Plate 
 
 Ty. 
 
 V. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 A Distant View of Part of East wall of New Fort. 
 Camera outside of Embankment, 250 yards dis- 
 tant and looking West. 
 
 Map of Fort Ancient. (Survey of 1889). 
 
 Rear View of Portion of East wall of New Fort. 
 Camera outside of Fort, 100 yards distant, look- 
 ing West. 
 
 Part of Wall of New Fort. Camera outside of Kast 
 
 Wall, nearest, and looking South. 1000 feet of 
 Embankment shown. 
 
 View from inside of New Fort; Camera looking 
 East. Summer View of same Walls shown in 
 Plate IV. 
 
 Within the New Fort, West Side. Walls on the 
 edge of Hill overlooking the River. 
 
 Top of the Embankment near Station 12, looking 
 North. 
 
 Approach to Fort Ancient from the West. (From 
 the Railway.) 
 
 Great Gateway; looking South. A Recent View. 
 
 The Great Gateway as it Appeared in the Summer 
 of 1889. 
 
 A portion of Old Fort Walls, near the Great Gate- 
 way. Camera pointed Northeast. 
 
 Kast wall of Great Gateway; at the Highest Point. 
 Camera pointed West. The View is from the 
 Base upward. 
 
 A Corner of the Old Fort; west side. Camera 
 pointed Northwest. 
 
 Old Fort, near the Southwest Corner. 
 
 End of a Low Embankment, East side of Middle 
 Fort. Picture taken in 1889. (Station 86.) 
 
 Giant Embankments of Extreme Southern Part of 
 Old Fort. Camera 150 yards distant, looking 
 South. 
 
 View of Outside Slope of Embankment; West Side, 
 Old Fort. (Near Stations 286-7). Summer of 
 1889, 
 
 End of Embankment at Station 230, Old Fort. 1889 
 Summer View. 
 
 29 
 
 Page 
 
 26 
 
 34 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
XX. 
 >. Oa 
 XXII. 
 
 SX ITI- 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 EXEXS Vie 
 
 XX VI. 
 EXOXG VO UIE 
 
 XXVIII. 
 XXIX. 
 
 XXX. 
 XX XI. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 OQ IME 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 XOREK Vil. 
 
 XXX VII. 
 
 XXX VIII. 
 
 XX XIX. 
 »:@ FF 
 
 ols 
 
 m% 
 
 Giant Embankment at Entrance. Southern Part 
 of Old Fort. Near View, Camera pointing South- 
 west. 
 
 The Middle Fort (Isthmus), Looking West. 
 View of the Valley. 
 
 The Lowest Point in Fort Ancient’s Walls. Middle 
 Fort, West Side. (1889). 
 
 Washout in Wall, West Side of New Fort near Sta- 
 tion 868. Summer of 1889. 
 
 Cross Sections of the Embankments, taken where 
 Contrasts were Marked. 
 
 Bone Awis and Scrapers, from Ash-pits, Fort An- 
 cient. 
 
 Typical Musse] Shell Hoe; Village Site; Full size. 
 
 Fragments of Decorated Pottery, Lower Village 
 Site, Fort Ancient. 1-2 size. 
 
 Restored Fort Ancient Type of Pottery. 1-3 size. 
 
 View of the Two Mounds just outside the New 
 Fort. ‘The Parallel Walls Start Between These. 
 The Camera is pointed East; Mounds 250 feet 
 Distant. 
 
 Group of Graves from a Cemetery near the River. 
 
 A View of the Serpentine Embankment, New Fort. 
 
 A 20 ft. Scaffold was Built by Mr. Williams in 
 
 Order that this Pirturé might be Taken. 
 Decorated Pottery from the Village Sites. 
 
 Axe, Unfinished Pipe and Celts from Old Fort. 
 Surface Finds. 
 
 Problematical. Objects, Tubes and Ornaments. 
 Surface Finds. Old Fort and Middle Fort. 
 
 The ‘‘Owl Ornament’’; found in a Fort Ancient 
 Grave in 1882. Front View. Full size. 
 
 Rear of ‘‘Owl Ornament”. 
 
 Types of Spear-heads from Fort Ancient. © Phillips 
 Academy Collection. Size 1-4, 
 
 Types of Knives; Fort Ancient. Phillips Academy 
 Collection. Size 1-2. 
 
 Ground Plan of Stone Mound in Clermont County. 
 Cross Section of Mound on Mr. J. Boyle’s Farm. 
 
 Skeleton from Boyle’s Mound, and Depression in 
 which it lay. 
 
 30 
 
 93 
 
 95 
 97 
 
 100 
 
 102 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 106 
 
 114 
 
 139 
 
 142 
 
CHAPTER I 
 THE HISTORIC PERIOD AT FORT ANCIENT. 
 
 In preface to a detailed description of the various em- 
 bankments, mounds and camp sites, it is well to place on 
 record how Fort Ancient came to be preserved as a park by 
 the State of Ohio. For although most persons are aware 
 that the State has come into possession of several remark- 
 able earthworks of pre-Columbian times, the facts leading 
 up to such worthy action, may not be generally known. 
 
 Those of us who lived near the place had heard more or 
 less concerning it. Mr. North of Old Town—the site of 
 Old Chillicothe, three miles north of Xenia, in Greene 
 County—used to relate to interested boys stories of adven- 
 ture with Indians handed down from his father, who had 
 heard them from the lips of Simon Kenton, the friend of 
 Daniel Boone. One of these mentioned that Kenton—who 
 spoke Shawano well—said the Indians had no tradition of 
 the builders of Fort Ancient, but that they (the Shawanoes) 
 visited the place en route to the Ohio and did homage to 
 the spirits of its makers. 
 
 Xenia is twenty-two miles north of Fort Ancient, and in 
 the early eighties, after the publication of Professor Short’s 
 “North Americans of Antiquity”, there was much interest 
 manifested in the earthworks of the Little Miami Valley. 
 Picnic parties to Fort Ancient were organized every sum- 
 mer and as a boy in company with older persons, I occasion- 
 ally visited ‘the Fort”. In those days, as at present, Fort 
 Ancient was a favorite resort for such excursionists. Apro- 
 pos of this it is proper to state that in the early summer of 
 1891, 800 persons visited Fort Ancient in one day. This 
 was the occasion of the opening of some thirty stone graves, 
 and citizens from Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton and other 
 distant points were present. Local interest in Fort Ancient 
 exceeded that of the Serpent Mound, which was more diffi- 
 cult of access. The place had a fascination for me and I 
 spent many happy days thereabouts collecting specimens. 
 
 31 
 
In the summer of 1887 Mr. Clinton Cowen, C. E. spent u 
 week with me at Fort Ancient. We dug in the village site 
 along the banks of the Little Miami river. The next win- 
 ter (January 8, 1888) I wrote an article for the Ohio State 
 Journal, urging the preservation of Fort Ancient. This 
 article was copied extensively throughout the state, aroused 
 considerable interest, and numerous persons wrote me. Mr. 
 A. A. Graham, at that time Secretary of the Ohio State 
 Archaeological and Historical Society, asked me to call 
 upon him at Columbus and the next spring he and I visited 
 Fort Ancient. 
 
 Late in February, 1889, Mr. Gerard Fowke and myself 
 met in the State House at Columbus where we agreed upon 
 the survey and exploration of Fort Ancient. Mr. Alfred 
 Cowden, the principal owner of Fort Ancient at that time 
 living at Morrow, and Mr. and Mrs. Dunham and others of 
 Lebanon, heirs in the Fort Ancient estate, were visited by 
 us. Mr. Cowden and the other owners were quite willing 
 to cooperate with the proposed survey and gave us un- 
 limited leave to excavate, survey, map and photograph. 
 All specimens found were to be my property as the survey 
 and exploration were in the interest of no institution. 
 
 June 8th arrangements were made with Mr. Robert 
 
 Clarke, head of The Robert Clarke Company, Publishers at 
 Cincinnati, to issue the book “Fort Ancient” as soon as 
 the explorations were completed. This firm was founded 
 in 18.58, sueceeding the house of H. W. Derby & Co. The 
 “Derby Company was one of the earliest publishing houses 
 in the West. It and the Robert Clarke Company made a 
 specialty of history, science, biography, archaeology, ete. 
 Mr. Clarke’s private collection of first editions on America, 
 and library of early American history, now in the Univers- 
 ity of Cincinnati, is one of the finest.extant. Mr. Clarke 
 was more than a publisher; he knew much concerning arch- 
 aeological matters and was an authority on Ohio Valley 
 bibliography, He died in 1899, 
 
 He impressed on me the necessity of a thorough explor- 
 ation —that Fort Ancient was now a jungle and that we 
 would be compelled to expend a large sum of money in 
 
 32 
 
>, BUTYOOT “JuRysIp spied oor 410, Jo aprsno BIOMe) “WOT MON JO [TEM ISeY JO UoNJOg Jo MarA se9y 
 
 TI] ALVWId 
 
‘UMOYS” JUaTUyUeqIUS 
 
 JO a9} OOO! 
 
 ‘YINOS Suryooy pue Ysorva u ‘[[e@AA sey JO 9prsyno esoaureD 
 Al ALVI1d 
 
 ‘HOY MON JO TTVPM JO weg 
 
order to examine the place carefully and systematically; 
 that we must make huudreds of accurate measurements, for 
 other men might attempt to upset our calculations—a pre- 
 diction afterward verified. To Mr. Clarke we were in- 
 debted for many wise counsels and practical suggestions. 
 
 The force employed varied from seven to fourteen per- 
 sons. Besides Messrs. Fowke and Cowen, Mr. W. W. 
 Ralston acted as stenographer, and Mr. Strong of the 
 Cincinnati Camera Club was photographer. Some of my 
 workmen had dug for me during brief field work in ’87 and 
 88. Three of them went on the Hopewell survey. These 
 men had become quite skilful and could remove skeletons 
 which at first glance seemed too frail to be handled. De- 
 cayed skeletons they worked about with hand trowels and 
 whisk brooms, brought the hones into relief by cutting 
 away the earth underneath, whitened the bones so that 
 there might be sufficient contrast between the skeletons 
 and the clay. In some photographs of field work the bones 
 do not show distinctly, because the skeletons are of the 
 same color as the clay. This can be avoided by careful 
 work and whitening the bones as stated above. 
 
 The collection made in 1889 was placed in the Smith- 
 sonian Institution where my collection had been exhibited 
 for some time. In 91 and ’92, a part of my collection was 
 bought by the Smithsonian Institution, but the greater part 
 of it—including the Fort Ancient material—was exhibited 
 in Orton Hall, Ohio State University, when I was appointed 
 curator of that museum March, 1894. Part of the Fort 
 Ancient collection was bought by Mr. F. W. Parker of 
 Omaha, but the major portion of it went to Columbus as 
 stated above. 
 
 Early in 1891, Prof. F. W. Putnam, Chief of the An- 
 thropology, World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago), sent 
 for me to visit him at Cambridge. At that time Dr. George 
 A. Dorsey, post-graduate student in Harvard and an old 
 college friend of mine, was appointed to carry on explora- 
 tions in South America for the Exposition. He and I were 
 in consultation together with Prof. Putnam during’ some 
 days. The Professor appointed me an assistant to explore 
 
 Sy 
 
various remains in Ohio. He wished to make a relief map 
 of Fort Ancient such as lad been made of the Serpent 
 Mound from Mr. Cowen’s survey of that structure in 1890. 
 I told Professor Putnam that additional cross sections, 
 various levels and measurements were necessary in order 
 to furnish sufficient data, but that a re-survey of the walls 
 of Fort Ancient was a needless expense. However, Pro- 
 fessor Putnam wished the place re-surveyed and accordingly 
 it was done. Mr. George Little, a graduate surveyor, and 
 Mr. John Munger, assistant, chain and axe men were em- 
 ployed and the whole work re-surveyed in the early sum- 
 mer of 91. Three months were consumed in making an 
 exhaustive re-survey. The total length of the walls was 
 given by Cowen and Fowke as 18,712.2 feet. Little and 
 Munger surveyed from points independent of those estab- 
 lished by Fowke and Cowen and the total variation was 
 less than ten inches. This is remarkable when one con- 
 siders the irregular walls and the difference of opinion 
 which must naturally arise as to where the gateways end or 
 begin. The second survey emphasizes the accuracy of both 
 surveys and that a subsequent survey of Fort Ancient 
 would be an inexcusable waste of time and money. 
 
 For several years it has been my desire to bring within 
 one volume the complete surveys of 1889 and 1891, to- 
 gether with all that has been observed by other inves'iga- 
 tors at this interesting and remarkable place. Such a pub- 
 lication would permit me to somewhat modify conclusions 
 or observations made in ’89, 90, "92 and ’95. Again, cer- 
 tain statements or deductions may be put forth more 
 strongly and better substantiated than in the original pub- 
 lication. 
 
 In this Bulletin I have made use of about a fourth of the 
 original plates of the book “ Fort Ancient”. In many of 
 these the lauguage has been changed, others where meas- 
 urements are given and the text relates to observations as 
 to walls, moats, terraces, etc., are presented as they were 
 published in the original book. I am quite aware that the 
 chapters devoted to the embankments themselves, and kin- 
 dred subjects, make very dull and tedious reading, but in 
 
 36 
 
order to understand the place thoroughly and just what it 
 means, he who is interested in archaeology should follow 
 the text carefully. General readers will be interested only 
 in the conclusions and final observations. 
 
 Mr. Webster Williams of Fort Ancient, took eleven of 
 the photographs during the winter of 1905, when conditions 
 were perfect. The specimens are from the Andover col- 
 lection (found by Mr. Clifford Anderson) and from my 
 own collection now owned by the Ohio State University. 
 
 Tam indebted to Mr. W. ©. Tichenor of Dayton, Ohio, 
 for permission to reproduce from his “ Guide to Fort An- 
 cient” the view of the Valley (Plate XXT) and Plates 
 VIII and IX; also to Professor W. C. Mills for sug- 
 gestions. Those who cooperated with the surveys cf ’89 
 and °91 have been thanked in previous publications. 
 
 Comments on the survey for Professor Putnam are un- 
 necessary but I have reprinted the record of the explora- 
 tion of village sites flanking the Little Miami river. This 
 work was done for Professor Putnam and all the specimens 
 found, together with numerous skeletons, were shipped to 
 Chicago. It has been thought best to reprint some portions 
 of explorations along the East Fork of the Little Miami 
 and of Clinton County. These places present Fort An- 
 cient culture and are very interesting on that account. 
 
 THE PURCHASE OF FORT ANCIENT 
 
 Although it is not the writer’s purpose to present all the 
 details concerning the purchase of Fort Ancient by the 
 State of Ohio, the essential facts are herewith given. 
 
 During the course of the 1889 explorations, hundreds of 
 people visited the Fort. The Cincinnati papers sent repre- 
 sentatives and numerous interviews were published. The 
 next winter, the Hon. Jesse N. Oren of Wilmington, and 
 representing his district in the Ohio State Senate, intro- 
 duced a bill to purchase the fortification. This bill passed 
 April 28th, 1890. Through an oversight only half of the 
 enclosure was purchased and Senator Oren introduced a 
 second bill, which passed the Senate but was omitted in the 
 
 37 
 
Report of the House Committee. April 16th, 1906, the 
 legislature passed a bill authorizing the purchase of the 
 remainder of Fort Ancient. 
 
 ‘The following extracts from a letter written by him 
 April 10th, 1908, to the author of this Bulletin are self- 
 explanatory : — 
 
 * * * * “JT remember you very well. I visited Fort 
 Ancient while you were making the survey. Later, you 
 gave me a copy of your book. | 
 
 ‘““T was elected to the Senate in 1889. After my election, 
 the importance of preserving Fort Ancient was first called 
 to my attention by Prof. Jonathan B. Wright of Wilming- 
 ton College, who said: ‘The State ought to own Fort An- 
 cient’. I had never given the subject much thought, but 
 after reading your book I was more and more impressed 
 with the importance of preserving these prehistoric works. 
 
 “With a view of carrying out the idea, I introduced a 
 bill and succeeded in having it passed, providing for the 
 purchase by the State, of the grounds upon which the most 
 important part of the Fort is built; putting the Fort under 
 the control of the Archaeological and Historical Society of 
 the State. 
 
 “The importance of Fort Ancient as a prehistoric work 
 was never fully realized until the publication of your book 
 in 1889. You have rendered an invaluable service to the 
 science of archaeology in what you have contributed to the 
 preservation of this wonderful work. 
 
 I am, very respectfully yours, 
 “JEssE N. OREN.” 
 
 In answer to a letter of inquiry, a communication was 
 received from Professor J. B. Wright, dated April 21st, 
 1908. Professor Wright states that he took a party of 
 friends to Fort Ancient in the fall of 1889. During the 
 course of dinner, Mrs. Wright suggested that her husband 
 speak to Senator Oren about the preservation of Fort 
 Ancient. Thus it will appear that whether these persons 
 were influenced by the 1889 survey or not, much of the 
 credit for the purchase by the State of Ohio, is due to them. 
 
 Immediately after the first purchase, the State set about 
 
 38 
 
I ‘Id UF UMOYS syT[eM oes JO MITA JaWIUING "|seqy Suryoo, ezswes !}10q MAN Jo OPISUL WOIT MITA 
 4. . . 
 
 LC ete a la ca, 
 
gy “JOATY 9Y} SULYOO]ISAO [IY JO aSpo ay} UO sS|[VA\ “APIS JSAM IOY MAN 9Y1 UTYITAK 
 TA a&Llvid 
 
improving Fort Ancient. The care of the work was given 
 to the Ohio S:ate Archaeological and Historical Society, 
 and Mr. Warren Cowen was appointed custodian. He has 
 held that office for fourteen years and improved the property 
 greatly. The small, low mounds of 60 to 70 feet diameter 
 have been restored slightly, by Mr. Cowen. The edges, 
 constituting natural wash, have been thrown up and the 
 mounds thus changed to 30 feet diameter and 6 feet height 
 — the same kind of work was done by Professor Putnam at 
 the Serpent Mound.» Mr. Cowen resides on the spot in the 
 original farm house, which has been remodeled for hig benefit. 
 A committee appointed by the Society has supervised the 
 work of this custodian. Retaining walls have been con- 
 structed where washes occurred, underbrush has been cleared, 
 some of the moats have been drained, and a pavillion for the 
 accommodation of visitors was erected. The walls have 
 been sowed with blue-erass. Altogether the Society has 
 done an excellent work at Fort Ancient and is deserving of 
 credit. Fortunately no “ regto rations” have been at- 
 tempted, and the walls remain in their original condition, 
 
 At the time of the first purchase, Col. Van Horne, a gen- 
 tleman interested in landscape gardening and to some ex- 
 tent in archaeology, visited Fort Ancient with a view to 
 beautifying the place. While it is far from the writer’s 
 purpose to speak disparagingly of Col. Van Horne, if the 
 truth is to be told, lovers of Fort Ancient will rejoice that 
 the Colonel’s plan of ‘landscape gardening” was not 
 carried out. He did some grading on the edge of the ravine 
 in the center of the North Fort (see point marked « house 
 and barn” upon the map, Plate II). He informed-me that 
 this grading was a preliminary in the construction of a 
 macadamized road entirely around Fort Ancient, The ap- 
 propriation was not sufficient to complete his scheme, and 
 the rains soon washed out the Colonel’s road, 
 
 A bad gulley began to form back of the house, and-had 
 not brush been filled in, the break might have become 
 serious. But, fortunately, no permanent damage resulted, 
 
 Col. Van Horne made no regular survey of Fort Ancient. 
 His equipment consisted of a hand level and steel tape. 
 
 41 
 
His researches were conducted alone and no force accom- 
 panied him. It is necessary to remark these facts, for he 
 was requested to make a map of Fort Ancient to be hung 
 in the State House, and an artist under nis direction copied 
 the map drawn by Messrs. Fowke and Cowen on an en- 
 larged scale and for years it hung in the State House at 
 Columbus. As no credit was given those of us who made 
 the survey, I have always felt that Col. Van Horne did the 
 survey of 1889 an injustice. 
 
 BOOKS ON FORT ANCIENT 
 
 On page 164 will be found a bibliography of Fort Ancient 
 literature. 
 
 The first printed account of Fort Ancient that we have 
 record of, is in the “ Portfolio’, published in Philadelphia, 
 in the year 1809. It was described and a plan gtven in the 
 “ Pioneer’, of Philadelphia, also in the year 1809. It was 
 described and figured in Drake’s “ Pictures of Cincinnati”, 
 in 1815. Caleb Atwater, in 1820, in the “ Transactions of 
 the American Antiquarian Society,” presents an intelligent 
 account of the place and gives us a map. This was after- 
 wards copied by Howe in his “History of Ohio”. At- 
 water’s description is quaint. Although he wrote before 
 1820, his remarks are more sensible than those of some re- 
 cent authors. According to his description the walls have 
 changed little since his day —an indication of their age. 
 
 Squier and Davis gave the best description of Fort An- 
 cient that we have had previous to 1889. Locke’s survey, 
 copied by them, is fairly accurate. 
 
 Among recent publications upon Fort Ancient there is 
 “A Guide to Fort Ancient”, by Mr. W. C. Tichenor of 
 Dayton, O. This is a neat pamphlet of 384 pages with nine 
 illustrations. It is well written, accurate, and contains all 
 needed information. It is the Fort Ancient ‘* Baedeker ”’, 
 and we commend its perusal to visitors who would under- 
 stand what they observe. 
 
 A more pretentious work, published this year, is “ The 
 Masterpieces of the Ohio Mound-builders ”’, by the Hon. E. 
 
 42 
 
PLATE VII. 
 
 Top of the Embankment near Station 12 looking North. 
 
 ’ 
 
O. Randall. Mr. Randall is secretary of the State Archae- 
 ological and Historical Society. .In his book of 126 pages 
 he gives numerous figures and interesting descriptions of 
 the chief hill-top fortifications of the state. £6 pages are 
 devoted to Fort Ancient. His narrative is popular rather 
 than scientific, and his style quite entertaining. He quotes 
 at length from the various surveys and descriptions of Fort 
 Ancient, and thanks to his judicial training is able to 
 examine and comment upon discrepancies in the observa- 
 tions of the archaeologists who have written about the Fort. 
 
 Both of these books present the ‘new Fort Ancient” — 
 the attractive park instead of the former brush-covered 
 plateau. Mr. Randall, during his many years as Secretary, 
 has contributed more than anyone else to the bringing of 
 Fort Ancient to its present state of beauty. 
 
 Dr. Cyrus Thomas published a brief account of Fort An- 
 cient in the “ Handbook of American Indians ”’, issued by 
 the Smithsonian Institution, 1907, page 469. The deserip- 
 tion exhibits a lack of familiarity with the place. Dr. 
 Thomas has always underestimated the amount of labor 
 expended by the builders of Fort Ancient. 
 
 When the survey of 1889 began work, it was clear to us 
 that there had been no uniformity of terms in the many 
 descriptions of Fort Ancient. Farmers residing near “ the 
 Fort”? had always recognized two divisions, the New Fort 
 and the Old Fort. These terms were entered upon our 
 map, together with additional names. 
 
 New Fort.—The northern Fort; that portion of Fort An- 
 cient lying north of the Crescent Gateway, or north of the 
 Isthmus. 
 
 Old Fort.—The southern Fort; that portion of Fort An- 
 cient south of the Great Gateway ; the irregular part lying 
 south of the Isthmus on the map. 
 
 Great Gateway.—The dividing mounds at the south end 
 of the Isthmus, which are marked stations 103 and 285, and 
 which separate the structure into the Old and New Forts. 
 These stations are on their highest points. 
 
 Isthmus.—The narrow neck which divides the structure 
 almost into halves. 
 
 44 
 
Crescent Gateway.—The wing walls which run out from 
 stations 306 and 89. 
 
 The space between these and the Great Gateway is known 
 as the Middle Fort. 
 
 A few names have since been added by the State, but the 
 important. places still bear the original nomenclature. 
 
 45 
 
PEATE Volt: 
 
 Approach to Fort Ancient from the West 
 
 (From the Railway.) 
 
 . 
 
 A Recent View. 
 
 EIEN Blac 
 
 The Great Gateway; looking South. 
 
 r 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FORTIFICATION AND THRE’ 
 SURROUNDING COUNTRY. 
 
 On a slightly rolling plateau in Warren County, Ohio, 
 overlooking the beautiful valley of the Little Miami river, 
 is situated Fort Ancient, the greatest of all prehistoric 
 earthworks in the Mississippi basin. 
 
 This plateau is remarkable in its configuration. There 
 is nothing precisely like it to be found in the Ohio valley, 
 so far as the writer’s observation extends. The plateau 
 is cut up irregularly by ravines, and although none are 
 of great length, yet all of them are precipitous and attain 
 their depth within a few hundred yards from the beginning 
 of their erosion. The fortification on one side (the west) 
 follows the edge of this plateau and at most points on that 
 side overlooks the river valley. The walls farthest away 
 from the river are the straightest and also the strongest. 
 Particularly is the strength observable at the eastern ex- 
 tremity, station 1 to10 on the map (Plate II). The plateau 
 near station 1 is 19 feet higher than the western portion, 
 as will be observed if the reader consults Plate II and ex- 
 amines the two cross sections, one surveyed through the 
 southern portion of Fort Ancient, and the other across the 
 northern extension. 
 
 The valley opposite the New, or North Fort, is fully half a 
 mile in width. Above and below the extent of the en- 
 closure this valley narrows abruptly, and at one point— 
 opposite the centre of the Old Fort—the hills come down 
 to the water’s edge on either side. The goil is quite fertile 
 and excellent crops are raised yearly by resident farmers. 
 
 The Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis railroad (the 
 Columbus and Cincinnati division) passes through the 
 valley on the east side, following the curves of the river, 
 and swinging around the South, or Old Fort. The Lebanon 
 and Chillicothe turnpike passes through the New Fort at a 
 point near its northern extremity. The station in the valley 
 
 47 
 
is named in honor of the earthwork, Fort Ancient, as is also 
 the post-office. 
 
 The height of the plateau above low-water stage is 269 
 feet. The height of station 1 in the survey above low- 
 water stage is 291 feet. 
 
 The height of the embankment at station 1 above the 
 Atlantic ocean level is 941 feet. Although the distance 
 around the inclosure (following the center of the embank- 
 ment) is 18,712.2 feet, the structure is so irregular and 
 crooked that a straight line drawn from. station 889, in the 
 northern portion of the fortification, to station 187, in the 
 southern part of the earthwork shows a distance of but 
 4,993 feet, or less than one mile. 
 
 One leaves the railroad station and walks east, ascending 
 the hill over the long and winding turnpike. 
 
