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LIBRARY OF THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
PRINCETON, N. J.
re ke
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Divr0sion.
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ta
The Perfect Gatendar
for EVERY YEAR of the CHRISTIAN ERA
Designed for Practical
Every-day Use
PATENTED SEPTEMBER 1srT, 1891
BY \/
HENRY FITCH
With a Chronological Record of Important Events in the History of
the World from B.C. roooo to 1926 A. D.
REVISED EDITION
Lp
ay
© NS eo
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YORK AND LONDON
1926
CoryriGHT 1891 By
FUNK & WAGNALLS.
CopyriGHT 1926 BY
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY.
Printed in the United States of America.
All Rights Reserved.
Published, March, 1926
Copyright under the Article of the Copyright Convention of the Pan-American
Republics and the United States, August 11, 1910.
DEDICATED
TO MY
FATHER AND MOTHER,
WHO TAUGHT ME
TO LOVE, SPEAK, AND SEEK THE TRUTH.
AND WHOM
I DELIGHT TO HONOR.
CONTENTS
PREFACE, . , 7 ; 4 : ;
DIRECTIONS FOR USE AND EXAMPLES, .
EXPLANATORY NOTES, : { ; ;
SPECIAL CALENDAR FoR 1582, .
SPECIAL CALENDAR FOR 1752, .
CALENDARS “‘Al”’ To “‘A7’”’ INCLUSIVE,
INDEX OF YEARS BY CENTURIES,
CALENDARS ‘‘B1”’ To “‘B7’’ INCLUSIVE,
A BrieF HISTORY OF THE CALENDAR, . 2 : ‘
IMPORTANT EVENTs, . . : : : ; ; ;
PREFACE.
THis PERPETUAL CALENDAR has been preceded by a variety of
perpetual calendars which have, unfortunately, been unable to work
their way into general use. It is believed that this calendar has merits
which will save it from a similar fate. Be that as it may, it will not
detract from whatever accuracy or value other calendars may have to
contrast the simplicity and practical features of this with the lack of
such qualities in them—dqualities that are essential to a popular and
successful calendar.
That form of annual calendar has been adopted which long usage
has rendered most popular. In other calendars the use of unusual
or distorted forms has been imperative: in one case the days of the
month are in an extended row or column, like a tape-measure; in another
case a single monthly block of 31 days is made to do duty for all the
months and years by having a shifting list of week-days above it. The
liability to error arising from the manipulation and adjustment of me-
chanical devices is avoided in this calendar because it has no wheels,
sectors, pointers, or sliding-slips to consume time and tax patience. In
brief, it consists of but 14 different annual calendars—all there is in either
the Julian or in the Gregorian System—and an index including every
year of the Christian Era, referring to the proper calendar for any year
desired. How could it be more simpleor better adapted to practical use?
It commends itself to the commercial world because its accuracy
is so evident or so easily proven, and because it is convenient to use
it for daily reference to the current year, and equally so for dates in
years recently past or soon to come, there being in no event a puzzling
tule for busy brains to worry over. Altho intended primarily for
commercial use and for modern dates, it will be found of special value
to students of profane and sacred history.
DIRECTIONS FOR USE.
OpposiTE each year [see Index on pages 18, 19] will be found one
of the following series of symbols:
Atl; A2, A3,),A4;.A5, -AOj;,A7;, Bl) B2)B3, Bay Bs, po Gsmees
which symbol indicates, in each case, that the Calendar having the
same symbol at its top [see Calendars, pages 11-17 and 20-26] is the
correct calendar for that year.
The numeral or figure of the symbol, in each instance, corresponds
to the day of the week on which the year begins. Figure 1 stands
for Sunday, 2 for Monday, and so on through the week. The letter
A is used to indicate ordinary years, and the letter B to indicate leap-
years Every year must be either an ordinary year or a leap-year,
and must begin on some one of the seven days of the week; hence
some one of the seven ordinary year calendars, or the seven leap-year
calendars herein provided, will be the correct calendar for any year
that may be selected from the entire range of the Christian Era.
In the Index the years are shown complete from the beginning of
the 12th century to the end of the 20th century, and earlier and later
centuries are indicated in the headings. It will be well for those who
are not well acquainted with the fact to notice that only the last year
in each century gives the number of the century by omitting the last
two figures, and that in all other cases, by cutting off the last two figures
of any year, the remaining figures are one less than the number of the
century to which it belongs. Thus if a date in the year A.D. 857 is
wanted, being in the 9th century, it will be found the same as tho it
were in A.D. 1557, for which calendar ‘‘A6”’ is indicated.
EXAMPLES
Siege of Jerusalem ended, July 13, a.p. 70................ A2, Friday.
JohnehHuss executed; Julys7,; 14152) pees ee ee . .A3, Sunday
Shakespeare: born, Aprili23,;1564.6. .. 524... ee B7, Sunday
INAUGURAL CEREMONIES OcCURRED AS FOLLOows:
George Washingstons. sick. eo tone April 30, 1789, A5, Thursday.
John Adamata a iictgens 4:22 see March 4, 1797, Al, Saturday.
‘Lhomas | Jefferson.¢c7e,2.)2. + 3s tee March 4, 1801, A5, Wednesday.
James'Madison.), 23th .tac ee eee March 4, 1809, Al, Saturday.
James Monroe... ay.vean poe. cone March 4, 1817, A4, Tuesday.
John Quincy Adamsezo. : «3 jae March 4, 1825, A7, Friday.
Andrew. Jackson. 722. wc. ss on eee March 4, 1829, A5, Wednesday.
Martin: Van" Buren eur. see os ee ee March 4, 1837, Ai, Saturday.
William Henry Harrison.............March
Moree VICTORS as ot eR Eee ant a oe April
BRIE TOK 1 OLR fi ture saek cho oer lh March
eeu ay CPAVIOL sn oc set ine Sie. hie ease March
Pee PUNINOTe te hale tie se leene 4 July
Beasicn Prerces |,” & Mvdmeete se ccaists wh March
Bares UCKANAIIHY. chy. sie ose. March
islejlatshaats WiiYealiny, acs. oe See ree March
Pere) | ONUSOM ama er ke se ake se 5 2 April
Be Perce Syn Ca Tat ieee eo erate a so x. s).44 March
PR AVURCIAOUC Ea PeEA AVES oct io ceca so ale 50 one March
Metres ms UTAPACI a Li cshecets sis ss March
Coes tree T LU dais, «ie. dus to Wow wm, o's \a/'e° 0s Sept.
Grover wlcveiandal. .%s..6).56...... March
Benjamin Harrison...........:..... March
Gvetmoleveland so 05 6..e are. 2». > March
Mv MARC PIVUCISITCY cca, goalies «la see oot’ March
TP eOVIOP AT OOSEVELES. os a. cate c's olson March
NUL Dev iy 00 Da 0 be March
MVICHITOW VV LLSOITG cle sou tareio ave cueiieh essen’ March
Warren TIATCING ost niy ot Se ers «X's March
fp RO RN SE Oe March
Calvin Coolidge
4, 1841, A6, Thursday.
6, 1841, A6, Tuesday.
4, 1845, A4, Tuesday.
5, 1849, A2, Monday.
9, 1850, A3, Tuesday.
4, 1853, A7, Friday.
4, 1857, A5, Wednesday.
4, 1861, A3, Monday.
15, 1865, Al, Saturday.
4, 1869, A6, Thursday.
5, 1877, A2, Monday.
4, 1881, A7, Friday
20, 1881, A7, Tuesday.
4, 1885, A5, Wednesday.
4, 1889, A3, Monday.
4, 1893, Al, Saturday.
4, 1897, A6, Thursday.
4, 1905, Al, Saturday.
4, 1909, Ao, Thursday.
4, 1913, A4, Tuesday.
4, 1921, A7, Friday.
4, 1925, A5, Wednesday.
