1. 1 B R A^ R Y Theological Seminary PRINCETON. N. j. C((.ic Division,. «w/f Section., ^^o/' No, ^: A DONATION yTirurUy^' A K Y, A DICTIONARY or TJIE MOST IMPOETANT NAMES, OBJECTS, AND TERMS FOUND I-V THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. tSTEXDED PRINCIPALLY FOE SUNDAY SCHOOLS A^'D BIBLE CLASSES. AND A3 AN AID TO FAMILY INSTRUCTION. HOWARD MALCOM, D.D., ULTX PEESIDENT OF . " LEWISBIBQ CNITERSITY," PEOFESSOE OF UOBXL JUTS INTELLECTUAL PUILOSOPUT, ETC. w I T ir NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. NEW YOEK: SHELDON & COMPANY, 677 BROADWAY AND 214 & 216 MERCER STREET, Umdbr Grakd Central Hotel. 1874. tiotat*^ ajeotiiog to Act of CjnftreM, in the year 1868. fcy oouLT 'i;^^ i.?:n;;oln, 'Jl tK Cter>"» OfiQce of the District Ccurt for th^ District cf Maas^eur- «lli PREFACE. TwE Authoi engaged heartily in Sunday Schools at thtir first i troducrion, In the pres-^nt form, into ihe city of Philadelphia ; and, fiom thai time to the present, his estimate of their value has constantly increased. In his labori as teacher, superintendent and pastor, he was early made to feel the need of a dictionary, arranged expressly for the constantly increasing class of investi gators of God's word, produced by Sunday-school influence ; but there wai none. At length, in 1824, he undertook to supply the desideratum ; and, after devoting, for six years, all the time he could command for the purpose, the result was published. The reception of the work was highly flattering. Be side an immediate, rapid, and wide-spread sale in this country, it was repub- lished in London, and still continues to be largely circulated in Great Britain. As successive editions were called for, each was laboriously improved. All the works of Bible illustrators, such as Calmet, Whitby, Wells, Brown, Car- penter, Wood, Paxton, Harmer, Harris, Jones, and others, were carefully con- sulted ; besides gazetteers, geographies, reports of missionaries, voyages and t.'avels, &c. Much aid was also obtained from distinguished biblical scholars ; ar.d one friend patiently went over the entire mass of scripture references making it an evening exercise in his family to look out in the Bible every quotation ; by which process hundreds of errors were detected in quotations, transferred from works consulted. In fine, no pains, labor, or exi)en8e waa epared to make the work as complete as possible within the size deemed de- fiimble, till the sixth edition, when it was stereotyped. The work, from its first appearance, received the unqualified commendation of a large number of ecclesiastical bodies, leading periodicals, and clergymen A still more satisfactory evidence of its general acceptableness is the fact of its steady sale for nearly twenty-five years, and its circulation reaching th« extraordinary number of 130,000 copies, notwithstanding the publication of several other works of like aim, during this period. The stereotyping of his book did not induce the author to discontinue hid labors upon it. Having become deeply mterested in this department of studyj his investigations were continued, and an interleaved copy of the book kepi at hand, in which were made constant alterations, corrections, and additions, as his reading or travels enabled him. A year ago, the publishers havmg re- solved to stereotype the work anew, and to adopt a larger page, allowing con- siderable addition to the reading matter, the work of improvement was restuned systematically. Every line has been revised, authorities researched, and very valuable additions made from entirely new sources, such as Kitto, Robinson, Smith, Lynch, Layard, Bayard Taylor, and others. The result of all is, that scarcely an article has not beep improved, more than half hav« been enlarged, and nearly a hundred new ones, with a very complete Har mony of the Four GospelSy have been added. The pnblisners also have Incurred the expense of a new and more complete map cf Palestine, and a large number of new illustrations. Tbua it is essentially a new work. VI PREFACE. The advantages )f this Dictionary over similar works will be fcuid to be, 1. It contains greatly more actual illustration of the word of God. No ipace is consumed with rehearsals of scripture history nor biographies which can be bettm- read in the Bible itself, nor tedious discussions on points whicb have never been decided ; nor antiquated statements respecting countries and customs, which have been superseded by modern research. 2. It quotes mure extensively those passages which may be explained by Che article ; thus making it a brief critical commentary on the whole Bible 3. It gives the modern names of places mentioned in the Bible, in all cases where there is any certainty ; thus defining and fixing the reader'* conceptions 4. Events and personages prominent in profane history are mentioned in connection with names and events in the scripture history, so as to form a chronological arrangem.ent in the mind of the reader, and assist his memory by association of ideas. 5. The name of each book in the Bible is given, followed by an article which briefly gives all that is known of writer, date, design, kc, thus often giving a key to the whole. 