a eee ee ct ; he Nd f > shih Th BVA ep Coe hye areenl (G-ou . Aa LASS, 5 Rahat ee ee aie a wie piiiaN ea Dts a a EVOLUTION EXAMINED IN THE LIGHT OF REVELATION AND REASON — Torn \ @ . aah why ’ i ' At 4 a? i im A “SE ADy. wh a ee) Ft # ir Raruveeey Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/evolutionexamineOOscha ALS RET seers ee ly MAP 24 4926 EVOLUTION a EXAMINED IN THE LIGHT REVELATION AND REASON BY j ALBERT P. &CHACK, ' Author of “‘Twelve Lectures on the Doctrines of Christianity for the New Christian A ge’; ‘An Explanation of the Apocalypse or Revelation in the Historical Spiritual Sense, in concise and clear language, for the New Age”; ‘‘Demonsiration for the Jews, that Jesus was and is the Christ, or the Promised Messiah,—the Redeemer and Savior of the World” ; etc., etc. FREDERICK H. HITCHCOCK PUBLISHER NEW YORK MCMXXVI COPYRIGHT, 1926 BY ALBERT P. SCHACK PREFACE THERE has been very much of misconception on the part of the religious world in regard to the elements of Evolution. Many would like to have its hypotheses disproved, feeling or believing that these were contrary to the Word of God, though they themselves were not sufficiently versed in science, or perhaps strong enough in the Word, to undertake a thorough examination and scrutiny to discover the real truth, and to unmask the sophistry of the Evolutionists. But they no doubt have felt that they would like some- one else to do it, if such a one could be found, who, com- bining a thorough education in natural science, and a thor- ough knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures, would be able to see clearly the sophistry palmed off or appearing as the truth, and to present the real facts of the case in an un- prejudiced manner, and to make them plain to average minds, so that they could grasp them, and see for themselves that they were true; and on the other hand, that the gratuitous hypotheses of the Evolutionists were, by contrast, unrea- sonable and not true. , It was my good fortune to have been educated not only in good schools and college in New York City, but to have been, in addition, carefully educated in natural science— chemistry, geology, mining, mineralogy, metallurgy etc., in the School of Mines of Columbia University, New York City, as a Mining Engineer; and after some years’ practice 5 6 Preface in that profession throughout the United States, I studied and was educated for the ministry in a Theological School in Boston, Mass.; and after some years’ experience in that profession also—as a teacher and preacher, I have since been a careful student of science and religion, doing whatever I could, by my writings as an author, in books and pamphlets, to instruct the world in both these departments, and as far as possible to unite the two in many practical and useful ways. | A few years ago, the lack of a work, and the demand for one, by some author capable, by sufficient education and preparation, which should rightly unfold the subject, and make it plain to the people, and at the same time withstand the scrutiny and criticism of all the scientists, kept pressing upon me, so that I finally decided, having been thus suitably prepared by education, as well as by a careful study of the specific subject in all its aspects, that I might properly under- take the work for the sake of humanity, and for the honor of God and the Divine Truth. And so I began it, and finally finished it. The work must now, of course, be left to the judgment and acceptance of its readers. I simply bespeak for it the blessing of God, and that it may help and enlighten many souls and minds. Ve Wai gridit NEw York City, 1925. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. The Spiritual and Natural Creation, and their Progress 9 II. How Life is Inserted in Forms Adapted to Receive it 15 III. Essential Difference between Man and mere animals—all other degrees of life. Development of lower into higher not possible 21 IV. No Essential Change Self-caused 27 V. “Struggle for Existence” . nie) VI. The Entire Geological Series 35 with Plan or Chart of same . ; : : 2 See s0en 37 Map of the United States and Southern Canada, showing southern limits of Ice thereon, and the successive moraines in its retreat . : é : j ! } y ; We Son 50 VII. The Unreasonable Hypotheses of the Evolutionists 60 VIII. The Origin of Man . 71 IX. Professor Louis Agassiz’s Views 97 X. The Future Lot of the Materialist 99 XI. Warning to Students . MU ANIR edie ek Sey RTO? XII. General Contents of the Entire Word of God PNLO3 XIII. Appendix: Concerning new discoveries—relics of supposed men; the Garden of Eden etc.; and the Ages and nations of the world 110 1 Py’ i ce nth j EVOLUTION EXAMINED IN THE LIGHT OF REVELATION AND REASON I THE SPIRITUAL AND NATURAL CREATION, AND THEIR PROGRESS IT is believed by advanced Christians, that the opening chapters of Genesis in the Bible are symbolic; and that the first chapter is descriptive of man’s regeneration,—that is, of his new or spiritual creation, with its progress from spiritual darkness to light, and through lower and higher life, ending with that which is truly human and godly called “man”; and that this necessary and orderly progress was specifically true in the case of the primeval race of men on the earth; and that it was true also of the Lord God the Savior Jesus Christ when He lived on earth, in the progress of “overcoming the world” by His labor in overcoming in temptation, and doing good, denoted by the six days of God’s work in creation, followed by the seventh or Sabbath of His glorification and rest in the Divine Essence; and that finally it is symbolically true of every faithful disciple of His who follows Him and lives from His Spirit. Granting this, yet in the natural or literal sense, since spiritual and natural creation should in general correspond, the first chapter of Genesis is probably a correct description of the general order of creation of the earth, and of the 9 10 Chapter I gradual progress upon it—in their proper successive order— of mineral, or metallic, earthy and aqueous substances, and > of vegetable, animal and human life, as far as it was possible to so present it in such a brief account, and so far as it was consistent with the representation of the six successive and progressive days or states of the human spirit, looking to its attainment of the Sabbath of peace or rest in God, the laws of symbolism requiring seven states to represent fullness and perfection, as we see in the seven successive degrees of the musical scale, which constitute all of sound; for this must have been the primary object of the account as there given in a book of the soul, which the Bible undoubtedly is. Thus no doubt the earth was at first a gaseous body coming from the sun by centrifugal force or otherwise, like a comet, with a denser eye, as it were, as the front mass, concentration or condensation, and from which a lighter gaseous substance depended and followed, and to which this lighter and more diffused substance, or combination of sub- stances, gravitated as they cooled and contracted, while the whole mass, both “eye” (or head) and “tail,” flew far away from the sun, and came back comparatively near the sun in its orbit of revolution around it, as comets do now; and gradually the orbit became more nearly a moderate ellipse —approximating a circle, with the sun as one of the foci, and as it were approaching nearer the center, till the globe in its orbit reached its present state. And it may be further admitted that it was the secondary intention to there present (in the chapter referred to) on the natural plane, a view of the general order and successive steps of the creation in six long periods or ages—called “days,” as far as this was possible in such a brief account; The Spiritual and Natural Creation II the apparent creation of the sun, moon and stars on the fourth day or period being a statement or description of their ap- pearance to an observer supposed to be on the earth’s surface, consequent upon the more or less dense clouds of vapor, first of mineral gases, and afterwards of excess of vapor of water, clearing away in consequence of cooling, and which had up to that time more or less obstructed the light, and had thus prevented the direct appearance of these heavenly bodies to such an imaginary observer, or the passage of their direct rays of light to the earth’s surface. Although the particulars cannot correspond or tally ex- actly in detail with the facts as shown by the fossils found in the complex geological strata, yet the general order of succession and progress from lowest to highest organisms in the vegetable and animal kingdoms—of plants, of bivalves and fish in sea and rivers—in salt and fresh waters, fowls in the air, and land animals ending with mammals (the ver- tebrate animals whose females suckle their young) ,—the general order of progress from the lowest to the highest orders of creation, as given in the Biblical account, agrees with the progress shown in the strata, as far as was consistent with its primary object of furnishing man with a symbolic account of his spiritual creation or regeneration in the very brief form in which it is given in the first chapter of Genesis. The creation of fishes and fowls in water and air was effected in quantity when the water was cool enough and the air was free enough; and the creation of land animals in large measure was next in order, when the crust of the earth was cool enough, and when the other elements were prepared for them, although of course the creations which belonged to the former “days” or periods or ages were continued, or 12 Chapter I else other more or less similar creations took their places,— the preparation or former part of each period or age or “day” being called “evening,” and the latter part “morning”; and also finally man, that is, the first race of men—in the Hebrew called “adam” or “ha-adam”—was formed, a proper receptacle for, and endowed with, mind or soul, or free will and rationality or understanding of truth, distinctly above the mere animals. “Adam” or “ha-adam” in the Hebrew is not a proper name, but merely stands for man or the man—literally “red” or “red earth,” possibly referring to the origin of his natural earthly body, and symbolically denoting the good and warm loving. nature of the first race,_=red” {the..colorsjoraire) signifying this; and it was so translated (‘‘man’”’) in the first chapter of Genesis in King James’ Version of the Bible, and also in the second chapter through the 18th verse; but it was translated—or rather untranslated—“Adam” (though it properly should be translated ‘‘man” as before) from the 19th to the 23rd verses of the second chapter. In the Revised version, however, it is so translated, though in the third chapter and 21st verse it is also untranslated, and called ‘““Adam,” as also at the end of the fourth chapter and the beginning of the fifth. God created man, we learn from verse 7 of the second chapter, by forming his body of earthy material, or material dead substances, called in this verse “dust of the earth (or ground), and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life (literally lives), and man became a living soul’: not a mere animal, but a “living soul,” the animal and the material body being only external to that soul,—that is, the soul pervades these. The Spiritual and Natural Creation 13 Of course, it is manifest that God could not form the first men from the seed of man, for there were no men before the first, to produce any seed. We read in Gen. II. 7, as just said, that “God formed man of the dust of the ground.” Exactly how this was done, we do not know, and probably cannot know. Nor is it neces- sary that we should know. We may know, however, that his body could not have been made out of the solid rocks, but that it must have been made from materials comminuted, or plastic from those rocks, that is, from sedimentary soft or fine material, as He forms the body of every animal, and also every person, or human being, in the womb now. We must also consider that there were no mothers at the begin- ning of the race, to bear and suckle and rear the children; and so probably mature persons, or a number of persons, both male and female, had to be first created, as we read in Gen. I. 27 and V. 2, confirmed by our Lord in Matthew XIX. 4 and Mark X. 6 thus: “God created or made them from the beginning male and female.” And since their bodies had to be made from fine substance or substances, therefore this could most properly be denominated, as it is termed in Gen. II. 7, “dust of the earth or ground.” This may be said to be no more wonderful than the crea- tion which God is surely performing, through or according to His laws, every day, hour and moment, of innumerable plants, animals and human beings in the womb, from their respective seed or eggs as beginnings, and very many also, no doubt, from new seeds or beginnings created, and de- posited in or on the earth, or in the water, by Him alone, as their only possible source. 