, about a block from the original site of the Chinese mission, was pur- chased by the Foreign Board for the accommodation of this expanding work. ‘This building went down in the fire of 1906, and was replaced in 1908 by the present one. ‘This church has constantly worked in intimate cooperation with the Presbyterian Mission Home. Today it has a membership of 221, under the pastorate of the Reverend Tse Kei Yuan, a de- vout and fearless Chinese Christian leader. In 1870 it was estimated by Dr. Condit that there were 150,000 Chinese in America, most of whom were in California and 30,000 of whom were in San Francisco. Owing to our immigration laws the num- bers are smaller today. ‘There are probably 65,000 in California; but the number of women and organ- ized families is vastly greater, all of which means that we have a permanent Chinese population, which 314 ‘THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA by natural increase is growing larger every year. Some of them are rich and highly educated. All of them are eager for the material advantages of west- ern civilization. Most of them are alien in thought and feeling from Christianity. Among the Chinese of the Pacific Coast there are eighteen Tongs, which are organizations possessing an almost absolute con- trol over the life of their members. The Tong gun- man who is ordered to kill must kill, or be killed; and no other Tong member will reveal his secret. The loyalty of the Tong organization baffles the skill of the best detectives of the American police. And throughout the history of underground Chinatown young girls have been bought and sold for sums ranging from $3000 to $5000 for the purpose of vice. We have already referred to the heroic work of Miss Donaldina Cameron in rescuing and caring for these girls. In the order of the foundation of the Chinese missions Los Angeles is second, though the organi- zation of the church there came later than the or- ganization of the Oakland church. ‘The Reverend Ira M. Condit, D.D., a missionary from China in search of health, founded it in 1875 and organized a Sabbath School of eighty or ninety members in con- nection with the First Presbyterian Church. Many of these Chinese became Christians and were re- ceived into the church. But later it was deemed wise to turn over the work to the United Presbyterian Church, which was willing to assume responsibility for it. ‘he mission property was sold, but with true Chinese pertinacity the members refused to be trans- ferred, and thus a new building had to be erected and a new church of forty members organized. ‘This was done on April 2, 1884. Dr. Condit, who had in the THE ORIENT IN CALIFORNIA 315 meanwhile gone north, returned to take charge of this church from 1885 to 1891, being followed in succession by the Reverends William P. Chalfant, J. L. Stewart and J. Franklin Kelly. Dr. Ng Poon Chew, a graduate of San Francisco Theological Sem- inary, had a rich pastorate here. He is now the brilliant editor of the leading San Francisco Chinese daily newspaper. The church now has 86 members. In 1877 Dr. Condit removed to Oakland from Los Angeles, and found already in existence a flour- ishing Sabbath School, and also a night school. Out of these there was organized on July 7, 1878, a Chinese church of sixteen members, thirteen of whom had previously been members of the First Presby- terian Church. At the service of organization Dr. Eells presided and Dr. Condit gave an address in Chinese. Apart from six years spent in Los Angeles Dr. Condit served this church for nearly forty years. It has now 80 members, under the pastorate of the Reverend Lee Yick Soo. The congregation is erect- ing a fine modern church building on Eighth Street, between Harrison and Alice Streets. The work on behalf of the Chinese in California has consequences far beyond the limits of our state and nation. Particularly does the coast of China feel the result. Many Chinese make a periodical visit to their kinsfolk in China and be it said to their credit, they always take their religion with them. And scores of Christian preachers in China have been converts in the missions of America. If only we had the space we could tell some thrilling stories of these men. Today the Japanese constitute the largest Asiatic element in California’s population. ‘There are about 90,000 of them. They have built beautiful Buddhist 316 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA temples all along the Pacific Coast. ‘That in Los Angeles cost $300,000, and the one in Fresno is almost as large. Moreover the Japanese in Califor- nia are raising great sums of money to expend upon Buddhist missions. ‘This is not a condition which Christians should regard with apathy. It consti- tutes a threat to Christianity even in our university centers. But if we would make Christians out of our Japanese neighbors we must behave toward them as though we ourselves were Christians. The first Japanese church was organized in an upper room on Golden Gate Avenue on May 16, 1885, when seventeen members were received by cer- tificate and fifteen upon confession of faith, making thirty-two in all. In 1892 the former building of the Seminary at 121 Haight Street was purchased for the use of the Japanese mission. Later, when the location of the colony had shifted northwards in the city, the church was moved to 1516 Post Street, where the Reverend Shoh K. Hata now ministers. More than 1200 Japanese have passed through the membership of this church throughout its history. Dr. E. A. Sturge, a medical missionary, was in charge of the work from its beginning unto the time when all the Asiatic work in the United States was placed under the control of the Board of National Missions. Today this work is largely administered by the Jap- anese themselves, but the Board of National Mis- sions retains a sort of advisory relation to it in the person of the Reverend Philip F. Payne, who is a member of the staff at Presbyterian Headquarters in San Francisco. The Japanese Church in Salinas is “the eldest daughter of the San Francisco Japanese Church.” In 1898 the San Jose Presbytery received under its THE ORIENT IN CALIFORNIA 317 care this self-supporting mission, which later was regularly organized as a Presbyterian Church. It has now fifty-six members under the ministry of the Reverend Renpei Watanabe. The Japanese Church in Watsonville, under the ministry of the Reverend Toyozo Takayama, has eighty members. But it should be noted in connection with all the Japanese churches that the body of adherents outnumbers that of the members. There are Japanese churches in almost all the large cities of California, though it is difficult to tabulate these, because most of them are federated churches, belonging to more than one denomination. Altogether work for Japanese is maintained at forty places in northern California and at thirty-four in southern California, comprising churches, schools, homes and various other forms of religious and so- cial activity. In spite of the attractive power of Buddhism, and its appeal as a national cult, the Jap- anese are turning to Christianity. Perhaps one should add in spite also of the obstacles thrown in their way by white men, nominally Christian. In Long Beach certain Americans did everything in their power to prevent the federated Japanese church from obtaining a permit to erect a building on a suit- able location. Nevertheless there are churches like the Japanese Church of Los Angeles with more than 300 members. ‘This church is typical and should re- ceive more extended mention. The Presbyterian mis- sion was started in Los Angeles in 1902, and had a steady growth under the care of Reverend K. Hagi- wara. The work was educational and evangelistic. A church of forty-nine members was organized on November 12, 1905, and the Reverend Joseph K. Inazawa was chosen pastor, under whom the congre- 318 ‘THe PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA gation went forward rapidly. The Reverend Giichi Tanaka is now minister. These churches are giving relatively more largely than most of our other churches. All Japanese church aim at reaching self- support as soon as possible. Here is a typical incident. In, and near, Monterey there is a considerable community of Japanese, with a small church and a consecrated minister, the Rev- erend E. Kawamorita, who is intellectually and spir- itually a man of power. ‘They dedicated a new church on October 24, 1926, at a cost of $15,000, the greater part of which was raised among the Jap- anese themselves. Six ordinary fishermen subscribed their entire catch of tuna for the season, with a guarantee that it would yield at least $2000. Most of the disciples of Jesus were fishermen, and when Jesus called Peter, he took his fishing-boat also. The Korean population, which was once much larger, now numbers only some 2000 in the United States, and these are generally Christians and are cared for by the Methodist and Presbyterian churches. ‘There is a Korean church in Dinuba. Before closing this chapter one should mention the Armenian Church of Fresno, which was organized on July 25, 1897, with forty members, and now has about 200. An Armenian church was organized at Yettem, with forty-five members on April 2, 1g1t. Owing to removals of the Armenian population, it has now twenty-nine. Several other Armenian churches, more or less organized, have