Plate

Ty.

XVIII.

ILLUSTRATIONS

A Distant View of Part of East wall of New Fort.
Camera outside of Embankment, 250 yards dis-
tant and looking West.

Map of Fort Ancient. (Survey of 1889).

Rear View of Portion of East wall of New Fort.
Camera outside of Fort, 100 yards distant, look-
ing West.

Part of Wall of New Fort. Camera outside of Kast

Wall, nearest, and looking South. 1000 feet of
Embankment shown.

View from inside of New Fort; Camera looking
East. Summer View of same Walls shown in
Plate IV.

Within the New Fort, West Side. Walls on the
edge of Hill overlooking the River.

Top of the Embankment near Station 12, looking
North.

Approach to Fort Ancient from the West. (From
the Railway.)

Great Gateway; looking South. A Recent View.

The Great Gateway as it Appeared in the Summer
of 1889.

A portion of Old Fort Walls, near the Great Gate-
way. Camera pointed Northeast.

Kast wall of Great Gateway; at the Highest Point.
Camera pointed West. The View is from the
Base upward.

A Corner of the Old Fort; west side. Camera
pointed Northwest.

Old Fort, near the Southwest Corner.

End of a Low Embankment, East side of Middle
Fort. Picture taken in 1889. (Station 86.)

Giant Embankments of Extreme Southern Part of
Old Fort. Camera 150 yards distant, looking
South.

View of Outside Slope of Embankment; West Side,
Old Fort. (Near Stations 286-7). Summer of
1889,

End of Embankment at Station 230, Old Fort. 1889
Summer View.

Page

XX.
>. Oa
XXII.

SX ITI-

XXIV.

EXEXS Vie

XX VI.
EXOXG VO UIE

XXVIII.
XXIX.

XXX.
XX XI.

XXXII.

OQ IME

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XOREK Vil.

XXX VII.

XXX VIII.

XX XIX.
»:@ FF

ols

Giant Embankment at Entrance. Southern Part
of Old Fort. Near View, Camera pointing South-
west.

The Middle Fort (Isthmus), Looking West.
View of the Valley.

The Lowest Point in Fort Ancient’s Walls. Middle
Fort, West Side. (1889).

Washout in Wall, West Side of New Fort near Sta-
tion 868. Summer of 1889.

Cross Sections of the Embankments, taken where
Contrasts were Marked.

Bone Awis and Scrapers, from Ash-pits, Fort An-
cient.

Typical Musse] Shell Hoe; Village Site; Full size.

Fragments of Decorated Pottery, Lower Village
Site, Fort Ancient. 1-2 size.

Restored Fort Ancient Type of Pottery. 1-3 size.

View of the Two Mounds just outside the New
Fort. ‘The Parallel Walls Start Between These.
The Camera is pointed East; Mounds 250 feet
Distant.

Group of Graves from a Cemetery near the River.

A View of the Serpentine Embankment, New Fort.

A 20 ft. Scaffold was Built by Mr. Williams in

Order that this Pirturé might be Taken.
Decorated Pottery from the Village Sites.

Axe, Unfinished Pipe and Celts from Old Fort.
Surface Finds.

Problematical. Objects, Tubes and Ornaments.
Surface Finds. Old Fort and Middle Fort.

The ‘‘Owl Ornament’’; found in a Fort Ancient
Grave in 1882. Front View. Full size.

Rear of ‘‘Owl Ornament”.

Types of Spear-heads from Fort Ancient. © Phillips
Academy Collection. Size 1-4,

Types of Knives; Fort Ancient. Phillips Academy
Collection. Size 1-2.

Ground Plan of Stone Mound in Clermont County.
Cross Section of Mound on Mr. J. Boyle’s Farm.

Skeleton from Boyle’s Mound, and Depression in
which it lay.

95
97

100

102

104

105
106

114

139

142

CHAPTER I
THE HISTORIC PERIOD AT FORT ANCIENT.

In preface to a detailed description of the various em-
bankments, mounds and camp sites, it is well to place on
record how Fort Ancient came to be preserved as a park by
the State of Ohio. For although most persons are aware
that the State has come into possession of several remark-
able earthworks of pre-Columbian times, the facts leading
up to such worthy action, may not be generally known.

Those of us who lived near the place had heard more or
less concerning it. Mr. North of Old Town—the site of
Old Chillicothe, three miles north of Xenia, in Greene
County—used to relate to interested boys stories of adven-
ture with Indians handed down from his father, who had
heard them from the lips of Simon Kenton, the friend of
Daniel Boone. One of these mentioned that Kenton—who
spoke Shawano well—said the Indians had no tradition of
the builders of Fort Ancient, but that they (the Shawanoes)
visited the place en route to the Ohio and did homage to
the spirits of its makers.

Xenia is twenty-two miles north of Fort Ancient, and in
the early eighties, after the publication of Professor Short’s
“North Americans of Antiquity”, there was much interest
manifested in the earthworks of the Little Miami Valley.
Picnic parties to Fort Ancient were organized every sum-
mer and as a boy in company with older persons, I occasion-
ally visited ‘the Fort”. In those days, as at present, Fort
Ancient was a favorite resort for such excursionists. Apro-
pos of this it is proper to state that in the early summer of
1891, 800 persons visited Fort Ancient in one day. This
was the occasion of the opening of some thirty stone graves,
and citizens from Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton and other
distant points were present. Local interest in Fort Ancient
exceeded that of the Serpent Mound, which was more diffi-
cult of access. The place had a fascination for me and I
spent many happy days thereabouts collecting specimens.

In the summer of 1887 Mr. Clinton Cowen, C. E. spent u
week with me at Fort Ancient. We dug in the village site
along the banks of the Little Miami river. The next win-
ter (January 8, 1888) I wrote an article for the Ohio State
Journal, urging the preservation of Fort Ancient. This
article was copied extensively throughout the state, aroused
considerable interest, and numerous persons wrote me. Mr.
A. A. Graham, at that time Secretary of the Ohio State
Archaeological and Historical Society, asked me to call
upon him at Columbus and the next spring he and I visited
Fort Ancient.

Late in February, 1889, Mr. Gerard Fowke and myself
met in the State House at Columbus where we agreed upon
the survey and exploration of Fort Ancient. Mr. Alfred
Cowden, the principal owner of Fort Ancient at that time
living at Morrow, and Mr. and Mrs. Dunham and others of
Lebanon, heirs in the Fort Ancient estate, were visited by
us. Mr. Cowden and the other owners were quite willing
to cooperate with the proposed survey and gave us un-
limited leave to excavate, survey, map and photograph.
All specimens found were to be my property as the survey
and exploration were in the interest of no institution.

June 8th arrangements were made with Mr. Robert

Clarke, head of The Robert Clarke Company, Publishers at
Cincinnati, to issue the book “Fort Ancient” as soon as
the explorations were completed. This firm was founded
in 18.58, sueceeding the house of H. W. Derby & Co. The
“Derby Company was one of the earliest publishing houses
in the West. It and the Robert Clarke Company made a
specialty of history, science, biography, archaeology, ete.
Mr. Clarke’s private collection of first editions on America,
and library of early American history, now in the Univers-
ity of Cincinnati, is one of the finest.extant. Mr. Clarke
was more than a publisher; he knew much concerning arch-
aeological matters and was an authority on Ohio Valley
bibliography, He died in 1899,

He impressed on me the necessity of a thorough explor-
ation —that Fort Ancient was now a jungle and that we
would be compelled to expend a large sum of money in

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order to examine the place carefully and systematically;
that we must make huudreds of accurate measurements, for
other men might attempt to upset our calculations—a pre-
diction afterward verified. To Mr. Clarke we were in-
debted for many wise counsels and practical suggestions.

The force employed varied from seven to fourteen per-
sons. Besides Messrs. Fowke and Cowen, Mr. W. W.
Ralston acted as stenographer, and Mr. Strong of the
Cincinnati Camera Club was photographer. Some of my
workmen had dug for me during brief field work in ’87 and
88. Three of them went on the Hopewell survey. These
men had become quite skilful and could remove skeletons
which at first glance seemed too frail to be handled. De-
cayed skeletons they worked about with hand trowels and
whisk brooms, brought the hones into relief by cutting
away the earth underneath, whitened the bones so that
there might be sufficient contrast between the skeletons
and the clay. In some photographs of field work the bones
do not show distinctly, because the skeletons are of the
same color as the clay. This can be avoided by careful
work and whitening the bones as stated above.

The collection made in 1889 was placed in the Smith-
sonian Institution where my collection had been exhibited
for some time. In 91 and ’92, a part of my collection was
bought by the Smithsonian Institution, but the greater part
of it—including the Fort Ancient material—was exhibited
in Orton Hall, Ohio State University, when I was appointed
curator of that museum March, 1894. Part of the Fort
Ancient collection was bought by Mr. F. W. Parker of
Omaha, but the major portion of it went to Columbus as
stated above.

Early in 1891, Prof. F. W. Putnam, Chief of the An-
thropology, World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago), sent
for me to visit him at Cambridge. At that time Dr. George
A. Dorsey, post-graduate student in Harvard and an old
college friend of mine, was appointed to carry on explora-
tions in South America for the Exposition. He and I were
in consultation together with Prof. Putnam during’ some
days. The Professor appointed me an assistant to explore

various remains in Ohio. He wished to make a relief map
of Fort Ancient such as lad been made of the Serpent
Mound from Mr. Cowen’s survey of that structure in 1890.
I told Professor Putnam that additional cross sections,
various levels and measurements were necessary in order
to furnish sufficient data, but that a re-survey of the walls
of Fort Ancient was a needless expense. However, Pro-
fessor Putnam wished the place re-surveyed and accordingly
it was done. Mr. George Little, a graduate surveyor, and
Mr. John Munger, assistant, chain and axe men were em-
ployed and the whole work re-surveyed in the early sum-
mer of 91. Three months were consumed in making an
exhaustive re-survey. The total length of the walls was
given by Cowen and Fowke as 18,712.2 feet. Little and
Munger surveyed from points independent of those estab-
lished by Fowke and Cowen and the total variation was
less than ten inches. This is remarkable when one con-
siders the irregular walls and the difference of opinion
which must naturally arise as to where the gateways end or
begin. The second survey emphasizes the accuracy of both
surveys and that a subsequent survey of Fort Ancient
would be an inexcusable waste of time and money.

For several years it has been my desire to bring within
one volume the complete surveys of 1889 and 1891, to-
gether with all that has been observed by other inves'iga-
tors at this interesting and remarkable place. Such a pub-
lication would permit me to somewhat modify conclusions
or observations made in ’89, 90, "92 and ’95. Again, cer-
tain statements or deductions may be put forth more
strongly and better substantiated than in the original pub-
lication.

In this Bulletin I have made use of about a fourth of the
original plates of the book “ Fort Ancient”. In many of
these the lauguage has been changed, others where meas-
urements are given and the text relates to observations as
to walls, moats, terraces, etc., are presented as they were
published in the original book. I am quite aware that the
chapters devoted to the embankments themselves, and kin-
dred subjects, make very dull and tedious reading, but in

order to understand the place thoroughly and just what it
means, he who is interested in archaeology should follow
the text carefully. General readers will be interested only
in the conclusions and final observations.

Mr. Webster Williams of Fort Ancient, took eleven of
the photographs during the winter of 1905, when conditions
were perfect. The specimens are from the Andover col-
lection (found by Mr. Clifford Anderson) and from my
own collection now owned by the Ohio State University.

Tam indebted to Mr. W. ©. Tichenor of Dayton, Ohio,
for permission to reproduce from his “ Guide to Fort An-
cient” the view of the Valley (Plate XXT) and Plates
VIII and IX; also to Professor W. C. Mills for sug-
gestions. Those who cooperated with the surveys cf ’89
and °91 have been thanked in previous publications.

Comments on the survey for Professor Putnam are un-
necessary but I have reprinted the record of the explora-
tion of village sites flanking the Little Miami river. This
work was done for Professor Putnam and all the specimens
found, together with numerous skeletons, were shipped to
Chicago. It has been thought best to reprint some portions
of explorations along the East Fork of the Little Miami
and of Clinton County. These places present Fort An-
cient culture and are very interesting on that account.

THE PURCHASE OF FORT ANCIENT

Although it is not the writer’s purpose to present all the
details concerning the purchase of Fort Ancient by the
State of Ohio, the essential facts are herewith given.

During the course of the 1889 explorations, hundreds of
people visited the Fort. The Cincinnati papers sent repre-
sentatives and numerous interviews were published. The
next winter, the Hon. Jesse N. Oren of Wilmington, and
representing his district in the Ohio State Senate, intro-
duced a bill to purchase the fortification. This bill passed
April 28th, 1890. Through an oversight only half of the
enclosure was purchased and Senator Oren introduced a
second bill, which passed the Senate but was omitted in the

Report of the House Committee. April 16th, 1906, the
legislature passed a bill authorizing the purchase of the
remainder of Fort Ancient.

‘The following extracts from a letter written by him
April 10th, 1908, to the author of this Bulletin are self-
explanatory : —

* * * * “JT remember you very well. I visited Fort
Ancient while you were making the survey. Later, you
gave me a copy of your book. |

‘““T was elected to the Senate in 1889. After my election,
the importance of preserving Fort Ancient was first called
to my attention by Prof. Jonathan B. Wright of Wilming-
ton College, who said: ‘The State ought to own Fort An-
cient’. I had never given the subject much thought, but
after reading your book I was more and more impressed
with the importance of preserving these prehistoric works.

“With a view of carrying out the idea, I introduced a
bill and succeeded in having it passed, providing for the
purchase by the State, of the grounds upon which the most
important part of the Fort is built; putting the Fort under
the control of the Archaeological and Historical Society of
the State.

“The importance of Fort Ancient as a prehistoric work
was never fully realized until the publication of your book
in 1889. You have rendered an invaluable service to the
science of archaeology in what you have contributed to the
preservation of this wonderful work.

I am, very respectfully yours,
“JEssE N. OREN.”

In answer to a letter of inquiry, a communication was
received from Professor J. B. Wright, dated April 21st,
1908. Professor Wright states that he took a party of
friends to Fort Ancient in the fall of 1889. During the
course of dinner, Mrs. Wright suggested that her husband
speak to Senator Oren about the preservation of Fort
Ancient. Thus it will appear that whether these persons
were influenced by the 1889 survey or not, much of the
credit for the purchase by the State of Ohio, is due to them.

Immediately after the first purchase, the State set about

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improving Fort Ancient. The care of the work was given
to the Ohio S:ate Archaeological and Historical Society,
and Mr. Warren Cowen was appointed custodian. He has
held that office for fourteen years and improved the property
greatly. The small, low mounds of 60 to 70 feet diameter
have been restored slightly, by Mr. Cowen. The edges,
constituting natural wash, have been thrown up and the
mounds thus changed to 30 feet diameter and 6 feet height
— the same kind of work was done by Professor Putnam at
the Serpent Mound.» Mr. Cowen resides on the spot in the
original farm house, which has been remodeled for hig benefit.
A committee appointed by the Society has supervised the
work of this custodian. Retaining walls have been con-
structed where washes occurred, underbrush has been cleared,
some of the moats have been drained, and a pavillion for the
accommodation of visitors was erected. The walls have
been sowed with blue-erass. Altogether the Society has
done an excellent work at Fort Ancient and is deserving of
credit. Fortunately no “ regto rations” have been at-
tempted, and the walls remain in their original condition,

At the time of the first purchase, Col. Van Horne, a gen-
tleman interested in landscape gardening and to some ex-
tent in archaeology, visited Fort Ancient with a view to
beautifying the place. While it is far from the writer’s
purpose to speak disparagingly of Col. Van Horne, if the
truth is to be told, lovers of Fort Ancient will rejoice that
the Colonel’s plan of ‘landscape gardening” was not
carried out. He did some grading on the edge of the ravine
in the center of the North Fort (see point marked « house
and barn” upon the map, Plate II). He informed-me that
this grading was a preliminary in the construction of a
macadamized road entirely around Fort Ancient, The ap-
propriation was not sufficient to complete his scheme, and
the rains soon washed out the Colonel’s road,

A bad gulley began to form back of the house, and-had
not brush been filled in, the break might have become
serious. But, fortunately, no permanent damage resulted,

Col. Van Horne made no regular survey of Fort Ancient.
His equipment consisted of a hand level and steel tape.

His researches were conducted alone and no force accom-
panied him. It is necessary to remark these facts, for he
was requested to make a map of Fort Ancient to be hung
in the State House, and an artist under nis direction copied
the map drawn by Messrs. Fowke and Cowen on an en-
larged scale and for years it hung in the State House at
Columbus. As no credit was given those of us who made
the survey, I have always felt that Col. Van Horne did the
survey of 1889 an injustice.

BOOKS ON FORT ANCIENT

On page 164 will be found a bibliography of Fort Ancient
literature.

The first printed account of Fort Ancient that we have
record of, is in the “ Portfolio’, published in Philadelphia,
in the year 1809. It was described and a plan gtven in the
“ Pioneer’, of Philadelphia, also in the year 1809. It was
described and figured in Drake’s “ Pictures of Cincinnati”,
in 1815. Caleb Atwater, in 1820, in the “ Transactions of
the American Antiquarian Society,” presents an intelligent
account of the place and gives us a map. This was after-
wards copied by Howe in his “History of Ohio”. At-
water’s description is quaint. Although he wrote before
1820, his remarks are more sensible than those of some re-
cent authors. According to his description the walls have
changed little since his day —an indication of their age.

Squier and Davis gave the best description of Fort An-
cient that we have had previous to 1889. Locke’s survey,
copied by them, is fairly accurate.

Among recent publications upon Fort Ancient there is
“A Guide to Fort Ancient”, by Mr. W. C. Tichenor of
Dayton, O. This is a neat pamphlet of 384 pages with nine
illustrations. It is well written, accurate, and contains all
needed information. It is the Fort Ancient ‘* Baedeker ”’,
and we commend its perusal to visitors who would under-
stand what they observe.

A more pretentious work, published this year, is “ The
Masterpieces of the Ohio Mound-builders ”’, by the Hon. E.

PLATE VII.

Top of the Embankment near Station 12 looking North.

’

O. Randall. Mr. Randall is secretary of the State Archae-
ological and Historical Society. .In his book of 126 pages
he gives numerous figures and interesting descriptions of
the chief hill-top fortifications of the state. £6 pages are
devoted to Fort Ancient. His narrative is popular rather
than scientific, and his style quite entertaining. He quotes
at length from the various surveys and descriptions of Fort
Ancient, and thanks to his judicial training is able to
examine and comment upon discrepancies in the observa-
tions of the archaeologists who have written about the Fort.

Both of these books present the ‘new Fort Ancient” —
the attractive park instead of the former brush-covered
plateau. Mr. Randall, during his many years as Secretary,
has contributed more than anyone else to the bringing of
Fort Ancient to its present state of beauty.

Dr. Cyrus Thomas published a brief account of Fort An-
cient in the “ Handbook of American Indians ”’, issued by
the Smithsonian Institution, 1907, page 469. The deserip-
tion exhibits a lack of familiarity with the place. Dr.
Thomas has always underestimated the amount of labor
expended by the builders of Fort Ancient.

When the survey of 1889 began work, it was clear to us
that there had been no uniformity of terms in the many
descriptions of Fort Ancient. Farmers residing near “ the
Fort”? had always recognized two divisions, the New Fort
and the Old Fort. These terms were entered upon our
map, together with additional names.

New Fort.—The northern Fort; that portion of Fort An-
cient lying north of the Crescent Gateway, or north of the
Isthmus.

Old Fort.—The southern Fort; that portion of Fort An-
cient south of the Great Gateway ; the irregular part lying
south of the Isthmus on the map.

Great Gateway.—The dividing mounds at the south end
of the Isthmus, which are marked stations 103 and 285, and
which separate the structure into the Old and New Forts.
These stations are on their highest points.

Isthmus.—The narrow neck which divides the structure
almost into halves.

Crescent Gateway.—The wing walls which run out from
stations 306 and 89.

The space between these and the Great Gateway is known
as the Middle Fort.

A few names have since been added by the State, but the
important. places still bear the original nomenclature.

PEATE Volt:

Approach to Fort Ancient from the West

(From the Railway.)

A Recent View.

EIEN Blac

The Great Gateway; looking South.

CHAPTER II.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FORTIFICATION AND THRE’
SURROUNDING COUNTRY.

On a slightly rolling plateau in Warren County, Ohio,
overlooking the beautiful valley of the Little Miami river,
is situated Fort Ancient, the greatest of all prehistoric
earthworks in the Mississippi basin.

This plateau is remarkable in its configuration. There
is nothing precisely like it to be found in the Ohio valley,
so far as the writer’s observation extends. The plateau
is cut up irregularly by ravines, and although none are
of great length, yet all of them are precipitous and attain
their depth within a few hundred yards from the beginning
of their erosion. The fortification on one side (the west)
follows the edge of this plateau and at most points on that
side overlooks the river valley. The walls farthest away
from the river are the straightest and also the strongest.
Particularly is the strength observable at the eastern ex-
tremity, station 1 to10 on the map (Plate II). The plateau
near station 1 is 19 feet higher than the western portion,
as will be observed if the reader consults Plate II and ex-
amines the two cross sections, one surveyed through the
southern portion of Fort Ancient, and the other across the
northern extension.

The valley opposite the New, or North Fort, is fully half a
mile in width. Above and below the extent of the en-
closure this valley narrows abruptly, and at one point—
opposite the centre of the Old Fort—the hills come down
to the water’s edge on either side. The goil is quite fertile
and excellent crops are raised yearly by resident farmers.

The Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis railroad (the
Columbus and Cincinnati division) passes through the
valley on the east side, following the curves of the river,
and swinging around the South, or Old Fort. The Lebanon
and Chillicothe turnpike passes through the New Fort at a
point near its northern extremity. The station in the valley

is named in honor of the earthwork, Fort Ancient, as is also
the post-office.

The height of the plateau above low-water stage is 269
feet. The height of station 1 in the survey above low-
water stage is 291 feet.

The height of the embankment at station 1 above the
Atlantic ocean level is 941 feet. Although the distance
around the inclosure (following the center of the embank-
ment) is 18,712.2 feet, the structure is so irregular and
crooked that a straight line drawn from. station 889, in the
northern portion of the fortification, to station 187, in the
southern part of the earthwork shows a distance of but
4,993 feet, or less than one mile.

One leaves the railroad station and walks east, ascending
the hill over the long and winding turnpike.

Near the summit, this road swings in a graceful curve to
the north and then to the south, completing two-thirds of
a circle. ‘The view up and down the valley from the sum-
mit just before the pike passes through the embankment,
is picturesque and commanding.

Although Squier and Davis in their survey of Fort An-
cient drew the turnpike as curving toward the south and
then north, old residents inform us that it occupies the same
lines assigned it by the county surveyors who projected it.