2 Woman, being essentially the love of man, symbolizes 14 Chapter I his own selfhood, or love and regard for himself; and so a “rib” (over his heart) was said to be taken out of man and made alive, and brought to him, to represent his selfhood vivified and made good and subservient by the Lord, and thus granted to man, as a helpmate, or as helpful to him. This portion of the narrative, however, could be only true symbolically, thus in this spiritual serse. This therefore shows and explains the character of woman—what she is,— essentially the love of man. It may be said that the Lord Himself created His own predicted humanity in the womb of Mary successively from a very small or minute beginning like that of other persons, and it issued similarly from the womb in nine months as a babe. But in the first place it was not from man’s seed, but from something resembling it created and deposited in Mary’s womb immediately from the Divine or Holy Spirit (see Luke I. 35); and secondly, the Lord did this to comply as nearly as possible, with that necessary exception, with all man’s conditions as already in process of operation (see Isaiah VII. 14; IX. 6; LIII) since the creation of the first men and women. ‘That He could create persons originally, not from seed, may be admitted when we consider that He produced ready-made bread out of His hands, which His disciples took and distributed to the multitude, and that He furnished “good wine” not from the vine, and which Mary, His mother, believed that He could create from similar things which she must have known Him to create in cases of necessity previously in her own home at Nazareth. (John II. 1-11; VI. 5-14; Mark X. 27; Luke XVIII. 27.) {I How LIFE IS INSERTED IN FORMS ADAPTED TO RECEIVE IT ALL kinds of life, or specific principles, are inserted, and are not evolved or developed merely out of and by the forms themselves, although this may be the appearance. Successive new specific forms are first made; and life, or specific quali- ties or species of life or character or nature, in the sense of peculiar ability, are inserted into, and continued or secured to them according to their forms. As an example or illustration of life entering and ani- mating suitable forms, I have put a hair from a horse’s tail in a vessel of water for some days, and have seen one end of it swell into a head, distinctly visible under a magnifying glass; and life flowing into it, which may be supposed to be everywhere imminent or outpressing from within, it became a snake or eel swimming in the water, because it was such a suitable sheath or form that such corresponding primitive life could inhabit and use it. ‘This simple experiment can be tried by anyone, and the result will be seen to be as above stated. But this is not so incredible as it might as first appear. I have seen in my own apartment in New York City, from under a sofa long undisturbed, and where dust had largely accumulated, a hideous crawling insect creep forth like a centipede, seemingly composed of successive little piles of dust. I quickly killed it. It is commonly known that out of stagnant pools and decaying substances proceed germs and insect life of various kinds. ‘That is, noxious life receives a material clothing from those substances. 15 16 Chapter IT God can create new species in no other way, so as to separate the created things from Himself, or to make them individual. He brings together or constructs forms receptive of life from Himself, and then infils them with it. This must be and 'is done in every single instance of new species, even at the present time; and in the case of procreation, using the substances within the bodies of the parents. For example, a child in the womb is so formed or gradually constructed, though according to the seed, with tendencies within it towards good and evil, and also towards bodily forms, from both father and mother; and when born into the world, it is filled with conscious life, although while it is being formed, or made from imperfect to perfect, there is a kind of life inserted and acting; still, it is not till it is born, that it can be said to have the full life of a “living soul,” that is, conscious life. In order that there may be a firm foundation, God must begin, after the creation of suns and their atmospheres, with the lowest forms of creation in planets, that is, the mineral or dead forms, by condensation from gas and liquid. ‘These He follows with the vegetable forms or species growing in the minerals, that is, in earths or soils from the minerals or dead substances; then with the animals in or on the mineral —in the sense of dead matter, as fishes in water, birds in air, and land animals resting on the earths, all being pre- served or sustained, or at least principally, by means of the vegetable kingdom. Lastly, man was created, who lives, as to his material body as a basis, on mineral or earths as ground to rest on, and for food and drink partly from minerals or inorganic substances, as salt and water, partly from vegetables, and Life Inserted in. Adapted Forms 17 partly also from animals. But he has another and different form from any of the mere animals; and God has made him to be man or distinctly human, by inserting a mental and spiritual nature within the new form, as the highest or supreme or inmost part of it. He has indeed the lower natures also—the natural and sensual, similar to those of the mere animals; but these lower natures can never be developed into the higher, but should be kept in their places, and entirely ruled by the higher; and this is what is meant, in the primary or spiritual sense, by the plan and command of God in creating man, as recorded in Gen. I. 26, 28, that man, as identified with his higher or spiritual nature, should have dominion over all the animals, that is, over all the elements of his lower or animal nature or “natural man,” symbolized by the ‘“‘fish of the sea, birds of the heavens (or the air), and every living thing that moveth or creepeth upon the earth,”’—that is, land animals. The “fish of the sea,” or of the waters be/ow the land, symbolize in man the various kinds of desires, and efforts to think, in the Jower or scientific mind, and concerning the objects or facts of the memory; the “birds of the air” (or “heavens” )—above the land and water—denote the various kinds of desires and efforts to think in the higher or tntellec- tual or rational mind, and the thoughts of reason; and the animals which live and move upon the land, symbolize the natural affections or desires and appetites of the natural man; and ‘“‘man,” as essentially a spiritual being, is commanded to govern all these, or to have dominion over them, and to use them for the sake of the spiritual man or region of his being, and thus for God and the Divine Truth of the Word. On account of being endowed with free-will, or ability 18 Chapter II to choose or to do good or evil, man was said to have been at first placed in a spiritual garden, called the “Garden of Eden” or of “pleasantness” or “delight” (that is, this was his first state), where grew celestial “life” and natural “knowledge,” (called “‘trees”), eating the fruit of, or reliance on, the latter—to determine what was right or wrong, or good or evil—being possible to him. Having this endowment of freedom to live from God or from self, by his wrong choice of its exercise he fell into the lower nature, but with the possibility still of returning into the higher. This latter return is regeneration from God, with man’s co-operation. All through our lives, if we are being regenerated, that is, if we are advancing spiritually, the same law and method of insertion of higher within lower things is going on. As we rise above lower motives and thoughts, and purify the lower nature in accordance with truths and principles or precepts or Commandments from the Divine Word, and by obedience thereto, God successively inserts a higher and higher nature, or motives, principles and life, within the lower, like soul within body; and thenceforth the higher pervade the lower, and use and govern them, or should do so. Purified lower principles, or lower natures, as said above, do not in such case develop into the higher; but they become servants to the higher, which are discreetly above the lower. But can the Creator make every different form, or myriads of different forms, and insert a specific and different characteristic nature within every one of theme There is no dificulty here. Every distinct and good species must be first made by Him. It is just as easy for Him to make Life Inserted.in Adapted Forms 19 millions or billions as one. It is true that God permits every species after its creation to propagate offspring, for He has implanted this as one of the important functions of every species; and He must be well pleased that every species should be improved and perfected to the uttermost. But He knows that only a very limited modification is possible, and that radically new species are among the impossible things for us, or for any other creatures. He therefore always has done and always will and must do, the work of the original creation of each of such distinct species, without the intervention of any already-existing species. It was one of the remarkable statements of the scientist and theologian, Emanuel Swedenborg, that evil animals, as wolves, tigers, venomous serpents etc., live or derive their origin from the nature and life of evil spirits in the spiritual world, which he thus regarded as being in close conjunction with the natural world, as the soul is to the body. And he also says that evil or noxious plants or vegetables, as for example the “deadly upas-tree,” the virulent rhus toxicoden- dron or poison-ivy, rhus querca-folio or poison-oak, and rhus venenata or poison-sumach, the well-known nux vomica or strychnine, aconite, belladona, etc., which are used in medi- cine to absorb malignities or diseases, have their life or origin from the same source, as also poisonous minerals, such as arsenic and antimony. ‘There certainly seems to be ground for this belief of the more or less direct or remote origin and continuance of such poisonous and noxious animals, vegetables and minerals in nature, when we consider that the Creator, being a God of Divine Love and Goodness, could not directly create any evil thing. We continually see that putrid and decaying substances furnish receptacles and 20 Chapter II spheres for the reception of noxious life, which seems to proceed out of them (see Exodus XVI. 20). That is, all life comes from God, directly or indirectly; but evil and poisonous life must result from that life perverted. It is a law of divine order, that life or a living spirit is not denied, but is given to, and proceeds according to, the procreated seed and its naturally resulting form, whether that seed and that form be good or evil. In the latter case, it is perverted life. This is the law of freedom, by which God does not refuse to let the evil live, though He warns them, in the case of human beings, in His Word, of the awful consequences and unhappiness of such life, which He calls “death,’—“where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched” (Mark IX. 48). These living evil spheres thence descend, or are ex- pressed, into the material world, where they enter, inspirit, or excite to activity, the corresponding substances there, whether minerals, plants or animals, as well as man, so that everything resulting is detrimental and harmful instead of blessing. ‘This was the case with the Israelites, who by dis- obedience to the divine commandments, obtained a curse throughout their land: see Genesis III. 18; Levit. XXVI. 14-33; and Job XXXI. 39, 40. See also Matth. VIII. 28-32 for the effect of evil spheres upon animals; and Rev. XII. 12, 13, for their effect on human beings. III ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAN AND MERE ANIMALS —ALL OTHER DEGREES OF LIFE. DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER INTO HIGHER NOT POSSIBLE. FISH could not be developed from oysters. Animals do not differ essentially by forms or material substances; but by characteristic natures or instincts and desires and habits —higher or lower. Man could not have been developed from the’ baboon: but it is rational to suppose that bodies were first made for man or races of men somewhat like those of the higher animals, as the ape or gorilla, but of much finer, more delicate and perfect substance or combination of substances, structure and form, though of various degrees and grades, but a new and higher step in creation, adapted to the reception of a higher nature; and that the Creator inserted in those bodies—in the brains—a free will and understanding (with organic derivations, having sensation or