 Near the summit, this road swings in a graceful curve to 
 the north and then to the south, completing two-thirds of 
 a circle. ‘The view up and down the valley from the sum- 
 mit just before the pike passes through the embankment, 
 is picturesque and commanding. 
 
 Although Squier and Davis in their survey of Fort An- 
 cient drew the turnpike as curving toward the south and 
 then north, old residents inform us that it occupies the same 
 lines assigned it by the county surveyors who projected it. 
 
 Turning one’s back on the view of the valley and pro- 
 ceeding eastward, one observes towering high above the 
 roadway and extending in unbroken line to the right and 
 to the left, a heavy mass of foliage. This is the first or 
 western wall of the enclosure and the turnpike builders 
 cut through it. The banks of the cut are quite steep and 
 afford observers an opportunity to study the character of 
 the walls, how it was built, and the percentage of loam, 
 clay, gravel and stone contained in it. All walls of Fort 
 Ancient, save at the east, before the purchase by the State 
 of Ohio, were covered with a dense mass of underbrush, 
 bushes, vines and saplings. The innumerable roots of this 
 vegetation prevented washes from occurring and were a 
 safeguard for preservation. In fact, the few gaps in the 
 walls of Fort Ancient are due to the disturbing hand of 
 
 48 
 
the white man rather than to the elements. The State 
 has since built retaining walls and prevented further erosion. 
 
 In the centre of the embankment on the left side of the cut, 
 is a layer of flat limestone slabs extending horizontally for a 
 distance of ten feet. These stones lie as if they had formed 
 a rude wall, and although at present but three or four—or 
 possibly five —stones are observed lying one above the other, 
 yet it is not unreasonable to suppose originally they formed 
 a wall of some height. Judging from outward appearance, 
 the stones are worn, but that may be due to atmospheric 
 conditions before the stones were placed in the wall. Lime- 
 stone disintegrates rapidly when left in the open, as well as 
 in running water. The roots of asmall tree have held the 
 stones in place. These slabs range in weight from ten to 
 sixteen pounds and are about six feet from the base of the 
 embankment and lie to the left of the center. 
 
 Plate VIII, page 46, illustrates the entrance of the turn- 
 pike into the New Fort at this point. 
 
 After one has passed through this cut in the embank- 
 ment, one finds himself on the great plain enclosed in the 
 area of the New or North Fort. The embankments on the 
 east side are the most imposing, and the highest of any 
 found throughout the structure. Attention is called to 
 Plates I,III,IV, and V which present views of this stretch of 
 embankment. It will be observed that some of the photo- 
 graphs have been taken in winter and others in summer. 
 
 Few visitors to Fort Ancient approach it from the east. 
 The majority of those who spend a day—or even a few 
 hours—in an inspection of this wonderful place arrive by 
 train from Cincinnati or Columbus, or drive over from 
 Lebanon. While the view which suddenly breaks upon 
 one’s sight after entering the enclosed plain through the 
 cut in the turnpike is interesting and to some extent beauti- 
 ful, yet a much more impressive and comprehensive picture 
 of Fort Ancient is obtained if one will approach from the 
 the east or southeast. There is a little valley about a mile 
 east, or southeast of Fort Ancient. Until one’s carriage 
 ascends the opposite slope, there is nothing to indicate the 
 great embankments that burst upon the vision and give one 
 
 49 
 
an impression never to be forgotten. Although it is more 
 inconvenient, visitors should leave the train at Blanchester 
 and drive to Fort Ancient, entering it by the east road. 
 The view thus obtained is surprisingly beautiful and it ex- 
 cels in its impressive grandeur anything in the way of a 
 picture of prehistoric ruins in America. If visitors to Fort 
 Ancient come by way of the railroad in the valley, they 
 should drive through to beyond the Fort, and then turn 
 about and approach it in the manner the writer has de- 
 scribed. 
 
 The elevation crowned by Fort Ancient is of interesting 
 geological formation. The glacial action has been intense 
 as is evinced by the numerous ravines, and one understands 
 it better if he will take the pains to walk down the railroad 
 track to below the South Fort. 
 
 These ravines do not cross the railroad track and empty 
 into the river; the soil in the river bottom is very sandy, 
 and the water brought down from the hills by the ravines 
 is quickly absorbed; there is no wash, no erosion. The 
 points of land or rounded hillocks between the ravines are 
 mostly gravel. The presence of this gravel in the locali- 
 ties referred to is due to glaciers or icebergs. The points 
 are quite round, and of so regular outline that they have 
 frequently been mistaken for mounds. But they are nat- 
 ural, not artificial. The valley was probably a lake formed 
 by a dam or gorge of ice at the lower end. 
 
 When this valley was a lake, the icebergs and cakes of 
 ice, which carried more or less gravel, were floating around 
 in it, and many of them driven by winds or drifted by cur- 
 rents, stranded on the hill, and there deposited their loads 
 of gravel. The slope of the hill was once all gravel, and 
 probably presented a regular appearance. It is rather pe- 
 culiar that while such extensive deposits are found on this 
 (the east) side, there should be none, or but very little, on 
 the opposite or western side of the river. The numerous 
 ravines have cut out a great deal of the gravel, and have 
 given it the present irregular outline. We dug into a num- 
 ber of these rounded points, and found glacial gravel less 
 than a foot from the surface. Back farther on the high 
 
 5° 
 
ground, where the fort lies, the drift is not so heavy, and is 
 clay. Immediately below this glacial clay lie the limestone 
 and clays of the Cincinnati group, which comprise the 
 greater part of the hill and extend downward for several 
 hundred feet. This limestone, as all know, is exceedingly 
 rich in organic remains, and the entire Miami valley is 
 noted among geologists as a field for fossils. 
 
 Students of Fort Ancient who wish to understand the 
 place thoroughly should accompany the survey entirely 
 around the circuit. This is somewhat tedious but by no 
 other method will one gain a comprehensive idea of the 
 size and character of the enclosure. 
 
 The instrument was set just south of the Lebanon and 
 Chillicothe pike on the east side of the northern section of 
 the fort where the road passes out. This is “station 0,” 
 from which we make all calculations and measurements. 
 Plate V, is a summer view of the long and heavy em- 
 bankment from 0 to station 7. This view was taken at 
 1,000 feet distance, and the camera was pointed east. The 
 frontispiece, Plate I, shows two sections of the embank- 
 ment— a nearer view. ‘This is from station 2 to station 4, 
 and is at a point where the embankment is the highest. On 
 the outside of the walls at station 0, and extending past 
 station 7 to the edge of the woods, is a deep and wide moat, 
 which follows the base of the embankment and serves as a 
 protection. At station 7, this moat becomes a ravine 
 washed out by natural forces. 
 
 From the two mounds just east of the fort walls, there is 
 a shallow ditch leading toward the south-west, where it 
 deepens into a natural hollow. Our attention was first 
 called to this ditch by Mr. George Ridge, one of the owners 
 of Fort Ancient who has lived alongside the earthwork for 
 fifty years, but Caleb Atwater refers to it in his book. 
 There were a few excavations made at various points in 
 this ditch, and some things of interest found. 
 
 One hundred feet south of mound an excavation large 
 enough to permit two men working at one time, revealed 
 the original surface of the ground 2 1-2 feet deep, and pot- 
 tery fragments, animal bones and burnt stone in the bottom. 
 
 51 
 
“OQS8I JO IDUIUINS 9Yy} UT paivadde jt se ABVMD}LL) RIT BY 
 “X ALVW Id 
 
 i a 
 
 ARES 
 
Three hundred feet further south another place was 
 opened, and here the original surface of the moat was found 
 to be over four feet below the present sod, or grass line. 
 It is apparent that when dug, the ditch was five anda half 
 feet deep (or more). From the surface to the bottom, the 
 soil was unusually black and “mucky.” Possibly this con- 
 dition was due to decay of vegetable matter —of water 
 standing long in one place —or to some unknown agency. 
 
 Numerous pottery fragments, mostly large, and quantities 
 of animal bones were removed. For many years the plow 
 had crossed this ditch and although the soil was very 
 mucky, it was not as heavy as that found nearer the fort 
 wall in moats, where it seemed almost like peat. To the 
 writer’s mind this is an indication of Fort Ancient’s age. 
 Such muck cannot form in a few generations, one is led to 
 believe. 
 
 It is probable that wigwams occupied the land along the 
 ditch—which was outside the embankments of the New or 
 North Fort, it should be remembered—and the refuse found 
 in it was thrown in. A complete exploration of the ditch 
 may result in discoveries of note. 
 
 Its purpose is, first, for protection ; second, to obtain ma- 
 terial for the construction of the fortification. Nearly all 
 the earth for the formation of the embankments was taken 
 from the interior of the enclosure. The ground inclosed 
 is somewhat lower than that outside; the clay layer is very 
 thin, as if it had nearly all been dug up. In some places 
 the loam or surface soil rests upon the limestone, there 
 being but a few inches of clay remaining. 
 
 Just opposite each opening in the wall, or, as we prefer 
 to call such places, gateways, the moat has the appearance 
 of having been filled up. Upon close inspection, however, 
 we find that the moat was not made continuous ; 1t stopped 
 short at the entrance. The earth was dug out on each side 
 of the gateway, thus leaving a narrow road on a level with 
 the surrounding plain. This roadway may have been used 
 as a means of egress aud ingress, and would be more con- 
 venient than had the moat been carried through without a 
 break. At station 8 in the map, one sees a platform or fan- 
 
 53 
 
 p / iC 3) E 
 
shaped mound thrown directly in the gateway. It extends 
 out toward the east, and forms quite a wide roadway across 
 the moat. From its general appearance and its connection 
 with the gateway, we conclude that it indicates the princi- 
 pal entrance to the inclosure. 
 
 The embankment at station 1 is 22 feet in height, meas- 
 ured from the level outside. The moat on the exterior is 
 two feet deep, and was once five feet deeper than at present, 
 which would give the wall an altitude of 29 feet. As the 
 embankment was once much steeper than now, the barrier 
 would be impassable. 
 
 At least so it seems, after one has restored it in his imag- 
 ination to such form and condition as it must have pre- 
 sented when completed by the builders. Not so difficult is 
 such reconstruction if one is willing to devote weeks to a 
 careful study of the depressions and elevations. By con- 
 trasting one place with another—that is, other earthworks 
 in Ohio—and by comparing different parts of Fort Ancient, 
 the observer is able to learn much. 
 
 In excavating in the moats, traces of wood were encoun- 
 tered. In some places, the fragments were readily dis- 
 tinguished, but they were too badly decayed to admit of 
 identification as to species. These fragments may have 
 once been logs that were placed in the openings and used 
 as a bastion. The traces, however, are too slight to deter- 
 mine anything with certainty as to their purpose. 
 
 The last station is on the north of the road, just opposite 
 station 0, and is station 407, as has been previously stated. 
 
 The wall rises slightly from station 0 to station 1, so that 
 the latter is the highest point upon the entire fortification. 
 Standing here, one can see that the earth which composes 
 these great embankments was taken, for the most part, from 
 the interior of the inclosure. The ground inclosed is some- 
 what lower than that outside, and there is little clay; the 
 top soil or loam seems to rest directly upon the limestone. 
 We say “for the most part,” because a great deal of the 
 earth was taken from the exterior moats. 
 
 The space between the walls at this station is on the 
 same general level as the outside field, but a platform or 
 
 54 
 
 — 7 
 
graded way has been thrown up in the gateway, which 
 leads down in the interior. This has been so cultivated 
 that its original shape can not now be determined. The 
 next two stations that are gateways, we notice, as we go 
 south along the wall, have no platform thrown up in them, 
 but are cut down to the general level of the surrounding 
 plain. The length of these three walls is 85, 110, and 159 
 feet respectively, and they are about the longest stretches 
 of embankment that we have. There are three large pop- 
 lar trees upon these straight embankments. On the auth- 
 ority of a Cincinnati botanist in the publication of the sur- 
 vey and observations of 1889, the writer stated them to be 
 100 to 150 years of age. This statement may not be cor- 
 rect, although personally, the writer believes it. Old resi- 
 dents of Fort Ancient state that these trees were practi- 
 cally of this size when they first saw them. Growing 20 
 feet above the surrounding level they appear grand and im- 
 posing, standing like sentinels upon the walls, and one is 
 impressed with their beauty when viewing the fort from a 
 distance, as they are seen towering far above the other 
 forest trees. 
 
 At station 10, the wall passes into a heavy woods, which 
 it follows, sometimes being entirely surrounded by forest 
 trees, again bordering on a cleared field, for the whole ex- 
 tent. 
 
 Plate VI (p. 43) is a view looking north along the top 
 of the wall from station 12 towards station 1. The em- 
 bankment makes a sharp turn here, and we could get a 
 very good photograph of its height. This photograph, 
 when compared with Plates I and IV, will show the mas- 
 sive structure of Fort Ancient. In speaking of these gate- 
 ways, the reader must not infer that every opening is a 
 gateway. We use the term gateway because we have not a 
 better one. It is probable that wood-work was built around 
 the outside portion of the openings, and they were used for 
 additional defense, somewhat like bastions in a modern fort. 
 Between stations 11 and 22, we notice an interesting thing: 
 a depression follows the wall to ‘station 16, where the wall 
 was built directly across it; the ditch, being changed by 
 
 55 
 
this means, follows uninterruptedly around to station 22, 
 where it joins a ravine which breaks through the wall. — 
 
 Since the wall was built, the ditch between stations 16 
 and 22 has washed out to a depth of 16 to 18 feet. Just 
 beyond this point, and at station 19, a spur of land runs 
 out into the hollow ; which spur has been used as a bastion. 
 Many of these spurs may be noticed at frequent intervals of 
 the fort, and they are always natural, and have not been 
 artificially shaped. “In many places on the outside of the 
 wall, the bank has washed considerably, but the wall itself, 
 being of tough clay, which does not easily erode, is still very 
 plain. On the opposite side of the ravine, at this station, 
 22. the wall does not extend down the slope, the end of the 
 wall being at the to, of the bank. Some ravines were 
 probably very small when the fortification was built and the 
 wall was carried over them, but the larger ones could not 
 be protected. Many of these have since washed out, and 
 the washes in some of them are quite old. Some indication 
 as to the age of the fortification can be obtained by study- 
 ing them. 
 
 Up to station 86 there is nothing of special interest, and 
 the reader can look on the map for the bastions, spurs, ete., 
 and see them for himself. At station 86 the wall was once 
 built solidly across a deep ravine, but it has since washed 
 out. The builders appear to have made no provision for 
 drainage at such points. The streams flowing through 
 these hollows would necessarily wear away the embank- 
 ment, and in process of time destroy it, no matter how 
 heavy and strong it might be made. 
 
 The moat at station 42 is still on the inside of the wall. 
 At station 44 a narrow level space extends from the foot of 
 the wall on the interior witha moat or ditch on each side. 
 There is no depression in the wall at this point. Opposite 
 stations 83 and 34, over in the woods to the south, and 
 across a deep hollow, are three small mounds. These were 
 explored, but little was found. They will be described 
 later in Chapter V. From station 45 to «7 there is a deep 
 hollow. The wall seems to have been built at one time 
 clear across the hollow, without a break, but it now extends 
 
 56 
 
ySeoyION pajurod viswed ‘ABM9}e Jvaiy oy} IvoU ‘s][eA\ 110 PIO JO uors0g VY 
 UDC CA Al 
 
 8 ee 
 
 ea 
 
 ig, 4 SOM, 
 
 ee 
 eas 
 
only part way down the slope on each side. At the-stations 
 just named there -~ sonsiderable stone showing in the wall. 
 It was probably put in to keep the wall from washing. 
 
 The ravir« ts deep— about 100 feet—and the slope 
 quite stecp. But for a heavy growth of grass and brush, 
 the erosion must have been considerable. But these deep 
 depressions are so sheltered that ferns and kindred plants 
 erow profusely and the hillsides remain intact. 
 
 At station 57 another of those bad washes occurs, where 
 the wall has been built solidly across the head of a ravine, 
 but it was cut through for drainage by a farmer, and “ the 
 result is as usual.” ‘The entire embankment has washed 
 out within the last few years. 
 
 At Station 63 begins the narrow neck of land which is 
 known as the Isthmus, on which the Crescent Gateway and 
 the Great Gateway are located. 
 
 At stations 76 and 77 there was formerly a curve in the 
 wall, but a ravine has obliterated a considerable portion of 
 it, and where once stood a beautiful and graceful stretch 
 of embankment, now remains an ugly and unsightly de- 
 pression. At the stations just mentioned there is a glacial 
 deposit, consisting of gravel. When built, the wall was 
 probably near or at the head of this ravine, but the hollow 
 has washed back since that time to its present position, 
 nearly 40 feet further inland than the west extremity of 
 the wall. , 
 
 At station 80 the wall seems to have stopped at the edge 
 of a large ravine near the head. Just opposite this point, 
 at the foot of the wall on the opposite side, it makes a sharp 
 turn toward the interior of the fort, which would leave a 
 deep depression between the two walls. This depression 
 seems afterward to have been partially filled, making a 
 path-way or passage-way from one wall to the other. On 
 either side of the connecting-way is a moat now nearly 
 filled. The arrangement of these walls seems to have been 
 very much like that at stations 76 and TT. At station 80, 
 half the earth being of clay, the erosion was not so pro- 
 nounced as in the gravel of station 76, hence this place is 
 still intact. 
 
 55 
 
At station 85 there is a large bastion, which overlooks 
 the spur. This spur is very long and level, and 150 feet 
 to the east of this station is a large stone grave, which 
 contained the remains of skeletons. Many of the spurs 
 on the east side of the Isthmus have on them stone graves, 
 nearly all of which were opened by our party. 
 
 From station 88 the wall was built solid across a small 
 ravine, but has since been broken down by erosion. From 
 this station to the end of the New Fort, the embankment 
 is built on the hill-side, and in several places its top is 
 lower than the summit of the hill. The distance across 
 the Isthmus to the wall upon the west side is slight, being 
 not over 100 yards. The ravines on each side very nearly 
 divide the hill into halves, and about 100 feet north of the 
 Great Gateway they come so close together that the dis- 
 tance between them is barely 60 feet. 
 
 At station 89 and at station 306, on the opposite side, 
 begin the circular or crescent-shaped embankments, which 
 run out from the east and west walls. This spur we have 
 named Crescent Gateway, on account of the beauty of the 
 curves at this point, and in order to distinguish this gate- 
 way from the Great Gateway, or the one dividing the Old 
 and New Forts. 
 
 At station 102 the Great Gateway begins. This will be 
 fully described later on, when each interesting portion of 
 structure is taken up and enlarged upon in detail. 
 
 At station 105 there is a moat on the inside with no 
 platform or approach to it from the outside. It leads 
 down from the two walls of the Old Fort to the head of a 
 large ravine. If a gateway, it would be difficult of ap- 
 proach from the inside; if a bastion, it would require a 
 great amount of work to make it defend any thing, as it 
 is 100 feet back from the head of the ravine. In coming 
 out, by turning to the left, at the foot of the first mound, 
 one could easily reach the Isthmus outside, and it is pos- 
 sible the opening was left for this purpose. 
 
 Station 109 is similar to 105, and is an opening in the 
 wall leading directly into a ravine with no approach from 
 the inside. Like station 105, its purpose is conjectural. 
 
 59 
 
At station 110 begins a terrace, outside of the wall, 
 which gradually widens in extent, until it passes station 
 112. It is covered with stone heaps, the exploration of 
 which will be described later. This terrace has been 
 omitted from all previous maps of Fort Ancient, and the 
 only reason we can assign for this omission, is that it is 
 located in the wildest portion of Fort Ancient. The fort 
 wall above is cleared on top, and there is a nice, level path 
 extending around. One could look down into a mass 
 of wild grape-vines, underbrush, logs, rocks, ete.; people 
 did not care to investigate in such a place, it was much 
 nicer and easier walking on the embankment above, 
 so they left these most interesting parts of Fort Ancient 
 for years undisturbed. Mr. J. Thomas Brown of Waynes- 
 ville, Ohio, a geologist, has made a study of Miami Valley 
 terraces and in the American Antiquarian (Vol. X, p. 167), 
 he published a paper, — “ Prehistoric Artificial Terraces in 
 Ohio.” In this he treats of Caesar’s Creek terraces, six 
 miles north of Fort Ancient. They are identical with 
 terraces found on both sides of the river flanking the earth- 
 work, and therefore the writer quotes a portion of Mr. 
 Brown’s remarks : — 
 
 “One of the most interesting groups is on Mr. Hisey’s 
 farm. ‘The whole hillside is wrought out into broad plat- 
 forms, the upper one being the broadest and shortest, the 
 face of the hill behind, having been dug away so as to form 
 an amphitheatre with an are of about 180 yards. There is 
 a similar example though not so large on the south side of 
 the creek. 
 
 “As a general thing the terraces, when in groups, are 
 from 200 to 800 yards in length. Some single ones are 
 much longer. 
 
 “The aggregate length of those which have been dis- 
 covered and traced along Caesar’s Creek is more than 5,850 
 yards, or considerably exceeding three miles ; besides which 
 it is most likely there are some which have as yet escaped 
 identificaion. In places they are obscure and a practiced 
 eye is needed to detect them, nor is this to be wondered at, 
 on these steep hillsides. There must have been some waste 
 
 60 
 
to the width of all of them, through the action of frost and 
 water on the lower side, and a constant tewdency in the 
 mellow loam on the hillside above to slide down upon the 
 terraces for the same reason, so that all of them must be 
 narrower than when they were left by their builders ; but in 
 most cases they are remarkably distinct and well preserved. 
 
 “The idea that these terraces are merely landslides, is 
 too preposterous for lengthy consideration. That there are 
 landslides there, is true, though not so many as has been 
 supposed, but they can readily be distinguished by the 
 practiced eye from the work of man. In one instance the 
 whole hillside has been broken down from top to bottom 
 and the surface left in uneven billows for a distance of 
 several hundred yards, due, it is said, to the earthquake of 
 1812. The terraces are uniform, horizontal, often repeated. 
 
 “A like sweeping objection can be made to the theory 
 that they are alluvial terraces or in any way due to the 
 action of water; their position is too variable along the hill- 
 sides ; they are not composed of the right materials, nor is 
 the geologic history of the valley such as to warrant it. 
 And above all, there is too obvious a method in each terrace 
 and in the groups of terraces. They are platforms built 
 out from the bluff side, generally without much show of 
 excavation along the upper side of the terrace. The earth 
 seems to have been in a measure brought from somewhere 
 else, from the loose surface soil, most likely, wherever it 
 could be most easily obtained. Sometimes the signs of ex- 
 cavation back of the terraces are more readily seen. They 
 are, unqualifiedly, artificial, and would have been so recog- 
 nized and described long ago, but no one had ever seen 
 them all until this late exploration, and the knowledge of 
 them in detail was entirely wanting.” 
 
 The Fort Ancient terraces are: above the enclosure, 
 below the enclosure, opposite the enclosure and across the 
 river on the western hills. Levels of these were taken by 
 Mr. Cowen. 
 
 One on the western hills, across the river is 137.7 feet 
 above low water stage in the Little Miami. 
 
 61 
 
The second terrace, at Mr. Ridge’s, north of the fort, 
 is 136.6 above low water. 
 
 The terrace on Mr. Cowdin’s place, just along the 
 fort hill, is 135.2 above low water. 
 
 These are very remarkable figures, there being but 
 little more than two feet of difference between the lowest 
 and the highest. This is the more remarkable, when we 
 consider that at one point, where the level is nearly the 
 same, the terraces are nearly two miles distant from each 
 other. 
 
 The question at once arises, could they possibly be 
 due to natural causes? Does nature ever observe such 
 regularity of platforms, whether made by geological de- 
 posits or land-slides ? : 
 
 No other answer can be made to these queries, save 
 this: that the terraces are artificial; that they were built 
 by men. We excavated in various parts of them, and our 
 investigations go far to settle the question. We have 
 found in them flint flakes, and a few pottery fragments, 
 several inches below the surface; and, in three cases, 
 scales of flint and pottery fragments, one foot in depth. 
 These facts go far in establishing the human origin of the 
 terraces. Obviously, they were occupied by men; used 
 by them for some definite object; for exactly what, it is 
 difficult to tell. 
 
 Atwater says they were used by the Indians in their 
 wars with the whites; and, in marching against a tribe, 
 they would traverse the terrace as far as it extended. It 
 is noteworthy, also, that these terraces are both numerous 
 and extensive. That which is on the west side, overlook- 
 ing the river, runs for a distance of over a mile. It runs 
 from Mill Grove, on the south, to opposite the railroad 
 station at Fort Ancient, on the north. 
 
 At Waynesville, 10 miles up the river, there are a 
 number of clearly defined terraces of undoubted artificial 
 origin along the hill-sides bordering on Caesar’s creek. 
 
 Attention has been called to these by Mr. Brown, of 
 Waynesville, and others. They are of the same appear- 
 
 62 
 
ya 
 “0 (Rae dee Popes bee +a 
 
- ‘ISOM, SUTYOO]T pue juListIp spied oSz ‘usmyULqUIy JO apis}no vioWeD ‘JIOY MON fO [TBA Sey JO jAvg JO MOTA luUeIsSIGq V 
 a oi ‘I ALVId 
 yy a 
 
PLATE hide 
 East Wall of Great Gateway, at the Highest Point. 
 Camera pointed West, The View is from the Base upward. 
 
ance, and character, and purpose as those connected with 
 Fort Ancient. 
 
 There is an interior ditch from station 110 to station 
 123. Atstation 113, the terrace begins again outside the 
 wall, and extends, sometimes, only a few feet in width, but 
 does not disappear until we reach station 122. There are 
 graves upon this terrace, between stations 113 and 116. 
 Opposite station 115, there is the largest single heap of 
 stones to be found on Fort Ancient, and it may contain as 
 much as 100 tons. 
 
 Station 116 is a gateway with an interior approach which 
 leads down to the terrace. The outside of the wall at this 
 point is very high and very steep. Between stations 119 
 and 120, the wall of the fort has been built solid across 
 the head of a ravine, but has washed out. From station 
 110 to station 123, the wall is built lower than the top of 
 the hill, and this is what forms the interior ditch. The 
 earth for the wall is excavated between stations 110 and | 
 123. From this point on to station 187, is a succession of 
 washes, spurs, and bastions, which are quite similar in 
 character, and which do not need further explanation, as 
 they can readily be seen on the map. 
 
