^*s 
 
 K 
 
 PRINCETON, ]Sr. J. 
 
 BX 4875 .A42 1821 ; 
 
 Allix, Pierre, 1641>1717. ;, 
 Some remarks upon the 
 ecclesiastical history of i 
 
m^^ 
 
 

n 
 
 ^ % 
 
- -%, 
 
 SOME REMARK§'''>^^CEyeiT 
 
 V. 
 UPON %^ />r,v ^4^ 
 
 THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ANCIENT CHURCHES 
 
 OF 
 
 PIEDMONT. 
 
 / 
 
 BY PETER ALLIX, D. D. 
 
 A NEW EDITION. ^ 
 
 OXFORD, 
 
 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS. 
 
 MDCCCXXl. 
 
TO 
 
 THE KING. 
 
 May it please your Majesty, 
 
 IF your Majesty, following the example of 
 your glorious ancestors, did not think it an 
 honour to maintain the Reformed Religion, I 
 should never have undertaken to present your 
 Majesty with a treatise of this nature. This 
 defence of the ancient Churches of the Valleys 
 of Piedmont, is a kind of apology for the 
 Reformation brought about in the century 
 last past, in which those heroes of your name 
 had so great a part. The Reformation, right- 
 ly considered, consists only in the rejecting 
 of what for many ages has been superadded 
 to the Christian religion. The conduct of 
 the ancient Churches of the Valleys of Pied- 
 mont has served for a model to our Reform- 
 ers, and has justified their undertaking, see- 
 ing they have always preserved amongst them 
 the sacred truths of the Christian religion 
 committed to them, as they had received 
 them from the disciples of the Apostles, and 
 rejected the corruptions thereof, according 
 as by degrees they broke forth in the west. 
 
 a 2 
 
 v^ 
 
iv THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY. 
 
 This hath been the only thing that hath made 
 them the object of the hatred of the Church 
 of Rome, and hath drawn upon them, for so 
 many ages, such prodigious floods of perse- 
 cution. It is very true, that the wretched 
 remains of these ancient Churches appear 
 too contemptible to attract the eyes of the 
 Princes of the earth towards them ; their pre- 
 sent desolation seeming so universal, that the 
 world looks upon them no otherwise than ir- 
 recoverably lost, and finally destroyed. But 
 all Europe knows, that your Majesty does 
 not judge of things according to the corrupt 
 maxims of the world, but the true light of 
 the Gospel, which informs us, that outward 
 prosperity is not entailed on the true Church; 
 that Jesus Christ owns those only for his 
 disciples, who take up their cross, and follow 
 him ; that he knows how to frustrate the 
 hopes of their persecutors, by miraculously 
 supporting and continuing his Church, whilst 
 they suppose themselves to have finally 
 triumphed over it. This is that your Ma- 
 jesty gave a high proof of, when, from your 
 Royal Throne, you were pleased to cast an 
 eye on the miserable estate of that little flock 
 of dispersed Christians, in affording them an 
 happy retreat in your dominions, as to the 
 ancient professors of pure Christianity, and 
 the faithful witnesses of those saving truths 
 
THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY. v 
 
 which all Protestants do profess. What marks 
 of your charity and compassion have they 
 not received ? And of what efficacy hath not 
 this great example of your Majesty been, to 
 oblige your subjects to give them fresh in- 
 stances of their brotherly love and affection 
 towards them? Thus, Great Sir, whilst you 
 make good the character of a Prince, who 
 draws the eyes of all the world upon him, by 
 the greatness of his exploits, by the steadi- 
 ness of his conduct, and by the moderation 
 of his government, you, at the same time, 
 bear the impress of a Prince truly Christian, 
 full of zeal for the interests of his Saviour, and 
 of compassion for those who suffer for the 
 sake of his Gospel. This being a truth so 
 generally owned, I have taken the boldness 
 to lay at your Majesty's feet, and publish 
 under your august name, the defence of these 
 illustrious confessors of the truth, whom their 
 enemies have endeavoured to bear down with 
 their calumnies, after having borne them 
 down with the violence of their horrid and 
 bloody persecutions. God hath so miracu- 
 lously raised your Majesty for the rescuing of 
 the Protestant religion from the destruction 
 ready prepared for it, and which had been 
 infallible, without the vigilance and heroical 
 courage of your Majesty; that those who 
 suffer for it, suppose they may have leave 
 
vi THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY. 
 
 thus to address your Majesty, whilst they 
 comfort themselves in their sufferings, with 
 the prospect of that powerful safeguard and 
 support God hath provided for his poor dis- 
 tressed and afflicted Church, in the person of 
 your Majesty, as an evident mark of his fa- 
 vour and protection. May the great God, 
 who has so tenderly preserved your Majesty 
 against all the attempts and machinations of 
 your enemies, and hitherto has made you 
 triumph with so much glory over them, con- 
 tinue to pour forth on your Majesty the 
 choicest of his blessings and favours, crown 
 with a glorious success the great undertakings 
 of your Majesty for the good of your subjects, 
 for the advantage of Europe, and for the 
 comfort of all those who profess the truth ; 
 are the ardent prayers constantly presented 
 to God by him who is, with a most profound 
 respect. 
 
 Your Majesty's 
 
 Most humble and obedient 
 
 Subject and servant, 
 
 P. ALLIX. 
 

 THE PREFACE. 
 
 X HE Bishop of Meaux has lately published a 
 treatise, entitled, The History of the F'ariations of 
 Protestants. He had formed the draught of it some 
 years ago, to engage the French court to recall the 
 Edict of Nantes, without any scruple or hesitation. 
 The pretence seemed very plausible: the Clergy, 
 who were both party and judge against the Protest- 
 ants, were to declare, that forasmuch as the French 
 Protestants had changed their belief, the court was 
 no longer obliged to the observation of an edict 
 which Henry IV. had granted to their ancestors, 
 who were of other principles. But this edict being 
 recalled before the Bishop's work was finished, and 
 the French court, which is not guilty of being over 
 scrupulous, not thinking itself to stand in need of 
 so vain a pretence, the Bishop was fain to employ 
 his work to another use. His design therefore in 
 the present publishing thereof is to deceive those, 
 who by ways of violence have been made to enter 
 into the bosom of the Romish Church, and whom 
 the same violence keeps there, against the sense of 
 their conscience. 
 
 This Prelate had before endeavoured, in his Ex- 
 position of the Roman Faith, where he employs 
 his utmost artifice to sweeten, disguise, and dissem- 
 
 a 4 
 
viii THE PREFACE. 
 
 ble the matters and difficulties in controversy, to 
 abuse the Protestants, in order to make them more 
 easily digest the Roman religion, than they are 
 apt to do when they view it in its natural colours. 
 And now in this his History of their Variations, he 
 endeavours to represent to them the belief of the 
 Reformers, and most illustrious Protestant Doctors, 
 in the strangest colours imaginable ; that those 
 whom the dragoons have converted to the Roman 
 faith might look upon the force that has been made 
 use of to drive them from so detestable a commu- 
 nion as a saving and charitable violence. It is al- 
 ways the same spirit of falsification and juggling 
 that animates and guides him. 
 
 In this his last design, it had been natural for 
 him, had his intention been right, to have endea- 
 voured to make out, that the Protestants, or their 
 teachers, were divided in their belief of the articles 
 of the Creed ; about the object of prayer, and the 
 necessity thereof; about the necessity of obedience 
 to the commands of God, as well as the extent of 
 that obedience ; and about the doctrine and number 
 of the sacraments : for in these points it is that 
 the Protestants make the essence of their religion to 
 consist. Now it is well known, that in all these 
 they do agree : the questions that are ventilated 
 among them being, like those questions that re- 
 mained among the primitive Christians, upon se- 
 veral points of divinity; and some of them being 
 no other than mere controversies, about which the 
 Protestants have learnt to divide themselves in 
 imitation of the Schools of the Romish Divines. 
 But had the Bishop followed this method, he would 
 
THE PREFACE. ix 
 
 have failed of his end ; wherefore he thought it suf- 
 ficient for his purpose shghtly to touch the matters 
 in controversy, and to put into good French whatso- 
 ever he could rake together from the writings of 
 those of his communion, to expose the first Reform- 
 ers, and to make the Reformation odious. 
 
 It would be an affront put upon the age we live 
 in, to imagine that this thick laying on of paint 
 should be capable to impose upon any that have 
 never so little judgment left. The Bishop may 
 please to flatter himself with the success of his first 
 work, the Exposition of the Romish Faith : but I 
 believe him too sincere not to own, that he has 
 made no impression upon the spirit of any Protest- 
 ants, save such only who were ready to embrace the 
 first pretences that were offered, to rid themselves of 
 a religion that exposed them to so many miseries ; 
 or the profession whereof hindered their settlement 
 in the world. Those who have been forced to be- 
 come Papists against their consciences have found 
 by experience, that it was not sufficient for them to 
 subscribe the Exposition of the Bishop of Meaux : 
 No: their persecutors were not at all minded to 
 make them of his religion ; but they were fain to 
 swallow whole and entire the Profession of Faith 
 drawn up by Pius IV. 
 
 And we may assure the Bishop, that the same 
 will be the lot of this present work, which he has 
 entitled. The History of the Variations of the Pro- 
 testants in Matters of Faith. For let us suppose 
 that this Prelate has very well proved what he pre- 
 tends to make out, what will follow from hence, but 
 only this; that the Reformers were not infallible; 
 
V 
 
 X THE PREFACE. 
 
 that they did not at first reject all that deserved to 
 be censured as Popery; that some difficulties have 
 been met with in the hypothesis of those who were 
 not happy enough to refine and clear such corrupt 
 matters ; in a word, that they did not at first dis- 
 cover all that was to be known and believed as to 
 several points of divinity, and that they were fain to 
 take a great deal of pains in the discovery of that 
 truth which the Roman Church had taken so much 
 pains to obscure and confound ? We will suppose a 
 Protestant casuist at this time to write about matters 
 of conscience, and, for want of examining with suf- 
 ficient care the decisions of licentious casuists, to 
 follow some of them, being seduced by the false 
 principles of these Roman casuists, which the Bi- 
 shop of Meaux condemns ; will it follow, that an 
 hundred and fifty years after this some other Bi- 
 shop of Meaux will have right to propose, under 
 the title of Protestant Variations, the mistaken 
 opinion of this casuist, though afterwards his party, 
 perceiving the delusion, have declared against his 
 opinion ? 
 
 The Bishop is very pleasant in forbidding the 
 Protestants to make use of the way of recrimination 
 against the Church of Rome, in this point of vari- 
 ation, though indeed one only instance of variation 
 in faith, of fifty whereof we can convince them, be 
 a sufficient conviction of a Church which pretends 
 herself to be immoveable, because infallible. But 
 being very sensible of the weakness of his cause in 
 this point, he found he should be obliged, either to 
 acknowledge that his Church is a false Church, and 
 much more deserving that censure than the Protest- 
 
THE PREFACE. xi 
 
 ant, as having been subject to a far greater number 
 of variations in her behef ; or else that he would 
 be obliged to make use of the same answer we do, 
 in renouncing the infallibility of his Church. But 
 it is no matter of wonder, if by degrees only we come 
 to the perfect knowledge of the truth. 
 
 Moreover, is it not a very pleasant method, to re- 
 duce the dispute to the examination of some pre- 
 liminaries, whereas the ground itself has been dis- 
 puted above these hundred and fifty years. 
 
 In a word, whatsoever the Reformers may have 
 been, yet it is but just that the Church of Rome, 
 being accused of heresy, idolatry, and tyranny, 
 should clear herself of these accusations. Whatsoever 
 may have been the carriage of Constantinus Copro- 
 nymus, how can the manners of that emperor be 
 concerned in the question. Whether the worship- 
 ping of images be contrary to the law of God? The 
 reformation of Jehu, king of Israel, did it cease to 
 be a reformation from Ahab's idolatry, though he 
 himself were a wicked person and an hypocrite, and 
 though he did the thing but imperfectly? 
 
 In truth, the care the Bishop of Meaux has taken 
 in his Preface and whole book, to represent to us the 
 immutability of his Church, and her constancy in 
 matters of faith and worship, has opened so fair a field 
 to his antagonists, whom he attacks about the histo- 
 ry of the Reformation in the several parts of Europe, 
 and particularly in France, that he could not reason- 
 ably expect but to be opposed by them on all sides, 
 with all the vigour imaginable. There are still some 
 Lutherans, who have already made it appear, they 
 
xii THE PREFACE. 
 
 are not at all afraid of the reproaches of a party, 
 whose head that condemned them, Leo X. was an 
 avowed atheist, and who looked upon the Gospel to 
 be no better than a fable. There are French Pro- 
 testants left still, whom Providence has delivered 
 from the bloody hands of the Bishops of France, to 
 maintain the interest of the Reformation ; neither 
 does England want able divines sufficient to repel 
 all the Bishop of Meaux's slanders. After all, I 
 hope the Bishop will give us leave to examine a little 
 the constancy of his Church, as to her faith and 
 worship. 
 
 In expectation therefore that the several authors, 
 whom the Bishop of Meaux has been pleased to 
 assault, will give him full satisfaction; which as it is 
 no hard matter for them to do, so I question not but 
 they will do it very suddenly : I thought I might 
 take to task one of his books, viz. the XI. wherein 
 he treats concerning the Albigenses and the Wal- 
 denses; and forasmuch as therein he has carried 
 calumny to the highest degree imaginable, I thought 
 it was my duty, in examining this part of his book, 
 to give a scantling of his fair dealing, and the sin- 
 cerity he employs in delivering the history of those 
 two ancient Churches, to whom the reformed party 
 are so much obliged. 
 
 I know well enough that the strength of our de- 
 fence does not depend on the justifying of those 
 Churches. Let the Albigenses have been Mani- 
 chees, as the Bishop pretends to prove them ; let 
 the Waldenses have been only a company of schis- 
 matics, as the Bishop is pleased to call them ; the 
 
THE PREFACE. xiii 
 
 grounds of the Reformation will remain just and 
 firm for all that, if the foundation of our reasons 
 holds good, and if the Church of Rome be guilty of 
 the errors, idolatry, and tyranny, whereof we accuse 
 her. But I conceived, 1. That it was well becoming 
 a Christian to undertake the defence of innocence, 
 oppressed and overborne by the blackest calumnies 
 the Devil could ever invent. 2. That we should be 
 ungrateful towards those whose suiferings for Christ 
 have been so beneficial to his Church, should we not 
 take care to justify their memory, when we see it so 
 maliciously bespattered and torn. 3. That to justify 
 the Waldenses and Albigenses is indeed to defend 
 the Reformation and Reformers, they having so long 
 before us, with an exemplary courage, endeavoured 
 to preserve the ancient Christian religion, which the 
 Church of Rome all this while has endeavoured to 
 abolish, by substituting a bastard and supposititious 
 Christianity instead thereof. Whilst the Ministers 
 of the Church of Rome think fit to follow his con- 
 duct, who was a liar and murderer from the begin- 
 ning; innocence ought at least to have leave to de- 
 fend herself against their calumnies, whilst she wil- 
 lingly resigns to God the vengeance of the injustice 
 and violence of those who have oppressed her.. 
 
 It is not my design here to write the whole his- 
 tory of the Waldenses and Albigenses; that has been 
 done already in several parts, by four or five famous 
 authors, whose books are in all hands ; I mean 
 Chassagnon, Perrin, the most learned Archbishop of 
 Armagh, Giles Leger, and Morland. If any thing 
 may be added to their writings, it is concerning the 
 
xi^ THE PREFACE. 
 
 original of those Churches, their condition before the 
 twelfth century, and their total ruin about two or 
 three years ago. 
 
 It is for those that live in the neighbourhood of 
 Piedmont, and who have received into their bosom 
 the miserable remains of those so pure and so an- 
 cient Churches, to preserve the memory of so dread- 
 ful a desolation. I hope also that their piety and 
 zeal will prompt them to search with all the exact- 
 ness possible, for what may serve to continue the 
 sequel of the history of the Churches of the Valleys 
 of Piedmont, since the time where Morland and 
 Leger end their works. I am persuaded also, that 
 those who have undertaken to write an account of 
 the ruin of the Churches of France, will not forget 
 to set down the particulars of that persecution, which 
 has destroyed the flourishing flocks of the province 
 of Languedoc, a country where the Reformation 
 met with so easy a reception at first, because of the 
 remainders of the doctrine of the Albigenses, who 
 had dwelt there for so long a time. 
 
 What I undertake in these my reflections is only 
 this ; to set down the true antiquity of both these 
 Churches, who were so famous in the thirteenth 
 century, because of the opposition they made against 
 the corruptions which the Romish Church had in- 
 troduced in matters of faith, worship, and the go- 
 vernment of the Church. And as they then main- 
 tained, that they derived their original from the 
 Apostles, so I hope to make out, that in so doing 
 they advanced nothing which is not exactly con- 
 formable to the history of the ages past, from the 
 
THE PREFACE. xv 
 
 time of the Apostles to the thirteenth century. This 
 is that I shall endeavour, by making out the suc- 
 cession of these Churches, as well with respect to 
 their doctrine and worship, as with respect to their 
 ministry. 
 
 As this design will engage me in the discussion 
 of a great number of authors, who have lived from 
 the time of the Apostles to the said thirteenth cen- 
 tury, so it will be difficult to give so smooth a form 
 to these observations, as might be expected in a con- 
 tinued history. In this case it is unavoidable, but 
 the discourse will prove here and there dry and rug- 
 ged, what pains soever may be taken to the con- 
 trary. But to make amends for this, we may pro- 
 mise, that the judicious reader, who is only inquest 
 of truth, will find abundantly wherewith to satisfy 
 himself, by examining the matters of fact set down 
 in these observations. 
 
 I shall treat of the history of each of these 
 Churches in particular, and observe much the same 
 method in the one as the other; and am not without 
 hope, that the remarks I shall make will serve to 
 confound the injustice of those, who, though they 
 know that what the Protestants believe and prac- 
 tise is truly apostolical, cease not to wrangle and 
 prevaricate, upon pretence that we cannot shew them 
 any Church before the Reformation, or at least be- 
 fore the twelfth century, which has absolutely de- 
 fended the same opinions as we do. This also will 
 be of use to strengthen the faith of Protestants, who 
 will perceive from thence, that God, according to 
 his promise, hath never left himself without wit- 
 
xvi THE PREFACE. 
 
 ness, as having preserved in the bosom of these two 
 Churches most illustrious professors of the Chris- 
 tian religion, which they held in the same purity 
 with which their predecessors had received this pre- 
 cious pledge from the hand of those apostolical men, 
 who at first planted these Churches among the Alps 
 and Pyrenaean mountains, that they might be ex- 
 posed to the view of four or five kingdoms all at 
 once. I begin with the Churches of Italy. 
 
THE 
 
 CONTENTS- 
 
 CHAP. 1. 
 
 CONCERNING the first rise and original of the Churches 
 of Italy - - - - - - - P. 1 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 The state of the Christian religion in the diocese of Italy, 
 until the end of the fourth century - - . 6 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Opinions of authors of the diocese of Italy, in the fourth 
 century, concerning matters of faith and worship 14 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Concerning the faith of the Churches of the diocese of 
 Italy during the fifth century - - - - 24 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Opinions of the Churches of Italy during the sixth cen- 
 tury 28 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Opinions of the diocese of Italy during the seventh cen- 
 tury 35 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Some reflections upon the Liturgy of this diocese, called 
 the Ambrosian Liturgy ----- 38 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Opinions of the Churches of Italy during the eighth cen- 
 tury --------48 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Opinions of the Churches of Italy, during the ninth cen- 
 tury .___---- 62 
 
 b 
 
ii CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 The faith of the Churches of Italy in the tenth century 87 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 An inquiry into the opinions of Gundulphus and his fol- 
 lowers, before the year 1026 _ - - - 102 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 Reflections upon some practices of the Churches of the 
 diocese of Italy - - - - - -110 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 That the diocese of Italy was an independent diocese, till 
 after the midst of the eleventh century - - 119 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Concerning the separation of the Churches of the diocese 
 of Italy from the Church of Rome; and of the faith of 
 the Paterines - - - - - -129 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 Concerning the belief of the Manichees; of their rise in 
 Italy, their growth, and their establishment - 141 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 Concerning the Cathari spoken of by Evervinus and St. 
 Bernard, and their distinction from the Paterines 152 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 A Continuation of the History of the Cathari in Italy, as 
 elsewhere, and their distinction from the Paterines 163 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 That the Paterines and Subalpini were not Manichees, as 
 is evident from their writings, and from their opinions in 
 the twelfth century - - - - - 174 , 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 
 That the Churches of Italy were not founded by Peter 
 V\^aldo * - - ' - - - - 191 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 
 Whether the Waldenses were at first only schismatics 200 
 
 CHAP. XXI. 
 Concerning the state of the Church of Rome, at the time 
 
CONTENTS. iii 
 
 of the separation of the Paterines or Waldenses; together 
 with the accusations charged upon them by the said 
 Churcli, and the idea they had conceived of her 217 
 
 CHAP. XXII. 
 
 Concerning the belief and conduct of the Waldenses in 
 Bohemia ------- 231 
 
 CHAP. XXIII. 
 
 Some instances of the arguments which the Waldenses of 
 Bohemia waged in their disputes with the Church of 
 Rome - - 242 
 
 CHAP. XXIV. 
 
 Concerning the government of the Churches of the Wal- 
 denses, and of the succession of their Ministers 261 
 
 CHAP. XXV. 
 
 Concerning the persecutions which the Waldenses have 
 suffered since the eleventh century - - 280 
 
 CHAP. XXVI. 
 
 An instance of the calumnies of some Inquisitors 294 
 
 CHAP. XXVII. 
 
 That the Churches of the Valleys of Piedmont have con- 
 stantly persevered in the same faith, until the time of 
 the Reformation - - _ _ _ 306 
 
 CHAP. XXVIII. 
 
 Containing the conclusion of this Treatise - 318 
 
 Scriptum Inquisitoris cujuspiam anonymi de Valdensibus, 
 ex codice MS. G. in publica Bibliotheca Cantabrig. 324 
 
 Processus Inquisitoris contra Barbam Martinum, ex Cod. 
 MS. H. in Biblioth. publica Cantabr. - - 335 
 
 Sumptura ex ore Peyronettae _ - _ - 347 
 
 Processus Inquisitionis contra Peyronettam, ex Codice H. 
 Waldensium in public. Biblioth. Cantabrig. - ibid. 
 
•"^fl.Tr^, 
 
 SOME REMARKS 
 
 UPON 
 
 THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE ANCIENT 
 
 CHURCH OF PIEDMONT. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Concerning the first rise and original of the 
 Churches of Italy. 
 
 Jl* Y Italy, I do not understand here the several 
 countries which, at this day, bear that name, but 
 only the seven provinces to w^hich that name was 
 given, by way of distinction, and which constituted 
 a particular government, being particularly under 
 the care of the lieutenant of the western Praetorian 
 Prefect. These provinces were Liguria, i^milia, 
 Flaminia, Venetia, the Alps, both Cottian and Greek, 
 and Rhsetia, or the country of the Orisons. There 
 were three legions amongst the troops of the em- 
 pire, which peculiarly had the name of Italic, be- 
 cause probably at first they had been raised in that 
 diocese ; whereof Milan was the capital city, and - 
 the place of residence of the lieutenant we have 
 just now mentioned. 
 
 Baronius takes it for an undoubted truth, that An. 5i. 
 St. Barnabas, the famous companion of St. Paul in""^'** 
 the work of the ministry, was the first founder of 
 
2 Remarks upon tJie 
 
 CHAP, the Church of Milan, and of the Churches of Li- 
 ' guria, which he refers to the year 51 of our Saviour 
 Jesus Christ ; that is, to the forty-ninth year, if we 
 rectify his chronology. In defending this his opin- 
 ion, he grounds himself on very sure traditions, as 
 he reckons upon the records of the Church of Milan, 
 and upon the testimonies of many authors. Ughel- 
 lus is of the same mind, and Ripamontius, who hath 
 written the history of that Church, from the begin- 
 ning thereof, and sets down all he could get to- 
 gether for support of this opinion. But to speak 
 my sense plainly concerning this opinion of Baro- 
 nius, and those that follow him therein ; I believe 
 they have abused themselves by following late au- 
 thorities, and such as cannot make out so ancient a 
 matter. All this so sure tradition, and these monu- 
 ments of the Church of Milan, owe their rise to the 
 foolish vanity, which the emulation of the western 
 Prelates, for precedency and jurisdiction, has given 
 birth to, since the eighth century : indeed, since that 
 time, there is scarcely a considerable church in Italy, 
 France, Spain, or England, that did not challenge 
 some Apostle, or disciple of the Apostles, for their 
 founder. 
 Litiirg. Pa I acknowledge that the Liturgy, which bears the 
 mei. p-386. jj^fjjg q^ js^j^ Ambrosc, supposes St. Barnabas to have 
 been the first Bishop of Milan ; but that alone is 
 sufficient to make it appear, that that Liturgy, as 
 well as others of the same nature, hath suffered 
 great alterations since its first reception in that 
 diocese. The later ages have made a great part of 
 their piety to consist in inventing these fables, and 
 the ignorance and blind zeal of people hath prompt- 
 ed them to entertain impertinent legends as articles 
 of faith, whereof the least footstep is not to be found 
 in the first monuments of antiquity. The learnedest 
 men of the Church of Rome have, in a manner, 
 wholly banished these apostolical originals into the 
 land of fables, from whence they all proceeded at 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 3 
 
 first; though some sooner, others later, yet all of chap. 
 them since the' eighth century, as we have hinted. . 
 
 Baronius therefore ought to have called to mind 
 here that judicious maxim, with reference to history, 
 which he himself allegeth elsewhere, Quod sine an- 
 tiquo author e dicitur, contemnitur ; " Whatsoever is 
 " asserted without the testimony of some ancient 
 " author ought to be despised." 
 
 Though it is plain, I might draw some advantage 
 in the sequel of my discourse, from the confession 
 of Baronius and other authors that have writ the 
 originals of the Churches of Liguria ; yet I shall 
 take heed of making use of it, my aim being not to 
 gain any thing by the ignorance or fabulousness of 
 our adversary, but exactly to search out truth. Ac- 
 cordingly I find, 1. That the ancient ecclesiastical 
 history doth not give us the least hint, that ever 
 St. Barnabas preached in Italy, properly so called. 
 Several authors, as Origen and St. Chrysostom, giveEuseb. 
 not him the same allotment that the later historians ^"'C^' " 
 of Milan have done. 2. I find it was a thing wholly 
 unknown in the time of St. Irenaeus and Tertullian,DePrsescr. 
 as also to Pope Innocent the First, in the beginning P:,g^'^' ^* 
 of the fifth century. 3dly, I do not find that any of Epist. i. ad 
 the authors who lived in that diocese, as St. Am-^^*'''*^"*' 
 brose, St. Maximus, and others, have ever set forth 
 the glory of this apostolical foundation of the 
 Church of Milan by St. Barnabas. 4thly, Petrus 
 Damianus might alone have served to correct this 
 erroneous opinion of Baronius : for being sent to 
 persuade the Church of Milan to submit to that of 
 Rome, he doth not at all take notice of the Clergy 
 of Milan, pretending to descend from St. Barnabas; Opusc. 5. 
 but maintains to their face, that they had received^" 
 the Gospel from the Bishops of the Church of 
 Rome. There is no man of any judgment, who is 
 never so little versed in the history of the Church, 
 on whom these remarks will not make a greater 
 impression, than all those fables on which Baronius, 
 
 K 2 
 
4 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, and others like him, have built, in order to establish 
 • their pretended tradition. 
 
 I am not ignorant, that since the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, Raynerius reports, that the Churches of the 
 Waldenses maintained, that they were apostolical 
 Churches : but the word apostolical must then be 
 taken in the sense Tertulhan gives it in his book 
 of Prescriptions, which I have just now alleged, 
 Nascentes ex matricibus apostolicis deputantur ut 
 soholes apostolicarum Ecclesiarum. Indeed, they 
 are never the less apostolical, because they did not 
 receive the doctrine of the Gospel immediately from 
 the Apostles themselves. It is sufficient to make 
 them deserve the name of apostolical, that they re- 
 ceived the doctrine of the Apostles, as a pledge 
 from the hand of their first disciples, which they 
 preserved so very tenderly throughout the following 
 ages. 
 
 It is hard to determine whether it was in the 
 first century that these apostolical men planted the 
 Christian religion at Milan, and the diocese there- 
 unto belonging ; or whether it were done in the 
 second century ; forasmuch as Milan was a consi- 
 derable city in those primitive times, and we find 
 that the Churches of Lyons and Vienna were al- 
 ready famous in the second age, by reason of their 
 martyrs, apostolic men having first of all preached 
 in the capital cities, that the Gospel from thence, as 
 the head spring, might diffuse itself throughout the 
 whole diocese, and so facilitate the propagation 
 thereof. I am very much inclined to believe, either 
 that the same preachers who came from Greece, 
 out of the bosom of the apostolic Church, to plant 
 the faith amongst the Gauls, did also cultivate the 
 diocese of Milan, that belonged to Gallia Cisalpina: 
 or, that the disciples of the Apostles St. Peter and 
 St. Paul, who for their master Jesus Christ had con- 
 quered the cities neighbouring to Rome, pursued 
 their victories as far as Milan and its diocese. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 5 
 
 I do not think any man can precisely define the chap. 
 time of their preaching, those first disciples having ' 
 been much more careful to preach the Gospel, than 
 to write the history of it. For, we cannot rely much 
 upon what they tell us concerning the first succes- 
 sors of St. Barnabas at Milan, no more than we 
 can upon that which they assert, that St. Barnabas 
 was thefounder of thatChurch. Lastly,! do not think 
 it necessary to shew, (as some reformed Divines do,) 
 that the Bagaudae, of whom mention is made in the 
 time of Dioclesian, were the predecessors of the 
 Waldenses, and that they were both Christians and 
 martyrs. It is true that they build this their opin- 
 ion upon the martyrdom of St. Maurice, and of the 
 Thebsean legion, which seems to be confirmed by 
 the life of St. Babolenus, published by Chiffletius 
 at the end of Bede. But this foundation is of no 
 strength. The martyrdom of the Thebaean legion 
 is no more than a ridiculous fable, unknown to all 
 the ancient historians of the Church ; published by 
 some impostor, under the name of St. Eucherius: 
 and the life of St. Babolenus is a ridiculous legend, 
 being no ways fit to confirm so great an action of 
 that antiquity. We need only read what is set down 
 by those ancient authors, who make mention of 
 these Bagaudae, and it will be found, that we cannot 
 with reason make Christians of them. 
 
 But, however it may be, and though we should 
 acknowledge, that the Church of Milan was found- 
 ed by the care of the successors of St. Peter and St. 
 Paul at Rome ; yet it is of importance to observe, 
 that this can give no right to the Bishop of Rome 
 over him of Milan, no more than St. Polycarp ac- 
 quired any right over the several dioceses amongst 
 tne Gauls, whose churches were founded by those 
 whom he had sent abroad to preach the Gospel. 
 Pope Innocent the First complains, in his Epistle to 
 Decentius, that the Bishops of his own province did 
 not follow the customs of the Church of Rome. If 
 
 B 3 
 
6 Retnarka upon the 
 
 CHAP, this happened in his own province, which without 
 
 1 doubt had been converted by the endeavours of his 
 
 predecessors, we may very well judge, that the first 
 preachers of Milan and its diocese had not subjected 
 Milan to the Bishop of Rome. 
 
 This is acknowledged by Pope Pius the Second, 
 who owns, in his Apology for the Romish Church, 
 written in the year 1457, that before the Council of 
 Nice small regard was had to the Bishop of Rome. 
 It is very necessary that this truth should be solidly 
 proved, which accordingly I design to do in the 
 sequel of this work ; and to shew the independence 
 of that diocese on the Bishops of Rome : my busi- 
 ness at present is to lay down the belief and wor- 
 ship of those Churches which were planted by the 
 disciples of the Apostles, and will be the subject of 
 the following chapters. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 The state of' the Christian religion in the diocese 
 of Italy, until the end of the fourth century. 
 
 Jr ORASMUCH as we have scarce any author of 
 this diocese, during the three hundred and fifty- 
 first years after the birth of Jesus Christ, whose 
 writings are still in being, it will be impossible for 
 us to give an account of the state of the Christian 
 religion in that diocese, any other way than by con- 
 sidering the state of the neighbouring dioceses, and 
 most other Churches during that interval. But with 
 this assistance we may be able to supply the want 
 of those authors, whose memory time hath buried 
 in oblivion, or whose writings have been destroyed 
 by persecutions or by barbarisms. 
 
 We cannot doubt but that the principal articles 
 of their faith were contained in the Apostles' Creed, 
 
ancient Churvh of Piedmont. 7 
 
 which, though it were not written by the Apostles, chap. 
 yet was received with a general approbation, as ap- ______ 
 
 pears from what Tertullian and St. Irenseus tell us. 
 Neither did they, without doubt, own any other 
 tradition, besides that of St. Ircnaeus, that nothing 
 ought to be laid down for certain truth, but what 
 Jesus Christ hath taught, or the Apostles written, 
 and left to the apostolical Churches as a sacred 
 deposituni. 
 
 It is undoubtedly sure, that this was the instruc- 
 tion which was given to the Catechumeni, who, 
 after private instructions, were earnestly exhorted to 
 read the writings of the Evangelists and Apostles, 
 to confirm and advance themselves in the knowledge 
 of the truths of the Christian religion. And it is as 
 sure that the strangers, who came with this profes- 
 sion, were received as brethren, and they looked 
 upon as heretics who advanced any doctrine con- 
 trary to the abridgment of the Christian faith. 
 
 The Bishops, when they preached, took the holy 
 Scripture for the subject of their sermon ; they ex- 
 plained the mysteries thereof The Priests and Dea- 
 cons did as much afterwards, by order of the Bishops, 
 in the several places where they were settled ; the 
 one as well as the other being called to their offices 
 by the consent of the people, without which their 
 ministry was not acknowledged, or owned. 
 
 They admitted the Catechumeni, after an exact 
 instruction, and baptized them on Easter-day and 
 Whit-Sunday, and prepared them for the receiving of 
 that sacrament by long continued fasts, which were 
 prescribed them, and which the Church observed 
 with them, to witness to them the concern they took 
 in their conversion. 
 
 The Catechumeni did not assist at the celebration 
 of the Eucharist, but were admitted to it after that 
 they had received Baptism, and before that were to 
 make confession of their sins, in token of their 
 contrition. 
 
 B 4 
 
8 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. It was not till some time after the Apostles, yea 
 even till after the second century, that anointings 
 were added to the ceremony of Baptism, as well be- 
 fore as after the receiving of it ; which was the 
 charge of the Bishops, who gave the chrism to the 
 new baptized, together with the imposition of hands. 
 The new baptized were clothed in white, eight days 
 after their baptism : before which they gave them 
 salt to taste, and milk and honey to drink. Thus 
 by little and little did they stuff out this holy cere- 
 mony, as if it were come too plain and homely out 
 of the hands of our Saviour and his Apostles. 
 
 They received the Lord's Supper immediately 
 after Baptism, and the people offered bread and 
 wine on the table whereof they communicated. All 
 that were present were obliged to communicate. 
 The Deacons proclaimed the Sursum corda, which 
 was a sufficient hint that they were to seek Christ 
 with their hearts in heaven, and that they looked 
 upon that ceremony as a commemoration. Both 
 men and women received the Sacrament in their 
 hands, without any adoration exhibited to it, and 
 they communicated all under both kinds. 
 
 We do not find that they prayed to any, but God 
 through Jesus Christ ; they prayed to him for the 
 penitents, for believers, for all the necessities of the 
 Church and the world, for the conversion of the 
 heathens, Jews, and heretics, for the emperors, and 
 for the government. They blessed God for the tri- 
 umphant death of the martyrs; and in process of 
 time they prayed for the dead, that God would be 
 pleased to make them partakers of the first resur- 
 rection, which was not till after the doctrine of the 
 temporal reign of one thousand years was introduced. 
 
 They carried the Eucharist to the sick, and those 
 that were absent, and they called it the viaticum; a 
 name which would better have suited with extreme 
 unction, had that been the last sacrament of the 
 Church. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 9 
 
 The Bishops were every one of them heads of chap. 
 their Churches, but they acted nothing without 
 the consent of the Clergy of their Church, and 
 the people. The Priests administered the lesser 
 Churches, but so as that their behaviour, as well as 
 their ordination, depended on the Bishop and his 
 Clergy, who exercised discipline upon the delin- 
 quents. They were the Bishop's council, they 
 preached, they baptized, they celebrated the Eu- 
 charist, they governed the parishes, as well those 
 that were in the city, as in the country; they had 
 Deacons, who expounded also the Gospel, who dis- 
 tributed the Eucharist, who carried it to those that 
 were absent, who baptized, and who sometimes, 
 in less considerable places, had the oversight of 
 Churches. They were ordinarily those that visited 
 the sick and prisoners, and that took care of the 
 temporal concerns of the Church. 
 
 In process of time the number of Church-officers 
 was multiplied : there were sub-deacons, acolythi, 
 leaders, exorcists, choristers, porters, and men that 
 buried the dead : all these were reduced under the 
 title of Church-officers : whereas before, the Bishops 
 and Priests performed the duty of exorcists, which 
 consisted only in praying over the heads of those 
 that were believed to be possessed of the Devil, or 
 which were overtaken with maladies that were 
 looked upon as possessions. The Diaconesses, who 
 were of apostolical institution, and received the im- 
 position of hands, and who, together with the vir- 
 gins and widows, made, as it were, a part of the 
 Clergy, were employed to instruct the women in 
 their houses, to visit the prisoners, and to prepare 
 and dispose those of their own sex for the reception 
 of Baptism. 
 
 They made a very exact scrutiny into the man- 
 ners and knowledge of those that were admitted into 
 the number of the Clergy; but it was not required 
 of them in some places to forbear the company of 
 
10 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, their wives, in order to their admission, until the 
 __[^1_ bcginnino; of the fourth century; neither was it ap- 
 proved of by the Council of Nice in the year 325, 
 which left them at liberty in that respect. In pro- 
 cess of time they rarely admitted any to Orders that 
 were married, except they made a vow to abstain 
 from their wives. Pope Siricius was one of the first 
 that endeavoured to introduce the usage of ecclesi- 
 astical celibacy, and to make it pass into a law for 
 his diocese. 
 
 The Church had at the first divided sins into two 
 sorts : there were sins, which whosoever was found 
 guilty of were excommunicated for ever: these were 
 idolatry, murder, and adultery: the others did not 
 exclude the persons guilty for ever from being re- 
 conciled to the Church, but only laid a necessity 
 upon them of doing public penance at the church- 
 gate ; which at first was done with less severity 
 during the two first centuries, but afterwards was 
 made subject to more strict and severe rules, and 
 continued for some years together, the Church re- 
 quiring these precautions, the better to be assured of 
 the sincerity of their conversion. The intercession 
 of martyrs and confessors, or the apparent danger of 
 death, wherein the penitents were fallen, obliged the 
 Church to remit somewhat of the severity of these 
 rules, which was called Indulgence. 
 
 The respect they had for confessors and for mar- 
 tyrs gave them a great authority, though many 
 times they were only women or laics : oftentimes by 
 their solicitations peace was granted to penitents, 
 especially if they were any way related to them. 
 The memory of their death was celebrated with 
 thanksgivings to God for their triumph ; which 
 commemoration was renewed every year. Their 
 bodies were buried very carefully; and the church- 
 yards being often the most secure places for the 
 assemblies of Christians, they celebrated the Eu- 
 charist in the same places, and upon their tombs. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 11 
 
 They boasted of their communion; and, from an chap. 
 lieathenish conceit, which crept in during the "• 
 fourth century, they considered them as present, 
 and joining their prayers with the Church for the 
 salvation of those who resorted to their graves. 
 The veneration they had for their reHcs was carried 
 so far, after the midst of the fourth century, that in 
 divers places they hghted lamps and wax candles 
 on their tombs, and brought thither bread and wine, 
 to eat and drink at their graves, and celebrate a 
 kind of feast in honour of them. St. Austin in his Confess. 
 Confessions observes, that his mother, willing to ob- ' • •'^' • 
 serve this African custom at Milan, was reproved 
 therefore by St. Ambrose, as being a heathenish 
 custom, and that she acquiesced in the Bishop's 
 determination. 
 
 In the fourth century images began to be intro- 
 duced into some churches, viz. the pictures of mar- 
 tyrs: but they knew nothing yet of painting the 
 Deity, or ofgiving the images any religious worship. 
 
 They made the sign of the cross on all occasions, 
 as if it had been an abridgment of the profession of 
 Christianity amongst the heathens, or a powerful 
 weapon against the devils. 
 
 They did not bury any at first, but in the church- 
 yards ; afterwards they began to bury in places ad- 
 joining to the church, and at last in the churches 
 themselves. And it was in those church-yards, ever 
 since the third century, that they celebrated the sa- 
 crament of the Eucharist, to render thanks to God 
 for the deliverance of those, whose decease had been 
 commendable and praiseworthy. 
 
 In the fourtli century they consecrated churches 
 but to God alone, and distinguished them from those 
 places where the bodies of martyrs were buried. 
 
 They read only in the churches the canonical 
 Scriptures, with the respect due unto the word of 
 God; to which they afterwards joined some hymns 
 composed by some men of great renown, and the 
 
13 Remarks upon the 
 
 €HAP. sulFerings of martyrs, whose examples were of use 
 to confirm the faith of the Church. 
 
 The people sang in their assemblies the Psalms 
 of David ; and this was the most ordinary exercise 
 of believers, when they met together before day, 
 and at other hours set apart for public acts of 
 piety. 
 
 They almost continually concluded the sacrament 
 of the Lord's Supper with feasts of charity, to comfort 
 the poor, and to entertain brotherly unity amongst 
 believers. At the breaking up of these feasts, they 
 gave alms, which were employed for the mainte- 
 nance of the poor, and the Clergy, who had no 
 other incomes, until that Constantine had embraced 
 the Christian religion. 
 
 They celebrated fasts that were very different as 
 to their duration : some ending after three of the 
 clock in the afternoon, some lasting the whole day; 
 but all of them consisted in a total abstinence from 
 meat and drink. Some of these fasts were kept 
 every week, on Wednesday and Friday; the Church 
 of Rome fasted also on Saturday. These days of 
 fasting having not been instituted by the authority 
 of the Apostles, according to the general consent of 
 ancient Christians, and every one using them with 
 great liberty. 
 
 The body of the Christian Churches continued 
 united together by the bond of one and the same 
 faith, and by the mutual care which every Bishop 
 took to keep up the same zeal for the purity of 
 manners, as for that of faith. If there happened 
 any difference, the Bishops and the Priest of the 
 same province assembled, and determined the mat- 
 ter, without any appeal : and it was not till the 
 midst of the fourth century, when the dioceses 
 were better formed, that the Council of Sardica 
 granted to Pope Julius, Bishop of Rome, the privi- 
 lege of examining afresh all causes that had been 
 determined in the provincial synods ; which how- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmomt. 13 
 
 ever never took full effect, all the Greeks, and a chap. 
 great part of the Latins having rejected that Canon. ^^' 
 The Bishops of Rome endeavoured to attribute and 
 preserve to themselves this authority, though they 
 could never bring it about, but by means of the 
 favour of the Emperors Gratian at the end of the 
 fourth age, and of Valentinian the Third in the midst 
 of the fifth age. 
 
 This was the general state of the Church, whilst 
 under the heathen persecutions, and after having 
 endured the furies of Arianism, which almost wholly 
 laid her waste, during the fourth century. On which 
 occasion I desire the reader to observe. 
 
 First, That the most part of the human consti- 
 tutions I have mentioned were not observed with 
 that rigour, with which Rome imposeth them art 
 present. 
 
 Secondly, That some part of those Church-orders 
 have been changed and abolished in process of 
 time. 
 
 Thirdly, That a considerable part of these cus- 
 toms, unknown to Scripture, had their rise from a 
 design the Christians had of accommodating them- 
 selves to the notions of the Jews and heathens. 
 
 Fourthly, That the opinions amongst the ancient 
 Christians upon many questions of divinity being 
 very different, they made use of great forbearance 
 one with another, as long as they did but agree in 
 matters of faith. 
 
 Fifthly, That although they received not men ex- 
 communicated for scandalous manners in another 
 diocese; notwithstanding the excommunications of 
 one diocese did not hinder, but that those who could 
 prove the injustice thereof might communicate with 
 those whom the Bishops of another diocese had 
 excommunicated. 
 
 Sixthly, That every diocese was looked upon as 
 being independent of all other authority: so that 
 
14 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, what respect soever they might have for the apo- 
 ^*- stohcal Churches, yet did not they think themselves 
 obhged to follow them, in case they were persuaded 
 that they had violated the purity of the faith. 
 
 And now having made these general observations, 
 which are to be applied to the state of the diocese 
 of Italy in particular, we shall proceed to what far- 
 ther information we can get from those authors 
 who have wrote and lived in this diocese. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Opinions of authors of the diocese of Italy, in the 
 fourth century, concerning matters ff faith and 
 worship. 
 
 Forasmuch as the Doctors of the Roman 
 Church generally acknowledge, that the Church of 
 this diocese continued pure until the fourth century, 
 and that it enjoyed the communion of the Pope of 
 Rome ; it will not be needful particularly to examine, 
 what was the faith of that diocese about the articles 
 which the Church of Rome rejects or receives in 
 common with Protestants : our business, to speak 
 properly, being only to inquire concerning those ar- 
 ticles and ways of worship, which the Church of 
 Rome considers as making a part of their religion, 
 and which the Protestants reject, as being more 
 proper to corrupt, than perfect it. If it be then 
 certain and evident, that the believers of that dio- 
 cese were either altogether ignorant of, or formally 
 rejected those articles of faith, and that worship, 
 which the Church of Rome prescribes to its people, 
 and which she imposeth on the rest of the world 
 under pain of damnation ; it will most evidently 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 15 
 
 appear by this, that these behevers were not of the chap. 
 Romish rehgion, but that, in respect of their faith "'^^ 
 and worship, they were true Protestants. 
 
 And of this it is easy to convince an unprejudiced 
 reader, by examining, century after century, the 
 writings of the ecclesiastical authors of that dio- 
 cese. I begin with St. Ambrose, who died anno 
 397, after having possessed the see of Milan twenty- 
 three years. This great man (whose elogy is set 
 down by Cassiodore in three words, when he calls 
 him virtutum Episcopimi, arcem Jidei, oraforem ca- 
 thoUcum; " the Bishop of virtues, the castle of faith, 
 " the catholic orator") can inform us, whether or no 
 his diocese embraced those maxims which the Pro- 
 testants, in conformity with the Waldenses, do con- 
 demn in the Church of Rome. 
 
 If we desire to know what he believed concerning 
 the fulness and sufficiency of the Scripture, he main- 
 tains, that there we are to learn that which makes 
 the object of our faith ; because therein the Father, 
 the Son, the Prophets, and the Apostles, satisfy and 
 answer the questions of believers. Lib. 1. de Fide, 
 ad Gratian. c. 4. 
 
 Would you know, according to what standard he 
 believed the versions of the Scripture ought to be 
 examined? He will answer you, that it must be by 
 the original. Lib. 2. de Spir. S. cap. 6. et de Incar- 
 nat. cap. 8. 
 
 If the Scripture seems any where obscure, what is 
 to be done in this case, according to his judgment? 
 We are to compare the several passages, et aperi- 
 etur, saith he, 7ion ah alio, sed a Dei verbo ; " and it 
 " shall be opened to thee, not from another, but from 
 " the word of God," in Psalm cxviii. Senn. 8. 
 
 See here one of his maxims conccrninjy what is 
 maintained at this day about the succession of the 
 Bishop of Rome to the rights of St. P^tcr: " Those 
 " who have not the faith of Peter, neither can they 
 " pretend to the inheritance of Peter," lib. 1 . de Pae- 
 
l6 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. nit. c. 6. And indeed how could he have spoke 
 ^^^- otherwise, after the apostasy of Liberius to the he- 
 resy of the Arians? Neither do we find him ac- 
 knowledging any other rock of the Church besides 
 Jesus Christ, or other foundation of the Church but 
 the true faith ; for so he expresseth himself in Luc. 
 1. c. 9. & lib. 5. Epist. 32. 
 
 He considers the justification of a sinner as con- 
 sisting in the remission of sins. De Jacob, et Vita 
 beata, lib. 1. c. 5, 6. and in other places. 
 
 He leaves no room for the merit of works, and 
 maintains, that all our glory consists in the remis- 
 sion of our offences. De Bono Mortis, c. 2. 
 
 He maintains, that the alone sufferings of Jesus 
 Christ are the means of our justification, without 
 any concurrence of our own good works : Ecce Ag- 
 nus Dei, qui tollit peccata mundi, et ideo nemo glori- 
 etur in operibus, quia nemofactis suis justificabitur. 
 " Behold the Lamb of God, which takes away the 
 " sins of the world, and therefore let no man glory 
 " in his works, because no man shall be justified by 
 " his own doings." Epist. 71. lib. 9. 
 
 Would you know, whether St. x4mbrose did be- 
 lieve the seven sacraments, as does the Church of 
 Rome? You need only call to mind, that St. Au- 
 gustin, who had been his disciple, owned only two, 
 viz. Baptism and the Supper of the Lord. 
 
 He took care to distinguish that which is visibly 
 done, from that which is invisibly celebrated : so far 
 was he from tying grace to the sacraments them- 
 selves, as the Church of Rome does. Epist. 84. et de 
 Spiritu Sancto, lib. 3. cap. 1 1. 
 
 Let any one judge, whether he did believe the 
 real presence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist, when 
 he wrote these words, in Luc. lib. 10. c. 24. Seek 
 those things which are on high, where Jesus Christ 
 is seated at the right hand of God? And lest we 
 should believe, that it is rather the duty of the eyes, 
 than of the soul, he here speaks of, he adds, " Sa- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 1/ 
 
 " vour the things that are on high, and not those chap. 
 
 " that are on the earth." 80 then, it is not on the L_ 
 
 earth, nor in the earth, nor according to the f^esh, 
 that we must seek hinn, if we would find him. 
 Lastly, Stephen did not look for Christ upon earth ; 
 Stephen touched him, because he sought him in 
 heaven. Jesus Christ is present, according to the 
 manner of our seeking him. 
 
 It is well known, that in his time the Church 
 communicated under two kinds: besides, he over- 
 throws the possibility of a body existing in more 
 places at once : he maintains, that the Gospel has 
 only the image, and not the truth ; and in several 
 places he explodes the carnal manducation, which 
 the Church of Rome admits of. 
 
 This makes it very evident, that he knew nothing 
 of the sacrifice of the Mass: indeed, he formally 
 opposes the same, and maintains, lib. 1. de Offic. c. 17 
 41. that since his passion, he offers up himself only 
 by way of representation, as being really and in 
 truth in heaven, where, as our advocate, he inter- 
 cedes for us. 
 
 If we read the death of St. Ambrose, related by 
 Paulinus in his Life, we shall find nothing there, 
 either of confession, or of adoration of the Eucharist, 
 when he received it, or of extreme unction practised 
 there, no more than at the death of a true Protest- 
 ant. 
 
 Would we know his thoughts concerning the re- 
 ligious worship of creatures ? He is the author of 
 this maxim, That we may not serve any creature; a 
 foundation to prove that Jesus Christ is God, be- 
 cause the Scripture teaches us, that we ought to 
 worship him. De Fide, ad Gratian. lib. 1 . c. /• And 
 it is with respect to the same that he proves, that 
 the Holy Ghost is God, because he has temples. 
 De Spiv. Sancto, lib. 3. c. 13. As to the use of 
 images in religious worship, see how eloquently he 
 expresses himself, De Fuga Seculi, c. 5. " Holy Ra- 
 
1 8 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, " chel hid the images, that is to say, the Church or 
 ____!__" wisdom, because the Church does not own the 
 
 vain representations and figures of images." He 
 tells you, that Helen worshipped Jesus Christ, and 
 not the wood of his cross, which she had found ; for 
 that is a Pagan error, and a vanity of ungodly men. 
 Cone, de Obitu Theodosii. He maintains, that it is 
 pure Paganism to worship stones, and to implore the 
 assistance of images, that have no understanding. 
 Lib. 1. de Offic. c. 26. 
 
 Do we suppose he attributed to ministers the 
 power of pardoning sins? We may undeceive our- 
 selves, by hearing him deliver himself like a Pro- 
 testant, thus : " Men afford their ministry for the 
 " remission of sins, but do not exercise the right of 
 " any power; they pray, but God pardons." L. 3. c?e 
 Spir. Sancto, c. 18. He asserts, that the ministry 
 may be in the hands of heretics, and this without 
 corrupting the faith of the people, the ears of the 
 people being more wise than the mouth of the 
 •preachers ; as happened at the time when Arianism 
 seemed to prevail. In Psalm, cxviii. Serm. I/- 
 18 He sets down for a certain maxim, that we are 
 bound to separate ourselves from a Church that re- 
 jects the faith, and does not possess the foundation 
 of the preaching of the Apostles. Lib. 6. in Lucam, 
 
 C.9. 
 
 We may see, that he was wholly estranged from 
 that maxim which the Papists have maintained 
 these last six hundred years, that the Church hath 
 the power of deposing a prince who is turned here- 
 tic ; for he maintains, that the Church has no other 
 arms but prayers and remonstrances, or at the most 
 excommunications. 
 T. 4. B.'P. I pass on to Philastrius Bishop of Brescia, con- 
 ^' ' temporary with St. Ambrose, from whose writings 
 we may gather these following particulars. He did 
 not believe that the Church of Rome could author- 
 ise the Canon of Scripture, as the Gloss maintains ; 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 19 
 
 for he asserts, that the Apostles and their successors chap. 
 
 determined the number of the canonical books, which !_ 
 
 only ought to be read in the Church. Hcer. 40. 
 
 It is plain, he did not believe the Church of 
 Rome to be exempt from error, if he minded what 
 he said; because, jHfere*. 4 1 . he rejects as heretical 
 the opinion of those who held the Epistle to the 
 Hebrews to have been writ by Barnabas, by Cle- 
 mens Romanus, or by St. Luke, which had given 
 occasion to make the authority thereof suspected 
 and doubtful in the Roman Church, which rejected 
 the same. As we may see by the testimony of St. 
 Jerome. 
 
 He did not believe, that it belonged only to the 
 Church of Rome to condemn heresies, which power 
 she arrogates to herself at this day; because he ob- 
 serves, concerning several heresies, that the par- 
 ticular Bishops or councils of the diocese, where the 
 heresy first appeared, had right to condemn them. 
 
 So little did he think, that it was the right of the 
 Church of Rome only to canonize the versions of 
 Scripture by her authority, that he fixeth the brand 
 of heresy upon the opinion of those who did not re- 
 ceive the version of the Septuagint ; whereas it was 
 the only version the Church admitted of in his time. 
 Hares. 89, 90. One may see by this, whether he I9 
 was like to have rejected the same upon the Pope's 
 determination. 
 
 We cannot find that he believed transubstanti- 
 ation ; for giving an account of the heresy of the 
 Artotyrites, who celebrated the Eucharist with 
 bread and cheese, he doth not, to condemn them, 
 make use of the reasons which a transubstantiator 
 might have alleged. Hares. 27. And we ought to 
 make the same reflection on the 30th heresy of the 
 Aquarii, who celebrated the Eucharist with water 
 only, which at least they might defend by way of 
 concomitance; but might, on the other hand, be 
 more strongly attacked, by the idolatry which would 
 
 c 2 
 
20 Re?narks upon the 
 
 HAP, have been committed by adoring the water in the 
 _J Sacrament. 
 
 He would never have employed, in defence of the 
 real presence, the Acts of St. Andrew, which they 
 nowadays object to us, to establish the carnal pre- 
 sence of Jesus Christ ; forasmuch as he maintains, 
 HcEres. 40. that those Acts had been feigned by the 
 Manichees. 
 
 We find not, when he speaks of Aetius, Hares. 
 25. that he looked upon his opinion against prayers 
 for the dead to be an heresy. 
 
 It is evident he did not approve of the principles 
 of idol-worshippers, because he calls their opinion 
 an heresy, who thought that man was the image of 
 God, according to his body, and not according to his 
 soul. H(Eres. 49. 
 
 It appears from HcEves. 33. that he did not admit 
 of the Romish divinity concerning the punishments, 
 properl}^ so called, which God, say they, makes his 
 children to suffer during the course of this life. 
 
 He lays it down for a rule, H(Eres. 60, 61. that the 
 Christian faith is more ancient than the Jewish; 
 which can no longer now be maintained, since the 
 Church of Rome has been pleased to add so many 
 articles to the Creed, and introduced into its worship 
 so many practices contrary to the law of God. 
 
 He declares expressly, that the sacrifice of the 
 Church is a sacrifice of bread in mysterium Christi, 
 to be a mystery of Jesus Christ. H(eres. 96. 
 20 He was so sensible, with the Protestants, that the 
 children of believers have a right to the covenant, 
 that he maintains, Hceres. 69. that formerly the pa- 
 triarchs, judges, and other believers, were sanctified 
 in their mothers belly. A doctrine which has so 
 extremely disgusted the Romish censors, that they 
 thought fit to guard the margin with a Caute lege. 
 
 He asserts, Hceres. 74. that he who called upon 
 the Father, before Christ's coming in the flesh, was 
 thereby freed from the condemnation of the wicked ; 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 21 
 
 which does not seem to agree very well with the chai' 
 Popish doctrine of a Limbus Patrum; or else it ^ 
 must be owned, that the Limbus must take place as 
 well under the New Testament, as under the Old : 
 because he makes use of the words of Jesus Christ, 
 or, at least, makes a plain allusion to them. 
 
 He overthrows the doctrine of merit, in main- 
 taining, Hares. 'If. that it is by the sole mercy of 
 Jesus Christ we are saved, non virtute et justitia 
 condigna, " not by any condign virtue and righteous- 
 " ness of our own." 
 
 It does not appear that he owned a Purgatory, 
 such as the Romanists do, because, Hceres. 73. he 
 saith, that the soul of man, whether good or bad, 
 whether godly or ungodly, is conducted by an angel 
 to its appointed place, there to receive according-to 
 what he has done in this life. It is evident from 
 the Epistle of St. Gaudentius to Benevolus, that he 
 believed a fire, through which the most righteous, 
 even the Apostles and blessed Virgin herself, were 
 to pass, at the end of the world : which opinion has 
 been since rejected in the west. 
 
 It appears from Hares. 97. that the number of 
 fasts was very small in his time ; he takes notice 
 only of four, that of Christmas, Epiphany, Easter, 
 and Whitsuntide, besides that of Lent ; the rest were 
 left to the devotion of believers: and there is great 
 probability, that these fasts were only observed on 
 the eves before the Communion. 
 
 True it is, that he speaks of a local descent of the 
 soul of our Saviour Jesus Christ into hell. Hares. 22. 
 but in Hares. 73. he terms their opinion an heresy^ 
 who maintain, that after his death he descended into 2 1 
 hell, and preached the Gospel, that the souls there 
 receiving the same might be saved : which was the 
 opinion of most of the ancients, both before and 
 after him. Whence we may judge, whether this ar- 
 ticle, about which so much pains has been taken to 
 
 c 3 
 
22 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, explain it in a good sense, was a doctrine which the 
 ^^^' Apostles had left in the Church ; or whether it was 
 not drawn from some passages of Scripture, ill un- 
 derstood in the second century, as we assert, because 
 the Fathers did not at all times, in all places, and 
 with all agree therein ; which is the character of a 
 doctrine truly catholic, according to the famous 
 maxim of Vincentius Lirinensis. 
 
 And forasmuch as St. Gaudentius succeeded Phi- 
 lastrius, whom he calls a most apostolical man, it is 
 no wonder to find him so closely following his steps; 
 for we find him every where of the same opinion 
 with St. Gaudentius in the points he treats of, as I 
 have already made it appear from his Epistle to Be- 
 nevolus ; for, writing to him a consolatory letter, 
 upon occasion of his sickness, he treats the matter 
 altogether like a Protestant, without mingling any 
 Popish notions therewith, such as are the consider- 
 ing of the afflictions of believers as punishments and 
 satisfactions God exacts from them as a judge ; as 
 may be seen in that Epistle. It is true, that amongst 
 other things he observes, that they serve also to 
 lessen the force of the purgative fire of the last 
 judgment. But I have shewed what he meant by 
 that ; and the same is acknowledged by the learned 
 of the Roman Church. He lays down two things 
 in the same Epistle ; the one is, that the bosom 
 of Abraham signifies eternal life, which does no 
 service to the Popish polemical writers ; the other 
 is, that neither angels nor men know the secrets of 
 conscience, that being the privilege of God only; 
 which maxim wholly overthrows the invocation of 
 angels, as well as the authority the priests arrogate 
 to themselves of pardoning sins, as judges. But we 
 will pass on to his Sermons, and instance in some 
 other of his opinions. 
 
 He tells us plainly in his first sermon, that we 
 shall not eat the true manna, which is Jesus Christ, 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 23 
 
 till after the resurrection in heaven, where we shall chap. 
 
 drink of the Rock, which is Jesus Christ, cleaving L^ 
 
 to the feet of that immaculate Lamb. Is this the 22 
 language of a man that believes the carnal presence? 
 
 The whole of his second sermon is spent in ex- 
 plaining the doctrine of the Eucharist, where at the 
 first he lays down, that the figure is not the truth^ 
 but an imitation of it. He saith, Jesus Christ 
 has suffered death for all men, and that he feeds 
 them in all the Churches: but how? In mysterio 
 panis et vini reficit immolatus, vivificat creditus ; 
 " He refresheth, being offered up in the mystery of 
 " bread and wine ; and quickens, being believed 
 " on :" so that he is only offered up in figure, and 
 not truly, and only quickens those that believe his 
 word. And he explains himself, by declaring, that 
 the doctrine of Jesus Christ is the flesh of that im- 
 maculate Lamb, the whole body of the Scriptures 
 containing the Son of God. He explains that 
 phrase, to receive the body of the Son of God, by 
 receiving with the mouth the mystery of the body 
 and blood of the Lord. He maintains, that it was 
 of the consecrated bread that Jesus Christ said. 
 This is my body; which, according to the doctors of 
 Rome, overthrows transubstantiation. Lastly, he 
 maintains, that Jesus Christ made choice of the 
 bread and wine, to make them the sacraments of 
 his body and blood, that there might be no blood 
 in this new sacrifice, and to figure the body of the 
 Church, which is composed of many believers, as 
 the bread is made up of many grains. Can any 
 thing be said more contrary to the maxims of the 
 Church of Rome ? 
 
 In his third sermon he asserts, that the Church 
 resembles the moon, which increases in times of 
 peace, and decreaseth in times of persecution ; that 
 she decreaseth with respect to her fulness, but not 
 with respect to her brightness. He seems after her 
 
 c 4 
 
24 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAT, fulness, to which she was arrived, lo foresee her 
 wane and decrease, which he had already had a view 
 of, during the reign of Arianism. 
 
 23 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Concerning the faith of the Churches of the diocese 
 of Italy during the fifth century. 
 
 IJNE of the most illustrious witnesses we have of 
 the belief of the Churclies of Italy, at the beginning 
 of the fifth age, is Rufinus, Presbyter of Aquileia. 
 
 As for the rule of faith, which is the Scripture, 
 Rufinus sets down a catalogue of the books of holy 
 Writ, the same that is at present received by the 
 Protestants, calling the books that we reject apocry- 
 phal, apud Cyr. p. 552 and 553. which is an evident 
 mark, that the Church of Italy made a more accu- 
 rate distinction of the canonical books from the 
 apocryphal, than the Church of Rome at that time 
 did. So that Rufinus, in this respect, knew more 
 than Innocent I. who began to confound the canon- 
 ical writings, by a mixture of the apocryphal. 
 
 As for the Creed, which is an abridgment of the 
 articles of our belief, we cannot meet with a more 
 orthodox explication of it than is that of Rufinus ; 
 and would to God the Church of Rome would 
 keep to that, for then we should be soon agreed ; at 
 least, in so doing she would not propose any thing 
 to Christians which was not owned for the Creed of 
 the ancient Church ; whereas since she has added 
 new articles, altogether unknown to Rufinus and 
 the Bishops of that diocese. In a word, we may 
 say, it is most certain, that there is as much dif- 
 ference between this treatise of Rufinus and the 
 Catechism of the Council of Trent, as there is be- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 2.> 
 
 tween the Catechism of the Protestants and that of chap. 
 the Papists. _____ 
 
 I own, that Rufinus, in this explication of the 
 Creed,asserts a local descent of Jesus Christ into hell : 
 but we are to observe, that though already in his 
 time this was looked upon as an article of faith ; 
 yet the Fathers, as well those that went before, as 24 
 those that followed after, had such different notions 
 concerning it, that the Church of Rome, which at 
 this day follows one of those opinions, but had not 
 that article in her Symbol in Rufinus's time, can 
 scarcely draw any advantage from thence, except 
 only against those who hold, that this article is 
 only an allegorical explication of the article, He was 
 buried. 
 
 But, however, we may observe, that Rufinus ex- p. 53. 8. 
 pressly notes, at the beginning of this his exposition 
 of the Creed, that believers received the sacrament 
 of the Lord's Supper with an extraordinary respect, 
 maxima cum observantia, but not worshipping it, as 
 the Church of Rome does at this day. 
 
 Though we have no remains of St. Chromatins, 
 Bishop of Aquileia, save only some commentaries 
 and homilies ; yet from thence we are sufficiently 
 informed, how far his divinity differed from that 
 which is now professed by the Church of Rome. 
 He plainly asserts the perspicuity of the Scriptures, 
 when he accuses the heretics and Jews of darkening 
 it by their perverse explications. Serm. 2. p. l62. 
 Accordingly he also maintains, that the Lord's 
 Prayer contains all things necessary to salvation, 
 p. 175. which is not very agreeable to the palate of 
 the doctors of Rome, who furnish us with a far 
 greater number. He asserts, that the prison from 
 whence there is no coming out until the last farthing- 
 be paid, is hell, which does not at all suit with 
 Popish purgatory, 166. Conformably to this, he 
 lays down, that the afflictions which happen to the 
 faithful, are either to correct their defects, or to try 
 
26 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, their faith, or to prepare them for glory; not a 
 ' word concerning the use the Roman Church puts 
 them to, viz, for the expiation of sin, and for a sa- 
 tisfaction properly so called. He acknowledges in- 
 deed, that the Christian Church is typified by a city 
 situated upon a mountain ; but we do not find him 
 concluding from thence its equal visibility, no more 
 than St. Ambrose. We are not to forget here, that 
 St. Chromatius had so little deference for the au- 
 thority of the Church of Rome, that Rufinus having 
 been condemned by Pope Anastasius, because he 
 seemed to favour the Origenists, St. Chromatius 
 25 took no notice of this proceeding, but received him 
 to his communion, as before; an abundant testi- 
 mony that the thunderbolts of Rome, at that time, 
 reached no further than the ten provinces in sub- 
 jection to the Pope, St. Chromatius's bishopric be- 
 ing without them, and consequently, that he did not 
 own the Pope for the head of the Church, out of 
 whose communion salvation was not to be hoped 
 for. 
 
 He plainly asserts, that marriage is so wholly dis- 
 solved by adultery, that it is lawful for the innocent 
 party to marry again: which was the opinion of the 
 Romish Church till after the tenth century, p. l68. 
 A. B. He maintains it to be a piece of impiety, to 
 swear by any creatures ; which is not the faith of 
 Rome at this day, p. 169. A. He owns no other 
 union in the Church, but the unity of the Catholic 
 faith, ibid. p. 158. We find, by all his expressions, 
 that the carnal presence was unknown to him : 
 First, he proposeth Jesus Christ as the meat and 
 drink of the believer, that comes hungry to it. 
 Cone. 2. p. 157. Secondly, he holds, that a change 
 is made when ex eo quod fuit in aliam speciem ge- 
 neratur ; " out of that which was before, a thing of 
 " another kind is generated." Thirdly, he applies, 
 p. 174. our daily bread to the body of Jesus Christ, 
 but he considers it spiritually, which makes it ap- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 27 
 
 pear what notion he had of the manducation or eat- chap. 
 
 ing of it, and that the expression he useth of a cor- 
 
 pore Domini separari, signifies nothing else but the 
 exclusion from the Sacrament. 
 
 Moreover, if we find that he has been a guide of 
 the Waldenses towards truth, it will not be amiss 
 withal to observe, that he seems to have suggested 
 to them a wrong understanding of the Scripture. 
 For this great man maintains, that the Gospel ab- 
 solutely forbids swearing, p. 168. and the letter of 
 Scripture so far imposed upon him, that he pretends 
 we are obliged, according to the law of Jesus Christ, 
 to oifer the other cheek to him that has already 
 struck us, p. 169, 170. 
 
 Niceas Bishop of Aquileia, who lived anno 420. 
 has a very remarkable expression in his book 'ad 
 Virginem lapsam, which we find in the works of 
 St. Ambrose. " Stick close to the exercise of re- 26 
 " pentance, till the end of thy life, and never think 
 " of obtaining pardon ah humano die, because he 
 " who has made thee make this promise has deceiv- 
 " ed thee. As thou hast properly sinned against the 
 " Lord, so seek thy remedy only at his hands." It 
 is evident, that these words either are the expres- 
 sions of a downright Novatian, which we cannot sus- 
 pect him of, after the many testimonies we have 
 of his soundness in the faith, or that they represent 
 a very different notion from what has been enter- 
 tained at Rome, since their espousing the secret of 
 auricular confession, and the priestly power of par- 
 doning sins, as judges properly so called. 
 
 The remaining part of this century was terribly 
 agitated by the disputes raised upon occasion of 
 Nestorianism and Eutychianism, insomuch as the 
 Bishops were all divided, and the Council of Chal- 
 cedon was unable to appease their differences. The 
 diocese of Italy was at the same time ravaged by 
 the Huns. Attila rased Aquileia, destroyed Milan, 
 Pavia, and divers other places. Some years after, 
 
28 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Odoacer invaded the said diocese ; and not long after, 
 ^^' the Goths marched through it under the command 
 of Theodoric, so that scarcely was there any place 
 left for learned men to write, during the inundation 
 of these barbarous nations. Proceed we therefore 
 to the following century. 
 
 27 CHAP. V. 
 
 Opinions of the Churches of Italy during the 
 sixth century. 
 
 One of the first that can give us any information 
 herein is Laurentius, who was translated from the 
 bishopric of Novara to that of Milan, about the 
 year 507- We have three of his pieces, which he 
 preached upon his return to his see, after the de- 
 struction of Milan, and his own banishment. 
 
 The first is a sermon upon the Canaanitish wo- 
 man, his design therein being to administer comfort 
 to repenting sinners, and to assure them of the easi- 
 ness of God's mercy. Mabillon, who published them, 
 tells us as much. I shall set down some of his pro- 
 positions or doctrines which he borrowed from St. 
 Chrysostom. 
 
 I. He requires nothing as necessary for the re- 
 mission of sin, save only a lively compunction, 
 without so much as one word of the Priest's abso- 
 lution, p. 24. Sed dicis, Feci peccata mult a et mag- 
 na. Et quis est de hominihus qui non peccet P Tu 
 die ; Erravi super omnes homines, sujfficit miki in 
 sacrificio ista confessio. Die tu prius iniquitates 
 fuas, ut justificeris : cognosce quoniam peccator es; 
 hahe tristitiam cum converteris ; esto ac si despe- 
 ratus et moestus, sed et lachrymas compunctus ef- 
 funde. Numquid aliud aliquid fuit in meretrice, 
 quant lachrymarum effusio? et ex hac profusione 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 29 
 
 invenit prcesidium, et accepta fiducia accessit ad chap. 
 fontem Domintmi Jesum. " But thou wilt say, I ' 
 " have committed many and great sins : and who is 
 " there amongst men that sinneth not ? Say thou, I 
 " have sinned beyond all men ; this confession is 
 " sufficient to me, for a sacrifice. Do thou first de- 
 " clare thy iniquities, that thou mayest be justified; 
 " acknowledge thyself to be a sinner : be full of 
 " sorrow in this thy conversion ; yea, be grieved, and 
 " as without hope : moreover, pour forth tears of 
 " compunction. Do you find ought else in her that 28 
 " had been a common harlot, but shedding of tears? 
 " and by this her weeping she found help ; and hav- 
 " ing received confidence, she drew near to the 
 " fountain, our Lord Jesus." 
 
 He answers the unworthiness of sinners in thfese 
 words, p. 25. Et quomodo ausa est mtdier legis 
 ignara, tarn iniqiia, sic abrupte accedere ad font em 
 salutis ? Non petiit Jacohum, non rogavit Johan- 
 nem, non accessit ad Petrum; sed hoc intermittenSy 
 quid dicit P N^on est mihi necessarius fidejussor : 
 suscipit in se poenitenticE patrocinium, et sola currit^ 
 tenet eum in voce ac dicit. Miserere mei Domine 
 fill David. Ideo descendisti, ideo carnem susce- 
 pisti, ut et ego loquar ad te et cum fiducia petam, 
 8^c. " But how durst a woman ignorant of the 
 '' law, and besides so wicked, so abruptly draw 
 " near to the fountain of salvation ? she did not en- 
 " treat James, nor ask John, neither came she to 
 " Peter [to speak for her.] But leaving all this, 
 " what saith she? I have no need of a sponsor. 
 " And taking upon herself the patronage of her 
 " own repentance, she runs to him alone, stops him 
 " with her voice, and saith, Lord have mercy upon 
 " me, thou Son of David. Therefore it is that thou 
 " camest down [to us,] therefore thou tookest flesh 
 " upon thee, that even I also might speak to thee, 
 " and with confidence ask of thee, &c." See here a 
 
30 RemarJiS upon the 
 
 CHAP, very exact imitation of St. Chrysostom, after Nec- 
 ^- tarius had taken away the use of penitentiary 
 Priests. 
 
 It is worth our taking notice how he speaks of 
 prayers without attention, p. 35. Sunt multi quidem 
 qui intrant in ecclesiam, et strepunt in oratione.j 
 confuse atque intemperata voce dispergunt verba, 
 sua, et egressi foras obliti sunt omnia. Hi sunt 
 qui labii^ hinniunt, et corde non co?icipiunt. Si tu 
 ipse dicta tua et preces ignoras; quomodo te exaudit 
 Deus? " There be many indeed that come into the 
 " church, and make a noise in prayer, scattering 
 '' their words with a confused and rude bawhng, 
 " who as soon as they are got abroad, quite forget 
 " all. These are they who neigh with their mouths, 
 " without conceiving in their hearts. If thou thy- 
 " self dost not know what thou sayest or prayest, 
 29" how shall God hear thee?" From whence we may 
 easily judge how he would have approved of praying 
 in an unknown tongue, which necessarily destroys 
 attention. 
 
 As concerning the place where we ought to pray, 
 that we may be heard, he expresseth himself in this 
 manner, as if he had designed to furnish theWaldenses 
 with an answer, p. 36. Grandis sermo est. Miserere 
 mei Deus, hrevis quidem sed virtute plenus. Nam 
 et si foris fueris, clama et die, Miserere mei Deus. 
 Cla77ia, non voce, sed mente ; nam et tacentes exau- 
 dit Deus. Nee tarn locus quaritur, quantu?n sensus. 
 Hieremias in car cere confortatur; Daniel inter le- 
 ones exult at ; tres pueri infornace tripudiant; Job 
 nudus sub divo triumphal; Paradisum de cruce la- 
 tro invenit. Quid ergo si fueris in publico foro ? 
 Or a intra te. Noli qu(Erere locum, locus ipse es, 
 ibi ubi fueris ora. Si fueris in balneo, ora, et ibi 
 templum est. " This is a great word, Lord have 
 " mercy upon me ; short indeed, but full of virtue. 
 " For though thou art abroad, yet cry and say, Lord 
 
ancienl Church of Piedmont. 31 
 
 " have mercy upon me. Cry, not with thy voice, chap. 
 
 " but with thy mind, for God hears even those that 
 
 " are silent ; neither does he regard the place where, 
 
 " but our mind and attention in prayer. Jeremiah 
 
 " receives comfort in the dungeon ; Daniel rejoiceth 
 
 *^ in the lions' den ; the three young men leap in 
 
 " the midst of the fiery furnace ; Job, naked and 
 
 " destitute, triumphs in the open air ; the thief finds 
 
 " a Paradise upon the cross. What therefore, though 
 
 " thou art in the public market ? pray within thy- 
 
 " self; do not seek for another place, thou thyself 
 
 " art a place ; wheresoever therefore thou art, there 
 
 " pray. If thou be in the bath, pray there, for 
 
 " there also is the church." And p. Sf. Nunquid 
 
 homo est Deus, ut lahore qucer^atur per loca diversa ? 
 
 Deus est qui adest uhique? Si qiiaris hominem,-di- 
 
 citur tibi non est hie, aut non illic vacat : non est 
 
 sic in causa Dei; hoc tantum est ut dicas, Miserere 
 
 mei Deus, et ipse prope est ut te liberet, et adhuc 
 
 loquente te dicit, JEcce adsum. " What ! is God a 
 
 " man then that thou must take pains to seek him 
 
 " in several places ? It is God who is present every 
 
 " where. If indeed thou chancest to look for a 
 
 " man, thou art answered. He is not here, or he is 
 
 " not at leisure: but the case is not so with God. 30 
 
 " Do thou only say, Lord have mercy upon me, 
 
 " and he is near thee to deliver thee, and whilst 
 
 " thou art yet speaking, saith to thee, Behold, here 
 
 « am I." 
 
 The second homily published in the Bibliotheca 
 Patrum, t. 3. utterly overthrows the pretended tri- 
 bunal of penance, p. Mox ut ascendisti de fonte, 
 vestitus es veste alba, et unctus es unguento mys- 
 tico ; facta est super te invocatio, et venit super te 
 trina virtus, quam vas novum hac nova perfudit 
 doctrina, exinde teipsum tibi statuit judicem et ar- 
 hitrum. " As soon as thou art come up from the 
 " fountain, thou art clothed with white raiment, and 
 " anointed with the mystical ointment ; prayers 
 
32 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " have been made over thee, and the threefold vir- 
 
 ^- " tue is come upon thee; after that thy new vessel 
 
 " is once filled with this new doctrine, thencefor- 
 
 " ward he has constituted thee a judge and disposer 
 
 " for thyself." 
 
 In the third homily, which treats of alms, he 
 makes use of this expression ; Li Jordane Christus 
 semel thictus, sanctjficavit aquas; in pauperibus 
 autem semper manet, et assidue abluit crimina lar- 
 gientium. " Christ being once dipped in the river 
 " Jordan, thereby sanctified the waters ; but he al- 
 " ways abides in the poor, and continually washeth 
 " away the sins of those that give to them." This 
 notion of the presence of Jesus Christ in the poor 
 sufficiently makes out the sense of the Fathers, 
 when they speak of the presence of Christ in the 
 Eucharist; especially if we join with it that ex- 
 pression of his second homily, p. 127. B. Asperges 
 me aqua Filii tui sacro sanguine mixta. " Thou 
 " wilt sprinkle me with the water mingled with the 
 " holy blood of thy Son." 
 
 The opinions of Ennodius, Bishop of Pavia, are 
 evident in several of his works; we shall instance 
 the following places. 
 
 We find in the Life of St. Epiphanius, Bishop 
 of Pavia, writ by Ennodius, a representation of the 
 manner how that Bishop did celebrate the Eucharist, 
 which makes it apparent how far he was from ador- 
 ing the Eucharist as his God. Junctis pedihus usque 
 31 ad consummation em mystici operis stare se debere 
 constituit, ita ut humore vestigiorum locum suum 
 depingeret, et longe aspicientibus indicaret. " He 
 " had purposed with himself," saith he, " always to 
 " stand still, with his feet together, till he had fi- 
 " nished that mystical work, so that the moisture 
 " of his footsteps deciphered the place of his stand- 
 " ing, and might be seen by those who were at a 
 " considerable distance." It is but too visible here, 
 that St. Epiphanius and Ennodius knew nothing of 
 
ancient Church oj' Piedmont. 33 
 
 those prostrations which now are used before the chap. 
 Sacrament ; because the one of them prescribed this ' 
 constant form to himself, in celebrating the Eucha- 
 rist ; and the other commends him for it, as a mark 
 of his piety. 
 
 At the end of the said Life, Ennodius gives us an 
 account of the death of St. Epiphanius, much like 
 that of a Protestant Bishop. He had only this word 
 in his mouth, Mihi vivere Christus est, et mori lu- 
 crum; " To me to live is Christ, and to die is gain." 
 He was heard to repeat nothing but Psalms of con- 
 solation, such as the eighty-eighth Psalm; and lie 
 breathed his last in these words, /w manus tuas. Do- 
 mine, commendo spiritum meum; " Into thy hands, 
 " O Lord, I commend my spirit ;" taken out of 
 Psalm XXX. He tells us in plain terms, that his soul 
 returned to heaven, ad sedem suam coelestis anima 
 remeavit ; " his heavenly soul returned to its own 
 * place." All which serves to make out, that prayer 
 for the dead had not as yet the belief of purgatory 
 for its foundation, as it hath at this day. 
 
 And it was in the same mind that he composed 
 the epitaph of St. Victor, Bishop of Noarre, where 
 we read these verses : 
 
 Uic reddens tumulis cineres, ad celsa vocatus 
 Spiritus, cctherea congaudet lucidus arce. 
 
 " Having bequeath'd his dust to dust, 
 
 " His soul is caird on high ; 
 " There bright and glorious, to partake 
 
 " Those joys which never die." 
 
 And forasmuch as we see that he in divers places 32 
 commends St. Ambrose and his successors for or- 
 thodox Bishops, I shall not trouble myself to quote 
 any more of his writings ; and the rather, because 
 the most part of his works were letters or poems, 
 relating rather to outward affairs than any matters 
 of religion. 
 
 D 
 
34 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. I know they are wont to cite a passage of Enno- 
 dius, to prove that the Pope cannot be judged by 
 any one but God. We find nothing more frequent 
 since the time of Gratian and the canonists, than 
 to quote these words of his Apology for Symmachus; 
 Aliormn hominmn causas JDeus voluit per homines 
 terminari, sed RomancB sedis prcesulem, suo, sine 
 qucEstione, reservavit arhitrio. " Other men's cases 
 " God was wilHng should be determined b)^ men, 
 " but as for the Bishop of Rome, he has reserved 
 *^ his case for his own cognizance, without exposing 
 " it to a judicial trial." But they signify nothing 
 less, than what they seem to express thus separate 
 from the rest of the discourse. What Ennodius by 
 these terms would declare, is simply this; that Pope 
 Symmachus's adversaries, not having been able to 
 convince him of the horrible crimes whereof they 
 had accused him before king Theodoric, and after- 
 wards before the synod assembled by Theodoric, 
 for examining his accusation, his case had been re- 
 mitted to the judgment of God, as was customary, 
 when persons could not be convicted by the ordi- 
 nary course of judiciary proceedings. De Launoy 
 hath so solidly proved that this was Ennodius's 
 meaning, though of a long time it hath been dis- 
 guised, that there is no need to insist further upon 
 it. T. 1. Epist. 9. 
 
 Dacius, Bishop of Milan, has left so little in writ- 
 ing, that it may seem needless to speak of it; only 
 it may be to the purpose to observe the carriage of 
 Justinian towards him, who, finding him at Con- 
 stantinople, would make him (as well as the Pope's 
 referendary) subscribe the edict which he had pub- 
 lished : which shews that he looked upon himself 
 as the head of a diocese, which was as exempt and 
 separate from the Pope of Rome's jurisdiction, as 
 33 the dioceses of the Patriarchs of the East were. 
 Baronius ad annum 546. ^. 46. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 35 
 
 In the year 590. the Bishops of Italy and of the chap 
 Grisons, to the number of nine, rejected the Com- 
 munion of the Pope, as of an heretic, who had con- 
 sented to the abolishing of the Council of Chalce- 
 don, consenting under Justinian to the condemna- 
 tion of the three chapters, as may be seen from their 
 letter to the Emperor Mauritius, set down by Ba- 
 ronius, ad h. annum, n. 29. That Emperor having 
 ordered them to be present at the Council of Rome, 
 they were dispensed with by the same Emperor, 
 upon their protesting that they could not commu- 
 nicate with Pope Gregory the First. This schism 
 had already continued from the year 553, and lasted 
 near as long after ; so little were they persuaded at 
 that time of the Pope's infallibility, that to lose 
 communion with them was to lose the communion 
 of the Church, or that they held their ordinations 
 from the hand of the Popes, and from the Bishops, 
 subjected to their jurisdiction. Let us proceed now 
 to the belief of the following century. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Opinions of the diocese of Italy during the 
 seventh century. 
 
 JL KNOW only of two or three authors that can 
 instruct us in this matter; the one is Maurus, Bishop 
 of Ravenna, who flourished in the midst of the 
 seventh century ; the other Mansuetus, Bishop of 
 Milan, who flourished towards the end of it, viz. 
 from the year Gl*^. Of the first of these we have 
 an Epistle against the Monothclites, which has been 
 inserted in the Council of Lateran, under Martin the 
 First, in the year 649. ^ct. 1. Of the second we 34 
 have an Epistle to the Emperor Constantine, set 
 down in the same Council. The union of them 
 
 D 2 
 
36 RemarJis upon the 
 
 CHAP, both with the Bishops of Rome, for the defence of 
 _1 the faith against the Monothehtes, is a strong as- 
 surance of their purity in the faith. Their opinions 
 are these that follow. 
 
 Maurus, who styles himself Servus servorurn Dei, 
 precisely observes, that the Pope had invited him to 
 be present at Rome at the council, but as a Bishop 
 without his diocese ; for otherwise he might, as be- 
 ing one of his suffragans, by his authority have sum- 
 moned him thither. And indeed, instead of going to 
 Rome in person, he sent in his place Maurus, Bi- 
 shop of Cesena, with one of the Priests of Milan. 
 Ibid. p. 601. He declares that the only means of 
 preserving the purity of the faith is, to keep to the 
 doctrine of the Apostles, which the Fathers had 
 followed, with respect had to the fifth general Coun- 
 cil. The words he useth are these, T.6. Cone. p. 96. 
 Unicum omnibus et singulare est Redemptoris 
 Dei, et Domini nostri Jesu Christi concessum re- 
 medium ad animarum nostrarum salutem, ut ea 
 qu(E per j4postolorum prcBdicationem percepimus, et 
 Patrum doctritiam, proculdubio teneamus. " The 
 " only and particular remedy granted to all for the 
 " salvation of our souls, by God our Redeemer, and 
 " the Lord Jesus Christ, is, that, without all doubt, 
 " we hold fast the things we have received by the 
 " preaching of the Apostles, and the doctrine of the 
 " Fathers." He declares that he owns and admits 
 the five general Councils, and that he condemns that 
 which was held at Constantinople in favour of the 
 Monothehtes, being supported by the credit of the 
 emperors. 
 
 Maximus, Bishop of Aquileia, expresseth the 
 ► same opinions ; and moreover expressly condemns 
 
 by name the Monothelite Bishops, Cyrus, Sergius, 
 Pyrrhus, and Paul, p. 97. 
 
 Mansuetus, in his Epistle to the Emperor Con- 
 stantine Pogonatus, declares, first, that it was Con- 
 stantine the Great who convened the Council of 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 3/ 
 
 Nice, which at this day is very stiffly contested by chap. 
 
 the Church of Rome; that the Emperor Theodosius L_ 
 
 called together the second Council of Constantinople; 35 
 and that the Emperor Martianus did the same with 
 regard to the Council of Chalcedon, and Justinian to 
 the fifth general Council. 
 
 He declares, that the whole faith of his Church 
 is contained in the Apostles' Creed ; whereof the 
 confession of faith by him sent to the Emperor is 
 only an explication. Which makes it evident, that 
 the Church of Milan, and his diocese, under the 
 reigns of Pertharit and Cunibert, kings of the Lom- 
 bards, did not own any other doctrine to belong to 
 the faith and of necessary belief, save only what was 
 contained in the Apostles' Creed ; much less did his 
 Church own that heap of doctrines which Pius the 
 Fourth thought good of his own head to superadd 
 to it. 
 
 True it is that he praiseth the ancient doctors of 
 the Church, Leo I. St. Gregory Nazianzen, St. Basil, 
 &c. Quicquid hi docuerunt, saith he, sapueruntf 
 pnedicaverunt, vel defensores extiterunt, nos eorum 
 acta vel statuta omni devotione suscipimus. " What- 
 " soever they have taught, judged, preached, or de- 
 " fended, all that we receive with all devotion." Yet 
 however this is not so general as it seems to be, be- 
 cause his words have a particular reference to their 
 explications concerning the doctrine of the Trinity, 
 against the heresies of the fourth and fifth century, 
 which was the only matter in question then. 
 
 It is worth our while to take notice of the sin- 
 gular elogy he gives to St. Ambrose, whom he calls 
 Veneranda Corona Christi Confessor Ainhrosius 
 Mediolanensis EcclesicE, Prcesul; " The venerable 
 " Crown of Christ, Ambrosius the Confessor, Bishop 
 " of the Church of Milan." What I have here men- 
 tioned of Mansuetus is the more considerable, be- 
 cause it was done by him presiding in the synod of 
 his diocese. 
 