6. It contains a sufficient Geography of the Bible, and much more con venient for Sunday Schools than a separate work on that subject can be, becjiuse, by the alphabetical arrangement, every one may find the desired information. 7. The full desciiption of all the animals, birds, reptiles, insects, ydants minerals, kc, to which important allusions are made, furnishes an adequate natural history of tlie Bible. 8. A large part of the work is new, being derived from recent sourcefl- Upwards of four hundred articles are not found in other Bible Dictionaries. When the article itself is not new, it has been improved, if any additional light has been thrown upon the subject by recent writers. 9. Distinct and correct impressions of what could not be well taught by words, are given by engravings, faithfully and elegantly drawn. 10. Names liable to erroneous pronunciations are accented. For the above reasons, the value of the book is not lessened by tl»e posses- elon of any other Bible Dictionary. In addition to the common purposes of a dictionary, this may furnish not only a useful, but a very delightful Sunday exercise in the family, if a pairnt would read a few articles, while the other members of the family, each with a Bible, look out the references, and read them aloud. Great light would thus be cast on important subjects, and happy effects produced in fixing sacred truth upon the memory. And now, not without regrets, is this labor of love laid aside forever. For thirty years the mines have been worked, with ever fresh interest, to priduce this cabinet of truths. To relinquish the task is to lose a great satisfaction, and to break up a fixed habit. But all buman labor has its limit, and this performance is now bequeathed to the world, ended though not flnisLeO. Abandoned but still loved. Lcwisburg, Penn., August, 1863 BIBLE DICTIONARY. la'ron, a prince of the family of Levi, born in Egypt, one year before the edict for destroying Hebrew male children, and three years before Moses. By divine direction he was consecrated the first High Priest. After the schism of Korah, Numb. IC, the Lord evidenced his appointment by the miracle of the budding rod and other signs. He died in Mount Hor, 40 years after coming out of Egypt, i. e., A. m. 2552, aged 123 years, and was suc- jeeded by his son Eleazar. See Priksthood. Abad'don, literally The De- stroyer, is " the angel of the bot- tomless pit, whose name in He- brew is Abaddon, but in Greek, Apollyon." Rev. 9: 11. Writers on the prophecies greatly ditfer In their interpretation of the above text. Some would apply the name exclusively to Satan. Others regard it as being also applied to Mahomet, and others to the Pope of B'>me. Ab'ana and Pharpar, rivers of Syria, which Naaman toe Leper thought " better than ali the waters of Israel." Abana is probably the Barraddy, which rises in Lebanon, and runs to- wards the south. Perhaps the Pharpar is the same with the Orontes, which, rising a little to the north-east of Damascus, pass- es Antioch, and, after a course of 200 miles to the north-west, loses itself in the Mediterranean Sea. 2 Kings 5: 12. AVba, a Syriac word, signify ing a beloved father. The word is used by our Lord in his agony, Mark 14 : 36, and by Paul, when he recounts to the believers of Rome and Galatia their glorious privileges, Rom. 8 : 15 ;'Gal. 4: 6. We thus perceive, both in the term itself, and the manner of using it, how endearing and consoling is the access to God which the christian enjoys. Abel, literally vanity, the sec- ond son of Eve. The reason why his offering was accepted rather than Cain's is explained, Heb 11 : 4, where it is said to have been because Abel had faixh ABI 8 ABI ihak is, had respect to the Mes- siah to come and to the divine ap- pointment. It is said that being dead he yet speaketh, i. e., hi3 example and suJerings are a les- son to U3 Abel) otherwise called the field ofjiiahua, was near Bethshemesh, and was probably so called from the mournhig ot the Hebrews for those who were struck dead for looking into the ark. 1 Sam. C : 18, 19. Abel-DIaim, or Abel-beth Maacha, a city in the north of the canton of Naphtali, where Sheba was beheaded. 2 Sam. 20 : 14. Eighty years after, it was ravaged by Benhadad. 1 Kings 15 : 20. In the days of Christ, it was called Ahila. Abel-IIIizraiDI, literally the mourning of the J^gyptians, so called from their lamentation over Jacob's corpse when they carried it to IMachpelah. It is -jailed «' the floor of Atad." Gen. 50 : 11. Abel-Meliolah, a city west of Jordan, 10 miles south of Beth- Bhau, in the tribe of Manasseh. 1 Kings 4: 12. It was the birth-place of Elisha. 1 Kings 19 : 16. Near this city Gideon defeated the Midianites. Abel-Shittim, a town beyond Jordan, in the plain of Moab. Here 24,000 Israelites were de- stroyed in one day for falling into the sins of Moab. Numb. 25. It was probably the mourn- ing for this event that gave the DMue of Abel to the spot. 4bi'a| second son to Samuel, and :,rother to dO»l. When tho priests were divided into twenty- four cimrses, the 8th was called after him ; or, as some suppose, after Abijah, mentioned 1 Cliron. 24 : 10 Luke 1 : 5. A' bib, or NiSAN, the naiAe of the first sacred and seventh civil month of the Jewish year. It answered to our March and April. The word signifies ripe Jruit, and was given to this month, because, in the middle of it, the Jewa generally began their harvest. On the 14th day of this month, the Passover was eaten. Their civil year commenced in Septem- ber ; and therefore their jubilees, and other civil matters, were regulated in that way. See Levit. 