feeling, throughout the body) as a soul, to know and receive and act from Him and to love Him, and afterwards in the later ages—to learn or read the precepts of the written Word and to conform his life to them. ‘These things are not pos- sible for animals. ‘They have no internal mind, no appre- ciation of spiritual life, no thought of life hereafter, and consequently no eternal life; for they are not capable of regeneration. God addressed no beast for the sake of in- struction, salvation or regeneration; Christ while on earth addressed none. The animal soul, analogously to the soul of the tree, though of a higher degree than that of the tree, must be dissipated after death. If it were not so, it would 21 oe Chapter III be a crime to kill beasts or mere animals; and yet we con- tinually kill them for food; and in the Sacred Scriptures it was expressly allowed, from the time of Noah, to kill and eat all beasts, birds and fishes, though not animal blood (see Genesis IX. 1-4), the Israelites being allowed to eat only those which were called “clean” (see Deuteronomy XIV. 3-20); and the permission to kill and eat animals may be also recognized from the institution of the Passover (Exodus XII. 3-9): only it was forbidden to eat or drink the blood, as in Deuteronomy XII. 23, 24 or the fat—see Leviticus III. 16, 17, that is, during the time that the church was in mere representatives, which it was before the Lord’s incarna- tion,—-since to eat these elements, which represented spiritual or heavenly truth and good, would represent the falsification and profanation of these holy things, and misusing them in their lives. That the purpose or end of God was to create man, as the only being who was to be capable of eternal life and happiness, may be seen from Isaiah XLV. 11, 12, where it is written: “Thus saith Jehovah . . . I have made the earth, and created man upon it,” where no other creature is men- tioned, thus showing that man only was the important being and object of God’s creation. In Psalm CXLVIII, we have an exhortation to praise the Lord, apparently addressed not only to “angels” and ‘all people,” but also to “fire and hail, snow and vapor, stormy wind fulfilling His Word”; to “mountains and trees, beasts and all cattle” etc.; and also it is said in Psalm CL, “Let everything that hath breath praise Jehovah (or the Lord),” with similar expressions in some other places,—as if inanimate objects and mere animals could do this. In the Difference between Men and Animals 23 spiritual sense, these expressions mean that every department and faculty in angels and men, from highest to lowest, should praise the Lord; but in the literal sense they must be re- garded as a poetic way of saying that all such things and creatures as are there enumerated should render testimony and contribute to the praise of God, and to cause His Name to be revered by human beings. In regard to the mention of beasts in the Apocalypse or Revelation, which seems to imply that beasts are in the spiritual world, that is, that they have gone or emerged there from this world, it may be said that the Apocalypse is a prediction of the state of the First Christian Church with its changes and deterioration, culminating in its most evil and corrupt and profane states, necessitating the Last Judg- ment, pictured however in pure symbols, and succeeded by the New and true, angelic and enlightened Christian Church, depicted or symbolized in the two last chapters (XXI and XXII) by the “New Jerusalem”; and it is there intended to depict, by the “leopard” and the false “lamb” who “spake like a dragon,” for instance, both of these being described in the 13th chapter of that book, classes of people of the laity and clergy—in the decaying or corrupt Reformed church, who resemble or resembled those beasts on account of their characteristics—as Herod was of the nature of a ‘fox,’ and was so called by our Lord Jesus Christ Himself (as recorded in Luke XIII. 32) although Herod was still a man, and capable of regeneration during his life in this world. The scenery—minerals, trees and vegetation, and animals, such as are represented in the Revelation, and which must surround, or be near, societies of people in the spiritual 24 Chapter ITI world, being spiritual, cannot be the spirits of the same gone out of this world; but they must be lower and higher forms, representative—or concrete images—of the characters, or thoughts and affections of the people or human spirits them- selves; and they must be connected, as it were, with invisible spiritual cords to them. They must, therefore, appear with the activity of the special life of the spirits, and vanish when - the thoughts and affections of the latter cease. The reason why they must appear practically or comparatively per- manent in heaven and hell themselves, is because the thought and affections of angels or demons are correspondingly per- manent. Still, they must vary to some extent even with them. The soul of all animals is natural or sensual affection and appetite. ‘They therefore look to the earth and to sustenance thence. At least it may be said, even in the case of what are sometimes denominated the “nobler animals” or nobler species, that they see or consider nothing above the natural realm—nothing spiritual; nor are they capable thereof. They can weigh or judge no motive, or radically change their life. The seemingly intelligent and noble traits exhibited by such animals as the St. Bernard dogs and some others, to watch over and preserve their masters and to save the natural lives of human beings when taught to do so, must therefore be given them, while they live, by the Creator for the use of man. The inmost soul of man, on the other hand, that is, the purely human life of which he is capable, is spiritual and heavenly affection. It is distinctly above the natural, as heaven is above the earth. There is, therefore, no ratio on the same plane between beasts and man proper, because a man’s soul or mind, as such, is distinctly above that of a beast. Man is created in the image of God, as we read in Difference between Men and Animals 25 Genesis I. 26 and 27, and was enjoined to have dominion over the animals—v. 28; and this is reiterated by Paul (I Corinthians XI. 7 and Colossians III. 10) and by James (III. 9)—that man is made “in the image and after the similitude of God,” differently from mere animals. Man has free will, and can do good and benefit others, or do evil and harm them; but a beast can be conscious of no such choice. It is fair to say that, in a generation or during a lifetime, any sane man—Indian or negro, Mongolian or Hottentot— could learn or be taught to speak, and to read the Bible in some language, and be regenerated, though every one of course differently according to education and brightness, and consequent facility in learning, as is indeed the case with all the rest of the human family: but the point is, that they all could do it in time, after a fashion,—whereas the monkey, ape, baboon, chimpanzee or gorilla never can, because they have no adequate created form or vessel or receptacle in the brains, constructed there by the Creator, and hence could not receive therein the requisite qualities of mind or soul, which could enable them to do it. It is beyond belief, that is, in- credible, and an aspersion against the goodness, justice and mercy of the Almighty, that if they could, it would be denied them, as it undoubtedly is. But all human beings of sound mind are capable of lower or higher regeneration—of loving God and the neighbor; all are in the image of God in this respect, that they have free-will and rationality to go above the natural or sensual realm, which not a single beast has. And it is a fact most significant, as showing the distinct line of demarcation which in the Creator’s eyes exists, and was intended to exist, between man and the mere animals or 26 Chapter III beasts, that in Leviticus XVIII. 23, and Exodus XII. 19, a mixing of man with beast was severely forbidden as defile- ment and “confusion”; and it was commanded that all people who committed such defilement and confusion should be put to death. It is incorrect, therefore, to say that man is an animal: but man is essentially a human spirit—a spiritual being, who has a lower or secular intellectual mind, and an animal or sensual or lowest degree of his nature, which he is to govern and control and keep under, with his material body, which his spiritual body inhabits while sojourning in this material world. Man is a little universe or “microcosm,” as the ancients said,—from highest to lowest; but no animal is, because it lacks the highest planes; and his (man’s) primal business and duty—so as to attain and sustain his proper sphere or place in creation, as said above, is to have dominion over all the lower things or faculties or propensities of his nature. The fact that he can, and in many cases does, allow his sensual or lower faculties to rule over him, and thus turns himself and created or intended order upside down, enables him, by the use of his God-given freedom and his inventive faculty, to become worse than any beast. IV No ESSENTIAL CHANGE SELF-CAUSED By “natural selection,’ a species able to withstand changes of outward environment, or difficult or adverse cir- cumstances, is supposed to remain; while others, not able or suited or fitted to endure such changes or hardships, perish and disappear. And by “sexual selection” it has been sup- posed that animals select superior mates in form and ap- pearance, and thus produce superior progeny, while the inferior tend to remain unmated and to die without produc- ing offspring. But even granting that this hypothesis might be true, no new species could be produced by it, but only superior individuals of the same species. It is supposed also, that extensions or additions or sub- stitutions are made in the structure, both of man’s body, and of the bodies of the lower or mere animals, to suit adverse or differing circumstances; and by supposing millions of years as the time in which these additions or changes were produced, the evolutionist thinks that they could and did so occur or evolve. But not the smallest addition or effect could be produced without an internal constructing and creative cause, no mat- ter what unlimited time, even billions of years, were allowed for such change. It is absolutely irrational to suppose that nothing can produce something, no matter how advisable or needful it might be, or how outward environment or cir- cumstances might call for a supposed useful appendage or addition to a form. Nor could any animal, or even man, of themselves, produce such things. 27 28 Chapter IV And yet when the Creator’s hand, or internal causation according to order, is operating, as in the case of the tad- pole transformed into the frog, for instance, or of the cater- pillar into the butterfly, remarkable. changes ensue in a very little time; and so in every case of births of animals, and growth and formation of flowers, vegetables and grains among plants, one year, and in some of the smaller species of animals much less time, suffices to produce the various successive transformations from beginning to end—from seed to fruit or harvest, and from embryo or egg to living animal, and in some cases to maturity. : The changes of the human embryo are sometimes ad- duced by the evolutionist as presenting some analogy to changes from species to species of animals, with the deduc- tion therefrom that this proves that one animal higher in the scale was produced and developed from a lower, and in fact that a complete succession of changes have occurred with development, from the lowest animals to the highest, and even to man. This is the development theory of Darwin. Since the nature of these changes is not generally known, and since some have supposed that the changes are from some lower form of animal, through higher forms, including the ape or baboon, to the final form of the human babe, I quote from “Human Embryology” by Keibel and Mall, Volume I, showing, by careful observation and diagrams, that no such succession of animal species or forms precedes the human form of the babe in the womb; but that there is simply produced at first a general form, chiefly of the head, in a horizontal position, and that this afterwards rises ‘Into a vertical position; and that the head and face, with trunk and organs, hands and feet, proceeding therefrom, No Essential Change Self-caused 29 become more and more distinct, till the child is born as a living conscious human babe. “From 12 to 60 days the form is called an embryo, the head from the neck lying horizontal till the 45th day, the features being indistinct and rude,—when it rises, and the hands and feet begin to appear. At the 6oth day it becomes quite vertical, and hands and feet and organs become quite distinct; and the face and features also begin to be distinct, and the form is called fetus.” After that, it simply becomes more and more distinct and perfect till at the end of the ninth month, as a rule, it is born into the world, a perfect human child. But the astounding fact confronts us that the marvellous successive changes of the human embryo and fetus even to the last supreme and most wonderful result—a human being born on the earth—are all executed and finished, as just said, within the short space of nine months, and entirely without the least consciousness or aid or co-operation of the embryo or fetus itself. ‘The fact that these changes are occurring in succession gradually, though so quickly, does not show that God is making various animals one after another, but simply and solely that He is forming thus gradually, in every single case, an infant man or woman, which He so wonderfully does, in about nine months’ time. And singularly enough, these marvellous metamorphoses of the human embryo or fetus, all proceeding in the same inevitable order to the determinate end, appear to be unwittingly supposed by the evolutionist to be successively and progressively self-causing, without being fashioned by the Creator’s Spirit or power or design or wisdom—thus that these changes with their final supreme result are virtually without a cause. 