 D 3 
 
38 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Lastly, We may observe that the deputies of 
 ___!_ Mansuetus condemned Honorius, Bishop of Rome, 
 Act. 13. for being a Monothehte ; and the matter 
 at this time is no longer questioned, notwithstand- 
 ing Baronius, and some after him, have endeavoured 
 36 to make it pass for doubtful : whence it appears that 
 in Italy they held it for an inviolable maxim: 
 
 First, That the Pope was liable to become an 
 heretic. 
 
 Secondly, That none were to continue in com- 
 munion with him, save only so far as he continued 
 united to Jesus Christ, as a true behever; so far were 
 they from supposing themselves bound to cleave to 
 the Church of Rome, as they would continue in the 
 communion of our Lord Jesus Christ. 
 
 But though we have but few particular authors 
 that might inform us of the opinions and worship 
 that took place in that diocese ; yet have we some- 
 thing that seems more authentic, viz. the Liturgy 
 which bears the name of St. Ambrose. And for- 
 asmuch as this piece was made use of before this 
 century, and that since that time it has served for a 
 model of the devotion of that diocese, it will be of 
 some importance carefully to examine the same, and 
 the rather, because though I speak of it only in this 
 place, yet the observations drawn from thence may 
 and ought to be applied to the foregoing ages, as 
 well as those that follow after. 
 
 CHAP. VIL 
 
 Some Rejiections upon the Liturgy of this Diocese, 
 called the Amhrosian Liturgy. 
 
 One of the most certain ways to be informed 
 concerning the faith of a Church, is to consult her 
 Liturgy. I am not ignorant that what Josephus 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 39 
 
 Vicecomes tells us concerning the antiquity of the chap 
 Ambrosian Liturgy, viz. that St. Barnabas was the 
 author of it, that it was afterwards augmented by 37 
 Merocles ; and lastly, having been revised by St. 
 Ambrose, it obtained the name of Ambrosian, is ab- 
 solutely false, and so ridiculous a conceit, that it is 
 wholly rejected by Cardinal Bona. Neither am I 
 ignorant that the miracle related by Durandus, Ra- 
 tional. Offic. 1. V. c. 2. as of the life of St. Eugenius, 
 concerning the Ambrosian Office, is just such an- 
 other story, which deserves no manner of credit, 
 notwithstanding that Ripomontius has endeavoured 
 to maintain it. But however we cannot deny the 
 truth of what follows. 
 
 First, That this Liturgy has the Psalms, and divers 
 other texts of Scripture of the ancient version called 
 the Italic. 
 
 Secondly, That Walafridus Strabo, who lived in 
 the midst of the ninth century, has cited this Li- 
 turgy under the name of the Liturgy of St. Ambrose. 
 Indeed it seems very probable, that as several cen- 
 turies before the ninth they had in divers dioceses 
 fixed a form of Divine service, to be observed in the 
 respective Churches of the same diocese ; whereas 
 before, viz. in the fourth and fifth century, every 
 Bishop had the liberty of prescribing the form him- 
 self; so that of Milan conformed to the same rule, 
 and the name of St. Ambrose was made use of by 
 posterity, as being so very famous, and because that 
 St. Ambrose had probably dictated several of the 
 Collects therein contained ; much in the same man- 
 ner, as in the east they have given the name of the 
 Liturgy of St. Basil and St. Chrysostom to the Litur- 
 gies which were made use of in the dioceses where 
 these great men once flourished. 
 
 It is true, we have not this Liturgy now, preserved 
 to us exactly as it was used in the primitive centu- 
 ries : it has been variously changed by the rashness 
 
 D 4 
 
40 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, of those who succeeded those primitive authors, 
 ^"' which has also happened to the greatest part of 
 these works ; as is acknowledged by Cardinal Bo- 
 na and Mabillon. It is likewise true, that since 
 the Popes have been sovereigns of the west, they 
 have, by themselves or by their creatures, brought 
 in a vast number of variations in the books of the 
 38 public Offices; which changes have been introduced 
 with more ease, since the Latin began to be looked 
 upon as a barbarous language. 
 
 We have an illustrious proof hereof in the Am- 
 brosian Office for Good Friday, where we find a 
 prayer for the consecrating of a cross, precedent to 
 its adoration. For it is certain that Pope Adrian 
 the First, who lived towards the end of the eighth 
 century, declares that the Church did not consecrate 
 any images ; this being a practice that was intro- 
 duced long after: and we find in the life of St. Lewis 
 a complaint of that prince concerning this subject ; 
 whence it appears that these prayers must needs 
 have been of a very late date. 
 
 We have another example hereof, which cannot 
 be disputed ; it is in the Canon, where we find at pre- 
 sent these words, pro quibus tibi offerimus, vel qui 
 tibi ojf'erunt : whereas those words pro quibus tibi 
 p. 301. offernmus were foisted in in the thirteenth century, as 
 Hugo Menardus doth ingenuously acknowledge 
 upon the book of the Sacraments of St. Gregory. 
 This addition was made after that the doctrine of 
 the sacrifice of the mass was received ; and indeed 
 it was altogether necessary, since without it there 
 could be no oblation made by the Priest in that 
 pretended sacrifice, which was looked upon as a 
 capital inconvenience. 
 
 A third proof hereof we have in the feast of St. 
 Barnabas, who is accounted the first Bishop of 
 Milan, and to whom they attribute the cursing of 
 the heathen temple at Milan, whereupon a part 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 41 
 
 thereof fell down, and crushed several of the idol- chap. 
 aters under its ruins, which is a story drawn from ^^'' 
 legends of no ancient standing. 
 
 But after all it is easy to prove that this Liturgy 
 was not at first tainted with any of those errors, 
 wherewith it was filled in the following ages, and 
 in particular since the twelfth century, towards the 
 end of which the Popes took care to change or 
 abrogate all Liturgies whatsoever, that instead there- 
 of that of Rome might be introduced ; following 
 therein the spirit of Pope Adrian, who had begun 
 this work, being supported therein by the favour of39 
 the Emperor Charles the Great, who first introduced 
 this spirit of change. 
 
 First of all then I maintain that this Liturgy had 
 none of the Conjiteor of the Priest, as we find it ^t 
 this day in the Roman missal, which Conjiteor is at 
 this day made to the blessed Virgin, angels and saints, 
 as well as to God. Now it is certain that this cus- 
 tom is only of late ages : we have an undoubted 
 proof hereof in the Conjiteor set down by Chrode- 
 gandus, Bishop of Metz, who lived in the time of 
 Pepin, father of Charles the Great. RegulcB Cano- 
 nicorum, cap. 18. Ad primam Clero congregato do- 
 nant con/ess iones, suas vicissim dicentes, Conjiteor 
 Domino et tibi Jrater quod peccavi. " At the first 
 " canonical hour the Clergy being assembled, they 
 " make their mutual confessions, saying, I confess 
 " to the Lord, and thee my brother, that I have 
 " sinned." 
 
 It is necessary to observe here, 
 
 1st, That this rule, for the most part of it, is bor- 
 rowed from that of St. Bennet, who lived in the 
 Pope's diocese. 
 
 2dly, That the same has been almost wholly 
 transcribed in the Acts of the Council of Aix la 
 Chapelle, in the year 81 6. 
 
 3dly, That these confessions to the Virgin, the 
 angels and saints, are not found in any of the 
 
42 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, ancient forms of confession, whereof we have a 
 VII- considerable numberj which may be seen in the 
 notes of Hugo Menardus upon the book of the Sa- 
 crament of St. Gregory, p. 224. et seq. 
 
 Secondly, I maintain that there was nothing in this 
 Liturgy which implied any direct invocation of the 
 saints, but only it supposeth that they intercede for 
 the Church. We own, that since the fourth century 
 the Church has avowedly demanded several favours 
 of God by the intercession of saints ; but we do not 
 find that they prayed directly to them. It is true 
 there are several passages in this Liturgy, wherein 
 favours are begged of God per preces et merita 
 sanctorum, by the prayers and merits of the saints. 
 But the word merit, then, contains nothing that can 
 40 offend us, if we take it in the sense of the primitive 
 Church, as signifying nothing else but godliness. 
 There are a thousand passages that prove this in- 
 vincibly, as well in St. Ambrose, as in those authors 
 that have succeeded him : and in this Liturgy by 
 meruit and to merit the Church did not pretend to 
 obtain by way of justice, but only to obtain in ge- 
 neral, as when we read in the Roman office, Ofelix 
 culpa, qu(E t ant am meruit salutem! " O happy fault, 
 " which procured so great salvation !" 
 
 Thirdly, I maintain that we find therein no other 
 oblation of the bread and wine to God in the action 
 of the Sacrament, but the oblation of the bread and 
 wine to the Priest who officiated, which even to this 
 day is yet practised by some men and women at 
 Milan, according to the account given us thereof by 
 Cardinal Bona and Mabillon ; for otherwise this 
 was absolutely impossible, because the expression 
 of pro quihus offerimus, p. 301 . made use of by the 
 Priest to denote his action, was never put into the 
 Roman missal until the thirteenth century, as Me- 
 nardus, a learned Benedictine, doth own. Secondly, 
 Because this notion of offering the Sacrament for a 
 propitiatory sacrifice, is a thing even unknown to the 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. A3 
 
 most ancient of the Schoolmen, as our Divines have chap, 
 
 sufficiently proved from their silence on that question. '__ 
 
 And certainly this is so strange a notion, that in con- 
 sequence of it we must hold, that Jesus Christ is 
 sacrificed and offered up to himself; for we find in 
 the prayers of St. Anselm, falsely attributed to St. 
 Ambrose, these expressions, which are very singular, 
 p. 175. Ut offer am tihi sacrificium quod insiituisti, 
 et offer rl praocepisti in commemoration em tui pro 
 salute nostra: suscipe i^ero istud, qiicESo, summe 
 Deus, dilectissime Jesu Christen pro Ecclesia tua 
 sancta. "That I may offer to thee the sacrifice thou 
 " hast instituted, and commanded to be offered in re- 
 " membrance of thee, for our salvation : receive it, 
 " most high God, dearest Jesus Christ, we beseech 
 " thee, for thy holy Church." It was necessary for 
 them to change their words, after they had changed 
 their opinion. It was only the belief of transub- 
 stantiation, that made way for the belief of a sacri- 
 fice properly so called, as the Church of Rome be- 
 lieves at this day. Now it is commonly enough 41 
 known, that the Romish Church has hatched that 
 article herself; and the history of this change is so 
 exactly set down, that it is needless to make any 
 stop at it. 
 
 Fourthly, This innovation can be demonstratively 
 proved, from this Ambrosian Liturgy alone. And not 
 to mention now, that it contained no office for the 
 Fridays in Lent, which shews, that at that time 
 they believed that the receiving of the Sacrament 
 was a breaking of the fast ; upon which account 
 also they call it vitalia alimenta, " food of life," 
 and wholly overthrows the notion of transubstanti- 
 ation. 
 
 We find there also this prayer for the Post-com- 
 munion, p. 310. Pignus vita (sterna; capientes, hu- 
 militer te, Domine, imploramus^ ut apostolicis J'ulti 
 patrociniis, quod in imagine contigimus Sacrameiiti^ 
 manifesta perceptioiie sumamus. " Having received 
 
44 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " this pledge of eternal life, we humbly beseech 
 ^^^' " thee, O Lord, that being assisted with apostolical 
 " suffrages, what we have now touched in the image 
 " of the Sacrament, we may by manifest perception 
 " take and receive." This prayer is found in the 
 missal of Gelasius, and in other ancient missals. 
 Now, according to the observation of Ratramnus, 
 that which is a pledge and image, is so of another 
 thing different from itself. • 
 
 We find there the Communion under both kinds, 
 p. 207. as well as the preservation of those two 
 kinds, and their mixture, p. 304. in such a manner 
 as quite overthrows the notion of concomitance re- 
 ceived in the Church of Rome. 
 
 We meet there also with this prayer, Hanc ohla- 
 tionem suscipias in suhlimi altari tuo, per manus 
 angelorum. tuorum, s'lcut suscipere cUgnatus es mu- 
 nera pueri tul justi Abel, &c. " Receive this offering 
 " on thy high altar, from the hands of thy angels, 
 " as thou wast pleased to receive the gifts of thy 
 " servant righteous Abel." p. 302, 303. Which 
 clauses have made the Schoolmen to sweat blood 
 and water, in endeavouring to reconcile them with 
 the notion of the real presence. 
 42 We find there also this prayer, which absolutely 
 decides the question, .Sterne Deus, suppUciter im- 
 plorantes, ut Films tiius Jesus Christus, qui se in 
 Jine seculi suis promisit Jidelihus affuturum, et 
 prcesenticE coiyoralis mysteriis, non deserat quos 
 redemit, et majestatis sum henejiciis non relmquat. 
 " Beseeching thee, O eternal God, that thy Son 
 " Jesus Christ, who has promised to be with be- 
 " lievers to the end of the world, may not forsake 
 " those he has redeemed, with respect of the mys- 
 " teries ; he may not deprive those whom he has 
 " redeemed, of the mysteries of his corporal pre- 
 " sence, nor leave them destitute of the blessings of 
 " his majesty." It seems evident, that these words, 
 ^* the mysteries of his bodily presence," signify 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 45 
 
 plainly, that Jesus Christ is absent, with respect to chap. 
 his flesh, though his body be present in its image, ' 
 
 which represents it to us. 
 
 It is commonly supposed, from the testimony of Lib. 5. de 
 the books of the Sacraments attributed to St. Am- ^^'^'■'*™- *^- 
 brose, that the Ambrosian Liturgy had this clause: 
 Fac nobis hanc oblationem adscriptam, rationahi- 
 lem, acceptabilem, quod est ji^ura corporis et san- 
 guinis Domini nostri Jcsu Christi. " Make this of- 
 " fering to be imputed to us, reasonable and accept- 
 " able, which is a figure of the body and blood 
 " of our Lord Jesus Christ." And indeed, though 
 the word Jigure be not found now in Pamelius's 
 edition of the Ambrosian Liturgy; nevertheless, 
 first, we find, that by a marginal note he refers 
 his reader to St. Ambrose himself, de Sacram. lib. 
 5. cap. 5. Secondly, Paraelius, in his 6oth title, 
 where he sets down the words of consecration, cites 
 the place of St. Ambrose with the word Jigura. 
 Thirdly, we find it so in the edition of St. Ambrose, 
 printed at Paris in the year 1529. The words are 
 these : Vis scire quia verbis coelestibus consecratur, 
 accipe qua sunt verba. Dicit sacerdos, Fac nobis, 
 inquity hanc oblationem adscriptam, rationabilem et 
 acceptabilem, quod est Jigura corporis et sanguinis 
 Domini nostri Jesu Christi. This passage has been 
 corrupted in other editions ; but Paschasius's quoting 
 of it in the year 835, in his treatise of the body and 
 blood of our Lord, confounds the authors of this 
 falsification. But to speak the truth, as I do not be- 
 lieve that these books of the Sacraments were writ 43 
 by St. Ambrose, though Mabillon assures us that 
 they have been found at St. Gal, under his name ; 
 so neither have I any certainty that this prayer was 
 taken out of the Office or Liturgy of St. Ambrose. 
 What passages I have already cited are sufficient to 
 shew, that the carnal presence was not then believed 
 by the diocese of Italy. They who are willing to 
 examine the said Liturgy will find many other pas- 
 
46 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, sages in it, that do invincibly confirm the same 
 ^"- truth. 
 
 By this we may judge what hkelihood there is of 
 finding any thing in this Liturgy concerning the 
 adoration of the Host after consecration : indeed, 
 we are so far from finding any such thing there, that 
 we meet with no hint thereof even in the ages after 
 Paschasius ; of which we can give a demonstrative 
 proof, viz. that whereas at this day use is made of 
 the adoration of the Host to prove the real presence, 
 none of those that disputed against Berengarius for 
 almost an hundred years together, did mention one 
 word of that proof, which should clearly make out, 
 that Berengarius and Scotus were innovators, by op- 
 posing themselves to a belief, which served for a 
 foundation to establish a worship, which the Church 
 had publicly owned and practised. 
 
 I say nothing here concerning that clause made 
 use of in the Ambrosian Liturgy, wherein they pray 
 for the dead, that " sleep the sleep of peace." Thus 
 much is evident, that that prayer is as contrary to 
 the notion of purgatory, as those we find in the 
 Roman Liturgy; as our authors, and Blondel in par- 
 ticular, have shewed. The prayer for the dead, p. 
 298. which that Liturgy contains, was founded upon 
 other principles than those which the doctors of 
 Rome at this day admit of; as hath been made out 
 from the confessions of the learned men of that 
 communion themselves. The substance of these 
 prayers is, thatjidelibus vita mutatur, non tollitur, 
 et in timoris Dei ohservatione def'unctis domicilium 
 perpetucE fcelicitatis acquiritur. " As to believers, 
 " their life [by death] is only changed, not taken 
 " away, and that the deceased, who have lived in 
 44" the observance of the fear of God, do acquire a 
 " mansion of perpetual felicity:" as we find the 
 words in the prayer for many souls, p. 451. Not 
 to insist now, that in the next following prayer the 
 bosom of Abraham is taken for the state of glory; 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 47 
 
 which the Church of Rome contradicts and rejects chap. 
 at present. ^"' 
 
 I own, that in the Ambrosian Liturgy, p. 341 . we 
 find the anointing of the sick and possessed persons 
 mentioned, but only with reference to the obtaining 
 the remission of their sins, and their cure ; which 
 cannot be the Roman unction. We find there this 
 clause : Concede infuslone Sancti Spiritus, olim tihi 
 placitam, prcssentis olel conjirmes, nohilitesque sub- 
 stantiam, ut quicquid ex eo in humano genere tactum 
 fuerit, ad naturam transeat ynox supernam. " Grant 
 " by the infusion of the Holy Spirit, so to strengthen 
 " and enrich the substance of this present oil, for- 
 " merly accepted of by thee, that whosoever of the 
 " race of mankind shall therewith be touched, may 
 " immediately be exalted to the nature that is from 
 " on high." 
 
 What we meet with there likewise concerning the 
 consecration of the chrism used in Confirmation, 
 contains nothing that can give us much trouble. 
 We acknowledge that it is a ceremony which has 
 been practised since the fourth century, as an ap- 
 pendix to Baptism ; neither do we look upon that 
 ceremony as blameworthy, but only so far as the 
 Church of Rome has pretended to make a sacra- 
 ment of it, properly so called, and thereby to make 
 a ceremony, introduced by men, equal to that which 
 was instituted by our Lord Jesus Christ himself. 
 And I have the same thing to say concerning the 
 benediction of the fire and the wax candles at Easter, 
 the benediction of the fonts, and some other cere- 
 monies we meet with there. 
 
 Moreover, we find there, as well as in the Roman 
 Liturgy, a prayer wherein remission of sins is begged 
 of God, calling him non (Estimator rneriti, sed venicE 
 donator; " not a regarder of merit, but a giver of 
 " pardon :" which expression one of the most famous 
 Schoolmen has looked upon as absolutely contrary 
 to the doctrine of merit, as it is held at present. So 
 
48 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, likewise, p. 298. we find these words, Inlqiiitates 
 , meas ne respexerisy sed sola tua misericordia mihi 
 
 45 prosit indigno ; " Do not thou regard mine iniquities, 
 " but let thy alone mercy help me unworthy." 
 
 After all, we must continually remember, that 
 this piece comes from very suspected hands. Pa- 
 melius, who is the first that has printed it, confess- 
 eth himself to have cut off a great part of it, which 
 he pretends indeed to have done only to avoid repe- 
 tition : but it is well known, that these sort of works 
 must be very exactly inspected, to be well assured 
 of the force of the expressions therein contained, 
 and to be able to pass a certain judgment concerning 
 them. I return now to the method I have prescribed 
 to myself. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Opinions of the Churches of Italy during the 
 eighth century. 
 
 T.7.Con- We may be informed concerning the state of 
 cii. p. 1002.^1^^^^ Churches, first by the Council of Forojulio, 
 wherein no other Creed is prescribed to the people, 
 but that of the Apostles, nor any other prayer, but 
 the Lord's Prayer; by which, in abstaining from 
 wicked works, men may certainly arrive at salvation. 
 Secondly, by their Bishops assisting at the Council 
 of Francfort, in the year 794- which was a synod of 
 the western Church. Paulinus, Bishop of Aquilcia, 
 who was present there, wrote at the same time a 
 book against the doctrine of Foelix, Bishop of Urge), 
 and Elipandus, Bishop of Toledo, who maintained 
 the opinions of Nestorius. It appears, that he wrote 
 this book by the order of Charles the Great, during 
 P. 315. the session of that council. He plainly asserts, in 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 49 
 
 this writing, first, that the Bishops were convened chap. 
 there by the orders of Charles the Great ; he knew ' 
 
 not that it belonged to the Pope alone to regulate 
 matters of faith, and assemble councils. Secondly, 46 
 that what he attributes to the Church, that she can- 
 not be overcome by heresies, which are the gates of 
 hell, has reference only to the universal Church, P.316,319. 
 very far from attributing this privilege to the Popes, 
 as being the successors of St. Peter. Thirdly, that this 
 Council did not expect their authority from the 
 Pope's confirmation ; since they maintain, that Foe- 
 lix and Elipandus ought to be excommunicated 
 post plenario' si/nodi judicium, " upon judgment 
 " passed by a full council." 
 
 I acknowledge, that he seems to give great defer- 
 ence to the authority of Pope Adrian, when he saith, 
 that the followers of Foelix and Elipandus ought to 
 be excommunicated with their masters, Reserimto 
 per omnia juris privilegio sunimi pontificis domini 
 et patris nostri, Adriani, prima' sedis beatissimi 
 Papa"; "The rightful privileges of the high priest 
 " our lord and father Adrian, the most blessed Pope 
 " of the principal see, being always reserved entire." 
 But it is plain, that he makes use of this condescen- 
 sion for no other reason, but because Charles the 
 Great had desired him to consult Pope Adrian upon 
 so important a question ; though indeed, the excom- 
 munication being already pronounced, this, after all, 
 could be nothing more than a ceremony, or at the 
 most a wise precaution, to hinder the Pope from en- 
 gaging himself with a bad party. 
 
 We have a certain proof hereof, from the manner 
 how Paulinus and the Bishops of Italy did agree to 
 condemn the definitions of the second Council of 
 Nice, in the year 787, as idolatrous definitions, not- 
 withstanding that Pope Adrian had assisted at that 
 Council by his legates, and though he did his ut- 
 most endeavours to maintain them. All authors of 
 
50 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, the ninth century, and next following, do unani- 
 
 J mously testify, that the Council of Francfort, where 
 
 Paulinus and his fellow-deputies of the diocese of 
 Italy were present, did condemn the second Council 
 of Nice, notwithstanding that Theophylact and 
 Stephen, the Pope's legates, assisted at it. We may 
 easily conceive from hence what was the judgment 
 of the Bishops of Italy, with reference to the Pope, 
 47 and those that joined with him : if they held any 
 communion with the Pope, they did it only with 
 design to bring him back again to the truth ; so that 
 they acted conformably to the opinion of the Bi- 
 shops of France, which is expressed by Jonas, Bishop 
 of Orleans, upon the same occasion, lib. 1. p. 539. 
 and 540. notwithstanding Jonas pronounceth ana- 
 thema against those that worship images. 
 
 I shall say nothing concerning the exhortation 
 which St. Paulinus addresseth to the Bishops, to- 
 wards the end of his book, that they would pray to 
 God, by the intercession of the holy Virgin and St. 
 Peter, the first pastor of the Church, and of all 
 saints, and by the suffrages of the Council, to defend 
 the Emperor; for we find, after all, that this is only 
 a wish founded on this supposal, that saints, after 
 death, may pray for the welfare of the living; 
 which seems probable enough. 
 
 We find also what was the doctrine of Paulinus, 
 Bishop of Aquileia, in the book he wrote against 
 Foelix, Bishop of Urgel, at the request of Charles 
 the Great. See how he expresseth himself concern- 
 ing the Eucharist, in his dedication to Charles the 
 Great, p. 1766', &c. initio. He affirms, that the Eu- 
 charist consists of bread ; he calls it, huccella et par- 
 ticula pmiis, " a morsel and bit of bread :" he main- 
 tains, that it is either death or life in the mouth of 
 him that eats it, according as he hath or hath not 
 faith : than which nothing could be spoke more 
 clear, to prove that the Eucharist is nothing but 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 51 
 
 bread and substance, and that faith or increduhty ^^^'jj^j^- 
 
 makes all the difference that is found amongst com- _ 
 
 municants. 
 
 He refers and applies the character of priest, ac- 
 cording to the order of Melchizedeck, to the incar- 
 nation and cross of Jesus Christ, and not to the sa- 
 crifice of the Mass. He thunders out anathemas 
 against all human satisfactions ; maintaining, that 
 the blood of none of those that have been redeemed 
 themselves is capable to blot out the least sin, and 
 that that is the privilege of our Saviour Jesus Christ 
 alone, p. 1792. 
 
 He lays it down as a rule, that the human nature 48 
 in Christ is so circumscribed, as to be only in one 
 place, p. 1833. Natiira namque altera, hoc est homi- 
 nis, erat in terra tantummodo; altera ubique in codo 
 et in terra, hoc est divina. Potuit ergo, quod duo 
 erant, divinmn sc. et humanum, aliud in ccelo et 
 ubique esse, et aliud in terra solummodo. Non ta- 
 men potuit ille qui unus erat, Filius videlicet Dei et 
 hominis, non totus ubique esse, in coelo pariter et in 
 terra. Ubique sane totus quia unus est et omnipo- 
 tens Deus; unus idemque omnipotentis Dei, et ho- 
 minis Filius. Humana namque natura non descendit, 
 nee fuit ibi priusquani,i:nDeum assumpta, ascend- 
 eret corporaliter in caelum. Filius autem. hominis 
 quia unus idernque ipse est Filius Dei, et de ccelo de- 
 scendit, wide nunquam discesserat, et in ccelo erat, 
 cum loqueretur in terra; et in terram venit ubi erat, 
 et in coelum asceiisurus erat per id quod homo est, 
 et ibi ascendit ubi erat prius, per id quod Deus est. 
 Domini namque sunt verba dicentis, Nemo ascendit 
 in coelum, nisi qui descendit de coelo, Filius hominis 
 qui est in coelo. " One of his natures, the human, was 
 " only upon earth : the other, that is, the Divine 
 " nature, was every where, both in heaven and on 
 " earth : wherefore, because these were two natures, 
 " viz. the Divine and human, the one of them could 
 " be in heaven, and every where, and the other only 
 
 E 2 
 
52 
 
 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. 
 VIII. 
 
 49 
 
 * on earth. Yet notwithstanding, he who was the 
 ' only Son both of God and man, could not but be 
 ' wholly every where, both in heaven and on earth ; 
 ' whole every where, because he is the one and om- 
 ' nipotent God ; one and God Almighty, and the 
 one Son of Almighty God and man. For the hu- 
 man nature did not come down from heaven, nei- 
 ' ther was it there, till being taken up to God, it 
 ' ascended corporally into heaven. And because 
 ' the Son of man is one and the same with the Son 
 ' of God, therefore he came down from heaven, 
 ' from whence he never departed, and was in hea- 
 ' ven while he spoke here upon earth ; and he came 
 ' down to the earth, where he was before, and was 
 ' to ascend into heaven, as he was man, and as he 
 ' was God, he ascended where he was before ; for 
 ' they are the words of our Lord, No man ascends 
 ' up into heaven, but he that came down from hea- 
 ven, even the Son of man, who is in heaven." 
 Which is the same opinion we find expressed in 
 the Council of Forojulio, in the year 791- ^^ which 
 Paulinus Bishop of Aquileia presided. T. 7- Cone. 
 p. 1001. 
 
 He asserts, that in celebrating the Eucharist we 
 feed upon the Divine nature of Jesus Christ, which 
 cannot be said, but only with respect to believ- 
 ers, and must be understood metaphorically; which 
 plainly shews what his belief was concerning the oral 
 manducation of the body of Jesus Christ, p. 1836. 
 l^el qua ratione si adoptivus Jilius est, qui non 
 manducat carnem Filii hominis, et non bibit ejus 
 sanguinem, non habet vitam cEiernam? Qui man- 
 ducat, inquit, meam carnem, et bibit meum sangui- 
 nem, habet vitam. (Bternam, et ego i-esuscitabo eum in 
 novissimo die. Caro mea vere est cibus, et sanguis 
 meus vere est potus. Resuscitandi in novissinio die 
 potestas nulli alio nisi vero pcrinanet Deo. Caro 
 namque et sanguis ad humanam, per quam. Filius 
 hominis est, non ad Divinam referri potest naturam. 
 
ancient Church 0/ Piedmont. 63 
 
 Et tamen si ille Filius hominis cui ha;c caro et san- chap. 
 
 guis est, pro eo quod unus idemque sit Dei et homi- 
 
 nis Filius, si Deus verus non esset, caro ejus et san- 
 guis manducantihus et hihentibus se, nullo rnodo 
 vitam prcBstaret atermatn. Unde et Johannes Evan- 
 gelista ait, Et sanguis Filii ejus lavat nos ab omni 
 peccato. Aut cujus caro et sanguis dat vitam jnan- 
 ducantihus et bibentibus se, nisi Filii hominis, quern 
 Deus signavit Pater, qui est verus et omnipotens 
 Filius Dei 9 Nam et panis vivus pro nobis descendif 
 de coelo, qui dat vitam mundo; quique eoc eo man- 
 ducaverit non moritur in cEternum: ipse enim dicit. 
 Ego sum panis vivus, qui de coelo descendi. Sic 
 quippe descendit pa?iis vivus de coelo, qui semper 
 manebat in coelo, sicut Filius hominis descendit de 
 coelo, qui quoniam unus idemque erat Filius Dei, 
 nunquam deseruit caelum. "Or hoW;, if he be an 
 " adopted son only, is it said, that he who doth 
 " not eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his 
 " blood, hath not eternal life ? He that eats, saith 
 " he, my flesh, and drinks my blood, hath eternal 
 " life, and I will raise him up at the last day. My 
 " flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink in- 
 " deed. The power of raising up at the last day 
 ** belongs to none, but the true God ; for the flesh 
 " and blood cannot be referred to his Divine, but to 50 
 " his human nature, by which he is the Son of man: 
 " and yet, if that Son of man, whose this flesh and 
 " blood is, (for that one and the same person is both 
 " the Son of God and the Son of man,) were not 
 " true God, his flesh and blood could not procure 
 " eternal life to those that eat them. And therefore 
 " John the Evangelist saith. And the blood of his 
 " Son cleanseth us from all sin. Or, whose flesh and 
 " blood gives life to those that eat and drink them, 
 " but the Son of man's, whom God the Father hath 
 " sealed, who is the true and Almighty Son of God ; 
 " for He, the bread of life, is come down from hea- 
 " ven for us, who gives life unto the world, and who- 
 
 E 3 
 
54 Remarl^s upon the 
 
 CHAP. " soever eats thereof shall live for ever: for he him- 
 ___!_" self saith, I am the bread of life that came down 
 "from heaven: for this bread of life came down 
 " from heaven, which also always stayed in heaven, 
 " in the same manner as the Son of man came down 
 " from heaven, who, because he is also the Son of 
 " God, never left heaven." 
 
 We cannot meet with a more orthodox explication 
 of the office of Mediator and Advocate, than that is 
 which he sets down, or a greater precaution than he 
 gives us, not to look upon the saints as mediators, 
 p. 1790- Mediator igitur ab eo, quod jnedius sit intr^a 
 utrasque dissidentium partes, et reconciliet ambos in 
 unum, &c, Denique non Paulus ynediator, sed le- 
 gatus Jidelis Mediator is ; Legationem, inquit, fun- 
 gimur pro Christo, reconciliamini Deo. Advocatus 
 namque est, qui jam pro reconciiiatis interpellat, 
 quemadmodum idem Redemptor noster facit, cum 
 humanam Deo Patri, in unitate Dei, hominisque 
 personce, naturam ostendit. Hoc est enim Deum Pa- 
 trem pro nobis interpellare. Joannes non interpel- 
 lare, sed ipsum etiam esse propitiationem pro pec- 
 catis tiostris declarat. " Wherefore he is called the 
 " Mediator, because he is a middle person between 
 " both the disagreeing parties, and reconciles them 
 " together in one," &c. " Lastly, Paul is not a medi- 
 " ator, but a faithful ambassador of the Mediator. 
 " We are ambassadors for Christ, and the sum of' 
 " our embassy is, Be ye reconciled to God. An ad- 
 " vocate is one that intercedes for those that are al- 
 51 " ready reconciled, even as our Redeemer doth, when 
 " he shews his human nature to God the Father, 
 " in the unity of his Person, who is God-man ; for 
 " this is truly to intercede with God the Father for 
 " us. John doth not say, that he intercedes for us, 
 " but declares him to be a propitiation for our sins." 
 
 He clearly shews in the same place, p. 1792. that 
 he did not look upon the saints as redeemers, but 
 Jesus Christ alone, according to the signification of 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 5^ 
 
 his name; since none of them, who have been re- chap. 
 
 deemed themselves, are able to blot out sin. Etenim 1_ 
 
 omnipotentis Dei Filius, omnipotens Dominiis noster, 
 quia pretio sanguinis sui nos redemit,Jure Redemp- 
 tor, verus omnium redemptorum vocibus prcsdicatur. 
 Non, inquam, ille redemptus, quia nunquam cap- 
 tivus; nos vero redempti, quiafuimus captivi,venun- 
 dati sub peccato, obUgati nimij'um in eo chirographo 
 decreti, quod ipse tulit de medio, delens sanguine 
 SHO, quod nullius alius redemptorum delere potuit 
 sanguis, adjijcit illud,palam triumphans in semetipso. 
 " For the Son of the Almighty God, our Almighty 
 '* Lord, because he has redeemed us with the price 
 " of his blood, is justly called the true Redeemer, 
 " by all that are redeemed by him. He, I say, was 
 " not redeemed, because he was never captive ; but 
 " we are redeemed, who were captives, sold under 
 " sin, and bound by the hand-writing that was 
 " against us, which he took away, blotting it out 
 " with his blood, which the blood of no other 
 " redeemer could do, and fixed it to his cross, openly 
 " triumphing over it in himself." 
 
 It plainly appears, that he had no other notion 
 concerning the obscurity of Scripture than we have, 
 by his reproaching Fcelix, that he had done accord- 
 ing to St. Peter's discourse concerning the writings 
 of St. Paul. p. 1795, and 1796. 
 
 He doth not own, that the Church was founded 
 on St. Peter, but on Jesus Christ, p. 1800 and 1801. 
 Et licet esset primus in or dine Apostolorum, ideo 
 tamen diu siluit, quia non Dominus quid illi, pro 
 quibus solus Petrus responsurus erat, sed quid ho- 
 mines de Filio hominis (Estimarent, explorare dig- 
 natus est. " And though he were the first amongst 
 " the Apostles, yet he did not speak for some time, 52 
 " because the Lord did not inquire what they, for 
 " whom only Peter was to answer, but what meq 
 " thought of the Son of man." 
 
 He lays it down as an inviolable maxim of Christ- 
 E 4 
 
56 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, ianity, that we cannot believe but in God only, in 
 ^"^' opposition to that which is taught by the Church of 
 Rome. 
 
 He wholly overthrows the immaculate conception 
 of the blessed Virgin, p. 1808. ad finem. Ipse quippe 
 solus et smgulariter de Spiritu Sancto conceptus, et 
 natus ex Virgine, a vulva sine peccato prodilt Deus 
 et homo. " For he alone being in a singular manner, 
 " conceived by the Holy Ghost, and born of the 
 " Virgin, came forth from the womb without sin, 
 " both God and man." 
 
 If any one will take the pains to examine the 
 opinions of this Bishop, he will find it an hard 
 thing not to take notice, that he denies what the 
 Church of Rome affirms, with relation to all these 
 articles ; and that he affirms what the Church of 
 Rome denies : and whatever colourable arts may be 
 employed, it will be very hard not to perceive this 
 opposition through them all. 
 
 I join with St. Paulinus of Aquileia, Paulus Dia- 
 conus of the same Church, who, forasmuch as he 
 was very famous towards the end of the eighth, and 
 about the beginning of the ninth century, we have 
 reason not to pass over his opinions without some 
 notice taken of them ; and the rather doth his judg- 
 ment deserve a more particular consideration, be- 
 cause he was born in Lombardy, was Deacon of the 
 Church of Aquileia, whence he was removed by 
 Charles the Great, after his having taken Desiderius, 
 the last king of the Lombards, prisoner, and was 
 honoured with the favour of Charles the Great. We 
 have several of his pieces, but I shall content myself 
 with two of his treatises, the one whereof is the 
 Life of St. Gregory the Great, because the Papists 
 believe they have found in that book an invincible 
 proof for transubstantiation ; the other is, the col- 
 lection of homilies he made for all the festival days 
 of the year, by the order of Charles the Great, and 
 which that Emperor authorized by his approbation. 
 
ancient Church of' Piedmont. dtf 
 
 He tells us, in the Life of St. Gregory, that a chap. 
 
 Roman lady, who was used to make the bread her- 
 
 self which she offered for the Communion, smiling 53 
 when St. Gregory offered a piece of it to her in the 
 Eucharist, St. Gregory perceiving it, took back the 
 piece of bread, and gave it to the Deacon, to keep 
 it till the Communion was over, at which time he 
 demanded of her why she had laughed : to which 
 she answered, that it was because he called that 
 the body of our Lord, which she knew to be a 
 piece of the same bread she had offered. Where- 
 upon St. Gregory made a sermon to the people, 
 exhorting them to beg of God, that he would be 
 pleased to manifest that to them, which that un- 
 believing woman could not see with the eyes 
 of faith. After prayer, he draws near to the altar, 
 lifts up the corporal pall that covered the piece 
 of bread, and shews them the top of his little 
 finger stained with blood, ac fnulieri dixit, Disce, 
 inquam, veritati vel modo jam credere contestantiy 
 Panis, quern ego do, caro mea est, et sanguis mens 
 vere est potus. Sed prcescius Conditor noster in- 
 Jirmitatis nostrcE, ea potestate, qua cuncta fecit ex 
 nihilo, et corpus sibi, ex came semper Virginis, ope- 
 rante Sancto Spiritu fahricavit, panem et vinum 
 aqua mixtum, manente propria specie in carnem et 
 sanguinem suum, ad Catholicam precem, ob repara- 
 tionem nostram, Spiritus Sancti sanctijicatione con- 
 vertit: " and said to the woman. Learn, I say, from 
 " henceforward, at least to believe Truth itself, 
 " which saith. The bread which I give is myjiesh, 
 " and my blood is drink indeed. But our Creator 
 " foreseeing our weakness, by the same power by 
 " which he made the world of nothing, and made 
 " himself a body; by the operation of the Holy 
 " Ghost, of the flesh of the ever Virgin, has by the 
 " sanctification of the Holy Spirit converted the 
 " bread and wine mixed with water, still remaining 
 " under their own kind, into his flesh and blood, at 
 " the catholic prayer, for our salvation." This done, 
 
58 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, he commanded all the people to beg of God, ut in 
 ^"^' f ormam pristinam sacrosanctiim refonnaret myste- 
 rium, quatenus mulieri ad siimendinn fidsset possi- 
 bile; " that he would change that holy mystery into 
 " the form it had before, so as the woman might 
 54" be able to take it; which happening accordingly, 
 " strengthened the faith of that lady, and of all the 
 " people that were present." 
 
 I shall not examine at present, whether this his- 
 tory be a fable or not : sure it is, that most of the 
 particulars it contains seem to be of that character, 
 or at least we find none there, whose truth is attested 
 by witnesses that lived at the time of St. Gregory, or 
 soon after. But let this be as it will, I deny that 
 these miracles, whereof we have some other in- 
 stances in the book entitled, f^ita^ Patrum, can be of 
 any use to confirm the doctrine of transubstantiation, 
 as Mabillon pretends in the margin of this relation ; 
 and that consequently Paulus Diaconus, who relates 
 the same, did not believe transubstantiation. 
 
 First, I deny, that by the word species ever any 
 one, speaking of bread, understood any other thing 
 than the substance of bread. Let them prove to us, 
 that the word species did ever heretofore signify the 
 accidents only; this being a notion which transub- 
 stantiation gave birth to some ages after that wherein 
 Paulus Diaconus lived. 
 
 Secondly, I deny, that from this apparition we 
 can infer the real presence ; we may indeed from 
 thence conclude a virtual presence, but nothing 
 more. The consequence is so clear, that it hath 
 been acknowledged by the Schoolmen, whilst they 
 were inquiring, what might be concluded from 
 these kind of apparitions of the flesh of a child, 
 of blood in the Eucharist. And indeed, if any 
 such thing were to be inferred from these ap- 
 paritions, we ought also to conclude the con- 
 trary; for there have been miracles quite oppo- 
 site to these now related. I will instance in a very 
 notable one. A Severian heretic having locked up 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 59 
 
 the Eucharist, that his servant, who was a Cathohc, chap, 
 had put in his trunk, as Moschus tells us, c. 79- he ^^ ^' 
 found ears of corn in the stead of it. Was the sub- 
 stance of bread here returned again, and did it af- 
 terwards bring forth ears of corn ? Those of the 
 Romish Church are very far from believing any such 
 thing. We read also in the Life of Melanius Bishop 
 of Rhennes, that the Eucharist was changed into a 
 serpent, to punish the superstition of Marsus, who 
 had preferred the keeping of a fast to the receivings/? 
 of the Communion, and that afterwards the said 
 serpent was changed into the Eucharist again at the 
 prayer of Melanius, and was then received by 
 Marsus. 
 
 Besides, Paulus Diaconus himself shews us in his 
 following relation, what he would have us to con- 
 clude from this sort of miracles. He tells us, that a 
 great lord having sent his ambassadors to Rome, to 
 obtain some relics of the Apostles and Martyrs, that 
 St. Gregory, instead of the relics they desired, gave 
 them only some pieces of consecrated cloth, which 
 he severally put up into boxes, and delivered them 
 unto the ambassadors, having first sealed the boxes 
 with his own seal. And adds, that the ambassadors 
 being seized with a curiosity, on their journey home- 
 ward, to know what those boxes contained, they had 
 been strangely surprised, upon opening of them, to 
 find nothing there but some scraps of cloth, which 
 made them return back to Rome, to make their 
 complaint, that, instead of the bones of Martyrs or 
 Apostles, they had given them nothing but some 
 bits of cloth. Upon these complaints made by the 
 ambassadors to the Archdeacon, St. Gregory com- 
 mandeth them to come to church, and exhorted the 
 people to pray to God ; Quatenus in hac re dignetur 
 apertissime sic suam pofentiam pat ej'a cere, ut quid 
 mereaturjides, evidentius minus creduli et ignoraur- 
 tes possint cognoscere. Et data oratione accepit 
 cultellum qui temeraverat signa, et super altare 
 
6q Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, corporis sancti Petri, accept am unam panni portio- 
 nem per medium pungens secuit, ex qua statim san- 
 guis decucurrit, et omnem eandem poriiunculam 
 cruentavit. Videntes autem suprascripti legatarii, 
 et omnes populi, stupendum et arcanum Jidei sacrcE 
 miraculum, ceciderunt proni in terram, adorantes 
 Dominum, dicentes, Mirahilis Deus in Sanctis suis, 
 Deus Israel, ipse dabit virtutem etj'orfitudinem plebi 
 su(B, benedictus Deus. Et facto silentio, inter alia 
 Jidei dociimenta, dixit ad eos beatus Gregorius, qui 
 ante has venerandas reliquias parvi duxerant, Sci- 
 tote,Jratres, quia in consecratione corporis et san- 
 guinis Domini nostri Jesu, cum ob sanctijicationem 
 reliquiarum in honore Apostolorum vel Martyrum 
 ipsius quibus specialiter assignabantur ; supra sacro- 
 bQ sanctum altar e libamina offerebantur, semper il- 
 lorum sanguis hos pannos intravit qui effusus est 
 pro nomine Christi Domini nostri. " That he would 
 " be pleased so openly to declare his power on this 
 " occasion, that the unbelievers and the ignorant 
 " might know what faith is able to effect. And 
 " prayer being ended, he took the knife wherewith 
 " the seals had been broke open, and laying one of 
 " those pieces of cloth upon the holy altar of St. 
 " Peter, he struck the knife through it, from whence 
 " immediately blood gushed forth, which stained 
 " the whole piece of cloth : whereupon the ambas- 
 " sadors and all the people beholding this astonish- 
 " ing and mysterious miracle of holy faith, fell flat 
 " down with their faces to the ground, and wor- 
 " shipped the Lord, saying, Wonderful is the Lord 
 " in his saints, the God of Israel, he shall give vir- 
 " tue and strength to his people, blessed be God. 
 " And after silence was made, amongst other instruc- 
 " tions in the faith, St. Gregory said unto them, 
 " who before had undervalued these venerable 
 " relics, Know ye, brethren, that in consecrating 
 " the body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, 
 " when for the sanctification of relics in honour of 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 6l 
 
 " the Apostles or Martyrs, whose they were, drink- chap, 
 
 " offerings were offered on the holy altar, their 1_ 
 
 " blood, which was shed for the name of Jesus 
 " Christ, always entered these pieces of cloth." 
 This is that they call Brandeum, mentioned by 
 Sigebert, upon the year 441, when he says, that St, 
 Leo had brought it into request. True it is, that this 
 fable is of a sort unknown to all antiquity; but, 
 however, it proves thus much, that these apparitions 
 of blood in the Host suppose no more than the virtue 
 of the blood of Jesus Christ, 
 
 As to the homilies of the primitive Fathers, 
 whereof Paulus Diaconus made a collection, it is 
 very surprising to find not so much as one inserted 
 amongst them, whence we can pick this doctrine of 
 the real presence, if he with the Church of his time 
 had conceived this to have been the doctrine of the 
 primitive Church, We find indeed in this his col- 
 lection some homilies of St. Leo, FericE 2,3, 4. and 
 some others, which treat of the sacrament of the 57" 
 Eucharist, which Jesus Christ substituted instead of 
 the Passover: but we find this matter so drily 
 handled in them, that it is hard to conceive how 
 these expressions of antiquity could satisfy a man 
 who had been tinged with the doctrine of Pas- 
 chasius. 
 
 As for those other Romish doctrines, which at 
 this day are made the leading points of religion, we 
 may boldly say, that we can find nothing of them 
 in this collection of homilies, amongst which there 
 are many of St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, and 
 Maximus, Bishop of Turin, whose belief we have 
 already given a sufficient account of: the rest of this 
 collection consists for the most part of the homilies 
 of Origen, St. Jerome, St. Austin, St. Chrysostom, 
 and venerable Bedc, whose opinions are well known ; 
 there being scarce any of these authors, whose belief 
 has not been represented in particular, to make it 
 appear how far they were from concurring with the 
 
62 Remarks itpon the 
 
 CHAP, opinions of the Church of Rome about the prin- 
 V"J- cipal doctrines, which at this day are the causes 
 of the separation of the Protestants from that 
 Church. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Opinions of the Church of Italy during the ninth 
 century. 
 
 W E are now come to the ninth century, whereip, 
 after this diocese had been subject to several princes 
 it came into the hands of Charles the Great and his 
 successors. We have already seen how the Prelates 
 of this diocese, at the Council of Francfort, opposed 
 themselves to superstition, which then began to 
 gather strength. But we shall perceive this more 
 58 clearly in the sequel of this discourse. It cannot be 
 denied, but that the state of the Church in general 
 was, as it were, wholly overthrown. Angilbertus, 
 Bishop of Milan, gives us a most sad representation 
 ^ of it, in the relation which he gives to Ludovicus 
 
 Ripamont. Pius. " To our great sorrow," saith he, " we have 
 in his Hist. " found, that scarce ought of holiness or sincerity is 
 " left in the Church, and the corruptions are crept 
 "into it;" which afterwards he instanceth in par- 
 ticular: and I doubt not but Italy had her share of 
 the infection. Indeed superstition could not but in- 
 crease under the shelter of so profound a negligence 
 of the pastors, as did then obtain : but the Divine 
 providence was pleased to provide a remedy against 
 it by means of Claudius, Bishop of Turin. And since 
 Claudius had a great share in defending of the truth 
 in this diocese of Italy, where God had placed him, 
 and that by this means he has been extremely ex- 
 posed to the calumnies of the Romish party; it 
 will be very well worth our pains, to rej)rcpont here 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 63 
 
 these three things, his character, his writings, and his chap. 
 opinions. ' 
 
 This Claudius was born in Spain; he had been a 
 disciple of Fcelix, Bishop of Urgel ; he was for some 
 years in the court of Ludovicus Pius amongst his 
 Chaplains; and being endowed with great talents 
 for a preacher, when Lewis was advanced to the 
 empire, he caused him to be ordained Bishop of 
 Turin. It will probably be imagined, that he had 
 borrowed from Foelix, Bishop of Urge!, the com- 
 panion of Elipandus, the opinions of Nestorianism : 
 but whosoever thinks so, will find himself mistaken ; 
 for his character of a great preacher, which had 
 procured him the esteem of the Emperor, and his 
 long continuance in Lewis's court, during the life of 
 Charles the Great, a court where that opinion, since 
 the condemnation of Fcelix and Elipandus, at Franc- 
 fort, in 'J9'^:> ^'^as very much had in detestation, are 
 sufficient to purge him from any such suspicion. 
 But over and above all this, his writings upon the 
 Scripture shew him to have been very far from that 
 opinion ; for we find in several passages unquestion- 
 able evidences of his orthodox judgment in this 
 point. What he saith upon the xxvth of St. Mat- 5.9 
 thew, ver. 31. is decisive in this matter; and yet he 
 expresseth himself more strongly, if it be possible, 
 on Matth. xxii. ver. 2. Neither is it less easy to 
 purge him of another calumny, which was cast upon 
 him after his death, by Jonas, Bishop of Orleans, 
 who, in his preface to king Charles the Bald, ac- 
 cuseth him for having endeavoured to revive the 
 sect of Arius. I thought at first, that this was only 
 a fault of the transcriber, who had writ Arius for 
 Aerius ; but the manner of Jonas's expressing him- 
 self has made me retract my first conjecture ; how- 
 ever, it is no less easy to refute this calumny, than 
 it was to clear him from the first suspicion. In a 
 word, we do not find any thing like it in so many 
 books writ bv him, and we find that which is con- 
 
64 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, trary to it on Matt. xii. ver. 25. Let them make out 
 ^^' to us, that any such thing was found amongst his 
 papers after his death, as Jonas seems to insinuate, 
 and we shall believe that Jonas was not over apt to 
 give credit to those men, whose only aim was to be- 
 spatter the reputation of Claudius, and to make it 
 odious and detestable to posterity, because he cried 
 down their superstition and idolatry. Except they 
 perform this, we must still look upon this accusation 
 as a mere calumny. 
 
 As for the works of this great man, we may af- 
 firm, there were few in his time who took so much 
 pains to explain the Scripture, or to oppose them- 
 selves against the torrent of superstition. 
 
 He wrote three books upon Genesis in the year 
 815. He made a commentary on St. Matthew, 
 which he published the same year, dedicating it to 
 Justus, Abbot of Charroux. 
 
 He published a commentary upon the Epistle to 
 the Galatians in the year 81 6, and dedicated it to 
 Dructeramnus, a famous abbot, who had exhorted 
 him to write comments upon all St. Paul's Epistles. 
 
 He wrote a commentary on the Epistle to the 
 Ephesians, which he dedicated to Ludovicus Pius, 
 who commanded him to comment upon St. Paul's 
 Epistles ; which dedicatory epistle of his has been 
 published by Mabillon. 
 6o He made a commentary upon Exodus, in four 
 books, which he published in the year 821, dedi- 
 cating them to the Abbot Theodemirus. 
 
 He made also another on Leviticus, which he pub- 
 lished in the year 823, and dedicated it to the same 
 Abbot. Oudin tells us, he hath seen a commentary 
 of his on the Book of Ruth, in a library in Hainault. 
 
 Of all these his works, there is nothing printed 
 but his commentary upon the Epistle to the Ga- 
 latians. The monks of St. Germain have his com- 
 mentary upon all the Epistles in MS. in two vo- 
 lumes, which were found in the library of the abbey 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 6b 
 
 of Fleury, near Orleans. They have also his MS. chap. 
 commentaries on Leviticus, which formerly belonged ' 
 
 to the library of St. Remy at Rheims. As for his 
 commentary on St. Matthew, there are several MS. 
 copies of it in England, as well as elsewhere. 
 
 We may judge in what credit and esteem the doc- 
 trine of Claudius was at that time, by the earnest- 
 ness wherewith the Emperor Ludovicus Pius, and 
 the most famous Abbots of those times, pressed him 
 to explain the holy Scripture in his writings. We 
 may also conclude the same, from his being pro- 
 moted to the episcopal dignity in a place where the 
 superstition in reference to images obliged the Em- 
 peror to provide them with a Bishop that was both 
 learned and vigorous ; for Jonas of Orleans cannot 
 dissemble, but that it was upon this very consider- 
 ation, that the Emperor made a particular choice of 
 Claudius to be consecrated Bishop of Turin. More- 
 over, this see was not an ordinary bishopric, but a 
 very considerable metropolis in the diocese of Italy; 
 but it was not till some time after, that the title of 
 Archbishops was bestowed upon Metropolitans. 
 
 The time wherein he was advanced to the epi- 
 scopal dignity is not certainly known. Father Le 
 Cointe conjectures, very probably, that it was in the 
 year 81/. But whether that be so or no, sure it is, 
 that Claudius, in his illustration of the Scripture, 
 plainly shewed himself to be very free from those 
 errors which at this day are in vogue in Romish 
 communion. 
 
 We need only read his commentary upon theb'l 
 Epistle to the Galatians, to assure us, that he every 
 where asserts the equality of all the Apostles with 
 St. Peter, though the occasions seemed naturally to 
 engage him to establish the primacy of St. Peter, 
 and that of his pretended successors. This we find 
 in ten several passages of that commentary; he onlyjg p ^^y^^ 
 declares the primacy of St. Peter to consist in the^**"'«- 1 i- 
 
 •^ p 7«c), HOfl, 
 
 KOI, 80.-?, 805, ?M, 807, 80y, 810, 814. 
 
 F 
 
66 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, honour he had of founding the Church both amongst 
 the Jews and Gentiles, p. 810. Atid indeed every 
 where throughout his writings he maintains, that 
 Jesus Christ is the only Ilead of the Church. 
 
 He overthrows the doctrine of merits in such a 
 manner as overthrows all the nice distinctions of the 
 Papists on that subject. 
 
 He pronounces anathemas against traditions in 
 matter of religion : so far was he from giving occa- 
 sion to others to suspect, that he made them a part 
 of the object of his faith, as the Church of Rome at 
 present doth. 
 B. p. edit. He maintains, that faith alone saves us, which is 
 Paris t.i. ^i^g point that so extremely provoked the Church of 
 
 p. 813. ' -Ti 1 11 1- 
 
 Kome agamst L.utner, who asserted the same thmg. 
 
 lb. p. 829. He holds the Church to be subject to error, op- 
 posite to what at this day the Romanists pretend in 
 so unreasonable a manner. 
 
 lb. p, 844. He denies, that prayers after death may be of 
 any use to those that have demanded them. 
 
 lb. p.842. He very smartly lashed the superstition and idol- 
 atry, which then began to be renewed, being sup- 
 ported by the authority of the Roman see. 
 
 These things we find in his commentary upon the 
 Epistle to the Galatians ; but the other writings of 
 this great man, manuscript and printed, shew us yet 
 more of his mind. Indeed, we find him giving very 
 public marks of his zeal for the purity of religion in 
 several points. First, he proposeth the doctrine of 
 the Church, in reference to the JEucharist, in a man- 
 ner altogether conformable to the judgment of an- 
 tiquity, following therein the most illustrious doctors 
 of the Christian Church, and shewing that he was, 
 as to that matter, at the farthest distance from the 
 62 opinions which Paschasius Radbertus advanced 
 eighteen or nineteen years after that Claudius had 
 writ his commentary upon St. Matthew. Claudius's 
 
 L,3, c. 14. own words, as they were taken from a MS. of M. 
 Theyer, are these : 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 6*7 
 
 Cuenantihus autem els, accepit Jesus panem, et chap. 
 
 henedixit ac f regit, deditque discipulis suis, et ait, '__ 
 
 Accipite et comedite, hoc est corpus meum. Finitis 
 paschcc veteris solenniis, qucc in cotmnemorationetn 
 antiqucR de j^^gypto liberationis populi Dei oge- 
 hantur, transiit ad novum, quod in suce redemptionis 
 memoriam Ecclesiam frequentare volehat: ut vide- 
 licet et pro came agni ac sanguine sui corporis sail- 
 guinisque sacramentum substitueret, ipsumque se 
 esse monstraret, cui Juravit Dominus, et non pwni- 
 tebit eum, Tu es sacerdos in ccternum secundum ordi- 
 nem Melchisedec. Frangit aiiteni ipse panem quern 
 discipidis porrigit, ut ostendat corporis suifractio- 
 nem 7ion absque sua sponte ac procuratione ven- 
 turam; sed sicut alibi dicit, potestatem se habere po- 
 nendi animam sucim, et potestatem se habere iterum 
 sumendi earn. Quern videlicet panem certi quoque 
 gratia sacramenti, priusquam Jrangeret benediait. 
 Quia naturam humanani quam passurus assumpsit, 
 ipse una cum Patre et Spiritu Sancto gratia divincc 
 virtutis iynplevit. Benedixit panem, et f regit, quia 
 hominem assumptum ita morti subdere dignatus 
 est, ut et divincE immortalitatis veraciter inesse 
 potentiam demonstraret. Ideoque velocius eum a 
 morte resuscitandum esse doceret. Et accipiens ca- 
 Ucem, gratias egit, et dedit illis, dicens, Bibite ex 
 hoc omnes. Cum appropinquare passioni dicitur, 
 accepto pane et calice, gratiam egisse perhibetur; 
 gratias itaque egit qui Jlagella aliencB iniquitafis 
 suscepit. Et qui nihil dignum percussioni exhibuit, 
 humiliter inpercussione benedixit. Ut hinc videlicet 
 ostendat, quid unusquisque injiagello culpcc proprife 
 facer e debeat: si ipse (Equanimiter flagella culpa: 
 portat aliena'; ut hinc ostendat, quid in correptione 
 faciat subditus, si in flageUo positus Patri gratias 
 agit (cqualis. Hie est enim sanguis meus novi tes- 
 tamenti, qui pro multis effundetur in remissioneni 
 peccatorum. Quia panis corpus conjirmat, vinum 
 vero sanguinem. operatur in came; hie ad corpus 
 
 F 2 
 
68 Remarhs upon tJie 
 
 CHAP. Christ! my slice, illud refer^tur ad sanguinem. Veimm 
 _____ quia et nos in Christo, et in nobis Christum manere 
 oportet, vinum Dominici calicis aqua miscetur. At- 
 testante enim Johanne, aqufc popuU sunt. Et neque 
 aquam solam, neque solum vinum, sicut nee gra- 
 num frumenti solum sine admixtione aqucc et con- 
 fectione, in panem cuicjuam licet offerre, ne videlicet 
 oblatio talis quasi caput a membro secernendum. 
 63 esse significet, et vel Christum sine nostra; redemp- 
 tionis amore.pati potuisse, vel nos sine illius passione 
 salvari ac Patri qjferri posse conjingat. Quod au- 
 tem dicit, Hie est sanguis mens novi testamenti, ad 
 distinctionem respicit veteris testamenti, quod hir- 
 corum et vitulorum est sanguine dedicatum ; dicente 
 inter aspergendum legislatore, Hie est sanguis tes- 
 tame7iti, quod mandavit ad vos Deus. Necesse est 
 enim exemplaria quidem verorum his mundari; ipsa 
 autem coelestia meliorihus hostiis quam istis,juxta 
 quod Apostolus per totam ad HehrcFos Epistolam, 
 inter Legem distinguens et Evangelium,pulcherrima 
 expositione ac plenaria ratione dcclarat. Dico au- 
 tem vohis, Non bibam amodo de hoc getmnine vitis 
 usque in diem ilium cum illud bibam vobiscum novum 
 in regno Patris mei. J^item sive vineam Domini 
 appellatam esse synagogam, et omnis sparsim Scrip- 
 tura et apertius testatur Isaias in cantico de illo 
 cantato, tinea, inquiens, Domini Sabaoth, domus 
 Israel est. De qua nimirum vinea Dominus multo 
 tempore bibebat, quamvis pluribus ramis in amari- 
 tudinem vitis alieme conversis, quod tamen etsi mul- 
 tis in ilia plebe exorbitant i bus a recto Jidei itinere, 
 non defuere plurimi toto Legis tempore, quorum piis 
 cogitationibus summisque virtutibus delectaretur 
 Deus. Verum passo in came Domino, ac resurgente 
 a mortuis, tempus f'uit ut legalis ilia et Jiguralis 
 observatio cessaret, atque ea qu(E secundum literam 
 gerebantur, in spiritalem translata sensum, melius in 
 novum testamentum,juvante Sancti Spiritus gratia, 
 tenerentur. Iturus igitur adpassionem Dominus ait, 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 6g 
 
 Jam non h'lbam de hoc gent mine vitis usqne in diem chap. 
 ilium cum illud hibam vohiscum novum in regno 
 Patris mei. Ac si aperte dicat, Non ultra caruali- 
 bus m/nagogcc ceremoniis delecfabor, in (juibus etiam 
 ista paschaUs agni sacra locum tenuere prcecipuum: 
 aderit enim tempus mece resurrecfionis : aderit dies 
 ille cum ipse in regno Dei positus, id est, gloria nitre 
 inimor talis sublimatus, de salute populi ejusdem 
 fonte grafuc spiritalis regenerati, novo vobiscum 
 gaudio perjundar. Item quod ait, Non bibam amo- 
 do de hoc genimine vitis usque in diem ilium cum 
 illud bibam vobiscum novum in regno Patris mei, 
 vult intelligi hoc vetus esse, cum illud novum elicit ; 
 quia ergo de propagine Adam, qui vetus homo ap- 
 pellatur, corpus susceperat, quod in passione morti 
 traditurus erat: unde etiam per vini sacramentiim 
 commendat sanguinem suum, quid aliud novum 
 vinum nisi immortalitatem renovatorum coiyorwn 
 intelligere debemus? Quod cum dicit, f^obiscum64 
 bibam, etiam ipsis resurrectionem corporum adindu- 
 endam immortalitatem promittit. V^obiscum enim 
 non ad idem tempus, sed ad eandem innovationem 
 dictum, accipiendum est. Nam et nos dicit Aposto- 
 lus resurrejcisse cum Christo, ut spe reifuturce jam 
 Icetitiam prtrsentem offer at: quod autem de hoc ge- 
 nimine vitis etiam illud novum esse dicit, significat 
 uticjue eadem corpora resurrectura secundum inno- 
 vationem coelestem, quce nunc secundum vetustatem 
 moritura sunt. Si hanc vitem de cujus vetustate 
 nunc passionis calicem bibit, ipsos Judccos intellex- 
 eris, significatum est etiam ipsam gentem ad corpus 
 Christi per novifatem vitfc accessuram; cum ingres- 
 sa plenitudine gentium, omnis Israel salvusjiet. Et 
 hymno dicto exierunt in nundem Oliveti; hoc est quod 
 inPsalmo legimus, Edent pauperes,et saturabuntur; 
 et laudabunt Dominum qui requirunt eum: Potest 
 autem et hipnnus etiam ille intelligi queni Dominus 
 secundum Johannem Patri gr alias agens decant- 
 abat, in quo et pro seipso, et pro discipulis, et pro 
 
 T 3 
 
70 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, eis qui per verhum eoru?n credituri erant, elevatis 
 ^^' oculis stird;u?n precabatur. Et pulckre discipulos 
 sacrnmentis sui corporis ac sanguinis imhutos, et 
 hymno picE inter cessionis Patri commendatos, in 
 montem educit Olivarum, ut typice designet nos per 
 accepiionem sacramentorum suoru?n, per que opem 
 su(B intercessionis, ad altiora virtuiiim, ut carismate 
 Sancti Spiritus in corde perungamur, conscendere 
 dehere. 
 
 " The Apostles being sate down at table, Jesus 
 *' Christ took bread, blessed and brake it, and gave 
 " of it to his disciples, saying to them. Take this 
 " and eat it, this is my body. The ancient cere- 
 " monies of the ancient Passover, which were used 
 " in memory of the deliverance of the people of Is- 
 " rael, being finished, he passeth on to the new, be- 
 " cause he would have the same to be celebrated in 
 " his Church in commemoration of the mystery of 
 " her redemption, and to substitute the Sacrament 
 " of his body and of his blood, instead of the flesh 
 " and blood of the paschal lamb, and to shew that 
 " it was he himself to whom God had sworn, and 
 " shall never repent of it ; Thou art the eternal 
 " Priest according to the order of Melchizedeck. 
 " Moreover, he himself breaks the bread which he 
 " gives to his disciples, that he might represent and 
 " make it appear, that the breaking of his body 
 65 " would not be contrary to his inclination, or with- 
 " out his willingness to die : but, as he saith else- 
 " where, that he had power to give his life, and to 
 " deliver it up himself, as well as to take it again, 
 " and raise himself from the dead. He blessed the 
 " bread before he brake it, to assure us, that he in- 
 " tended to make a Sacrament of it; and forasmuch 
 " as he had taken human nature upon him, that 
 " he might suff'er, he with his Father and the Holy 
 " Spirit filled the same with the grace of a virtue 
 " which was altogether divine; and because he was 
 " pleased to submit the human nature he had 
 
ancient Church of' Piedmont. 71 
 
 " taken upon him, to death, he would make it ap- chap, 
 " pear, that the said humanity was possessed of a true ' 
 
 " and natural ]30wer to raise itself: whereby he 
 " taught us, that the same would rise more readily 
 " from the dead. And taking the cup, he gave 
 " thanks to his Father, and gave it them to drink, 
 " saying. Drink ye all of it. When he drew near to 
 " the time of his death and passion, it is said, that 
 " having taken the bread and the cup, he gave 
 " thanks to his eternal Father. He therefore who 
 " had taken upon him to expiate the iniquities of 
 " others, gave thanks to his Father, without having 
 " done any thing that was worthy of death : he 
 " blesseth it with a profound humility, at the very 
 " time that he saw himself loaden with stripes ; 
 " without doubt to instruct us, what every one of 
 " us ought to do when we find ourselves lashed 
 " with the whip and sting of our conscience : for, if 
 *' he who was innocent endured with meekness 
 " and tranquillity the stripes due to the iniquity of 
 *' others ; this was to teach and instruct us what he 
 *' ought to do that is obnoxious, when he is cor- 
 " rected for his own transgressions. If he suffered 
 " with an equal mind the scourge due for the sins 
 " of others, this teaches us what a subject ought to 
 " do when under the Divine corrections ; when he 
 " who is equal to the Father gave thanks to him 
 " when under his scourges : For this is my blood of 
 ^^ the new testament., which shall he shed for you 
 ''^ all, for the remission of sin; because he assures 
 " us, that the bread becomes his body, and that the 
 " wine doth operate and produce his blood in the 
 " flesh. The bread represents to us his mystical 
 " body, and the wine is the symbol of his blood. 66 
 " But, because we must abide in Christ, and Christ 
 " must abide in us, we mingle water with the wine 
 " in the cup of the Lord. And, as St. John wit- 
 " nesseth, the people are water, and it is not per- 
 " mitted to any body to offer water alone, no more 
 
 F 4 
 
72 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " than the wine alone; in like manner as it is for- 
 ^^' " bidden to offer the grains of wheat, without their 
 " being mingled with water, and so reduced to 
 " bread, for fear lest such an oblation might signify, 
 " that the Head ought to be separated from its 
 " members, and that Jesus Christ could have suf- 
 " fered, without an extreme love and desire of our 
 " redemption ; or that this oblation did not give us 
 " ground to believe, that we might be saved, or of- 
 " fered up to his Father without the mystery of his 
 " passion. As for his saying, 77//^' is my blond of 
 " the neiD testament, it is that we might make a 
 " distinction between the new covenant and the 
 " old, which was consecrated with the effusion of 
 " the blood of goats and oxen, as the Lawgiver 
 " said at the sprinkling of it; I'hls is the blood of 
 " the covenant which God has commanded you : 
 " for it is necessary that the patterns of true things 
 " should be purified by these; but that the heavenly 
 " places should be purified with more excellent sa- 
 " crifices, according to what the Apostle St. Paul 
 " declares throughout his whole Epistle to the He- 
 " brews, where he makes a distinction between the 
 " Law and the Gospel. He declares, by an excellent 
 " and ample explication. Verily, verily, this I say 
 " unto you, I will drink no more of the vine, till I 
 " shall drink it new in the kingdom of my Father. 
 " The whole Scripture openly declares, that the syn- 
 " agogue is called the Vine of the Lord ; the Pro- 
 " phet Isaiah openly sets this forth in his song, 
 " where he speaks of it in these words; llie house 
 " of Israel is the Lord's fine. It is indeed of this 
 " vine that the Lord drank large draughts, though 
 " many branches thereof were infected with the 
 " bitterness of a strange Vine; and though in the 
 " mean time many of the people are gone astray 
 " from the true way of the faith, yet there were still 
 " found a great many, during the whole time of the 
 '^' Law, who glorified God by their holy and godly 
 
IX. 
 
 ancient Church of Piedmont. 73 
 
 " thoughts, and by the practice of their hcroical chap 
 
 " virtues. But Jesus Christ having suffered in the 
 
 " flesh that was capable of suffering, and being 
 
 " raised from the dead, the time is come that hath 
 
 " put an end to these legal and figurative observa- 
 
 " tions: all those thina:s that were observed accord- 
 
 " mg to the letter, have been changed into a spi- 
 
 " ritual sense, and have been confirmed in the new 
 
 " testament by the grace of the Holy Ghost. Jesus 
 
 " Christ then going to suffer, saith, / shall drink no 
 
 " more of this juice of the vine, until the day that I 
 
 " shall drink it new with you in the kingdom of my 
 
 " Father. As if he had plainly said, I will no longer 
 
 " take delight in the carnal ceremonies of the syn- 
 
 " agogue, amongst the number of which the great 
 
 " festival of the paschal lamb was one of the chief- 
 
 " est ; for this shall be the time of my resurrection ; 
 
 " that very day I shall be lifted up to the kingdom 
 
 '^ of heaven, that is to say, to the kingdom of a new 
 
 " life of immortality; I shall be filled together with 
 
 " you with a new joy for the salvation of my 
 
 " people, which shall be born again in the spring of 
 
 " one and the same grace. In like manner also 
 
 " when he saith, I shall not drink of this juice of 
 
 " the vine, until the day that I shall drink it 
 
 " new ivith you in the kingdom of my Father, he 
 
 " would be understood of the old testament, when 
 
 " he calls it the new: and therefore since he had 
 
 " taken a body from the family of Adam, who is 
 
 " called the old man, and that this his body was now 
 
 " to be exposed to death; it is for this reason tJiat 
 
 " by the sacrament of wine he recommends to us his 
 
 " blood. What are we to understand by this new 
 
 " wine, but the immortality of our renewed bodies? 
 
 " For when he saith, I will drink it with you, he 
 
 " promiseth to them also the resurrection of their 
 
 " bodies, in order to their being clothed with im- 
 
 " mortality. For this word vobiscum (with you) 
 
 " must not be taken as spoken of the same time. 
 
74 Remarks upon the 
 
 €HAP. " but as importing that the disciples should in time 
 " to come be renewed, as well as he. For doth not 
 " the Apostle say, that we are all raised again with 
 " Christ, that our future resurrection might afford 
 " us present joy r And whereas he saith, of this juice 
 " of the t;i/?e, and calls it also new, this for certain 
 68 " signifies, that the same bodies must be raised 
 " again, according to the rules of an altogether hea- 
 " venly renovation, though at present they must die, 
 " according to the old man. If you understand the 
 " Jews by this vine, from the oldness of which 
 " he at present now drinks the cup of his passion ; 
 " it hath also been signified to us, that that nation 
 '' must approach to the body of Jesus Christ by the 
 " change of a new life: The ivhole house of Israel 
 " shall he saved, together with all its company, 
 " ivhich shall enter with them. After they had sung 
 " an hymn, they went to the mount of Olives. This 
 " is that which we read in the Psalmist, The poor 
 " shall eat and he filled; and they that seek the 
 " Lord shall praise him. This hymn may be also 
 " understood, according to the account St. John 
 " gives of it, to be that which Jesus Christ sang, 
 " when he gave thanks to his eternal Father, 
 " wherein he prayed for himself, for his disciples, 
 " and for all those who should believe at their 
 " preaching. And it is not without cause that he 
 " leads his disciples to the mount of Olives, after 
 " having fed them with the sacraments of his body 
 " and his blood, and after his having recommended 
 " them to his Father by the hymn of a tender in- 
 " tercession ; to inform us, without doubt, that it is 
 " by receiving of the sacraments, and by the assist- 
 " ance of his prayer, that we must come to the pos- 
 " session of heroical virtues, and that it is by this 
 " means alone, that we shall receive in our hearts 
 " the unctions of the Holy Spirit." 
 
 We find by this extract, that he followed the no- 
 tions of the primitive Church closely on this sub- 
 
ancient Church of Piedinont. *Jb 
 
 ject, and that the Church which bordered upon the chap. 
 mountains of the Alps did not entertain any opin- , 
 
 ions hke those of Paschasius. We ought to observe 
 here, as a thing natural and obvious, that if he en- 
 dured some contradiction upon other articles, yet he 
 never was impleaded about that of the Eucharist ; 
 which shews that that truth, at that time, was yet in 
 possession of its own rights, and that those who 
 quarreled with him about other articles, as Jonas, 
 Bishop of Orleans, Dungalus, and the Abbot Theo- 
 demirus, were of his opinion about the matter of the 
 Eucharist. For seeing his commentary upon St. 69 
 Matthew was published in the year 815, and that 
 Theodemirus continued still his friend in 823, press- 
 ing him to write on the Old Testament, it is evident, 
 that till then nothing had interrupted the good cor- 
 respondence that was between them. 
 
 Mabillon has published an extract from the end 
 of his work upon Leviticus, dedicated to Abbot 
 Theodemirus, which shews the great care that he 
 took to withdraw those of his diocese from the han- 
 kering they had after the worship of creatures, and 
 the troubles and crosses he had met with from those 
 who were willing to defend their superstitions. 
 
 " Because you have commanded me to write Anaiect. t. 
 " these things, I have undertaken it, not as for youri^^^'/J^''^'^' 
 " instruction, but for your satisfaction. But it is 
 " your duty to judge of it with more truth, and to 
 " stir up yourself by your examples, to the practice 
 " of a true charity, which is the most excellent of 
 " all virtues. And I assure myself, that I may more 
 " easily attain to the possession of that virtue by 
 " means of your prayers than by any strength of my 
 " own. See here, my dear brother, what I have here 
 " answered, as well as I could, to certain demands 
 " you have made of me. And I earnestly desire 
 *' you on this occasion, that if you have discovered, 
 " or can find for time to come, any thing better, 
 " concerning the things about which you command 
 
7^ Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " me to write unto you, we shall take it very kindly, 
 '^' " if you shall be pleased to communicate the same 
 " to us ; for 1 am naturally more inclined to learn, 
 " than to teach others. For this beauty of the eter- 
 " nal Truth and Wisdom (God grant I may always 
 " have a constant will to enjoy her, for the love of 
 " whom we have also undertaken this work) doth 
 " not exclude those that come unto her, because of 
 " the great number of hearers she hath ; she grows 
 " not old by length of time ; she minds not places ; 
 " she does not suffer herself to be overtaken by 
 " night ; she does not shut up herself in shadows, 
 " and doth not expose herself to our bodily senses : 
 " she is near unto all those that turn themselves to 
 " her from all parts of the world, and who love her 
 70" indeed ; she is eternal to all; she is not limited by 
 " any places, she is every where ; she advertiseth 
 " abroad, she instructs within, she changes and con- 
 " verts those that behold her; she doth not suffer 
 " herself to be violated by any person ; no man can 
 "judge of her, nobody can judge well without 
 " her. In this idea of my faith, I separate all change 
 " and alteration from eternity; and in this eternity 
 " I discover no space of time, for the spaces of time 
 " are made up of future and past motions of things : 
 " now there is nothing past or future in eternity; 
 " for that which passeth ceaseth to be, and that 
 " which is to come has not yet begun to be : but as 
 " for eternity, it is that which is always present, nor 
 " ever has been, so as not to be present still ; nor 
 " ever shall be, but so as still to continue present ; 
 " because it is she alone that can say to the spirit of 
 " man. It is I who am the Lord; and it is of her 
 " alone we can say with truth, He who is eternal 
 " has sent me. 
 
 " And since this is the case, we are not com- 
 " manded to go to the creature, that we may 
 " be happy, but to the Creator, who alone can 
 " constitute our bliss ; of whom if we entertain 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 'J'J 
 
 " other opinions than we ought to have, we in- chap. 
 
 " volve ourselves in a very pernicious error. For as ^__I_ 
 
 " long as we shall endeavour to come to that which 
 
 " is not, or which, supposing it to be, yet doth not 
 
 " jnake us happy, we shall never be able to arrive 
 
 " at a happy life. A man doth not become happy 
 
 " because another is so ; but when a man imitates an- 
 
 " other, that he may become such as he is, he desires 
 
 " immediately to become happy by the same means 
 
 " he finds another is become so, that is, by the enjoy- 
 
 " ment of this universal and unchangeable Truth. 
 
 " Neither can a man become prudent by the pru- 
 
 " dence of another, or valiant by the valour, or 
 
 " temperate by the temperance, or just by the jus- 
 
 " tice of another; but by forming and fashioning his 
 
 " mind by the immutable rules and splendors* of 
 
 " those virtues, which without alteration shine forth 
 
 " in this common universal truth and wisdom : in 
 
 " imitation of whom he formed and squared his 
 
 " manners, whom we propose to ourselves as a pat- 71 
 
 " tern to imitate, and whom we look upon as a 
 
 " living copy of that eternal Wisdom. Our will 
 
 " fastening itself, and cleaving to this unchangeable 
 
 " and common good, aifords the first and great good 
 
 " things man is capable of, because she is a certain 
 
 '^ mean good. But when the will of man separates 
 
 " itself from this unchangeable and common good, 
 
 " and seeks her own particular good, or directs her- 
 
 " self to any outward or inferior good, she sins." 
 
 After this he quotes an excellent passage of St. 
 Austin, from his treatise concerning the True Re- 
 ligion. " Wherefore we owe no religious worship to ">• August. 
 " those who are departed this life, because theyljt. c.'ss!^' 
 " have lived religiously; we must not look upon 
 " them as persons that require our adorations and 
 " homage, but they desire that he may be worthy 
 " of our respect, by whom they being enlightened 
 " rejoice to see us made partakers of their piety. 
 " We must therefore honour them, because they de- 
 
78 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. « serve to be imitated; but we must not worship 
 ^^' " them with an act of religion. And if they have 
 " hved wickedly, we do not owe them any respect 
 " at all, in what part soever of the world they 
 " be. That then which is honoured by the high- 
 " est angel must also be honoured by the lowest 
 " of men, because the nature of man is become 
 " the lowest, for not having honoured him. For 
 " an angel takes not his wisdom elsewhere than 
 " man does. The truth of an angel and that of 
 " man are both derived from the same fountain, 
 " that is, from one and the same eternal Truth and 
 " Wisdom. For by a pure effect of that eternal 
 " Wisdom it comes to pass, that the power of God, 
 " and that unchangeable Wisdom consubstantial and 
 " coeternal with the Father, hath vouchsafed, in or- 
 " der to the accomplishment of the adorable mys- 
 " tery of our salvation, to take our human nature 
 " upon him, that he might teach us, that we owe our 
 " adorations to him who alone deserves to be wor- 
 " shipped by all intelligent and rational creatures. 
 " We ought also to believe, that those good angels, 
 " which are the most excellent ministers of God, 
 72" would have us to worship one only God together 
 " with them, by the alone vision of whom they arc 
 " happy. For we are not happy in beholding the 
 " angels, neither can that vision ever make us so; 
 " but we shall be happy by beholding the Truth, 
 " by means of which we love the angels, and con- 
 " gratulate them. Neither do we envy their happi- 
 " ness, because they are more active than we, and 
 " because they enjoy the vision of God, without 
 " being molested with any trouble ; but rather love 
 " them so much the more, because our hope puts 
 " us upon expecting something answerable to these 
 " their excellencies, from him who is the God of 
 " us both. Wherefore we honour them with our 
 " charitable respects, but not like slaves : we build 
 " no temples to them, neither will they be honoured 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 1() 
 
 " by us in any such manner, because they know that chap, 
 
 " we, whilst we are good, are the temples of the '__ 
 
 " living God." After his quoting of this passage, 
 see how he concludes his work. 
 
 " These things are the highest and strongest mys- 
 " teries of our faith, and characters most deeply im- 
 " printed in our hearts. In standing up for the con- 
 " formation and defence of which truth, I am be- 
 " come a reproach to my neighbours to that degree, 
 " that those who see us do not only scoff at us, 
 " but point at us, one to another: but God, the 
 " father of mercies and author^of all consolations, 
 " has comforted us in all our afflictions, that we 
 " might be able, in like manner, to comfort those 
 " that are pressed with sorrow and affliction : we 
 " rely upon the protection of Him who has arm'ed 
 " and fortified us with the armour of righteousness 
 " and of faith, which is the tried shield for our 
 " eternal salvation." 
 
 He seems in these words to allude to the com- 
 plaints that had been made against him, at Ludovi- 
 cus Pius's court, for having broke down images 
 throughout his diocese, and for writing, in defence 
 of himself, a treatise against the adoration of images, 
 the worship of saints, pilgrimages, the worship of 
 relics, with other such like superstitions. And since 
 the cruel diligence of the Inquisitors has destroyed 
 this piece, we must guess at the time wherein he 
 wrote it, from the account his adversaries give us 73 
 thereof, viz. Theodemirus, Dungalus, and Jonas of 
 Orleans, and search in their books for his true opin- 
 ions, and the arguments he made use of against the 
 defenders of superstition. 
 
 Dungalus wrote in the year 828, as appears clearly 
 from what he mentions of the decree passed in Lu- 
 dovicus Pius's palace, after the assembly of Paris in 
 the year 825, about the matter of images, as a thing 
 which happened two years before. In his book he 
 accuseth Claudius for taking upon him, after eight 
 
80 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, hundred and twenty years and more, to reprove 
 those things that were passed in continual use, as if 
 there had been none before him that ever had any 
 zeal for rehgion ; from whence it is evident, that 
 Claudius wrote since the year 820. It seems indeed 
 as if he had answered the Abbot Theodemirus after 
 the year 823, who had intimated to him the offence 
 that was taken at his behaviour and opinions, which 
 he did so effectually as not to have any need to 
 write another treatise upon the same subject. 
 
 However it is Dungalus himself who has preserved 
 the extracts of the apologetical answer, which Clau- 
 dius made about that time, to the Abbot Theode- 
 mirus ; which apologetic he begins in this manner: 
 " I have received," saith he to Theodemirus, " by 
 " a particular bearer thy letter, with the articles, 
 " wholly stuffed with babbling and fooleries. You 
 " declare in these articles, that you have been trou- 
 " bled that my fame was spread, not only throughout 
 " all Italy, but also in Spain, and elsewhere; as if I 
 " had formerly, and still do preach a new sect, 
 " contrary to the rules of the ancient Catholic faith, 
 " which is most absolutely false: neither is it any 
 " wonder at all, if the members of Satan talk of me at 
 " this rate, who have also called our Head a deceiver, 
 " one that hath a devil, &c. For I teach no new 
 " sect, as keeping myself to the pure truth, preach- 
 " ing and publishing nothing but that; but on the 
 " contrary, as far as in me lies, I have repressed, op- 
 " posed, cast down, and destroyed, and do still re- 
 " press, oppose, and destroy, to the utmost of my 
 74" power, all sects, schisms, superstitions, and here- 
 " sies ; and shall never cease so to do, by the assist- 
 " ance of God, as far as I am able : for since it is 
 " expressly said, TJiou shalt not mahe to thyself 
 " the resemblance of amj thing, either in heaven or 
 " on earth, &c. this is not alone to be understood of 
 " the images and resemblances of strange gods, but 
 " also of those of celestial creatures. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 81 
 
 " These kind of people, against whom we have chap. 
 
 ' undertaken to defend the Church of God, tell us, 1^_ 
 
 ' If thou write upon the wall, or drawest the 
 ' images of Peter or of Paul, of Jupiter, Saturn, or 
 ' of Mercury; neither are the one of these gods, 
 ^ nor the other apostles, and neither the one nor the 
 ' other of them are men, and therefore the name is 
 ' changed : and in the mean time, both then and 
 ' now, the same ever continues still. Surely, if we 
 ' ought to worship them, we ought rather to wor- 
 ' ship them alive, than as thou hast represented 
 ' them, as the portraitures of beasts, or (what is yet 
 ' more true) of stone or wood, which have neither 
 ' life, nor feeling, nor reason : for if we may neitlier 
 ' worship nor serve the works of God's hand, how 
 ^ much less may we worship the works of men s 
 ' hands, and adore them in honour of those whose 
 ' resemblances we say they are? for if the image 
 ' you worship is not God, (for not only he who 
 * serves and honours visible images, but also what- 
 ' soever creature else, whether heavenly or earthly, 
 ' whether spiritual or corporal, he serves the same 
 ' instead of God, and from it he looks for the sal- 
 ' vation of his soul, which he ought to look for 
 ' from God alone, and is of the number of those, of 
 ^ whom the Apostle saith, that they worshipped and 
 ' served the creature more than the Creator,) where- 
 ' fore dost thou bow to false images, and wherefore 
 ' like a slave dost thou bend thy body to pitiful 
 ^ shrines, and to the work of men's hands? 
 " But mark what the followers of the false religion 
 and superstition do allege: they say, it is in com- 
 memoration and in honour of our Saviour, that we 
 serve, honour, and adore the cross, whom nothing 
 pleaseth in our Saviour, but that which was pleas- 
 ing to the ungodly, viz. the reproach of his passion, 7^ 
 and the token of his death. They witness hereby, 
 that they perceive only of him what the wicked 
 saw and perceived of him, whether Jews or Ilea- 
 
 G 
 
83 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " thens, who do not see his resurrection, and do not 
 
 _^^__*^ consider him, but as altogether swallowed up of 
 
 " death, without minding what the Apostle saith, 
 
 " We know Jesus Christ no longer according to the 
 
 « flesh. 
 
 " God commands one thing, and these people do 
 " quite the contrary; God commands us to bear our 
 " cross, and not to worship it ; but these are all for 
 " worshipping it; whereas they do not bear it at all, 
 " neither will they bear it either corporally or spiri- 
 " tually: to serve God after this manner is to go a 
 " whoring from him. For if we ought to adore the 
 " cross, because Christ was fastened to it, how many 
 " other things are there which touched Jesus Christ, 
 " and which he made according to the flesh ? Did 
 " not he continue nine months in the womb of the 
 " Virgin ? Why do not they then on the same score 
 " worship all that are virgins, because a virgin 
 " brought forth Jesus Christ? Why do not they 
 " adore mangers and old clouts, because he was laid 
 " in a manger, and wrapped in swaddling clothes ? 
 " Why do not they adore fisher-boats, because he 
 " slept in one of them, and preached to the multi- 
 " tudes, and caused a net to be cast out, wherewith 
 " was caught a miraculous quantity of fish r Let 
 " them adore asses, because he entered into Jeru- 
 " salem upon the foal of an &ss ; and lambs, because 
 " it is written of him. Behold the Lamh of God, that 
 " taheth away the sins of the world. But these sort 
 " of men would rather eat live lambs than worship 
 " their images. Why do not they worship lions, be- 
 " cause he is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah ? 
 " or rocks, because it is said. And the Rock was 
 " Christ? or thorns, because he was crowned with 
 " them ? or lances, because one of them pierced his 
 " side ? 
 
 " All these things are ridiculous, rather to be la- 
 " mented than set forth in writing: but we are 
 " forced to set them down, in opposition to fools. 
 
ancient Church qf Piedmont. 83 
 
 " and to declaim against those hearts of stone, whom chap. 
 
 " the arrows and sentences of the word of God can- " 
 
 " not pierce ; and therefore we are fain to fling such 76 
 
 " stones at them. Come to yourselves again, ye 
 
 " miserable transgressors; why are you gone astray 
 
 " from truth, and why, being become vain, are ye 
 
 " fallen in love with vanity? Why do you crucify 
 
 " again the Son of God, and expose him to open 
 
 " shame ; and by this means make souls by troops 
 
 " to become the companions of devils, estranging 
 
 " them from their Creator by the horrible sacrilege 
 
 " of your images and likenesses, and precipitating 
 
 " them into everlasting damnation ? 
 