 Station 187 is on a very high portion of the wall, and 
 is the south-west corner of Fort Ancient. It is generally 
 called a mound, and is built directly across a spur. From 
 station 190, which is at the foot of this high embankment, 
 often called a mound, the wall is built down the slope to 
 the bottom of a ravine, and up the slope on the opposite 
 side; traversing thus the eiatire ravine. The wall has suf- 
 fered to some extent from rains and floods, but is still dis- 
 tinctly traceable. The wall at this point makes an abrupt 
 turn to the north-east, which trend it keeps quite accur- 
 ately for some distance. At station 194, there is a gateway 
 which has a level approach from the interior of the fort, 
 and there is a moat or ditch on either side of the roadway. 
 Many stones are in the opening, and it opens out upon a 
 spur overlooking the river far below. A large stone grave 
 covers the spur. 
 
 64 
 
At station 201, there is a bastion overlooking a deep 
 ravine, and at the corner of the fort there was once a con- 
 siderable pond, but some one has cut through station 201 
 to drain this pond, therefore, the wall has washed badly. 
 
 At station 209, there is about the largest ravine in the 
 fort. The wall is built down the slope of this deep ravine, 
 solid across the bottom, and up on the opposite side. There 
 is a gap in it through which the water passes during rainy 
 seasons. It would require a strong wall, with some means 
 of outlet, to prevent its washing down in heavy rains. 
 Considering its position, it is one of the best preserved walls 
 in the entire fort. On the spur opposite station 224 (on 
 the river, or west side), is another stone grave. The fort 
 wall has extended for some distance along the edge of a hill 
 overlooking the Miami, and will continue to do so until we 
 pass station 250. There are two large terraces between the 
 top and bottom of the hill, the upper one of which has many 
 graves upon it. Terraces were favorite burying places 
 
 Just beyond this deep gulley, is a place where the wall is 
 built across the head of a ravine. ‘There is such a depres- 
 sion above, that if this wall was built to the height of ten 
 feet, it would make a pond of nearly or quite half an acre. 
 This looks so much like a reservoir, that I am tempted to 
 consider it such. 
 
 Station 231 may be either a gateway or a bastion, and 
 yverlooks a regular slope on the outside, but there is no 
 spur leading direct to the river At station 248, there is a 
 narrow spur which runs out nearly on a level with the in- 
 terior fort. The wall here, as will be seen in the map of 
 the fort, runs out to a point, and overlooks the valley be- 
 low. One mile up the valley—more or less— the river- 
 bank village site is in distinct view. Were the timber 
 cleared, much of the New or North Fort could be seen. If 
 lookout stations were in use among the builders, then this 
 was one. An arrow can easily be shot into the Miami 
 river below. Experimenting with an English yew bow 
 which pulled sixty pounds, the writer was able to throw a 
 steel-pointed arrow clear across the stream and fully fifty 
 feet beyond the western shore. The view is beautiful and 
 
 65 
 
an illustration, taken from Mr. Tichenor’s “ Guide to Fort 
 Ancient,” is presented in Plate X XI, p. 97. 
 
 Stations 245 to 250 comprise the point of the spur, and 
 in the interior there is quite a deep depression clear around; 
 the earth has been taken for the embankment from the in- 
 side. There is a roadway leading down to the mouth of a 
 large ravine, near a spring, and near the river. At station 
 250, there is a depression in the wall, where it has been 
 built across a ravine. A portion of the area within it has 
 filled up level, but the embankment without is very high 
 and steep. On the spur on which 248 stands, the wall is 
 built below the summit of the hill as far as station 252, at 
 which point it returns to the crest. At station 267, there 
 is a moat, on the interior. This moat is unusually large 
 and deep, and holds water the entire year. It was once un- 
 doubtedly much deeper: the mud in it is quite soft, and some- 
 what of the nature of a quagmire, as a number of cattle have 
 mired and perished in it before they could be extricated. 
 
 At station 267, there is a gateway, and at stations 268 
 and 269, there is a graded way leading down the hill to the 
 plain below. In the deep ravine beneath this point, are 
 several excellent springs of water, and it is possible that a 
 pathway led hence down to the springs, and that the hill 
 has been artificially worked to secure an easy approach. 
 Station 286 is the end of the embankment or mound on the 
 west side of the Great Gateway. Station 287 is the middle 
 of the entrance to the Old Fort, between the two so-called 
 “mounds.” 
 
 There is a platform mound inside this entrance, which 
 leads down to the level within. Underneath the embank- 
 ments, and in this platform, there is a large amount of rock 
 chiefly limestone slabs such as lie about the surface of the 
 Great Gateway. 
 
 The portion of this platform extending toward the ein 
 was found to contain many human bones. 
 
 The platform is about four feet above the general inside 
 level. From its appearance, we think it was built before 
 the Great Gateway was completed. It was not an ad- 
 dition ; the whole part of the fortification was built at the 
 same time—the southern part. | 
 
 56 
 
OIE 
 
 PAI, 
 
 A Corner of the Old Fort, west side. 
 
 Camera pointed Northeast. 
 
From station 289 to 290 is a deep ravine, which has been 
 washed out of the gravel deposit by. both underground and 
 surface drainage. This ravine extends well within the 
 walls at present, but it is probable that, when the fort was 
 built, the wall ran just to the head of it, as in similar cases * 
 at other points in the fort. The wall has been built up 
 around such places, and it is quite likely, also, that the wall 
 extended much further than station 290. The present end, 
 as it stands, reaches to the edge of the ravine, and caves in 
 more or less every year. Before the wall was built, most of 
 the drainage at this point went down in the ravine, which 
 heads at station 294. The wall being built across the head 
 of this ravine, would cause the water to run along the in- 
 side foot of the wall, until it reached the present washout, 
 which it would assist greatly in excavating. 
 
 At station 295, the wall is composed almost entirely of 
 stone, which shows on the outer slope for fully 20 feet below 
 the top. There is much stone in a gateway at station 301. 
 
 At station 807, is a depression, where the wall crosses the 
 ravine, which, however, is now filled up nearly level with 
 the adjacent surface. In this immediate vicinity (station 
 306), begins the crescent wall, just within the fort wall. 
 
 At station 809, there is a gateway, on the exterior of 
 which is found a large quantity of rock. This gateway leads 
 along a gentle slope of drift gravel, and at the end of the 
 slope is a round knoll, at a distance of about 600 feet from 
 the wall. The knoll is about 25 feet higher than the ridge 
 on which it stands, and from its top there is a regular and 
 gentle descent to the river bottom. The descent is quite 
 uniform, with no juttings or breaks in any of its parts. 
 Viewed from the river side, the slopes that fall away from 
 the knoll are so symmetrical as might almost induce the 
 belief that they are artificial. All the spurs and lower 
 hills outside the fort wall, between the ravine which empties 
 opposite station 248 and the ravine which forms the northern 
 boundary, including the entire hill up which the pike winds 
 its way, are of glacial origin. 
 
 Between stations 322 and 3829, the wall is built slightly 
 below the top of the hill. At station 324, is a bastion or 
 
 68 
 
gateway, leading out on along spur toward the spring. 
 At station 828, there is a bastion, overlooking a deep 
 ravine. 
 
 From station 320, the wall is built down the slope of 
 a deep ravine almost to the bottom. On the opposite side, 
 the wall extends up the slope from the bottom to the top. 
 It is probable that the wall was built solidly across this 
 ravine, and has been washed out. On the west side, the 
 wall seems to have deflected the water and made it strike 
 against the wall on the east side, as the slope of the ravine 
 on each side is as steep as earth will lie. Erosion at the 
 bottom of the wall would cause the part above to drop or 
 slide down to the lowest part, and be washed away. 
 
 There is a small mound 100 feet due north from sta- 
 tion 334. Station 337 is a bastion or gateway, with level 
 approach on the interior, with a moat on each side open- 
 ing out on slope leading down to the side of the large 
 ravine. 
 
 At station 339, the wall is built across the head of the 
 ravine, and is washed out. At station 342, there is a shal- 
 low depression in the top of the wall, where the embank- 
 ment makes a sharp angle. In the interior, is a level ap- 
 proach, with ravine on one side and a deep moat on the 
 other. This gateway leads out on an easy slope down a 
 narrow ridge of drift gravel, descending gradually to the 
 river bottom. Station 345 is a bastion. Station 349 is a 
 gateway, with interior level approach, a moat on each side. 
 leading down along the edge of a deep ravine, giving an 
 easy descent to the bottom below. From station 352 to 
 3538, across the big ravine back of Mr. Howard’s house, 
 there isa break in the wall. It is not probable that the wall 
 was ever built across this ravine. Some other mode of 
 protection or defense was necessary. The sides of the ra- 
 vine are so steep, and the force of the water so strong, 
 that the earth could not have been made to stand. 
 
 Between stations 857 and 358 the wall was solid, with 
 a sharp turn, almost a right angle, across the head of the — 
 ravine. Tere there was a moat or small pond inside the 
 wall, and the owner of the land, or some one desiring to 
 
 69 
 
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 H 
 
 et 
 
drain it, cut a small trench through the wall, which was 
 built on a graveldeposit. The water soon began to un- 
 dermine and cut out a wide ditch, and in spite of ef- 
 forts to prevent it, the wall on each side caves in more 
 or less every rain. The gap is now 57 feet wide, and will 
 continue to increase unless some effective measures are 
 soon taken to stop it. 
 
 At station 860 is a gateway leading down hill on a 
 narrow spur toward the railroad station. Between stations 
 363 and 364 the pike passes. This was apparently one of 
 the main gateways of the fort. On both sides of the pike 
 within the wall, the earth has been excavated to a large 
 extent to be used in the walls. The pike, however, follows 
 the extent of a kind of platform, having the original level 
 for a width of 70 feet, from which part no earth was re- 
 inoved. It has the appearance, viewed from the entrance, 
 of an artificial elevation, but is simply the original surface 
 left to make an easy passage. The first wall on the north 
 side of the pike, although very heavy, forms a crescent, 
 almost a semi-circle. A large amount of earth has been 
 excavated just within to be used in the construction of 
 the embankment. Formerly this contained water to a 
 depth of several feet during the entire year, but it is 
 now almost entirely filled up with decayed vegetation. 
 Station 367 is a bastion overlooking a narrow spur that 
 runs out between the road and a deep ravine on the north. 
 Its gateway could not be reached from the interior di- 
 rectly on account of the pond above mentioned. It would 
 be necessary to approach it from one side or the other on 
 the wall. There is a depression where the wall was built 
 solidly across a deep ravine, but has washed out. At 
 station 3874 there is a gateway leading down to a deep 
 ravine on the north. Beginning at station 375, there is a 
 terrace on the outside of the wall which extends as far as 
 station 387. From station 3870 to station 388, the wall is 
 built below the top of the hill, on the slope. Between sta- 
 tions 878 and 379 the wall must have been heavy across the 
 ravine, but it is now washed out. A natural ravine has 
 
 ya 
 
formed by water running along the inside of the wall, which 
 in process of time, has cut its way through the embankment. 
 
 Station 882 is a gateway which leads out upon the ter- 
 race. At station 3886 the wall was once solid, but was 
 pierced for the passing through of a road, so it is reported; * 
 but, from the indications, we think there was a gateway 
 there, and very little, if any, excavating was done to allow 
 a wagon road to pass through. There are large flat stones 
 in the bottom of the wall at this point, and they crop out at 
 the edges and can be plainly seen. At station 390 there is 
 a bastion opening out on a ravine. On the interior there is 
 a level, but the gateway is slightly higher. 
 
 At station 894 the wall was once built across a small 
 hollow, but for some reason unknown to us was left quite 
 low, so that it has the appearance of having been washed 
 out, leaving a depression. about twenty-five feet in width. 
 
 This has an easy approach from the interior, and on the 
 outside leads down a slope to the bottom of the ravine, at a 
 point where a branch comes in from a good spring in the 
 field north of the fortification. There is a regular passage- 
 way through station 897 to the mouth of this branch. The 
 spring has unusually cold, clear water, and it seems as if an 
 artificial channel led from it to the ravine at the place men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Station 402, at the north-east corner of the fortification, 
 was probably a bastion, as it opens down into a ravine; but 
 it may have been a gateway leading out to the field north- 
 east. Station 405 is a gateway opening out toward the 
 large mound on the east side of the pike. This gateway 
 has a great deal of stone in it. 
 
 Between stations 407 and 0 the pike passes. 
 
 The summary of the survey may be stated in the follow- 
 ing figures : 
 
 Total length of the walls of Fort 
 
 Ancient : : : : . 18,714.2 feet.* 
 Length of the parallel walls. os Mag OW a 
 Length of the crescent in New Fort. 269 s 
 
 72 
 
Distance in a straight line from sta- 
 tions 187 to 389 (the most distant 
 
 points north and south) : . 4,998 feet 
 Total length of terraces within one 
 
 mile of station 0 . : , : 52 miles. 
 Grand total of artificial work in 
 
 length . ‘ : : : 1037 miles. 
 
 The parallel walls are 2,760 feet each; readers must not 
 fall into the error of considering the above the length of 
 both taken as one continuous embankment, 
 
 *This length of the walls is obtained by measuring and surveying 
 the center of the embankment on top. There is no allowance made 
 for spurs, bastions or elevations. The Crescent Gateway is not in- 
 cluded. Were these added we would probably have a total length of 
 
 21,400 feet. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE POSITION OF THE FORTIFICATION. POINTS CONCERN- 
 ING THE GATEWAY AND THE MOATS 
 
 It will be observed, on the map, that in the center of 
 Fort Ancient extends a long, narrow isthmus, flanked on 
 each side by two deep and precipitous ravines. The width 
 of this isthmus ranges from 100 yards at its widest point to 
 a contraction compassed within 100 feet. Natives were 
 compelled to traverse the isthmus in passing from one fort 
 to the other. Taking one’s point of view from the western 
 walls, it begins at station 809 on the north, and extends to 
 the Great Gateway, or station 288 on the south. In order 
 to understand this isthmus and the central part of the work, 
 which is by far the most interesting portion of the entire 
 fortification, we will call the attention of the reader to 
 Plates IX, X, XI, and XII. In Plate IX, at page 46, it 
 will be seen that the road which extends through the en- 
 tire length of the fortification passes between two large 
 high mounds. They stand about 800 yards south of the 
 point where the camera was placed for the taking of this 
 view. These two mounds are about 20 feet in altitude, and 
 at the base are ten feet apart, leaving just.space enough for 
 a wagon to pass between them. At their bases and between 
 them is a raised platform four feet in height. This is more 
 extensive on the side next to the Old Fort than on that 
 lying toward the New, and when examined it was found 
 to contain many human bones, in small fragments and much 
 decayed. When within 108 feet on the east and 143 feet 
 on the west of the Great Gateway, the embankment com- 
 ing from the north on the edge of the isthmus on each side 
 abruptly terminates. For a distance of 103 feet on one side 
 and 143 feet on the other there is no embankment, the 
 ravines having such a steep angle on each side that further 
 protection was unnecessary. 
 
 Plate X, at page 52, will show the surveying corps as 
 they stood on the mound and in the gateway. This plate 
 
 74 
 
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 NX FLV id 
 
also furnishes a close view of the Great Gateway, and by 
 the figure standing on the summit of the mound to the left, 
 or east, one will obtain an idea as to its height when com- 
 pared with that of a man of six feet. 
 
 It may not be improper to observe that in some of the 
 pictures with which this book is embellished, trees and foli- 
 age are very conspicuous, often hiding the walls. It was 
 impossible to secure photographs otherwise; and this con- 
 stituted the main difficulty which we encountered. Nearly 
 the entire area of Fort Ancient lay in a forest so dense that 
 no little clearing had to be done before photographing, sur- 
 veying, or excavating, could be done with satisfaction. Mr. 
 Williams, who took views of the structure in the winter of 
 1905, for the writer, labored under no such disadvantage. 
 Not only was the season propitious, but the fort is more 
 open than formerly, much of the underbrush having been 
 cut away. 
 
 All about the Great Gateway are masses of stone which 
 were employed both as coverings for graves and as a pro- 
 tection to the embankment. Recently many of these have 
 been hauled away by farmers. They are most frequent 
 on the east side in a depression between stations 101 and 
 108. At this point the embankment is the steepest in the 
 entire earthwork. At the base and protruding from the 
 sides are many large water-worn limestones. ‘These must, 
 at one time, have been piled up in the form of a rude wall 
 to strengthen the base of the embankment. The average 
 size of these stones is 18 x 20 inches, weighing probably 
 about 40 pounds each. Human bones are numerous in the 
 soil under them. 
 
 Plate XI (p. 57) exhibits the east mound-shaped wall of 
 the Great Gateway. 
 
 The road passes between them, and is four feet higher 
 than the surrounding level on account of the platform 
 mound which lies in the opening. 
 
 From the Great Gateway the two walls which const::ute 
 the Old Fort sharply diverge. One runs directly east, the 
 other south-west. The wall running east soon swings 
 around to the south; the other wall runs in a very irregular 
 
 76 
 
manner, being more tortuous than any other portion of the 
 entire structure. About twenty-five stations beyond the 
 Great Gateway, it assumes a southerly direction for quite a 
 distance. 
 
 Immediately to the left of the Great Gateway there is 
 a deep depression between the walls, which is filled with 
 rock. These rocks are not the coverings of graves. They 
 are stones that have been used to form a sort of wall at the 
 foot of the embankments. By thrusting an iron rod into 
 the bank at almost any point, one can feel stones still stand_ 
 ing as they were originally placed. The earth from above 
 has washed down and covered them up so that they now 
 appear as if they had been originally covered with earth by 
 the builders. Such is not the case. The stones were on 
 the outside of the wall; the earth has since run down from 
 above and covered them. Many of the stones have fallen 
 down and formed a heap about the base of the high steep 
 mounds at this spot. 
 
 Plate XII, page 63, shows how steep and high the em- 
 bankment is just above the spot where lies the stone wall 
 described. The figure at the top is that of a six foot man. 
 Compare his height with that of the embankment. 
 
 Of both Old and New Forts, the interior is cleared, but 
 there is left a fringe of timber extending all around the Old 
 Fort and part way through the New, thus affording a source 
 of protection and preserving the embankment as nothing 
 else could. We find beech, walnut, oak, ash, elm, dog- 
 wood, poplar, and hickory. The beech is more numerous 
 than other trees, and its roots spread out over the surface, 
 forming a perfect net-work in places over the wall, and 
 together with the moss, which is so abundant in many 
 localities, affording an efficient barrier against erosion. 
 
 The places where the embankment has recently washed 
 are those upon which cattle have stood and cut the earth 
 with their hoofs, and thus started a small gully, or where 
 some one has cut a drain through to allow water which has 
 collected above to escape. The embankments of the Old 
 Fort are markedly more irregular and crooked than those of 
 the New. ‘Their construction must have been more difficult. 
 
 77 
 
At page 84 (Plate XVII) there is shown the outside 
 slope of the fort wall, near station 280. The earth at this 
 point has been dumped on the edge of the hill and allowed 
 to fall down upon the outside, which has made the outside 
 slope of the ravine very steep, perhaps 36 or 36 degrees. 
 The height on the inside of the wall at this point is only 
 nine feet. We trace earth artificially deposited at the base 
 on the exterior 50 feet from the summit. ‘There is consid- 
 erable timber on the slope, as will be seen in the illustration, 
 and the growth of grass and weeds is very heavy. We ob- 
 serve a moat here, within the enclosure, and from its size 
 conclude that much earth was removed for the embankment. 
 
 The moat is of such extent in depth that water stands in 
 it in places. Alongside the embankment, west of the Great 
 Gateway, we dug in the moat to determine its original 
 depth. Although at present it is but two feet deep, our 
 examination led us to believe that when the aborigines 
 completed it, the. depth was five feet greater than at pres- 
 ent—a total of T feet. The earth to a depth of two feet 
 was exceedingly dark and heavy. Four feet from the sur- 
 face were pottery fragments, chips and flakes of charcoal. 
 The bones had probably decayed. From the bottom of the 
 moat to the top of the wall is 16 feet. But as soil from the 
 wall had washed into the moat, the total distance was, we 
 are convinced, at least 19 feet. 
 
 Plate XX presents a bit of the Isthmus. A little spur juts 
 out a few yards toward the west. From this point one 
 commands a splendid view of the valley far beneath. It is 
 possible for one to discern the hills flanking the river and 
 “Oregonia, three miles up stream, or north. The embank- 
 ment is not steep and varies from four to seven or eight 
 feet in height. In building the walls high, the earth was 
 thrown over the edge of the bluff. One is able to differen- 
 tiate the artificial slope from the natural. To the left of 
 the picture the Isthmus contracts and the walls come nearer 
 each other. At Station 296 (not shown in Plate XX), the 
 embankment runs north and south and is made heavy at 
 the head of another spur. At Station 296 there is an open 
 space in front of the embankment, filled with stones, the 
 design and use of which is by no means easy to explain un- 
 less they formed the walls at the base of the embankment. 
 
 78 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 REMARKS UPON THE ILLUSTRATIONS. POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 GATEWAYS AND DITCHES. 
 
 Standing on station 0, which is to the extreme right in 
 Plate III, one has an uninterrupted view across 2000 feet of 
 New Fort. To the left are the two mounds without the 
 enclosure (see Plate X XIX). The fields are cleared on either 
 hand, and far to the west, a quarter of a mile away, is the 
 other side of the fort wall flanking the river. Note the 
 difference between these embankments in summer and 
 winter. The frontispiece is from the exterior of New Fort, 
 the camera placed 250 yards distant and looking west. In 
 Plate II the camera is brought nearer. In Plate IV, long, 
 straight stretches described in Chapter II are clearly indi- 
 cated. 1000 feet of embankinent is shown, and in Plate V 
 there is a summer view of the same walls as are observed in 
 Plate IV. But in Plate V the view is from the inside of the 
 fortification. Station 0 would be slightly to the left of the 
 margin and is not shown. 
 
 In Plate VI we are west of the center of the New Fort 
 and look at embankments flanking the Little Miami valley. 
 Plate VIII gives a glimpse of the valley beyond the west 
 wall of the isthmus. The lowest embankments are shown 
 in Plate XXII. The road made use of by those who drive 
 from the turnpike in the New Fort to the village site in the 
 Old Fort is in the foreground. As the embankment is but 
 four feet in height and does not appear to have ever been 
 either steep or high, one queries why it should have been 
 so weak at this particular place. Several theories suggest 
 themselves. One, that palisades were planted to strengthen 
 the wall. Another, that the wall was not completed at this 
 point. Certain it is that the amount of earth now in evi- 
 dence could not have constituted, originally, a wall of more 
 than 6 or 7 feet in height Although the writer is unable 
 to prove conclusively his belief, he is of the opinion that 
 the embankment was not completed. 
 
 79 
 
Pvp 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 Giant Embankments of Extreme Southern Part of Old Fort. 
 
 Camera 150 yards distant, looking South. 
 
Plate XXIII illustrates how that a small washout, through 
 neglect, may become a menace. This serious break in the 
 wall has occurred since Atwater’s time. ‘The State has 
 since built a heavy retaining wall and further damage can- 
 not occur. The washout was 57 feet in width and nearly 
 45 feet deep, or more than 20 feet deeper.than the original 
 height of the wall. However, the damage is not without 
 its recompense, for the exposed sections show clearly the 
 composition of Fort Ancient’s embankments. There is 
 variation in color and material, indicating that the natives 
 scooped up amounts of earth varying from a peck to half a 
 bushel, some working in loam, others transporting clay, and 
 again those who carried stone. In the center the stones 
 assume the shape of a rough layer. On the other side the 
 stones weighed as much as 10 pounds each. ‘There is a tra- 
 vertine coating on the stones—a natural formation. It is 
 quite likely that the wall —at least here at station 363 — 
 was built at two periods, separated by an unknown length 
 of time. Vegetable matter accumulated between these 
 layers, and when the wall was completed, this material lay 
 between the first and second sections. The line of division 
 is half an inch thick, is dark, clearly marked, and _ precisely 
 such as is found in mounds, denoting different periods of 
 construction. While loam and yellow clay predominate, 
 not a little blue clay appears. Such material the builders 
 must have taken from ravines and the limestone beds. 
 
 There has been frequent reference to limestone slabs so 
 numerous about the Great Gateway, in the end of embank- 
 ments and on the outside of the walls. By thrusting an 
 iron rod into the earth at almost any point in the wall, these 
 stones can be felt. Over most of them is a coating caused 
 by carbonated water, flowing over them and dissolving a 
 portion of the stone. In places where the stones are heaped 
 up they seem to have been held together by a cement. The 
 coating is travertine and due entirely to natural causes. 
 Some early writers on Fort Ancient have called it “ Mound 
 Builder cement ” — which, of course, is absurd. 
 
 The amount of stone and its position indicates that the 
 builders constructed a stone backbone entirely around the 
 
 81 
 
enclosure. This varied, but usually it lay near the center 
 of the embankment. It is quite likely that on the exterior 
 stones were laid up forming a wall sloping slightly back- 
 wards —as they naturally would lying against the curve of 
 the embankment. 
 
 Within the New Fort is a semi-circular, or crescent- 
 shaped, embankment, somewhat injured by the state road 
 running through a portion of it. It will be seen in the 
 map as cut into halves by the pike. The height of this 
 crescent is about two feet; the length of it, 269 feet. 
 There is no use assigned to it. The portion north of the 
 pike was covered and protected in 1899 by a growth of 
 small bushes and trees. 
 
 The fort wall, on Mr. Ridge’s side, the extreme north, 
 runs comparatively straight. The average height of the em- 
 bankment on Mr. Ridge’s land is 13 or 14 feet, and there are 
 fewer gateways on his portion than on any other of equal 
 extent. There is a ditch on the inside for the entire extent. 
 
 We dug into the ditch running out from the mound on 
 Mr. Ridge’s side, with the following results: | 
 
 The part dug was near the large mound in his orchard. 
 At a depth of three feet in the bottom, and resting on un- 
 disturbed earth, and covered by the accumulations of years, 
 was the bottom of what had once been a very large clay jar. 
 It seems, from the fragment found, to have been at least 
 a foot in diameter. ‘The upper portion being gone, we could 
 not tell the height. Several other fragments were found 
 in this ditch. 
 
 On the south side of the Lebanon and Chillicothe pike, 
 just south of mound 69, there starts another ditch or moat. 
 This we carefully excavated, and found a number of in- 
 teresting things. It has filled to a depth of. three feet. 
 This makes the original depth about four feet. There 
 were fragments of charcoal and some burnt stone in it; 
 that was all. We dug another trench about 100 yards 
 further south, in the same moat, and here took out fragments 
 of pottery, as many as one could hold in two hands. As the 
 excavation was enlarged, more and more pottery pieces were 
 found, but they were well scattered. There were fragments 
 
 82 
 
of the bones of a very large animal, presumably those of a 
 buffalo, in the moat, and some flakes of charcoal. There 
 was no burnt earth. A piece of mica, about three inches 
 across, and chips of flint, were also taken from this ditch. 
 