existed in the Synod. But the Armenian readily assimilates with the native American and is often found in the ordi- nary Protestant Church. There is an Assyrian church at Turlock, with eighty-five members. CHAPTER XVIII PRESBYTERIANS IN NEVADA oT PIIESE have been two periods when the settle- ment and development of the land now cov- ered by the State of Nevada went forward with a leap, the one beginning about the year 1860, and the other about the year 1900. We will deal with each of these in the course of this chapter. In 1859 the discovery of the famous Comstock Lode in Western Nevada brought a rush of new population, led to the building of Virginia City, a prosperous community located on a mountain side where human beings under ordinary circumstances would not have thought of living, and eventually brought into existence a new State. For the years 1862-8 the average annual production was more than $11,000,000. Another time of high produc- tivity came in the years 1873-8, after the opening in the Comstock Lode of the Great Bonanza mine, of which for a time the annual yield was more than $26,000,000. The discovery of 1859 came just about the time when many of the miners in Cali- fornia were thinking that mining here was nearly ended, and thus there was a rush to the new fields of Nevada. The early sixties saw a mushroom popula- tion moved from the one side of the Sierra to the other. 319 320 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA The Reverend W. W. Brier, who was the ex- ploring agent of the New School Assembly's Com- mittee on Home Missions, visited the Territory of Nevada in his official capacity in the spring of 1861. He preached in Carson City and called a meeting at the Stone School House for the evening of May 19, in order to appoint a Board of Trustees, secure a building site and erect a church. At this meeting subscriptions were secured to the amount of $5000, and on June 2, 1861, a petition was drawn up by eleven persons desiring to be organized as “The First Presbyterian Church of Carson City” and to be taken under the care of the Presbytery of Sierra Nevada, of the Synod of Alta California. Mr. Brier returned to California, reported upon his action in Nevada, and urged upon the Reverend A. F. White, of Gilroy, that he undertake this work. Mr. White arrived in Carson City on September 12, 1861, to be temporary supply of the new church, but as the sea- son was advanced it was thought wise to defer building operations to the following summer. Mr. White was thus the first resident minister of the Pres- byterian Church in Nevada. But by reason of vari- ous hindrances it was not until May, 1864, that the house of worship was completed and dedicated. An- other and a larger building was opened for use on August 16, 1896. Among the ministers who have served here are the Reverend James Woods, and his son, the Reverend James L. Woods; the Rev- erend F. L. Nash, under whose leadership the sec- ond edifice was erected, the Reverend H. H. Mc- Creery, whose pastorate, beginning in 1902 contin- ued for some twenty years, and the Reverend John L. Harvey, the present energetic minister. The PRESBYTERIANS IN NEVADA 321 church reports sixty-three members, and is located in the capital city of the state. The second church in the territory was that at Virginia City, also organized by the Reverend W. W. Brier, in the Methodist Episcopal Church, on September 21, 1862, with seventeen members. The first pastor was the Reverend D. H. Palmer, who remained until late in 1864, when he was succeeded by the Reverend William H. Martin, under whose ministry a good church building was erected. He was succeeded in July, 1867, by the Reverend T. E. Taylor, who came from Oakland, and who re- ceived the munificent salary of $225 a month, the largest ever paid by the church. The highest point of membership was attained in 1880, when the roll contained 105 names. This church has had more than thirty pastors in its brief history, which fact is significant of the problems of the Nevada fields. Its membership is now 26. Among the matters con- tained in the records of the church is the question of removing the snow from the church sidewalk. On February 3, 1888, a Mr. John Cameron worked for twelve hours shoveling snow and at the next meeting of the trustees astonished them by stating that he did not intend to present a bill. During the earlier period of our church’s work in Nevada organizations were effected also at the following points: Elko, on May 26, 1870; Eureka, in May, 1873; Starr Valley, on June 1, 1890; La- moille, on October 26, 1890; and Wells, on March 27, 1892. [here were other churches, some unor- ganized, some organized, which the temporary exigencies of the time brought into being, but which afterwards disappeared. Such were Gold Hill and 322 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Silver City, in the neighborhood of Virginia City, organized shortly after the last-named place. Elko continued to live and has grown to be the strongest of all the churches of the Presbytery. With the completion of the Central Pacific Railroad it be- came an important junction, and in the laying out of the town the railroad company contributed four lots of sage brush land on which to build a church. Hither came the Reverend Henry Otis Whitney, a Yale graduate, inspired with the divine passion which makes saints and heroes, and resolved in Christ to found a church. Out in the wilds, at twenty-nine years of age, he laid down a life of the greatest promise. He was followed by the Reverend John Brown, a graduate of Glasgow University, who laid the foundation of a Presbyterian church on April 26, 1870. The church was organized with nine mem- bers on May 6, and the new building was dedicated in October. The organ was presented by Henry Ward Beecher. ‘The young Scotch minister had come from a land where the church services were always conducted with decency and order, and it was a rough, fierce life into which he plunged. As late as 1874, the Reverend H. Richardson, agent of the California Bible Society, said in his report: “Is there another state where people so generally feel as though they were out of God’s moral jurisdiction?” Young Brown heard of a man who had been a pillar in the church in the place from which he had come, and he found him at a faro bank, gambling with the boys. He was told that Sister R. would prove to be a true mother in Israel; and he found her to be a strange mixture, half French, and half Indian, a compound of good points and others not so good. a ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee Ulu PRESBYTERIANS IN NEVADA 323 He had to make the most of such material as lay to his hand. A temperance lecturer who came to town became very drunk. And one day when a large crowd of people gathered in his church to listen to a funeral sermon a man came to the door and an- nounced that the lightning express was coming, and the whole congregation, including the pall-bearers and the mourners, filed out of the church and left the minister alone with the corpse. Returning home in the dark he stumbled over the body of a dead Chinese whom some one had shot and had not troubled to bury. It was a matter of no consequence. But this young Scot stood to his post and made a church. ‘Throughout its entire history it has had a Sabbath-School. But as late as 1887 it was re- ported to presbytery that there were no elders and no male members in the church. The total member- ship then was ten. In 1893 when the second edifice was dedicated there were forty-three; in 1913 when the third edifice was dedicated, there were 134; in 1926 there were 150. ‘The church has been for- tunate in having had two strong pastorates of sufh- cient duration to enable the pastors to make a defi- nite impression upon the life of the community, that of the Reverend George H. Greenfield, Ph.D., and that of the present pastor the Reverend J. M. Swander. The stories here told of the early history of Elko exhibit conditions which were almost identical in the early history of every one of the churches organized in Nevada. Eureka was a populous and busy mining town while the mines were yielding richly. It built a good church and a manse, but with the decline of mining 324 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA the church declined and today has intermittent service with less than a score of members. Starr Valley was organized in 1890, when settlers had discovered that at the eastern terminus of the Ruby range of mountains not far from Wells, where the snow lies heavily on the summits, there are val- leys which instead of containing sage brush, hold in their embrasure tender meadows. It is a fertile country. But it has never supported a large popula- tion. The church was organized with twelve mem- bers and it reports the same number still. ‘Today it bears the name Deeth. Lamoille and Wells are also overlooked by the Ruby mountains. The chief business of this part of the state is stock-raising, but Wells has also the ad- vantage of containing the homes of a large number of railroad employees. Both churches are small, but necessary. Both have ministered to a whole genera- tion of people, who, without them, would have had no church. With the exhaustion of the mines in the neighbor- hood of Virginia City and the consequent depletion of population all our churches in west