 " And as for your reproaching me, that I hinder 
 " men from running in pilgrimage to Rome ; I wjU 
 " first demand of you yourself, whether thou know- 
 " est, that to go to Rome is to repent or do penance ? 
 " If it be so indeed, why then hast thou for so long 
 " a time damned so many souls, whom thou hast 
 " kept up in thy monastery, and whom thou hast 
 " taken into it, that they might there do penance, 
 " obliging them to serve thee, instead of sending 
 " them to Rome, if it be so that the way to do pe- 
 " nance be to go to Rome, and yet thou hast hin- 
 " dered them ? What have you to say against this 
 " sentence. That whosoever shall lay a stone of 
 " stumbling before any of these little ones, it were 
 " better for him that a millstone were hung about 
 " his neck, and he cast into the bottom of the sea r 
 
 " We know very well, that this passage of the 
 " Gospel is very ill understood ; Thou art Peter, and 
 " upon this rock will I build my Church; and I will 
 " give unto thee the keys qfthe kingdom of heaven: 
 " under the pretence of which words the stupid and 
 " ignorant common people, destitute of all spiritual 
 " knowledge, betake themselves to Rome, in hopes 
 " of acquiring eternal life : for the ministry does be- 
 " long to all the true superintendants and pastors of 
 " the Church, who discharge the same, as long as 
 
 G 2 
 
84 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " they are in this world; and when they have paid 
 __[^1__ " the debt of death, others succeed in their places, 
 *' who enjoy the same authority and power. 
 77 " Return, O ye blind, to your light ; return to him 
 " who enlightens every man that cometh into the 
 " world : all of you, as many as you be, who do not 
 " keep only to this light, you walk in darkness, and 
 " know not whither you go ; for the darkness has put 
 " out your eyes. If we must believe God when he 
 " promiseth, how much more when he swears, and 
 " saith, that if Noah, Daniel, and Job were in it, 
 " (that is, if the saints whom you call upon were 
 " endowed with as great holiness, as great righteous- 
 ^' ness, and as much merit, as these were,) they shall 
 " neither deliver son nor daughter: and it is for this 
 " end he makes this declaration, viz. that none 
 " might put their confidence either in the merits or 
 " the intercession of saints. Understand ye this, ye 
 " people without understanding? Ye fools, when 
 " will ye be wise? ye who run to Rome, to seek 
 " there for the intercession of an Apostle. What 
 " think you would St. Augustin say of you, whom 
 " we have already so often quoted," &c. 
 
 " The fifth thing you reproach me for is, that it 
 " displeaseth thee that the Apostolic Lord (for so you 
 " are pleased to call the late Pope Paschal deceased) 
 " had honoured me with this charge; but forasmuch 
 " as the word Apostolicus dicitur quasi Apostoli 
 " custos, may intimate as much as the Apostle's 
 " keeper, know thou, that he only is apostolic, who 
 " is the keeper and guardian of the Apostle's doc- 
 " trine, and not he who boasts himself to be seated 
 " in the chair of the Apostle, and in the mean time 
 " doth not acquit himself of the charge of the Apo- 
 " stle ; for the Lord saith, that the Scribes and Pha- 
 " sees sat in Moses's chair." 
 
 Now, because Jonas of Orleans had no other ex- 
 tracts out of the book of Claudius, besides those that 
 had been already refuted by Dungalus, a recluse of 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 85 
 
 the abbey of St. Denys, therefore he confines him- chap. 
 
 self to refute tiie same opinions of Claudius, which 
 
 he did only in the year 840, about a year after 
 Claudius's death ; whereupon I desire the reader to 
 consider, first, that notwithstanding Dungalus and 
 Jonas did both write by the order of kings, and that 
 they make mention of a condemnation of Claudius 
 passed in the palace, yet nothing of all this was 78 
 able to shake the reputation of Claudius. He wrote 
 against all these superstitions from the year S23, 
 and did not die till the year 839; so that for sixteen 
 years together he was only set upon by some par- 
 ticular persons, by an obscure and recluse Monk, 
 who was a stranger to France, and who probably 
 being an Italian took part with the Church of Rome, 
 at that time engaged for the worshippers of idols: 
 
 Secondly, That the Fathers of the Assembly of 
 Paris, in the year 825, had justified most of the 
 principles maintained by Claudius, this great man 
 having been only engaged to carry the matter far- 
 ther than they; for being nearer to the diocese of 
 Rome, he saw the danger so much the nearer, in 
 which his flock were, of falling into idolatry. 
 
 Thirdly, That to go to the bottom of the matter, 
 Agobardus, Archbishop of Lyons, pushed that point 
 as far as Claudius himself; as appears from his trea- 
 tise against pictures. It is a pleasure to see how Fa- 
 ther Raynaud torments himself to justify Agobardus, 
 whom the Church of Lyons honours as a saint, 
 though he has made use of the same arguments 
 that Claudius did, and given large testimonies of his 
 being as vigorous an iconoclast as ever Claudius was. 
 We may therefore assert, without rashness, that either 
 all the fetches of Baronius and of F. Raynaud are 
 not sufficient to keep Agobardus in the martyrology 
 of Lyons ; or, that they serve very profitably, at the 
 same time, to enrol Claudius in that of the Church 
 at Turin, as a most holy and most illustrious Bishop, 
 because of his doctrine, his ardent piety, and the 
 
 G 3 
 
86 Remarks upon the 
 
 ^^x^ great care he took to oppose the spirit of super- 
 ! — stition, which reigned so much at that time. 
 
 Fourthly, After all, we may say, that neither 
 Dungalus nor Jonas of Orleans maintained the 
 opinion of the Church of Rome that was then: 
 Jonas makes mention of the Pope's party, as a party 
 not wholly cut off from the communion of the 
 Church ; but his expressions are so sharp, that it 
 appears he had little better opinion of them. They 
 condemn all manner of worship of images, and stick 
 close to the decisions of Francfort, in the year 794, 
 79 and of Paris, 826, which were diametrically opposite 
 to the definitions of the iconolatra;, or worshippers 
 of images, and to the pretensions of the Bishop of 
 Rome, who had admitted of them. 
 
 It was worth our while to take notice of these 
 opinions of Claudius, and of the manner of his re- 
 forming his diocese, that we might make it appear, 
 that he laid solid principles of the Reformation in 
 those parts, as to several points. And this was the 
 more necessary, because the Papists, as Genebrard, 
 in his Chronology, and Rorenco, have owned, that 
 the valleys of Piedmont, which did belong to the 
 bishopric of Turin, preserved the opinions of Clau- 
 dius in the ninth and tenth century. 
 
 We ought to observe two things, which very well 
 deserve an exact reflection ; the first is, that Angil- 
 bertus, Bishop of Milan, is constantly represented to 
 us by Ripamontius, by Ughellus, and those who 
 have wrote the history of that diocese, as one who 
 began to separate himself from the Pope by a kind 
 of schism, which they highly lament, as bordering 
 upon rebellion, which they own to have lasted 
 above two hundred years. But the case is not so as 
 they are pleased to represent it to us : the truth is, 
 that that Prelate preserved his liberty against all the 
 Pope's endeavours, wherein he was imitated by his 
 successors, who seem to have had no more value 
 than he had for the Decretals of the ancient Popes, 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 87 
 
 which were foisted in by the care and emissaries of chap. 
 
 . • TV 
 
 the Roman see^ in order to submit the rights and 
 privileges of other Churches to her. 
 
 The second is, that though the emulation which 
 was between the Bishops of Milan and Aquileia was 
 an occasion of great contests between them, yet we 
 find, that the diocese of Aquileia was no more united 
 with that of the Pope, during the time of the con- 
 troversy concerning the Procession, ex utroque [from 
 both] under Nicolaus the First, and under Photius. 
 This appears evidently from a letter of Photius, who 
 having received at Constantinople a Bishop Legate 
 from the Archbishop of Aquileia, wrote an answer Auct. No- 
 to him, as to a man who was wholly of his opinion. ^^g^^'^^^' 
 Father Combefis has published this letter. 
 
 CHAP. X. 80 
 
 The faith of the Churches of Italy in the tenth 
 century. 
 
 X ORASMUCH as this century was generally de- 
 voted to ignorance and debauchery, and very barren 
 of authors, it will be hard for us to inform ourselves 
 any thing in particular concerning the Churches of 
 Italy, except only so far as we make our conjectures 
 of it by considering the condition of other western 
 Churches, which was as deplorable as can well be 
 imagined. This is owned by the Papists themselves, 
 by Caranza, Genebrard, Baronius, and many more, 
 who describe this tenth century as a monstrous age. Tom. 2. 
 Indeed, we can scarce expect that it should have^Pg^P 
 been better at that time, if we consider the furious 
 wars that wasted this diocese, as well by reason of 
 the invasion of the Huns, as by the divisions hap- 
 
 G 4 
 
88 Remarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP, pening between several princes, who endeavoured to 
 ^' make themselves masters of that part of Italy, after 
 the death of Charles the Great. 
 
 But Providence has preserved us two authors of 
 this diocese ; the one is Ratherius, who alone might 
 have been sufficient to inform us very exactly about 
 the state of Italy. This Ratherius, Bishop of Verona, 
 who, from being a monk in the abbey of Lobe, near 
 to Liege, was advanced to the see of Verona, in the 
 year 928, and being chased from thence in 932, was 
 made Bishop of Liege in the year 9^4, and died in 
 9/4; so that he was Bishop during the most part of 
 the tenth century. 
 
 Sigebertus informs us that the heresy of the An- 
 thropomorphites began to appear again in the dio- 
 cese of Italy during his pontificate, and that he was 
 obliged to write against them. And indeed we find 
 a large digression of Ratherius upon this occasion in 
 his first sermon of Lent. He observes, that the 
 Priests of the diocese of Vicenza were of this opin- 
 ion, which they grounded upon the following pas- 
 81 sages of Scripture, Ps. xxxiii. 16'. Job x. 8. and Gen. 
 i. 26. He acknowledges, that other people of his dio- 
 cese were of the same opinion, and that they could 
 no otherwise conceive the existence of God, He 
 ingenuously confesseth, that this belief was grown 
 in the minds of the people, because in the pictures 
 and images they saw God seated like a king, on a 
 throne, and the angels, in the shape of men with 
 wings, arrayed in white. Behold here the happy 
 effect of images upon an ignorant people, and what 
 may be expected from these sort of books, which 
 the Prophet Habakkuk so justly calls the teachers 
 of lies. 
 
 He gives us an account in the same sermon of a 
 very pleasant fancy of the people of his diocese : 
 they believed that 8t. Michael the archangel cele- 
 brated the Mass of the second /mr?; whence they 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 89 
 
 were persuaded, that the Mass of St. Michael, called chap. 
 the second /eWa, was far more excellent than any 
 other Mass whatsoever. It is worth our observing, 
 how he confutes this fantastical opinion. First, he 
 maintains from Rev. xxi. 22. that there is no temple 
 in heaven. Secondly, he proves, that the angels 
 cannot celebrate Mass, because we ought not to be- 
 lieve, that the angels eat or drink corporeal bread 
 and wine ; and that Jesus Christ is only called the 
 Bread of angels, because they are nourished with 
 his praises, as with food. Be it as it will, it appears 
 very plainly, that neither this gross people, nor 
 their Bishops, who endeavoured to disabuse them, 
 were very well informed of the mysteries of the 
 Church of Rome ; for otherwise, why doth not this 
 good Bishop tell his people, that the angels were 
 not capable of the character of Priesthood ? How 
 could he object to them, that the angels cannot eat 
 or drink corporeal bread and wine, but the substance 
 of the body and blood of Jesus Christ, which exist 
 therein in the manner of a spirit ? Is it any contra- 
 diction to suppose, that spirits may truly receive a 
 body which exists after the manner of a spirit? It 
 is very plain, that though, may be, he might have 
 embraced some of the hypotheses of Paschasius, 
 which, through the stupidity of that people, were 
 swallowed down by little and little, yet he did not 
 know the whole of it. It was necessary, that Lan- 
 franc, Guitmond, and Alger should make an end of 8 2 
 licking this bear into some shape, as being but half 
 formed by its author, when at first it was brought 
 forth. 
 
 But not to insist longer on this, I observe two 
 things : the first is, that this author, who had been 
 brought up in a strange country, and who probably 
 had brought along with him his notions from thence, 
 seems in divers points to follow the doctrine of Pas- 
 chasius upon this question. The second is, that not- 
 withstanding that, he doth up and down make use 
 
90 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, of a number of notions and expressions, which di- 
 rently oppose and overthrow it. 
 
 p. 238. On the one hand he tells the Priests of his dio- 
 
 cese, in his Synodical Epistle, Paranda cordium nos- 
 trorum hab'itacula, venturo ad nos, per corporis et 
 sanguinis sui substantiam, Ckristo : " We ought to 
 " prepare the habitations of our heart for Christ, 
 " who is to come into us, by the substance of his 
 " body and blood." 
 
 p. 259. And on the other hand he tells us, that wicked 
 
 Priests eat the goat, and not the lamb; which is 
 also the expression of Odo Cluniacensis, who lived 
 at the same time. An altogether incomprehensible 
 expression in the mouth of a man that believes tran- 
 substantiation. 
 
 p. 181. In his treatise of the Contempt of the Canons 
 
 par. 1. he quotes a passage of Zeno, Bishop of Ve- 
 rona, which overthrows transubstantiation. It is 
 found in a sermon concerning Judah and Thamar, 
 in these words : Omnium corrupte viventium Dia- 
 bolus pater est; et O quam non manducat verendam 
 carnem Domini., nee bibit ejus sanguinem, in quo 
 Diabolus per fria ista vitia, hoc est, superbiam, hy- 
 pocrisin, atque luxuriam requiescit, licet communi- 
 care cum Jidelibus videatur. Domino dicente, Qui 
 manducat meam carnem, et bibit meum sanguinem, 
 in me manet, et ego in eo. Cum et per conversionem 
 ita hocpossit resolvi; Qui in me manet, et ego in eo, 
 ipse manducat carnem tneam, et bibit sanguinem 
 meum. In quo enim Deus manet, et ipse in Deo, 
 quomodo in eo Diabolus dormire possit non video: 
 dormit vero in eo qui per hypocrisin vel elationem 
 
 % umbrosus et vacuus, per luxuriam existit humectus. 
 
 Quid ergo manducat, quando communicatP Judi- 
 ciu7n si respondes, Apostolo connives, et intelligere 
 me pariter commones, quia pro eo judicabitur, id est, 
 83 damnabitur, quia cum indignus existeret, Christi est 
 ausus carnem manducare, et sanguinem bibere ; ac 
 propter ea quod debuerat illifore salvatio, est factum 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 91 
 
 damnatio. De substantia vero corporali quam sumit, chap. 
 cum sit mea nunc quastio, mihi nunc quoque ipsi ^' 
 loquar, ita succumbo; cum sit enim digne sumenti 
 vera caro, panis licet quod olim Juerat videatur, et 
 sanguis, quod vinmn ; indigne sumenti, id est, non in 
 Deo manenti, quid sit, nedum dicibile, incogitabile, 
 fateor, mihi; et, Altiora te ne quaisieris, et profun- 
 diora te ne scrutatus fueris, dictum putare hinc quo- 
 que mihi. " The Devil is the father of all those that 
 " live wickedly: and O how far is he from eating 
 " the venerable body of our Lord, and drinking 
 " his blood, in whom the Devil rests, by means of 
 " these three vices, pride, hypocrisy, and luxury, 
 " though he may seem to communicate with the 
 " faithful ? Our Lord telling us. He who eats my 
 " Jiesh, and drinks my blood, abides iti me, and I in 
 " him : which words may be translated thus ; He 
 " who abides in me, and I in him, he it is that eats 
 " my flesh and drinks my blood. For he in whom 
 "' God abides, and he in God, how the Devil can take 
 " up his rest in such an one, I see not : but the Devil 
 " doth rest in him, who by reason of hypocrisy 
 " and pride is shadowy and empty, and dissolved by 
 " luxury. What then doth such an one eat, when 
 " he communicates ? If thou answerestfjudgrfient, 
 " thou agreest with the Apostle, and puttest me in 
 " mind to understand, that he shall therefore be 
 "judged, that is, condemned, because, being un- 
 " worthy, he durst venture to eat Christ's flesh and 
 " drink his blood ; and therefore that which was to 
 " have been his salvation, is become his damnation. 
 " But whereas my inquiry at present is concerning 
 " the bodily substance he receives, I must now an- 
 " swer myself, and own that here I am at a loss ; for 
 " since it is true flesh to the worthy receiver, though 
 " it be the bread it was before, and blood, which yet 
 " is wine ; what it is to the unworthy receiver, that 
 *' is, to him who abides not in God, is so far, I con- 
 
9 J! Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " fess, from being expressible, that it is altogether 
 ^ " unconceivable by me ; and therefore in this case I 
 " ought to take that word as spoke to me, Do not 
 " seek after things too high for thee, nor search out 
 " things too deep for thee." 
 84 This seems to be very full ; and yet, p. 182, he 
 seems to believe with Paschasius, that it is the flesh 
 of Jesus Christ, whosoever he be that receives it. 
 But after all, the good man refers himself to the be- 
 lief of St. Chrysostom, who calls the Sacrament a 
 spiritual food, and to that of St. Austin, Tract. 6l et 
 62 in Johan. vid. p. 304. 
 
 Thus in his first Easter sermon, he supposeth, 
 that the flesh of Jesus Christ is not received by the 
 wicked, p. 310; and in his fourth sermon on the 
 same subject, he asserts the contrary, p. 322. 
 
 Whatsoever may be his opinion in this matter in 
 those writings I have before produced, he seems 
 to have spoken more plainly in favour of the real 
 change of the Eucharist of the body and blood of 
 Christ, in his Epistle published by D'Achery, in the 
 twelfth tome of his Spicilegium: but at the same 
 time he gives this advantage, that he furnisheth us 
 with a new defender of that figurative sense in the 
 w^ords of the Eucharist ; for he clearly attributes to 
 his friend, to whom he wrote, that he took the words 
 in no other sense than as they are understood by the 
 Protestants ; upon which it is natural to take notice 
 of two things ; the first, that the disciples of Pas- 
 chasius have had great trouble to oppose directly the 
 opinion of St. Austin, who lays it down always, that 
 only the faithful receive the body of Jesus Christ. 
 Edit. Paris. The otlicr is, that Gaufridus Vindocinensis is per- 
 p.2/7. haps the first who taught clearly (about the year 
 1 100) that the wicked receive the body of Christ, as 
 well as the faithful, against the constant doctrine 
 of St. Austin, Tract. 26'. in Johan. 
 
 We ought not to forget, that in his Perpendicular 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 9^ 
 
 Volume, p. 183, he attributes the force of the conse- chap. 
 cration to prayer; which the Church of Rome at 
 present condemns. 
 
 We may easily iudp-e, that the Communion under P- 258, 262, 
 both kmds was m vogue at that time; as appears 312^320) 
 from several places of his works. •^>50. 
 
 But we are to observe, concerning this matter, P. 261, 
 first, that he expressly forbids private masses. 
 
 Secondly, That they kept still the custom, not top.264,282, 
 communicate on fast days, except in the afternoon, ^^^' 
 because the Communion broke the fast ; so little 
 were they of opinion at that time, that the substance 85 
 of the bread and wine was lost and vanished by 
 means of the consecration. 
 
 Thirdly, That the custom of giving the Eucharist P-260. 
 to laics, in order to carry it to the sick, was not yet" 
 abolished, though it began then to be condemned. 
 
 It is evident enough how much these articles op- 
 pose the belief of the Church of Rome, We may 
 see, that the Church at that time did not take the 
 Eucharist to be a sacrifice, since she believed that 
 it could not be celebrated without communicants. 
 The Church did not believe it to be only an heap of 
 accidents, because she believed, that the taking of 
 the Sacrament did break the fast. The Church of 
 Rome could not leave the Sacrament in the hands 
 of laics, after she had once made it the object of 
 her adoration. 
 
 But let us proceed to other articles about the Sa- 
 craments : seeing that Ratherius lays down eight 
 deadly sins, we may guess from thence, that he was 
 not acquainted with the seven Sacraments of the 
 Church of Rome, which have a reference to the 
 seven sins, as the modern Divines of that commu- 
 nion assure us. 
 
 True it is, that he speaks of anointing the sickP.260. 
 but as of an unction which was administered before 
 the Communion of dying men, which has been 
 prudently altered in the Pontificate Romanum, since 
 
94 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, they have thought fit to own Extreme Unction for 
 ' the last of their Sacraments. 
 
 p. 262. As to Baptism, and its necessity, it appears by his 
 
 Synodical Epistle, that he was against having the 
 custom abrogated of baptizing only on Easter-day 
 and Whitsunday, except in case of necessity, that is, 
 danger of death. 
 
 As to the matter of penance, he would have the 
 Priests invite the people to it, and that they 
 may impose penances upon those who commit 
 some secret sins ; but he reserves to himself the 
 power to impose penance upon public sinners ; 
 which shews that the ancient discipline was yet in 
 
 p. 262, 264, practice: and he would have the Priests of his dio- 
 
 ^^^' cese to be furnished with a Pcenitential, that they 
 
 might follow the Canons thereof: so far was he 
 from owning them for absolute judges, who could 
 pronounce without appeal. 
 86 He did indeed believe Purgatory, but after an- 
 other manner than the Church of Rome doth: for 
 he saith expressly, that it is only for slighter sins; 
 whereas, according to the Papists, it is also appointed 
 
 p. 290. for the temporal pain of mortal sins: Purgatorii 
 poena non est statuta pro criminibus, sed pro pec- 
 catis levioribus, quce, utique per lignum, fcenum, et 
 stipulam desig7iantur : " The punishment of purga- 
 " tory is not appointed for crimes, but for lighter sins, 
 " which are intimated by wood, hay, and stubble." 
 
 We shall now proceed to the examining of some 
 other points, the better to inform ourselves of the 
 state of this Church of Italy during the tenth cen- 
 
 First, They believed that all Bishops in general 
 were St. Peter's successors. Ratherius is very ex- 
 p. 164. press in this case : Petri omnes Episcopi vicem te- 
 nent in Ecclesiis; " All Bishops are Peters vice- 
 " ge rents in their Churches," and p. l68, 169, I'/ 3, 
 and 229. 
 
 Secondly, They did not believe that the Pope had 
 
ayicient Church of Piedmont. 95 
 
 power to remove Bishops from one bishopric to an- chap, 
 other. The translation of Ratherius from the see of 
 
 Liege was done by order from the Emperor, and ofPi/i. 
 a Council of Italy, assembled at Verona. 
 
 Thirdly, They were very sensible of the inconve- 
 nience of the sovereignty which the Pope endea- 
 voured to usurp over the Church. See what Ra- 
 therius speaks of it: Si Papa Jit nequam, perjurus,v.\i?,. 
 adulter, ve?iator, ebriosus, quidjiet de qucErimoniis ad 
 ipsum delafis? Ridebit queridos,favehit sihi simili- 
 hus: " If the Pope should prove a wicked man, pcr- 
 " jured, an adulterer, a hunter, a drunkard, what will 
 " become of the complaints made to him ? He will 
 " laugh at those that complain, and favour those 
 " that are like himself." 
 
 Fourthly, They without fear laughed at the Pope's 
 excommunications and his anathemas, of which he 
 began already to be very liberal. Ratherius gives us an 
 instance of it in his Apologetic ; De qiiodam Clerico p. 231. 
 venalein illam, ut ait Salustius, adieus urhem, pretio, 
 ut omnia antiquitus, ibi emptas quasi apostolicas de- 
 ferens chartas anathematis tarn me, quam succes- 
 sores omnimodis meos mulctavit mucrone ; ut quivis 
 abhinc Episcoporum si de Clericorum se infra mit-8'if 
 teret rebus, perpetuo, ut aiunt, anathemate foret 
 damnatus: " Concerning one of the Clergy, who 
 " going to that city where all things were to be sold, 
 " as Salust expresses it, and bringing along with him 
 " the apostolical letters, bought for money, as of old, 
 " he smote me, as well as all my successors, with the 
 " edge of the anathematical sword ; so that any Bi- 
 " shop from henceforward, that shall meddle with 
 '' any matters concerning the Clergy, must expect 
 " to be condemned by a perpetual anathema." We 
 may see how he refutes this piece of folly. 
 
 Fifthly, They were yet in a doubt whether the 
 title of Universal did of right belong to the Bishop 
 of Rome : Vestrcc Paternitatis provolvens genihus, p. 24fi. 
 Domine venerandissime, ArchiprcEsul, Archiepiscope, 
 
96 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, et, si de ullo mortaliujii jure did possit, Umvet\'ialis 
 ' Papa nominande: " Prostrating myself at the knees 
 
 of your Paternity, most reverend Lord, Archpre- 
 " late, Archbishop, and if it may of right be said of 
 
 " any mortal. Universal Pope." Ratherius being 
 
 banished from his Church, gives us a very ludicrous 
 p. 252. notion of it: Alt, Tccdet me esse Universalem Episcn- 
 pum, id est, gyrovagum, et sine sede; " It troubles 
 " me," saith he, " to be an Universal Bishop, that is, 
 " a wanderer about, without a see." 
 
 Sixthly, He appealed indeed to the Pope, con- 
 cerning the unjust oppression he endured; but he 
 appealed also at the same time to the Councils of 
 p. 253. Gaul, of Italy, and of Germany. 
 
 Seventhly, He takes notice that he did not go to 
 Rome out of devotion, because it is said, John iv. 
 21. 77ie hour cometh, when ye shall neither in this 
 mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, &c. but that he 
 might be present at the Synod. 
 
 Some other points worth our observing are. 
 First, He deplores the general contempt of the 
 Canons of the Church ; a neglect which reigned 
 p. 168. from the Pope to the meanest of the people; Luget 
 generalem contemptum Canoniim a laico ad Sum- 
 mum {pro nefas!) Pontificeyn. 
 p. 188. He chargeth the Italians with being the most 
 
 88 corrupt of all, by reason of their greater proneness 
 to debauchery and vice ; that the Doctors there ne- 
 glected all discipline, insomuch as the Clergy did in 
 nothing differ from the laity, but in their habits. 
 p. 218. Secondly, He observes, that most of the Clergy 
 
 were either sodomites or adulterers : Quaru perdita 
 tonsatorum universitas tola, si nemo in eis qui non 
 adulter aid sit aut arsenoquita! " How profligate 
 " is the whole crew of shavelings, when there is 
 " none among them that is not either an adulterer 
 " or a sodomite !" 
 p. 241. Thirdly, As for simony, it was so common, that 
 
 he writes to the Bishop of Parma, to desire him to 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 97 
 
 confer orders upon children for money no more, as chap. 
 he was wont to do. Manasses, Bishop of Milan,. 
 
 who had five bishoprics, sold that of Verona, andP-249,250. 
 turned out Ratherius. 
 
 Fourthly, He takes notice of such extreme igno-P-27o. 
 ranee in the Priests of his diocese, that they could 
 not so much as say the Apostles' Creed. And he 
 chargeth his Priests, in his Synodical Epistle, to be 
 able to say it without book, together with that of 
 St. Athanasius. 
 
 Fifthly, He observes, that both Priests and people 
 were Anthropomorphites. 
 
 Sixthly, He cannot dissemble the way which p. 289. 
 some of his Priests took to deceive souls, by main- 
 taining that none that had been baptized could ever 
 be damned. 
 
 Seventhly, Lastly he exclaims, that Christianity 
 was perished and gone: Vera quo evasisti Christi- 
 anitasP " True Christianity, whither art thou fled ?" 
 And he declares, that his time was that of whicliP. 189. 
 the Apostle spoke when he said, that many should 
 depart from the faith. 
 
 This good Ratherius, in truth, had his share of 
 the ignorance that reigned in his time, as well as of 
 the superstition that had already seized upon many 
 in Italy. Which ignorance of his appears, 
 
 1. In that he admits for true the false Decretals, 
 which the Popes had foisted in, to subject all the 
 world to themselves. 
 
 2. By iiis finding fault with the ordination of89 
 those persons who had been married more than f- ^^9- 
 once, as supposing they were forbid by the Apostle. 
 
 3. By his lamenting the liberty which was given p. 170, 179. 
 to the Clergy to marry. 
 
 4. In that he joins the married Bishops with p. 172. 
 the most corrupt and profligate of that order. 
 
 5. By his charging the Clergy with a great crime, 
 for having refused to obey the edict of the Emperor, 
 which condemned the marriage of Ecclesiastics. 
 
 H 
 
98 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. 6. From his falsely pretending that marriage had 
 __been forbid to Ministers by the third Canon of the 
 
 p. 217. Council of Nice ; whereas they maintained that they 
 ought to use matrimony, to avoid falling into those 
 enormous crimes which St. Paul hath set down 
 in his first chapter of the Epistle to the Romans. 
 
 p. 236. 7- From his expelling the married Monks out of 
 
 his abbey, and placing Canons in their place. 
 
 8. From his prescribing some fasts to a woman 
 that had married a Priest, without dissolving the 
 marriage, or declaring it void. 
 
 9. From his commanding laics to abstain from 
 their wives, and from flesh, twenty-eight days before 
 Advent, and twenty days before Christmas. 
 
 10. From his severely blaming those who, instead 
 of fasting forty days, fasted only twenty. 
 
 The second author that can give us any inform- 
 ation concerning the state of the diocese of Italy, is 
 Atto, Bishop of Verceil, who, as Ughellus tells us, 
 flourished about the middle of the tenth century. 
 D'Achery has published several of his pieces in his 
 Spicilegium, tom. viii. 
 
 Cap. 4. We find in the Capitulary, which he addressed to 
 
 the Priests of his diocese, almost all borrowed from 
 - that of Theodulphus, who was an Italian born, that 
 he charged them to learn Athanasius's Creed, as a 
 short compendium of the faith, upon pain of inter- 
 diction from wine for forty days ; and to explain the 
 Apostles' Creed to those that demanded Baptism; 
 but doth not speak to them at all of other doctrines 
 taught at present, as another part of religion. 
 90 He forbids the celebration of Masses without any 
 
 Cap. 7. communicants, and shews them that this is contrary 
 to the Canon of the Liturgy. 
 
 Cap.23,24, He Very severely condemns the custom of burying 
 in churches ; as likewise that of selling places to 
 bury the dead in : though this custom was at first 
 introduced by an opinion, that the dead received 
 some help from the prayers of their relations. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 99 
 
 He absolutely forbids the ordination of Priests chap. 
 without title: which shews that he did not look 
 
 upon the trade of sacrificing the body of Jesus Cap. 30. 
 Christ to be so necessary and authorized, that for it 
 he ought to dispense with the Canons, which are 
 now laid aside, since the doctrine of the sacrifice of 
 the Mass is come in request. 
 
 He commands the Clergy to work with their Cap. o7. 
 hands, after reading and prayer; which some ages 
 after was condemned in the Waldenses ; though 
 therein he follows Theodulphus and the Rule of St. 
 Bennet. 
 
 He will not have any thing read in the church. Cap. 58. 
 save the books of the Old and New Testament, and 
 permits the passions of the martyrs to be read only 
 on their anniversaries. 
 
 He condemns the custom of making baths of holy Cap. 59. 
 water, which was introduced into that country. 
 
 He hath one chapter about the case of the Eu-Cap. 74, 
 charist that is fallen down, and concerning him that'^" 
 vomits again after three days ; which plainly shews, 
 that they supposed it to nourish really and truly, 
 notwithstanding that it was consecrated bread. 
 
 It appears evidently, that public penance had not Cap. 90. 
 yet given place to the practice of confession to 
 Priests ; which has wholly abolished all the disci- 
 pline of the Church of Rome. 
 
 He makes an extract of the Rule of St. Bennet, 
 concerning the moral part of the Gospel ; to which 
 there is no Protestant but would be very willing to 
 subscribe, as containing nothing of the spirit of 
 monkery or of superstition. 
 
 He reduceth the matters of faith, which believers 9I 
 ought to know, to the Lord's Prayer, according to Cap. 97. 
 the Council of Forojulio, which I have already cited. 
 
 He maintains, according to the Canons of the Cap. 100. 
 Church of Rome, tliat the Scriptures are the found- 
 ation of religion, and doth not admit of the writ- - 
 
 H 2 
 
100 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, ings of the Fathers, but with this caution; Try all 
 
 ^ things, holdfast that which is good : and according 
 
 to the Canon of Gelasius I. he ranks several books 
 amongst the apocryphal writings, from whence the 
 Church of Rome, some ages after, has borrowed 
 divers shreds to stuif out her Breviary, and their 
 hves of saints. 
 
 p. 45. We may now take a view of his doctrine in his 
 
 treatise of the Judgments of Bishops. He maintains, 
 that the Church is founded on the confession of the 
 apostohc faith, and that she subsists by the faith and 
 love of Jesus Christ, by the receiving of the Sacra- 
 ments, and by the observation of our Saviour's pre- 
 cepts. All the rest of that discourse, wherein he 
 highly exalts the power of the Pope of Rome, is a 
 plain sign that he was trepanned into the snare, 
 which had been set a hundred and fifty years be- 
 fore, by a supposititious obtrusion of the false De- 
 cretals of ancient Popes, the end of which was to ap- 
 propriate the cognizance of the trials of Bishops 
 to the Pope, under pretence of preventing their op- 
 pression. In particular, he shews himself very angry 
 against those who obliged the Bishops to terminate 
 the quarrels they had with laics, by providing a 
 champion to fight it out for them. 
 
 p. 50. Jie pretends that the Scripture of the New Testa- 
 
 ment does absolutely forbid Christians to swear; 
 which constitutes one of the errors of the Wal- 
 denses. 
 
 p. 55,56. He maintains, according to the doctrine of St. 
 Ambrose, that it is not lawful for Bishops to take up 
 arms, no, not for the Church's interest ; which the 
 Popes have practised but very badly. 
 
 p. 63. He seems to suppose, that the order of Bishops, 
 
 and that of Presbyters, were not two different orders 
 in St. Paul's time, and that they were distinguished 
 afterwards. 
 
 p. 64. 92 He asserts, that laics have right to judge of the 
 
ancient Church of' Piedmont. 101 
 
 behaviour of Bishops, as it is their right to have a chap. 
 share in their election. ' 
 
 He employs a whole treatise to confound the dis- 
 order which reigned at that time in the election of 
 Bishops, as having no regard either to their charity 
 or faith, but to the nobleness of their blood, and 
 electing many that were yet mere children. 
 
 He declares in one of his letters, that some here-Epi5t.2. 
 sies were already crept into his diocese, which he 
 had already hinted in the forty-eighth chapter of his 
 Capitulary; and he seems to point at a branch of 
 the Manichean heresy. 
 
 He shews, that in his diocese they would not fast 
 on Saturdays ; which he finds fault with, notwith- 
 standing the Saturday's fast was not known in St. 
 Ambrose's time, in the diocese of Milan. 
 
 He quotes a law of the Lombards, to shew that 
 the marriage of a godson with his godmother was 
 unlawful ; and the definition he afterwards gives of 
 marriage shews that he knew nothing of its being 
 a sacrament. 
 
 He maintains, that the she-priests, of whom men- 
 tion is made in the Canons, were the primitive Dea- 
 conesses, that they had power to teach in public, 
 and that formerly they were employed to baptize 
 maids or women ; which Priests had married wives 
 before they had received Orders, from whom they 
 were to abstain afterwards. 
 
 Whoever will reflect upon what I have here said, 
 and upon several other matters that might be ob- 
 served, will easily judge, that both truth and piety 
 began to decrease in this diocese, and that error and 
 superstition, by little and little, began to take their 
 places, in spite of the opposition of those whom 
 God had raised up to stop their progress : however, 
 the essentials of religion still continued there, not- 
 withstanding these growing corruptions. 
 
 H 3 
 
102 Remarks tipon the 
 
 93 CHAP. XL 
 
 An inquiry into the opinions of Gundulphus and 
 his followers, before the year IO26. 
 
 T.is.SpicD'ACHERY has published a Synod, which was 
 held at Arras, by Gerard, Bishop of Cambray and 
 Arras, in the year of our Lord 1025; by which it 
 doth appear, that Gundulphus had taught several 
 doctrines in Italy, which had been carried by his 
 disciples into the diocese of Liege and of Cambray 
 in the Low Countries. This Synod having been 
 held in the year 1025, we may easily judge that 
 Gundulphus had a great number of disciples in 
 Italy. The account Gerard gives to Reginaldus, 
 Bishop of Liege, concerning the examination of 
 these Italians, takes notice. First, That they had ap- 
 peared before Reginaldus, who had examined them 
 about their opinions, and had sent them back with- 
 out condemning them. Secondly, That even then 
 they employed the terror of punishments, against 
 those who were suspected of heresy, to which Gerard 
 attributes the seeming piety those Italians made 
 shew of: we may also gather this from Glaber, 1. 4. 
 c. 2. where he speaks of a certain heresy discovered 
 in Italy, and cruelly persecuted by the Bishops and 
 the nobility of that country. Thirdly, That they 
 sent their disciples up and down to multiply the 
 number of their followers, and that indeed they had 
 withdrawn many from the opinions of Paschasius 
 Ratbertus, which insensibly began to be established. 
 Fourthly, That Gerard did in vain make use of vio- 
 lence, to make them confess their belief; and that 
 he could not come to know it, but by those who 
 had been gained by them. Fifthly, That he only 
 gives an account in part of their opinions. What 
 may be gathered from Gerard's preface to Reginal- 
 dus, is this : 
 94 First, They own themselves to be the disciples of 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 103 
 
 one Gundulphus, who had instructed them concern- chap. 
 ing the evangehcal and apostoHcal doctrine ; that they ^ 
 received no other doctrine, and that they practised 
 the same verbo et opere, " in word and deed." 
 
 But since it had been reported to Gerard, that 
 they abhorred Baptism, that they rejected the Sa- 
 crament of the body and blood of" our Saviour, that 
 they denied the use of penance after sin, that they 
 made void the Church, that they detested lawful 
 marriages, that they owned no virtue in the holy 
 confessors, and that they pretended that the Apo- 
 stles only and Martyrs were to be reverenced ; we 
 find, that being interrogated upon these heads by 
 Gerard, they answered distinctly, as follows : 
 
 First, To that which the Bishop told them, that 
 Jesus Christ had established the necessity of Bap^ 
 tism, John iii. Except a man he born again, &c. 
 they answer. Lex et disciplina nostra quam a magi- 
 stro accepimus, nee evangelicis decretis, nee aposto- 
 licis sanctionibus contra ire videbitiir, si quis earn 
 diligenter velit intueri. H(ec namque hnjusmodi 
 est, niundum relinquere, carnem a eoncupiscentiis 
 J'rcEnare, de laboribus manuum siiarum victum pa- 
 rare, nulli IfEsionem qucerere, charitatem cunctis 
 quos zelus hujus nostri propositi teneat, exhibere. 
 Servata igitur hac justitia, nullum opus esse Baptis- 
 mi; prcBvaricata vero ista, Baptismum ad nullam 
 projicere salutem. Hcbc est nostra justijicationis 
 summa, ad quam nihil est quod Baptismi usus su- 
 peraddere possit, cum omnis apostolica et evange- 
 lica hutitutio hujusmodi Jine claudatur. Si quis 
 autem in Baptismate aliquod dicat latere Sacra- 
 ment um, hoc tribus ex causis evacuatur: Una, quia 
 vita reproba Ministrorum baptizandis nullum potest 
 prcehere salutis j^emedium. Altera, quia quidquid 
 vitiorum in fonte renuntiatur, postmodivm in vita, 
 repetitur. Tertia, quia ad parvulum mm volentem, 
 neque currentem,Jidei tiescium, suceque salutis atque 
 utilitatis ignarum, in quein nulla regenerationis 
 
 H 4 
 
104 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, petitio, nulla Jidei potest inessse confessio, aliena 
 ^'' voluntas^ aliena Jides, aliena confessio nequaquam 
 pertinere videtw: " The law and discipline we have 
 " received from our master will not appear contrary 
 " either to the Gospel decrees or apostolical insti- 
 " tutions, if carefully looked into. This discipline 
 " consists in leaving the world, in bridling carnal 
 95 " concupiscence, in providing a livelihood by the 
 " labour of our hands, in hurting nobody, and aftbrd- 
 " ing our charity to all who are zealous in the pro- 
 " secution of this our design. Now if this righteous- 
 " ness be observed, there will be no need of Baptism ; 
 " and if broken, Baptism cannot avail to salvation. 
 " This is the sum of our justification, to which the 
 " use of Baptism can superadd nothing, since this is 
 " the end of all apostolical and evangelical insti- 
 " tutions. But if any shall say, that some sacra- 
 " ment lies hid in Baptism, the force of that is taken 
 " off by these three causes : the first is. Because the 
 " reprobate life of Ministers can afford no saving re- 
 " medy to the persons to be baptized. The second, 
 " Because whatsoever sins are renounced at the font, 
 " are afterwards taken up again in life and practice. 
 " The third. Because a strange will, a strange faith, 
 " and a strange confession do not seem to belong to, 
 " or be of any advantage to a little child, who nei- 
 " ther wills nor runs, who knows nothing of faith, 
 " and is altogether ignorant of his own good and 
 " salvation, in whom there can be no desire of re- 
 " generation, and from whom no confession of faith 
 " can be expected." 
 
 It appears by the Bishop's answer, wherein there 
 are some good arguments to establish the necessity 
 of Baptism, that these Italians were fallen upon 
 these opinions, to put themselves at a greater dis- 
 tance from the maxims of their Priests, which I have 
 taken notice of where I mention the belief of Ra- 
 therius. There is one thing observable about their 
 other reasons ; which is, that the Bishop objects to 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 105 
 
 them, in order to persuade them of the necessity of ^^'^^' 
 
 Baptism, the custom of washing one another's feet, _ 
 
 which they called mandaium; whence it is easy to 
 judge, that they looked upon Baptism only as a 
 mystical ceremony, the end of which was, to t^xpress 
 the engagement of him who is baptized, and the vow 
 he makes to live holily; which made them not to 
 set any great value upon it, and to oppose them- 
 selves against the notion of the absolute necessity of 
 Baptism, without which, the Priests of those times 
 believed there was no attaining to salvation ; as well 
 as against the pretended efficacy of Baptism, so that 9^ 
 whosoever received it could not fail of salvation. 
 
 The second head, upon which Gerard examined 
 them, was the article of the carnal presence of Jesus 
 Christ in the Eucharist; he refutes their objections', 
 which he makes to himself. The one is, That the 
 body of Jesus Christ is in heaven since his ascen- 
 sion. The other, That the bodily eating of the body 
 of Jesus Christ cannot profit, because Jesus Christ 
 himself hath declared in the sixth of St. John, that 
 thejiesh prqfiteth nothing. The third is. That the 
 body of Jesus Christ would no longer continue to be 
 one entire body, being divided through so many 
 places, and found in so many churches. 
 
 The chief heads of his answers to these objec- 
 tions are made up of apparitions, which he had ex- 
 tracted out of Paschasius's book; which plainly 
 shews, that the Italians did not reject the sacrament 
 of the Eucharist, but the doctrine of Paschasius, 
 which began then to be established, though it met 
 with great contradictions in the diocese of Italy, 
 where Abbot Gezo had revived it, by publishing a 
 book upon that subject; whereof Mabillon has 
 given us an extract in his Iter Italicum. 
 
 The third article concerns the consecration of 
 churches : it appears, that they believed nothing of 
 these sanctifications, which were attributed to sacred 
 edifices and altars; but pretended that the prayers 
 
106 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, they made in the houses were no less agreeable to 
 ^^' God, than if they had been made in the churches. 
 The reason of this shyness they expressed to 
 churches is evident, from their reproaching the 
 idolatry that was practised in them in point of 
 images and other matters. 
 
 The fourth is about the altar, to which they re- 
 fused to bow, or shew any reverence, as the prac- 
 tice was then, after it was consecrated with holy oil ; 
 which is an evident sign that the thing they struck 
 at was these consecrations, which they accused as 
 superstitious : so far were they from looking upon 
 them as a just motive to exhibit any honour or re- 
 spect to the material things that had received them. 
 ^7 The fifth is of the same kind, concerning those 
 censings which were then used in imitation of the 
 ceremonies of the Mosaical law; the unction with 
 oil, practised upon those that were possessed, sick 
 persons, and Catechu7neni ; and the anointing of 
 Bishops and Priests at their consecration. 
 
 The sixth is about bells ; they finding fault with 
 the virtue which was attributed to their sound, viz. 
 of driving away tempests and the Devil's power. 
 
 The seventh article concerns the different orders 
 of Ministers ; these Italians being accused of reject- 
 ing them, because they gave the imposition of hands 
 in private, and blamed the Ministry, such as it was 
 received in the western Church ; and that by this 
 means they took upon them ecclesiastical functions, 
 being themselves secular persons. 
 
 The eighth is about burial in consecrated places, 
 which these Italians looked upon only as an eflfect 
 of the covetousness of Priests, who could imagine 
 no other advantage in being buried in holy places, 
 but that of selling them the dearer to the people, 
 whom they had abused by this notion of holiness 
 inherent in one place more than another. 
 
 The ninth respects penance after Baptism, which, 
 according to Gerard's accusation of them, they re- 
 
aticient Church of Piedmont. 107 
 
 jected; which seems to agree with the opinion of chap. 
 the Novatians: but we may easily judge that the 
 thing they chiefly struck at were those penal works 
 which began then to be imposed, as in order to sa- 
 tisfy the Divine justice. 
 
 This appears more clearly from the tenth article, 
 which shews that what they struck at were customs 
 and usages of the Church of Rome. Thus he ac- 
 cuses them of asserting, that penance was of no use 
 after death ; whereas Gerard maintains, that the 
 works of the living, alms, masses, and the satisfac- 
 tions which persons imposed upon themselves for 
 the dead, were indeed of great efficacy for the 
 salvation of the deceased. It appears clearly, from 
 the proofs of Gerard, that they struck at the doc- 
 trine of purgatory, and those practices which this 
 belief had introduced into the Church. 
 
 The eleventh article accuseth them for looking 98 
 upon lawful marriage as an abomination, and a 
 state wherein it was impossible to be saved. 
 
 The twelfth article accuseth them for refusing to 
 give any veneration to confessors, and reserving it 
 only for Apostles and Martyrs ; and for maintaining, 
 that there was no virtue in the dead bodies of 
 saints, after they are once returned to dust ; which 
 Gerard refutes by an examination of the miracles 
 performed by every Bishop of his diocese, before 
 the people brought to the tombs the marks of their 
 veneration of any confessors. 
 
 The thirteenth article accuseth them for finding 
 fault with the singing of Psalms, which was then re- 
 ceived in the Church, under a pretence that those 
 that so made use of them were thereby obliged 
 sometimes to curse themselves, by their repeating 
 the imprecations contained in the said Psalms. 
 
 The fourteenth article was about their refusing to 
 reverence the cross, maintaining that it had no vir- 
 tue at all, as being only a work of men's hands. 
 The fifteenth article concerned the image of our 
 
108 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Saviour on the cross, that of the blessed Virgin, and 
 those of the saints and angels, &c. which they re- 
 fused to worship. 
 
 The sixteenth respects the obedience which they 
 were said to refuse to the Ministers of the Church, 
 to Bishops, Archdeacons, Deans, and Prcepositi ; 
 the model of which government they pretended to 
 derive from the angelical hierarchy treated of by 
 Dionysius the Areopagite. 
 
 The seventeenth concerns the righteousness they 
 arrogated to themselves because of their good works, 
 as if they had renewed the doctrine of Pelagius ; to 
 which Gerard opposeth the notions of St. Austin, 
 and the necessity of adhering to the doctrine of 
 the Church of Rome, as being that which St. Peter 
 preached at Rome, and which his successors have 
 propagated throughout all the west. 
 99 These are the opinions which Gerard made these 
 Italians abjure, who, as the Acts of the Synod tell 
 us, were convinced and confounded by the refutation 
 he had made of their errors. The Acts of the Synod 
 contain the abjuration of these opinions. They ac- 
 quaint us moreover, that these Italians, pretending 
 not to understand the contents of this excommu- 
 nication, because it was writ in Latin, it was ex- 
 plained to them in Italian, and they were made to 
 sign it, and to set a sign of the cross before their 
 names. 
 
 It is worth our observing, 
 
 First, That what they were made to own was not 
 subscribed by them, till after they had been three 
 days in prison ; having been committed by order of 
 the Bishop. 
 
 Secondly, That all this confession was extorted 
 by fear of punishment, wherewith they had been 
 threatened at Liege, and afterwards at Arras. 
 
 Thirdly, That it seems not altogether improbable, 
 that they differed about some of these opinions 
 amongst themselves, as may be very naturally ga- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 109 
 
 thered from the history of the following ages, and chap. 
 yet they are all involved in the same excom muni- ______ 
 
 cation : thus without fear did they treat people who 
 did not understand Latin, and who were obliged to 
 express their mind by interpreters. 
 
 Fourthly, That they were not made to confess any 
 thing that savours of Manicheism, except the matter 
 of marriage. 
 
 Fifthly, That the errors whereof they were ac- 
 cused seem to take their birth from an inclination 
 very natural to the mind of man, who is very prone 
 to cast himself upon the opposite extremity, whilst 
 he endeavours to sepai-ate himself from errors. St. 
 Cyprian rebaptized those who had been baptized by 
 heretics ; Stephen received the Baptism of all hercr 
 tics without distinction. Several dioceses were di- 
 vided amongst themselves, by reason of these con- 
 trary practices above eighty years, until the conven- 
 ing of the first Council of Aries, which yet was not 
 able wholly to compose this difference. Gundulphus 100 
 seeing them assert, that whosoever was baptized 
 could never be damned, falls to an indifference for 
 Baptism, thinking it sufficient to keep to the essen- 
 tials of that sacrament. And the same we are to 
 suppose of their Anabaptism, and some other of 
 their articles. 
 
 Sixthly, That we find in this their doctrine the 
 substance of those articles, which the Waldenses 
 have condemned in the faith and worship of the 
 Church of Rome. 
 
 Seventhly, And as to the imputation of their find- 
 ing fault with the hierarchy of the Church, this 
 proceeded indeed from nothing else, but from the 
 abuse which was then so customary in the western 
 Churches, and of Italy in particular, as I have just 
 now made out concerning the tenth century; and 
 the multiplication of ecclesiastical offices into so 
 many different orders appeared to them to be very 
 opposite to the institutions of the primitive Church. 
 
110 Remarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP. This being laid down, I say we have already 
 found a body of men in Italy, before the year 1026, 
 who believed contrary to the opinions of the Church 
 of Rome, and who highly condemned their errors ; 
 a body of men which sent its members about into 
 divers places, to oppose themselves to the supersti- 
 tions that reigned throughout all the west. 
 
 I shall, in the sequel of this discourse, shew the 
 reason why they were accused of being mere secu- 
 lars ; and shall make it appear, that at the bottom 
 this was nothing else but a pure calumny, founded 
 upon an unjust prejudice. 
 
 101 CHAP. XII. 
 
 Reflections upon some practices of the Churches of 
 the diocese of Italy. 
 
 W HAT I have already represented in the fore- 
 going chapters makes it evident, as far as can be 
 desired, that the diocese of Italy, in faith as well as 
 worship, had the purity necessary to constitute a 
 true Christian Church. I own that we find in it 
 some errors and some superstitions ; the account I 
 have already given being a full proof thereof. But 
 I have farther to observe. 
 
 First, That their Liturgy contains nothing that 
 favours these errors or superstitions ; now we know, 
 that we ought to judge of a Church by the public 
 writings of religion. 
 
 Secondly, That though several private men, or 
 even some of the Clergy, were involved in these 
 errors or superstitions, this must not be made use of 
 to the prejudice of the whole diocese. 
 
 Thirdly, We find that at that very time the ablest 
 and learnedest men amongst them did vigorously set 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. Ill 
 
 themselves against these errors and these supersti- chap. 
 
 tions of a bhnd people and an ignorant Clergy. '__ 
 
 These general remarks ought in particular to be ap- 
 plied to these following articles. The first is, Prayer 
 for the Dead. 2. Doting on the relics of saints. 
 3. The custom of praying to saints. 4. The too 
 rigorous injunction of fasts, fixed to certain days. 
 5. The too great esteem they had of the celibacy 
 imposed upon Ecclesiastics. These are the most 
 ancient of their superstitions. We find also, that 
 in process of time the use of images, and some gross 
 notions of the carnal presence of Jesus Christ in the 
 Sacrament, were introduced into this diocese. 
 
 I own that prayer for the dead was used in this 102 
 diocese even before the fourth century ; but withal 
 1 find it was practised there under another notion 
 than it is in the Church of Rome, which since 
 Gregory I. has founded the belief of it wholly upon 
 the doctrine of purgatory, is unknown to all the 
 Churches of the East. 
 
 First, They prayed to God in general, that he 
 would be pleased to make those partakers of the 
 resurrection whom he had taken out of this world, 
 which we approve of, and which we do as often, as 
 by the kingdom of God, the coming of which we 
 pray for, we understand the kingdom of glory, which 
 is to destroy death, the last enemy of believers. 
 
 Secondly, They begged of God another kind of re- 
 surrection, which they conceived that God had pro- 
 mised to some believers, who particularly had the 
 privilege of being admitted into the kingdom of 
 Jesus Christ upon earth. This was nothing else 
 but a consequence of the opinion of the most ancient 
 Christians concerning the millennium. 
 
 Thirdly, They joined to this, the notion of the 
 deliverance from the fire of the last judgment, 
 through which many of the ancients were of opin- 
 ion that all believers, the blessed Virgin and 
 Apostles not excepted, were to pass. The state of 
 
112 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, souls before the resurrection being very uncertain in 
 ^^'' ancient times, and the Fathers taking unto them- 
 
 selves the liberty to philosophize upon that subject, 
 in a very different manner, as the learned of the 
 Romish Church do confess : these things have given 
 occasion to the rise of prayers for the dead ; and 
 though their opinions in this matter have been very 
 different, yet they are all of them furnished with 
 essential marks to distinguish them from those of 
 the Church of Rome, in respect of their opinions ; 
 as those of the Church of Rome differ much in re- 
 gard of their opinions from the words of the an- 
 cients which they make use of on this occasion, 
 and which are, for the most part, of a considerable 
 antiquity. 
 103 I own likewise, that the veneration of relics ap- 
 peared in this diocese from before the end of the 
 fourth century, and since that, by little and little, 
 got strength there, as it is customary for human in- 
 ventions to attain to their full growth by degrees. 
 The piety of the primitive Christians contented 
 themselves with burying the bodies of believers and 
 martyrs, and at their interment solemnly blessed 
 God that he had taken them to his peace and re- 
 freshment. When the Church found themselves 
 under persecution, they met together in the church- 
 yards, or burying-places'; which gave occasion to the 
 Pastors to discourse to the faithful, concerning the 
 constancy of the martyrs : afterwards they cele- 
 brated the Eucharist upon their very tombs : and 
 some time after, towards the end of the fourth cen- 
 tury, they brought in a custom, not to consecrate 
 any church, without putting first some relics of 
 martyrs under the altar. This is what we find was 
 practised by St. Ambrose, with so much pomp, in 
 reference to the relics of St. Gervasius and St. Pro- 
 tasius, and which he believed founded upon a reve- 
 lation. In process of time, they took care to fill the 
 churches with the bodies of martyrs, those of whom 
 
 1 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 113 
 
 no relics were to be found being in a manner quite chap. 
 
 forgot. They followed herein a Pagan opinion, 
 
 which supposeth the souls of the deceased to be 
 tied to their graves. They took occasion to con- 
 sider the prayers made to God in the presence of 
 these tombs, as being made in the communion of 
 the martyrs there present. They wished that these 
 believers, being delivered from temptations, might 
 intercede, together with them, by an act of their 
 first charity : and so, by little and little, they began 
 to address their prayers to them themselves. Matters 
 stood thus, when the famous Bishop of Turin set 
 himself against these innovations with a great deal 
 of vigour and zeal, founded upon the doctrine of 
 Scripture, and upon the opinions of St. Austin. - 
 
 As for what concerns their fasts, I do own, that 
 besides that fast which was anciently observed 
 before Easter, from the fourth century, there have 
 been some other fasts fixed to certain days, as were 
 those that were kept on the same account with the 104 
 former, for the solemn Baptism of the Catechwneni ; 
 those which accompanied the ordination of the 
 Ministers of the Church, and some others. But, 
 first, we are to observe, that the Church in those 
 times did not make a meritorious and satisfactory 
 work of fasting, as it has been made some ages 
 since. Secondly, We cannot deny but that they 
 were kept then in good earnest, they consisting in a 
 total abstinence from eating or drinking ; whereas at 
 present they consist only in a distinction of meats. 
 Thirdly, That after all that can be said, the Church 
 then considered fasting only as an indifferent action, 
 which was to be backed and seconded by the mo- 
 tion of a true contrition and humility, without 
 which it could not be well pleasing to God; which 
 is quite contrary to what has been conceived of it 
 in these later times. 
 
 We cannot deny, but that a single state was ob- 
 served by the Clergy of Milan, in the time of St. 
 
 I 
 
114 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Ambrose: this appears from his first Book of Offices, 
 chap. 50, where he expressly tells us, that those to 
 whom he speaks had received Orders, being «//ew/' ah 
 ipso consortia conjugali, "strangers to conjugal fel- 
 " lowship." But we are to take notice, first, that in 
 the same place he owns, that in most other places 
 of less renown, the Priests and Bishops were mar- 
 ried, and had children. Secondly, that they main- 
 tained this custom in imitation of the Priests under 
 the law, who were not bound to forbear the com- 
 pany of their wives, save only during the time of 
 their ministry. Thirdly, That they maintained, 
 that the people of old were also obliged to abstain 
 from their wives for some few days, in order to their 
 partaking of the sacrifices. The words of St. Am- 
 brose on this occasion are these : Quod eo non pra^- 
 terii, quia in plerisque ahditiorihus locis, cum tni- 
 nisterium gererent^ vel etium sacerdotium^Jilios sus- 
 ceperunt, et id tanquam usu veteri defendunt, 
 quando per intervalla dieruni sacrijicium offereha- 
 tur : et tamen castigabatur etiam populus per bi- 
 duum vel friduum, ut ad sacj-ijicium purus acce- 
 deret, utm f^eteri Testamento legimus, et lavabat 
 vestimenta sua. Si in Jigura tanta observantia, 
 quanta in veritate! " Which therefore I did not 
 " pass by, because in more retired places, those that 
 105" discharged the office of Levites or Priests did 
 " beget children ; and this they maintain from what 
 " was in use under the old law, when they offered 
 " sacrifices with some intervening distance of time ; 
 " and yet even the people themselves were to use 
 " abstinence for two or three days, that they might 
 " with the greater purity come to the sacrifice, 
 " according as we read in the Old Testament, and 
 " to wash their garments. If so strict an ob- 
 *' servance were used in the figure, how much more 
 " in the truth itself!" 
 
 Whence it appears, first. That the greater part of 
 the Clergy of the diocese of Milan were not bound 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. lid 
 
 to observe the law of celibacy, which Paphnutius chap. 
 
 had hindered the Council of Nice from imposing L 
 
 upon the Bishops and other ministers. Secondly, 
 That though the Clergy of Milan lived in a single 
 state, yet this was not by virtue of any law, but of 
 their own choice, and without any necessity. Third- 
 ly, That the cause of St. Ambrose's so highly re- 
 commending the celibacy of ministers, was the high 
 esteem he had for the single state. Fourthly, That 
 it was a gross imposture of Petrus Damianus, to 
 maintain, as he did before the Clergy of Milan, that 
 St. Ambrose not being able to reduce his Clergy to 
 a single state, had been obliged to implore the assist- ~ 
 ance of Syricius, to bring it about, and that he had 
 declared he would follow the Church of Rome, in 
 that particular, as being his mistress. I know very 
 well that he cites for this the book De Sacerdotali 
 Dignitate; which he attributes to St. Ambrose, but 
 with so little justice, that that alone is sufficient to 
 lay open the impudence wherewith he abused the 
 credulity of the people of Milan. 
 
 This we may clearly gather from his 82d Epistle, 
 written to the Church of Verceil, where after hav- 
 ing given the sense of the words of St. Paul, which 
 concern the virtues of Ministers, he adds, H(uc posui 
 qiicB cavenda acceperim. f^irtutum cuitem magister 
 Apostolus est, qui cum patientia redarguendos do- 
 ceat contradicentes, qui unius uxoris virum prcccipiat 
 esse, non quo exsorteni excludat conjugii, natn hoc 
 supra legem prcccepti est, sed ut conjugali castimo- 
 nia servet ahlutionis su(B gratiam. Neque iterum 
 utjilios creare Apostolica invitetur auctoritate, ha- 
 benfem enim dixit Jilios, non facientem. " I have 
 " here set down what I understand ought to be 106 
 " avoided. Now the Apostle is a master of virtue, 
 " who teacheth, that gainsayers ought to be reproved 
 " with patience, who commands a Presbyter to be 
 " husband of one wife, not as if he would thereby 
 " exclude those that live in a single state; for that is 
 
 I 2 
 
Il6 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " something above the command of the law; but 
 ^^^' " that in conjugal chastity he might preserve the 
 " grace received in Baptism ; nor, as if thereby the 
 " Apostle would invite him by his authority to beget 
 " children, for the words of the Apostle are, having 
 " childr^en, not begetting them." Which expressly 
 proves, first. That the Bishop or Priest, who con- 
 tinues with his wife in the conjugal band, does 
 not therefore cease to keep his baptismal purity. 
 Secondly, That, according to him, the Apostle did 
 no more deny Bishops the liberty of marrying, than 
 he granted it to them. 
 
 It is difficult to determine what were the opinions 
 of Servatianus and Barbatianus, of whom St. Am- 
 brose makes mention in that 82d Epistle. He tells 
 us, that they came out of the monastery of Milan, 
 whence they betook themselves to Verceil ; he ac- 
 cuseth them for asserting, that virginity and fasting 
 did not deserve any greater praise than the state of 
 marriage and the ordinary way of living. He ag- 
 gravates this indictment, by accusing them of per- 
 mitting fornication, and asserting it not to be in- 
 ferior to the state of virginity or lawful marriage ; 
 whereupon he endeavours to prove the contrary, 
 as being the doctrine of the Church, and of the 
 Scripture. 
 
 But in all this we may perceive something of im- 
 moderate zeal, wherewith the love of celibacy is apt 
 to inspire those that maintain it. I will not accuse 
 St. Ambrose for imitating the extravagance of Syri- 
 cius, in his Epistle to Himerius, Bishop of Tarragon, 
 writ in 385, where he makes use of these words of 
 St. Paul, Those who are in the jiesh cannot please 
 God. As if all married people were in the flesh, 
 according to the Apostle's meaning. But I cannot 
 avoid observing, first, That St. Ambrose seems to 
 have imputed to Servatianus and Barbatianus, as 
 their true opinions, the consequences which he him- 
 self had drawn from them, this being a method 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. Wj 
 
 which an ungovcrned zeal does often put men upon, chap. 
 
 against those whom they beheve to be out of the ' 
 
 way. Secondly, I say, that if the case were other- 107 
 wise, St. Ambrose would scarce have been excusa- 
 ble, for having acted so mildly against Servatianus 
 and Barbatianus. How could he have done less 
 than excommunicate them, and represent them to 
 the Church of Verceil, as such who ought to be ex- 
 communicated, for opposing the principles of Christ- 
 ianity, or as those who ought to be rejected, for 
 having been justly excommunicated at Milan. In- 
 deed, whosoever shall be pleased to make an unpre- 
 judiced reflection upon this history, will hardly be 
 able to persuade themselves otherwise, but that 
 there is a great deal said only to aggravate, in this 
 discourse of St. Ambrose; but at the same time, 
 whatsoever he might have alleged, they will con- 
 ceive, that these Monks were offended to see men 
 begin to set too high an esteem upon the state of 
 virginity and abstinence, and that this had obliged 
 them to speak of them with a kind of undervaluing 
 and indifference, and to oppose themselves against 
 the prejudice that was then beginning to take root 
 and be established. 
 
 I say, that this prejudice began then to be esta- 
 blished ; for we find that the Council of Turin, cele- 
 brated a little after St, Ambrose's death, doth abso- 
 lutely forbid the promoting of a married Deacon to 
 the priestly office, or a married Priest to that of a 
 Bishop. True it is, that it seems that this Canon 
 was not exactly observed; for we find several ex- 
 amples of Priests and Bishops, who probably had 
 passed through these first orders, their marriage 
 proving no obstacle to their promotion. 
 
 However it be, in process of time, this rigor, 
 which concerned only the Clergy, was slackened in 
 this diocese, as I have made it appear. As also 
 there happened no considerable change, till about 
 the tenth century, when the barbarous nations hav- 
 
 1 3 
 
118 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, ing overwhelmed that diocese, as well as the greatest 
 ^ • part of the west, the Bishops were found to be stupid 
 enough to admit the false Decretals of the Pope, 
 which some impostor had published as a means to 
 overthrow the ancient discipline, and to subject the 
 west to the Romish see. In the time of Alexan- 
 108 der II. and Gregory VII. who could aiford no better 
 names to married Priests than that of Nicolaitans, 
 Servatianus and Barbatianus would have been 
 handled quite after another manner than they were 
 by St. Ambrose; which makes it evident enough, 
 what the opinion of the Church was at the time 
 when this question first appeared. It is well known, 
 that in succeeding times the Monks that had broken 
 their vows and renounced their oath were obliged 
 to do penance ; but we find nothing like this in St. 
 Ambrose's time. The reason is, because a convent 
 at that time was a matter of choice, which might be 
 quitted without any other punishment, but the im- 
 putation of imprudence, for not having sufficiently 
 considered fully of that kind of life, before they en- 
 gaged themselves therein. 
 
 Furthermore it is good to observe, that the rash- 
 ness and imprudence of those, who thus quitted this 
 state, seemed the less pardonable, because they did 
 not admit persons to sacred Orders that were very 
 young, as we do now, but only men of an age suffi- 
 cient to know their own constitution, and to know 
 whether they were able to observe that kind of life 
 which they voluntarily had taken upon them. 
 
 But what I have already observed may suffice to 
 make it evident, that the state of religion in the 
 diocese of Italy was not so far corrupted, but that 
 we may own it to be a Church pure enough, and 
 which, in respect of the most understanding of its 
 members, and that in public too, had preserved the 
 true faith and the true worship which the Christian 
 religion prescribes to us. 
 
 Our business at present is to shew, that this 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. liy 
 
 Church was independent on the power of the Pope chap. 
 
 of Rome; after which, we shall consider its separa- '_ 
 
 tion from the Pope, when he endeavoured to subject 
 it to his authority. 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 109 
 
 That the diocese of Italy was an independent diocese, 
 till after the midst of the eleventh century. 
 
 JLN order to the thorough estabhshingof this truth, 
 I intend to make it appear, that this is not only cer- 
 tain with respect to those times when the Popes 
 were not very considerable, but also with respect to 
 that time when the Popes began to lift up them- 
 selves by the favour of Gratian, and after him of 
 Valentinian III. 
 
 To this purpose it will be of use to set forth, as 
 well the constitution of the Church, as the manner 
 in which the diocese of Milan did continue inde- 
 pendent until the midst of the eleventh century, at 
 which time the Waldenses were obliged more openly 
 to testify their aversion for the Church of Rome as 
 an Antichristian Church. It will be easy enough 
 for me to perform what I have proposed to myself, 
 in following the history of the Church. 
 
 Before the Council of Nice, we find the diocese 
 of Italy very distinct from that of Rome, which 
 contained the suburbicary Churches: of this we Euseb.Hist. 
 have two unquestionable proofs ; the one of which ^^.^q '* '^' 
 we find in the case of Paulus Samosatenus, Bishop 
 of Antioch, where the Emperor Aurelian distin- 
 guisheth the Bishops of Italy from those of Rome, 
 by his referring equally to them the decision of 
 Samosatenus's opinions, whether they were to be 
 looked upon as orthodox or not. 
 
 I 4 
 
120 Re7narks upon the 
 
 CHAP. The other we meet with in the business of the 
 Donatists ; where Constantine, to put an end to the 
 
 Euseb.Hist. differences which divided the African Churches, ap- 
 Optat 1. 1. pointed them judges as well from Rome as from 
 cont.Par- Italy: Mcrocles, Bishop of Milan, as head of his 
 diocese, being nominated by the Emperor, as well as 
 Melchiades. 
 no The Council of Nice confirmed this ancient custom 
 of the Metropolitans, who had enjoyed the right of 
 convening the synods of their diocese, and ordain- 
 ing the Bishops belonging to the same. This we 
 see in the sixth Canon : each diocese then formed 
 a council, which was called by the Metropolitan. 
 Every Metropolitan ordered the affairs of his diocese, 
 all matters were regulated by this council, and there 
 was no appeal from their judgments. So that the 
 Canon of the Council of Nice served instead of a 
 law, as well in the east as the west; and which might 
 have served so still, if the ambition of the Bishops 
 of Constantinople and of Rome had not overthrown 
 this so wise a regulation. Memnon, Bishop of 
 Ephesus, maintains, that this Canon did also con- 
 stitute every diocese so far independent on any of 
 its neighbours, that they could not take any cog- 
 nizance of matters that were without their limits. 
 This we find in the Acts of the Council of Ephesus. 
 We find that since that time, the thing continued 
 on the same foot: many proofs might be given of it, 
 but I shall content myself with these following: 
 
 1. St. Athanasius distinguisheth Milan and Rome 
 as two independent Churches. 
 
 2. The election of St. Ambrose is related to us by 
 Theodoret, lib. 4. cap. 5, 6. as done without any con- 
 sent of the Bishop of Rome; which could not have 
 been so, had he been the Patriarch of Italy. 
 
 Suipit.Sev. The business of the Priscillianists, who had re- 
 1. 2. Hist, (.(^yj-gg ^Q j^^- Ambrose as well as to Damasus, after 
 that they had been rejected by the Spanish Bishops 
 at Csesaraugusta, is a certain proof hereof. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 121 
 
 If we read the history of the following centuries, chap. 
 
 we shall not find that ever any Bishops of Italy L_ 
 
 were ordained by the Popes, or were subject to their 
 councils, till the eleventh century. 
 
 We find that the Council of Italy, in which St. 
 Ambrose presided, approve, in their letter sent to 
 Theodosius, the proceedings about the election of 
 Maximus, in opposition to the opinion of Daniasus 
 and his council : so far were they from depending ill 
 on the Pope as their Patriarch. 
 
 We find the same thing also acknowledged bycan.57,58. 
 those of Africa, who sent Legates as well to the 
 Bishop of Milan, as to the Bishop of Rome. We 
 find the same thing in the year 431; Theodorct ad-Barou.An. 
 dressing himself to the Bishops of Milan, Aquileia,'^-^^- §-^*''2- 
 and Ravenna, against the Chapters of Cyril, which 
 Pope Celestine had approved. 
 
 We find in the year 451. Pope Leo I. so fully 
 owning this truth, that he writes to the Bishop of 
 Milan, that he would be pleased to approve in his 
 synod the letter which the said Pope wrote to Fla- 
 vianus, upon the incarnation of the Word, against 
 the errors of Eutyches. We find Flavianus appeal- 
 ing to the Pope and the Bishop of Milan by name, 
 as well as to the rest of the western Metropolitans. 
 
 We find in the year 556. that the diocese of Mi- 
 lan, and its Bishops, stood resolutely to the party 
 that rejected the Fifth General Council ; and though 
 Pope Pelagius strongly solicited Narses to reduce 
 them to his opinion by violence, yet he could never 
 obtain his desire, as may be seen by St. Gregory's 
 Epistles : and the Church of Aquileia, and some 
 others of Italy, above an hundred years after, had 
 no communion with the Church of Rome, as 
 Baronius himself ingenuously confesseth. 
 
 We find in the year 679- a Council of Italy as- 
 sembled upon occasion of the Monothelites, wherein 
 the Bishops of this diocese alone writ to Constantine 
 the Emperor; which sheweth their independence 
 
122 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, on the Pope, who wrote also in particular with his 
 ^"^- Council. 
 
 And last of all, we do not find that since the 
 seventh century the Church of Rome has had that 
 authority over the diocese of Italy, which she ar- 
 rogated to herself over other Churches, where she 
 had already gained some preeminence by means of 
 her Vicars. 
 112 We have an unquestionable proof of what I here 
 
 Cap. 3. t. 7. allege in the Dlurnus Romanus. All the Bishops 
 that belonged to the Pope's jurisdiction, by reason 
 of their being in his diocese, were obliged to swear, 
 at their ordination, that they would follow the rites 
 and the divine service of the Church of Rome. 
 Now we know that the Church of Milan had its 
 own peculiar Liturgy, called the Ambrosian. It is 
 true, they pretend that after Charles the Great had 
 made himself master of the kingdom of the Lom- 
 bards, he endeavoured to abolish the same; and 
 some think it received a great change at that time: 
 but this is only conjecture without ground ; for, ex- 
 cepting some slight alterations caused by time, at a 
 juncture when Popery had well nigh got the mastery 
 there, that Liturgy continued much the same as it 
 was before. 
 
 We find the same independence of the Church of 
 Milan in the ninth and tenth century acknowledged 
 
 T.4.itai. by Ughellus in the Life of Angilbertus : Angilbertus 
 Piistrella ejusdem nornmis superior i successit 827. 
 Hie llle Angilbertus est, quern tant(C dignitatis cor- 
 rupit foelicitas, cum aliquamdiu jnoderatione antea 
 usus, prudenter Mediolanensem administrasset Ec- 
 clesiam: suffultus enim (ut quidam narrant) 31agni 
 Caroli privilegiis et gratiis, charusque Ludovico Pio 
 Imperatori, Lotharioque ejusdem Jilio, a Romana 
 Ecclesia ita defecit, ut, per inauditam superbiam, 
 cum Romano Pontifice cle potestate deque dignitate 
 decertare non verecundaretur. Pessimiwi exemplum 
 ita ad successores pertransiit, ut per ducentos ipsos 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 123 
 
 annos ea contumacia illos ahduxerit infeceiHtque. chap, 
 
 • yiii 
 " Angilbertus Pustrella succeeded his predecessor, of 
 
 " the same name, in the year 827- This is that An- 
 
 " gilbert, whom the splendor of so high a dignity 
 
 " corrupted, after having used moderation for some 
 
 " time, he had prudently governed that Church : for 
 
 " being upheld (as some tell us) by the privileges 
 
 " and favours of Charles the Great, and being dear 
 
 " to the Emperor Ludovicus Pius, and Lotharius his 
 
 " son, he made a defection from the Roman Church, 
 
 " as not being ashamed to contend with the Pope of 
 
 " Rome about power and dignity. This bad example 
 
 " of his passed over to his successor: so that for two 113 
 
 " hundred years together they were led astray and 
 
 " infected by this contumacy." 
 
 We are not to admit that which Ughellus would 
 fain insinuate, that this was a rebelling against his 
 Patriarch. This is a mere illusion. It was only a 
 resistance of the enterprises of the Popes, who, be- 
 ing encouraged by the easiness and ignorance of 
 divers western Prelates, did boldly invade those 
 rights which did not at all belong unto them. For 
 we find that, eight years after his election, Angilbert 
 assisted at the Council of Mantua with the Pope's 
 Legates, without their preferring any complaint 
 against him, which they would not have failed to 
 have done, especially being supported by the au- 
 thority of Lotharius the Emperor, if Angilbert's 
 right had not been evident. 
 
 And indeed it was not till the year 1059, that 
 Nicolas IL under pretence of putting a stop to the 
 simony in that diocese, and to condemn the Nico- 
 laitanism, (for this was the name which at that time 
 was bestowed on the marriage of Priests,) sent 
 Petrus Damianus, and Anselm, Bishop of Lucca, to 
 Milan, who subjected that diocese, obliging them 
 to receive the laws of the Pope's synod, whereas 
 before they had only owned the laws of the CEcu- 
 menical Councils, wherein they had assisted by their 
 
124 Remarhs upoti the 
 
 CHAP, deputies, according to the protestation of Maurus, 
 ^"'' Bishop of Ravenna. 
 
 Pet. Dam. We havc a certain proof hereof in the discourse 
 Opusc.5. ^^ ^^^ Clergy of Milan with Petrus Damianus ; for 
 they maintain, " That the Ambrosian Church, ac- 
 " cording to the ancient institutions of the Fathers, 
 " was always free, without being subject to the laws 
 " of Rome ; and that the Pope of Rome had no ju- 
 " risdiction over their Church, as to the government 
 " or constitution of it." 
 
 We may here take notice how Claudius, Bishop 
 of Turin, behaved himself with respect to Pope 
 Paschal, with whose being offended at him Thcode- 
 mirus had reproached him, willing to recommend to 
 him the Pope's authority. 
 
 The matter was so clear and evident, that Pope 
 Honorius II. being desirous to make Anselm, Arch- 
 114 bishop of Milan, own his authority, who was chosen 
 in the year 1123, and to give him the pall, he re- 
 fused it, in the year 1125, for fear of subjecting his 
 Church to that of Rome. See how Landulphus, c. 38, 
 relates the matter, as we find it set down by Ughellus: 
 T.4.p.i89. Anselmus Pustrella, Jmjiis nominis quintus Ai^- 
 chiepiscopus, adlectus est amio 1123. De prqf'ecti- 
 one ejusdem Romam ad Hoiiorium II. anno 1 125, ac 
 de iis cjucB ibl peregit, hcec Landulphus, capitulo 38: 
 Sed cum idem Archiepiscopus, secutus consilium 
 quorundam Capellanorum et Primicerii, Petri vera 
 Terdonensis Episcopi, contra publicum interdictum 
 Cleri et populi Mediolanensis, Romam ivit : mihi 
 quidem non sedit . . . Veruntamen ipse, ceu vir pru- 
 dens et sapiens, cum Papa Honorio et Cardinalibus 
 ejus ?nulta contuUt, et conferendo ecclesiasticas con- 
 suetudines Ambrosiance Ecclesia, et honores ejus 
 archiepiscopafus et urbis, vivis et bonis rationibus 
 defendit. Utide ipse Papa huic prudenti viro dixit, 
 Prater, meditatus et Episcopus venisti: sed si visfrui 
 authoritate Archiepiscopi in temporibus meis, ne- 
 cesse est ut stolam suscipias e manibus meis, aut, 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 125 
 
 sicut ego suscepi, ad altar e Sancti Petri. Hinc chap. 
 dominus Iste Mediolanensis Rohoaldiim Alhensem ^^"' 
 adjuravit, ut sibi consuleret. Tunc Rohoaldus ille 
 Alhensis sic ait, quod prius sustineret nasum su- 
 uni scindi usque ad oculos, qua??! daret sibi con- 
 silium ut susciperet RomcE stolam, et Ecclesia Me- 
 diolanensi prccpararet hanc novum et gravissimam, 
 quam Honorius Papa dicebat sibi, imponere men- 
 suram. Mediolanum igitur ipse Archiepiscopus sine 
 stola rediit, et eiuidem Albensem Episcopum secum 
 reduxit. Veruni Archlepiscopalem sedem non ascen- 
 dit, donee Uber'tus de Meregnano, ejus scriba,jura- 
 vit quod ipse dominus suus Anselmus nulli minui- 
 mento honoris Ecclesicc Mediolanensis consensit, et 
 quod ipsum Albensis ille Episcopus Roboaldus 
 auctoritate sua conjirmavit. Deinde Pontijex iste 
 Anselmus sedem et castella archiepiscopatus in 
 benejicio Cleri et populi recuperavit. " Anselmus 
 " Pustrella, the fifth of that name^ was chosen 
 " Archbishop in the year 1123. Concerning whose 
 " journey to Rome, to Honorius II. in the year 1 125, 
 " and what he did there, Landulfus gives us this 
 " account, chap. 38 : But when the said Archbishop, 
 *' following the counsel of some of his chaplains, 
 " and of his Primicerius, and of Peter, Bishop of 
 " Terdon, contrary to the public prohibition of the 115 
 " Clergy and people of Milan, was gone to Rome. 
 
 " However he, as a prudent and wise man, con- 
 
 " ferred at large with Pope Honorius II. and his Car- 
 " dinals, in which conference he with brisk and good 
 " arguments asserted the customs of the Ambrosian 
 " Church, with the prerogatives of that archbishop- 
 " ric and city. Whereupon the Pope said to this 
 " prudent man. Brother, you that arc a Bishop come 
 " hither well provided with arguments ; but if you 
 *' have a mind to enjoy the archiepiscopal dignity 
 " during my time, it is needful that you receive the 
 " pall from my hands, or, as I myself have received it, 
 " at the altar of St. Peter. Then the Bishop of Milan 
 
126 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. « conjured Roboaldus, Bishop of Alba, to advise 
 _____" him in this case; whereupon the Bishop answer- 
 " ed, that he would rather suffer his nose to be slit 
 " up to his eyes, than advise him to receive his pall 
 " at Rome, and thereby subject the Church of Mi- 
 " Ian to that new and hard measure which Pope 
 " Honorius designed to impose upon her. Where- 
 " fore the Archbishop Anselm returned to Milan 
 " without his pall, and brought the Bishop of Alba 
 " back with him. Nevertheless he did not place 
 " himself in the archiepiscopal seat, until Ubertus 
 " de Meregnano, his secretary, had sworn that his 
 " lord Anselmus had not consented to the least di- 
 " minution of the prerogatives of the Church of 
 " Milan ; and the same also Roboaldus, Bishop of 
 " Alba, confirmed by his authority. And after this 
 " Archbishop Anselm recovered his seat, and the 
 " castles of his archbishopric, which were at the 
 " disposal of the Clergy and people." 
 
 I know only of two or three objections about this 
 matter, which deserve to be considered. The one is, 
 the prejudice the Popes have endeavoured to foment, 
 some ages since, as if they were the Patriarchs of all 
 the West ; in consequence whereof their flatterers 
 have endeavoured to make the world believe, that 
 the suburbicary Churches, whereof mention is made 
 in the sixth Canon of the Council of Nice, do sig- 
 ll6nify the Churches of all the West. But this is so 
 foolish an imagination, that it is strange that men 
 of any learning should suffer themselves to be im- 
 posed upon by it. The second is, that we find that 
 sometimes the Bishops of the diocese of Milan have 
 met in synods with the Pope and his council, as if 
 they had belonged to his patriarchate. The third 
 is, that Ughellus relates, from time to time, in the 
 catalogue he has given us of the Bishops of Milan, 
 that such and such a one were confirmed by the 
 Pope, and received the pall at his hands. But it will 
 be easy to refute all these objections fully. First, as 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 12/ 
 
 for that conceit, that the Pope was Patriarch of the chap. 
 
 West; it is a thing unheard of by all antiquity: '_ 
 
 and indeed, if Leo the First, on the one hand, had 
 known himself invested with this right, he would 
 never have ingenuously confessed, as he has done in 
 his Epistles, that he did not pretend to ordain the 
 Bishops that were amongst the Gauls, which not- 
 withstanding would have belonged to his jurisdic- 
 tion, in case he had been Patriarch of the West; 
 and on the other hand he would have made use of 
 this prerogative, in his request to the younger Va- 
 lentinian, when he endeavoured to procure for him- 
 self the right of appeals, which was contested with 
 him, as being an unjust and novel right. 
 
 As for what concerns the union which sometinies 
 has been made between the Synod of Italy and that 
 of Rome, this cannot be made use of as an argument 
 in this case; for the Prelates of Italy have assisted 
 at the synods that have been held amongst the 
 Gauls, without subjecting themselves to the Gauls 
 in the least thereby, or without subjecting the Gauls 
 to Italy. We have an example hereof in the Synod 
 of Turin, in the year 397? where the Gauls assisted, 
 because the business of that synod was to remedy 
 the common disorders, which equally reigned in the 
 neighbouring dioceses, which maintained ecclesiasti- 
 cal communion one with another. 
 
 And as for that which Ughellus saith, that several 
 Bishops of Milan have received the pall, and been 
 confirmed by the Popes of Rome ; I confess that 
 Ripamontius cites a letter of St. Gregory's to Law- 
 rence, Bishop of Milan, by which he sends the pall 
 to him. But without entering into the examination 
 of what this concession did import, we are- to ob-117 • 
 serve, first, that this pall was no more than a politic 
 subtilty of the Court of Rome, to establish amongst 
 the barbarous and stupid western people the edict of 
 Valentinian the Third, in favour of appealing to the 
 see of Rome ; an edict which could be no longer of 
 
128 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, force after the dissipation of the Roman empire. 
 ^"^- Secondly, that at the bottom, this concession signifies 
 httle else, as Hincmar has very well observed with 
 respect to all the Pope's privileges, save that the 
 Pope did not take away a right, whereof those to 
 whom he granted the privilege were already in full 
 possession. Thirdly, that though the thing should 
 be really so, yet it took place so little, by reason of 
 the condition wherein that diocese has been since 
 the Popes have made use of this snare, that the ec- 
 clesiastical liberty of that diocese has been little or 
 nothing concerned in it. We know, in the fourth 
 place, that this granting of the pall has not taken 
 place, save only with some ambitious Bishops, and 
 not with all, as Ughellus assures us, but without 
 any proof; as likewise when he asserts, that it was 
 Gregory the First who granted to them the right of 
 crowning the kings of Italy, This Ughellus was in- 
 deed nothing else but a relater of fables, who does 
 not deserve any credit amongst learned men, though 
 the pains he has taken may be, in other things, of 
 very good use. 
 
 Last of all. That which I here assert concerning 
 the independence of the diocese of Italy is so clear, 
 that after a hundred treatises of the learned of the 
 Church of Rome, who have maintained, that by the 
 suburbicary Churches (whereof mention is made in 
 the sixth Canon of the Council of Nice) all the 
 western Churches were to be understood; M. Dupin, 
 Doctor of the Sorbonne, has laid down the cudgels ; 
 confessing that the diocese of the Pope consisted 
 only of the ten provinces about Rome, and that 
 Italy, composed of seven provinces, was not in the 
 least subject to it. 
 
 To conclude, Christianus Lupus owns, with all his 
 reasons, that the diocese of Milan, in the midst of 
 the ninth century, pretended to be independent, as 
 
 Tom. 3. we find it in his notes upon the Council of Pavia, 
 118 under Leo IX. He very expressly observes, that 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 1 29 
 
 this diocese did not own the laws wViich the Popes chap. 
 pubUshed in their councils, as pretending not to ' 
 
 depend upon their regulations. 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Concerning the separation of the Churches of the 
 diocese of Italy from the Church of Rome, and of 
 the faith of the Paterines. 
 
 W HAT I have already related concerning the in- 
 dependence of the diocese of Italy on the Pope, was 
 a thing very displeasing and troublesome to the 
 Church of Rome. She could not, without regret, see 
 a diocese so near to her preserve its liberty, whilst a 
 great number of other dioceses, at a farther distance, 
 had quitted their rights, and acknowledged her ju- 
 risdiction. Nicolas II. having undertaken this busi- 
 ness, made choice of Petrus Damianus, and Anselm, 
 Bishop of Lucca, to be his Legates, making the 
 difference which was risen between the people and 
 the Clergy, upon occasion of two pretended he- 
 resies, that of the Simoniacs, and that of the Nico- 
 laitans, who did not believe themselves bound to 
 observe celibacy by a mere human authority. They 
 began also to question the ordinations that had been 
 made by order of the Emperors and other princes, as 
 if it were no better than pure simony to get into the 
 Church by this means. Moreover, there was also a 
 kind of tax imposed upon those who were newly 
 ordained, for the use of the Bishops and Archbishops, 
 and without paying which there was scarcely any 
 ordination to be had. 
 
 Petrus Damianus himself tells us, that upon hisOpusc.5. 
 arrival at Milan, the Clergy stirred up the people to 
 express their discontent against the design of thi8ll9 
 
 K 
 
130 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, legation: Non debere Ambrosianam Ecclesiam Ro- 
 ^^^- jnanis legibus subjacere, nullumque judicandi vel 
 disponendi jus Romano Pontifici in iila sede com- 
 petere. Nimis indignum lit qua sub progenitoribus 
 nostris semper extitit libera, ad nostr'cE confusi- 
 onis opprobrium, nunc alteri, quod absit, EcclesicB 
 sit subjecta: "That the Ambrosian Church ought 
 " not to be subjected to the laws of Rome; and that 
 " the Pope of Rome had no right at all of judging 
 " or disposing any thing there. It was a shame, 
 " said they, that she who has been always free 
 " in the time of our forefathers, should now, to our 
 " great reproach and confusion, be forced to truckle, 
 " which God forbid, under another Church." 
 
 The people got together at the ringing of the 
 bells, and went to the palace of the Archbishop, 
 and put Cardinal Peter in danger of his life, as his 
 friends told him. They express their indignation, 
 because in the Synod of the Priests of that metro- 
 polis he had had the boldness to sit above the Arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 What does this wise Legate in this encounter? 
 He gets up into the pulpit, and preacheth to them 
 concerning the dignity of the Roman Church ; that 
 the prerogatives of other sees had been granted them 
 by the Emperors, but that she only was beholden for 
 her primacy to Jesus Christ; that those who refused 
 to render obedience to her, did thereby make them- 
 selves heretics. In the sequel of his sermon he im- 
 pudently asserts three palpable falsities: the one, 
 that Nazarius and Celsus had been sent by St. Peter 
 from Rome to Milan ; the other, that St. Paul had 
 sent thither St. Protasius and St. Gervasius ; and the 
 third, that St. Ambrose had recourse to the author- 
 ity of Syricius, to purge his diocese from the heresy 
 of the Nicolaitans, which began to spread itself 
 there. These are the arguments he makes use of, and 
 adds a passage out of a book, De Sacerdotali Dig- 
 nitate, falsely attributed to St. Ambrose; wherein 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 1 3 1 
 
 the author makes profession of his following the chap. 
 