25 : 8, 9, 10. This change of beginning, as to the sacred year, took place at the redemp- tion of Israel from Egypt. Ex. 12 : 2. Abile'ne, a small canton in Syria, between Lebanon and An- tilibanus. It took its name from the city Abiluy or Abel-Maim. Lysanias was governor here in the 15th y-ear of Tiberius. Luke 3: 1. AbimVleeh, the title of the kings of Philistia, as Ptolemy was of the kings of Egypt, and C^ESAn of the emperors of Rome Gen. 21 and 36. It was also the name of a very wicked lulei in Israel, in the time of the Judges, Jud. 9; and cf a high priest in the time of David, 1 Chron. 18 : 16, who was the same as Ahimelech, 2 Sam. 8 : 17, and probably the same as Ahiatka^, 1 Sam. 22 : 20. ABY ACE Abomination, a thing hateful. Stn is called an abomination, be- cause detestable to God and good beings. Various gross practices are so called. Wearing the dress of the opposite sex, Deut. 22 : 5. Lying, Prov. 12 : 22. False weights, Isa. 66 : 3. False doc- trines. Rev. 17:4. Idols, Deut. 7 : 26. Proud persons, Prov. 16; 5. The sacrifices, ways, and even thoughts, of the wicked, Prov. 15 • 8, 9, 26. And " he that turneth away his ear from hear- ing the law, even his prayers shall be an abomination," be- cause evidently hypocritical, Prcv. 28 : 9. In Dan. 12 : 11, and Matt. 24 : 15, the allusion is t^) the Roman armies, which, as heathen, were hateful to the Jews. Abraham, a wandering shep- herd of vast wealth and pre- eminent piety. I'e wsis born A. M. 2008, only two years after the death of Noah, though there were nine generations between them. Some learned chronolo- gera place his birth sixty years before Noah's death. Being the progenitor of all the Jews, and the brightest example of justify- ing f:iith, he was called the " Father of the faithful." His name, Abram, or " high father," was changed, when God prom- ised him a great posterity, into Abraham, or " father :>f a mul titude." Gen. 17 : 4, n. His history is one of deep mterest, and is given in Genesis at great length AbjSS, s word used in Scrip- ture, sometimes to mean heli, sometimes the depths of th« ocean, and sometimes the water> which flow under the earth. Ae'eho, a seaport of Canaan, belonging to the tribe of Asher, but never conquered by them. Jud. 1 : 31. It first became an important city in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who greatly enlarged and beautified the place, and from whom it was long called Ptoleniais. It became famous during the crusades, and was then called St. Jean de Acre. The christians were expelled from it, as their last hold in Palestine, about 1291, and it has since been held by the Turks. The French, under Napoleon, met a repulse here, in 1799. The population, in 1825, was about 5,000, according to Mr. Jowett. It is erroneously stated in some works to be from 18 to 20,000. It is now called Acre. Acel'dama, a field lying a little south of Jerusalem, where pot- ters dug their clay. The money which Judas threw back to the Jewish rulers, being the price of blood, as they called it, they would not put into the Lord's treasury, but with it purchased this field; wherefore it was called " Aceldama, or The Field (/ Blood." Acts 1 : 18, 19. Zech 11 : 12, 13. It was then appro- priated as a place to bury stran- gers, from which the burial- ground for this purpose is, m some cities, called the Potters Field. Matt. 27 : 8. The spot is still used by the ArmenianJ ACT 10 ADD tot a grave-yard It is no\f about 100 fe«t long and 70 broad, and \3 called C.uii^o tiancto. It is surrounded by a wall, and is in fact a vast vault arched over, into which bodies are lowered through seven apertures from above. Acha'ia, in the largest sense, comprehended all Greece Proper, now called Llvadia. This seems the meaning, 2 Cor. 11 : 10. Thus, what is Acha'.a, Acts 19 : 21, is Hellas, i. e., Greece, Acts 20 : 2. In the strict use of the term, Achaia was that northern part of the Peloponnesus, the capital of which was Corinth. 2 Cor. 1 : 1. A'cllOr. This word signifies trouble, and was the name of a valley near Jericho, given to it because of the tribulation pro- duced by the theft of Achan, who was stoned here. Josh. 7 : 24— 2G. Hos. 2 : 15. AcrCt The English acre is 4840 square yards, the Roman 3200, and the Egyptian 3G98 ; but the Hebrew acre appears to mean as much as one yoke of oxen could pk)Ugh in a day. Ten acres of vineyard yielding one bath, and the seed of an homer producing an ephah, Isa. ft: 10, means that the land should be afflicted with dreadful steril- ity, for such a crop is scarcely a tenth part of the seed sown. At'ts OP THE Apostles, the history of the primitive church, irritten by Luke. It does not contain a full account of the labors of all the apostles, but only of a few a.3 a specimen , chiefly those of Paul. The nar rative commences at the ascen sion of Christ, and extends to Paul's arrival at Rome, on h'u appeal to Caesar, a period of about 30 years. To read this book with profit, the map ol the travels of Paul, common in Sun- day-schools, should be referred to. Adad-Rim'mon, a city in the valley of Jezreel, famous for a dreadful battle. 