30 Chapter IV Is it rational to think that these transformations were self-caused? Can dead matter cause itself to do anything? Especially can it produce orderly and wonderful forma- tions? Must not this be done by the operations of creative | law directed by a wonderful and powerful mind? Is it the part of a rational being to suppose that the earth turns itself on its axis and travels around the sun with such precision that the time of beginning and end of a complete revolution can be calculated to the fraction of a second? Must not this be the work of an all-wise and all-powerful Creator? And in the cases of the exact occurrence and recurrence of eclipses of the sun and moon, and the revolutions of the other planets —mighty Jupiter and Saturn, and far-off Uranus and Nep- tune, and the myriads of suns and their probable planets— all are so wonderful and so evidently the work of divine and infinite wisdom and order and almighty power, that it has been said that “an undevout astronomer is mad.” And is an undevout observer of the wonderful phenomena, and of the creation and transformations, adaptations and bountiful provisions, with their order and wisdom on the earth, any the less mad? It may be that it is the part of rigid or hide- bound or short-sighted so-called science to renounce and try to bar out God from His works, of Whom our Lord says that ‘a sparrow doth not fall to the ground without Him (Matth. X. 29), and of Whom the Psalmist says “Thy hands have made me and fashioned me” (Ps. CXIX. 73; see also John I. 3), and “Thou openest Thine hand, and satisfiest the desire of every living thing” (Ps. CXLV. 16), and that “every beast of the forest is His, and the cattle upon a thousand hills,” and that “the world is His, and the full- ness thereof” (Ps. L. ro-12): but it is not the part of broad No Essential Change Self-caused 31 and far-seeing rationality or wisdom, or genuine science, to try to do this. The “survival of the fittest,’ that is, the strongest and most comely, as a consequence of ‘“‘natural” and ‘‘sexual selec- tion,’ has been thought by evolutionists to have been the means whereby improvement in races or species of animals has come. This is supposed to have resulted from the superior excellence of form and size and strength of the few which remained or survived, while the many perished; and also by the stronger attacking and overcoming and destroying the weaker. But evil beasts are the ones that fight and often conquer and destroy. he good or harmless do not. If they fought at all, it would only be to defend themselves; and thus there would naturally be a survival of evil beasts, and not good, and thus of the fierce and cruel; and so the evil-natured animals would succeed to the mild and gentle animals, if the survival of the strongest or aggressive animals were the tule. Mixtures, or cross-breeds, or products of different kinds of animals, vegetables and fruits, as the mule from the horse and ass, and the loganberry from the blackberry and raspberry, are not natural products, but from man’s mixing them, or from grafting or pollenization. V “STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE” DARWIN and others have calculated that in 750 years the living offspring of a pair of elephants unchecked would number nearly 19,000,000; that if each egg should produce an adult, a single pair of codfish in 25 years would make a mass larger than the earth; and that the invisible infusoria, if continued at their most rapid rate of division or increase for 38 days, would produce a mass of protoplasm equal to the sun in size. Darwin and his followers—the evolutionists —argue from these premises or hypotheses that the strongest must have struggled to remain, while the weaker animals, the vast majority, must have died, as being unable to resist the adverse circumstances of climate etc., and the combat of their fellows to obtain limited quantities of food. In the first place, such estimates as the above are foolish, and the results of the estimates impossible of realization, inasmuch as the supposed enormous aggregates of material produced from the species named, would be manifold greater than the material of the earth’s surface and its surrounding atmosphere, from whence it must be derived. The estimates and belief are however on a par with the vain and irrational method of thought of the evolutionists in assuming that results may be produced without a sufficient operating cause; and that outward changed circumstances can somehow ensure a needed or desirable change in an animal, which cannot itself create or produce anything,—as if the plant could grow of itself without the heat and light of the sun, or without the Creator, or as if something could be produced from 32 “Struggle for. Existence” 33 nothing. All such suppositions are of course absurd (see Luke XII. 25-28). But such suppositions are not necessary, when it is recol- lected that the locations and areas of land and water have changed in many places, the beds of the oceans being ele- vated, so that they have become dry,—thus exterminating large numbers of the fish, while the land was submerged,— thus exterminating many of the land animals; and in each case, new species must have been afterwards created, and some of these after death fossilized. This was the case notably at the close of Paleozoic or Ancient Time, and at the end of the Mesozoic or Middle Time, and prior to the Cenozoic or Recent Time: see the schedule or chart of the Geologic Ages, Eras and Periods, etc., on pages 36 and 37. Finally, when even in our own time, such violent catas- trophes or cataclysms occur, as within a few years have taken place at Galveston, Texas, .at San Francisco, Cal., and at Messina, Sicily, submerging and destroying by tidal wave, earthquake and volcanic eruption, large portions of the land, and many lives of animals and human beings, it would seem —it is most likely—that in ancient geologic times, when changes by elevation, subsidence and submergence, were fre- quent, that vast quantities of vegetable and animal life were swept away, and new species were begun, some of them being continued into succeeding ages; but others of them were laid down in the strata or destroyed, never to rise or be seen again. Dana in his Geology, attributes this disappearance, or these exterminations of life at the end of Paleozoic Time, or that of Ancient Life, when the Appalachian Chain was raised, to 34 Chapter V (1) a colder climate on land, and colder water destroying the marine species living in the waters; and (2) to earthquake waves produced by the mountain formations or elevations. Incalculable violence and great surgings of the ocean, which occurred and were often re- peated during flexures miles in height and space, and vast slips along newly opened fractures, would have surely re- sulted in the devastation of the sea-border and low-lying land of the period, and the destruction of their animals and plants. The same waves and earthquakes swept over and befel Euro- pean land and seas. These times of catastrophe may have continued in America through half the following Triassic Era, for fully two-thirds of that are unrepresented by rocks and fossils on the Atlantic border. Similar disappearance of species and large marine exter- minations by cold of the Arctic regions, and ocean currents flowing from them southward, and earthquake waves due to the elevation of the Rocky Mountains, took place at the close of Mesozoic Time, or that of Middle Life. VI THE ENTIRE GEOLOGICAL SERIES To enable the reader to appreciate, with some degree of clearness, the foregoing and the succeeding remarks in reference to the successive geological formations, and the possible lengths of time which have been calculated for them from the thickness of their strata and the varying rate of their subsidence, from 1 foot in 1000 years to 1 foot in 5000 years, a scheme or schedule is here presented, which may be found helpful to refer to, and as just said, to assist the mind of the reader. ‘The thickness of the formations or strata have been taken or calculated from actual measurements of their maximum thickness; and though not absolutely correct for all localities, may be considered fair approximations and averages. WORD OF EXPLANATION FOR THE READER: Since the Chart, with its two parts, which now follows on its two opposite pages, is the unique design of the author, and impracticable or very difficult for the printer or engraver to reproduce or imitate, it was thought best to have it photographed and reproduced from the author’s own orig- inal; and for the same to be done in the case also of the Map with its two parts on opposite pages which will be seen further on, since the author desired the illustrations to be correct for the reader’s mind, rather than merely more per- fect in external forms or type without such correctness. 35 .—.-— <: s TIME hes NA CYT WLLL Lenwth OR banal CHD Depth ef Strat of Ties ! A CE, iw Feet, aw RSs i wy. : Maree ciewera inna Oar | e wo A | . b | y) re j © ad > . % g e ‘ ts ne bi if “ ’ ‘ > rye & 1s ELS 59 2 ee te 2 Tite Owe, M ? S = "RYO Ce Buco l. 1 Ce) bacene |= 1.278 te 15: ts p24 oh. sth Fe ify ; ‘ a : 2 I g rer | a ahs ify Nn! Kid al ie ae Cena arent | = Ci he an petreste i 5G 200, O00 | ¥ ne 1 oF : : S| by = ™ Sea on et pes | Bi hee | v ty pal Carbon: coalse.- 6/.~| = , rae iferous,| Ute (Wi Wasatch Mts] Hees ate enseeunl _Gooa qmte. te. aft ate enseeunl reel ~~ S4 o~ Teme bay aa oo “a tein ts sale -™ ee) or fea elL.eclay 3 scd.c sandstone; sh.eshates +limasTanes stlr= silictoussarqaargilaceeus ; trite y ate hie Mg Sie) <4 8 tas y U we UR ; s ro 2G. —_ Appatse prim Aleghancs, Reptiles beg UL Vea | Tee ear UL iter uiwmacls: Be, i [ Seclaeet Nie Hveles Fern-'T'vees, eer: chy ch Insacts., | : Vertebratehishes, Breet NAR Cece lea Corals Fraviliest Jusects creck Fish 2S. ee ee cca ee aac e re aera rca r rarer errr aac rerc acre EIT TEED EE INEIENSSIRIL owes w/ege ey Sea : 4 Lawest ‘Animals: a Aes: S 0 uges Corals, Worws, Al gas ay Sedrweedd, Mollusks ete.~ (eee s Adiyawd acks ratsed} and Chvecu Mts. of Vermant, Cal.s=Californeca. 