 • • • XIV 
 
 Church of Rome in all things, as his mistress. 
 
 It is pleasant to see this impostor congratulating 120 
 himself, that he had asserted the prerogative of the 
 Church of Rome to so good a purpose. This so very- 
 evangelical sermon smoothed all the rubs he met 
 with at first. He examines the Clergy, and finds 
 almost all of them guilty of simony. What is to be 
 done in this case ? There is no way left but a dis- 
 pensation ; and this way he takes : he makes the 
 Archbishop and his Clergy to promise, never for the 
 time to come to exact any thing, either directly or 
 indirectly, of those whom he ordained ; he chargeth 
 him to anathematize the heresy of the Nicolaitans ; 
 he makes him promise, upon the Gospel, to exter- 
 minate them to the utmost of his power; he im- 
 poseth penance upon him and all his Clergy, and 
 afterwards restores to them the ornaments of their 
 orders, in the midst of mass, confirming them in the 
 same, after he had made them swear to receive the 
 seven General Councils, the last of which was the se- 
 cond of Nice, concerning the worshipping of images, 
 which, it appears, that diocese had before rejected, 
 as well as France, Germany, and Spain, at the Coun- 
 cil of Francfort, in the year 794 : nor can any body 
 read, without being ashamed, the pleasant penances 
 he imposed on them, and the means he put into 
 their hands of buying them oif; it being one of the 
 ways the Church of Rome had found out to make 
 sins cheap. 
 
 However, this business did not go oif so success- 
 fully as Petrus Damianus did expect : for soon after 
 his departure, the Archbishop Wido, and his Clergy, 
 became sensible of the false step they had made: 
 Wido, supported by the nobility, called a council, 
 and therein confirmed the right that Priests had to 
 marry. The story is told by Bonizo, Bishop of Su- 
 trium, in his Chronicle of the Popes, which is in the 
 Emperor's library at Vienna, as Lambecius tells us, 
 
 K 2 
 
132 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. lib. 2. Comment. Bihliothec(E Vindobonensis, p. 790. 
 ^^^' Et de Stephano Godefredi, regis gei^mano, et qualiter 
 ejus temporibus Patarea apud Mediolanum exorta 
 est, et de Nicolao Papa; "And concerning Stephen 
 " Godfrey, the king's brother, and how in his time 
 " the Patarea began at Milan, and concerning Pope 
 " Nicolas." Whence Mr. Ducange has very well 
 concluded that Patarea, in the sense of this Bishop, 
 signifies the pretended heresy of the Patarines. 
 121 The account which Sigonius gives us of this mat- 
 ter is this : Cum multcB alia: Ecclesicc nova de Simoni- 
 acorum atqiie Nicolaitarum haresi decreta repudi- 
 arunt, turn maxime Mediolaneusis, ut qucE jampr'i- 
 dem, Romance Ecclesm authoritate relicta, prcsceptis 
 ejus liaudquaquam obtemperaret, et tamen siqua alia 
 retro hujusmodi veneno infecta esset: hancrem cum 
 per se gravem, tum Mediolanensium Clericorum 
 nomine turpem esse Arialdus, ex Alciata, ut fertur, 
 familia, Clericus decumanus, ratus, Landulfo Cottte, 
 populi Prccfecto, auctor fuit ut earn palam oppug- 
 nandam aggrederetur. Id vero cumfacere, secundis 
 populi auribus animisque, coepisset, libido, Archi- 
 episcopus, contrariam partem suscepit, favor e maxi- 
 me nobilitatis innixus. Itaque res eo usque infamicE 
 mutuis altercationibus jurgiisque deducta fuit, ut 
 sacerdotes qui uxores haberent prcE pudore separatini 
 a cccteris rem divin am facer e cogerentur in loco qui 
 P atria dicitur, unde vulgo a pueiis Patarini ad 
 contumeUam dicebantur. " Whereas many other 
 " Churches rejected the new decrees made against 
 " the heresy of Simoniacs and Nicolaitans, yet 
 " none more than the Church of Milan, who now 
 " for some time having renounced the authority of 
 " the Church of Rome, was no longer obedient to its 
 " precepts, and yet was ratlier more infected with 
 " the poison of these heresies than any other: there- 
 " fore one Arialdus, as was said, of the family of the 
 " Alciati, and one of the chief Clerks, conceiving this 
 " a matter as well heinous in itself as reproachful to 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 133 
 
 " the repute of the Clergy of Milan, he persuades chap. 
 
 " Landulfus Cotta, the Prefect of the people, openly '. 
 
 " and with force to oppose himself against the same : 
 " which when he had undertaken, upon the people's 
 " appearing in favour of his design, Wido the Arch- 
 " bishop takes upon him the defence of the con- 
 " trary party, relying chiefly upon the favour of the . 
 " nobility ; so that this matter was carried to that in- 
 " famous excess by their quarrels and wranglings,that 
 " the Priests who had wives were forced for shame 
 " to say mass separate from others, in a place called 
 " P atria, [or rather Pataria,~\ whence the boys, by 
 " way of reproach, afterwards gave them the name 
 " of Patarines." Which is a very distinct account of 
 the original of the name of Patarines. I shall in 
 the sequel observe, first. That they have given this 
 nickname of Patarines to the Waldenses, because 122 
 the Waldenses were those Subalpini in Peter Dami- Opusc. is. 
 an, who at the same time maintained the same doc- 
 trines in the archbishopric of Turin. Secondly, that 
 the Waldenses have always constantly maintained, 
 that the Church could not deprive Ministers of the 
 liberty of marrying, forasmuch as God had never 
 deprived them of it, neither in the Old nor New 
 Testament. What we are to observe here is, that 
 these Patarines, being separated from the Church of 
 Rome, were for the most part of the same opinions 
 that were afterwards asserted by the Waldenses ; 
 which has been the reason why the Patarines and 
 Waldenses have been taken for one and the same 
 sort of heretics. 
 
 This we may know several ways : first. Because 
 since the Romans drove these out of their commu- 
 nion, which happened in the year 1059, it is natural 
 to conceive, that those Patarines had raked together 
 with care all the articles that might any way justify 
 their separation. 
 
 Secondly, Because the disputes of Leo IX. with 
 Michael Cerularius, Bishop of Constantinople, gave 
 
 K 3 
 
134 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, way to the strengthening of that separation; that 
 ^^^' dispute having given occasion to examine several 
 
 articles which the Church of Rome proposed as 
 necessary, which the Greeks rejected with an high 
 hand. 
 
 Thirdly, Because we find that the Church of 
 Milan, and those of that diocese, had now for some 
 time testified a great aversion for the idolatry of 
 Rome, and by rejecting the submission to the 
 Church of Rome, procured by Petrus Daniianus, 
 they rejected also the second Council of Nice, as 
 favouring idolatry, according to the definition of 
 their ancestors at Francfort. 
 Cap. 4. p. Fourthly, Because it appears by the book of 
 Lanfranc against Berengarius, that some schisma- 
 tics maintained his opinion, for so he expresseth 
 himself in the account he gives us of the condemn- 
 ation of Berengarius, in the Council of Rome. This 
 probably would pass for no more than a conjecture, 
 if the thing were not formally avowed by Matthew 
 of Westminster, who saith upon the year, 1087, that 
 Berengarius of Tours, being fallen into heresy, had 
 already almost corrupted all the French, Italians, 
 123 and English. When he speaks of a corruption in 
 these dioceses about this matter, it is evident, that 
 he means that they treated the Popes as innovators 
 and Paschasians, and that they kept to the primitive 
 faith of the Church, which the Popes had endea- 
 voured to condemn by their definitions. 
 
 Fifthly, Because it appears, that theBerengarians, 
 who were of the same stamp with the Patarines, did 
 discourse much at the same rate as the Waldenses 
 did afterwards : this is evident from Lanfranc, where 
 he tells us, that they accused the Church to have 
 erred, by reason of ignorance, and that the Church 
 remained in their party alone, and they with Beren- 
 garius called the Church of Rome, The congrega- 
 tion of the wicked, and the seat of Satan, 
 
 Sixthly, Because we find the Berengarians ex- 
 
ancient Church of' Piedmont. 135 
 
 posed to the same calumnies which were afterward chap. 
 imputed to the Patarines and Waldenses. This is 
 evident from the discourse of Guimondus, Bishop 
 of Aversa, lib. 1. contra Bereng. where he accuseth Tom. 6. 
 them of overthrowing, as much as in them lay, 1 a w- '^' oj g"^' 
 ful marriages, and the baptism of infants. 
 
 Seventhly, Because it appears from what is left 
 us of the writings of Bonizo, Bishop of Sutrium, 
 who took pen in hand in defence of the Pope's pre- 
 tensions over this diocese, that his aim was to assert 
 the self-same Roman doctrines, which in process of 
 time we find constantly opposed by the Waldenses 
 in that diocese. See here one of his notes, taken 
 out of his Paradise of St. Austin, De Baptismi sacra-Tom. i. 
 mento, et de corporis et sanguinis Domini Eucha-^^^^"^^^' 
 ristia — scrutare viriUter. 
 
 In his eighth Abridgment he treats about, Quid^'^^'^- 
 sit itifernus, et utrum in itiferno mali tantum, an 
 etiam honi mansuri sint, et an corpora possint esse 
 in ustione ignis perpetua, et quihus sacrificium pro- 
 sit post mortem^ et qualiter mortui in somniis viven- 
 tibus appareant, et de ohlatione vet eleemosyna pro 
 defunct is, et quod Adam morte Dominica ab inferno 
 sit liberatus. " What hell is, and whether the 
 " wicked only, or the good also, are to remain 
 " there: whether bodies can continue in everlasting 
 " burnings ; and to whom the sacrifice of the mass 
 '^ is available after death ; and how the dead may 
 " appear to the living in their dreams; and about 1 24 
 " offerings and alms for the dead; and that Adam 
 " was delivered out of hell by the death of our 
 " Lord." An understanding reader will easily judge, 
 that these kind of questions are such as could not be 
 discussed, without entering into those controversies 
 that at this day we have with the Church of Rome. 
 
 This Bonizo was killed by those of Placenza, in 
 the year 1089, ^s he was defending the cause of the 
 Popes of Rome against the Emperors, whom he 
 cruelly abused in his writings. He has given us an l^''^- p- 
 
 K 4 
 
136 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, account in writing of the first rise of Patarea at 
 ^^^' Milan, under Pope Stephen II. 
 
 Two things more may be added to what I have 
 already observed: the first is, tViat it is apparent, 
 that though the Abbot Gezo had endeavoured to 
 confirm his Monks in the opinions of Paschasius, 
 by copying almost his whole book, to make it more 
 common in Italy, yet notwithstanding, that of John 
 Scot continued still in being, and was the shield 
 which Berengarius and his party made use of, to 
 oppose the opinions of Paschasius. He was not 
 condemned till the year 1059, in the Council of 
 Verceil, under Leo IX. and the Italians almost im- 
 mediately thereupon separated themselves from the 
 communion of the Pope of Rome. 
 
 The second is, that there was such a great num- 
 ber of these Berengarians, who did not hold their 
 doctrine from Berengarius, but from John Scot and 
 others, that this became the subject of a great con- 
 test: this is evident from the life of the Abbot Wol- 
 felmus. The same is likewise hinted to us by Sige- 
 Sur. ad bcrt, ttd ttu. 1081, in the edition of Miraeus, in the 
 April. 32. y^^y 1608. Istis d'lehus Francia turhahatur per 
 
 cap. 0. -^ . • 7 T^ » 
 
 Berengaj^ium Turonensem, qui asserehat Eucha- 
 ristiam, quam sumimus in altari, fion esse revera 
 corpus et sanguinem Christi : unde contra eum et 
 pro eo tnultum a multis et verbis et scriptis dispu- 
 tatum est. " In those days there were disturbances 
 " in France, by means of Berengarius of Tours, who 
 " maintained, that the Eucharist which we receive 
 " on the altar is not the true body and blood of 
 " Christ: which occasioned great disputes both for 
 " and against him, as well by writing books as by 
 " public disputations." 
 125 We may gather the same truth we here set down 
 from the compendious account we find in the Coun- 
 cils, in the place of the acts of the Council of Rome 
 in the year 10/9, under Gregory VII. against Be- 
 rengarius. This account, which we find likewise in 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 13/ 
 
 the Chronicle of Verdun, written hy Hugo, Abbot chap. 
 
 of Flavigny, contains these express words ; Omni- ' 
 
 bus ifritur in ecclesia Servatoris cono-rea:atis, habi- t- i'^- ^o^- 
 
 X J ± ' n • • J. •"'• Edit. 
 
 tus est sermo de corpore et sanguine JJonuni nostn Lab. pag. 
 
 Jesu Chrisfi, multis hcBC, nonnullis ilia \^ 2n'ius~\ ^'^• 
 
 sentientibus. Maxima siquidem pars panem et vi- abest a co- 
 
 num per sacr^E orationis verba, et sacerdotis conse- ^1\?^ ^^• 
 
 .^ cy . . o ' • •! •!• I L Iheyerano 
 
 crationem, Spiritu Sancto invisibiiiter operante, con- ConciUo- 
 verti substantialiter in corpus Dominicum de ^'' - [,abeo*^"r^'" 
 gine natum, quod et in cruce pependit, et in sattgu i- mamhus. 
 nem, qui de ejus latere militis effusus est lancea, 
 asserebat, [atque author it atibus orthodoxormn jP«- inciusa noii 
 trum, tarn GrcBcorum, quam Latinorum defendebat.^ Ms!^^codice 
 Quidam vero ccBcitate nimia et longa perculsijigura Condi. 
 tantum ^ substantiate illud corpus in dexter a Pa- ^ ms. at- 
 tris sedens esse, seque et alios decipientes, quibus- 
 dam cavillationibus conabantur adstruere. Verum 
 ubi coepit res agi, prius etiam quam tertia die ven- 
 tum fuerit in ^ synodo, defecit contra veritatem " ms. syn- 
 niti pars altera, nempe Spiritus Sancti ignis emolu-'^'^^"^' 
 menta '^ palearum consumeiis, et fulgore suo fal- "^ ms. eie- 
 sam lucem diverberando obtenebrans, noctis caligi- 
 nem vertit in lucem. " All of them therefore being 
 " met .together in St. Saviour's church, they dis- 
 " coursed the matter about the body and blood of 
 " our Lord Jesus Christ, many of them being of 
 " one, some ['at first] of another opinion. For the = These 
 " greatest part of them maintained that the bread no[ found 
 " and wine, by means of the sacred words and theintUeMS. 
 " Priest's consecration, through an invisible opera- council. 
 " tion of the Spirit, were changed substantially into 
 " the body of our Lord, born of the Virgin, and 
 " which hung on the cross ; and into the blood 
 " which gushed from his side when pierced with the 
 " soldier's spear ['^and fully confirmed the same '^ These 
 " with the authorities of orthodox Greek and Latin ZZ^Zl 
 " Fathers.] But some being smitten with an over i» the ms. 
 " great and long continued blindness, endeavoured ^°^^' 
 " to prove, by sophistical cavillation, that it was 
 
138 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " figuratively only, ■* the substantial body sitting at 
 
 ^^^' " the right hand of the Father, deceiving themselves 
 
 126" and others. But when the matter began to be 
 
 « MS. and " handled, even before they had met the third day 
 
 substantial " ^^ council together, this party ceased any longer 
 
 body was « to oppose the truth ; the fire of the Holy Ghost 
 
 ^-Msfeie-*^ " consuming these chaffy ^^ emoluments, and by his 
 
 nieuts. « brightness dispersing the false light and darkening 
 
 " it, changed the darkness of the night into light." 
 
 This is the account of what passed in the coun- 
 cil, and is found in the MS, of the councils which I 
 have consulted ; though they who have published 
 the councils have changed it at their pleasure. 
 But whatever pains tlicy may have taken herein, it 
 appears, 
 
 1. That Berengarius was not the author of that 
 opinion in Italy, the greatest part of whose Bishops 
 were summoned to that council by Gregory VII. 
 
 2. That this council was at first much divided, 
 and that this division continued two days, and was 
 not ended till the third day. 
 
 3. That the words, o/'« lo)?g blindness, which the 
 author uses, cannot be spoken with reference to the 
 disciples of Berengarius, but must refer to those 
 who maintained the same doctrine which he did, 
 from the time wherein this question, having been 
 first started by Paschasius Radbertus, had occa- 
 sioned that division ; whereof the book of John 
 Scot, which was burnt at Verceil, was an authentic 
 testimony. 
 
 But I believe I have sufficiently made out in the 
 foregoing chapters, that the diocese of Italy did 
 always enjoy a light of doctrine of competent purity; 
 as likewise, that the purity of divine worship ever 
 continued amongst them, notwithstanding they had 
 a little sprinkling of that ignorance and spirit of 
 superstition, which had overflowed the Romish 
 Church, and the greatest part of the western 
 Churches. We had also a particular information. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 139 
 
 in what manner Italy separated itself from the chap. 
 
 Church of Rome, when she undertook to invade her L_ 
 
 rights, and to impose upon her her own errors and 
 superstitions. We have seen that a party as well of 
 the superior as inferior Clergy, and the sounder part 
 of the people, formed a distinct body, to secure 127" 
 themselves from that corruption. 
 
 This separation of the Clergy of Milan from the 
 party ofLandulphus Cotta, and of Arialdus, Deacon 
 of Milan, who favoured the interests and pretensions 
 of the Pope, and the separation of those Subalpini 
 in the bishopric of Turin, deserves, as we see, an 
 extraordinary consideration. And forasmuch as this 
 separation happened at the same time that the 
 Council of Verceil condemned Berengarius and 
 Johannes Scotus, we may easily conceive that the 
 Clergy of Milan, and those Clergymen under the 
 Alps, had no great esteem for that Papal condemna- 
 tion: and the interest of Wido being embraced by 
 many of the Bishops of his diocese, we cannot but 
 conclude, that they had as little regard for that 
 council, as they had for all the rest, that was de- 
 rived from an authority, whose design was to invade 
 these rights, as well as those of all the Bishops of 
 the west. 
 
 To shew to what excess this division was carried, 
 it is not necessary to set down here the bloody 
 death of the Deacon Arialdus, which Andrew the 
 Monk has described in a very tragical manner, asAnnai. 
 we find it in Baronius, upon the year I066, thereby ^cci-^ad^^ 
 to expose Wido, and make him odious. It is evi-17, is, I9, 
 dent, that what that Monk wrote is composed in-°''^^- 
 such a legendary manner, that it renders all his 
 relation suspicious ; though if it were true indeed, 
 yet could it scarcely more defame Wido, than so 
 many Popes, who have destroyed their opposers, by 
 the way of arms, that being the custom of these 
 barbarous ages. 
 
 But we are to make our observation upon the 
 
140 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, endeavours which the Popes have used ever since 
 ^^^' this separation, to reconcile to themselves this part 
 
 of the Clergy of Milan and Italy, who had separated 
 themselves from the communion of the Church of 
 Rome. Alexander II. in the year IO67, sent two 
 Legates to Milan, who confirming what Petrus Da- 
 mianus, Cardinal of Ostia, had done, passed the same 
 into orders and regulations that were to be strictly 
 128 observed, as being pronounced in the name of God, 
 St. Peter, and St. Ambrose, under pain of the same 
 anathemas to the impenitent as were incurred by 
 Corah, Dathan, apd Abiram, and by Judas, Pilate, 
 and Caiaphas, which are the very words of their 
 Lib. 1. order. But we find by the Epistles of Gregory 
 Epist. 15. yjj ^Q ^i^g Lombards, that the Clergy of Milan 
 only laughed at these regulations, having chosen 
 Godfrey for their Bishop. And the said Gregory 
 seems on this account to look upon them as the 
 Epist. 23. great enemies of the Christian religion, and that he 
 hb. 4. ^j^ ^^j. ^\^\^\ himself secure amongst them in the 
 year IO77, above all; because they took part with 
 Henry IV. against Gregory, whom they looked upon 
 as justly deposed. 
 Lib. 1. "We find the same Gregory endeavouring to 
 
 ^'^'* ■ strengthen his party against the Bishops of Lom- 
 bardy, in opposing to them the authority of the 
 Countess Beatrix, and her daughter Mathilda, who 
 called those Bishops the forerunners of Antichrist. 
 He endeavours to draw away the Bishop of Pavia 
 from taking part with those of Milan. He imme- 
 Lib. 1. diately excommunicated Godfrey, Bishop of Milan, 
 Lfb"*! ^^ ^"^ successor of Wido, and orders the said excom- 
 Epist.15. munication to be published throughout the whole 
 Epist.29. earth. He engages the Emperor Henry IV. to 
 abandon the cause of those of Milan and Lombardy, 
 who were called Simoniacs, only because they were 
 willing to maintain the Emperor's rights, in refe- 
 rence to investitures, against the enterprises of some 
 Popes that were before him. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 141 
 
 The following: year he summons the Suffragans chap. 
 
 o J _ XIV 
 
 of the bishopric of Milan, and the Abbots of that 
 
 diocese, to come up to Rome, and to be present atL>b. i. 
 the council. 
 
 In short, we meet with nothing in the sequel but 
 reiterated endeavours to destroy the party of Italy 
 that opposed them. 
 
 Our business now should be to shew, that this 
 body or party has continued ever since until the 
 Reformation, under the name of Patarines, and after- 
 wards of Waldenses. But before we come to this, 
 we are bound to prevent the slanders, which the 
 malice of the Romish party has raised against these 
 separators. They have accused them to be an as-129 
 sembly of Cathari, that is, a sect of Manichees. 
 This is the notion the authors of the eleventh and 
 following centuries give us of them. Giraldus Cam- 
 brensis, who wrote in the year 1200, accuseth the 
 Patareans and Cathari with rejecting the carnal pre- 
 sence. Dist. 1. cap. 2. Gemma Eccles. MS. Lam- 
 bethani. Vincentius Belluacensis Specul. Histor. 1. 
 30. cap. 7- attributes several heresies to these Mi- 
 laneses. 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 Concerning the belief of the Manichees, of their rise 
 in Italy, their growth and their establishment. 
 
 X CONCEIVE that the account I have given of 
 the state of the Church of Italy is sufficient to make 
 out, that as they enjoyed a sound knowledge in that 
 diocese, so withal there was a great disposition 
 amongst them, as well as in other western parts, to 
 embrace the grossest of errors. Christians and Priests 
 that are become Anthropomorphites, and who know 
 nothing of religion but what they have learnt from 
 images, which were justly called the books of the 
 
142 Remarks upon the 
 
 cHAi'. ignorant, have a great inclination to suffer them- 
 ^^' selves to be imposed upon by impostures. Of this 
 we have a double proof. It was especially in the 
 tenth century that the opinion of Paschasius at- 
 tained strength and authority ; an opinion, which 
 we may well look upon as the most extravagant 
 folly that ever any man dreamed of whilst awake. 
 It was at the end of the same century, and the 
 beginning of the next, that Manicheism, the most 
 wild heresy the Devil could ever suggest, found 
 many followers in Italy and Aquitaine, which were 
 inhabited by the Waldenses and Albigenses. And 
 130 forasmuch as in the sequel it will prove of great use 
 to know this matter of fact, for the justification of 
 the Waldenses and Albigenses, and those who, 
 before they ever got these names, did in both these 
 dioceses defend the interests of truth, by distin- 
 guishing them from those who adopted the senti- 
 ments of the Manichees, we can by no means pass 
 it by here. 
 
 Bishop Usher indeed has already sufficiently done 
 this, in his Treatise of the succession of the Pro- 
 testant Churches, where he relates the arrival of 
 the Manicheans into the west. But because pro- 
 bably the Bishop of Meaux had never seen this 
 book, he was pleased to look upon the distinction 
 which the Protestants make of the Albigenses and 
 Waldenses, from the Manichees, as an evasion of 
 some late Ministers ; it lies upon us, to prove it to 
 that degree of evidence, as that no doubt or difficulty 
 may remain in the case. 
 
 I know well enough that this would seem not 
 necessary with reference to the Waldenses, whom 
 the Bishop of Meaux only terms schismatics: but 
 though the Bishop be of this opinion, yet there may 
 be others found of his communion, as there have 
 been many before him, who will be little swayed by 
 his authority; and therefore the matter is well worth 
 our consideration. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 143 
 
 In the first place I shall lay down the substance chap. 
 of their belief. ^^' 
 
 Secondly, I shall shew that about the year of our 
 Saviour 1000, some of these Manichees began to 
 spread in the west. And shall. 
 
 Thirdly, take notice in what particular places 
 they abounded. 
 
 In pursuing this matter on further, I shall make 
 it evidently appear, that the party of the Church of 
 Rome have made great use of the name of these 
 heretics, to persecute those who set themselves 
 against the errors and superstitions of that Church, 
 though indeed they had nothing in common with 
 the Manichees. 
 
 1. Then the Manichees held, that there were two 131 
 principles opposite to each other, and equally ^ter-Epiph- 
 nal, the one good, and the other evil ; and that con- 
 sequently there were two natures, the one of that 
 which was good, the other of that which was evil. 
 
 2. They looked upon matter as the effect of the S- Aug. i. 
 evil God, and took the flesh to be wholly evil ; and Paiist'c. 
 therefore they abhorred the begetting of children, 4, s, 6, 7. 
 and hindered it to the utmost of their power, by 29.* 
 condemning marriage. 
 
 3. They rejected the Old Testament, maintaining, S- Aug. liu 
 that he who spake to Moses was the Prince of ^ 
 darkness. 
 
 4. They maintained, that the creation of man was S- Epiph. 
 performed by the same author, and that there wercs.^ug. 1. 
 two souls in every man, the one good, and the other '^'^ ?"'^^- 
 bad ; the one proceeding from God, and the other 
 
 from the Prince of darkness. Thus it was theys.Aug.de 
 understood the conflict between the flesh and the^**"' 
 spirit, whereof St. Paul speaks. 
 
 5. They denied free will, because otherwise God^-^"?-^® 
 would be the author of sin. 
 
 6. They maintained, that the New Testament had s. Aug. 1. 
 been falsified, and under this pretence they admitted p^',jgj"*" 3 
 only of so much of it as pleased them. 
 
144 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. 7. They denied that Jesus Christ had any true 
 ■^^ • flesh, maintaining, that he had only the figure and 
 
 s. Epiph. appearance of it, to delude the eyes. They denied 
 &iiieod. ^"^ death and resurrection, and fasted on Sundays, 
 1. i.Haer. as in ouDosition and contradiction to our Saviour s 
 
 Fab. c. 26. V 
 
 resurrection, 
 s. Aug. 1. 8. They asserted, that he was not come to save 
 Faust.^c.2. the hodies, but only the souls of men ; and they ab- 
 solutely denied the resurrection of the body. 
 Id. vide 1. 9. They believed, that Jesus Christ was in the 
 
 20. c. 20. ^^^^ ^^^j ^j^^ moon, and tlie Holy Ghost throughout 
 
 the whole air. When they worshipped, they turned 
 themselves towards the sun, and worshipped the sun 
 and moon, as containino; Jesus Christ. 
 id.rib.de 10. They rejected Baptism, as unnecessary to sal- 
 ""^'■- vation. 
 
 132 11. As for the Eucharist, they asserted, according 
 Id. 1.20. to the account St. Augustin gives us of them, that 
 cout.Faust.^1^^ Holy Ghost did beget Jesus Christ of the earth, 
 subject to suffering, who was, as it were, bound in 
 the ears of corn, and in the vine, but who by the 
 digestion of the stomach was set loose and at liberty; 
 yet they maintained withal, that wine was the gall of 
 the Prince of darkness, and therefore rejected the 
 use of wine in the Communion. 
 ^vt^v^' '^t. Augustin ascribes to these heretics a continual 
 Morii). Ma- contradiction in their opinions; and above all, he 
 nich.c. 19, ggj^g forth their Eucharist as a thing so abominable, 
 as the very notion of it is sufficient to strike one 
 with horror, notwithstanding that they boasted them- 
 selves of keeping their mouths pure from any blas- 
 phemy against God, of never eating any flesh, or 
 drinking wine ; of having their hands clean from 
 murder, and their bosoms pure and chaste, because 
 their elect gloried in their observing perpetual chas- 
 tity, and rejecting the use of marriage, 
 s. Aug. 1. As for his attributing to them, that they had an 
 Faust."-, aversion for the relics of the saints, this seems to be 
 
 21. a consequence of their opinions concerning the ori- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 146 
 
 ginal of the body, which they looked upon as pro- chap. 
 ceedino^ from the evil principle. 
 
 12. They condemned husbandry, attributing to^Aug. L 
 trees and plants a sensitive life. 
 
 13. They maintained, that war was altogether ^d. 1.22. 
 
 1 r 1 cont. Faust. 
 
 unlawful. c.74.etseq. 
 
 These were their principal heresies. As for the 
 discipline of their sect, it consisted of two orders, 
 vi%. the elect and auditors. 
 
 The hearers had leave to marry, if they pleased ; 
 to eat flesh, and till the ground ; all which was for- 
 bidden to the elect. 
 
 The elect had the powe^r of the imposing of 
 hands on their hearers, who kneeled before them, in 
 order to receive the said imposition. 
 
 There were twelve principal elect, who were 
 called the masters, who had a thirteenth that was 
 over them. 
 
 They had seventy-two Bishops, who were created 133 
 by those masters we have just now mentioned, and 
 the Bishops ordained the Priests and Deacons. 
 This is the account St. Augustin gives us of their 
 hierarchy. 
 
 Petrus Diaconus of Sicily, who wrote against i»B;biioth, 
 them about the year 870, makes it appear that he^'*'^' 
 was acquainted with them, as having been with 
 them at Tibrica in Armenia, and conferred with 
 them. He dedicates his book to the Archbishop 
 of Bulgaria, advertising him, that the Paulitiani or 
 Manichecs of Tibrica were resolved to send some of 
 their people into Bulgaria, to seduce those who had 
 newly embraced the Christian religion in that king- 
 dom. This was that which put him upon writing 
 this treatise, to forearm that Prelate against their 
 enterprises. 
 
 He accuseth them of dissembling their errors, 
 and of making such a profession of faith, as was 
 sufficiently orthodox, though indeed, and at the 
 
146 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, bottom, they opposed it; and makes a very exact 
 ' ' description of them and their errors. 
 
 He tells us, that they in appearance admit of the 
 whole Gospel, and all the Epistles of St. Paul; that 
 they confess the Trinity and Incarnation, but that 
 they elude these their confessions by equivocations, 
 till they have got an entrance into the spirit of those 
 who listen to them, and judge them susceptible of 
 their impieties, which then they freely discover to 
 them. He compriseth their opinions in six articles: 
 
 I. That there is a good God and an evil God ; 
 the first, the Creator of the world to come ; and the 
 second, the Creator of the world. 
 
 II. That they do not own the Virgin Mary to 
 have been the mother of Jesus Christ, whose body, 
 according to them, was brought down from heaven. 
 
 III. That they reject the Eucharist, denying that 
 Jesus Christ ever consecrated the symbols of bread 
 and wine ; but they explain those words in a mys- 
 tical sense, with reference to his actions. 
 
 IV. That they deny the cross of Jesus Christ. 
 134 V. That they reject the Old Testament, receiving 
 
 nothing besides the Gospels, and the Epistles of St. 
 Paul, to which they add the Epistles of one Sergius, 
 one of the heads of their sect. 
 
 VI. That they removed Priests from the ministry 
 of the Church. In a word, he sets forth their here- 
 sies much according to the account we find of them 
 in St. Cyril, Bishop of Hierusalem, Cateches. 6. out 
 of whom he has transcribed many long passages. 
 
 I will not trouble myself at present to set down 
 the account which later authors have given of the 
 Manichees. Emericus, in his Directory of the In- 
 quisitors, has made an abridgment of the opinions 
 of those amongst them, which he pretends appeared 
 in Italy, under the popedom of Innocent the Third, 
 who had for their master a person called Manes, 
 who lived then in the diocese of Milan. This good 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 14/ 
 
 inquisitor, as we see by this, was not over-well chap. 
 acquainted with Church-history. However, he 
 takes notice of some articles, which it may be worth 2. p. direct, 
 while to observe here. Of the fourteen articles he274."^''^* 
 ascribes to them, these following may serve to clear 
 some things we have already set down concerning 
 the belief and conduct of the Manichees. 
 
 The second article is, That they supposed two 
 sorts of Churches, the one kind and meek, which 
 they said was their sect, and the Church of Jesus 
 Christ ; the other malicious, which they said was 
 the Church of Rome, and very impudently called 
 her a Mother of Fornications, the great Babylon, a 
 Whore, the Devil's Cathedral, and the Synagogue 
 of Satan. 
 
 The third article is. That they condemned all the 
 degrees, orders, and ordinations of the Holy Church, 
 as well as her ordinances, which they corrupted; 
 they called all those heretics that were of her com- 
 munion, and publicly taught that they could not be 
 saved in the communion of Rome. 
 
 The fourth article is. That all the Sacraments of 135 
 the Church of Rome, which were instituted by our 
 Saviour Jesus Christ, viz. the Eucharist, Baptism, 
 which is celebrated with material water. Confirm- 
 ation, Orders, Extreme Unction, Penance, and Ma- 
 trimony between man and wife, were all of them 
 vain and frivolous; and that like apes they feigned 
 certain other outward ceremonies, which had some 
 resemblance with them. 
 
 The fifth article is. That, instead of holy Baptism, 
 they fancied another spiritual Baptism, which they 
 called the comfort of the Holy Ghost; that is to 
 say, when they received any person, whether sick or 
 in health, into their sect, or ordained them by im- 
 position of hands, according to their execrable ce- 
 remonies. 
 
 The sixth article is. That instead of consecrated 
 bread, or the Sacrament of the body and blood of 
 
 L 2 
 
148 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Jesus Christ, they supposed another sort of bread, 
 ^^' which they called Blessed Bread, or the Bread of 
 
 Holy Prayer, which they took in their hands, at the 
 beginning of their meals, blessing it, breaking and 
 distributing it to those that were present, of their 
 belief, according to their ordinary custom. 
 
 The seventh article is, That, instead of the sacra- 
 ment of Penance, they said, that the true exercise of 
 penance did consist in following their orders, and 
 being of their sect: and maintained, that all those 
 who, being sick or in health, did keep the laws of 
 their sect, and their ordinances, did thereby obtain 
 the pardon of their sins, without any other satisfac- 
 tion ; yea, even without making restitution of those 
 things which they had unjustly got; affirming, 
 moreover, that herein they had the same power that 
 St. Peter and St. Paul, with the other Apostles of 
 our Saviour Jesus Christ, had. They said also, that 
 the confession of sins that is made to Priests of the 
 Romish communion is not of any use to salvation ; 
 and that neither the Pope, nor any other person of 
 that communion, had the power of forgiving sins. 
 
 The eighth article is, That, instead of the carnal 
 sacrament of marriage between man and wife, they 
 supposed that there was another spiritual marriage 
 between God and the soul of man ; when being per- 
 136 feet heretics, or in the abundance of consolations, 
 they received any one into their sect, and incor- 
 porated them into their order. 
 
 The ninth article is. That they denied the Incar- 
 nation of our Lord Jesus Christ in the womb of 
 the most holy Virgin. They asserted, that he did 
 not take upon him a true human body, nor the true 
 flesh of man, as other men take it from human na- 
 ture ; that he never truly suffered or died on the 
 tree of the cross; that he never truly rose again, 
 nor ascended into heaven with a body of human 
 flesh; but that all these things were only done in 
 appearance. 
 
ancient Church uf' Piedmont. 149 
 
 The tenth article is, That the Blessed Virgin Mary chap. 
 was not the mother of our Saviour Jesus Christ: " 
 
 they deny also that she was a carnal wonnan, but 
 maintained, that their sect was that Mary, that 
 Virgin, the true penance; that she was chaste, and a 
 virgin who begat children to God, as often as any 
 were received into their order and sect. 
 
 The eleventh article is. That they denied the re- 
 surrection of our bodies, and, instead thereof, sup- 
 posed certain spiritual bodies, or a kind of inward 
 men, in which they said the future resurrection was 
 to be celebrated. 
 
 The twelfth article is, They said and believed that 
 all those spirits that departed out of human bodies 
 went into the bodies of beasts and birds, if they were 
 not received into their sect, or incorporated into their 
 order, by the imposition of their hands, according to 
 the customary form of their ceremonies ; that all 
 these souls passed continually from one body into 
 another; for which reason they did not eat the flesh 
 of any living creature, nor ever killed any birds. 
 
 The thirteenth article is. That they held, that man 
 ought never to eat flesh, no, not so much as touch 
 it, nor cheese, nor eggs, nor any thing proceeding 
 from flesh by way of generation or carnal conjunc- 
 tion : which they also observed. 
 
 These are the heresies of tlie Manichees, which 
 Emericus sets down after another manner than they 
 are described by Archelaus, St. Cyril, St. Epiphani- 137 
 us, St. Augustin, Theodoretus, and Petrus Diaconus 
 of Sicily. It is visible that some part of these here- 
 sies were only chimeras, occasioned by some alle- 
 gorical expressions of those who then preached 
 against the Romish Church, but, however, most 
 maliciously and falsely attributed to the Waldenses 
 and Albigenses. 
 
 Notwithstanding this Emericus's mistake in the 
 account he gives us of the original of this sect, sure 
 It is, that it owes its birth to one called Scythianus, 
 
 L 3 
 
150 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, who probably had been familiar with the Marcion- 
 ' ites. He left his doctrine to one named Terebin- 
 
 thus ; after whose death it came into the hands of 
 Manes, who mixed something of the Gospel with it, 
 and who gave the name to his followers. 
 
 This sect spread itself in Africa, Asia, Spain, and 
 Italy; and notwithstanding that in process of time 
 the Christian Emperors published several laws for 
 their extirpation, yet we find that there still conti- 
 nued a considerable body of them in the east. Theo- 
 
 Theoph. phanes tells us, that there were some of this sect 
 amongst the Syrians and Armenians in the eighth 
 century, whom the Emperor Constantine transported 
 into Thrace from Theodosiopolis and Melitene, who 
 spread abroad the heresies of the Pauliciani, (or 
 Publicani,) for so Anastasius calls them. 
 
 We find in the ninth century, an. 811, that the 
 Emperor Nicephorus favoured the Manichees, called 
 Pauliciani and Acingani, who lived in Phrygia and 
 Lycaonia. Michael Ranga being Emperor perse- 
 cuted them, killed some, and banished the rest. 
 
 We find in the tenth century, that Theodorus, 
 Bishop of Antioch, obliged the Emperor John Zi- 
 misces to banish the Manichees into the west, that 
 had spread themselves throughout all the east, and 
 had infected all places with their heresies ; which 
 
 Zonar.t.3. he accordingly did, as we find it reported by Zo- 
 
 inJoan.Zi- 
 misc.p.l67. "^'*^^- 
 
 We find, since that time, that they spread them- 
 selves from Bulgaria (being thence called Bulgari, 
 and in the French tongue Boulgres) into Dalmatia, 
 and from thence into the western provinces, where 
 they were called Cattari, and thence by mistake 
 ^Im's*^" Cathari or Catharini, the Germans calling them 
 c.B. Ketters. And it is probable that from this school 
 
 came those Manichees that appeared in Italy, as well 
 138 as those that appeared at Orleans, in the year IOI7, 
 and afterwards in Languedoc. Vignier has published 
 a fragment of an ancient author, who calls them 
 
 1 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 151 
 
 Catharini, and who sets forth their setthng of them- *'^^^- 
 selves in Lonibardy, Tuscany, and in the Marchia; — I — !— 
 that about the year 1023 their first Bishop was called 
 Marc, who derived his ordination from Bulgaria, who 
 afterwards, at the solicitation of one Nicetas, Pope, 
 come from Constantinople, he took orders of him, 
 and entered into the order of Druncaria. Afterwards 
 he represents the diflerent parties and different 
 opinions amongst them. We find also, that Ray- 
 nerus, who in the thirteenth century gives us a de- 
 scription of their Churches, makes three sorts of 
 Cathari in Lombardy; observing that those who had 
 settled themselves at Tholouse were of the same 
 opinion with those who called themselves Albanen- 
 ses, or of Senzano in Lombardy. 
 
 Now, that we may make some use of this descrip- 
 tion of the Manichees and their errors, it will be 
 needful to observe, 
 
 First, That since they began to punish the Mani- 
 chees with death, it was very natural for those who 
 had a mind to destroy those they called heretics, to 
 charge them with their errors : so that we may here 
 very easily be mistaken between the true Mani- 
 chees and those to whom their errors were falsely 
 imputed. 
 
 Secondly, That since they had represented to the 
 people, that one of the characters of the Manichees 
 was, to dissemble their errors, and exactly to conceal 
 their abominations, they had a very good pretence 
 to condemn those pretended heretics for half Mani- 
 chees, who, according to the principles of the Mani- 
 chees, concealed their true opinions, though they 
 did so upon another ground, as the rigour of their 
 persecutors. 
 
 Thirdly, That in those barbarous and cruel ages, a 
 small conformity of opinions with the Manichees 
 was a sufficient ground to accuse them of Maniche- 
 ism, who opposed any doctrines received by the 
 Church of Rome. Thus would they have taken the 
 
 L 4 
 
153 Remarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP. Anabaptists for downright Manichees, because they 
 condemned the baptism of infants. 
 
 139 Fourthly, And indeed we shall find the prejudices 
 conceived on this account were so strong, that it has 
 made them to be accused of Manicheism, whose 
 opinions evidenced that tlieir principles were directly 
 opposite to those of the Manichees, with as much 
 ground as if we should accuse the Church of Rome 
 of Manicheism, upon pretence of her forbidding the 
 use of the cup with reference to the people, which 
 formerly was a note of Manicheism, as we find it 
 mentioned in the Decrees of the Popes, Leo and 
 Gelasius. 
 
 They accused those of Manicheism, that denied 
 the substantial conversion of the bread into the body 
 of Jesus Christ. They called those Manichees, that 
 would not worship the Virgin or the cross ; as if, 
 forsooth, they had denied that Jesus Christ took a 
 true body in the womb of the Virgin, or that he had 
 been truly crucified. 
 
 MiSSB 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 Concerning the Cathari spohen of by Ecervinus 
 and St. Bernard^ and their distinction Jrom the 
 Patarines, 
 
 We are obliged to Mabillon for having communi- 
 cated to us the letter of Evervinus, Propositus of 
 Steinficld, in the diocese of Cologne. It is evident, 
 that he has described the same heretics whereof Eg- 
 bertus. Monk of Schonauge, makes mention in his 
 sermons. Only he distinguishes tliem into two orders, 
 the one whereof he sets forth to us as Manichees; 
 the others, whom he does not accuse of any thing 
 like what they were charged with. He makes so 
 
ancient Church of' Piedmont. 153 
 
 great a distinction between them, that it is very chap. 
 strange the Bishop of Meaux should confound them ^^^' 
 as he does^ as if they had been but one and the 
 same body of men. 
 
 Now, since it is very probable, according to the 140 
 judgment of Mabillon, that this letter of Evervinus 
 to St. Bernard furnished this famous Abbot with an 
 occasion of handling those controversies, which he 
 has touched upon in his sermons upon the Canticles, 
 it will be worth the while to set down the said let- 
 ter of Evervinus, as to its principal points ; and the 
 rather, because it serves to set forth the sincerity of 
 Petrus Cluniacensis in the manner he has taken to 
 treat those controversies, following therein very ex- 
 actly the notions of Evervinus, and carefully dis- 
 tinguishing those two sorts of opinions he opposeth; 
 whereas St. Bernard seems to have much more con- 
 founded them. 
 
 Now what Evervinus writes to St. Bernard, a little 
 before the year 1140, is this : 
 
 " There have been lately some heretics discovered t. 3. Annai. 
 " amongst us, near Cologne, whereof some with sa-ggq'^"'' ^* 
 " tisfaction returned again to the Church : two of 
 " these, viz. one that was a Bishop amongst them, 
 " and his companions, openly opposed us in the as- 
 " sembly of the Clergy and laity, the Lord Arch- 
 " bishop himself being present, with many of the 
 " nobility, maintaining their heresy from the words 
 " of Christ and the Apostles. But when they saw 
 *' they could go no further, they desired that a day 
 " might be appointed for them, upon which they 
 " might bring along with them men skihul in their 
 " belief, promising to return to the Church, provided 
 " they should find their masters defective in answer- 
 " ing what was opposed to them ; but that other- 
 " wise they would rather die than depart from their 
 "judgment. Upon this their declaration, after that 
 " for three days together they had been admonished, 
 " and found unwilling to repent, they were seized by 
 
154 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " the people, being incited by overmuch zeal, and 
 " put into the fire, and burnt; and (what is most 
 " wonderful) they entered to the stake, and bare the 
 " torment of the fire, not only with patience, but 
 " with joy and gladness. In this case, O holy Father, 
 " were I present with you, I should be glad to have 
 141 "your answer, how these members of the Devil 
 " could with such courage and constancy persist in 
 " their heresy, as is scarcely to be found in the most 
 " religious in the faith of Christ. 
 
 " Their heresy is this : They say that the Church 
 " is only amongst them, because they alone follow 
 " the steps of Christ, and continue in the imitation 
 " of the true apostolic life, not seeking the things 
 " of this world, possessing neither house, lands, nor 
 " any thing in propriety, according as Christ did, 
 " who neither possessed any himself, nor gave leave 
 " to his disciples to possess any thing. Whereas ye 
 " (say they to us) join house to house, and field to 
 " field, seeking the things of this world ; so that 
 " even they also, who are looked upon as most per- 
 " feet amongst you, such as are your Monks and 
 " Regular Canons, though they do not possess these 
 " things as proper, but as common, yet do they pos- 
 " sess all these things. And of themselves they say, 
 " We the poor of Christ, who have no certain abode, 
 " fleeing from one city to another, like sheep in the 
 " midst of wolves, do endure persecution with the 
 "Apostles and Martyrs: notwithstanding that we 
 " lead an holy and strict life in fasting and absti- 
 " nence, persevering day and night in prayers and 
 " labours, and seeking only from thence what is ne- 
 " cessary to support our lives, we maintain ourselves 
 " thereby, because we are not of the world. But as 
 " for you lovers of the world, ye have peace with 
 " the world, because ye are of the world. False 
 " Apostles, who adulterate the word of Christ, seek- 
 " ing their own, have misled you and your fore- 
 " fathers ; whereas we and our fathers^ being born 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont . 155 
 
 " Apostles, have continued in the grace of Christ, chap. 
 
 " and shall continue so to the end of the world. To 
 
 " distinguish us from one another, Christ saith, Bt/ 
 " their fruits ye shall know them : our fruits are 
 " the footsteps of Christ. In their diet they forbid 
 " all manner of milk, and whatsoever is made of it, 
 " and all that is procreated by copulation. This is 
 " that which they oppose to us concerning their 
 " conversation. As to the Sacraments, they conceal 
 " themselves ; yet did they openly confess to us, 
 " that daily at their tables, when they take their 142 
 " meals, they, according to the form of Christ and 
 " his Apostles, do consecrate their meat and drink 
 " into the body and blood of Christ, by the Lord's 
 " Prayer, to nourish themselves therewith, as being 
 " the members and body of Christ. But as for us, 
 " they say we hold not the truth in the Sacraments, 
 " but only a kind of shadow, and tradition of men. 
 " They also openly confess, that besides water, they 
 " baptized also with fire and the Holy Ghost, and 
 " had been so baptized themselves ; alleging to this 
 " purpose the testimony of St. John the Baptist 
 " baptizing with water, and saying concerning Christ, 
 " He shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and 
 " withjire: and in another place, I indeed baptize 
 " you with water, but there stands one in the rnidst 
 " ^fy^^^i ^hom you know not, who shall baptize you 
 " with another baptism besides that of water. And 
 " that this other baptism was to be performed by 
 " the imposition of hands, they endeavoured to 
 " make out by the testimony of St. Luke, who, in 
 " the Acts of the Apostles, describing Paul's bap- 
 " tism, which he received from Ananias at the com- 
 " mand of Christ, makes no mention of water, but 
 " only of the laying on of hands ; and whatsoever 
 " else we find, whether in the Acts of the Apostles 
 " or in St. Paul's Epistles, they apply to this bap- 
 " tism ; and they say, that every elect (for so they 
 " call all those that are baptized amongst them) 
 
156 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " hath power to baptize others whom they find 
 ^^^^' " worthy, and to consecrate the body and blood of 
 " Christ at their meals. For first, by their laying 
 " on oF hands they receive some of their auditors 
 " into the number of believers, and then they have 
 " leave to be present at their prayers, until that, 
 " after having had sufficient trial of them, they 
 " make them elect. They contemn our baptism, 
 " condemn marriage ; but the reason why, I could 
 " not get out of them, either because they durst 
 " not own it, or rather because they knew none." 
 143 We have here a very exact and circumstantiate 
 description of a sect of Manichees, if we please 
 to compare it with the account that has already 
 been given concerning them. And though we find 
 these persons somewhat different in their opinions 
 from the Cathari, yet, notwithstanding that, they 
 have put their name upon them, as if they also had 
 been Manichees. 
 
 But Evervinus goes on further in these words : 
 " There are also some other heretics in our country, 
 " who are altogether different from these, by whose 
 " mutual discord and contests they were both of 
 " them discovered to us. These deny that the body 
 " of Christ is made on the altar, because all the 
 " Priests of the Church are not consecrated. For 
 " the apostolical dignity, say they, is corrupted, by 
 " engaging itself in secular affairs, and the sitting in 
 " the chair of Peter; yet because it does not wage 
 " God's warfare as Peter did, it has deprived itself of 
 " the power of consecrating, which was so great 
 " in Peter; and what it has not itself, the Arch- 
 " bishops and Bishops, who live like men of the 
 " world, cannot receive from it, viz. the power of 
 " consecrating others : to this purpose alleging these 
 " words of Christ, The Scribes and Pharisees sit in 
 " Moses s chair; what therefore they bid you do, 
 " that do. As if such as these had only the power 
 " of preaching and commanding, but nothing more. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 157 
 
 " Thus they make void the Priesthood of the Church, chap. 
 
 " and condemn the Sacraments besides Baptism on- ^' 
 
 " ly; and this only in those who are come to age, 
 
 " who, they say, are baptized by Christ himself, 
 
 " whosoever be the Minister of the Sacraments. 
 
 " They do not believe infant baptism ; alleging that 
 
 " place of the Gospel, IVhosoever shall believe, and 
 
 " be baptized, shall be saved. All marriage they 
 
 *' call fornication, besides that which is between two 
 
 " virgins, male and female ; quoting for this the 
 
 " words of our Saviour, wherewith he answers the 
 
 " Pharisees, IVhat God hath joined, let no man se- 
 
 ^' parate; as if God did only join such together, as 
 
 " he did our first parents : as likewise those words 
 
 " of our Saviour, which he speaks to the Jews, in 
 
 " answer to what they objected to him about tliel44 
 
 " bill of divorce, From the beginning it was not so ; 
 
 " and the following words, Pf^hosoever marrieth her 
 
 " that is divorced, commits adultery; and that of 
 
 " the Apostle, Let marriage be honourable to all, 
 
 " and the bed undejiled. 
 
 " They put no confidence in the intercession of 
 " the saints ; they maintain that fasting, and other 
 " afflictions which are undertaken for sin, are not 
 " necessary to the just, nor to sinners; because at 
 " what time soever the sinner repents of his sin, 
 " they are all forgiven to him ; and all other things 
 " observed in the 'Church, which have not been 
 " established by Christ himself or his Apostles, 
 " they call superstitions. They do not admit of any 
 " purgatory fire after death ; but that the souls, as 
 " soon as they depart out of the bodies, do enter 
 "into rest or punishment; proving it from that 
 " place of Solomon, IVIiich way soever the tree falls, 
 " whether to the south or to the north, there it lies: 
 " by which means they make void all the prayers 
 " and oblations of believers for the deceased. 
 
 " We therefore desire you, holy Father, to employ 
 " your care and watchfulness against these manifold 
 
158 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. « mischiefs, and that you would be pleased to direct 
 " your pen against these wild beasts of the reeds ; 
 
 " not thinking it sufficient to answer us, that the 
 " tower of David, to which we may take our re- 
 " fuge, is sufficiently fortified with bulwarks, that a 
 " thousand bucklers hang on the walls of it, all 
 " shields of mighty men. For we desire. Father, 
 " that for the sake of us simple ones, and that are 
 " slow of understanding, you would be pleased by 
 " your study to gather all these arms in one 
 " place, that they may be the more ready to be 
 " found, and more powerful to resist these mon- 
 " sters. I let you know also, that those of them 
 " who have returned to our Church, told us, that 
 " they had great numbers of their persuasion scat- 
 " tered almost every where: and that amongst 
 " them were many of our Clergy and Monks. And 
 " as for those who were burnt, they, in the defence 
 " thev made for themselves, told us, that this their 
 145" heresy had been concealed from the time of the 
 " martyrs until these times; and that it had been 
 " preserved in Greece, and some other countries. 
 " These are those heretics who call themselves 
 " Apostles, having a Pope of their own ; whereas 
 " the other despise our Pope, and yet own them- 
 " selves to have no other besides him. These Apo- 
 " sties of Satan have amongst them continent wo- 
 " men, (as they call them,) widows, virgins, their 
 " wives, some of which are amongst the number of 
 " their elect, others of their believers ; as in imita- 
 " tion of the Apostles, who had power to lead about 
 " women with them. Farewell in the Lord." 
 
 This is the letter of Evervinus, whence St. Ber- 
 nard took occasion to refute these heretics in his 
 65th and 66th sermons upon the Song of Solomon. 
 And indeed we find that the beginning of his 65th 
 sermon contains a manifest allusion to the beginning 
 of this letter of Evervinus. St. Bernard chargeth 
 them in that sermon, that though they believed the 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 159 
 
 Gospel, yet did forbid swearing altogether; and that chap. 
 notwithstanding this prohibition, yet they suffered ^^^' 
 their disciples to forswear themselves, to preserve 
 the secret of their religion, p. 'Jb^. Edit. Paris. 
 
 2. He supposeth that their endeavour to hidepig'^Q^* 
 their religion was a sufficient token of its impurity 
 with respect to manners. 
 
 3. He accuseth them for rejecting the authority 
 of the Old Testament ; though he seem to express 
 himself doubtfully on that point, ibid. 1. 
 
 4. He accuseth them of rejecting St. Paul ; though 
 he confesseth that this was not the judgment of 
 them all, but only of some of them : K. An forte 
 nee Paulum recipitis? De quihiisdam ita audivi; 
 nan enim inter vos omnes per omnia concordatis, 
 etsi a nobis omnes dissentiatis : " Probably you reject 
 " Paul also : for so I have heard of some of you ; for 
 " neither do you all agree amongst yourselves, 
 " though you all differ from us." 
 
 5. He accuseth them for falsely boasting them- 146 
 selves of their chastity, as having wives with whom 
 they lived in the same house, without being married 
 with them, ibid. M. and without being either their 
 wives, daughters, sisters, or otherwise of kin to 
 them. St. Bernard, who sets them forth as a sort of 
 people who were unblameable in their carriage and 
 behaviour, yet triumphs over them in this point; 
 accusing them of giving offence to their neighbour, 
 
 p. 761. 
 
 That which is very singular in this refutation of 
 St. Bernard is, 
 
 1. That at the end of his first sermon he gives a 
 description of them from p. 762. B. in these terms: 
 f^ile nempe hoc genus et rusticanum, ac sine Uteris^ 
 et prorsus imbelle; he relates their different opinions 
 as not certainly known ; and after that, he under- 
 takes to refute them, as if they deserved to be re- 
 futed. 
 
 2. That he asserts they were divided ; and yet 
 
l6o Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, owns that he knew nothing about them, but from 
 ^^^' the answers they had given to some CathoHcs, or 
 what he had learnt from those who were entered 
 again into the Church. In all his first sermon there- 
 fore he insists on these two points : the first is, that 
 they concealed their opinions, which was contrary 
 to the behaviour of the Apostles. The other, that 
 their dwelling with women not married was a proof 
 of their impurity. The good Father, whilst he dis- 
 coursed thus, did not consider the rigour of the per- 
 secution they were under; and he had forgot that 
 
 Godfrid. Robertus of Arbrissel had practised the like conti- 
 
 Tm;.*'^ nence with women. 
 
 In his second sermon he lays down some part of 
 their opinions; and this he does like a declamator; 
 his first sermon having been spent in invectives 
 against them. 
 
 P. 762. 1, He chargeth them with condemning marriage. 
 
 2. He sets them forth as idiots, and an ignorant 
 
 sort of people, but withal dangerous, as introducing 
 
 again the heresies condemned by St. Paul, 1 Tim.iv. 
 
 P. 764. 3. He sets upon their title of Apostolical, as pre- 
 
 tending that they had no authors; and he only sus- 
 pects them of Manicheism, though he seems to have 
 14/ freed them from that imputation before, when he 
 
 p. 763. says, Qiiare cum illius sectcB author^em nemlnem 
 dahunt: "Wherefore since they can produce no 
 " author of their sect." 
 
 p. 763. 4. He saith, that some amongst them allowed 
 
 marriage only where both the parties were virgins. 
 
 P.764 5. He chargeth them with abstaining from meats: 
 
 Horrent lac, et quicquid ex eo coificitur ; postremOy 
 ijuicquid ex coitu generatur: "They abhor milk, 
 " and all that is made of it; and last of all, whatso- 
 " ever is generated by copulation." In which point 
 he suspects them of Manicheism. 
 
 P. 765. 6. He accuseth them of consecrating the body 
 
 and blood of Jesus Christ at their common tables : 
 j4d nutriendum se in corpus Chrisfi et memhray 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. l()l 
 
 to feed themselves into the body of Christ and chap. 
 members. 
 
 7. He accuseth them of looking upon themselves P. 76;'). 
 as the only successors of the Apostles. 
 
 8. He accuseth them of mocking at infant bap- 
 tism, prayer for the dead, and the invocation of 
 saints. 
 
 9. He accuseth them of detracting and slander- 
 ing ecclesiastical Orders, of rejecting Church ordi- 
 nances, contemning the Sacraments, and disobeying p. 766. 
 her commands, under pretence that the Popes, the 
 Archbishops, the Bishops, and Priests were sinners 
 incapable of administering or receiving the Sacra- 
 ments. 
 
 10. Here he stops, as asserting that nobody 
 knows all their opinions, and that there is no way of 
 convincing them, because they will not admit the 
 authorities which they do not understand. 
 
 11. He confesseth that they had been examined 
 by water, and found guilty. QucBsiti Jidem {N.B.) 
 cum de quibus suspecti vldebantur, omnia prorsus 
 suo more negarent, examinati aqua: judicio, men- 
 daces inventi sunt : cumque jam negare non pos- 
 sent, quippe deprehensi, aqua eos non recipient e. 
 " When as they, after their manner, denied all things 
 " whereof they were suspected, being examined by 
 " the judgment of water, they were found liars: and 
 " being no longer able to deny it, because they were 
 " found guilty, by the water not admitting of them, 
 
 " they confessed their crimes, offered themselves to 148 
 " defend them to the death, and were knocked on 
 " the head by the people;" which St. Bernard finds 
 fault with, as desiring rather that the magistrate 
 might have put them to death by law. 
 
 12. He removes the scandal which their con- 
 stancy occasioned, they dying like true martyrs. 
 
 13. He pretends that the means of convincing 
 them, is to oblige them to quit the women they 
 have with them, or else to leave the Church. 
 
 M 
 
l62 Remarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP. 14. But for all this he observes, that they were 
 
 ^^^' supported by Princes, Bishops, and others, propter 
 
 qu(Bstum, for their interest sake, and who alleged it 
 
 as reason, that they could not condemn persons that 
 
 were neither convict, nor confess their crimes. 
 
 We may make these following reflections on what 
 St. Bernard saith concerning them. 
 
 1 . That he speaks of the same of whom Evervi- 
 ims doth. 
 
 2. That he confounds them together, whereas 
 Evervinus distinguishes them, 
 
 3. That the reason of their being reduced to dis- 
 semble their true opinions, was for fear of torments, 
 and of being torn to pieces by the people. 
 
 4. That the judgment of water having been em- 
 ployed against them, they had very just cause of 
 fear. 
 
 5. That their distinction is evident enough from 
 what St. Bernard himself saith of them, and that he 
 confounded them by malice or by mistake. 
 
 6. That their confessions did not satisfy the 
 Princes, nor the Bishops themselves. 
 
 7. That the Manicheism, which he objected to 
 them all, was not a true imputation to all of them, 
 since it is true the Manichees drank not wine. 
 
 8. That at last St. Bernard reduceth all to this, 
 that he would have them punish by excommuni- 
 cation, in case they did not renounce the company 
 of the women they had with them. 
 
 Petrus Cluniacensis has handled five questions 
 against the Petrobusians, which bear a great re- 
 semblance with the belief of the Cathari of Italy: 
 but since the disciples of Peter de Bruis were seated 
 in the countryof the Albigenses, we should confound 
 matters by treating of them here. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. i6.3 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 149 
 
 A continuation of the Histoty of the Cathari in 
 Italy, as elsewhere, and their distinction from 
 the Patarines. 
 
 ItaY design is not to abuse my reader's patience, 
 by setting down here all that I could observe re- 
 lating to the history of the Cathari, from the writ- 
 ings of several authors of the twelfth and thirteenth 
 century, as of Egbert, Abbot of Schonauge, Alanus 
 of Lisle, Giraldus Cambrensis, and Bonacursius, 
 who gives us an account of their opinions, and of 
 their settlement in the dioceses of Cologne, Gallia 
 Narbonensis, Flanders, and the diocese of Milan. 
 Yet I cannot but represent to the reader, that the 
 malice or imprudence of these authors makes them 
 ordinarily to confound those whom Evervinus, in 
 his fore-mentioned Epistle to St. Bernard, had with 
 more care and honesty distinguished, and that whilst 
 they writ the history of the Cathari, they had an 
 eye to the Patarines, who had spread their belief 
 through all those places, and whom they designed 
 to make odious, by confounding them with the Ca- 
 thari, that is to say, with the new upstart Manichees. 
 
 Egbert, a Monk, and afterwards Abbot of Schon- 
 auge, tells us, that he had as often disputed with 
 these heretics as any of them were discovered 
 amongst the people, so that he seems to be a witness 
 well informed in the case, though he owns that he 
 had learned more of their opinions from those who 
 had renounced them, that is, from those who by the 
 force of torments, and threats of being burnt, had 
 abandoned their belief. 
 
 He sets them forth as men famous by their er- 
 rors ; " These are they who are commonly called 
 " Cathari, a sort of people very pernicious to the 
 
 M 2 
 
l64 Retnarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP. " Catholic faith, which hke moths they corrupt and 
 ^^^^' " destroy." And yet he adds, that they were di- 
 
 150vided into several sects, and maintained their opin- 
 ions by the authority of Scripture. " They are 
 " armed with the words of holy Scripture which 
 " any ways do seem to favour their opinions, and 
 " with these they know how to defend their errors, 
 " and to oppose the Catholic truth; though indeed 
 " they be altogether ignorant of the right under- 
 " standing that is couched in those words, and which 
 " cannot be discovered without great judgment." 
 
 We may observe here, that this title of Egbert's 
 book doth not answer to the account Trithemius 
 gives us of it in his catalogue, who sets down only 
 P. 897. these two words, adversum hccreses, lib. 1. Prophe- 
 tatum duduin tempora; whereas the title of it con- 
 tains a long description of these Manichean heresies: 
 Adversus pestif'eros faedlssiynosque Catharorum {qui 
 Manichaiorum hcBresim innovarunt) damnatos er- 
 rores ac hcsreses, Egherti Presbi/teri, primo Eccle- 
 sice Collegiatce Bunnensis, Coloniensis diceceseos Ca- 
 nonici, demum vero prqf'essl monachi Schonaugien- 
 sh' fnonasterii, utilissimi sennones, ex penetralihus 
 Evangelicis, et aliarum divinarum Scripturarum ar- 
 rnario deprompti. Ex quibus proculduhio fructum 
 plurimum metet diligens lector et candidus. Brieve 
 ex Augusttno de ManichcBis excerptum, per eundem 
 Echertum. Possibly Trithemius had no mind to 
 trouble himself with quoting so prolix a title; but 
 certain it is, that neither Reginald's Epistle, nor the 
 first Sermon of Egbert, have the beginning which 
 Trithemius ascribes to it: which may give us just 
 cause of suspicion, that either the list they give us 
 under Egbert's name is none of his ; or, that some 
 part of it has been suppressed, according to the lau- 
 dable custom which is in vogue with the Roman 
 party in their publishing of authors. Nor is it with- 
 out reason they make use of this way, their zeal for 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. l65 
 
 the Romish faith frequently obliging; them to make chap. 
 
 use of pious frauds, by hiding or disguismg the true 1_ 
 
 sentiments of those authors they publish. 
 
 But not to insist upon this, he represents to us, Serm. i. 
 first, the extent and spreading of the doctrine of thegibi pp° 
 Cathari throughout several places, as well as their Colon, edit, 
 different names. "Tbey are increased to those mul- 
 " titudes throughout all countries, that the Church 151 
 " of God is in great danger of the poison they scat- 
 " ter every where against her; for their words spread 
 " like a cancer, and, like a flying leprosy, runs every 
 " way, infecting the precious members of Christ. 
 " These in our Germany we call Catharini, in 
 " Flanders they call them Piphles, and in French, 
 " Tisserands, from the art of weaving, because- a 
 " great many of them are of that occupation. And 
 " as our Lord has foretold concerning them, they 
 " say Christ is in the inward rooms; for they de- 
 " clare, that the true faith and worship of Christ 
 " is no where to be found but in their meetings, 
 " which they keep in their cellars and weaving- 
 " rooms; and in such like dwellings under ground, 
 " they say, they lead the lives of Apostles," 
 
 Secondly, He sets forth to us their opinions, and p. 889. 
 the desire they have to multiply their disciples ; in 
 which regard we must own that he describes them 
 as true Manichees, who absolutely forbade marriage, 
 and all eating of flesh ; who rejected baptism with 
 water, and instead thereof substituted a false one, 
 in Spirltu Sancto et igne, " with the Holy Ghost 
 " and with fire ;" and who concerning the Eucharist 
 entertained the notions of the Manichees, and who 
 in particular maintained that souls were fallen 
 angels. But withal we are to observe, that he at- 
 tributes opinions to them that are very difi'erent 
 from any thing of Manicheism, and which Evervi- 
 nus attributes to another sort of heretics, of whom 
 he makes mention. 
 
 De animabus mortuorum, talem sententiam ha~ 
 
 M 3 
 
166 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, bent, quod in ipsa hora exitus sui, vel transeunt ad 
 '^^^^' (Bternam beatitudinem,vel ad cEternarn damnationem. 
 
 Non enim reciplunt, quod credit universalis Eccle- 
 sia, viz. esse quasdam purgatorias poenas, in quibus 
 animcB quorundam electorum, ad tempus examinan- 
 tur pro peccatis suis, de quibus in hac vita per con- 
 dignam satisfaction em ad plenum purgatcs non sunt: 
 propterea ergo arbitrantur superjluum et vanum 
 esse pro mortuis eleemosynas dare, missas celebrare, 
 et irrident pulsationes campanarum, quas facimus, 
 qucE tamen pia ratione in ecclesiasjiunt, ut videlicet 
 vivi ad orandum pro mortuis commoneantur, et ad 
 memoriam proprice mortis excitentur. Missas qua; 
 in ecclesiis celebrantur, omnino spernunt, et pro 
 152 ni hi lo ducunt. Nam si forte cum populo, in quo 
 habitant, ad audiendum ?nissas, sive etiam ad perci- 
 piendam Eucharistiam accedunt, omnino hoc simu- 
 latorie fociunt, ne injidelitas eorum possit notari. 
 Ordinem quippe sacerdotii in Rom. Ecclesia, et 
 cunctis Ecclesiis CathoUca; Jidei, omnino periisse di- 
 ciint, nee usquam nisi in secta eorum veros sacer- 
 dotes inveniri. " Concerning the souls of the dead, 
 " they hold this opinion; that at the very instant of 
 " their departure out of the body, they go to eternal 
 " bliss, or eternal damnation : for they receive not 
 " the belief of the universal Church, viz. that there 
 " are some purgatory punishments, wherewith the 
 " souls of some of the elect are tried, for some 
 " time, for those sins from which they have not 
 " been purged by a plenary satisfaction in this life. 
 " Wherefore also they account it superfluous and 
 " vain to give alms for the dead, and celebrate 
 " masses ; and they scoft' at our ringing of bells, 
 " which yet for pious reasons are used in our 
 " churches, to give others warning that they may 
 " pray for the dead, and to put them in mind of 
 ' " their own death. As for masses, they altogether 
 " despise them, and look on thein as nothing worth ; 
 *' for if ever they accompany the people they dwell 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 167 
 
 " with to hear Mass, or to receive the Sacrament, chap. 
 " they do this only dissemblingly, that their in- '_ 
 
 fideUty might not be taken notice of; for they 
 " maintain, that the sacerdotal order is altogether 
 " perished in the Church of Rome, and all other 
 " Catholic Churches, and that true priests are only 
 " to be found in their sect." 
 
 Thirdly, He sets forth to us the original of these p. 899. 
 Cathari, which he pretends they derive from the 
 Manichees, notwithstanding that he himself ob- 
 serves, that they were not all of the same opinions. 
 These are his words; Malta tamen per7mxta hahent 
 doctrincc viagistri sui, qucB inter hcBreses illius non 
 inveniuntur. Divisi etiam sunt contra semetipsos, 
 quia nonmdla qu(B oh aliquibus eorum dicuntur^ ah 
 aliis neganfur: " Yet have they also many things 
 " mingled with their Master's doctrine, which we 
 " do not find amongst his heresies. They are also 
 " divided amongst themselves ; so what some of 
 " them say is again denied by others." We may 
 see from hence, whether our author herein deals 
 with that candour as he ought to do, when, without 153 
 distinguishing between the diftbrent sects whereof 
 he treats, he endeavours to prove them all to be 
 Manichees. 
 
 1. From the conformity of their discipline with 
 that which authors tell us was amongst the Ma- 
 nichees. 
 
 2. From the conformity of their opinions. 
 
 3. From the account he gives us of some extracts 
 out of St. Augustin's discourse on this subject, with 
 design to draw a comparison between the opinions 
 of these new Cathari and those of old. 
 
 It seems to me to be very evident, either that 
 this author did out of malice confound these two 
 parties, against whom he disputes, which was avoid- 
 ed by Evervinus; or that he jumbled them together 
 out of ignorance, upon pretence, that there was 
 something of conformity in their opinions, though 
 
 M 4 
 
l68 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, they differed in their principles, on which they 
 
 1_ founded their opinions, the one drawing them as 
 
 consequences from Manicheism, the other main- 
 taining them upon other principles opposite to the 
 Church of Rome. 
 
 We ought to make this observation with respect 
 
 to those authors, who in the twelfth century have 
 
 made mention of the Cathari with this kind of 
 
 confusion. 
 
 itai. Sacr. Ughcllus tclls US, in the Life of Galdinus, Arch- 
 
 t 4 D 222 , ^ . 
 
 ' bishop of Milan, that after he had persecuted them, 
 during the eight or nine years of his episcopacy, he 
 died in the year 1173, by his over-vehement preach- 
 ing against them. Ripamontius, in his History of 
 Milan, gives us the sermon of Galdinus against the 
 Cathari, whom he calls Manichees and Arians. But 
 an indifferent judgment will be able to discover, that 
 that piece is of Ripamontius's own forging, and con- 
 sequently deserves no credit at all. 
 Spic. 1. 13. D'Achery has published the writing of an author, 
 who pretends to discover the doctrine of the Ca- 
 thari, of which he had been surely informed by the 
 conversion of one Bonacursus to the Roman faith, 
 who had been one of their Bishops, and had ab- 
 jured their doctrine. This author makes three sorts 
 of heretics, the Cathari, the Passagii, and the Ar- 
 noldistae, whose doctrines he refutes : but a wise 
 154 reader will easily discern a great deal either of 
 ignorance or malice in this author. 
 
 He accuseth some of these Cathari of maintain- 
 ing doctrines that are plain Manicheism ; but then 
 he jumbles others with them that are pure Arianism, 
 and others again which seem to have been defended 
 by the Paterines. I shall pass by those doctrines 
 that are wholly Manichean, as, that the Devil 
 created the elements; that he made Adam; that the 
 old Law was given by the Devil, &c. as also those 
 that are Arian, as, that Jesus Christ is not equal 
 with the Father. It is evident, that amongst these 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 169 
 
 he has minoled some which were maintained by the chap. 
 
 Paterines, who were enemies to the Romish idolatry: '__ 
 
 as for exaniple, that the Cathari maintained crucem 
 esse characterem besti(E, qu(B in Apocalypsi esse 
 legifur, et abominationem stantem in loco sancto. 
 Beatum Sylvestrwn dicunt Antichristum J'uisse, de 
 quo legitur in Epistolis, Jilius perditionis est^ 9Mi2Thess. H. 
 extollitur super omne quod dicitur Deus; a tempore^' 
 illo dicunt Ecclesiam esse perditam : " That the 
 " cross is the mark of the beast, whereof we read in 
 " the Revelation, and the ahomination standing in 
 " the holy place. They say that blessed Pope 
 " Sylvester was the Antichrist, of whom mention is 
 " made in the Epistles of St. Paul, as being the 
 " son of perdition, who extols himself above every 
 " thing that is called God; for, from that time, they 
 " say, the Church perished." We see clearly from 
 this passage, that he confounds the Paterines, or 
 Waldenses, with the Manichees, that having been 
 an opinion of the Waldenses, and not of the Mani- 
 chees, as the Papists themselves own. 
 
 He lays it down also as one of their opinions, 
 " That the Law of Moses is to be kept according to 
 " the letter, and that the keeping of the Sabbath, 
 " Circumcision, and other legal observances, ought 
 " to take place. They hold also, that Christ the 
 " Son of God is not equal with the Father, and that 
 " the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, these three 
 " Persons, are not one God and one substance; and, 
 -' as a surplus to these their errors, they judge and 
 " condemn all the doctors of the Church, and uni- 
 " versally the whole Roman Church. Now, since 
 " they endeavour to defend this their error by testi- 
 " monies drawn from the New Testament and Pro- 155 
 " phets, I shall, with assistance of the grace of 
 " Christ, stop their mouths, as David did Goliah's, 
 " with their own sword." 
 
 He in particular sets down their cleaving to the P. 84. 
 old Law, in his first chapter, wherein he seems better 
 
170 Remarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP, to understand the Scripture than the Church of 
 ^^^^' Rome did, whose Popes, several ages before this, 
 
 imposed great penances on those who had eaten the 
 flesh of beasts dying of themselves, or of hens 
 drowned in a pit ; as we may see in the Penitential 
 Canons. 
 
 He does not so much as once mention the Ar- 
 noldists ; and we may take notice that his reason 
 was, because their opinions as to many articles were 
 the same with those he had refuted in the Cathari. 
 What I have already said concerning this matter 
 may suffice ; neither is it necessary to repeat the 
 same here. 
 
 It is difficult to determine the time wherein this 
 author lived. D'Achery supposeth that he lived 
 towards the end of the twelfth century : but the 
 manner of his speaking concerning the four doctors 
 of the Church, of St. Ambrose, St. Jerome, St. 
 Gregory, and St. Augustin, makes me judge that 
 he wrote later. 
 
 But not to insist on this, we find, that Alanus at- 
 tributes to the Cathari almost the very same opin- 
 ions, in his first book against heretics, which he 
 wrote about the year II92; and that under that ge- 
 neral name which he gives them, he comprehends a 
 great number of sects, who differed from one another 
 in their principles, some of them being Manichees, 
 others Arians, and others again holding the opinions 
 of the Reformed or Protestants. Some of the opin- 
 ions of these latter you may see -in what follows. 
 
 Chap. 39. He affirms, that some of these heretics believed 
 that Baptism is of no use to infants, because they 
 
 Chap. 11. were not guilty of any sin. And that others of them 
 held, that it was of no use, but only to those who 
 
 Chap. 43. were of age. Others again, that it could not be of 
 
 any advantage to either of them both. He says 
 
 that some of them held, that that Sacrament was of 
 
 no use without the imposition of hands. 
 
 156 I have, in one of the foregoing chapters, made 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 1 7 1 
 
 appear upon what occasion some of the diocese of chap. 
 
 Milan fell into these opinions concerning Baptism ;__ !_ 
 
 which it is not needful to repeat in this place. 
 
 He tells us, that some of them believed, thatchap. 47. 
 penance was of no use after Baptism, and that they 
 banished all those from their assemblies that sinned 
 after they had been baptized. And that others 
 were of opinion, that penance is of no use for the Chap. so. 
 remission of sins, because that is a work of grace. 
 
 He gives us an account of the opinion of others of Chap. 52. 
 them, who maintained it was sufficient for them to 
 confess their sins to God. 
 
 He takes notice, that they rejected the doctrine of Chap. 57. 
 transubstantiation ; and that they condemned it, as 
 being an article that was not to be found in any Chap. 59. 
 Creed of the Church. 
 
 He saith, there were others amongst them thatchap. 66, 
 rejected Confirmation, Orders, and Extreme Unc- ' 
 tion, pretending that they were no sacraments of 
 the Gospel. 
 
 That there were others of them that had no regard chap. 69. 
 for churches, and refused to own them for the house 
 of God. 
 
 That they rejected the invocation of saints, and Chap, 72. 
 prayers for the dead. 
 
 I have given this account of the imputations 
 wherewith Alanus blindly chargeth the Cathari, for 
 so he calls them, in his 63d chapter, to evidence the 
 sottishness or malice of this author : of his sottish- 
 ness we may take a scantling by the etymology he 
 gives us of the name Cathari, for he maintains that 
 they got that name from their kissing the hinder 
 part of a cat in their assemblies, the Devil appear- 
 ing unto them under that form. We may judge of 
 his stupidity by the contrary and contradictory opin- 
 ions which he heaps up together in the same book, 
 as if they had all of them been defended by the 
 same persons. Valentinians, Marcionites, Mani- 
 chees, Arians, all comes alike to him, as being names 
 
1/2 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, very proper to render his adversaries whatsoever 
 
 "WIT ■ *^ ^ ^ 
 
 odious, whom he had a design to blacken to the 
 
 157 utmost. 
 
 We may judge of his maHce by his jumbHng so 
 different parties together, with design thereby to 
 make a greater impression upon the mind of his 
 reader. It is easy to perceive, that he sets forth the 
 errors of the Cathari, with allusion to the opinions 
 of the Church of Rome : she believed the absolute 
 necessity of Baptism, and she held it for an error 
 either to defer Baptism, as formerly had been prac- 
 tised, till they were grown up, as well as the opin- 
 ion of those who condemn her excess in raising it 
 to such a degree of necessity as she does. 
 
 She believed the absolute necessity of the Eu- 
 charist, as we may see in the synod of Arras, in the 
 life of heretics, and in Alanus; and he calls those 
 heretics who deny this article of faith concerning 
 the Communion. 
 
 They were at that time setting up the necessity 
 of confession, and Innocent III. soon after esta- 
 blished it by the Canon, Omnis utriusque sexus, &c. 
 and yet in the mean time the doctrine of contrition, 
 as restoring a sinner to grace and favour, was still in 
 use. This is that which is owned by Mathoud in 
 Piillum Cardinalem, and by Boileau in his Treatise 
 of Attrition ; and in the mean time they charge this 
 belief upon the Cathari as a crime. 
 
 The power of declaring remission of sin by a 
 laic is of the same nature; the Church of Rome 
 admitted of it, and there have been a thousand ex- 
 amples of it in shipwrecks; and yet in them this is 
 censured by Alanus as an error, because they made 
 use of it as an argument against the absolute author- 
 ity of the Priests. 
 
 It may be some will imagine, that it was Alanus's 
 design to set upon the Albigenses in his first book, 
 as he makes it his business to attack the Waldenses 
 in his second. And probably the Bishop of Mcaux 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 1 73 
 
 would not be wanting; to make his observation, that chap. 
 consequently the Albigenses were mere Manichees ; 
 which will appear the more probable to him, first, 
 because he chargeth the Waldenses only with some 
 controversies of less importance, which they had 
 with the Church of Rome, concerning discipline. 
 Secondly, that writing to the Earl of Montpellier, he 158 
 seems rather to have had an eye to the Albigenses, 
 than to the Waldenses, whom he distinguisheth 
 from them, and sets upon in his second book. 
 
 But here, first of all, we are to take notice, that 
 the Waldenses and Albigenses had both of them the 
 same belief, as I shall be able to justify with God's 
 assistance. Secondly, we are to observe, that his 
 design being to set forth the Cathari in their colours, 
 without distinguishing them, as Evervinus and Pe- 
 trus Cluniacensis have done, he raked together all 
 the discourses that had been made against them, 
 without troubling himself about the examining of 
 them. Thirdly, that since there were some Ma- 
 nichees in the country of the Albigenses, he made it 
 his business to confound them with the true Albi- 
 genses, in order to render them the more odious, 
 and to draw down upon them the aversion and 
 horror of his readers, who were not of sufficient 
 capacity to search into the nature of the opinions 
 which he attributed to them, nor into their con- 
 nexion and incompatibility. Fourthly, we are to 
 observe, that though he lays nothing to the charge 
 of the Waldenses, but controversies of lesser im- 
 portance in his second book, his reason for that was, -^ 
 because he had already sufficiently comprised them 
 in the first book. 
 
 However, I shall presently make it appear, that 
 the difference between the Waldenses and the Church 
 of Rome was not so small, that they could be looked 
 upon only as schismatics, as the Bishop of Meaux 
 has been pleased to imagine; and that the reason 
 why this author thus divided his book, was not to 
 
1/4 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, evince, that the Waldenses held no other opinions 
 ^^"' differing from those of the Church of Rome, but 
 that he might range the questions he designed to 
 treat of under different titles, whosoever they might 
 be whom he was resolved to write against. And 
 for an evident proof that this observation is well 
 grounded, we may take notice, that Gyraldus Cam- 
 brensis saith, that the errors of the Paterines, or 
 Cathari, were principally about the Eucharist. It 
 Ms.inBibi. is in a MS, treatise of his, entitled, Gemma Eccle- 
 Lanibeth. giQgfica^ whcre wc find these words ; Deus itaque qui 
 ^ in omnibus operihus suis magnus est, et mertto 
 magnificandus, in duobus hie prfBcipue se magnifi- 
 cum ostendit ; quod in illis 9mmdi parfibus, in qui- 
 hus hfEvetici illi nostri temporis, qui Patari seu 
 Catari dicuntur, et circa hunc prcEcipue articulum, 
 scilicet de corpore Christi conjiciendo, errare nos- 
 cuntur, scilicet in Flandrice Jinibus, magis abun- 
 dant, hoc declaravit. " God therefore, who in all 
 " his works is great, and worthily to be magnified, 
 " has in these two particulars chiefly glorified him- 
 " self by declaring this in those parts of the world, 
 " viz. on the borders of Flanders, in which those 
 " heretics of our time who are called Paterines and 
 " Catharines, and who are known chiefly to err 
 " about this article of making the body of Christ, 
 " do most abound." 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 That the Paterines and Suhalpini were not Mani- 
 chees, as is evident from their writings, and from 
 their opinions in the twelfth century. 
 
 After this that I have said concerning the Ma- 
 nichees and the Cathari, it is the easiest thing in the 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 1/5 
 
 world to justify those called Paterines and those chap. 
 
 Subalpini, that in the diocese of Turin separated 
 
 themselves from the favourers of the Roman party, 
 in imitation of the Clergy of Milan, who had their 
 meetings at Pateria. 
 
 It is clear enough, that all those authors I have 
 cited to inform us of the opinions of the Cathari, as 
 of a sort of Manichees, had in their prospect many 
 other pretended heresies, which they confounded 
 purposely with the Cathari or Manichees, as soon as 
 they perceived the least conformity between their 
 opinions and those of the Cathari, to make them 
 odious to the people, by insinuating to them that 
 those other, who were separated from the Church l6o 
 of Rome, agreed in all, or almost in all, with the 
 Manichees. 
 
 But beyond that, we have a piece dated after the 
 year 1 100. of our Lord, entitled. The Noble Lesson ; 
 which is in the public library of the University of 
 Cambridge, given by Sir Sam. Morland in the year 
 l658. This MS. is very ancient; and in the body 
 of this old Noble Lesson we find these words : 
 
 Ben ha rnil e cent ans compli entlerament 
 Chefu scritta loro che son aV derrier temp. 
 
 That is, " Eleven hundred years are already past 
 
 " since it was writ, that we are in the last times." 
 
 Sir Samuel Morland gives it us at large in his His-Lii»i- c 6. 
 
 tory of the Churches of the Valleys of Piedmont. ^'' '^ ^^^' 
 
 Those who shall take the pains to read it will find 
 so much piety and purity as to matter of faith in it, 
 that they will hardly be able to suppose a Manichean 
 the author of it. The author, upon supposal that the 
 world was drawing to an end, exhorts his brethren 
 to prayer, to watchfulness, to a renouncing of all 
 worldly goods : he enforceth this consideration by 
 the uncertainty of life, and the certainty of death; 
 by representing to them the day of judgment. 
 
176 Remarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP, wherein every one shall receive according to his 
 ^^"^' deeds, either good or evih He lays down the belief 
 
 of two ways, the one to glory, for the good, the 
 other to torment, for the wicked, as an article of 
 faith ; and he proves it from a review of the whole 
 Scripture, beginning at the history of the creation ; 
 concluding, that small is the number of those who 
 shall be saved. 
 
 He asserts, that the first principle of those who 
 desire to do good works, is to honour God the Fa- 
 ther, to implore the assistance of his glorious Son, 
 and the Holy Ghost, who enlightens us in the true 
 way. He saith, that these three are the Holy Tri- 
 nity, full of all power, wisdom, and goodness. He 
 bids us pray unto them for necessary assistance to 
 161 overcome the world, the Devil, and the flesh, to the 
 end we may be able to keep our bodies and souls in 
 the way of charity. 
 
 He lays down, that to the love of God we are to 
 join that of our neighbour, which comprehends the 
 love of our enemies. 
 
 He speaks of the hope the believer hath of being 
 received up into glory. 
 
 He explains the original of evil and sin, which 
 ' reigns in the world, with reference to the sin of 
 Adam, which brought forth death. 
 
 From whence he saith Christ hath redeemed us 
 by his death. 
 
 He tells us, that men do imitate Adam in for- 
 saking God, to believe in idols. 
 
 He condemns the adulteries, the divisions, and 
 pride, that reign in the world. 
 
 He rejects the opinion of those who say, that we 
 ought not to believe that God created man to let 
 him perish, and proves the contrary; maintaining 
 from the Old and New Testament, that only the 
 good shall be saved. 
 
 He sets down all the judgments of God in the 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 1/7 
 
 Old Testament, as the cftects of a just and good chap. 
 God; and in particular the Decalogue, as a law_J 1 
 
 given by the Lord of the whole world. 
 
 He repeats the several articles of the Law, not 
 forgetting that which respects idols. 
 
 After having shewed the judgments of God 
 against the wicked Israelites, and his favour towards 
 those that were good amongst them, he sets forth 
 the sending of the Saviour into the world ; the 
 angel's message to the Virgin ; the conception of 
 Jesus Christ by the Holy Ghost ; the Virgin's being 
 betrothed; her virginity ; and lastly, the miracles at 
 his birth. 
 
 He proceeds to the law of Jesus Christ, which he ^ 
 declares to be nothing else but a renewal and per- 
 fecting of the old Law ; that the Law only forbade 
 fornication and adultery, but that the Gospel forbids 
 even wanton looks; that the Law gave way to di- 
 vorce, whereas the Gospel forbids the marrying of 
 one that is divorced, and forbids divorce itself; thatl62 
 the Law cursed those who were barren, whereas the 
 Gospel counsels the keeping in a single state; that 
 the Law forbade all forswearing of one's self, whereas 
 the Gospel forbids us to swear at all, and that our 
 words must be yea and nay. To this purpose he 
 repeats almost all the precepts of Jesus Christ on 
 the mountain, wherein he hath explained the Law, 
 and rendered it more perfect. 
 
 He had spoken before of the institution of Bap- 
 tism by Jesus Christ, and of the order given to his 
 Apostles of baptizing all nations. Afterwards he 
 speaks of the ministry of Jesus Christ, and of the 
 Apostles, of their poverty, sufferings, doctrine, &c. 
 
 He exhorts to the reading of holy Scripture, to 
 know the laws of Jesus Christ ; as likewise to be 
 informed that he was only persecuted for his good 
 works. 
 