Turning one’s back on the view of the valley and pro-
ceeding eastward, one observes towering high above the
roadway and extending in unbroken line to the right and
to the left, a heavy mass of foliage. This is the first or
western wall of the enclosure and the turnpike builders
cut through it. The banks of the cut are quite steep and
afford observers an opportunity to study the character of
the walls, how it was built, and the percentage of loam,
clay, gravel and stone contained in it. All walls of Fort
Ancient, save at the east, before the purchase by the State
of Ohio, were covered with a dense mass of underbrush,
bushes, vines and saplings. The innumerable roots of this
vegetation prevented washes from occurring and were a
safeguard for preservation. In fact, the few gaps in the
walls of Fort Ancient are due to the disturbing hand of

the white man rather than to the elements. The State
has since built retaining walls and prevented further erosion.

In the centre of the embankment on the left side of the cut,
is a layer of flat limestone slabs extending horizontally for a
distance of ten feet. These stones lie as if they had formed
a rude wall, and although at present but three or four—or
possibly five —stones are observed lying one above the other,
yet it is not unreasonable to suppose originally they formed
a wall of some height. Judging from outward appearance,
the stones are worn, but that may be due to atmospheric
conditions before the stones were placed in the wall. Lime-
stone disintegrates rapidly when left in the open, as well as
in running water. The roots of asmall tree have held the
stones in place. These slabs range in weight from ten to
sixteen pounds and are about six feet from the base of the
embankment and lie to the left of the center.

Plate VIII, page 46, illustrates the entrance of the turn-
pike into the New Fort at this point.

After one has passed through this cut in the embank-
ment, one finds himself on the great plain enclosed in the
area of the New or North Fort. The embankments on the
east side are the most imposing, and the highest of any
found throughout the structure. Attention is called to
Plates I,III,IV, and V which present views of this stretch of
embankment. It will be observed that some of the photo-
graphs have been taken in winter and others in summer.

Few visitors to Fort Ancient approach it from the east.
The majority of those who spend a day—or even a few
hours—in an inspection of this wonderful place arrive by
train from Cincinnati or Columbus, or drive over from
Lebanon. While the view which suddenly breaks upon
one’s sight after entering the enclosed plain through the
cut in the turnpike is interesting and to some extent beauti-
ful, yet a much more impressive and comprehensive picture
of Fort Ancient is obtained if one will approach from the
the east or southeast. There is a little valley about a mile
east, or southeast of Fort Ancient. Until one’s carriage
ascends the opposite slope, there is nothing to indicate the
great embankments that burst upon the vision and give one

an impression never to be forgotten. Although it is more
inconvenient, visitors should leave the train at Blanchester
and drive to Fort Ancient, entering it by the east road.
The view thus obtained is surprisingly beautiful and it ex-
cels in its impressive grandeur anything in the way of a
picture of prehistoric ruins in America. If visitors to Fort
Ancient come by way of the railroad in the valley, they
should drive through to beyond the Fort, and then turn
about and approach it in the manner the writer has de-
scribed.

The elevation crowned by Fort Ancient is of interesting
geological formation. The glacial action has been intense
as is evinced by the numerous ravines, and one understands
it better if he will take the pains to walk down the railroad
track to below the South Fort.

These ravines do not cross the railroad track and empty
into the river; the soil in the river bottom is very sandy,
and the water brought down from the hills by the ravines
is quickly absorbed; there is no wash, no erosion. The
points of land or rounded hillocks between the ravines are
mostly gravel. The presence of this gravel in the locali-
ties referred to is due to glaciers or icebergs. The points
are quite round, and of so regular outline that they have
frequently been mistaken for mounds. But they are nat-
ural, not artificial. The valley was probably a lake formed
by a dam or gorge of ice at the lower end.

When this valley was a lake, the icebergs and cakes of
ice, which carried more or less gravel, were floating around
in it, and many of them driven by winds or drifted by cur-
rents, stranded on the hill, and there deposited their loads
of gravel. The slope of the hill was once all gravel, and
probably presented a regular appearance. It is rather pe-
culiar that while such extensive deposits are found on this
(the east) side, there should be none, or but very little, on
the opposite or western side of the river. The numerous
ravines have cut out a great deal of the gravel, and have
given it the present irregular outline. We dug into a num-
ber of these rounded points, and found glacial gravel less
than a foot from the surface. Back farther on the high

5°

ground, where the fort lies, the drift is not so heavy, and is
clay. Immediately below this glacial clay lie the limestone
and clays of the Cincinnati group, which comprise the
greater part of the hill and extend downward for several
hundred feet. This limestone, as all know, is exceedingly
rich in organic remains, and the entire Miami valley is
noted among geologists as a field for fossils.

Students of Fort Ancient who wish to understand the
place thoroughly should accompany the survey entirely
around the circuit. This is somewhat tedious but by no
other method will one gain a comprehensive idea of the
size and character of the enclosure.

The instrument was set just south of the Lebanon and
Chillicothe pike on the east side of the northern section of
the fort where the road passes out. This is “station 0,”
from which we make all calculations and measurements.
Plate V, is a summer view of the long and heavy em-
bankment from 0 to station 7. This view was taken at
1,000 feet distance, and the camera was pointed east. The
frontispiece, Plate I, shows two sections of the embank-
ment— a nearer view. ‘This is from station 2 to station 4,
and is at a point where the embankment is the highest. On
the outside of the walls at station 0, and extending past
station 7 to the edge of the woods, is a deep and wide moat,
which follows the base of the embankment and serves as a
protection. At station 7, this moat becomes a ravine
washed out by natural forces.

From the two mounds just east of the fort walls, there is
a shallow ditch leading toward the south-west, where it
deepens into a natural hollow. Our attention was first
called to this ditch by Mr. George Ridge, one of the owners
of Fort Ancient who has lived alongside the earthwork for
fifty years, but Caleb Atwater refers to it in his book.
There were a few excavations made at various points in
this ditch, and some things of interest found.

One hundred feet south of mound an excavation large
enough to permit two men working at one time, revealed
the original surface of the ground 2 1-2 feet deep, and pot-
tery fragments, animal bones and burnt stone in the bottom.

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Three hundred feet further south another place was
opened, and here the original surface of the moat was found
to be over four feet below the present sod, or grass line.
It is apparent that when dug, the ditch was five anda half
feet deep (or more). From the surface to the bottom, the
soil was unusually black and “mucky.” Possibly this con-
dition was due to decay of vegetable matter —of water
standing long in one place —or to some unknown agency.

Numerous pottery fragments, mostly large, and quantities
of animal bones were removed. For many years the plow
had crossed this ditch and although the soil was very
mucky, it was not as heavy as that found nearer the fort
wall in moats, where it seemed almost like peat. To the
writer’s mind this is an indication of Fort Ancient’s age.
Such muck cannot form in a few generations, one is led to
believe.

It is probable that wigwams occupied the land along the
ditch—which was outside the embankments of the New or
North Fort, it should be remembered—and the refuse found
in it was thrown in. A complete exploration of the ditch
may result in discoveries of note.

Its purpose is, first, for protection ; second, to obtain ma-
terial for the construction of the fortification. Nearly all
the earth for the formation of the embankments was taken
from the interior of the enclosure. The ground inclosed
is somewhat lower than that outside; the clay layer is very
thin, as if it had nearly all been dug up. In some places
the loam or surface soil rests upon the limestone, there
being but a few inches of clay remaining.

Just opposite each opening in the wall, or, as we prefer
to call such places, gateways, the moat has the appearance
of having been filled up. Upon close inspection, however,
we find that the moat was not made continuous ; 1t stopped
short at the entrance. The earth was dug out on each side
of the gateway, thus leaving a narrow road on a level with
the surrounding plain. This roadway may have been used
as a means of egress aud ingress, and would be more con-
venient than had the moat been carried through without a
break. At station 8 in the map, one sees a platform or fan-

p / iC 3) E

shaped mound thrown directly in the gateway. It extends
out toward the east, and forms quite a wide roadway across
the moat. From its general appearance and its connection
with the gateway, we conclude that it indicates the princi-
pal entrance to the inclosure.

The embankment at station 1 is 22 feet in height, meas-
ured from the level outside. The moat on the exterior is
two feet deep, and was once five feet deeper than at present,
which would give the wall an altitude of 29 feet. As the
embankment was once much steeper than now, the barrier
would be impassable.

At least so it seems, after one has restored it in his imag-
ination to such form and condition as it must have pre-
sented when completed by the builders. Not so difficult is
such reconstruction if one is willing to devote weeks to a
careful study of the depressions and elevations. By con-
trasting one place with another—that is, other earthworks
in Ohio—and by comparing different parts of Fort Ancient,
the observer is able to learn much.

In excavating in the moats, traces of wood were encoun-
tered. In some places, the fragments were readily dis-
tinguished, but they were too badly decayed to admit of
identification as to species. These fragments may have
once been logs that were placed in the openings and used
as a bastion. The traces, however, are too slight to deter-
mine anything with certainty as to their purpose.

The last station is on the north of the road, just opposite
station 0, and is station 407, as has been previously stated.

The wall rises slightly from station 0 to station 1, so that
the latter is the highest point upon the entire fortification.
Standing here, one can see that the earth which composes
these great embankments was taken, for the most part, from
the interior of the inclosure. The ground inclosed is some-
what lower than that outside, and there is little clay; the
top soil or loam seems to rest directly upon the limestone.
We say “for the most part,” because a great deal of the
earth was taken from the exterior moats.

The space between the walls at this station is on the
same general level as the outside field, but a platform or

— 7

graded way has been thrown up in the gateway, which
leads down in the interior. This has been so cultivated
that its original shape can not now be determined. The
next two stations that are gateways, we notice, as we go
south along the wall, have no platform thrown up in them,
but are cut down to the general level of the surrounding
plain. The length of these three walls is 85, 110, and 159
feet respectively, and they are about the longest stretches
of embankment that we have. There are three large pop-
lar trees upon these straight embankments. On the auth-
ority of a Cincinnati botanist in the publication of the sur-
vey and observations of 1889, the writer stated them to be
100 to 150 years of age. This statement may not be cor-
rect, although personally, the writer believes it. Old resi-
dents of Fort Ancient state that these trees were practi-
cally of this size when they first saw them. Growing 20
feet above the surrounding level they appear grand and im-
posing, standing like sentinels upon the walls, and one is
impressed with their beauty when viewing the fort from a
distance, as they are seen towering far above the other
forest trees.

At station 10, the wall passes into a heavy woods, which
it follows, sometimes being entirely surrounded by forest
trees, again bordering on a cleared field, for the whole ex-
tent.

Plate VI (p. 43) is a view looking north along the top
of the wall from station 12 towards station 1. The em-
bankment makes a sharp turn here, and we could get a
very good photograph of its height. This photograph,
when compared with Plates I and IV, will show the mas-
sive structure of Fort Ancient. In speaking of these gate-
ways, the reader must not infer that every opening is a
gateway. We use the term gateway because we have not a
better one. It is probable that wood-work was built around
the outside portion of the openings, and they were used for
additional defense, somewhat like bastions in a modern fort.
Between stations 11 and 22, we notice an interesting thing:
a depression follows the wall to ‘station 16, where the wall
was built directly across it; the ditch, being changed by

this means, follows uninterruptedly around to station 22,
where it joins a ravine which breaks through the wall. —

Since the wall was built, the ditch between stations 16
and 22 has washed out to a depth of 16 to 18 feet. Just
beyond this point, and at station 19, a spur of land runs
out into the hollow ; which spur has been used as a bastion.
Many of these spurs may be noticed at frequent intervals of
the fort, and they are always natural, and have not been
artificially shaped. “In many places on the outside of the
wall, the bank has washed considerably, but the wall itself,
being of tough clay, which does not easily erode, is still very
plain. On the opposite side of the ravine, at this station,
22. the wall does not extend down the slope, the end of the
wall being at the to, of the bank. Some ravines were
probably very small when the fortification was built and the
wall was carried over them, but the larger ones could not
be protected. Many of these have since washed out, and
the washes in some of them are quite old. Some indication
as to the age of the fortification can be obtained by study-
ing them.

Up to station 86 there is nothing of special interest, and
the reader can look on the map for the bastions, spurs, ete.,
and see them for himself. At station 86 the wall was once
built solidly across a deep ravine, but it has since washed
out. The builders appear to have made no provision for
drainage at such points. The streams flowing through
these hollows would necessarily wear away the embank-
ment, and in process of time destroy it, no matter how
heavy and strong it might be made.

The moat at station 42 is still on the inside of the wall.
At station 44 a narrow level space extends from the foot of
the wall on the interior witha moat or ditch on each side.
There is no depression in the wall at this point. Opposite
stations 83 and 34, over in the woods to the south, and
across a deep hollow, are three small mounds. These were
explored, but little was found. They will be described
later in Chapter V. From station 45 to «7 there is a deep
hollow. The wall seems to have been built at one time
clear across the hollow, without a break, but it now extends

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only part way down the slope on each side. At the-stations
just named there -~ sonsiderable stone showing in the wall.
It was probably put in to keep the wall from washing.

The ravir« ts deep— about 100 feet—and the slope
quite stecp. But for a heavy growth of grass and brush,
the erosion must have been considerable. But these deep
depressions are so sheltered that ferns and kindred plants
erow profusely and the hillsides remain intact.

At station 57 another of those bad washes occurs, where
the wall has been built solidly across the head of a ravine,
but it was cut through for drainage by a farmer, and “ the
result is as usual.” ‘The entire embankment has washed
out within the last few years.

At Station 63 begins the narrow neck of land which is
known as the Isthmus, on which the Crescent Gateway and
the Great Gateway are located.

At stations 76 and 77 there was formerly a curve in the
wall, but a ravine has obliterated a considerable portion of
it, and where once stood a beautiful and graceful stretch
of embankment, now remains an ugly and unsightly de-
pression. At the stations just mentioned there is a glacial
deposit, consisting of gravel. When built, the wall was
probably near or at the head of this ravine, but the hollow
has washed back since that time to its present position,
nearly 40 feet further inland than the west extremity of
the wall. ,

At station 80 the wall seems to have stopped at the edge
of a large ravine near the head. Just opposite this point,
at the foot of the wall on the opposite side, it makes a sharp
turn toward the interior of the fort, which would leave a
deep depression between the two walls. This depression
seems afterward to have been partially filled, making a
path-way or passage-way from one wall to the other. On
either side of the connecting-way is a moat now nearly
filled. The arrangement of these walls seems to have been
very much like that at stations 76 and TT. At station 80,
half the earth being of clay, the erosion was not so pro-
nounced as in the gravel of station 76, hence this place is
still intact.

At station 85 there is a large bastion, which overlooks
the spur. This spur is very long and level, and 150 feet
to the east of this station is a large stone grave, which
contained the remains of skeletons. Many of the spurs
on the east side of the Isthmus have on them stone graves,
nearly all of which were opened by our party.

From station 88 the wall was built solid across a small
ravine, but has since been broken down by erosion. From
this station to the end of the New Fort, the embankment
is built on the hill-side, and in several places its top is
lower than the summit of the hill. The distance across
the Isthmus to the wall upon the west side is slight, being
not over 100 yards. The ravines on each side very nearly
divide the hill into halves, and about 100 feet north of the
Great Gateway they come so close together that the dis-
tance between them is barely 60 feet.

At station 89 and at station 306, on the opposite side,
begin the circular or crescent-shaped embankments, which
run out from the east and west walls. This spur we have
named Crescent Gateway, on account of the beauty of the
curves at this point, and in order to distinguish this gate-
way from the Great Gateway, or the one dividing the Old
and New Forts.

At station 102 the Great Gateway begins. This will be
fully described later on, when each interesting portion of
structure is taken up and enlarged upon in detail.

At station 105 there is a moat on the inside with no
platform or approach to it from the outside. It leads
down from the two walls of the Old Fort to the head of a
large ravine. If a gateway, it would be difficult of ap-
proach from the inside; if a bastion, it would require a
great amount of work to make it defend any thing, as it
is 100 feet back from the head of the ravine. In coming
out, by turning to the left, at the foot of the first mound,
one could easily reach the Isthmus outside, and it is pos-
sible the opening was left for this purpose.

Station 109 is similar to 105, and is an opening in the
wall leading directly into a ravine with no approach from
the inside. Like station 105, its purpose is conjectural.

At station 110 begins a terrace, outside of the wall,
which gradually widens in extent, until it passes station
112. It is covered with stone heaps, the exploration of
which will be described later. This terrace has been
omitted from all previous maps of Fort Ancient, and the
only reason we can assign for this omission, is that it is
located in the wildest portion of Fort Ancient. The fort
wall above is cleared on top, and there is a nice, level path
extending around. One could look down into a mass
of wild grape-vines, underbrush, logs, rocks, ete.; people
did not care to investigate in such a place, it was much
nicer and easier walking on the embankment above,
so they left these most interesting parts of Fort Ancient
for years undisturbed. Mr. J. Thomas Brown of Waynes-
ville, Ohio, a geologist, has made a study of Miami Valley
terraces and in the American Antiquarian (Vol. X, p. 167),
he published a paper, — “ Prehistoric Artificial Terraces in
Ohio.” In this he treats of Caesar’s Creek terraces, six
miles north of Fort Ancient. They are identical with
terraces found on both sides of the river flanking the earth-
work, and therefore the writer quotes a portion of Mr.
Brown’s remarks : —

“One of the most interesting groups is on Mr. Hisey’s
farm. ‘The whole hillside is wrought out into broad plat-
forms, the upper one being the broadest and shortest, the
face of the hill behind, having been dug away so as to form
an amphitheatre with an are of about 180 yards. There is
a similar example though not so large on the south side of
the creek.

“As a general thing the terraces, when in groups, are
from 200 to 800 yards in length. Some single ones are
much longer.

“The aggregate length of those which have been dis-
covered and traced along Caesar’s Creek is more than 5,850
yards, or considerably exceeding three miles ; besides which
it is most likely there are some which have as yet escaped
identificaion. In places they are obscure and a practiced
eye is needed to detect them, nor is this to be wondered at,
on these steep hillsides. There must have been some waste

to the width of all of them, through the action of frost and
water on the lower side, and a constant tewdency in the
mellow loam on the hillside above to slide down upon the
terraces for the same reason, so that all of them must be
narrower than when they were left by their builders ; but in
most cases they are remarkably distinct and well preserved.

“The idea that these terraces are merely landslides, is
too preposterous for lengthy consideration. That there are
landslides there, is true, though not so many as has been
supposed, but they can readily be distinguished by the
practiced eye from the work of man. In one instance the
whole hillside has been broken down from top to bottom
and the surface left in uneven billows for a distance of
several hundred yards, due, it is said, to the earthquake of
1812. The terraces are uniform, horizontal, often repeated.

“A like sweeping objection can be made to the theory
that they are alluvial terraces or in any way due to the
action of water; their position is too variable along the hill-
sides ; they are not composed of the right materials, nor is
the geologic history of the valley such as to warrant it.
And above all, there is too obvious a method in each terrace
and in the groups of terraces. They are platforms built
out from the bluff side, generally without much show of
excavation along the upper side of the terrace. The earth
seems to have been in a measure brought from somewhere
else, from the loose surface soil, most likely, wherever it
could be most easily obtained. Sometimes the signs of ex-
cavation back of the terraces are more readily seen. They
are, unqualifiedly, artificial, and would have been so recog-
nized and described long ago, but no one had ever seen
them all until this late exploration, and the knowledge of
them in detail was entirely wanting.”

The Fort Ancient terraces are: above the enclosure,
below the enclosure, opposite the enclosure and across the
river on the western hills. Levels of these were taken by
Mr. Cowen.

One on the western hills, across the river is 137.7 feet
above low water stage in the Little Miami.

The second terrace, at Mr. Ridge’s, north of the fort,
is 136.6 above low water.

The terrace on Mr. Cowdin’s place, just along the
fort hill, is 135.2 above low water.

These are very remarkable figures, there being but
little more than two feet of difference between the lowest
and the highest. This is the more remarkable, when we
consider that at one point, where the level is nearly the
same, the terraces are nearly two miles distant from each
other.

The question at once arises, could they possibly be
due to natural causes? Does nature ever observe such
regularity of platforms, whether made by geological de-
posits or land-slides ? :

No other answer can be made to these queries, save
this: that the terraces are artificial; that they were built
by men. We excavated in various parts of them, and our
investigations go far to settle the question. We have
found in them flint flakes, and a few pottery fragments,
several inches below the surface; and, in three cases,
scales of flint and pottery fragments, one foot in depth.
These facts go far in establishing the human origin of the
terraces. Obviously, they were occupied by men; used
by them for some definite object; for exactly what, it is
difficult to tell.

Atwater says they were used by the Indians in their
wars with the whites; and, in marching against a tribe,
they would traverse the terrace as far as it extended. It
is noteworthy, also, that these terraces are both numerous
and extensive. That which is on the west side, overlook-
ing the river, runs for a distance of over a mile. It runs
from Mill Grove, on the south, to opposite the railroad
station at Fort Ancient, on the north.

At Waynesville, 10 miles up the river, there are a
number of clearly defined terraces of undoubted artificial
origin along the hill-sides bordering on Caesar’s creek.

Attention has been called to these by Mr. Brown, of
Waynesville, and others. They are of the same appear-

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PLATE hide
East Wall of Great Gateway, at the Highest Point.
Camera pointed West, The View is from the Base upward.

ance, and character, and purpose as those connected with
Fort Ancient.

There is an interior ditch from station 110 to station
123. Atstation 113, the terrace begins again outside the
wall, and extends, sometimes, only a few feet in width, but
does not disappear until we reach station 122. There are
graves upon this terrace, between stations 113 and 116.
Opposite station 115, there is the largest single heap of
stones to be found on Fort Ancient, and it may contain as
much as 100 tons.

Station 116 is a gateway with an interior approach which
leads down to the terrace. The outside of the wall at this
point is very high and very steep. Between stations 119
and 120, the wall of the fort has been built solid across
the head of a ravine, but has washed out. From station
110 to station 123, the wall is built lower than the top of
the hill, and this is what forms the interior ditch. The
earth for the wall is excavated between stations 110 and |
123. From this point on to station 187, is a succession of
washes, spurs, and bastions, which are quite similar in
character, and which do not need further explanation, as
they can readily be seen on the map.

Station 187 is on a very high portion of the wall, and
is the south-west corner of Fort Ancient. It is generally
called a mound, and is built directly across a spur. From
station 190, which is at the foot of this high embankment,
often called a mound, the wall is built down the slope to
the bottom of a ravine, and up the slope on the opposite
side; traversing thus the eiatire ravine. The wall has suf-
fered to some extent from rains and floods, but is still dis-
tinctly traceable. The wall at this point makes an abrupt
turn to the north-east, which trend it keeps quite accur-
ately for some distance. At station 194, there is a gateway
which has a level approach from the interior of the fort,
and there is a moat or ditch on either side of the roadway.
Many stones are in the opening, and it opens out upon a
spur overlooking the river far below. A large stone grave
covers the spur.

