NEW SEPJES.— BI-MONTHLY THE NEW ENGLANDER M A RCH, 18 80 Vol. III.— No. 14. XULLIUS ADDICTUS JURAKE IN VERBA ilAOISTRI. AGENTS : AMERICAN NEWS CO., 39 & 41 Chambers St.. New York City. M. S AFFORD & CO., NORWICH, Conn. A. WILLIAMS & CO., 283 Washington St.. Boston, Mass. TRUBXEli & CO.. 57 and 59 Ludgate Hill, London, E. C. NEW HAVEN: W. L. KIXGSLEY, PROPRIETOR AND PUBLISHER. TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS. 1880. CONTENTS OF THE MARCH NUMBER. Art. I. Mr. Mallock aud his Critic. Rev. Jotham Sewall. Jr. 153 II. New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. Rev. I. N. Tarbox, D.D. 17 1 III. Edwin Arnold's Light of Asia. Hon. Henry C. Robinson. 198 IV. The Xational Council. Rev. George M. Boynton. 215 V. A Chapter of Maine History. Rev. George T. Packard. 233 Article VI.— NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS. Taxes de la Penitencerie Apostolique, d'apres l'fidition publiee a Paris en 1520. etc. Par A. Dupin de St. Andre. 27 1 The Keys of Sect: or. the Church of the New Testament compared with the Sects of modern Christendom. By Julian M. Sturteyant, D.D., LL.D. 272 The Bible Doctrine of Man. By John Laidlaw. M.A. 273 The History of the Passion and Resurrection of our Lord considered in the light of modern criticism. By Dr. F. L. Steinmeyer. 275 Endless punishment in the very words of its Advocates. By Thomas J. Sawyer. S.T.D. 270 Sermons Parochial and Occasional. By J. P. Mozley, D D. 277 The Life of Christ. By Rev. James Stalker, M.A. 277 The Emotions. By James McCosh, D.I)., LL.D. 277 New and complete edition of Dr. McCosh's Vorks. 278 The Pathology of Mind. By Henry Maudsley, M.D. 279 A System of Moral Science. By Laurens P. Ilickok, D.D.. LL.D. Revised with the cooperation of Julius H. Seelye, D.D., LL.D. 279 Of Mr. Spencer's Formula of Evolution, as an exhaustive statement of the Changes of the Universe. By Malcolm Guthrie. 279 The Faith of Reason : a series of Discourses on the leading topics of Religion. By John V". Chadwick. 280 Memoir of Henry Armitt Brown, together with four Historical Oratious. Edited by J. M. Hqppin. 281 The Letters of Charles Pickens. Edited by his sister-in-law aud eldest daughter. In two volumes. 288 Memoirs of Prince Mettcrnich, 1773-1815. Edited by Prince Richard Metternich ; translated by Mrs. Alexander Napier. 289 " The New Plutarch," Gaspard de Coligny. By Walter Besant. M.A. 291 Times before the Reformation, with an account of Fra Girolamo Savonarola. By William Didwiddie, LL.B. 292 Lives of the Leaders of the Church Universal, from the days of the Success- ors of the Apostles to the present time. My Dr. F. Piper. 293 The Reader's Handbook of the American Revolution. By Justin Winsor. 295 The Exploration of the World. By Jules Verne. 296 The Autobiography and Correspondence of Mrs. Belany. B] S. C. Woolsey. 296 Chronological History of Plants: Man's Record of his own existence illus- trated through their names, uses, and companionship. By Charles Bickering. M.D. 291 All quiet along the Potomac, and other poems, By Ethel Lynn Beers. 298 [Jarda: A Romance of Anoient Egypt. Bj Georg Kbors. 299 Along the Way. By Mary Mapes I lodge. 302 The Pre-histone World. Bj Elie Berthet. 302 The Transmission of I, ifc. By George II. Napheys. 303 The Merry-go-round. By It. W. Raymond. 304 THE NEW ENGLANDER No. CLV. MARCH, 18 80, ^jSToFrawfe JAN 30 1933 id / New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. [March, Article II.— NEW ENGLAND POETRY OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. It is an old and common saying, that the earliest literature of a people appears in the form of poetry. The bards and min- strels begin to sing, long before the historians and philosophers enter upon their sober and stately work. Homer was the bright morning star, heralding the long and splendid day of Grecian literature and art. Centuries before the great scholars of Germany started upon their learned activities, the Nibelun- genlied, with its wild tales of love aud war, had been sounding out from the cold forests of the north. But while this may stand, as a kind of fixed law, with races, passing on from a semi-barbarous state, toward a high civiliza- tion ; the case is quite otherwise with nations, which grow up from colonies, transplanted from civilized lands, to rude and inhospitable shores. Here the earliest movements, so far as the finer forms of literature are concerned, will, almost inevitably, be retrograde. The early life of such colonies is so intensely practical, the struggle with wild nature is so rough and long- continued, that poetry, a tender plant, withers under the harsh experiences. It is reserved for the men of a later age, dwell- ing in quiet ease and security, to catch the romantic aspects of this hard life and sing the deeds of the fathers in fitting and lofty strains. In the year 1629, when those first ship-loads of Puritans were landing in the Massachusetts Bay and organizing their church at Salem, John Milton was a student in Cambridge Universit}'. In that very year, about Christmas time, being then at the age of twenty-one, he wrote his " Ode on the Nativitv,'" which stands, to-day, as one of the choicest gems of English poetry. During the next thirty-five years, while the New England fathers were struggling with the complicated problems of Church and State, subduing an untamed wilder- ness, and playing ;i game of diplomacy with the mother coun- try, Milton was writing "L' Allegro" and " II Penseroso," till 1880.] New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. lib at length, out of blindness and darkness, came forth the immor- tal epic, Paradise Lost. Many of the great master pieces of English literature were already old in the infancy of New England. The early books of Spenser's Fairie Queen had been public in the English world for nearly forty years when John Winthrop landed at Charlestovvn. The early plays of Shakespeare had been upon the stage nearly the same length of time. The Puritans did not probably feed much upon Shakes- peare, but the Fairie Queen had nothing in it to demoralize the minds of their children. The early settlers of New England came therefore from a country already rich in the treasures of literature, and they themselves were not illiterate. Many of them left high and re- sponsible positions in their native land, and not a few of the leading men had enjoyed the thorough culture of the English universities. Passing by for the present all occasional attempts at poetical production in the early days, we will confine ourselves, at first, only to such efforts in this line as resulted in published volumes. The first systematic attempt at something like poetry on these New England shores, was when, in 1639, the Puritan fathers of the Massachusetts Bay thought they must have a Psalm-Book, native and original. We say something like poetry, for the very conditions of the enterprise forbade all sponta- neity and poetical freedom. Tiie good people of that sober age used no hymns in their Sabbath worship, and, if it had been convenient, would much have preferred to sing the Psalms of David precisely as they found them in their Bible. But some rhythmical arrangement was necessary to prevent utter confusion and chaos in their congregational singing. There