 He observes, that his persecutors were the Pha- 
 risees, Herod's men, and the Clergy; that he was 
 
 N 
 
1 78 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, betrayed by the avarice of Judas; and that he died 
 J^X!!!_on the cross to save men by the bitterness of his 
 sufferings. 
 
 He describes the circumstances of the death of 
 our Saviour, his wounds, his burial, his resurrection, 
 his shewing of himself to his disciples^, his ascension 
 into heaven, his promise to his disciples of being 
 with them till the end of the world. He sets forth 
 the miracle of Pentecost, the preaching of the Apo- 
 stles after they had received the gift of tongues, the 
 manner of their baptizing believers, and the perse- 
 cution of the apostolical Church. 
 
 He compares the persecutors of old, who had not 
 the faith, with those of his time. He denies that 
 ever any of the saints did persecute, but that they 
 were persecuted by others. 
 
 He takes notice of the small number of the Apo- 
 stles, who were the only true doctors, and compares 
 their fewness with the small number of the believers 
 and ministers of his time. 
 l6'3 He gives a character of the Waldenses, which is 
 very remarkable : " If a man," saith he, " who loves 
 " those that desire to love God and Jesus Christ; if 
 " he will neither curse, nor swear, nor lie, nor 
 " whore, nor kill, nor deceive his neighbour, nor 
 " avenge himself of his enemies, they presently say, 
 " He is a Vaud^s ; he deserves to be punished : and 
 " by lies and forging, ways are found to take away 
 " from him what he has got by his lawful industry. 
 " In the mean time," saith he, " such a one comforts 
 " himself in the hope and expectation of eternal 
 " salvation." 
 s He mocks at the malice of those who supposed, 
 
 that people whose life and behaviour was contrary 
 to that of the Waldenses, might notwithstanding be 
 good men and true believers. He threatens them 
 with damnation ; representing to them, that a death- 
 bed repentance, and the absolution of a Priest, who 
 does not cause restitution to be made, but who goes 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 179 
 
 snacks with the penitent, promising him to say a ^^^J** 
 Mass for him and for his ancestors, is of no avail. L 
 
 He exposeth such confessions and absolutions 
 which were in vogue at that time. 
 
 He precisely asserts, that from the time of Sylves- 
 ter, all the Popes, Cardinals, Bishops, Abbots, &c. ^ 
 have falsely usurped the power of pardoning sin, 
 which belongs to God alone. He expresseth himself 
 in terms of so much energy, that I think myself 
 obliged to give the reader a view of them. 
 
 For I dare say, and it is very true, 
 
 That all the Popes which have been from Sylves- 
 ter to this present, 
 
 And all Cardinals, Bishops, Abbots, and the like. 
 
 Have no power to absolve or pardon 
 
 Any creature so much as one mortal sin ; 
 
 It is God alone who pardons, and no other. 
 
 But this ought they to do who are pastors, 
 
 They ought to preach to the people, and pray 
 with them, 
 
 And feed them often with divine doctrine ; 
 
 And chastise the sinners with discipline, 
 
 Vi%. By declaring that they ought to repent, 1^4 
 
 First, that they confess their sins freely and fully, 
 
 And that they repent in this present life, 
 
 That they fast, and give alms, and pray with a 
 fervent heart; 
 
 For by these things the soul finds salvation: 
 
 Wherefore we Christians, that have sinned, 
 
 And forsaken the law of Jesus Christ, 
 
 Having neither fear, faith, nor love. 
 
 We must confess our sins without any delay. 
 
 We must amend with weeping and repentance 
 
 The offences which we have committed, and for 
 those three mortal sins, 
 
 To wit, for the lust of the eye, the lusts of the 
 flesh, and the pride of life, through which we 
 have done evil ; 
 
 We must keep this way. 
 
 N 2 
 
180 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. If we will love and follow Jesus Christ, 
 ^^^^^- We must have spiritual poverty of heart, 
 And love chastity, and serve God humbly. 
 For so we may follow the way of Jesus Christ, 
 And thus we may overcome our enemies. 
 There is a brief rehearsal in this lesson 
 Of three laws which God gave to the world ; 
 The first law directeth men who have judgment 
 
 and reason, 
 f^iz. To know God, and to pray to his Creator. 
 For he that hath judgment may well think with 
 
 himself. 
 That he formed not himself, nor any thing else : 
 Then here, he who hath judgment and reason 
 
 may know. 
 That there is one Lord God, who created all the 
 
 world. 
 And knowing him he ought much to honour him ; 
 For they were damned that would not do it. 
 The second law, which God gave to Moses, 
 Teacheth us to fear God, and to serve him with 
 
 all our strength ; 
 165 For he condemneth and punisheth every one that 
 
 offends. 
 But the third law, which is at this present time, 
 Teacheth us to love God, and to serve him purely: 
 For he waiteth for the sinner, and giveth him time. 
 That he may repent in this present life. 
 As for any law to come after, we shall have none. 
 Save only to imitate Jesus Christ, and to do his 
 
 will. 
 And keep fast that which he commands us. 
 And to be well forewarned when Antichrist shall 
 
 come ; 
 That we may believe neither his words nor his 
 
 works ; 
 Now, according to the Scripture, there are already 
 
 many Antichrists. 
 Many signs and great wonders 
 
ancient Ch urchqf Pledmon t. 181 
 
 Shall be from this time forward until the day of chap. 
 • 1 , ■^ xviir. 
 judgment; . 
 
 The heaven and the earth shall burn, and all the 
 
 living: die: 
 After vvhieh all shall arise to everlasting life. 
 And all building shall be laid flat. 
 Then shall be the last judgment, 
 When God shall separate his people according as 
 
 it is written, 
 To the wicked he shall say, Depart ye from me 
 
 into hell fire, which never shall be quenched ; 
 With grievous punishments there to be straitened; 
 By multitude of pains, and sharp torment; 
 For you shall be damned without remedy. 
 From which God deliver us, if it be his blessed will. 
 And give us to hear that which he shall say to his 
 
 elect without delay, 
 Come hither, ye blessed of my Father, 
 Inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the 
 
 beginning of the world. 
 Where you shall have pleasure, riches, and honour. 
 May it please the Lord which formed the world. 
 That we may be of the number of his elect, to 
 dwell in his court for ever. 
 
 Praised be God. Amen. 
 Now I defy the impudence of the Devil himself to l66 v 
 find therein the least shadow of Manicheism. This 
 poem contains such excellent and Christian lessons, 
 taken out of the Old and New Testament, concerning 
 faith, prayer, charity, chastity, and all parts of mo- 
 rality, that it may well be called a plain extract of 
 scriptural doctrine, suited to persons of mean ca- 
 pacity. We find therein also a refutation of some 
 errors of the Church of Rome, performed with so 
 much exactness and solidity for a work of that na- 
 ture, that no Papist can imagine it to be any thing 
 else but the work of a true Christian and Protest- 
 ant: but since every one that will may read it, it 
 being translated into English, without which, by 
 
 N 3 
 
182 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, reason of the obsolete language, it would be difficult 
 ^^"'' to be understood, I do not think it necessary to set 
 
 down more of it here. 
 
 Only I think myself bound to make some remarks 
 on this tract, to prevent any difficulties that might 
 possibly arise in the mind of the reader. 
 
 We may ohgerve, first, that this poem, entitled, 
 The Noble Lesson, hath these words, " That if there 
 " be an honest man, who desires to love God and 
 " fear Jesus Christ, who will neither slander, nor 
 " swear, nor lie, nor commit adultery, nor kill, nor 
 " steal, nor avenge himself of his enemies ; they 
 " presently say of such a one, He is a Vaudes, and 
 " worthy of death." This name of Waldensis was 
 given to the disciples of Peter Waldo, as Peter Vallis 
 Cernaii expressly tells us in his history of the Albi- 
 genses ; which being so, how can we suppose that 
 this piece was wrote about the year 1100, which is 
 above seventy years before the time wherein Waldo 
 first appeared. This is the first objection will be 
 made against the antiquity of this poem. 
 
 The second is, that the Waldenses, or disciples of 
 Waldo, having been particularly famous for their 
 refusing to swear, it seems that this discourse cannot 
 be attributed to any but them ; which if so, it would 
 be concluded, that this discourse bears a false date, 
 and is not of that antiquity we pretend. 
 167 But it is easy enough to give a satisfactory answer 
 to both these objections. As to the first, we have 
 this to say, that it is not true, that Waldo gave this 
 name to the inhabitants of the valleys : they were 
 called Wallenses, or Vaudes, before his time, from 
 the valleys in which they dwelt. This we find in 
 Autihffir. c. P. Damian's letters, who calls them Subalpini, that 
 ^^" is, the same as Waldenses, and in Ebrardus de Be- 
 
 thune, who wrote in the year 1212, where he asserts, 
 that they called themselves Wallenses, quia in valle 
 laclirymarum jnanerent; " because they abode in the 
 " valley of tears :" so that we see that this etymo- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 183 
 
 logy rather has respect to the place where they lived, chap. 
 
 which was in the valleys of Piedmont, than to the L 
 
 name of Peter Waldo. 
 
 For the second, I confess it would have been of 
 some strength, in case the disciples of Waldo had 
 been the first that in the diocese of Italy had de- 
 clared their aversion from oaths: but we have 
 clearly shewed from Ratherius, Bishop of Verona, 
 and others, that this opinion took place in that dio- 
 cese long before Peter Waldo was born ; and besides 
 this, we know that it was an ordinary thing amongst 
 the primitive Christians to forbid swearing upon any 
 account whatsoever. There are some passages of 
 Scripture, which seem so express as to this point, 
 that v\^e need not wonder if the Christians of that 
 diocese were led by them, especially before 'they 
 had examined the whole Scripture throughout; 
 which was not an easy matter for them to do, the 
 whole body of Scripture being not yet translated, 
 that we know, but only some parts of it, and that by 
 the labour and care of Peter Waldo. 
 
 I find nothing more that can rationally be objected 
 against so express a testimony, which carries the 
 date of the time inserted in the body of the trea- 
 tise, but only this, which the Bishop of Meaux seems 
 to have had an eye to, viz. that the language in 
 which that piece is written seems to bespeak it of 
 a later date than the beginning of the twelfth cen- 
 tury; the style of it wholly agreeing with those 
 treatises that are confessedly of a more modern 
 date, though they have been published as written 
 in the year 1120, or, at least, within the compass of 
 the twelfth century. 
 
 To which I have two things to answer; the first l68 
 is, that it cannot be thought so strange a thing, that 
 some have attributed to the pieces I have rejected a 
 greater antiquity than really they had, as being 
 found in MS. joined to a piece which signifies the 
 date of its composure. This is a mistake very in- 
 
 N 4 
 
184 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, cident to such who are not perfectly well versed in 
 _I _the critical examination of MSS. But however, this 
 
 cannot prejudice the authority of a book that bears 
 its own date. 
 
 The second thing I have to say in favour of the 
 antiquity of The Noble Lesson is this; that though 
 I cannot judge of the style of that piece by com- 
 paring it with other Italian monuments of the begin- 
 ning of the twelfth century, as having no MS, of 
 that age, nor compare it with the style of those ages 
 that immediately followed it, in order to discern the 
 difference between them ; nevertheless thus much we 
 may assert, 
 
 First, That if they yet spake Latin in Italy at the 
 beginning of the twelfth century, as may be judged 
 from this, that St. Bernard, who was a Frenchman, 
 spake without an interpreter in the churches of 
 Pisa, Milan, and other Italian churches, though in- 
 deed the case of Italy was like that of other places; 
 where, though the Latin tongue were understood by 
 most, yet the people had their particular language 
 they used amongst themselves: for Peter Waldo's 
 translating of the Bible, which must have been done 
 before the year 1180, shews, that in France there 
 was already a language different from the Latin 
 tongue, and which was more commonly and gene- 
 rally understood : and it would be easy for us to 
 prove, that in like manner they had at that time in 
 Italy a language different from the Roman, distin- 
 guished into several dialects, according to the dis- 
 tinct provinces thereof, and much resembling the 
 language spoken in Provence, which owes its original 
 to the Limosine tongue, which is a corruption of the 
 Latin, The gentlemen of the University of Cam- 
 bridge, who have in their custody the MSS. of 
 divers pieces of the Waldenses, and amongst them 
 an old MS. of some books of the Old and New 
 169 Testament, gives me a fair occasion to help the 
 reader to make this comparison ; though I must 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 185 
 
 confess it to be a tiling of difficulty to accomplish, chap. 
 because, although those MSS. of some parts of the 
 Bible are very ancient, it ordinarily happens, that in 
 these sort of books, which are for the use of the 
 people, men from time to time reform and alter the 
 style^ that so they may not sound uncouth and bar- 
 barous to the people ; which cannot so well be done 
 in a piece of poetry, wherein nothing can be easily 
 changed, without spoiling the whole composure. 
 
 I do not intend here, in order to prove the opin- 
 ions of the diocese of Italy, to make use of a Cate- 
 chism published by Sir Sam. Morland, and by Leger, 
 as written about the year 1100, nor of another trea- 
 tise of the Invocation of Saints, which they pretend 
 was written about the year 1120; my reason is, be- 
 cause it seems to me that that Catechism quotes-the 
 Scripture, as distinguished into chapters, which was 
 not till after the midst of the thirteenth century. 
 And as for the treatise concerning the Invocation of 
 Saints, it quotes the Milleloquium of St. Austin, 
 which was not composed by Fr. Bartholomeus of 
 Urbin till about the midst of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury. So that it seems these gentlemen founded 
 their judgments of the antiquity of these pieces on 
 too weak grounds. 
 
 However, it will be easy for us to make out, with- 
 out the assistance of any doubtful authorities, that 
 the twelfth century did not only preserve the opin- 
 ions of the Pateriiies, but also made them more clear 
 and distinct ; which will appear, if we examine the 
 opinions of Arnoldus Brixiensis, as well as the writ- 
 ings of zealous Papists, against those whom they 
 nicknamed Cathari, with design to make them pass 
 for Manichees. 
 
 We may truly say, that scarcely any man was ever 
 so defamed and torn, because of his doctrine, as was 
 this Arnoldus Brixiensis : would we know the rea- 
 son of it? It was because with all his power he 
 opposed the tyranny and usurpation which the Popes 
 
186 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, began to establish at Rome, over the temporal juris- 
 ■ diction of the Emperor. He was the man who by 
 
 Ijrohis counsel renewed the design of reestablishing the 
 authority of the senate in Rome, and of obliging 
 the Pope not to meddle with any thing but what 
 concerned the government of the Church, without 
 invading the temporal jurisdiction. He it was that 
 made the senate and people of Rome send to the 
 Emperor Frederic, to know his resolution in the 
 point, and to acquaint him with the proceedings 
 they had already begun against the King of Sicily 
 and the Pope, in order to restore Rome to the Em- 
 perors, and to make it the head of the empire, as it 
 had been of old, without abandoning it to the power 
 
 De Gestis of thc Popc and his Clergy. This letter is set down 
 
 Fnd. lib. 1. by Otho Frisingensis. 
 
 This was his crime ; and this indeed is such a 
 one as is unpardonable with the Popes, if there be 
 any such. 
 
 As for the qualifications of this Arnold, the same 
 Bishop Otho sets him forth to us as a man who, being 
 but a simple reader of the Church of Brescia, for 
 the love he bare to learning, travelled into France, 
 to be an auditor of Abelardus, who at that time was 
 the common master of learned men. He tells us, 
 that upon his return to Italy, being endowed with 
 happy natural parts, and a great easiness of express- 
 ing himself, he behaved himself very regularly as to 
 his manners, and took upon him the habit of a 
 Monk, as a mark of the love he had for piety. This 
 truth cannot be acknowledged more plainly and 
 
 Epist. 189, distinctly than it is by St. Bernard. Otho sets him 
 
 195,196. fQj.^}^ as a man loving singularity and novelty, and 
 gives him a character very proper and agreeable to 
 a schismatic and heretical ringleader. He grounds 
 his judgment upon this, because upon his return into 
 Italy, he began to censure the Clergy, the Bishops, 
 and the Monks, and to seek the favour of laymen. 
 JOicebat enhn, nee Clericos proprietafem, nee Epi- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 187 
 
 scopos regalia, nee Monachos possessiones hahentes, chap. 
 aliqua ratione posse salvari. Cuncta hccc Principis ^^"^' 
 esse, ah ejusque benejicentia in uswn tanium Cleri- 
 corum cadere oportere. " For he maintained, that 
 " no Clergymen enjoying propriety, nor Bishops 
 " having regal jurisdiction, nor Monks having any 
 " possessions, could possibly be saved : that all these 
 " things belonged to the Prince ; and that it was 
 " only from his beneficence the Clergy v^^erc to par- 171 
 " take of them." This same thing St. Bernard also Epist. i89. 
 reproacheth him w^ith. 
 
 Those who have been a little conversant in the 
 history of the eleventh century and the beginning of 
 the twelfth, and who know the horrid dissoluteness 
 that then reigned amongst the Clergy, and in monas- 
 teries, will find no great fault with him for these iiis 
 opinions. Those who shall be pleased only to peruse 
 the books of St. Bernard, De Consideratione, to Pope 
 Eugenius II. will easily acquit him of the accusations 
 laid to his charge by Otho Frisingensis. 
 
 But there w^as yet a more heinous thing laid to 
 his charge, which was this : Pnster hcEC, de Sacra- 
 mento altaris, haptismo parvulorum, noti sane di- 
 citur sensisse: " Besides this, it was said of him, 
 " that he was unsound in his judgment about the 
 " sacrament of the altar and infant baptism." And 
 this was matter enough to condemn him ; for as he 
 thus industriously set himself to oppose the grow- 
 ing errors in the Church of Brescia, where he was 
 born, being supported by Maifredus, Consul of that 
 city; as Ughcllus assures us, he was set upon by the itai. Sacr. 
 Bishop of Brescia, and some other religious persons,*'*- P'^^o. 
 who accused him to the Council of Rome, under 
 Innocent II. who imposed silence upon him, lest 
 such a pernicious doctrine should spread itself any 
 farther. Otho tells us, that hereupon he retired out 
 of Italy, and settled himself in a place of Germany 
 called Turego, or Zurich, belonging to the diocese of 
 Constance; as may be gathered from the 195th 
 
188 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Epistle of St. Bernard to the Bishop of Constance, 
 XVIII. wl^ere he continued to disseminate his doctrine. 
 Otho tells us, that he continued there till the death 
 of Innocent II. and that he came to Rome at the 
 beginning of the papacy of Eugenius II. which 
 shews, that the letter which St. Bernard writ to 
 the Bishop of Constance did not much lessen his 
 credit, or do him any great prejudice. 
 
 But we proceed to the upshot of his history, 
 which take as follows, from the relation of the afore- 
 said Otho. 
 172 " Being entered into the city, and finding it alto- 
 " gether in a seditious uproar against the Pope, he 
 " was so far from following the advice of the Wise 
 " Man^ not to add fuel to the fire, that he greatly 
 " increased it, propounding to the multitude the ex- 
 " amples of the ancient Romans, who by the ma- 
 " turity of their senators' counsels, and the valour 
 " and integrity of their youth, made the whole 
 " world their own. Wherefore he persuaded them 
 " to rebuild the Capitol, to restore the dignity of the 
 " Senate, to reform the order of Knights. He main- 
 " tained, that nothing of the government of the city 
 " did belong to the Pope, who ought to content him- 
 " self only with his ecclesiastical censures. And so 
 " far did the mischief of this infectious doctrine pre- 
 " vail, not only to the pulling down of several of 
 " the Roman nobility and Cardinals' houses, but also 
 " to the personal abuse of some of the reverend 
 " Cardinals, who were wounded by the raging mo- 
 " Z»//e." He could not think to escape long, after 
 committing so heinous a crime against persons ex- 
 tremely jealous of their tyranny. 
 
 " And as he for many days, that is, from Cae- 
 " lestine's death to these times, incessantly and irre- 
 " verently proceeded in these and such like enter- 
 " prises, contemning the sentence of the Clergy, 
 "justly and canonically pronounced against him, as 
 " altogether void, and of no authority ; he fell at 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. I89 
 
 " last into the hands of some, on the borders of chap. 
 
 " Tuscany, who took him prisoner, and being pre- ^ 
 
 " served for the Prince's trial, he was at last, by the 
 
 " Prefect of the city, hanged, and his body burnt to 
 
 " ashes, (to prevent the foolish rabble from express- 
 
 " ing any veneration for his body,) and the ashes of 
 
 " it cast into the Tybur." 
 
 This was the end of this great man, which was a 
 sufficient evidence of the veneration which the peo- 
 ple of Rome had for him, whose interests he had so 
 courageously undertaken to maintain against the 
 tyranny of the Popes, who without any title or 
 right, except that of their ambition, endeavoured to 
 subject Rome to their power, and to set up them- 
 selves for sovereigns there. 
 
 We find a confirmation of all this in Guntherus, 173 
 who in verse has described the life of Frederick. Lib. 3. 
 Those who are never so little acquainted with history 
 cannot be ignorant how furiously, for almost a whole 
 century, the Popes and their partisans were en- 
 gaged about the right of investitures, whereof they 
 had a mind to deprive the Emperors ; so that we 
 cannot conceive a greater occasion of hatred in the 
 Popes against any man, than was that which had set 
 them against this Arnold, who stood up for the 
 Emperors rights. But the sovereignty of Rome, 
 which they so much affected, and he so briskly op- 
 posed, filled up the measure of his crimes, and some 
 of the Emperor's men having taken him, probably 
 out of complaisance to the Pope, sacrificed him to the 
 ambition of the papacy. 
 
 However thus much is certain, that this bloody 
 execution was very far from pleasing all men; as we 
 may see from the complaints Gebehardus makes 
 upon that account, who looked upon it as a crying 
 piece of injustice, the guilt whereof did lie upon the 
 Bishop of Rome, and his Clergy, who were the pro- 
 curers thereof. The good man, it seems, was not 
 over-well informed, that the Church of Rome had 
 
190 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, studied the art of ruling, according to which, crimes 
 ^^^"' are not so narrowly to be sifted, as long as they do 
 
 but serve to confirm the pretensions of ambition to 
 the sovereign power. 
 
 Neither did this Arnold want followers, who upon 
 this occasion separated themselves from the Church 
 of Rome; as may be seen by a writing published 
 soon after by Bonacursus, Bishop of the Cathari of 
 Tom. 13. Milan; for this author concludes his work with a 
 ''Pic-p- ■ • JQj^g chapter against the Arnoldists, after he became 
 a convert. 
 
 In short, the pretended error of Arnoldus Brixi- 
 ensis was evidently against the definitions of the 
 Church of Rome : he had for a long time been the 
 disciple and companion of Abelardus, whence we 
 may conjecture, that he had also espoused his opin- 
 ions in the point of the Eucharist, and conse- 
 quently, that he was very far removed from the be- 
 lief of Rome. 
 174 Indeed, we find that St. Bernard, sending to Pope 
 Innocent II. a catalogue of the errors of Abelardus, 
 accuseth him of teaching concerning the Eucharist, 
 that the accidents subsisted in the air, but not with- 
 out a subject, and that when a rat doth eat the Sa- 
 crament, God withdraws whither he pleaseth, and 
 preserves where he pleases the body of Jesus Christ. 
 This is found in a MS. of one of St. Bernard's Epistles, 
 and has been suppressed by those who caused his 
 works to be printed. But perhaps it will seem more 
 probable, that this was rather a piece of raillery, or 
 consequence from the doctrine of transubstantiation, 
 objected by Abelardus, than any positive opinion of 
 his. Those who are acquainted with his genius, and 
 have read his works, will judge hereof as I do. 
 
 After all, we have good ground to believe, that 
 Arnoldus Brixiensis held the opinions of Berenga- 
 rius, as those of Italy did, who renounced the Pope's 
 communion ; for he absolutely condemned the min- 
 istry of the Church of Rome, as appears from the 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 191 
 
 book of Bonacursus already quoted. Indeed it seems chap. 
 difficult to believe, that he should have quitted the ^v^"- 
 opinion of his country about the Eucharist, whilst 
 he continued to be of their opinion in that which 
 was the most important and capital article of all. 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 175 
 
 That the Churches of Italy were not founded hy 
 Peter Waldo. 
 
 .i\.FTER all that I have before observed concern- 
 ing the original of the Paterines, of their opposite 
 opinions to those of the Church of Rome, the spread- 
 ing of their disciples through several countries of 
 Europe, it appears very evident, that the keeping of 
 the truth in the diocese of Italy, and particularly in 
 the diocese of Turin, and in the valleys thereabout, 
 was the work of these Paterines and Subalpini, and 
 that we cannot, with any shew of justice, attribute 
 the same to Peter Waldo. What kind of person 
 this Waldo was, whether a simple laic, or a Mani- 
 chee, will be of no concern to Churches which sub- 
 sisted long before him, under a ministry distin- 
 guished from that of the Church of Rome. Yet so 
 it has happened by the malice of the Papists, in 
 calumniating these Churches, and the inadvertency 
 of divers Protestant authors, that it is scarce possible 
 fully to satisfy our readers, without shewing what 
 share Waldo had in this reformation, which is ordi- 
 narily attributed to him, because it has pleased the 
 Roman party to denominate these Churches from 
 Waldo, as if it was he who had first founded them. 
 Whereas I affirm, that we are wholly beholden for 
 this notion to the Papists, who made it their busi- 
 ness to persuade men, that before Waldo began to 
 
192 Rernarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, contradict the Bishop of Lyons, and to propound 
 ^^^- new doctrines, which happened a httle before the 
 end of the twelfth century, there was never a Church, 
 either in Italy or elsewhere, that was of his belief. 
 It is for this reason they so much affected to fix the 
 name of JValdenses on those who were of his opin- 
 ion. This we may see in Bernard, Abbot of Fon- 
 caud, as well as in Alanus, who wrote before the 
 176 end of the twelfth century. The polemical writers, 
 of the past and foregoing ages, have made use of 
 this mistake by a kind of prescription against the 
 novelty of the reformation. And as it ordinarily 
 happens that men suffer themselves to be caught by 
 the sound of words, and by these kind of prejudices, 
 which are set forth with so much affectation, it cannot 
 be denied, but that some Protestants, on this occa- 
 sion, have fallen into the snare that was set for them. 
 Wherefore, that I may once for all clear th! 
 matter, I say, first, that it is absolutely false, that 
 these Churches were ever founded by Peter Waldo. 
 Let them shew us any author of that time, who 
 asserts, that Peter Waldo ever preached in the dio- 
 cese of Italy, or that he founded any Church there. 
 Let them produce any sure tradition of that people 
 referring the original of their Churches to Peter 
 Waldo. Those who wrote at that time do not tell 
 us any thing like this, no more than they who lived 
 after. Wherefore we must needs conclude it a pure 
 forgery to look upon Waldo as the person who first 
 brought the reformation into Italy we now find 
 there. I own, indeed, that by Peter Waldo's taking 
 care to have the holy Scripture translated into the 
 vulgar tongue, the Churches of Italy reaped much 
 benefit from that version, whereof we have to this 
 day some old copies in the library of the University 
 of Cambridge. But this does not in the least infer, 
 that Waldo ought to be considered as the founder of 
 them. I say further, that by the acknowledgment 
 of the enemies themselves of the Waldenses, it is 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 1 93 
 
 absolutely false, that these Churches are of no older chap. 
 standing than Peter Waldo. For this we have the ^^^ 
 confession of Raynerus, an inquisitor, who lived 
 before the middle of the thirteenth century. He 
 ingenuously acknowledgeth, " That the heresy of 
 " those he calls Waudois, or poor people of Lyons, 
 " was of great antiquity. Amongst all sects, saith 
 " he, cap. 4. that either are or have been, there is 
 " none more dangerous to the Church than that of 
 " the Leonists, and that for three reasons : the first 
 " is, because it is the sect that is of the longest 
 " standing of any ; for some say it hath been con- 
 " tinned down ever since the time of Pope Sylvester, 177 
 " and others, ever since that of the Apostles. The 
 " second is, because it is the most general of all 
 " sects ; for scarcely is there any country to -be 
 " found, where this sect hath not spread itself." 
 Now, it is clearer than the sun, that Raynerus would 
 never have talked at this rate, if he had known, that 
 the first rise of this sect was not above seventy years 
 before he wrote this treatise; as we must acknow- 
 ledge, if we suppose Waldo to be the founder of it. 
 It is also unquestionably plain, that it was impossi- 
 ble for a sect to spread itself so far and wide in so 
 short a space of time. 
 
 The Bishop of Meaux highly chargeth Beza for 
 saying, that the Waldenses, time out of mind, had 
 stiffly opposed the abuses of the Romish Church, and 
 that they held their doctrine from father to son, ever 
 since the year 120, as they had heard and received 
 it from their elders and ancestors. He tells us, that 
 the first disciples of Waldo were content to allege 
 for themselves, that they had separated themselves 
 from the Romish Church, at the time when, under 
 Pope Sylvester, she had accepted of temporal en- 
 dowments and possessions : a pretension which the 
 Bishop of Meaux calls ridiculous, as well as the 
 former. The reader who has perused my observa- 
 tions will be able to judge whether the Waldenses 
 
 o 
 
194 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, did falsely boast of their apostolical antiquity. And 
 ^^^' as for that which was just now mentioned, that the 
 
 first disciples of Waldo did distinctly determine the 
 date of their separation from the Romisli Church, to 
 the pontificate of Pope Sylvester, I own, with him, 
 that the tradition is not founded upon any sure proof. 
 But however thus much may be said to justify the 
 Waldenses, that as they had no exact knowledge of 
 history, so it would be very unjust to charge this 
 their ignorance upon them as some heinous crime, at 
 a time especially when darkness covered the face of 
 the Romish Church, and wherein the greatest doctors 
 of that proud communion were no better than very 
 children in that point. But if we search this matter 
 to the bottom, who was it that first invented this 
 178 fable, that the Church was fallen into a prodigious 
 corruption, upon occasion of the temporal endow- 
 ments bestowed upon her at the time of Pope Syl- 
 vester? Is it not notorious, that they were the Popes 
 v.Pape- themselves who caused the false donation of Con- 
 stantine to be published, which was made before the 
 year 850, to give themselves by tliis forgery an an- 
 cienter title to what they held in Italy, than those 
 late donations of Pepin and Charles the Great, and 
 thereby gave occasion to the dating the corruption 
 of the Church from the time of Constantine? Are 
 the Waldenses so unpardonably guilty for having 
 made this the date of their reformation, since they 
 never pretended to be great critics, and when they 
 saw that the Church of Rome, and the Popes upon 
 such a title, made it their only business to subject 
 all the world to themselves, per fasque nefasque, 
 right or wrong, which they pretended had been 
 formerly bestowed upon them by Constantine? 
 
 After all, the Bishop of Meaux knows well enough 
 that this donation was made use of in the time of 
 Otho I. to lessen the acknowledgment which was 
 due to him from the Church of Rome, and that the 
 same was inserted by Gratian in his decree, before 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 195 
 
 the middle of the twelfth century. Who are they chap. 
 that allege this in their disputes? Is it not the ^^^' 
 Church of Rome and her partisans ? If we doubt of 
 it, we need only to read Ecbert's treatise against the 
 Cathari, and we shall be fully convinced of it. He 
 wrote about the year II60. And since the diocese 
 of Italy was then already separated from the Church 
 of Rome, their posterity being deceived by the frau- 
 dulent pretences of the Papists, gave occasion to 
 these honest people to conceit that their ancestors 
 first appeared in the time of Constantine. But pray, 
 does not this pretension of theirs naturally suppose, 
 that a long time before there was in Italy a body of 
 men separated from the Church of Rome, though, 
 for want of skill in history, they were ignorant of 
 the exact time of their separation from the Rofnish 
 party? 
 
 But in the mean time, will some say, sure it is, 179 
 that Raynerus gives the name of Waldenses to those 
 of Italy against whom he writes. I confess he has 
 done so, when he calls them Leonists : but we are 
 also to take notice, that a more ancient author, 
 whom Raynerus quotes, viz. Tonson the Monk, calls 
 them Paterines, Kayner. cap. 6; which is sufficient 
 to justify their antiquity, according to what we have 
 made out in the foregoing chapter. 
 
 I own, that sometimes the Churches of the Valleys 
 have been denominated from Waldo, because he had 
 a great number of disciples, who joined themselves 
 with those who were already separated from the 
 Romish Church; but I utterly deny once more, 
 that ever they were absolutely called by the name 
 of Waldenses, because he was the first founder of 
 their sect. This is that which I undertake to make 
 out beyond all possible contradiction. 
 
 I. These believers of the Valleys could not be 
 so called from Valdo of Lyons, because he did not 
 flourish at the soonest till the year II60, according 
 to Roger Hoveden, whereas the people of the 
 
 o 2 
 
196 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Valleys of Lucerne and Anffrogne had the name of 
 " • Wallenses from the beginning of the twelfth cen- 
 
 tury. I have already made it appear, that they se- 
 parated themselves from the Church of Rome long 
 before, and that the name of Wallenses, or Vaudois, 
 was given them from the place of their abode, 
 which the inhabitants called les Vaus de Lucerne 
 et Angrogne, that is to say, the f^aUeys of Lucerne 
 and Angrogne, from whence came the Latin name 
 Val lenses, which was afterward changed to Valden- 
 ses, when the design was laid to make men believe 
 that Valdo was their jfirst founder. This is that 
 which I have made out from Eherard. de Bethune, 
 cap. 25. Moreover, that they were called Vaudois 
 before Valdo, is evident from the poem which is 
 called. The Noble Lesson, which is in the University 
 library of Cambridge, which bears date anno 1100, 
 where they are so called. 
 180 2. I say, that Waldo could not possibly give them 
 his name, till after he had been condemned by the 
 Archbishop of Lyons, which was not till about the 
 year 11/2, by John de Beauxmains ; if so be it were 
 he that persecuted them. 
 
 3. I say, that in the Council of Lateran, under 
 Alexander IlL in the year 11 79> they are not called 
 Vaudois, but Paterines. True it is, that Gualterus 
 Mappeus, who assisted at that council, where he 
 disputed against them, calls them Valdesii, and 
 speaks of them, as if they had got that name from 
 Petrus Valdo, who had been very famous amongst 
 them. But it is apparent that he did so only to 
 abuse them. Accordingly we find that the canon 
 of the Lateran Council speaks only of the Albigenses, 
 though it is evident he bestowed the several names 
 upon them of Cathari, Paterines, and Publicans 
 only, to render them the more odious ; either as 
 having been restorers of old heresies, or as corre- 
 sponding with the heretics of the diocese of Italy, 
 or as being downright Manichees, which the term 
 
micient Church of Piedmont. 197 
 
 Publican implies, as we have had occasion to ob- chap. 
 serve elsewhere. ^' 
 
 It may possibly be objected against what I have 
 now said, that divers authors have maintained, that 
 Peter Valdo was the author of the opinions of those 
 who were called Vaudois in the twelfth century. 
 This is that which is maintained by Bernard, Abbot 
 of Foncaud, published by Gretser and by Alanus, in 
 his book against the Vaudois, dedicated to William, 
 Earl of Montpellier. 
 
 But I have two things to answer, sufficient to 
 satisfy any equitable reader: the first is, that whereas 
 this Bernard, Abbot of Foncaud, who was of the 
 order of the Premonstre, entitles his book against 
 the sect of the Vaudois and Arians, he did not speak 
 so, pag. 1198. B. P. T. 6, but by wilful mistake: 
 for, 1, he calls them Valenses in his title, Incipit 
 Tractatus Bernardi contra Valenses et Arianos. 
 The title of Valenses was their ancient name, taken 
 from the place of their habitation, and not from the 
 name of Waldo. 2. That the reason which he had 
 to make them Waldo's disciples, was on purpose to 
 have an advantage against them, from the condemn- 181 
 ation of their doctrine by Pope Lucius III. We 
 have this condemnation in that Canon, cap. ad abo- 
 lendum Decret. Grego. lib. v. tit. 7. c. 9. Whence it 
 appears, that the Pope thereby pretended to con- 
 demn two sorts of persons, who were equally oppo- 
 site to the Church of Rome. 
 
 1 . Those who were schismatics from that Church, 
 and whom she had pretended to forbid the exercise 
 of Orders, as judging that their ministry could be no 
 longer lawful or valid after such prohibition. 
 
 2. Those whom she looked upon either as not 
 ordained at all, or ill ordained; as deriving their 
 mission from those whom the Church of Rome had 
 condemned. The words are these : 
 
 Imprimis Catharos et Paterinos, et eos qui se 
 humiliatos vel pauper es de Lugduno falso nomine^ 
 
 o 3 
 
198 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. ?}ientiuntur, Passaginos, Josepinos, Arnoldistas, per- 
 ^^^' petiio decermmus anathemati suhjacere. Et quo- 
 
 niam nonnulli sub specie pietatis, virtutem ejus, 
 juxta quod ait Apostolus, denegantes, authoritatem 
 
 sibi vindicant prcE,dicandi omnes qui vel pro- 
 
 hibiti, vel non missi, prceter authoritatem ab apo- 
 stolica sede, vel ab Episcopo loci susceptam, publice 
 vel private prcedicare prcBSumpserint ; et universos 
 qui de Sacramento corporis et sanguinis Domini 
 Tiostri Jesu Christi, vel de Baptismate, seu de Pec- 
 catorum Confessione, Matrimonio, vel reliquis Ec- 
 clesiasticis sacramentis aliter sentire aut docere 
 non metuunt, quam sacrosancta Ecclesia Romana 
 
 prcrdicat et observat vinculo perpetui ana- 
 
 thematis innodamus. " In the first place we decree 
 " and judge, that the Cathari and Paterines, and 
 " those who falsely take to themselves the name of 
 " the humble or poor of Lyons, lie under a perpe- 
 " tual anathema. And forasmuch as some, under 
 " the show of piety, but denying (as the Apostle 
 " saith) the power thereof, take upon themselves 
 
 " the authority of preaching whosoever are 
 
 " either prohibited or not sent, and nevertheless 
 " presume to preach, either privately or publicly, 
 *^ without any authority derived from the apostolic 
 " see, or from the Bishop of the diocese ; as like- 
 " wise all those who are not afraid to entertain dif- 
 182" ferent opinions, or teach otherwise concerning the 
 " Sacrament of the body and blood of our Lord 
 " Jesus Christ, or of Baptism, or the Confession of 
 " sins. Matrimony, or other sacraments of the 
 " Church, than the holy Church of Rome teacheth 
 
 " and observes we do herewith bind under a 
 
 " perpetual anathema." 
 
 What I assert doth further clearly appear from 
 these other terms used by Pope Lucius, who, though 
 he maintains that the heresies, which he mentions, 
 were sprung up modernis temporibus, of late time, 
 yet takes in with them the Arnoldists, whose rise 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 1 99 
 
 was above sixty years before that: Arnoldus Brixien- chap. 
 
 ses having been burnt at Rome in the year of our L 
 
 Lord 1155, as appears from historians. 
 
 As for Alanus, it is apparent that he followed the 
 same method. 
 
 1. He takes notice only of the Albigenses, against 
 whom he writes, dedicating his book to the Earl of 
 Montpellier, under the title of Waldo's disciples ; 
 and he seems extremely pleased, that he had this 
 their original to object to them, which, as he sup- 
 posed, might serve for a prescription, his heresy 
 having been condemned in the Lateran Council, 
 anno 11/9- 
 
 2. It is apparent that he pleased himself in con- 
 founding the disciples of Waldo, who had caused 
 the Old and New Testament to be translated, ^and 
 had writ explanations upon it, before the year 
 ^^79} with the Manichees, who, we know, rejected 
 those books. I shall elsewhere lay open the first 
 rise and injustice of this calumny. 
 
 So that all that can be said with any certainty in 
 this matter is, that some of Waldo's disciples did 
 probably join themselves with the Churches of the 
 Valleys of Piedmont, being constrained thereto by 
 the persecution which dispersed them far and near. 
 But withal it is most true, 
 
 1. That Waldo was not the founder of the 
 Churches of the Valleys, which were in being long 
 before him. 
 
 2. That it does not appear that he had any com- 
 munion with them: the authors who speak of him 
 telling us, that he retired into Flanders and Picardy. 
 
 3. That he died before the year 1 179» as appears 183 
 from the account Gulielmus Mappeus gives us. 
 
 4. That the greatest part of his disciples spread 
 themselves amongst the Albigenses, according to 
 the testimony of historians, which Albigenses were 
 in being before Waldo, as may be seen by the 65th 
 Sermon of St. Bernard upon the Canticles. 
 
 o 4 
 
200 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. 5. That those of them that came into Italy did 
 not give their name to the Churches of that country, 
 who before that were called Wallenses, from the 
 place of their abode, and that it was only the malice 
 of their enemies that made them pass for the disci- 
 ples of Peter Waldo. 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 
 TVhether the Waldenses were atjirst only Schis- 
 matics. 
 
 J. HE Bishop of Meaux maintains, that the Wal- 
 denses were a distinct sect from the Albigenses, 
 whom he terms Manichees. He pretends that the 
 separation of the Waldenses was for a long time no 
 Lib. ii.desjjiore than a schism; " Because, saith he, when they 
 213, 214. " first separated themselves from the Church of 
 " Rome, they had but very few opinions that were 
 " contrary to those of that Church, or, it may be, 
 " none at all." He pretends they owe their rise 
 solely to Peter Waldo, a merchant of Lyons, wherein 
 he follows Raynerus, cap. 5. That the said Waldo, 
 following the motions of a pious zeal, but ill in- 
 formed, and being touched with the words of the 
 Gospel, where poverty is so highly commended, per- 
 suaded himself, that the apostolical life was no 
 longer to be found on the earth, and therefore 
 selling all that he had, resolved to restore and renew 
 it again : that this his example was imitated by 
 many, who were touched with compunction. He 
 184 afterwards accuseth them in the same discourse, 
 affecting to live upon alms, which made them at 
 first to be taxed with ostentation and affectation of 
 a proud and idle poverty. Afterwards he accuseth 
 them, in imitation of Pilikdorph, that having con- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 201 
 
 sidered that the Apostles were not only poor, but chap. 
 preachers also, they took upon them the office of 
 preaching without mission, from which being barred 
 by the Bishops and the holy, they thence took oc- 
 casion to murmur against the Clergy, who opposed 
 their doctrine^ as they said, only out of jealousy, and 
 because their doctrine and holy life cast shame and 
 reproach upon their corrupt manners. This being 
 the original of their schism, according to the Bishop 
 of Meaux. 
 
 Moreover he maintains, that Waldo was not a man 
 of learning, but that he had cunning enough to draw 
 in persons as ignorant as himself. He observes, that 
 this sect, which began now to increase, was con- 
 demned by Lucius III. as Bernard, Abbot of Fon- 
 caud, asserts, who saw the beginnings of it, and 
 who tells us, that this condemnation happened be- 
 fore the year 1 185. 
 
 Lastly, he pretends that they denied none of the 
 doctrines which the Church of Rome teacheth ; ^o 
 that the sect of the Waldenses is a kind of Donatism. 
 This is that the Bishop of Meaux strongly endea- 
 vours to prove; 1. By making it appear, that the 
 first conferences that were held with them were 
 about the right they took to themselves of preach- 
 ing without the authority of the Bishops, and against 
 their prohibition, and upon some other questions of 
 the like nature. 2. Because we do not find that 
 ever they opposed either the real presence, or the 
 sacrifice of the Mass, nor the Sacraments of the 
 Romish Church, nor any other of those doctrines 
 which the Protestants do reject. That it was only 
 about the year 1532 that they joined themselves 
 with the Protestants, and adopted the opinions of 
 the Reformation. 
 
 Now, forasmuch as the Bishop of Meaux has taken 
 a great deal of pains in this matter, and that he pre- 
 tends to have cited all the authors that speak of the 
 manner of their schism, and of the number of their 
 
202 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAT, errors, it will be necessary to make a nearer in- 
 ^^' spection into the matters he with so much confi- 
 
 X85dence does assert. 
 
 And here it would be sufficient to observe, 1 . That 
 all this is httle or nothing at all to our question. If 
 the Bishop should prove that some of Waldo's dis- 
 ciples were only laics, yet would it not follow from 
 thence, that the Churches of the Valleys, amongst 
 whom they retired, were nothing else but assemblies 
 of laymen. We have made out the contrary con- 
 cerning the Paterines, whose separation from the 
 Church of Rome laid the foundation of the Churches 
 of the Valleys. 2. That it is very evident from the 
 bull of Lucius III, whereof I have quoted some part 
 in the foregoing chapter, that the Paterines had di- 
 vided themselves from the Church of Rome, not 
 only upon the questions of discipline, but also upon 
 several other questions concerning the sacraments; 
 and for which reason that Pope terms them heretics. 
 So that it appears, that the Bishop of Meaux was so 
 wholly bent to persuade his reader that Waldo was 
 the founder of the Churches of Italy, that he has 
 with all the care imaginable concealed from him 
 whatsoever might make him know that there were 
 Churches in those Valleys before Waldo. 
 
 But without engaging any further at present in 
 that question, whether the Waldenses were only lay- 
 men, it will be easy to convince the Bishop of the 
 falseness of all his pretensions, from those very au- 
 thors which himself has produced on this occasion. 
 
 I begin with the second article, because on its de- 
 cision depends that of the first, viz. Whether the 
 Waldenses did entertain any opinions contrary to 
 those of tlie Church of Rome. It was not merely 
 from a spirit of schism that they separated them- 
 selves from the Church of Rome, though they did 
 set forth the corruption which reigned amongst the 
 ministers of that communion; yet was it not this cor- 
 ruption alone that was the motive of their separation. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 203 
 
 But I do not intend to pass by the first article, as it chap. 
 
 is set down by the Bishop, because he took this way 
 
 only to impose upon his reader, though probably he 
 also may have been imposed upon, for want of due 
 consideration. 
 
 I maintain therefore, that the notion which the 186 
 Bishop of Meaux gives his reader concerning the 
 Waldenses, as if they had been only schismatics, is 
 one of the falsest notions imaginable. I have made 
 out, as may be seen by solid proofs, that they op- 
 posed themselves against the errors of the Church 
 of Rome, and that they made them the motive of 
 their separation. Lucius III. was well informed of 
 this, when he condemned them, cap. ad aholendum, 
 p. 97. Directorii. Conrard. Abbot of Ursberg, speak- 
 ing of this condemnation, acknowledgeth, ad an. 
 1212, that Pope Lucius "put them into the cata- 
 " logue of heretics, because of some superstitious 
 " doctrines and observances." Which are the very 
 words that the Bishop allegeth. The same thing 
 appears from the edict of King Alphonsus, published 
 in the year 11 94, in execution of the bull of Lucius 
 
 m. 
 
 Pope Innocent III. in his Epistle, writ in II98, 
 plainly declares, that he took them for heretics, 
 speaking of the Waldenses and Albigenses, as being 
 engaged in the same doctrine. This letter was di- 
 rected to the Prelates of South France, and to the 
 neighbouring Bishops of Spain, where the Walden- 
 ses had a great number of followers. 
 
 The Bishop thinks to invalidate these proofs by 
 two means, that seem very plausible ; the one is, 
 that Bernard, Abbot of Foncaud, relates a confer- 
 ence held at Narbonne, at the end of the twelfth 
 century, where only four articles were handled, 
 which all of them referred to questions of schism. 
 The other is, that in the year 1212. the Waldenses 
 came to Rome, to obtain the approbation of their 
 sect, which was refused them. 
 
204 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. If the Bishop had seen the extract of Mappeus, 
 ^^' published by the learned Bishop Usher, he would 
 not have failed to have made the same reflections 
 upon it ; Mappeus observing that some of the Wal- 
 denses were come to Rome, under Alexander III. in 
 1 179, to ask leave of the Pope to preach, which was 
 refused them. 
 
 But as to the Bishop's first proof, he therein 
 abuseth his reader; for we are to take notice, that 
 this conference was only about the preliminaries, 
 without entering upon the examination of the more 
 187 fundamental articles. Indeed they were only some 
 prejudices urged against them, on purpose to hinder 
 them from coming to the main points in question ; 
 a method of prescription, whereof the Romish party 
 have endeavoured to serve themselves long time 
 since, to stave off the examination of those articles 
 which reproached and exposed their corruption. 
 
 We know with what impudence the polemical 
 writers of the Church of Rome have employed this 
 method against the Church of England, though they 
 were sufficiently convinced of the validity of their 
 ministry. 
 
 The other reflection of the Bishop of Meaux about 
 the business of these Waldenses at Rome, under 
 Alexander III. and afterwards under Innocent III. 
 has no more ground than the former'. The decree 
 of Lucius III. exposed the disciples of Waldo to the 
 persecution from the Emperor Frederick I. who at 
 that time gave up his power to the Church of Rome. 
 And the same was yet more rudely carried on under 
 Innocent III. Whereupon some of this poor people 
 looking upon the Pope as the cause of all their suf- 
 ferings, thought they might either justify their in- 
 nocence, by declaring their opinions in opposition to 
 these their adversaries, who accused them of being 
 no better than pure Manichees, or else be allowed 
 to preach by the Pope's general consent; much like 
 what we read often about those times, that j)crsons 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 205 
 
 that were already Priests went to the Pope to obtain chap. 
 the Hberty of preaching and wearing sandals, which 
 was then the mark of preachers : but the refusal that 
 was returned them, and the Pope's inciting princes 
 to wage war against the Albigenses, and the proceed- 
 ings afterwards of Pope Innocent against them in 
 the Lateran Council, in the year 1215, are sufficient 
 arguments that they did not agree in their doctrines 
 about matters of faith. 
 
 Neither indeed have the Popish authors been 
 backward in setting down tlie errors wherewith 
 they pretended they were chargeable. St. Bernard, 
 in his 63d and 66'th sermon upon the Canticles, 
 speaking concerning the heretics, whom he calls 
 Cathari, acknowledgeth, that they rejected prayers 
 for the dead, as also those addressed to saints. Pa- 
 melius pretends, that he spake as plainly of the 188 
 Waldenses as any of those that have writ since 
 against them. But possibly the Bishop may not 
 think these to be matters of heresy; at least he 
 speaks very favourably of them in his exposition of 
 the Roman faith: wherefore we shall make it appear, 
 that they differed from the Church of Rome on 
 other articles. 
 
 Raynerius, a Jacobite, attributes to them thirty- Coussord. 
 three errors, whereof Coussord has published an ex-p. lig. 
 tract in these words: Hie fuit primus eorum error, 
 contemptus ecclesiasticcs potestatis. Ex hoc traditi 
 sunt Sathana, prcBcipitati ah ipso in errores innu- 
 jneros, et antiquorum hccreticorum errores suis ad- 
 inventionibus miscuerunt. Et quia ejecti sunt ah 
 Ecclesia Catholica, se solos Christi Ecclesiam esse, 
 et Christi discipulos affirmant. Dicunt se Aposto- 
 lorum successores, et hahere aucforitatem apostoli- 
 cani, et claves ligandi ac solvendi. Romanam Ec- 
 clesiam ferunt esse ineretricem Bahylonem, omnes- 
 que illi ohedientes damnari; inaxime Clericos ei 
 ohedientes a tempore Sylvestri Papce. Nulla mi- 
 racula vera oiunt esse qim Jiunt in Ecclesia, quia 
 
2o6 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, nullus eorum aliquando miracula fecit. Omnia Ec- 
 ^^' clesiiE statuta jpost Christl ascensionem dicunt non 
 
 esse servanda, nee alicujus esse v a lor is ; festa^feri- 
 arum jejunia, ordines, benedictiones, ojfficia Eccle- 
 si(E, et similioj respuunt omnino. Ecclesias conse- 
 cratas, coemeteria, ac omnia talia, infamant, et cla- 
 mant ea pro avaritia solum a Clericis instituta, ut 
 ea ad suum quastum reducant, quo a suhditis hac 
 occasione pecuniam et ohlationes exquirant. Turn 
 primo hominem baptizari dicunt, cum in eorum 
 sectam fuerit inductus. Quidam eorum baptismum 
 parvulis non valere tradunt, eo quod nondum actu- 
 aliter credere possunt. Conjirmationis sacramentum 
 respuunt : sed eorum magistri manus i?nponunt dis- 
 cipulis vice illius sacramenti. Episcopos, Clericos, 
 ac Religiosos Ecclesicc, Scribas et PhariscBos aiunt 
 esse, et Apostoloymm persecutores. Corpus Christi 
 et sanguinem verum esse sacramentum non cre- 
 dunt, sed panem benedictum, qui in Jigura quadam 
 dicitur corpus Christi, sicut dicitur, Petra autem erat 
 Christus, et similia. Quidam autem hoc dicunt 
 tantum per bonos Jieri; alii, per omnes qui verba 
 consecrationis sciunt: hoc in conventiculis suis ce- 
 lebrant, verba ilia Evangelii recitantes in mensa 
 sua, sibique mutuo participantes, sicut in Coena 
 Christi. Dicunt quod peccator Sacerdos aliquem 
 solvere aut ligare non possit, cum ipse sit ligatus 
 ISg peccator : et quod quilibet bonus et sciens laicus 
 alium absolvere valeat, et poenitentiam injungere. 
 Extremam unctionein respuunt, dicentes potius ma- 
 ledictiones esse quam sacramentum. Matrimonium, 
 {nquiunt,Jbrnicatio est jurata, nisi continenter vi- 
 vant ; quaslibet enim immundicias mugis licitas 
 habent quam conjugalem copulam. Continentiam 
 laudant quidem, sed inurente libidine concedunt ei 
 satisjieri debere, quocunque modo turpi ; exponentes 
 illud Apostoli, Melius est nubere quam uri, quod 
 melius sit quolibet actu tmyi libidini satisfacere, 
 quam in corde tentari : sed hoc valde tenent occul- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 207 
 
 turn, ne vilescant. Si aliqua honesta mulier, qucB chap. 
 casta putatur, puerum peperit, occultant et tradunt ^^' 
 euyn alibi alendum, ne prodatur. Omne jw^amentum 
 illicitum esse perhibent, inde vero et mortale pecca- 
 tum ; sed dispensant, ut juret quis pro evadenda 
 morte corporis, ne alios prodat, aut secretum revelet 
 perjidi(£ suce. Prodere hcsreticum, crimen esse dicunt 
 inexpiabile, et peccatum in Spiritum Sanctum. Nee 
 malefactores per seculare judicium occidi licere 
 dicunt. Quidam eorum nee bruta animalia, veluti 
 pisces et hujusmodi, occidenda esse putant : cum au- 
 tem ea manducare volunt, super ignem et Jumum 
 suspendunt donee moriatitur. Pulices et similia 
 animalia excutiunt extra, aut vestem ipsam in 
 aquam calidam intingunt ; et tunc ea occidisse vo- 
 lunt, dicuntque ea per se mortua fuisse. Itajictas 
 habent conscientias, et in aliis suis observantiis, sicut 
 et in hoc existimari potest, quia scilicet veritatem 
 deserentes, falsis se jigmentis illudunt. Nullum est, 
 secundum eos, purgatorium. Omnes autem mori- 
 entes statim vel in caelum vel in inferniwi trans- 
 eunt : ideoque et suffragia ab Ecclesia facta pro 
 defunctis, nihil eis prodesse affirmant, cum in coelo 
 non indigeant, et in inferno nullatenus adjuventur. 
 Unde col/igu/it oblationes pro defunctis f actus Cle- 
 ricis qui illas comedunt prodesse, non animabus 
 qu(B hujusmodi non utuntur. Illorum dogma est, 
 satictos in coelo orationes fideUum non audire, neque 
 venerationes, quibus eos honoramus, attendere ; quia 
 cum corpora sanctorum hie rnortua jaceant, et spi- 
 ritus tam remoti sint in coelo, orationes nostras 
 nullo modo auditu percipere valeant vel visit. Ad- 
 dunt et sanctos 7ion orare pro nobis, et ob id suf- 
 fragia illorum non esse imploranda a nobis, quoni- 
 am coelesti gaudio absorpti, nobis intendere, aut quid 
 aliud curare non possunt. Unde et solemiiitates, 
 quas in sajictorum veneratione facimus, irrident, et 
 alia quibus eos veneramur. In diebus autem festis 
 {ubi possunt) occulte operantur, arguentes, quodl^O 
 
208 Rernarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP, cum operari hoyium sit, bona agere in diej'esto ma- 
 ^^' lum non est. In Quadragesima, et die jejuniorum 
 
 Ecclesicc, non jejunant, sed carnes comedunt, ubi 
 audent, dicentes, quod Deus non delectetur in affiic- 
 tionibus amicorum suoimm, cum sine his potens sit 
 eos salvare. Quidam autem hfEretici ajffiigunt se 
 jejuniis, vigiliis, et hiijusinodi, quia sine taUbus sanc- 
 titatis nomeii apud simplices acquirere non possunt, 
 nee eos simiilationis Jigmento decipere. Vetus Tes- 
 tamentum non habent vel y^ecipiunt, sed Evangelia, 
 ut per ea non impiignentur, et se defendant, dicentes, 
 quod superveniente Evangelio, Vetera omnia sint ab- 
 jicienda. Sic et verba Sanctorum. Augustini, Jovini, 
 Leg. Hi- Gregorii*, Chtysostomi, Isidori et autoritates eorum 
 ''°"' truncatas decerpunt, ut per ea sua Jigmenta appro- 
 bent, aut resistant, vel etiam simplices seducant fa- 
 cilius,pulchris sanctorum sententiis doctrinam sacri- 
 legam colorant es. Illas autem sanctorum senten- 
 tias, quas sibi vident contrarias, quibusque error 
 eorum destruitur, tacite prcBtermittunt. Dociles, in- 
 ter alios complices et facundos, docent verba Evan- 
 gelii dictaque Apostolorum et aliorum sanctorum in 
 vulgari lingua corde for mare, ut sciant et alios in- 
 f or mare, etjideles allicere, ac demum suam sectam 
 pulchris sanctorum verbis polire, quo salubria pu- 
 tentur quce persuadent : et ita per dulces sermones 
 seducunt corda innocentum. Non solum viri, sed et 
 fcemincc eorum apud eos docent, quiafoeminis magis 
 patet accessus ad fceminas pervertendas, ut per eas 
 etiam viros ipsos subvertant, sicut per Evam serpens 
 illusit Adam. J^erbis coopertis loqui docent, ne pro 
 veritate studeant loqui mendacium; ut cum de uno 
 requiruntur, de alio oblique respondeant, et ita au- 
 ditor es versute deludant, prcesertim ubi per confessi- 
 onem veritatis errorem suum timent deprehendi. 
 Eadem simulatione ecclesias nobiscum frequentant, 
 intersunt divinis, offerunt ad altare, sacramenta 
 percipiunt, confitentur Sacerdotibus, observant Ec- 
 clesicB jejunia, festa colunt, ac Sacerdotum benedic- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 209 
 
 tiones incUnato capite suscipiiint : quamvis hac am- chap. 
 nia, et similia ecclesiasticcr institutionis statuta ir- ______ 
 
 rideant, et profanajudicent et daiiuwsa. Aiunt siif- 
 
 Jicere ad salutem soli Deo, et non homini con^teri. 
 Et eos qui Sanctis offerunt luminaria derident. 
 Deinde sequitur in eodem libro: Incoepit autem hccc 
 secta circa annum ah incarnatione Domini II70. 
 sub Joanne Bellomains, Archiepiscopo Lugdu?iensi. 
 
 H(cc sunt, candide lector, qucc ex antiquo libro ^9^ 
 membraneo, manuque ante ducentos nonaginta sex 
 annos per pi^ccdictumfratrem Raynerium conscripto, 
 
 JideUter transcripsimus. Ex quibus videre est hanc 
 Valdensium sectam, et prcBcipuas, peneque omnes 
 (qncc nunc vigent) hcsreses, non recenter invent as 
 
 J'uisse, sed eas ante trecentos septuaginta sex annos 
 venisse in usum. Quarum autores postea {ut sequi- 
 tur^ damnati fuerunt . 
 
 " This was their first error, a contempt of ec- 
 " clesiastical power : and from thence they have 
 " been delivered up to Satan, and by him cast head- 
 " long into innumerable errors, mixing the erro- 
 *' neous doctrines of the heretics of old with their 
 " own inventions. And being cast out of the Catho- 
 " lie Church, they affirm that they alone are the 
 " Church of Christ, and his disciples. They de- 
 " clare themselves to be the Apostles' successors, to 
 " have apostolical authority, and the keys of bind- 
 " ing and loosing. They hold the Church of Rome 
 " to be the whore of Babylon, and that all that 
 " obey her are damned, especially the Clergy that 
 " are subject to her since the time of Pope Syl- 
 " vester. They deny that any true miracles are 
 " wrought in the Church, because none of them 
 " did ever work any. They hold that none of the 
 " ordinances of the Church, that have been intro- 
 " duced since Christ's ascension, ought to be ob- 
 " served, as being of no worth ; the feasts, fasts, 
 " orders, blessings, offices of the Church, and the 
 " like, they utterly reject. They speak against con- 
 
210 RemarJis upon the 
 
 CHAP. " secrated churches, churchyards, and other things 
 " of hke nature; declaring that they were the in- 
 " ventions of covetous Priests, to increase their 
 " gains by spunging the people by this means of 
 " their money and oblations. They say, that then 
 " first a man is baptized, when he is received into 
 " their sect. Some of them hold, that Baptism is 
 " of no advantage to infants, because they cannot 
 " actually believe. They reject the sacrament of 
 " Confirmation; but, instead of that sacrament, their 
 " teachers lay their hands upon their disciples. 
 " They say, that the Bishops, the Clergy, and other 
 " religious, are no better than Scribes and Phari- 
 " sees, and persecutors of the Apostles. They do 
 192" not believe the body and blood of Christ to be the 
 " true sacrament, but only blessed bread, which by 
 " a figure only is called the body of Christ, in like 
 " manner as it is said, and the rock was Christ, and 
 " such like. Some of them hold that this sacra- 
 " ment can only be celebrated by those that .are 
 " good; others again, by any that know the words 
 " of consecration. This sacrament they celebrate 
 " in their assemblies, repeating the words of the 
 " Gospel at their table, and participating together, 
 " in imitation of Christ's Supper. They say, that a 
 " Priest that is a sinner cannot bind or loose any 
 " one, as being himself bound: and that any good 
 " and knowing layman may absolve another, and 
 " impose penance. They reject extreme Unction, 
 " declaring it to be rather a curse than a sacrament. 
 " Marriage, say they, is nothing else but sworn for- 
 " nication, except the parties live continently ; and 
 " account any filthiness more lawful than conjugal 
 " copulation. They praise continence indeed, but 
 " in the mean time give way to the satisfying of 
 " burning lust by any filthy means whatsoever, ex- 
 " pounding that place of the Apostle, it is better to 
 " marry than to burn, thus, that it is better to sa- 
 " tisfy one's lust by any filthy art, than to be 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 211 
 
 '^ tempted therewith in the heart. But this they chap. 
 
 "conceal as much as possible, that they may not L 
 
 " be reproached therewith. If any honest woman 
 " amongst them, that has the repute of chastity, is 
 " brought to bed of a child, they carefully conceal 
 " it, and send it abroad to be nursed, that it may 
 " not be known. They hold all oaths to be unlaw- 
 " ful, and a mortal sin : yet they dispense with 
 " them, when it is done to avoid death, lest they 
 " should betray their complices, or the secret of 
 " their infidelity. They hold it to be an unpar- 
 " donable sin to betray an heretick, and the ver}^ 
 " sin against the Holy Ghost. They say, that 
 " malefactors ought not to be put to death by the 
 " secular power. Some of them hold it unlawful 
 " to kill brute animals, as fishes, or the like; but 
 " when they have a mind to eat them, they hang 
 " them over the fire or smoke till they die. Fleas 
 " and such sort of insects they shake off their 
 "clothes, or else dip their clothes in hot water, 1 93 
 " supposing them thus to be dead of themselves. 
 " Thus they cheat their own consciences in this 
 " and other observances. From whence we may 
 " see, that having forsaken truth, they deceive 
 " themselves with their own false notions. Accord- 
 " ing to them there is no purgatory; and all that 
 " die do immediately pass either into heaven or 
 " hell. That therefore the prayers of the Church 
 " for the dead are of no use, because those that are 
 " in heaven do not want them, neither can those 
 " that are in hell be relieved by them. And from 
 " hence they infer, that the offerings that are made 
 " for the dead are only of use to the Clergymen 
 " that eat them, and not to the deceased, who can- 
 " not be profited by them. They hold, that the 
 " saints in heaven do not hear the prayers of the 
 „ faithful, or regard the honours which are done to 
 " them; because their bodies lie dead here beneath, 
 " and their spirits are at so great a distance from us 
 
 p 2 
 
212 Remarl^s upon the 
 
 CHAP. " in heaven, that they can neither hear our prayers, 
 _i^^^l__" nor sec the honours which we pay them. They 
 " add, that the saints do not pray for us, and that 
 " therefore we are to entreat their intercession, be- 
 " cause, being swallowed up with heavenly joy, they 
 " cannot attend to us, or indeed to any thing else. 
 " Wherefore also they deride all the festivals which 
 " we celebrate in honour of the saints, and all other 
 " instances of our veneration for them. According- 
 " ly, wherever they can do it, they secretly work 
 " upon holydays ; arguing, that since working is 
 " good, it cannot be evil to do that which is good 
 " on a holyday. They do not observe Lent or other 
 " fasts of the Church; alleging, that God does not 
 " delight in the afflictions of his friends, as being 
 " able to save without them. Some heretics indeed 
 " afflict themselves with fastings, watchings, and 
 " the like; because without these they cannot ob- 
 " tain the reputation of holiness amongst the simple 
 " people, nor deceive them by their feigned hypo- 
 " crisy. They do not receive the Old Testament ; 
 " but the Gospel only, that they may not be over- 
 " thrown by it, but rather be able to defend them- 
 194" selves therewith ; pretending, that upon the com- 
 " ing of the Gospel, all old things are to be laid 
 " aside. In like manner they pick up the dipt 
 " words and authoriti-es of the holy Fathers, Augus- 
 " tin, leronymus, Gregory, Chrysostome, and Isi- 
 " dore, that with them they may support their 
 " opinions, oppose others, or the more easily se- 
 " duce the simple, by colouring over their sacrilegi- 
 " ous doctrine with the good sentences of the saints; 
 " but at the same time they very quietly pass those 
 " places in the holy Fathers, which oppose and 
 " destroy their errors. Those who are teachable and 
 " eloquent amongst them, they instruct to get the 
 " words of the Gospel, as well as the sayings of the 
 " Apostles and other saints, by heart, that they may 
 " be able to inform others, and draw in believers. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 213 
 
 " and beautify their sect with goodly words of the chap. 
 
 " saints; that the things they persuade and recom- 
 
 " mend may be thought to be sound and saving: 
 
 " thus by their sweet discourses deceiving the hearts 
 
 " of the innocent. Neither do the men only, but 
 
 " the women also teach amongst them ; because 
 
 " women have an easier access to those of their 
 
 " own sex to pervert them, that afterwards by their 
 
 " means the men may be perverted also ; as the 
 
 " serpent deceived Adam by Eve's means. They 
 
 " teach their disciples to speak in hid and dark 
 
 " words, and instead of speaking truth, to endea- 
 
 " vour to speak lies : that when they are asked 
 
 " about one thing, they might perversely answer 
 
 " about another, and thus craftily deceive their 
 
 " hearers, especially when they fear that by cOn- 
 
 " fessing the truth they should discover their errors. 
 
 " In the same dissembling manner they frequent our 
 
 " churches, are present at divine service, offer at the 
 
 " altar, receive the sacraments, confess to the Priests, 
 
 " observe the Church fasts, celebrate festivals, and 
 
 " receive the Priest's blessings, reverently bowing 
 
 " their heads ; though in the mean time they scoff 
 
 " at all these institutions of the Church, and look 
 
 " upon them as profane and hurtful. They say it is 
 
 " sufficient to salvation to confess to God alone, and 
 
 " not to man. After this, it follows in the same 
 
 " book : Now this sect began about the year of our 
 
 " Lord's incarnation 11 70, under John Bellomains, 195 
 
 " Archbishop of Lyons. 
 
 " This is that, courteous reader, which I have 
 " transcribed out of an old MS. parchment book, 
 " writ 296 years ago by Friar Rainerius. From 
 " whence it appears, that this sect of the Waldenses, 
 " and the chief, yea, almost all heresies, which are 
 " now in vogue, are not of late invention, but have 
 " continued already above 376 years. Whose au- 
 " thors afterwards (as appears in the sequel) were 
 " condemned." 
 
 p3 
 
214 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Ivonet, in his Summa, part. ii. cap. 2. accuseth 
 ^ ' them of above thirty errors, as we find it recorded 
 
 by Pegna upon the Directory of the Inquisitors, 
 pag. 280. 
 
 iEneas Sylvius, who flourished in the year 1451, 
 makes a vast catalogue of them, in his original of 
 those of Bohemia, who we know were a colony of 
 the Waldenses, cap. 35. 
 
 Emericus, who lived in 13/0, in his Directory, 
 sets down a list of twenty errors of the Waldenses, 
 part ii. q. 14. p. 278. We find the same in Bernard 
 of Luxemburg, who lived about the year 1520, f^oce 
 Pauperes de Lugduno et Pateriniy and in Alphon- 
 sus de Castro, who lived in 1530. 
 p. 126. Claudius Coussord, in the year 1548, sets down 
 
 an extract of Raynerius, in Sianma de Catharis et 
 Leonistis ; and he follows his text, in his confuta- 
 tion of the Waldenses and Protestants, as being 
 almost the same. 
 
 So Albertus Cataneus represents the errors of the 
 Waldenses, as agreeable to our opinions. Hist. Ca- 
 roll 8. p. 291 ad 296. 
 
 Thus I have given, methinks, a sufficient num- 
 ber of witnesses, succeeding one another for five hun- 
 dred years together, who all unanimously deposed, 
 that the Waldenses were looked upon as heretics. 
 
 And yet notwithstanding all this, the Bishop of 
 Meaux stiffly maintains, that the Waldenses never 
 espoused the opinions of the Protestants, till after 
 the year 1532, at which time they united themselves 
 with them against the Church of Rome. Was 
 there ever a more obstinate piece of illusion? Clau- 
 19^dius Seysselius, Archbishop of Turin, wrote against 
 the Waldenses before the year 1518. He began 
 his pontificate by persecuting them according to 
 the edicts of Francis I. and Charles Duke of Savoy. 
 His book was printed at Paris, in the year 1520, in 
 the first pages of which book he gives us an account 
 of the sequel of their continual persecutions ; he sets 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 215 
 
 down their belief, which is almost wholly conform- chap. 
 able to their confession of faith in 1532; and yet the ^^' 
 Bishop will needs still confidently maintain, that all 
 that Confession was only the fruit of their uniting 
 with the Protestants. 
 
 But however, the Bishop tells us, that they did 
 believe transubstantiation, and so they cannot be 
 looked upon as schismatics, such as formerly were 
 the Donatists. The monster of transubstantiation is 
 so dear to the Romish party, that it goes very hard 
 with them to disown those that own that. It seems 
 as if at this day it was the mark of Christianity. Be 
 accused of the worst of errors, yet if you do only 
 believe transubstantiation, you shall only pass for a 
 schismatic. Garnerius, the Jesuit, makes it as great 
 a crime in Nestorius, that he denied transubstantia- 
 tion, as he pretends he did, as if he had overthrown 
 the mystery of the incarnation: and thus the Bishop 
 of Meaux seems only to consider the Waldenses as 
 schismatics, because, as he saith, they owned that 
 doctrine. However, we shall find that it will be 
 very difficult for the Bishop to make out this his 
 assertion by such proofs as may be able to satisfy 
 his reader. 
 
 First, What has he to say against that multitude 
 of witnesses of his own communion, who so plainly 
 assert, that they rejected transubstantiation ? I have 
 but just now set down the passages themselves. If 
 he accuse them of having suifered themselves to be 
 deceived in so important an article, what credit can 
 their testimonies deserve, when they form against 
 them such horrid accusations upon other points? 
 Truly we are obliged to the Bishop for furnishing 
 us with so good an answer, and we want only his in- 
 genuity to make use of it upon occasion. 
 
 Secondly, What can the Bishop say to the con- 197' 
 fessions of faith of the Waldenses, wherein they 
 formally reject this doctrine. 
 
 The Bishop here offers two things which swayed 
 p 4 
 
2l6 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, him^ so easy is he to be determined by appearances. 
 The one is, that it appears from the first conferences 
 that were held with the Waldenses, as that of Ber- 
 nard, Abbot of Foncaud, that they did not reject 
 transubstantiation, because no mention is made of 
 it throughout the whole dispute, which the said 
 Bernard has penned very exactly. This he confirms 
 by several trials of the Waldenses, whereof the pro- 
 ceedings are in Mr. Colbert's library. 
 
 The other is, that it seems very probable, that the 
 Confession of Faith, printed in the History of Perrin, 
 is a late thing, and drawn up since the reformation. 
 
 Nothing can be more impertinent than these an- 
 swers. If this way of arguing be good, it must fol- 
 low, either that the Waldenses have changed their 
 belief since Bernard, Abbot of Foncaud, that is since 
 the end of the twelfth century, until the year 1250, 
 or that Raynerius was a mere slanderer. 
 
 It must also follow, that the Inquisitors that ex- 
 amined them about this article, as about an article 
 which the Waldenses constantly rejected, were very 
 knaves, or blockheads who understood nothing of 
 the business of the Inquisition. 
 
 But to speak freely, the Inquisitors deserve but 
 small credit, if they speak otherwise than their Di- 
 rectory adviseth, which they are to follow, as the 
 lesson that is given them, for their direction in the 
 exercise of their office: and I shall make it appear, 
 as I go on, by giving a scantling of their honesty and 
 fair dealing, how little cause the Bishop had to rely 
 upon them. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 21 7 
 
 CHAP. XXI. 198 
 
 Concerning the state of the Church of Rome, at the 
 time of the separation of the Pater ines or Tf^al- 
 denses ; together with the accusations charged 
 upon them by the said Church, and the idea they 
 had conceived of her. 
 
 JL HE account I have but now given from Rayne- 
 rius and other authors, who have made a catalogue 
 of the errors of the Waldenses, is abundantly suffi- 
 cient to refute the vain pretence of the Bishop of 
 Meaux, who supposeth that the Waldenses were 
 only schismatics. But forasmuch as it is not un- 
 likely but the Papists will disown the Bishop in this 
 particular, as well as they do in so many others, it- is 
 but natural to endeavour to obviate the objections 
 they may frame against the Churches of Piedmont. 
 
 1. They will probably allege, that the Paterines 
 never accused the Church of Rome of so great a 
 number of errors as the Waldenses do. 
 
 2. They may say, that the Waldenses were really 
 guilty of a multitude of errors and heresies, which 
 the authors that I have cited after Raynerius do 
 unanimously charge them with. 
 
 3. They may probably take notice, that the Wal- 
 denses had an article in their belief, whereof we find 
 no mention made in the reasons alleged by the 
 Paterines in justification of their separating from the 
 Church of Rome, viz. that the Waldenses declared 
 the Pope to be antichrist, and the Church of Rome 
 the whore of Babylon, spoken of in the Revelation, 
 which does not appear to have been any part of the 
 Paterines' belief. 
 
 It will be an easy matter to satisfy any reason- 199 
 able person about the first of these objections : and 
 to this purpose it will be of importance to consider, 
 what was the state of the Romish Church at the 
 time when a part of the diocese of Milan, with di- 
 
218 Remarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP, vers Bishops at the head of them, were obhged to 
 ^^^' separate themselves from it. There is a foolish per- 
 suasion entertained by the generahty of those of the 
 Romish communion, that their Church has ever 
 continued in the same state ; whence they naturally 
 infer, as the Bishop of Meaux does, that since the 
 Paterines or Waldenses did not at first reject all 
 those doctrines of the Church of Rome, which in 
 their later Confessions they have condemned; it may 
 well be supposed they owned and professed the 
 same with that Church. How gross a delusion this 
 is, will be easily made out by manifesting that the 
 Church of Rome, ever since the time of this sepa- 
 ration, has declined from bad to worse, and that the 
 reason why the Waldenses did not at first oppose all 
 those doctrines which we at this day reject, was 
 because they were not as yet hatched, a great part 
 of them being beholden to the subtilty of the School- 
 men for their original, who were not in being at the 
 time of their separation ; or because the said doc- 
 trines were not looked upon by the Church of 
 Rome to be essential, as necessarily to require the 
 profession or practice of them from those of her 
 communion. 
 
 The state of the Church of Rome, with reference 
 to her faith concerning the articles about which we 
 contest with her at this day, will appear from the 
 following particulars. 
 
 1. She did not impose a necessity of equalizing 
 the authority of the Apocrypha with the canoni- 
 cal books of Scripture. This incontestably appears 
 from the testimony of all her own authors that have 
 been since the eleventh century, to the Council of 
 Trent, which first imposed it. Accordingly we find 
 the same distinction we make of apocryphal and ca- 
 nonical books, in the writings of Radulphus Gisel- 
 bertus, Rupertus, Honorius Augustod. Peter, Abbot 
 200 of Clugny, against the Petrobus. Hugo de Sancto 
 Victore, Richardus de Sancto Victore, Petrus Co- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 219 
 
 mestor, Cardinal Hugo, Nicolaus de Lyra, Brito the chap. 
 Franciscan, Thomas Aquinas, Joannes Senieca, __1_1. 
 Ocham, Hervseus, St. Antoninus, Tostatus, Diony- 
 sius the Carthusian, Cardinal Ximenes, Cardinal Ca- 
 jetan, Josse Clithou, and in the writings of all those 
 who placed the Prologus Galeatus of St. Jerome 
 before the Bible, though in divers copies the word 
 Hagiographi was put instead oi Apocryphi, which 
 word St. Jerome had attributed to authors whose 
 authority we reject, as some Papists have observed 
 in their editions. 
 
 The Church of Rome did not believe that tra- 
 dition was a sufficient ground to build articles of 
 faith on, though the second Council of Nice sup- 
 posed it was only to maintain the worship of idols, 
 as appears from the account Thomas Aquinas lias 
 given us. 
 
 At that time indeed all the faith necessary to be 
 believed by a Christian was reduced to the Apostles' 
 Creed ; Leo X. being the first who determined that 
 the Popes had power to make new articles of faith, 
 as well as a new rule of manners. In bulla Exurge. 
 
 The reading of the Scripture was not forbid to 
 laymen until the year 1200. Innocent IIL Epist. ad 
 Metenses. 
 
 Councils were not believed to be infallible, though 
 the Popes presided in them. The history of the ages 
 succeeding the tenth century are filled with ex- 
 amples that put this out of doubt. To this purpose 
 the reader may consult the treatise concerning the 
 Unity of the Church, written by Venericus, Bishop 
 of Verceil, the works of Ocham upon the deposition 
 of the Emperor Lewis of Bavaria, of Peter d'Ailly, 
 iEneas Sylvius, and of many others ; which will 
 fully convince him of the truth I assert. 
 
 It was not believed that the Christians did merit 
 any thing by their good works, but persons on their 
 death-beds were obliged formally to profess the 
 contrary, in their last or death-bed confessions, as 
 
220 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, appears by the form prescrihed to that purpose by 
 ^^^' Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 201 Indulgences, which came into request some time 
 after the separation of the diocese of Milan, were 
 looked upon only as pious frauds. This was the 
 notion Petrus Cantor gave of them ; and it is ap- 
 parent, that till the fourteenth century, that which 
 at present is owned to be the ground of them, was 
 rejected. Jubilees were never heard of until the 
 time of Pope Boniface VIII. that is to say, in the 
 year 1300. 
 
 It was not believed, that notwithstanding pre- 
 ceding contrition, absolution was necessarily re- 
 quired, to obtain remission of sins ; but on the con- 
 trary, that contrition for sin was sufficient to restore 
 the sinner to a state of grace. 
 
 It was not believed, that St. James, in the fifth 
 chapter of his Epistle, speaks of auricular confession ; 
 neither indeed was there any use of confession, ex- 
 cept in public penances, which by little and little 
 began to wear out of use after the twelfth century. 
 And the necessity of confessing once a year was not 
 imposed till the year 1215, by Pope Innocent III. 
 Neither was the necessity of the Priest's intention 
 believed at that time, as appears from the writings 
 of Adelman of Brixia against Berengarius, as well as 
 by those of Petrus Damianus and many others. 
 
 It was not believed that marriage was forbid to 
 Priests, otherwise than only by human constitu- 
 tions ; as may be seen in the common canon law of 
 Gratian. 
 
 The sacrament of the Eucharist was not believed 
 to be an object of adoration. We find nothing of it 
 in all Berengarius's disputation : we read also, that 
 Henry II. King of England, adored the cross on his 
 death-bed, and that he received the Eucharist with 
 reverence, but not a word of his worshipping of it. 
 And indeed the decree whereby its adoration was 
 enjoined, is of no longer standing than the thirteenth 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 221 
 
 century. And even to this day the Deacon commu- chap. 
 nicates standing, according to the ancient custom of ^ ' 
 the Greek and Latin Churches. 
 
 It was not beheved, that the end and aim of the 202 
 real presence was to offer up Jesus Christ in sacrifice 
 to God, for the sins of tlie hving and dead : Lom- 
 bard, and the greatest part of the old Schoolmen, 
 owning it to be no more than a commemoration. 
 
 At that time there were but very few Clmrches 
 where they began to communicate under one kind 
 only, viz. that of bread ; neither was this custom 
 authorized but by the Council of Constance in the 
 year 1415, till which time almost all the reflections 
 of Papists upon the two kinds are contrary to this 
 abuse, which Henricus Gandavensis so highly ex- 
 claims against. 
 
 It is but since the tenth age that they began to Thiers Dis- 
 place images on the altars, and indeed a good while *'^''*p-^^' 
 after; and that in some Churches only. 
 
 It is but since Lewis the IXth's time that the 
 consecration of images was brought in use, as may 
 still be seen in the Pontifical. Gaufridus de Bella 
 loco de vita Ludovic. IX. c. 36. 
 
 It is but since the tenth century, that the cross 
 hath been set upon altars ; and we find no instance 
 to make us believe that the image of Jesus Christ 
 was at that time fastened to it, as it is at this day. 
 Thiers, c. 18. 
 
 The Office of the Virgin was not established in the 
 western Church till the year 1195, by Pope Urban 
 II. at Clermont, in a council assembled there by him, 
 as having been till then the effect only of a private 
 or particular superstition. 
 
 Before the twelfth century, very few foundations 
 of dirges or masses for the dead were heard of; but 
 since that time the Mendicant Friars have brought 
 into vogue the Oflice for the Dead, vowed masses, 
 and dirges or masses for the deceased, and have mul- 
 
222 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, tiplied them to that excess, that it is impossible for 
 ^^^' them to satisfy the obhgations they take upon them 
 
 of saying so many masses. 
 203 For the multiphcation of new festivals of the 
 saints we are beholden to the fifteenth century, as 
 may be seen in Clamengis, lib. De novis Festivitat. 
 non instituendis. 
 
 The confraternities are but a very late invention, 
 as M. Thiers owns, p. 33. of his Dissertation con- 
 cerning the quire of churches. 
 
 These are the articles that were either wholly un- 
 known, or not yet received in the Church of Rome ; 
 whence it is evident, that the Paterines or Waldenses 
 could not at first oppose them, and that it is no mat- 
 ter of wonder that they never set themselves against 
 them, but as from time to time they were admitted 
 of by the Church of Rome, whose corruptions in- 
 creased daily; which they take notice of in their 
 last confessions of faith. 
 
 The great controversies therefore at that time 
 were these : 
 
 1. Whether the ministry of the Church of Rome 
 was a lawful ministry, forasmuch as simony was the 
 principal means of obtaining any ecclesiastical dig- 
 nities in the western Church. 
 
 2. Whether it was necessary to be subject to the 
 Pope, in order to be a member of the true Church ; 
 which the Popes absolutely pretended, having to 
 that end invaded the authority of almost all Metro- 
 politans, that naturally were autocephali, that is, 
 subject to no Church-authority above themselves 
 out of their diocese. 
 
 3. Whether the Popes had power to annul the 
 ministry of the married Clergy. 
 
 4. Whether the worshipping of the saints, relics, 
 images, and of the cross, were lawful. 
 
 5. Whether the belief of the Popes concerning 
 the carnal presence of the body of Jesus Christ in 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 223 
 
 the Eucharist was a belief founded upon holy chap. 
 c. • ^ r J XXI. 
 
 Jscnpture. 
 
 6. Whether the behef of the absolute necessity of 204 
 Baptism was lawful. 
 
 7. Whether the doctrine of purgatory was evan- 
 gelical. 
 
 8. Whether prayers for the dead were a religious 
 performance. 
 
 Now, if we will take the pains to examine a little 
 the questions that were agitated between the Wal- 
 denses and the Church of Rome, we shall find them 
 to be the very same with those I have just now 
 mentioned ; except only, as I have before observed, 
 that the said questions were afterwards multiplied 
 proportionably to the increase of the Romish cor- 
 ruptions. 
 
 As to what concerns the calumnies wherewith 
 some have endeavoured to disfigure them, and to 
 make them the horror and detestation of people, we 
 may truly aver, that in this particular the Church of 
 Rome has only consulted her passion and hatred, 
 without the least regard had to truth, or their in- 
 nocence. 
 
 The learned Usher, and divers others, have placed 
 the innocence of the Waldenses in so clear a light, 
 as to all the matters whereof they are accused, that 
 I should abuse the patience of my reader, by endea- 
 vouring anew to make their apology. It shall suffice 
 therefore to observe, first, that the Doctors of the 
 Romish Church have maliciously affected to fasten 
 upon the Waldenses the belief of the Manichees, 
 under pretence that the Manichees also opposed 
 some of the Romish practices, as well as the Wal- 
 denses. Secondly, that to this purpose they have 
 attributed to the Manichees several doctrines of the 
 Waldenses, which do not in the least partake with 
 Manichcism. This a judicious reader may easily 
 perceive, by comparing the catalogue of the errors 
 of the new Manichees, drawn up by Emericus, 
 
224 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, which I have set down in chap. xv. with their 
 ^^^' opinions, as they are reported to us by St. Epi- 
 
 phanius, St. Austin, Theodoret, and by Peter of 
 Sicily, in the ninth century. 
 205 I acknowledge, it may seem strange to some, to 
 find the Waldenses so constantly charged with such 
 gross calumnies ; but here I must desire the reader 
 to consider, 
 
 1. That it is no great sin with the Church of 
 Rome to spread lies concerning those that are ene- 
 mies of the faith. 
 
 2. That the Church of Rome has been always de- 
 sirous of preserving the reputation of her ancient 
 authors, as being some of their greatest saints, 
 which would visibly have been diminished, if not 
 quite lost, in case their successors should have 
 owned the innocence of the Vaudois Churches. No, 
 it is a far more easy and convenient way to assert, 
 that the Waldenses have changed their belief, than 
 to accuse their saints of having been most infamous 
 calumniators. 
 
 3. That the greatest part of those authors who 
 have writ concerning the heresies of the Waldenses 
 or Vaudois, have only followed their first leaders, 
 viz. Alanus and others, without troubling themselves 
 to inquire into the truth of the matter: which is the 
 very character of those sort of compilers. 
 
 4. That after the account Emericus has given us 
 in his Directory of the Inquisitors, they of the 
 Church of Rome were no longer at liberty to em- 
 brace a different representation of their belief from 
 what he had already given; people generally being 
 so far engaged in an high esteem for the Inquisition, 
 and their exactness in all proceedings, that they 
 would have looked upon it as a great crime to 
 change their judgment in a matter they had allowed 
 of and established: neither indeed could it be done, 
 without incurring the danger of falling into their 
 hands ; for we may well suppose they would never 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 225 
 
 suffer their credit and sincerity to be in the least chap. 
 questioned. '^^'' 
 
 5. That there is nothing more common with the 
 Romish party, than to make use of the most horrid 
 calumnies to blacken and expose those who have 
 renounced her communion. The Protestants in 
 France were at first accused of committing the 
 same impurities at their meetings, which the hea- 
 thens objected to the primitive Christians, and the 
 Papists since that to the Waldenses. And if we cast 
 an eye upon what Sigebert tells us concerning the206 
 Greeks of the eleventh century, we shall find that 
 calumny is a trade the Romish party is perfectly 
 well versed in. Leo IX. saith he, sent his Legates 
 to Constantinople, to refute the heresies of the 
 Greeks, who, like Simoniacs, sold the gift of Gdd ; 
 like the Valesians, took their guests, and gelt them, 
 and so promoted them to bishoprics ; like the Ari- 
 ans, they rebaptized the Latins, that had already 
 been baptized in the name of the Holy Trinity; in 
 imitation of the Donatists, they boasted the ortho- 
 dox Chm'ch to be only in Greece; like the Nicola- 
 itans, they allowed marriage to Priests ; like the Se- 
 verians, they declared the Law of Moses to be ac- 
 cursed ; like the Pneumatomachi, they cut off the 
 belief of the Holy Ghost from the Creed; like the 
 Nazarenes, they observed Judaism, forbidding little 
 children, though at the point of death, to be bap- 
 tized before the eighth day; and women in danger 
 of life, by reason of their travail or courses, to com- 
 municate ; or, if they were heathens, to be baptized: 
 that they called the Latins Azymitae,and persecuting 
 them, shut up their churches ; that they sacrificed 
 with leavened bread, and anathematized the Roman 
 Church in her children, preferring the Constantino- 
 politan Church before her. But notwithstanding all 
 this, if we will believe Leo Allatius, there was but 
 a very little difference between the Roman and 
 Greek Church at that time. 
 