 Resting upon the undisturbed earth was a layer of gravel 
 reaching about two feet in width, and six inches thick at 
 thickest part, running out to a feather edge toward each 
 side. We do not know how far it extended along the moat, 
 or why it was placed there. -It was put there by the hand 
 of man, as numerous objects, such as referred to above, were 
 found on and in it. The moat here has been filled in by 
 rubbish to the depth of three feet; it is three feet deep now. 
 Its original depth at this point was therefore six feet. 
 
 Between stations 417 and 418, there is a place which 
 has either been only slightly excavated, or else filled up 
 again after excavation, as it is only a foot lower than the 
 bank on either side, and has but a few inches of black soil 
 above the yellow clay which is found at a depth of three 
 feet in the other parts of the moat. 
 
 We dug in the “causeway” which leads out from station 
 5, but found that it was original earth (natural), not filled 
 in, and that the elevation was undoubtedly made use of as 
 a foot-way in and out of the inclosure. 
 
 After the causeway was examined, pits were sunk in the 
 depression or moat on either side. 20 inches. of black, 
 mucky soil intervened and then the natural clay. It ap- 
 peared to us that here the moats were never very deep. It 
 is possible that the clay may have washed in, but we con- 
 sider that improbable. 
 
 Outside the embankment at station 3 is a large, long 
 moat, briefly described on page 51. Further excavations 
 were made in it at another time and nearer the woods its 
 original depth must have been four or five feet greater 
 than at present — a total of 6 or 7 feet in excess of what it 
 is today. 
 
 A hollow into which the ditch extends, rapidly deepens. 
 A terrace follows it for nearly a mile, ending abruptly 
 opposite a peculiar knoll, which may be natural, although 
 
 83 
 
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 TIAX ALV Id 
 
it appears as if artificially rounded. There are also a num- 
 ber of depressions; all of which should be investigated 
 more thoroughly. 
 
 It is likely that natives made use of the ditch as a cov- 
 ered retreat when they wished to pass from the mounds, or 
 the parallel walls, or the pavement to the Old Fort and be 
 protected en route. Again, that ditch may carry some 
 ceremonial significance. 
 
 The writer is of the opinion that the ditches were more 
 extensive when Fort Ancient was completed and that they 
 bore a peculiar significance to the whole earthwork, a rela- 
 tion which is at present imperfectly understood. 
 
 - 
 
 ys) 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 EXCAVATIONS IN AND ABOUT THE EARTHWORKS. STONE 
 GRAVES, STONE HEAPS, ETC., AND THEIR CONTENTS. 
 
 Reference has been made to the stone heaps and stone 
 graves So numerous about the Great Gateway and on the 
 terraces. In addition to such, there are seven small 
 mounds on the outside, within a few hundred yards of the 
 fortification, but our map is not large enough to show them, 
 and, besides, they are unimportant. The stone graves and 
 the cemetery were opened very carefully, and drawings and 
 photographs taken of their contents. In the center of the 
 Old Fort in 1889 stood the stump of a large and old walnut 
 tree on a perceptible rise of ground. For a distance of 
 about 110 feet, all around the stump, are many graves, at 
 an average depth of two and a half feet. These graves are 
 formed of limestones, which were brought from the ravines 
 adjacent, or the river valley below, and are placed on each 
 side of the skeletons, at the head and at the feet, and over 
 them. The skeletons found in the cemetery are of an 
 average size, being about five feet six inches in height, and 
 were buried similarly. But one exception of consequence 
 was observed —that of a skeleton surrounded by a circle of 
 stones. The following objects accompanied this interment: 
 Near the left femur was a large spear head of yellow flint ; 
 near the left shoulder were remains of pottery broken into 
 small fragments; near the right femur, a large stone celt. 
 The bones of this individual were quite well preserved, and 
 we saved them almost entire. From the grave-yard we 
 took out twenty skeletons in various stages of decom- 
 position. Some of these were as deep below the surface 
 as three feet, and one was four feet. 
 
 The stones are about 15 pounds weight on an average. 
 Some are heavier, and others lighter. Between the stones 
 and the body there is usually four inches of earth. It is 
 almost impossible to save anything except the skull in 
 
 86 
 
fragments, the femura, tibize, and heavier bones. Some of 
 the larger phalanges and the os calcis are often entire, but 
 the ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, and smaller bones are usually 
 entirely decayed, and frequently no trace of them remains. 
 
 In this field (Old Fort) was observed at the time of ex- 
 ploration, some house-sites that have since disappeared. 
 Some were clearly defined, others indistinct. They vary in 
 diameter from 22 to 30 feet and two of the best preserved 
 of them have a depth in the center of three feet. In char- 
 acter they are not unlike a small circus ring. The area 
 inclosed is different in color from that outside. Fire has 
 tinged the earth to a reddish hue, and pottery fragments, 
 ashes and animal bones are to be observed. 
 
 Mr. Hughes, an aged man who has lived near the fort all 
 his life, and was able to furnish us with much information 
 as to the change in character of the surface since his boy- 
 hood days, states that these circles and depressions were 
 plain fifty years ago. At the: time of examination, the 
 writer was led to believe that the large lodges in the South 
 or Old Fort were similar to those built by the Mandan 
 Indians on the Upper Missouri. He is still of the same 
 opinion. If the structures were of that character, when the 
 supports decayed, or the sun-baked clay was affected by 
 frosts, the larger portion of the clay — where it was thick- 
 est —in falling would leave an embankment of circular ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 THE MOUNDS WITHIN FORT ANCIENT 
 
 Four of the mounds in the North Fort appear to have 
 formed a rude square nearly in line with the cardinal 
 points. This coincidence carries no significance, one is 
 led to believe. 
 
 Four plates from the original edition of the book “Fort 
 Ancient”, describing these mounds and some stone heaps 
 are herewith inserted. 
 
 On the east there isa small mound about 100 yards 
 from station 1 and it is covered with burnt stone. About 
 200 yards south there is another small mound near 
 
 37 
 
the edge of the woods. There are two more equally dis 
 tant to the north and west, thus making a square which, 
 while not altogether exact, closely approaches it. 
 
 Near station 85, across a deep hollow over in a dense 
 woods, are three mounds. They are 300 to 400 yards * 
 distant from the nearest approach of the wall. They vary 
 in diameter from 20 to 80 feet, but they are all nearly the 
 same altitude. The average height is three feet. These 
 mounds were dug out very carefully and a few interesting 
 things found. The following account of them is taken 
 directly from the Field Book: 
 
 (The numbers used in reference to graves and mounds 
 require a brief explanation. Last year, when doing field 
 work, I began to number consecutively all mounds opened, 
 in order that my notes might not be confused. These 
 numbers were continued this year.) 
 
 The first and largest of the three mounds is number 
 50. It is near a saw-mill, and about one quarter of a mile 
 due south from Mr. George Ridge’s house. 
 
 The mound is four feet high, about 40 feet in diam- 
 eter, and quite regular in outline. Work was begun 
 Thursday morning, July 18th. 
 
 For a considerable distance in this structure nothing 
 whatever was found, and, indeed, we were well into the 
 center of the mound when we came upon a large mass of 
 burnt clay, and considerable charcoal and ashes. About 
 six inches above the base line was a fine layer of burnt 
 bone; this was two or three inches thick, and extended 
 over half the mound. 
 
 Below this, near the center, were two “ pockets” cov- 
 ered by burnt stone, and extending two or three feet deep. 
 There were pottery fragments in each of them. Near one 
 of these “pockets” were three sheets of yellow mica, 
 with edges neatly trimmed, and presenting a disk-shaped 
 appearance; they were about six inches in diameter. 
 There was a fragmentary skeleton in the mound, which 
 had one arrow-head and some pottery fragments buried 
 with it. It had on the right hand quite a mass of red ochre, 
 which was probably used for war-paint. Near the south. 
 
 88 
 
west part of the mound a broken celt, and a black stone 
 of rather peculiar form were removed. This latter was a 
 very fine relic and can be restored. The length was about 
 six inches, and the width about one and one-half inches. 
 The pottery found in this mound is thin and well made, 
 but not ornamented. There were no stones in the mound 
 except a few above the bones, and these were not laid reg- 
 ularly. 
 
 Mound No. 51 is in the same woods as No. 50, and 
 lies nearly south from No. 50, 200 yards, or about 600 
 yards from the north point of the fort wall near station 
 32 or 33. It is two and one-half feet high, and 40 feet 
 across. This mound was dug entirely through, and traces 
 of decayed skeletons were seen, but none of the bones 
 were sufficiently well preserved to take them out entire. 
 There were about 30 scales and chips of flint found with 
 some of these bones. 
 
 No 52 is in the same woods, but is nearer the fort 
 wall; it is on the edge of a hollow, probably about 200 
 yards across from the fort, opposite station 32. Itis about 
 17 feet across and two feet high, and had a circle of 
 stones, somewhat burned, lying immediately under the 
 surface, extending completely around it. This circle was 
 about 15 feet in diameter, and 20 inches wide, and about 
 three layers deep; the stones were not laid with any pre- 
 cision, but rather heaped in. There was nothing whatever 
 within this stone circle. In the same woods, where these 
 mounds are, and on the ravines bordering on this side of 
 the fort, there are numerous stone graves, in which skele- 
 tons have been found, and many relics have been picked 
 up in the woods. The first time it is plowed, the find will 
 probably be very remarkable. 
 
 The terrace on the east side of the Great Gateway has 
 on its surface many stone graves. We opened one or two 
 of these and found some very interesting remains. We 
 here give a few notes from the Field Book as taken on 
 the spot, and upon the same day the finds were made. 
 
 The stones in this pile covered an extent of 20 feet by 
 80, the stone running from 15 to 25 inches in height, and 
 
 89 
 
‘ 
 ‘IO PIC ‘ofz *e1S Je JUSUTYyUReqUIY fo Puy 
 
 *MOTA JOWIUINS Oggr 
 TIIIAX FLV Id 
 
 D: Dina 
 iM % arossany - 
 
 ne 
 Alexei. 
 
 ae 
 Ay 
 
the quantity in the pile is not far from 460 wagon loads. 
 The graves are near the Great Gateway, and are on the 
 east side next to the hollow near station 104, and are on 
 the outside of the wall. There they are on a terrace of 
 25 feet width ; this terrace is about 19 feet from the top of 
 the wall above. We commenced on the west side of the 
 terrace, and dug out a space about 20 feet wide, which 
 was carried right through the stone grave. We then 
 passed over several places where others had dug, and took 
 out 15 feet of grave in one part, and 10 feet in another at 
 the other extremity of the terrace. 
 
 There were decayed bones scattered all through this 
 stone pile, and pottery fragments in large numbers. 
 These were under the first layer of stone, and very 
 much decayed. They were not over 10 inches deep, 
 most of them, but the larger and better preserved bones 
 were about two feet deep. From the number of bones 
 found, there must have been 18 or 20 individuals interred 
 at this place. Some of the pottery found was decorated, 
 but most of it was plain. In one mass of bones was a 
 very fine celt seven inches long, by four inches wide. In 
 another place was a limestone of about 20 pounds weight, 
 that had three cup-shaped depressions on one side, and 
 three deep grooves on the other, as if it had been used for 
 sharpening a tool of some description; the grooves look as. 
 if copper had been sharpened. The cup-shaped depressions 
 were probably due to the grinding of paint. No animal 
 bones were found in this stone pile, but several very fine 
 knifes made of long curved flint flakes were found. These 
 skeletons had stones heaped over them, not laid regularly. 
 The bones were broken in small fraginents, about two bush- 
 els in quantity. The bones were found in pieces not longer 
 than six inches, and most of them less than four inches. 
 
 There is a large stone grave at the southern extrem- 
 ity of the fortification, just outside of the fort wall. The 
 grave lies on a high terrace far above the river, 
 and only 36 feet from the fort wall. The grave holds 
 about 40 wagon loads of stone, which are heaped 
 up and not laid in any regular order. Under these 
 
 gt 
 
stones we found fragmentary bones, broken celts, and many 
 flint chips. The bones, like those found in nearly all of the 
 stone heaps, are very much decayed, and very fragmentary. 
 
 The terraces on the west side of the old fort, which 
 overlooks the river, have scattered graves on them, 
 some of which, when opened, yielded very interest- 
 ing bones and relics; many of them, however, have 
 nothing under the stone save broken and decayed bones. 
 The river flows at the foot of the hill on this west side for 
 some distance, and there are many points on the embank- 
 ment where the descent to the river is. very steep; an 
 angle of 80 degrees, and where one could stand and shoot 
 an arrow without difficulty across the stream. These ter- 
 races do not have graves their entire length, but only in 
 certain places. 
 
 The following account concerning these graves, and 
 copied from the. Field Book, may be of some interest to 
 readers :—Four of them were opened, situated on the ter- 
 race next to the top, or the third one, going from the river 
 up. Two of the graves opened were located together, 
 and may, perhaps, with propriety be classed as one large 
 tomb. The stone contained in this grave would be equal 
 in quantity to about 100 wagon loads, and is about two 
 feet thick, spreading over a space the width of the ter- 
 race—20 feet—and was about fifty feet long. We threw 
 out all this stone, which occupied the time of three men 
 for two days, and under it we found a total of nearly 20 
 fragmentary skeletons. The skulls were crushed, and the 
 jaws in most instances were broken, but such jaws as 
 were saved we judged to represent individuals of average 
 size, and quite strong. The teeth were much worn, as if 
 they had eaten little vegetables, and their sustenance had 
 been mainly derived from the flesh of animals. The 
 bones that we did save entire, of the legs and arms, would 
 indicate a people of about the same height with ourselves, 
 but rather stronger. 
 
 There were the bones of children found in this stone 
 heap, and, judging from the teeth of one, we should say 
 it was about seven years of age.. There were some inter- 
 
 2 
 
IIL NARS, DIDS 
 
 Southern Part of Old Fort. 
 
 Near View, Camera pointing Southwest. 
 
 Giant Embankment at Entrance. 
 
esting relics, such as a clay dish, nearly entire, and about 
 five inches high; a beautiful ornament or personal pendant 
 some four inches long, made of black slate, with a hole 
 drilled through it ; several arrow-heads; and a stone celt of 
 unusual finish and beautiful shape. There were no bones of 
 animals in this stone heap. 
 
 The other two graves were situated further north, one 
 on the center terrace, and a third on the upper terrace. 
 These contained numerous fragments of skeletons, but 
 nothing of any interest in the way of relics, save a few small 
 beads, one or two arrow-heads, one spear-head, and a few 
 pottery sherds. 
 
 The earth wall along the west side is quite high in 
 some places, higher than on the east side of the old fort. 
 The ditch is quite deep here, and will average three feet 
 below the level inside. The embankment in many places 
 has a layer of-stone underneath, presumably to keep it 
 from slipping and sliding down the hill. Landslides in 
 limestone regions being not uncommon, the natives took 
 precautions against the danger here at Fort Ancient. How- 
 ever, some consider the stones of very slight protection or 
 support in case the wall should become loosened in an ex- 
 cessively wet season, and stuart sliding into the deep ravines. 
 The stones can be seen cropping out at the base of the wall 
 in every gateway. Near station 248, on a point overlooking 
 the valley, is a small grave containing about two wagon 
 loads of stone. Yet underneath were three skeletons in 
 fair state of preservation. With the skull of one individual 
 was found a large flint spear-head, and with another several 
 shell beads, a small but finely made arrow-head, and some 
 ocean shells, which had been perforated and worn as orna- 
 ments. These bodies lay about 10 or 12 inches beneath the 
 surface of the ground, with scarcely any covering. In most 
 instances the bones in the graves in the woods and on the 
 terraces are found within a foot of the surface. 
 
 94 
 
‘ISOM SurTyooy ‘(snuryisy) 3410.7 PIPPIN FNL 
 2 OSCR al 
 
CHAPTER. VI. 
 
 VILLAGE SITE ALONG THE BANKS OF THE LITTLE MIAMI 
 RIVER. 
 
 A preliminary examination was made of this in 1887 and 
 1888. In 1889 more extensive excavations were under- 
 taken and a number of men employed for a considerable 
 time. The village extends over a space of ground, possibly 
 half a mile long and 400 yards in width. Most of the 
 explorations were confined to a space 100 feet by 400 feet. 
 It is stated that in the heavy woods on the flat across the 
 river is another site, but the writer never attempted explo- 
 rations on the west side of the river. As the river each 
 spring washes and cuts into the banks, a thick hedge has 
 been planted about twenty feet back from the edge. The 
 bank in 1889 was perhaps 15 feet in altitude and nearly 
 perpendicular. We were requested not to dig on the river 
 side of this hedge, and therefore confined all our excava- 
 tions to the east side of it. The first large excavation 
 made was back from the hedge about 80 feet. At a depth 
 of two feet we found numerous bones of animals, ashes, 
 and pottery fragments. The soil at this point is a heavy 
 black loam with some sand in it. It is very rich, and raises 
 annually splendid crops without fertilization. The bones 
 taken out from the depth of two feet were mostly in small 
 pieces, and they were not nearly so numerous as those 
 which we found at a depth of four feet. Four feet of earth 
 has accumulated since the great village was there. It is at 
 this deep level that we find pottery of a beautiful texture 
 and finish, and implements of a better grade than those 
 found at the two-foot level. 
 
 In these excavations the same order of arrangement is 
 noticed every-where. First, there is a layer of loam about 
 two feet thick; then there is a thin deposit of ashes, char- 
 coal, etc. Then there are two feet to thirty inches of sand 
 and loam, and the heavy deposit of refuse. At five feet we 
 find, in places, a thick layer of bones, pottery, etc.; it is not, 
 
 96 
 
wine 
 Beis 
 yee 
 
 Ss a 
 u 
 zi 
 
 XXI. 
 
 From Tichenor’s “Guide to Ft. Ancient.” 
 
 PLATE 
 
 View of the Valley. 
 
however, continuous like the four-foot layer, and the village 
 that left it was not so large as the two later ones. In some 
 excavations the bones are few, and the mussel shells scarce. 
 In others we seem to strike the site of a lodge and find 
 inany remains of occupation. 
 
 A few pieces of pottery of a dark red color, which were 
 thick and clumsy, and a few bird bones were all that were 
 found at two feet from the surface. From a depth of two 
 feet until we had reached a depth of four feet we found 
 nothing. At four feet we found the greatest deposit of 
 objects described. This fact indicates that a very consider- 
 able length of time had elapsed since the first village was 
 abandoned before the next one was occupied. At this level 
 we found a large black mass of ashes, and soft earth, and 
 burnt stone; such as would result from long continued 
 cooking on one spot of ground. In this mass of ashes were 
 the bones of 17 animals and birds, and many fish scales. 
 We also took out eight bone needles or awls, such as the 
 women of the tribe would use in the manufacture of gar- 
 ments of deer skin. Some of the pottery fragments found 
 at this level were quite large and nicely decorated. The 
 bones represent the following animals and birds: bear, deer, 
 elk, musk-rat, ground-hog, raccoon, squirrel, rabbit and 
 wolf, wild turkey, wild duck, hawk, owl, quail, cat-fish, 
 turtle, and gar. 
 
 It is well known that ashes have a wonderful preserving 
 quality and in the deeper pits minute fish scales and bones 
 and the vertebral column of fish were removed in almost 
 perfect condition. Needles, perforators and awls were quite 
 common as were mussel shells used as scrapers and as hoes. 
 Typical perforated mussel shell for the insertion of either a 
 finger or stick is shown in Plate XXVI. Some of the awls 
 
 may be seen in Plate X XV. 
 
 98 
 
A number of children’s graves were uncovered but no 
 group of graves was discovered during the explorations in 
 the summer of 1889. A child, probably two years of age, 
 had been buried with unusual care. The stones were two 
 feet by six inches, three inches thick and weighed about 
 75 pounds each—the largest that we found either in the 
 valley or upon the hill. Near the head of the skeleton lay 
 four shell discs, two small shell pendants and an arrow 
 point of clear chalcedony. Since the grave was con- 
 structed, natives had camped on the spot above, for there 
 was an ash pit 4 by 38 feet which contained much bone ma- 
 terial and pottery sherds. 
 
 After the writer’s appointment as assistant under Pro- 
 fessor Putnam, work was undertaken again at Fort 
 Ancient... In “Primitive Man in Ohio” the results of the 
 1891 exploration were given to the public in Chapters VII 
 and VIII of that work, and about half of the pages relating 
 to Fort Ancient are republished herewith. 
 
 When we consider the magnitude of the walls of Fort 
 Ancient, the immense amount of labor involved in their 
 erection, and in the construction of the miles of terraces 
 connected with them, we realize that all this required a 
 long period of time or a large number of workers; perhaps, 
 when we bear in mind the primitive methods of the builders, 
 we are even justified in believing that it represents the pro- 
 longed and continuous industry of a numerous population, 
 Taking this view of the case, it is a surprising feature to 
 
 note that so few mounds occur in connection with this 
 
 1 When he was appointed to the position of field assistant for the 
 World’s Columbian Exposition Survey in 1891, Professor Putnam 
 wrote him on March 18th of that year, giving instructions for the 
 work to be carried out at Fort Ancient, viz.: ‘‘ Taking into considera- 
 tion the fact that the Exposition will have the benefit of your former 
 work at this place, and the use of such plans and notes as you already 
 have, I herewith agree that all material obtained during this expedi- 
 tion shall be-at your service for study and description,” 
 
 9 
 
/ =<4° 
 
 (6ggt) ‘ePIS ISAM ‘WOT OPPHA ‘SIIBAA SAUSFOUY OT UF JIOg eMoT CYL 
 ‘IIXX HTLV 1d 
 
great earthwork, and that even such as do exist are of in- 
 significant proportions. Omitting a few small elevations 
 which have been plowed over until it is impossible to de- 
 termine whether they are natural or artificial, and which 
 have never disclosed anything that would throw light on 
 the question, there are only ten mounds in sight from any 
 portion of the enclosure; all these except one,’ which is in 
 the loop or curve formed by the junction of the parallels, 
 at the farthest extremity of the fort, were thoroughly ex- 
 amined. 
 
 As the survey of 1889 was not able to thoroughly explore 
 the village sites, under Professor Putnam’s direction the 
 author employed eight or ten men for some weeks in May 
 and June, 1891, on the “Lower” and ‘“Upper”’ sites. 
 These are separated by a small ravine, merely, although the 
 cemeteries were about 700 feet apart. The Lower one— 
 south—was where we had dug in 1889. 
 
 One can observe both sites from a hundred places upon 
 the towering fort walls above. It is so near the enclosure 
 that but three or four minutes would be occupied in reach- 
 ing safety should the villagers be compelled to flee at the 
 approach of an enemy. 
 
 Besides the site mentioned, one mile and a half below the 
 southern extremity of Fort Ancient is another large village 
 covering some eight or ten acres rich in graves and debris. 
 At the mouth of Caesar Creek, six miles distant to the 
 north, are two extensive sites, one in the bottoms and the 
 other upon the hills to the south. 
 
 The 1891 work confirmed what had been observed three 
 years previously. For a depth of two feet there was little indica- 
 tion of occupation. This level was the highest, and therefore 
 
 2 This was examined in April, 1891. It contained nothing. 
 
 Io! 
 
JO OPIS IsoM ‘ITPA UL JNoYse AA 
 
 "OQSI FO JoUIUUNG “EOF "eG vou “IO MON 
 
 TIXX, Gly id: 
 
Sta. 4 
 } 
 i 
 ; 
 ; 
 
 WII 
 
 Sta. 241 
 
 Sta. 243 
 
 bao Sta. 257 
 FNM } : 
 
 4 
 
 42,37 ft. 
 = 
 
 37,11 ft. 
 
 ee prar.60 Baas 
 
 Sta, 103 
 
 PLATE MXIV. 
 Cross Sections of the Embankments. taxen where Contrasts were Marked. 
 
— a 
 
the latest, of three villages that had been situated 
 upon the bottom. We found great quantities of 
 burnt stone, ashes, charcoal, fragments of pottery, 
 bones of animals and birds. Implements of stone 
 lay scattered about and were, with few exceptions, 
 broken or thrown aside in the waste so abundant in 
 such places. This layer had a thickness of about 
 six inches. After passing through it we found 
 another stratum of soil not less than a foot thick, 
 and in some places as much as eighteen inches. It 
 did not contain any specimens of human handiwork. 
 At a depth of one foot below the first layer the 
 level of the second village site was discovered. It 
 had been occupied for a longer period of time than 
 the other. 
 
 A few inches of clean earth had formed between 
 the second layer and the debris of the lowest or 
 oldest site. Its highest point is fully five and a 
 half feet below the present surface. The depth of 
 this layer is less than six inches. 
 
 The greatest depth below the surface at which 
 any relic was found in the three village sites was 
 six and ahalf feet. The specimen was a small highly 
 polished celt of green stone. 
 
 It must not be inferred that the “kitchen-middens” 
 extended in a continuous, unbroken stratum at the 
 various levels. In some of the pits we found all 
 three strata, in others either one or two. A few 
 places were entirely without layers and did not show 
 any traces of fire from the surface to the bottom of 
 the pit. Articles of aboriginal manufacture were 
 also absent. 
 
 103 
 
It is obvious then, that at three different periods 
 in the past, separated from one another by considet- 
 able intervals, this bottom was a place of resort for 
 the aboriginal hunters and fishermen of the Little 
 Miami valley. But whether they came to spend 
 the summer only, or whether the villages were per- 
 manent places of abode will never be known. On 
 one hand is the great amount of refuse accumulated ; 
 but on the other is the fact that the ground is 
 subject to an occasional overflow. At any rate, the 
 intervening strata of earth containing no evidence of 
 human residence, would show that, whichever view 
 of the matter we take, occupation of the site was 
 not continuous. 
 
 During the excavations at this point we unearthed 
 three skeletons some rods back from the river. The 
 first was that of an adult of small size, not more 
 than five feet six inches long. This burial is notice- 
 able for its peculiarity. The earth had been removed 
 foradepth of two feet, and in the bottom of the 
 space a hole had been dug large enough to contain 
 the body. At each end of this hole a rectangular 
 limestone slab had been placed to serve as head and 
 foot stones. The body had then been deposited and 
 four large flat limestones placed across with their 
 ends resting on the earth at either side so they would 
 not touch the body. The soil had then been thrown 
 over the structure. The bones were well preserved, 
 but no relics of any sort were found in the grave. 
 
 Within three feet of the end of the grave just 
 referred to was one containing the remains of a child. 
 It was similar in construction to the first, except 
 
 104 
 
that the headstone was omitted, and only two stones 
 placed over it. A small quantity of unusually fine, soft 
 black earth was with the bones — possibly the remains of 
 garments or robes in which the child had been wrapped. 
 