2 Kings 23 : 29. Zech. 12 : 11. It was afterwards called Maocimianopolis, in honor of the emperor Maximian. Ad'amant, a beautiful stone, of the hardest kind, generally called diamond. Sinners' hearts are compared to adamant. Zech. 7 : 12. See Diamond. A'dar, the twelfth month of the Jewish sacred year, and the sixth of the civil ; correspond- ing to February. The inter- calary month added at the end of every third year was called Ve-Adar, or second Adar. Adder, a venomous reptile, brought forth alive, and not liatched from eggs, as are most serpents. It is often called viper. The terra occurs five times in our translation. In Gen. 49 : 17, the original word is SHEPHirnox, thought by critics to be the ceras' tis, a viper which lurks in the sand, the color of which it reseiu- bles. In Psalms 58 : 4, and 91 • 13, the Hebrew word is pethen, an asp. In Psalms 40 : 3 it ia AcnsuB, which is also rendered asp. In Prov 23 • 32. the t^rm ADO 11 AOU fcsTziPHOxr, which in Isa. 14 : 29, and Jer. 8 : 17, &c., is rendered cockatrice, or basilisk, a serpent said to kill with its breath. Serpents, like most other crea- tures, are attracted by music. Many authors, both ancient and modern, confirm this fact. This is called charming them ; and while their delight in the music continues, they are perfectly harmless, and will go after the person playing. The deaf adder, or asp, mentioned Ps. 56 : 4, probably means one so full of venom as to be insensible to sweet sounds. To which other allusions agree. See Ecc. 10 : 11. Jer. 8: 17. Adjure. It was a custom among the Jews to adjure, which was b^ a form of execration laid on the person if he did not an- swer truly. It was the same as administering an oath is now ; so that though Jesus held his peace when merely interrogated, he ac- knowledged, when adjured, that he was the Son of God. Matt. 2C : 63. IdOiiiraDl, one of Solomon's overseers on Lebanon, 1 Kings 5 : 14. He is also called Adoram. by contraction, 2 Sam. 20 : 24, and Hadoram, 2 Chr. 10 : 18. Adoption, the act of taking one into the family for a child. Pharaoh's daughter adopted Mo- ses. Mordecai thus received Esther. Many other instances occur in Scripture. The double parentage thus created has greatly eonfused chronologers, and caused unlearned objections to scripture genealogies. True believers in Christ, who rely upon his effica- cious atonement, and the sura merit of his perfect righteous- ness, for the pardon of their sins and reconciliation to God, being regenerated by the Spirit, and freely justified by grace, through the redemption of Jesus Christ, are said to be brought into this state of adoption. 2 Cor. 6 : 18. Adrani'nielech, a deity of the Sepharvaites, who seems to havo been worshipped as the god of flocks and herds. This was also the name of u son of Sennacherib, who, with his brother Sharezer, slew theii father in the temple of Nisrooh. Isa. 37 : 38. Adramyt'tiuui is by some ge ographers affirmed to be the same with Thebes in Egypt. Otheni maintain, with more probability, that this city was in Mysia, op- posite Lesbos. The latter was situated at the foot of Mount Ida. and was founded by a colony from Athens. It was a place of much commerce. Acts 27:2; but it is now a poor fishing village, and is called Dramiti. A'dria, a sea on the coast of Italy, where Paul, in going to Rome, suilered an extreme tem- pest. Acts 27 : 27. It is now called the Gulf of Venice. Adni'Iam was once a noble town in the north part of the lot of Judah. Near it was the place of Divid's concealment 1 Sam 22 : 1. It continued to be an important place for several cen- turies after Christ, but ia no» extinol. AHA 12 AIR Adtt'.tery, a general term for I »>ery species of uiicliastity, but j DOW generally restricted to im- j purity by married persons. In a spiritual sense, it means idol- atry. Jer. 3: 9. Ezck. 23 : 37. Advocate, a title of Jesus, shoTiing his intercession for his people. We have a specimen of the manner in which he acts as ach, in John 16 and 17. Affinity, relation. For the degrees of affinity which ob- structed matrimony, see Leviti- cus 18. Agnate, a gem of various colors and degrees of transparency. It is found in the form of rounded nodules, from the size of a pin's head to more than a foot in diam- eter, in the river Wolga, in Ger- many, in the pudding-stone of Siberia, in Ceylon, Scotland, Ac. Those of the last named country are commonly called Scotch peb- bles. It is a stone of great beauty, and is only cheap because found in abundance. It was the second stone in the lower row of the high priest's breast-plate. Ex. 28 : 19. Our translation has agate, Isa. 54 : 12, and Ezek. 27 : 16, where a very diiferent substance is meant. The word in these places ought to be talc, or isinglass. Agrip'pa. See Herod. Ahssaa'rus. There were sev- eral kings of this name. 1. AsTYAGES the Mede, son ol Cyaxares. Dan. 9:1. 2 Cambyses, king of Persia, during wh-jse r^ign the rebuild- ing of the temple was suspended Ezra 4 : 6, 7. 3. Darius Hystaspes, thg husband of Esther. Est. 1 : 1. He died A. M. 3519. Prideaua thinks, with Severus and many others, that Artaxerxes Longi- manus was the person ; Scaliger, Jahn, and others, that it was Xerxes. Aha'vJl, a river on the banks of which Ezra assembled the Jews who were returning with him to their own land. Ezra 8 : 15. It is probably the country called Ava, 2 Kings 17 : 24, whence the king cf Assyria drew settlers for Palestine, and where he colonized the Israelites. 