'226 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. 6. We are to take notice, that notwithstanding 
 ' the fury and mahce of the Romish party in wound- 
 ing the reputation of the Vaudois, yet there have 
 not been wanting some historians, in the bosom of 
 that Church, who have been so generous as to own 
 the truth. Paradin observes, in his Annals of Bur- 
 gundy, that he had seen ancient histories that fully 
 justified them from all the accusations laid to their 
 charge, and made it appear, that their only crime 
 was their declaiming against the profligate manners 
 and conduct of the Roman Clergy. Thuanus has 
 seconded him herein, as well as divers other authors 
 of the Roman communion, who have wrote since 
 207 the Reformation, and sufficiently acquitted them of 
 all those horrid calumnies which for so long a time 
 have been made use of to run them down. 
 
 I proceed now to the last article before mentioned, 
 viz. the idea which the Vaudois had conceived of 
 the Church of Rome : certainly it is a very sur- 
 prising thing to see the Vaudois treating the Pope 
 with the title of Antichrist, and of the Apocalyptical 
 Beast, and the Church of Rome with that of the 
 Great Whore, and Mystical Babylon. What ground 
 had they to speak and write at this rate ? for we find 
 that this was the common style they made use of in 
 their disputes with the Romish party. This is a 
 matter well worth our consideration. 
 
 Emerick, in his Directory, attributes this opinion 
 to those he calls the new Manichees : but to speak 
 truth, he is wholly besides the matter, and either 
 abuseth himself, or has a mind to deceive others; 
 for it was the opinion of the Vaudois, and not of 
 the Manichees : and they had the strongest motives 
 so to do, that persons who made it their chief 
 business to read the Scripture, could propose to 
 themselves ; motives, I say, which from time to time 
 were fortified and confirmed by the continual increase 
 of the corruptions of the Church of Rome. 
 
 1. There have not been wanting a great number, 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 22/ 
 
 in the bosom of the Church of Rome, who con- chap. 
 
 • XXI 
 
 ceived and pubhcly proposed this notion, since the L 
 
 time of Gregory VII. Wolfius has set down several 
 of their writings on this subject, which it is not 
 necessary to transcribe here. 
 
 2. We find that the Vaudois had with great exact- 
 ness apphed themselves to the study of the Reve- 
 lation ; and the treatise they have published about 
 this matter, long time before the Reformation, suf- 
 ficiently evidenceth that they had compared the 
 characters St. John speaks of with those which 
 they found in the Pope and his Church. 
 
 3. We find that in the said treatise they make a 
 more particular reflection upon three things which 
 stared in the eyes of all men since the twelfth cen- 
 tury: the first was the idolatry of the Church of 
 Rome ; the other was the power the Popes had 
 usurped over almost all the secular powers of Eu-208 
 rope ; and the third was the fury and violence of 
 the persecution the Church of Rome employed to 
 support her tyranny, her false doctrine and worship, 
 and to crush whatsoever did in the least offer to op- 
 pose itself against her usm'pation. 
 
 1. The idolatry of the Church of Rome, which 
 had suffered a great shock at the Council of Franc- 
 fort in 794, but notwithstanding that still increased 
 every day, and more especially after that the dark- 
 ness of the tenth century had forced piety to give 
 way to idolatry and superstition. The violation of 
 the second Commandment was very apparent, but 
 could be no longer palliated or disguised after that 
 some Popes in the twelfth century began to renew 
 in their canonizations, which began about that time, 
 the pattern of the Pagan apotheoses. This deification 
 of men is so horrid an attempt against the Christian 
 religion, that it may well be looked upon as the top 
 and highest degree of idolatry. 
 
 2. The method the Popes took to make them- 
 selves masters of all Europe, almost all the kings 
 
 a2 
 
228 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, thereof subjecting their crowns to the Pontifical 
 ^^^- mitre. They who will take the pains to consult the 
 Annals of Baronius about this point, will find, that 
 scarcely was there so much as one state left in Eu- 
 rope, which had not declared itself the Pope's vassal 
 before the year 1 200. He endeavours to confirm this 
 truth by the public acts he produceth concerning 
 the kingdom of Arragon, Portugal, Castile, and all 
 Spain, as also of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and the 
 other provinces of Italy, of Provence, Low Britany, 
 and whole France, of Denmark, Saxony, Bohemia, 
 Dalmatia, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Muscovia, 
 England, and Ireland. Hereupon we may make 
 this obvious and natural reflection : the Christians 
 allege against the Jews a very convincing argument. 
 It was foretold of old, that the Messiah was to con- 
 vert the nations to the worship of the God of Israel : 
 this being accordingly accomplished by Jesus Christ, 
 it follows that he indeed is the Messiah, to whom 
 this character is given by the ancient oracles ; and 
 by an argument a pari we infer thus : tlie kings that 
 209 were to succeed to the ruins of the Roman empire 
 have given their kingdoms to the Pope ; wherefore 
 the Pope must needs be he whom St. John has 
 marked out to us by the beast, to whom the kings 
 were to submit their authority. Now, as the Jews 
 must make all Christians to renounce the God of 
 Israel, whom they own and acknowledge, before 
 they can suppose that the Messiah is to convert all 
 the heathens, and be known to be the Messiah by 
 this distinguishing character; in like manner must 
 the Papists snatch out of the Pope's hands all the 
 kingdoms that he hath, and doth possess, at least, as 
 lord paramount, in order to make way for the ap- 
 pearance of Antichrist, and for his being owned to 
 be such. 
 
 3. The violence of the persecution she has ma- 
 naged throughout all the parts of Europe, and 
 whereof the poor Vaudois always met with the 
 
ancient Church oj Piedmont. 229 
 
 greatest share. The Popes, who had enslaved to chap. 
 themselves all the western Churches, being masters ^^^' 
 of the temporal also, by the voluntary subjeetion of 
 its emperors and princes, did no longer think of 
 keeping any measures. The Bishops being almost 
 generally subject to them, they made them decide 
 in their synods whatsoever they pleased. The new 
 laws they made were only the fruit of their humours 
 and interest ; and the princes being now become 
 their vassals, were the ready executioners of the 
 Papal violence and fury against those they had 
 anathematized. 
 
 Now it is certain, first, that since the tenth cen- 
 tury, wherein Arnulphus, Bishop of Orleans, called 
 the Pope Antichrist, in a full Council at Rheims, 
 nothing has been more ordinary than to give him 
 this title. The Antipopes of the eleventh century 
 very lavishly bestowed it upon one another. This 
 example was followed in the twelfth century, and 
 has never since been discontinued till the time of 
 the Reformation ; a vast number of writers having 
 set themselves against the Pope and the Papacy, 
 openly proclaiming him to be the Antichrist, and 
 his Church the Great Whore, and Mystical Baby- 
 lon. Baleus takes notice of a great number of these 
 in his Centuries, with reference to England ; and 
 Wolfius hath instanced in many others belonging to 
 the other parts of the western empire: more espe- 
 cially we ought to take notice of what Rupertus, 210 
 Abbot of Tuits, tells us, in his Commentary upon 
 the Apocalypse, that cruelty and persecution were 
 one of the most express characters of Antichrist. 
 See here what he writ at the beginning of the 
 twelfth century, upon these words of the Aj)oca- 
 lypse. And cause that as many as ivoiild not wor- 
 ship the image of' the beast should he put to death. 
 Ita Christus nonfacit; neque Prophetce ejus,neque 
 Apostoli docuerunt, neque reges Christianijam facti 
 hoc acceperunt, ut occiderent, et sanguine cumulan- 
 
 Ql3 
 
230 Remay^ks upon the 
 
 CHAP, dum existiment Christi servit'mm; verms nainque 
 ^^^- Pens non coacta sed spontanea servitia vult. Ergo 
 et in hoc, in hoc rnaxijne palam faciei sensiim ha- 
 bentihus, quod vere sit Antichrist us, quod vere non 
 Christus, sed secundum nomen sumn Christo sit 
 contrarius. Hie est Christus qui sanguinem suum 
 fundit; hie est Antichristus qui sanguinem fundit 
 alienum. In Apoc. lib. 3. cap. 13. " Christ does not 
 " do so, neither did his Prophets or Apostles teach 
 " so, neither have the kings that are Christians re- 
 " ceived any such instructions to kill men, or to 
 " make them think that the worship of Christ is to 
 " be stained with blood ; for the true God doth not 
 " desire any forced, but voluntary service. Where- 
 " fore by this mark especially will he make it evident 
 " to all that have any understanding, that indeed he 
 " is the Antichrist ; that indeed he is not Christ, but, 
 " according to his name, opposite and contrary to 
 " Christ. He is Christ that sheds his own blood, 
 " he is Antichrist that sheds the blood of others." 
 
 After all this, I leave it to any one to judge, whe- 
 ther it were an easy matter for the Paterines and 
 Vaudois, being oppressed by the Pope and his in- 
 struments at the rate they were, not to form this 
 idea of the Pope and his Church ; and whether any 
 can think it possible, they should not instruct their 
 descendants to have that just horror for the Church 
 of Rome, which has always hindered them from re- 
 uniting with her, notwithstanding all the ways of 
 violence she has made use of to oblige them to it. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 23 1 
 
 CHAP. XXII. 211 
 
 Concerning the belief and conduct of the fValdenses 
 in Bohemia. 
 
 J\l OW;, because the Waldenses being driven into 
 Bohemia, have continued there several years, it is 
 but reasonable for us with some attention to take a 
 view of the state of those Churches. This, as on the 
 one hand it will give us a just idea of the purity of 
 that spring from whence this rivulet was supplied 
 with water; so on the other hand, it will be useful 
 to clear them from those calumnies wherewith the 
 Bishop of Meaux has endeavoured to overwhelm 
 them, in his treatise concerning the Protestant vari- 
 ations. An equitable reader will be able to make 
 his judgment from hence, whether the Protestants 
 have any reason to be ashamed to own the ancient 
 Waldenses to be their predecessors ; and whether 
 the Church of Rome did well in rejecting and de- 
 spising the advices and remonstrances of these their 
 censors. 
 
 We have two famous authors, who can inform us 
 concerning the faith and conversation of the Wal- 
 denses in Bohemia; the one is an Inquisitor, who 
 wrote in the fourteenth century, towards the end of 
 it, " who," saith he, " had an exact knowledge of the Hist. Scrip 
 " Waldenses," at whose trials he had often assisted ; ^°'';!,?'- . 
 and that in several countries, as himself witnesseth. seq. 
 
 The other is ^neas Sylvius, who came to be Pope 
 Pius II. in his History of Bohemia, chap. 35 ; where 
 he gives us an exact description of them, as having 
 been himself on the place, and had several confer- 
 ences with them, and desiring to inform a Cardinal 
 concerning them. 
 
 The first of these has borrowed a good part of 21 3 
 Raynerus's treatise, who wrote in Lombardy about 
 the year 1250; which shews, that they had the 
 same opinio.ns at the end of the fourteenth century, 
 
 a 4 
 
232 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, which their ancestors had in Lombardy about the 
 XXII. niiddle of the thirteenth. Tlie thing that is singular 
 
 in this author is this, not only that he prosecutes 
 the same way of calumniating them upon many 
 heads, which is the way of Inquisitors against pre- 
 tended heretics, but that he hath annexed to every 
 article of the Waldensian opinions, concerning the 
 doctrines or practices of the Church of Rome, the 
 occasion that induced them to embrace such opin- 
 ions ; which is a thing well worth our consideration, 
 since we shall learn hereby, that the Waldenses had 
 very exactly considered and weighed the doctrines 
 and practices of that Church. I am resolved to lay 
 down these their opinions ; for as the proofs which 
 the good Inquisitor allegeth to defend the opinions 
 of his Church, they are for the most part so extra- 
 vagant, that the meanest polemical writer of this 
 age amongst Papists would think it an aflVont to his 
 own judgment to make use of them. 
 
 The first general head of the errors of the Wal- 
 denses is said to be of their blasphemies against the 
 Church of Rome, her practice, statutes, and her 
 whole Clergy. Their errors (saith he) are distin- 
 guished into three parts ; the first is, of their blas- 
 phemies, wherewith they blaspheme the Church of 
 Rome, her practice, laws, and whole Clergy. The 
 second part of their errors is about the Sacraments 
 of the Church, and the saints. The third part is 
 concerning their abhorrency of all the good and 
 laudable customs of the Church. 
 
 Their first error, which comes under the first ge- 
 neral head, is, " That the Church of Rome is not the 
 " Church of Jesus Christ, but an assembly of un- 
 " godly men ; and that she has ceased from being 
 " the true Church from the time of Pope Sylvester, 
 " at which time the poison of temporal advantages 
 " was cast into the Church." 
 213 2. " That all vices and sins reign in that Church; 
 " and that they alone live righteously. . 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 233 
 
 3. "That there is scarce any one to be found in chap. 
 " the Church, that hves according to the Gospel ' 
 " rule, besides themselves. 
 
 4. " That they are the true poor in spirit, who 
 " suffer persecution for the faith, and righteousness' 
 " sake. 
 
 5. " That they are the true Church of Christ. 
 
 6. " That the eastern Church doth not value or 
 " regard the Church of Rome ; and that the Church 
 " of Rome is the whore in the Revelation. 
 
 7. " They despise and reject all ordinances and 
 * statutes of the Church, as being too many, and 
 " very burdensome. 
 
 8. " That the Pope is the head and captain of all 
 " error. 
 
 9. " That the Prelates are the Scribes, and seem- 
 " ing religious Pharisees. 
 
 10. " That the Pope and all his Bishops are nmr- 
 " derers, by reason of the wars they foment. 
 
 11. " That we must not obey Prelates^ but God 
 " alone. Acts iv. 
 
 12. " That none in the Church ought to be greater 
 " than any of their brethren, according to that of 
 " St. Matthew, But ye are all brethren. 
 
 13. " That no man ought to kneel to a Priest; 
 " Rev. the angel saith to St. John^ See thou do it 
 " not. 
 
 14. " That tithes are not to be given to Priests, 
 " because there was no use of them in the primitive 
 " Church. 
 
 15. " That the Clergy ought not to enjoy any 
 " temporal possessions. Deut. Neither the priest, 
 " nor any of the tribe of Levi, shall have any in- 
 " heritance with the children of' Israel, the sacrifices 
 " being their portion. 
 
 16. " That neither the Clergy nor Religious ought 
 " to enjoy any prebends. 
 
 17. " That Bishops and Abbots ought not to en- 
 " joy any regalia. 
 
234 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. 18. " That neither the land nor people ought to 
 ■ " be divided into parishes. 
 
 214 19- " That it is an evil thing to endow and found 
 " churches and monasteries ; and that nothing ought 
 " to be left to churches by will; that there ought to 
 " be none a tenant to the Church. And they con- 
 " demn all the Clergy for their idleness, telling 
 " them they ought to work with their hands, as the 
 " Apostles did. They reject all the titles of Prelates, 
 " as Pope, Bishop, &c. That no man ought to be 
 " compelled by force in matters of faith. They con- 
 " demn all ecclesiastical offices, and look upon them 
 " as null and void. They despise the privileges of 
 " the Church, and disregard the immunity of the 
 " Church, and of persons and things belonging to it. 
 " They contemn councils and synods, and say that 
 " all parochial rights are only inventions ; and that 
 " all the observances of the Religious are nothing 
 " else but Pharisaical traditions. 
 
 " As to the second part of their errors, they con- 
 " demn all the sacraments of the Church. Con- 
 " cerning the sacrament of Baptism, they say, that 
 " the Catechism signifies nothing ; that the absolu- 
 " tion pronounced over infants avails them nothing; 
 " that the godfathers and godmothers do not under- 
 " stand what they answer the Priest ; that the obla- 
 " tion which is called al wegen is nothing but a 
 " mere invention. They reject all exorcisms and 
 '* blessings: they wonder why none but the Bishops 
 " alone should have power to confirm. Concerning 
 " the sacrament of the Eucharist they say, that a 
 " Priest, guilty of mortal sin, cannot celebrate that 
 " Sacrament ; but that a good layman, yea, a woman, 
 " if she knows the sacramental words, may. That 
 " tran substantiation is not performed by the hands 
 " of him who celebrates unworthily, but in the 
 " mouth of the worthy receiver, and that it may be 
 " celebrated on our common tables. Malach. In 
 . " every place shall a pure offering be offered to 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 235 
 
 " my name. They condemn the custom of believers chap. 
 
 " communicating no more than once a year, whereas 
 
 " they communicate daily. That transubstantia- 
 
 " tion is performed by words uttered in the vulgar 
 
 " tongue. That the Mass signifies nothing; that 
 
 " the Apostles knew nothing of it, and that it is 214 
 
 " only done for gain. They reject the Canon of the 
 
 " Mass, and only make use of the words of Christ 
 
 " in their vulgar tongue. They declare the singing 
 
 " in the Church to be no better than hellish howl- 
 
 " ing. They despise canonical hours. That the 
 
 " offering made by the Priest in the Mass is of no 
 
 " value. They reject the kiss of peace, that of the 
 
 " altar, of the Priest's hands, and Pope's feet. They 
 
 " say, concerning the sacrament of Penance, that 
 
 " none can be absolved by a wicked Priest. That a 
 
 " good layman hath the power of absolving ; and 
 
 " that they, by laying on of their hands, can forgive 
 
 " sins, and confer the Holy Ghost. That it is much 
 
 " better to confess to a good laic, than to a wicked 
 
 " Priest. That no heavy penances ought to be im- 
 
 " posed, according to the example of Christ, who 
 
 " said to the woman taken in adultery. Go thy way, 
 
 " and sin no more. All public penances and chains 
 
 " they disapprove of, especially in women. That a 
 
 " general confession ought not to be made every 
 
 " year. They condemn the sacrament of Marriage, 
 
 " declaring, that those who enter into the state of 
 
 " marriage without hope of children are guilty of 
 
 " mortal sin. Cornpaternity, they say, signifies 
 
 " nothing, as to the hindering of marriage, neither 
 
 " have they any regard to the degrees of carnal or 
 
 " spiritual affinity, which the Church observes, nor 
 
 " to the impediments of order and public decency, 
 
 " or to the prohibition of the Church in that matter. 
 
 *' That a woman after childbirth doth not stand in 
 
 " need of any blessing or churching. That it was 
 
 " an error of the Church to forbid the Clergy to 
 
 " marrv; whereas the same is allowed of by the 
 
236 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " Eastern Church: that it is no sin in those who are 
 
 ^^^^' ^^ continent, to kiss or embrace. They disallow of 
 
 " the sacrament of extreme Unction, because the 
 
 " same is only given to the rich, and because many 
 
 " Priests are necessary to administer it. They hold 
 
 " the sacrament of Orders to be of no use, because 
 
 " every good layman is a Priest, the Apostles them- 
 
 " selves being all laymen. That the preaching of a 
 
 " wicked Priest cannot profit any body. That what 
 
 2l6" is uttered in the Latin tongue can be of no use to 
 
 " laymen. They mock at the tonsure of Priests. 
 
 " They reproach the Church that she raiseth bas- 
 
 " tards, boys, and notorious sinners, to high eccle- 
 
 " siastical dignities. That every layman, yea, and 
 
 " woman too, may preach. Corinth. For you may 
 
 " all j)rophesy one hy one, that all may he edified. 
 
 " Whatsoever is preached without Scripture proof, 
 
 *' they account no better than fables. That the 
 
 " holy Scripture is of the same efficacy in the vulgar 
 
 " tongue as in Latin, and accordingly they com- 
 
 " municate, and administer the sacraments in the 
 
 " vulgar tongue. They can say a great part of the 
 
 " Old and New Testament by heart. They despise 
 
 " the Decretals, and the sayings and expositions of 
 
 " holy men, and only cleave to the text of Scripture. 
 
 " They contemn excommunication, neither do they 
 
 " value absolution, which they expect from God 
 
 " alone. They reject the indulgences of the Church, 
 
 " deride dispensations, neither do they believe any 
 
 " irregularity. They admit none for saints, save only 
 
 " the Apostles ; they pray to no saint. They con- 
 
 " temn the canonization, translation, and the vigils 
 
 " of the saints. They laugh at those laymen who 
 
 " choose themselves saints at the altar. They never 
 
 " read the Litany. They give no credit to the le- 
 
 " gends of the saints, and make a mock of the saints' 
 
 " miracles. They despise the relics of the saints. 
 
 " They abhor the wood of the holy cross, because of 
 
 " Christ's suffering on it, neither do they sign them- 
 
ancient Church of' Piedmont. 237 
 
 " selves with it. That the doctrine of Christ and chap. 
 
 " the Apostles is sufficient to salvation, without any 
 
 " Church statutes and ordinances. That the tradi- 
 
 " tions of the Church are no better than the tradi- 
 
 " tions of the Pharisees ; and that greater stress is 
 
 " laid on the observation of human traditions, than 
 
 " on the keeping of the law of God. Matth. ff^hi/ 
 
 " do ye transgress the law of God hy your tradi- 
 
 " tions? They refute the mystical sense of Scrip- 
 
 " ture, especially in sayings and actions traditionally 
 
 " delivered and published by the Church; as that 
 
 " the cock upon steeples signifies the pastor, and 
 
 " such like. 
 
 " Their errors of a third rank are these; they con- 
 
 " temn all approved ecclesiastical customs, which 
 
 " they do not read of in the Gospel, as the observa- 
 
 " tion of Candlemas, Palm-Sunday, the reconciliation 
 
 " of penitents, the adoration of the cross on Good- 
 
 " Friday. They despise the feast of Easter, and all 
 
 " other festivals of Christ and the saints, because of 
 
 " their being multiplied to that vast number, and 
 
 " say, that one day is as good as another, and work 
 
 " upon holydays, where they can do it, without 
 
 " being taken notice of. They disregard the Church 
 
 " fasts, alleging that of Isaiah Iviii. Is this the fast 
 
 " that I have chosen? They deride and mock at all 
 
 " dedications, consecrations, and benedictions of can- 
 
 " dies, ashes, palm branches, oil, fire, wax-candles, 
 
 " agnus Dei, women after childbearing, strangers, 
 
 " holy places and persons, vestments, salt and water. 
 
 " They look upon the church, built of stone, to be no 
 
 " better than a common barn, and call it commonly 
 
 " steinhaus, neither do they believe that God dwells 
 
 " there; Acts xvii. God doth not dwell in temples 
 
 " made with hands: and that prayer made in them 
 
 '' is of no greater efficacy, than those which we 
 
 " offer up in our closets, Matth. vi. But thou, when, 
 
 " thou pray est, enter into thy closet. They have no 
 
 " value for the dedication of churches, and call the 
 
238 Reniarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP. « ornaments of the altar, the sin of the Church, and 
 , ' " that it were much better to clothe the poor, than 
 " to deck walls. They say concerning the altar, that 
 " it is wastefulness to let so much cloth lie rotting 
 " upon stones, and that Christ never gave to his dis- 
 " ciples vests, nor rockets, nor mitres. They cele- 
 " brate the Eucharist in their household cups, and 
 " say, that the corporal, or cloth on which the Host 
 " is laid, is no holier than the cloth of their breeches. 
 " Concerning lights used in the Church, they say, 
 " that God, who is the true light, doth not stand in 
 " need of light, and that it can have no further use 
 " in the Church, than to hinder the Priests from 
 " stumbling in the dark. They reject all censings. 
 " Holy water they esteem no better than common 
 " water. The images and pictures in the church 
 " they declare to be idolatry. They mock at the 
 " singing in churches, that the efficacy is only in 
 218" words, and not in the music. They deride the 
 " cries of the laymen, and reject all festival pro- 
 " cessions, as those at Easter, as well as mournful 
 " processions in Rogation-week and at funerals. 
 " They say, that the singing by day and by night- 
 " is a thing lately instituted by Gregory, which in 
 " former times was not used in the Church. They 
 " find fault, that the Priest suffers many masses to 
 " be sung the same day for several persons. They 
 " laugh at the custom of bringing sick persons on a 
 " bench before the altar to make their supplications 
 " there for health. They rejoice whenever there is 
 " a public interdict, because then they corrupt 
 " many, saying, that they are forced to go to church 
 " for outward gain's sake ; for they themselves also 
 " go to church, and hypocritically offer, confess, and 
 " communicate. They dissuade people from going 
 " on pilgrimage to Rome, and other places beyond 
 " sea; though they themselves pretend to go on pil- 
 " grimage, whereas it is only with design to visit 
 " their Bishops, who live in Lombardy. They ex- 
 
((ncient Church of Piedmont. 239 
 
 " press no value for the Lord's sepulchre, as well as chap 
 
 " those of the saints; and condemn the burying in _1 
 
 " churches. Matth. xxiii. IVoe unto you, Scribes and 
 " Pharisees, because ye build the tombs, &c.; and 
 " would choose rather to be buried in the field than 
 " in the church-yard, were they not afraid of the 
 " Church. That the offices for the deceased, masses 
 " for the dead, offerings, funeral pomps, last wills, 
 " legacies, visiting of graves, the reading of vigils, 
 " anniversary masses, and other like suffrages, are of 
 " no advantage to the souls of the deceased. They 
 " condemn the watching with the dead by night, 
 " because of the follies and wickedness which are 
 " acted on these occasions. They disallow of the 
 " confraternities of clergymen and laymen, which is 
 " called zech; and declare that all these are only 
 " invented for lucre's sake. 
 
 " They hold all these errors, because they deny 
 " purgatory, saying, that there are no more than two 
 " ways, the one of the elect to heaven, the other of 
 " the damned to hell. Eccles. xi. Which way soever 
 " the tree falleth, there it must lie. That a good 
 " man stands in no need of any intercessions, and that 
 " they cannot profit those that are wicked. That 
 " all sins are mortal, and none at all venial. That219 
 " once praying of the Lord's Prayer is of more effi- 
 " cacy than the ringing of ten bells, yea, than the 
 " Mass itself. That all swearing is a mortal sin ; 
 " Matth. But I say unto you, Swear not at all-, but 
 " let your communication he,Yea,yea, and Nay, nay. 
 " They think it is an oath to say verily or certainly, 
 " thereby to excuse himself from sin, that he may 
 *^ not divulge secrets : yea, they account him worse 
 " than a murderer, that compels another to swear ; 
 " as likewise he that confers confirmation, because 
 " he exacts an oath from the party that is confirmed, 
 " and a judge of witnesses in law; as likewise doth 
 " the Inquisitor and the Priest, that force men to ab- 
 "jure their sins, by which means many become 
 
240 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, "perjured. They reprove those who assert, that he 
 " who breaks his promise or oath made to the Priest 
 
 " is guilty of seven perjuries. That all judges and 
 " princes are damned, and they declare, that male- 
 " factors ought not to be condemned; Rom. xii. 
 " f^engeance is mine, I will repay it, saith the Lord. 
 " Matth. xiii. Suffer them both to grow together till 
 " the time of harvest. They say, that all ecclesias- 
 " tical courts, held by Clergymen, are not maintained 
 " for the correction of evil doers, but for the profit 
 " which they bring along with them." 
 Hist. iEneas Sylvius gives us the following account of 
 
 P.V41" ^hc Waldenses of Bohemia, in his history of that 
 kingdom : " That the Pope of Rome is equal with 
 " other Bishops: that there is no difference amongst 
 " Priests : that priesthood is not a dignity, but that 
 "grace and virtue only give the preference: that 
 " the souls of the deceased are either immediately 
 " plunged into hell, or advanced to eternal joys : 
 " that there is no purgatory fire : that it is a vain 
 " thing to pray for the dead, and a mere invention 
 " of priestly covetousness : that the images of God 
 " and the saints ought to be destroyed : that the 
 " blessing of water and palm branches is ridiculous: 
 " that the religion of the Mendicants was invented 
 " by evil spirits : tliat priests ought to be poor, and 
 " only content themselves with alms: that every one 
 " has liberty to preach: no capital sin ought to be 
 220" tolerated upon pretence of avoiding a greater evil : 
 " that he who is guilty of mortal sin ought not to 
 " enjoy any secular or ecclesiastical dignity, or to be 
 " obeyed in any thing: that the confirmation which 
 " is celebrated with anointing, and extreme Unc- 
 " tion, is none of the sacraments of the Church : 
 " that auricular Confession is a piece of foppery: 
 " that every one in his closet ought to confess his 
 " sins to God: that Baptism ought to be celebrated 
 " without the addition of holy oil: that the use of 
 " churchyards is vain, and nothing but a covetous 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 241 
 
 "invention: that it is all one what ground dead chap 
 
 " bodies be buried in: that the temple of the great _____ 
 
 " God is the whole world, and that it is a limiting 
 
 " of the Divine Majesty, to build churches, monas- 
 
 " teries,and oratories, as if the DivineGoodness could 
 
 " more favourably be found in them than elsewhere: 
 
 " that the priestly vestments, altar, ornaments, palls, 
 
 " corporals, chalices, patins, and other vessels, are of 
 
 " no efficacy: that a Priest may in any place conse- 
 
 " crate the body of Christ, and give it to those who 
 
 " desire it, by reciting only the sacramental words : 
 
 " that it is in vain to implore the suffrages of the 
 
 " saints reigning with Christ in heaven, because they 
 
 " cannot help us : that it is to no purpose to spend 
 
 " one's time in singing and saying the Canonical 
 
 " Hours: that we are to cease from working ort no 
 
 " day except the Lord's day: that the holydays of 
 
 " saints are to be rejected; and that there is no merit 
 
 " in observing the fasts instituted by the Church." 
 
 I do believe that it is not too hard for any judi- 
 cious reader to consider, 1. The difference between 
 those accounts given by these authors : it is too sen- 
 sible not to be suddenly perceived. 2. That the 
 Dominican Friar has strangely increased the num- 
 ber of controversies, picking out all occasions to ex- 
 asperate his reader against them. 3. That he has 
 represented those controversies in a very scurrilous 
 manner, to make them the more ridiculous: from 
 which way we do confess that ^Eneas Sylvius was 
 very far. 
 
242 Remarks upon the 
 
 221 CHAP. XXIII. 
 
 Some instances of the arguments which the JVal- 
 denses of Bohemia waged in their disputes with 
 the Church of Rome. 
 
 JL he same Inquisitor, whose extract I have but 
 now given, gives us an account of the manner how 
 the Bohemians, who were a colony of the Waldenses, 
 managed their controversies with the Church of 
 Rome. I did not conceive it fitting to change any 
 thing in his style, nor to make my reflections on the 
 objections which he puts into their mouths ; it be- 
 • ing enough that I have given my reader notice, that 
 it is an Inquisitor that makes them speak so. 
 
 " The first error, saith he, of the poor of Lyons, 
 " who are also called Leonists, is, that the Church 
 " of Rome is not the Church of Jesus Christ, but 
 " an assembly of wicked men, and the whore that 
 " sits upon the beast in the Revelation. And that 
 " the Church of Rome ceased to be the true Church 
 " under Pope Sylvester, at which time it was poison- 
 " ed by temporal possessions and advantages. And 
 " that they are the Church of Jesus Christ, because 
 " they observe the doctrine of the Gospel and Apo- 
 " sties in their words and actions. 
 
 " To proceed to other of their errors : they con- 
 " temn all the statutes of the Church, and prove 
 " them to be null and void, from Scripture and rea- 
 " son. Levit. And Nadah and Abihu took their 
 " censers, and offered strange fire before the Lord, 
 " which he commanded them not. Now he offers 
 " strange fire, who observes or teacheth other tradi- 
 " tions contrary to the command of God, and such 
 " are all the traditions of the Church. Therefore, 
 " &c. they say, that the doctrine of the Gospel and 
 " the Apostles is sufficient to salvation, and that the 
 222" canons are mere traditions. Matth. PFhy do you 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 243 
 
 " transgress the command of God to establish your chap. 
 " traditions? ' ' ^^"^- 
 
 " They say, that the occasion of this their error 
 
 " is, because the statutes of the Church are burden- 
 
 " some and many, whereas those of Christ are few 
 
 " and easy. Acts, Now therefore why temjdye God 
 
 " to put a yoke upon the iiechs of the disciples, 
 
 " which neither we nor our Fathers were able to 
 
 " bear? And that the multiplying of precepts ne- 
 
 " cessarily causeth an implication of transgres- 
 
 " sions. Item, That those statutes of the Church, 
 
 " which belong to church lands and possessions, are 
 
 " directly contrary to the commands of God. Deut. 
 
 " The Priests shall have no inheritance with the 
 
 "people. Item, The laws of Christ are universal, 
 
 " and reach all those of the Church, particularly that 
 
 " of tithes, Deut. That the Eastern Church doth 
 
 " not regard the statutes of the Church of Rome. 
 
 " Item, That they who make them do not observe 
 
 " them; Matth. They bind heavy burdens on others. 
 
 " Item, That the statutes of the Church are often 
 
 " changed, as may be seen in the case of degrees of 
 
 " consanguinity ; whereas those of Christ do never 
 
 " change; Luke, But my words shall not pass away. 
 
 " That the Church ordains those things she thinks 
 
 " to be for her own advantage, as her immunity, &c.; 
 
 " that the laws of Christ are finite, whereas those of 
 
 " the Church are infinite. 
 
 " They declare the Pope to be head and ring- 
 " leader of all errors. The Prelates they call blind, 
 " and the Religious, Pharisees. They are of opin- 
 " ion, that all Clergymen that do not work for their 
 " living are guilty of sin ; and say they are full of 
 " pride, covetousness, envy. Of pride, because they 
 " love the uppermost seats, and to be called of men, 
 " Rabbi. Of covetousness, because they do all for 
 " filthy lucre sake; Jerem. From the least to the 
 " greatest of them, they run after covetousness. Of 
 " envy, because they alone will be masters ; Luke, 
 
 R 2 
 
244 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " Woe unto you, Scribes, for ye have taken away 
 ^^"^' " the key of knowledge. Wherefore they say, that 
 " every man, yea, and woman too, may preach ; 
 " Numb. Moses said, fVould to God that all the 
 " Lord's people ivere prophets. And the Apostle 
 223 a St. Paul, For ye may all prophesy one by one, that 
 " all may be edified. Luke, If these should hold 
 " their peace, the stones would cry out. Revel. Let 
 " him that hearts, say. Come. And because the 
 " Apostles themselves were laymen, therefore be- 
 " cause if a layman may preach for gain, much 
 " more may he preach for God. 
 
 " They declare also, that God alone is to be 
 " obeyed, and not the Prelates or Pope, They say, 
 " the Church is guilty of idolatry, by suffering such 
 " doctrines as these to be preached ; that the Pope is 
 " a God on earth, greater than men, equal with 
 " angels, and that he cannot sin. They reproach 
 " us for calling the Pope Father, and the Monks for 
 " calling their Abbots so ; Matth. Call ye no man 
 " father upon earth, for One is your Father, &c. 
 " They deny also, that they ought to be obeyed in 
 " whatsoever they command. They reject kneeling 
 " to Priests, alleging that of the angel forbidding 
 " John to kneel to him. 
 
 " They contemn the sacraments of the Church, 
 '' because of the undue and irreverent manner where- 
 " in they are celebrated by many Priests ; and be- 
 " cause they set them to sale, as also because of the 
 " wicked and scandalous lives of many Ministers. 
 " They declare the Pope and all Bishops to be mur- 
 " derers, by reason of the wars which they main- 
 " tain and stir up against Christians, Pagans, and 
 " Heretics : and they condemn those that preach up 
 " the holy ivar, because they say the Turks and 
 " Pagans ought not to be forced to embrace the faith 
 " by the sword, but to be allured by preaching. 
 
 " Some of them are in an error concerning Bap- 
 " tism, holding, that infants cannot be saved by it ; 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 245 
 
 " Matth. IVhosoever shall believe, and he baptized, chap. 
 
 • XXIII 
 
 " shall be saved: but an infant does not believe, 1 
 
 " therefore is not saved. Some of them do baptize, 
 " others use imposition of hands instead of baptism. 
 " And the occasion of this their practice is, because 
 " they say the godfathers do not understand the 
 " questions put to them by the Priest. 
 
 " They reject the Chrism ; they shght Confirm- 
 " ation ; yet some few amongst them do receive it, 
 " though they be fifty years of age. 
 
 " They find fault, that the Bishops only appro- 224 
 " priate Confirmation to themselves ; whereas the 
 " sacrament of the Lord's body, which is much 
 " more worthy, is permitted to Priests. 
 
 " They hold, that a Priest in mortal sin cannot 
 " give the Eucharist, because Uzzah was struck 
 " dead for touching the ark, and John durst not 
 " touch the Lord's head. They maintain, that a 
 " pious layman, yea, a woman, so she do but know 
 " the words, may give the Eucharist; and that tran- 
 " substantiation is not made in the hands of him 
 " that celebrates, but in the mouth of the worthy 
 " receiver; Psal. The Lord hath heard the desire of 
 " the poor. That which gave occasion to this their 
 " error is, because the Levites ministered the body 
 " of the Lord ; as Laurentius and Tharsinus, who 
 " suffered at Rome. Some also receive the Eucharist 
 " in any form ; some of wild grapes ; some of bread 
 " dipped in wine ; some take sorrel in a dish ; some 
 '* after they have cleansed their mouths communicate 
 " again; others receive it with vinegar; some keep the 
 " Eucharist in their cliambers and in their gardens, 
 " as in Bavaria. The Subdeacons also administer 
 " the Lord's body to the sick. A Deacon that hath 
 " been gaming or drinking all night has been known 
 " to celebrate the Eucharist the next morning in his 
 " shirt. Witness Goth, one of the arch-heretics, 
 " that the Eucharist has been seen to crawl with 
 " vermin, according to Zuvetch; witness the Monks 
 
 R 3 
 
246 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, " there. That they often trample under their feet 
 ^^"^- ^^ the body and blood of the Lord. That it is also 
 " received and handled amongst them by those who 
 " are unworthy, and public sinners, and denied to 
 " the worthy, as to nuns and widows, except some- 
 " times in the Lord's Supper. Also in the country 
 " it is seldom given by scholars without a price put 
 " upon it; the reason is, because the churches are 
 " let to the country curates at a dear rate, and the 
 " curates are not able to give it to the scholars with- 
 " out price. 
 
 *' They hold the Mass to be worth nothing, alleg- 
 " ing, that neither Christ nor his Apostles ever sung 
 " Mass : that Christ was only offered up once for all, 
 " whereas the Priest offers him up twice in one day : 
 225 « that it is only for gain that so many Masses are 
 " sung; Matth. Woe unto you that devour widows 
 " houses, under a pretence of long prayers. Item, 
 " Because they do not sing twice mattins or vigils. 
 " They hold them also guilty of sin who buy masses. 
 " They say, that the first mass of the new ininor 
 " Priest is of no more efficacy than the hundredth : 
 " the occasion of this their error is, because some 
 " preach, that a sinful Priest is as clean from all sin 
 " as an angel, by putting on his casula. Some feign 
 " to celebrate the Eucharist without the Canon. 
 " They call the church-music infernal melody, and 
 " that all is done for gain ; and that it is loss to men 
 " to be hindered from their work. They contemn 
 " canonical hours, and say, that one Pater Noster is 
 " better than the noise of ten bells. They hold all 
 " oblations to be of no use to the offerer, but only to 
 " those who receive them ; Luke, / will have mercy, 
 " and not sacrifice. That it is better to give to the 
 " poor, than to offer to the Priest. If that place be 
 " objected to them, Wlieii thou offerest thy gift at 
 " the altar, &c. they answer, that the word gft 
 " there is to be understood of an occasion, or a good 
 " work. The occasion that seems to have led them 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 247 
 
 " into this error is, because they see that the offer- chap, 
 
 " ings are ill spent by some : and they detract from ^^^^^- 
 
 " the Mass, because of the superfluous singing and 
 
 " tediousness of it, and because sometimes the Priest 
 
 " scolds whilst he is saying Mass, and being put into 
 
 " a passion, breaks off the Mass abruptly. They say, 
 
 " that the custom of buying masses is a kind of 
 
 " simony. Some call good customs lucriferous in- 
 
 " ventions ; and these they compel men to observe, 
 
 " as that which they vulgarly call Allwegen. 
 
 " Concerning the sacrament of Penance, they hold, 
 " that a Priest bound in mortal sin cannot absolve 
 " any, and that a pious layman can do it much bet- 
 " ter; for who can expect to be made clean by him 
 " who is filthy himself? Mai. / will curse your 
 " blessings. Luke, Physician, cure thyself'. Matth. 
 " Cast out first the beam that is, &c. Isa. The bed 
 " is too narrow, so that one of the two must needs 
 " tufnble down, and the cloak too sho7^t to cover both. 
 " By the bed they understand the soul ; by both the 
 " persons they understand God and the Devil. They 226 
 " hold, that a pious layman has power to absolve. 
 " That which a man has not, how can he give ? 
 " That therefore it is much better to confess to a 
 " good layman, than to a wicked Priest. The occa- 
 " sion of this their error is, because they see that 
 " sometimes a Bohemian Priest takes the confession 
 " of a German, whereas neither of them understands 
 " the other; and because sometimes the confession 
 " of ten persons is heard together; and sometimes 
 " confession is made by an interpreter, because, say 
 " they, public confession is made by the damned 
 " themselves : also because some say that confession 
 "avails nothing without offering a gift; and that 
 *' therefore they neglect to hear the confessions of 
 " the poor, which is a piece of Judaism. Also be- 
 " cause it is the property of godly souls to acknow- 
 " ledge themselves many times in fault, when they 
 " are not ; and that Priests do not compel mothers, 
 
 r4 
 
248 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " who do not see their sick infants die, to undergo a 
 J _" pubHc penance, which is used to be imposed for 
 
 " the most common sin ; and thus still crying, To- 
 " morrow, to-morrow, they run headlong into sin. 
 " And that they are forced many times to bear the 
 " burden of many of these penances, that they may 
 " be restored again to the communion of the Church, 
 " whereas indeed they never had lost or forfeited it. 
 " Item, Because they see that for manifest sins only 
 " pecuniary mulcts are imposed, and so no satisfac- 
 " tion is given to the Church ; so that the easiness 
 " of obtaining pardon becomes an argument to the 
 " sinner to sin on : because for secret sins they im- 
 " pose only such a number of masses. Item, Because 
 " some Confessors do indirectly betray their confes- 
 " sions, as by writing it down, that it may be read 
 " of others. Also a wife secretly procuring her own 
 " miscarriage, is sent to the Bishop, and being sus- 
 " pected, is worthily put to death. 
 
 " They condemn the sacrament of Marriage, say- 
 " ing, that it is a mortal sin to marry without the 
 " hope of children. Others of them look upon ma- 
 " trimony to be no better than fornication. The 
 " occasion of this their error is derived partly from 
 " marriage itself, because married persons neither 
 227" observe time, nor the bounds of matrimony; and 
 " partly from the Priests, because they compel 
 " chaste wives to seek their fugitive husbands 
 " through many countries, who yet are not bound 
 ** to cohabit with their husbands, except they please; 
 " and by this many of them are corrupted. Item, 
 " Because a bride that is a virgin is forbid entrance 
 " into the Church for eleven days, whereas she who 
 " has committed fornication is not so much as kept 
 " out one day. So in like manner, if she be brought 
 " to bed of a still-born child : whereas by the Ca- 
 " nons she may enter the Church the first day after. 
 " Item, Because some preach, that a woman dying 
 " in childbed is damned ; because they deny the 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 249 
 
 " blessing to poor women that have nothing: to chap. 
 " offer at their churching ; and that they who are 
 " ready to be brought to bed are forced to sin, and 
 " so miscarry. 
 
 " They say, that the sacrament of extreme Unc- 
 " tion is the highest pride. The occasion hereof is, 
 " because this sacrament is given to none but those 
 " who can well pay for it ; and the multitude of 
 " Priests is the cause of that : and though it be ho- 
 " nourable to bring in more Priests, yet extreme 
 " Unction, as well as Baptism and Confirmation, are 
 " always administered only by one. Item, Because 
 " some preach, that this sacrament ought not to 
 " be administered to any, except they be at least 
 " worth two cows ; which is a great scandal to the 
 " poor. And because they say, that twelve lights 
 " are necessary at the celebrating of extreme Unc- 
 " tion, whereas one light is accounted sufficient at 
 " the celebration of the Eucharist, which is the most 
 " worthy sacrament of all. 
 
 " They say, that the sacrament of Order is of no 
 " use, because the Apostles were laymen ; and that 
 " Christ never gave them either rochets, mitres, 
 " hoods, rings, or any other ornament. They deride 
 " tonsure, because the Apostles knew nothing of it. 
 " The reason which they go upon is, because such 
 " who are unworthy both as to their life and know- 
 " ledge, and bastards, are advanced to orders and 
 " dignities, scandalizing the Church of God both by 
 " their word and example. 
 
 " They say likewise, that the Church has greatly 228 
 " erred in forbidding the Clergy to marry, because 
 " as well the old Law as the Gospel do allow of it ; 
 " and by their winking in the mean time at forni- 
 " cation. Item, By her advancing of bastards to the 
 " highest promotions in the Church. Item, Some 
 " say, that whatever those who have vowed chastity, 
 " above the girdle, do by kissing, feeling, words. 
 
250 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. « pressing of the breasts, embraces, is all done in 
 
 XXIII. tr 1 •■ 
 
 " chanty. 
 
 They contemn excommunication, and say, that 
 " it is nothing else but cursing. Gen. He ivho curseth 
 " thee shall he cursed, &c. Eccles. When a wiched 
 " man curseth the Devil, he curseth his own soul: 
 " wherefore if he curseth a man, he curseth himself. 
 " Cursers and evil-speakers shall not inherit the 
 " kingdom of God. Some say, an unjust excom- 
 " munication doth stand good. Item, Whenever 
 " there is an interdict, the heretics rejoice, because 
 " then they have an opportunity to corrupt Chris- 
 " tians, and make them undervalue the worship of 
 " God. That it is an ungodly thing to vex and punish 
 " the innocent, by denying them the sacraments, 
 " for the sins of others : that by this means the 
 " praise of God and of the court of heaven is taken 
 " away, and the souls in purgatory are deprived of 
 " the suffrages of the Church, and the devotion of 
 " living believers lessened ; and therefore they say, 
 " that then tenths ought not to be paid. The oc- 
 " casion of this their error is, because excommuni- 
 " cations are multiplied upon any slight occasion, 
 " as, for the tenth penny; or if a man doth not 
 " come to church, in these and such like cases 
 " persons are excommunicated without any lawful 
 " order, and afterwards are again admitted to com- 
 " municate without foregoing absolution ; by which 
 " means he who gives the sacrament, as well as the 
 " excommunicated person, and the people, are in 
 " danger. 
 
 " They hold, that tithes ought not to be given, 
 " because they were never given in the primitive 
 " Church ; and that if tithes ought not to be re- 
 " ceived, neither ought they to be paid. If you say, 
 " that they ought to be given, because the Jews 
 229 « gave them, by the same reason all other legal 
 " constitutions are to be observed. They allege also, 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 251 
 
 " that there are but few countries, though governed chap. 
 
 • Will 
 
 " by Roman law, where tithes are paid. They say, _J '_ 
 
 " it is sin to pay tithes ; and that laymen who re- 
 " ceivc tithes do sin likewise, because they are so 
 " wickedly spent. They say, that the Clergy and 
 " Priests ought to have no propriety or possessions : 
 " Deut. Neither priests tier Levites, nor any that 
 " are of the trihe of Levi, shall have any inherit- 
 " ance with the people of Israel, because the sacri- 
 ^^Jices are their portion. Acts, And they called no- 
 " thing their own, of all that they possessed, hut 
 " they had all things common. They do not believe 
 " indulgences ; Luke, Tf^ho can forgive sin, save God 
 " alone P They despise the Church absolutions, and 
 " do not mind irregularity, nor have they any faith 
 " in the Church's dispensations. That which -led 
 " them into this error was the multiplying of indul- 
 ** gences, and because future punishment is bought 
 " off by the people ; which they do not believe. 
 
 " They despise the feasts of the Church, saying, 
 " that one day is like another. If it be objected to 
 " them, that God has commanded the seventh day 
 " to be sanctified ; they answer, that if for that rea- 
 " son the Sabbath-day is to be kept, that circum- 
 " cision is to be kept for the same reason. 
 
 " They took offence at them, because there are no 
 " less than an hundred and twenty holydays in a year; 
 " because some say, that the feast of Easter and 
 " Pentecost are the feasts of St. Stephen and St. 
 " John : because fairs are kept on holydays : be- 
 " cause holydays are transferred to Sundays for gain : 
 " because tailors and carriers are suffered to work 
 " then : because there be too many holydays, trans- 
 " lations, inventions, and octaves, so that there is 
 " scarce a week which has not two or three of them : 
 " because they are introduced only for gain, which 
 " is a great scandal to the people : because work- 
 " men, by being hindered from their work, do 
 " thereby fall to poverty: because on those days 
 
252 Remarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP. " more sins are committed than any other: because 
 ^^" ' " the primitive Church had very few feasts ; whcre- 
 
 " fore also they secretly work on those days. 
 230 " They despise the fasts of the Church ; for on 
 " Good Friday they eat flesh ; The kingdom of God 
 " is not 7neat, &c. Isaiah, Is this the fast that 
 " I have chosen? Corinth. Let not him that eats 
 " not, judge him that eats. The ground of their 
 " error was, because poor men and labourers are 
 " obliged in Lent to fast with bread and water; and 
 " also, because they can get no work, upon the ac- 
 " count of these days of abstinence. 
 
 " The material edifice of the church they esteem 
 " to be no better than a barn, and nickname it com- 
 " monly the stonehouse ; Acts, God doth not dwell 
 " in temples made with hands: and that prayers 
 " made in them are of no more eflficacy than if they 
 " were made in any other house ; Luke, But thou, 
 " ivhen thou pr^ayest, enter into, &c. John, Neither 
 " in this mountain nor at Jerusalem shall ye wor- 
 " ship, &c. Acts, Lifting up pure hands in all 
 " places. The occasion of their mistake was, be- 
 " cause the Church makes men carnal ; it being a 
 " place of their acting in masquerade, and making a 
 " shew with their fine clothes. 
 
 " They contemn the dedication of churches : they 
 " call the altar an heap of stones ; and that it is a 
 " piece of wastefulness to let cloth rot upon stones. 
 " The occasion ; the prodigious expenses laid out 
 " upon churches, which might with far greater profit 
 " be bestowed upon the poor : Matt. Do you see all 
 " these buildings? there shall not be left a stone, &c. 
 " As also, because some set up taverns in the church ; 
 *' and because some say, that as oft as a man goes 
 " round the church, so many mortal sins are for- 
 " given him. Also because some say and preach, 
 " that to frequent a strange church is a committing 
 " of adultery: that it is better to preach in a stable 
 " than in the church. The ornaments of the church 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 253 
 
 " thev sav are sinful, and that it is better to clothe chap. 
 
 " the poor than to hang walls. The corporal, they '_ 
 
 " say, is no better than the cloth of their breeches. 
 " Concerning lights in the church, they say, that 
 " God, who is the true light, doth not stand in need 
 " of light; and that the cup used in the Sacrament 
 " doth not diifer from a common household cup, 
 " because formerly they made use of glass chalices. 
 " They reject censings : they value holy water no 231 
 " more than common water : images and pictures, 
 " they say, are idolatry; Exod. xx. Thou shall not 
 " 7na]{e to thyself any graven image, &c. These 
 " errors arose from the scandal which they took at 
 " the horrid wooden images and pictures which they 
 " daily saw, and which, in their opinion, rather 
 " strike a man with horror than devotion. They 
 *' deride church-music, saying, that virtue and effi- 
 " cacy is in words, and not in the melody. This 
 " sprung originally from the tedious and superfluous 
 " singing in churches. They mock at the cries and 
 *' shouts of the people. They contemn processions, 
 " because of the follies that are acted at them. 
 
 " They believe no saints, besides the Apostles, and 
 " such as are mentioned in the Gospels or Acts of 
 *' the Apostles ; they call upon no saint, no, not the 
 " blessed Virgin, but God alone. This proceeded 
 " from the many false saints, as Vivianus and others, 
 " whose names, lives, and merits, are unknown. 
 " They shew no respect to spring, as in Drozo, 
 " where the Priest baptizeth the crucifix in the 
 " spring, and the people offer to the spring. Item, 
 " Holy trees, as those of St. Christopher, and the 
 " air in the fields. Item, They deride the names of 
 " the saints, as Erhardo, honouring them with ob- 
 " lations. Item, Because no devotion is expressed 
 " to the saints of the Old Testament: because the 
 " honour which ought to be given to God, is more 
 " exhibited to creatures than to God alone. Thus 
 " some fast every Wednesday in honour of St. Ni- 
 
254 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " cholas, who do not fast on Friday in honour of 
 ^^ ■ " God; and so likewise when St. Nicholas is named. 
 
 " all sigh ; whereas when Jesus Christ is named, all 
 " hold their peace. They give no credit to the 
 " legends and sufferings of the saints. This arose 
 " from the contradiction about Constantine's bap- 
 " tism, and many things altogether incredible, as in 
 " the legend of St. Margaret and Juliana, and the 
 " Seven Sleepers. They do not believe the miracles 
 " of the saints. This incredulity was occasioned by 
 " the many false miracles, as oil, blood, tears of 
 " images, and heavenly light. And by reason of 
 232" those hypocrites, who are commonly called Sterzet, 
 " who, pretending themselves to be afflicted with 
 " divers sicknesses, declare they are suddenly re- 
 " covered. 
 
 " They give no credit to the relics of saints. This 
 " was occasioned by the false relics which some 
 " carry about, as the milk of the blessed Virgin, 
 " who with a small quantity of milk suckled our 
 " Saviour, and a salamander for the garment of the 
 " blessed Virgin, and the sweat of Christ, and the 
 " membrane in which our Saviour was wrapt, and 
 " the relics of angels. Likewise because one of 
 " these relicmongers boasted, that he could make 
 *' what saints he pleased; and being asked how, 
 " answered, that he often took the bone of an ox, 
 " and sawed it into small pieces, which he wrapt up 
 " in purple, writing about them the names of what 
 " saints he pleased : and because they baptize the 
 " milk of the blessed Virgin, and then give the 
 " water to drink. Item, Because they make mer- 
 " chandise of them, and are often eaten by mice ; 
 " which thing was related to the people by this 
 " Priest, and the people much scandalized thereat. 
 " Because several churches quarrel and dispute 
 " about the bodies of saints, each maintaining that 
 " they have them, as about the body of St. Mark, 
 " St. Vitus, and the rest. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 255 
 
 " They abhor the holy cross, because of Christ's chap, 
 " suffering thereon. Their aversion seems to have ^^"^- 
 " been taken from the sermons of those who main- 
 " tained, that the cross being taken away from 
 " Christ, returned of itself. They say, that the 
 " wood of the cross is no more than other wood : 
 " they do not arm themselves with the sign of the 
 " cross. They set no value upon the sepulchre of our 
 " Lord, nor of the saints ; Matth. Woe to you, Pha- 
 " riseeS) for ye build the sepulchres of the pro- 
 " phets. They despise church burial, for they would 
 *' rather choose to be buried in a field than in a 
 " church-yard, but that they stand in fear of the 
 *' Church. Their reason for this opinion is, because 
 " those who die without contrition are buried there, 
 " and they who kill themselves; and on the contrary, 
 " many times church burial is denied to those who 
 '^ die truly contrite : because money is demanded 
 " for every one, even for infants, who do not stand 
 " in need of any suffrages, and for lepers : because 
 " some saints were formerly buried in gardens, as 233 
 " our Saviour; some in their own houses, some in 
 " the water, as St. Clemens. They reject the watch- 
 " ing with the dead, because of the follies com- 
 " mitted on those occasions; because the laws of 
 " the Church, from the beginning of the world, and 
 " the ecclesiastical canons, do allow every man to 
 " choose his burying-place where he pleaseth ; be- 
 " cause many quarrels and contests arise about 
 " dead bodies, and frequent scandals both to be- 
 " lievers and unbelievers. They condemn all pil- 
 " grimages, because of those many abuses which 
 " they have given occasion to, as, that many women 
 " who go on pilgrimages have been debauched by 
 " the way; and because of the false and counterfeit 
 " pilgrims, which they call Stezzar. /jfe7?z, Because 
 '' they say, that Christ and his Apostles built his 
 ^' Church on the waters, and that to pilgrims all sins 
 " are forgiven, as much as in Baptism. 
 
256 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " They deny purgatory, and maintain that there 
 XXIII. li ^j.g only two ways, the one of the elect to heaven, 
 
 " the other of the damned to hell ; Which way so- 
 " ever the tree falls ^ there it lies. They say, that 
 " neither masses, nor anniversaries, nor offerings, 
 *' nor other suffrages, are of any profit to the souls 
 " of the deceased, but that they are only done for 
 *' the gain that comes by them to the Priests. To 
 ** that place in the Corinth. If any huild hay or 
 " stubble, he shall be saved, but so as by fire; they 
 " answer, that hy fire there, is to be understood the 
 " fire of tribulation and affliction. St. Aust. He who 
 " prays for his mother, does his mother an injuri/ ; 
 " therefore he who causeth masses to be said for 
 " his children, or prays for them, does rather injure 
 '' than benefit them. If a man be good, he stands 
 " in no need of any suffrages ; if wicked, they can 
 *' do him no good ; John, / pray for them, not for 
 " the world; that is, for worldly men. Now if we 
 '^ be not to pray for them whilst they are alive, much 
 " less when they are dead. They say, that the 
 " prayers of a good layman are of more profit than 
 " those of a wicked Priest ; and that one Lord's 
 " Prayer is of greater efficacy than many masses; 
 234 " John, PVe know that God does not hear sinners. 
 " Isaiah, When you multiply your prayers, I will 
 " not hear. Greg. Cum is quibus displicet ad in- 
 " tercedendum mittitur, reati animus ad deteriora 
 " provocatur. 
 
 " They say, that Latin prayers can be of no ad- 
 " vantage to laymen. They hold three errors about 
 '^ purgatory : the first is, that no sin is venial, but 
 " all are mortal; the second is, that when the sin is 
 " forgiven, the punishment is also remitted; whence 
 " men take an occasion of sinning more freely, and 
 " making void the sacrament of Penance. Matth. 
 " Repent. Luke, Bring forth fimits meet for re- 
 " pentance. The third error is, that intercessions 
 " are unprofitable. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 257 
 
 ** They condemn judges and princes, saying, that chap. 
 " malefactors ought not to be condemned. Matth. ^^'^'- 
 " Judge not, lest ye he judged, &c. Genes. He that 
 " sheds mans blood, hy man his blood shall be shed. 
 " Exod. Thou shall not kill. Matth. Put up thy 
 " sword in the sheath, Jor he who smites with the 
 " sword, &c. Matth. in the parable of the tares, 
 " Suffer both of them to grow together till the har^- 
 " vest. They seem to have been led into these 
 *' mistakes, because judges and princes are ge- 
 " nerally unjust and tyrants; and because justice is 
 '* set at a price in ecclesiastical as well as other 
 " courts of judicature. Isai. ff^oe unto you that 
 "justify the wicked for a reward, and turn away 
 " the 7^ighteousness of the righteous; they do not 
 "judge the fatherless , and the cause of the widow 
 " will they not hear. 
 
 " They say, that to swear is a mortal sin. Matth. 
 " But I say unto you. Swear not at all, neither by 
 " heaven, for it is God's throne, &c. but let your 
 " discourse be Yea, yea ; and Nay, nay. The fre- 
 " quent and continual swearing, upon the slightest 
 " causes, has given occasion to this error ; as also 
 " because heretics by this means fall into perjury. 
 " They who never swear are like the Devil, of whom 
 " we do not read that he ever swore." 
 
 These are the errors which he attributes to the 
 Waldenses of Bohemia, many of them by mere ca- 
 lumny, some others by an ill construction of their 
 doctrine, as our writers Perrin and Usserius have 
 demonstrated. 
 
 As to their conduct, he gives this account of 23 5 
 them : " Heretics are known by their manners 
 " and words; for they are orderly and modest in 
 " their manners and behaviour ; they avoid all pride 
 " in their habits, as wearing neither very rich clothes, 
 " nor over mean and ragged ones. They keep up no 
 " commerce or trade, to avoid lies, swearing, and 
 " deceit, but only live by the labour of their own 
 
 s 
 
258 Remarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP. " hands, as handicraftsmen and day labourers ; and 
 _1___" their teachers arc weavers and tailors. They do 
 
 not heap up riches, but are content with neces- 
 " saries. They are also very chaste. They are spar- 
 " ing and very temperate in eating and drinking ; 
 " thev do not frequent taverns or alehouses, neither 
 " do they go to balls or other vanities. They abstain 
 " from anger. When they work, they either learn 
 " or teach ; and therefore pray but little. They hy- 
 " pocritically go to church, offer, confess, communi- 
 " cate, and hear sermons, to catch the preacher in 
 " his words. In like manner also their women are 
 " very modest, avoiding backbiting, foolish jesting, 
 " and levity of words, and especially abstaining 
 " from lies and swearing; not so much as making 
 " use of the common asseverations. In truth, For 
 " certain, or the like, because they look upon these 
 " to be oaths. They seldom answer directly to the 
 " questions demanded of them. So if you ask them, 
 " Are you acquainted with the Gospel or the Epi- 
 " sties? they answer, Tf^ho should have taught me 
 " them ? Or else. These are for them to learn who 
 " are of a great and deep understanding, or those 
 " who are fit for such things, and have leisure for 
 " them. They commonly say only, l"e«,i/e<7; A^o, wo; 
 " and say. This is lawful for them, because Christ 
 " said to the Jews, Pull down this temple, though 
 " he meant it not concerning Solomoiis temple.'^ 
 
 The manners and behaviour of the Waldenses is 
 as follows : " They kneel down upon the ground, 
 " before a bench, or such like, and continue thus in 
 " all their prayers in silence, as long as one might 
 " repeat a Pater Noster thirty or forty times, and 
 " conclude their prayers by repeating the word 
 " Amen several times. And this they do every day 
 " very reverently, amongst those of their own per- 
 23o« suasion, without the company of any strangers, 
 " before noon, after noon, and at night when they 
 " go to bed ; and in the mornings when they rise 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 259 
 
 ' out of bed : besides some other times as well in the ch a p. 
 ' day, morning and at night. They say, teach, nor ' 
 ' have any other prayer besides Our Father. They 
 ' do not look upon the salutation of the angel to be 
 ' a prayer^ nor the Apostles' Creed; and say, that 
 ' these were introduced by the Church of Rome, 
 ' not by Christ. However they have drawn up a 
 ' short draught of the seven articles concerning the 
 ' Godhead, and as many concerning the human 
 ' nature, the Ten Commandments, and the seven 
 ' works of mercy, which they say and teach, and 
 ' boast much of them, and readily offer themselves 
 to answer any one that demands of them a reason 
 ' of their faith. Before they set themselves down 
 ' to table, they bless it, saying. Bless the Lord. 
 ' Lord have mercy upon us, Christ have mercy upon 
 ' us, Lord have mercy upon us. Our Father, &c. 
 
 * After which, the eldest of the company saith in 
 ' the vulgar tongue, God, who blessed the Jive 
 ' barley loaves and two Jishes in the desert before 
 
 * his disciples, bless this table, and that ivhich is 
 
 * upon it, and which shall be set upon it, (and 
 ' then make the sign of the cross,) in the name of 
 ' the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Amen. And 
 ^ when they rise from table after dinner or supper, 
 'they give thanks in this manner; the eldest 
 ' amongst them in the vulgar tongue repeating the 
 ' doxology set down in the Revelation ; Blessing, 
 ' and glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, honour, 
 ^ power, and might, be ascribed to God alone, for 
 ' ever and ever. Amen. And then adds, God 
 ' render a good reward and a plentiful return to 
 ' all those ivho are our benefactors ; and the God 
 ' ivho hath giveti us corporal food, vouchsafe us also 
 ' the life of' the Spirit ; atid God be with us, arid 
 ' tve with him always: and the company answer, 
 ' Amen. Also when they bless the table, and when 
 
 they return thanks, they fold their hands together, 
 and lift them up towards heaven. And after din- 
 
 s 2 
 
26o Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " ner, when they have returned thanks, and prayed 
 
 _! _" as beforesaid, they preach, teach, and exhort ac- 
 
 " cording to their way and doctrine." 
 237 In the year of our Lord 139I, the 4th of Sep- 
 tember, were underwritten the errors of the sect of 
 the Waldenses. Then he gives an account of their 
 Ministers. 
 
 " First, Nicholas of Poland, the son of a husband- 
 " man ; Conrad of Saxony, of the town of Dubun, 
 " near Wisseburg, the son of a husbandman ; 
 " Walrick of Hardech, a tailor ; Conrad of Gamun- 
 " dia, of the county of Suabia, the son of a hus- 
 " bandman; Simon of Salig, an Hungarian, a tailor; 
 " Herannus of Mistelgen, a Bavarian, by his trade 
 " a carpenter ; John of Drena, a Bavarian, likewise 
 " a carpenter. These aforenamed are called amongst 
 " them apostles, masters, angels, and brethren." 
 
 Their life and conversation is thus : first, " they 
 " fast three or four days in a week, with bread and 
 " water, except they be obliged to work hard. After 
 " this they appear amongst those who are of the 
 " same faith with them, as their superiors. They 
 " pray seven times in a day. The eldest begins the 
 " prayer, and makes it either long or short, accord- 
 " ing as he thinks fitting, and the company goes 
 " along with him in his prayer. Their teachers go 
 " very meanly dressed ; they walk two and two toge- 
 ^' ther, an old man with a young man, wherever 
 " they go. They are very wary in their words, 
 " and avoid lies, oaths, and all filthy things; and in- 
 " form and exhort their auditory to do the same." 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 26 1 
 
 CHAP. XXIV. 238 
 
 Concerning the government of the Churches of the 
 IValdoises, and of the succession of their Min- 
 isters. 
 
 XF we had a well continued history of the Churches 
 of the Valleys, it would be easy for us to make it 
 appear, 1. That they have always exactly preserved 
 amongst them a church government, in the same 
 manner as it was established in the midst of the 
 eleventh century, after their separation from the 
 Church of Rome, which happened in the time of 
 Wido, Archbishop of Milan, in the year of our 
 Lord 1059, and that they distinguished their Clergy 
 into three orders, Bishops, Priests, and Deacons. 
 2. That their Ministers exercised these holy func- 
 tions, extraordinarily to the edification of their peo- 
 ple. 3. That it is not true, that they gave leave to 
 laymen to preach or administer the sacraments. 
 But we own it to be a difficult thing to set down the 
 succession of their Pastors, and to specify them by 
 name, the persecutions they continually lay under 
 having destroyed almost all their ancient records ; 
 in the mean time there are still some testimonies of 
 their adversaries remaining, which evidently prove 
 the first article. 
 
 First, Bernard, Abbot of Foncaud, in his treatise 
 against the sect of the Waldenses and Arians, chap. 
 6, accuseth only some of the Waldenses of having 
 no Pastors; which shews, that the body of that 
 Church had a fixed ministry before the end of the 
 twelfth century; and whereas elsewhere he chargeth 
 them with usurping the Church ministry, it is cither 
 a very false accusation, or which only respected 
 some of Peter Waldo's disciples, who, being dis- 
 persed by the persecution, thought themselves in 
 that state to have right to preach, and to opp(^e the 239 
 errors of the Church of Rome. 
 
 S3 
 
262 Remarks upon the 
 
 xxiV Secondly, Raynerus, who lived in 1250, doth 
 acknowledge, that they had their Bishops in Lorn- 
 
 Bib. Pat. hardy, cap. 5. Lomhardiam intr antes, visitant Epi- 
 
 Par. p. 7o2. ^.^^^^^, ^2^05 ; "When they come into Lombardy 
 " they visit their Bishops." Matthew Paris, ad ann. 
 1243, speaks of a Bishop of the Paterines in Cre- 
 mona, who was deposed by them for fornication. 
 
 Var.p,223.Pilickdorph, whom the Bishop of Meaux quotes, 
 shews, that they did not approve of a layman's ce- 
 lebrating the Eucharist, chap. 1. which sufficiently 
 proves, that they made a signal diiference between 
 the Clergy and the people ; and that it is absolutely 
 false, that they were only a company of laymen, who 
 took to themselves the power of preaching and ad- 
 ministering the sacraments, though nothing be more 
 obvious in the writings of their adversaries than this 
 charge. 
 
 If we cast our eyes upon the colonies they have 
 sent to several places, we shall find the same disci- 
 pline in use amongst them. Thus we see that in 
 the kingdom of Naples they had a superior, who 
 conferred Orders in the city of Aquila. We find the 
 
 Legt.2. same thing in Bohemia, in the Confession of Faith 
 they presented to Uladislaus, p. 836. Ordinandi ma- 
 joribus aut minoribus ordinibus, promovendi vita 
 virtuosa, in Christi Jide, &c. The same is observed 
 in an ancient abridgment of the opinions of the 
 Waldenses, recorded by Wolfius, Led. Memor. ad 
 ann. 1 l6o. p. 380: " They absolutely deny the Pope's 
 " primacy over all Churches, and more especially his 
 " power over all policies, that is, his power of both 
 " swords ; neither do they hold, that any other or- 
 " ders ought to be retained in the Church, but those 
 " of Priests, Deacons, and Bishops." Guido Carme- 
 lita attributes to them the same discipline, according 
 to the report of Alphonsus a Castro, lib. 11. p. 337. 
 And we find the same in Claudius Seysselius ad- 
 versus Error es Waldensium, fol. 10. " Those whom 
 " they judge to be the best amongst them, they 
 
 p 
 
 22. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 263 
 
 " appoint to be their Priests, to whom, upon all chap. 
 
 " occasions, they have recourse, as to the vicars and _J _1 
 
 " successors of the Apostles." 
 
 We find their close adhering to this ancient con- 240 
 stitution, from the history of Commenius, w^ho was 
 the only survivor of all the Bishops that escaped 
 from the Bohemian persecution, in the history he 
 has published concerning them, taken out of the 
 Annals of that country, which he had saved from 
 the fire, and which he carefully preserved at Am- 
 sterdam : in p. 70, and the pages following, he tells 
 us, that the believers of Bohemia and Moravia, who 
 had separated themselves from the communion of 
 the Papists and Calixtines, having created three 
 Pastors from amongst themselves, found themselves 
 greatly perplexed about their ordination ; but having 
 understood that there were Waldcnses dwelling in 
 the confines of Moravia and Austria, to the end they 
 might fully satisfy the scruples, as well of their own 
 consciences as of others, as well for that time as for 
 all time to come, they resolved to send Michael 
 Zambergius, one of their Pastors, (who formerly 
 had received his orders from the Bishop of Rome 
 himself,) with two others, to find out these Waldcn- 
 ses, and to give them an account of what passed 
 amongst them ; but above all, to ask counsel of 
 them, concerning what they had to do in the matter 
 they were scrupulous about : that they met with 
 one Stephen, a Waldensian Bishop, who sent for 
 another, and some Ministers, in the presence of 
 whom he made it appear to these deputies of Mo- 
 ravia and Bohemia, that his doctrine, as well as that 
 of all other Waldenses, was the same that was in the 
 time of Constantine : that the said Bishop explained 
 to them their several articles, and related to them 
 the horrible persecutions which his fellow-brethren 
 had endured in Italy and in France ; and that finally 
 the said Stephen, with the other forementioned, 
 conferred the vocation and ordination upon the said 
 
 s 4 ■ 
 
264 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, three Pastors that were sent to them by the impo- 
 ^^ • sition of hands, with power and authority to create 
 others, as there should be occasion : that from that 
 time those of Bohemia and Moravia desired to unite 
 themselves into one body with the same Waldenses ; 
 whence it came to pass, that they themselves were 
 afterwards called Waldenses. And, page 75, he fur- 
 241ther confirms, that the Churches of Bohemia and 
 Moravia did never deny, but that they had received 
 the authority of laying on of hands, and external 
 succession, from the Waldenses. 
 
 The said Commenius, who published the Disci- 
 pline of the Churches of Bohemia in l644, gives us 
 this account of the matter in the preface to his book : 
 " It is evident from history, godly reader, that the 
 " Bohemian nation, after that they above two 
 " hundred years ago had been happily enlightened 
 " with the light of the Gospel, by the ministry of 
 " John Huss, and Jerome of Prague, were by the 
 " deceit of Satan again enticed to the obedience of 
 " the apostate see, (only reserving to themselves 
 " the cup, and some other superficial,) viz. in the 
 " Council of Basil, ann. 1433. The city Tabor only, 
 " grieving to see the lighted candle thus hid under 
 " a bushel, opposed themselves, for many years, de- 
 " fending the purity of their doctrine, and their con- 
 " stancy in the faith, with their swords, till at last 
 " they also were partly circumvented by fraud, and 
 " partly oppressed by violence. Whereupon all those 
 " who were yet left of Huss's followers, being in- 
 " flamed with a divine zeal, took courage, and sepa- 
 " rating themselves from the Calixtines, or pretended 
 " Hussites, in the year 1457, they happily set up 
 " distinct meetings in several places, supported only 
 " by the Divine assistance, as also a distinct con- 
 " sistory; for a little before those times, some part 
 " of the Waldenses being driven out of France, came 
 " and settled themselves in the confines of Austria, 
 " with one or two of their Bishops, to whom these 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 265 
 
 " Bohemians sent deputies, who declared to them chap. 
 
 " their intention, desiring their counsel, and a ^^ ' 
 
 " Christian union with them : the Waldenses on 
 
 " the other hand commending their purpose, ad- 
 
 " vised them, that if they desired to have those 
 
 " assemblies that embraced the pure doctrine of the 
 
 " Gospel to be preserved from being dissipated, 
 
 " they ought to take care never to want faithful 
 
 " pastors. 
 
 '^ Wherefore that they ought not to expect till 
 " some who had their ordination from Rome, should 
 " by their love to truth be brought over to them, 
 "who might ordain pastors for them, but rather 242 
 " ordain them themselves, as occasion should offer. 
 " And forasmuch as the said Waldenses declared 
 " that they had lawful Bishops amongst them, and 
 *' a lawful and uninterrupted succession from the 
 " Apostles themselves ; they very solerrinly created 
 " three of our Ministers Bishops, conferring upon 
 " them the power of ordaining Ministers, though 
 " they did not think fit to take upon them the 
 " name of Bishops, because of the Antichristian 
 " abuse of that name, contenting themselves with 
 *' the name of Elders. As to their union with the 
 " Waldenses, before it could be brought about, 
 " the good Waldenses were again dissipated, their 
 " Bishop, Stephen, being burnt at Vienna." 
 
 The Bishop of Meaux touches upon this history, 
 and supposeth to have found in it an occasion of 
 triumph, as believing that it clearly proves, that the 
 Waldenses had no ministry at all, because they 
 were forced to take their ordination from the Church 
 of Rome. He observes, that they sent those whom 
 they designed to be Priests, to Popish Bishops, to 
 receive their ordination from them. But this indeed 
 proves just the contrary to what he pretends. 
 
 1. It appears from hence, that they made a great 
 distinction between the Ministers of the Gospel and 
 the rest of the people. 
 
266 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. 2. That they did not make use of the title of ne- 
 cessity. but in such circumstances as made out a 
 
 real necessity. 
 
 3. That though they highly declaimed against the 
 Church of Rome and its ministry, yet they never- 
 theless acknowledged, that the episcopal ministry 
 in her was lawful, if separated only from the cor- 
 ruptions wherewith it was stained. 
 
 However, this action, which seems so irregular, is 
 no stranger than that of the ancient believers of 
 Lombardy, in the time of Gregory I. who finding 
 themselves deprived of Ministers, by reason of the 
 243 Arian persecution, which had scattered them, betook 
 themselves to the Arian Priests to have their chil- 
 dren baptized, though in other places the validity of 
 the Arian ministry was so little owned, that they 
 rebaptized the children who had been baptized by 
 them. 
 
 Neither do I believe that the Bishop has cause to 
 reproach this poor people for their carriage in this 
 behalf, till after he shall have persuaded those of his 
 communion to abolish the custom they have at 
 Rome, to permit the Greeks, whom they have se- 
 duced, and bred up in their seminaries, to receive 
 their ordination from Greek Bishops, though they 
 account those Bishops both schismatics and here- 
 tics, and get themselves ordained by them, with de- 
 sign to oppose with all their might the Greek 
 Churches, from whence they receive their Orders by 
 the laying on of hands. 
 
 Lastly, This Order has continued until the year 
 p. 209. 1655, as we may see by the example of Leger, who 
 was Moderator of the Churches of the Valleys 
 twelve years. It appears from the history of Leger, 
 that the Moderator, who was during life, had power 
 to call synods, and to preside in them, and to cele- 
 brate the function of laying on of hands, p. 208. 
 And lastly, we may see a proof of what I say, in the 
 Churches of Bohemia and Moravia, who are a co- 
 
ancient Church of' Piedmont. 267 
 
 lony of the ancient Waldenses. See the account chap. 
 Commenius gives us in the year 1660, at which, 
 
 time he was one of their Bishops, in his preface to 
 the book of the Disciphne of Fratres Bohemi; and 
 see p. 167 and 168 of Leger. 
 
 As for the manner of their discharging the func- 
 tion of the ministry, we can sufficiently justify them, 
 if the testimony of their greatest enemies is worthy 
 of any consideration. 
 
 Here is the testimony that Peter Damiani gives I'-^Opu! 
 to the Clergy of the diocese of Turin, when he writes 
 to Cunibert, Archbishop of Turin. He owns, that 
 this Clergy was honest enough, and that they were 
 sufficiently brought up in learning; that when they 
 met with him, they seemed to be an angelic chorus, 
 a quire of angels ; and that they shined as a con- 
 spicuous senate of their Church. All that obliges 244 
 him to change this good opinion is only that he 
 was told those Clergymen were married. One can- 
 not enough admire the fury with which he aggra- 
 vates this pretended crime, neither the care he takes 
 to bear them down with the authority of some 
 Councils ; yet after all, he is forced to confess, they 
 defended themselves by the authority of the holy 
 Scripture, and they opposed Councils to Coun- 
 cils, whose authority he could not elude, but by de- 
 claring that he acknowledged none for Councils, 
 but those which agreed to the decrees of the Roman 
 Pontiffs. 
 
 It is an easy matter to reflect upon the vehement 
 accusations they constantly offered, since that time, 
 against the Romish Clergy, with respect to several 
 notorious crimes, in which they lived publicly, being 
 authorized in them by the public custom, or the 
 canons of this communion. Indeed they meet with 
 many proofs of it in the writings of their adver- 
 saries, who never were more weak than when they 
 undertake to repulse those reproaches offered to 
 them with so much confidence by the Paterines or 
 
268 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Waldenses. But one may be satisfied with the tes- 
 ^ timony Seissehus, one of the last of their adversarieSj 
 gives to them a Httle before the Reformation. 
 
 " They say," saith SeisseHus, fol. 14, " that we of 
 " the Roman Church open and point out a way to 
 " all manner of dissoluteness and lust ; they received 
 " the order of priesthood against their wills, and 
 " opposing themselves against it ; whereas we either 
 " buy our priesthood with money, or obtain it by 
 " force, or by the favour of some temporal prince, 
 " and other sinister ways, and for no other end but 
 " to satisfy our lusts, to enrich our relations, and to 
 " acquire worldly pomp and glory. Moreover, they 
 " spent their whole lives in manifold watchings, 
 " fastings, and travels, being neither affrighted with 
 " labours or dangers, that so they might point out 
 " the way of salvation to the flock committed to 
 " them ; whereas we spend all our time in idleness, 
 " lusts, and other earthly, yea, wicked and ungodly 
 " things. They wholly despising gold and silver, as 
 " they had freely received, did in like manner ad- 
 " minister the divine grace to others ; whereas we 
 245 " set all holy things, yea, the very treasures of God's 
 " Church, to sale. And in a word, (that I may not 
 " insist on all the particulars which, with a most 
 " most profligate confidence, they upbraid us with,) 
 " we confound all things, both human and divine ; 
 " insomuch, as that this Church of Rome cannot be 
 " called the spouse of Christ, but rather that whore, 
 " and open prostitute, whom Isaiah, Jeremy, Ezekiel, 
 " and John in the Revelation, have set forth in her 
 " colours." 
 
 This without doubt will be sufl^icient to prove, 
 that as they have preserved the faith that was com- 
 mitted to them ; so have they been as careful to 
 preserve entire amongst them the ancient discipline 
 of the Church, which was in use in those times, 
 which did most closely adhere to the observation of 
 the Canons. But I will go further yet, and evidence, 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 2Gg 
 
 1. That they derived this their ministry from the chap. 
 ancient Church of Italy. ^^^^- 
 
 2. That they never passed for laymen upon any 
 better ground than that of some ridiculous preju- 
 dices, tlie falseness of which the Church of Rome 
 doth at present acknowledge. 
 
 Whence it will follow, in the third place, that 
 nothing can be more false than what is pretended, 
 viz. that they had no kind of lawful ministry 
 amongst them, but that laymen took upon them 
 the power of preaching, of ordaining Ministers, and 
 administering the sacraments. 
 
 I say therefore, that these Churches had their 
 ministry from the ancient Churches of the diocese of 
 Italy. To make out this, we need only examine the 
 cause of the separation which the Popes were the 
 occasion of in this diocese, and the manner by which 
 it was eifected. It was a very ancient custom for 
 the Clergy to give some money for their ordinations ; 
 the Popes had for a long time paid a certain sum of 
 money for their instalment; and the eastern Patri- 
 archs in like manner; a custom confirmed by the 
 Novel 123.of Justinian, cap. 1. This custom reached 
 all the Bishops and Priests, yea, the very meanest 
 Clerks, who were obliged to pay a certain sum of 
 money to the Bishop that had ordained them, for 
 inserting their ordination in the registers of the 246 
 Church; as may be seen in the same Novel, chap. 3. 
 
 In process of time, when benefices were conferred 
 separate from ordination, the Bishops and laymen 
 that bestowed them introduced the custom of re- 
 ceiving considerable presents from those whom they 
 named to those benefices. The Popes, whose aim 
 was to get all benefices out of the hands of the lay- 
 men, laid hold on this favourable occasion to exe- 
 cute their design. The pretence was very specious : 
 they decried this custom for a real simony; yea, 
 they pushed the matter yet further, by defining it to 
 
2/0 Remarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP, be an heresy, and maintaining that such ordinations 
 ^^'^' were null and void. This is the notion Petrus Da- 
 mianus, Legate of Nicolaus II. gave publicly of 
 this matter in the diocese of Italy, by reordain- 
 ing, as if they had not been ordained at all, those 
 who confessed themselves to have been ordained 
 and admitted to their benefices after this manner : 
 yea, matters were carried to that height, that they 
 who were of the Pope's party trampled under their 
 feet the sacraments that were administered by 
 these simoniacs, to shew their zeal for the Pope's 
 definitions. 
 
 This is the first heresy the Popes formed by their 
 definitions. The second heresy the Popes made 
 bore the name of Nicolaitans : this heresy consisted 
 in owning that the Ministers of the Church might 
 be married, and that the celibacy which the Popes 
 at that time endeavoured to impose upon Ministers 
 was unjust and tyrannical, directly opposite to the 
 doctrine of the Gospel, and to the use of antiquity; 
 notwithstanding that nothing could be more impure 
 than the celibacy of Ecclesiastics was at that time, 
 insomuch that Petrus Damianus himself, who was 
 one of the great promoters of it, by the authority of 
 Pope Leo IX= was obliged to write a thundering 
 treatise against the sodomy of Ecclesiastics, which 
 then reigned in Italy, as it does still to this day. 
 But notwithstanding all this, the Popes prevailed so 
 against the western Churches, as to this point, that 
 in the end they in a manner wholly carried it. The 
 Clergy who refused to renounce their wives were 
 247 driven from their benefices ; and because they could 
 not wholly obtain their aim by temporal authority, 
 they employed their pretended spiritual one, by 
 darting out excommunication upon excommuni- 
 cation against all married Ministers, and forbidding 
 the people to own their ministry, and declaring the 
 sacraments administered by them to be null and 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 27 1 
 
 void, and in making them to be looked upon as chap. 
 mere laymen, notwithstanding they had the ordinary ^^^^' 
 vocation that was then to be had. 
 
 We may easily imagine how many scruples these 
 excommunications raised, which all of them return- 
 ed upon the Popes themselves. This we may ga- 
 ther from an answer writ by St. Bruno, Bishop of 
 Ast, which we find at the end of the Life of Leo IX. 
 writ by St. Bruno. The difficulty was this : " We 
 " have already told you, (saith he,) that even from 
 " the time of Leo, the Church was so corrupted, 
 " that scarcely was any one to be found, who was 
 " not either guilty of simony himself, or ordained by 
 ** those that were so. Wherefore also at this day 
 " some are found, who, arguing falsely, and not well 
 " understanding the dispensation of the Church, 
 " contend, that from that very time the true priest- 
 " hood has failed in the Church. For, say they, if 
 " all were such, that is, either guilty of simony, or 
 " ordained by those who were so, you who are now, 
 " whence came you, and by whom were you or- * 
 " dained ? You must needs derive it from them, for 
 " there was no other way; and if so, then they who 
 " have ordained us must have received their ordina- 
 " tion from them who were either simoniacs them- 
 " selves, or ordained by such." 
 
 This is the question to which we must endeavour 
 to give an answer. And how does he answer this 
 difficulty? 
 
 1. He supposeth that the simoniacs no more 
 than other heretics were able to confer the Holy 
 Ghost ; and that therefore those who were baptized 
 by them must again pass under the imposition of 
 hands, as if they had been baptized by Arians. 248 
 
 2. He maintains, that the sacraments conferred 
 by simoniacs are null and void, and embraceth the 
 opinion of those who in Gregory VIL's time ob- 
 stinately maintained this doctrine, in the case of 
 simoniacs and married Priests. 
 
2/2 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. 3. He asserts, that there were always some or 
 ^^'^' other that were not guilty of simony, though per- 
 haps it was not known. 
 
 Maurus Marchisio, Dean of Mont Cassin, makes 
 this observation upon the foregoing passage of St. 
 Bruno, in the last page of his second tome, Number 
 12. " You proceed (saith he) to the second reason 
 " of the deficiency of the book, which we endea- 
 *' vour to defend, which is concerning the sacra- 
 " ments administered by simoniacs and heretics, 
 " which the author maintains to be null and void, 
 " and therefore determines, that they are not to be 
 " looked upon as good and valid, but ought to be 
 " repeated. The author indeed confesseth, that 
 " some sacraments of simoniacs and heretics are 
 " valid, and need not to be repeated, to wit, those 
 *' which with a good intent are received from the 
 " hand of an unknown simoniac or heretic." By 
 which means he obviates the calumnies of some, 
 who, from this position, that the sacraments of si- 
 moniacs are void, would prove, that the priesthood 
 had failed in the Church ever since the time of 
 Leo IX. because, as he saith, in the life of the same 
 Leo, where he mentions this calumny, that there 
 was scarce one to be found in the Church who was 
 not either a simoniac himself, or ordained by such 
 as were : whence it followed, that if all simoniacal 
 ordination was void, that there w^as not one true 
 Bishop left in the Church that could confer good 
 and valid Orders, nor any Priest that was duly and 
 lawfully ordained: for they argued thus; If at the 
 time of Leo IX. all were either simoniacs or or- 
 dained by such, whence then are you who now are? 
 You must needs derive your ordination from these 
 simoniacs ; for there is no other way, for they who 
 249 ordained you were ordained by them. 
 
 Now, to answer this objection, St. Bruno was 
 unwilling to interrupt his narrative of the acts of 
 Leo IX. but promised to do it in a treatise apart, 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont . 273 
 
 which he accordingly made, and which we here chap. 
 
 endeavour to answer. Towards the end of this_J '_ 
 
 treatise he concludes, that these objectors were 
 mistaken, because at that time there were many 
 concealed simoniacs, of whom many received their 
 ordination with a good intent, whose ordination 
 consequently was not void, but valid. But he con- 
 cludes the contrary, concerning orders conferred by 
 a known simoniac; for those he maintains to be in- 
 valid, and that consequently they ought to be re- 
 peated. And such he supposeth that some (though 
 not all the) ordinations then were. 
 