central Ne- vada declined in strength, and many of them ceased to exist. Virginia City, which had once ruled as a queen upon a lofty throne, now sat almost desolate in the midst of her ruined splendor. But with the turn of the century in southern Nevada there were made marvelous new discoveries which brought into exist- ence new towns such as Tonopah and Goldfield al- most in a day. The newly found outcroppings of mineral were richer in silver than in gold. In 1900 Tonopah was a desert without inhabitant and in 1903 it had a population of 4000, with substan- SS ee eee ee eee! Fee PRESBYTERIANS IN NEVADA 325 tial buildings built of the white granite quarried in the neighborhood, a product which is now a per- manent source of wealth. ‘There has also been great progress made in the irrigation of agricultural dis- tricts, so that a new population has been progressively filling the wastes. The Reverend Francis H. Robinson, Sabbath- School missionary, was for ten years a pioneer in every work of new settlement, calling together for worship the seekers of quick wealth, and gathering the children into Sabbath-Schools whenever organi- zation was possible. During this period churches were organized at the following points: Reno, on August 31, 1902; Tonopah, on September 21, 1902; Goldfield, on March 26, 1905; Las Vegas, on April 9, 1905; Manhattan, on June 10, 1906; Rhyolite, on November 11, 1906; Columbia, on November 19, 1906; Searchlight on January 12, 1908; East Ely, on May 16, 1909. Tonopah and Reno have both grown to be com- paratively strong and effective churches, exerting a wide influence. That at Reno is now a federated church in which the Congregationalists have an in- terest commensurate with that of the Presbyterians, and in which both denominations seek to minister to the growing body of students in the University of Nevada. There was a Cumberland church organized in Bishop, California, on December 23, 1900, and this, in anticipation of the union, was transferred by the presbytery of Tulare of the Cumberland Church to the Presbyterian Church, U.S. A., on September 3, 1905. Later, on August 6, 1911, an Indian Church was 328 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA towards unification and centralization. The church today is at once simpler and more highly organized than it was twenty years ago. Indeed it is simpler just because it is more highly organized. ‘There are no longer a multitude of minor agencies in competi- tion with one another, if not in actual opposition. But all are organized together as component parts of one great whole. For instance the Board of Na- tional Missions has oversight of all work carried on within the territory of the United States on behalf of men of every color, white, black, brown or yellow. And this means that every man living in the United States is somewhere an object of concern to the heart of some religious worker. The church is becoming increasingly insistent upon finding the particular re- ligious worker whose duty it shall be to seek the good of every particular man. But it is only a highly organized church which can thus reach out with the appropriate agent to accomplish such special tasks. Now to be concrete. Up to 1916 there was a Presbytery of Oakland and a Presbytery of San Francisco. ‘The Presbytery of Oakland was managing fairly well because it con- tained a considerable population of the suburban residents of the Bay Region, and had a good deal of wealth in its churches. Quite commonly when San Franciscans had made a considerable amount of money, or attained a certain degree of grace, they moved to Berkeley. Some of the churches of San Francisco which had done valiant service in the com- mon good at an earlier time now found themselves year by year depleted of some of their most effective workers who had decided to make their homes across the bay. This made the problems of San Francisco THe CHurcH Topay 329 Presbytery doubly hard. From 1880 to 1905 the membership of this presbytery was practically at a standstill. During the following ten years a num- ber of new and small churches were established in the outlying sections of the city, generally in barrack-like structures which made no appeal to the surrounding populations. The newly organized churches on the eastern side of the bay were generally more pros- perous. At the meeting of Synod held in San Diego in 1916 there came the union of these two presbyteries, and following upon this great event the appointment of a superintendent of church extension and the estab- lishment of Presbyterian Headquarters in the city of San Francisco. The choice of the Reverend Rob- ert S. Donaldson, D.D., to fill the new office of superintendent was a most happy one, and to him, more than to any other single man, is due the credit for the unprecedented growth of our church in the Bay Region in the decade of 1917-1927. ‘The re- sources of all the churches in the Bay Region be- came effective to meet the needs of all. The futile, struggling small churches of the fringes of population were gradually transformed into vital, aggressive or- ganizations, housed in beautiful, commodious build- ings, and warm with the glow of genuine Christian fellowship. New churches were organized when these were needed. The total membership of San Fran- cisco Presbytery in 1916 was 8536, in 1926 it was Lees To And the growth in the attendance at the Sabbath- Schools, in the contributions to congregational ex- penses and to the Boards, has increased proportion- ately. There is in every gathering of San Fran- J 330 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA cisco Presbyterians a consciousness of power, an as- surance of ultimate victory, a freedom and a glad- ness, which were quite unknown a few years ago. It is dificult to single out for mention any of the leaders, where all are devoted and capable. But the great pulpits of Northern California are everywhere being splendidly sustained. Under Dr. Silsley the First Church of Oakland has become a church of more than 2500 members, and is still rapidly ad- vancing. Calvary Church, in San Francisco, under the ministry of Dr. Van Nuys, with more than 1200 members, in a location which is second to none in its importance upon the Pacific Coast, is now rejoicing in the greatest strength of all its history. St. John’s of Berkeley, which still holds to the beautiful tra- dition of its first pastor, the Reverend George G. Eldredge, D.D., and is both loyal to the creed of Presbyterianism and also resolutely free in the pur- suit of truth, has now, under the strong leadership of the Reverend Stanley A. Hunter, D.D., grown to be a church of almost a thousand members, and min- isters largely to the body of the University of Cali- fornia. First Church, of San Francisco, the oldest of all our churches, still stands in the midst of the thronging traffic of the center of the city, holding true to its traditions of dignity and simplicity, and maintaining an almost unvarying strength of mem- bership. Its pastor, Reverend William Kirk Guthrie, D.D., who has been minister here for a quarter of a century, is now the senior Protestant pastor of the strong churches of the city. Trinity Church has quite departed from the tradition of its foundation, be- cause the Mission district, in which it is located, has completely changed its character since the fire of FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, OAKLAND THE REV. FRANK M., SILsLEy, D.D., PASTOR THE CyHurCH ‘ToDAy 331 1906, and is today the home of peoples of many tongues and racial characteristics. Under the min- istry of the Reverend Homer K. Pitman, D.D., and his like-minded son, the Reverend Paul Pitman, it has become a great religious center, making its ap- peal to all sides of the man, body, mind, soul, and social affections. Its membership, which had been declining for years until 1919, when Dr. Pitman came, is now again rapidly mounting as the church has re-adapted itself to the needs of the neighbor- hood. Inasmuch as the work of Trinity Center is distinctive it demands further notice. It employs every modern instrument for the purpose of reach- ing the people in its constituency—Boys’ Club, Men’s Club, Gymnasium, Dad and Lad Dinners, United Women’s Associations, Girls’ Federation, Sabbath- School, moving pictures, Daily Vacation Bible School, press agent, close relations with the labor unions. In the summer of 1926 the Daily Vacation Bible School enrolled no fewer than 1703 pupils representing thirty-nine nationalities and forty-two different religious faiths, and had a daily average at- tendance of 895. This church is a hive of industry, late and early, and shows conclusively what can be done in a good old building, left behind by a receding family population, in a district of lodging houses and foreign tenements, if only the heart of the minister burns with compassion. Howard Church, earliest of the New School churches, and strongest of all the churches of Synod at the time of the reunion of 1870, after many vicis- situdes of fortune, is still filling an important place in the life of the city, under the ministry of the Rev- erend: James C.Keid, ‘Ph:D, 332 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA But where there are in the Presbytery of San Francisco fifty-eight good and faithful churches it is impossible to speak in detail of all of them. We can only enumerate