was a public demand, having all the force of a law, requiring of those who undertook such a task that they should indulge in no flights of fancy, but keep themselves, as near as possible, to the exact- words of the original. When the Puritans left England, what- ever else might be overlooked, their Bibles were not forgotten. In those Bibles, bound in at the end, were the Psalms, in \he version of Sternhold and Hopkins, then in use in the parish churches of England. This metrical version was in a much 176 New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. [March, more comely shape than the early settlers in the Bay would be likely to give it. But our Fathers had planted their college at Cambridge, in 1638, and the first class of nine members were now entered upon their course of study. They had evidently come to stay, and to build a new Commonwealth in the earth, and what should hinder them from having a Psalm-Book of their own ? So, in 1639, the ministers and magistrates chose out three men, whom they deemed fit, and gave this work specially into their hands. The three were Richard Mather of Dorchester, John Eliot of Roxbury, and Thomas Welde, Eliot's colleague in the ministry. These men were of good scholarship and sound judgment, but without any apparent fitness for a work of this peculiar kind. Moreover, the nature of their task compelled them to move in a kind of poetical tread-mill. Hardly any man of those early New England days handled a more facile and vigorous pen than Richard Mather. In- deed, he became a kind of general scribe in the Bay. From him came the draft of the famous Cambridge Platform, and many other important public papers. John Eliot was a man of good learning, though, intellectually, not the equal of Mather. But his heart was large, his emotional nature strong, and his name is embalmed forever for his self-denying toils in behalf of the wild men of the forest. We know less of Thomas Welde. He came over in 1632 and went back in 1641, no more to re- turn. These men set themselves promptly to the appointed task, and in 1640 produced what is now known among us as the Bay Psalm-Book. This, however, is only a conventional name, used to distinguish that first edition from the revised edi- tions that followed. On the title-page it reads, " The Whole Book of Psalms faithfully translated into English Metre." The book was published the same year (1640) and was the first book printed in New England. Gov. Winthrop, in his journal under date of March, 1639-40, tells us : "A printing house was begun at Cambridge by one Daye, at the charge of Mr. Glover, who died on sea hitherward. The first thing which was printed was the freeman's oath ; the next was an almanac for New England, by Mr. William Pierce Mariner; the next was the Psalms, newly turned into metre." This book had free course for about seven years, when it was 1880.] New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. 177 submitted to a revision, under the charge of President Dunster, of Harvard College, who was assisted by Mr. Richard Lyon, a good scholar, fresh over from England. It was doubtless im- proved by this operation, but was yet exceedingly rough and antique. However it had a wonderful fortune, for in its vari- ous revisions and under the general name of the New England Psalm-Book, it passed through an immense number of editions, and held its place in the churches for more than a hundred years. It had, besides, the honor of being extensively used in the dissenting churches of England and Scotland. Judged by any standards now recognized among us, this piece of work would be called exceedingly coarse and even out- landish. Men setting themselves about such a task as this, would be likely to do as well, at the outset, as they knew how, even though they might afterward make some unfortunate lapses. To show, therefore, how they started off, we will give their translation of the first two verses of the first Psalm : 1. " blessed man, that in th' advice of wicked doeth not walk ; nor stand in sinner 8 way, nor sit in chayre of scornfull folk. 2. " But in the law of Iehovah is his longing delight ; and in his law doth meditate by day and eke by night." In the version of Sternhold and Hopkins, which these wise and faithful men rejected, we have those grandly rolling lines, as a part of the eighteenth Psalm : " The Lord descended from above, and bowed the heavens hie ; And underneath his feet he cast the darkuesse of the skie : On Cherubs and on Cherubims full royally he rode, And on the wings of all the windes came flying all abroad." But this was too flighty and earthly-minded, not literal enough. So the New England versifiers put it thus : 9. " Likewise the heavens he downe-bow'd and he descended, and there was under his feet a gloomy cloud. 178 New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. [March, 10. " And he on cherub rode, and flew, yen. he flew on the wings of winde." The Bay-Psalm Book is now simply a great literary curi- osity. Any one who owns a perfect and well bound copy of the book may sell it, if lie chooses, for a price ranging some- where between $1,000 and $2,000, and the man who buys it will have in possession as many false rhymes and measures as are likely to be fouud in any book of its size. When these three learned divines were puzzling their heads over the Psalms, and trying, in vain, to make the lines come out correctly, in metre and rhyme, there was a young woman, in the Massachusetts Bay, more competent, apparently, than they for this task. Anne Dudley, daughter of Gov. Thomas Dudley, was born in England, in 1612, and at the age of six- teen was married to Simon Bradstreet. Two years later, in 1630, with her father and husband, both destined to be deputy- governors, and governors in the Massachusetts Ba}', she came to these shores. She was twenty-seven years old when the Psalm-Book business was on the docket, and if she had been called to try her hand at it, though she might not have known quite so much about the original Hebrew, she would doubtless have turned English prose into English verse in more harmo- nious numbers. We do not think quite so highly of her poetry as the second Mr. John Norton, Minister of Hiugham, did, who expressed the opinion that if Virgil could have heard the strains she sung, he would have condemned his own works to the flames. This is silly exaggeration. But that she knew something of the law and the movement of verse, and that she bad some touches of the Promethian fire, a few examples will show. The first edition of her poems was published in London, in 1650. Rev. John Woodbridge, of Andover, was her brother- in-law, having married her sister, Mercy Dudley. Mr. Wood- bridge, going to England in 1647, is supposed to have taken with him the manuscript copy of her poems, the accumulations of some twenty years. He was probably responsible for the audacious title page by which the volume was introduced to the public. It reads after this fashion : "The reniii Musi' lately sprung up in America: or General 1880.] New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. 