CoRONATION OF ENGLISH KINGS AND QUEENS.
felony edly 02 O29.1553. 0 he os eos on
Elizabeth, November 17,0. S., 1558
Hamesreeniarch 24, ©..9., 1603.0... 0.456%
Charles I., March 27, O. S., 1625
James II., February 6, O. S., 1685
William III, December 28, O. S., 1694
Anne, March 8, O. S., 1702
George I., August 1, O. S., 1714
George II., June 11, O. S., 1727
George III., October 25, N. S., 1760
George IV., January 29, N. S., 1820
William IV., June 26, N. S., 1830
Victoria June 20, N.S., 1837
Edward VII, August 9, N.S., 1902
George V., June 22, N.S., 1911
eee ee eo @
oroeweaeee
CO URN Lu a ben Bary, Ct
oe eee eee
eosceeee eee
oe es se eo oe @ ©
Parliamentary Executive, January 30, O.S., 1649
Cromwell, Procl. Lord Protector, Dec. 16,O.S.,
Charles II. enters London, May 29, O.S., 1660
William and Mary, February 13, O. S., 1689.
os * eee eo *
Ai, Thursday.
A7, Thursday.
A7, Thursday.
A7, Sunday.
A2, Tuesday.
1653000 N/a riday.
Bi, Tuesday.
AS, Friday.
A3, Wednesday.
A2, Friday.
A5, Sunday.
A6, Sunday.
A1, Sunday.
B3, Saturday.
B7, Tuesday.
A6, Saturday.
A1, Tuesday.
A4, Friday.
> eee ee eve
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oe eo eo @ @ © ©
oeoev ep ee @ @
PRA si aeeet urea ys
EXPLANATORY NOTES.
THE calendar from the year 45 B.c., to October 4, a.p. 1582, is
known as the Old Style or Julian Calendar, and from then as the New
Style or Gregorian Calendar. ‘The Index exhibits both styles up to the
year 1800 because the Old Style did not fall into entire disuse until about
that time.
To avoid confusion of symbols, those for the Old Style are printed
in red, and the New Style in black. The order of the calendars required
for every seventh century of the Old Style, and for every fourth century
of the New Style, is the same, as reference to the columns of the Index
will show. Asa check against the use of a wrong calendar for the more
modern dates, there have been placed on the outside margin of each
calendar all the years of the 19th and 20th centuries, for which that
calendar is correct.
Ordinary or common years contain 52 full weeks and 1 day over,
so that all such years begin and end on the same day of the week. Leap-
years end on the day of the week succeeding the day on which they begin.
Any year following an ordinary year will therefore begin one day later
in the week, and the year next after a leap-year will begin two days
later in the week. The Julian Calendar reckons those years that are
divisible by 4 without a remainder asleap-years. ‘The Gregorian Calen-
dar does the same with all years except centennial years, where the rule
is to make leap-years of such as are divisible by 400 without a remainder,
and to rekon all other centennial years as ordinary years.
Bearing these facts in mind, and beginning at the current years, the
accuracy of the entire Index on pages 22 and 23, and on margin of page
13, can be verified in a few hours’ time. In doing so, notice that each
leap-year recurs in cycles of 28 years within each century, and ordinary
years recur in a series of years that may be represented thus:
6, U1 ide0; 11, TG ales iG; 1 eee
Any three consecutive terms of this series make up a cycle known as the
Solar Cycle. The Index and Calendars are free from errors. Their
verification is urged because the subsequent use of the Calendar will be
attended with the greatest confidence.
8
Old Style to Oct. 4.
Mo.
JANUARY.
Tu. | We. | Th.
223
10
16 7
23 | 24
30 } 31
FEBRUARY.
1
G7
13 | 14 | 15
Daten sls22
BheaZo. |
NTPs he
Diet 84) st9
24 | 25 | 26
MAY.
ae: |> 3
8} 9 /}'10
15 | 16 | 17
Deited| 24
29..|.30 | 31
JUNE.
: “4 :
b2) |, 135/48
19 | 20 | 21
26 a 28
1582. New Style from Oct. 15.
JULY.
: P Tae Wet Th. ; 2
3/34) 5
TOAD E702
Lee | woe [a9
24 | 25 | 26
31
AUGUST.
oy seks oH i cee
POE S| 009
14 | 15 | 16
216) 2251123
28 | 29 | 30
SEPTEMBER.
Ao 6
12 as
18 | 19 | 20
Zo 2Ont Ly
OCTOBER.
2(|°3-| 44
195/420;1 25
201327 1828
NOVEMBER.
ZU art ee
9 1:10 | 11
16 | 17 | 18
23 | 24 | 25
30
DECEMBER.
ee | the ead
(Pate Ss,
14 | 15 | 16
21 e222 ed
28 | 29 | 30
Old Style to Sept. 2.
JANUARY.
FEBRUARY.
nae or
x}. 6
1a a Be! A op
18 | 19 | 20
25: 26 B27
MARCH.
rea ie 3
104d ta
iy ae Pt Re Se al 8
24 | 25 | 26
eH Ep toa el *
14 | 15 | 16
23 We eed
28 | 29: | 30
MAY.
Bib nee
1217133) 14
19.1520) 21
26: |927.4\ 28
Heya rales °
JUNE.
2 jas 2°4
9,10, 11
16 | 17 | 18
23. | 24 | 25
30
1752. New Style from Sept. 14.
Mo.
3] 4
10 | 11
17 | 18
24 | 25
“ae
JULY.
Tu. | We. | Th. | Fr.
22
29
AUGUST.
tgs -
cg ae ee
18 | 19 | 20
29) 20 lene
SEPTEMBER.
a ee Aaa
LO 20M a,
26 | 27 | 28
OCTOBER.
16
23
30
DECEMBER.
Pale be
12 | 13 | 14
19 |.20 | 21
26 | 27 | 28
JANUARY.
FEBRUARY.
Saad hy, tag Rr
Pago
14 lo 16
Ot nize. 4 23
28
MARCH.
pet eit al
latest 9
P4e)6151) 16
TAR AAR te ides
28 | 29 | 30
APRIL.
4/ 5
1 haa bo
Sok | Peg
ZontezO
MAY.
2AtSS
9} 10
16 | 17
23 | 24
30 |, 31
JUNE.
tlie 5
13 | 14
ALA
Beals
AUGUST.
LG PAN as
Seen Ia 10
FOROS sae
LDAP G el ANS
29 | 30} 31
SEPTEMBER.
3
12
19
26
OCTOBER.
SAS
LOPE Eaie
17 | 18 | 19
Z4-)°25) 1-26
a De |
NOVEMBER.
Da aie bee 2
fal S| 9
14 | 15 | 16
IA AEP BPRS,
28 | 29 | 30
DECEMBER.
alae
me OLS nh
19 | 20 | 21
2051.27 1.28
Correct
Calendar
for
1809
1815
1826
1837
1843
1854
1865
1871
1882
1893
1899
1905
1911
1922
1933
1939
1950
1961
1967
1978
1989
1995
Correct
Calendar
for
1810 |
1821
1827
1838
1849
1855
1866
1877
1883
1894
1900
1906
1917
1923
1934
1945
1951
1962
1973
1979
1990
| a ny Ce ed
17
24
18
25
JANUARY.
FEBRUARY.
Sail iret ee
65) A eS
13/1 JATATS
20 Katee?
ino wane
MARCH.
A2.
Se EEE eee
3] 4] 5
TONGDLT eee
17 | 18 | 19
24 | 25 | 26
$1 jee ee
AUGUST.
ue 1 Paz
(OU tare Oe
14 | 15 | 16
214), 22-4/ 23
284429 [130
SEPTEMBER.
Sele oe] ae
By ag a hee ab
Lo LO aes
20) AZONeoe
OCTOBER.
Ziti aie
910 ede
ATCT aa a ea Es
23° | 24.925
30 | 31
NOVEMBER.
ee ea
6) ais
13 | 14 | 15
20+): 21a) 22
27 | 28 | 29
DECEMBER.
“aimee
1 OA TS Be
19 | 20
26 | 27
a] hae
—————<——. |§ —— —————_ ] | —— | ——— | —____ | —__ |
. . °
—— -_————___. ————_—
21
28
10
24
O_O a |
Correct
Calendar
for
FEBRUARY. AUGUST.