At station 201, there is a bastion overlooking a deep
ravine, and at the corner of the fort there was once a con-
siderable pond, but some one has cut through station 201
to drain this pond, therefore, the wall has washed badly.

At station 209, there is about the largest ravine in the
fort. The wall is built down the slope of this deep ravine,
solid across the bottom, and up on the opposite side. There
is a gap in it through which the water passes during rainy
seasons. It would require a strong wall, with some means
of outlet, to prevent its washing down in heavy rains.
Considering its position, it is one of the best preserved walls
in the entire fort. On the spur opposite station 224 (on
the river, or west side), is another stone grave. The fort
wall has extended for some distance along the edge of a hill
overlooking the Miami, and will continue to do so until we
pass station 250. There are two large terraces between the
top and bottom of the hill, the upper one of which has many
graves upon it. Terraces were favorite burying places

Just beyond this deep gulley, is a place where the wall is
built across the head of a ravine. ‘There is such a depres-
sion above, that if this wall was built to the height of ten
feet, it would make a pond of nearly or quite half an acre.
This looks so much like a reservoir, that I am tempted to
consider it such.

Station 231 may be either a gateway or a bastion, and
yverlooks a regular slope on the outside, but there is no
spur leading direct to the river At station 248, there is a
narrow spur which runs out nearly on a level with the in-
terior fort. The wall here, as will be seen in the map of
the fort, runs out to a point, and overlooks the valley be-
low. One mile up the valley—more or less— the river-
bank village site is in distinct view. Were the timber
cleared, much of the New or North Fort could be seen. If
lookout stations were in use among the builders, then this
was one. An arrow can easily be shot into the Miami
river below. Experimenting with an English yew bow
which pulled sixty pounds, the writer was able to throw a
steel-pointed arrow clear across the stream and fully fifty
feet beyond the western shore. The view is beautiful and

an illustration, taken from Mr. Tichenor’s “ Guide to Fort
Ancient,” is presented in Plate X XI, p. 97.

Stations 245 to 250 comprise the point of the spur, and
in the interior there is quite a deep depression clear around;
the earth has been taken for the embankment from the in-
side. There is a roadway leading down to the mouth of a
large ravine, near a spring, and near the river. At station
250, there is a depression in the wall, where it has been
built across a ravine. A portion of the area within it has
filled up level, but the embankment without is very high
and steep. On the spur on which 248 stands, the wall is
built below the summit of the hill as far as station 252, at
which point it returns to the crest. At station 267, there
is a moat, on the interior. This moat is unusually large
and deep, and holds water the entire year. It was once un-
doubtedly much deeper: the mud in it is quite soft, and some-
what of the nature of a quagmire, as a number of cattle have
mired and perished in it before they could be extricated.

At station 267, there is a gateway, and at stations 268
and 269, there is a graded way leading down the hill to the
plain below. In the deep ravine beneath this point, are
several excellent springs of water, and it is possible that a
pathway led hence down to the springs, and that the hill
has been artificially worked to secure an easy approach.
Station 286 is the end of the embankment or mound on the
west side of the Great Gateway. Station 287 is the middle
of the entrance to the Old Fort, between the two so-called
“mounds.”

There is a platform mound inside this entrance, which
leads down to the level within. Underneath the embank-
ments, and in this platform, there is a large amount of rock
chiefly limestone slabs such as lie about the surface of the
Great Gateway.

The portion of this platform extending toward the ein
was found to contain many human bones.

The platform is about four feet above the general inside
level. From its appearance, we think it was built before
the Great Gateway was completed. It was not an ad-
dition ; the whole part of the fortification was built at the
same time—the southern part. |

OIE

PAI,

A Corner of the Old Fort, west side.

Camera pointed Northeast.

From station 289 to 290 is a deep ravine, which has been
washed out of the gravel deposit by. both underground and
surface drainage. This ravine extends well within the
walls at present, but it is probable that, when the fort was
built, the wall ran just to the head of it, as in similar cases *
at other points in the fort. The wall has been built up
around such places, and it is quite likely, also, that the wall
extended much further than station 290. The present end,
as it stands, reaches to the edge of the ravine, and caves in
more or less every year. Before the wall was built, most of
the drainage at this point went down in the ravine, which
heads at station 294. The wall being built across the head
of this ravine, would cause the water to run along the in-
side foot of the wall, until it reached the present washout,
which it would assist greatly in excavating.

At station 295, the wall is composed almost entirely of
stone, which shows on the outer slope for fully 20 feet below
the top. There is much stone in a gateway at station 301.

At station 807, is a depression, where the wall crosses the
ravine, which, however, is now filled up nearly level with
the adjacent surface. In this immediate vicinity (station
306), begins the crescent wall, just within the fort wall.

At station 809, there is a gateway, on the exterior of
which is found a large quantity of rock. This gateway leads
along a gentle slope of drift gravel, and at the end of the
slope is a round knoll, at a distance of about 600 feet from
the wall. The knoll is about 25 feet higher than the ridge
on which it stands, and from its top there is a regular and
gentle descent to the river bottom. The descent is quite
uniform, with no juttings or breaks in any of its parts.
Viewed from the river side, the slopes that fall away from
the knoll are so symmetrical as might almost induce the
belief that they are artificial. All the spurs and lower
hills outside the fort wall, between the ravine which empties
opposite station 248 and the ravine which forms the northern
boundary, including the entire hill up which the pike winds
its way, are of glacial origin.

Between stations 322 and 3829, the wall is built slightly
below the top of the hill. At station 324, is a bastion or

gateway, leading out on along spur toward the spring.
At station 828, there is a bastion, overlooking a deep
ravine.

From station 320, the wall is built down the slope of
a deep ravine almost to the bottom. On the opposite side,
the wall extends up the slope from the bottom to the top.
It is probable that the wall was built solidly across this
ravine, and has been washed out. On the west side, the
wall seems to have deflected the water and made it strike
against the wall on the east side, as the slope of the ravine
on each side is as steep as earth will lie. Erosion at the
bottom of the wall would cause the part above to drop or
slide down to the lowest part, and be washed away.

There is a small mound 100 feet due north from sta-
tion 334. Station 337 is a bastion or gateway, with level
approach on the interior, with a moat on each side open-
ing out on slope leading down to the side of the large
ravine.

At station 339, the wall is built across the head of the
ravine, and is washed out. At station 342, there is a shal-
low depression in the top of the wall, where the embank-
ment makes a sharp angle. In the interior, is a level ap-
proach, with ravine on one side and a deep moat on the
other. This gateway leads out on an easy slope down a
narrow ridge of drift gravel, descending gradually to the
river bottom. Station 345 is a bastion. Station 349 is a
gateway, with interior level approach, a moat on each side.
leading down along the edge of a deep ravine, giving an
easy descent to the bottom below. From station 352 to
3538, across the big ravine back of Mr. Howard’s house,
there isa break in the wall. It is not probable that the wall
was ever built across this ravine. Some other mode of
protection or defense was necessary. The sides of the ra-
vine are so steep, and the force of the water so strong,
that the earth could not have been made to stand.

Between stations 857 and 358 the wall was solid, with
a sharp turn, almost a right angle, across the head of the —
ravine. Tere there was a moat or small pond inside the
wall, and the owner of the land, or some one desiring to

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drain it, cut a small trench through the wall, which was
built on a graveldeposit. The water soon began to un-
dermine and cut out a wide ditch, and in spite of ef-
forts to prevent it, the wall on each side caves in more
or less every rain. The gap is now 57 feet wide, and will
continue to increase unless some effective measures are
soon taken to stop it.

At station 860 is a gateway leading down hill on a
narrow spur toward the railroad station. Between stations
363 and 364 the pike passes. This was apparently one of
the main gateways of the fort. On both sides of the pike
within the wall, the earth has been excavated to a large
extent to be used in the walls. The pike, however, follows
the extent of a kind of platform, having the original level
for a width of 70 feet, from which part no earth was re-
inoved. It has the appearance, viewed from the entrance,
of an artificial elevation, but is simply the original surface
left to make an easy passage. The first wall on the north
side of the pike, although very heavy, forms a crescent,
almost a semi-circle. A large amount of earth has been
excavated just within to be used in the construction of
the embankment. Formerly this contained water to a
depth of several feet during the entire year, but it is
now almost entirely filled up with decayed vegetation.
Station 367 is a bastion overlooking a narrow spur that
runs out between the road and a deep ravine on the north.
Its gateway could not be reached from the interior di-
rectly on account of the pond above mentioned. It would
be necessary to approach it from one side or the other on
the wall. There is a depression where the wall was built
solidly across a deep ravine, but has washed out. At
station 3874 there is a gateway leading down to a deep
ravine on the north. Beginning at station 375, there is a
terrace on the outside of the wall which extends as far as
station 387. From station 3870 to station 388, the wall is
built below the top of the hill, on the slope. Between sta-
tions 878 and 379 the wall must have been heavy across the
ravine, but it is now washed out. A natural ravine has

formed by water running along the inside of the wall, which
in process of time, has cut its way through the embankment.

Station 882 is a gateway which leads out upon the ter-
race. At station 3886 the wall was once solid, but was
pierced for the passing through of a road, so it is reported; *
but, from the indications, we think there was a gateway
there, and very little, if any, excavating was done to allow
a wagon road to pass through. There are large flat stones
in the bottom of the wall at this point, and they crop out at
the edges and can be plainly seen. At station 390 there is
a bastion opening out on a ravine. On the interior there is
a level, but the gateway is slightly higher.

At station 894 the wall was once built across a small
hollow, but for some reason unknown to us was left quite
low, so that it has the appearance of having been washed
out, leaving a depression. about twenty-five feet in width.

This has an easy approach from the interior, and on the
outside leads down a slope to the bottom of the ravine, at a
point where a branch comes in from a good spring in the
field north of the fortification. There is a regular passage-
way through station 897 to the mouth of this branch. The
spring has unusually cold, clear water, and it seems as if an
artificial channel led from it to the ravine at the place men-
tioned.

Station 402, at the north-east corner of the fortification,
was probably a bastion, as it opens down into a ravine; but
it may have been a gateway leading out to the field north-
east. Station 405 is a gateway opening out toward the
large mound on the east side of the pike. This gateway
has a great deal of stone in it.

Between stations 407 and 0 the pike passes.

The summary of the survey may be stated in the follow-
ing figures :

Total length of the walls of Fort

Ancient : : : : . 18,714.2 feet.*
Length of the parallel walls. os Mag OW a
Length of the crescent in New Fort. 269 s

Distance in a straight line from sta-
tions 187 to 389 (the most distant

points north and south) : . 4,998 feet
Total length of terraces within one

mile of station 0 . : , : 52 miles.
Grand total of artificial work in

length . ‘ : : : 1037 miles.

The parallel walls are 2,760 feet each; readers must not
fall into the error of considering the above the length of
both taken as one continuous embankment,

*This length of the walls is obtained by measuring and surveying
the center of the embankment on top. There is no allowance made
for spurs, bastions or elevations. The Crescent Gateway is not in-
cluded. Were these added we would probably have a total length of

21,400 feet.

CHAPTER III.

THE POSITION OF THE FORTIFICATION. POINTS CONCERN-
ING THE GATEWAY AND THE MOATS

It will be observed, on the map, that in the center of
Fort Ancient extends a long, narrow isthmus, flanked on
each side by two deep and precipitous ravines. The width
of this isthmus ranges from 100 yards at its widest point to
a contraction compassed within 100 feet. Natives were
compelled to traverse the isthmus in passing from one fort
to the other. Taking one’s point of view from the western
walls, it begins at station 809 on the north, and extends to
the Great Gateway, or station 288 on the south. In order
to understand this isthmus and the central part of the work,
which is by far the most interesting portion of the entire
fortification, we will call the attention of the reader to
Plates IX, X, XI, and XII. In Plate IX, at page 46, it
will be seen that the road which extends through the en-
tire length of the fortification passes between two large
high mounds. They stand about 800 yards south of the
point where the camera was placed for the taking of this
view. These two mounds are about 20 feet in altitude, and
at the base are ten feet apart, leaving just.space enough for
a wagon to pass between them. At their bases and between
them is a raised platform four feet in height. This is more
extensive on the side next to the Old Fort than on that
lying toward the New, and when examined it was found
to contain many human bones, in small fragments and much
decayed. When within 108 feet on the east and 143 feet
on the west of the Great Gateway, the embankment com-
ing from the north on the edge of the isthmus on each side
abruptly terminates. For a distance of 103 feet on one side
and 143 feet on the other there is no embankment, the
ravines having such a steep angle on each side that further
protection was unnecessary.

Plate X, at page 52, will show the surveying corps as
they stood on the mound and in the gateway. This plate

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also furnishes a close view of the Great Gateway, and by
the figure standing on the summit of the mound to the left,
or east, one will obtain an idea as to its height when com-
pared with that of a man of six feet.

It may not be improper to observe that in some of the
pictures with which this book is embellished, trees and foli-
age are very conspicuous, often hiding the walls. It was
impossible to secure photographs otherwise; and this con-
stituted the main difficulty which we encountered. Nearly
the entire area of Fort Ancient lay in a forest so dense that
no little clearing had to be done before photographing, sur-
veying, or excavating, could be done with satisfaction. Mr.
Williams, who took views of the structure in the winter of
1905, for the writer, labored under no such disadvantage.
Not only was the season propitious, but the fort is more
open than formerly, much of the underbrush having been
cut away.

All about the Great Gateway are masses of stone which
were employed both as coverings for graves and as a pro-
tection to the embankment. Recently many of these have
been hauled away by farmers. They are most frequent
on the east side in a depression between stations 101 and
108. At this point the embankment is the steepest in the
entire earthwork. At the base and protruding from the
sides are many large water-worn limestones. ‘These must,
at one time, have been piled up in the form of a rude wall
to strengthen the base of the embankment. The average
size of these stones is 18 x 20 inches, weighing probably
about 40 pounds each. Human bones are numerous in the
soil under them.

Plate XI (p. 57) exhibits the east mound-shaped wall of
the Great Gateway.

The road passes between them, and is four feet higher
than the surrounding level on account of the platform
mound which lies in the opening.

From the Great Gateway the two walls which const::ute
the Old Fort sharply diverge. One runs directly east, the
other south-west. The wall running east soon swings
around to the south; the other wall runs in a very irregular

manner, being more tortuous than any other portion of the
entire structure. About twenty-five stations beyond the
Great Gateway, it assumes a southerly direction for quite a
distance.

Immediately to the left of the Great Gateway there is
a deep depression between the walls, which is filled with
rock. These rocks are not the coverings of graves. They
are stones that have been used to form a sort of wall at the
foot of the embankments. By thrusting an iron rod into
the bank at almost any point, one can feel stones still stand_
ing as they were originally placed. The earth from above
has washed down and covered them up so that they now
appear as if they had been originally covered with earth by
the builders. Such is not the case. The stones were on
the outside of the wall; the earth has since run down from
above and covered them. Many of the stones have fallen
down and formed a heap about the base of the high steep
mounds at this spot.

Plate XII, page 63, shows how steep and high the em-
bankment is just above the spot where lies the stone wall
described. The figure at the top is that of a six foot man.
Compare his height with that of the embankment.

Of both Old and New Forts, the interior is cleared, but
there is left a fringe of timber extending all around the Old
Fort and part way through the New, thus affording a source
of protection and preserving the embankment as nothing
else could. We find beech, walnut, oak, ash, elm, dog-
wood, poplar, and hickory. The beech is more numerous
than other trees, and its roots spread out over the surface,
forming a perfect net-work in places over the wall, and
together with the moss, which is so abundant in many
localities, affording an efficient barrier against erosion.

The places where the embankment has recently washed
are those upon which cattle have stood and cut the earth
with their hoofs, and thus started a small gully, or where
some one has cut a drain through to allow water which has
collected above to escape. The embankments of the Old
Fort are markedly more irregular and crooked than those of
the New. ‘Their construction must have been more difficult.

At page 84 (Plate XVII) there is shown the outside
slope of the fort wall, near station 280. The earth at this
point has been dumped on the edge of the hill and allowed
to fall down upon the outside, which has made the outside
slope of the ravine very steep, perhaps 36 or 36 degrees.
The height on the inside of the wall at this point is only
nine feet. We trace earth artificially deposited at the base
on the exterior 50 feet from the summit. ‘There is consid-
erable timber on the slope, as will be seen in the illustration,
and the growth of grass and weeds is very heavy. We ob-
serve a moat here, within the enclosure, and from its size
conclude that much earth was removed for the embankment.

The moat is of such extent in depth that water stands in
it in places. Alongside the embankment, west of the Great
Gateway, we dug in the moat to determine its original
depth. Although at present it is but two feet deep, our
examination led us to believe that when the aborigines
completed it, the. depth was five feet greater than at pres-
ent—a total of T feet. The earth to a depth of two feet
was exceedingly dark and heavy. Four feet from the sur-
face were pottery fragments, chips and flakes of charcoal.
The bones had probably decayed. From the bottom of the
moat to the top of the wall is 16 feet. But as soil from the
wall had washed into the moat, the total distance was, we
are convinced, at least 19 feet.

Plate XX presents a bit of the Isthmus. A little spur juts
out a few yards toward the west. From this point one
commands a splendid view of the valley far beneath. It is
possible for one to discern the hills flanking the river and
“Oregonia, three miles up stream, or north. The embank-
ment is not steep and varies from four to seven or eight
feet in height. In building the walls high, the earth was
thrown over the edge of the bluff. One is able to differen-
tiate the artificial slope from the natural. To the left of
the picture the Isthmus contracts and the walls come nearer
each other. At Station 296 (not shown in Plate XX), the
embankment runs north and south and is made heavy at
the head of another spur. At Station 296 there is an open
space in front of the embankment, filled with stones, the
design and use of which is by no means easy to explain un-
less they formed the walls at the base of the embankment.

CHAPTER IV

REMARKS UPON THE ILLUSTRATIONS. POINTS OF INTEREST.
GATEWAYS AND DITCHES.

Standing on station 0, which is to the extreme right in
Plate III, one has an uninterrupted view across 2000 feet of
New Fort. To the left are the two mounds without the
enclosure (see Plate X XIX). The fields are cleared on either
hand, and far to the west, a quarter of a mile away, is the
other side of the fort wall flanking the river. Note the
difference between these embankments in summer and
winter. The frontispiece is from the exterior of New Fort,
the camera placed 250 yards distant and looking west. In
Plate II the camera is brought nearer. In Plate IV, long,
straight stretches described in Chapter II are clearly indi-
cated. 1000 feet of embankinent is shown, and in Plate V
there is a summer view of the same walls as are observed in
Plate IV. But in Plate V the view is from the inside of the
fortification. Station 0 would be slightly to the left of the
margin and is not shown.

In Plate VI we are west of the center of the New Fort
and look at embankments flanking the Little Miami valley.
Plate VIII gives a glimpse of the valley beyond the west
wall of the isthmus. The lowest embankments are shown
in Plate XXII. The road made use of by those who drive
from the turnpike in the New Fort to the village site in the
Old Fort is in the foreground. As the embankment is but
four feet in height and does not appear to have ever been
either steep or high, one queries why it should have been
so weak at this particular place. Several theories suggest
themselves. One, that palisades were planted to strengthen
the wall. Another, that the wall was not completed at this
point. Certain it is that the amount of earth now in evi-
dence could not have constituted, originally, a wall of more
than 6 or 7 feet in height Although the writer is unable
to prove conclusively his belief, he is of the opinion that
the embankment was not completed.

Pvp

PLATE XVI.

Giant Embankments of Extreme Southern Part of Old Fort.

Camera 150 yards distant, looking South.

Plate XXIII illustrates how that a small washout, through
neglect, may become a menace. This serious break in the
wall has occurred since Atwater’s time. ‘The State has
since built a heavy retaining wall and further damage can-
not occur. The washout was 57 feet in width and nearly
45 feet deep, or more than 20 feet deeper.than the original
height of the wall. However, the damage is not without
its recompense, for the exposed sections show clearly the
composition of Fort Ancient’s embankments. There is
variation in color and material, indicating that the natives
scooped up amounts of earth varying from a peck to half a
bushel, some working in loam, others transporting clay, and
again those who carried stone. In the center the stones
assume the shape of a rough layer. On the other side the
stones weighed as much as 10 pounds each. ‘There is a tra-
vertine coating on the stones—a natural formation. It is
quite likely that the wall —at least here at station 363 —
was built at two periods, separated by an unknown length
of time. Vegetable matter accumulated between these
layers, and when the wall was completed, this material lay
between the first and second sections. The line of division
is half an inch thick, is dark, clearly marked, and _ precisely
such as is found in mounds, denoting different periods of
construction. While loam and yellow clay predominate,
not a little blue clay appears. Such material the builders
must have taken from ravines and the limestone beds.

There has been frequent reference to limestone slabs so
numerous about the Great Gateway, in the end of embank-
ments and on the outside of the walls. By thrusting an
iron rod into the earth at almost any point in the wall, these
stones can be felt. Over most of them is a coating caused
by carbonated water, flowing over them and dissolving a
portion of the stone. In places where the stones are heaped
up they seem to have been held together by a cement. The
coating is travertine and due entirely to natural causes.
Some early writers on Fort Ancient have called it “ Mound
Builder cement ” — which, of course, is absurd.

The amount of stone and its position indicates that the
builders constructed a stone backbone entirely around the

enclosure. This varied, but usually it lay near the center
of the embankment. It is quite likely that on the exterior
stones were laid up forming a wall sloping slightly back-
wards —as they naturally would lying against the curve of
the embankment.

Within the New Fort is a semi-circular, or crescent-
shaped, embankment, somewhat injured by the state road
running through a portion of it. It will be seen in the
map as cut into halves by the pike. The height of this
crescent is about two feet; the length of it, 269 feet.
There is no use assigned to it. The portion north of the
pike was covered and protected in 1899 by a growth of
small bushes and trees.

The fort wall, on Mr. Ridge’s side, the extreme north,
runs comparatively straight. The average height of the em-
bankment on Mr. Ridge’s land is 13 or 14 feet, and there are
fewer gateways on his portion than on any other of equal
extent. There is a ditch on the inside for the entire extent.

We dug into the ditch running out from the mound on
Mr. Ridge’s side, with the following results: |

The part dug was near the large mound in his orchard.
At a depth of three feet in the bottom, and resting on un-
disturbed earth, and covered by the accumulations of years,
was the bottom of what had once been a very large clay jar.
It seems, from the fragment found, to have been at least
a foot in diameter. ‘The upper portion being gone, we could
not tell the height. Several other fragments were found
in this ditch.

On the south side of the Lebanon and Chillicothe pike,
just south of mound 69, there starts another ditch or moat.
This we carefully excavated, and found a number of in-
teresting things. It has filled to a depth of. three feet.
This makes the original depth about four feet. There
were fragments of charcoal and some burnt stone in it;
that was all. We dug another trench about 100 yards
further south, in the same moat, and here took out fragments
of pottery, as many as one could hold in two hands. As the
excavation was enlarged, more and more pottery pieces were
found, but they were well scattered. There were fragments

of the bones of a very large animal, presumably those of a
buffalo, in the moat, and some flakes of charcoal. There
was no burnt earth. A piece of mica, about three inches
across, and chips of flint, were also taken from this ditch.