179 Poems compiled with great variety of wit and learning, full of delight : wherein especially is contained a complete Discourse of the Four Elements, Constitutions, Ages of Man, Seasons of the Year, Together with an Exact Epitome of the Four Mon- archies, viz. the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, Roman. Also a Dialogue between Old England and New concerning the late troubles, with divers other pleasant and serious Poems. By a Gentlewoman in those parts." The longest poem, is, perhaps, the most prosaic, but, at the same time, the most learned. It reveals a wide range of read- ing. The number four figures in it, like the sacred number seven among the Jews. From a far shorter poem, entitled Contemplations, we take two stanzas that will more creditably represent her poetic gifts : " Then higher on the glittering sun I gazed, Whose beams were shaded by the leavie tree, The more I looked the more I grew amazed, And softly said : what' glory like to thee ? Lord of this world, this universe 3 eye, No wonder some made thee a deity Had I Dot better known, (alas) the same had I. •' Art thou so full of glory that no eye Hath strength thy shining rays once to behold ? And is thy splendid throne erect so high As to approach it can no earthly mould ? How full of glory then must thy Creator be Who gave this bright light lustre unto thee ? Admired, adored forever, be that Majesty." Another stanza, from the same poem, presents our good mother Eve in a somewhat fresh and original light : " Here sits our Grandame in retired place, And in her lap, her bloody (Jain, new born, The weeping imp oft looks her in the face, Bewails his unknown hap and fate forlorn ; His mother sighs to think of Paradise And how she lost her bliss to be more wise Believing him that was, and is, Father of lyes." It is not to be denied that this first book of poetry, issuing from New England, was a remarkable one, considering the time and circumstances in which it was written. Whatever its merits, it certainly had a noteworthy history. Mrs. Brad- 180 New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. [March, street died in 1672. Six years after her death, in 1678, a sec- ond edition of the work appeared, having the advantage of changes and additions which she herself had made. Eighty years later, in 1758, a third edition was published. Twelve years ago, in 1867, her writings, in prose and verse, edited by John Harvard Ellis, and published in Charlestown by Abram E. Cutter, appeared in a large and magnificent volume, which, we fancy, is not widely circulated or known. In this work her own life, and the history of her book, are minutely and care- fully traced. Some errors, which have crept into Biographical Dictionaries, are here intelligently corrected. It has often been stated that the volume was first published in 16-12. in this country, and the English edition of 1650 is named as the sec- ond, and that of 1678 as the third. But the more critical testimony of the volume just referred to, makes the English edition the first. Happily, Mrs. Bradstreet did not live to read the remarka- ble eulogy which Mr. Cotton Mather passed upon her, in the second book of the Magnolia, in his article upon her father, Gov. Thomas Dudley. It was a rare opportunity for him to show his taste and varied learning. Thus he discourseth: "But when I mention the poetry of this gentleman as one of his accomplishments, I must not leave unmentioned the fame with which the poems of one descended from him have been celebrated in both Englands. If the rare learning of a daugh- ter, was not the least of those bright things that adorned no less a Judge of England than Sir Thomas More; it must now be said, that a Judge of New England, namely, Thomas Dudley, Esq., had a daughter (besides other children) to be a crown unto him. Reader, America justly admires the learned women of the other hemisphere. She has heard of those who were tutoresses to the old professors of all philosophy : she hath heard of Wppatia, who formerly taught the liberal arts; and of Surocchia, who more lately was the moderatrix in the dispu- tations of the learned men of Rome: she has been told of the three Corinnas, which equalled, if not excelled, the most cele- brated poets of their time, &c. * * * But she now prays, that into such catalogues of authoresses as Beverovicius, Hbitingt r, and Voetius have given unto the world, there may be a room 1880.] New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. 181 now given unto Madam ANN BRADSTREET, the daughter of our govenour Dudley, and the consort of our govenour Brad- street, whose poems, divers times printed, have afforded a grate- ful entertainment unto the ingenious, and a monument for her memory beyond the stateliest marhl.es." We will take leave of Mrs. Bradstreet, with one brief quota- tion more, which will give us a pleasant glimpse of her domes- tic relations. It is addressed to her husband : " If ever two were one, then surely we ; If ever man were loved by wife, then thee; If ever wife were happy in a man, Compare with me, ye women, if ye can; I prize thy love more than whole Mines of gold, Or all the riches that the East can hold; My love is such that Rivers cannot quench, Nor aught, but love from thee, give recompence." Pleasant as was her song and long as it held its place in the estimation of men, when she died, at the age of sixty, she left behind, in her family of children, a still richer legacy, perhaps, to the world. It is to her praise, that her happy hours with her pen did not tempt her from her duties as a wife and a mother. It was in the order of the New England development, that the only other poet of any considerable note, which should appear in the seventeenth century, was to follow speedily upon the footsteps of Mrs. Bradstreet. This was Rev. Michael Wig- glesworth, minister at Maiden from 1656 to 1705. His father was Edward Wiggleswortb, one of the founders of the New Haven Colony. The son was but seven years old, at his com- ing over, in 1638, but his natural aptitude for learning was fostered hy the famous schoolmaster, Ezekiel Cheever, who began his remarkable career at New Haven. With difficulty and self-denial, young Wigglesworth's father gave him an opportunity for a public education, for which the son showed a devout gratitude in a beautiful and touching tribute, which he penned to his father's memory. He entered Harvard Col- lege in 1647, and was graduated in 1651, and by his superior scholarship became a Tutor and a Fellow in the College. His longest poem was entitled the "Day of Doom," which first appeared in 1662, and passed through eight American editions 182 New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. [March, and one English. The last American issue was in 1828. Of course there is nothing very cheerful or attractive in the title or in the matter of this poem. The reader might suppose that it could only come from a gloomy mind. But the author was known rather, for a bright and happy turn in his intercourse with men, and was greatly beloved in his generation. He suf fered much from ill-health, but bore up bravely against all his infirmities. He died on Sunday morning, June 10, 1705. Dr. Increase Mather, who preached his funeral sermon, gives this lively picture of his old age : "It was a surprise unto us to see a Little Feeble Shadow of a Man, beyond Seventy, Preaching usually Twice and Thrice in a week ; Visiting and