1 1805
5 6 7 6 7. 1811
Iai seiel4 1354} 1822
LRP aha ea | CAO an pan Re Brea, 1833
ee ie Oat PAE Poiana Be Pia 2851929 1839
ee RPA PE Cater heer tne 1850
MARCH. SEPTEMBER. 1861
ig A 5 1867
10s Lay et 2 4 | 1878
LS 19 1889
24 | 25 | 26 1895
Re ke ORT iar Coe ea
OCTOBER. | 1907
1918
Fi atiey 1920
15 | 16 | 17 1935
22 yh 23 \ aad, | 1946
AI NIST ES 1S Lat das 1957
fe wh = 1963
NOVEMBER. 1974
1985 _ .
1991 -
On OME 6) hd 8
17 ee:
19.1)20 )|e28
26 | 27 | 28
NOVEMBER.
2134s Se
9/10 | 11
16 | 17 | 18
23 | 24° 425
30
DECEMBER.
:. ff Ib Rie! 33) ieee
TS Ag
14 | 15 | 16
21 22 1623
28 | 29 | 30
JANUARY.
ov Lites Wea
25
FEBRUARY.
Elie Pa
8} 9| 10
15 | 16 | 17
92 | 23 | 24
26 | 27 | 28
MAY.
3) 4| §
10 | 11 | 12
Liters. 19
24 | 25 | 26
31
JUNE.
Bere one bea mee
Ze 28: (49
0 ae oe Ao)
BAS} 22%| 20
28 | 29 | 30
17
AUGUST.
A ERs
9} 10
16-17
23 | 24
SOR SL
SEPTEMBER.
co Pet 1
Cade
1S Be a a
PANT OPN Soa
PaCS AS Bilas,
OCTOBER.
UO ds sO
LY phe ek S
18:| 19 | 20
25 20.4027
NOVEMBER.
ieee oS
8 | 91) 10
LS gi Loy 4.7
LIBAN OE Be ea Fh
PASC ee
DECEMBER.
oid pee eae
Oates
13 |- 14:15
PANE AS F282
27 | 28 | 29
Correct
Calendar
for
1803
1814
1825
1831
1842
1853
1859
1870
1881
1887
1898
1910
1921
1927
1938
1949
1955
1966
1977
1983
1994
CENTURIES.
Ist O.S. 2d 0.S.
Yr, | Old} Yr. | Old? Yr. | Old) Yr. | Old} Yr. | Old) Yr. . | Old) Yr. | OldjNew
02/A4; 52/B3 52|B2
03|A5| 53/A5} 03)A4| 53j/A4] 03/A3| 53/A3} 03)A2
04/B6} 54/A6} 04/B5) 54)/A5] 04/B4) 54)A4] 04/B3
O5|A1} 55|A7} O5|A7| SS5|A6} O5|A6} SS5|AS} OSjA5
06/A2} 56/Bi; O6|A1;} 56|B7]| O06|A7} 56/|B6] 06)A6
07|A3} 57|A3} O7/A2| 57|A2] O7/A1| 57|A1] O7|A7
08)/B4; 58/A4} 08/B3} S8/|A3} O8/B2!} S8jA2]} O8/B1
O9|A6} SOIAS} O9|A5| 5S9|A4) 09/A4| 5S9|A3] 09/A3
11}A1; 61/A1] 111A7|} 61/A7] 11/A6] 61)A6]) 11j)A5
12/B2} 62|/A2} 12/B1} 62|A1] 12/B7| 62/A7] 12|B6
13|A4| 63/A3} 13/A3} 63|A2] 13/A2| 63/A1j] 13)A1
14)A5| 64/B4] 14/A4/) 64/B3] 14/A3| 64/B2] 14)A2
15|A6} 65j|A6} 15j]A5) 65j/A5] 15|A4) 65|A4] 15|A3
16|B7| 66|A7| 16)/B6| 66|A6} 16/B5; 66|A5] 16|B4
17/A2| 67|A1] 17/|A1| 67/A7| 17|A7| 67|A6] 17|A6
18/A3] 68/B2] 18|A2} 68/B1i] 18)Ai| 68|B7] 18|A7
19|A4; 69)A4] 19|A3} 69|A3} 19|A2} 69/A2]} 19/A1
21|A7| 71/A6} 21/A6} 71j/A5]} 21/A5{ 71/A4] 21}A4
22|A1| 72|B7| 22|A7| 72/B6} 22|A6} 72/B5} 22/A5
23|A2} 73|A2] 23)A1] 73/A1] 23/A7| 73/A7] 23|A6
24/B3| 74/A3] 24/B2| 74/A2] 24)B1) 74)A1] 24/B7
75|A4] 25|A4| 75j)A3} 25)A3) 75|A2} 25|A2
76|B5} 26/A5| 76/B4] 26/A4) 76|B3]} 26|A3
77|A7| 27|A6| 77|A6} 27|A5| 77j|A5} 27\A4
78\|A1] 28/B7| 78/A7]| 28|B6} 78}|A6} 28)B5
79|A2} 29|A2| 79|A1] 29)A1| 79|A7] 29|A7
S1iJA5} 31j/A4; 81/A4} 31jA3| 81jA3} 31/A2
82|A6} 32/B5| 82/A5] 32/B4| 82/A4} 32/B3
83|A7| 33/A7| 83/A6} 33/A6| 83/A5} 33/A5
84|B1} 34)A1| 84/B7] 34|A7| 84|B6] 34|A6
85|A3} 35|A2| 85)/A2} 35jA1} 85jA1] 35)A7
86|A4] 36/B3|} 86|A3} 36|B2) 86|A2] 36/B1
87|A5] 37/|A5| 87/|A4] 37/A4| 87|A3] 37|A3
88|B6] 38/A6} S88IB5] 38)A5| 88|B4] 38\A4
89|Ai} 39)A7| 89|A7} 39/A6| 89|A6} 39)A5
41/A2} 91/Al] 41/Al
92|/B4} 42|A4 42|A3| 92/B2] 42)A2
93|A6} 43/A5 43|A4| 93/A4} 43)A3
94|A7] 44|B6 441B5| 94/A5] 44/B4
Q5|A1] 45/Al1 45|A7| 95|A6} 45)A6
96|B2| 46/A2 46|A1} 96|B7} 46)A7
97|A4] 47/A3 ATIA2| 97|A2] 47|Al
98|A5} 48/B4 48|B3) 98|A3] 48)B2
Q9|A6] 49)A6| 99 A49|A5| 99/A4} 49/A4| 99)A3
1150}A1/1200|B7}1250/A7 |1300}B6]1350]A6 |1400/B5]1450|A5 |1500|B4]1550|/A4/1600|B3|B7
* See Special Calendar for 1582, page 9.
18
CENTURIES.
3d 0.S. |25th N. S| 4th O. S. | 26th N.S.
17th. 18th.