37 38 Chapter VI The Archean Age or Time includes merely the first solid crust of the globe, or rock of granite and the like, cooled, and so solidified, first from the outermost of the planet’s gaseous and afterwards molten spherical mass or envelope, and successively added to downward; so that it is practically impossible to estimate the time of its formation with any degree of reliability. But in the succeeding Ages, in the Paleozoic and Meso- zoic Ages or Times, and in the Tertiary Era of Cenozoic or Recent Time, the deposits being sedimentary beds laid down by water, and added to therefore from below upward from the primary Archean rock, the thickness of the /imestone has been carefully found—measured and noted,—laid down slowly under the sea, and a rate of subsidence allowed of 1 foot in sooo years; while in the case of other kinds of material, as sandstone, shale, silicious and argillaceous ma- terials—laid down from rivers or fresh water, the same care has been taken to find their maximum depths; and a swifter rate of subsidence allowed, as suggested by actual observa- tions of the depth of debris brought and laid down in a given time by several well-known rivers of the world, such as the Amazon, Mississippi, etc., of 1 foot in 1000 years. In the Quaternary Era, in the Glacial Period, the thick- ness of ice is estimated to have been 2500 to 6500 feet, and the moraine matter is 4000 to 5000 feet; and there appeared to have been in North America, as reckoned by some, five successive ice invasions from the north, in the region of Labrador on the east, and Hudson Bay on the west, as fol- lows: The Entire Geological Series 39 (1) the “sub-Aftonian or Jerseyan,” to Iowa and New Jersey, say 950 miles; (2) the “Kansan,” to Kansas etc., say 1000 miles; (3) the “Tllinois,” to Illinois etc., say 950 miles; (4) the “Iowa,” to Iowa etc., say 850 miles; (5) the “late Wisconsin,” to Wisconsin etc., say 850 miles. Total, 4600 miles, each invasion being succeeded by a retreat, that is, by the ice melting: hence, say 4600 *K 2 = 9200 miles (X 5280 feet to the mile) = about 48,000,000 feet, invading and receding, possibly at the rate of about 200 feet per year, lasting there- fore about 240,000 years. This rate of 200 feet per year for the average time of the invading and receding of the ice in America, as well as in Europe, was as late as about 1890, regarded by some scientific men as about correct, and none too slow, thus making the time of the Glacial Period or Epoch, as said, about 240,000 years or more. But since then, by estimates of the rapidity of movement of the glaciers or ice-fields in several places, both of invasion or accumulation, and of recession or disappearance by melt- ing, these have been considered by careful scientific observers to have been effected very much more swiftly, in fact sur- prisingly so, as of the great Humboldt glacier of the Green- land ice-sheet, whose velocity, determined by Danish sur- veyors, has led to an estimate of an average of the Glacial Period of about 1 mile in 8 years, which would make the time of invasion, for an average of 1000 miles, 8000 years, and for the recession by melting 8000 years additional, mak- ing the total time 16,000 years. This is northeast of North America. 40 Chapter VI On the northwestern extremity of North America, in Alaska, the Muir Glacier retreated from 1886 to 1906, that is, in 20 years, 7 miles, or about 1 mile every 3 years. And according to Dr. Warren Upham, who for many years was engaged by the state of Minnesota, the United States Geological Survey, and Canada, in surveying the Red River of the North, the entire time occupied by the retreat of the ice from the Canadian border to Hudson Bay, about 500 miles, was about 1500 years. For an average of 1000 miles (that is, 500 miles from the southern limit to Canada) the time would be according to this estimate 3000 years. Supposing the advance to have been equally rapid, the total advance and retreat would have been effected in 6000 years. But supposing the advance to have taken 4 times as long, or 12,000 years, the total by the same method would have occu- pied 15,000 years. Furthermore, as will be presented and explained with the Map of the United States and Southern Canada, the idea of more than one entire advance and retreat of the Ice from Labrador and the territory around Hudson Bay to the ex- treme south, and return therefrom, say on the average about 1000 or 1200 miles, is probably fallacious; the entire time of the Glacial Period from beginning to end of advance from north to south over this distance, and retreating by melting from south to north over the same distance, may be regarded in all probability as about, or not over, 20,000 years, as will be explained further on. It is also believed that in the other continents, in South America from the Andes etc., as in Europe, and in Asia from the northern mountains there, the Glacial Period oc- The Entire Geological Series 41 curred in about the same time, and was performed with the Same rapidity, namely in about 20,000 years. Since then, including the Champlain Period, the time— about 7000 to gooo years—has been estimated aware the ob- served and estimated rate of recession by wearing away of material (at 5 feet a year) of Niagara Falls from Queenston Heights to their present position—7 miles, or about 36,000 feet, making the elapsed time about 7000 years, because this cutting must have been done since the Glacial Period, be- cause the gorge or channel was then—during that Period— filled up with ice and the debris from the ice; and from the recession of the Falls of St. Anthony from the junction of the Mississippi River with the Minnesota River below Min- neapolis to their present position—10 miles, or about 53,000 feet (at 6 feet a year), making the elapsed time about 9,000 years. The entire age of the globe since the solid crust formed, that is, after the Archean Age, to the present time, from the estimates as given in the schedule, would be from about 153,- 000,000 to 207,000,000 years. To the above I will add the following information, with Map of United States and Canada: In regard to the cause of the Glacial Period and its ice, 42 Chapter VI Professor G. F. Wright in his work on “The Ice Age in North America” says: “The Glacial epoch or period was a catastrophe resulting from the culmination of the effects of slow moving causes leading up to it in the latter part of the Tertiary Era, when the vast continental uplifts were taking place, not merely in the Northern Hemisphere, but throughout the whole world. “The Glacial epoch was pre-eminently of wide-spread increased preciptation, and lower temperature. This great increase in precipitation, and high elevation, furnishes us with adequate cause for producing the peculiar gravel depo- sition of this age. “Glacial ice was over Europe as over America, southeast from Scandinavia to Russia and southward to the Carpathian Mts. in Hungary about 1000 miles, and also from the Laurentian highlands (or Mountains, from Labrador to the Arctic Ocean) over the Great Lakes to Southern Illinois, and westward to the base of the Rocky Mts.” about the same 1000 miles (from north to south), the advance occupying possibly 10,000 years. If we allow the same time, 10,000 for retreating and melting, the total would be 20,000 years for the Glacial Period. “The enormous load of ice pressing down on the strata below, would produce a subsidence of 600 ft. at Montreal, 1000 ft. in Labrador, and 1500 to 2000 ft. in West Greenland and Grinnell Land. ‘When the abnormal load of ice had been removed, the elevatory or upward pressing forces reasserted their influ- ence, as they have since, raising portions of the region still higher than they had formerly reached. But at the close The Entire Geological Series 43 of the Glacial Period, there was a depression in New Jersey of 200 feet, and more and more going north. “As to volcanic eruptions, the sudden melting of vast masses of glacial ice by outflowing streams of lava seems to have given a unique character to the destructive agencies of the period. “The Sierra Nevada Mts. in California were mainly up- lifted during the end of the Tertiary and the beginning of the Glacial Epoch.” Professor Bowman says that “from the rate at which glaciers melt away in Alaska, and of the enormous increment of water furnished by the melting ice to the streams which flow from the ice-covered drainage-basin, there is nothing to indicate antiquity of more than 10,000 to 12,000 years.” “The Continental glacier disappeared from North Amer- ica not over 7000 to 8000 years ago; and its disappearing prior to that proceeded at a rate probably several times as fast as its growth had been.” ‘This however is given merely as an opinion possibly formed from the present rate of melt- ing of the glaciers of Alaska. In regard to the time of volcanic eruptions, generally these have occurred and been completed in less than one year. We can see this from the case of Mt. Vesuvius, east of Naples, Italy. Since 79 A.D.—a number of eruptions have thus occurred: (1) in 203 AD., (2) in 472, during which ashes were carried as far as Constantinople (about 600 miles), (3) in 512, also in 685, 983 and 1066. In this last year Pompeii was buried under a thickness of 20 feet of loose ashes, and Herculaneum was covered with a torrent of mud. In 1621 the villages at the base of Vesuvius were 44 | Chapter VI covered with lava and torrents of boiling water. Again erup- tions occurred in 1766-7, and in 1770. In 1779 showers of ashes, scorie and stones were thrown to a great height, and streams of lava passed down the sides of the cone. In 1794 another violent outburst destroyed much of the town of Torre del Grece, and in an eruption of 1822, the mountain is said to have lost 800 feet of height; but most of this last has been made up by subsequent eruptions. Another remarkable eruption took place in May, 1855, and a series of outbursts began in 1865. More recent erup- tions occurred in 1872, 1878,-80,-95 and 1906. In the last there was a consequent destruction of life and property. “Tt seems not unlikely that on certain days of its erup- tions in May and August, in the cataclysm of Krakatoa the extruded material must have measured not less than 4.3 cubic miles; and in 1815 from Temboro on Sumbawa on Sunda Island in Malaysia, 100 times that must have been thrown out. From Mont Pelée on the island of Martinique, the southern island of the West Indies, similar eruptions oc- curred in the years 1762, 1851 and 1902. The last was tre- mendous, chiefly of ashes; and it was said to have more than equalled the quantity of sediment discharged by the Missis- sipi River in a full year’s time.” ‘Thus we see that as a rule every eruption has taken place within one year. As to the auriferous gravels of California (from the Sierra Nevada Range), Prof. J. D. Whitney, former geolo- gist of California, says that “the thickness of these in places is 400 feet in horizontal stratified layers, made up of mod- erate-sized boulders of the metamorphic rocks occurring in the region, mixed with water-worn fragments of unaltered shales and sandstones.” He says “the deposit near San The Entire Geological Series 45 Fernando Pass and north of it seems to resemble Pliocene strata, of Tertiary Era. It was deposited before volcanic action ceased in this region, for a stream of lava from the north has flowed over it in one place.” But this does not show either the time of the deposition or the time of the flow over it of the lava. As has been shown just above, the lava in all probability was exuded by volcanic eruption easily within one year, and the gravel deposits probably were rushed successively down, to build up the 400 feet more or less, in say 400 years. Professor Whitney says: “Deposits of gravel are rolled and water-worn fragments of rock.” It is reported that in California the volcanic eruptions were repeated, and aqueous invasion in the meantime piled up, between these, gravel, sandstone, etc., 200 to 300 feet or more. ‘This took a long period of time, but as we have said, hundreds rather than thousands of years may have sufficed for this piling up. It seems that at the time of the rising of the Sierra Nevada and of the Rocky Mountains, and all the northern mountains and hills, no doubt several thousands of feet, the consequent extreme cold brought on the glaciers. This was all over the northern latitudes of the earth, not only in North America, as appears on the large Map of the United States and Canada, but also in Europe, in Scandinavia, France, Germany and the Alps, and in Asia, and perhaps in South America along the Andes, etc. This is not difficult to under- stand when we consider that the earth revolves from west to east every 24 hours. Although not exactly alongside of the line of moraines shown on the map, yet the occurrence was practically at the 46 Chapter VI same time, since the great elevation or elevating was of the same nature, and the ice came down from the Sierra west- ward; and when the melting or retreat began and continued, powerful floods poured the gravels along, while the weight taken off by the melting and thus retreat raised the valleys and the river-courses greatly. This consumed probably some thousands of years, though not many thousand. Successively volcanic eruptions covered the lower gravels, as for example in California the great ‘Table Mountain—its top. These eruptions did not take much time, as has been shown, probably not over one year each at the very most, judging by other volcanic eruptions and deposits, such as those of Vesuvius, the depositing by rushing floods between them possibly not taking over one to three centuries; and so the whole occurrence of the glacial advances and meltings, the laying down of the gravels by the after-floods, with the flints and mortars and remains of human beings, with those of animals occasionally found in the gravels, with the basaltic volcanic lavas over them, probably was completed within a few, or not many, thousand years. In regard to the Ice invasion itself and its retreats in North America, these may be seen and understood by notic- ing the exhibition or portrayal of them on the Map. There seems to have first been an invasion from Labrador, Ungava, the territory about Hudson Bay, through Quebec, Ontario and Canada West, through New Brunswick, Maine, Ver- mont and