 TRARY NINIS, | 2. @ Qe 
 
 Bone Awls and Scrapers, from Ash-pits, Fort Ancient. 
 
 105 
 
CGHAPTER VIL. 
 GROUPS OF GRAVES. 
 
 In addition to the scattered graves found here and there 
 under or in the village site, several small cemeteries of 
 three to seventeen graves each, were uncovered. Most of 
 them occurred in the Upper site and were more carefully 
 constructed and different from those of the Old Fort. 
 
 It is interesting to compare the Fort Ancient graves with 
 those of Kentucky and Tennessee where large cemeteries 
 exist. The graves found at Hopkinsville, Kentucky, in 
 1903 (see Bulletin No. 8, Department Archaeology, Phil- 
 lips Academy, p. 115), were more nearly, in point of con- 
 struction, like those of Fort Ancient than the ones de- 
 scribed by Gen. Thruston in his ‘Antiquities of Tennessee.” 
 
 PLATE XXVI. 
 Typical mussel shell Hoe; Village Site; Full size. 
 
 106 
 
General Thruston says : 
 
 “The rude cists, or box-shaped coffins, are made of 
 thin slabs of stone. Sometimes the stones are broken or 
 cut, or rubbed down so as to fit evenly and form a well 
 shaped case, but more frequently they are rudely joined 
 together. Occasionally they are found in mounds or 
 layers, four or five tiers of graves deep. The graves are 
 usually six or seven feet long, a foot and a half to two 
 feet wide, and eighteen inches deep; but graves of 
 greatly varying sizes and shapes are found intermingled 
 with those of more regular form. The children’s graves 
 are proportionately smaller. Frequently the same cist con- 
 tains two or three skeletons, and is not more than three 
 or four feet long, the bones having been placed in a pile 
 irregularly within it, indicating that they were probably 
 interred long after death, and after some intermediate 
 preparation or ceremonies similar to the burial customs 
 of some of the historic tribes. 
 
 “Many of the graves in the vicinity of Nashville are 
 lined with large, thick fragments of broken pottery, as 
 neatly joined together as if moulded for the purpose. The 
 author recently excavated several graves of this kind on 
 Hon. W. F. Cooper’s farm, near Nashville. The pottery 
 burial cases were symmetrically formed, and seemed to 
 be moulded in single pieces, until an attempt was made 
 to raise them, when they fell apart, and were found to be 
 composed of neatly joined fragments of large vessels; 
 the heavy rims of the vessels, more than an inch and 
 a half thick, having been used as rims or borders for the 
 burial cases. 
 
 “ Nearly all the stone graves are found to be filled with 
 earth inside, by infiltration. The roots of trees have pene- 
 trated them. The very skulls are usually packed solid with 
 earth, but now and then the iron pick will strike a hollow 
 cist in its original state, and the fortunate explorer may 
 be rewarded by finding a vessel or bowl of clay, perhaps 
 
 107 
 
two or three, within easy grasp, beside the still uncov- 
 ered skeleton, and he will thus secure a better oppor- 
 tunity of observing at his leisure all the interesting 
 details of the burial. 
 
 “ Sometimes a little cluster of stone graves is found, 
 with the usual accompaniments of pottery and rude orna- 
 ments, like many modern plantation burial-places, contain- 
 ing the remains of a single family, or group of families, 
 that doubtless lived an agricultural life in its own farm 
 dwellings. The remains sometimes found in these small 
 isolated burial-grounds show that some of these villagers 
 or country people must have been supplied with many 
 of the domestic conveniences enjoyed by the inhabitants 
 of the larger towns.” 
 
 The burials in both upper and lower village sites 
 were about equally divided as to adults and children, 
 save in one or two instances. No objects were buried 
 with the adults, but near the children were bead 
 necklaces, small shell ornaments, and shell toys. 
 Frequently a child would be placed alongside an 
 adult woman, probably its mother. Occasionally 
 the short grave of the child, but three or four feet in 
 length, rested directly upon the long hollow vault in 
 which lay the mother. But one or two male skele- 
 tons were found in the group of graves and those 
 were young persons, not over eighteen or twenty 
 years of age. 
 
 The lower burial site when uncovered presented a 
 very singular appearance. We had excavated a great 
 hole one hundred feet in length and forty feet in 
 width to a depth of four feet, or until we struck 
 hard river sand. Above this floor stood the graves 
 from one to eighteen inches high. See Hlustration 
 
 108 
 
XXX. The deeper graves were often in the undisturbed 
 river sand, and more carefully constructed ones were prob- 
 ably hollow, but had partially filled with earth, because the 
 Stones across the top were broken by horses or other 
 weighty animals passing over them.’ 
 
 The illustration shows some of the stones sloping toward 
 the centre of the grave, thus permitting the water and earth 
 to penetrate to the cavity beneath. 
 
 Upon a given day the 16 graves, comprising the lower 
 group, were opened in the presence of a large number of 
 people from Columbus, Cincinnati, and surrounding coun- 
 try. In those graves which were covered by perfect stones 
 the skeletons remained well preserved. Out of thirty- 
 Seven graves in the three groups we secured twenty-five 
 Crania entire. All of these crania, together with village 
 site material, were shipped to Chicago to be exhibited at 
 the World’s Columbian Exposition. 
 
 AGE OF THE VILLAGE SITE 
 
 The conclusions set forth after the two explorations men- 
 tioned, vary in detail, but agree in the main. The writer 
 wishes to place on record the observations of that time, 
 with a few unimportant changes. It must be remembered 
 that there is no evidence that the Shawanoes camped for 
 any length of time near Fort Ancient. Their large village, 
 Old Chillicothe, was three miles north of Xenia or 25 miles 
 from Fort Ancient. No glass beads or iron tomahawks or 
 copper kettles have been found in the burials about Ore- 
 gonia or Fort Ancient. The three villages seem to have 
 been in existence before the advent of French or English 
 traders. Mr. Hughes, previously quoted, who came to 
 Ohio at the age of fourteen in 1812, affirms that the site 
 along the river was covered with a heavy growth of scya- 
 more, elm, walnut and oak timber. This testimony is pre- 
 sented for what it is worth. 
 
 At Oregonia 100 or more stone graves were opened for 
 Professor Putnam. Graves were upon the hill summit and 
 also in a mound of some size. This mound was more 
 nearly like those found in Tennessee and described by Gen. 
 Thruston, (while speaking of a certain mound he refers 
 
 1It must be borne in mind that the tops of the graves were some- 
 times within twenty inches of the surface. 
 
 109 
 
to stone graves): “A hundred or more of these 
 rude sarcophagi are occasionally found deposited in 
 several tiers, or layers, in a single burial mound.” 
 This statement is borne out in the Ohio valley by 
 our own investigations, as well as those of others. 
 While not at liberty to speak in detail of the work 
 done by the World’s Fair at Oregonia, Ohio, a few 
 general remarks will be permitted regarding a mound 
 of unusual character. Czesar’s Creek, a tributary of 
 the Little Miami River, is noted for the large num- 
 ber of mounds existing near its banks. No archee- 
 ological work was ever carried on in Czesar’s Creek 
 valley prior to 1891. Hence, the field was un- 
 usually rich. Upon the heights overlooking the 
 creek and the Miami River to the south is a large 
 village site, covering sixty or seventy acres of 
 ground. In the bottoms on the south side of the 
 river, below the mouth of the creek, is another large 
 village site, while just above the delta is still a 
 third, and smaller one. At the edge of the village 
 upon the hill is a gravel knoll, from which we 
 exhumed ten skeletons, two whole pots, ete. As is 
 always the case when interments are made in gravel 
 er sand, the bones were remarkably well preserved. 
 Just back of the gravel pit is a mound eight feet in 
 altitude and one hundred and ten feet in length. 
 In the mound were seventy-nine skeletons, twenty 
 of which were enclosed in stone cists, such as we 
 find at Fort Ancient. Two of the vaults were 
 hollow, the others being filled with loose earth 
 which had settled in through the crevices. In 
 many places in the mound there were three or four 
 
 110 
 
layers of graves, one on top of each other. The skeletons 
 resting upon the base line were not incased in stones. 
 Upon the extreme southern edge of the mound were five 
 graves in a row, all heading the same way, and some of 
 
 them containing two or three skeletons each. <A flint 
 
 ae ea 
 SS 
 
 TIL AMIRIE, SOSOWAUOI 
 
 Restored Ft. Ancient type of Pottery. I-3 size, 
 
 dagger of fine workmanship, made of chert, double-pointed, 
 and fourteen and one eighth inches in length, lay by the 
 right femur of one of the largest skeletons buried in the 
 tumulus. By the side of one of his neighbors were a 
 pair of antelope horns. This is exceedingly interesting, as 
 we have no historical record of the presence of antelope in 
 
 II! 
 
the Ohio valley, although we do know that both elk and 
 bison were here. The horns have been either transported 
 from the West, through traffic with other tribes, or the 
 burial was made at a greater period of antiquity than we 
 would assign it. 
 
 It is interesting to note the varied methods of burial of 
 these seventy-nine skeletons. Some lay extended, others 
 with knees drawn up against the sternum, and others lay 
 upon their sides. The people making the interment fre- 
 quently placed the head and trunk of the person in one 
 position, and the legs and arms in another place two or three 
 feet distant. 
 
 When the aborigines dug graves in the Old Fort, the 
 burials had to lie on tough blue glacial clay, and because of 
 the formation water was retained and the bones decayed 
 rapidly. Bones in sandy or gravelly soil are more apt to be 
 well preserved. The decayed condition of bones in the Old 
 Fort graves does not necessarily mean that they are older 
 than the valley interments, although the writer is confident 
 that they are older. Both sites seem to be related It is 
 probable that less time and care were taken in constructing 
 burials on the hill. Interments may have occurred after a 
 fight and therefore would be hastily made. 
 
 In attempting to estimate the age of the village site in 
 the valley, several things must be considered. ‘Tnere are 
 five feet of earth above the lowest site of village deposit. 
 This may have formed in a short period of time, or it may 
 have been five hundred years in forming. When the river 
 is very high, it overflows the bottoms in which the village 
 was located, and frequently deposits mud or sand in a 
 field. It also takes away sand and mud quite as frequently 
 as it leaves it. One bana of the river during a flood may 
 be built up while the other is torn down. But it is very sel- 
 
 112 
 
dom the river gets high enough to flood this bottom to 
 any considerable depth. 
 
 But there were hardly as many floods in the river in 
 early days as now. The same amount of water fell, prob- 
 ably more, but the land was not cleared, and the streams 
 would not discharge their contents so rapidly into the 
 river. Now we have low water in summer, and a flood 
 every spring. Old settlers can remember when the river 
 was lined with heavy timber, and when there were numer- 
 ous swamps along the bottom lands; and they tell us that 
 the river contained an even stage of water from year to 
 year; that the streams during the winter held much 
 water, but were seldom more than bank full. Trees, logs, 
 and brush, accumulating in the stream, tended to check 
 the flow of the current; the roots of large trees extending 
 down into the water’s edge would hold drift and thus 
 form dams. The fact is attested by this: Kighty years 
 ago there were saw-mills on streams now so small they 
 would not turn the least water-wheel. The writer has 
 heard his grandfather and grandmother (who came to 
 Ohio in early days by canal-boat, long before railroads 
 were invented) speak of creeks in the neighborhood of 
 their old home, that once furnished water enough to turn 
 the wheels of several large mills. These same streams 
 now are dry through the summer, but they get very high 
 in the winter and spring. 
 
 Now the point is this: The earth over the second or 
 iater village site has been deposited by floods during the 
 last hundred years, or since the land has been cleared. 
 The earth (three feet) above the first or lowest village site, 
 and below the later village, has been much longer in de- 
 positing, as floods then seldom covered the bottoms for 
 reasons given above. This lower layer is composed chiefly 
 of decayed vegetation, and might accumulate at the rate 
 of one inch in six years, which would give the age of the 
 lowest layer 216 vears previous to the upper one, or 316 
 years ago: 7. ¢., 1570 to 1575. However, these figures can 
 uot be said to be accurate, and we give them as result of 
 
 113 
 
oe 
 
 ———————— 
 Eee 
 
 SSS 
 
 SSS. 
 
 SS 
 
deliberation after what we uncovered during the course of 
 explorations. Persons who have spent a few days at Fort 
 Ancient, or, as in the case of most observers, a single day, 
 are not qualified to pass upon the problems of age and 
 origin. The Serpent Mound is of such character that it 
 can be seen thoroughly in a few hours. Fort Ancient is so 
 intricate that weeks of study are necessary before one is 
 possessed of anything like complete information concerning 
 it. 
 
 115 
 
ueisiq ‘iy o$z spunoy, ‘}seq poajurod st erowiey oY], ‘esey} UseMjeq JIPIS 
 STTRM [[e4ed PY ‘OY MON OY} eprsjno jsnf spunoy OMY, 24} JO MaTA 
 "XIXX ALWId 
 
 wa vain 
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 ey ae 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 THE PARALLEL WALLS AND MOUNDS. THE PAVEMENT AND 
 DITCHES. IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS FROM THE 
 SURFACE. 
 
 Just without the walls of Fort Ancient, on either side of 
 the pike, are two good-sized mounds. They are shown in 
 Plate XXIX, page 116. Mr. George Ridge’s house is 
 hidden by thick foliage beyond. 
 
 When one ponders upon the field work done in the past 
 at. Fort Ancient, one is led to conclude that these two 
 tumuli played no small part in Fort Ancient’s history. Not 
 only do the parallel walls begin at these mounds, but also 
 the pavement — which has never satisfactorily been ex- 
 plained—also three or four ditches or moats. Atwater 
 seems to have been impressed by the latter—for they were 
 clearly defined in his day. It is difficult to trace the 
 ditches at the present time, and both mounds that lie at the 
 head of these ditches, have been somewhat injured by the 
 state road running between, but, from a careful examination 
 of the mounds, we are led to believe that the edges at the 
 base once came within 60 feet of each other. 
 
 Both of these mounds have been opened and _ their con- 
 tents carefully inspected by Mr. Fowke. The mounds are 
 75 feet apart, on each side of the pike, and the distance 
 from station 2 to the large mound on the right is 375 feet. 
 The large mound is No. 69; the one to the left, No. 68. 
 The latter was opened first. For many years it was thought 
 that within these structures the builders had placed offerings 
 to the dead, and a number of skeletons. So the opening 
 of them was looked forward to with not a little expectation 
 by persons residing in the neighborhood of Fort Ancient. 
 
 But all were doomed to disappointment. The following, 
 taken from my field note book, gives a concise account of 
 the work done in No. 68. 
 
 117 
 
This mound is 10 feet in height, and has a diameter at 
 the base of 80 feet. We began operations on the south side, 
 and ran a wide trench, fully one half as wide as the mound, 
 through for a distance of 40 feet, or until we reached the 
 old diameter on the north. (The old diameter was 40 feet; 
 the mound has been cultivated, and has washed badly, so 
 that it is now 80 feet wide at base. The portion that has 
 accumulated from wash and decay would, of course have 
 nothing in it.) 
 
 The mound was found to consist of two kinds of 
 earth—a dark loam and a yellow clay. The clay was piled 
 up first, and then the loam was heaped upon this. The 
 mass of clay is heaviest on the west side; the loam thickest 
 on the east side, thus making the mound symmetrical. At 
 the base line there is a layer, four inches in thickness, of 
 heavy black soil. The remarkable feature connected with 
 this black soil is that it has a very offensive odor. In over 
 70 mounds and graves opened during the last two years the 
 writer never before met with such an instance. 
 
 Continuing a trench north-east from this mound, the same 
 soil and odor were encountered fully five feet deep. While 
 it is like that arising from decayed flesh, yet it must result 
 from decomposition of vegetable matter. No satisfactory 
 explanation could be obtained. The odor penetrated for 
 some distance and continued during the exploration ; was 
 pronounced and caused the workmen inconvenience. 
 
 Nothing of consequence was found in the structure — 
 just a few decayed bones (animal) and fragments of finely 
 finished pottery. The mound was not of burial type, and 
 its true significance must remain, for the present, a mystery. 
 
 The conclusion drawn from this mound is, that it was 
 built at two periods, that it was ‘“ lop-sided” or ill shaped 
 at first, and righted when built upon again. What length 
 of time intervened between the commencement and the 
 completion can not, of course, be determined, but, probably, 
 not much, as there is no line such as would result from 
 
 118 
 
decayed vegetable matter between the first and second earth 
 
 masses. 
 
 Mound No. 69: 
 This one is just across the road from No. 68, and is 
 
 12 feet in height, having a diameter at the base of 80 feet. 
 It has not been injured to any great extent by plowing. 
 There is a large elm tree standing near the center and a 
 little to the west, which has served as a protection to the 
 soil. 
 
 In Plate X XIX, we are looking toward the East, both 
 structures appearing as they did before exploration. ‘Timo- 
 thy and flowers grow in profusion and almost hide the 
 larger tumulus. 
 
 In the exploration, which occupied nearly a week, pottery 
 fragments were discovered, but no burials and no ash pits 
 or other objects of interest came to light. 
 
 THE PARALLEL WALLS 
 
 Running due north-east from these two mounds are two 
 parallel roads or embankments .about a foot in height and 
 twelve feet wide. These run for a distance of 2760 feet, 
 and terminate by inclosing a small mound about three feet 
 high. In 1901 we explored this and found nothing. ‘These 
 parallel embankments have been almost entirely destroyed 
 by being cultivated for many years; they are only visible 
 where fences run over them, or where a road crosses. They 
 are 130 feet apart. 
 
 In 1820, when Atwater surveyed the fort, these parallel 
 walls were very plain. We traced and measured them, 
 however, with as much pains-taking fidelity as possible — 
 as we are persuaded that the next survey of Fort Ancient, 
 if made as long after ours as this is distant from that of 
 Squier and Davis, will find that every vestige of the 
 walls has disappeared. There is nothing between them 
 except the stone pavement, which extends for a short 
 distance. There is nothing peculiar about their construc- 
 
 119 
 
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 Group of Graves from a Cemetery near the River. 
 
tion, there being no stone in them. In places the walls 
 appear to have been burnt until the ground is very red. 
 
 Where the two mounds are (at the western extremity 
 of these parallel walls), there begins a most remarkable 
 stone structure of aboriginal workmanship. This stone 
 pavement is the most interesting part of Fort Ancient. 
 The following description is taken from my note-book, 
 and was made while we uncovered the stones, and exam- 
 ined this wonderful relic of departed ages. 
 
 THE PAVEMENT. 
 
 Thursday afternoon, September 12th, we took our 
 force and went into Mr. Ridge’s house-yard, to seek the 
 stone pavement, of whose existence we had heard from 
 various sources, but which none of us had ever seen. 
 Some of our party were skeptical touching the matter, 
 others were persuaded that something there was, and were 
 inclined to test the truthfulness or falsity of the reports. 
 An excavation four feet in width and ten feet long was 
 made, and one portion of the pavement was actually laid 
 bare. We found at a depth of twelve inches a consider- 
 able quantity of fine gravel, which had been filled in be- 
 tween the stones, and which seems to have been intended 
 to secure evenness of surface. The pavement is laid with 
 limestones, which were probably brought from the ravines 
 and creek-beds in the neighborhood. The stones average 
 a foot in length and six inches in width. Some of them 
 are larger, and others of less dimensions. Some of them 
 are about two or two and a half inches in thickness, 
 others not more than an inch and a half. The pavement 
 rests on the original surface, the clay being 14 to 15 
 inches below it. It is supposed to have been on the 
 surface, of course, and the earth above is due to veg- 
 etable decay and the accumulation of debris. Some 
 of the stones give evidence of having been subjected 
 to the action of fire, but most of them show no trace 
 of heat. The use of this pavement is wholly conjec- 
 tural. We venture the opinion, however, that it does not 
 imply any great ceremonial or religious purpose, but was 
 designed as a place cf amusement, or of assembly for the 
 
 121 
 
A : nN 
 Taye], 9q ISU oanjorg sty} IY} Opi ur swenpIM “sW Aq IME seam ppoyeog 3F oz V 
 10,7 MON ‘UswyuequIA suTjUadIaG 94} Jo MITA VW 
 WTXOexe GL Vald 
 
natives. It would always remain dry, while the surround- 
 ing ground might be wet and muddy. 
 
 Its area, approximately, is 180 by 500 feet; large 
 enough to accomodate hundreds of persons. The natives 
 may have held dances on this platform, and the mounds, 
 being near the parallel walls of the way, would afford an 
 excellent position for on-lookers, and for the squaws, who 
 would beat tom-toms, and accompany the dance with their 
 usual doleful singing. Or, it may have been used for the 
 practice of games and athletic exercises, such as are com- 
 mon to the race. This much, at least, we may safely af- 
 firm: that the pavement is artificial, and that it is of great 
 archeological value; perhaps of no great ceremonial sig- 
 nificance, but still one of the most interesting features 
 connected with Fort Ancient. We believe this is the only 
 instance of ancient pavement proven beyond a doubt in 
 the Mississippi valley. There are many other places 
 where there is stone in connection with aboriginal struc- 
 tures, but there is no place where these assume the shape 
 of a regularly laid pavement. The plow has greatly dis- 
 turbed in a number of places a few of these stones, but 
 most of them are as they were placed at first. They seem 
 to have been slightly worn on the upper side, as if they 
 had been used for many years as an assembly-ground. 
 
 The earth, which has accumulated over them, would 
 give them an age of several hundred years at least. Of 
 course, these stones once lay upon the surface, there could 
 be no object in covering them up. They must, therefore, 
 have been covered by time alone. The earth in a forest 
 accumulates rather slowly, and, allowing ample margin for 
 any error, we are safe in saying that several hundred 
 years have rolled by since the pavement was used. We 
 would place the date about the year 1400 or 1430. This 
 is, of course, merely conjectural. 
 
 We find no evidence in any other portion of Fort An- 
 cient, that a pavement has existed. We find a great deal of 
 stone work here and there, but we think this is the only 
 place where there was an “assembly floor” built by the 
 aborigines, 
 
 123 
 
PLATE XXXII. 
 Decorated Pottery from the Village Sites. 
 
Mr. Hughes says that fifty-five years ago, when he 
 first saw the pavement, there was as much earth accumu- 
 lated over it as there is at the present time. 
 
 | SURFACE FINDS. 
 
 There are several places within the fort-walls and in 
 the immediate vicinity, where there is evidence on the sur- 
 face that a great many flint implements have been chipped 
 and made. The place where these chippings are most 
 abundant, is on Mr. Ridge’s farm, about 200 yards from 
 the fort wall (station 0), north-east. From the two 
 mounds at this point runs a ditch north-west, and from 
 this ditch, for the space of 100 yards north-east, we find 
 many flint flakes, cores, ete. There is no flint found in the 
 neighborhood of Fort Ancient, and so the flint flakes 
 and disks must have been brought from a distance. We 
 find a great deal of broken flint of the variety found 
 in the quarries on Flint Ridge, in Licking county, Ohio 
 We also find a great deal of dark gray, or nearly black 
 flint, which has been brought here from some locality 
 foreign to Ohio. It seems probable that the residents of 
 Fort Ancient, considering they did not have implements 
 enough in case of a siege, kept stores of raw material, such 
 as could be worked up into a desired shape at short notice. 
 
 A great many large flint disks or blocks have been 
 found in the field north of the fort. These disks and 
 blocks are frequently large enough to make several large 
 spear-heads, say six inches in length. Or, if the blocks 
 were broken up, they would furnish sufficient material for 
 the manufacture of forty or fifty arrow-heads. These 
 blocks have been worked out roughly in Indiana, or at 
 Flint Ridge in this state, and transported to Fort Ancient 
 in large quantities. The flint was not brought in rough 
 pieces, as when freshly broken from the ledges. It was 
 worked down partially until it had a regular outline. 
 These worked objects are usually over six inches in length, 
 and weigh from one to four pounds. We call them blocks 
 when not round, when of a circular appearance they are 
 named disks. 
 
 125 
 
‘SPU, 9OVJING ‘IO PIO WoIJ sag pue odig peystuyuy ‘exy 
 ‘TIIXXX ALVId 
 
 “ 
 
There have been several quartz arrow-heads found in the 
 surrounding fields, which would indicate that the people 
 here had communication with southern tribes, or that south- 
 ern Indians passed through this region. But perhaps the 
 quartz was obtained by trading with these natives from the 
 south, although it is possible that some southern tribe 
 visited the Fort. 
 
 It is affirmed by farmers that in the past many more ob- 
 jects such as projectile points, axes, pestles, hammers, discs 
 and ornaments were found than at present. Students from 
 Lebanon, collectors and tourists—and they came by the 
 score each month during summer and autumn — have 
 searched the fields every season. The Israel Harris col- 
 lection, formerly in Waynesville and now in the Smithson- 
 ian Institution, private exhibits in Lebanon and other cities 
 contain large numbers of Fort Ancient material. All of 
 this tends to indicate a considerable population at one time, 
 or a smaller number of aborigines during generations. The 
 historic Shawanoe sites in Ohio yield a dearth of surface- 
 found objects compared with Fort Ancient. 
 
 I suppose that nearly fifty thousand specimens have been 
 taken away in the past century. Counting the objects in 
 museums, those dug up or found by the surveys, numbers 
 carried away by visitors, some that have gone abroad, and 
 the thousands that are in the hands of private collectors, in 
 the immediate neighborhood of the structure, this seems to 
 be no exaggeration. 
 
 The problematical forms shown in Plate XXXIV, page 128, 
 present a variety of shapes. At the top are two sandstone 
 objects (all these are shown about two-fifths natural size), 
 which have grooves and depressions. The one to the left 
 has depressions that resemble finger-marks; the one to the 
 right as if a tool of copper had been sharpened upon its 
 surface. These were found in the Old Fort. 
 
 No. 807 was found in 1884, and is a heart-shaped orna- 
 men of red slate. It is finely finished, polished, and 
 worked quite thin. 
 
 To the right of the heart-shaped object is an ornament of 
 banded slate, having two perforations. This was found in 
 a grave by a farmer residing near the walls of the fort. 
 
 127 
 
‘JOY PPI PU 1404 PIO 
 
 ‘spurl oovying ‘s}uDWIeUIQ, pue saqny 
 “AIXXX ALV Id 
 
 ‘spalqgQ eoreulslqorg 
 
The plumb-shaped object next to it, is of blue slate, has 
 a groove cut around the upper portion, as if it may have 
 been used for suspension around the neck, similar to an or- 
 nament. 
 
 Lying elevated on two stones are two tubes or hollow 
 cylinders of slate well bored and presenting a symmetrical 
 appearance. They were found in the New Fort. 
 