Resting upon the undisturbed earth was a layer of gravel
reaching about two feet in width, and six inches thick at
thickest part, running out to a feather edge toward each
side. We do not know how far it extended along the moat,
or why it was placed there. -It was put there by the hand
of man, as numerous objects, such as referred to above, were
found on and in it. The moat here has been filled in by
rubbish to the depth of three feet; it is three feet deep now.
Its original depth at this point was therefore six feet.

Between stations 417 and 418, there is a place which
has either been only slightly excavated, or else filled up
again after excavation, as it is only a foot lower than the
bank on either side, and has but a few inches of black soil
above the yellow clay which is found at a depth of three
feet in the other parts of the moat.

We dug in the “causeway” which leads out from station
5, but found that it was original earth (natural), not filled
in, and that the elevation was undoubtedly made use of as
a foot-way in and out of the inclosure.

After the causeway was examined, pits were sunk in the
depression or moat on either side. 20 inches. of black,
mucky soil intervened and then the natural clay. It ap-
peared to us that here the moats were never very deep. It
is possible that the clay may have washed in, but we con-
sider that improbable.

Outside the embankment at station 3 is a large, long
moat, briefly described on page 51. Further excavations
were made in it at another time and nearer the woods its
original depth must have been four or five feet greater
than at present — a total of 6 or 7 feet in excess of what it
is today.

A hollow into which the ditch extends, rapidly deepens.
A terrace follows it for nearly a mile, ending abruptly
opposite a peculiar knoll, which may be natural, although

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it appears as if artificially rounded. There are also a num-
ber of depressions; all of which should be investigated
more thoroughly.

It is likely that natives made use of the ditch as a cov-
ered retreat when they wished to pass from the mounds, or
the parallel walls, or the pavement to the Old Fort and be
protected en route. Again, that ditch may carry some
ceremonial significance.

The writer is of the opinion that the ditches were more
extensive when Fort Ancient was completed and that they
bore a peculiar significance to the whole earthwork, a rela-
tion which is at present imperfectly understood.

ys)

CHAPTER V.

EXCAVATIONS IN AND ABOUT THE EARTHWORKS. STONE
GRAVES, STONE HEAPS, ETC., AND THEIR CONTENTS.

Reference has been made to the stone heaps and stone
graves So numerous about the Great Gateway and on the
terraces. In addition to such, there are seven small
mounds on the outside, within a few hundred yards of the
fortification, but our map is not large enough to show them,
and, besides, they are unimportant. The stone graves and
the cemetery were opened very carefully, and drawings and
photographs taken of their contents. In the center of the
Old Fort in 1889 stood the stump of a large and old walnut
tree on a perceptible rise of ground. For a distance of
about 110 feet, all around the stump, are many graves, at
an average depth of two and a half feet. These graves are
formed of limestones, which were brought from the ravines
adjacent, or the river valley below, and are placed on each
side of the skeletons, at the head and at the feet, and over
them. The skeletons found in the cemetery are of an
average size, being about five feet six inches in height, and
were buried similarly. But one exception of consequence
was observed —that of a skeleton surrounded by a circle of
stones. The following objects accompanied this interment:
Near the left femur was a large spear head of yellow flint ;
near the left shoulder were remains of pottery broken into
small fragments; near the right femur, a large stone celt.
The bones of this individual were quite well preserved, and
we saved them almost entire. From the grave-yard we
took out twenty skeletons in various stages of decom-
position. Some of these were as deep below the surface
as three feet, and one was four feet.

The stones are about 15 pounds weight on an average.
Some are heavier, and others lighter. Between the stones
and the body there is usually four inches of earth. It is
almost impossible to save anything except the skull in

fragments, the femura, tibize, and heavier bones. Some of
the larger phalanges and the os calcis are often entire, but
the ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, and smaller bones are usually
entirely decayed, and frequently no trace of them remains.

In this field (Old Fort) was observed at the time of ex-
ploration, some house-sites that have since disappeared.
Some were clearly defined, others indistinct. They vary in
diameter from 22 to 30 feet and two of the best preserved
of them have a depth in the center of three feet. In char-
acter they are not unlike a small circus ring. The area
inclosed is different in color from that outside. Fire has
tinged the earth to a reddish hue, and pottery fragments,
ashes and animal bones are to be observed.

Mr. Hughes, an aged man who has lived near the fort all
his life, and was able to furnish us with much information
as to the change in character of the surface since his boy-
hood days, states that these circles and depressions were
plain fifty years ago. At the: time of examination, the
writer was led to believe that the large lodges in the South
or Old Fort were similar to those built by the Mandan
Indians on the Upper Missouri. He is still of the same
opinion. If the structures were of that character, when the
supports decayed, or the sun-baked clay was affected by
frosts, the larger portion of the clay — where it was thick-
est —in falling would leave an embankment of circular ap-
pearance.

THE MOUNDS WITHIN FORT ANCIENT

Four of the mounds in the North Fort appear to have
formed a rude square nearly in line with the cardinal
points. This coincidence carries no significance, one is
led to believe.

Four plates from the original edition of the book “Fort
Ancient”, describing these mounds and some stone heaps
are herewith inserted.

On the east there isa small mound about 100 yards
from station 1 and it is covered with burnt stone. About
200 yards south there is another small mound near

the edge of the woods. There are two more equally dis
tant to the north and west, thus making a square which,
while not altogether exact, closely approaches it.

Near station 85, across a deep hollow over in a dense
woods, are three mounds. They are 300 to 400 yards *
distant from the nearest approach of the wall. They vary
in diameter from 20 to 80 feet, but they are all nearly the
same altitude. The average height is three feet. These
mounds were dug out very carefully and a few interesting
things found. The following account of them is taken
directly from the Field Book:

(The numbers used in reference to graves and mounds
require a brief explanation. Last year, when doing field
work, I began to number consecutively all mounds opened,
in order that my notes might not be confused. These
numbers were continued this year.)

The first and largest of the three mounds is number
50. It is near a saw-mill, and about one quarter of a mile
due south from Mr. George Ridge’s house.

The mound is four feet high, about 40 feet in diam-
eter, and quite regular in outline. Work was begun
Thursday morning, July 18th.

For a considerable distance in this structure nothing
whatever was found, and, indeed, we were well into the
center of the mound when we came upon a large mass of
burnt clay, and considerable charcoal and ashes. About
six inches above the base line was a fine layer of burnt
bone; this was two or three inches thick, and extended
over half the mound.

Below this, near the center, were two “ pockets” cov-
ered by burnt stone, and extending two or three feet deep.
There were pottery fragments in each of them. Near one
of these “pockets” were three sheets of yellow mica,
with edges neatly trimmed, and presenting a disk-shaped
appearance; they were about six inches in diameter.
There was a fragmentary skeleton in the mound, which
had one arrow-head and some pottery fragments buried
with it. It had on the right hand quite a mass of red ochre,
which was probably used for war-paint. Near the south.

west part of the mound a broken celt, and a black stone
of rather peculiar form were removed. This latter was a
very fine relic and can be restored. The length was about
six inches, and the width about one and one-half inches.
The pottery found in this mound is thin and well made,
but not ornamented. There were no stones in the mound
except a few above the bones, and these were not laid reg-
ularly.

Mound No. 51 is in the same woods as No. 50, and
lies nearly south from No. 50, 200 yards, or about 600
yards from the north point of the fort wall near station
32 or 33. It is two and one-half feet high, and 40 feet
across. This mound was dug entirely through, and traces
of decayed skeletons were seen, but none of the bones
were sufficiently well preserved to take them out entire.
There were about 30 scales and chips of flint found with
some of these bones.

No 52 is in the same woods, but is nearer the fort
wall; it is on the edge of a hollow, probably about 200
yards across from the fort, opposite station 32. Itis about
17 feet across and two feet high, and had a circle of
stones, somewhat burned, lying immediately under the
surface, extending completely around it. This circle was
about 15 feet in diameter, and 20 inches wide, and about
three layers deep; the stones were not laid with any pre-
cision, but rather heaped in. There was nothing whatever
within this stone circle. In the same woods, where these
mounds are, and on the ravines bordering on this side of
the fort, there are numerous stone graves, in which skele-
tons have been found, and many relics have been picked
up in the woods. The first time it is plowed, the find will
probably be very remarkable.

The terrace on the east side of the Great Gateway has
on its surface many stone graves. We opened one or two
of these and found some very interesting remains. We
here give a few notes from the Field Book as taken on
the spot, and upon the same day the finds were made.

The stones in this pile covered an extent of 20 feet by
80, the stone running from 15 to 25 inches in height, and

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the quantity in the pile is not far from 460 wagon loads.
The graves are near the Great Gateway, and are on the
east side next to the hollow near station 104, and are on
the outside of the wall. There they are on a terrace of
25 feet width ; this terrace is about 19 feet from the top of
the wall above. We commenced on the west side of the
terrace, and dug out a space about 20 feet wide, which
was carried right through the stone grave. We then
passed over several places where others had dug, and took
out 15 feet of grave in one part, and 10 feet in another at
the other extremity of the terrace.

There were decayed bones scattered all through this
stone pile, and pottery fragments in large numbers.
These were under the first layer of stone, and very
much decayed. They were not over 10 inches deep,
most of them, but the larger and better preserved bones
were about two feet deep. From the number of bones
found, there must have been 18 or 20 individuals interred
at this place. Some of the pottery found was decorated,
but most of it was plain. In one mass of bones was a
very fine celt seven inches long, by four inches wide. In
another place was a limestone of about 20 pounds weight,
that had three cup-shaped depressions on one side, and
three deep grooves on the other, as if it had been used for
sharpening a tool of some description; the grooves look as.
if copper had been sharpened. The cup-shaped depressions
were probably due to the grinding of paint. No animal
bones were found in this stone pile, but several very fine
knifes made of long curved flint flakes were found. These
skeletons had stones heaped over them, not laid regularly.
The bones were broken in small fraginents, about two bush-
els in quantity. The bones were found in pieces not longer
than six inches, and most of them less than four inches.

There is a large stone grave at the southern extrem-
ity of the fortification, just outside of the fort wall. The
grave lies on a high terrace far above the river,
and only 36 feet from the fort wall. The grave holds
about 40 wagon loads of stone, which are heaped
up and not laid in any regular order. Under these

stones we found fragmentary bones, broken celts, and many
flint chips. The bones, like those found in nearly all of the
stone heaps, are very much decayed, and very fragmentary.

The terraces on the west side of the old fort, which
overlooks the river, have scattered graves on them,
some of which, when opened, yielded very interest-
ing bones and relics; many of them, however, have
nothing under the stone save broken and decayed bones.
The river flows at the foot of the hill on this west side for
some distance, and there are many points on the embank-
ment where the descent to the river is. very steep; an
angle of 80 degrees, and where one could stand and shoot
an arrow without difficulty across the stream. These ter-
races do not have graves their entire length, but only in
certain places.

The following account concerning these graves, and
copied from the. Field Book, may be of some interest to
readers :—Four of them were opened, situated on the ter-
race next to the top, or the third one, going from the river
up. Two of the graves opened were located together,
and may, perhaps, with propriety be classed as one large
tomb. The stone contained in this grave would be equal
in quantity to about 100 wagon loads, and is about two
feet thick, spreading over a space the width of the ter-
race—20 feet—and was about fifty feet long. We threw
out all this stone, which occupied the time of three men
for two days, and under it we found a total of nearly 20
fragmentary skeletons. The skulls were crushed, and the
jaws in most instances were broken, but such jaws as
were saved we judged to represent individuals of average
size, and quite strong. The teeth were much worn, as if
they had eaten little vegetables, and their sustenance had
been mainly derived from the flesh of animals. The
bones that we did save entire, of the legs and arms, would
indicate a people of about the same height with ourselves,
but rather stronger.

There were the bones of children found in this stone
heap, and, judging from the teeth of one, we should say
it was about seven years of age.. There were some inter-

IIL NARS, DIDS

Southern Part of Old Fort.

Near View, Camera pointing Southwest.

Giant Embankment at Entrance.

esting relics, such as a clay dish, nearly entire, and about
five inches high; a beautiful ornament or personal pendant
some four inches long, made of black slate, with a hole
drilled through it ; several arrow-heads; and a stone celt of
unusual finish and beautiful shape. There were no bones of
animals in this stone heap.

The other two graves were situated further north, one
on the center terrace, and a third on the upper terrace.
These contained numerous fragments of skeletons, but
nothing of any interest in the way of relics, save a few small
beads, one or two arrow-heads, one spear-head, and a few
pottery sherds.

The earth wall along the west side is quite high in
some places, higher than on the east side of the old fort.
The ditch is quite deep here, and will average three feet
below the level inside. The embankment in many places
has a layer of-stone underneath, presumably to keep it
from slipping and sliding down the hill. Landslides in
limestone regions being not uncommon, the natives took
precautions against the danger here at Fort Ancient. How-
ever, some consider the stones of very slight protection or
support in case the wall should become loosened in an ex-
cessively wet season, and stuart sliding into the deep ravines.
The stones can be seen cropping out at the base of the wall
in every gateway. Near station 248, on a point overlooking
the valley, is a small grave containing about two wagon
loads of stone. Yet underneath were three skeletons in
fair state of preservation. With the skull of one individual
was found a large flint spear-head, and with another several
shell beads, a small but finely made arrow-head, and some
ocean shells, which had been perforated and worn as orna-
ments. These bodies lay about 10 or 12 inches beneath the
surface of the ground, with scarcely any covering. In most
instances the bones in the graves in the woods and on the
terraces are found within a foot of the surface.

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CHAPTER. VI.

VILLAGE SITE ALONG THE BANKS OF THE LITTLE MIAMI
RIVER.

A preliminary examination was made of this in 1887 and
1888. In 1889 more extensive excavations were under-
taken and a number of men employed for a considerable
time. The village extends over a space of ground, possibly
half a mile long and 400 yards in width. Most of the
explorations were confined to a space 100 feet by 400 feet.
It is stated that in the heavy woods on the flat across the
river is another site, but the writer never attempted explo-
rations on the west side of the river. As the river each
spring washes and cuts into the banks, a thick hedge has
been planted about twenty feet back from the edge. The
bank in 1889 was perhaps 15 feet in altitude and nearly
perpendicular. We were requested not to dig on the river
side of this hedge, and therefore confined all our excava-
tions to the east side of it. The first large excavation
made was back from the hedge about 80 feet. At a depth
of two feet we found numerous bones of animals, ashes,
and pottery fragments. The soil at this point is a heavy
black loam with some sand in it. It is very rich, and raises
annually splendid crops without fertilization. The bones
taken out from the depth of two feet were mostly in small
pieces, and they were not nearly so numerous as those
which we found at a depth of four feet. Four feet of earth
has accumulated since the great village was there. It is at
this deep level that we find pottery of a beautiful texture
and finish, and implements of a better grade than those
found at the two-foot level.

In these excavations the same order of arrangement is
noticed every-where. First, there is a layer of loam about
two feet thick; then there is a thin deposit of ashes, char-
coal, etc. Then there are two feet to thirty inches of sand
and loam, and the heavy deposit of refuse. At five feet we
find, in places, a thick layer of bones, pottery, etc.; it is not,

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XXI.

From Tichenor’s “Guide to Ft. Ancient.”

PLATE

View of the Valley.

however, continuous like the four-foot layer, and the village
that left it was not so large as the two later ones. In some
excavations the bones are few, and the mussel shells scarce.
In others we seem to strike the site of a lodge and find
inany remains of occupation.

A few pieces of pottery of a dark red color, which were
thick and clumsy, and a few bird bones were all that were
found at two feet from the surface. From a depth of two
feet until we had reached a depth of four feet we found
nothing. At four feet we found the greatest deposit of
objects described. This fact indicates that a very consider-
able length of time had elapsed since the first village was
abandoned before the next one was occupied. At this level
we found a large black mass of ashes, and soft earth, and
burnt stone; such as would result from long continued
cooking on one spot of ground. In this mass of ashes were
the bones of 17 animals and birds, and many fish scales.
We also took out eight bone needles or awls, such as the
women of the tribe would use in the manufacture of gar-
ments of deer skin. Some of the pottery fragments found
at this level were quite large and nicely decorated. The
bones represent the following animals and birds: bear, deer,
elk, musk-rat, ground-hog, raccoon, squirrel, rabbit and
wolf, wild turkey, wild duck, hawk, owl, quail, cat-fish,
turtle, and gar.

It is well known that ashes have a wonderful preserving
quality and in the deeper pits minute fish scales and bones
and the vertebral column of fish were removed in almost
perfect condition. Needles, perforators and awls were quite
common as were mussel shells used as scrapers and as hoes.
Typical perforated mussel shell for the insertion of either a
finger or stick is shown in Plate XXVI. Some of the awls

may be seen in Plate X XV.

A number of children’s graves were uncovered but no
group of graves was discovered during the explorations in
the summer of 1889. A child, probably two years of age,
had been buried with unusual care. The stones were two
feet by six inches, three inches thick and weighed about
75 pounds each—the largest that we found either in the
valley or upon the hill. Near the head of the skeleton lay
four shell discs, two small shell pendants and an arrow
point of clear chalcedony. Since the grave was con-
structed, natives had camped on the spot above, for there
was an ash pit 4 by 38 feet which contained much bone ma-
terial and pottery sherds.

After the writer’s appointment as assistant under Pro-
fessor Putnam, work was undertaken again at Fort
Ancient... In “Primitive Man in Ohio” the results of the
1891 exploration were given to the public in Chapters VII
and VIII of that work, and about half of the pages relating
to Fort Ancient are republished herewith.

When we consider the magnitude of the walls of Fort
Ancient, the immense amount of labor involved in their
erection, and in the construction of the miles of terraces
connected with them, we realize that all this required a
long period of time or a large number of workers; perhaps,
when we bear in mind the primitive methods of the builders,
we are even justified in believing that it represents the pro-
longed and continuous industry of a numerous population,
Taking this view of the case, it is a surprising feature to

note that so few mounds occur in connection with this

1 When he was appointed to the position of field assistant for the
World’s Columbian Exposition Survey in 1891, Professor Putnam
wrote him on March 18th of that year, giving instructions for the
work to be carried out at Fort Ancient, viz.: ‘‘ Taking into considera-
tion the fact that the Exposition will have the benefit of your former
work at this place, and the use of such plans and notes as you already
have, I herewith agree that all material obtained during this expedi-
tion shall be-at your service for study and description,”

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(6ggt) ‘ePIS ISAM ‘WOT OPPHA ‘SIIBAA SAUSFOUY OT UF JIOg eMoT CYL
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great earthwork, and that even such as do exist are of in-
significant proportions. Omitting a few small elevations
which have been plowed over until it is impossible to de-
termine whether they are natural or artificial, and which
have never disclosed anything that would throw light on
the question, there are only ten mounds in sight from any
portion of the enclosure; all these except one,’ which is in
the loop or curve formed by the junction of the parallels,
at the farthest extremity of the fort, were thoroughly ex-
amined.

As the survey of 1889 was not able to thoroughly explore
the village sites, under Professor Putnam’s direction the
author employed eight or ten men for some weeks in May
and June, 1891, on the “Lower” and ‘“Upper”’ sites.
These are separated by a small ravine, merely, although the
cemeteries were about 700 feet apart. The Lower one—
south—was where we had dug in 1889.

One can observe both sites from a hundred places upon
the towering fort walls above. It is so near the enclosure
that but three or four minutes would be occupied in reach-
ing safety should the villagers be compelled to flee at the
approach of an enemy.

Besides the site mentioned, one mile and a half below the
southern extremity of Fort Ancient is another large village
covering some eight or ten acres rich in graves and debris.
At the mouth of Caesar Creek, six miles distant to the
north, are two extensive sites, one in the bottoms and the
other upon the hills to the south.

The 1891 work confirmed what had been observed three
years previously. For a depth of two feet there was little indica-
tion of occupation. This level was the highest, and therefore

2 This was examined in April, 1891. It contained nothing.

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Cross Sections of the Embankments. taxen where Contrasts were Marked.

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the latest, of three villages that had been situated
upon the bottom. We found great quantities of
burnt stone, ashes, charcoal, fragments of pottery,
bones of animals and birds. Implements of stone
lay scattered about and were, with few exceptions,
broken or thrown aside in the waste so abundant in
such places. This layer had a thickness of about
six inches. After passing through it we found
another stratum of soil not less than a foot thick,
and in some places as much as eighteen inches. It
did not contain any specimens of human handiwork.
At a depth of one foot below the first layer the
level of the second village site was discovered. It
had been occupied for a longer period of time than
the other.

A few inches of clean earth had formed between
the second layer and the debris of the lowest or
oldest site. Its highest point is fully five and a
half feet below the present surface. The depth of
this layer is less than six inches.

The greatest depth below the surface at which
any relic was found in the three village sites was
six and ahalf feet. The specimen was a small highly
polished celt of green stone.

It must not be inferred that the “kitchen-middens”
extended in a continuous, unbroken stratum at the
various levels. In some of the pits we found all
three strata, in others either one or two. A few
places were entirely without layers and did not show
any traces of fire from the surface to the bottom of
the pit. Articles of aboriginal manufacture were
also absent.

103

It is obvious then, that at three different periods
in the past, separated from one another by considet-
able intervals, this bottom was a place of resort for
the aboriginal hunters and fishermen of the Little
Miami valley. But whether they came to spend
the summer only, or whether the villages were per-
manent places of abode will never be known. On
one hand is the great amount of refuse accumulated ;
but on the other is the fact that the ground is
subject to an occasional overflow. At any rate, the
intervening strata of earth containing no evidence of
human residence, would show that, whichever view
of the matter we take, occupation of the site was
not continuous.

During the excavations at this point we unearthed
three skeletons some rods back from the river. The
first was that of an adult of small size, not more
than five feet six inches long. This burial is notice-
able for its peculiarity. The earth had been removed
foradepth of two feet, and in the bottom of the
space a hole had been dug large enough to contain
the body. At each end of this hole a rectangular
limestone slab had been placed to serve as head and
foot stones. The body had then been deposited and
four large flat limestones placed across with their
ends resting on the earth at either side so they would
not touch the body. The soil had then been thrown
over the structure. The bones were well preserved,
but no relics of any sort were found in the grave.

Within three feet of the end of the grave just
referred to was one containing the remains of a child.
It was similar in construction to the first, except

104

that the headstone was omitted, and only two stones
placed over it. A small quantity of unusually fine, soft
black earth was with the bones — possibly the remains of
garments or robes in which the child had been wrapped.

TRARY NINIS, | 2. @ Qe

Bone Awls and Scrapers, from Ash-pits, Fort Ancient.

105

CGHAPTER VIL.
GROUPS OF GRAVES.