Yr. ; Old |New) Yr. | Old)New] Yr. | Old |New] Yr. | Old|New! Yr. |New] Yr. |Ne“? Yr. |New! Yr. |New
Cn el ee nn ee ee ee
a ee ff |
1601)A5|A2}16511A<
02|A6/A3} 52/B5/B2} 02|A5/A1} *52/B4/B7] 02/A6} 52/B5
03|A7|A4| 53/A7/A4| O3/A6/A2} 53/A6|A2] 03/A7| 53/A7
04/B1/B5; S4/Ai/A5| 04/B7/B3) 5S4/A7/A3] 04/Bi]} 54/A1
OS|A3|A7| SSIA2|A6] OS/A2/A5} S5S|A1/A4} 05/A3} 55)A2
06)/A4/A1} 56/B3/B7| 06/A3/A6) 56/B2/B5} 06/A4| 56/B3
O7|A5|A2} S7IAS|A2] O7|A4/A7| S7/A4/A7} O7/A5) 57/A5
08/B6/B3 Be 6|A3} O8/B5/B1) S8|A5/A1] 08/B6} 58)A6
O9/A1)A5 09)A7/A3} S9;A6/A2} O9/A1!} 59/A7
11)/A3)/A7| 61/A3;A7| 11/A2/A5| 61/A2/A5]} 11/A3} 61/A3
12)/B4/B1} 62/A4;/A1] 12/B3/B6} 62/A3/A6] 12/B4!| 62}A4
13/A6|A3} 63/A5|A2] 13/A5/A1} 63/A4/A7] 13;A6} 63/A5
14)A7|A4| 64/B6|B3] 14)/A6/A2; 64/B5|B1i] 14/A7) 64)/B6
AI5JA1/A5} 65/A1/A5] 15/A7/A3} 65)A7/A3} 15;/A1} 65/A1
16/B2|B6} 66/A2/A6] 16/B1\B4} 66/A1/A4] 16/B2} 66/A2
17|A4/Al] 67/A3/A7] 17/A3/A6] 67/A2/A5} 17/A4| 67/A3
18/A5|A2} 68/B4/B1] 18/A4/A7| 68/B3/Bo} 18/A5) 68/B4) 18/A3] 68/B2}
19|A6}/A3) 69/AGj/A3] 19/AS|A1) O69/AS5/A1] 19/A6| 69)A6} 19/A4) 69/A4
741920|B5/1970/A5
21/A2|A6} 71JA1/AS} 21/A1/A4) 71/A7/A3} 21/A2) 71/A1} 21/A7| 71/A6
22|A3|A7| 72|/B2|B6} 22)A2/A5} 72|B1/B4} 22/A3} 72)/B2] 22/A1) 72)B7
23\|A4|A1} 73/A4j/A1] 23/A3/A6} 73/A3/A6} 23/A4} 73/A4] 23/A2} 73/A2
24/B5|B2| 74/A5|A2} 24\B4/B7| 74)A4)A7| 24/B5| 74;A5] 24/B3} 74/A3
25]A7\A4| 75|A6|A3} 25/A6}A2) 75|A5/A1] 25;A7| 75|A6} 25)A5) 75/A4
26/A1|A5| 76/B7|B4] 26/A7/A3| 76|B6|B2| 26/A1} 76|B7| 26/A6| 76)B5
27/A2|A6} 77/A2|A6} 27/A1;A4) 77/A1jA4| 27)/A2) 77;/A2] 27|/A7| 77|A7
28/B3/B7| 78/A3/A7| 28)B2)B5} 78)A2|A5] 28)/B3} 78/A3] 28/B1i] 78)At
29jAS|A2| 79IA4|AI] 29/A4)A7) 79|A3/A6] 29)A5) 79/A4] 29/A3} 79) A2
31}A7)A4 31)A6|A2| 81/A6/A2} 31/A7| 81}A7
32/B1/B5| 82/A1;A5} 32/B7/B3| 82/A7|A3] 32/B1} 82/A1
33/A3|A7| 83/A2/A6} 33/A2/A5) 83)A1/A4} 33/A3) 83/A2
34)A4/A1| 84/B3\B7| 34/A3/A6) 84/B2/B5} 34/A4| 84/B3
35}A5|A2} 85/A5{|A2] 35/A4/A7| 85/A4;A7] 35)A5} 85/A5
36/B6|B3) 86)A6)A3} 36)/B5)B1) 86/A5/A1} 36/B6} 86/A6}
37|A1|A5} | 87/A7/A4| 37)/A7/A3| 87|A6/A2] 37/A1| 87|A7
38)A2|A6} 88/BijB5] 38)A1|/A4| 88/B7|B3) 38/A2} 838/B1
39/A3|/A7| 89)A3/A7} 39)/A2/A5} 89/A2/A5] 39)A3} 89/A3
41|A6|A3 ALJAS|A1| 91/A4/A7} 41)A6
A2|A7|A4| 92/B6|B3} 42|A6|A2) 92/B5|B1] 42/A7| 92/B6
43)A1|A5| 93/A1;A5} 43/A7/A3} 93/A7/A3] 43)/A1) 93)/A1
44)B2|B6} 94)A2;)A6} 44)B1i/B4| 94/A1/A4} 44/B2) 94/A2
AS|IA4|A1} 95/A3/A7] 45/A3/A6} 9S5|/A2;A5]} 45)A4| 95|A3
46|A5|A2| 96)B4|B1} .46/A4/A7| 96|B3)B6} 46/A5) 96/B4
AT7|A6|A3} 97|A6|A3] 47/AS|A1} 97|AS|A1] 47|A6) 97/A6
48\B7|B4| 98|A7\A4| 48/B6|B2) 98)A6|A2} 48/B7; 98)/A7} 48/B5} 98/A5
AD|A2|A6} 99JA1|AS} 49)A1/A4) 99)A7/A3] 49/A2) 99/A1} 49/A7) 99)A6
1650}A3|A7|1700/B 2|A6]1750}A2|A5/1800|B1 | A4j1850) A3|} 1900) A2}1950)A1)2000) B7
02}A4} 52/B3
03/A5} 53/A5
04|B6; 54/A6]
O5|A1) 55/A7
06;A2} 56/B1
07|A3) S7}A3
08)B4| 58/A4
09);A6} 59/A5
11/Ai} 61/A1
12/B2} 62)A2
13}A4) 63/A3
14/A5} 64|B4
15]A6} 65|A6
16|B7| 66)A7
17|A2} 67|A1
31/A5} 81/A5
32|/B6} 82)A6
33}A1} 83}A7
34;A2|} 84/B1
35)A3] 85}A3
36|B4| 86/A4
37|A6| 87|A5
38}A7| 88)B6
39)A1} 89/Al
41)A4| 91)A3
42)A5| 92/B4
43)A6| 93/A6
44|B7| 94)A7
45}A2| 95)A1
46)A3] 96)B2
47|A4| 97|/A4
*See Special Calendar for 1752, page 10.
19
Correct
Calendar
for
1804
1832
1860
1888
1928
1956
1984
7
14
21
28
JANUARY.
ar Tad Wer 1 7Ek:
SA TS
10 411 2
LIN La eLo
24 | 25 | 26
31
FEBRUARY.
AP La
Ba hiae 0 Bea
14 | 15 | 16
DAY 2eAineo
JAS,
MARCH.
ad bi 1
Hees
13 1452S
ZO PPO Ieee 2
DINe2S
APRIL.
3 |.4
10 | 11
17 | 18
24 | 25
MAY.
i WY Be
Sno
LOL LG
ADR,
29 | 30
JUNE.
ellie
1 WA I
19 | 20
26 | 27
20
Pay ps Whe
3
10 | 11
17 | 18
24 | 25
Jl
AUGUST.
14 | 15 | 16
PA IP AN Ee
28} 29 | 30
SEPTEMBER.
4; 5] 6
iB a D/A a
18 | 19 | 20
20 eka2 Onl ten
OCTOBER.
3
9 | 10
16 | 17
23 | 24
30 | 31
NOVEMBER.
DECEMBER.
ee
1b lls t3
18 | 19 | 20
25 il ZOpd 2 t
‘
Ee
JANUARY.
leu.
9
16
23
30
FEBRUARY.
ee tese Al ed
Grim itis. &
13 | 14 | 15
eiileale | oe
28 | 29
21
10
Lost?
23 | 24
30 | 31
AUGUST.
Abe 8 | Rape al oa
Gaia S
13 | 14} 15
202d, 22
AZo 29
SEPTEMBER.
SP Ayers
LOU CL Eek?
17 | 18 | 19
24 | 25 | 26
OCTOBER.
pos PAR OG
See cialO
io b yet Sad op Wi
22 | 23 | 24
29 | 30 |} 31
NOVEMBER.
et alee
12,°) 13°) 14
EEO ae
26:1 27 1:98
DECEMBER.
Correct
Calendar
for
1816
1844
1872
1912
1940
1968
1996
Correct
Calendar
for
1828
1856
1884
1924
1952
1980
JANUARY.
10 | 11 | 12
17 | 18 | 19
24 | 25 | 26
22
22
29
AUGUST.
SSE A!