the new churches, with the dates of their organization, as follows: Seventh Avenue, San Francisco, August 9, 1904; High Street, Oak- land, April 14, 1907; St. John’s Berkeley, June 3, £907;/ot. James:;: San Prancisco, Aprile 26,aroqos st. Paul’s, San Francisco, August 9, 1908; Lincoln Park, San Francisco, August 30, 1908; Rodeo, Janu- ary 22, 1909; Grace, San Francisco, November 7, 1909; Calvary, Berkeley, February 13, 1910; Park Boulevard, Oakland, August 4, 1911; Northbrae, Berkeley, February 9, 1915; Ocean Avenue, San Francisco; April 15, 1920; Stepe, January 1) 19208 Irvington, September 11, 1923; San Pablo Park, Berkeley, March 21, 1924; House of the Good Shepherd (Spanish), March 27, 1924; Portalhurst, San Francisco, March 7, 1926; Burlingame, June 27 LO 20: In connection with the founding of new churches it is to be noted that today there exists a committee of comity consisting of representatives of all the Protestant churches, which has an advisory voice in the location of all new religious establishments. This aims at preventing unnecessary duplication of effort in promising fields as well as the neglect of unpromising but needy fields. Several of the churches mentioned above represent an effort of the community irrespective of the former denominational connections of the members. There is a possible peril however in the organiza- tion of the community church. If it is not definitely and explicitly attached to one of the great denomi- THE CHurRcCH ToDAy 333 nations, it may tend to a comfortable and self-cen- tered program of local activities without any vision of the need of the world of sin and sorrow that lies beyond the narrow borders of the prosperous parish house. Without a world outlook the individual con- gregation cannot permanently do effectively even its local work. From 1920 onward, upon a program extending over at least ten years, three new edifices each year are being erected by the churches of San Francisco Presbytery. ‘Thus it is fitting that the headquarters also of the presbytery should have a new building, where the great activities of the church in Northern California can be given a permanent home. Thus in January, 1927, the Presbytery purchased property on McAllister Street, between Hyde and Larkin Streets, which is now converted to its new uses. In it is located the Presbyterian Book Store and all the general ofhices of the church, together with a Dvi- rectors’ room and an auditorium where presbytery can hold its meetings. Associated with Dr. Donaldson in his administra- tive duties are the Reverends Charles L. Duncan, and Philip F. Payne. We have already referred to Mr. Payne, as having an especial oversight of the Oriental work of eleven western states. But the purpose of all three administrators seems to be to serve wherever service can be rendered. Mr. Dun- can’s activities are directed chiefly along educational lines, with an especial regard to the young people. This work, particularly in our Synod, is most impor- tant. Generally the oldtime Californian does not want to be converted and quite frequently he counts the endeavor to convert him as a downright personal 334 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA affront. It is indeed harder now to persuade the non-church goer to attend a religious service of any kind than it was in the pioneer days. But the chil- dren do not feel in this way. And if the church can win the rising generation of boys and girls it will have the men and women of the future. During the final decade of this history the number of children in the Sabbath-Schools has doubled, and the number gathered every summer into the Daily Vacation Bible Schools has become a great multitude. Besides these there are summer camps where recreation, Bible study and prayer are finely combined. And there are now in our Synod five Presbyterian conferences for young people, where the leaders receive admir- able normal training. Indirectly this new work on behalf of the young is having a high evangelistic value, for the parents are often reached through the service rendered to the children. ‘They are brought to the church be- cause the church is benefiting the little ones, and to Christ, because he is the head of the church. Presbyterian headquarters in San Francisco has also proved to be an administrative center for all the Boards of our church. We have already re- ferred to the concentration here of the Women’s Boards. The Foreign Board has here been repre- sented by the Reverend Weston ‘T. Johnson, D.D., formerly himself a missionary in Japan, who has the last American touch with the departing missionary, and the first with the arriving, whose visits and ad- dresses carry the inspiration of the foreign message to the whole Pacific Coast. Besides those already mentioned as being connected with the Board of Na- tional Missions the Reverend William O. Forbes, ‘" i ¥; ? Ae Ba § t J a * i a a 4 é a ‘4 ° 7 b a * THE CHurcH Topay 335 D.D., has an oversight of Sunday School Missions with especial responsibility for the Nevada Presby- tery. The Reverend Henry M. Campbell, D.D., represents the Board of Christian Education, espe- cially in reference to Men’s Work. The Reverend John M. Skinner, D.D., represents the Board of Ministerial Relief and Sustentation in rigorously prosecuting the new pension plan now before the church. Recently, with the establishment of a Council of the General Assembly for the purpose of coordinat- ing the activities of all the Boards, the Reverend C. Franklin Ward, D.D., was appointed the representa- tive of this Council, with his office in San Francisco, from which his activities radiate throughout the Coast. Benicia Presbytery reports substantially the same group of churches as twenty years ago. Some of those nearer to San Francisco have grown stronger than they were and new work among the lumbermen with modern methods has been opened in Eel River Parish. It is a widely scattered presbytery, covering three hundred miles of the northern coast of Cali- fornia, and it has not yet experienced the impulse of the new growth of population which has come to most sections of the state. The outstanding advance made in the last decade has been the introduction of new methods into the work of churches already es- tablished, as exemplified in the rural parish of No- vato. The advance of the decade of 1916-1926 in Sac- ramento and Stockton has been just as great as in San Francisco. Both of these cities are among those carliest founded in the state, and both share in the 336 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA traditions of the mining period. In the older towns of California it is always more difficult to achieve any religious end than in those more recently established, which are not controlled by the traditions of °49. Thus it is matter for rejoicing that the First Church of Stockton, and the Westminster and Fremont Churches of Sacramento, have all recently erected splendid new edifices. New churches have been founded in the past twenty years in Sacramento Presbytery in several new towns such as Fair Oaks, Orland and Weed. The church at Weed at the foot of the glorious Mount Shasta, is possessor of an elaborate com- munity house, in which most of the social activities of this region are concentrated, with excellent effect upon the moral character of the outlying lumber camps. In Fresno there is another headquarters where the Reverend David W. Montgomery, D.D., superin- tendent of church extension in the central counties of the state, has his office, with activities extending out into the desert, the oil fields, the cattle country, the raisin country and the High Sierra Mountains. In Los Angeles there is another concentration of the administrative activities of the southern counties in the Presbyterian Headquarters where the Rev- erend Guy Woodbridge Wadsworth, D.D., superin- tendent of Church Extension, is located. He is ably assisted by the Reverend Henry T. Babcock, D.D., who has a persuasive gift of evangelistic preaching, and uses his office largely for this end. Miss Rose Scott, a woman of grace and convictions, is a specialist in the work in behalf of girls. Under the inspiration and direction of Dr. Wads- Arayhqsaig AlayAqseig sajasuy soy Jo ArejaI9Ig IATNIIX| oosioURIy ULG JO AIvJaINIg IATINIIXY TORE ERS OVS TS ORISA R ‘a’ ‘NOSGTVNOG ‘S$ LYAGON “ATY AHL ei) s } THe CHurcH Topay 337 worth’s office the progress of church extension in Los Angeles Presbytery has been extraordinary, possibly without a parallel in the history of our church. In 1916 the presbytery contained 20,881 members, and in 1926, 41,476; and every other advance was pro- portionate. The most striking relative gain in any one munici- pality was in Long Beach, where the combined mem- bership of the two existing churches in 1916 was 1163, whereas in 1926 there were four churches with a combined membership of 3493. On November 12, 1913, the Calvary Church, of Long Beach, was organized by the Reverend E. C. Jacka, D.D., a member of Los Angeles Presbytery; and the Reverend O. H. L. Mason, D.D., who had formerly been pastor of the First Church, was called to be minister of the new congregation. It increased in numbers rapidly, and in 1917, with 358 members, was enrolled in Los Angeles Presbytery. Dr. Mason resigned the pastorate in July, 1917, in order to en- gage in war work with the American troops in