In addition to the scattered graves found here and there
under or in the village site, several small cemeteries of
three to seventeen graves each, were uncovered. Most of
them occurred in the Upper site and were more carefully
constructed and different from those of the Old Fort.

It is interesting to compare the Fort Ancient graves with
those of Kentucky and Tennessee where large cemeteries
exist. The graves found at Hopkinsville, Kentucky, in
1903 (see Bulletin No. 8, Department Archaeology, Phil-
lips Academy, p. 115), were more nearly, in point of con-
struction, like those of Fort Ancient than the ones de-
scribed by Gen. Thruston in his ‘Antiquities of Tennessee.”

PLATE XXVI.
Typical mussel shell Hoe; Village Site; Full size.

106

General Thruston says :

“The rude cists, or box-shaped coffins, are made of
thin slabs of stone. Sometimes the stones are broken or
cut, or rubbed down so as to fit evenly and form a well
shaped case, but more frequently they are rudely joined
together. Occasionally they are found in mounds or
layers, four or five tiers of graves deep. The graves are
usually six or seven feet long, a foot and a half to two
feet wide, and eighteen inches deep; but graves of
greatly varying sizes and shapes are found intermingled
with those of more regular form. The children’s graves
are proportionately smaller. Frequently the same cist con-
tains two or three skeletons, and is not more than three
or four feet long, the bones having been placed in a pile
irregularly within it, indicating that they were probably
interred long after death, and after some intermediate
preparation or ceremonies similar to the burial customs
of some of the historic tribes.

“Many of the graves in the vicinity of Nashville are
lined with large, thick fragments of broken pottery, as
neatly joined together as if moulded for the purpose. The
author recently excavated several graves of this kind on
Hon. W. F. Cooper’s farm, near Nashville. The pottery
burial cases were symmetrically formed, and seemed to
be moulded in single pieces, until an attempt was made
to raise them, when they fell apart, and were found to be
composed of neatly joined fragments of large vessels;
the heavy rims of the vessels, more than an inch and
a half thick, having been used as rims or borders for the
burial cases.

“ Nearly all the stone graves are found to be filled with
earth inside, by infiltration. The roots of trees have pene-
trated them. The very skulls are usually packed solid with
earth, but now and then the iron pick will strike a hollow
cist in its original state, and the fortunate explorer may
be rewarded by finding a vessel or bowl of clay, perhaps

107

two or three, within easy grasp, beside the still uncov-
ered skeleton, and he will thus secure a better oppor-
tunity of observing at his leisure all the interesting
details of the burial.

“ Sometimes a little cluster of stone graves is found,
with the usual accompaniments of pottery and rude orna-
ments, like many modern plantation burial-places, contain-
ing the remains of a single family, or group of families,
that doubtless lived an agricultural life in its own farm
dwellings. The remains sometimes found in these small
isolated burial-grounds show that some of these villagers
or country people must have been supplied with many
of the domestic conveniences enjoyed by the inhabitants
of the larger towns.”

The burials in both upper and lower village sites
were about equally divided as to adults and children,
save in one or two instances. No objects were buried
with the adults, but near the children were bead
necklaces, small shell ornaments, and shell toys.
Frequently a child would be placed alongside an
adult woman, probably its mother. Occasionally
the short grave of the child, but three or four feet in
length, rested directly upon the long hollow vault in
which lay the mother. But one or two male skele-
tons were found in the group of graves and those
were young persons, not over eighteen or twenty
years of age.

The lower burial site when uncovered presented a
very singular appearance. We had excavated a great
hole one hundred feet in length and forty feet in
width to a depth of four feet, or until we struck
hard river sand. Above this floor stood the graves
from one to eighteen inches high. See Hlustration

108

XXX. The deeper graves were often in the undisturbed
river sand, and more carefully constructed ones were prob-
ably hollow, but had partially filled with earth, because the
Stones across the top were broken by horses or other
weighty animals passing over them.’

The illustration shows some of the stones sloping toward
the centre of the grave, thus permitting the water and earth
to penetrate to the cavity beneath.

Upon a given day the 16 graves, comprising the lower
group, were opened in the presence of a large number of
people from Columbus, Cincinnati, and surrounding coun-
try. In those graves which were covered by perfect stones
the skeletons remained well preserved. Out of thirty-
Seven graves in the three groups we secured twenty-five
Crania entire. All of these crania, together with village
site material, were shipped to Chicago to be exhibited at
the World’s Columbian Exposition.

AGE OF THE VILLAGE SITE

The conclusions set forth after the two explorations men-
tioned, vary in detail, but agree in the main. The writer
wishes to place on record the observations of that time,
with a few unimportant changes. It must be remembered
that there is no evidence that the Shawanoes camped for
any length of time near Fort Ancient. Their large village,
Old Chillicothe, was three miles north of Xenia or 25 miles
from Fort Ancient. No glass beads or iron tomahawks or
copper kettles have been found in the burials about Ore-
gonia or Fort Ancient. The three villages seem to have
been in existence before the advent of French or English
traders. Mr. Hughes, previously quoted, who came to
Ohio at the age of fourteen in 1812, affirms that the site
along the river was covered with a heavy growth of scya-
more, elm, walnut and oak timber. This testimony is pre-
sented for what it is worth.

At Oregonia 100 or more stone graves were opened for
Professor Putnam. Graves were upon the hill summit and
also in a mound of some size. This mound was more
nearly like those found in Tennessee and described by Gen.
Thruston, (while speaking of a certain mound he refers

1It must be borne in mind that the tops of the graves were some-
times within twenty inches of the surface.

109

to stone graves): “A hundred or more of these
rude sarcophagi are occasionally found deposited in
several tiers, or layers, in a single burial mound.”
This statement is borne out in the Ohio valley by
our own investigations, as well as those of others.
While not at liberty to speak in detail of the work
done by the World’s Fair at Oregonia, Ohio, a few
general remarks will be permitted regarding a mound
of unusual character. Czesar’s Creek, a tributary of
the Little Miami River, is noted for the large num-
ber of mounds existing near its banks. No archee-
ological work was ever carried on in Czesar’s Creek
valley prior to 1891. Hence, the field was un-
usually rich. Upon the heights overlooking the
creek and the Miami River to the south is a large
village site, covering sixty or seventy acres of
ground. In the bottoms on the south side of the
river, below the mouth of the creek, is another large
village site, while just above the delta is still a
third, and smaller one. At the edge of the village
upon the hill is a gravel knoll, from which we
exhumed ten skeletons, two whole pots, ete. As is
always the case when interments are made in gravel
er sand, the bones were remarkably well preserved.
Just back of the gravel pit is a mound eight feet in
altitude and one hundred and ten feet in length.
In the mound were seventy-nine skeletons, twenty
of which were enclosed in stone cists, such as we
find at Fort Ancient. Two of the vaults were
hollow, the others being filled with loose earth
which had settled in through the crevices. In
many places in the mound there were three or four

110

layers of graves, one on top of each other. The skeletons
resting upon the base line were not incased in stones.
Upon the extreme southern edge of the mound were five
graves in a row, all heading the same way, and some of

them containing two or three skeletons each. <A flint

ae ea
SS

TIL AMIRIE, SOSOWAUOI

Restored Ft. Ancient type of Pottery. I-3 size,

dagger of fine workmanship, made of chert, double-pointed,
and fourteen and one eighth inches in length, lay by the
right femur of one of the largest skeletons buried in the
tumulus. By the side of one of his neighbors were a
pair of antelope horns. This is exceedingly interesting, as
we have no historical record of the presence of antelope in

II!

the Ohio valley, although we do know that both elk and
bison were here. The horns have been either transported
from the West, through traffic with other tribes, or the
burial was made at a greater period of antiquity than we
would assign it.

It is interesting to note the varied methods of burial of
these seventy-nine skeletons. Some lay extended, others
with knees drawn up against the sternum, and others lay
upon their sides. The people making the interment fre-
quently placed the head and trunk of the person in one
position, and the legs and arms in another place two or three
feet distant.

When the aborigines dug graves in the Old Fort, the
burials had to lie on tough blue glacial clay, and because of
the formation water was retained and the bones decayed
rapidly. Bones in sandy or gravelly soil are more apt to be
well preserved. The decayed condition of bones in the Old
Fort graves does not necessarily mean that they are older
than the valley interments, although the writer is confident
that they are older. Both sites seem to be related It is
probable that less time and care were taken in constructing
burials on the hill. Interments may have occurred after a
fight and therefore would be hastily made.

In attempting to estimate the age of the village site in
the valley, several things must be considered. ‘Tnere are
five feet of earth above the lowest site of village deposit.
This may have formed in a short period of time, or it may
have been five hundred years in forming. When the river
is very high, it overflows the bottoms in which the village
was located, and frequently deposits mud or sand in a
field. It also takes away sand and mud quite as frequently
as it leaves it. One bana of the river during a flood may
be built up while the other is torn down. But it is very sel-

112

dom the river gets high enough to flood this bottom to
any considerable depth.

But there were hardly as many floods in the river in
early days as now. The same amount of water fell, prob-
ably more, but the land was not cleared, and the streams
would not discharge their contents so rapidly into the
river. Now we have low water in summer, and a flood
every spring. Old settlers can remember when the river
was lined with heavy timber, and when there were numer-
ous swamps along the bottom lands; and they tell us that
the river contained an even stage of water from year to
year; that the streams during the winter held much
water, but were seldom more than bank full. Trees, logs,
and brush, accumulating in the stream, tended to check
the flow of the current; the roots of large trees extending
down into the water’s edge would hold drift and thus
form dams. The fact is attested by this: Kighty years
ago there were saw-mills on streams now so small they
would not turn the least water-wheel. The writer has
heard his grandfather and grandmother (who came to
Ohio in early days by canal-boat, long before railroads
were invented) speak of creeks in the neighborhood of
their old home, that once furnished water enough to turn
the wheels of several large mills. These same streams
now are dry through the summer, but they get very high
in the winter and spring.

Now the point is this: The earth over the second or
iater village site has been deposited by floods during the
last hundred years, or since the land has been cleared.
The earth (three feet) above the first or lowest village site,
and below the later village, has been much longer in de-
positing, as floods then seldom covered the bottoms for
reasons given above. This lower layer is composed chiefly
of decayed vegetation, and might accumulate at the rate
of one inch in six years, which would give the age of the
lowest layer 216 vears previous to the upper one, or 316
years ago: 7. ¢., 1570 to 1575. However, these figures can
uot be said to be accurate, and we give them as result of

113

————————
Eee

SSS

SSS.

deliberation after what we uncovered during the course of
explorations. Persons who have spent a few days at Fort
Ancient, or, as in the case of most observers, a single day,
are not qualified to pass upon the problems of age and
origin. The Serpent Mound is of such character that it
can be seen thoroughly in a few hours. Fort Ancient is so
intricate that weeks of study are necessary before one is
possessed of anything like complete information concerning
it.

115

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STTRM [[e4ed PY ‘OY MON OY} eprsjno jsnf spunoy OMY, 24} JO MaTA
"XIXX ALWId

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ey ae

CHAPTER VIII

THE PARALLEL WALLS AND MOUNDS. THE PAVEMENT AND
DITCHES. IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS FROM THE
SURFACE.

Just without the walls of Fort Ancient, on either side of
the pike, are two good-sized mounds. They are shown in
Plate XXIX, page 116. Mr. George Ridge’s house is
hidden by thick foliage beyond.

When one ponders upon the field work done in the past
at. Fort Ancient, one is led to conclude that these two
tumuli played no small part in Fort Ancient’s history. Not
only do the parallel walls begin at these mounds, but also
the pavement — which has never satisfactorily been ex-
plained—also three or four ditches or moats. Atwater
seems to have been impressed by the latter—for they were
clearly defined in his day. It is difficult to trace the
ditches at the present time, and both mounds that lie at the
head of these ditches, have been somewhat injured by the
state road running between, but, from a careful examination
of the mounds, we are led to believe that the edges at the
base once came within 60 feet of each other.

Both of these mounds have been opened and _ their con-
tents carefully inspected by Mr. Fowke. The mounds are
75 feet apart, on each side of the pike, and the distance
from station 2 to the large mound on the right is 375 feet.
The large mound is No. 69; the one to the left, No. 68.
The latter was opened first. For many years it was thought
that within these structures the builders had placed offerings
to the dead, and a number of skeletons. So the opening
of them was looked forward to with not a little expectation
by persons residing in the neighborhood of Fort Ancient.

But all were doomed to disappointment. The following,
taken from my field note book, gives a concise account of
the work done in No. 68.

117

This mound is 10 feet in height, and has a diameter at
the base of 80 feet. We began operations on the south side,
and ran a wide trench, fully one half as wide as the mound,
through for a distance of 40 feet, or until we reached the
old diameter on the north. (The old diameter was 40 feet;
the mound has been cultivated, and has washed badly, so
that it is now 80 feet wide at base. The portion that has
accumulated from wash and decay would, of course have
nothing in it.)

The mound was found to consist of two kinds of
earth—a dark loam and a yellow clay. The clay was piled
up first, and then the loam was heaped upon this. The
mass of clay is heaviest on the west side; the loam thickest
on the east side, thus making the mound symmetrical. At
the base line there is a layer, four inches in thickness, of
heavy black soil. The remarkable feature connected with
this black soil is that it has a very offensive odor. In over
70 mounds and graves opened during the last two years the
writer never before met with such an instance.

Continuing a trench north-east from this mound, the same
soil and odor were encountered fully five feet deep. While
it is like that arising from decayed flesh, yet it must result
from decomposition of vegetable matter. No satisfactory
explanation could be obtained. The odor penetrated for
some distance and continued during the exploration ; was
pronounced and caused the workmen inconvenience.

Nothing of consequence was found in the structure —
just a few decayed bones (animal) and fragments of finely
finished pottery. The mound was not of burial type, and
its true significance must remain, for the present, a mystery.

The conclusion drawn from this mound is, that it was
built at two periods, that it was ‘“ lop-sided” or ill shaped
at first, and righted when built upon again. What length
of time intervened between the commencement and the
completion can not, of course, be determined, but, probably,
not much, as there is no line such as would result from

118

decayed vegetable matter between the first and second earth

masses.

Mound No. 69:
This one is just across the road from No. 68, and is

12 feet in height, having a diameter at the base of 80 feet.
It has not been injured to any great extent by plowing.
There is a large elm tree standing near the center and a
little to the west, which has served as a protection to the
soil.

In Plate X XIX, we are looking toward the East, both
structures appearing as they did before exploration. ‘Timo-
thy and flowers grow in profusion and almost hide the
larger tumulus.

In the exploration, which occupied nearly a week, pottery
fragments were discovered, but no burials and no ash pits
or other objects of interest came to light.

THE PARALLEL WALLS

Running due north-east from these two mounds are two
parallel roads or embankments .about a foot in height and
twelve feet wide. These run for a distance of 2760 feet,
and terminate by inclosing a small mound about three feet
high. In 1901 we explored this and found nothing. ‘These
parallel embankments have been almost entirely destroyed
by being cultivated for many years; they are only visible
where fences run over them, or where a road crosses. They
are 130 feet apart.

In 1820, when Atwater surveyed the fort, these parallel
walls were very plain. We traced and measured them,
however, with as much pains-taking fidelity as possible —
as we are persuaded that the next survey of Fort Ancient,
if made as long after ours as this is distant from that of
Squier and Davis, will find that every vestige of the
walls has disappeared. There is nothing between them
except the stone pavement, which extends for a short
distance. There is nothing peculiar about their construc-

119

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Group of Graves from a Cemetery near the River.

tion, there being no stone in them. In places the walls
appear to have been burnt until the ground is very red.

Where the two mounds are (at the western extremity
of these parallel walls), there begins a most remarkable
stone structure of aboriginal workmanship. This stone
pavement is the most interesting part of Fort Ancient.
The following description is taken from my note-book,
and was made while we uncovered the stones, and exam-
ined this wonderful relic of departed ages.

THE PAVEMENT.

Thursday afternoon, September 12th, we took our
force and went into Mr. Ridge’s house-yard, to seek the
stone pavement, of whose existence we had heard from
various sources, but which none of us had ever seen.
Some of our party were skeptical touching the matter,
others were persuaded that something there was, and were
inclined to test the truthfulness or falsity of the reports.
An excavation four feet in width and ten feet long was
made, and one portion of the pavement was actually laid
bare. We found at a depth of twelve inches a consider-
able quantity of fine gravel, which had been filled in be-
tween the stones, and which seems to have been intended
to secure evenness of surface. The pavement is laid with
limestones, which were probably brought from the ravines
and creek-beds in the neighborhood. The stones average
a foot in length and six inches in width. Some of them
are larger, and others of less dimensions. Some of them
are about two or two and a half inches in thickness,
others not more than an inch and a half. The pavement
rests on the original surface, the clay being 14 to 15
inches below it. It is supposed to have been on the
surface, of course, and the earth above is due to veg-
etable decay and the accumulation of debris. Some
of the stones give evidence of having been subjected
to the action of fire, but most of them show no trace
of heat. The use of this pavement is wholly conjec-
tural. We venture the opinion, however, that it does not
imply any great ceremonial or religious purpose, but was
designed as a place cf amusement, or of assembly for the

121

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Taye], 9q ISU oanjorg sty} IY} Opi ur swenpIM “sW Aq IME seam ppoyeog 3F oz V
10,7 MON ‘UswyuequIA suTjUadIaG 94} Jo MITA VW
WTXOexe GL Vald

natives. It would always remain dry, while the surround-
ing ground might be wet and muddy.

Its area, approximately, is 180 by 500 feet; large
enough to accomodate hundreds of persons. The natives
may have held dances on this platform, and the mounds,
being near the parallel walls of the way, would afford an
excellent position for on-lookers, and for the squaws, who
would beat tom-toms, and accompany the dance with their
usual doleful singing. Or, it may have been used for the
practice of games and athletic exercises, such as are com-
mon to the race. This much, at least, we may safely af-
firm: that the pavement is artificial, and that it is of great
archeological value; perhaps of no great ceremonial sig-
nificance, but still one of the most interesting features
connected with Fort Ancient. We believe this is the only
instance of ancient pavement proven beyond a doubt in
the Mississippi valley. There are many other places
where there is stone in connection with aboriginal struc-
tures, but there is no place where these assume the shape
of a regularly laid pavement. The plow has greatly dis-
turbed in a number of places a few of these stones, but
most of them are as they were placed at first. They seem
to have been slightly worn on the upper side, as if they
had been used for many years as an assembly-ground.

The earth, which has accumulated over them, would
give them an age of several hundred years at least. Of
course, these stones once lay upon the surface, there could
be no object in covering them up. They must, therefore,
have been covered by time alone. The earth in a forest
accumulates rather slowly, and, allowing ample margin for
any error, we are safe in saying that several hundred
years have rolled by since the pavement was used. We
would place the date about the year 1400 or 1430. This
is, of course, merely conjectural.

We find no evidence in any other portion of Fort An-
cient, that a pavement has existed. We find a great deal of
stone work here and there, but we think this is the only
place where there was an “assembly floor” built by the
aborigines,

123

PLATE XXXII.
Decorated Pottery from the Village Sites.

Mr. Hughes says that fifty-five years ago, when he
first saw the pavement, there was as much earth accumu-
lated over it as there is at the present time.

| SURFACE FINDS.

There are several places within the fort-walls and in
the immediate vicinity, where there is evidence on the sur-
face that a great many flint implements have been chipped
and made. The place where these chippings are most
abundant, is on Mr. Ridge’s farm, about 200 yards from
the fort wall (station 0), north-east. From the two
mounds at this point runs a ditch north-west, and from
this ditch, for the space of 100 yards north-east, we find
many flint flakes, cores, ete. There is no flint found in the
neighborhood of Fort Ancient, and so the flint flakes
and disks must have been brought from a distance. We
find a great deal of broken flint of the variety found
in the quarries on Flint Ridge, in Licking county, Ohio
We also find a great deal of dark gray, or nearly black
flint, which has been brought here from some locality
foreign to Ohio. It seems probable that the residents of
Fort Ancient, considering they did not have implements
enough in case of a siege, kept stores of raw material, such
as could be worked up into a desired shape at short notice.

A great many large flint disks or blocks have been
found in the field north of the fort. These disks and
blocks are frequently large enough to make several large
spear-heads, say six inches in length. Or, if the blocks
were broken up, they would furnish sufficient material for
the manufacture of forty or fifty arrow-heads. These
blocks have been worked out roughly in Indiana, or at
Flint Ridge in this state, and transported to Fort Ancient
in large quantities. The flint was not brought in rough
pieces, as when freshly broken from the ledges. It was
worked down partially until it had a regular outline.
These worked objects are usually over six inches in length,
and weigh from one to four pounds. We call them blocks
when not round, when of a circular appearance they are
named disks.

125

‘SPU, 9OVJING ‘IO PIO WoIJ sag pue odig peystuyuy ‘exy
‘TIIXXX ALVId

“

There have been several quartz arrow-heads found in the
surrounding fields, which would indicate that the people
here had communication with southern tribes, or that south-
ern Indians passed through this region. But perhaps the
quartz was obtained by trading with these natives from the
south, although it is possible that some southern tribe
visited the Fort.

It is affirmed by farmers that in the past many more ob-
jects such as projectile points, axes, pestles, hammers, discs
and ornaments were found than at present. Students from
Lebanon, collectors and tourists—and they came by the
score each month during summer and autumn — have
searched the fields every season. The Israel Harris col-
lection, formerly in Waynesville and now in the Smithson-
ian Institution, private exhibits in Lebanon and other cities
contain large numbers of Fort Ancient material. All of
this tends to indicate a considerable population at one time,
or a smaller number of aborigines during generations. The
historic Shawanoe sites in Ohio yield a dearth of surface-
found objects compared with Fort Ancient.

I suppose that nearly fifty thousand specimens have been
taken away in the past century. Counting the objects in
museums, those dug up or found by the surveys, numbers
carried away by visitors, some that have gone abroad, and
the thousands that are in the hands of private collectors, in
the immediate neighborhood of the structure, this seems to
be no exaggeration.

The problematical forms shown in Plate XXXIV, page 128,
present a variety of shapes. At the top are two sandstone
objects (all these are shown about two-fifths natural size),
which have grooves and depressions. The one to the left
has depressions that resemble finger-marks; the one to the
right as if a tool of copper had been sharpened upon its
surface. These were found in the Old Fort.

No. 807 was found in 1884, and is a heart-shaped orna-
men of red slate. It is finely finished, polished, and
worked quite thin.

To the right of the heart-shaped object is an ornament of
banded slate, having two perforations. This was found in
a grave by a farmer residing near the walls of the fort.

127

‘JOY PPI PU 1404 PIO

‘spurl oovying ‘s}uDWIeUIQ, pue saqny
“AIXXX ALV Id

‘spalqgQ eoreulslqorg

The plumb-shaped object next to it, is of blue slate, has
a groove cut around the upper portion, as if it may have
been used for suspension around the neck, similar to an or-
nament.

Lying elevated on two stones are two tubes or hollow
cylinders of slate well bored and presenting a symmetrical
appearance. They were found in the New Fort.