 Now this, though it were written without all 
 doubt by the author, out of his great zeal against 
 the simoniacs, is not to be admitted, except only in 
 that sense wherein most laws declare simoniacal or- 
 dinations to be invalid. Which the doctors expound 
 concerning the nullity of ordination, as to the func- 
 tion and execution of those orders ; or as far as they 
 can be made void by the Church, by denying a law- 
 ful exercise of orders to a simoniac; or with respect 
 to right or jurisdiction, if the same be necessary to 
 any function; and that it doth appear, that the 
 Church was simoniacally robbed of the same; or 
 lastly, with respect to the obtaining of a benefice, 
 which the Church refuseth to allow as valid, if the 
 same be simoniacally procured. Suarez exactly 
 clears all these points, lib. de Simon, cap. 97- ^ 
 num.2; but that ordination, though simoniacally 
 conferred, and the Sacrament, though simoniacally 
 administered, in itself considered, is valid, is not at 
 all to be doubted of, as being at large confirmed, 
 not only by Suarez in the same place, num. 3. and 
 4. but also long since by Bernaldus Presbyter, in his 
 letter to Bernard, the master of the schools at Con- 
 stance, who was afterwards Monk of Corby in 
 Saxony, and was of the same opinion we here set 
 down: and the same was also the judgment of the 
 famous Guido, (of whom Baronius makes mention 
 
 T 
 
2/4 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, ad ann. 1022,) according to the testimony of the 
 ^' ' same Bernaldus, commending on the other hand 
 25oPetrus Damianus, who in his book, which he en- 
 titles GratissimuSy demonstrates, that ordination 
 may be conveyed by simoniacs and heretics, as well 
 as by others. 
 
 Thus we see what pains we must take to make the 
 opinions of the Popish Divines to accord with those 
 of our modern Schoolmen; and if one should endea- 
 vour to do it, yet will it be impossible to avoid the 
 consequences of those opinions. And indeed it was 
 only from the sequel of these opinions, which reigned 
 above two hundred years, that the Pope's creatures 
 have pretended, that those who had been deposed 
 in Italy by the unjust laws of Popes were become 
 laics, incapable of administering the sacraments, or 
 imposing of hands ; all this so extravagantly, that if 
 once we admit of these principles, it will follow, 
 first, that all those who were ordained by simoniacs 
 were never made Priests ; and that those who were 
 ordained by married persons did not receive any 
 sacred Orders : the first of these puts the Church 
 of Rome into a terrible condition ; for we defy the 
 most able of their doctors to make it appear that 
 their Popes were not simoniacs ; they who have had 
 a like ordination for divers ages, and holding it only 
 from the approbation of the Emperors, either of 
 the east or west„ The other is confounded by the 
 confession of the whole Church of Rome, who owns 
 the ministry of the Greek Church to be lawful, as 
 well as of other eastern Churches, where we know 
 that the Ministers have been married, and are so still. 
 However, thus much is evident, 1. That after the 
 separation of the diocese of Ital}^, the Bishops, 
 which Rome called heretics, because of their pre- 
 tended simony, and their being married, continued 
 still in the exercise of their functions, without 
 troubling themselves about the Papal definitions or 
 excommunications. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 275 
 
 2. That the reunion of the diocese of Italy with chap. 
 the Pope, about the year 1134, was at the best but ^'^^^' 
 very imperfect ; they of Milan bein^ very wavering, 
 
 as may be seen from the 131st epistle of St. Ber- 
 nard, who was the promoter of that reunion, in order 25 1 
 to advance the interest of the Emperor Lotharius 
 against Conrad, and those who took part with Con- 
 rad against Lotharius, and who continued in their 
 aversion to the other Papal errors. 
 
 3. That these ecclesiastics and people of Italy 
 being thus reduced to a contemptible condition, by 
 reason of their small number, in comparison of the 
 body of the diocese, continued in that separated 
 state, exercising their ministry as formerly they did. 
 
 4. That they who had embraced the Papal p^arty 
 looked upon them only as mere laics, who had no 
 authority either to preach the Gospel or administer 
 the sacraments. 
 
 5. That after once this charge had been advanced 
 against them, the same was obstinately carried on 
 and continued, upon very ridiculous prejudices, which 
 have been for a long time maintained by the great- 
 est of the Schoolmen; as Morinus proves in his De Sac. 
 treatise of Ordinations, though at length they have ^""g^p^^*"*' 
 thought fit to quit tliem. 5. c. 1. 
 
 6. That this charge was fortified by the joining 
 of some of Waldo's disciples with the Churches of 
 Italy, as I have made it appear by the treatise of 
 Bernard, Abbot of Foncaud. 
 
 I would conclude this chapter, if I were not aware 
 only of two or three objections that may be made 
 against what I have here alleged; and I think myself 
 bound to prevent them, because they seem to carry 
 some weight along with them. 
 
 The first is, that the Bishops of Italy, which by 
 the court of Rome were called schismatics, for their 
 adhering to the interest of the Archbishops of Milan, 
 were so far from espousing the opinions of Beren- 
 garius, that the Council of Brixia, which deposed 
 
 T 2 
 
276 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Gregory VII. in the year 1080, mentions this for 
 '^^^^^' one of the crimes whereof he was accused ; that he 
 was of Berengarius's opinion, as appears from the 
 writings of Cardinal Benno against Gregory VII. 
 and of Conradus Urspergensis. 
 252 The second is, that the question of schism being 
 terminated at Milan, by the mediation of St. Ber- 
 nard in 1134, we do not find that the Bishops of 
 Italy, or of Lombardy in particular, did continue 
 separate from the communion of Rome, it being on 
 the contrary very probable, that they were all of 
 them again reconciled to the same ; so that none of 
 them joined with the Paterines, or with those to 
 whom that name was given in the diocese of Italy. 
 
 It will be an easy matter to satisfy these objec- 
 tions. As for the first, I own that the Council of 
 Brixia accused Gregory VII. of Berengarianism ; 
 but I deny that those of the diocese of Italy con- 
 stituted the body of that council ; the greatest part 
 of those who assisted at it were Germans, who made 
 it their business to follow the footsteps of the Synod 
 of nineteen Bishops, which was held at Mentz the 
 year before upon the same account : neither can it 
 be looked upon as a strange thing, that their busi- 
 ness being to depose Gregory VII. who was the 
 great enemy of the diocese of Italy, they should all 
 of them equally concur, without opposition, to- have 
 him deposed, for several crimes mentioned in their 
 judgment passed upon him ; though some Italians 
 might at the same time believe, that he was un- 
 Praefat. ad justly accuscd of hcrcsy, for embracing the senti- 
 Determ^u.^ mcuts of Bcrcugarius, from which, as I have else- 
 decorpore where made out from his commentary upon St. 
 ChrL'tf. Matthew, he did not seem to be very averse. 
 
 Neither is the second difficulty any better ground- 
 ed. I know well, that after that reunion, the Popes 
 endeavoured to their utmost to engage the Bishops 
 of Italy to be of their party, as well as those of Mi- 
 lan, and other lords of the country, who began to 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 277 
 
 disown the power of the Emperors. But they who chap. 
 
 ■ • • • • XXIV 
 
 are versed in the history of those times may easily ______ 
 
 observe, that the council which condemned Beren- 
 garius had been very probably on purpose convened 
 at Verceil, in the diocese of Italy, because there were 
 many Bishops in that country of Berengarius's opin- 
 ion; Sigebert having taken notice that there were 
 many that pleaded for him, though the overswaying 
 number of his adversaries carried it at last. 
 
 They may conclude the same from the printed 253 
 account we have in the council, instead of the actsT.io.Conc. 
 of the Roman Council, in I079, under Gregory VII.^j'^3:J;'*^- 
 against Berengarius. This account we have also in 
 the Chronicle of Verdun, written by Hugo Flavi- 
 niacensis, which hath these words : Omnibus igi- 
 tur in Ecclesia servatoris congregatis, habitus est 
 sermo de corpore et sanguine Domini nostri Jesu 
 Christi. multis hccc. nonnullis ilia fpriusl ^ewiie/?^/- This word 
 
 , -myw • • ■ 1 J • prmsis not 
 
 bus. Maxima siquiaem pars panem et vinum joeriu the ms. 
 sacra oratioms verba et sacerdotis consecrationem, ?i, ^^- 
 
 1 11 ever 
 
 Spiritu Sancto invisibiliter operavite, converti sub- which is 
 stantialiter in corpus Dominicum de f^irgine ^^"ha^j'o/m 
 tum, quod et in cruce pependit, et in sanguinem qui L.BUhopof 
 de ejus latere fnilitis ejfusiis est lancea, asserebat,^°^^°^' 
 [atque authoritatibus orthodoxorum patrum tarn These 
 Grsecorum quam Latinorum modis omnibus defen-^ot'^iQ the 
 debat.] Quidam vero ccEcitate nimia et longa per- J^^s. 
 culsi ficruram tantum '^substantiale illud corpus iii^'^^eMS. 
 
 1 , , • 1 M. T T ' • adds atque 
 
 dexter a patris sedens esse, seque et alios decipien- ^nhst. 
 tes quibusdam cavillationibus conabantur adstruere. 
 Verum ubi coepit res agi, prius etiam quam tertia 
 die ventum fuerit in ^ St/nodo, defuit cotitra verita-^ ms. Sy- 
 tem niti pars altera, nempe Spiritus Sancti ignis^° "™' 
 '^ emolument a palearum consumens, et fulgore siwMS.eie- 
 Jalsam lucem diverberando obtenebrans noctis call- "^'^" ^' 
 ginem vertit in lucem. 
 
 This is the account of what was done in that 
 council ; and it appears from the MS. of the coun- 
 
 T 3 
 
278 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, oil which I have examined, that those who pub- 
 Hshed it have altered it just as they pleased them- 
 selves. 
 
 Now, whatever pains they may have taken in tViis 
 matter, yet it is manifest, first, that Berengarius was 
 not the first author of this opinion in Italy, from 
 whence the greatest part of those Bishops were 
 summoned to the council by Gregory VII. Se- 
 condly, That this council was at first mightily di- 
 vided, and that division lasted for two days, and 
 was not taken up till the third day. Thirdly, That 
 the word of long blindness, which the author of 
 this account speaks of, could not be referred to the 
 disciples of Berengarius, but to those who maintain- 
 ed the same doctrine with him in Italy, since the 
 contrary doctrine being set forth by Paschasius 
 Radbertus gave occasion to the division upon that 
 matter, of which Joannes Scotus's book, that was 
 burnt in Verceil, was an authentic testimony. 
 254 Moreover, they cannot be ignorant how that 
 diocese was laid waste by the forces of the Emperor 
 Frederick Barbarossa, which gave occasion to the 
 Clergy to enjoy a greater liberty in their opinions, 
 the four Anti-popes, who succeeded one another, 
 troubling themselves about little else but who 
 should have the mastery; and those who are look- 
 ed upon as the true Popes being not in a condition 
 to concern themselves with ought but what might 
 be for their own defence against the Anti-popes, 
 who were supported by that Emperor. 
 
 The third objection is this : that whatsoever has 
 been said, we cannot point to those precisely who 
 have succeeded to the Bishops, who separated them- 
 selves in this diocese of Italy from the communion 
 with the Popes, since the year 1134, when the 
 diocese of Milan was reconciled with them by the 
 endeavours of St. Bernard. 
 
 But yet, as I remarked before, this is very clear, 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 279 
 
 that there was nothing but an horrid disorder and chap. 
 confusion in that diocese, by the intrigues of the ^^^ ' 
 Popes, and by the resistance of the Emperors. 
 
 Whosoever will look only on the succession of 
 the Bishops of Milan, in those times, will meet with 
 so great uncertainty in their succession, many pre- 
 tending to the same title, that there was nothing 
 more common in that diocese, than questions upon 
 elections of Bishops, or other clergymen. 
 
 Those who, as Ughellus, look upon the confirm- 
 ation of the Pope as an essential thing to make an 
 election lawful, are forced to look upon many of the 
 Bishops of this diocese as intruders and schismatics, 
 that gave occasion to the Popes to declare these or- 
 dinations null and void, and to deprive them of the 
 name of Bishops, Priest, and Deacons. 
 
 As since that time those who favoured the Popish 
 interest declared war against those that were or- 
 dained against their consent, and had their ordin- 
 ation from those who were rejected by the Romish 
 party as heretics and schismatics ; we ought not to 
 be surprised, if when Rome considered them as lay- 
 men, they on the contrary may pretend to have a 255 
 true ordination of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons, 
 though in the consequence of time they thought 
 fit to conceal their titles, to avoid, as well as they 
 could, the hatred and persecution which those titles 
 brought upon them from the Church of Rome and 
 her Inquisitors. 
 
 It is known to all the world how careful the 
 abettors of the Roman party have been to destroy 
 the last monument of those Churches which they 
 reduced under their yoke. If we reflect upon Eng- 
 land onl}^, we shall have too sensible instances of 
 this care. 
 
 St. Asaph was Bishop of the church called by his 
 name, and St. Daniel was Bishop of Bangor ; we 
 know that these lived in the time of Austin the 
 Monk, and they do not doubt that they were two 
 
 T 4 
 
280 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, of the seven that opposed his usurpation; Bede, 
 _Ll_J_Hist. Eccles. ii. 2. But from that time till the 
 English Conquest, (which was above five hundred 
 years after,) they cannot find the name of any one 
 of their successors, nor any name of any one Church- 
 man in that diocese. The Bishop of Bangor cannot 
 name three of his predecessors in that time. But of 
 this we find sufficient proof, that all the records of 
 these churches were destroyed by the English at 
 the time of that conquest ; and we do not doubt 
 that they took especial care to extinguish all the 
 memory of these Bishops' opposition to Popery, 
 which we can plainly and certainly prove did not 
 prevail in that country till the Enghsh Conquest. 
 
 256 CHAP. XXV. 
 
 Concerning the persecutioiis ivhich the PFaldenses 
 have suffered since the eleventh century. 
 
 W E have given an account of the true rise of the 
 name of the Paterines and of the Waldenses ; but that 
 true original of the word was soon after thrust out by 
 another: for, before the end of the twelfth century, 
 the name Paterine passed for a word derived from 
 the Latin word pat't, because of the great sufferings 
 to which the believers of Italy found themselves ex- 
 posed by the violence of the Popes and Emperors, 
 who had abandoned their power to the Popes, to 
 exterminate and root out whatsoever opposed itself 
 against their authority. 
 
 And the same happened to the word f^allenses, 
 which signified no more than inhabitants of the val- 
 leys; which their enemies would needs derive from 
 Waldo, and which at last they imposed upon the 
 Vaudois, as living in the Valley of Tears, according 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 281 
 
 to the derivation which Everard of Bethune gives us chap. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 of that name. Indeed it must be acknowledged,, 
 that New Rome has carried the art of persecuting 
 much beyond any thing that Old Rome ever arrived 
 to, though she seemed to have attained the mastery 
 of that art, after the ten persecutions which she car- 
 ried on against the Christians. 
 
 To judge of this, we need only take notice of 
 some laws which have served for a rule to the per- 
 secutors, how they were to behave themselves there- 
 in. The first law I have here set down is equally 
 levelled against the Paterines and the Poor of Lyons, 
 maliciously confounding them with the Manichees, 
 that so they might appear the more execrable in 
 the eyes of the people. It was published by Pope 
 Lucius III. Cap. ad aholendam. 
 
 The Decree of Pope Lucius III. against heretics. 257 
 
 " To abolish the malignity of divers heresies, 
 " which of late time are sprung up in most parts of 
 " the world, it is but fitting that the power commit- 
 " ted to the Church should be awakened, that by 
 " the concurring assistance of the imperial strength, 
 " both the insolence and malapertness of the here- 
 " tics, in their false designs, may be crushed, and 
 " the truth of catholic simplicity shining forth 
 " in the holy Church, may demonstrate her pure 
 " and free from the execrableness of their false doc- 
 '' trines. Wherefore we, being supported by the pre- 
 " sence and power of our most dear son Frederick, 
 " the most illustrious Emperor of the Romans^ al- 
 " ways Increaser of the Empire, with the common 
 *' advice and counsel of our brethren, and other 
 " Patriarchs, Archbishops, and many princes, who 
 " from several parts of the world are met together, 
 " do set ourselves against these heretics, who have 
 " got different names from the several false doctrines 
 " they profess, by the sanction of this present gene- 
 *'■ ral Decree, and by our apostolical authority, ac- 
 
J 
 
 282 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " cording to the tenor of these presents, we con- 
 ______" demn all manner of heresy, by what name soever 
 
 " it may be denominated. 
 
 " More particularly we declare all Cathari, Pate- 
 " rines, and those who call themselves the Humbled, 
 " or Poor of Lyons, Passagines, Josephines, Arnold- 
 " ists, to lie under a perpetual anathema: and be- 
 ^ /' cause some under a form of godliness, but denying 
 y " the power thereof, as the Apostle saith, assume to 
 " themselves the authority of preaching, whereas 
 " the same Apostle saith, How shall they preach, 
 " except they be sent? we therefore conclude under 
 " the same sentence of a perpetual anathema all 
 " those who either being forbid or not sent, do not- 
 " withstanding presume to preach publicly or pri- 
 " vately, without any authority received either from 
 " the apostolic see, or from the Bishops of their re- 
 258"spective dioceses; as likewise all those who are 
 " not afraid to hold or teach any opinions concern- 
 " ing the sacrament of the body and blood of our 
 " Lord Jesus Christ, baptism, the remission of sins, 
 " matrimony, or any other sacraments of the Church, 
 " differing from what the holy Church of Rome doth 
 " preach and observe ; and generally all those whom 
 " the same Church of Rome, or the several Bishops 
 " in their dioceses, with the advice of their Clergy, 
 " or the Clergy themselves, in case of a vacancy of 
 " the see, with the advice, if need be, of neighbour- 
 " ing Bishops, shall judge to be heretics. And we 
 " likewise declare all entertainers and defenders of 
 " the said heretics, and those that have shewed any 
 " favour, or given countenance to them, thereby 
 " strengthening them in their heresy, whether they 
 " be called Comforted, Believers, or Perfect, or with 
 " whatsoever superstitious names they disguise them- 
 " selves, to be liable to the same sentence. 
 
 " And though it sometimes happens, that the se- 
 
 " verity of ecclesiastical discipline, necessary to the 
 
 j(^ " coercion of sin, is condemned by those who do not 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 283 
 
 " understand the virtue of it, we notwithstanding by chap. 
 
 " these presents decree, that whosoever shall be no- ^^^- 
 
 " toriously convicted of these errors, if a Clergyman, 
 
 " or one that endeavours to conceal himself under 
 
 " any religious order, he shall be immediately de- 
 
 " prived of all prerogative of the Church orders, 
 
 " and so being divested of all office and benefice, be 
 
 " delivered up to the secular power, to be punished 
 
 " according to demerit, unless, immediately upon 
 
 " his being detected, he voluntarily returns to the 
 
 " truth of the Catholic faith, and submits publicly to 
 
 " abjure his errors, at the discretion of the Bishop of 
 
 *' the diocese, and to make suitable satisfaction. 
 
 " And as for a layman who shall be found guilty, 
 
 " either publicly or privately, of any of the aforesaid 
 
 " crimes, unless by abjuring his heresy, and making 
 
 " satisfaction, he immediately returns to the ortho- 
 
 " dox faith ; wc decree him to be left to the sentence 
 
 " of the secular judge, to receive condign punish- 
 
 " ment, according to the quality of his offence. 
 
 " And as for those who are taken notice of by the 259 
 " Church, as suspected of heresy, except at the 
 " Bishop's command they give full evidence of their 
 " innocence, according to the degree of suspicion 
 " against them, and quality of their persons, they 
 " shall all be liable to the same sentence. But 
 " those who after having abjured their errors, or 
 " cleared themselves upon examination, to their 
 " Bishop, shall be found to have relapsed into their 
 " abjured heresy; we decree, that without any fur- \ 
 " ther hearing they be forthwith delivered up to the A 
 " secular power, and their goods confiscated to the/ ] 
 " use of the Church. 
 
 " And we further decree, that this excommuni- 
 " cation, in which our will is, that all heretics be in- 
 " eluded, be by all Patriarchs, Archbishops, and 
 " Bishops, renewed and repeated in all the chief fes- 
 " tivals, and on any public solemnity, or upon any 
 
284 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, " other occasion, to the glory of God, and the put- 
 ^^^' ^' ting a stop to all heretical pravity; ordering by 
 " our apostolical authority, that if any Bishop be 
 " found wanting or slow herein, he be suspended 
 " for three years from his episcopal dignity and 
 " administration. 
 
 " Furthermore, with the counsel and advice of 
 " Bishops, and intimation of the Emperor and 
 " Princes of the empire, we do add, that every 
 " Archbishop or Bishop, either in his own person, 
 / " or by his Archdeacon, or by other honest and fit 
 " persons, shall once or twice in the year visit the 
 " parish in which it is reported that heretics dwell, 
 " and there cause two or three men of good credit, 
 " or, if need be, the whole neighbourhood, to swear, 
 " that if they know of any heretics there, or any 
 " that frequent private meetings, or diifer from the 
 " common conversation of mankind, either in life or 
 " manners, they will signify the same to the Bishop 
 " or Archdeacon : the Bishop also or Archdeacon 
 " shall summon before them the parties accused, 
 " who, except they at their discretion, according to 
 " the custom of the country, do clear themselves of 
 " the guilt laid to their charge ; or if, after having 
 " so cleared themselves, they relapse again to their 
 " former unbelief, shall be punished at the Bishop's 
 260" discretion. And if any of them, by a damnable 
 " superstition, shall refuse to swear, that alone shall 
 " suffice to make them heretics convict, and liable 
 " to the punishments before mentioned. 
 
 " We ordain further, that all earls, barons, go- 
 " vernors, and consuls of cities, and other places, in 
 " pursuance of the commonition of the respective 
 " Archbishops and Bishops, shall promise upon 
 " oath, that in all these particulars, whenever they 
 " are thereto required, they will powerfully and ef- 
 " fectually assist the Church against heretics and 
 " their complices, and endeavour faithfully, accord- 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 285 
 
 " ins: to their office and power, to execute the ec- chap. 
 
 " clesiastical and imperial statutes concerning the '__ 
 
 " matters herein mentioned. 
 
 " But if any of them shall refuse to observe this, 
 " they shall be deprived of their honours and 
 " charges, and be rendered incapable of receiving 
 " others, and moreover be involved in the sentence 
 " of excommunication, and their goods be confis- 
 " cated to the use of the Church. And if any city 
 " shall refuse to yield obedience to these decretal 
 " constitutions ; or that, contrary to the episcopal 
 " commonition, they shall neglect to punish op- 
 " posers; we ordain the same to be excluded from 
 " all commerce with other cities, and to be deprived 
 " of the episcopal dignity. 
 
 " We likewise decree, that all favourers of here- 
 " tics, as men stigmatized with perpetual infamy, 
 " shall be incapable of being attorneys or witnesses, 
 " or of bearing any public office whatsoever. And 
 " as for those who are exempt from the law of dio- 
 " cesan jurisdiction, as being immediately under the 
 " jurisdiction of the apostolic see ; nevertheless, as to 
 " these constitutions against heretics, we will, that 
 " they be subject to the judgment of the Arch- 
 " bishop and Bishops, and that in this case they 
 " yield obedience to them, as to the delegates of 
 " the apostolic see, the immunity of their privileges 
 " notwithstanding." 
 
 Ildephonsus also, King of Arragon, testified his26l 
 zeal against the Waldenses, by his edict published 
 in the year 1194, which was printed by Pegna, in 
 his notes upon the Directory of Inquisitors. Part2.q. 
 
 14. p. 281. 
 
 The Edict of King Ildephonsus against the TVal- 
 densian heretics, commanding them to depart his 
 hingdom. 
 
 " Ildephonsus, by the grace of God, King of Ar- 
 " ragon. Earl of Barcelona, Marquess of Provence, 
 " to all Archbishops, Bishops, and other Prelates of 
 
286 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " the Church of God, Earls, Viscounts, Knights, and 
 ^^^- " to all people of his kingdom, or belonging to his 
 " dominions, wisheth health, and the sound observ- 
 " ance of Christian rehgion. 
 
 " Forasmuch as it has pleased God to set us over 
 " his people, it is but fit and just, that according to 
 " our might we should be continually solicitous for 
 " the welfare and defence of the same; wherefore we, 
 " in imitation of our ancestors, and obedience to the 
 " Canons, which determine and ordain heretics, as 
 " persons cast out from the sight of God and all Ca- 
 " tholics, to be condemned and persecuted every 
 " where; do command and charge the Waldenses, 
 " Inzabbati, who otherwise are called the Poor of 
 " Lyons, and all other heretics, who cannot be num- 
 " bered, being excommunicated from the holy 
 " Church, adversaries to the cross of Christ, vio- 
 " laters and corrupters of the Christian religion, and 
 " the avowed enemies of us and our kingdom, to 
 " depart out of our kingdom and all our dominions. 
 " Whosoever therefore from this day forwards shall 
 " presume to receive the said Waldenses and Zapa- 
 " tati, or any other heretics, of whatsoever profession, 
 " into their houses, or to be present at their j)ernicious 
 " sermons, or to afford them meat, or any other fa- 
 " vour, shall incur thereby the indignation of Al- 
 262" mighty God, as well as ours, and have his goods 
 " confiscated, without the remedy of an appeal, and 
 " be punished as if he were actually guilty of high 
 " treason. And we strictly charge and command, 
 " that this our edict and perpetual constitution be 
 " publicly read on the Lord's days by the Bishops 
 " and other Rectors of churches, in all the cities, 
 " castles, and towns of our kingdom, and throughout 
 " all our dominions : and that the same be observed 
 " by Vicars, Bailiffs, Justices, Merins, and Zenal- 
 " medins, and all the people in general ; and the 
 " aforesaid punishment be inflicted upon all trans- 
 " eressors. ' 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 28/ 
 
 " We will further, that if any person, noble or chap. 
 " ignoble, shall in any part of our dominions find 
 " any of these wicked wretches, who shall be known 
 " to have had three days' notice of this our edict, 
 "^ that do not forthwith depart, but rather obstinately 
 " staying or lingering, shall any way plague, despite- 
 " fully use, or distress them, (wounding unto death, 
 " and maiming of them only excepted,) he will, in 
 " so doing, act nothing but what will be very grate- 
 " ful and pleasing to us, and shall be so far from 
 " fearing to incur any penalty thereby, that he may 
 '' be sure rather to deserve our favour. Furthermore, 
 " we do aiford to these wicked miscreants respite 
 " (though this may in some sort seem contrary to 
 " our duty and reason) till the day after All Saints 
 "day; but that all those who either shall not be 
 " gone by that time, or at least preparing for their 
 " departure, shall be spoiled, beaten, cudgelled, and 
 " shamefully and ill entreated. 
 
 " The seal ^ of Ildephonsus, King of Arragon, 
 " Earl of Barcelona, and Marquess of Provence. 
 " The seal >J( of Peter, King of Arragon, and Earl 
 " of Barcelona, in the original of this paper. And 
 " the seal of Lord Rcgimund, Archbishop of Tarra- 
 " cona, and Lord G. Bishop of Tirassona, and Lord 
 " R. Bishop of Jacca. This was copied at Ilerda 
 " by William de Bastia, the King's notary, ann. 
 " Dom. MCXCIV. and compared with the original; 
 " witness Martinus de Scribas, notary." 
 
 Innocent IIL caused search to be made after them '263 
 in all places. We have a letter of his, writ to those 
 of Metz, where he ordains them to be driven out 
 and persecuted with the extremest barbarity, because 
 they took the liberty to read the Scripture trans- 
 lated by Peter Waldo into the vulgar tongue. 
 
 Honorius III. obliged the Emperor Frederick II. 
 to publish that terrible law which we find at the end 
 of the book De Feudis, in the civil law, and which 
 lias since served for a rule to the Inquisitors, as well 
 
288 Retna7'ks upon the 
 
 CHAP, as Ejiven them their authority. Which law is as 
 J^^^ follows: 
 
 " Frederick, by the grace of God, Emperor of the 
 " Romans, always Increaser of the Empire, to all 
 " Marquesses, Earls, and all people under our go- 
 " vernment, health and grace. 
 
 " Forasmuch as nothing can conduce more to the 
 " honour of the empire and praise of the Emperor, 
 " than by the purging away of error, and the abro- 
 " gating of some unjust statutes, to procure the 
 " peaceable and flourishing state of the Church of 
 " God, and secure her liberty: 
 
 " We do condemn to perpetual infamy the 
 
 " Cathari, Paterines, Leonists, Speronists, Arnold- 
 " ists, Circumcised, and all other heretics of both 
 " sexes, by what names soever they are called, com- 
 " manding their goods to be confiscated, so as never 
 " to return to them again, or by way of inheritance to 
 " devolve to their children ; since it is a much more 
 " heinous crime to offend the majesty of the eternal 
 " God, than any temporal prince. And as for those 
 " who are only suspected of heresy, except at the 
 " command of the Church, according to the degree 
 " of suspicion and quality of the person, they make 
 " their innocence to appear by a sufficient vindica- 
 " tion of themselves, shall be accounted infamous 
 " and outlawed ; and if they continue so for a whole 
 " year, we condemn them for heretics. 
 264 " We also ordain by this perpetual edict, that all 
 " that are in authority. Consuls and Rectors, what- 
 " soever their office may be, do publicly take an 
 " oath, for defence of the faith, that they will faith- 
 " fully endeavour, to the utmost of their power, to 
 " exterminate all heretics in the places subject to 
 " their jurisdiction ; so that from henceforward, as 
 " soon as any one shall be taken into any place of 
 " power, either perpetual or temporary, he shall be 
 " obliged to swear to this article ; and that in case 
 " of failure, they shall neither be accounted persons 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 289 
 
 " in power or consuls; and we from thenceforward chap. 
 " declare all their acts and sentences null and void. ^^^' 
 
 " And in case that any temporal lord, being re- 
 " quired and admonished by the Church, shall neg- 
 " lect to purge his territories from heretical pravity, 
 " after a whole year elapsed from the time of his 
 " admonition, we give leave to Catholics to possess 
 " themselves of his lands, who, after having rooted 
 " out the heretics, shall quietly possess the same, 
 " and preserve it in piety. Provided always that 
 " the rights of the principal lord of the fee be pre- 
 
 " served 
 
 " but that the foresaid law shall be wholly in force 
 " against those who have no such superior lords of 
 " the fee. 
 
 " Moreover, we proscribe all heretics, entertainers 
 " and favourers of heretics, firmly ordaining, that as 
 " soon as any such, being excommunicated by the 
 " Church, shall contemptuously refuse to make sa- 
 " tisfaction within a year's time, that then he be 
 " made infamous by law, and incapable of any office, 
 " or of being a member of any council, or of having 
 " a voice in the choice of officers, or being a wit- 
 " ness : that moreover he be dejjrived of the power 
 " of making a will, and of succeeding into an in- 
 " heritance. Furthermore, that nobody shall be 
 " bound to answer to his complaint or charge, but 
 " he be obliged to answer the charge of others 
 " against him : and if he be a judge, that his sen- 
 " tence be of no force, and that no causes be brought 
 " before him; if he be a lawyer, that his pleading be 
 " not admitted ; and if a scrivener, that the writings 265 
 " drawn up by him be invalid. 
 
 " And we Honorius, Bishop, servant of the ser- 
 " vants of God, do praise, approve, and confirm these 
 " laws, to continue for ever, which are made by \ 
 " Frederick, Emperor of the Romans, our dearest 
 " son, for the good of all Christians. And in case 
 " any man, by a presumptuous attempt, being in- 
 
 u 
 
290 ReniarJcs upon the 
 
 CHAP. " stigated thereto by the enemy of mankind, shall 
 
 ^^ ' "any way endeavom' the infraction of them, let him 
 
 " be assured, that by so doing he will incur the in- 
 
 " dignation of Almighty God, and of the blessed 
 
 " Apostles Peter and Paul." 
 
 We may take a guess from hence of the miseries 
 these Christians have been exposed to, who from the 
 time of these bloody edicts scarce enjoyed the least 
 interval of rest. And we may add also the settling 
 of the Inquisition, which was introduced with the 
 title of an office by Gregory IX. They who will 
 take the pains to consult the Annals of the Church 
 of Rome will find, that from the thirteenth century 
 her purple hath been dyed in the blood of the Wal- 
 denses and Paterines. The primitive Christian 
 Church suffered ten persecutions, but most of them 
 at considerable intervals, and their whole continu- 
 ance was not at the most above two hundred and 
 fifty years ; and it hath been demonstrated, that the 
 Dodwei. number of the martyrs was not excessive. But 
 Dissert.Cy-j^Qj^g now Can vaunt itself to have almost continu- 
 
 prian. 
 
 ally maintained a persecution against these Churches 
 of Italy, and to have carried it on to that degree, that 
 there are none of them now to be found in their own 
 country, except those she locks up in her dungeons, 
 and reserves for capital punishments. 
 
 My design is not to draw the picture of these 
 cruelties, since Rome has monopolized the trade of 
 persecution; he that would undertake this, ought 
 to be furnished with the registers of the Inquisitors, 
 who have been the executioners of the bloody sen- 
 tences of that tribunal, in all the places where the 
 Churches of Piedmont have spread their faith, by 
 266 planting of their colonies. I shall only make some 
 few observations upon this matter, which may give 
 us a compendious view of the horridness of the In- 
 quisitors' proceedings. 
 
 First, They have not omitted any cruelty, whereby 
 they might find a pretence of running them down, 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 29 1 
 
 as persons of most abominable lives. They have chap. 
 j)ut them to tortures in vast numbers, both men and 
 women, to force them to confess, that in their as- 
 semblies they committed filthiness against nature. 
 Hereof vv^e have an illustrious example in Perrin,P. 203. 
 chap 7- vvhich is a pregnant proof that the spirit of 
 Paganism is by transmigration passed into the 
 Church of Rome. 
 
 Secondly, They have made use of a devilish cheat, 
 to make people believe that they were guilty by their 
 own confession. There is a memorable example of. 
 this in the year 1487, recorded by Perrin, chap. 3.P127. 
 in these words : 
 
 " I took notice of an extraordinary piece of vil- 
 " lainy in a process formed by the Monk Veiletty; 
 " for having the aforesaid process in my hand, we 
 " found the short billets in which the aforesaid 
 " commissary took the answers of the accused sim- 
 " ply, as they came from his mouth; but we have 
 " found them afterwards enlarged in the process, 
 " and often quite contrary to what was taken from 
 " his mouth, by changing the intention of the ac- 
 " cused, and making him say those things of which 
 " he never thought. As for example; when he was 
 " asked, whether he believes, that after the words in 
 " the sacrament of the Mass, pronounced by the 
 " Priest, the body of Christ was in the Host, large 
 " and extended, as it was upon the cross ; and the 
 " Vaudois answered, that it was not; Viletty framed 
 " his answer thus: That he liad confessed that he 
 " did not believe in God; or at the least his scribe 
 " by his order. Also they asked him, if the saints 
 " were to be invocated ; he answered, not : and they 
 " framed it in writing, that he had cursed and spoke 
 " evil of the saints. He was asked, if the Virgin 
 " Mary was to be worshipped, and to be prayed 
 "unto in our necessity; he answered, no: they 26 
 " write, that he had spoken blasphemy against the 
 
 u 2 
 
292 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. « Virgin Mary." Behold the fidelity of the afore- 
 
 XXV 
 
 said Monk's Inquisitors, of so important an action. 
 
 This was not without a considerable providence 
 of God, that the memory of these wickednesses have 
 been preserved unto this present, that it may be seen 
 with what spirit they were acted, who, having the 
 power of killing and destroying, made use of such 
 impostures, to make them more odious under the 
 burden of such calamities. 
 
 Perrin gives an account how he was informed of 
 those villainies ; that when Ambrum was taken in the 
 year 1588, by the Mareschal of Lesdiguieres, those 
 processes that were kept in original in the house of 
 the Bishop, were obtained from a famous man, Ca- 
 lignon. Chancellor of Navarra, and were put in the 
 hands of M. Wulcon, Counsellor in the parliament 
 of Grenoble, from whom he had a view of them. 
 
 Those processes were put afterwards in the hand 
 of Mr. Morland, and are now in the public library of 
 the University of Cambridge, from whence I thought 
 fit to make an extract in the next chapter, and at 
 the end of this book to justify what was, asserted by 
 Perrin with so much assurance. 
 
 The reader may compare the billet and the pro- 
 cess, and thereby judge of the honesty of the Inqui- 
 sitors, and whether I was obliged to review with 
 concern such villainous and wicked calumnies. 
 
 Thirdly, They have employed the fury of soldiers, 
 and the cruelty of executioners to root them out. 
 
 Fourthly, These great accusers of the Waldenses, 
 
 as being unclean and filthy people, have made use 
 
 of the Inquisition to ravish their wives and their 
 
 p. 204. daughters; as one may see in the history of Perrin, 
 
 chap. 7- 
 
 Fifthly, They have exercised their cruelties even 
 upon those whom the rage of the most barbarous 
 wars is wont to spare, old men, women, and sucking 
 children. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 293 
 
 Sixthly, They have involved in the same punish- chap. 
 ments with them, all those who spoke the least ^^^' 
 word in favour of them : as may be seen in many 
 instances. 
 
 Seventhly, They have obliged princes to break 268 
 the treaties they had made with this poor people, 
 when, forced by the extremity of their violences, they 
 undertook their own defence, forcing their adver- 
 saries to come to a treaty with them. 
 
 Those that are desirous to be more particularly 
 informed concerning the behaviour of the Inquisi- 
 tors, need only peruse their Directory, printed at 
 Rome, 1593, by order of Gregory XIII. and from 
 thence may easily judge how they behaved them- 
 selves in the persecution of these poor Christians in 
 1375, which Spondanus mentions; in that of 1380, Ad an. 
 stirred up by Borelli the Monk, mentioned by Leger; ^^^^' 
 in that of 1400, set down by the same author; in 
 that of 146o,which he mentions, which continued un- 
 til the year 1487, under the conduct of the Francis- p. iie, 
 can Friar Veyletti; in that of 1488, under Innocent p. 117. 
 VIII. carried on by Albert de Capitaneis, and con- 
 tinued by Plorreri, a Franciscan, mentioned by 
 Leger; in that of 1494, managed by Antonius Fa- P. 129.131. 
 bry ; in that of 1506, under Lewis XII. ; in that of 
 1532, by Pantaleon Berser, mentioned by Leger; in p. 156. 
 the year 1540, and 1541, in which were involved 
 those of Cabrieres, Merindol, and the neighbouring 
 places; in the years 156o, and 156l, and I do not | 
 know in how many more, which are mentioned by 
 the Jacobins in the annals of their order. 
 
 But we may form a truer judgment of their suf- 
 ferings, by four very memorable new instances, the 
 first of which is, the desolation and destruction of 
 the churches of Pragela in Dauphine, in the year 
 1545, under Francis 1. The history of the destruc- 
 tion of Cabrieres and Merindol is as remarkable 
 and notorious in France as the Parisian massacre. 
 Sleidan hath writ the history of it in his book, and 
 
 u 3 
 
294 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Thuanus has confirmed whatever he has writ con- 
 ______ cerning it. The speech oF Monsieur Aubery de 
 
 Maurier, attorney of the French King, touching the 
 same matter, is still in being, which is capable of 
 drawing tears from the eyes of cannibals themselves, 
 and the most enraged dragoons. 
 269 The second is, the destruction of their churches 
 in Bohemia, by Ferdinand II.; whereof we have an 
 account printed in l6'48. 
 
 The third is, the persecution, or rather desolation, 
 which happened in l655, in our days, and which is 
 set down by Sir Samuel Morland, and Monsieur 
 Leger, Pastor of those Valleys. 
 
 The fourth is, the business of 1686, which caused 
 the total ruin of those churches, and the dispersion 
 of the inhabitants of the Valleys : a short account 
 whereof was printed at the Theatre at Oxford, 
 in 1688. 
 
 CHAP. XXVI. 
 
 An instance of the calu?nnies of some Inquisitors. 
 
 J. HE account given by an Inquisitor, in one of the 
 foregoing chapters, of the belief and conduct of the 
 Waldenses, clearly proves the intolerable impudence 
 of those who have charged them with horrid and 
 detestable calumnies, both as to faith and manners. 
 But because some may be imposed upon by the in- 
 formations against the Waldenses, where their aim 
 was to expose them, and to make them odious; lam 
 willing to give here an instance of the honesty and 
 upright dealing of those cruel Inquisitors, as of a 
 second kind of persecution against them. And 
 though these following informations, which I am to 
 describe, were taken in Dauphine, yet they wholly 
 respect the Waldenses, because it is an acknow- 
 ledged truth, that the inhabitants of Dauphine were 
 
ancient Churvh of Piedmont . 295 
 
 a colony of those of Piedmont; as was evident to chai'. 
 
 the Sieur dii Bellay Langey, when he went thither ' h_ 
 
 to take informations concerning the massacre com-270 
 mitted by the president D'Opede, by order from 
 Francis I. 
 
 See here an extract of two examinations taken in 
 the year 1492; let the reader compare them, and 
 judge if the Inquisitors have not perfectly imitated 
 the way of the old persecutors, in calumniating the 
 primitive Christians. 
 
 In the year of our Lord 1492, the 2d of August, 
 at Ulcy, the venerable Bartholomew Paschal, Canon, 
 and Pidancerius, and Vicar of the Reverend Travellis, 
 Vicar General of the most Reverend Father in God, 
 and Lord John Michael, by Divine mercy Bishop 
 of Praeneste, Cardinal of St. Angelo, Administi'ator 
 and Commendator of the famous monastery of Ulcy, 
 in company of the worthy and worshipful Poncius, 
 of Ponci, Counsellor to the Lord of Dauphin^, and 
 Orancius Eme, Judge of Embrun, did proceed to 
 the examination of Francis de Girondino, of Spoleto, 
 called Barba Martinus, at that time a prisoner in 
 the prison of Ulcy in Dauphine. 
 
 First, he said, that about sixteen years ago, Giron- 
 dinus, his father, taught him the faith and heresy 
 of the Waldenses, and began to lead him up and 
 down the countries. 
 
 Being asked through what countries he led him, 
 he answered, through these several countries of 
 Italy, Genoua, Bononia, Lucca, Monte Martio, and 
 Ancona ; and that his father himself, who was a 
 Barba, went to teach and preach to the inhabitants 
 of those mountains. 
 
 Being farther asked, with whom he associated, and 
 in what places, and with whom he continued and 
 conv^ersed, he said, that after the second year he 
 went to learn the said doctrine of the Waldenses, in 
 company of another Barba, called Barnovo, who was 
 originally of the country about the lake of Perugia, 
 
 IT 4 
 
296 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, in the lordship of Camarino, who led him up and 
 L_down the aforesaid places for two or three years 
 
 together. 
 
 Being asked, whether after that the said Barnovo 
 had left him he still followed the same doctrine, he 
 said, that afterwards he kept company with another 
 Barba, called Josue, of Sancto Loco, in the said lord- 
 271 ship of Camarino, about three miles distant from 
 Charretto ; saying further, that after he had accom- 
 panied the said Josue, to profess and preach the 
 said sect in the aforesaid places, another Barba, called 
 Andreas, led him to their great master, who was 
 called John Anthony, who has his residence in the 
 town of Cambro, belonging to the Pope's dominions. 
 
 Being asked what the said great master had said 
 to him, saith, that he enjoined him to take an oath, 
 according to their faith, and commanded him fur- 
 ther, that he should not, for any thing of the world, 
 reveal or manifest what he should say to him, telling 
 him, that to manifest or reveal their faith was an 
 unpardonable sin ; adding, that if he would keep 
 firm to that sect, and follow it, he would do much 
 good. 
 
 Being asked, whether there were any more of 
 those they called Barbae, he said, there were ; and 
 that their great master himself was called Barba, 
 and said, that they all held the same sect, and that 
 very secretly. And he further said, that their great 
 master, who exhorted them to keep their faith, and 
 they should be saved, also preached to them, that 
 all who should follow their faith were saved ; but that 
 those who did not follow it were damned. 
 
 Being demanded which was the chief foundation 
 of their sect, he said, that their great master de- 
 clared, and that their Barbae found it so in wander- 
 ing up and down the world ; that because of the 
 wicked and most profligate lives of the Pope, Cardi- 
 nals, Bishops, Priests, religious, and all other eccle- 
 siastical persons, the Barbae follow this their faith^ 
 
ancient Church of' Piedmont. 297 
 
 and meet with an infinite number of followers; chap. 
 because the said Pope, Cardinals, Bishops, and ec- ^^^^- 
 clesiastics are leaders, and the people follow them 
 in avarice, luxury, pride, pomp, gluttony, and anger, 
 and that this is the life of all ecclesiastics; and that 
 the wicked and profligate lives of the Clergy was the 
 chiefest motive of their separation. 
 
 Saying further, that the Clergy living thus in 2/2 
 mortal sin, cannot administer the sacraments; and 
 that whatever they do is of no efficacy; for when 
 they are made Priests, they swear chastity, purity, 
 and virginity; but committing the aforesaid sins, 
 they break their faith and oath, and so become the 
 enemies of faith, and lose all virtue and power; be- 
 cause, when a burning candle is put out and dead, 
 it can no more enlighten and quicken another. 
 
 He saith further, that there is not a Pope, Cardi- 
 nal, Bishop, or other Clergyman, that keeps not his 
 miss, or his regesco, to lie with him. 
 
 Saying further, that his said great master charged 
 them to preach and enlarge their faith, and to draw 
 the people as much as in them lay to it, because in 
 so doing they should gain eternal life, because all of 
 their faith were saved, and the rest damned. 
 
 He saith, that when their great master, having 
 called together the community, has made them 
 Barbae, and given them power, he changeth their 
 names ; and that before that he was made a Barba 
 by their aforesaid community, he was called Francis, 
 but that afterwards he was called Martin. 
 
 He saith further, that the Barbae are made or 
 constituted, and there is an office or charge belong- 
 ing to them ; and that as soon as any one dies, 
 another is substituted in his room. 
 
 . Being asked, whether they had any particular 
 provinces in which they exercised their office, he 
 answered, no ; but that they go up and down the 
 world preaching. 
 
 Being asked what further charge their great master 
 
298 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAT, laid upon them, and what the Barbae were used to 
 ^^^^' preach in their journeyings up and down, he an- 
 swered, that he said, and they were wont to preach, 
 that one God alone is to be worshipped, who created 
 heaven and earth, the sun, moon, and stars, and 
 water: and that 
 
 Being asked what thdr great master told them 
 [the Barbae] concerning the saints, and what they 
 273 preach concerning them, he said, that they believe 
 in St. Peter, and next him in St. Gregory, and St. 
 Sylvester, and in St. John the Evangelist ; but in St. 
 Paul they do not believe, because he was an assassin. 
 
 Being asked why they rather believe in St. Peter 
 than in St. Paul, he saith, because God hath made 
 the said St. Peter his Vicar or Vicegerent, and given 
 him the power of loosing and binding; and because 
 St. Peter in his lifetime wrought miracles, therefore 
 they believe in him amongst the rest. 
 
 Being asked what miracles St. Peter wrought, he 
 saith, that when St. Peter caused the church of St. 
 Peter to be built at Rome, the Devil came to him, 
 and said, I will cause a fairer building to be built 
 than you can, and in shorter time, and that he would 
 do it by the next day ; and a little while after, the 
 Devil came to St. Peter, and said. Come to the house 
 
 that I have made but when you 
 
 enter, be sure you do not make the sign of the cross. 
 And so St. Peter came to take a view of the said 
 house, and when he was in sight of the said house, 
 which is now called Sancta Maria de 7'otu?ida, with 
 caution he made the sign of the cross, laying his 
 hand on his beard, and saying, Bi/ this holy beard; 
 and then laying his hand on his stomach, and say- 
 ing, Bij this holy fountain ; and then on his right 
 and left arm, saying, By these shoulders, this is a 
 fair huilding ; and having, as was said just now, 
 made the sign of the cross, the Devil would have 
 destroyed the house, but St. Peter hindered him, and 
 adjured him ; and because St. Peter was got within 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 299 
 
 the doors of the church, the Devil could not get out chap. 
 by tlie door, but striking his feet against the ground, ^^ ' 
 he left the mark of his footsteps, and went out by a 
 hole which he made in the top of the church, which 
 hole is there still, and could never since be closed: 
 and for the said miracle, which he wrought openly 
 to the eye, they believe in St. Peter, but do not 
 believe in the other saints, because they were sin- 
 ners, and because they have not seen any of their 
 miracles. 
 
 Concerning St. John the Baptist, he said, that 2/4 
 because he did not desire grace of the Lord, he is 
 expected, and that in the day of judgment he shall 
 intercede for all ; and that it is not known whether 
 he be in heaven or on earth, but that he believed he 
 was in the terrestrial paradise. 
 
 He saith further, that they believe in the angels, 
 archangels, cherubims, and seraphims, because they 
 were created of God the Father in eternal life. 
 
 Concerning the Virgin Mary, he saith, that be- 
 cause God alone is to be worshipped, and that we 
 are not sure that the Virgin Mary hears our prayers, 
 because she was a human creature, and because Hail 
 Mary is not a prayer, but an annunciation and salu- 
 tation, therefore they do not impose it for a penance 
 on those who are of their sect. And, that the Lord's 
 Prayer is the only true prayer, as being a prayer 
 made by God himself. 
 
 Concerning purgatory, he saith, that there is no ' 
 such place, but the Clergy, out of covetousness, have 
 invented it, to extort money from the people for 
 masses and prayers for the dead, which are of no 
 profit, because as soon as a man is dead, he is either 
 saved or damned. 
 
 Concerning holy water, he saith, that they do 
 preach, say, and believe,that every year, in the month 
 of May, on Ascension-day, God blesseth the hea- 
 ven, earth, water, herbs, rivers, fountains, and all 
 fruits ; and that this blessing may be more securely 
 
300 Reniarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, relied on than that which proceeds from the Priest, 
 ^^^^' because their blessing is of no force, except they be 
 pure, and free from sin, and because for the most 
 part Priests are sinners, as he said before. For these 
 reasons they have no faith in the sacraments ad- 
 ministered by Clergymen. 
 
 Saying moreover, that one may as well pray in a 
 stable as in the church, because God is everywhere. 
 
 Concerning holydays, he saith, that such as are 
 appointed by God, as the Lord's day, our Saviour s 
 Nativity, Easter, Ascension, and Whit-Sunday, are 
 to be kept ; but as for the feasts of the blessed Vir- 
 gin, and of the saints, no man is obliged to observe 
 275 them, except he please, because they are not en- 
 joined by God: nor is any one bound to fast upon 
 the vigils of those holydays. 
 
 Concerning the body of Christ, they say, that be- 
 cause the Clergy are wicked, of most profligate lives, 
 and great sinners, they cannot consecrate the body 
 of our Lord, nor is their consecration of any virtue. 
 Therefore the Barbae of their sect do not receive the 
 Eucharist, but instead thereof, they bless the bread, 
 and say, that this blessing is of greater virtue and 
 efficacy than the consecration of the Priests, because 
 as much goodness and holiness as a man hath, so 
 much virtue and power he hath, and no more. 
 
 Concerning the sin of the flesh, he saith, that as 
 they go up and down the world preaching, they fre- 
 quent nocturnal meetings and assemblies, where, 
 after that their Barbae have preached, they begin to 
 feast and make merry, and dance, running up and 
 down through one another, without holding hands 
 together, and this by candlelight. That after their 
 feasting and merriment, some one of the company, 
 though it be not known who, puts out the candle; 
 whereupon they-all apply themselves to act filthi- 
 ness with whomsoever they first meet with, without 
 any regard had to father, mother, daughter, or any 
 thing else. And they say, that in case in this filthy 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 301 
 
 action any sons be begotten, that they will be the chap. 
 fitter to discharge the duty and function of Barbae, ' 
 and of preachers and confessors, than others, as 
 being begot in their assemblies. This done, every 
 one leaves the assembly. 
 
 Saying moreover, that such assemblies as these 
 are kept every year in every parish ; and that the 
 Barba, who is of the parish in which the meeting is 
 held, is present at it, because his parents are of the 
 same. But if he be not of the same parish, then he 
 preacheth, and afterwards leaves them to make their 
 synagogue between them, because he should not 
 mingle with his parents, neither doth he settle him- 
 self in that parish, except his parents go away. 
 
 The rest I have not set down, as being very fri- 276 
 volous things ; as, what he said concerning swear- 
 ing, that nobody ought to swear, and that they never 
 swear amongst themselves, neither truly nor falsely, 
 as accounting it a mortal sin. 
 
 He saith moreover, that no man ought to be put 
 to death for any fault, how great soever it may be, 
 except for murder. 
 
 He saith further, that when their Barbee are 
 created by their companions, the great master as- 
 sembling the rest of the Barbae together, as was said 
 before, they then take this oath as follows : Thou 
 (such an one) swear upon thy faith to maintain, 
 multiply, and increase our law, and not to discover 
 the same to any person in the world; and here pro- 
 mise that thou ivilt not swear by God in any manner, 
 hut observe the Lord's day ; and that thou wilt not 
 do any thing to thy neighbour, which thou wouldest 
 not have him do to thee ; and that thou dost believe 
 771 God, who has made the sun and moon, cherubim 
 and seraphim, and all that thou seest, &c. I have 
 put this whole interrogatory at the end of this 
 book. 
 
 The other instance of the sincerity of those 
 honest Inquisitors is to be seen in the process of 
 
302 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Peironetta, a widow; of which I judged fit to give 
 ^^^ '■ here this extract to the reader. 
 
 Peironetta, the rehct of Peter Beraud, made her 
 appearance before Anthony Fabri, Doctor of the 
 Canon of Embrun, Inquisitor General after heresy 
 throughout all Dauphine, and the counties of Vienne, 
 Valence, and Die, specially thereto deputed by the 
 holy apostolic see ; and Christopher de Sabien, 
 Doctor of Laws, Canon, Vicar, and Official of Va- 
 lence, at the instance and prosecution of the wor- 
 shipful Valetrinus de , Professor of Laws, 
 Solicitor and Fiscal of Valence, being in this case a 
 promoter in favour of the holy Catholic faith, and 
 of the deputies of the office of Inquisition, against 
 Peironetta, &c. 
 
 To the first interrogatory she answered nothing, 
 and therefore I have only set down what she an- 
 swered to the second and third interrogatories. 
 277 To the second interrogatory she said and con- 
 fessed, " That about twenty-five years ago, or 
 " thereabouts, there came to the house of Peter 
 " Fornerius, her husband, two strangers, in gray 
 " clothes, who, as it seemed to her, spake Italian, or 
 " the language of Lombardy, whom her husband 
 " received into his house for the love of God. That 
 " whilst they were there at night after supper, one 
 " of them began to read a godly book, which he 
 " carried about with him, saying, that therein were 
 " contained the Gospels, and other precepts of the 
 " law; and said, that he would expound and preach 
 " the same in the presence of all that were present; 
 " saying, that he was sent by God to reform the 
 " Catholic faith, going up and down the world, 
 " like the Apostles, to preach to good and simple 
 " people the manner and way how they ought to 
 " worship God, and live according to his commands. 
 " And that amongst other things they declared, that 
 " nobody ought to do any thing to others, which he 
 " would not be willing thev should do to him. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 303 
 
 " Also, That God alone is to be served, worship- chap. 
 " ped, and prayed to, because it is he alone that can " 
 " help us. 
 
 " That to swear upon any occasion whatsoever, 
 " whether for truth or falsehood, or any oath what- 
 " soever, wherein the word hy is used, was a great sin. 
 
 " That the sacrament of matrimony was to be 
 " faithfully and firmly kept. 
 
 " That the good works which are done before 
 " death, are of far greater profit and advantage, than 
 " those that are done after death. 
 
 " That no saints whatever, whether men or wo- 
 " men, were to be prayed to for help, because none 
 " could assist us in any thing, but God alone. 
 
 " That the Lord's day ought to be solemnly kept 
 " and observed above all other holydays, because all 
 " other holydays were enjoined by the Church, 
 " which therefore were not of absolute necessity to 
 " be observed ; yea, that a man might work on them, 
 " except the festivals of the Apostles, and other 
 *' greater saints, which they did not particularly 
 " express. 
 
 " That the Clergy possessed money, riches, and 278 
 " goods, beyond what they ought to do, and that 
 " they committed many evils ; and that by reason of 
 " the superfluity of their riches some of them were 
 " fornicators, others usurers, proud, and covetous ; 
 " others again lived dissolutely and dishonestly, kept 
 " whores in their houses publicly and openly, and 
 " by this means gave a bad example to the people. 
 
 " That these Priests, by reason of their wicked 
 " lives, had no greater power to absolve, than the 
 " preachers and masters of that sect had ; yea, that 
 " their masters and preachers, though laymen, had 
 " as much power as the Priests. 
 
 " That the holy Pope, because he did not observe 
 " the holiness he ought, had no power at all, saying 
 " of him, that he was as had as any of the rest, and 
 " consequently had no power at all. 
 
304 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " That there was no purgatory in the other world, 
 ■ " saying, that when aviy one dies, his soul immedi- 
 
 " ately goes to paradise, if he have lived well and 
 ^^ justly ; hut ij' wickedly, to hell. 
 
 " That consequently all prayers and intercessions 
 " for the dead were in vain ; and that all that the 
 " Priests did, signified nothing; as their sprinkling 
 " holy water on the graves, and saying, Kyrie elei- 
 " soti, Christe eleison; Lord have mercy upon us, 
 " Christ have mercy upon us." 
 
 " That God, in the beginning of the world, bless- 
 " ed all waters, and all other things that he had 
 " made ; and that therefore there was no need for 
 " the Priests to bless them a second time, which in- 
 " deed was then no better than other water. 
 
 " That the said Priests had invented purgatory, 
 " that by singing and praying for the dead, they 
 " might get store of money to maintain their disso- 
 " lute and luxurious lives. 
 
 " That it is better and more meritorious to give 
 " alms to the poor, sick, and leprous, than to offer 
 " it in the church to the Priests, who had too much 
 " already. 
 279 " That it was as good, and equally advantageous, 
 " to pray to God in a house or elsewhere, as in the 
 " church, because God is everywhere. 
 
 " That though holy men and women were for 
 " their good works placed in paradise, yet had they 
 " no power to assist or help us in any thing; and 
 " that therefore they ought not to be prayed unto to 
 " help us. 
 
 " That it was a vain thing to have recourse to the 
 " images of the saints, by praying before them, as 
 " having no power at all, being only material things, 
 " or pictures made upon walls. 
 
 " That for the same reason it was a vain thingf to 
 " go on pilgrimage to Rome, or elsewhere, to pray 
 " there before the images of holy men and women, 
 " as not being able to help us. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 305 
 
 " That it was not necessary to fast upon the vi- chap, 
 " gils of any holydays, except those of Christmas, ^^^^- 
 " Easter, and Whitsuntide, and some other greater 
 " festivals ; and that on Fridays especially they 
 " ought to fast. 
 
 " That the preachers, and masters of their sect, 
 " and the Priests, or Clergymen, were formerly of 
 " one and the same order and degree ; but that 
 " when the Clergy began to follow after covetous- 
 " ness and the vanities of this world, and their 
 " preachers resolved to continue in their first po- 
 " verty ; by this means a division and separation 
 " happened amongst them, and the Clergy became 
 " their enemies. That therefore, because the num- 
 " bar of their preachers, and others of their sect, 
 " was as yet but very small, they were obliged to 
 " walk up and down secretly, as Christ and his 
 " Apostles did, because if the preachers should not 
 " walk cautiously and obscurely, they would be in 
 " danger of jpeing persecuted and ill entreated by 
 " others." 
 
 It appears, that these processes were in the year 
 1494, which date is found at the beginning of these 
 examinations. 
 
 " The foresaid process or examination ivas taken 
 " by me, notary, who have subscribed my name, 
 
 " GOBAUDr 
 
 This extract is faithfully transcribed out of a MS. 280 
 in the public library of Cambridge, where it is to be 
 seen in the original. But I thought fit to make it 
 public at the end of this work, that the reader may 
 compare those processes, in which the Inquisitors' 
 faithfulness is justly to be suspected, since we see 
 that there is very little of the first sumptum from 
 the mouth of the Barba, in the process that was 
 written afterwards by the notary of the Inquisitors, 
 according to their pleasure, to expose them to the 
 hatred of all the world. 
 
 X 
 
3o6 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. XXVII. 
 
 That the Churches of the Valleys of Piedmont have 
 constantly persevered in the same faith, until the 
 time of the Reformation. 
 
 XHIS is a confession which truth hath extorted 
 from Claudius Seisselius. The most cruel persecu- 
 tions have not been able to abolish the Churches of 
 Italy, or to hinder them from a constant defence of 
 that truth, which they received from their ancestors, 
 Foi. 1. as a sacred depositum. " All sorts of people," saith 
 he, " have several times in vain endeavoured to root 
 " them out, and yet, contrary to the opinion of all 
 " men, they have still continued conquerors, or at 
 " least wholly invincible." 
 
 It is easy to judge what the opinions of these 
 Churches were before the Reformation, from what 
 Seisselius himself tells us concerning them, before 
 ever they heard of any reformation. 
 281 First, They lay it down as an infallible maxim, 
 that the Pastors of the Romish Church had lost all 
 the lawful authority which they could once have re- 
 ceived from God. There were two causes, say they, 
 of the election of Peter and the rest of the Apostles ; 
 the first was, because Christ knew their faith and 
 their charity; the other, that by means of them he 
 might reap much fruit from the rest of mankind : as 
 also, that it might appear, that in this choice there 
 was no respect of persons, but only regard had to 
 their piety; and this to that degree, that in case 
 they departed from it, they should not only fall from 
 his grace and favour, but also be deprived of the 
 authority he had conferred upon them. He saith 
 elsewhere ; / am the ivay, the truth, and the life; 
 let him that serves me, follow me: and in another 
 place, / am the vine, ye are the branches; he who 
 abides in me, and I in him, brings forth much fruit : 
 hut he who abides not in me, shall be cut off, and 
 
ancient Church of' Piedmont. 307 
 
 cast into the Jire. So long then as the Apostles chap. 
 continued in Christ, (now they always continued. ^^^^^- 
 from the time that they first received the Spirit,) 
 the foundation of the universal Church has without 
 doubt continued firm and unshaken, as resting upon 
 most strong pillars and bases ; and so likewise con- 
 tinued under their successors, as long as they imi- 
 tated the actions, life, manners, and faith of the 
 Apostles. But as soon as these successors began to 
 wander and go astray from the precepts and doctrine 
 of the Apostles, being seduced by divers lusts and 
 sins, they no doubt departed also from Christ, and 
 Christ from them, and consequently were cut off 
 from his mystical bodyj. for we cannot call them the 
 Ministers of Christ, who are so far from following 
 him, that they follow a quite contrary way. Whence 
 it happens, that from a fruitful tree they are become 
 the evil and unfruitful tree, which can bring forth 
 no good fruit, except it be first made good itself; as 
 our Saviour himself witnesseth, saying, The evil tree 
 cannot bring forth good fruit. So that the reason 
 for which they were chosen ceasing, the effect of it 
 must needs cease also. It is evident then that a 282 
 wicked man, by his impiety, is cut off from the body 
 of Christ, as a useless branch is cut off from the 
 vine. Besides, he who is a child and slave of the 
 Devil cannot have the same relation to Christ, see- 
 ing he himself saith. No man can serve two masters ; 
 and elsewhere, Ve are of your father the Devil, be- 
 cause ye do his worhs. And besides, all those who 
 offend God by enormous crimes, according to the 
 testimony of the Prophet, are blotted out of the 
 book of life, and consequently are rooted out from 
 the kingdom of heaven, that is to say, the Church. 
 
 They maintain, that believers ought to separate 
 themselves from the communion of the Church of 
 Rome, because she has lost al! her just authority, 
 by the crimes of her Ministers, and her errors in 
 matters of faith. Our Saviour has warned us, say 
 
 X 2 
 
308 Remarhs upon the 
 
 CHAP, they, to beware of this sort of people; Beware of 
 ^'^^^^- false prophets, who come to you in sheep s clothing, 
 hut inwardly are ravening wolves: and that they 
 might not be at a loss who those were they were 
 to take heed of, he adds, Vou shall knoiv them by 
 their fruits. Now the fruits are our works ; if they 
 are evil, we be to be avoided, though we may be 
 clothed like sheep. 
 
 When things are thus, how can that Bishop or 
 Priest, who is the enemy of God, have the power of 
 making God propitious to others? He who himself 
 is banished from the kingdom of heaven, how can 
 he have the keys of it? With what power can he 
 confer orders? How can he administer the sacra- 
 ments in the virtue of the Spirit, especially consi- 
 dering, that the Spirit is so far from dwelling in 
 him, that he is an enemy of the Spirit? Surely the 
 Spirit of God does not dwell in a body that is a slave 
 to sin, but rather abominates both his actions and 
 prayers. And if God doth not hear the wicked, in 
 vain do we implore the suffrages of him, who him- 
 self hath not God favourable to him. In a word, 
 since neither his prayers nor his other actions are 
 of any advantage, how can we suppose, that at his 
 word Christ should transform himself under the 
 species of bread and wine, and suffer himself to be 
 handled by him whom he hath altogether rejected, 
 283 and whose actions he detests and abhors ? More- 
 over, O immortal God, what wise man can ever be- 
 lieve, that a king, endowed with the least grain of 
 wisdom, will bestow his lieutenancy with sovereign 
 power upon him to whom he scorns to allow a 
 place amongst the meanest of his servants, him 
 whom he thinks deserving the very worst of punish- 
 ments? Who is the shepherd that trusts the wolf 
 with his sheep? Shall a wise man trust his most 
 chaste spouse with a filthy and dissolute libertine? 
 Besides, is not he who turns himself away from 
 God reduced to nothing? The Prophet saith, The 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 3 09 
 
 wicked in his presence comes to nothing;; also thev chap. 
 
 shall be brought to nothing, like water that fleets 1 
 
 away: and in many other places you will find the 
 same. He therefore that is nothing, cannot be sup- 
 posed to do any thing. And that we might not 
 imagine that these things want Scripture testimonies 
 to prove them, hear what God himself declares ; To 
 what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto 
 me P I am sated with the burnt-offerings of rams, 
 and the fat of fed beasts; /delight not in the blood 
 of bullocks, or of lambs, or of he goats. And then 
 adds, Bring no more vain oblations: incense is an 
 abomination unto me ; the ?iew moons and sabbaths, 
 the calling of assemblies, I cannot away with. Your 
 appointed feasts my soul hateth: they are a trouble 
 unto me; I am weary to bear them. IVhenye spread 
 forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes from you; 
 yea, when ye multiply your prayers, twill not hear: 
 your hands are full of blood. And Malachi, speak- 
 ing of these wicked Priests, cries out in this manner; 
 / haiw no pleasure in you, saith the Lord, neither 
 will I receive any offering at your hands. And a 
 little lower, I ivill curse your blessings. After this 
 he answers a tacit objection ; for they might allege, 
 that God had confirmed the priesthood to Levi by 
 an eternal covenant, and therefore that he could not 
 remove it from their family. But to this he plainly 
 answers, that his covenant continued firm with the 
 family of Levi, as long as they walked in the steps 
 of their father Levi : for after he had said, My co- 
 venant of life and peace was with him; and I gave 
 him my fear, and he feared me; he adds. But ye are 
 departed out of the way ; ye have caused many to 
 stumble at the law; ye have broken the covenant of 284 
 Levi, saith the Lord. Therefore have I also made 
 you contemptible and base before all the people, ac- 
 cording as ye have not kept my ways, &c. Which 
 words are very applicable to all BisViops and Priests 
 who transgress the ordinances of Christ and his 
 
 X 3 
 
310 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. Apostles ; seeing he also speaks by another Prophet, 
 I have hated the congregation of evil doers, and will 
 
 not sit with the wicked. And elsewhere, I hate those 
 that do wickedness, and all the workers of iniquity ; 
 and infinite such like passages. Is it not said of 
 Saul, after that he had transgressed the command- 
 ment of the Lord, that the Spirit of' God departed 
 from hitn, though before he had been chosen by 
 God himself to govern his people? Moreover, docs 
 not Christ say in the Gospel, If any man will cojtie 
 after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross, 
 and follow fneP and afterwards. No man can serve 
 two 7nasters, God and mammon? and that which is 
 yet plainer and harder too. He who doth not forsake 
 all that he hath, cannot be my disciple? Shall we 
 imagine that he will commit his vicegerency to him 
 whom he will not accept for his disciple ? Now, if 
 the Popes be such, who will part with nothing that 
 belongs to them, and in other things do not keep 
 the law of Christ, with what power then do they or- 
 dain Bishops ? And those who receive any Orders 
 from them, how can they confer the same upon 
 others, since they are all of them sick of the same 
 disease? In short, if they confer no Orders, then 
 those whom they have ordained cannot be true 
 Priests, and consequently neither can they adminis- 
 ter any true sacrament ; for if they really had Or- 
 ders, yet they would defile them by the filthiness 
 and impurity of their lives. If therefore we can 
 make it appear, that such are all the Priests and 
 Bishops of the Church of Rome, it will be evident, 
 that the Church of God cannot consist of them ; for 
 Christ cannot be the head of them who are none of 
 his members. 
 
 Some, it may be, will imagine that these accu- 
 sations against the Church of Rome, and the cor 
 ruption of her Pastors, are extremely exaggerated. 
 285 But first, we have reason to commend the up- 
 Foi.14. rightness of Claudius Seisselius, in reference to these 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 311 
 
 criminations, if we further consider what he saith chap. 
 
 of the Waldenses in opposition to the Church of '_ 
 
 Rome. 
 
 " The Pope of Rome, and the rest of the Prelates 
 " and Priests of the Church of Rome, do neither 
 " follow the life nor the precepts of Christ, but do 
 " quite the contrary; and that no longer secretly, 
 " but so openly and manifestly, that it can no longer 
 " be hid or covered with a vail, because they chiefly 
 " value themselves in things that are contrary to re- 
 " ligion, and do not only contemn, but mock at the 
 " precepts of the Apostles. They lived in great po- 
 " verty^ humility, chastity, continence, as to carnal 
 " things, and contempt of the world: whereas we 
 " Prelates and Priests live in great pomp, luxurious- 
 " ness, and dissoluteness ; we think it a brave thing 
 " to excel in royal power, rather than sacerdotal 
 " sanctity; and all our endeavours and studies drive 
 " only at the acquisition of glory amongst men, not 
 " by virtue, holiness, and learning, but by the abun- 
 " dance and plenty of all things, by arms and war- 
 " like magnificence, and by a vast expense in an 
 " equipage, and furniture of horses, gold, and other 
 " things of that nature. The Apostles would not 
 " possess any thing as their own, nor would receive 
 " any into their society who had not forsaken all, 
 " and laid it in common : whereas we, not being 
 " contented with what we have already, fish for 
 " other people's goods, more avariciously and impu- 
 " dently than heathens themselves ; therefore it is 
 " that we make wars, and incite Christian princes 
 " and people to take up arms. The Apostles tra- 
 " veiling through towns and villages, and sowing 
 " the word of God with power, exercised besides 
 " many ofiices of charity, according to the several 
 *' gifts they had received : whereas we do not only 
 " do nothing like this, and give no good examples of 
 " holy conversation, but besides, we frequently re- 
 " sist and oppose those that do, opening the way ta 
 
 X 1 
 
3 1 2 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. " all dissoluteness and avarice. They, as it were. 
 
 XXVII 
 
 against their wills, and with reluctancy, by the 
 " command or inspiration of God, received ordina- 
 286" tion to promote the salvation of others: whereas we 
 " buy benefices and preferments for money, or pro- 
 " cure them by force, or by the favour of princes, 
 " and other indirect means, and for no other end 
 " but to satiate our lusts, to enrich our relations, 
 " and for the glory of the world. But besides all 
 " this, they spent their life in manifold fastings, 
 " watchings, and labours, being neither affrighted 
 " with trouble nor with danger, that they might 
 " shew to others the way to salvation : whereas 
 " we pass our time in idleness, in pleasures, and 
 " other earthly or wicked things. They despising 
 " gold and silver, as they had received the divine 
 " grace freely, so they dispensed it to others : 
 " whereas we set all holy things to sale, and barter 
 " with the heavenly treasures of God himself, and, 
 " in a word, confound all things, both divine and 
 " human. So that the Church of Rome cannot be 
 " said to be the spouse of Christ, but that common 
 " prostitute whom Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and St. 
 " John in the Revelation, describes in such lively 
 " colours ; for Christ hath joined his Church to him 
 " to be his bride, holy, pure, fair, adorned with the 
 " ornaments and jewels of all virtues, without spot 
 " or wrinkle, such as the Holy Spirit figuratively 
 " describes her in the Canticles. Far be it therefore 
 " that Christ should ever think of changing this his 
 " beautiful and lovely bride, for such a stinking, 
 " loathsome harlot." 
 
 Secondly, We may say, that the case was so plain, 
 that no disguise or excuse was any longer able to 
 Foi.18. palliate the matter. " We do not deny," say the 
 Waldenses, according to the account Seisselius 
 gives us, " but that God alone is the searcher of 
 " hearts, who, as the Scripture saith, searcheth the 
 " heart and tr'ieth the reins; and therefore that he 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 313 
 
 " alone knows whether the works of men be pleasing; chap. 
 
 XXVII 
 
 " unto him, and obtain his favour, which others can- 1 
 
 " not know, save only by conjecture. But he him- 
 " self hath taught us how we may know it, saying, 
 " You shall know them hy their fruits ; for an evil 
 " tree cannot bring forth good fruit, nor a good 
 " tree evil fruit. Wherefore, though it be a diffi- 
 " cult thing to judge of good works, because they 
 " receive their value from the intention of the doer, 287 
 " yet wicked works discover themselves, and the in- 
 " tention cannot make them good, especially when 
 " they are evidently repugnant to the law of God, 
 " and open and barefaced. And therefore, if I see 
 " the Bishops and Priests every day living in dis- 
 " soluteness and luxury, robbing others of their 
 " goods, smiting their neighbours, persecuting those 
 " that are good, blaspheming the name of God, 
 " prodigally wasting the patrimony of the Church in 
 " voluptuousness and damnable crimes, may not I 
 " undoubtedly affirm, that they who commit these 
 " things are not the Ministers of God, but his pub- 
 " lie and avowed enemies ? Surely such they are, 
 " though we should suppose created or confirmed 
 " by an universal synod of Christians, or by the 
 " Pope, or by Peter himself. But how much more 
 " may we conclude them such, when those who or- 
 " dain them are worse than they themselves, and 
 " their works openly worse than theirs ? What shall 
 " we say, if it appears that they have publicly and 
 " notoriously bought the papacy; that they openly 
 *' set to sale sacerdotal functions; and that they set 
 " over the Churches, not by mistake, but out of 
 " malice, those who are known to be wholly un- 
 " worthy of that charge; and who never in all their 
 " lifetime did any thing worthy either of a Priest, 
 " or so much as of a Christian ? Shall we obey such 
 " Priests and Prelates, who lead us the way to sal- 
 " vation neither by word nor work, but rather endea- 
 " vour all they can to drag us into the same pit of 
 
314 Remarks upon the 
 
 xxvii " ^^struction after them? Doth not our Saviour tell 
 
 ^-" us, that we must not suffer ourselves to he led by 
 
 " blind guides, lest, when one blind man leads an- 
 " other, they both fall into the ditch ? Hath not he 
 " declared, that such as these are cut off from the 
 " life of the Church and the body of Christ, and 
 " destined to the fire ? How can he be the vice- 
 " gerent of Christ, who is not so much as a Chris- 
 " tian, or a member of the mystical body of Christ, 
 " whom he commands us to avoid as a heathen and 
 " publican, as long as he continues incorrigible. 
 Foi. 38. " And the apostolical authority, the faith of Peter, 
 " which Christ saith should not fail the Catholic 
 " Church, with whom he promiseth to abide for 
 288 « ever, is to be found amongst us who imitate the 
 " life of the Apostles, who, according to our weak- 
 " ness, observe their commands and ordinances. We 
 " are those very persons of whom St. Paul speaks in 
 " his Epistle to the Corinthians ; Brethren, consider 
 " your calling, that you are not many wise men 
 " ajter thejlesh, not many mighty, not many noble: 
 " hut God hath chosen the foolish things of this 
 " world to confound the wise; and the weak things 
 " of this world, to confound the things that are 
 " mighty; and the base and despised things of this 
 " world, yea, the things that are not, to bring to 
 " nought the things that are. And St. Paul himself 
 " tells us, that he was sent to preach the Gospel, 
 " not in the mightiness of man's wisdom, but in 
 " simplicity and plainness ; alleging to this purpose 
 " what the Lord saith elsewhere ; I will destroy the 
 " wisdom of the wise, and will bring to nought the 
 " pimdence of the prudent^'' 
 
 Without doubt the Bishop of Meaux will tell us, 
 that all this is nothing else but the overflowing of a 
 schismatical temper, exasperated by the corruption 
 of the Clergy and their licentiousness ; but that in- 
 deed there is nothing in all this that shews them 
 to have held the same principles with those of the 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 315 
 
 Reformation. I shall then make it my business to chap. 
 
 evidence the contrary, and that after so clear and '_ 
 
 visible a manner, that the Bishop shall no longer be 
 in a condition to disguise it. What Seisselius tells 
 us in particular, concerning the articles of their 
 faith, is this : 
 
 " They receive only, saith he, what is written in Foi. 4. 
 " the Old and New Testament. 
 
 " They say, that the Popes of Rome, and other 
 " Priests, have depraved the Scriptures by their doc- 
 " trines and glosses. 
 
 " They say, that they owe neither tithes nor first- 
 " fruits to the Clergy. 
 
 " They say, that the consecrations of churches, 
 " indulgences, and other such like benedictions, are 
 " the inventions of false Priests. 
 
 " They do not celebrate the festivals of the saints. 
 
 " They say, that men do not stand in need of the 
 " suffrages of the saints : Christ abundantly suf- 
 " ficing in all things. 
 
 " They affirm, that marriage may be contracted in 289 
 " any degree, excepting only one or two at the most; 
 " as if the Popes had no power to prohibit marriage 
 " in any other degrees. 
 
 " They say, that whatever is done to deliver the 
 " souls of the dead from the pains of purgatory, is 
 " useless, lost, and superstitious. 
 
 " They say, that our Priests have no power of for- 
 " giving sins. 
 
 " They say, that they alone observe the evangeli- 
 " cal and apostolical doctrine, and upon this ac- 
 " count, by an intolerable impudence, they usurp 
 " the name of the Catholic Church." 
 
 Their Barbae, saith Seisselius, do err greatly, be- 
 cause they are neither sent of God, nor by the Pastors 
 of the Church, but of the Devil; as appears from 
 their damnable doctrine. 
 
 " They say, that the authority of hearing con- 
 " fessions belongs to all Christians that walk accord- 
 
3 1 6 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP. « ing to the Apostles' precepts, (which their Barbae 
 
 L" attribute to themselves,) because St. James saith, 
 
 " Confess your sins one to another. 
 
 " They say, that we ought not to admit any kind 
 " of prayer, except it appear that it was composed 
 " by some certain author, and approved of God, in 
 " order to obtain something of him. Their Barbae 
 " have often preached this doctrine, to abolish the 
 " service of the glorious Virgin, and of other saints. 
 
 " They do not think that Christians ought to say 
 " the angelical salutation to the mother of God, al- 
 " leging, that it has not the form of a prayer, but a 
 " salutation: but it is only that they might rob the 
 " Virgin of this service, saying, that it is not lawful 
 " to worship or serve her any more than the rest of 
 " the saints. 
 
 " They affirm, that the blessings of the Priests are 
 " of no virtue at all. Did not Christ bless the bread 
 " in the desert? When the Apostles sat down to eat 
 " bread, they blessed what was set upon the table. 
 
 " They say, there is no need of holy water in the 
 " churches, because neither Christ himself nor his 
 " Apostles either made it or commanded it : as if 
 " we ought to say or do nothing but what we read 
 " was done by them. 
 290 " They say, that the indulgences allowed of by 
 " the Church are despicable useless things. 
 
 " They say, that the souls of the dead, without 
 " being tried by any purgation, do immediately upon 
 " their parting from the body enter into joy or 
 " pains, and that the Clergy, blinded by their covet- 
 " ousness, have invented purgatory. 
 
 " They say, that the saints cannot take notice of 
 " what is done here below. 
 
 " They abhor and detest all images, and the sign 
 " of the cross, much more than we honour them. 
 
 " They make no distinction between the worship 
 " of latria, which is due to God only, and that of 
 " dulia, which belongs to the saints. 
 
 Fol. 56 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 317 
 
 " As to the fasts, which the CathoHc Church has chap. 
 " instituted for the honour of God and the saints. ^^^^^- 
 " they have yet less reason to object these to us." 
 
 There is a pleasant error Seisselius ascribes to 
 them, about the nature of lying, which evidenceth 
 how great their purity was as to this article, and 
 with what impudence it is that their enemies ca- 
 lumniate them with equivocation. " They affirm, 
 " that a lie is always a mortal sin, because David 
 " says, God destroys all liars." But it is evident 
 that these general propositions are to be moderated, 
 otherwise who should be saved ? Hereupon to con- 
 vince them in an error, he accuseth all the saints, 
 even St. Paul and Christ himself, to have made use 
 of lies upon occasion. 
 
 But because in all this we have made no mention 
 of transubstantiation, the Bishop of Meaux will take 
 it for granted, that in Seisselius's time the Walden- 
 ses received it as a doctrine of faith ; but he will 
 mistake himself if he do, for Seisselius declares, that 
 they rejected it as a great extravagance. He tells 
 us also, " That they made a mock of all the artifices 
 " they made use of, to make it appear more plausi- 
 " ble to them. I think, saith he, that those took 
 " pains to little purpose, who, writing against this 
 " sect, made it their chief business to insist upon the 
 " difficulties about the sacrament of the Eucharist, 
 " and, in order to the clearing of them, have spoken 
 " so sharply and subtilly, that I may not say con-291 
 " fusedly, that I have great reason to doubt whether 
 " ever they understood the thing themselves. Yet 
 " I will not say, that because I do not comprehend 
 " it myself, (for that I ingenuously confess,) I think 
 " it also to surpass the capacity of others ; but bc- 
 " cause it has always appeared to me to be a point 
 " of that difficulty, that the most able have been 
 " fain to profess, that the strength of human under- 
 " standing must in this case be subject to faith." 
 After which he useth his utmost endeavours to per- 
 
318 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, suade the Waldenses to embrace an opinion, for the 
 ^'^^"' which they had always testified a great aversion. 
 
 By this we may see what was the faith of the 
 behevers of Piedmont, as far as Seissehus's account 
 thereof reacheth. And as for their carriage and con- 
 versation, the same Seissehus tells us ; " They say, 
 " that they desire only to overcome by the simplicity 
 " of faith, purity of conscience, and integrity of life ; 
 " not by philosophical niceties and theological sub- 
 " tilties. 
 
 " Setting aside what they hold in opposition to 
 " our faith and religion, for the rest, saith that 
 " Bishop, they for the most part lead a more pure 
 " life than other Christians. They swear not at all, 
 " except they be forced to it, and very rarely take 
 " the name of God in vain : they honestly perform 
 " their promises ; and the most part of them living 
 " in poverty, they protest that they alone observe 
 " the life and doctrine of the Apostles, and therefore 
 " affirm, that the power of the Church resides in 
 " them, as the true innocent disciples of Jesus 
 " Christ, for the sake of whose faith and religion 
 " they live in poverty." 
 
 It is impossible to give them a more advantageous 
 testimony than what he gives them elsewhere, ac- 
 knowledging, that they looked upon it as an honour- 
 able and glorious thing to suffer the persecutions 
 which were raised against them by the Church of 
 Rome. 
 
 292 CHAP. XXVIII. 
 
 Containing the conclusion of this Treatise. 
 
 JL HESE are the observations I thought myself 
 obhged to make upon the ecclesiastical history of 
 the ancient Churches of the Valleys of Piedmont, 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 319 
 
 to evidence their apostolical succession. If in this chap, 
 undertaking I have not been able to clear some ^^^"^• 
 
 points, the fault thereof is to be charged on those 
 who have persecuted them to the highest degree of 
 outrage and cruelty, and who have spared none of 
 their monuments of antiquity, but such as they 
 thought might some way or other make these be- 
 lievers odious and abominable to those of the Ro- 
 mish communion. However, I hope that an equal 
 reader will meet with some satisfaction from these 
 my endeavours, and will easily conclude from these 
 remarks, that the cause of that implacable hatred of 
 the Pope and his Clergy, against the Churches of 
 Piedmont, was nothing else but the design of extir- 
 pating a race of people, whose zeal for the purity of 
 the Gospel engaged them to upbraid the Church of 
 Rome with her corruptions in matters of faith, her 
 idolatry, her false and superstitious worship, and 
 her horrid tyranny. 
 
 And forasmuch as my design is not to abuse my 
 reader, I neither pretend to excuse all the errors 
 which some of the members of these Churches may 
 have held, nor indeed to justify them altogether, in 
 all the articles which might have been objected 
 against them, during the time of almost six hundred 
 years, wherein the Romish party has opposed them. 
 I am persuaded, that all good men will have that 
 equity and kindness for these Churches, which the 
 Doctors of the Romish Church do so dexterously 
 make use of themselves, upon occasion of any in- 
 dictments formed against the primitive Church, in 
 those times that were nearest to the Apostles, by 
 those that have attacked them; or when the ques- 
 tion is concerning errors found in the writings of the 
 most ancient Doctors or Fathers of the Church. 293 
 Should any do otherwise, they would declare them- 
 selves thereby to be in opposition to natural equity 
 and the principles of charity, especially since after 
 all it cannot be denied, but that the bodv of these 
 
320 Remarks upo7i the 
 
 CHAP. Churches have always preserved amongst them what- 
 soever is necessary to the constitution of a true so- 
 
 ciety of Christians. 
 
 The Church of Rome herself furnisheth us with 
 an excuse for some of the errors they had in com- 
 mon with the Christians of old, when she owns, that 
 for all them they did not cease to be true Churches. 
 Some of these errors are such, as that they of the 
 Church of Rome are ready to apologize for these 
 Churches in that behalf; and there be others again, 
 wherein though they have not the approbation of 
 many Protestant Churches, yet can they defend 
 themselves with their agreeing therein with other 
 Christian communions, whom the Protestants own 
 for true members of the Church of Jesus Christ. 
 
 I cannot but represent to the reader the particu- 
 lar character which the author of the Noble Lesson 
 has given us of these Churches, viz. their constancy 
 in suffering the persecution of the Church of Rome, 
 and indeed this is their true character in a most 
 eminent and illustrious degree; for scarcely is there a 
 Church to be found in the world, that ever had the 
 advantage of having borne the cross of Christ, as the 
 Church of the Valleys of Piedmont have done. 
 Never did the Church of Rome give in a more in- 
 contestable evidence of her own antichristianism, 
 than by her insatiable thirst after the blood of those 
 Christians, who renounced her communion these 
 six hundred years last past, for to allay which, she 
 has made the blood of these poor innocents to run 
 down every where like rivers, exterminating by fire 
 and sword those who were not moved by the empty 
 noise of her anathemas : so that for so great an in- 
 terval of time the Waldenses have always been in 
 the condition of sheep led to the slaughter, by their 
 continual and uninterrupted martyrdom maintaining 
 and adorning the religion of our Saviour, which the 
 Church of Rome did no longer profess, but in mode 
 294 and way adapted to her corrupt worldly interests. 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 321 
 
 and to the design she had of making it a stalking chap. 
 
 horse to the pomp, lordliness, and tyranny of her_ 1 
 
 Pope and Clergy. 
 
 Whatsoever reflections they of the Church of 
 Rome may pass upon God's seeming to have aban- 
 doned these poor and helpless Churches to the rage 
 and fury of their cannibal party, I am fully persuad- 
 ed, that they who have never so little made it their 
 study to consider the conduct of Providence towards 
 the primitive Church, will not at all be ofl^ended at 
 this seeming desertion of the Waldenses, and aban- 
 doning of them to the outrageous cruelty of their 
 persecutors, nor look upon the seeming triumphs of 
 the apostate Church as a mark of the weakness of 
 the truth professed by these people. And indeed, 
 notwithstanding the extreme rigour of their perse- 
 cutions, we find, that God hath tenderly preserved 
 them until the Reformation ; and though he has 
 often exposed them to the rage and barbarous usage 
 of their persecutors, yet withal has from time to 
 time sent them such deliverances, which have con- 
 tinued them until this day: these their persecutions, 
 like those of the Apostles, having only served to 
 procure martyrs to the glorious truth of the Gospel, 
 and to disperse throughout all places the knowledge 
 and good savour thereof, which the Romish party, 
 treading in the steps of the ancient synagogue, did 
 so cruelly persecute. 
 
 Without doubt this was the reflection Luther 
 made upon this account, when he was so far from 
 being offended at the rumour his adversaries had 
 spread concerning him, that by means of the close 
 pursuit of Leo X. he had no place left to hide his 
 head, save amongst the Picars, who were a colony 
 of the Waldenses, settled in Bohemia, he openly 
 declared, that he was not in the least troubled at this 
 their report; for after he had more exactly informed 
 himself of their belief, and having searched into the 
 design and intent of those black calumnies charged 
 
 Y 
 
322 Remarks upon the 
 
 CHAP, upon them, he owned them for his brethren, and 
 XXVIII. commended them for faithful Christians: and though 
 
 at that time he did not agree with them in all things, 
 295 as being not himself wholly freed from the impuri- 
 ties of the Church of Rome, yet he writes to them 
 with such an affection and esteem, as abundantly 
 shews the respect he had for those who for so long a 
 time had opposed the corruptions of the truth. 
 