Siberia, in which he made a distinguished record; and the Reverend John G. Klene, D.D.; was called to succeed him. ‘The membership of this church is now some 700. The Second Church of Long Beach was organized on June 23, 1913, with 126 members, and in 1926, under the pastorate of the Reverend Henry C. Buell, it had 609. The latest to be organized of this splendid group of Long Beach churches is Emmanuel, which came into being on July 8, 1923, with forty-five members, and which reported to the Assembly of 1926, 202 members. The pastor is the Reverend Charles F. 338 THr PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA Ensign, D.D. Every one of these Long Beach churches gives the finest promise of life and serv- ice in the future. One of the most interesting churches of Los Angeles city is the Westminster Church, which should not be confused with the church in Westminster be- longing to the same Presbytery. The former is our colored church, which was organized on October 9, 1904, with 21 members. In 1916 it reported 49 members and in 1926, under the pastorate of the Reverend Hampton B. Hawes, it reported 222. In Pasadena, Glendale, Burbank, Fullerton, Ingle- wood, Monrovia, Orange, San Pedro, Santa Ana, Santa Monica, Wilmington and many other points, the growth has been almost as wonderful. Let us pass briefly in review some of the churches of recent organization which most challenge our notice. The First Church of Hollywood was organized on December 20, 1903, with 25 members. In January, 1927, it had almost 2000. Its pastors have been the Reverend Henry A. Newell, D.D., the Reverend Gil- bert C. Patterson, the Reverend Marcus P. Mc- Clure, D.D., now of Modesto, and the Reverend Stewart P. MacLennan, D.D., the present pastor. It is a church great on every side, in the strength of its congregation, the breadth and beauty of its serv- ice of praise, its diligence in the religious education of its young, and its devotion to the world-wide work of the Kingdom of Christ. In this church will be found a good many people connected with the moy- ing picture industry, and yet it would doubtless be classified as a fundamentalist church. Within the city of Los Angeles St. Paul’s Church THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, HOLLYWOOD : And its pastor, REv. STEWART EDwARD MACLENNAN THe CuHurcH Topay 339 is one which has had a extraordinary recent develop- ment. A committee of the Presbytery of Los Angeles visited this field in 1910 and decided to recommend the beginning of work there, which was done. On May 1, 1910, St. Paul’s Church was organ- ized with 17 members and services were held in a store room for some two years with but little prog- ress; until in April, 1913, the Reverend W. G. Mills was called to take charge of the work. He could find but twelve members, and beginning with these as a nucleus he soon built up an effective organiza- tion. Dr. Mills remained for thirteen years during which time the congregation grew to be one of 450 members, with a property worth about $175,000, and a growing field in which to expand. Dr. Brieg- leb, the former pastor of Westlake Church, suc- ceeded Dr. Mills, in October, 1926, and immediately St. Paul’s Church took another strong step forward. Wilshire Boulevard Church was organized on September 15, 1912, with 72 members, and by the last report it contained 1022. In 1926 it received 180 new members upon confession of faith. It is a great church, erected at one of the crossways of the southern metropolis, and containing many of the men of light and leading of the city. It uses every known method of winning people to Christ, includ- ing motion pictures on Sunday evenings. It has had only two pastors throughout its history of fifteen years, the Reverend Gilbert C. Patterson, and the present pastor, the Reverend John A. Eby, D.D. The Eagle Rock Church was of Congregational origin. But when Occidental College moved into this district of the city it was evident that a Presby- terian Church would be needed there, and the locality 340 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA did not then assure the support of two strong churches. With fine generosity the Los Angeles Association of Congregational Churches, on April 15, 1914, dismissed their church of 85 members to become a Presbyterian church. Under the able min- istry of the Reverend William S. Middlemass, D.D., it has grown to be of more than six hundred members. The Westminster Church of Pasadena originated in the decision of the Session of Pasadena Presby- terian Church early in 1906 to attempt to do some- thing for that part of the city in which the new church is now located. A chapel was built on Lake Avenue and Claremont Drive, and the Reverend William E. Dodge was called to take charge of the new field. On June 14, 1908, this church was organized with 51 members. In 1909 the church was relocated on its present site. It has steadily grown since that time, until today it numbers some 700 members and is planning the erection of a new building to cost $350,000. During its early years the church was sustained and fostered by the Pasa- dena Church, and came to self-support under the ministry of the Reverend Clarence A. Spaulding, D.D., in 1916. The present pastor, the Reverend Josiah Sibley, D.D., is a son of Immanuel Church, of Los Angeles, and has had a long and distinguished ministry upon the coast, interspersed with two pas- torates in the east. He was ordained to the min- istry by the Presbytery of Los Angeles in 1902, and had his first pastorate at Azusa. Since then he has been minister of First Church of Long Beach; First Church, Knoxville, Tennessee; Calvary, San Fran- cisco; Second Church of Chicago; and since January 21, 1926, of Westminster, Pasadena. THE CHurcH Topay 341 The newer churches of San Diego have generally grown to real strength and efficiency. “The Second Church which started in 1913 with much promise died out in a few years. And the East San Diego Church which began about the same time on Sep- tember 24, 1913, with 39 members has now grown to be one of more than three hundred. The Brooklyn Heights Church, which is of longer dura- tion, having been organized on March 17, 1912, has grown to similar proportions. The Calvary Church which has fluctuated in its strength has about one hundred members. Other churches of recent organization in the south are as follows: La Jolla, on October 1, 1905, with 10 members, and now with 122; Covina, on December 3, 1905, with 95 members, and now with 221; El Centro, on January 21, with 11 members, and now with 170; Euclid Heights, Los Angeles, on March 10, 1907, with 24 members, and now with 355, most of whom have been enlisted from indus- trial, foreign populations by two brothers in the ministry, the Reverend Lawrence L. Cross, after- wards of Berkeley, and his successor, the Reverend Frank M. Cross, the present pastor; Garvalia, San Gabriel, on March 22, 1908, with 45 members, and now, under the ministry of the Reverend James F. Nelson, with more than 200; Mount Washington, on May 2, 1909, with 34 members, and now with 90; Van Nuys, on April 17, 1912, with 44 members, which under the pastorate of the Reverend David Farquharson in 1926 amounted to 268; Placentia, on August 4, 1912, with 31 members, and in 1926 with 126;Grace, Los Angeles, on June 24, 1912, with 25 members, and now with 135; West Hollywood on January 13, 1913, with 54 members and now 342 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA with 236; South Hollywood, on November 9, 1913, with 35 members, and now with 313; Lincoln Ave- nue, Pasadena, on April 5, 1914, with 100 mem- bers, and in 1926 with 348; Southwest, Los Angeles, on April 5, 1914, with 125 members, and in 1926 with 275; Arcadia, on May 10, 1914, with 25 mem- bers, which increased to 260; Belvedere, Los Angeles, on November 7, 1915, with 18 members, which in 1926 became 144; Lomita, on October 2, 1917, with 48 members, which are now 109; Laguna Beach, on December 2, 1917, with 16 mem- bers, now with 72; Palmdale, on May 4, 1919, with 49 members, now with 60; San Juan Capristrano, organization completed on January 13, 1920, with 48 members, which have increased to 78. Of still more recent organization is Beverly Hills, which after six years of existence under the pastoral super- vision of the Reverend Robert M. Donaldson, D.D.., has almost two hundred members, and a beautiful church, located in superb surroundings. South Gate has grown in the same time to be a substantial church of 130 members. None of the Mexican or Japanese churches are named here, nor any of the churches which have been dealt with in other con- nections. One thing that will strike the reader is the fact that the number of members with which most of the churches are started in the recent years is much larger than that with which the pioneer churches began. In many ways the struggles of the present are not so severe as were those of the earlier genera- tion, even when we are launching a new church. We are all alike the heirs of the faith and endurance of the fathers; they have labored, and we have entered into their labors. God grant that this great and A COTTAGE IN MONTA VISTA GROVE THE CHuRCH Topay 343 precious inheritance may not be impaired through any use we may make of it today, but that rather it may be enriched through our experience and trans- mitted to the generations that shall