Comforting the Afflicted; Encouraging the Private Meetings; Catechising the Children of the Flock; and Managing the Government of the Church ; and attending the Sick, not only as a Pastor, but as a Physician too; and this not only, in his own town, but in all those of the Vicinity. Thus he did unto the Last, and was but one Lord 8 Day taken off, before his Last." Besides the "Day of Doom," he published in 1669, another little volume, entitled, "Meat out of the Eater," which passed through five editions before its course was ended. After his death still another poem was published, entitled, " God's Con- troversy with New England." All these publications were tinged with the stern Puritan spirit of his time. He did not overleap the age in which he lived, but wrote in harmony with the prevailing sentiments about him. But when we turn from the subject matter of his poems, to the quality of his verse, we find the gold and silver, the brass, iron, and clay mixed as in Nebuchadnezzar's image. In the better parts, there is a grace, and a vigor, such as we do not find in the poems of Mrs. Bradstreet. A stanza like the fol- lowing, for example, shows a freedom of movement, and a poetic ring, hardly to be expected in those early New England days. Tt is from the " Meat out of the Eater:" " Soldier, be strong, who lightest Under a Captain stout ; Dishonour not thy conquering I lead By basely giving out. 1880.] New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. 183 Endure a while, bear up, And hope for better things. War ends in peace, and morning light Mounts upon midnight's wings." It is not difficult to discover a very striking contrast between such lines and the following, taken from "God Controversy with New England." The poet has described the happy state of things in the first years, in which he seems to have drawn somewhat upon his imagination, and in setting the doleful present over against this sunny past, we find such stanzas as the following : " Our healthfull dayes are at an end, And sicknesses come on From year to year, becaus our hearts Away from God are gone : New England, where for many years, Tou scarcely heard a cough, And where physicians had no work Now finds them work enough, Now colds and coughs, Rheums and sore throats Do more and more abound ; Now Agues sore and Feavers strong In every place are found : How many houses have we seen Last Autumn and this Spring, Wherein the healthful were too few To help the languishing." Notwithstanding the somewhat remarkable instances of Mrs. Bradstreet and Mr. Wigglesworth, we must insist that the early New England culture was decidedly practical and unpo- etical. Not that there was any lack of poetry, so-called. It marks the degeneracy of the age, that so many of the public men, thought they could furnish verses, on call, in English or Latin, for almost any occasion, sad or joyous. Cotton Mather has admiringly preserved many of these precious morsels in his Magnolia. Mr. Jonathan Mitchell of Cambridge, was a man of mark, one of the brighter lights of his time. His name is yet kept in living remembrance for the work he wrought in his generation. But when he tried his hand at poetry, he turned off such stanzas as these, which Mr. Mather has carefully kept for us. They are from a little poem, on the perfect unity which shall prevail in heaven : 184 New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. [March, " And though we be imperfect here, And in one mind can't often meet. Who know in part, in part may err, Though faith be one, all do not see 't. There Luther both and Zwinglius, Ridley and Hooper, there agree ; There all the truly Righteous, Saus Feud live to eternity." We have named the only New England poems of the Seven- teenth century, which seem to have attained to the dignity of bound volumes. There may have been others of a brief and ephemeral character, but we have not chanced to find any ref- erence to them. In the absence of newspapers and magazines in which many of the finest poetical productions of the present day first make their appearance, the men and women of the early times who desired publicity, had often to resort to single leaves or small pamphlets in order to get themselves before the public. Sometimes doubtless their admiring friends took this labor off their hands. In many cases also it should be said, that a man's poetical effusions often remained unknown till his death, and were then brought forth to grace his memory. Let us then wander, somewhat at random, over the years intervening between the settlement of Plymouth in 1620 and the end of that century. Good Gov. Bradford, of Plymouth, left, at his death, a little manuscript book, in which he had endeavored on occasions, to express his thoughts and feelings in rhyme and measure. He could not very well write any- thing that would not be found sensible and instructive, though it was hard for him to make his thoughts flow in melodious verse. There is no poetic charm in his lines, yet they are pleasant for us to read, as coming from a man occupying the position he did, in our New England history. These speci- mens of his muse are found in the Collections of the Massachu- setts Historical Society, First Series, vol. iii. We copy but a few lines. " Almost ten years we lived here alone, In other places there were few or none ; For Salem was the next of any fame, That began to augment New England's name ; 1880.] New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. 185 But after multitudes begau to flow, More than well know themselves where to bestow ; Boston then began her roots to spread And quickly soon she grew to be the head. Not only of the Massachusetts Bay. But all trade and commerce fell in her way. ***** " But that which did 'bove all the rest excel, God in his word, with us he here did dwell ; Well ordered churches, in each place there were, And a learn'd ministry was planted here, All marvelled and said : ' Lord this work is thine In the wilderness to make such lights to shine,' And truly it was a glorious thing, Thus to hear men pny, and God's praises sing, Where these natives wers wont to cry and yell To Satan, who 'mongst them doth rule and dwell." He gives us also a primitive picture of the island of Shawmut, before Winthrop and bis company took possession, and even before William Blackstone had built bis solitary house upon it. " O Boston, though thou now art grown, To be a great and wealthy town, Yet 1 have seen thee a void place, Shrubs and bushes covering thy face ; And house then in thee none were there, Nor such, as gold and silk did weare. ***** " We then drunk freely of thy spring Without paying of anything ; We lodged freely where we would, All things were free and nothing sold. ***** " Live ye in peace. I could say more, Oppress ye not the weak and poor. The trade is all in your own hand, Take heed ye do not wrong the land ; Lest he that hath left you on high, When, as the poor to him do cry, Do throw you down from your high state, And make you low and desolate." When Gov. Bradford wrote the lines last quoted, he had more thoughts in his mind, doubtless, than he expressed. Those were not mere words shaped into an idle exhortation. The good people of Plymouth felt a little neglected and overborne VOL. III. 13 186 