1 Kings 18 : 34, and 19 : 13. Air, a fluid which surrounds the earth to the height of about fifty miles. Air has considerable weight. About 2160 pounds' weight of it presses on every square foot ; and, allowing the surface of a human body to be 15 square feet, the pressure of air on it must amount to 32,400 pounds. But this pressure is not felt, because our bodies contain such a portion of air as serves to buoy them up. Air is necessary to the existence of all animals and plants. The winds keep it pure. Creatures inhabiting the water need air as much as land animals. Some of these eome often to the surface to breathe, and those which have gills man- ufacture air for themselves out of water. If there were no air, we could neither seo, hear, noc speak ; there could be ueithoi ALA ALE oloudd nor rain. Indeed, the whole world would be destroyed, if the air were to be destroyed, vr oven become stagnant. « To beat the air," 1 Cor. 9 : 20; 14 : 9, is to speak or labor to no purpose. In Eph. 2 : 2, "the power of the air " means those who exercise that power, viz., evil spirits who are under the control of Satan, here called their jonnc€. The word " heaven " is used to signify the air. Gen. 19 : 24. 2 Kings 1 : 10. Alabaster, a name now applied to a soft, fine, white species of marble, or sulphate of lime, found near Thebes, Damascus, wad other places. The word is derived from the name given by the Greeks to an urn or vessel without handles, especially those made narrow at the top, so as to be easily stopped, and thus es- pecially proper for ointments and perfumes Alabasters were of glass, silver, or gold. It was customary at feasts among the great to anoint the hair of the guests with costly perfume. Pa. 23 : 5, and 45 : 7. Matt. 26 : 7. In Matt. 26 : 6, 7, " breaking** the box means simply breaking the seal so as to uncork it. Mary could not have poured out the ointment if shie had broken the bottle or box ; and the pieces would have been inconvenient. Beside, it would have been a needless waste of a valuable ar- ticle, and the apostles only re- proved her for wasting the oint merit. Albeit, an old word for never theless, or although. Alexandria, a celebrated city in Lower Egypt ; situated be- tween Lake Mareotis and the ALEXANDR western branch of the Nile, near I the destruction of Carthage, it its mouth ; founded by Alexan- I was, for nearly seventeen cen- der the Great, B. c. 331. After turies, the chief city of the woild ALE 14 A ^ M next to Rome. Its commerce extended to every part of the then known world, and for a long time it was the chief seat of learning and the sciences. The Ptolemies made it their royal residence, and each successive monarch labored to embellishjt. When the Romans, at the death of Cleopatra, b. c. 26, conquered Egypt, they respected and pre- served the beauties of this city, and it continued to flourish. In a ship belonging to Alexandria, Paul sailed for Rome. Acts 27 : 6. Christianity was early planted in this place. Mark is said to have founded the church here, A. D. 60, and was here martyred, A. D. C8. Here Apollos was born. Acts 18 : 24. Clemens Alexan- drinus, Origen, Athanasius, and other eminent ministers, flour- ished here. Numerous Jews^ resided here, engaged in trade and commerce ; 50,000 of whom were murdered under the Em- peror Nero. Under the Sara- cens, who conquered it a. d. 646, it began to decay. They stupidly burnt its famous library of 700,- 000 volumes. The famous ver- sion of the 0. T. called the Sep- tuagint was made here nearly 300 years before Christ. It then contained 4000 baths and 400 theatres. It is now dwindled to a village, with nothing remark- able but the ruins of its ancient granaeur, and is called Skanderia. Alexandrians, Jews, natives of Alexandria, and speaking that language, who were numerous at Terusalem. Acts 6 : 9. AH, overy creature or peiscn. Sometimes this epithet is used indefinitely, expressing a great many, or the greatest part. Matt. 3 : 15 ; sometimes for every class and condition of men. 1 Tim. 2 : 4. Titus 2 : 11. AHegory, a similitude carried out to more length than a metaphor. Gal. 4 : 24, 31. This figure abounds in the Bible, and all oriental writings. Christians have often fallen into error by interpreting them too closely, or treating plain pas- sages as such. Allelnia, a word occurring in almost every psalm, and always translated " Praise ye the Lord." It occurs in the Apocalypse, and is transferred in our version ; be- ing sometimes written Hallelujah Almond, a tree bearing the well-known fruit so called. Its blossoms are white. Ecc. 12 : 5. In size and shape it resembles the peach-tree. Alms> Bounty to the poor Matt. 6:1. Armng-tree. It is thought to be the same with the Shittah, or Shittim-tree. 1 Kings 10 : 11. Some have supposed it to be the nandal-wiod, much used in the East for costly purposes. A spe- cies of this wood found in Siam, Japan, L T H'oei)* Tournefort reckons fourteen kinds of the aloe. Some are trees, others shrubs or herbs. The American aloe is famous for its fine flowers, which are of the lily kind ; the Asian for