come after us. But before we close there are one or two other matters to claim our attention. Among the new activities of our church in the south should be mentioned the Monte Vista Home for Ministers which, under the energetic leadership of Mr. James Marwick, elder of Santa Barbara, was begun in 1922. This home consists of a fine group of bungalows built in a beautiful grove near Pasa- dena, where aged ministers and their wives can find shelter and comfort in the midst of congenial and dignified surroundings. In the fall of 1926 the Reverend Augustus B. Pritchard, D.D. became superintendent of this home, and under his adminis- tration the resources of the corporation have been greatly enlarged. No minister who knows that such a happy haven of rest awaits his declining years need view with apprehension the day when he must with- draw from active duty. Mr. David Black, an elder of the Pasadena Church, has succeeded Mr. Mar- wick in the chairmanship of Synod’s committee which has this gracious work in hand. In this history there has been no mention made of the several attempts on the part of the church to organize missions to the Jews living in our midst. These have been generally well conceived and kindly in their approach; but they have accomplished little. The Jew does not want to be regarded as a special object of evangelism. He wants to be considered a normal person in the community, and though he sometimes sets himself apart by some of his racial 344 “THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA and religious peculiarities he does not want Chris- tians to set him apart by making him a peculiar object of interest. When he becomes a Christian it is generally through the agency of one of the regular churches; and as a matter of fact there are not a few Jews in the membership of our churches on the coast and some are even in the eldership. It may be that now in our American life we are approaching the time when larger numbers of the people of the old covenant will gladly enter the service of the Christian’s Christ. In the sphere of moral reform Presbyterianism has made a great contribution to the success of the temperance cause in California in giving to the leadership of the Anti-Saloon League in successive periods the Reverends Ervin $. Chapman, D.D., LL.D., Daniel McG. Gandier, D.D., and Samuel T. Montgomery, D.D., all of whom have left im- portant pastorates to respond to the most urgent call of public morality of the generation. It is not too much to say that there are no three men of the past half century in California to whom the cause of prohibition owes a larger debt. And to these we add the name of an elder of the First Church of San Jose, the Honorable T. M. Wright, proponent of the Wright Act of the California legislature. The Bible Institute of Los Angeles, while un- denominational in its personnel and in the scope of its teaching, has nevertheless been largely the product of Presbyterian piety. Its chief benefactor was Lyman Stewart, an elder of Immanuel Church, and many of its teachers and students have been Presby- terians; and both of its responsible leaders today, the Reverend Rueben A. Torrey, D.D., and the Rev- THe CHurcH Topay 345 erend John Murdock MaclInnes, Ph.D., Litt. D., are members of the Presbytery of Los Angeles. Now to bring our story toa close. Where in 1849 there were no churches, no ministers, and no com- municants, today there are 85,297 communicants en- rolled in 376 churches, organized in 9 presbyteries, and cared for by 759 ministers. In 1926 these churches contributed for congregational expenses $2,274,418, and for benevolences $768,677. And yet almost every one of these churches at one time received aid from the Board of Home Missions, or the Board of Church Erection, or both. Calvary and St. John’s, San Francisco, began as strong and self-supporting churches, but they emerged out of other churches which, in their inception, had received assistance. This is also true of Immanuel, Los Angeles, St. John’s, Berkeley, and probably some others. In other places the church as such received no aid, but its first pastor was a home missionary, sent out by a Home Mission Society, and supported by Home Mission funds. Let us look again at the statistics of 1926 and ask ourselves whether mis- sions pay. The story has been told. It is a story of a mighty work, bravely wrought. There are places where the heroism might have been more apparent if it had not been for the necessary condensation within the limits of space, and for the limitations of the writer. Our warfare is not yet accomplished. Our task is not complete. Population is still pouring over our borders more tumultuously than ever _ before. Divorce stains the front page of every morning paper. Heroes cannot save the state, nor can saints save the church, if the home life of our people is 346 [He PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA undermined. ‘The greatest single need of our church today is the restoration of the family altar, with its piety and purity, its faith and love. We are secking, earnestly seeking, through all the channels of our modern ecclesiastical system, to reach and save the young. But we shall have to contend against a theory of life which makes no distinction between good and evil, between truth and falsehood, between purity and impurity, inasmuch as all alike are ex- pressions of the life of nature. We who are Christ’s know that there is a distinction, that righteousness only is right, and that the soul that sinneth shall die. And we know this because we know Christ. This Christ, our Christ, He only is the hope of the world in which we find ourselves at this hour; and He only, let us say it bravely as Christians, whatever some materialistic professors may say, He only is the ulti- mate foundation of the moral life. Let us come nearer to Christ, nearer to His wounded side, nearer to His heart of love which has bled for us. And as we come nearer and nearer to Hin, we shall certainly be brought nearer and nearer one to another. ‘hen shall be fulfilled His prayer that as the Father is in Him, and He in the Father, we may be one in Him; that thus the world may be- lieve that the Father hath sent His son, our Jesus. APPENDICES APPENDIX [| A LIST OF THE PROTESTANT SERVICES HELD IN CALIFORNIA PRIOR TO THE ARRIVAL OF THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN MINISTERS On June 17, 1579, Francis Drake stepped ashore on Drake’s Bay and one week later he held the first religious service in English on the Pacific Coast. Before he departed on July 23 he erected “a great and firm post,” to which he nailed a brass plate telling of his arrival, his first religious service and his claim to those lands in the name of his sovereign, Queen Elizabeth. In 1846, the Reverend Walter Colton, a Congregational minister, was chaplain on the frigate Congress, which spent the summer and fall of this year in the harbor of Monterey. He held service alternate Sundays on the frigates Congress and Savannah, and in 1847 there is a record of a revival of religion among the seamen on these vessels. At this time Mr. Colton did not know of the presence of another Protestant minister within the limits of the state. He was useful to the people of the state in many ways. In 1846 Commander Stockton ap- pointed him the first alcalde of Monterey under the Ameri- can flag. It was the policy of the American government of occupation at this time to preserve as far as possible the forms of the Mexican administration. But manifestly, in the interest of justice, some of these required modification. It was Mr. Colton who introduced for the first time within the limits of the state trial by jury. He also established the first newspaper in California. He found at Monterey an old press and type that had been used 347 348 [He PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA by a priest for printing tracts and with these he issued The Californian on August 15, 1846. It was printed in Spanish and English and given an eager welcome by the community. Thus Mr. Colton has the honor of planting some fundamental American institutions in the new terri- tory. It was he who, as correspondent of the Journal of Commerce in New York, gave to the east its first knowledge of the discovery of gold in California. But so far as the ministrations of religion were concerned he seems to have confined these to the Navy and never to have held a service on shore. On July 9, 1846, Captain John B. Montgomery, of the Portsmouth, raised the American flag over the Presidio of San Francisco. He was a Presbyterian elder and a deeply religious man; and having no chaplain on board he himself conducted church service on his vessel. During his stay in San Francisco harbor he also conducted public religious serv- ices on shore. His appear to be the first Protestant serv- ices held on shore under the American flag in California. The Plaza was re-named Portsmouth Square after his vessel, and Montgomery Street was named after himself. ‘The United States ship Lexington, Lieutenant “Theodorus Bailey commanding, arrived in Monterey on January 28, 1847, with a large box of the publications of the American Tract Society, which were distributed in the port. James Woods, in his ‘California Pioneer Decade.” tells us that the captain of a certain whaling ship invited the Reverend James C. Damon to preach on