New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. [March, by a certain pride of success which manifested itself about Boston, and which often showed itself in a kind of contempt of their humbler neighbors. Indeed some people, at a distance, have an idea that Boston, to this day, has never entirely gotten over that sort of feeling. At precisely what points of time Gov. Bradford wrote these poems, it may be hard to discover. Yet there is internal evidence, showing that Boston must have been well under way, probably not less than fifteen or twenty years from the foundation, when these lines were penned. And the writing could not have been many years later than this, for Gov. Bradford died in 1657. Another Governor of Plymouth Colony, Josiah Winslow, son of Gov. Edward Winslow, wrote some lines on Gov. Brad- ford, after his death, which are more harmonious than those above, and contain a just and honest tribute to his memory. "If we should trace him from the first, we find He flies his country, leaves his friends behind To follow God, and to profess his ways, And here encounters hardships many days. " He is content, with Moses, if God please, Renouncing honour, profit, pleasure, ease To suffer tossings and uusettlements, And if their rage doth rise, to banishments." When Thomas Hooker of Hartford died, in 1647, it stirred the heart of New England deeply. Hooker may perhaps be re- garded as the greatest man in our early New England. There was a reach, a compass to his mind, in which he was unsur- passed by any of his cotemporaries on these shores. Peter Bulkley, minister of Concord, wrote a little poem commemora- ting him, which, for those times, was fitting and comely. We give but a few lines. " Sweet waa the savour which his grace did give, It seasoned all the place where lie did live. His name did as an ointment give its smell, And all bear witness that it savour'd well. Wisdom, love, meekness, friendly courtesy, Bach moral virtue, with rare piety, # * # * * '■ Deep was liis knowledge, judgment was acute, His doctrine solid, which none could confute. To mind lie gave lighl of intelligence, Ami search' d the corners of the conscience." 1880.] New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. 187 John Cotton of Boston, who came nearer, perhaps, than any other New England man of that day to being ranked equal or above Mr. Hooker, also made his poetical contribution at the time of this sad death. Some of his stanzas are certainly not ungraceful. " Zion in beauty, is a fairer sight, Than Rome in flower, with all her glory dight ; Yet Zion 8 beauty did most clearly shine In Hooker 3 rule and doctrine ; both divine." " Now blessed Hooker, thou art set on high, Above the thankless world, and cloudy sky ; Do thou of all thy labour reap the crown, Whilst here we reap the seed which thou hast sown." The greatest wit of those primitive times, in the judgment of our fathers, was Nathaniel Ward, minister of Ipswich, who wrote the Simple Cooler of Agawam. He was born in Haver- hill, England, in 1570, and was an old man. not less than sev- enty-five, when he wrote that pungent piece of satire. His thoughts were sharp and bright, but often expressed in a coarse and unmannerly way. He seemed to conjure his brain for odd words, and if he did not find them, manufactured them upon the spot. He was particularly hard upon the women for their style of dressing. Take the following as a specimen of his prose. " It is known more than enough, that I am neither Nigard nor Cinick to the true bravery of the true Gentry ; if any man mislikes a bully mong drossock more than I, let him take her for his labour : I honour the woman that can honour herselfe with her attire : a good Text always deserves a fair Margent : I am not much offended if I see a trimme, far trimmer than she that wears it : in a word whatever Christianity or Civility will allow, I can afford with London measure : but when I heare a nugiperous Gentledame inquire what dresse the Queen is in this week : what the nudiustertian fashion of the Court ; I meane the very newest : with egge to be in it in all haste, wdiatever it be ; I look at her as the very gizzard of a trifle, the product of a quarter of a cypher, the epitome of nothing, fitter to be kickt if she were a kickable substance than either honour'd or hu- mour'd." 188 New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. [March, Mr. Ward went back to England in 1646, carrying bis man- uscript with him and the first edition of the Simple Cooler was brought out in London in 1647, where it went through several editions. The first American issue was iu 1713, and the last in 1843. Thus far we have only spoken of Mr. Ward's prose. But he was a poet also by turns, and though he wrote little in this department, there was a vigor in his lines, and a straight-for- ward rhythm, unusual in New England in his day. Near the close of his Simple Cooler are some stanzas meant for King Charles, whose head was brought to the block two years later. 1. " There, lives cannot be good, There, faith cannot be sure, Where truth cannot be quiet, Nor Ordinances pure. 2. "No King can King it right, Nor rightly sway his Rod ; Who truely loves not Christ, And truely fears not God. 3. " He cannot rule a Land, As Lands should ruled been, That lets himself be rul'd By a ruling Roruaue Queen. 4. " No Earthly man can be True Subject to this State ; Who makes the Pope his Christ, An Heretique his Mate. 5. " There Peace will goe to war, And Silence make a noise ; Where upper things will not With nether equipoyse. 6. " The upper world shall Rule, While Stars will run their race : The nether world obey, While People keep their place." Peter Folger, grandfather, on the maternal side, to Benjamin Franklin, wrote a somewhat extended poem in 1676, just at the close of King Philip's war, entitled A Looking Class for the Times. He had been for many years associated with the May- hews at Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, in their work among the Indians. Iiis poem is a plea for toleration in be- 1880.] New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. 189 half of various sects and classes who had suffered persecution. It is a very crude specimen of poetry, as a few stanzas will show : - " The sin of persecution such laws established, By which laws they have gone so fur, as blood hath touched blood. " It is now forty years ago, since some of them were made Which were the ground and rise of all the persecuting trade. "Then many worthy persons were banished to the woods, Where they among the native's did lose their most precious bloods." The whole poem consists of more than a hundred stanzas of this character. Lie had removed from Martha's Vineyard to Sherbon, a place in the island of Nantucket, before the poem was written, and hence the last stanza : " From Sherbon town, where now I dwell, my name I do put here, Without offence your real friend, it is Peter Folger." Benjamin Thompson was accounted one of the brilliant lights of the early New England days. The inscription upon liis tombstone in Roxbury, testifies of him that he was the " learned schoolmaster and physician, and y e renowned poet of New England." He was for some years (1667-1670) at the head of the public school of Boston, and went