the pur- gative drug prepared from it. It is made by expressing the juice from the leaves, and hardening it in the sun to the consistence of a gum. That which is most nicely prepared is called the suc- cotrine, the next is called hypatic, and the coarsest is the horse aloe. Th3 fragrant wood of a species gi J wing in China, Cochin China 1 and Siam, is so precis-is as to bo I worth more than its weight in 1 gold. Compare Canticles 4 : 14, and Prov. 7 : 17. Alces were j used for the embalming of dead I bodies, and as a perfume. John 19 : 39. Prov 7 : 17. I AKpha, the first letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used in i connection with Omega, which is the last letter, to express the ! eternity of Jesus Christ. Rev. I 1 : 8, 11. I Altar, among the Jews, a mound or large stone table where sacrifices were laid and oifered. After the erection of the taber- nacle, two altars were appointed, one for saci-ifices, the other for incense, and on no others were offerings lawful. The preceding picture represents the " altar of burnt offering" as made by Solo- mon, which was thirty feet square, and fifteen feet high. It stood not in the tabernacle, but in the court. The " altar nf in- cense " was a table about two feet square, and four feet high, plated with gold, which stood in the Holy Place. Some chria. tians still apply the term altar ti A M L 16 A M O the table where the communion is administered ; but Christ is the only christian altar, to which we bring all our sacrifices and services. Heb. 13 : 10. Am'alekites, a nation dwelling between the Red and Dead Seas. About A. M. 2091, Chedorlaomer ravaged their country, at which time multitudes left it. It is thought by some that these poured themselves on Egj-pt, and were the shepherds mentioned by Manetho. For their great wick- edness, God utterly ruined this people by the hand of Saul. 1 Sam. 15. Afterwards a remnant gathered again, which was finally destroyed by the Simeonites, in the days of Hezekiah. 1 Chr. 4. Ambassador, a legate or apos- tle. A person sent on behalf of another, with powers to a at ac- cording to general instructions. 2 Cor. 5 : 20. Amber, a yellow, inflammable substance, transparent if pure, which seems to have been origi- nally in a fluid state, as leaves and insects are often found in it. It is obtained from Turkey, Ger- many, Poland, &c., but chiefly from Prussia., where it is so abun- dant that mmes are regularly worked for it. It was formerly cut into various ornaments, and ranked among the precious stones. Esek. 1 : 4, and 8 : 2. Amen, true, verily, be it so. Christ is called The Ame.v, be- cause he is the God of truth. Rev. 3 : 14. The oromises are said to be "Yea nro Amen " in Christ, because that, by him they will infaiiibly be all ao*"^ plished. 2 Cor. 1 ; 20. "When used in devotion, it means be it so. When repeated in affirma- tion, it is equivalent to our phrase, indeed, indeed. Among the Jews and early christians, the whole assembly responded an audible Amen at the close of a public prayer. Jerome says that when the chris- tians said Amen at the close of a prayer, &g., the sound was like a clap of thunder. Am'ethystj a very rare gem, generally of a purple or viole* color. It is found in Germany, Spain, and other countries, but the most valuable are obtained in Asia and Russia. AmmOQ, or No-AjuroN. See No. Ammonites, a people descend- ed from Lot through Ammon or Ben-Ammi. They oppressed Is- rael 18 years, and were then overcome by Jephthah. Jud. 10, . lets 13 : 14. Antip'atris, a city of Canaan. situated in a pleasant valley, neai the mountains, in the way from Jerusalem to Caesa- rea, about 17 milei from Joppa, and 42 from Jerusalem. Aota 23 : 31. It was for- merly called Caphav' salama^ (1 Macc. 7 : 31), but was of little note till en- larged and adorned by Herod, who named it after his father, Antipater. Apoc'rypha prop- erly signifies '^ hid- den " or '^concealfid.'* The name is applied to a number of books often placed between the Old and New Testaments. They were not admitted by an- cient christians into the canon of Scripture. None of them were ever received by the Jews. They are not found in the catalogue oi the canonical books, made by Mileto, bishop of Carthage, in the second century ; nor doea Origen. in the third, or Epipha- nius, in the fourth, acknowledge their authenticity. The oldest Syriac version of the Biijle does not contain these books. Few of I them were allowed to be canon- I ical, until the ninth .and tenth centuries, when the ignorance, both of the people and of the clergy, was most deplorable. The popish council of Trent voted them to be authentic, and they are still retained by Papists. Some of these books, such a« APP 20 ARA Maccabees and Ecclesiasticns, contain usetul history and wholc- Bome advice, but others are pue- rile and fabulous. There are also many apocryphal books of the New Testament. Apollo'nia, a city of Macedonia, now unimportant, and called Po- Kna. Acts 17 : 1. Apoll'yon, literally the " de- ttroi/er." See Abaddo-n. Apostle, minister, or messen- ger. The term implies selection, commission, qualification, mis- sion, accountability and recom- pense. The title is specially given to those whom Christ chose to be witnesses and inspired teachers of his life, doctrine, and resurrection. It