board his vessel in 1847. But who the captain was, where the harbor was, and who the Reverend James C. Damon was, the present historian has been unable to discover. On April 25, 1847, the Reverend William Roberts, newly appointed Superintendent of Missions for Oregon of the Methodist Episcopal Church, stopped on his way to preach in San Francisco. On the following Sunday the Reverend J. H. Wilbur, his companion in travel, organized a Sunday School and Bible Class; but they were apparently of short duration. In October, 1847, Mr. Elihu Anthony, a local preacher of the Methodist Episcopal Church, conducted a class in San Jose for two or three months. In 1848 Mr. Anthony APPENDICES 349 organized a class in Santa Cruz, which subsequently grew into the Methodist Church of that city. ‘The same Mr. Anthony also preached occasionally in San Francisco dur- ing this year. In this connection it is interesting to read the following extract from the diary of C. S. Lyman (Cal. Hist. Soc. Quart., Oct. 1923). On Sunday, June 4, 1848, at San Jose he writes: Two sermons. Mr. Anthony, a.m. Mr. Hickok p.m. Evening a ‘Temperance Meeting. The town was so depleted by gold fever not many present except people from Santa Cruz on their way up. Mr. Hickok and Mr. Dunleavy spoke—nothing great. Mr. Hickok mouthed and murdered the Queen’s English horribly. The other was a decent speaker, but people could not help thinking how shockingly he beat his wife a short time since, a thing which he is in the habit of doing. Meeting too long. Left at 10:40. Fifteen signed the pledge. On date of July 2 he writes from a camp not far from Sutter’s Mill: Mr. Douglass (his partner) and myself went to Jones’ Camp, one and a half miles above, to engage in religious exercises. Most of the party belonging to his Camp were absent and it was con- cluded to appoint a religious meeting there for the next Sabbath, Among the many items concerning prospecting, gold wash- ing and cooking which this diary contains we come across the following of the date of July 30: Spent the day in camp. Mr. Matthews and son and the Rev. Mr. Anthony came and spent the Sabbath with us and had religious exercises. Agreeable and profitable. Thus it is evident that the Methodist local preacher per- formed a very real service in California in the days before there was any regular ministration of religion in the state. In October, 1848, Captain Lewis H. Thomas, of the English brig Laura Ann, held service on shore in San Francisco, using the ritual of the English Church. 350 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA APPENDIX II A LIST OF THE CHURCHES ORGANIZED BY PROTESTANT MINISTERS IN CALIFORNIA PRIOR TO THE CLOSE OF 1849 On July 6, 1849, the first Baptist Church of San Fran- cisco was organized by the Reverend Osgood C. Wheeler, the traveling companion of the Revs. Willey and Douglas. It was the third Protestant church to be organized within the state, and it built the first house of worship, which was used for a time by the First Presbyterian Church. ‘Three months after its inception this church became self-supporting. There were unorganized Union Services in Sacramento, usually held in a grove near the corner of K and Third Streets, from May till November, 1849, in which the fol- lowing ministers are known to have participated: Wiailliam Roberts of Oregon (see Appendix I), Isaac Owen, Grove Deal, M.D., all of these being Methodists; T. A. Ish, Cumberland Presbyterian; S. V. Blakeslee, Congrega- tionalist; John Cook, Baptist; Mr. Haines (church not given). On August 19, 1849, the Reverend J. A. Benton (The California Pilgrim) and Professor Forrest Sheppard opened the first Sunday School in the city of Sacramento; and three weeks later the first prayer meeting. On September 16 Mr. Benton organized the First Church of Christ (Con- gregational) ; and on October 26 Mr. Owen, the Methodist Church in Sacramento. Meanwhile, in San Francisco, Trinity Episcopal Church was organized on July 22, 18409, by the Reverend Flavel S. Mines, its first rector. First Methodist Episcopal Church was organized on July 27, 1849, by the Reverend William Roberts and supplied by Mr. Asa White, a local preacher, until the arrival of the Reverend William Taylor on September 1, 1849. Their building was dedicated by the Reverend William Taylor on October 7, 1849, and was the second Protestant edifice erected in the state. The First Congregational Church of San Francisco was organized on July 29, 1849, by the Rev. erend Timothy Dwight Hunt. Grace Episcopal Church APPENDICES 351 began its services in October, 1849, under the rectorship of the Reverend J. L. Ver Mehr, and was organized into a parish on April 28, 1850. The Sixth Sree Methodist Episcopal Church of Sacra- mento was organized on October 28, 1849, by the Reverend Isaac Owen, who preached in Stockton also, and on March 17, 1850, organized the Central Methodist Episcopal Church in the latter city. In addition to this organized work there was a vast amount of work not sufficiently advanced to be given the definite form of a church. This latter work, con- ducted largely in mining camps and in canyons of the moun- tains, was even more important than the organized. APPENDIX III In the issue of The Pacific of August 29, 1851, is published the following list of ministers and churches of various de- nominations then in California. It comprises so much of the religious history of the churches in that early day, that it is here presented for more general information, and for such preservation as this history may secure to it. SAN FRANCISCO First Congregational Church, corner Jackson and Virginia Sts.; T. Dwight Hunt, pastor. First Presbyterian Church; holds service in the Superior Court Room, St. Francis Hotel, Clay St.; Rev. Albert Williams, pastor. Howard Street Church, Happy Valley; S. H. Willey, pastor. First Baptist Church, Washington St.; O. C. Wheeler, pastor. Methodist Episcopal Church; Washington St.; Wm. Taylor, pastor. Grace Church, Powell St.; O. L. Ver Mehr, rector. Roman Catholic Church, Vallejo St. Spring Valley Chapel, Preaching by Clergymen of different de- nominations, SACRAMENTO “First Church of Christ”; J. A. Benton, pastor. M. E. Church, Seventh St., between L and M; M. C. Briggs, pastor. First Baptist Church, Seventh St. corner Ios "John Penman, pastor. M. E. Church for colored race; Barney Fletcher, pastor. Roman Catholic Church, Seventh St., corner K; J. Ingaldsley, pastor. 352 ‘THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA SAN JOSE Presbyterian Church; Isaac H. Brayton, pastor. M. E. Church; Chas. Maclay, pastor. Baptist Church; L. O. Grenell, pastor. SANTA CLARA Methodist Church. Baptist Church. BENICIA Presbyterian Church; Sylvester Woodbridge, pastor. MARYSVILLE Presbyterian Church; W. W. Brier, pastor. Methodist Church; J. W. Brier, pastor. NEVADA CITY Congregational Church; J. H. Warren, pastor. STOCKTON Presbyterian Church; James Woods, pastor. M. E. Church; Wm. Morrow, pastor. SONORA M. E. Church, South; Cyprian Gridley, pastor. SANTA CRUZ M. E. Church; D. A. Dryden, pastor. Congregational Church, Y. H. Hinds, pastor. SONOMA CIRCUIT James Corwin, Alex. McLean, M. E. Church. EL DorApDo CIRCUIT A. S. L. Bateman, pastor. INDEX irae ’ A) Gap! sat Weg titi r nt # } Lys INDEX Academies, 249-50 Agriculture, 111, 250 Alameda, 119 Alexander, William, 250, 271, 273 Alhambra, 220 Alta California, Synod of (N. S.), 153 American Bible Society, 56 Anaheim, 147-8 Anderson, W. C., 260 “Annals of San Francisco,” 54 Anthony, Elihu, 348 Anti-Saloon League, 344 Anza, Juan Bautista de, 14 Arcata, 99 Armenian Churches, 318 Arroyo Grande, 232 Assyrian Church, 318 Avery, H. R., 118 Ayala, Juan Manuel de, 15 Azusa, 220 Babb, C. E., 200, 216 Baer, John Willis, 266-7 Baker, William E., 96 Bakersfield, 197 Bell, Hugh Henry, 196, 285 Bell, Samuel B., 79, 86, 261 Benicia, 40 Benicia, Presbytery of, 73, 154, 187-90, 335 Berkeley, First, 175-8 Knox, 185 St. John’s, 179, 327, 330 Westminster, 175-6 Bible Institute, 240, 344 Bidwell, General John, 23, 123, 264. Billings, Frederick, 44, 166, 249, 257 355 Bird, Remsen du Bois, 267, 285 Boardman, W. E., 134-6 Boone, Ida, 306 Boundaries of Synod and Pres- byteries, 155, 157 Boyd, Thomas, 196 Bransby, Charles, 215, 306 Brayton, Isaac, 59, 260 Brayton, J. W., 108 Briegleb, Gustav A., 245, 339 Brier, William Wallace, 100, 114, 116, 173, 320 Browne, Mrs. P. D., 292, 294, 57) 303 Brush, Frank S., 119 Bucarelli, Antonio, 14 Buel, Frederick, 56 Burbank, 219 Burnham, Theodore F., 4, 117 Burrowes, George, 250, 252, 271, 274 Cadwallader, Mrs. Rawlins, 295 California, Name of, 10 California Presbytery of the Cumberland Church, 65 California, Presbytery of (O. S.), 63, 67 California, Synod of, 156 Calistoga, 187 Cameron, Donaldina, 290 Carpenteria, 232 Carson City, Nev., 116, 154, 320 Cermenho, Rodriguez, 11 Chapman, Charles E., Histo- rian, 7 Chase, Martha G., 254, 299 Chichester, W. J., 205, 206, 223 Chico, 123 Chinese Girls, 289-90 356 Chinese Missions, 71, 80, 88, 165, 289, 298, 312-5 City College, 250 Civil War, 127-9 Cleland, Robert Glass, Histo- rian, 7 Cleland, Robert W., 240 College of California, 259 Colton, 236 Colton, Walter, 347-8 Columbia, 34 Columbia, Synod of, 155 Concord, 181 Condit, Ira M., 95, 313-5 Cornett, William H., 212 Coronado, 221 Cortez, 10 Covelo, 188 Coyle, Campbell, 182, 230 Coyle, Robert, 87, 177, 240, 245 Crescent City, 98 