12 | 13 | 14
Be 201 ZL
26'| 27 |.28
SEPTEMBER.
ZiPEGS: |e 34
OFLU edt
164.10 rs
20:4] 2a eS
SO\ coe ies
OCTOBER.
Joh
71 81+9
14) | SS eko
Ot 22) eee
28 | 29 | 30
NOVEMBER.
13
20
27
DECEMBER.
2) WUSTi eee
910s eiy
16% ATs
23 | 24 | 25
50,1 54 au
JANUARY.
FE.RUARY.
eS Bre
Hiuei2:|°43
18 | 19 | 20
25 | 26 | 27
14 | 15 | 16
Ziwitze | 23
28 | 29 | 30
MAY.
ROCCO er
12 | 13 | 14
520421
200 2h je 2s
JUNE.
at De
9 | 10} 11
16.4217, 18
23 | 24 | 25
BOS...
23
AUGUST.
We
1 BUN e Wt bs
ine BEE vA,
21926) 27
SEPTEMBER.
AA be 04 eo gs
leu. Pat)
1 SJed fal Koy jee by
2241 200 124
29 | 30
OCTOBER.
ea iran Fae
Chee
1 a
ZONAL Oo
21128) | 29
NOVEMBER.
Se ate
POSE el 2
17 | 18 | 19
24 | 25 | 26
DECEMBER.
8 | 9{ 10
LS LOM ELE
22 | 23 | 24
29 | 30 | 31
Correct
Calendar
for
1812
1840
1868
1896
1908
1936
1964
1992
Correct
Caiendar
for
1824
1852
1880
1920
1948
1976
Sa.
mf as | fm | en | es nf a | ne | ee |
3
10
18 |.19.| 20 |.21 | 22 | 23 | 24118} 19 | 20
25 220 27 1°28) 29. 1° 30. 1 tes 260 1-27 |) 2Be hee Ou eee
FEBRUARY. AUGUST.
ed ces DW 31] 47S
| 9 | 10.10 )} (12°) 130) das 89 | 10.) Ti Tas eee
15 | 16%) 17: | 18 | 19) 20 } 20 seas (2.16) | 217-1: 18) (fOr 20 es
22) :23° 24) 25) 26 | 27) | OS e221 23.244 25 2G ee
31
SEPTEMBER.
Lineal
‘71 8} 9110111112 1431¢5|61 71-8) Ope
14/15 116/17 |18 119 | 20 | 121 13 | 14] 15 | 16 | 17 | 18°
21 | :22 |23 | 24) 25 | 26) 2719 | 20.| 21 )| 225) 23 eee
128 | 29:|°30 | SLA 26.127 1°28 129") 0s
| OCTOBER.
317 4:| 25m 3 Ope
11 |) 12.) 835) 144 15° 916" | 172 fet) 11) 12 oes eee
18 {19 | 20 |.21,) 22. |)23:) 24°) 171.18 | 19°) 20° 1°20) aes
te 26 | 27 | 28
NOVEMBER.
Mtl ay A alah Pareetkh Mite Bde a Ye Ras Ss ||
2|-3) 4) 5) 6) PY OPohl 84-9 407 seis eh eee
9/104 11, \°12 | 13'|.14 | 15 1994) 15 | 16 | Ae Seleiee
16} 17 |.18 |-19:| 20%) 21: | 22 1421)| 22° | 237), 240 eae ee
23:| 24 | 25:| 26.) 27 +) 28 | 29-4°28 | 29) | SOc Sele ee
DECEMBER.
ray. feet ny [eat ae
61.7487) 95110} 11°) 125 | 6) od eB eeeo Lees
13| 141.15 |.16)).477| 18 | 19 [0412 | 13 | 14 yo SeeeiG. eee
20} 21 | 22 |.23 |:24 | 25 | 26%) 19) 20% 21. |:22 123) 2a0gs
ial tu fae | Pai 29 | 30 ay:
24
JANUARY.
12
19
26
FEBRUARY.
DNS 4:
SoA Tt
1617-18
23 | 24 | 25
MARCH.
Vee 2 |
8 | 91} 10
jos eK iy
22 | 23 | 24
DOM CSO EOL
. APRIL.
6| 7
13 | 14
20 | 21
27 | 28
MAY.
4.5
11 | 12
18 | 19
25
59 ae Se
19 | 20 | 21
20 Ase 28
AUGUST.
2 Les eae
9} 10 11
16 | 17 | 18
7 Ml | ES va Be
OOM SLE tes.
SEPTEMBER.
Pier | a
6| 7| 8
13 | 14 | 15
20 | 21 | 22
27 | 28 | 29
OCTOBER.
a haSi |, 26
11 | 12 | 13
Loan 20
PS PLO 27
NOVEMBER.
| Ma re
15%) 16
Loa 23
29 | 30
DECEMBER.
AE, 1
6
13\/ 14045
PQs 2 beh oe
20.1 283) 29
Correct
Calendar
for
1808
1836
1864
1892
1904
1932
1960
1988
Correct
Calendar
for
1820
1848
1876
1916
1944
1972
2000
JANUARY.
25
FEBRUARY.
1 Pa a0) Ls,
Se) soe nO
LoMelOuery
22 | 23 | 24
26
AUGUST.
IEA DPSS bes
8 | 91.10
15-) 167) )4¥
PRIA OAS BA!
29 | 30-| 31
SEPTEMBER.
Pile?
13 | 14
20 Mexe
27 | 28
OCTOBER.
3.1 ly ead
LOM A112
17 | 18 | 19
24 | 25 | 26
He Bes dood BE
NOVEMBER.
Rae
TGR geo
14. | 15 | 16
21 | 22 | 23
28 | 29 | 30
DECEMBER.
eels
12 | 13 | 14
19 | 20 | 21
26 {20-1528
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CALENDAR.
To devise a calendar adapted to the needs of mankind in all ages, is
not an easy task. It must contain the day, the month, and the year
which are natural divisions measured by alternating light and darkness,
by the waxing and waning of the moon, and by the recurring seasons.
The difficulty of harmonizing these elements is at once apparent when it
is considered that the number of days in a month or year, or of months
_ in a year, in each case includes a fraction.
The sidereal day or time of a complete rotation of the earth on its
axis, as measured by the apparent passage of the fixed stars, is a constant
period, and subject to no changes that man can discover. It is 3 minutes
and 55.909435 seconds shorter than the mean or average solar days, so
that it would not do for a standard day because its beginning would, in
the course of the year, have occupied every hour of the natural day.
The solar day is measured by the apparent passage of the sun from
the meridian of one day to the meridian of the next. The duration of
this day is affected by the elliptical orbit of the earth, the inclina-
tion of its axis, and the perturbations of the planets. Tho subject to
fluctuations from these causes, observation has determined that from
year to year a constant average of length is maintained. This average
or mean solar day has been adopted as the unit or standard of astrono-
mical and civil time, and is arbitrarily divided into 24 hours and sub-
divided into minutes and seconds. Observation has shown that the
noon or meridian of a natural or solar day may occur 14% minutes
sooner, or 16% minutes later than mid-day of mean solar or common
clock-time.
The solar year is also subject to slight changes caused by the attrac-
tion of other planets, hence the mean solar year has been adopted as a
standard to which the calendar must conform as nearly as possible. Its
length has been found to be 365.24224 days, which being fractional
requires the addition of a day from time to time to the year of 365 days
to keep the seasons in the same portion of the calendar.
27
Our present calendar is a growth, which may be traced back to
738 B.c., when Romulus introduced the Roman calendar, in which the
year comprised 304 days, divided into 10 months, described as follows:
March, the first month, was named in honor of Mars, the god of war.