New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, and in part of Pennsylvania, Ohio, In- diana, Illinois, a part of Wisconsin, through Minnesota, south through Iowa, a portion of Missouri and Kansas, The Entire Geological Series 47 through South.and North Dakota, still further west through Montana, Idaho and Washington, and south even through Oregon. Then a retreat or melting somewhat through Massachu- setts and Connecticut. Then a succession of several retreats, beginning in Pennsylvania, and going through Ohio, Indiana, | Illinois, and slightly through Wisconsin, and upward through Iowa and Minnesota, somewhat through South and North Dakota, and perhaps west of these, in advance and retreat. All this time these or similar things were going on above the southern line of the ice and the moraines, which can also be seen and understood by reference to the map, not only in North America and the United States, but also in Europe, Asia and elsewhere. ‘The ice was first advancing, and by its enormous weight deepening the valleys through which it passed, and leaving moraines—boulders and drift, and after remaining there for some time then retreating some, perhaps some hundred miles by warmer weather, thus partly melting. Rushing floods from this melting brought down drifts and gravels. Finally, as the last melting and so retreat northward took place, corresponding to warmer temperature or climate (gradually from south to north), the great rushing floods became more normal, the lakes and rivers flowing about as at present, the valleys being also raised again to their present level, and the Glacial Age or Period terminated, as we have explained, and will more fully a little further on, in all probability amounting to about 20,000 years. It has been believed that similar things might have taken place west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, 48 Chapter VI both as to the advance and retreat of ice, and the consequent floods thereafter swelling the rivers which bore the gravels. Writing about California and Table Mountain, and the geologic age of the formations’ richness in gold, and the presence in them of human remains, Dr. Joseph Leidy presents his results in his Geology, volume I, as follows: He says “The whole body of material with which we have to do is geologically speaking of very recent age. ‘The gravels were then as now the result of fluviatile action: the rivers which did the work of rounding and polishing the innumerable boulders and pebbles which those older deposits contain are doing the same thing now, though with di- minished power. ‘The very channels in which those former currents ran are in most cases their repositories now, at a lower level and on a diminished scale it is true, but still essentially the same, since modern and ancient streams do not probably differ very much in areas of drainage. “The closing volcanic epoch is the basalt, which is found overlying the rhyolite and andesitic outflows, and over which no extensive deposits of gravel have ever been found. ‘The cessation of volcanic energy distinguishes the present epoch from a former one. During the formation and deposition of a portion of the auriferous detritus, the gravel region was the scene of powerful and persistent eruptive action (prob- ably, however, successive and not continuous), the seat of which extended through the whole of the Sierra. Volcanic The Entire Geological Series 49 vents were undoubtedly high up in the range, in the gravel regions at least.” And what Dr. Leidy presents as his conclusions with regard to the auriferous gravels of California, the rivers which bore them and rounded them, and the Sierra Nevada Mts. with their volcanic vents, were no doubt more or less similar to the cases of the gravels in other portions of the world,—in the other states, in Europe, Asia, South America, and the continents where gravels, boulders and detritus came with and from the ice of the Glacial Epoch, though not auriferous as those of California. ; Professor Whitney says “That the gravels have been formed and deposited by the agency of fresh water may be set down as positively determined”; and he thought “this was done in great measure before the earliest volcanic phe- nomena of the Sierras. This was then rapid and great, though its after subsidence was slow and long.” ‘This was before the Glacial Period, for he says, “But there was certainly a far later period, namely that of the glaciers, dur- ing which the quantity of water in the Sierras was greater than during the gravel period, so as to enable it to accumu- late such immense quantities of gravel.” A most remarkable phenomenon about Table Mountain in Tuolumne County is this, that it is a flat-topped mass of horizontal basaltic lava some 8 feet thick, around which, after it must have been so laid, broad surrounding areas have 50 Chapter VI been lowered for hundreds of feet at least, sufficiently so as to leave the Table Mt. prominently above the surrounding region. Of course it is a question how this was done; but the probability is that floods lowered the depressed sur- rounding area, but could not do so to the hard basaltic lava. As to the total time of the Glacial Epoch, Professor Agas- siz found, for the moving of the Alps Glaciers, an average of 1 foot a day. Professor Wright found for the Greenland Glaciers 20 feet, and H. F. Reid to feet, the average being thus 15 feet per day. Professor Forbes found for them an average for summer and winter of 2’.6 per day. To be on the safe side for the Glaciers moving south, southeast and southwest over and across mountains, etc., as crossing the Adirondacks, the Green and White Mts., let us take the low estimate of 2 feet per day, or 730 feet per year. From Labrador south to Trenton, New Jersey, or from east and west of Hudson Bay south to the southern part of Illinois, say about 1200 miles, though with the rest further 1200 m:. <<) §250% 730° which gives us about gooo years. Allowing an equal time, gooo additional years for melting or retreating with succes- sive cessations as are represented on the Map with their terminal moraines, we have for the entire time, from begin- ning to the end of the Glacial Epoch about 18,000 years, or to correct a possible under-estimate, say 20,000 years, the West averaging say 1000 miles, we have The Entire Geological Series 51 same as the total arrived at by our former estimate, possibly, I think, a fair, and about correct view, of the total time required for advance and retreat, considering all the circum- stances. This total agrees substantially with Professors Agassiz and Dana, and Professor Prestwich in his Geology vol. II, PP- 533) 534- Le Conte finds evidence, in the Sierra Nevada Mts., of Quaternary elevation. “The glacial depression may have produced not only a deformation—or pressing down—of the crust, but also extensive extravasation (or pressing out or escaping) of lava, as is suggested by Jamieson and Alexander Winchell for the vast Quaternary lava-flows of California, Oregon, Washington and a large adjacent region.” In conformity with the foregoing, in Geological Maga- zine Ii, vol. II, 1878, chaps. XXII and XXIII, James C. Southall speaks of “the Epoch of the Mammoth or Mastodon and the Apparition of Man upon the Earth; and further concerning the Recentness of the latest glaciation, believed to have ended in the northern United States, not over 10,000 to 6000 years ago.” Of later date, 1885, Prof. W. O. Crosby, in the Proceed- ings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. XXII, pp. 455-460, says that “the Himalayas, north of India, were formed (i.e. elevated) in great part during the Quaternary, contemporary with the glaciation of North America, Europe: and portions of the Southern hemisphere.” 52 Chapter VI In regard to the extension and declination of the ice- sheets, treating of the relative ages of the principal mountain ranges of the world, Prof. Prestwich in his Geology, vol. I, chap. XVII, says that “the oscillations of the earth’s crust, upward and downward, were the primary cause of the growth and decline of the ice-sheets. “The former extension of vast glaciers in the Rocky Mountains and the Andes, the Pyrenees and Alps, the Atlas Range, the Caucasus, the Himalayas and elsewhere, far ex- ceeding the glaciers of the present time, may be due to the uplift of these mountains much above their present height, followed by subsidence with retreat of the ice. The highest mountain ranges in the four grand divisions of the world, Asia, Europe, and North and South America, were doubtless largely uplifted and plicated (ie. folded or made into ridges), with the formation of deep adjoining lakes, during the early part of the Quaternary Period.” If these were facts, it would seem that the early rising of some of these mountains, as the Rocky Mts. of Colorado, Wyoming, etc., and the Sierra Nevada of California, oc- curred in the Upper Cretaceous Era or Period, as repre- sented on the Geological Chart, just before the Tertiary; and that their greatest and mighty uplift, with the Alps, etc., causing the glaciers, was in the Pliocene of the Tertiary as also stated on the Chart, and, as said by Professor Prest- wich, the beginning of the Quaternary. Prof. G. F. Wright in “The Ice Age in North America” (p. 691), speaking of California, says, “All the facts con- sidered, it is most probable that both the filling of the old river-beds, and their protection by lava, took place compara- tively rapidly, and were together the closing scene of the The Entire Geological Series 53 Tertiary drama. The deep gravels, therefore, may be placed indifferently in the latest Pliocene or earliest Quaternary. The newer gravels are undoubtedly Quaternary and recent. Certain it is that the deep placer gravels are similar, in all respects, to the Quaternary gravels all over the world, except that by percolating alkaline waters containing silica, they have been cemented in some cases into grits and conglom- erates. This is because they are covered with lava, which yields both the alkali and the soluble silica. ‘The whole work of cutting the hard slate-rock two thousand feet or more has been done since the lava flow, and therefore cer- tainly since the beginning of the Quaternary, and not before. “There does not seem to be any hard and fast line of demarcation between the Tertiary formation (i.e. the Plio- Cenesperod oft) and the Ouaternary or:recent,”’ Le Conte warns us, in his Elements of Geology (1888), to note the prodigious rapidity with which erosion now pro- ceeds in connection with hydraulic mining. “In the N. Bloomfield mine (California), the pebble- loaded torrent resulting from the incessant play of the hy- draulic jet against the cliff, though working but 8 months per year, has cut, in 4 years, a channel 3 feet wide and so feet deep in solid slate.’ (See American Journal of Science, March, 1880, vol. CXIX, p. 179.) For 2000 feet deep — 50’ X 4o, this would be 40x 4 years = 160 years,—less than 200 years. ‘The date of the close of the Glacial Period is regarded as much more modern than it was a few years ago. Ten thousand years is now regarded as a liberal allowance for the age of the Niagara gorge.” “The gravel at Little Falls, Minn., is considerably more 54 Chapter VI recent than that in the more southern localities, since that gravel, the highest in Minnesota, could have been deposited only when the ice-front had retreated some hundred (say about 500) miles from its furthest (most southern) extension in Missouri (see Map), while the first-named deposits, those in New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, occur near the very margin, that is, the southern limit of the Ice-sheet and of the moraines.” ‘That, however, may have been due to the higher latitude and colder climate of Minnesota. As has been shown, some observers of the Ice-sheet throughout the several states, and the successive terminal moraines, have supposed that the ice came down first from North to South, and returned by warmer weather melting in one long retreat; and then that it again advanced in another long series and retreat, and these from three to five times in different directions and states, going down southerly and coming back northerly each time, retreating by melting, thus prolonging the Glacial Epoch or Age to the enormous time of hundreds of thousands of years; and since the ter- minal moraines lie somewhat different in the different states, as in New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri, as was said, three to five various complete advances and retreats were supposed by such observers to have been necessary. But when we notice that there is one long east and west practically continuous southern limit of the Ice-Sheet, as shown on the Map, and the somewhat continuous, though more or less varied, successive terminal moraines, and when we consider that the various states have different physical features, mountains, highlands