 No. 799 is a paint cup of soapstone found in a grave in 
 1884. 
 
 To the right is a small discoidal of white limestone. Sev- 
 eral of these discoidal stones have been found near the Fort, 
 and one or two large ones are owned by a gentleman in 
 Lebanon, O. 
 
 Nos. 905, 881, and 897 are all black or banded slate orna- 
 ments of superior finish and large size. ‘There seems to be 
 quite a number of objects of this class found within the 
 walls, and it is a noteworthy fact that they are always of 
 superior workmanship, seldom broken, and occasionally un- 
 finished. In any large museum collection the percentage 
 of broken problematical forms is larger than of perfect 
 forms. The Fort Ancient types are therefore peculiar. 
 
 Plates XX XV and XXXVI portray the finest problem- 
 atical stone ever found at Fort Ancient. The material is 
 black slate, very hard and quite close grained. There are 
 two grooves on the face and back of this object. One runs 
 from the top down about an inch and one-half, the other runs 
 straight across. In the angles formed by these two grooves 
 are two perforations extending through the stone and drilled 
 from each side. At the bottom is an oval-shaped hole on 
 the face extending through. This latter perforation does 
 not exhibit the oval shape from the rear, but presents a 
 round appearance. Around this oval-shaped depression are 
 14 holes, each drilled about one-eighth of an inch deep. 
 They present the form of an arrow-head, or of a heart. We 
 are of the opinion that they are intended to represent the 
 form of an arrow. On the reverse side, are two holes above 
 the oval perforation which are not drilled through the stone, 
 and which lie close to it just under the horizontal groove. 
 The remarkable part of this stone is that the symbol, three, 
 
 129 
 
PLATE XXXV. 
 
 The “Owl Ornament”; found in a Ft. Ancient Grave in 
 Front View. Full size. 
 
 130 
 
occurs on it in three places—on the face twice, and on the 
 reverse once. The farmer who sold it to the writer in 1884 
 claimed that he took it from a grave near the Great Gate- 
 way in 1882. 
 
 Plate XX XVII illustrates a grooved axe above, three 
 celts in the centre, all of which are typical Fort specimens. 
 At either side are two unfinished platform or monitor pipes 
 of Catlinite. These latter were found two feet below the 
 surface in the Old Fort, and lay together. There is 
 nothing to indicate them to be modern. Although of Cat- 
 linite, they are of the mound pattern and appear to be old. 
 They are in the museum of the Ohio State University, as 
 are most of the specimens shown in the Plates illustrating 
 objects. 
 
 131 
 
[e EE OE | 
 
 PLATE XXXVI. 
 
 Rear of “Owl Ornament”. 
 
 132 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE FORT ANCIENT CULTURE. EXPLORATION OF OTHER 
 MOUNDS, ETC., IN THE LITTLE MIAMI VALLEY. 
 
 The entire Great and Little Miami, and the Scioto Val- 
 leys, present two cultures. These have been referred to 
 frequently in the writer’s previous publications and field work, 
 1887 to 1898. Professor W. C. Mills began work in the same 
 region in 1898 and his explorations have added much to 
 the knowledge of ancient tribes in Ohio. He has desig- 
 nated these two cultures by appropriate and brief names : — 
 The Fort Ancient and the Hopewell —each standing for 
 something different. 
 
 While the Hopewell culture is confined to the Scioto and 
 such tributaries as the two Paint Creeks and does not seem 
 to extend above Columbus, the Fort Ancient included the 
 whole of the Miamis above Milford and East Fork, Brush 
 Creek and the watershed dividing the Miami and Scioto 
 basins. The stone graves and mounds of this region, even 
 fifty miles from Fort Ancient, are strongly of that type and 
 not of the higher Hopewell character. 
 
 In preparation for the writer’s conclusions, it is therefore 
 necessary to reprint here certain explorations of the terri- 
 tory east and south-east of Fort Ancient. 
 
 In 1890 some weeks were spent in Clinton County open- 
 ing mounds upon Cowen’s Creek, Todd’s Fork, and other 
 streams. Of one mound the Field notes state : 
 
 Scattered through the upper part of the structure were 
 many pieces of flint broken and partially worked. They 
 were of a grayish-white color. The earth forming the 
 structure had been scooped from the surface of some village 
 site, hence the presence of flint flakes and blocks. One 
 small spear-head of pink and white quartz was taken from 
 a small ash-pit midway between the summit and the base. 
 Implements of such material are rare in southern Ohio, 
 
 Near the exact centre of the mound, about eighteen 
 inches from the surface, was found a small tablet, five by 
 
 133 
 
*y-1 ‘QzIG_ *UOTIJDAT[OD Aulepeoy sdiyfiyg ‘“jJusuy j1Oy Wor} speay-ivadg jo sadAyT 
 
 TIAXXX HALW Id 
 
 134 
 
four and a quarter by three fourths of an inch, composed 
 of sandstone. This remarkable object was taken from a 
 mass of sticky, yellow clay, its position being carefully noted 
 by the stx persons present. Upon two sides were three 
 grooves of the same depth, similar to those upon the back 
 of the famous ‘‘ Guest Tablet’? found in a mound upon the 
 site of Cincinnati during the early part of this century. 
 Along both the narrow edges were two shallow grooves, 
 while on the ends were two short but deep grooves. The 
 depth of the various grooves range from one sixteenth of 
 an inch to one third of an inch. The tablet has the ap- 
 pearance of serving the purpose as a sharpener of bone or 
 copper tools. 
 
 The mound is presumed to be a house site, as posts ex- 
 tended into the structure to a depth of three feet and 
 formed a square twelve feet on each side. The posts were 
 burned and charred so that little remained of them. Near 
 the tablet were two pockets of charcoal and also a large 
 limestone, fourteen by sixteen inches, polished upon one 
 side. The latter may have been used for grinding corn, as 
 scratches seen upon its surface are rotary in character and 
 may have been made by a stone pestle. 
 
 Another tumulus, 57x 45 feet, was erected on a hard 
 burned floor. Three skulls, entire, and three cremated 
 skeletons, a fine gorget of diamond shape and other objects 
 were found. 
 
 Other mounds yielded a few copper bracelets, ornaments, 
 and projectile points. No altars, no pipes, no mound- 
 groups, no caches of implements were found. 
 
 Passing ‘up East Fork of the Miami into Clermont 
 County, we are forty miles southeast of Fort Ancient. 
 Here work was done in May, June and July, 1888. 
 
 As the size and number of the mounds and earthworks 
 seem to be in direct ratio to the fertility of the soil, we 
 would not expect to find within the area drained by the 
 East Fork so many large mounds as are to be seen in 
 sections more favored by nature, or to obtain from them 
 such a number and variety of specimens conforming to 
 
 135 
 
aboriginal ideas of utility and beauty. Investigation con- 
 firms the belief. 
 
 A small mound, 25 feet diameter and 2 feet high, on Mr. 
 Shumard’s farm, Stone Lick Tp., was opened. A layer of 
 
 PLATE XXXVIII. 
 Fort Ancient Flint Knives. 1-2 size, 
 
 charcoal extended through, one foot above the base 
 line. There was a floor or pavement of limestone slabs 
 beneath, composed of stones 20 to 30 inches long, about 
 a foot in breadth. These stones were thick and heavy, 
 
 136 
 
and weighed perhaps forty or fifty pounds each. 
 This pavement measured nine or ten feet in 
 breadth. 
 
 On taking away the stones at the central portion, 
 we found a layer three inches in thickness of com- 
 
 PL. XXXVIX.— Ground plan of mound No.1. Skeleton surrounded by 
 stone slabs. See page 136. 
 mon soil, covering a skeleton of medium size (A in 
 the figure). We removed this dirt, which had evi: 
 dently been placed to prevent the stones from 
 coming in contact with the body, and thus endeay- 
 ored to secure the skull. Although the greatest 
 
 137 
 
possible care was exercised, atmospheric agencies had re- 
 duced the bones to such a fragile state that their removal 
 was an utter impossibility, and we were unable to preserve 
 any portion of the skeleton save the lower and upper jaws: 
 and some fragments of the skull. 
 
 Near the right side of the skeleton lay a small polished 
 bone awl or perforator (© in the figure); about twenty 
 inches from the right shoulder was a finely polished celt of 
 greenstone (B), four and a half inches in length and two 
 and one fourth wide. Underneath the body was a mass of 
 red ochre. 
 
 Stone graves are numerous in the region and seyeral 
 were opened, but these seemed to be of the Fort Ancient 
 type. 
 
 In Adams County similar graves have been opened 
 in 189 and 1896 by the writer, and in 1907 by Mr. 
 Coover. There are large numbers of them scattered 
 through Pike, Clement, Brown and Adams Counties. 
 
 A mound on Mr. Harvey Anderson’s farm, Marathon 
 Tp., contained burials and implements. Near the centre of 
 the mound a pit had been dug to a depth of nearly two 
 feet below the original surface, and the sides of it burnt 
 quite hard; this was filled with ashes, fragmentary bones, 
 and calcined limestone, intermingled with which were a few 
 mussel shells, pottery fragments, and pieces of deer antlers. 
 Just above it was a slab of limestone fifteen inches wide, 
 and nearly three feet long, which had been almost disin- 
 tegrated by an intense heat. Adhering to the upper side of 
 the stone were portions of ribs and traces of vertebrae, 
 burned until they were scarcely distinguishable. It was 
 plain that a skeleton or body had been placed on this 
 stone, and then cremated. 
 
 Another mound in Perry Tp. covered two burials and some 
 artifacts. One of the skeletons was partially covered by a 
 
 138 
 
FIG,XL.—Vertical section of mound No. 6. 
 
 layer of mica, consist- 
 ing of forty-one sheets, 
 the edges of which had 
 been slightly trimmed 
 to give them a more 
 regular outline. They 
 occupied an irregular 
 space of about two by 
 three feet and were so 
 placed that the edges 
 somewhat overlapped in 
 the same manner as 
 scales on fish. A single 
 piece lying to one side, 
 was much larger than 
 the others, being’ five 
 by eight and one half 
 inches, and half an inch 
 thick. The skeleton it- 
 self was so decayed that 
 no portion of it could 
 be recovered. 
 
 A careful examina- 
 tion of the entire tumu- 
 lus disclosed nothing 
 more than the objects 
 mentioned. 
 
 Mounp NumsBer Six. 
 —The mound about to 
 be described lies upon 
 very high ground and 
 overlooks the Kast Fork. 
 
In company with the mound described, it is on Mr. John 
 Boyle’s farm, Brown County, near St. Martins. At time of 
 excavation it was 7 feet high and 70 feet base, surrounded 
 by a circle. (See Plates XL, XLI.) 
 
 Post holes were numerous, and formed a circle about 
 the base. Charcoal and calcined bones (A in figure) were 
 numerous. The post-holes— unusually large —were 20 
 inches across and 14 to 16 inches at the bottom, three feet 
 deep, and filled with small, flat, slightly burned pieces of 
 limestone, weighing from two to three pounds each; they 
 are shown at B in the figure. The spaces between the 
 stones were tightly packed with earth which had also been 
 burned. No relics or remains of any kind whatever were 
 placed with them. 
 
 While, as before mentioned, these pockets are of frequent 
 occurrence, in all our experience of mound opening we have 
 never met with another instance in which they were com- 
 pletely filled with burned stones; nor can we recall a simi- 
 lar example in the reports of other explorers.’ 
 
 As we proceeded with the trench a heavy layer of earth 
 was discovered (Cc), burned until the upper surface had be- 
 come a bright red color; this lay about six or seven inches 
 above the large pockets, and was separated from them by a 
 mass of very fine black earth (D). 
 
 The clay composing the burned layer had been placed 
 in the mound when in its natural state, and a fire kept 
 burning upon it for a considerable time. The earth above 
 showed some evidences of the heat, as though it had been 
 piled on while the clay was still very hot; but owing to the 
 thickness of the latter the heat had not penetrated to the 
 black loam below ; at least not to a sufficient extent to pro- 
 duce any alteration in its appearance. 
 
 When we reached the centre of the mound we made the 
 most important find of the week. A rough altar of hard 
 burned clay, represented by E in the figure, had been con- 
 structed six inches above the burned stratum, and resting 
 
 1Since the above was written pockets filled with burnt stone were ex- 
 amined in the Hopewell group of mounds, Ross County. 
 
 140 
 
upon a little mass of charcoal. It was oval in outline, 
 measuring seven by nine feet, the longer axis being east 
 and west, and was ten inches in height. The upper surface 
 dipped slightly from the edge toward the centre ; extended 
 upon it at full length, with head to the east, lay a skeleton 
 (¥). Both the skeleton and the altar were unusually well 
 preserved, but the latter was so thin and soft that it was 
 impossible for us to remove it; an enlarged view of them is 
 given in Fig. XLI. 
 
 There was copper plate above the forehead. When the 
 find was made its true significance did not appear to me. 
 The builders of this tumulus, I am persuaded, knew of the 
 Hopewell culture—of the Scioto tribes. And they tried: to 
 imitate an altar burial. Whereas the Scioto people burned 
 what was placed in the altars, these people put in the skele- 
 ton and did not burn it; they constructed their altar on 
 different lines, did not burn it hard and made no offerings. 
 It is probable that they were on the borderland between the 
 two cultures. The mound is of interest and importance 
 because of this altar burial. 
 
 It is unnecessary to speak of other interments and objects 
 —although nearly a score of mounds were opened. 
 
 We have looked at tributaries, let us examine the Little 
 Miami Valley itself. The entire Little Miami valley above 
 the locality of Fort Ancient, beginning far up the stream at 
 Cedarville Cliffs, in Greene county, and extending down 
 to its junction with the Ohio river, might be said to have 
 been occupied throughout by primitive man. We find 
 mounds upon the hills that line the river on each side. 
 Numerous village sites occur as we descend, and here and 
 there we find, on some plateau, a circle or a fortification. 
 
 At the cliffs of the Miami, there is a large mound, 81 
 feet in height; and a small inclosure, with a number of 
 gateways, on Massie’s creek. Coming further down the 
 river, we encounter, in the neighborhood of Xenia, a num- 
 ber of mounds, and one large tumulus, inclosed by a circu- 
 lar embankment. 
 
 Down the river further, at Alpha, we find a number of 
 small mounds on the hill-tops bordering on the stream. 
 
 I4I 
 
“AVY JE YOIYM ut worssordaq pue ‘punojyy s,s[koq wor} uojJa[ayS 
 ex HEV 
 
 YY ALLEL Zz YI) HY 
 
 by SUT 
 
 WP 
 Witty Wi 
 LLL, LM, 7, 
 
 LLL. Ly, 
 
 | 
 | 
 {| 
 | 
 
 iM 
 | 
 ANI 
 HiT} 
 el 
 i 
 
 ily 
 
 ly 
 
 I 
 
At Spring Valley there is a mound inclosed in a circle. 
 This was opened about ten years ago, and many skeletons 
 and interesting relics found. At Waynesville there is a 
 small cemetery on the east bank of the river, where some 
 45 individuals have been dug out at various times. Below 
 Waynesville we find several mounds, two large village sites, 
 etc. At Oregonia (formerly called Freeport), there are 
 several mounds and two large village sites. These latter 
 have been productive of great quantities of bones, shells, 
 beads, ete. Passing Fort Ancient, we come to Mill Grove, 
 where the hills are in places covered with many stone 
 graves, and where there are a number of small mounds. 
 At Morrow, we are told, skeletons have been found, and at 
 South Lebanon there is a fort, Square inclosure, circle, and 
 small mound. ‘The mound was opened in 1877, and yielded 
 many skeletons, and some very large and beautiful copper 
 axes. ‘There were nine of these axes found; they weighed 
 about three pounds each, and were made of the Lake 
 Superior copper, which was beaten out in the cold state ; 
 they are now in New York City. 
 
 At King’s Mills several skeletons have been found, and 
 at Toster’s Crossing there is one mound and a good sized 
 inclosure. We have been given the following description 
 of ioe boas on 3 high hill back from the river, and incloses 
 12 or 15 acres. The embankment once stood about 10 feet 
 high in the highest place, with an average of six feet. 
 There is some stone in its construction, but not much. In 
 places there appears to have been a hot fire, as the earth is 
 burned to a considerable depth. There are numerous gate- 
 ways; the embankment now stands about three feet high 
 and twenty feet base. The cemetery at Madisonville, in 
 which Harvard University has explored for a generation, 
 yielded thousands of skeletons and is not exhausted. It is 
 too familiar to need description here. 
 
 Near Fort Ancient, two monuments exist that have not 
 been mentioned in preceding pages. Directly opposite, on 
 the west bank of the river, and on fully as high hills, there 
 is a small circular embankment composed entirely of earth, 
 and a moat on the interior. The circle if three feet high, 
 
 143 
 
160 feet in diameter, and the moat two feet deep. The 
 width of the embankment composing it is about 10 feet. 
 There are few artifacts found in the neighborhood of the 
 circle, and no stone in its construction. It overlooks the® 
 river on one side, and on the south there is a deep ravine 
 flanking it. . 
 
 Back of Fort Ancient, on the plateau, and one and a half 
 miles to the south-east, are three good sized mounds. The 
 first one was dug out a year ago, with the following results: 
 A roughly laid stone wall was near the outer edge of the 
 mound, and extended entirely around it. Within this 
 stone wall, with their feet toward the center, lay 15 skele- 
 tons. Near one skeleton were some twelve curious orna- 
 ments of bear teeth, with perforations through them. They 
 have the same curvature on the sides that the tooth has be- 
 fore it is altered, but they are flattened at the edges some- 
 what, and the point of the tooth, or crown, has been filed 
 off, and the ornament made quite sharp. ‘The teeth that 
 were unworked, save for the peforations, were of the aver- 
 age size of the black bear, and had from two to three holes 
 
 in each. 
 
 144 
 
CIYAP TER =X: 
 CONCLUSIONS ON FORT ANCIENT 
 
 Deliberation upon the studies of Fort Ancient made in 
 past years leads one to certain conclusions. These may 
 not be clear except to archaeologists who have given the 
 enclosure some thought, for Fort Ancient by its very 
 nature is a place not to be understood save after many visits. 
 But one is of the opinion that given the same length of 
 time in exploration, other observers might concur with the 
 writer in his general conclusions, and differ in unimportant 
 details. Until May of this year the writer has purposely 
 refrained from seeing it and ten years have passed since 
 his last visit. Therefore a retrospective view may not be 
 devoid of small value. 
 
 That it is defensive most persons will adinit, although 
 military men, measuring it by modern standards, observe 
 many weak points. 
 
 That it is 800 or 900 years old, the writer firmly believes 
 —yet there are some who will not accept this statement. 
 
 Historic tribes knew naught of Fort Ancient, and no 
 modern Indian village was nearer it than “Old Chillicothe a 
 in Greene County (the site of Kenton’s and Boone’s captiv- 
 ity), 25 miles north. There are no stone graves at that 
 Chillicothe, or at Frankfort (Chillicothe-on-Paint-Creek), or 
 at Cornstalk Town —40 and 50 miles distant. The Shaw- 
 anoes lived in numbers at all of the above towns. This fact 
 is rather significant, for Dr. Cyrus Thomas took exception 
 years ago, to the writer’s statement that the Fort Ancient 
 stone graves were not Shawano. At that time my con- 
 tention was based on the age of certain large trees. To 
 Some minds this is not a sound argument, yet it must be 
 borne in mind that while some trees grow rapidly, others 
 do not. However, Supposing that none of the Fort An- 
 cient trees are old, (which I do not believe) I shall present 
 the matter in a different light. One would Suppose that 
 the mortuary and other arts at Fort Ancient would bear 
 
 145 
 
striking analogies to the culture of Shawano sites, if Fort 
 Ancient people were related to those Indians. On the 
 contrary no such similarities are noticed, and Fort Ancient 
 and Madisonville are identical; not Fort Ancient and 
 Shawano sites. Again, limestone slabs abound near the 
 Chillicothes, yet no graves lined with them — no stone graves 
 whatsoever—have been discovered. It is likely that no 
 Shawano people ever lived at Fort Ancient and the writer 
 is persuaded that his original statement to that end is 
 correct. 
 
 Fort Ancient does not appear to be southern in the sense 
 that the Scioto Valley tribe was influenced by southern 
 culture; or vice versa. Flint Ridge flint and local chert 
 abound. Tennessee nodular flint is rare. The 8000 flint 
 discs found in mound No. 22 of the Hopewell Group are 
 probably from Little River (Tennessee) quarries and indi- 
 cate a close connection between the Cumberland—Tennessee 
 peoples and the Hopewell tribe. Not so at Fort Ancient. 
 Aside from some white quartz points and chippings there is 
 little of foreign origin. yen northern copper is rare, 
 galena and obsidian are absent; ocean shells, pearls and 
 mica 
 
 save a very little mica — have not been found. 
 
 Professor Mills obtained from a farmer some copper ear- 
 ornaments, pendants and other objects which had been 
 plowed up near the Fort walls. While apparently a cache, 
 it was peculiar in that the mass had been purposely ham- 
 mered together, so much so that many of the copper objects 
 were well-nigh ruined. One may conclude that this copper 
 did not belong to Fort Ancient people. No sane trader 
 would destroy his own wares and no chief or shaman could 
 bring himself to destroy that which carried more or less 
 religious significance in ceremonies. All copper — judging 
 from the conditions under which we find it in the mounds— 
 was valuable and more or less “ mystery’. It seems likely 
 that the Fort Ancient copper mass was obtained during a 
 raid by Fort Ancient warriors against the Hopewell culture 
 on the Scioto; or obtained by a war-party from the natives 
 of the “* Turner Group”, thirty miles down the river. 
 
 146 
 
-4 
 
 Having no use for the ornaments of a rival or hostile 
 nation, and to show contempt for such objects as were 
 valuable to the higher developed Hopewell or Turner 
 people, the victors hammered up their spoils. Similar in- 
 cidents of destruction of property in historic times among 
 warring tribes, are common. The incident of the copper is 
 a further confirmation that the two cultures were separate 
 
 and distinct, and the tribes hostile to each other. Professor 
 
 Mills’ terms — “ Hopewell culture” and “Fort Ancient 
 culture”, clearly and tersely indicate the difference. 
 
 Madisonville, the large cemetery and village site twenty- 
 five miles down the Little Miami, is distinctively Fort 
 Ancient in its ceramics and stone arts. Yet Madisonville 
 may have been occupied for a greater length of time than 
 Fort Ancient. That is, from the strictly prehistoric down 
 to the historic although the writer is persuaded that Fort 
 Ancient is the older. A study of the Madisonville collec- 
 tions and those from Fort Ancient shows the close relation- 
 ship. A few glass beads, bit of brass and piece of iron 
 were once found in a Madisonville grave. The quantity 
 was insignificant and it seems to the writer that the grave 
 must have been intrusive, for had Madisonville been occu- 
 pied in historic times, more than these few European things 
 would have been found. 
 
 Harvard University, the Cincinnati Society of Natural 
 History and Doctor Metz have dug there more or less con- 
 tinuously for thirty years. No aboriginal cemetery in 
 America is of such extent and none have furnished such a 
 quantity of material. 
 
 It does not seem to me that one should set aside all the 
 thousands of stone, shell, bone and clay objects which are 
 
 certainly prehistoric, and accept these few things as indi- 
 
 cative of modern culture at Madisonville. 
 
 Catlin advanced a theory that the Mandans were the 
 Builders of Ohio Valley monuments. In my book, “ Fort 
 Ancient”, I inclined towards that proposition. But after 
 some study of the Mandan collection at Andover and an in- 
 spection of the Peabody Museum Mandan exhibit, I wish to 
 modify the statement made in 1889. If they came from the 
 
 147 
 
Ohio valley, they made a radical change in their arts, for 
 the Mandan implements and pottery — save a peculiar dec- 
 oration on the pottery —do not savor of Ohio Valley cul- 
 ture. ‘The flint knives from Mandan sites are long and 
 slender, being very unlike Ohio types; axes are quite rare; 
 the celt is not common, and problematical forms as well as 
 the ordinary slate ornaments are wanting. All Mandan 
 implements, pottery, etc., have a fresh or recent appearance. 
 On the pottery, even the soot remains. No Qhio valley 
 specimens appear modern, all are weathered. 
 
 The Hopewell Culture extended eight or ten miles up the 
 Little Miami to the * Turner Group”, some miles below 
 Madisonville. In 1886-7, Professor F. W. Putnam found 
 remarkable problematical forms in copper, mica, terra-cotta 
 and shell in the altar mounds at this place. 
 
 Above Madisonville, or eighteen miles below Fort An- 
 cient, is a hill-top fortification, overlooking the Miami at 
 Foster’s Crossing. The Foster’s work was partly explored 
 by Professor Putnam and appears to be of Fort Ancient 
 culture status. 
 
 Reviewing the entire field of these Hopewell and Fort 
 Ancient cultures, it seems to me that a thorough study of 
 the reports and collections relating to ancient man in south- 
 ern Ohio, and further exploration in the Muskingum Valley 
 and along the Ohio may prove that local cultures were de- 
 veloped independently of each other and extended over'a 
 considerable period of time. 
 
 Assuming that the gravel hill or glacial kame burials, 
 common in southern Ohio, are totally different from mound 
 and village site interments — or indicate an earlier tribe — 
 which the writer is convinced is true, one may surmise that 
 early man buried his dead in these gravels, where digging 
 was easy. Moreover, the rounded slopes — almost artificial 
 in character — may have suggested to him presently, the 
 building of mounds. Be that as it may, it is scarcely rea- 
 sonable to conclude that man began the construction of large 
 earthworks immediately upon his arrival in the Ohio valley. 
 There must have been a long process of development; and 
 the complicated works of the Scioto, while of considerable 
 
 148 
 
antiquity, were built after man had learned to construct the 
 simpler hill-forts, circles and what-not. Whether the build- 
 ers came from the South or the Northwest, or the East 
 matters not. The culture they developed was local and 
 while the objects and art were southern-like in character, 
 their mounds and enclosures were not of the southern type. 
 
 What Dr. Thomas has called the “ Problem of the Ohio 
 Mounds”, is a problem of Fort Ancient and Hopewell and 
 Gravel Hill cultures — not a problem relating to Shawanoes 
 and Cherokees as Ohio mound-builders. If Cherokees and 
 Shawanoes built Ohio earthworks, it was in times of remote 
 antiquity ; for certainly neither tribe presented any similar- 
 ity to Ohio culture in historic times. Cherokee pipes are 
 the antithesis of Ohio pipes. And a carefnl comparison of 
 Cherokee, Shawano, and Fort Ancient villages reveals noth- 
 ing in common. 
 