thence to Cam- bridge to serve in the same capacity. From such of his poems as have come down to us, it is to be conceded that he gave more polish to his lines than some of his cotemporaries. From him came " Our Forefathers Song," preserved in the Massachusetts Historical Collections, of which portions have often been quoted, and of which the following are a few lines : " The place where we live is a wilderness wood, Where grass is much wanting that's fruitful and good, Our mountains and hills and our vallies below, Being commonly covered with ice and with snow ; And when the north-west wind with violence blows, Then every man pulls his cap over his nose, But if any's so hardy and will it withstand, He forfeits a finger, a foot or a hand." 190 New England Poelry of the Seventeenth Century. [March, His longest attempt at poetry is entitled New England's Crisis. It was written, like Peter Folger's, after King Philip's war, and he finds delight in contrasting the quiet and simple days of the first New England generation with the sins and sor- rows and confusions of his own times : " The times wherein old Pompion was a saint, When men fared hardly yet, without complaint, On vilest cates : the dainty Indian maize Was eat with clamp-shells out of wooden trays Under thatch'd hutts without the cry of rent, And the best sauce to every dish, content." ****** " Not ink, but blond and tears now serve the turn To draw the figure of New England 3 urne ; New England 8 hour of passion is at hand, No power except divine can it withstand ; Scarce hath her glass of fifty years run out, But her old prosperous steeds turn heads about, Tracking themselves back to their poor beginnings To fear and fare upon the fruits of sinnings." Urian Oakes, acting President and President of Harvard College from 1675 to his death in 1681, occasionally indited bits of poetry, which had more grace and charm in their struct- ure, that was then common. The following stanzas, from his pen, were written to give honor to Mrs. Anne Bradstreet, for her book, already noticed. He takes the same style of verse which Mrs. Bradstreet had adopted in her poem entitled, Contemplations, but he uses it in a more free, flowing and classical way than any New England writer of those early generations : " To Venus' shrine no altars raised are Nor venom'd shafts from painted quivers fly ; Nor wanton doves of Aphrodite's car, Or fluttering there, nor here forlornly lie ; Lorn paramours, nor chatting birds tell news, How sage Apollo Daphne hot pursues Or stately Jove himself is wont to haunt the stews. ****** " Here silver swans with nightingales set spells, Which sweotly charm the traveller, and raise Earth's earthed monarchs from their hidden cells, And to appearance summons lapsed dayes ; Their heav'nly air becalms the swelling frayes, 1880.] New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. 191 And fury fell of ellements allayes, By paying every one due tribute to his praise. " This seemed the scite of all those verdant vales, And purled springs, whereat the Nymphs do play; With lofty hills, where Poets rear their tales To heavenly vaults, which heav'nly sound repay By echo's sweet rebound : here ladye's kiss, Circling nor songs, nor dance's circle miss ; But whilst those Syrens sung, I sunk in sea of bliss." This is all liquid and sweet and softly imaginative, but it puzzles the reader to gather out of it any very clear and con- nected meaning. It was, at least, a polite and gallant tribute to the famous poetess. President Oakes also wrote a more extended piece of verse upon the death of Eev. Thomas Shepard of Cambridge. He died in 1677, a man greatly honored and beloved. The follow- ing are the first two stanzas : " Oh, that I were a poet now in grain ! How would I invocate the Muses all To deign their presence, lend their flowing vein, And help to grace dear Shepard's funeral ; How would I paint our griefs, and succors borrow From art and fancy to limn out our sorrows. " Art, Nature, Grace, in him were all combined, To show the world a matchless Paragon ; In whom, of radiant virtues, no less shined Than a whole constellation ; but he s gone 1 He's gone, alas ! down in the dust must lie As much of his rare person, as would die." Of all the New England books, prose or poetic, which the Seventeenth Century produced, the palm should unquestion- ably be given to Cotton Mather's Magnolia. Odd as it is, strange, ridiculous, outlandish, as it often is, it contains such a record of the chief men and the chief events of that first cen- tury of our history, as can no where else be found. It is a matter for wonder, that Cotton Mather was not a spoiled child from the beginning. Graudson of Eichard Mather of Dorchester, and, on his mother's side, of John Cotton of Boston, son of Increase Mather, who was one of the most learned and influential men in the Bay, from his earliest years he was flattered and caressed as an infant prodigy, for such he 192 New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. [March, was. At the age of fifteen, in 1678, he was graduated at the college, amid such pompous praises and adulations as would have turned many an older head than his. At the age of eighteen, he became assistant minister with his father at the North Church, Boston, and at the age of twenty-one was or- dained as colleague. The next year, 1685, his father was chosen President of the College, and the chief care of a large congregation devolved upon the son. His acquisitions of learn- ing, classical, theological, historical, were immense, altogether too immense for any proper mental digestion. He was only thirty-two years old when, in 1695, he commenced work upon the Magnolia ; and amid all his multifarious cares and duties, he finished the task in two years, so that the manuscript was ready for publication in 1697. In his General Introduction the author tells us : "Now of all the Churches under heaven, there are none that expect so much variety of service, from their Pastors, as those of New England; and of all the Churches in New England there are none that require more than those in Boston, the metropolis of the English America ; whereof one is by the Lord Jesus Christ, committed unto the care of the un- worthy hand, by which this History is compiled. * * * * If I had been furnished with as many heads as a Typheus, as many eyes as an Argos, and as many hands as a Briareus, I might have had work enough to have employed them all. * * * * But I wish I could have enjoyed entirely for this work, one-quarter of the little more than two years, which have rolled away since I begun it ; whereas I have been forced sometimes wholly to throw by the work whole months together, and then resume it, but at a stolen hour or two in the day not without some hazard of incurring the title which Goryat put upon his History of his Travels, crudities hastily gobbled up in Jive months." Receiving this as a truthful statement as to the time and manner of its composition, any one, thoroughly acquainted with the details of Mather's Magnolia will confess that here was a piece of marvelous industry. No wonder that the work abounded in the many historical and biographical mis- takes which have been justly charged upon it. The matter for surprise is, that such a work should ever have been done, at all, under the circumstances. 