The name of the second month, April, was derived from aperire, to open,
as the month in which the earth opened for new fruit. May, the third
month, was so called in honor of Maia, the goddess of spring; while June
the fourth month, was sacred to Juno, the goddess of marriages. Quin-
tilis was then the fifth month, Sextilis the sixth, our September the
seventh, October the eighth, November the ninth, and December the
tenth. During the reign of Julius Cesar, Quintilis was changed to July
at the suggestion of Mark Antony, and subsequently Cesar Augustus,
not to be outdone by Julius, gave the place of Sextilis to August. But
this year of 304 days did not agree with the solar year of 365 days or the
lunar year of 354 days, nor did it recur at any fixed season. In 713 B.c.
to correct this error, Numa Pompilius added two months, January and
February, to the year, fixing its beginning at the winter solstice. This
made the year consist of 354 days, or 12 lunar months, to which an addi-
tional one was added every two or three years. As Numa’s calendar
was not based on a knowledge of the true length of the year, the error
arising from it accumulated as the years went by and began to confuse
the seasons. In Julius Cesar’s time, Spring came about the first of —
January.
This confusion led to the reformation of the calendar by Cesar in
the year 46 B.c. Sosigenes, an Alexandrian astronomer and mathe-
matician, was sent for, who made calculations showing there was a
discrepancy of about 80 days in the old reckoning. Cesar then decreed
that the year 46 B.c. should have 445 days, and that the year 45 B.c.
should commence on the first day of the new moon following the winter
solstice, which date was to be the first day of January. The year 46 B.c.
with its 445 days was well named ‘“‘the year of confusion.” In the -
Julian Calendar thus established, each fourth year was known as a
leap-year or bissextile, because instead of adding an extra day to Febru-
ary, as we do now, the 6th of March was duplicated.
The error in the Julian Calendar is [365.25-365.24224] .00776 of a
day per year, and in 129 years it would amount to 1 day. In 1582 the
error from this and other causes amounted to 10 days. Pope Gregory
XIII. undertook to rectify the error. After consulting with ecclesiastics,
princes, and mathematicians, the plan finally adopted was that proposed
by the astronomer Luilius, and in accordance therewith a brief was issued
decreeing that after October 4th, 1582, 10 days should be omitted, so
that the next day should be the 15th instead of the 5th. The special
28
calendar on page 9 shows this change clearly. The Old Style dates are
printed in red, and the New Style in black.
The New Style was not approved by Protestant nations for a time.
So much confusion resulted from the adherence to the Old Style in com-
mercial affairs, that by degrees the popular prejudice against the change
was overcome, until even in conservative England it was adopted by
Act of Parliament. The change provided for by this Act is shown in
the special calendar for 1752, which will be found on page 10. By the
terms of the Act what would have been September 3 was to be known
as September 14. England dropped 11 days instead of 10, as Gregory
had done in 1582, because in the 170 years intervening the error of the
Old Style had amounted to one full day or more. Until October 1, 1923,
the only Christian country that had not adopted the New Style was
Russia. In writing to or from that empire it was customary to use a
dual system of dating, placing the Old Style over the New Style, thus:
December 25, 1890 a February 10, 1891
January 6, 1891 February 22, 1891
as the case may have been. It will be noticed that the difference between
these dates is 12 days, or 2 days more than the Gregorian correction in
1582. February in 1700 and 1800 having 29 days by the Old Style and
but 28 days by the New Style, accounted for the difference. After
February, 1900, the difference in this double system of dating was 13 days.
_ The Gregorian Calendar provides for 97 leap years in each 400,
which makes the length of its average year 365.2425 days. This is
.00026 of a day in excess of the mean solar year [365.24224]. It will
require about 3846 years to elapse from a. pb’ 1582 before this error
amounts to one day. As that would be in a. D. 5428, it is a question
for future ages to decide whether a. p. 4000 or a. pv. 5000 should have
but 28 days in its February.
IMPORTANT EVENTS.
B.C;
Era of Cultivation of the Soil..... 10000
Eastern Civilization centered at
NiIpputr kites sets sree ec able an 6000
The first Pharoah (Menes) ruling in
FUP YDieine sears & 0 siete. ewibane S,sceurs 5000
Construction of the Great Pyramid
at Gizeh, near Cairo, Egypt, fixed
variously at from 4235 B.c. to
2450 B.c |
Goidel invasion of British Isles. ... 4000 :
Sargon I. ruling in Mesopotamia... 2750
Beginnings of Chinese History.... 2500
First Babylonian Empire (Hammu-
Shepherd Kings conquer Egypt... 2084
Abraham leader of Semitic peoples. 1900
Shepherd Kings abandon Egypt... 1825
First Chinese Writings........... 1750
Glass known in Egypt...... before 1740
Sesostris or Rameses King of Egypt 1722
DNS XOduS Is? Ack pte eee 1615
Pan-Athenian games instituted... 1606
Scamander founds kingdom of Troy 1546
Cormth! built 237) seine tee pen i520
Thebes built by Cadmus......... 1493
First Olympic games. ............ 1453
Fabrics woven .caces «orcs. ene ee 1451
Hittites captured Nineveh........ 1450
Moses leader of Semitic peoples... 1300
Tyre built by Phcenicians........ 1252
TrojanuWarbevins ys... &.. se, 1193
Troy clestroyed ape cun es ee oe 1183
Saul anointed King.............. 1119
Compass discovered............. 1111
Babylon captured by Tiglath Pi-
lesen ire eee wee ee 1100
Accession of .Davidiie..0. 0. scans 1079
David takes Jerusalem........... 1048
Accession of Solomon............ 1039
Solomon’s Temple dedicated...... 1028
Lydians coined money.......about 1000
Accession of Rehoboam.......... 999
Phoenician Alphabet in use ...... 900
Homeric poems in circulation..... 900
Carthage founded’. 2 i Puceer st 878
Ethiopian Conquest of Egypt..... 790
Olympic Era*bezan::o.4)) 4.0. os 776
Rome founded" 5) caw iacete eee 755
Accession of Nabonassar—Baby-
lonian Empire...... February 26, 747
Ten Tribes put in captivity....... 721
B.C.
Byzantium founded...........+e. 658
Greek colonization of Cyrene..... 650
Seventy years’ Captivity of Judah a
begins. :i08s 2s. eee eee 606
Geometry and Mapsintroduced... 605
Sappho, Greek Poetess, flourished. 600
Captivity of the Jewsin Babylon... 590
Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem—
Temple burned’, .s.2. oy .aee eee 586
Money coined at Rome.......... 576
Death of Solon.) .. 4:,': acct een en 558
* Confucius, Chinese Philosopher 551-479
Fall of Babylon?\.< ..,.%..7) eee 538
Restoration of the Jews under Cyrus 536
Cyrus soleruler Persian Empire... 536
Jerusalem rebuilt by Ezra........ 530
Babylon captured by Cyrus...... 529
Hanno sailed from Carthage to
Senegal ois) 2. oaks a ae eee 520
Dedication Second Temple....... 515
Expulsion of Tarquinsfrom Rome. 509
Brython invasion of Britain...... 500
Death of Pythagoras. ... oT. eee aoe
Battle of Marathon..72. gin eae 490
Persians crossed the Hellespont... 490
Death of Miltiades. .../...2.mae 488
Death of Buddita.y.cis. .. eee 487
Battles of Thermopyle and Salamis 480
Xerxes defeated Greeks at Thermo-
DYE. olcsp ot oo eee eiee od ee 480
Battle of Plateea..., /a/3eu. eee 479
Death of Aischylus-... 253). sce 456
Death of Themistocles............ 449
Death of Phidias. “".7.532.) eee 432
Peloponnesian War begins........ 431
Death of Pericles; .. -i. 2a 429
Plato,Greek Philosopher,born May. 429
Death of Herodotus....:........ 424
Athenian expedition to Syracuse.. 415
Death of Sophocles.............. 406
Death of Alcibiades 22) ae, wee wee 404
Retreat of the Ten Thousand..... 401
Death of Thucydidesssi2. peace 401
Death of Socrates!<) 4300s a eee 399
Rome sacked by Gauls under Bren-
NUS. ¥/s ven eel ets ae 390
Rome taken by the Gauls........ 385
Aristotle, Greek Philosopher, born. 384
Death of Aristophanes........... 380
Death of Hippocrates............ 377
Death of Xenophon,............. 357
BiG:
Temple of Diana at Ephesus burned 356
SEMEL OL PIAtGe ase ee ke ches ah) 347
Accession of Alexander, Grecian
BD eee a Pree cee ree July, 336
Alexander’s conquest of Egypt.... 332
Darius defeated by Alexander..... 331
Defeat of Porus by Alexander..... 326
fpeatn Of Alexander...........0.... 323
feeath of Diogenes. .......0.0... 323
Death of Demosthenes........... 322
ment Of Aristotle......504 640s 6. 322
EE Ri October 1, 312
Alexandrian Library founded..... 283
Italy invaded by Pyrrhus......... 281
IO CUO S214 ow 6 wn 4 sc 270
First Punic War begins........... 264
First war of Romeagainst Carthage 264
Quintus Fabius Maximus dictator. 221
Land Surveying first used........ 219
A.D.