 It was upon the same account that Conrad Pelli- 
 can, one of the most learned men that had a hand 
 in the Reformation, undertook in the year 1543, at 
 Zurich, publicly to read the works of the Waldenses, 
 that is to say, those pieces which since have been 
 published by the author of Fasciculus rerum expe- 
 tendarum, and by Lydius, which contain their apo- 
 logies presented to King Vadislas. By this means 
 he gave to his auditors an occasion and sure means 
 to refute the ridiculous cavillings of the Papists, who 
 were very desirous, as they are still, to fix the epocha 
 of the Reformation to the year 1517? in pointing out 
 to them a whole body of a Church, which, in spite of 
 all the opposition of the Romish party, had always 
 maintained the truth, and preserved it in a sufficient 
 degree of purity, whilst the Church of Rome made 
 use of her utmost endeavours to corrupt it, to serve 
 her own base designs. 
 
 The learned and famous Usher followed the steps 
 of these great men, in his undertaking to justify the 
 Waldenses, and to make out their succession, with 
 so many marks of exactness and diligence, and in 
 having prompted those that have conversed with 
 him, and who have inherited of his light and spirit, 
 earnestly to desire that the history of these Churches 
 might be more and more cleared. 
 
 Let the Bishop of Meaux then, if he please, think 
 the Protestants might be ashamed to go and look for 
 their ancestors among the Waldenses, and to hunt 
 for them in the caverns of the Alps. His declama- 
 tions shall never be able to make us forego a jot of 
 
ancient Church of Piedmont. 323 
 
 that tender veneration and respect we have most chap. 
 
 justly conceived for this nursery and seed-plot of J [ 
 
 martyrs, and for those triumphant troops, who have 
 so generously lavished away their blood in the de- 
 fence of truth, against all the efforts, all the machi- 
 nations, and all the violences of the Romish party. 
 The judgment of St. Hilarius, expressed in his 296 
 writing against Auxentius, may be sufficient to arm 
 us against all the cavils of those who will needs have, 
 that it was impossible that ever their Church should 
 lose its purity, or that the same should be pre- 
 served by these Churches, reduced to caverns and 
 mountains. Unum mo7ieo, cavete Antichristum. 
 Male enim vos parietum amor coepit, male ecclesiam 
 Dei in tectis cEdificiisque veneramini; male sub his 
 pacem ingeritis. Anne ambiguum est in his anti- 
 christum sessurum P Montes miki et sylv(R et lacus 
 et car ceres et voragines sunt tutiores ; in his eniin y 
 
 Prophet(B ant manentes, aut defnersi Dei spiritu 
 prophetabant. p. 31 6. Oper. Hilarii. " One thing 
 " I must warn you of, beware of Antichrist. It is ill 
 " done of you to fall in love with walls ; it is ill 
 " done of you to reverence the church of God in 
 " buildings and edifices ; you do ill to rest in these 
 " things. Or, can you question, that it is on these 
 " Antichrist will fix his throne? Give me mountains, 
 " forests, pits, and prisons, as being far the safer 
 " places; for in these it was that the Prophets pro- 
 " phesied from the spirit of God." y 
 
 Y 2 
 
324 Scriptum Inquisitoris cujiispiam anonymi 
 
 29jr Scriptum Imjuisitoris cujuspium anonymi cle f^al- 
 densibus, ex codice MS. G. inpuhlica Bihliotheca 
 Cantabrig. 
 
 UT vobis Reverendissimo in Christo Patri et Do- 
 mino, Domino Rostagno Ebredunensi Archiepisco- 
 po, vobisque Reverendis Patribus et Dominis Fratri 
 Laurentio Cistaricensi Episcopo, et Thomse Pascha- 
 lis Orlianensi Officiali, Commissariis Apostolicis, Re- 
 gia et Dalphinali auctoritate suffultis ad causam eo- 
 rum pauperum de Lugduno, quos vulgus Valdenses 
 appellat, dictos a Valdeo, cive Lugdunensi, in loco 
 dicto vulgariter l^al grant moram faciente, qui ho- 
 mo dives haeresiarcha primus baeresis sectae Val- 
 densium inventor fuit, secundum Scripturam, Qui 
 bonis temporalibus renuncians, coepit cum suis com- 
 plicibus vitam apostolicam cum cruce et paupertate 
 ducere. Et experrectis viris ecclesiasticis, multos 
 sibi discipulos sociavit, qui inde dicti sunt Pauperes 
 de Lugduno, qui dicentes vivere sub obedientia 
 apostolica, ab ilia tamen se separantes pertinaciter 
 respondebant cum redarguerentur, 3Iagis esse Deo 
 obediendum quam hominibus: fuerunt tandem et 
 merito per miUtantem Ecclesiam damtiati, sed non 
 radicitus extirpati, quia Lugduno J^ugientes ad ulti- 
 mas Dalphinatus partes, se transferentes in Ebre- 
 dunensi et Taurinensi dioecesibus in Alpibus et intra 
 concava montium accessu diJfficiHa, plures ihi ex 
 ipsis Jiabitaverunt, ubi paulatim procurante satore 
 zizanicF, in copioso numero excreverunt, et demum 
 palmites suos tristes in Liguriam, Italiam, et ultra 
 Romam in Apuliam transmiserunt : et quemadmo- 
 dum Christus Redemptor noster discipulos suos bi- 
 nos riiittebat ad prsedicandum ; sic et idiota et besti- 
 alis illius sectse magniscius alios magistros inferiores 
 per ipsum creatos et probatos, quos vulgo Barbas 
 298dicimus, ad docendum et prsedicandum hujusmodi 
 
de Valdensihus. 325 
 
 sectJE doctrinam, hinc inde hinos mittere solltus fuit, 
 hi siquidem Barbae creari solent per eorum suprc- 
 mum in civitate Acquilae in regno Neapolitano ; et 
 in eorum creatione qusedam solet fieri solennitas. 
 Nam in derisum Romani Pontijicis, eis nomina 
 mutanturcum ad magisterium hujusmodi afficiuntur, 
 cujus siquidem damnatissimse hseresis cultores, qui- 
 bus viri et mulieres vallis ClusionisTaurinensis dioe- 
 cesis, et omnes mares et fceminae vallis Frayxineriae, 
 ac plures vallium Argenterise et Loysiffi Ebredunen- 
 sis dicEcesis a tanto tempore qiiod non est memoria 
 hominuni, in contrarium fuerunt proni plusquam 
 centum numero ex ipsis sponte confessi fuerunt, se- 
 quentes articulos contra fidem nostram, tenuerunt, 
 tenentque, et immobiliter observant. Et ut de,co 
 constet et liquidius appareat, Procurator fidci juncto 
 Procuratore patriee et locorum circumvicinorum pa- 
 triae Briantonensis et Ebredunensis pro manutenti- 
 one fidei Christianae et honoris patriae relevatione 
 contra omnes et singulos dictte vallis Frayxineriae, 
 dat et facit sequentes titulos, quos petit admitti ad 
 probandum, citra tamen onus superflute probationis, 
 ad quod se astringere non intendit, de quo et de 
 expcnsis contra eos omnes et singulos solenniter 
 protestatur. 
 
 In primis ponit et dicit, ac probare intendit, quod 
 ipsi homines vallis Frayxinerite fuerunt a centum un- 
 nis citra ultra, ac per tempora ipsa et alia a tanto 
 tempore cujus initii viemoria hominum non exist it, 
 fuerunt et de praesenti sunt haerctici, et sequentes 
 articulos contra Catholicam fidem tenuerint et te- 
 nant; et hoc est verum, notorium, publicum, et 
 manifestum. 
 
 Item et quod fuerunt et de praesenti sunt pro ha^- 
 reticis et Valdensibus habiti, tenti et reputati com- 
 muniter,et ab omnibus de eisdem et eorum vita, niori- 
 bus, et conversatione notitiam habentibus; et hoc fuit 
 et est verum, notorium, publicum, et manifestum. 
 
 Item et quod de pr^emissis fuit et est publica vox 
 Y 3 
 
326 Scriptum Inquisitor is cujuspiam afionymi 
 
 et fama^ nedum apud circumvicinos, imo et apud 
 omnes a centum leucis et ultra distantes a dicta val- 
 le ; et hoc fuit et est verum, notorium, publicum, et 
 manifestum. 
 299 Item et quod fuerunt et de prsesenti sunt ubique 
 terrarum de hseresi et damnatissima Valdensium 
 secta fidei Christianae contraria diifamati ; et hoc fuit 
 et est verum, notorium, et manifestum. 
 
 Item ct quod propterea homines locorum circum- 
 vicinorum, licet Catholici et Christiani, ac Christi 
 fideles, ex ipsorum de Frayxineria labe ubique ter- 
 rarum dehonestantur, et improperia quamplurima 
 
 atque damna et interesse, quia ab honoribus 
 
 multis commodis rejiciuntur ex suspicione ipsorum 
 de Frayxineria ; et hoc fuit et est verum, notorium, 
 pubHcum, et manifestum. 
 
 Item ct quod dicti de Frayxineria hseretici di- 
 cuntur, et visi sunt mali et obstinati, et fidei Ca- 
 tholicae contrarii, iniqui ac perversi, ac pro talibus 
 habiti, tenti, et reputati, articulos sequentes contra 
 fidem Christi tenentes ; et hoc est verum, notorium, 
 publicum, et manifestum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia Ecclesiam Romanam dicunt 
 Ecclesiam malignantium, et eam diffamant et repro- 
 bant, et ita credunt damnabiliter et contra fidem 
 Catholicam ; et hoc est verum, notorium, publicum, 
 et manifestum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia credunt et crediderunt quod 
 in ipsis tantum sit Ecclesia Dei, qui vivunt in pau- 
 pertate, in eorum symholo credentes in sanctam Ec- 
 clesiam sine macula et ruga constitutam ; et hoc est 
 verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia damnabiliter credunt et cre- 
 diderunt quod eorum Magistri et Barbae potestatem 
 habeant ligandi et solvendi, et quod illis et non 
 Presbyteris Romanse Ecclesiae confitenda sunt pec- 
 cata ; contra fidem, et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 non licuit nee licet Prselatos Romanse Ecclesiae ha- 
 
de Valdensihus. 327 
 
 here patrimonium aut jurisdictionem tetnporalem in 
 hoc seculo, et quod a beato Sylvestro non fuit verus 
 Papa; contra fidem, et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 quantam quis habet sanctitatem, tantam habet fa- 
 cultatem et potestatem in Ecclesia, et non ultra; 
 contra fidem, et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 300 
 sacramenta per Presbyteros Romance Ecclesise mini- 
 strata nuUius sint efficaciae seu virtutis ; contra fidem 
 nostram, et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 eisdem Presbyteris Romanse Ecclesise non sunt sol- 
 vendcE decimcE, neque eis sunt dandse oblationes, 
 propter prsemissa ; contra fidem, et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 de censuris et pcenis per Prselatos Romanoe Ecclesiae 
 inflictis curandum non est, quoniam non arctant 
 neque hgant propter defectum sanctitatis, quia non 
 servant vestigia Christi ; contra fidem, et hoc est 
 verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 Roman a Ecclesia est Domus conjusionis, Babylon, 
 Meretrix, et Synagoga Diaboli; contra fidem, et 
 hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 eidem Romanse Ecclesiee, seu Prselatis eisdem, non 
 est obediendum ; et quod omnes eis obedientes sunt 
 damnati ; contra fidem, et hoc est veium. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 nullum est purgatorium in aho seculo, sed tantum 
 purgantur viventes in praesenti, et quod dum quis 
 moritur, statim avolat ad paradisum, vel labitur in 
 infernum, asseverantes Ecclesiam Romanam cu- 
 piditate ductaui purgatorium invenisse; et quod 
 pro mortuis ideo non est orandum ; contra fidem, et 
 hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 Y 4 
 
328 Scriptum Inquisitoris cujuspiam anonymi 
 
 pro quacunque re vera vel falsa non licet jurare; 
 contra fidein, et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 licitum est libidinose convenire, et participare etiam 
 cum omni persona sibi in quovis consanguinitatis vel 
 affinitatis gradu conjuncta, saltern quando conveni- 
 unt cum aliis ejusdem sectae in eorum praedicationi- 
 bus^ et extinctis luminibus ; contra fidem, et hoc est 
 verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 tantum prodest Deum orare in stabulo, quantum in 
 Ecclesia; contra fidem, et hoc est verum. 
 301 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 solus Deus orandus est, non autem Virgo Maria, 
 non sancti et sanctse, quia cum sint a nobis remoti, 
 non possunt audire preces nostras ; contra fidem, et 
 hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 aquae pluviales sunt ejusdem virtutis, sicut sunt aqucE 
 benedictm in ecclesia, quia omnes aquae fuerunt a 
 Deo benedictae ; contra fidem, et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 etiam Dominis temporalibus non est ohediendum, nisi 
 sint de eorum secta ; contra fidem, et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item quod pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt 
 quod detegere aliquem de dicta secta est peccatum 
 irremissibile, contra fidem, et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 extra eorum sectam nemo salvatur, et qui sunt de 
 eorum secta sancti esse dicuntur; contra fidem, et 
 hoc est verum. 
 
 Item pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 de J'estivitatibus sanctorum et sanctarum per Ro- 
 manam Ecclesiam introductis, non est curandum, 
 quod licitum est omni die opus servile exercere; 
 contra fidem, et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt quod ubicunque 
 licet et permissum est vesci carnibus, et quocunque 
 
de f^aldensihus. 32<l 
 
 tempore anni, et quod jejunia per Ecclesiam Roma- 
 nam introducta non sunt servanda, eorum quadra-i 
 gesimam incipiendo secunda feria post primam Do- 
 minicam Quadragesimae ; contra fidem, et hoc est! 
 verum. \ 
 
 Item et pro eo, quia crediderunt et credunt quod 
 non licet hmreticis eormm sectcc cum Catholicis ma- 
 trimonia contrahere, et multa alia erronea et nefaria 
 tenuerunt, crediderunt, et prsedicaverunt, prout con- 
 fessi fuerunt, et contra fidem, et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et quod propterea Reverendissimi dudum 
 Pontifices et Praelati Ebredunenses, cum Inquisi- 
 toribus hsereticae pravitatis retroactis temporibus, 
 magnos assumpserunt labores, ut hgereticam ipsam 
 sectam a partibus ill is avellerent, usque ad tempora 
 Reverendissimi in Christo Patris et Domini Domini 
 Joannis Archiepiscopi Ebredunensis novissime vita 
 functi, et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et quod praefatus quondam ReverendissimusSO 
 Dominus Joannes Ebredunensis Archiepiscopus sta- 
 tim post ejus assumptionem, et de anno Domini 
 millesimo quadringintesimo sexagesimo primo, ne 
 sanguis eorum de suis manibus exquireretur, ad 
 corrigendos illorum excessus, et ad extirpandam il- 
 1am haereticam sectam per monitiones, exhortati- 
 ones, et commendationes, coepit diligenter insurgere, 
 sed intervenientibus impedimentis, non potuit ad 
 finem perducere ; et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et quod propterea, de anno Domini millesi- 
 mo quadrigentesimo septuagesimo tertio. Prater Jo- 
 annes Veylleti, ordinis Minorum, sacrae Theologiae 
 Doctor, et Inquisitor authoritate apostolica deputatus 
 contra ipsos de Vallibus Frayxineriae, Argenteriae, et 
 Vallis Loysiae, processus formavit, ex quibus detecta 
 est dicta haeretica secta, qua pro insertis articulis 
 sponte confessi sunt credidisse ; et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et quod successive praefatus quondam Reve- 
 rendissimus Dominus Joannes Archiepiscopus de 
 anno Domini millesimo quadringentesimo octuagesi- 
 
C30 Scriptum Inquisitoris cujuspiam anonymi 
 
 no tertio, cum viris Catholicis et aliis eorum com- 
 plicibus usque ad numerum nonaginta novas infor- 
 mationes sumpsit, ex quibus apparet quod omues illi 
 de Frayxineria, et multi de Valle Loysia et Argenteria 
 diffamatissimi et suspectissimi de dicta haeretica secta 
 apud omnes habebantur; et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et quod propterea praefatus Reverendissimus 
 quondam Dominus Joannes Archiepiscopus, et de 
 anno millesimo quadringentesimo octuagesimo sexto 
 et diebus decima octava et vigesima nona Junii, et 
 tertio die nona Julii ejusdem anni eos generaliter 
 moneri fecit infra terminum in litteris contentum et 
 per litteras patentes debite executas, quibus parere 
 neglexerunt; et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et quod propterea et successive, et de mense 
 Augustij praefatus quondam Reverendissimus Domi- 
 nus Joannes Archiepiscopus mandavit eos omnes 
 nominatim suspectos citari responsuros de fide, offe- 
 rendo iUis gratiam, si redire vellent ad gremium 
 Ecclesiae, qui contumaciter comparere neglexerunt ; 
 et hoc est verum. 
 J03 Item et quod successive de anno praedicto et die 
 decima quinta Septembris praefatus quondam Reve- 
 rendissimus Dominus Joannes Archiepiscopus lit- 
 teras patentes laxavit et excommunicatorias in eo- 
 rum perfidiam et obstinatam contumaciam executas 
 die decima septima ejusdem Septembris, et quam 
 excommunicationem sustinuerunt usque ad diem 
 sextam mensis Februarii anni Domini millesimi qua- 
 dringentesimi octuagesimi septimi, et a longe ultra 
 in excommunicatione sorduerunt. Inter quos no- 
 minatus fuit Angellinus Palloni, qui tanto opere 
 nunc ad veritatem occultandam suis mendaciis ela- 
 borat; et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et successive Reverendissimus Pater Domi- 
 nus Albertus de Cappitaneis, Archidiaconus Cremo- 
 nensis, in utraque facultate non mediocriter peritus, 
 authoritate apostolica deputatus, contra eosdem pro- 
 cessit, et informationes sumpsit, et de anno millesi- 
 
de yaldensihus. 331 
 
 mo quadringentesimo octuagesimo octavo et die 
 sexta Fcbruarii, et se informavit cum quatuor ex 
 complicibus eorum concludentibus in efFectu cum 
 aliis per praefatum Reverendissimum quondam Do- 
 minum Joannem Archiepiscopum super his exami- 
 natis, ex quo formatis processibus, certis motus re- 
 spectibus, a sede apostolica obtinuit procedere non 
 vocato Ordinario, et tandem nominatim citari man- 
 davit eosdem responsuros de fide, eisdem benigne 
 oblata gratia, si redire vellent ad Ecclesise unitatem. 
 Quibus citationibus ipsi obstinati haeretici comparere 
 contempserunt ; ex quo undecima Februarii succes- 
 sive pro secunda vice citati per literas debite exe- 
 cutas, iterum contumaciter comparere neglexerunt. 
 Et ideo contra eosdem et merito literas excommuni- 
 catorias laxavit debite executas et publicatas, sed 
 excommunicationem ipsam et aggravationem sem- 
 per magis eorum perfidia sustinuerunt, ex quo per 
 literas patentes citati fuerunt visuri loca ad quae ip- 
 sis declinare contingebat supponi ecclesiastico inter- 
 dicto, qui pariter comparere postposuerunt ; et hoc 
 est verum. 
 
 Item et quod successive praefatus Dominus com- 
 missarius saepius misit ad eos plures viros Deum ti- 
 mentes et salutem animarum haereticorum illorum 
 quaerentes, ut eos ad viam lucis et gratise reducerent, 
 sed illos tanquam obstinatos ad postulandum veniam304 
 nullo modo flectere potuerunt ; et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et quod successive ac propterea antefactus 
 Dominus Commissarius eos nominatim citari man- 
 davit, ut coram eo comparerent audituri definitivam 
 sententiam per ipsum ferendam per Hteras debite 
 executas die secunda Martii anno supradicto, qui 
 contumaciter semper magis comparere neglexerunt; 
 et ideo nemine comparente, praefatus Dominus Com- 
 missarius cernens cor eorum induratum esse, nee in 
 eis signa aliqua poenitentiae apparere, cum peritorum 
 consilio, visis omnibus praecedentibus, ad suam defi- 
 nitivam processit sententiam, per quam eos ut hse- 
 
332 Script um Inquisitor Is cujuspiam anonymi 
 
 reticos pertinaces et rebelles brachio secular! reli- 
 quit ; et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item quod propterea ex commissione extremi Par- 
 liamenti Dalphinalis pro brachio secular! implorati, 
 strenuus miles Dominus Hugo de Palude Comes de 
 Varax, Locumtenens Dalphini, et magnificus Jurium 
 Doctor, et Dalphini Consiliarius Dominus Joannes 
 Rabboti, servatis de jure servandis, processerunt 
 contra eosdem qui proprias relinquentes domos, ca- 
 vernas et latibula montium, ac rupturas rupum sibi 
 pro fortalicio elegerunt: sed interim dicti Domini 
 Commissarii Apostolicus et Dalphinales iterum eis 
 gratiam et Ecclesiae gremium obtulerunt ; proviso 
 quod puro corde et fide non ficta redirent. Ipsi vero 
 tunc quasi omnes de rupibus sponte non ligati, non 
 quaestionati descendentes qui voluerunt venire mares 
 et fceminae ad gratiam benigne recepti fuerunt per 
 eundem Commissarium Apostolicum, et confessi 
 fuerunt gratis et sine metu torturse, se fuisse et esse 
 ValdenseSj seu Pauperes de Lugduno, et illorum hae- 
 resim seu sectam tenuisse, ac illi et illius articulis 
 supra descriptis credidisse, et inter ceteros Angellinus 
 Palloni qui materiam prosequitur ad praesens, ac tes- 
 tante processu praesenti justificando in forma pro- 
 bante ; et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et quod reliqui, duodecim vel quindccim nu- 
 mero, in eorum turma existentes, qui contenti gratia 
 et venia, diabolico spiritu imbuti ab aliis aufugerant 
 cum essent plus obstinati, baniti fuerunt ; et hoc est 
 verum, notorium, et manifestum. 
 305 Item et quod alii ad gratiam admissi de se sponte 
 confessi, dictam damnatissimam Valdensium sectam 
 et haereticam pravitatem supra declaratam abjurave- 
 runt et quamcunque aliam solenniter post praedica- 
 tionem, et in eorum abjurationibus expresse promi- 
 serunt inter alia nusquam receptare seu occultare 
 praedictos banitos, sed illos dum venirent repellere, 
 et Ecclesiae intimare, atque eis injungendas senten- 
 tias satisfactorias pro peccatis efficaciter adimplere 
 
de Valdensihus. 333 
 
 constante processu ; et hoc est verum, et sub poena 
 relapsus in processu contenta. 
 
 Item et quod pro poenitentiis fuit eis specialiter 
 injunctum post abjurationem supradictam, quod viri 
 qui fuerant in cavernis rupum se defendentes, ad 
 quinquenium, alii vero qui non ibi fuerant^, ad bien- 
 nium deferrent cruccs duas tclae crocei coloris in 
 superiori veste ante et retro consutas, et talia fuerunt 
 eis injuncta Ebreduni, ubi fuerunt ante fores majoris 
 ecclesiae ; et hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et quod successive dicti abjurati post eorum 
 abjurationem Ecclesiae mandatis et monitionibus, 
 abjurationibus et monitionibus et promissionibus 
 factis parere pertinaciter contempserunt ; et ideo no- 
 minatim citati fuerunt visuri testes prsedicti jurare 
 et examinari contra eos per procuratorem fidei pro- 
 ducendos, quibus non comparentibus ac testibus in 
 eorum contumacia examinatis, iterum citati fuerunt 
 visuri attestationes publicari, qui comparere renu- 
 erunt ; ex quorum quidem testium tarn Presbytero- 
 rum quani aliorum Catholicorum bonorum fide dig- 
 norum, et suorum complicum depositionibus luce 
 meridiana clarioribus apparet eosdem de Frayxineria 
 fuisse et essejicte conversos et relapsos, quia haere- 
 ticos banitos receptaverunt, et poenitentias eis in- 
 junctas non impleverunt, vocati venire noluerunt, 
 quinimo Barbas et Magistros Valdensium postmodo 
 receperunt, et eis more pristino confess! sunt ; et 
 hoc est verum. 
 
 Item et quod successive authoritate apostolica 
 deputatus fuit Inquisitor in dictis vallibus frater 
 Franciscus Plorerii ordinisMinorunijSacrseTheologige 
 professor, qui de anno Domini millesimo quadrin- 
 gentesimo octuagesimo nono, et die prima Januarii, 
 intelligens quod ipsi de Frayxineria de relapsu essent 
 diffamati signanter informatus a curato loci, et a plu-306 
 ribus de dicto loco Frayxineriae, ac cum veris Catho- 
 licis et etiam complicibus usque ad numcrum sex- 
 aginta sex, quorum dictorum apparuit quod dicti de 
 
334 Scriptum Inquisitoris cujuspiam anonymi 
 
 Frayxineria non impleverunt eis impositas poeniten- 
 tias, nee detulerunt cruees in suis superioribus vesti- 
 bus : quinimo receptaverunt haeretieos banitos, nee 
 revelarunt Eeelesise, contravenientes eorum abjura- 
 tionibus, inter quos Angelinas Paloni, qui nunc cau- 
 sam prosequitur, descriptus invenitur, ex quo vise 
 inform abatur antefactus dominus Inquisitor cum Or- 
 dinario procedens, quia solus non poterat, per literas 
 patentes eos omnes nominatim citari mandavit re- 
 sponsuros de fide et de relapsu, qui «uspectissimi se 
 excusaturos, executos de anno Domini millesimo 
 quadringentesimo octuagesimo nono et die vigesima 
 quarta Maii: qui tamen comparere postposuerunt, 
 ex quo per alias literas legitime executas secundo 
 citati fuerunt eodem anno, et die vigesima octava 
 Maii, sed comparere contempserunt, duobus excep- 
 tis, qui nominibus propriis comparuerunt, et ideo 
 non comparentes fuerunt. Et tertio per literas die 
 septima Junii ejusdem anni debite executas vocati et 
 non comparentes, in eorum contumacia excommu- 
 nicati, et crescente contumacia aggravati, et quara 
 excommunicationis sententiam in eos, ut praemitti- 
 tur, latam, indurato animo sustinuerunt et adhuc 
 sustinent, propter quod per alias vestras legitime 
 executas anno praedicto et die vigesima octava Junii 
 citati fuerunt audituri, et visuri se veluti pertinaces 
 haeretieos relapsos brachio seculari relinqui, et eorum 
 bona a die commissi quasvis confiscata fuisse de- 
 clarari ; qui et iterum citati anno praedicto et die 
 quinta Julii, ac iterum vocati anno quo supra et die 
 sexta Septembris audituri sententiam contra eos fe- 
 rendam, nunquam ut obstinati comparere curave- 
 runt, ex quo recte et rite jure suadente damnati fu- 
 erunt, ex quo nunc audiendi non sunt, cum sint ex- 
 communicati, et interdicti, et pro talibus ac haereti- 
 cis pertinacibus declarati per sententias in rem judi- 
 catam transactas, nulla appellatione suspensas, ^d- 
 versus quas dicere aliquid admitti posse non videtur, 
 nisi prius parito monitionibus, et judicatis, et Eccle- 
 
de f^aldensibus. 335 
 
 siae mandatis ac solutis expensis, super quibus dictiis 
 Procurator, tanquam super articulo praejudiciabili, 
 petit jus dici et interloqui, jusque et justitiam mini- 
 strari, officium vestrum humiliter implorando. 
 
 Processus Inquisitoris contra Barham Martinum, 301 
 ex Cod. MS. H. in Bibliotli. publica Cantabr. 
 
 x\.NNO Domini millesiino quadringentesimo nona- 
 gesimo secundo, die septima mensis Augusti, apud 
 Ulcium venerabilis Dorninus Bartholomaeus Pas- 
 chalis Canonicus, et Pidancerius ac Locumtenens 
 venerandi Domini de Turrellis, Vicarii Generalis 
 reverendissimi in Christo Patris et Domini, Domini 
 Joannis Michaelis miseratione divina Episcopi Prae- 
 nestini, Cardinalis sancti Angeli, Administratoris et 
 Commendatoris inclyti monasterii Ulciensis, secum 
 existentibus spectabilibus et egregiis Dominis Pontio 
 Pontii Dalphinali Consiliario, et Oroncio Erne Ju- 
 dice Berniensi, processit ad examinationem Fran- 
 cisci de Girundino, de Spoleto Barba Martino nun- 
 cupate, detento infra carceres Dalphinales Ulcii. 
 
 Et primo dixit, quod sunt sexdecim anni elapsi 
 quod Girondinus ejus pater ipsum loquentem ipsam 
 fidem Valdensium et haeresim docuit. Et inccepit 
 ipsum ducere per patrias. 
 
 Interrogatus per quas patrias et regiones eum 
 eduxit? dixit quod per patrias et regiones Italiae, 
 videlicet Januae, Bononiae, Luce, et per montem 
 Marchancone, et ipse ejus pater, qui erat Barba, 
 ibat ad confitendum et praedicandum gentes in illis 
 montibus. 
 
 Interrogatus cum quibus fuit, in quibus partibus, 
 et quos perseveravit et conversatus est? dixit quod 
 ex post secundo anno ivit ad discendum dictam 
 doctrinam Valdensium cum viro alio Barba vocato 
 
336 Processus Inqidsitoris 
 
 Barnovo, qui erat de loco Perupage, et de dominio 
 de Camerino, qui duxit ipsum spacio duorum vel 
 trium annorum per loca supradicta. 
 
 Interrogatus cum quo ex post dictum Barnovo 
 sequutus est dictam doctrinam, dixit quod cum quo- 
 dam alio Barba nominato Josue, qui erat de loco 
 sancto de dominio de Camerino, prope locum de 
 Camerino, trium milliarium de Charretto. Dicens 
 308 ulterius quod postquam ivit cum dicto Josue ad con- 
 fitendum et prsedicandum dictam sectam, et per 
 dicta loca quidam alius Barba, nominatus Andreas, 
 duxit ipsum ad eorum magnum magistrum qui vo- 
 catur Joannes Antonii, et qui suam residentiam facit 
 in loco de Cambro de dominio Papae. 
 
 Interrogatus quid sibi dixit dictus magnus ma- 
 gister, dixit quod in primis injunxit sibi quod fa- 
 ceret sacramentum sub fide ipsorum, et aliud insuper 
 sibi injunxit. Super omnibus quod pro aliqua re 
 mundi non reveiaret, prorsus nee manifestaret quae 
 sibi dicere volebat. 
 
 Dicens sibi quod manifestare seu revelare eorum 
 fidem erat peccatum inexpiabile et irremissibile. 
 Dicens eidem, quod si vellet sectam tenere, et inse- 
 qui dictam sectam, faceret sibi multa bona. 
 
 Interrogatus si erant aliqui alii, dixit quod sic, 
 quos vocabat Barbas, et vocabatur ipse magnus 
 magister eorum Barba, et dicebat quod omnes tene- 
 bant dictam fidem, et quod tenerent secrete. 
 
 Et ulterius dicebat, magnus magister qui monebat 
 eos, ut servarent eorum fidem et essent salvati, et ita 
 praedicabat, Quod omnes qui sequerentur eorum 
 fidem erunt salvati ; qui vero non sequerentur ean- 
 dem sectam, non erunt salvati, sed erunt damnati. 
 
 Interrogatus quod est potissimum fundamentum 
 eorum fidei et sectae? dixit quod eorum magister 
 dixit, et ita reperiunt dicti Barbae eundo per mun- 
 dum, quod propter malam et pessimam vitam Papae, 
 Cardinalium, Episcoporum, et Sacerdotum, Religio- 
 sorum, et omnium aliorum ecclesiasticorum viro- 
 
contra Barham Martinum. 33/ 
 
 rum, ipsi Barbae sequuntur banc fidem, et reperierint 
 infinites errores. Quia dicti Papa, Cardinales, Epi- 
 scopi, et ecclesiastici viri, ducunt, et omncs sequun- 
 tur avaritiam, luxuriam, ac superbiam et pompas, 
 peccatum gulae et irse ; et in hoc omnes viri ecclesi- 
 astici errant; et eorum hoc est potissimum funda- 
 mentum, quia viri ecclesiastici male et pessime 
 vivunt. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod postquam ipsi viri ecclesi- 
 astici sunt in peccato mortali, non possunt ministrare 
 sacramenta, nee valent ea quae ipsi faciunt, quia 
 quando efficiuntur sacerdotes, jurant castitatem, puri- 
 tatem, et virginitatem, et quando committunt pec-309 
 cata, frangunt fidem et juramentum, et veniunt con- 
 tra fidem, et ex post perdunt omnimodam potesta- 
 tem, quia quando candela lucens mortua est, non 
 potest aliam vivificare. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod non est Papa, nee Cardinalis, 
 nee Episcopus, nee aliquis ahus ecclesiasticus vir, 
 qui ut plurimum non habeat suam dominam et su- 
 um regascum, qui dormiunt cum ipsis. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod dictus ejus magnus magister 
 eisdem injunxit quod praedicarent et ampliarent earn 
 fidem, et traherent gentes quantum possint ad illam, 
 quia hoc faciendo lucrarentur vitam seternam, cum 
 omnes de eorum fide sunt salvati, caeteri vero dam- 
 nati. 
 
 Dicens, quod quando eorum magnus magister 
 
 appellat communitatem ; quando facit cos Barbas, et 
 dat potestatem, mutat eorum nomina, et quod ipse, 
 antequam essct Barba effectus per dictam eorum 
 communitatem, appellabatur Franciscus, et quando 
 fuit factus Barba, imposuit sibi nomen Martinus. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod constituuntur Barbae, et va- 
 cat ofticium Barbarum, et quando moritur aliquis 
 Barba, substituitur unus alius loco illius. 
 
 Interrogatus si habeant provincias, dixit quod non, 
 sed vadunt per mundum circumcirca. 
 
 Interrogatus quid ulterius injungebat eorum ma- 
 
 z 
 
338 Processus Inquisitoris 
 
 gister, et quid praedicare consueverunt Barbas per 
 orbem, dixit quod dicebat, et ipsi praedicare consue- 
 verant, quod unus solus Deus est adorandus, qui cre- 
 avit coelum et terram, lunam, solem, et Stellas, et 
 aquam, et quod credant solum et dumtaxat ea quae 
 vident. 
 
 Interrogatus quid dicebat eorum magister eisdem 
 Barbis de Sanctis, et quid prsedicant de Sanctis, dixit 
 quod credunt in S. Petrum, et post ipsum in S. 
 Gregorium, et Sylvestrum, et in S. Joannem Evan- 
 gelistam ; in S. Paulum vero non credunt, quia fuit 
 assassinus. 
 
 Interrogatus quare melius credunt in Sanctum 
 Petrum quam in S. Paulum, dixit quod ex eo, quia 
 Deus constituit eundem S. Petrum vicarium suum, et 
 SlOdedit eidem potestatem absolvendi et ligandi, et 
 quod ipse S. Petrus fecit ipso vivente miracula, et 
 ideo credunt in ipsum inter csetera. 
 
 Interrogatus quae miracula fecit? dixit, quod quan- 
 do S. Petrus construi faciebat ecclesiam Sancti Petri 
 in Roma, Diabolus venit ad ipsum, et dixit eidem. 
 Ego faciam construere pulchriorem domum quam 
 tu in breviori tempore, dicens, quod in crastinum; et 
 modicum post Diabolus dixit S. Petro,Venias ad vi- 
 dendum domum quam feci dum .... quod quando 
 intrabis dictam domum quam feci, aliquo pacto non 
 facias signum crucis. Et eo tunc S. Petrus venit ad 
 visitandum dictam ecclesiam seu domum, et cum fuit 
 in conspectu dictae domus, quae nunc dicitur Sancta 
 Maria de Rotunda, cum cautela fecit signum crucis, 
 dicendo, et apponendo manum ad barbam, et per 
 istam sanctam barbam : deinde ponendo manum ad 
 stomachum, dicendo, Per istum sanctum fontem : 
 deinde ad brachia dextra et sinistra, dicendo. Per 
 istas spatulas, ista est domus pulchra: quo signo 
 crucis ut supra facto, Diabolus voluit ipsam domum 
 destruere ; sed Sanctus Petrus impedivit ipsum, et 
 adjurationem ejus fecit. Et quia dictus S. Petrus 
 erat in valvis ecclesiae, Diabolus non potuit exire 
 
contra Bar bam Martinum. 339 
 
 per januam, sed affigens pedes in terram, dimisit ve- 
 stigia, et exivit per unum foramen quod fecit in 
 summitate ecclesiae, et quod foramen adhuc est 
 nunc, nee potuit ex post reparari ; et propter 
 dictum miraculum, quod videtur oculariter, credunt 
 in S. Petrum : in aliis autem Sanctis non credunt, 
 quia fuerunt peccatores, et non viderunt eorum 
 miracula. 
 
 De Sancto autem Johanne Baptista dixit, quia 
 non petiit gratiam a Domino, expectatur quod in 
 diem judicii intercedet pro omnibus, et nescitur si 
 est in terra vel in coelo, et credit quod est in para- 
 diso terrestri. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod in angelis, archangelis, che- 
 rubim, et seraphim credunt, quia fuerunt creati a 
 Deo Patre in vita aeterna. 
 
 De Virg. Maria autem dixit, quod quia solus 
 Deus est adorandus, non sunt certi quod Virgo Maria 
 audiat preces nostras, quia fuit humana creatura, et 
 quod Ave Maria non est oratio, sed annunciatio et 
 salutatio, et ideo non injungunt in poenitentiam eis 
 qui sunt de eorum secta, quod dicant Ave Maria, 
 et quod solus Pater Noster est vera oratio, quia aSll 
 Deo facta fuit oratio ilia. 
 
 De purgatorio dixit, quod nullum est purgatori- 
 um, sed viri ecclesiastici propter avaritiam ipsorum 
 reperierunt ad extorquendas pecunias pro missis et 
 orationibus dicendis, quae de nihilo prosunt; quia 
 postquam homo m oritur, aut est salvatus, aut est 
 damnatus. 
 
 De aqua benedicta dixit, quod praedicant, dicunt, 
 et credunt, quod omni anno de mensibus Maii, et in 
 die Ascensionis Domini, quod Deus benedicit coelum^ 
 terram, aquam, herbas, flumina, fontes, et omnes 
 fructus ; et quod ilia benedictio est securior quam 
 ilia quae fit a Presbyteris, quia non valet, nisi sint 
 puri et mundi ab omni peccato ; et quia quamplu- 
 mum Sacerdotes sunt peccatores, ut supra dixit, 
 et per consequens et hujusmodi rationes non cre- 
 
 Z 2 
 
340 Processus Inquisitoris 
 
 dunt in aliis sacramentis ministratis per viros ecclesi- 
 asticos. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod tantum valet orare in sta- 
 bulo quantum in templo, quia Deus est ubique. 
 
 De festivitatibus autem dixit, quod festa quae sunt 
 prsecepta a Deo, prout est dies Dominicus, festum 
 Nativitatis Domini, festum Pascbae, Ascensionis, et 
 Pentecostes, sunt celebranda ; alia autem festa Vir- 
 ginis Mariae et sanctorum sunt festicula, et qui non 
 vult non tenetur ilia celebrare, quia non sunt prse- 
 cepta, nee vigiliae ipsarum festivitatum sunt jeju- 
 nandae. 
 
 De corpore Christi dicunt, quod quia viri ecclesi- 
 astici sunt ut supra mali, et pessimae vitse, et pecca- 
 tores, quod non possunt consecrare corpus Christi, et 
 non valet consecratio per ipsos facta ; ideo ipsi Bar- 
 bae, et qui sunt de eorum secta, non recipiunt Eu- 
 charistiam, sed loco Eucbaristiae benedicunt panem, 
 et dicunt, quod ilia benedictio est majoris virtutis 
 quam dicta consecratio, ex eo quia tantum quantum 
 quis babet bonitatis et puritatis, tantum habet et 
 potestatis. 
 
 De peccato carnis autem dixit in primis, quod 
 eundo per mundum, et praedicando de nocte faciunt 
 congregationes et synagogas, in quibus in primis 
 praedicatio fit per ipsas Barbas, et facta praedicatione 
 incipiunt festa, solatia, et choreas ducere invicem 
 discurrendo per locum ubi sunt cum candela ac- 
 censa, atque quod se ad invicem teneant per manus, 
 312 et celebratis ipsis festis et solatiis, alter ipsorum, et 
 nescitur quis, sufFocat lumen ; quo sufFocato, quilibet 
 operatur, exercet corpora super peccato carnis, prout 
 accidit casualiter, nee ibidem habetur respectus ad 
 patrem, matrem, filiam, nee ad aliquod, dicens, quod 
 si in dicta synagoga generetur filius, quod ille filius 
 erit in futurum aptior ad exercendum officium Bar- 
 barum, praedicationum, et confessionum, quam ali- 
 quis alius, quia genitus est in dicta synagoga : cele- 
 brata dicta synagoga, quilibet recedit. 
 
contra Bar bam Martinnm. 341 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod ipsa synagoga fit semel in 
 anno in qualibet patria, et quod Barba qui est de 
 patria in qua fit synagoga interest in ipsa synagoga, 
 quia habet ibidem parentes ; si autem non est de 
 patria, solum praedicat, et post dimittit fieri inter 
 ipsos eorum synagogam, ex eo quia non posset se 
 immiscere cum parentibus suis, et aliter non se po- 
 neret in dicta synagoga, nisi haberet parentes. 
 
 Extra autem synagogam dicunt, tenent, et prae- 
 dicant, quod peccatum luxuriae non est peccatum, 
 nisi de matre ad filium, et e converso ; et de com- 
 patre ad commatrem, et non ultra: rationem red- 
 dens, quia a Deo est facta prohibitio de filia ad 
 matrem. Nam cum Deus ascenderet ad coelum, 
 dixit vulgariter et formaliter ut sequitur, Cre^scite 
 et multiplicate, et Saint Joanne garda te et done 
 sariti saliiti una voulta non S. toriali pie. 
 
 Interrogatus quod declaret ilia verba? dixit, quod 
 Deus ascendendo ccelos dixit prgedicta verba, intel- 
 ligendo quod homo non debet reverti ad vulvam 
 matris unde exivit, et dicendo respicite S. Joannem 
 Baptistam, quia Sanctus Joannes Baptista baptisavit 
 Christum ; et ex prsedictis per legem Divinam pro- 
 hibita est conjunctio de filio et de commatre; unius 
 autem alia carnalis copula permissa est, quia non 
 est prohibita a Deo, sed solum ab Ecclesia; et ideo 
 indiflPerenter cognoscunt se adinvicem, et utuntur 
 dicta carnali copula, nee contradicunt sibi invicem, 
 quia melius est nubere quam uri. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod inter ipsos est honor quando 
 Barbae agnoscunt eorundem Valdensium et de secta 
 Jilias. 
 
 Et ulterius, si aliquis de secta ipsorum requirat313 
 aliquam mulierem, non contradicunt, quia non est 
 peccatum, nee respiciunt parentes, nisi ut supra. 
 
 Dicens, quod habent articulum inter ipsos qui 
 sunt de secta, quod unus subveniat alteri, ex quo 
 mulieres non audent eisdem negare vel contradicere. 
 
 Super jurejurando dixit, quod nuUo pacto juran- 
 
 z 3 
 
342 Processus Inqutsitoris 
 
 dum est, quod nuUo modo jurant inter ipsos, nee 
 pro vero, nee pro falso, quia est peccatum mortale. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod pro quovis delicto quan- 
 tumcunque gravi, quis non tradendus est morti, nisi 
 sit homicida. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod quando creantur Barbae 
 per eorum comites et magistrum, magister convo- 
 cat certos alios Barbas sectte, ut supra dixit, quod 
 addendo ad ea quae supra deposuit ; dicunt et ju- 
 ramentum prsestant ipsi Barbae prout formaliter 
 sequitur, Tu talis jura supra la fide tua de man- 
 tenere; multiplicare et accrescere nostra lege et de 
 non la discoperire a persona dal monde, et que tu 
 prometes de non jurare Dieu anul modo, et que 
 garda la domenega, et que non farai altro coisino 
 causa que non uvelho que sie fato a te, et que tu 
 credie en Dieu, que a fat el sol et la luna, coelum 
 et terram, cherubim et seraphim et aquel que tu 
 vedes: et prsestitodicto juramento, magnus magister 
 dat eidem Barbae, sic fato, ad bibendum modicum 
 vini; extunc mutat sibi nomen, dicendo, Desi en la 
 la te chamaras tal; et quod ipse loquens prius voca- 
 batur Franciscus, et nunc vocatur Martinus inter 
 ipsos, et quod ilia solemnitas habetur loco baptismi, 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod quando ipsi Barbae audiunt 
 confessiones a gentibus de eorum secta secretam, 
 nee confiteantur Sacerdotibus, nee recipiant Eu- 
 charistiam nisi ficte et simulate, injungunt eis quod 
 dictam sectam teneant. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod postquam exercuit offi- 
 cium Barbarum dictae sectae per Italiam spatio sex 
 annorum vel circa, quod a duobus annis citra trans- 
 ivit per montes pergendo versus provinciam Pro- 
 vinciae et regnum Francise, et prima vice cum 
 quodam alio Barba vocato Antonio de Pilhocalia de 
 Spoleto, et anno elapso ipsi duo venerunt et trans- 
 314 iverunt per montem Cinescium, et venerunt ad reg- 
 num Franciae, et fuerunt in provinciis Borbonii et 
 de Rodes, Forest Alvernii, de Marca usque ad pa- 
 
contra Barbam Martinum. 343 
 
 triam de Bordelleis, et in dictis provinciis prsedi- 
 caverunt corum sectam, et confess! fuerunt quod 
 plures in dictis provinciis de dicta eorum secta ad 
 dictam sectam traxerunt quantum potuerunt. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod reperierunt se quidem alii 
 Barbae in loco de Lymogiis, unde Colla de Joanne 
 Baptista, de Tliomasso, Paulo de Mala Carne, Bar- 
 tholomeo de Mocarello, Bastiano Luce, omnes de 
 patria Spolitana, qui docuerunt ipsum loquentem, et 
 ejus socium, et alios de eorum secta; et docuerunt eos 
 loca ad quae possent accedere, et ibidem praedicare, 
 et quod extunc juverunt ad prsedicandum ad dictas 
 patrias et regiones, ut supra. 
 
 Interrogatus quomodo nominantur omnes tenentes 
 eorum sectam, dixit, quod de ultra montes in regno 
 Francise appellantur Pauperes de Lugduno, de citra 
 vero montes in patria Italiae appellantur Pauperes 
 Mundi; isto vero anno venit cum Andrea etiam ejus 
 socius Barba, et venerunt per patriam Januse ; deinde 
 per Niciam et ad civitaten Aquensem ; deinde ad pa- 
 triam deVivaresio,ubi repererunt aliquos de ista secta. 
 
 Ibidem in montibus Albenacii et de Privacio, ex 
 post versus Alverniam apud Clarum montem, unde 
 ad montem de Monte aureo ; in quo monte sunt 
 plures de dicta secta, et ibidem multi reperiuntur, 
 et ibidem maxime augmentatur propter raalam vi- 
 tam quam tenent ecclesiastic! viri. 
 
 Item ulterius dixit, quod ista secta crescit et pul- 
 lulat in locis de Heretable de Stabulo, in Crapona et 
 Sineria in eadem regione Alvergniae, et etiam in 
 patria Foresii, in montibus de Furniis, in Foretio, et 
 de Sancto Saforino; deinde venit ad patriam Bel- 
 vosii, in qua etiam viget dicta secta ; unde in locis 
 seu montibus prope villam Belli Joci et prope vil- 
 1am Francam, et de loco Belli Joci venerunt Lug- 
 dunum; et cum fuerunt in civitate Lugduni, ubi 
 die ultima Maii proxime fluxi, hospitati fuerunt re- 
 tro Sanctum Nicesium in dicto loco signi forpicum, 
 et se repererunt ibidem ex deliberatione inter eos 
 
 z 4 
 
344 Processus Inquisitoris 
 
 facta octo Barbse, unde alii sex cum ipsis duobus 
 315 vocantur Pascalis de Pasco, Jacobus de Laro, Petrus 
 Matthei de Capriano, Hucho de Andrea, Pasturius 
 de Jaco, et cum supradicto, Petrus de Jaco, qui 
 priesentialiter detinetur cum dicto loquente, qui 
 omnes octo sunt de patria Spolitana, et ibidem adin- 
 vicem congregati habuerunt conferentiam de gestis 
 et gerendis per ipsos, recitantes loca unde veniebant 
 et quo ibant. 
 
 Interrogatus, quis ipsorum sex reddebat rationem 
 de patria Delphinatus? dixit quod Paschalis et Pas- 
 tuchinus, et dicebant, quod fuerant in Dalphinatu, 
 et reperierunt multos in patria Valentiniensium in 
 montibus de secta Valdensium ; et fuerunt etiam 
 in patria Ebredunensi et Vapincensi, ubi etiam re- 
 periebant multos qui fuerant banniti ab eorum pa- 
 tria, et ejecti ab eorum domibus, et propter maximas 
 tribulationes quas habuerunt aliqui ex eis, dicebant 
 quod volebant tenere bonam fidem : alii vero dicebant 
 quod credebant habere remedium, et quod volebant 
 habere et tenere eorum sectam. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod cum ipse et alius Andreas 
 Barba ejus socius, de mense Martii proxime fluxo 
 transirent per Provinciam veniendo ab eorum domi- 
 bus, in ipsa patria Provinciae et prope civitatem 
 Aquensem reperierunt tres qui dicebant quod erant 
 de Dalphinatu, qui tres agnoverunt ipsos Barbas in 
 habitibus eorum, videlicet in mantellis, et habuerunt 
 invicem verba de dicta eorum secta; et ipsi tres 
 homines dixerunt, quod erant banniti, et expecta- 
 bant habere gratiam et restitui in eorum bonis et 
 patria, et continuare in eorum proposito primo. 
 
 Item dixit, quod ipse Paschalis et Pastuchinus qui 
 fuerunt in Dalphinatu, dicebant, quod quantum po- 
 tuerunt conati fuerunt consolari ipsos bannitos et 
 expulsos a Dalphinatu, sed causante dura et nimia 
 persecutione compatiebantur vecordes et remissi; 
 alii autem erant malse voluntatis redeundi, sperantes 
 habere gratiam. 
 
contra Barbam Martinum. 345 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod prgenominati duo Barbae 
 dicebant, quod habebant magnos persecutores, et 
 ipsos in patria Delphinatus, viz. Reverend. Domi- 
 num Archiepiscopum Ebredunensem, et Dominum 
 Poncium Poneii Consiliarium, et Dominum Oron-3l6 
 cium Eme Judicem gran, quern Dominum Poncium 
 comminabantur; quod si ipsum reperirent, facerent 
 sibi ex fato suo. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod ipsi octo Barbae disces- 
 serunt omnes a civitate Lugduni, et ipse loquens 
 mutavit socium, quia loco dicti Andreae Barbae, ce- 
 pit dictum Barbam Petrum praesentialiter detentum ; 
 alii vero Barbae discesserunt, et retrocesserunt ad 
 eorum patriam ex deliberatione inter eos facta, ut 
 dicebant. 
 
 Dictus autem Petrus Barba, ejus novus socius et 
 ipse loquens reversi sunt ad Dominam nostram de 
 Podio, ut supra dixit, et ad alia loca Alvergnise, 
 Foresii, Belli Joci, tendendo ad civitatem d'Autun 
 in Burgundia, in qua duo, et in quadam valle, in 
 qua est quoddam proximum flumen, quod discurrit 
 a flumine de Lera; in qua valle sunt aliqui de dicta 
 secta, et ex post venerunt per patriam Belli Joci, 
 unde prope villam dicti Belli Joci et Villae Francae, 
 ubi etiam de eorum secta consortes multi sunt et 
 ibidem morantur, et exinde redierunt Lugdunum ad 
 praedictum hospitium, et ex post arripuerunt viam 
 apud Bressam et ad Sanctum Glaudium, et in Sancto 
 Glaudio, et in quibusdam montibus citra et ultra; 
 ubi sunt plures de eorum secta. Quilibet praedicant 
 et eos de confessione audiunt, et exinde recesserunt 
 et iverunt Gcbennas et Niciacum, et a Niciaco ad 
 locum Aquae Bellas; de Aqua Bella ad Cameram, 
 et ibidem prope Cameram aliquos paucos comperi- 
 erunt de eorum secta ; deinde venerunt ad montem 
 de Valono, Neuachiam et Bardonenchiam ; et de 
 Bardonenchia ad locum Ulcii : et inde Juvencellori 
 et Salicis Ulcii usque prope collem Costae Planae, 
 transeuntes apud Pratum Jalatum, in quo monte 
 
346 Processus Inquisitor is, 8^c. 
 
 fuerunt capti et reversi, ducti, ultra reducti ad villam 
 Ulcii per Officiarios Dalphinales Ulcii, ut apparet 
 in processu super hoc facto. 
 
 Interrogatus, si sciebat quod in valle Prati Jallati 
 erant aliqui de eorum secta? dixit, quod sic voce et 
 fama referentibus, et quod si dicti de Prato Jalato 
 voluissent confiteri eis, audivissent eos, et quod ilia 
 spe transiverant per dictum locum animo exercendi 
 eorum officium et ad consolandum dictos Valdenses 
 ibidem commorantes. 
 
 Interrogatus, quando audivit aliquos de confes- 
 sione quomodo consueverunt ipsos absolvere ? dixit 
 et respondet, quod non faciunt more Sacerdotum, 
 sed dicunt eis quod teneant eorum sectam firmam ; 
 et insuper injungunt eisdem quod dicent aliquibus 
 vicibus Pater noster pro poenitentia, non autem 
 y4ve Maria, neque pcrmittunt peregrinationes Ita- 
 liae, elemosynas ex amore Dei. 
 317 Interrogatus, si inter ipsos Barbas de ista secta 
 fecerunt deliberationem de se reperiendo in aliquo 
 loco? dixit, quod duo alii, videlicet Joannes de Cris- 
 tophoro etLiberatus de Coqueto,se debebant reperire 
 cum ipsis duobus, videlicet, ipso loquente et ejus 
 socio, in loco de Tortona in Lombardia. 
 
 Interrogatus, ubi habuit colloquium cum ipsis 
 duobus proxime nominatis, Joanne Cristophoro et 
 Liberato de Coqueto ? dixit, quod ipsi una cum ipso 
 Petro ejus socio ibidem detentis. 
 
 Interrogatus, quando audit aliquos de confessione 
 de ipsa secta, de quibus peccatis ut plurimum confi- 
 tentur? dixit, quod quando cohabitat filius cum ma- 
 tre, et pater cum filia, et cum commatre et com- 
 patre, extra tamen synagogam, et quod multi confi- 
 tentur perseverare in dictis peccatis, et cohabitare 
 cum ipsis. 
 
 Dicens ulterius, quod confitentur de septem pec- 
 catis mortalibus, et non de aliis peccatis. 
 
[347 ] 
 
 Sumptum ex ore PeyronettcB, 318 
 
 XSTA Peyronetta citata venit, et tamen medio ju- 
 ramento, omnia negavit, tamen jussa mitti in car- 
 cerem, et missa, omnia sponte confessa est; videlicet, 
 quod a viginti quinque annis eos vidit et cognovit, 
 eorum prsedicationes audivit, de non jurando per 
 Deum, de festis aliquibus non colendis, de non po- 
 testate Sacerdotum, et ssepe de purgatorio, etvanum 
 orare pro mortuis, de aqua benedicta, de dando po- 
 tius elemosynas pauperibus quam in ecclesia ofFe- 
 rendo, de Sanctis quod non habeant potestatem nos 
 juvandi, de Romipetagiis, de jejunio, et unde ortum 
 habuerit secta, et quomodo oblationes desinunt fa- 
 cere, quomodo vidit eos novem aut decem vicibus, 
 et quatuor vicibus eisdem confessa est peccata sua, 
 nee unquam confessa est Curato suo, eis credidit et 
 fidem dedit, misericordiam petiit, et repetita fuit. 
 
 Processus Inquisitionis contra Peyronettam, ex 
 codice H. IValdensium in public. Bihlioth. Can- 
 tabrig. 
 
 XNQUISITIONALIS processus factus et formatus 
 coram egregiis et circumspectis viris Dominis An- 
 tonio Fabri, Decretorum Doctore, Canonico Ebre- 
 dunensi, haereticseque pravitatis in toto Dalphinatu, 
 et comitatibus Viennensis, Valentinensis, et Diensis, 
 Generali Inquisitore, a sancta sede apostolica spe- 
 cialiter et immediate deputato, et ChristofForo de 
 Salhiente etiam Decretorum Doctore, Canonico, Vi- 
 cario, et Officiali Valentiae. 
 
 Ad instantiam et prosecutionem honorandi viri 
 Domini Valentini de Razeriis, Jurium Professoris, 
 
348 Processus Inquisltionis 
 
 Procuratorisque Fiscalis Valentice, et in hac parte 
 promotoris in favorem sanctse fidei Catholicse, ejus- 
 que Officii Inquisitionis Deputati. 
 
 Contra et adversus Peyronettam relictam Petri 
 Beraudi, alias Fornerii, loci Belli Respectus, Valen- 
 tinensis dioecesis, aetatis suae quinquaginta annorunl 
 vel circa, de nefandissima haeresi Valdensium, seu 
 SigPauperum de Lugduno, quae in his partibus vulgo 
 nuncupatur Chagmardorum secta, inculpatam et 
 difFamatam. 
 
 In nomine sanctae et individuae Trinitatis. Ex 
 serie atque tenore hujusmodi veri publici inquisi- 
 tionalis, omnibus et singulis et Christi fidelibus tarn 
 preesentibus quam inde futuris luculenter innotescat, 
 et in perpetuam redigatur memoriam. Ex anno 
 nativitatis Domini millesimo quatercentesimo no- 
 nagesi mo quarto, et die Mercurii quae fuit, et intitu- 
 lata extitit vigesima nona mensis Januarii, apud lo- 
 cum Belli Respectus, et in domo probi viri Glaudii 
 sua hospitis ipsius loci, et in camera nova ipsius 
 domus, coramque egregio et circumspecto viro Do- 
 mino Antonio Fabri, Decretorum Doctore, Canonico 
 Ebredunensi, Inquisitore sanctae fidei Catholicae, au- 
 thoritate apostolica deputato, cum assistentia mei 
 Vincencii Gobaudi notarii, et in hac parte conscribae, 
 de cujus quidem Domini Inquisitoris potestate con- 
 stat, literis apostolicis in forma brevi inferius loco et 
 ordine insertis. 
 
 Comparuit ibidem praedicta Peyronetta, relicta 
 Petri Beraudi, alias Fornerii, Belli Respectus, Valen- 
 ciensis dioecesis, quae de mandato et authoritate 
 ejusdem Domini Inquisitoris praeccdentibus debitis 
 inform ationibus contra cam ad causam hferesis pau- 
 perum de Lugduno, sive Valdensium quae in his 
 partibus vulgo nuncupatur Chagmardorum secta, 
 quae inculpata et diffamata existit, sumptis atque 
 receptis factisque monitionibus generalibus contra 
 quoscunque dicta labe infectos in parochia dicti loci 
 
contra Peyronettam. 349 
 
 executis, personaliter citata extitit ad respondendum 
 de fide Catholica, necnon de his quibus est inculpata 
 ad causam haeresis prsedictse, et ibidem per memo- 
 ratum Dominum Inquisitorem, suo medio juramento 
 ad sancta Dei Evangelia praestito, et ad poenam per- 
 jurii,et criminis sibi impositi, habendi pro integraliter 
 confessato ac excommunicationis et viginti quinque 
 ducatorum auri, de veritate dicenda super his quibus 
 interrogabitur, examinata et interrogata; quae qui- 
 dem Peyronetta preedicta volens, ut dixit, mandatis 
 et prseceptis justitise obtemperare atque parere, pa- 
 ratam se obtuHt omnem quam super his quibus in- 
 terrogabitur siverit veritatem dicere et deponere, et 
 Hcet sit foemina simplex et ignara ac ingenio grossa,320 
 tamen dixit vixisse toto tempore vitae suae ad ijistar 
 et modum fidehum Christianorum, et secundum 
 sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae traditionem, adeo quod 
 non praetendit unquam a vera fide Cathohca deviasse 
 nee aberrasse, nee per ea quaeque dicet deviare seu 
 aberrare intendit, de quo fuit solemniter protestata. 
 
 Et prsehbatus Dominus Inquisitor, non obstanti- 
 bus excusationibus supra per dictam Peyronettam 
 deductis et allegatis, ex sui officii incumbentia, etiam 
 propter notoriam difFamationem dictae Peyronettae, 
 prout latius ex tenore dictarum secretarum informa- 
 tionum colligitur, ideo ipsam duxit examinandam et 
 interrogandam per modum infra scriptum. 
 
 Et primo fuit praenominata Peyronetta in hac 
 parte delata per praehbatum Dominum Inquisitorem 
 interrogata et examinata qua de causa seu ad quid 
 venit? dicta Peyronetta coram eodem Domino In- 
 quisitore dixit et respondit quod, ex eo quia fuit ci- 
 tata, et advocata personaliter coram eodem Domino 
 Inquisitore comparitura pro respondendo de fide Ca- 
 thohca, aut se excusando super inquisitione haeresis 
 sectae Valdensium, seu ahas Chagmardorum nuncu- 
 patae, contra eam ut asseritur formata. 
 
 Interrogata quid est dicta haeresis sive secta Val- 
 
350 Processus Inquisitionis 
 
 dcnsium, alias Chagmardorum ? dixit et respondit 
 nescire, neque scire velle quid sit. 
 
 InteiTogata an ullo unquam tempore viderit seu 
 cognoverit nonnullos dictae haeresis sive sectae ma- 
 gistros seu praedicatores qui discurrere solent per 
 rura et loca campestria eundo de domo ad domum, 
 faciendo praedicationes clandestinas? dixit et respon- 
 dit quod non, nee scit quinam dicantur dicti praedi- 
 catores. 
 321 Interrogata an ullo unquam tempore audiverit 
 aliquas praedicationes sive documenta ab aliquibus 
 hominibus secrete praedicantibus, praesertim horis 
 nocturnis ? dixit et respondit quod non. 
 
 Interrogata si sciat se esse de secta quae vulgo 
 nuncupatur Chagmardorum diffamatam et inculpa- 
 tara? dixit et respondit quod non, nee posse super 
 hoc caput credij inculpari seu difFamari legitime ti- 
 tulo aut ratione aliqua. 
 
 Interrogata an unquam fuerit requisita aut insti- 
 gata per quospiam de tenendo sectam ipsam, aut 
 aliam quamcunque? dixit et respondit quod non. 
 
 Interrogata an sciat aliquos de loco praedicto Belli 
 Respectus fore et esse de secta prsedicta Chagmar- 
 dorum ? dixit et respondit quod non. 
 
 Interrogata an ipsa Peyronetta sit de secta prae- 
 dicta Chagmardorum, aut alias unquam ipsam sec- 
 tam tenuerit, sive in eadem instructa fuerit? dixit et 
 respondit, quod non est, nee unquam fuit de secta 
 ipsa, nee esse, nee fuisse vult. 
 
 Interrogata an velit stare depositionibus testium 
 fide dignorum ubi dicant eam esse de dicta secta? 
 dixit et respondit quod ita, dum tamen non sint sibi 
 suspecti aut inimici. 
 
 Interrogata an habeat aliquos inimicos de quibus 
 dubitare posset aliquid contra eam dicere velle con- 
 tra veritatem? respondit se nescire. 
 
 Amplius non fuit interrogata nee examinata; sed 
 audita ipsius Peyronettae responsione per praedictum 
 
cgntra Peyi^onettam. 351 
 
 Oominum Inquisitorem, quia secundum mentem et 
 tenorem informationum contra eandem ad causam 
 hseresis prsedictse sumptarum, cidem Domino In- 
 quisitori visum fuit ipsam Peyronettam nimis suffi- 
 cienter super praemissis respondisse, veritatemque 
 nullatenus dixisse: ideo volens latius cum ea in- 
 quirere, ordinavit ipsam duci apud carceres episco- 
 pales Valentiae, et ibidem tute custodiri et detineri 
 donee sufficientius de his quibus ex tenore dictarum 
 informationum reperitur culpabilis, respondent. 
 
 Demum vero anno quo supra, et die Veneris quae 
 fuit, et intitulata extitit ultima mensis Januarii, apud 
 Valentiam, et palatio episcopali ejusdem, videlicet 
 in camera residentise praelibati Domini Inquisitoris, 
 ac coram eodem existens et personaliter constituta 
 prgenominata Peyronetta mandato ejusdem Domini 
 Inquisitoris infra carceres episcopales detenta, quae, 
 ut dixit, attendens et considerans exhortationes sibi 
 novissime factas de dicendo veritatem super interro- 
 gatoriis tangentibus sectam praedictam, promittendo 
 sibi gratiam et misericordiam si id faceret, ideo me- 
 liori et salubriori uti volens consilio,non obstantibus 
 perjuriis, et aliis variationibus per eam superius in 322 
 respondendo commissis, confidendo ad plenum de 
 benignitate ipsius Domini Inquisitoris, paratam se 
 obtulit omnem veritatem quam super meritis ipsius 
 sectae sciverit dicere et sponte confiteri, ac suam 
 exonerare conscientiam, rogando sibi indulgeri et 
 parceri ratione perjurii et de vacillationibus praedic- 
 tis, et inde suam depositionem sive confessionem 
 benigniter admitti, erroresque suos, si quos habeat, 
 caritative et gratiose corrigi, submittendo se miseri- 
 cordise et ordinationi sanctae matris Ecclesiae. 
 
 Et praelibatus Dominus Inquisitor, recepto ab ipsa 
 Peyronetta corporali juramento de veritate dicenda 
 praestito, impositaque sibi poena perjurii et rigorosae 
 sibi ferendae justitiae, casu quo quidquam de ipsa 
 veritate maliciose occultaverit, ad ipsius examen pro- 
 cessit, in hunc qui sequitur modum infrascriptum. 
 
352 Processus Inquisitionis 
 
 In primis enim dixit et sponte confessa est, quod 
 dudum sunt viginti quinque anni elapsi, vel circa, 
 quibus venerunt ad domum quondam Petri Fornerii 
 sui mariti duo homines extranei, induti vestibus 
 grisei coloris, qui, ut sibi visum fuit, loquebantur 
 lingua Italica, sive Lumbardica, quos praedictus ejus 
 maritus receperat in dicta sua domo, amore Dei: 
 tandem ipsis ibidem existentibus hora nocturna, post 
 coenam unus ipsorum legere coepit unum parvum 
 librum quern secum deferebat, dicendo in eodem 
 descripta fuisse Evangelia, et prsecepta legis, quae 
 ibidem dicebat se explicare et declarare velle in prae- 
 sentia omnium ibidem circumstantium, quia dicebat 
 se fore missum ex parte Dei ad reformandam fidem 
 Catholicam, eundo per mundum ad instar Aposto- 
 lorum pro praedicando bonis et simplicibus gentibus 
 de modo et forma serviendi Deo, et vivendi secun- 
 dum ejus mandata. 
 
 Et inter caetera dicebant quod nemo alteri facere 
 debet id quod sibi fieri nollet. 
 
 Item quod solus Deus erat colendus et adorandus, 
 et deprecandus, quia ipse solus est qui nos potest 
 juvare. 
 
 Item quod jurare pro quavis occasione vel causa 
 Deum, pro vero vel mendacio, aut aliud quodcunque 
 facere juramentum ubi poneretur ista locutio per, 
 erat magnum peccatum. 
 323 Item quod sacramentum matrimonii debebat fide- 
 liter et firm iter custodiri. 
 
 Item quod bona opera quae fiunt ante mortem 
 hominis plus prosunt, quam omnia quae fiunt post 
 mortem. 
 
 Item quod sancti et sanctse non erant deprecandi 
 in nostrum auxilium, quia non poterant nos in ali- 
 quo juvare nisi solus Deus. 
 
 Item quod dies Dominicales super omnia alia 
 festa debebant solenniter coli, alia vero festa dice- 
 bant fuisse per Ecclesiam inventa, quae non erant de 
 necessitate colenda; imo poterat aliquis operari in 
 
contra Peyronettam. 353 
 
 ipsis, exceptis festivitatibus Apostolorum, et aliis ma- 
 joribus quas non exprimebant. 
 
 Item quod viri ecclesiastici nimias habebant et 
 possidebant divitias atque bona ultra quam oportebat, 
 ob quod multa mala faciebant, quorum aliqui, cau- 
 santibus eorum superfluitatibus et bonorum abun- 
 dantiis, erant foeneratores, usurarii, superbi, et ava- 
 ritia pleni ; alii vero nimis lubriciter et inhoneste 
 vivebant, tenendo meretrices in domibus suis palam 
 et publice, sic malum exemplum ostendendo in 
 populo. 
 
 Item quod praedicti Sacerdotes, eorum causante 
 mala vita, non habebant majorem potestatem absol- 
 vendi quam habebant ipsi praedicatores, sive hujus 
 sectae magistri, imo ipsi magistri sive praedicator^s, 
 licet esscnt laici, habebant tantam potestatem quan- 
 tam ipsi Sacerdotes. 
 
 Item quod summus Pontifex ex quo non observa- 
 bat sanctitatem quam debebat observare, non ha- 
 bebat aliquam potestatem, dicendo de eodem in 
 haec verba, Autant crois et autant tnalvais est le 
 Pape comme nengun autre, et per se non sages de 
 puissance. 
 
 Item quod in alio mundo nullum erat purgatorium, 
 dicendo, quod quando quis moritur, ejus anima tendit 
 ad paradisum illico et incontinenter, dummodo bene 
 et juste vixerit; si vero male, ad infernum. 
 
 Item et subsequenter quod frustra fiebant depre- 
 cationes, cantaria et alia suffragia pro animabus de- 
 functorum ; nihilque valebat id quod faciebant Sacer- 
 dotes eundo per coemiterium, aspergendo aquam be- 
 nedictam supra sepulturas mortuorum, dicendo, Kirie 
 Eleyson, Christe Eleyson, &c. 
 
 Item quod Deus in initio mundi omnes aquas 3 24 
 benedixerat, et omnia alia quae fecerat, propter quod 
 non erat necesse iterato aquam benedicere per Sacer- 
 dotes, quae etiam nihil plus valebat quam alia aqua. 
 
 Item quod praenominati Sacerdotes ex semetipsis 
 invenerant seu repericrant, quod in alio mundo erat 
 
 A a 
 
354 Processus Inquisitionis 
 
 purgatorium, ad effectus ut faciendo cantaria et depre- 
 cationes pro defunctis, inajora sibi acquirant bona, ex 
 quibus eorum malam vitam sustinerent. 
 
 Item quod melius et magis meritorium erat dare 
 elemosynam alicui pauperi infirmo aut leproso, quam 
 ofFerre in ecclesia Sacerdotibus prsedictis, qui erant 
 nimis abundantes bonis. 
 
 Item quod ita bonum et utile erat orareDeum in do- 
 mo aut alibi, sicut in ecclesia, quia Deus ubique est. 
 Item quod sancti nee sanctae, quamvis propter 
 eorum bene merita essent in paradiso collocati, non 
 habebant potestatem nos in aliquo juvandi, et ideo 
 non debebant deprecari in nostrum auxilium. 
 
 Item quod in vanum erat recurrere ad imagines 
 sanctorum et sanctarum, orando coram ipsis, quia 
 nullam habebant virtutem, cum non essent nisi res 
 materiales et picturae factse in parietibus. 
 
 Item propterea nihil prodesse poterat facere pere- 
 grinationes et Romipetagia ad orandum coram ima- 
 ginibus sanctorum et sanctarum, cum nihil possint 
 in nostrum auxilium, ut praedictum est. 
 
 Item quod non erat necesse jejunare aliquas alias 
 vigilias quam festivitatum Paschge, Pentecostes, Na- 
 tivitatis et aliarum magnarum festivitatum Domi- 
 nicalium, et potissime diebus Veneris erat etiam 
 jejunandum. 
 
 Item quod ipsi praedicatores sive magistri hujus- 
 modi sectae, et Sacerdotes seu viri ecclesiastici olim 
 solebant esse unius et ejusdem legis et ordinis, sed 
 cum ipsi viri ecclesiastici voluerunt insequi avaritiam 
 et vanitates hujus mundi, et ipsi praedicatores in ipsa 
 paupertate manere voluerunt; ideo fuit facta inter 
 eos divisio, et efFecti fuerant inimici, adeoque cum 
 numerus ipsorum praedicatorum et aliorum homi- 
 num justorum hujusmodi sectam tenuerint, adhuc 
 325 esset parvus atque rarus, ideo eis erat necesse ince- 
 dere occulte, sicut faciebant Christus et ejus Apo- 
 stoli; quia nisi ipsi praedicatores ambularent caute et 
 secrete, dubitabant ab aliis oflendi et male tractari. 
 
contra Peyronettam. 355 
 
 Interrogata de nominibus ipsorum hominum sive 
 prsedicatorum taliaprcedicantium? dixit et respondit 
 nescivisse eorum nomina. 
 
 Interrogata an propter ea quae dicebant, non esse 
 orandum pro defunctis, distulerit et obmiserit por- 
 tare oblationes seu ofFerre in ecclesia pro ipsis de- 
 functis? dixit et respondit quod multoties fecit obla- 
 tiones in ecclesia, quas non fecisset nisi dubitasset 
 quod aliqui male praesumpsissent de ea, et quod sibi 
 improperaretur quod esset Chagnarda. 
 
 Interrogata quis dedit sibi notitiam dictorum prae- 
 dicatorum sive magistrorum, seu alias quomodo in- 
 troducta fuit ad conversandurn cum eis? dixit et 
 deposuit verum esse quod olim ipsa loquente exi- 
 stente cum Telmono Paschalis, quodam dict4 loci 
 Belli Respectus, quadam die de qua non recolit, et 
 ipsis adinvicem de multis rebus conferentibus, de- 
 scenderunt in propositum de modo vivendi secun- 
 dum mandata Dei, et inter caetera alia verba inter 
 eos tunc habita, praenominatus Telmonus Paschalis 
 dixit sibi loquenti hsec verba vel eis similia, videli- 
 cet, Aves nous James ativi parler dung plen pung 
 de mond, que si non era, tout le monde saria a Jin : 
 quae quidem loquens sibi respondit quod ita, vide- 
 licet cuidam domino Andrese de loco Pigesoni, 
 
 Capellano, olim Vicario ipsius loci Belli Respectus, 
 qui quadam die Ramis Palmarum, praedicando in 
 ipso loco Belli Respectus dicebat similia verba, vi- 
 delicet, Ces ung plen pung de gent que sosten tot le 
 mond, et si aquello gent non era, tot le monde saria 
 a Jin; quo tunc praenominatus Telmonus Paschalis 
 replicavit in haec verba, Et daquelles gens vos parte 
 yeu; dicendo sibi quod si contingeret ipsas gentes 
 venire ad ejus domum, quod audacter loqueretur 
 cum eis, et eorum documenta auscultaret, cum exinde 
 melius se haberet ; tamen dixit quod dictus Telmo- 
 nus dubitabat ipsam, ne alicui praemissa panderet 
 seu detegeret, ut moris est mulierum superfine loqui, 
 ideo sibi fecit fieri juramentum super literis de non 
 
 A a 2 
 
356 Processus Inquisitionis 
 
 dicendo aut manifestando alicui quidquam de prae- 
 326 missis, prout et ipsa loquens fecit, et ex post ipsa 
 loquens fuit inclinata et affecta videre dictas gentes 
 prout fecit ut supra. 
 
 Interrogata si viderit dictos magistros sive praedi- 
 catores, de quibus superius ultra vicem prsedictam? 
 dixit et respondit quod a supradicto tempore viginti 
 quinque annorum citra, vidit diversis vicibus,de qua- 
 rum numero dixit se non posse bene recordari; ta- 
 men existimatione sua credit eos vidisse in universo 
 novem aut decem vicibus, inclusa prima vice supe- 
 rius declarata. 
 
 Interrogata an qualibet vice qua eos vidit, audive- 
 rit similia documenta, modo et forma quibus superius 
 declaravit? dixit et respondit quod ita. 
 
 Item, de dictis novem vel decem vicibus quibus 
 dictos magistros prsedicantes vidit et audivit? dixit 
 dicta loquens quod fuit aliquoties in domo praeno- 
 minati Telnioni Pascbalis et Guillielmi Paschalis, 
 ubi ipsi prsedicatores fueruntet fecerunt eorum prse- 
 dicationes modo praemisso, preesentibus omnibus 
 illis de eadem domo, videlicet dicto Telmono et 
 Guillielmo Paschalis; de nominibus autem aliorum 
 prsesentium dixit se non recordari. 
 
 Item, similiter dixit eos vidisse in domo Petri 
 Garnerii ejusdem loci certis vicibus, de quibus nee 
 de tempore non potest recordari, ubi etiam fuerint 
 factae prsedicationes praedictae, praesentibus eodem 
 Petro Garnerii et aliis de eadem domo, quorum no- 
 mina ignorat. 
 
 Interrogata si aliqui alii circumvicini interfuerint 
 in praedictis prsedicationibus factisindomibus eorum 
 Paschalorum et Petri Garnerii ? dixit quod non, 
 quantum sibi potest recordari. 
 
 Interrogata an sciat quantis vicibus dicti prsedi- 
 catores fuerunt in domo sua sive sui quondam ma- 
 riti? dixit et respondit juxta aestimationem suam, 
 quod fuerunt in dicta ejus domo quatuor aut quinque 
 vicibus, et ibidem praedicationcs assuetas fecerunt. 
 
contra Peyronettam. 357 
 
 Interrogata qui sunt illi qui erant praesentes et au- 
 dientes in dictis prsedicationibus factis in domo prae- 
 dicta? dixit et respondit quod Petrus Beraudi alias 
 Fornerii cjusdem loquentisque maritus duni vivebat; 
 necnon aliquoties ibidem veniebant Joannes Pro-327 
 dome, et aliquando Tehiionus Paschalis quidam, et 
 Guillielmus Pascbalis ac Petrus Garnerii, seu eorum 
 alter alternatis vicibus, et aliquoties duo vel tres eo- 
 rundem simul. 
 
 Interrogata si unquam confessa fuerit peccata sua 
 alicui ex dictis praedicatoribus sive magistris? dixit 
 et respondit quod singulis vicibus quibus ipsi prsedi- 
 catores fuerunt in domo sui quondam mariti, ipsa 
 confessa est peccata sua alteri ex eis genibus flexis, 
 ac si fuisset coram suo proprio Sacerdote, et inde, 
 facta confessione, ipsam absolvebat, manum ad ca- 
 put imponendo more Sacerdotum. 
 
 Interrogata quam poenitentiam sibi imponebant 
 praedicti praedicatores sive magistri pro peccatis con- 
 fessatis? dixit et respondit quod diceret frequenter 
 Pater nosfer, et hoc tantum quantum possem, et 
 quod jejunaret aliquibus diebus Veneris, et faceret 
 aliquas elemosynas secundum suam facultatem. 
 
 Interrogata quot vicibus confessa est dictis praedi- 
 catoribus? dixit quod tantis vicibus quantis fuerunt 
 in dicta eorum domo, videlicet quatuor aut quinque 
 vicibus, prout supradictum est. 
 
 Interrogata an confessa fuerit Capellano suo vidisse 
 et cognovisse praedictos magistros sive praedicatores, 
 eorumque praedicationes audivisse? dixit et respondit 
 quod non, quia non credebat male agere. 
 
 Interrogata si crediderit seu alias dederit fidem 
 supradictis praedicatoribus sive magistris et eorum 
 documentis et doctrinae r dixit et sponte confessa est 
 quod tanquam mulier insipiens et innocens et facilis 
 ad decipiendum, credidit et dedit fidem eisdem prae- 
 dicatoribus et eorum doctrinis sive documentis, cre- 
 dendo bene et salubriter agere; nee putabat propterea 
 errare in aliquo. Veruntamen ubi videatur aut cognos- 
 
 A a 3 
 
358 Processus Inquisitionis 
 
 catur ipsam in aliquo aberrasse, se submisit benig- 
 nae correctioni sanctae matris Ecclesiae et eorundem 
 dominorum Inquisitoris sive Officialis, petendo de 
 omnibus in quibus potuit hactenus in praemissis er- 
 rare, veniam et rnisericordiam sibi iinpertiri. 
 
 Memoratus enim Dominus Inquisitor, audita con- 
 fessione praedictae Peironettae, volens super eadem de- 
 liberare, necnon cum eadem latius inquirere super 
 328 praemissis, terminum statuitet assignavit eidem Pei- 
 ronettae ad latius deponendum et declarandum super 
 praemissis et aliis audiendis, deliberatione ejusdem 
 Domini Inquisitoris hinc ad diem erastinam circa 
 horam meridiei: et iterum ordinavit earn stare sub 
 praedicta carcerum custodia. 
 
 Crastina autem die supra novissime per praeliba- 
 tum Dominum Inquisitorem pro termino in causa 
 hujusmodi assignata, quae fuit intitulata Sabbati, 
 prima mensis Februarii in camera superius men- 
 tionata, et coram praememorato Domino Inquisitore 
 venit et comparuit supranominata Peironetta ibidem 
 per carcerarium episcopalem de mandato praefati 
 Domini Inquisitoris ad actum hujusmodi a carceri- 
 bus ipsis educta, petens et humiliter requirens se a 
 dictis carceribus relaxari, paratam se offerendo facere 
 quae debebit, necnon latius respondere super omnibus 
 quibus interrogabitur: et Dominus Inquisitor praefa- 
 tus visa ipsius loquentis superius facta confessione, ad 
 majorem veritatis corroborantiam duxit eandem su- 
 per eadem et omnibus in ea contentis examinandam 
 et repetendam, vigore juramenti per cam supra prae- 
 stiti, ac sub poena qua supra. Quae quidem Peiro- 
 netta delata, audito tenore jam dictae suae confessionis 
 sibi per me notarium infra scriptum de verbo ad ver- 
 bum in vulgari sermone recitatis et declaratis, ac per 
 eam, ut dixit^ integraliter intellectis, dixit, deposuit, 
 et sponte confessa est ea omnia et singula in jam 
 dicta ipsius depositione et confessione, singula sin- 
 gulis, contenta et descripta fore et esse vera et veri- 
 tati consona, eisque tanquam recte et legitime dictis 
 
contra Peyronettam. 359 
 
 et confessatis, persistit, pro quibus omnibus et singu- 
 lis se submisit misericordige sanctse matris Ecclesiae 
 etjam dictorum dominorum Inquisitoris et Officialis, 
 petendo et requirendo se a carceribus quibus pro 
 praemissis detinetur relaxari: et prseterea addendo 
 prsedictae suae confessioni dixit audivisse a suprafatis 
 praedicatoribus sive magistris prsedicantibus, quod Sa- 
 cerdotes recipientes pecunias pro missis celebrandis 
 comparabantur Judae qui vendidit Christum propter 
 pecuniam : et illi qui dabant ipsas pecunias dictis Sa- 
 cerdotibus occasione ipsarum missarum, compara- 
 bantur Judaeis qui Christum emerunt pecuniis. 
 
 Item, addendo dixit et confessa est, quod praedicti329 
 praedicatores dum recedebant a domo sua aliquoties 
 dabant sibi certam quantitatem acuum sive d'aiguil- 
 les, et ejus quondam maritus dum vivebat dabat eis 
 pecunias pro poena ipsorum. 
 
 Interrogata quantum dabat eis dictus ejus quon- 
 dam maritus pro dicta eorum poena, dixit nescire, 
 quia nonvidit numerari. 
 
 Interrogata qui sunt ilH de dicta ejus domo qui 
 dictos homines sive praedicatores viderunt, et audive- 
 runt eorum praedicationes? dixit quod Francisca ejus- 
 dem loquentis filia et Simeon Acto maritus ipsius 
 Franciscae. 
 
 Interrogata si fuerit unquam in loco de Bareillonia 
 ubi dictos magistros praedicatores audiverit praedi- 
 cantes? dixit et respondit verum esse, et sibi recor- 
 dari quod olim sunt decem anni elapsi vel circa qui- 
 bus Petrus Fornerii ejus quondam vir ac ipsaloquens 
 accesserunt apud dictum locum Bareilloniae ad visi- 
 tandum Fabrentes ipsius loci, quia erant et adhuc 
 sunt affines ejus, et visitando steterunt ibidem uno 
 vel duobus diebus, quo interim ipsa loquens et prae- 
 dictus ejus maritus quondam, quodam vespere ive- 
 runt de domo Joannis Fabri ubi erant hospitati, ad 
 domum Moneti Fabri, fratris ipsius Joannis, pro eun- 
 dem Monetum visitando, tandem dum intrassent do- 
 mum ipsius Moneti reperierunt ibidem duos ex prae- 
 
36o Processus [nquisitioms 
 
 dicatoribus sive magistris prsedictis, qui ibidem prae- 
 sente dicto Moneto et ejus familia praedicabant: et 
 videns dictus Monetus ipsam loquentem et ejus vi- 
 rum ibidem ex incogitato intrasse et advenisse, fuit 
 valde tristatus atque iratus de adventu ipsorum con- 
 jugum ad causam dictorum praedicatorum ibidem 
 secreto prsedicantium, et videntes ipsa loquens et 
 dictus ejus quondam vir, eundem Monetum esse ita 
 iratum et male contentum propter adventum ipso- 
 rum, post modicum temporis ab ipsa domo reces- 
 serunt. 
 
 Interrogata quid sibi dixerunt supradicti duo prse- 
 dicatores? dixit quod nihil. 
 330 Interrogata si propter adventum suum et sui viri, 
 dicti praedicatores desierint prsedicare? dixit quod non. 
 
 Interrogata an ipsa et ejus vir eo tunc cognoverunt 
 dictos praedicatores esse de consortio et conversa- 
 tione ipsorum? dixit et respondit quod in verbis suis 
 cognovit eos esse de illis. 
 
 Interrogata si unquam alias viderat dictos duos 
 homines sive praedicatores in domo sua de Bello 
 Respectur dixit non posse rccordari. 
 
 Interrogata quid dicebant dicti praedicatores in 
 eorum prsedicationibus? dixit non posse bene recor- 
 dari, quia paucum steterant ibidem propter turba- 
 tionem praedicti Moneti. 
 
 Interrogata an dicti praedicatores eo tunc iverint 
 ad domum supradicti Joannis Fabri? dixit quod non. 
 
 Amplius non fuit eo tunc interrogata, tamen prae- 
 libatus Dominus Inquisitor certis motus respectibus 
 etiam ut dictae mulieri parcatur laboribus et expensis, 
 recepto prius ab eadem juramento per eam ad sancta 
 Dei Evangelia praestito, de se reprsesentando toties 
 quoties vocabitur, impositaque sibi poena haereticis 
 relapsis a jure indicta, casu quo comparere obmise- 
 rit, tandem a carceribus praedictis quibus ob causam 
 hujusmodi detinebatur, dixit et jussit relaxandam 
 usque ad primam deliberationem sive novum man- 
 datum. 
 
contim Peyronettam. 361 
 
 Rursum vero anno quo superius et die Dominica 
 Ramis Palmarum, computata vigesima tertia mensis 
 Martii, apud locum pra^dictum Belli Respectus, et 
 coram nobis Henrico Dileri Capellano, et Vincentio 
 Gobaudi, notariis publicis et causae hujusmodi scribis, 
 ac in hac parte commissis per egregium et circum- 
 spectum virum Dominum Christophorum de Salhi- 
 enteDecretorumDoctoremVicariumque,etOfficialem 
 Valentise, vivae vocis oraculo expresse deputatis, et 
 ibidem infra domum claustralem ipsius loci, vocata 
 supradicta Peironetta, et ea in praesentia nostra per- 
 sonaliter constituta, ipsam juxta nobis commissa de 
 et super omnibus et singulis per cam pridem supe- 
 rius dictis, et confessatis, eis omnibus prius lectis et in 
 lingua vulgarica et laicade verbo adverbum recitatis 
 et declaratis; duximus repetendam et re-examinan- 
 dam, quibus omnibus et singulis per earn ut dixit ad 331 
 plenum perceptis, ejus medio juramento ad sancta 
 Dei Evangelia pracstito, impositaque sibi poena qua 
 superius, videlicet quae de jure haereticis relapsis de- 
 betur de dicenda veritate, dicta Peironetta dixit et 
 sponte confessa est ea omnia et singula supra per 
 cam dicta, deposita et confessata, fore et esse vera, 
 veritati consona, prout et quemadmodum scripta sunt 
 superius, eisque omnibus et singulis tanquam recte 
 et legitime confessatis atque depositis, persistit pe- 
 tendo continue veniam et misericordiam. Actum 
 uti supra praesente venerabili viro Domino Guillielmo 
 Blanchardi, Vicario dicti loci. Quibus sic gestis dicta 
 Peironetta virtute juramenti per cam superius saepis- 
 sime praestiti, ac sub poenis quibus supra praemissis 
 se repraesentare coram praelibato Domino Inquisitore 
 ac Domino Officiali toties quoties vocabitur ex parte 
 eorum. 
 
 Processum, sive acta praecedentia, sumpsi et recepi 
 ego Notarius subsignatus, 
 
 GOBAUDI. 
 
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