 On the sites of historic Indian villages but little material 
 is found The great Illinois town, mentioned often by 
 La Salle and Hennepin, and which contained thousands of 
 Indians, exhibits far less surface indications in the way of 
 arrow-points and flint chips than any of the large prehistoric 
 sites in Ohio. Before the American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science at the Brooklyn meeting in 1894, 
 I read a paper entitled, ‘An Inspection of Modern Indian 
 Village Sitesin Ohio”. Two paragraphs are reprinted as 
 follows : — 
 
 “Taking Cornstalk town by way of example, the amount 
 of goods distributed by the English in one year amounted 
 to more than $50,000. The town contained (1730 to 1780) 
 more than one thousand persons, and the population was 
 constanly ranging above or below that number as war 
 parties left and councils, assemblies, etc., called in sur- 
 rounding tribes. It is not necessary for me to enlarge 
 upon the number of iron, copper, silver and lead objects 
 which must have been lost, traded, carried away or buried. 
 It is only important that I should call attention to the 
 singular fact that so few modern implements should be 
 found upon town sites where a population is known to 
 have existed for more than seventy-five years. 
 
 149 
 
“The prehistoric sites furnish pottery, stone, bone and 
 shell relics very like those found upon the modern sites. 
 We must, therefore, conclude that the quantities of such 
 material found upon historic sites indicate that the intro- 
 duction of more serviceable utensils, weapons and orna- 
 ments did not displace the old and more primitive forms, 
 but that both were in common use; or, that the ancient 
 forms and the rough pottery sherds and rude stone relics 
 marked the site of towns which existed before the advent 
 of the traders; or, lastly, that the use of native material 
 was not abandoned for the newer utensils. In any event, 
 we must accept the proposition that nearly all of the relics 
 left by the traders have either disappeared or resolved 
 themselves into dust as a consequence of the action of the 
 elements, or were so well cared for as to be taken away by 
 the tribe on their removal from the locality. The finding 
 of an occasionally rusty knife blade, pieces of iron and gun 
 lock would indicate that the latter contention is not es- 
 tablished.” 
 
 No observer who has spent time in fieldwork will deny 
 that the prehistoric sites furnish much more evidence of 
 occupancy and activity than the modern. 
 
 The writer is convinced that Professor Mills’ explorations 
 in the “ high-culture ” groups of the lower Scioto, and his 
 own diggings at Hopewell and elsewhere indicate that 
 Squier and Davis were not so wrong in their conclusions as 
 has been claimed by writers who have never seen a “ high- 
 culture’ group explored. 
 
 Again, the enclosures at Fort Hill, Glenford, Spruce Hill 
 and similar places are more nearly like Fort Ancient in 
 conception than the valley works. Later detailed explora- 
 tion may indicate that the hill forts were not of the culture 
 of the geometric works in the river valleys and that the Fort 
 Ancient people were concerned in their construction. This 
 is, of course, conjectural but by no means are all the indica- 
 tions against such a theory. We have but begun the right 
 study of the “Problem of the Ohio Mounds”. It is not a 
 problem of variation of a few feet in the accuracy of a 
 square or circle as given by Squier and Davis. ‘The plow 
 
 b 
 
 150 
 
will account for such discrepancies. Neither is it a prob- 
 lem of “high civilization ” —which nobody of intelligence 
 believes at the present time. But it is a problem neverthe- 
 less and it will be years in working out, for it deals with 
 details and observations such as must be made in the field. 
 
 Fort Ancient’s builders appear, from all available data, to 
 have occupied a territory seventy miles north and south, 
 eighty miles east and west. The Great Miami valley pre- 
 sents Fort Ancient culture — it is not of the Scioto. We 
 may surmise that they were hostile to Hopewell or kindred 
 peoples. That there was much difference in the age of the 
 Scioto and the Miami works, I doubt, although it is possible 
 that Fort Ancient is older. Extensive explorations in, and 
 a study of the pottery and implements found in the ditches 
 leading north and south from the mounds just east of the 
 New Fort, may shed light on the problem. If no Madison- 
 ville type of pottery is found in these ditches, we may con- 
 clude that the people of the valley villages were like Madi- 
 sonville natives in art, but the dwellers in the Fort be- 
 longed to a different tribe. The ditches are a part of Fort 
 Ancient and were open, of course, at the time the Fort was 
 occupied. Therefore I hold that what is taken from them, 
 and also from the village in the north end of the South 
 Fort —in the woods, where original conditions have been 
 preserved — may furnish significant testimony. It has been 
 intimated in my previous articles on Fort Ancient that the 
 excavations on the hill should be more thorough — particu- 
 larly at the points named. Much repetition of facts will 
 naturally result, but of more consequence will be the data 
 relating to the art of Fort Ancient’s builders. The ditches 
 will be more reliable on this score than the surface village- 
 sites. 
 
 Fort Ancient is a wonderful place. It is far more im- 
 pressive than the Serpent Mound and_ stands foremost 
 among the prehistoric monuments of America. It is well 
 that the State of Ohio has vouchsafed to future generations 
 its preservation. 
 
 The amount of labor expended upon Fort Ancient by its 
 builders is an indication of its importance and, perhaps, 
 
 151 
 
may aid us in determining the time occupied in building 
 the embankments. Dr. Thomas has begrudged the poor 
 natives less earth than they made actual use of, and other 
 observers have placed the amount of material at an absurd- 
 ly high figure. Those who have stated the amount in 
 figures have spent little time at the Fort in study, and it is 
 quite natural that certain significant facts should escape 
 their eyes. 
 
 Much of the earth from the embankments washed into 
 the moats —earth naturally seeking the lowest level. And 
 ovhere moats did not occur, the inside of the Fort being 
 lower, rains swept the earth down upon the general level. 
 In estimating the amount of earth used, the depth of the 
 ditches must be added to the height of the fort walls. 
 
 No one has appreciated the amount of stone made use of by 
 the builders, for fully one-third of Fort Ancient is stone. 
 This stone could not have all come from the space en- 
 closed, or from the ravines adjacent. Much of it must 
 have been carried from the Little Miami River half a mile 
 distant, and up a long, steep slope. 
 
 I wish to assert that a study of the stone in and about 
 Fort Ancient reveals to one that there was almost as much 
 labor expended in digging it out and carrying it up to the 
 enclosure above as in moving the immense number of 
 baskets of earth comprising the main walls. Indians did 
 not quarry stone in the sense that we do, but they certainly 
 understood breaking it after a primitive fashion. As they 
 found many of the slabs too large to be carried, they broke 
 them. Rude stone hammers and levers were necessary to 
 detach projecting and more or less loose stones in the clay 
 banks — for in the ravine beds they could not find sufficient 
 material. In addition to the stone, glacial clay — which 
 must have been quite difficult for the natives to dig up, 
 considering their lack of tools — was also used extensively. 
 The terraces required much excavating. All this labor 
 required the presence of one or two thousand natives (at 
 least) for a generation. . 
 
 152 
 
NOTES ON SURVEY OF FORT ANCIENT. 
 
 In order to render unnecessary a re-survey of Fort Ancient, the author inserts the plates 
 of the original survey notes, as compiled from Mr. Cowen’s data and Transit Book. 
 
 The initial point is on top of the first embankment of the eastern wall, 
 on the south side of the Lebanon and Chillicothe turnpike; the angles be- 
 ing turned off to the right. 
 
 STaTiIons.| BEARING. Disr. 
 Oto Ts 9.30 EH} 78.6 End * of first wall. 
 2/S 6.20 EH} 41 Center of first opening, or “gateway.” 
 3 | RR 12.08 37 Top of second wall. The bearings to 
 Sta. 2 were taken with the needle; the 
 succeeding ones were read by means 
 of a vernier. 
 4) R_ 25.51 116.6 End of second wall. 
 : 5 | R 27.08 32.5 | Center of second opening. 
 4to 6} R 43.05 381 Top of third wall. 
 7) R 45.25 156.5 End of third wall. 
 8 |} R 44.25 36 Center of third opening. 
 9} R 44.10 26 Top of fourth wall. 
 10 | R_ 387.00 101.5 End of fourth wall. 
 
 10to 11 | KR 21.08 31.8 Center of fourth opening. 
 12 | R= 21.08 18.6 Top of fifth wall. 
 
 13 | R- 18.05 67 On fifth wall. 
 
 14 R13 .20 44.8 On fifth wall. 
 14to 15} R 4.00 38 On fifth wall. 
 
 165ER 27210 62 On fifth wall; outcurve. 
 IGtoV17 | 2h) 333.15 33 On fifth wall. 
 Letom ome tvemeo Leto 24 End of fifth wall. 
 
 19 | R_ 35.48 26.6 Center of fifth opening. 
 20 | R- 51.80 22.6 Top of sixth wall. 
 
 21 | R_ 63.85 37.4 Hind of sixth wall, at edge of ravine. 
 22 | R- 68.00 83 Bottom of ravine 
 2 oman O10 23 Top of seventh wall. 
 24) R= 14.08 38 On seventh wall. 
 24to 25 | L 26.10 85.6 On seventh wall. 
 26 | L 16.00 21 On seventh wall. 
 2 L 5.86 20.7 End of seventh wall. 
 28 | R- 2.40 16.6 Center of seventh opening. 
 
 29 | R_ 9.00 15.8 Top of eighth wall, and beginning of 
 regular curve. 
 
 *“Knd” of wall, means the end of the top portion farthest from the transit ; 
 . while ‘‘top’’ means that nearest the transit. 
 The measurements, unless otherwise specified, are always from the next pre- 
 ceding station. 
 
154 
 
 FORT ANCIENT. 
 
 STATIONS.| BEARING. Dist. 
 DOs OM OOM mEaeoD 52 
 TB elk 3x B48) 31.6 
 BPA il lie ZORNU) 34.4 
 83 | R 49.30 81.8 
 +17 
 34 | R- 68.40 31 
 Bb ik 1820 55.6 
 36 | R- 85.10 29 
 37 % 82.380 46 
 DilaLOmoon| sluer2os05 53 
 39 | R- 21.00 85.3 
 89 to 40] R_ 75.35 45.8 
 41°) R- 86.15 TD 
 AOA Ne AR 3.00 16.5 
 438 | R- 98.20 14.5 
 44 | R 118.00 38 
 45 | R 188.50 72.8 
 45 to 46 {| R 111.00 78 
 ATM OueoO 102 
 WS gay shel ahs = UE) 153 
 49 | R_ 15.50 15 
 50} R- 20.15 16.5 
 51 aoe lo. 52.2 
 52°) KR 89.16 20.9 
 bo | elheolnle 23.8 
 68 to 64] L 6.50 45.1 
 BD oe oO) 17 
 66 1 BR 28:20 15.3 
 571 BR 60.38 SYIAT 
 BS Oelip Sine 
 59 | RR 46.40 48 
 60 & ~=©48.00 15.6 
 61 Ve ee 16.6 
 62 — «66815 67 
 63 7b. 00) 41.9 
 64 ee OY 21.1 
 65 % 69.30 29.8 
 66 | R 64.45 96 
 66 to 67 | R 6800 16.2 
 68 | Kk 78.50 15.5 
 69 % 101.40 31.9 
 70 % 102.00 19.3 
 (al 2 §©=©93.05 24.9 
 ie Ne Loo 34.3 
 73 ye ebro 78.6 
 74 1, Aka: 36 
 Toe | RK 38-15 45 
 76 % 88:42 Jp 
 1G 00> 1c te eral | 96 
 TS loos 50.3 
 
 On eighth wall. 
 
 On eighth wall. 
 
 On eighth wall. 
 
 Knd of eighth wall. 
 Center of eighth opening. 
 Top of ninth wall. 
 
 End of ninth wall. 
 
 Middle of ravine. 
 
 Top of tenth wall. 
 
 On tenth wall; beginning of curve. 
 
 On tenth wall. 
 
 On tenth wall. 
 
 End of tenth wall. 
 
 Center of tenth opening. 
 
 Top of eleventh wall. 
 
 On eleventh wall. 
 
 Top of deep ravine. 
 
 Bottom of deep ravine. 
 
 Top of twelfth wall. On both sides of 
 this ravine [from’ 45 and 47 to 46], 
 the wall extends down the slope to 
 the bottom, in a straight line, as if it 
 had at one time been continuous 
 across. 
 
 End of twelfth wall. 
 
 Center of twelfth opening. 
 
 Top of thirteenth wall. 
 
 On thirteenth wall. 
 
 On thirteenth wall; incurve. 
 
 On thirteenth wall; incurve. 
 
 End of thirteenth wall. 
 
 Center of thirteenth opening. 
 
 Top of fourteenth wall. 
 
 On fourteenth wall; outcurve. 
 
 On fourteenth wall; ouleurve. 
 
 End of fourteenth wall; outcurve. 
 
 Center of fourteenth opening. 
 
 Top of fifteenth wall. 
 
 On fifteenth wall. 
 
 On fifteenth wall; incurve. 
 
 On fifteenth wall; incurve. 
 
 On fifteenth wall; incurve. 
 
 End of fifteenth wall. 
 
 Center of fifteenth opening. 
 
 Top of sixteenth wall. 
 
 On sixteenth wall. 
 
 On sixteenth wall; ineurve. 
 
 On sixteenth wall; incurve. 
 
 On sixteenth wall; incurve. 
 
 On sixteenth wall; incurve. 
 
 On sixteenth wall; incurve. 
 
 On sixteenth wall; incurve. 
 
 End of sixteenth wall, at top of ravine. 
 
 Top of seventeenth wall, on opposite 
 side of ravine, at top of slope. 
 
 ' On seventeenth wall. 
 
7 NOTES ON SURVEY. 155 
 STATIONS.| BEARING. Dist. 
 KEntOme (On| iv 19:20 68.4 . | End of seventeenth wall, on top; out- 
 curve. 
 80 | R 238.04 22.6 | End of seventeenth wall, at bottom. 
 8L |} RK 37.48 64.1* | First. end of eighteenth wall, at inside 
 part. 
 82 | R 32.05 25.6 First end of eighteenth wall, at inside 
 part, on top. 
 83 | R 28.25 20.8 Second end of eighteenth wall, on top, 
 on regular line of wall. 
 83 to 80x 24.3 Measured back in a direct line toward 
 Sta. 80, and distant from that station 
 33.57 feet. From Sta. 80 to Sta. 80x, 
 is the seventeenth opening. Stas. 81 
 and 82 are at the end (on bottom and 
 top, respectively) of aspur, which goes 
 in toward center of fort from Sta, 83. 
 84) R 2.50 64.1 End of eighteenth wall. 
 85 | R 19.25 26.8 Center of eighteenth opening. 
 86 | R 26.25 14.5 Top of nineteenth wall. 
 87 | RK 42.25 56 End of nineteenth wall, on top, at edge 
 of ravine. 
 88 | Rh 51.05 20 End of nineteenth wall, at opening 19, 
 bottom of ravine. 
 89 | KR 51.07 24 Top of twentieth wall, on opposite side 
 of ravine, the wall running up on the 
 slope from the bottom. 
 90} R 47.80 39 On twentieth wall. 
 91} KR 50.380 97.1 End of twentieth wall, on top. 
 92 | hk 53.45 30.4 Center of twentieth opening. 
 93 | R 53.15 23.2 Top of twenty-first wall. 
 94); R 49.20 40.7 | End of twenty-first wall. 
 +17 Center of twenty-first opening. 
 94 to 95 | KR 6.00 34.2 Top of twenty-second wall. 
 96 | R 4.20 37.8 On twenty-second wall. 
 97 | R 2015 56.3 On twenty-second wall; outcurve. 
 98 | R- 31.25 54.1 On twenty-second wall; outcurve. 
 99; KR 34.45 54.8 End of twenty-second wall, on top. 
 
 100 | R- 35.85 18 End of twenty-second wall, at bottom; 
 also, end of the east wall of the “new” 
 or northern portion of the fort. 
 
 100 to 101 | R 46.45 103 To bottom of so-called “mound;’ the 
 initial point of the east wall of the 
 “old” or southern portion of the fort. 
 Only the natural surface exists from 
 Sta. 100 to Sta. 101, there being no 
 indication of artificial deposits. This 
 is not a‘ mound” at all, but only a 
 heavier wall than those near it. 
 
 102} Re 33.10 35.5 Top of twenty-third wall [ mound”). 
 
 103 | KR 80.15 18.5 Highest point of twenty-third wall. 
 
 108 to 104 | L 24.00 48.3 End, on top, of twenty-third wall; in- 
 curve, 
 \ * This measure to be used only as a check in drafting, and not to be added in ob- 
 
 taining length of fort wall. 
 
 +This measure to be added, 
 
156 
 
 FORT ANCIENT. 
 
 STATIONS. 
 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 my 
 DI eton eZ 
 1138 
 114 
 114 to 115 
 116 
 ilaliy/ 
 118 
 119 
 120 
 
 121 
 121 to 122 
 123 
 123 to 124 
 125 
 126 
 sy 
 
 128 
 126 to 129 
 
 130 
 131 
 By 
 133 
 134 
 135 
 136 
 137 
 138 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 148 to 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 146 to 148 
 149 
 150 
 151 
 
 BEARING. 
 L387.05 
 L 60.45 
 L 89.15 
 L 96.06 
 L 95.80 
 
 98.40 
 L 100.40 
 L 865.20 
 i 75:25 
 L 69.82 
 L 30.45 
 L 26.50 
 ee 2oe24 
 L 19.30 
 Ti ee 
 L 8.00 
 R 2.00 
 R 659.55 
 R 75.45 
 R 88.15 
 R 75.46 
 R_ 66.40 
 R 19.55 
 R 14.80 
 L 4.45 
 R 1.40 
 Reee2s.20) 
 R. 38.85 
 R 49.15 
 R 652.25 
 
 % 64.48 
 R 66.45 
 RR 62.00 
 R_ 60.50 
 R_ 62.80 
 R_ 65.30 
 R_ 65.40 
 R 61.55 
 R_ 41.30 
 R 9.45 
 L 10.40 
 L 14.80 
 L 49.380 
 L 35.51 
 L 34.45 
 L 15.10 
 
 15.2 
 19.5 
 65.4 
 43.4 
 33 
 
 43.2 
 45.9 
 32.8 
 38.8 
 18 
 
 15.8 
 27.8 
 29.4 
 38.2 
 41.9 
 54.4 
 60.2 
 dl.1 
 68.7 
 61.8 
 30 
 
 65 
 
 Center of twenty-third opening. 
 
 Top of twenty-fourth wall. 
 
 On twenty-fourth wall. 
 
 End of twenty-fourth wall; outcurve. 
 
 Center of twenty-fourth opening. 
 
 Top of twenty-tifth wall. 
 
 On twenty-fifth wall. 
 
 On twenty-fifth wall. 
 
 On twenty-fifth wall. 
 
 On twenty-fifth wall; outcurve. 
 
 End of twenty-fifth wall. 
 
 Center of twenty-fifth opening. 
 
 Top of twenty-sixth wall. 
 
 On twenty-sixth wail. 
 
 End of twenty-sixth wall, at ravine. 
 
 End of twenty-seventh wall, at ravine, 
 on opposite side. 
 
 On twenty-seventh wall. 
 
 On twenty-seventh wall; outcurve. 
 
 On twenty-seventh wall. 
 
 On twenty-seventh wall; incurve. 
 
 On twenty-seventh wall; incurve. 
 
 On twenty-seventh wall; incurve. 
 
 End of twenty-seventh wall, at edge of 
 ravine. 
 
 Top of twenty-eighth wall, at opposite 
 edge of ravine. 
 
 End of twenty-eighth wall. The bear- 
 ing could not be obtained, but Sta. 
 129 is on a line between Stas. 128 
 and 130. 
 
 Center of twenty-eighth opening. 
 
 Top of twenty-ninth wall. 
 
 On twenty-ninth wall. 
 
 On twenty-ninth wall; incurve. 
 
 On twenty-ninth wall. 
 
 On twenty-ninth wall; incurve. 
 
 On twenty-ninth wall. 
 
 On twenty-ninth wall; incurve. 
 
 End of twenty-ninth wall. 
 
 Center of twenty-ninth opening. 
 
 Top of thirtieth wall. 
 
 On thirtieth wall. 
 
 On thirtieth wall; incurve. 
 
 On thirtieth wall; incurve. 
 
 On thirtieth wall; incurve. 
 
 On thirtieth wall; incurve. 
 
 On thirtieth wall. 
 
 On thirtieth wall. 
 
 On thirtieth wall; incurve, 
 
 End of thirtieth wall, on top; outcurve. 
 
 End of thirtieth wall, at bottom. 
 
 Beginning (at bottom) of thirty-first | 
 wall, on edge of ravine, opposite Sta. 
 149, 
 
NOTES ON SURVEY. 157 
 StTaTions.| Brarina. | Dist 
 
 152 | L 12.40 45.8* | End of spur, on edge of ravine, below 
 Sta. 153. 
 
 153 | L 10.30 52.8 Top of thirty-first wall, above end at 
 Sta. 151, 13.5 * feet from latter. 
 
 154} RR 28.15 87 On thirty-first wall. 
 
 155 | R 48.15 49.8 End of thirty-first wall, on top. 
 
 156 | RR 59.45 48 End of thirty-first wall, at bottom of 
 ravine, 
 
 157 | R- 53.54 49.3 Top of thirty-second wal. 
 
 158 | R- 48.06 29.9 On thirty-second wall. 
 
 159 | R 40.50 35.5 On thirty-second wall. 
 
 160) | =R 33.50 43.2 On thirty-second wall; outcurve. 
 
 160 to 161 | R 28.05 54.2 On thirty-second wall; outcurve. 
 
 162 | R 41.45 43.2 On thirty-second wall; outcurve. 
 
 168 | R- 59.25 53.7 End of thirty-second wall, on top; out- 
 curve. 
 
 164 | R- 61.05 49 End of thirty-second wall, at bottom of 
 ravine, 
 
 165) Ro 49.15 56.5 Top of thirty-third wall. 
 
 166 | R 43.45 30.2 On thirty-third wall. 
 
 166 tu 167 | L 28.80 33 On thirty-third wall; incurve. 
 
 168 | L 41.30 29 On thirty-third wall; incurve. 
 
 169 | L 36.15 33.4 End of thirty-third wall, on top. 
 
 169x} L 36.15 49.2 End of thirty-third wall, at bottom. 
 
 Wed Oa) yi  ) 15.2 Center of thirty-third opening. 
 
 171 | Le 16.80 18.5 Top of thirty-fourth wall. 
 
 172 | R 12.45 49 On thirty-fourth wall. 
 
 178} R 62.20 63.4 End of thirty-fourth wall, on top. 
 
 WAN RR 973522 46 End of thirty-fourth wall, at bottom. 
 
 175 | Re 75.50 44.9 Center of thirty-fourth opening. 
 
 176 | R 66.30 41.3 Top of thirty-fifth wall. 
 
 ITT. | Re 62.25 78 On thirty-fifth wall. 
 
 177 40: 178") EL 22,20 76 On thirty-fifth wall. 
 
 Tigi by ala as 66.5 On thirty-fifth wall; incurve. 
 
 180 | KR 1.85 57.4 On thirty-fifth wall; incurve. 
 
 181 | R 242 20.7 End of thirty-fifth wall. 
 
 1829 Ro 2:15 15.4 Center of thirty-fifth opening. 
 
 188°" R 2.00 17.3 Top of thirty-sixth wall. 
 
 184) R- 2.15 55 On thirty-sixth wall. 
 
 185 | R 6.45 43.5 End of thirty-sixth wall. 
 
 183 to 186 | R 26.00 17.1 Center of thirty-sixth opening, south- 
 east corner of fort. 
 
 187 | R_ 50.00 56.7 Top of thirty-seventh wall, south-east 
 corner; the so-called “mound;” out- 
 curve, 
 
 188 | R_ 62.38 33.6 Center of thirty-seventh opening; out- 
 curve. 
 
 189 | R 75.45 34.4 Top of thirty-eighth wall; second 
 “mound.” 
 
 LOOM lta 92.05 50.4 Bottom of second “mound,” which is 
 
 — 
 
 only a higher portion of thirty-eighth 
 wall, and, like those at entrance, not 
 a “mound” at all. 
 
 * Check measure, not to be added in. 
 
158 
 
 FORT ANCIENT. 
 
 Srations.| BEARING. Dist 
 190 to 191*| L 29.45 74.3 
 192° | 43-4045 76.7 
 193) 45, 43:25 58 
 194 | L 438.15 15.8 
 195 |.L 44.00 22.1 
 195 to 196 | L 82.15 70.5 
 iMewe Ie Darras, 70.5 
 198 | L 22.380 66.7 
 199 | L 22.30 52 
 200) L °25.25 64.3 
 S01 aias *22c15 20 
 902 4|sIa- -20,10 22.8 
 203 | L 138.40 41.1 
 204 | L 8.10 34.6 
 DO hala ieee 85.7 
 206 | R- 200 29.3 
 207 | R 4.05 40 
 208 | RR 4.00 84.4 
 209 | R 5.165 34.8 
 209 to 210 | L 16.00 91 
 911 | L 34.50 46 
 DIO liao”) 17 
 O19 to Zsa wes ake 47 
 914 | L 107.14 S2)3 
 215 | L 106.45 42.1 
 215 to 216 | L 69.85 16.2 
 OW ela Vara) 19.1 
 218 | L_ 88.00 58.1 
 218 to 219 | L 67.15 48.8 
 220 | L 84.80 33.2 
 291 | 128.45 90.0 
 Ito 222 le Lueeloted © §4.2 
 993 | ne b2Oc0 55 
 924 | L 124.15 16.4 
 225 | L 120.00 11.8 
 996 i) 95.26 84 
 9907 ei 84.380 48 
 228 | L 74.80 61 
 990" i G20: 77.8 
 230 | L 55.80 82.6 
 23T | L 54.00 18.2 
 DBF els "2.20 26.8 
 28seh an eaialO 54.4 
 2384 | lL 40.45 73 
 235 \ lL. 30:00 111.8 
 235 to 286 | R 34.25 58 
 93 at. sop sep 28 
 
 End of thirty-eighth wall, bottom of ra- 
 vine. 
 
 Top of thirty-ninth wall, top of ravine. 
 
 End of thirty-ninth wall, on top. 
 
 Center of thirty-ninth opening. 
 
 Top of fortieth wall. 
 
 On fortieth wall; outcurve. 
 
 On fortieth wall; outcurve. 
 
 On fortieth wall; incurve. 
 
 On fortieth wall; incurve. 
 
 End of fortieth wall. 
 
 Center of fortieth opening. 
 
 Top of forty-first wall. 
 
 On forty-tirst wall; outcurve. 
 
 On forty-first wall; outcurve. 
 
 On forty-first wall; incurve. 
 
 On forty-first wall; incurve. 
 