Defeat of Varus by Arminius..... 9
Accession of Tiberius Cesar...... 14
BPTRIEC LEN Vickey 8,6 fs asic sya we Oe 17
TEI VIC Cc .c sco koa ce 6 os 17
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Friday, April 3, 33
Josephus, Jewish Historian, born.. 37
peor jewish War........5.,.... 35
Roman conquest of South Britain. 43
ConversionofSt.Paulat Damascus 46
Caratacus captured and sent to
IN BP oes chs oa, os 51
Suetonius Paulinus occupied Angle-
ol RST A Sa 59
British revolt under Boadicea..... 61
Buddhism introduced into China... 67
Jerusalem destroyed by Titus..... 70
Destruction of Pompeii and Hercu-
PITRE ee Niaes Moe py sod ees 6s 79
Foundation of Eboracum (York).. 79
_ Agricola’s Campaignin Caledonia.. 82
Weath of Josephus,.............. 96?
Hadrian’s Wall built, Tyne to Sol-
MUM oh BS ky hy oe die Caen 120
Beeston Plitarch..:..50.....6-8. 120
MMEOCTACItUS. .....5....0050. 135
Wall of Pius built, Forth to Clyde. 140
Ee ee pales oo 214
Emperor Valerian captured at
NN a vse owe us 260
Emperor Claudius defeated Goths
1S a re 269
Constantine converted to Chris-
OG 313
B.C,
Second war of Rome against Carth-
AIC B dS Pal oukiye Meath ys a ele a 219
Hannibal defeats Romans........ 216
Death of Archimedes............ 212
Books with back and leaves...... 198
Ptolemy’s Geography published... 159
Wratten GLlOCHS iti ts akie oee Sebi 155
Carthage destroyed by Romans... 146
Death op Polybiuss2 ar eee es 123
Roman conquest of Gaul......... 80
Cesar invaded Britain....,...... wh)
Cesardefeated PompeyatPharsalia 48
Julius Cesar slain........ March 15, 44
Deati Or. Cicero asc ie oy blanc ele 43
Defeat of Anthony at Actium..... 31
Accession of Augustus Cesar...... Zi
DeatnieteV eryiiten ss he eck os). 3 19
Deatoteriormicer.,- we.ke es aaciies 8
The Nativity—Jesus born in Bethle-
FOI aera renee wee foes trvidics aese oth 6?
A.D.
Council of Nicea and Nicene Creed 323
Death OTsATUSi.d hays neat ene dee 326
Constantinople founded at Byzan-
TAIN a Sees eee Cate e 328
Christianity introducedinto Britain 350
Division of Roman Empire by Va-
TEN TIIATIN IE he nec te eh ae ee 364
Romans abandon Britain......... 410
Capture of Rome by Visigoths
CATATIC) een cutie eas. ad eae 410
Anglo-Saxon raids into Britain.... 430
St. Patrick landedin Ireland...... 432
Carthage captured by Vandals... 439
Attila defeated by Aetius......... 451
Rome sacked by the Vandals...... 455
End of Reign, Romulus Augustulus
August 22, 476
Theodoric (Ostrogoth) became King
Of [ia ly ere oe Oh Pe Pee Glan 493
Welsh defeated Saxons at Mt. Ba-
CON Rey sete esha oth wisebonn aa 500
Justinian, Emperor, decrees Bishop
of Rome the headship of all the
Churebes) ete: a7 4. 20 eae March, 533
Scythian invasion of India........ 544
Italy reconquered by Justinian.... 553
North Italy conquered by Lom-
DATdS 5 ees cues aks beet tes 565
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Saxons defeated Welsh at Deorham 577
Block-printing invented by Chinese 593
St. Augustinelandedin England... 596
Phocas, East Roman Emperor, de-
creed Boniface III., the headship
of all the Churches, etc......... 607
Anglo-Saxons defeated Welsh at
CHEStern HS, 3h se ee ee ts 613
Persian conquest of Egypt........ 616
The Hegira,or Flightof Mohammed 622
Mohammed died........... June 8, 632
Syria conquered by Omar........ 634
Jerusalem captured by Saracens... 637
Alexandrian Library burned...... 640
Othman became Caliph.......... 643
Saracen conquest of North Africa. 650
Vitalian enjoins exclusive use of
Latin.in Church Services....... 663
The Laws of Ine promulgated..... 693
The Saracens in Europe.......... 713
Charles Martel defeats the Saracens
Ati Guts cistern dee ae 132
Death of Bede, Anglo-Saxon Chron-
SOLSITCE Yd oe ania eee anaes 735
Death of Charles Martel.......... 741
Moorish kingdom in Spain founded 756
Offa’s Dyke built, Dee to Wye.... 778
Daneslandin England. . «. /. 2% . 787
Charlemagne became Emperor of
EHOW OSb.4. os suc ce eee ee hte 800
Egbert became King of Wessex... 802
Egbert, first King of England,
October 14, 827
Danish invasions of England...... 866
Alfred’s treaty with Guthrum the
DANG Ui GAs deere a ath cae aaa 878
Rolf the Northmaninvaded France 912
Algiers founded by Mohammedan
Araisy oan Po trerat win. bee 935
Otto I., of Germany, Western Em-
petor vei seiees BN doP, ete BSP 962
Cairo founded by the Saracens.... 969
Renewal of Danish invasions..... 982
First payment of Gafol (Danegeld) 991
Arabic Numerals introduced in
Europes feb. wae. seit at aa aces 991
Pendulum Clock cn ee. ed about 1000
Viking voyages to North America.. 1000
Norway conquered by Danes..... 1000
Canterbury sacked by Danes..... 1011
Scandinavians defeated at Clontarf 1014
Lothians conquered by Scots...... 1018
King Duncan murdered by Mac-
LGLH, cus a e'n od ee Ae ee ee 1057
Westminster Abbey dedicated..... 1065
Battle of Senlac, commonly called
FInsting ss. a ee ane oe, ah ae - 1066
The Norman Conquest of England 1066
Domesday Book completed ...... 1086
32
A.D.
The Crusades began. iu. 76300), ae: 1096
Jerusalem recaptured, First Cru-
BACG) os, skola aaa July 15, 1099.
Chinese Paper Money issued, about 1100
The Second Crusade............. 1147
Saladin became Sultan of Egypt... 1169
Ireland conquered by HenryII.... 1172
Saladin captured Jerusalem...... 1187
ihe Third. Crusades | Jin ab ena 1189
Death of Frederick Barbarossa.... 1190
he Fourth. Crusades riz. 5 ee 1202
The Fifth (Children’s) Crusade...
Peking captured by Jenghiz Khan.. 1214
King John granted Magna Carta
June 15, 1215
Mongol invasion of India...... me)
Sixth Crusade and capture of
Jerusalem os Slee tee eee eee 1228
Mongolian conquest of Russia.... 1240
Jerusalem captured by Mongols... 1244
Seventh Crusade. 3..532 ee 1248
Oxford University founded....... 1249
Mameluke conquest of Egypt.... 1250
Bagdad destroyed by Hulagu Khan 1258
Assembly of Knights and Burgesses
of England (the ‘‘Mad Parlia-
1258
Constantinople retaken by Greeks. 1261
First Representative Parliament in
1265
Papal Dominion at its height. . .. 1267-8
Eighth and last Crusade.......... 1270
Travels of Marco Polo........... 1271
Cambridge University founded.... 1284
Death of Roger Bacon........... 1293
First regular English Parliament.. 1294
Inca rule established in Peru...... 1300
Removal of Papacy to Avignon... 1305
Parliament becomes a Legislative
Power, with assent essential to
the constitution oflaws.........