is also ap- plied to Christ, who was sent from heaven to assume our nature, and to efifect man's redemption by his merits and death. Heb. 3 : 1. Ap'pii-fornm, a place in the gouth-west of Italy, about fifty miles from Rome, where Paul wa? met by his christian friends. Acts 28 : 15. It is now called Fossa Nuova. Apple-tree. The apple ia a species of fruit not common in Palestine, though found there. The tree so called in Scripture is probably the citron, which is large, ever-green, and fragrant, and affords a delightful shade. Sol. Song 8 : 5. Prov. 25 : 11. The word occurs but seldom in Scripture. In Solomon's Song 8:5,' Apples of gold, in pic- tures of silver " means golden colored citrons, in silver frui*. baskets of curious net-work. The Apple of Sodom is a fruit resembling the apple, containing, when green, an acid, milky juice ; but in winter, when driedj a yel- lowish, offensive dust. Arabia, a large country of Asia, lying partly on the east, but chiefly southward, of Canaan. Its greatest length from east to west is about 1620 miles ; and its greatest breadth from north to south about 1550. It has the Indian Ocean on the south, the Red Sea and Isthmus of Suez on the west, Canaan and Syria on the north-west and north, the mountains of Chaldea and the Persian Gulf on the east. It is ordinarily divided into three parts. 1. Arabia Petrxa, or the rocky, on the north-west, and which is now called Hejiaz. In the south- west part of it now stand the famed cities of Mecca and Me- dina, so much visited by Mahom- etan pilgrims. This division contained the land of Edom, Kadesh Barnea, Paran, Cushan, ents, and led a wandering life. They art at preeett called Bedouins, AKA 21 A RC 3. Arabia Felix, or the happy, »n the south of the two former, betweea the Persian Gulf and Red Sea. Scarcely any part of Arabia is well watered ; but Arabia Felix is the most so, and is famed for its opium, myrrh, cassia, and ether drugs, as well AS for fine spices and fruits. The Arabians are, in general, the descendants of Ishmael. The descendants of Abraham by Ke- turah, as well as those of Lot and Esau, dwelt also in this land, and either mixed with or sup- planted the inhabitants. The Arabic language is one of the most ancient in the world, and is remarkable for its copiousness. The ancient Arabic was without points. The present Arabic char- acters are modern. Of all nations, says Calmet, the Arabs have spread most over the world, and, in all their wander- ings, they have, more than any other nation, preserved their lan- guage, manners, and peculiar customs. They are cunning, in- genious, poetical, superstitious, vindictive, sanguinary, and thiev- ish. In character and customs they have scarcely varied since the days of the patriarchs. Chris- tianity was early extended over this country, and we read of martyrs, councils. &c., in Arabia. Ar'arat, a mountain in the pountry of the same name. Part of the province which was for- merly so called, lies in Turco- niania, and the rest is in Persia. It has Georgia on the north, Mcjdia on the east, Assyria on the south, and Lesser Asia on thk west. Here the rivers Euphjates, Tigris, Araxes, and Phasis, have their source. Here stand the famed mountains Taurus an^ Antitaurus, Niphates, Gordian, Ac. Mount Ararat, upon which Noah's ark rested, was probably the Ar-dagh, or finger mountain, in Armenia, standing in a large plain, 36 miles east from Erivan, rising in a conical shape to the height of about 12,000 feet above the level of the sea, and visible nearly 200 miles distant. Its top is inaccessible on account of the pernetual snow. The middle part is haunted by tigers ; some poor flocks and small monasteries are at the foot. Archer, a soldier who fought with a bow and arrows. Gun- powder being a modern inven- tion, most of the ancient war riors were archers. Archangel, the chief angel The Jews supposed that there are seven of them, greater in ARK ARK power than the rest, and that the guardianship of particular nations is committed to them. Michael was considered the patron of the Jews. Dan. 10 ? 13, 21. The name is never -zsed in the plural, ind some learned men are of opinion that it means Jesus Christ. 1 Thess. 4 : IG. Arcto'rus, a star of the first magnitude in the constellation Bootes, near the north pole. It becomes visible in September, and sets in March. Job 9:9. The " sons of Arcturus " are probably the inferior stars adja- cent. Job 38 : 32. Areop'agns, the high court of Athens, called Mars-hill, be- cause it was held on that emi- nence. It first consisted of nine judges, afterward of thirty, and finally, about the days of Paul, of 500. Their jurisdiction at that period extended to religious as well as civil atfuirs. There are still to be seen vestiges of their seats, cut in the rock. Paul, when cited before them on a charge of setting forth strange gods, preached so ably, that he was dismissed, and Dionysius, one of the judges, and some others, became converts. Acts 17. Ariinathe'a, a pleasant town between Jerusalem and Joppa. It is, however, more probably the city of Ramuh, in Mount Ephra- >m, called Ra?nathaim, 1 Sam. 1 : I, 19, and by Josephus, Ra- matka Matt. 27 : 57. It is now called Ramla. Ark, the vessel built by Xoah. It is compitei, from the measure- ment recorded in Genesis, tc