1880.] New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. 193 We have thus referred to this book, not that in itself it lies properly in the path of this Article, but because it furnishes us with an illustration which is germane to our purpose. We have spoken of the feeling which so many of the public men of that day had, that they could turn out a piece of poetry, on call, for almost any occasion. Here in 1697, near the close of the century, was a grand occasion for the gathering of the bards, as in a kind of poetical tournament. Rarely has it happened, in the whole history of authorship, that a book has been ushered into the world, with such jubila- tions, such sounding of "cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and dulcimer, and all kinds of music" as when Cotton Mather had finished the manuscript of the greatest work of his life. First comes, in sober prose, " An Attestation to this Church History of New England," from the venerable John Higginson of Salem, already eighty-one years old, and sixty years in the ministry. This is a worthy and sensible piece of writing, with which no fault need be found. Only at the end, he begins to burn incense suited to the occasion, by enumerating the New England divines, ten in number, of the illustrious race of the Mathers. These were Richard, founder of the family on these shores, and his four sons, Samuel, Nathaniel, Eleazar, Increase, and his five grandsons, " Cotton, Nathaniel, two Samuels, and Warham. "Behold," says he, "an happy family, the glad sight whereof may well inspire even an old age past eighty with poetry enough to add this." And so he draws to a con- clusion, with a Latin epigram, in seven lines, upon the Mathers, in which Cotton stands out and is complimented par- ticularly in the following line. " Has inter stellas fulgens, Cottone Mathere." Next comes a " Prefatory Poem" of about three pages, from Rev. Nicholas Noyes of Salem, colleague pastor with Mr. Hig- ginson. It is all in praise " of that excellent book, entitled Magnalia Christi Americana." It opens in this way, " Struck with huge lore, of what to be possest, I much despond, good reader, in the quest; Yet help me, if at length it may be said, Who first the Chambers of the South display'd ? Inform me whence the tawny people came? Who was their father, Japhet, Shem, or Cham 194 New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. [March, And how they straddled to th' Antipodes To look another world, beyond the seas ?" Later on, he pays his addresses more directly to the central figure of the occasion. " His preaching, writing, and his pastoral care, Are very much, to fall to one man's share. This added to the rest, is admirable, And proves the author indefatigable. Play is his toyl, and work his recreation, And his inventions next to inspiration. His pen was taken from some bird of light, Addicted to a swift and lofty flight. Dearly it loves art, air, and eloquence, And hates confinement, save to truth and sense. ****** The stuff is true, the trimming neat and spruce, The workman's good, the work of publick use; Most piously design'd, a publick store, And well deserves the publick thanks, and more." Mr. Noyes also adds three lines of Latin poetry, to the "Reverendo, Domino, D. Cottono Madero," by which we per- ceive that he has a different way of turning the name Mather into Latin, from his venerable colleague, Mr. Higginson. Next, in order, comes Mr. Benjamin Thompson, "the learned 'schoolmaster and great poet of New England," already brought to the reader's notice. First, he showers down some Latin Anagrams, in which the name of Mather is, at one time Maderus, and at another, Matherus. In the Harvard Triennial Catalogue, when the word occurs as a given name, it is not latinized at all, but stands in its own integrity, thus, Mather Byles. After Mr. Thompson has finished his Latin fire-works, which are small opening pieces, he strikes out iu a short Eng- lish poem, of which we quote the whole. " Is the bless'd Mather necromancer turu'd, To raise his countries father's ashes urn'd? Elisha's dust life to the dead imparts; This prophet, by his more familiar arts, Unseals our heroes' tombs, and gives them air ; They rise, they walk, they talk, look wond'rous fair; Each of them in an orb of light doth shine In liveries of glory most divine, When ancient names I in thy pages met, Like gems on Aaron's costly breast-plate set ; 1880.] New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. 195 Me thinks Heaven's open, while great saints descend, To wreathe the brows, by which their acts were penned." We shall find, as we go on, that this idea, of opening the graves, opening the heavens, raising the dead and bringing them back, is, in various forms of expression, common in these high songs of ovation. From the far-off town of Hartford, Mr. Timothy Woodbridge, minister in the old Hooker Church, sends in his poetic contri- bution to swell the general chorus. After an opening tribute to the early New England fathers, he closes thus : " Such were these heroes, and their labours such, In their just praise, Sir, who can say too much ? Let the remotest parts of earth behold New England's crowns excelling Spanish gold, Here be rare lessons set for us to read, That offsprings are, of such a goodly breed. The dead ones here, so much alire are made, We think them speaking from blest Eden's shade; Hark ! how they check the madness of this age, The growth of pride, fierce lust, and worldly rage. They tell, we shall to clam-banks come again, If Heaven still doth scourge us all in vain. But, Sir, upon your merits heap'd will be, The blessings of all those that here shall see Vertue embalm'd; this hand seems to put on The lawrel on your brow, so justly won." Mr. John Danforth, minister at Dorchester, after some high- sounding Latin words, by way of personal compliment, fol- lowed by a Latin Anagram and Epigram, breaks out in what he calls "A Pindaric," which is remarkably audacious: " Art thou Heaven's Trumpet ? s are by the Archangel blown ; Tombs crack, dead start, saints rise, are seen and known, And shine in constellation; From ancient flames, here's a new Phenix flown, To shew the world, when Christ returns, he'll not return alone." Mr. Grindall Eawson, minister on the hills of old Mendon, comes forward handsomely with the following : " To the Learned and Reverend MR. COTTON MATHER " On his Excellent Magnalia. " Sir: My muse will now by Chymistry draw forth The spirit of your name's immortal worth. " Cottouius Matherus. 