 On forty-first wall; incurve. 
 
 On forty-first wall. 
 
 End of forty-first wall, on top of deep 
 ravine at south side of fort. 
 
 End of forty-first wall, in bottom of 
 deep ravine. 
 
 Between bottom and top of slope, on 
 forty-second wall. 
 
 Top of forty-second wall, above ravine. 
 
 On forty-second wall; incurve. 
 
 On forty-second wall. 
 
 End of forty-second wall; outcurve. 
 
 Center of forty-second opening. 
 
 Top of forty-third wall. 
 
 On forty-third wall. 
 
 End of forty-third wall, at bottom of 
 ravine; incurve. 
 
 Top of forty-fourth wall, above ravine. 
 
 On forty-fourth wall. 
 
 On forty-fourth wall. 
 
 End of forty-fourth wall. 
 
 Center of forty-fourth opening. 
 
 Top of forty-fifth wall. 
 
 End of forty-filth wall, bottom of ravine. 
 
 Top of forty-sixth wall, top of ravine. 
 
 On forty-sixth wall. 
 
 On forty-sixth wall. 
 
 End of forty-sixth wall. 
 
 Center of forty-sixth opening. 
 
 Top of forty-seventh wall. 
 
 On forty-seventh wall; outcurve. 
 
 On forty-seventh wall; outcurve. 
 
 End of forty-seventh wall, edge of ra- 
 vine. 
 
 End of forty-seventh wall, bottom of ra- 
 vine, 
 
 Top of forty-eighth wall. 
 
 * The reading of the needle was reversed at this station to avoid large angles. 
 
NOTES ON SURVEY. 
 
 Srarions.| Bearing. | Dist 
 238 | R 36.30 53 End of forty-eighth wall, on top. 
 239 | R_ 37.10 40.8 Center of forty-eighth opening. 
 240 | R_ 38.00 63 Top of forty-ninth wall. There is a 
 gradual slope to this station from Stu 
 239, and an abrupt one from this is 
 the next [241]. 
 241 | R 38.30 18 Center of forty-ninth opening. 
 242 | R- 38.25 25.8 Top of fiftieth wall. 
 242 to 243 | R 32.55 149.5 On fiftieth wall. 
 244 | R- 35.00 47 On fiftieth wall. 
 245 | KR - 38.50 64.2 On fiftieth wall. 
 246 | R 42.00 35.3 Knd of fiftieth wall, on top. 
 
 246 to 247 | R- 62.45 66 Knd of fiftieth wall, at bottom, at the 
 north-west corner of “old fort,” over- 
 looking the Miami valley. 
 
 248 | R- 86.45 LAGI Middle of a shallow depression, over the 
 angle at corner of fort, leading, by a 
 gradual slope, down to the river. 
 
 249 | R 97.15 15 Top point of fifty-first wall, which 
 unites here with the fiftieth wall, tu 
 form the point or angle [Sta. 248]. 
 
 250 | R_ 150.30 61.2 Middle of depression in fifty-first wall, 
 where it has crossed a ravine near its 
 head. The hole thus left above has 
 filled up with muck. 
 
 251 | R 163.30 71.5 On fifty-first wall; ineurve. 
 
 252 | R 160.30 94.5 On fifty-first wall. 
 
 2&2 to 253 | R 112.15 54.3 End of fifty-first wall. 
 
 254 | R 107.20 13.8 Center of fifty-first opening. 
 
 255 | Ro 94.45 18.7 Top of fifty-second wall. 
 
 255 te 256 | R 71.15 Milatl On fifty-second wall. 
 
 257 | R_ 73.30 21 End of fifty-second wall, on top. 
 
 258 | R 87.50 48 Center of fifty-second opening; out- 
 curve. 
 
 259 |} R- 85.20 YAIEZ Top of fifty-third wall. 
 
 260 | RK 88.05 45 On fifty-third wall; eutcurve. 
 
 261 | KR 95.00 82.5 On fifty-third wall; outcurve. 
 
 262 | R 104.45 80.7 On fifty-third wall. 
 
 263 | R 105.30 34.6 On fifty-third wall; sharp incurve, 
 
 264 | R_ 71.30 37.9 On fifty-third wall; incurve. 
 
 265 | R 55.20 48 On fifty-third wall; incurve. 
 
 265 to 266 | R 30.15 48.8 End of fifty-third wall, on top, incurve 
 
 266 to 266x| R 30.15 24.5 kind of fifty-third wall, at bottom, 
 
 265 to 267 | R- 37.20 14.6 [Measured from Sta. 266.] Center ot 
 fifty-third opening. 
 
 268 | R 44.40 oN Top of fifty-tourth wall. 
 
 269 | R_ 61.00 19.3 On fifty-fourth wall. 
 
 270 | KR 106.10 67.2 On fifty-fourth wall; incurve. 
 
 Zine keels LO 32.9 On fifty-fourth wall; incurve. 
 
 ata! Av el 18,12 45.6 On fifty-fourth wall; incurve. 
 
 273 | Wt 110.40 26.1 On fifty-fourth wall; incurve. 
 
 2:4] R 104.20 rH | On fifty-fourth wall; incurve. 
 
 274 to 215 | KR 34.00 35.5 On fifty-fourth wall; outcurve. 
 
 2/6 | Ko 69.45 38.2 On fifty-fourth wall; outcurve. 
 
 277 | RK 81.45 45.3 End of fifty-fourth wall; incurve. 
 
 278 | K 82.30 18.9 Center of fiity-fourth opening, 
 
This is what is 
 usually given as a “mound,” at the 
 
 Center of fifty-sixth opening, the en- 
 [Measured from Sta. 286.] On twenty- 
 
 vine between fifty-sixth wall, the last 
 of the old fort, and fitty-seventh wall, 
 the first (on the west) of the new fort 
 There is no 
 indication of artificial work between 
 
 to bottom of wall; thence, in same 
 Beginning of fifty-seventh wall, on op- 
 
 The wall has 
 caved back to some extent from the 
 
 Across isthmus, to last wall of new fort, 
 
 overlooking valley; very sharp turn 
 
 pression where wall has been built 
 across head of a ravine, which has 
 
 160 FORT ANCIENT. 
 Srations.| BEARING. Dist. 
 279 | R_ 83.00 14.2 Top of fifty-fifth wall. 
 280 | R- 88.35 50.4 On fifty-fifth wall; incurve. 
 281 | KR 77.55 47.6 On fifty-fifth wall; incurve, 
 282° R_ 69.50 44.7 On fifty-fifth wall; incurve. 
 282 to 283 | R- 6.10 1B e's End of fitty-fifth wall. 
 284 ' R= 10.45 17 Center of fifty-fifth opening. 
 285 , R- 20.30 30 Top of fifty-sixth wall. 
 west of the entrance to “old fort ” 
 286 | R 384.30 48.8 End of wall fifty-six, on top, next te 
 road at entrance. 
 286 to 287 | R 102.45 28* 
 trance to old fort. 
 288 | R_ 63.80 20.8 Bottom of fifty-sixth wall. 
 102 | R 98.80 54.2* 
 third wall. 
 289 | R- 8.45 65.6 [Measured from Sta. 288.] Top of ra- 
 (going from the south). 
 fifty-sixth wall and the ravine. 
 {Measured from Sta. 286, it is 34.9 feet 
 line, 44.2 feet to Sta. 289.] 
 290 | R- 8,45 99.4 
 posite side of ravine. 
 washing out of the ravine. 
 2a lve e225 40 On fifty-seventh wall. 
 290 to 99 | R 122.00 128* 
 on the east. 
 291 to 292 | R- 31.45 78.4 On fifty-seventh wall. 
 293 | R 26.00 57.6 On fifty-seventh wall; slight incurve. 
 294 | R 20.10 34.6 On fifty-seventh wall; incurve. 
 295 | R= 11.45 26.6 On fifty-seventh wall; sharp incurve. 
 296; R 38.15 26.2 On fifty-seventh wall; slight outcurve. 
 297 | L 8.05 37.1 On fifty-seventh wall; slight outcurve. 
 298 | L 19:15 50 On fifty-seventh wall; incarve. 
 298 to 299 | L 55.30 24 Highest point on fifty-seventh wall, 
 in wall. 
 300 | L 31.45 14.7 End of fifty-seventh wall. 
 301 | L 3.00 20.7 Center of fifty-seventh opening. 
 302 | R_ 14.10 17.9 Top of fifty-eighth wall. 
 303 | R 388.15 56.5 On fifty-eighth wall. 
 304 | R 46.00 56.9 On fifty-eighth wall; incurve. 
 305 | R 46.15 63.9 On fifty-eighth wall; incurve. 
 306 | R 47.15 159.8 On fifty-eighth wall. 
 307 | R 46.46 31.6 On fifty-eighth wall, at middle of a de. 
 filled in level above. 
 
 * Check measure, not to be added in. 
 
 ge 
 
ON SURVEY. : 161 
 
 NOTES 
 SraTions.| Brarrna. Dist 
 308 | R 46.10 Tle? End of fiftv-cighth wall. 
 3809 | KR 47.29 25.1 Center of fifty-eighth opening. 
 310 | R 47.45 16.8 Top ot fifty-ninth wall. 
 311) KR 48.10 48.7 On fifty-ninth wall; incurve. 
 311 to312 | R 26.25 Sicd On fifty-ninth wall; incurve. 
 313 | Ro 338.15 57.6 On fifty ninth wall; incurve. 
 814 | R 35.25 36.8 On fifty-ninth wall; incurve, and middle 
 of depression. 
 315 | R 32.00 54.4 End of fifty-ninth wall, incurve. 
 316 | R 3100 15.1 Center of fifty-ninth opening. 
 317 | R 30.50 21.9 Top of sixtieth wall; outcurve. 
 318) Ro 33.45 42.7 On sixtieth wall. 
 319 | % 36.30 104.2 On sixtieth wall. 
 38-0 | R_ 36.00 49.5 On sixtieth wall; incurve above ra- 
 vine. 
 
 320 to 321 | L_ 5.00 50 End of sixtieth wall, at bottom of ra- 
 vine; sharp incurve. 
 
 822 | Iu. 15.15 43 Top of sixty-first wall, above ravine. 
 
 323 | I. 18.45 505 End of sixty-first wall. 
 
 324 |} lL 18.45 12 Center of sixty-first opening. 
 
 325 | Ji 18.20 17.8 Top of sixty-second wall. 
 
 826} L 14.15 44.8 On sixty-second wall: outcurve. 
 
 BZ 22:00 59 End of sixty-second wall. 
 
 3828 | L 9.45 16.7 Center of sixty-second opening. 
 
 S29 ane. 45 16 Top of sixty-third wall. 
 
 330! L 5.10 20.4 End of sixty-third wall, at top of ra. 
 vine. 
 
 330 to 8381) Ko 12.45 50 End of sixty-third wall, on slope of ra- 
 vine. Wall seems to have been built 
 across the ravine, and been washed 
 out, the wall on opposite side deflect- 
 ing the water against this wall. fhe 
 slope is very steep on both sides. 
 
 332 | R 3.00 34 Bottom of ravine; beginning of sixty- 
 fourth wall. 
 
 333 0 74. Top of sixty-lourth wall, at top of ra- 
 vine. 
 
 334 | lL 7.50 24.2 On sixty-fourth wall; sharp incurve. 
 
 335 | Lo 24.15 47.5 On sixty-fourth wall. 
 
 386 | I 40.00 59.8 Knd of sixty-fourth wall; outcurve. 
 
 3387 | L 41.10 16.2 Center of sixty-fourth opening. 
 
 338 | L 40.15 16.4 Top of sixty-fifth wall. 
 
 338 to 339 0 81.4 Knd of sixty-fifth wall, at bottom of 
 ravine. 
 
 840 | Li 21.15 43.8 Top of sixty-sixth wall, top of ravine; 
 
 incurve, 
 
 841 | L 35.00 40 Kind of sixty-sixth wall; incurve. 
 
 342 | L 35.10 10.4 Center of sixty-sixth opening, 
 
 342x| Lo 61.45 37.9 Bottom of sixty-sixth and sixty-seventh 
 walls, which run out nearly parallel 
 at their ends, with a slight depression 
 as an opening, and unite in a rounded 
 wall at the bottom, 
 
 343 | L 34.05 15.2 [ Measured from Sta, 842.] Top of sixty- 
 
 seventh wall, 
 
162 FORT ANCIENT. 
 
 STATIONS. | BEARING. Dist. 
 344 | L 12.35 71.9 End of sixty-seventh wall. 
 345 | L 8.35 20 Center of sixty-seventh opening. 
 346 | L 6.00 24 Top of sixth-eighth wall. 
 847 | L 6.20 51.5 On sixty-eighth wall; slight outcurve. 
 847 to 848 | R 27.80 62.5 End ot sixty-eighth wall, 
 349 | R 29.50 19 | Center of sixty-eighth opening. 
 350 | RK 81.80 31,2 Top of sixty-ninth wall. 
 890 to 851 | Ro 46.15 62.8 End of sixty-ninth wall, at top of deep 
 ravine. 
 351 to 852 | R 22.40 53 End of sixty-ninth wall, on slope of 
 deep ravine. 
 808 | Ro 13.45 90 Beginning of seventieth wall, on slope 
 
 of deep ravine. 
 353 to 354 | R38 
 
 oe 
 
 5 44.8 On seventieth wall, on slope of deep 
 ravine; incurve. 
 
 855 | R 8.30 64 On seventieth wall, at top of deep ra- 
 
 right angle. 
 
 855 to 856 | LL 71.45 07.6 On seventieth wall; slight outcurve. 
 357 | Li 78.15 115 Kind of seventieth wall; slight outcurve; 
 edge of ravine. 
 808 | Le 69.25 56.8 Top of seventy-first wall, on edge of 
 washout. 
 359 | is 53.00 74 End of seventy-first wall. 
 860 | I 49.05 19 Center of seventy-first opening, 
 861 | lL 44.10 23.5 Top of seventy-second wall. 
 862 | L 35,50 49.5 On seventy-second wall. 
 363 | Le 26.25 85.6 End of seventy-second wall, above pike. 
 3864 | L 21.20 518 Top of seventy-third wall, above pike, 
 on north side. 
 865 | L 21.80 35.7 On seventy-third wall; sharp outcurve. 
 365 to 866 9 Re 20.85 41.7 ind of seventy-third wall; sharp out- 
 curve, 
 67 | R 2945. |] 27.5 Center of seventy-third opening; sharp 
 outcurve, 
 368 | R 41.45 22 Top of seventy-fourth wall; sharp out- 
 curve. 
 358 to * R 3.45 115.5* | Back sight to a point at the bottom of 
 | inside slope of seventy-third 
 | where pike has cut off the end. 
 69 | KR 114.85 53.4 On seventy fourth wall. 
 3870 | R 118.00 68.2 On seventy-fourth wall, 
 ails ak WN .80 567 Kind of seventy-lourth wall; incurve, 
 871 to 372 | Kk 78.25 41 Middle of seventy-fourth opening [ra- 
 vine]. 
 373 | Ro 67.40 43 Top of seventy-fifth wall. 
 o74 v 68.80 8.9 Center of seventy-fifth opening. 
 875 | R 72.15 21.7 Top of seventy-sixth wall. 
 876 | Ro 76.25 83.9 On seventy-sixth wall. 
 376 to 877 | Re 88.15 28.2 ind of seventy-sixth wall, top of ravine. 
 878'| hi. 90.15 | 387 Kknd of seventy-sixth wall, slope of ra 
 | vine, 
 379 | R 86.45 | 81 | Top of seventy-seventh wall, slope of 
 ravine, 
 
 * Check measure, not to be added in. 
 
 vine; sharp incurve, making almost a 
 
NOTES .ON SURVEY. 163 
 
 Stations.| Beara. Dist. 
 380 | RR 84.50 43.8 Top of seventy-seventh wall, top of 
 ravine; outcurve. 
 380 to 881 | R- 79.45 206 End of seventy-seventh wall. 
 881 to 3882 | R- 80.05 18 Center of seventy-seventh opening. 
 883 | R 75.35 23.8 Top of seventy-eighth wall. 
 3884 | R 80.15 132.2 On seventy-eighth wall. 
 384 to 885 | R- 85.50 70.3 End of seventy-eighth wall; outcurve. 
 380 | Ko 987.15 15.4 Center of seventy-eighth opening. 
 887 | R 84.05 22 Top of seventy-ninth wall. 
 888 | R_ 81.30 61 On seventy-ninth wall; slight outcurve, 
 389 | R 81.380 160.5 End of seventy-ninth wall; outcurve. 
 889 to 390 | R- 90.15 18.4 Center of seventy-ninth opening. 
 391 % 93.05 21.4 Top of eightieth wall. 
 892 | R 98.45 61.2 On eightieth wall. 
 393 | R 99.00 142 End of eightieth wall. 
 394 | R 99.05 22.6 Center of eightieth opening. 
 895 | R 99.00 37.8 Top of eighty-first wall. 
 395 to 396 | R 98.00 80.8 Kind of eighty-first wall. 
 89€ to 897 | R93 35 28 Center of eighty-first opening. 
 898 | R 94.15 28 Top of eighty-second wall. 
 398 to 399 | R- 87.55 47.8 On eighty-second wall; outeurve. 
 399 to 400 | R 98.00 25.8 On eighty-second wall, sharp outcurve. 
 401 | Ro 117.15 30.8 End of eighty-second wall; sharp out- 
 curve. 
 402 | T 130.15 29.9 Center of eighty-second opening. 
 402 to 403 | L 18.05 31 Top of eighty-third wall. 
 403 to 404 | LL 15.45 75.7 End of eighty-third wall. 
 405 | Ls 15.45 27.8 Center of eighty-third opening. 
 406 | L 14.05 28.4 Top of eighty-fourth wall. 
 406 to 407 | L 9.15 93 End of eighty-fourth wall, at pike. 
 0; LL 8.00 65 Point of beginning. 
 
 The total length of wall, on top, 18,712.2 feet; equal, in miles, approx- 
 
 imately, to 3; 33; 356; 831; 399;; 8139; or precisely 3359. 
 
 Nore —In stating the number of openings in the fortification, we 
 include the natural washes and breaks. 
 Of tne 84 openings, 9 are natural washouts, and 74 are designed en- 
 
 trances (gateways), or for purposes of defense. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FORT ANCIENT 
 
 Allen, Prehistoric World, 1885. 
 
 Association of American Geologists (Transactions) 1848. (Locke’s 
 Survey.) 
 
 Atwater, Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, Wor- 
 cester, 1820. 
 
 Brown, Prehistoric Terraces. Am. Antig. Vol. X, p. 167. (I88s). 
 
 Drake, Pictures of Cincinnati, 1815. 
 Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio, 1898. 
 
 MacLean, Mound Builders, 1879. 
 
 Moorehead, American Antiquarian, Vol. VIII. (1887.) 
 
 Fort Ancient, 129 pp., 87 plates and large map. . Rob’t Clarke 
 Co., Cincinnati, 1890. 
 
 Fort Ancient, A Description of. Vol. IV. Ohio State Archae- 
 ological and Historical Society Publications. Columbus, 
 1895. 16pp., 9 full-page illustrations, and folding map. 
 
 Primitive Man in Ohio. Chapters VII and VIII. G. P. Put- 
 nam’s Sons, New York, 1892. 
 Also several shorter articles in Reports and Magazines. 
 
 Ohio State Arch. and Hist. Soc’y Reports. Various articles by mem- 
 bers. 1890-1907. 
 
 Peet, American Antiquarian, April, 1878. 
 Portfolio, Philadelphia, 1809. 
 Scoville, Observations Concerning Fort Ancient, Lebanon, Ohio, 189-. 
 
 Randall, Hon. E. O. Masterpieces of the Ohio Mound Builders. 
 Columbus, 1908. pp. 72 to 126. 
 
 _Sheppard, Antiquities of Ohio, 1887. 
 Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, 
 
 Washington, 1846. 
 
 Thomas, Science, Vol. VIII, Dec. 10, 1886. (Cinta) 
 Also a description in Handbook of American Indians, p. 469. 
 Washington, 1907. 
 
 Tichenor, A Guide to Fort Ancient. 54 pp. Dayton, O., 1906. 
 (This pamphlet we recommend to visitors. It can be pro- 
 cured from the author, 701 Conover Building, Dayton, Ohio, 
 or in the store at Fort Ancient railway station.) 
 
 164 
 
INDEX 
 
 A Dorsey, G. A., 35 
 
 Age of Fort Ancient, 109-15, 123, 145 Drake, Mr., 164 
 Allen, Mr., 164 
 
 American Antiquarian, 60, 164 
 American Antiquarian Society, 42, 164 
 ** Ancient Monuments of the Mississip- 
 
 E 
 Kast Fork, 37, 135, 139 
 
 pi Valley,” 164 Wy 
 
 Anderson, Clifford, 37 i Flint Ridge, 125, 146 
 
 Anderson, Harvey, 138 Fowke, G., 32, 35-6, 42, 117 
 
 Animal bones, 50, 87, 96, 98, 118 
 
 “ Antiquities of Ohio,” 164 G 
 
 “Antiquities of Tennesseee ’’, 106 Glacial action, 50-1 
 
 Arrowheads, 88, 94, 99 Graham, A. A., 32 
 
 Association of Am. Geologists, 164 Graves, 92, 94, 106, 109-15, 138 
 
 Atwater, Caleb, 42, 51, 81, 119, 164 xreat Gateway, 44, 58-9, 66, 74, 76, 81 
 B ‘Guide to Fort Ancient ”’, 42, 66, 164 
 
 Beads, 94 H 
 
 Bibliography on Fort Ancient, 164 ‘‘ Wand book of American Indians’’, 44, 
 
 Bone awls, 98 164 
 
 Boone, Daniel, 31 Harris, I., 127 
 
 Boyle, John, 140 Hisey, Mr., 60 
 
 Brown, Thomas J., 60, 164 Hopewell Group, 183, 140-46 
 
 : Hopkinsville Graves, 106 
 C Howe’s ‘' History of Ohio ’’, 42, 164 
 
 Caesar Creek, 60, 101, 110 Hughes, John, 87, 109, 125 
 
 Catlin, G. 147 
 
 Cedarville Cliffs, 141 ; 
 
 Celts, 86, 89, 91-2, 103 Isthmus, 44, 58-9, 74, 78 
 
 Ceremonials, 127, 129 K 
 
 Charcoal, 78, 82, 140-41 Kenton, Simon, 81 
 
 Cherokees, 149 ‘“* Kitchen Middens’’, 103 
 
 Clarke, Rob’t, 82, 35 Knivousas 
 
 Copper, 141, 148, 146 
 
 Cowen, C:, 32, 35-6, 42, 61, 152 L 
 
 Cowen, W., 41 Limestone slabs, 66, 81, 104, 146 
 
 Cowen’s Creek, 183 Little, George, 36 
 
 Crescent Gateway, 45, 58-9 Little Miami River, 32, 37, 47, 79, 152 
 > Locke’s Survey, 42, 164 
 
 Derby Company, 82 M 
 
 Discs, 99 MacLean, Mr., 164 
 
 Madisonville, 145-7 
 Mandans, 87, 147-8 
 
 165 
 
 Distances, 36, 72-3 
 Ditches, See Moats. 
 
 hh 
 
M R 
 ‘Masterpieces of the Ohio Mound- Ralston, W. W.. 35 
 ih ae eases Randall, EK. O., 42, 44, 164 
 Mica, 88, 139, 146 Ridge, George, 51, 82, 88, 117,121, 125% 
 Middle Fort, 45 S 
 Mills, W. C., 37, 133 146, 150 
 Moats, 51, 53, 56, 69, 78, 82, 85, 117 
 Moorehead, W. K., 164 
 ‘Mound Builder cement’, 81 
 “Mound Builders,’’ 164 
 Mounds, 87, 88-9, 110, 117-19, 135, 
 
 Scioto Valley, 133 
 
 Scoville, Mr., 164 
 
 Serpent Mound, 31, 413 115, 151 
 Shawano Indians, 31, 109, 127, 145-6 
 Shell objects, 94, 99, 108 
 
 144-5 Sheppard, Mr., 164 
 Munger, Jno., 36 Short, Prof., 31 
 Mussel shells, 98 Shumard, Richard, 136 
 N Skeletons, 86, 89, 92, 104, 110, 137-8, 
 New Fort, 41, 44, 47, 49, 65, "4, rae Smithsonian Institution, 35 
 79, 82, 129 South Fort cemetery, 86 
 North, Mr., 51 Spearheads, 94, 125 
 ‘“North Americans of Antiquity’, 31 Squier and Davis, 42, 48, 119 150, 164 
 Notes on Survey, 153-63 — Stone heaps, 64, $2 
 O Strong, Mr., 35 ° "= 
 “Observations Concerning Fort An- a 
 
 cient,’’ 164 
 
 Ohio. Arch. and Hist. Soc’y, 82, 38, 41 Tablets, 185 
 
 44, 164 Terraces, 60-64, 83, 89 ss 
 Ohio State University, 35, 37, 12 Thomas, Prof. Cyrus, 44, 145 149, 152, 164 
 Old Chillicothe, 81, 109, 145 * Thruston, Gen. G. P., 106-7, 109 
 Old Fort, 44, 47, 59, 66, 74, 77, 79, Tichenor, W. C., 87, 42, 66, 164 
 
 86, 112, 127, 131 £ ' Todd’s Fork, 133 
 Old Town, 31 Trees, Age of, 55 
 Oregonia, 78, 109, 110, 148 Turner:Group, 146, 148 
 Oren, Hon. J., 37-8 . 
 
 Ornaments, 108, 127-32 5 
 Upper Missouri, 87 
 P 
 
 Parallel walls, 119 V 
 Parker, F. W., 85 ; Van Horne, Col., 41 
 Pavement, The, 121 ‘Village Sites, Gif, 101, 110 — 
 P.C. C. & St. L. R. R., 47 bid 
 Peabody Museum} 147 WwW 
 Ben eae Warren County, 47 
 
 nae gre ue ss ; : Waynesville, 127 143, 
 “Pictures of Cincinnati,’ 164 BE Oy oc 
 ‘* Pockets ’’, 88 Wiss aga nal cen " 
 PMolio is 49, 10d Williams, Webster, 37, 76 
 
 Bein. World’s Columbian Exposition, 35, 99, 
 Pottery, 51, 82, 88-9, 91, 96, 98, 111, 148 109 
 ‘‘Prehistoric Terraces,’’ 164 Wright, J. B., 38 
 “Prehistoric World,” 164 
 X 
 
 ‘Primitive Man in Ohio ”’, 99, 164 
 Putnam, F. W., 35-7, 41, 109, 148 Xenia, 31, 109, 141 
 
 106 
 
30-505 
 
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