Death of Duns Scotus...........- 1308
Knights Templar Orderbroken up. 1312 _
Gunpowder invented by Michael |
Schwartz, a monk, at Goslar,
Germany ..x+3 sks et oieele ee
Death of Dante. 3. faie cnet ae Re 1321
Death of Marco Polo............ 1324
Battle of Crégyuc i veces cue 1346
Plague in Europe............-. 1347-49
Jacquerie movement in France.... 1348
eS Se
Wyclif and the English Reforma-
Be hs oo. sneha y ORR 1369
Prenton Petrarch. oo.o0) ants fete 1374
PIPACIMOL OCCACCIO. sty cues lees: 1375
Return of Papacy to Rome....... 1377
Popes at Rome and at Avignon... 1378
Wat Tyler’s Rebellion in England. 1381
Death of Wyclif 1384
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Tamurlane captured Delhi........ 1398
Aztec rule established in Mexico.. 1400
Death of Geoffrey Chaucer....... 1400
Dawn of the Renaissance in Italy. 1410
University of St. Andrews founded 1411
Battle of Agincourt... .October 25, 1415
Huss Burnt at Constance 1415
Martyrdom of Joan d’Arc. May 30, 1431
Printing with single types done by
Coster, at Haarlem, Holland.... 1438
Cape Verde discovered by Portu-
eee eeee
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Books printed at Haarlem
University of Glasgow founded....
Cut metal types invented by Gu-
tenberg, at Mainz, Germany1450-1455
Fall of Constantinople 1453
End of Eastern Empire...May 29, 1455
Wars of the Roses began 1455
The Bible printed at Mainz
Death of Gutenberg
Caxton set up his printing-press. .
Diaz sailed round Cape of Good
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Columbus discovered America,
October 12, 1492
Vasco da Gama’s voyagetoIndia.. 1492
University of Aberdeen founded... 1494
Summit Turkish Power [Solyman
the Magnificent] 1495-1566
Cabot discovered east coast of Can-
eR AEE ee June 24, 1497
Mearh or pavOtlarola, .... 5.5. /. 5 6". 1498
Independence of Switzerland estab-
Re Ot ete eo ore eel Wa ee o's 1499
Ojeda discovered Venezuela
Portuguese landed in Brazil
Death of Bartholomew Diaz
oeoer eee
eee eee
1500
Peanevire-arms)...;... 00 22% about 1501
fedimorColumbus.......0..%.. 4 1506
Death of Amerigo Vespucci....... 1512
Pacific Ocean sighted by Balboa.. 1513
Martin Luther at Wittenberg..... 1517
The Reformation began in Ger-
ER eS 9 DE aa ar a Oe 1517
Voyage of Magellan............. 1519
Cortez began conquest of Mexico.. 1519
33
A.D.
UICALIY OLIRALLACLOL ae # nts x be ea 1520
Belgrade captured by Turks...... 1521
TSU OL VY OLiTio tas fo U's! deicd. cto. 1521
Death offMavellan i... bbe. 1521
Death of Vasco da Gama......... 1524
Mogul Empire established at Delhi 1525
Rome sacked by the Germans..... 1527
Dest Grwmachiavellt, 3.05.2) fa4 1527
Death of Albert) Ditrer.... 62.0... 1529
Vienna besieged by the Turks..... 1529
Conquest of Peru by Pizarro...... 1530
Death of Cardinal Wolsey........ 1530
Cartier discovered St. Lawrence 1534
Luther’s Translation of Bible..... 1534
Buenos Aires founded............ 1535
The first English Bible printed.... 1535
Loyola founded the Jesuit order.. 1539
Monasteries were closedin England 1539
Orellana sailed down the Amazon.. 1540
Valdivia’s conquest of Chile 1541
Death of Copernicus 1543
Blasco de Garay operated first
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steamer, Barcelona harbor...... 1543
Counerloll rentinnns See. tek 8 1545
Death of Martin Luther......... 1546
Willoughby discovered Nova
WEMIDIACM akon RLU rite ete ees 1553
Ridley and Latimer burnt at Oxford 1555
Cranmer burnt at Oxford 1556
Elizabeth became Queen, Nov. 17. 1558
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Calais recaptured by France...... 1558
Birth of Shakespeare............ 1564
Wearmorrohn Calyinese oy. ye. 1564
Death of Michelangelo... ....... 1564
Revolt of the Netherlands began.. 1565
St. Augustine, Florida, settled..... 1565
Turkish conquest of Egypt....... 1567
Mercator’s Map published........ 1569
St. Bartholomew Massacre. Aug. 24, 1572
Death Gotoh Knoxi. wed seo one 1572
Death ofr iitians ys s)s5 ian ease oe 1576
Spanish conquest of Ceuta........ 1580
Death or Camoens sis. fir. oe oe 1580
University of Edinburgh founded.. 1582
Raleigh’s expedition to Virginia... 1583
Spanish Armada destroyed....... 1588
The English Mercurie, first English
PAPER ISS 1c eee July 23, 1588
Stocking frame invented......... 1589
Jesuits expelled from Japan....... 1590
Trinity College Dublin founded.... 1591
Potatoes introduced into England. 1592
Death Ol ascotee vio es kane ae ee 1595
Death of Sir Francis Drake....... 1598
Death of Edmund Spenser....... 1599
A.D.
East India Company founded..... 1600
Netherlands East India Company. 1602
Union of England and Scotland... 1603
Cape captured by Netherlands.... 1603
Death Of DOCiIEs saith o eee 1604
The Virginia Company founded... 1606
Jamestown, Virginia, settled...... 1607
Champlain founded Quebec....... 1608
Hudson River first explored....... 1609
Independence of the Netherlands.. 1609
Moors driven out of Spain........ 1610
Death of Henri IV., of France.... 1610
Champlain entered Lake Ontario... 1615
Death of Cervantes.............. 1616
Shakespeare died......... April 23, 1616
Thirty Years’ War began........ 1618
First Representative American Leg-
gislative Assembly, Jamestown,
Wirkiniava pete. oe Te July 30, 1619
Slavery introduced in America
[Wareinia] sce ?.y.e4 ta ee cee eee
Puritans land on Plymouth Rock
December 11, 1620
Nova Scotia settled by Scotsmen.. 1622
Death of Thomas Baffin......... 1622
Manhattan Island settled........ AG23
Submarine rowboat invented by
Comelis van) Debel Aten 1624
Barometer and Thermometerinv’d. 1627
John Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Prog-
TESS ee Ee hoe eee 1628-1688
Prancetee. sar aioe be ee 1632
Maryland settled by Roman Catho-
Lies Ay ee eaid ota eaiseae Cie 1634
Harvard College founded......... 1636
Rhode Island settled by Roger
Williams ere des eds 1636
First printing in America. ‘‘Free-
man’s Oath, and An Almanac.” 1639
Cromwell’s Long Parliament as-
sembled jalGc Beerecee et eee 1640
Lake Erie discovered by Brebeuf
and Chaumont,. 9. ue eee 1640
English Revolution begins........ 1642
Colonies of Connecticut, New Ha-
ven, New Plymouth and Massa-
chusetts (including New Hamp-
shire) form the New England
Contederation g's eten. seas 1642
Charles I. beheaded... . January 30, 1649
Cromwell became Lord Protector... 1653
Restoration of the Stuarts........ 1660
St. Petersburg founded by Peter
the Great.) Vv, aes as eee
New York conquered from the
The great plagueof London.......
The great fire of London began
September 2, 1666
Hudson Bay Company chartered.. 1670
Roman Catholics excluded from
English Parliament............
Habeas Corpus Act passed in Eng-
1682
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1685
James IT. abdicated. . December 11, 1688
Irish Parliament of James II., at
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