or lowlands, thus different topography, and also climates, there is sufficient unity as to The Entire Geological Series 55 time to connect the whole in one united advance, and a suf- ficient variety in the continuity of Ohio and Indiana, I[llinois and Wisconsin, and in Minnesota and Iowa, etc., to make, as we have said, a probable comparatively short time for the retreat as well as the advance, rather than a long one, this time being made up of a succession of retreats from the southern limit of the somewhat continuous ice-sheet, and then halts, with again corresponding short advances, till the end or final retreat and melting by a time of long warmth. Measuring from the east, from Labrador and Canada or Ungava, southward, or southeast and southwest, the inva- sion of ice to New Brunswick, Maine, New Jersey, and as far west as to Illinois, about 1100 miles; and the southward invasion from the territory about Hudson Bay through Wis- consin and [Illinois about 1400 miles; southward through Minnesota, Lowa and Missouri, about 1200 miles; and south- westward through North and South Dakota, Montana, etc., about 800 miles; considering the differences in altitudes and climates, it is probable that all the ice invasions distributed their moraines of boulders and gravel at and in about the same time, say 1000 miles as the average distance, in about 10,000 years. The gradual recession or melting of the ice was on account of warmer temperatures alternating with cold, and partly also no doubt by spring and summer time and even autumn, more or less moderating the extreme cold of winter, melting in succession more or less than two to ten times, with consequent floods depositing drift of more or less height, and moraines of greater or less sized boulders and gravel formed at times of halt or re-advance. Allowing say 5000 years for these various more southern 56 Chapter VI recessions by meltings, followed by consequent floods, and sooo additional for the melting of the last or northern part or half, of 500 miles during the final change or greater warmth of temperature or climate preparatory to the Cham- plain Period: we have 10,000 + 5000 + 5000 = say 20,000 years, which in all probability would be sufficient to have completed the first total advance of the ice-sheet, and succes- sive retreating by melting, and somewhat re-advancing, until finally the whole—all the advanced ice—was melted, and the resulting floods were carrying down and filling up the drifts. And with equal probability, the same time of 20,000 years would be sufficient for Europe, and in general for the whole earth and its continents—the Glacial Period, or the “Tce Age” throughout the world. To present the foregoing to the view and reception of the mind, the Map on the following pages (58 and 59) will show all with sufficient clearness for the United States, the black lines below showing the general southern limit of the ice-sheet from east to west, the dotted lines in a general way showing the various lines of the observed and known moraines or lines of. boulders and gravels, or earth and rocks collected in ridges or heaps by the glaciers as they succes- sively moved forward, after having receded by melting by warmth, and again moved somewhat forward to these places after re-freezing by cold, further and further north. And the source and directions of the ice can be also seen and understood by the depicting and pointing of the arrows, and so also the resulting direction of the Glacial scratchings upon the rocks which the ice passed over with its rough matter underneath, and its enormous weight and consequent pressure downward. The Entire Geological Series 57 In regard to the great depth of the strata during the Glacial Period, in many cases several hundred feet below their present elevation, as already mentioned, it was believed to be due to the great elevation of the mountains and land in the Pliocene of the Tertiary Era, causing their extreme height of some thousand feet above their present altitude, and thus the extreme cold; and when the consequent ice invaded the territory to the south, it was so immensely heavy or weighty, that it pressed the underlying strata down; and when the ice receded by melting, and thus the great weight leaving, the strata again rose from below, and were returned to their present levels. As regards the volcanic eruptions, such as have visited California, we have already explained that they take place very quickly, as is evident from those of Italy in Vesuvius, Mexico, and in the Andes of South America. \ ee a YP? j\ \ ) River Loe Ls 483 4 es Mae of Untrep STares AND SourHeRN CANADA. Sauthern Dont of IceShet - ‘ NomuESinccoesive Texminal Morarneay9 4 General Courses of Glaccal Advascedo wan NEE andl, Specncn st ees along The rocks: OCALE {Inch « ableut 240 Mites, Bp VII THE UNREASONABLE HYPOTHESES OF THE EVOLUTIONISTS LET us return now to the consideration of the destruction of the fish and marine animals by the cold waters from the north, and from the elevation of the mountains; and of the land animals by earthquake-waves thence resulting, and the ocean sweeping over them, described above as occurring at the end of Paleozoic and Mesozoic Times or Ages. Such wholesale and repeated destructions and extermina- tions have little need for the perishing of the “unfit,” since both fit and unfit were all destroyed, drowned or swept off the globe, together. But new species, as of Mammals, and the best or osseous classes of fishes, must have been newly created. As one writer has well said: Darwin’s famous book “The Origin of Species” says nothing of the origin of species, but only of the transmutation of species already in existence. It therefore virtually acknowledges that the first species must have been created; and since no species has made any marked progress to such form as another species exhibits, so far as we can see (except possibly in a very few closely related cases), and yet thousands of the most varied species have existed and do exist, it is altogether incredible to suppose that one developed into another; and when we see that the Creator produces every individual of all species—old and new—in a wonderful manner at every birth, it is altogether the most natural and easiest hypothesis to suppose that He produced those new forms successively in the past, as He is every day producing them now; and that He could do it, 60 Unreasonable Hypotheses of Evolutionists 61 inasmuch as He is doing it repeatedly and in myriads of cases every day and every hour; and probably not only on this earth, but also on innumerable other earths or planets; and it does not therefore take Him millions of years to produce a species by so slow a process, as is acknowledged would be required without His direct creation, even if it were possible at all. ) It is not denied that small or minor differences might have been made in a species of animal already created in a certain general and particular form to suit certain circum- stances, as heavy or thick coats of hair on animals in cold or Arctic regions; but such garment was not a development but a kind provision of the Creator to protect the animal from the cold; and so in other cases. But that deep, solid, horny hoofs, like those of the horse, were developed or evolved from the three toes of the tapir, as has been asserted by evolutionists, is beyond belief of reason. Moreover, the formation of the hoof from the three toes on the hind-feet, and four on the fore-feet, of the tapir, a useless animal, would have been a retrograde from com- plex to simple in the noble and useful horse—an anomaly. These toes of the tapir are comparatively soft. It would be practically impossible to bridge the gulf between these toed feet and the solid horn hoofs of the horse. The snout or upper jaw of the tapir is three or four inches longer than the lower. It is soft and prehensile like the elephant’s trunk, and very narrow,—not at all like the horse with two large and equal jaws. The successive species from the small ‘Eohippus,’—the “Orohippus,” “Mesohippus,” ‘“Protohippus” and “Equus” or the Horse, which have been by many supposed to have 62 Chapter VII gradually developed by evolution or “natural selection,” are much more easily and rationally explained as the successive or progressively superior creations of the all-wise and om- nipotent Creator. The fact of the fish in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky being blind, or without eyes, merely proves that there is no use for eyes in that dark cave; or if fish in past time went in there with eyes, and remained without using them, the eyes closed up; and their progeny probably would naturally be formed without them, there being no tendency or effort in the parents corresponding to the eyes or their use, and the creative principle of God would not form them without any use. And if one of these fish should be taken out of the cave to the light, and should produce young with eyes, they would not be developed from any innate power of the fish themselves, but it would be by the Divine Providence and power of God the Creator, to suit the light and for use; for nothing and no one else has the least power to create. The sudden appearance or occurrence of monstrous rep- tiles or “Dinosaurs” (terrible lizards), as for examples, the “Tchthyo-saurus” (fish-lizard), “‘Plesio-saurus” (long-necked lizard), “Stego-saurus”’ (armored dinosaur) about 20 to 25 feet long, with enormous and powerful hind-legs, and with a succession of vertical circular plates or blades around its back, the “Cerato-saurus,” a flesh-eating reptile, about 17 feet long, also with powerful hind legs to walk, and short fore-legs with ends like hands, and the “Atlanto-saurus immanis,” 70 to 80 feet long, with upper legs or thigh bones (“femurs”) over 6 feet long, and others, in the geological beds of the Mesozoic or “Reptilian” Age, especially in those of the Jurassic Era (see Geological Chart), but continuing Unreasonable Hypotheses of Evolutionists 63 to some extent as high as the Upper Cretaceous, as in case of the “Horned Dinosaur,’ about 20 feet long and 8 feet high, with a skull about 6 feet long and a long tail, and the “Duck-billed Reptile,’ over 26 feet long, such monsters closing the “Age of Reptiles,’ when only comparatively small marine animals and reptiles had existed before in the Silurian, Devonian and Carbonic Eras of Paleozoic ime, for example the “Giant Spined Reptile” of the Permian, only 6 or 7 feet long, and of an entirely different form from those of the Mesozoic Time, and much smaller reptiles even in the Triassic Era, immediately preceding the Jurassic, shows, as well as anything can, the hand of God the Creator; for there could have been no other source of such strange and gigantic animals, except by a wholly new creation. Moreover, they came in then and went out, and none of them passed the Cretaceous Era, into the Eocene Period of the Tertiary Era. ‘There are no Jurassic or Cretaceous species of Vertebrates, found in the American Tertiary beds, —none of those tribes of gigantic Reptiles. The nearest approach to them which we now have are the alligator and crocodile, which are much smaller. And furthermore, no marine fossils of the Cretaceous beds, or remains of Cre- taceous vertebrates, are positively known to have been con- tinued into the Tertiary formation. It is true that any radical difference in species must have needed the same creative wisdom and hand or power; but in this case it is more evident than where smaller differences existed; and the evolutionists evidently have no leg to stand on, and no plausible source to appeal to. And moreover, great whales appeared in the seas for the first time in the Eocene Period, without any known or different progenitors. 