Crosby, Arthur, 126, 281 Culbertson, Margaret, 290 Cumberland Presbyterian Church, 60, 65, 76, 242-5, 252, 325 Dana, Richard Henry, 22 Danville, 118 Davis, Thomas K., 133 Davisville, 191 Day, Thomas F., 279 Denniston, Mrs. E. G., 292 Diaz, Antonio, 306-7 Dinuba, 197 Discovery of Gold, 27-31 Divine, Sherman L., 121 Dobbins, H. H., 145, 157, 185, 231 Dollar, Robert, 286, 304 Donaldson, R. S., 329, 333 Douglas, John W., 51, 56, 130, 134, 249, 257 Drake, Sir Francis, 11, 347 Durant, Henry, 258 Eastman, R. S., 185 Eaton, Mrs. A. B., 104 Eby, John A., 339 Edmonds, Walter E., 216 Educational Work, 246 INDEX Eells, James, 5, 87, 163, 262, 275 E] Cajon, 213 El Monte, 222 El Montecito, 234 Eldredge, George G., 172, 330 Elko, Nev., 322 Elmhurst, 185 Elsinore, 237 Ensenada, Lower California, 226 Eureka, 189 Female College of the Pacific, 253 First Church Building Erected, 50 First Church Organized, 41, 43 First Installation, 64 First Ordination, 56 First Presbytery, 62 First Protestant Services in California, 347 Fillmore, 234 Fishburn, William H., 219 Fisher, William J., 244 Foreign Churches, 103, 173, 174, 206 Forsythe Memorial School, 298 Foster, A. W., 172, 280, 281 Fowler, 197 Franciscans, The, 12 Fraser, Julia, 9, 299 Fraser, Thomas, 9, 97, 102, 137, 149, 215, 278 Freeman, Robert, 211 Fresno, 195, 336 Fruitvale, 184 Fullerton, 221 Furneaux, Hugh, 88 Glendale, 216 Goddard, Mrs. R. B., 299 Gold Star Missionaries, 293 Goodwin, Mrs. Mindora Berry, 293 Gordon, John A., 240 Graham, Edward, 146 Gray, Nathaniel, 166 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 21 Guthrie, William K., 330 INDEX Haight, Henry Huntley, 165, 262 Hallenbeck, Edwin F., 144, 285 Hamilton, Mrs. A. H., 115 Hamilton, Wallace M., 144 Hanford, 244 Hays, Walter, 202 Haywards, 184 Hemphill, John, 126, 165, 276 Hicks, Arthur, 186, 244, 263 Hillis, Lewis, B., 264 Hollenbeck, John Edward, 217 Hollister, 198 Hollywood, First, 338 Home Missions Aid, 206, 345 Horton, Thomas C., 240 Hunt, Timothy Dwight, 38, 257 Hunter, Stanley A., 330 Hunter, W. A., 238, 240 Indian Work, 71, 299, 325-6 Inglewood, 226 Japanese Churches sions, 315-8 Jesuits, The, 12 Jews, Missions to, 343 Kelly, Mrs. L. A., 292 Kendall, Henry, 142, 149 Kennedy, Samuel J., 220 Kerr, John Henry, 282 King, James, 107 Klink, Nathaniel B., 117 La Crescenta, 219 Lacy, Edward &., 98 Ladies’ Protection and Relief Society, 104 Landon, Warren H., 282 Lasuen, Fermin Francisco de, 17 Law, John K., 195 Le Conte, Joseph, 177 Lindsley, Aaron Ladner, 278 Livermore, 173 Livingstone, Samuel G., 221 Lompoc, 234 Long Beach, Calvary, 337 First, 214, 222, 337 Second, 337 Loomis, Henry, 166 and Mis- | ‘McDonald, James 357 Los Angeles, Presbytery of, 156, 204, 230, 238, 336 Los Angeles, Bethany, 220 Bethesda, 226, 310 Boyle Heights, 217 Beverley Hills, 327 Central, 207, 227 Eagle Rock, 339 First, 50, 78, 100, 130ff, 150, 205, 207-8 Highland Park, 230 Immanuel, 206, 223-5 Knox, 229 Recent Churches, 341-2 Church of the Redeemer, 229 Second, 213 St. Paul’s, 327, 339 Third, 215 Vermont Ave., 229 Welsh, 225 West Adams 219 Westlake, 241, 244 Westminster, 338 Wilshire Boulevard, 339 Los Gatos, 198 (Grandview), Mackenzie, Robert, 55, 159, 278 MacLennan, Stewart P., 338 Madera, 195 Magary, Alvin E., 183, 283 Manses, 187 Martin, William, 285 Marwick, James, 343 Marysville, 57 Mason, O. H. L., 223 Massey, Ernest de, 29, 32 McAfee, Lapsley A., 177 McClure, Marcus P., 194, 338 S., 4, 100, 126, 144, 186, 195 McIntosh, John S., 283 McLean, Robert, 309 McLean, Robert N., 310 McLeod, Malcolm, 211 Mendocino, 99 Menlo Park, 173 Merced, 194 Merwin, A. Moss, 221, 307-9 Mills College, 166, 255 Mills, Cyrus Taggart, 255 358 Minton, Henry Colin, 177, 279: Minutes of Synods and Presby- teries, 2 Mobley, D. A., 117 Modesto, 193-4 Monrovia, 222 Monterey, 52, 199 Monte Vista Homes, 343 Montgomery, Alexander, 281 Montgomery, David W., 336 Montgomery, Captain John B., 278, 348 Moore, T. V., 284 Moraga, 15 More, Warren D., 202 Mosher, W. C., 147, 211, 305 Mountain View, 244 Napa, 95 Nevada Presbytery, 154, 158 Nevada Churches, 319-26 Newark, 185 Newell, James M., 9, 239 Noble, W. B., 126, 144 Novato, 190 Oakland Presbytery, 157, 158, 328 Oakland, Brooklyn, 114 Centennial, 182 First, 5, 86, 156, 240, 261, 274, 276, 291 Union St., 180 Welsh, 182 Occident,) Dhes'41,9 42, "200, 212 Occidental Board, 288-96 Occidental College, 264-8 Ojai, 232 Ontario, 238 Orange, 208 Oregon Presbytery, 153, 154 Ortega, 13 Oxnard, 235 Oxtoby, W. H., 284 Pacific, The, 59, 75, 109, 130, _. 133, 136, 35% Pacific Expositor, The, 5, 93, 135 INDEX Pacific, Synod of (O. S.), 68-73, Tesh ss Palo Alto, 201 Parker, Alexander, 209 Pasadena, Pasadena 209-12 Westminster, 327, 340 Pasadena South, Calvary, 220 Paterson, Charles G., 183, 283 Petaluma, 188 Phelps, Joshua L., 157 Philips, W. A., 172 Pierpont, James, 86, 87 Pierson, George, 115 Pinney, Mrs. H. B., 294 Pioneer Churches, 76 Pitman, Homer K., 194, 331 Placerville, 87 Pleasanton, 174 Pomona, 215 Poor, Daniel W., 273 Portola, 13 Portuguese Church, 311 Potrero Hill Neighborhood House, 300 Potter, Dwight E., 180 Presbyterian Orphanage Farm, 303 Presbytery, First, 51, 56 Pritchard, A. B., 208, 228-9, 233, Church, and 343 Protestant Orphan Society, 104 Railway Construction, 35, 112, 152, 154, 166, 238 Reception of Members, 160 Redlands, 237 Religious Education, 333-4 Reno, Nev., 325 Reunion, 151 ff. Richmond, 174, 186 Riverside Presbytery, 158, 235-8 Riverside, Calvary, 237 Magnolia Ave., 236 Roberts, J. B., 120, 125 Robinson, Francis H., 325 Rourke, George M., 223 Sacramento Presbytery, 154, 190-3, 336 INDEX Sacramento, Fremont Park, 191, 327, 335 Westminster, 78, 96, 119-21, 156, 335 San Anselmo, 190 San Bernardino, 149-50, 236 San Diego, 143, 144, 341 San Francisco, Bay of, I San Francisco, Presbytery of UN Spa) en 62.1256, 25750289 Presbytery of, 154, 158, 171- 87, 328-30 San Francisco, Calvary, 88, 102, 128, 144, 156, 330, Central, 118, 156 First, 4, 43-9, 156, 278, 330 Howard. 54, 154, 156, 159, 332 Larkin St., 117 Lebanon, 181 Mizpah, 184 St. John’s, 156, 171, 274 Seventh Ave., 244 Trinity, 125, 330 Welch, 86 Westminster, 122 Recent Churches, 332 San Francisco Theological Seminary, 268-286 San Joaquin Presbytery, 193-7, 243 San Joaquin Valley, 122 San Jose Presbytery, 154, 156, 198-203 San Jose, First, 56, 271 Second, 200 San Leandro, 182 San Luis Obispo, 231 San Pedro, 147, 213 San Rafael, 126 Santa Ana, 213 Santa Barbara Presbytery, 158, 230-5 Santa Barbara, 144-6 Santa Clara, 85 Santa Cruz, 200 Santa Maria, 232 Santa Monica, 212 Santa Paula, 233 Santa Rosa, 50, 97, 102 Schools, Grammar, 41, 44, 246-8 12, 13, 158, 359 Scott, William Anderson, 5, 89~ 95, 102, 128, 171, 250, 270, 273 Scudder, Henry M., 55, 159 Selma, 244 Serra, Junipero, 13, 16 Seward, Frederick D., 214, 239 Siblev, Tosiah, 223, 340 Silsley, Frank M., 87, 330 Smith, Herbert Booth, 225 Socials, 161 Sonora, 87 Spanish Missions, 71, 206, 238, 248, 298, 305-11 Spanish Missions of Catholic Foundation, 16 Spaulding. Clarence A., 146, 340 Speer, William, 88, 313 Stanford University, 201 State of Religion in 1852, 69 Statistics of 1855-60, rox, 110 1865-70, 153, 156 Cumberland Church, 243 Los Angeles, 157, 204, 337 San Francisco, 329 Stevenson, Joseph A., 213 Stewart, Lyman, 224, 344 Stockton Presbytery, 157 Stockton, 49, 81-4, 156, 335 Sturge, Dr. E. A., 316 Sutter’s Mill, 27 Swett, John, Educator and His- torian, 246, 249 Synod ae ny California (N. S.), Synod of. iene 76 Synod of the Pacific (O. S.), 68- 73, 269 Taylor, William, 6, 48 Thayer, Clarence A., 286 Thomson, Herbert, 119 Tonopah, Nev., 324 Trumbull, R. J., 126, 272 Tustin, 217 Union of Churches, 151, 242 University of California, 256-263 University Mound College, 252 Upland, 237 166, 360 Vacaville, 117 Vallejo, 117 Van Nuys, Ezra Allen, 330 Veeder, P. V., 251 Ventura, 142 Vigilance Committee and the Church, 55, 106 Virginia City, Nev., 116, 154, 321 Visalia, 122 Viscaino, Sebastian, 12 Waddell, W. A., 214 Wadsworth, E. B., 5, 6, 120 Wadsworth, Guy W., 266, 336 Walnut Creek, 175 Walker, Hugh K., 208, 223, 224 Walsworth, Edward B., 79, 86, 248 Washoe, Presbytery of, 154 Webber, L. P., 148, 157 Westminster, 147-8 Westminster House, 263 Whisler, George, 202 White, A. F., 150, 209 INDEX White, Lynn T., 127, 285 Willey, Samuel G., 8, 51-6, 160, 176, 248, 249, 256, 261 Williams, Albert, 6, 42, 104-5, 215, 247 Wilmington, 141, 147, 214 Wishart, John E., 285 Women, Work of, 287-304 Women’s Synodical Society for Home Missions, 296-303 Work, Edgar W., 177 Woodbridge, Sylvester, 117, 125, 174, 248 Woods, James, 6, 49-51, 79, 81- 4, 88, 131 Woods, James L., 6 Wright, Mrs. C. S., 294 Wyllie, Richard, 95 39-42, Young Men’s Christian Asso- Ciation, 102, 166 Young, William S., 9, 141, 216, 217, 218, 229, 265, 266 Yuma Massacre, 20 Nia pall a : ane P) ae boeken Ree ¥ oy rr’ ies bye Pugh ea hy | aia As he ay Ly, . “4 Wihiiiiif | 4 $012 012356 8430 , ste iy c3 a =f ht tke, ot ee oo * SS fnctones ar" +, * Bi iets t te at *, in f 3 be ee 5 teeta ltt es t i aa i ¢ + t 4 aay iat alt = Sines Ss Sane eet hen Se oe bP ow oh fa > ty tetet ot * ud He ., eanietatete if rit AQ te shy ait fy fee Sosnaresy eee et baeernr ares meine oe t t H i t ? i re ea Seta le ta | ate 5%; .t 9. tf i £ Fehiticte re * eSe\oeprasecs ee Ty ate spel ee y Paes tebe ed "yak ay SA wie ts iy ee eS “hve cine oh Lees ie SF) tir sah SP ehatexiie? 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