No. 799 is a paint cup of soapstone found in a grave in
1884.

To the right is a small discoidal of white limestone. Sev-
eral of these discoidal stones have been found near the Fort,
and one or two large ones are owned by a gentleman in
Lebanon, O.

Nos. 905, 881, and 897 are all black or banded slate orna-
ments of superior finish and large size. ‘There seems to be
quite a number of objects of this class found within the
walls, and it is a noteworthy fact that they are always of
superior workmanship, seldom broken, and occasionally un-
finished. In any large museum collection the percentage
of broken problematical forms is larger than of perfect
forms. The Fort Ancient types are therefore peculiar.

Plates XX XV and XXXVI portray the finest problem-
atical stone ever found at Fort Ancient. The material is
black slate, very hard and quite close grained. There are
two grooves on the face and back of this object. One runs
from the top down about an inch and one-half, the other runs
straight across. In the angles formed by these two grooves
are two perforations extending through the stone and drilled
from each side. At the bottom is an oval-shaped hole on
the face extending through. This latter perforation does
not exhibit the oval shape from the rear, but presents a
round appearance. Around this oval-shaped depression are
14 holes, each drilled about one-eighth of an inch deep.
They present the form of an arrow-head, or of a heart. We
are of the opinion that they are intended to represent the
form of an arrow. On the reverse side, are two holes above
the oval perforation which are not drilled through the stone,
and which lie close to it just under the horizontal groove.
The remarkable part of this stone is that the symbol, three,

129

PLATE XXXV.

The “Owl Ornament”; found in a Ft. Ancient Grave in
Front View. Full size.

130

occurs on it in three places—on the face twice, and on the
reverse once. The farmer who sold it to the writer in 1884
claimed that he took it from a grave near the Great Gate-
way in 1882.

Plate XX XVII illustrates a grooved axe above, three
celts in the centre, all of which are typical Fort specimens.
At either side are two unfinished platform or monitor pipes
of Catlinite. These latter were found two feet below the
surface in the Old Fort, and lay together. There is
nothing to indicate them to be modern. Although of Cat-
linite, they are of the mound pattern and appear to be old.
They are in the museum of the Ohio State University, as
are most of the specimens shown in the Plates illustrating
objects.

131

[e EE OE |

PLATE XXXVI.

Rear of “Owl Ornament”.

132

CHAPTER IX.

THE FORT ANCIENT CULTURE. EXPLORATION OF OTHER
MOUNDS, ETC., IN THE LITTLE MIAMI VALLEY.

The entire Great and Little Miami, and the Scioto Val-
leys, present two cultures. These have been referred to
frequently in the writer’s previous publications and field work,
1887 to 1898. Professor W. C. Mills began work in the same
region in 1898 and his explorations have added much to
the knowledge of ancient tribes in Ohio. He has desig-
nated these two cultures by appropriate and brief names : —
The Fort Ancient and the Hopewell —each standing for
something different.

While the Hopewell culture is confined to the Scioto and
such tributaries as the two Paint Creeks and does not seem
to extend above Columbus, the Fort Ancient included the
whole of the Miamis above Milford and East Fork, Brush
Creek and the watershed dividing the Miami and Scioto
basins. The stone graves and mounds of this region, even
fifty miles from Fort Ancient, are strongly of that type and
not of the higher Hopewell character.

In preparation for the writer’s conclusions, it is therefore
necessary to reprint here certain explorations of the terri-
tory east and south-east of Fort Ancient.

In 1890 some weeks were spent in Clinton County open-
ing mounds upon Cowen’s Creek, Todd’s Fork, and other
streams. Of one mound the Field notes state :

Scattered through the upper part of the structure were
many pieces of flint broken and partially worked. They
were of a grayish-white color. The earth forming the
structure had been scooped from the surface of some village
site, hence the presence of flint flakes and blocks. One
small spear-head of pink and white quartz was taken from
a small ash-pit midway between the summit and the base.
Implements of such material are rare in southern Ohio,

Near the exact centre of the mound, about eighteen
inches from the surface, was found a small tablet, five by

133

*y-1 ‘QzIG_ *UOTIJDAT[OD Aulepeoy sdiyfiyg ‘“jJusuy j1Oy Wor} speay-ivadg jo sadAyT

TIAXXX HALW Id

134

four and a quarter by three fourths of an inch, composed
of sandstone. This remarkable object was taken from a
mass of sticky, yellow clay, its position being carefully noted
by the stx persons present. Upon two sides were three
grooves of the same depth, similar to those upon the back
of the famous ‘‘ Guest Tablet’? found in a mound upon the
site of Cincinnati during the early part of this century.
Along both the narrow edges were two shallow grooves,
while on the ends were two short but deep grooves. The
depth of the various grooves range from one sixteenth of
an inch to one third of an inch. The tablet has the ap-
pearance of serving the purpose as a sharpener of bone or
copper tools.

The mound is presumed to be a house site, as posts ex-
tended into the structure to a depth of three feet and
formed a square twelve feet on each side. The posts were
burned and charred so that little remained of them. Near
the tablet were two pockets of charcoal and also a large
limestone, fourteen by sixteen inches, polished upon one
side. The latter may have been used for grinding corn, as
scratches seen upon its surface are rotary in character and
may have been made by a stone pestle.

Another tumulus, 57x 45 feet, was erected on a hard
burned floor. Three skulls, entire, and three cremated
skeletons, a fine gorget of diamond shape and other objects
were found.

Other mounds yielded a few copper bracelets, ornaments,
and projectile points. No altars, no pipes, no mound-
groups, no caches of implements were found.

Passing ‘up East Fork of the Miami into Clermont
County, we are forty miles southeast of Fort Ancient.
Here work was done in May, June and July, 1888.

As the size and number of the mounds and earthworks
seem to be in direct ratio to the fertility of the soil, we
would not expect to find within the area drained by the
East Fork so many large mounds as are to be seen in
sections more favored by nature, or to obtain from them
such a number and variety of specimens conforming to

135

aboriginal ideas of utility and beauty. Investigation con-
firms the belief.

A small mound, 25 feet diameter and 2 feet high, on Mr.
Shumard’s farm, Stone Lick Tp., was opened. A layer of

PLATE XXXVIII.
Fort Ancient Flint Knives. 1-2 size,

charcoal extended through, one foot above the base
line. There was a floor or pavement of limestone slabs
beneath, composed of stones 20 to 30 inches long, about
a foot in breadth. These stones were thick and heavy,

136

and weighed perhaps forty or fifty pounds each.
This pavement measured nine or ten feet in
breadth.

On taking away the stones at the central portion,
we found a layer three inches in thickness of com-

PL. XXXVIX.— Ground plan of mound No.1. Skeleton surrounded by
stone slabs. See page 136.
mon soil, covering a skeleton of medium size (A in
the figure). We removed this dirt, which had evi:
dently been placed to prevent the stones from
coming in contact with the body, and thus endeay-
ored to secure the skull. Although the greatest

137

possible care was exercised, atmospheric agencies had re-
duced the bones to such a fragile state that their removal
was an utter impossibility, and we were unable to preserve
any portion of the skeleton save the lower and upper jaws:
and some fragments of the skull.

Near the right side of the skeleton lay a small polished
bone awl or perforator (© in the figure); about twenty
inches from the right shoulder was a finely polished celt of
greenstone (B), four and a half inches in length and two
and one fourth wide. Underneath the body was a mass of
red ochre.

Stone graves are numerous in the region and seyeral
were opened, but these seemed to be of the Fort Ancient
type.

In Adams County similar graves have been opened
in 189 and 1896 by the writer, and in 1907 by Mr.
Coover. There are large numbers of them scattered
through Pike, Clement, Brown and Adams Counties.

A mound on Mr. Harvey Anderson’s farm, Marathon
Tp., contained burials and implements. Near the centre of
the mound a pit had been dug to a depth of nearly two
feet below the original surface, and the sides of it burnt
quite hard; this was filled with ashes, fragmentary bones,
and calcined limestone, intermingled with which were a few
mussel shells, pottery fragments, and pieces of deer antlers.
Just above it was a slab of limestone fifteen inches wide,
and nearly three feet long, which had been almost disin-
tegrated by an intense heat. Adhering to the upper side of
the stone were portions of ribs and traces of vertebrae,
burned until they were scarcely distinguishable. It was
plain that a skeleton or body had been placed on this
stone, and then cremated.

Another mound in Perry Tp. covered two burials and some
artifacts. One of the skeletons was partially covered by a

138

FIG,XL.—Vertical section of mound No. 6.

layer of mica, consist-
ing of forty-one sheets,
the edges of which had
been slightly trimmed
to give them a more
regular outline. They
occupied an irregular
space of about two by
three feet and were so
placed that the edges
somewhat overlapped in
the same manner as
scales on fish. A single
piece lying to one side,
was much larger than
the others, being’ five
by eight and one half
inches, and half an inch
thick. The skeleton it-
self was so decayed that
no portion of it could
be recovered.

A careful examina-
tion of the entire tumu-
lus disclosed nothing
more than the objects
mentioned.

Mounp NumsBer Six.
—The mound about to
be described lies upon
very high ground and
overlooks the Kast Fork.

In company with the mound described, it is on Mr. John
Boyle’s farm, Brown County, near St. Martins. At time of
excavation it was 7 feet high and 70 feet base, surrounded
by a circle. (See Plates XL, XLI.)

Post holes were numerous, and formed a circle about
the base. Charcoal and calcined bones (A in figure) were
numerous. The post-holes— unusually large —were 20
inches across and 14 to 16 inches at the bottom, three feet
deep, and filled with small, flat, slightly burned pieces of
limestone, weighing from two to three pounds each; they
are shown at B in the figure. The spaces between the
stones were tightly packed with earth which had also been
burned. No relics or remains of any kind whatever were
placed with them.

While, as before mentioned, these pockets are of frequent
occurrence, in all our experience of mound opening we have
never met with another instance in which they were com-
pletely filled with burned stones; nor can we recall a simi-
lar example in the reports of other explorers.’

As we proceeded with the trench a heavy layer of earth
was discovered (Cc), burned until the upper surface had be-
come a bright red color; this lay about six or seven inches
above the large pockets, and was separated from them by a
mass of very fine black earth (D).

The clay composing the burned layer had been placed
in the mound when in its natural state, and a fire kept
burning upon it for a considerable time. The earth above
showed some evidences of the heat, as though it had been
piled on while the clay was still very hot; but owing to the
thickness of the latter the heat had not penetrated to the
black loam below ; at least not to a sufficient extent to pro-
duce any alteration in its appearance.

When we reached the centre of the mound we made the
most important find of the week. A rough altar of hard
burned clay, represented by E in the figure, had been con-
structed six inches above the burned stratum, and resting

1Since the above was written pockets filled with burnt stone were ex-
amined in the Hopewell group of mounds, Ross County.

140

upon a little mass of charcoal. It was oval in outline,
measuring seven by nine feet, the longer axis being east
and west, and was ten inches in height. The upper surface
dipped slightly from the edge toward the centre ; extended
upon it at full length, with head to the east, lay a skeleton
(¥). Both the skeleton and the altar were unusually well
preserved, but the latter was so thin and soft that it was
impossible for us to remove it; an enlarged view of them is
given in Fig. XLI.

There was copper plate above the forehead. When the
find was made its true significance did not appear to me.
The builders of this tumulus, I am persuaded, knew of the
Hopewell culture—of the Scioto tribes. And they tried: to
imitate an altar burial. Whereas the Scioto people burned
what was placed in the altars, these people put in the skele-
ton and did not burn it; they constructed their altar on
different lines, did not burn it hard and made no offerings.
It is probable that they were on the borderland between the
two cultures. The mound is of interest and importance
because of this altar burial.

It is unnecessary to speak of other interments and objects
—although nearly a score of mounds were opened.

We have looked at tributaries, let us examine the Little
Miami Valley itself. The entire Little Miami valley above
the locality of Fort Ancient, beginning far up the stream at
Cedarville Cliffs, in Greene county, and extending down
to its junction with the Ohio river, might be said to have
been occupied throughout by primitive man. We find
mounds upon the hills that line the river on each side.
Numerous village sites occur as we descend, and here and
there we find, on some plateau, a circle or a fortification.

At the cliffs of the Miami, there is a large mound, 81
feet in height; and a small inclosure, with a number of
gateways, on Massie’s creek. Coming further down the
river, we encounter, in the neighborhood of Xenia, a num-
ber of mounds, and one large tumulus, inclosed by a circu-
lar embankment.

Down the river further, at Alpha, we find a number of
small mounds on the hill-tops bordering on the stream.

I4I

“AVY JE YOIYM ut worssordaq pue ‘punojyy s,s[koq wor} uojJa[ayS
ex HEV

YY ALLEL Zz YI) HY

by SUT

WP
Witty Wi
LLL, LM, 7,

LLL. Ly,

|
|
{|
|

iM
|
ANI
HiT}
el
i

ily

At Spring Valley there is a mound inclosed in a circle.
This was opened about ten years ago, and many skeletons
and interesting relics found. At Waynesville there is a
small cemetery on the east bank of the river, where some
45 individuals have been dug out at various times. Below
Waynesville we find several mounds, two large village sites,
etc. At Oregonia (formerly called Freeport), there are
several mounds and two large village sites. These latter
have been productive of great quantities of bones, shells,
beads, ete. Passing Fort Ancient, we come to Mill Grove,
where the hills are in places covered with many stone
graves, and where there are a number of small mounds.
At Morrow, we are told, skeletons have been found, and at
South Lebanon there is a fort, Square inclosure, circle, and
small mound. ‘The mound was opened in 1877, and yielded
many skeletons, and some very large and beautiful copper
axes. ‘There were nine of these axes found; they weighed
about three pounds each, and were made of the Lake
Superior copper, which was beaten out in the cold state ;
they are now in New York City.

At King’s Mills several skeletons have been found, and
at Toster’s Crossing there is one mound and a good sized
inclosure. We have been given the following description
of ioe boas on 3 high hill back from the river, and incloses
12 or 15 acres. The embankment once stood about 10 feet
high in the highest place, with an average of six feet.
There is some stone in its construction, but not much. In
places there appears to have been a hot fire, as the earth is
burned to a considerable depth. There are numerous gate-
ways; the embankment now stands about three feet high
and twenty feet base. The cemetery at Madisonville, in
which Harvard University has explored for a generation,
yielded thousands of skeletons and is not exhausted. It is
too familiar to need description here.

Near Fort Ancient, two monuments exist that have not
been mentioned in preceding pages. Directly opposite, on
the west bank of the river, and on fully as high hills, there
is a small circular embankment composed entirely of earth,
and a moat on the interior. The circle if three feet high,

143

160 feet in diameter, and the moat two feet deep. The
width of the embankment composing it is about 10 feet.
There are few artifacts found in the neighborhood of the
circle, and no stone in its construction. It overlooks the®
river on one side, and on the south there is a deep ravine
flanking it. .

Back of Fort Ancient, on the plateau, and one and a half
miles to the south-east, are three good sized mounds. The
first one was dug out a year ago, with the following results:
A roughly laid stone wall was near the outer edge of the
mound, and extended entirely around it. Within this
stone wall, with their feet toward the center, lay 15 skele-
tons. Near one skeleton were some twelve curious orna-
ments of bear teeth, with perforations through them. They
have the same curvature on the sides that the tooth has be-
fore it is altered, but they are flattened at the edges some-
what, and the point of the tooth, or crown, has been filed
off, and the ornament made quite sharp. ‘The teeth that
were unworked, save for the peforations, were of the aver-
age size of the black bear, and had from two to three holes

in each.

144

CIYAP TER =X:
CONCLUSIONS ON FORT ANCIENT

Deliberation upon the studies of Fort Ancient made in
past years leads one to certain conclusions. These may
not be clear except to archaeologists who have given the
enclosure some thought, for Fort Ancient by its very
nature is a place not to be understood save after many visits.
But one is of the opinion that given the same length of
time in exploration, other observers might concur with the
writer in his general conclusions, and differ in unimportant
details. Until May of this year the writer has purposely
refrained from seeing it and ten years have passed since
his last visit. Therefore a retrospective view may not be
devoid of small value.

That it is defensive most persons will adinit, although
military men, measuring it by modern standards, observe
many weak points.

That it is 800 or 900 years old, the writer firmly believes
—yet there are some who will not accept this statement.

Historic tribes knew naught of Fort Ancient, and no
modern Indian village was nearer it than “Old Chillicothe a
in Greene County (the site of Kenton’s and Boone’s captiv-
ity), 25 miles north. There are no stone graves at that
Chillicothe, or at Frankfort (Chillicothe-on-Paint-Creek), or
at Cornstalk Town —40 and 50 miles distant. The Shaw-
anoes lived in numbers at all of the above towns. This fact
is rather significant, for Dr. Cyrus Thomas took exception
years ago, to the writer’s statement that the Fort Ancient
stone graves were not Shawano. At that time my con-
tention was based on the age of certain large trees. To
Some minds this is not a sound argument, yet it must be
borne in mind that while some trees grow rapidly, others
do not. However, Supposing that none of the Fort An-
cient trees are old, (which I do not believe) I shall present
the matter in a different light. One would Suppose that
the mortuary and other arts at Fort Ancient would bear

145

striking analogies to the culture of Shawano sites, if Fort
Ancient people were related to those Indians. On the
contrary no such similarities are noticed, and Fort Ancient
and Madisonville are identical; not Fort Ancient and
Shawano sites. Again, limestone slabs abound near the
Chillicothes, yet no graves lined with them — no stone graves
whatsoever—have been discovered. It is likely that no
Shawano people ever lived at Fort Ancient and the writer
is persuaded that his original statement to that end is
correct.

Fort Ancient does not appear to be southern in the sense
that the Scioto Valley tribe was influenced by southern
culture; or vice versa. Flint Ridge flint and local chert
abound. Tennessee nodular flint is rare. The 8000 flint
discs found in mound No. 22 of the Hopewell Group are
probably from Little River (Tennessee) quarries and indi-
cate a close connection between the Cumberland—Tennessee
peoples and the Hopewell tribe. Not so at Fort Ancient.
Aside from some white quartz points and chippings there is
little of foreign origin. yen northern copper is rare,
galena and obsidian are absent; ocean shells, pearls and
mica

save a very little mica — have not been found.

Professor Mills obtained from a farmer some copper ear-
ornaments, pendants and other objects which had been
plowed up near the Fort walls. While apparently a cache,
it was peculiar in that the mass had been purposely ham-
mered together, so much so that many of the copper objects
were well-nigh ruined. One may conclude that this copper
did not belong to Fort Ancient people. No sane trader
would destroy his own wares and no chief or shaman could
bring himself to destroy that which carried more or less
religious significance in ceremonies. All copper — judging
from the conditions under which we find it in the mounds—
was valuable and more or less “ mystery’. It seems likely
that the Fort Ancient copper mass was obtained during a
raid by Fort Ancient warriors against the Hopewell culture
on the Scioto; or obtained by a war-party from the natives
of the “* Turner Group”, thirty miles down the river.

146

-4

Having no use for the ornaments of a rival or hostile
nation, and to show contempt for such objects as were
valuable to the higher developed Hopewell or Turner
people, the victors hammered up their spoils. Similar in-
cidents of destruction of property in historic times among
warring tribes, are common. The incident of the copper is
a further confirmation that the two cultures were separate

and distinct, and the tribes hostile to each other. Professor

Mills’ terms — “ Hopewell culture” and “Fort Ancient
culture”, clearly and tersely indicate the difference.

Madisonville, the large cemetery and village site twenty-
five miles down the Little Miami, is distinctively Fort
Ancient in its ceramics and stone arts. Yet Madisonville
may have been occupied for a greater length of time than
Fort Ancient. That is, from the strictly prehistoric down
to the historic although the writer is persuaded that Fort
Ancient is the older. A study of the Madisonville collec-
tions and those from Fort Ancient shows the close relation-
ship. A few glass beads, bit of brass and piece of iron
were once found in a Madisonville grave. The quantity
was insignificant and it seems to the writer that the grave
must have been intrusive, for had Madisonville been occu-
pied in historic times, more than these few European things
would have been found.

Harvard University, the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History and Doctor Metz have dug there more or less con-
tinuously for thirty years. No aboriginal cemetery in
America is of such extent and none have furnished such a
quantity of material.

It does not seem to me that one should set aside all the
thousands of stone, shell, bone and clay objects which are

certainly prehistoric, and accept these few things as indi-

cative of modern culture at Madisonville.

Catlin advanced a theory that the Mandans were the
Builders of Ohio Valley monuments. In my book, “ Fort
Ancient”, I inclined towards that proposition. But after
some study of the Mandan collection at Andover and an in-
spection of the Peabody Museum Mandan exhibit, I wish to
modify the statement made in 1889. If they came from the

147

Ohio valley, they made a radical change in their arts, for
the Mandan implements and pottery — save a peculiar dec-
oration on the pottery —do not savor of Ohio Valley cul-
ture. ‘The flint knives from Mandan sites are long and
slender, being very unlike Ohio types; axes are quite rare;
the celt is not common, and problematical forms as well as
the ordinary slate ornaments are wanting. All Mandan
implements, pottery, etc., have a fresh or recent appearance.
On the pottery, even the soot remains. No Qhio valley
specimens appear modern, all are weathered.

The Hopewell Culture extended eight or ten miles up the
Little Miami to the * Turner Group”, some miles below
Madisonville. In 1886-7, Professor F. W. Putnam found
remarkable problematical forms in copper, mica, terra-cotta
and shell in the altar mounds at this place.

Above Madisonville, or eighteen miles below Fort An-
cient, is a hill-top fortification, overlooking the Miami at
Foster’s Crossing. The Foster’s work was partly explored
by Professor Putnam and appears to be of Fort Ancient
culture status.

Reviewing the entire field of these Hopewell and Fort
Ancient cultures, it seems to me that a thorough study of
the reports and collections relating to ancient man in south-
ern Ohio, and further exploration in the Muskingum Valley
and along the Ohio may prove that local cultures were de-
veloped independently of each other and extended over'a
considerable period of time.

Assuming that the gravel hill or glacial kame burials,
common in southern Ohio, are totally different from mound
and village site interments — or indicate an earlier tribe —
which the writer is convinced is true, one may surmise that
early man buried his dead in these gravels, where digging
was easy. Moreover, the rounded slopes — almost artificial
in character — may have suggested to him presently, the
building of mounds. Be that as it may, it is scarcely rea-
sonable to conclude that man began the construction of large
earthworks immediately upon his arrival in the Ohio valley.
There must have been a long process of development; and
the complicated works of the Scioto, while of considerable

148

antiquity, were built after man had learned to construct the
simpler hill-forts, circles and what-not. Whether the build-
ers came from the South or the Northwest, or the East
matters not. The culture they developed was local and
while the objects and art were southern-like in character,
their mounds and enclosures were not of the southern type.