64. Chapter VII And there is a Sea-living Mammal called “Basilo-saurus cetoides” found in the Eocene sea-deposits of North Africa and South United States, along the Gulf of Mexico border; but it has no legs like the Dinosaurus or Reptiles of the Mesozoic or Reptilian Age; “its ancestry is not known, and it has left no descendants.” In regard to the Tertiary Era, it is a remarkable fact that in the early Eocene Period of it, the mammals and Quadrumana (mammals with four hands like monkeys and lemurs) had 44 teeth, and that they were followed by others in the later Eocene or Miocene Period, with only 32, like Man. ‘This must have been a design of the Creator, and not the result of mere drifting chance, or by any blind evolution of the ignorant animals. The marvellous order, and beauty displayed, especially noticeable in the invertebrate animals which lived in the Jurassic Era, as well as other preceding Eras, such as the Polyp Corals, the Echinoderms, Brachiopods, Lamellibranchs and Cephalopods, which may be seen depicted in books on the subject, such as Dana’s Geology, increase the proof that an all-wise and wonderful Creator must have made or formed and vivified all the species, and only He. Senseless or ignorant animals would be utterly powerless to produce or evolve such marvels of order and beauty. If God thus bestows such wonderful beauty and complex order upon these inferior beings—the lowest in creation, not to speak of the marvellously acute senses with their organs which He gives them, how much more and superior elements does He confer on the higher forms and man, and how impossible would it be for these ignorant beings, which know not one iota of how to create a single thing, or even man Unreasonable Hypotheses of Evolutionists 65 himself, who has no more than the merest superficial knowl- edge of himself, or any of his organs, to so produce them! This is in accordance with what the Lord Himself said in Luke XII. 25-28 in regard to man and also plants: “Which of you, thinking earnestly, is able to add a cubit upon his own staturee If ye then be not able to do that which is least, why are ye anxious for the rest? “Consider the lilies how they grow: they toil not, neither do they spin; and yet I say unto you, that even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. “Tf God so clothe the grass of the field, which to-day is, and to-morrow is cast into the oven, how much more shall He clothe you, O ye of little faith.” Man, by selective breeding, has obtained variations, and what he thinks are improvements, with animals, and also with plants: but it is man who does this. Animals and plants alone do not so vary or improve by selection and union of mates or different special species. “A tendency upward” which is observed by naturalists, and has been supposed to support the evolutionary hypothe- sis of gradual improvement in plants and animals throughout the ages, is explained by Genesis I, in the creation by God, successively, of inferior to superior creatures, and finally to man as the supreme created being, but not by blind nature or animals without the understanding and will of man, or even by these God-given faculties of man himself, without God, and not by evolution or metamorphic development of an inferior kind of plant or animal into a superior, or to man. Professor Dana latterly and others, on account of the introduction, in the higher species, of a “cephalic nervous 66 Chapter VII mass or brain,” have supposed that there is ‘“‘a tendency upward”: but this is not derivable from the brain of animals, because there are two brains—-(1) the cerebrum, and (2) the cerebellum; and in all except man, the cerebrum—the front brain—is subject to the cerebellum—the back brain. That is, the understanding or thought (residing in the cere- brum) is subject to the natural will or animal nature, or feeling (residing in the cerebellum or back brain). Hence no advance is possible to them: they have to be as it were carried or conveyed upward by the Creator, if they advance. Or rather, as.a rule; He must’ create new sspeciess 11) dais design is to make improvements. Only in man is advance possible, and not even in him without God; but by man and God co-operating or working together, as we read in Mark XVI. 20: “They went forth” —the apostles, “and preached everywhere, the Lord working with them, and confirming the word with the following signs”; and in Genesis IV. 1, ‘‘Eve conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man with (the help of) Jehovah.” The errors of mere scientists in regard to creation and the production of species, arise from their not reading the ‘Word to see what God can and must do, in order that crea- tion of species may be brought about, and what man cannot of himself do, and what mere animals are limited to (see Psalm XLIX. 20: ‘Man that is in honor and understandeth not, is like the beasts that perish”), and the origin of man’s sole dominion over them, he alone having and being a living soul of thought and rationality (see Gen. II. 7), noticing also and acknowledging that God alone has power as a source, according to Psalm LXII. 11—‘Power belongeth unto God”; and then humbly and faithfully trying to see Unreasonable Hypotheses of Evolutionists 67 how to make their science agree with the Word or Wisdom of God mercifully revealed by Him for man’s enlightenment and use—as that man’s cerebrum or truly human brain is much larger than, above and in front of, his cerebellum or back or animal brain, and is intended to govern it—the natural and animal by the spiritual or truly human (see Gen. I. 26, 28; and Matth. XXII. 4; Acts X. 13, where we see that man kills and eats animals by the permission of God; grpalsoGens LAL 3 and Levit) XI. (2). Dana says (p. 1034 of his Geology, edition 1895) that “the plants that migrated in the Tertiary from the Arctic regions southward over Japan and North America, and be- came new species on the way, simply changed. ‘That is the sum of knowledge on the subject.” (The italics are mine.) In regard to the “migration” of plants, Humboldt, in his Cosmos, Vol. I, page 349 (edition 1863, Harper & Bros.) explains that “plants migrate in the germ,” that is, as seeds; “and in the case of many species, the seeds are furnished with organs adapting them to be conveyed to a distance through the air. ‘‘When once they have taken root, they become dependent on the soil and on the strata of air surrounding them.” And considering “the vast area swept by the glacial sea,” he finds means to account for “the presence of identical species at such distant points as the higher parts of Alpine ranges in Europe and Asia, with plants indigenous in the cold regions very far north, and not found in the intermediate lowlands.” But he does not say, or wish to show from this, that the species changed, only that species were identical at so great distances apart, and with no intermediate connection, de- 68 Chapter VII pendent for their existence, as he said, on the similar soil and climatic conditions. ‘These facts would also seem to equally allow of their being separately created at such similar locations and conditions. But to assume that “new species” were produced from the same seed by mere migration of that seed, as Prof. Dana states to be “the sum of knowledge on the subject” is entirely another thing; and in the light of what has been already explained, the “new species” would seem to be really the products of distinct and separate creation, from different seed. But Professor Dana further says: ‘Man affords an ex- ample, that is, of the ability of plants and animals to improve.’ He exemplifies the power, as it were, of the feet of creation (or of plants and animals) to survive and improve, by the power of the head (or of man); which seems an inverted and improper example or premise. As exemplifying and showing the unsound, not to say absurd, thought and deduction of the evolutionists, the whales are supposed by them to have been a degenerate flesh-eating | species, originally a small land animal, which for escape from its pursuers, as told us by Dana, “took to the water, where support from limbs (legs) is not needed. In this supporting element, the body became enormously enlarged, and multiplicate in its vertebral column like the sea-saurians, the length being increased from 4 or 5 feet to about 70 feet, and the size of the dorsal vertebrae to a diameter of a foot, and to a length of a foot and a half. It may also be pre- sumed (“presumed” is a most fitting word) that the whale- bone plates, over 350 in number, either side of the middle line, grew downward from the palate, just as soon as they Unreasonable Hypotheses of Evolutionists 69 were needed”; but Prof. Dana, with the glimmering light of reason struggling through the clouds of his mind, adds: “the question, what made them grow, remains, as in many like cases, unanswered.” The fact is, it seems to be all the unreasonable ratiocina- tion of irreligious men—mere materialists,; who seem to be in the effort to rule God the Creator out of His Universe. How many billions of years would be required to grow from a small animal, naturally only 4 or 5 feet long, to an enormous one of 70 feet, or from a land to a sea animale And why should such a marvellous and prodigious growth or elongation take placer Is the hypothesis not on its face nonsenser And if a land animal did retreat from a pursuing enemy into the sea, would it not more probably shrink, if it did not drown, instead of growing or increasing in length and bulk so enormously? Is it not more probable that the great whales or sea-monsters were originally created by the Creator in their present form in the seas, as the Geological strata show, first in the Eocene Period of the Tertiary Era (see the Geological Chart or Schedule), and as we are taught in Genesis I. 21? Dana, strange to say, could stomach some of Darwin’s ideas about variation of lower nature—plants and animals, though no doubt inwardly protesting at some of his broader hypotheses: but finally he dissents. Darwin’s suppositions are too glaringly absurd for him to go any further with him; and when the proposition is set before him, for his ac- ceptance, of the Giraffe getting his long neck from high reaching after food, and its forelegs being much longer than the hind ones by its own efforts, he has come to the parting of the ways; and he finally says, ‘“The question comes up— 70 Chapter VII How should the Giraffe have had to run to make its forelegs grow faster than the hind legs, and what kind of antics would have started the change in the neck? It has to be supposed that the requisite augmentations were somehow begun, and that under interbreeding, accelerated growth went forward. But the orgin of the variation is without explanation. And so it is for the most part throughout the kingdoms of life.” VIII THE ORIGIN OF MAN IN regard to the origin of man, and whether he has progressed, or has proceeded by evolution, from the ape, or any species of the monkey tribe, such change must have taken place, if at all, in Cenozoic or Recent Time. Man’s first appearance in numbers, as shown by skeletons found in the strata, was in the Champlain Period of the Quaternary Era (see Chart or Schedule of the Geological Ages, Eras, etc.), where men’s skeletons have been found, together with stone implements of their manufacture. This Champlain Period, as said above, has been estimated by the rate of subsidence of the strata at Niagara, and at the Falls of St. Anthony, to have been about 7000 to gooo years long. It was the period of subsidence, and therefore, warmer, coming directly after the Glacial Period, with its great elevation, and ice 2500 to 6500 feet thick, now calculated to be about 20,000 years long, probably too cold in that northern and elevated region for the existence of much life. But a skull of a man is said to have been found in the auriferous gravel in Calaveras County, California, as well as other human bones in other counties, with bones of the mastodon, elephant and horse, and stone mortars and implements, at depths of about 10 to 100 feet below the surface. Accounts are given of these in “The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada,” 1880, by Prof. J. D. Whitney. They are attributed by Mr. Lesquereux, the plant geologist, to the Pliocene Period of the Tertiary Era. 71 72 Chapter VIII The skull, which is now in Harvard University, was found in excavating or sinking a shaft in Bald Hill, about — half a mile northeast of Altaville (about 114 miles northwest of Angel’s); and the layers of material passed through are as given below: Feet 1. Black layar nes eur ek see eee cane err a2 40 aos Gravel pest Pee Ps a heck ee ee 3 3. Light Lava ites tk ens eG eee se cee es 30 Ae Crave ih Ne eid, pleat ad: hee pale Caan ra ae 5 S. Light lava seo oe aie ee ee ee ee a, ee 15 6, oP avel ei Bas ok ckeecsth giace ete Rea he aera ge ee ox a Dark brown lava wie ci i ee ete een 9 *Si/ Gravel. eer Rae Re a en iP ree eee ae 5 Q) Red dava’ 88 21. aoa Vale wae Cen CGR, ened ae een 4 10. Red soravel en, icy ses eceh Raveena on ne ae ete Ly, *TIt was in this bed of gravel, No. 8, that the skull was found. Note that the total depth of gravels underneath the layers of lava—Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8—amounted only to 38 feet. The overflows of lavas put a stop to or interrupted the depositions of the gravels, and may have taken place in a short time, even each in less than one year. As has been shown in Chapter VI, and recollecting that this supposed occurrence was the deepest of any of the findings of human remains or stone implements in any of the counties of Cali- fornia, we have a probability of not to greatly exceed 20,000 years ago, that is, as calculated in chap. VI, not, or not over, 10,000 years before the end of the Glacial Period. Mortars, pestles and stone dishes have been found with other stone implements and tools in several counties in pay gravel. And now as regards the “Calaveras skull” itself. 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