196 New England Poetrg of the Seventeenth Century. [March, Anagr. " Tuos Tecum ornasti. •' While thus the dead in thy rare pages rise, Thine, with thyself, thou dost immortalize To view the odds, thy learned lives invite, Twi.xt Eleniht Han and Edomik. But all succeeding ages shall despair, A fitting monument for thee to rear. Thy own rich pen (peace, silly Momus, peace I) Hath given them a lasting writ of ease." Last of all we have two pages of solid Latin Hexameters, from the learned and able Dominie Henry Selyns, the most distinguished of the Dutch Reformed ministers, then in and about ISTew York. In the Magnolia his name appears as Hen- ricus Selijns, written thus, probably, because the Latin tongue has no letter y. Henry Selyns first came to these shores from Holland in 1660, and after a few years returned to bis native land. But his loss was so much felt, and the desire for his presence, among the churches of his faith, in this country, was so great, that he came again, and remained till his death, in 1702. His Latin poem is full of learning, and was doubtless regarded as a master-piece. It closes thus : "Vive Liber, totique orhi, Miracula monstres, Quae sunt extra Orbem. Coitone in ssecula vive; Et dmu Muudus erit, vivat tua fama per Orbem." Now if all this had been a kind of fourth of July exhibition of lire works, in which the several pieces as soon as discharged, should throw a momentary glory over the occasion, and then pass off, in smoke, into universal space, nothing need be said. One of the distinguished literary men of Boston, of the pres- ent generation, recently received a complimentary breakfast, when, in letters, speeches, and songs, the saponaceous article, used on all such occasions, was freely and generously expended. That is all well enough, according to the tastes and customs of this world. But if the brighl and witty recipient of these varied testimonials should carefully gather them all up, and publish them in the opening pages of his next volume, then the time woidd come for a free use of exclamation points. This is what was done in ease of Mather's A/agnalm. All 1880.] New England Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. 197 these swelling lines, in prose and poetry, in Latin and English, were taken over with the manuscript to England, and made their appearance in the first edition of the work in 1702. That was an age of pedantry rather than poetry. It may not have occurred to Mr. Mather himself, or to the men of his gen- eration, that this was not exactly the thing to do, however ridiculous it now seems. But notwithstanding all the gro- tesque sentences within the book, and in spite of this motley procession attending its birth ; as has before been said, it is altogether the most valuable contribution, in the department of literature, which those early New England generations made to the future. In conclusion, it need only be said, that the aim of the writer, in the poetic selections made has been to give passages above the average, rather than below. Occasionally, a few lines have been chosen because they were unmistakably bad. But far more frequently the care has been to pick the best that met the eye. In the plan of the Article we stop with the close of the seventeenth century. The eighteenth century would present a much broader field and richer materials, especially toward its close. 198 Edwin Arnold's Light of Asia. [March, Article III— EDWIN ARNOLD'S LIGHT OF ASIA. Tlie Light of Asia : or the Great Renunciation, being the life and teaching of Gautama, Prince of India and founder of Buddhism. (As told in verse by an Indian Buddhist.) By Edwin Arnold, M.A. Roberts Brothers, Boston. 12mo. 1880. The little book before us has been the object of warm, and even passionate, admiration, as well as of sharp criticism. In the opinion of some, it is an epic of great power and the truest poem of the century; others regard it as a string of pretty words and phrases, covering a somewhat fascinating subject in a thin, and even an offensive, way. It is difficult to assign, upon two or three readings, its proper place in literature to a book whose tone is so fascinating as that of the book before us. So much depends upon expression for our first estimates of any w r ork of art, that it is unsafe to write down at once among the permanent things a poem whose music has pleased us. Later revisions cling less to tone, and form, and color, and search more for bone, and sinew, and strength, the elements which look to eternity. One cannot at once get past Titian's tints. At the very first reading of Lycidas, its flow of music makes such sweet charm in the ear that it is hard to hear in it the uttered emotions of eternal feeling. That the IJght of Asia is fascinating in style, any one may easily know who has read a half page of it. It will be difficult for a reader who has before him two hours of leisure when he takes it up, to drop it until he has finished the last line. It reminds you often of Moore, and even of Milton, of Titian, and Fra Angelico, and sometimes of Mendelssohn. You will find the color charms of Lalla Rookh, but the sensuousness of its most sensuous themes is delicate and refined beyond the pen of Moore. You will meet the landscapes of Claude Lorraine, with beautiful lakes shadowing in peaceful hearts more beauti- ful heavens, the tripping flower and field descriptions of Dr. ! LOOMIS' 8STABLISHED ,865 k H %, 4 % OPEH FEOM 8 A.M. to 8 P.E instruments On Small Monthly Musical E Of Every Description If you intend to purchase a PIANO OR AN ORGAN, take our advice and get the BEST, which is the cheapest in the end. At our Store can always be found a splendid assortment of CHICKERING & SONS', HAINES, AND MATHUSHEK PIANOS. Also, ORGANS OF OUR OWN HAKE, which -we sell low for Cash or on monthly installments. Call and examine our stock at the m ) IV/-1 V ' m OET THE BEST! DICTIONA/fy SUPPLEMENT Websters Unabridged NEW EDITION. Now added, a Supplement of over 4600 New Words and Meaniugs. ALSO ADDEDj a nbw BIOGRPHICAL DICTIONARY OF OVER 9700 NAMES. A X A TIO N A L S T A X D A R D . EBSTER'S is the Dictionary used in the Government Printing Office. January, 1879. very State purchase of Dictionaries for Schools has been of Webster, ooks in the Public Schools of the United States are mainly ed .in Webster. SALE OF WEBSTER'S is 20 times as great as the sale of any other serijSs 1 if I >id ionai iee THIRTY-TWO THOUSAND COPIES have been placed in the Public Schools of the United States. ENGRAVINGS, — contains 3000, nearly three times as many as any other Dictionary. RECOMMENDED by State Superintendents of Schools in 35 States, and by 50 College Presidents. Is it not The National StandardI Published by G. & C. MERRIAM, Springfield, Mass. w E B WEBST E 1 t'S UN ABB1DG E I ). WARMLY ENDORSED BY roft, X. P. Willis, B. II. Smart, Eorace Mann, Austin Pbelps, M..ih Elihu Burritt, J. G. Whittier, Ezra Abbott, William T.Harris, "tt. Rui John G. Sa\e. W. D. Howels, J. M. Gregory. Ealleck, Geo. I'. Marsh, Daniel Webster, More than fifty College Presidents, and the best American and European s. PICTORIAL DEFINITIONS.— For the great aid rendered by pictures in defin- ing, look at the pictures under the fol! ids iii Wi b illustrating and defining the number of words and tern Beef, page 120 16 Eye. p. 588, 11 Ravelin.].. 1089 u Boiler, p L48 17 Horse, p. 639. ... ..45 Ships, p. 1164, 1219,-110 Castle, p. 203 -I Moldi 1 10 Steam Engine, 20 Column, p. 253, 26 Phrenology, p. 982,. ..37 Timbers, p. 1385,. ...it Making 343 frord aud terms defined by the pictures under above 12 words in Webster's Unabridged, far better than could be done by any description. Is there any hotter aid than Webster I" help a farailjj to In meeting names in reading, how frequently the thou in mind, "Who was he? Where was he? What tvas he? and w This Nem BIO- GRAPHICAL DICTIONARY in Webster JUSI answer- li A L s Webstbb's National Pictorial Dictionary. 1040 10 Engrai li