What Dr. Thomas has called the “ Problem of the Ohio
Mounds”, is a problem of Fort Ancient and Hopewell and
Gravel Hill cultures — not a problem relating to Shawanoes
and Cherokees as Ohio mound-builders. If Cherokees and
Shawanoes built Ohio earthworks, it was in times of remote
antiquity ; for certainly neither tribe presented any similar-
ity to Ohio culture in historic times. Cherokee pipes are
the antithesis of Ohio pipes. And a carefnl comparison of
Cherokee, Shawano, and Fort Ancient villages reveals noth-
ing in common.

On the sites of historic Indian villages but little material
is found The great Illinois town, mentioned often by
La Salle and Hennepin, and which contained thousands of
Indians, exhibits far less surface indications in the way of
arrow-points and flint chips than any of the large prehistoric
sites in Ohio. Before the American Association for the
Advancement of Science at the Brooklyn meeting in 1894,
I read a paper entitled, ‘An Inspection of Modern Indian
Village Sitesin Ohio”. Two paragraphs are reprinted as
follows : —

“Taking Cornstalk town by way of example, the amount
of goods distributed by the English in one year amounted
to more than $50,000. The town contained (1730 to 1780)
more than one thousand persons, and the population was
constanly ranging above or below that number as war
parties left and councils, assemblies, etc., called in sur-
rounding tribes. It is not necessary for me to enlarge
upon the number of iron, copper, silver and lead objects
which must have been lost, traded, carried away or buried.
It is only important that I should call attention to the
singular fact that so few modern implements should be
found upon town sites where a population is known to
have existed for more than seventy-five years.

149

“The prehistoric sites furnish pottery, stone, bone and
shell relics very like those found upon the modern sites.
We must, therefore, conclude that the quantities of such
material found upon historic sites indicate that the intro-
duction of more serviceable utensils, weapons and orna-
ments did not displace the old and more primitive forms,
but that both were in common use; or, that the ancient
forms and the rough pottery sherds and rude stone relics
marked the site of towns which existed before the advent
of the traders; or, lastly, that the use of native material
was not abandoned for the newer utensils. In any event,
we must accept the proposition that nearly all of the relics
left by the traders have either disappeared or resolved
themselves into dust as a consequence of the action of the
elements, or were so well cared for as to be taken away by
the tribe on their removal from the locality. The finding
of an occasionally rusty knife blade, pieces of iron and gun
lock would indicate that the latter contention is not es-
tablished.”

No observer who has spent time in fieldwork will deny
that the prehistoric sites furnish much more evidence of
occupancy and activity than the modern.

The writer is convinced that Professor Mills’ explorations
in the “ high-culture ” groups of the lower Scioto, and his
own diggings at Hopewell and elsewhere indicate that
Squier and Davis were not so wrong in their conclusions as
has been claimed by writers who have never seen a “ high-
culture’ group explored.

Again, the enclosures at Fort Hill, Glenford, Spruce Hill
and similar places are more nearly like Fort Ancient in
conception than the valley works. Later detailed explora-
tion may indicate that the hill forts were not of the culture
of the geometric works in the river valleys and that the Fort
Ancient people were concerned in their construction. This
is, of course, conjectural but by no means are all the indica-
tions against such a theory. We have but begun the right
study of the “Problem of the Ohio Mounds”. It is not a
problem of variation of a few feet in the accuracy of a
square or circle as given by Squier and Davis. ‘The plow

150

will account for such discrepancies. Neither is it a prob-
lem of “high civilization ” —which nobody of intelligence
believes at the present time. But it is a problem neverthe-
less and it will be years in working out, for it deals with
details and observations such as must be made in the field.

Fort Ancient’s builders appear, from all available data, to
have occupied a territory seventy miles north and south,
eighty miles east and west. The Great Miami valley pre-
sents Fort Ancient culture — it is not of the Scioto. We
may surmise that they were hostile to Hopewell or kindred
peoples. That there was much difference in the age of the
Scioto and the Miami works, I doubt, although it is possible
that Fort Ancient is older. Extensive explorations in, and
a study of the pottery and implements found in the ditches
leading north and south from the mounds just east of the
New Fort, may shed light on the problem. If no Madison-
ville type of pottery is found in these ditches, we may con-
clude that the people of the valley villages were like Madi-
sonville natives in art, but the dwellers in the Fort be-
longed to a different tribe. The ditches are a part of Fort
Ancient and were open, of course, at the time the Fort was
occupied. Therefore I hold that what is taken from them,
and also from the village in the north end of the South
Fort —in the woods, where original conditions have been
preserved — may furnish significant testimony. It has been
intimated in my previous articles on Fort Ancient that the
excavations on the hill should be more thorough — particu-
larly at the points named. Much repetition of facts will
naturally result, but of more consequence will be the data
relating to the art of Fort Ancient’s builders. The ditches
will be more reliable on this score than the surface village-
sites.

Fort Ancient is a wonderful place. It is far more im-
pressive than the Serpent Mound and_ stands foremost
among the prehistoric monuments of America. It is well
that the State of Ohio has vouchsafed to future generations
its preservation.

The amount of labor expended upon Fort Ancient by its
builders is an indication of its importance and, perhaps,

151

may aid us in determining the time occupied in building
the embankments. Dr. Thomas has begrudged the poor
natives less earth than they made actual use of, and other
observers have placed the amount of material at an absurd-
ly high figure. Those who have stated the amount in
figures have spent little time at the Fort in study, and it is
quite natural that certain significant facts should escape
their eyes.

Much of the earth from the embankments washed into
the moats —earth naturally seeking the lowest level. And
ovhere moats did not occur, the inside of the Fort being
lower, rains swept the earth down upon the general level.
In estimating the amount of earth used, the depth of the
ditches must be added to the height of the fort walls.

No one has appreciated the amount of stone made use of by
the builders, for fully one-third of Fort Ancient is stone.
This stone could not have all come from the space en-
closed, or from the ravines adjacent. Much of it must
have been carried from the Little Miami River half a mile
distant, and up a long, steep slope.

I wish to assert that a study of the stone in and about
Fort Ancient reveals to one that there was almost as much
labor expended in digging it out and carrying it up to the
enclosure above as in moving the immense number of
baskets of earth comprising the main walls. Indians did
not quarry stone in the sense that we do, but they certainly
understood breaking it after a primitive fashion. As they
found many of the slabs too large to be carried, they broke
them. Rude stone hammers and levers were necessary to
detach projecting and more or less loose stones in the clay
banks — for in the ravine beds they could not find sufficient
material. In addition to the stone, glacial clay — which
must have been quite difficult for the natives to dig up,
considering their lack of tools — was also used extensively.
The terraces required much excavating. All this labor
required the presence of one or two thousand natives (at
least) for a generation. .

152

NOTES ON SURVEY OF FORT ANCIENT.

In order to render unnecessary a re-survey of Fort Ancient, the author inserts the plates
of the original survey notes, as compiled from Mr. Cowen’s data and Transit Book.

The initial point is on top of the first embankment of the eastern wall,
on the south side of the Lebanon and Chillicothe turnpike; the angles be-
ing turned off to the right.

STaTiIons.| BEARING. Disr.
Oto Ts 9.30 EH} 78.6 End * of first wall.
2/S 6.20 EH} 41 Center of first opening, or “gateway.”
3 | RR 12.08 37 Top of second wall. The bearings to
Sta. 2 were taken with the needle; the
succeeding ones were read by means
of a vernier.
4) R_ 25.51 116.6 End of second wall.
: 5 | R 27.08 32.5 | Center of second opening.
4to 6} R 43.05 381 Top of third wall.
7) R 45.25 156.5 End of third wall.
8 |} R 44.25 36 Center of third opening.
9} R 44.10 26 Top of fourth wall.
10 | R_ 387.00 101.5 End of fourth wall.

10to 11 | KR 21.08 31.8 Center of fourth opening.
12 | R= 21.08 18.6 Top of fifth wall.

13 | R- 18.05 67 On fifth wall.

14 R13 .20 44.8 On fifth wall.
14to 15} R 4.00 38 On fifth wall.

165ER 27210 62 On fifth wall; outcurve.
IGtoV17 | 2h) 333.15 33 On fifth wall.
Letom ome tvemeo Leto 24 End of fifth wall.

19 | R_ 35.48 26.6 Center of fifth opening.
20 | R- 51.80 22.6 Top of sixth wall.

21 | R_ 63.85 37.4 Hind of sixth wall, at edge of ravine.
22 | R- 68.00 83 Bottom of ravine
2 oman O10 23 Top of seventh wall.
24) R= 14.08 38 On seventh wall.
24to 25 | L 26.10 85.6 On seventh wall.
26 | L 16.00 21 On seventh wall.
2 L 5.86 20.7 End of seventh wall.
28 | R- 2.40 16.6 Center of seventh opening.

29 | R_ 9.00 15.8 Top of eighth wall, and beginning of
regular curve.

*“Knd” of wall, means the end of the top portion farthest from the transit ;
. while ‘‘top’’ means that nearest the transit.
The measurements, unless otherwise specified, are always from the next pre-
ceding station.

154

FORT ANCIENT.

STATIONS.| BEARING. Dist.
DOs OM OOM mEaeoD 52
TB elk 3x B48) 31.6
BPA il lie ZORNU) 34.4
83 | R 49.30 81.8
+17
34 | R- 68.40 31
Bb ik 1820 55.6
36 | R- 85.10 29
37 % 82.380 46
DilaLOmoon| sluer2os05 53
39 | R- 21.00 85.3
89 to 40] R_ 75.35 45.8
41°) R- 86.15 TD
AOA Ne AR 3.00 16.5
438 | R- 98.20 14.5
44 | R 118.00 38
45 | R 188.50 72.8
45 to 46 {| R 111.00 78
ATM OueoO 102
WS gay shel ahs = UE) 153
49 | R_ 15.50 15
50} R- 20.15 16.5
51 aoe lo. 52.2
52°) KR 89.16 20.9
bo | elheolnle 23.8
68 to 64] L 6.50 45.1
BD oe oO) 17
66 1 BR 28:20 15.3
571 BR 60.38 SYIAT
BS Oelip Sine
59 | RR 46.40 48
60 & ~=©48.00 15.6
61 Ve ee 16.6
62 — «66815 67
63 7b. 00) 41.9
64 ee OY 21.1
65 % 69.30 29.8
66 | R 64.45 96
66 to 67 | R 6800 16.2
68 | Kk 78.50 15.5
69 % 101.40 31.9
70 % 102.00 19.3
(al 2 §©=©93.05 24.9
ie Ne Loo 34.3
73 ye ebro 78.6
74 1, Aka: 36
Toe | RK 38-15 45
76 % 88:42 Jp
1G 00> 1c te eral | 96
TS loos 50.3

On eighth wall.

Knd of eighth wall.
Center of eighth opening.
Top of ninth wall.

End of ninth wall.

Middle of ravine.

Top of tenth wall.

On tenth wall; beginning of curve.

On tenth wall.

End of tenth wall.

Center of tenth opening.

Top of eleventh wall.

On eleventh wall.

Top of deep ravine.

Bottom of deep ravine.

Top of twelfth wall. On both sides of
this ravine [from’ 45 and 47 to 46],
the wall extends down the slope to
the bottom, in a straight line, as if it
had at one time been continuous
across.

End of twelfth wall.

Center of twelfth opening.

Top of thirteenth wall.

On thirteenth wall.

On thirteenth wall; incurve.

End of thirteenth wall.

Center of thirteenth opening.

Top of fourteenth wall.

On fourteenth wall; outcurve.

On fourteenth wall; ouleurve.

End of fourteenth wall; outcurve.

Center of fourteenth opening.

Top of fifteenth wall.

On fifteenth wall.

On fifteenth wall; incurve.

End of fifteenth wall.

Center of fifteenth opening.

Top of sixteenth wall.

On sixteenth wall.

On sixteenth wall; ineurve.

On sixteenth wall; incurve.

End of sixteenth wall, at top of ravine.

Top of seventeenth wall, on opposite
side of ravine, at top of slope.

' On seventeenth wall.

7 NOTES ON SURVEY. 155
STATIONS.| BEARING. Dist.
KEntOme (On| iv 19:20 68.4 . | End of seventeenth wall, on top; out-
curve.
80 | R 238.04 22.6 | End of seventeenth wall, at bottom.
8L |} RK 37.48 64.1* | First. end of eighteenth wall, at inside
part.
82 | R 32.05 25.6 First end of eighteenth wall, at inside
part, on top.
83 | R 28.25 20.8 Second end of eighteenth wall, on top,
on regular line of wall.
83 to 80x 24.3 Measured back in a direct line toward
Sta. 80, and distant from that station
33.57 feet. From Sta. 80 to Sta. 80x,
is the seventeenth opening. Stas. 81
and 82 are at the end (on bottom and
top, respectively) of aspur, which goes
in toward center of fort from Sta, 83.
84) R 2.50 64.1 End of eighteenth wall.
85 | R 19.25 26.8 Center of eighteenth opening.
86 | R 26.25 14.5 Top of nineteenth wall.
87 | RK 42.25 56 End of nineteenth wall, on top, at edge
of ravine.
88 | Rh 51.05 20 End of nineteenth wall, at opening 19,
bottom of ravine.
89 | KR 51.07 24 Top of twentieth wall, on opposite side
of ravine, the wall running up on the
slope from the bottom.
90} R 47.80 39 On twentieth wall.
91} KR 50.380 97.1 End of twentieth wall, on top.
92 | hk 53.45 30.4 Center of twentieth opening.
93 | R 53.15 23.2 Top of twenty-first wall.
94); R 49.20 40.7 | End of twenty-first wall.
+17 Center of twenty-first opening.
94 to 95 | KR 6.00 34.2 Top of twenty-second wall.
96 | R 4.20 37.8 On twenty-second wall.
97 | R 2015 56.3 On twenty-second wall; outcurve.
98 | R- 31.25 54.1 On twenty-second wall; outcurve.
99; KR 34.45 54.8 End of twenty-second wall, on top.

100 | R- 35.85 18 End of twenty-second wall, at bottom;
also, end of the east wall of the “new”
or northern portion of the fort.

100 to 101 | R 46.45 103 To bottom of so-called “mound;’ the
initial point of the east wall of the
“old” or southern portion of the fort.
Only the natural surface exists from
Sta. 100 to Sta. 101, there being no
indication of artificial deposits. This
is not a‘ mound” at all, but only a
heavier wall than those near it.

102} Re 33.10 35.5 Top of twenty-third wall [ mound”).

103 | KR 80.15 18.5 Highest point of twenty-third wall.

108 to 104 | L 24.00 48.3 End, on top, of twenty-third wall; in-
curve,
\ * This measure to be used only as a check in drafting, and not to be added in ob-

taining length of fort wall.

+This measure to be added,

156

FORT ANCIENT.

STATIONS.

105
106
107
108
109
110
my
DI eton eZ
1138
114
114 to 115
116
ilaliy/
118
119
120

121
121 to 122
123
123 to 124
125
126
sy

128
126 to 129

130
131
By
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
148 to 144
145
146
147
146 to 148
149
150
151

BEARING.
L387.05
L 60.45
L 89.15
L 96.06
L 95.80

98.40
L 100.40
L 865.20
i 75:25
L 69.82
L 30.45
L 26.50
ee 2oe24
L 19.30
Ti ee
L 8.00
R 2.00
R 659.55
R 75.45
R 88.15
R 75.46
R_ 66.40
R 19.55
R 14.80
L 4.45
R 1.40
Reee2s.20)
R. 38.85
R 49.15
R 652.25

% 64.48
R 66.45
RR 62.00
R_ 60.50
R_ 62.80
R_ 65.30
R_ 65.40
R 61.55
R_ 41.30
R 9.45
L 10.40
L 14.80
L 49.380
L 35.51
L 34.45
L 15.10

15.2
19.5
65.4
43.4
33

43.2
45.9
32.8
38.8
18

15.8
27.8
29.4
38.2
41.9
54.4
60.2
dl.1
68.7
61.8
30

Center of twenty-third opening.

Top of twenty-fourth wall.

On twenty-fourth wall.

End of twenty-fourth wall; outcurve.

Center of twenty-fourth opening.

Top of twenty-tifth wall.

On twenty-fifth wall.

On twenty-fifth wall; outcurve.

End of twenty-fifth wall.

Center of twenty-fifth opening.

Top of twenty-sixth wall.

On twenty-sixth wail.

End of twenty-sixth wall, at ravine.

End of twenty-seventh wall, at ravine,
on opposite side.

On twenty-seventh wall.

On twenty-seventh wall; outcurve.

On twenty-seventh wall.

On twenty-seventh wall; incurve.

End of twenty-seventh wall, at edge of
ravine.

Top of twenty-eighth wall, at opposite
edge of ravine.

End of twenty-eighth wall. The bear-
ing could not be obtained, but Sta.
129 is on a line between Stas. 128
and 130.

Center of twenty-eighth opening.

Top of twenty-ninth wall.

On twenty-ninth wall.

On twenty-ninth wall; incurve.

On twenty-ninth wall.

On twenty-ninth wall; incurve.

On twenty-ninth wall.

On twenty-ninth wall; incurve.

End of twenty-ninth wall.

Center of twenty-ninth opening.

Top of thirtieth wall.

On thirtieth wall.

On thirtieth wall; incurve.

On thirtieth wall.

On thirtieth wall; incurve,

End of thirtieth wall, on top; outcurve.

End of thirtieth wall, at bottom.

Beginning (at bottom) of thirty-first |
wall, on edge of ravine, opposite Sta.
149,

NOTES ON SURVEY. 157
StTaTions.| Brarina. | Dist

152 | L 12.40 45.8* | End of spur, on edge of ravine, below
Sta. 153.

153 | L 10.30 52.8 Top of thirty-first wall, above end at
Sta. 151, 13.5 * feet from latter.

154} RR 28.15 87 On thirty-first wall.

155 | R 48.15 49.8 End of thirty-first wall, on top.

156 | RR 59.45 48 End of thirty-first wall, at bottom of
ravine,

157 | R- 53.54 49.3 Top of thirty-second wal.

158 | R- 48.06 29.9 On thirty-second wall.

159 | R 40.50 35.5 On thirty-second wall.

160) | =R 33.50 43.2 On thirty-second wall; outcurve.

160 to 161 | R 28.05 54.2 On thirty-second wall; outcurve.

162 | R 41.45 43.2 On thirty-second wall; outcurve.

168 | R- 59.25 53.7 End of thirty-second wall, on top; out-
curve.

164 | R- 61.05 49 End of thirty-second wall, at bottom of
ravine,

165) Ro 49.15 56.5 Top of thirty-third wall.

166 | R 43.45 30.2 On thirty-third wall.

166 tu 167 | L 28.80 33 On thirty-third wall; incurve.

168 | L 41.30 29 On thirty-third wall; incurve.

169 | L 36.15 33.4 End of thirty-third wall, on top.

169x} L 36.15 49.2 End of thirty-third wall, at bottom.

Wed Oa) yi ) 15.2 Center of thirty-third opening.

171 | Le 16.80 18.5 Top of thirty-fourth wall.

172 | R 12.45 49 On thirty-fourth wall.

178} R 62.20 63.4 End of thirty-fourth wall, on top.

WAN RR 973522 46 End of thirty-fourth wall, at bottom.

175 | Re 75.50 44.9 Center of thirty-fourth opening.

176 | R 66.30 41.3 Top of thirty-fifth wall.

ITT. | Re 62.25 78 On thirty-fifth wall.

177 40: 178") EL 22,20 76 On thirty-fifth wall.

Tigi by ala as 66.5 On thirty-fifth wall; incurve.

180 | KR 1.85 57.4 On thirty-fifth wall; incurve.

181 | R 242 20.7 End of thirty-fifth wall.

1829 Ro 2:15 15.4 Center of thirty-fifth opening.

188°" R 2.00 17.3 Top of thirty-sixth wall.

184) R- 2.15 55 On thirty-sixth wall.

185 | R 6.45 43.5 End of thirty-sixth wall.

183 to 186 | R 26.00 17.1 Center of thirty-sixth opening, south-
east corner of fort.

187 | R_ 50.00 56.7 Top of thirty-seventh wall, south-east
corner; the so-called “mound;” out-
curve,

188 | R_ 62.38 33.6 Center of thirty-seventh opening; out-
curve.

189 | R 75.45 34.4 Top of thirty-eighth wall; second
“mound.”

LOOM lta 92.05 50.4 Bottom of second “mound,” which is

—

only a higher portion of thirty-eighth
wall, and, like those at entrance, not
a “mound” at all.

* Check measure, not to be added in.

158

FORT ANCIENT.

Srations.| BEARING. Dist
190 to 191*| L 29.45 74.3
192° | 43-4045 76.7
193) 45, 43:25 58
194 | L 438.15 15.8
195 |.L 44.00 22.1
195 to 196 | L 82.15 70.5
iMewe Ie Darras, 70.5
198 | L 22.380 66.7
199 | L 22.30 52
200) L °25.25 64.3
S01 aias *22c15 20
902 4|sIa- -20,10 22.8
203 | L 138.40 41.1
204 | L 8.10 34.6
DO hala ieee 85.7
206 | R- 200 29.3
207 | R 4.05 40
208 | RR 4.00 84.4
209 | R 5.165 34.8
209 to 210 | L 16.00 91
911 | L 34.50 46
DIO liao”) 17
O19 to Zsa wes ake 47
914 | L 107.14 S2)3
215 | L 106.45 42.1
215 to 216 | L 69.85 16.2
OW ela Vara) 19.1
218 | L_ 88.00 58.1
218 to 219 | L 67.15 48.8
220 | L 84.80 33.2
291 | 128.45 90.0
Ito 222 le Lueeloted © §4.2
993 | ne b2Oc0 55
924 | L 124.15 16.4
225 | L 120.00 11.8
996 i) 95.26 84
9907 ei 84.380 48
228 | L 74.80 61
990" i G20: 77.8
230 | L 55.80 82.6
23T | L 54.00 18.2
DBF els "2.20 26.8
28seh an eaialO 54.4
2384 | lL 40.45 73
235 \ lL. 30:00 111.8
235 to 286 | R 34.25 58
93 at. sop sep 28

End of thirty-eighth wall, bottom of ra-
vine.

Top of thirty-ninth wall, top of ravine.

End of thirty-ninth wall, on top.

Center of thirty-ninth opening.

Top of fortieth wall.

On fortieth wall; outcurve.

On fortieth wall; incurve.

End of fortieth wall.

Center of fortieth opening.

Top of forty-first wall.

On forty-tirst wall; outcurve.

On forty-first wall; outcurve.

On forty-first wall; incurve.

On forty-first wall.

End of forty-first wall, on top of deep
ravine at south side of fort.

End of forty-first wall, in bottom of
deep ravine.

Between bottom and top of slope, on
forty-second wall.

Top of forty-second wall, above ravine.

On forty-second wall; incurve.

On forty-second wall.

End of forty-second wall; outcurve.

Center of forty-second opening.

Top of forty-third wall.

On forty-third wall.

End of forty-third wall, at bottom of
ravine; incurve.

Top of forty-fourth wall, above ravine.

On forty-fourth wall.

End of forty-fourth wall.

Center of forty-fourth opening.

Top of forty-fifth wall.

End of forty-filth wall, bottom of ravine.

Top of forty-sixth wall, top of ravine.

On forty-sixth wall.

End of forty-sixth wall.

Center of forty-sixth opening.

Top of forty-seventh wall.

On forty-seventh wall; outcurve.

End of forty-seventh wall, edge of ra-
vine.

End of forty-seventh wall, bottom of ra-
vine,

Top of forty-eighth wall.

* The reading of the needle was reversed at this station to avoid large angles.

NOTES ON SURVEY.

Srarions.| Bearing. | Dist
238 | R 36.30 53 End of forty-eighth wall, on top.
239 | R_ 37.10 40.8 Center of forty-eighth opening.
240 | R_ 38.00 63 Top of forty-ninth wall. There is a
gradual slope to this station from Stu
239, and an abrupt one from this is
the next [241].
241 | R 38.30 18 Center of forty-ninth opening.
242 | R- 38.25 25.8 Top of fiftieth wall.
242 to 243 | R 32.55 149.5 On fiftieth wall.
244 | R- 35.00 47 On fiftieth wall.
245 | KR - 38.50 64.2 On fiftieth wall.
246 | R 42.00 35.3 Knd of fiftieth wall, on top.

246 to 247 | R- 62.45 66 Knd of fiftieth wall, at bottom, at the
north-west corner of “old fort,” over-
looking the Miami valley.

248 | R- 86.45 LAGI Middle of a shallow depression, over the
angle at corner of fort, leading, by a
gradual slope, down to the river.

249 | R 97.15 15 Top point of fifty-first wall, which
unites here with the fiftieth wall, tu
form the point or angle [Sta. 248].

250 | R_ 150.30 61.2 Middle of depression in fifty-first wall,
where it has crossed a ravine near its
head. The hole thus left above has
filled up with muck.

251 | R 163.30 71.5 On fifty-first wall; ineurve.

252 | R 160.30 94.5 On fifty-first wall.

2&2 to 253 | R 112.15 54.3 End of fifty-first wall.

254 | R 107.20 13.8 Center of fifty-first opening.

255 | Ro 94.45 18.7 Top of fifty-second wall.

255 te 256 | R 71.15 Milatl On fifty-second wall.

257 | R_ 73.30 21 End of fifty-second wall, on top.

258 | R 87.50 48 Center of fifty-second opening; out-
curve.

259 |} R- 85.20 YAIEZ Top of fifty-third wall.

260 | RK 88.05 45 On fifty-third wall; eutcurve.

261 | KR 95.00 82.5 On fifty-third wall; outcurve.

262 | R 104.45 80.7 On fifty-third wall.

263 | R 105.30 34.6 On fifty-third wall; sharp incurve,

264 | R_ 71.30 37.9 On fifty-third wall; incurve.

265 | R 55.20 48 On fifty-third wall; incurve.

265 to 266 | R 30.15 48.8 End of fifty-third wall, on top, incurve

266 to 266x| R 30.15 24.5 kind of fifty-third wall, at bottom,

265 to 267 | R- 37.20 14.6 [Measured from Sta. 266.] Center ot
fifty-third opening.

268 | R 44.40 oN Top of fifty-tourth wall.

269 | R_ 61.00 19.3 On fifty-fourth wall.

270 | KR 106.10 67.2 On fifty-fourth wall; incurve.

Zine keels LO 32.9 On fifty-fourth wall; incurve.

ata! Av el 18,12 45.6 On fifty-fourth wall; incurve.

273 | Wt 110.40 26.1 On fifty-fourth wall; incurve.

2:4] R 104.20 rH | On fifty-fourth wall; incurve.

274 to 215 | KR 34.00 35.5 On fifty-fourth wall; outcurve.

2/6 | Ko 69.45 38.2 On fifty-fourth wall; outcurve.

277 | RK 81.45 45.3 End of fifty-fourth wall; incurve.

278 | K 82.30 18.9 Center of fiity-fourth opening,

This is what is
usually given as a “mound,” at the

Center of fifty-sixth opening, the en-
[Measured from Sta. 286.] On twenty-

vine between fifty-sixth wall, the last
of the old fort, and fitty-seventh wall,
the first (on the west) of the new fort
There is no
indication of artificial work between

to bottom of wall; thence, in same
Beginning of fifty-seventh wall, on op-

The wall has
caved back to some extent from the

Across isthmus, to last wall of new fort,

overlooking valley; very sharp turn

pression where wall has been built
across head of a ravine, which has

160 FORT ANCIENT.
Srations.| BEARING. Dist.
279 | R_ 83.00 14.2 Top of fifty-fifth wall.
280 | R- 88.35 50.4 On fifty-fifth wall; incurve.
281 | KR 77.55 47.6 On fifty-fifth wall; incurve,
282° R_ 69.50 44.7 On fifty-fifth wall; incurve.
282 to 283 | R- 6.10 1B e's End of fitty-fifth wall.
284 ' R= 10.45 17 Center of fifty-fifth opening.
285 , R- 20.30 30 Top of fifty-sixth wall.
west of the entrance to “old fort ”
286 | R 384.30 48.8 End of wall fifty-six, on top, next te
road at entrance.
286 to 287 | R 102.45 28*
trance to old fort.
288 | R_ 63.80 20.8 Bottom of fifty-sixth wall.
102 | R 98.80 54.2*
third wall.
289 | R- 8.45 65.6 [Measured from Sta. 288.] Top of ra-
(going from the south).
fifty-sixth wall and the ravine.
{Measured from Sta. 286, it is 34.9 feet
line, 44.2 feet to Sta. 289.]
290 | R- 8,45 99.4
posite side of ravine.
washing out of the ravine.
2a lve e225 40 On fifty-seventh wall.
290 to 99 | R 122.00 128*
on the east.
291 to 292 | R- 31.45 78.4 On fifty-seventh wall.
293 | R 26.00 57.6 On fifty-seventh wall; slight incurve.
294 | R 20.10 34.6 On fifty-seventh wall; incurve.
295 | R= 11.45 26.6 On fifty-seventh wall; sharp incurve.
296; R 38.15 26.2 On fifty-seventh wall; slight outcurve.
297 | L 8.05 37.1 On fifty-seventh wall; slight outcurve.
298 | L 19:15 50 On fifty-seventh wall; incarve.
298 to 299 | L 55.30 24 Highest point on fifty-seventh wall,
in wall.
300 | L 31.45 14.7 End of fifty-seventh wall.
301 | L 3.00 20.7 Center of fifty-seventh opening.
302 | R_ 14.10 17.9 Top of fifty-eighth wall.
303 | R 388.15 56.5 On fifty-eighth wall.
304 | R 46.00 56.9 On fifty-eighth wall; incurve.
305 | R 46.15 63.9 On fifty-eighth wall; incurve.
306 | R 47.15 159.8 On fifty-eighth wall.
307 | R 46.46 31.6 On fifty-eighth wall, at middle of a de.
filled in level above.

* Check measure, not to be added in.

ON SURVEY. : 161

NOTES
SraTions.| Brarrna. Dist
308 | R 46.10 Tle? End of fiftv-cighth wall.
3809 | KR 47.29 25.1 Center of fifty-eighth opening.
310 | R 47.45 16.8 Top ot fifty-ninth wall.
311) KR 48.10 48.7 On fifty-ninth wall; incurve.
311 to312 | R 26.25 Sicd On fifty-ninth wall; incurve.
313 | Ro 338.15 57.6 On fifty ninth wall; incurve.
814 | R 35.25 36.8 On fifty-ninth wall; incurve, and middle
of depression.
315 | R 32.00 54.4 End of fifty-ninth wall, incurve.
316 | R 3100 15.1 Center of fifty-ninth opening.
317 | R 30.50 21.9 Top of sixtieth wall; outcurve.
318) Ro 33.45 42.7 On sixtieth wall.
319 | % 36.30 104.2 On sixtieth wall.
38-0 | R_ 36.00 49.5 On sixtieth wall; incurve above ra-
vine.

320 to 321 | L_ 5.00 50 End of sixtieth wall, at bottom of ra-
vine; sharp incurve.

822 | Iu. 15.15 43 Top of sixty-first wall, above ravine.

323 | I. 18.45 505 End of sixty-first wall.

324 |} lL 18.45 12 Center of sixty-first opening.

325 | Ji 18.20 17.8 Top of sixty-second wall.

826} L 14.15 44.8 On sixty-second wall: outcurve.

BZ 22:00 59 End of sixty-second wall.

3828 | L 9.45 16.7 Center of sixty-second opening.

S29 ane. 45 16 Top of sixty-third wall.

330! L 5.10 20.4 End of sixty-third wall, at top of ra.
vine.

330 to 8381) Ko 12.45 50 End of sixty-third wall, on slope of ra-
vine. Wall seems to have been built
across the ravine, and been washed
out, the wall on opposite side deflect-
ing the water against this wall. fhe
slope is very steep on both sides.

332 | R 3.00 34 Bottom of ravine; beginning of sixty-
fourth wall.

333 0 74. Top of sixty-lourth wall, at top of ra-
vine.

334 | lL 7.50 24.2 On sixty-fourth wall; sharp incurve.

335 | Lo 24.15 47.5 On sixty-fourth wall.

386 | I 40.00 59.8 Knd of sixty-fourth wall; outcurve.

3387 | L 41.10 16.2 Center of sixty-fourth opening.

338 | L 40.15 16.4 Top of sixty-fifth wall.

338 to 339 0 81.4 Knd of sixty-fifth wall, at bottom of
ravine.

840 | Li 21.15 43.8 Top of sixty-sixth wall, top of ravine;

incurve,

841 | L 35.00 40 Kind of sixty-sixth wall; incurve.

342 | L 35.10 10.4 Center of sixty-sixth opening,

342x| Lo 61.45 37.9 Bottom of sixty-sixth and sixty-seventh
walls, which run out nearly parallel
at their ends, with a slight depression
as an opening, and unite in a rounded
wall at the bottom,

343 | L 34.05 15.2 [ Measured from Sta, 842.] Top of sixty-

seventh wall,

162 FORT ANCIENT.

STATIONS. | BEARING. Dist.
344 | L 12.35 71.9 End of sixty-seventh wall.
345 | L 8.35 20 Center of sixty-seventh opening.
346 | L 6.00 24 Top of sixth-eighth wall.
847 | L 6.20 51.5 On sixty-eighth wall; slight outcurve.
847 to 848 | R 27.80 62.5 End ot sixty-eighth wall,
349 | R 29.50 19 | Center of sixty-eighth opening.
350 | RK 81.80 31,2 Top of sixty-ninth wall.
890 to 851 | Ro 46.15 62.8 End of sixty-ninth wall, at top of deep
ravine.
351 to 852 | R 22.40 53 End of sixty-ninth wall, on slope of
deep ravine.
808 | Ro 13.45 90 Beginning of seventieth wall, on slope

of deep ravine.
353 to 354 | R38

5 44.8 On seventieth wall, on slope of deep
ravine; incurve.

855 | R 8.30 64 On seventieth wall, at top of deep ra-

right angle.

855 to 856 | LL 71.45 07.6 On seventieth wall; slight outcurve.
357 | Li 78.15 115 Kind of seventieth wall; slight outcurve;
edge of ravine.
808 | Le 69.25 56.8 Top of seventy-first wall, on edge of
washout.
359 | is 53.00 74 End of seventy-first wall.
860 | I 49.05 19 Center of seventy-first opening,
861 | lL 44.10 23.5 Top of seventy-second wall.
862 | L 35,50 49.5 On seventy-second wall.
363 | Le 26.25 85.6 End of seventy-second wall, above pike.
3864 | L 21.20 518 Top of seventy-third wall, above pike,
on north side.
865 | L 21.80 35.7 On seventy-third wall; sharp outcurve.
365 to 866 9 Re 20.85 41.7 ind of seventy-third wall; sharp out-
curve,
67 | R 2945. |] 27.5 Center of seventy-third opening; sharp
outcurve,
368 | R 41.45 22 Top of seventy-fourth wall; sharp out-
curve.
358 to * R 3.45 115.5* | Back sight to a point at the bottom of
| inside slope of seventy-third
| where pike has cut off the end.
69 | KR 114.85 53.4 On seventy fourth wall.
3870 | R 118.00 68.2 On seventy-fourth wall,
ails ak WN .80 567 Kind of seventy-lourth wall; incurve,
871 to 372 | Kk 78.25 41 Middle of seventy-fourth opening [ra-
vine].
373 | Ro 67.40 43 Top of seventy-fifth wall.
o74 v 68.80 8.9 Center of seventy-fifth opening.
875 | R 72.15 21.7 Top of seventy-sixth wall.
876 | Ro 76.25 83.9 On seventy-sixth wall.
376 to 877 | Re 88.15 28.2 ind of seventy-sixth wall, top of ravine.
878'| hi. 90.15 | 387 Kknd of seventy-sixth wall, slope of ra
| vine,
379 | R 86.45 | 81 | Top of seventy-seventh wall, slope of
ravine,

* Check measure, not to be added in.

vine; sharp incurve, making almost a

NOTES .ON SURVEY. 163

Stations.| Beara. Dist.
380 | RR 84.50 43.8 Top of seventy-seventh wall, top of
ravine; outcurve.
380 to 881 | R- 79.45 206 End of seventy-seventh wall.
881 to 3882 | R- 80.05 18 Center of seventy-seventh opening.
883 | R 75.35 23.8 Top of seventy-eighth wall.
3884 | R 80.15 132.2 On seventy-eighth wall.
384 to 885 | R- 85.50 70.3 End of seventy-eighth wall; outcurve.
380 | Ko 987.15 15.4 Center of seventy-eighth opening.
887 | R 84.05 22 Top of seventy-ninth wall.
888 | R_ 81.30 61 On seventy-ninth wall; slight outcurve,
389 | R 81.380 160.5 End of seventy-ninth wall; outcurve.
889 to 390 | R- 90.15 18.4 Center of seventy-ninth opening.
391 % 93.05 21.4 Top of eightieth wall.
892 | R 98.45 61.2 On eightieth wall.
393 | R 99.00 142 End of eightieth wall.
394 | R 99.05 22.6 Center of eightieth opening.
895 | R 99.00 37.8 Top of eighty-first wall.
395 to 396 | R 98.00 80.8 Kind of eighty-first wall.
89€ to 897 | R93 35 28 Center of eighty-first opening.
898 | R 94.15 28 Top of eighty-second wall.
398 to 399 | R- 87.55 47.8 On eighty-second wall; outeurve.
399 to 400 | R 98.00 25.8 On eighty-second wall, sharp outcurve.
401 | Ro 117.15 30.8 End of eighty-second wall; sharp out-
curve.
402 | T 130.15 29.9 Center of eighty-second opening.
402 to 403 | L 18.05 31 Top of eighty-third wall.
403 to 404 | LL 15.45 75.7 End of eighty-third wall.
405 | Ls 15.45 27.8 Center of eighty-third opening.
406 | L 14.05 28.4 Top of eighty-fourth wall.
406 to 407 | L 9.15 93 End of eighty-fourth wall, at pike.
0; LL 8.00 65 Point of beginning.

The total length of wall, on top, 18,712.2 feet; equal, in miles, approx-

imately, to 3; 33; 356; 831; 399;; 8139; or precisely 3359.

Nore —In stating the number of openings in the fortification, we
include the natural washes and breaks.
Of tne 84 openings, 9 are natural washouts, and 74 are designed en-

trances (gateways), or for purposes of defense.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FORT ANCIENT

Allen, Prehistoric World, 1885.

Association of American Geologists (Transactions) 1848. (Locke’s
Survey.)

Atwater, Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, Wor-
cester, 1820.

Brown, Prehistoric Terraces. Am. Antig. Vol. X, p. 167. (I88s).

Drake, Pictures of Cincinnati, 1815.
Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio, 1898.

MacLean, Mound Builders, 1879.

Moorehead, American Antiquarian, Vol. VIII. (1887.)

Fort Ancient, 129 pp., 87 plates and large map. . Rob’t Clarke
Co., Cincinnati, 1890.

Fort Ancient, A Description of. Vol. IV. Ohio State Archae-
ological and Historical Society Publications. Columbus,
1895. 16pp., 9 full-page illustrations, and folding map.

Primitive Man in Ohio. Chapters VII and VIII. G. P. Put-
nam’s Sons, New York, 1892.
Also several shorter articles in Reports and Magazines.

Ohio State Arch. and Hist. Soc’y Reports. Various articles by mem-
bers. 1890-1907.

Peet, American Antiquarian, April, 1878.
Portfolio, Philadelphia, 1809.
Scoville, Observations Concerning Fort Ancient, Lebanon, Ohio, 189-.

Randall, Hon. E. O. Masterpieces of the Ohio Mound Builders.
Columbus, 1908. pp. 72 to 126.

_Sheppard, Antiquities of Ohio, 1887.
Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley,

Washington, 1846.

Thomas, Science, Vol. VIII, Dec. 10, 1886. (Cinta)
Also a description in Handbook of American Indians, p. 469.
Washington, 1907.

Tichenor, A Guide to Fort Ancient. 54 pp. Dayton, O., 1906.
(This pamphlet we recommend to visitors. It can be pro-
cured from the author, 701 Conover Building, Dayton, Ohio,
or in the store at Fort Ancient railway station.)

164

INDEX

A Dorsey, G. A., 35

Age of Fort Ancient, 109-15, 123, 145 Drake, Mr., 164
Allen, Mr., 164

American Antiquarian, 60, 164
American Antiquarian Society, 42, 164
** Ancient Monuments of the Mississip-

E
Kast Fork, 37, 135, 139

pi Valley,” 164 Wy

Anderson, Clifford, 37 i Flint Ridge, 125, 146

Anderson, Harvey, 138 Fowke, G., 32, 35-6, 42, 117

Animal bones, 50, 87, 96, 98, 118

“ Antiquities of Ohio,” 164 G

“Antiquities of Tennesseee ’’, 106 Glacial action, 50-1

Arrowheads, 88, 94, 99 Graham, A. A., 32

Association of Am. Geologists, 164 Graves, 92, 94, 106, 109-15, 138

Atwater, Caleb, 42, 51, 81, 119, 164 xreat Gateway, 44, 58-9, 66, 74, 76, 81
B ‘Guide to Fort Ancient ”’, 42, 66, 164

Beads, 94 H

Bibliography on Fort Ancient, 164 ‘‘ Wand book of American Indians’’, 44,

Bone awls, 98 164

Boone, Daniel, 31 Harris, I., 127

Boyle, John, 140 Hisey, Mr., 60

Brown, Thomas J., 60, 164 Hopewell Group, 183, 140-46

: Hopkinsville Graves, 106
C Howe’s ‘' History of Ohio ’’, 42, 164

Caesar Creek, 60, 101, 110 Hughes, John, 87, 109, 125

Catlin, G. 147

Cedarville Cliffs, 141 ;

Celts, 86, 89, 91-2, 103 Isthmus, 44, 58-9, 74, 78

Ceremonials, 127, 129 K

Charcoal, 78, 82, 140-41 Kenton, Simon, 81

Cherokees, 149 ‘“* Kitchen Middens’’, 103

Clarke, Rob’t, 82, 35 Knivousas

Copper, 141, 148, 146

Cowen, C:, 32, 35-6, 42, 61, 152 L

Cowen, W., 41 Limestone slabs, 66, 81, 104, 146

Cowen’s Creek, 183 Little, George, 36

Crescent Gateway, 45, 58-9 Little Miami River, 32, 37, 47, 79, 152
> Locke’s Survey, 42, 164

Derby Company, 82 M

Discs, 99 MacLean, Mr., 164

Madisonville, 145-7
Mandans, 87, 147-8

165

Distances, 36, 72-3
Ditches, See Moats.

M R
‘Masterpieces of the Ohio Mound- Ralston, W. W.. 35
ih ae eases Randall, EK. O., 42, 44, 164
Mica, 88, 139, 146 Ridge, George, 51, 82, 88, 117,121, 125%
Middle Fort, 45 S
Mills, W. C., 37, 133 146, 150
Moats, 51, 53, 56, 69, 78, 82, 85, 117
Moorehead, W. K., 164
‘Mound Builder cement’, 81
“Mound Builders,’’ 164
Mounds, 87, 88-9, 110, 117-19, 135,

Scioto Valley, 133

Scoville, Mr., 164

Serpent Mound, 31, 413 115, 151
Shawano Indians, 31, 109, 127, 145-6
Shell objects, 94, 99, 108

144-5 Sheppard, Mr., 164
Munger, Jno., 36 Short, Prof., 31
Mussel shells, 98 Shumard, Richard, 136
N Skeletons, 86, 89, 92, 104, 110, 137-8,
New Fort, 41, 44, 47, 49, 65, "4, rae Smithsonian Institution, 35
79, 82, 129 South Fort cemetery, 86
North, Mr., 51 Spearheads, 94, 125
‘“North Americans of Antiquity’, 31 Squier and Davis, 42, 48, 119 150, 164
Notes on Survey, 153-63 — Stone heaps, 64, $2
O Strong, Mr., 35 ° "=
“Observations Concerning Fort An- a

cient,’’ 164

Ohio. Arch. and Hist. Soc’y, 82, 38, 41 Tablets, 185

44, 164 Terraces, 60-64, 83, 89 ss
Ohio State University, 35, 37, 12 Thomas, Prof. Cyrus, 44, 145 149, 152, 164
Old Chillicothe, 81, 109, 145 * Thruston, Gen. G. P., 106-7, 109
Old Fort, 44, 47, 59, 66, 74, 77, 79, Tichenor, W. C., 87, 42, 66, 164

86, 112, 127, 131 £ ' Todd’s Fork, 133
Old Town, 31 Trees, Age of, 55
Oregonia, 78, 109, 110, 148 Turner:Group, 146, 148
Oren, Hon. J., 37-8 .

Ornaments, 108, 127-32 5
Upper Missouri, 87
P

Parallel walls, 119 V
Parker, F. W., 85 ; Van Horne, Col., 41
Pavement, The, 121 ‘Village Sites, Gif, 101, 110 —
P.C. C. & St. L. R. R., 47 bid
Peabody Museum} 147 WwW
Ben eae Warren County, 47

nae gre ue ss ; : Waynesville, 127 143,
“Pictures of Cincinnati,’ 164 BE Oy oc
‘* Pockets ’’, 88 Wiss aga nal cen "
PMolio is 49, 10d Williams, Webster, 37, 76

Bein. World’s Columbian Exposition, 35, 99,
Pottery, 51, 82, 88-9, 91, 96, 98, 111, 148 109
‘‘Prehistoric Terraces,’’ 164 Wright, J. B., 38
“Prehistoric World,” 164
X

‘Primitive Man in Ohio ”’, 99, 164
Putnam, F. W., 35-7, 41, 109, 148 Xenia, 31, 109, 141

106

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