have been of the burden of more than 81,000 tons. Allowing 18 inches to the cubit, the length was 450 feet, the width 75, and the height 45. This size amply sufficed for all the creatures to be saved within it, and their food. Only such animals as Ould not live in water or mud, or on the floating rubbish, were taken into the ark. It had three decks or stories, divided into numerous stalls or apartments, besides the hold, where water and provisions were stowed. Calmet reckons only 150 species of quadrupeds ; of birds there are more in num- ber, but smaller ; of reptiles, most species can live in the water, and so were not taken into tho ark. The window or windows were, by divine appointment, in the roof only. The inmates were therefore saved the misery of seeing the dreadful scenes which were around them, and from being induced to receive any person in. Gen. 6 and 7. Ark of the CoTcnant, a chest nearly four feet in length, of which a good idea may be formed from the picture. It contained the original stone tables of the law, Aaron's rod that budded, the pot of manna, and, in after times, a copy of the five book? of Moses. These seem at one time to have been kept before the ark, 1 Kings 8 : 9, and at another, within it. Heb. 9 : 4. During the captiv- ity, these precious articles seem to have been lost, except the stone tables. The Md of the arV ARM ARM ivas called the mercy-scot, over 1 Armc'llia, a c >untry north of which rested the Shechina like a | Mesopotamia,, was reduced to a visible cloud, in the manner rep- ; Persian province by Cyrus. After resented in the picture. i the days of Alexander, it became iree. but was co;i. quered by the Ko' mans about half a century befor-<» Christ, and suose quently fell to the Saracens. It now forms part of the Turkish empire. — Isa. 37 : 38. Anuor. (l.) A coat of mail. Rom 13 : 12. Not be- ing proof against musket balls, it An ark similar to this was 1 has been disused since the inven- made for the second temple; but j tion of gunpowder. (2.) Weupong it was destitute of the sacred contents above mentioned, and of the Shechina. irmaged'don. This word is of .„ ,. doubtful import. It ||A/\A/^0 is thought by Gro- tius to mean the Mount of meeting, ftnd to signify the place where Con- stantino, with a christian army of 98,000 men, con- quered Maxentius ▼ith an army of •.b8,000 heathen, vnich victory was :o signal and entire, 'hat the church was ▼holly freed from Maxentius tyran- oy. Rev. ]<5: 16, 1.2. Early Greek. 3. Orer-lc. 4.5. Re lan. 6. B/u-bain, by the grace of God IJEK B r. T It obej its precepts; — to re- ceive, and rely upon Christ for life and salvation. John 1 : 12. Rom. 9 : 33. A bare assent to gospel truths is sometimes called belief. Acts 8 : 13. Celshaz'zar, a profligate king of Babylon, who reigned 17 years, and was killed by some soldiers of Darius, on the night of his guilty feast. Dan. 5. His kingdom thenceforth passed to the Medes and Persians. Bere'jJj a city of Macedonia, very populous in the days of Paul. Acts 17. It now bears the name of Viria. Berni'co, the daughter of Agrippa the Great. She was first betrothed to Mark, son of Alexander, governor of the Jews at Alexandria. She, however, married her own uncle, Heuod, king of Chalcis. After his death, she married Polemon, king of Pontus, but left him, and, re- turning to Agrippa, her brother, lived ^ with him in in- - r cest. They sat with pomp to hear Paul preach. Acts 25. Bcr'yl, a gem, re- sembling in many points the emerald. Its size varies ex- ceedingly ; some being not larger than a hair, while some have been found a foot long, and three or four inches in diameter. The ordi- «arv size is about that of a large JL\ pea. The color is a fine blue, often bordering on green. In ita perfect state, it is about as hard as the garnet. Found in the East Indies and South America. ^Bestead, an obsolete word foi conditioned or disposed. Isa.8: 21. Bethany, a village two miles east from Jerusalem, on the road to Jericho. Bethe', literally " the house of God.*' The place which was so named by Jacob, Genesis 28: 19, was where Abram had pitched his tent. Gen. 12 : 8. Jacob afterwards resided here. Gen. 35 : 6. It afterwards became the site of an important city. Though it was called Luz when Abram dwelt there, Moses called it Bethel, because, in his day, il was only known by that name It was about ten miles no .-h of Jerusalem. Bethes^da, a pool on the eas/ of Jerusalem. The name signi fies "a hov^e of mercy;'* so called because a public bath was BET 85 BIK here erected, or because God graciously bestowed healing vir- tue on the pool. Aa ij lay near the temple, the sacrifices might be wjished in it ; but it did not thance derive its virtue. John 6:9. A basin in Jerusalem, 3(J0 feet long and 130 wide, now dry, is generally pointed out as the pool of Bethesda, and though Dr. Robinson doubts its identity, more recent travellers eeem to have proved the point. Betll'lieron, a city 12 miles north-west from Jerusalem. Beth'lehem, ^'the house of bread,^^ a city of Judah, about six miles south of Jerusalem. It is also called Ephratah and Ephrath, its inhabitants Ephrath- ites, from its founder. It was considerable only for giving birth to Ibzan, Elimelech, Boaz, David, and chiefly to the Messi- ah. Mic. 5 : 2. It now con- tains 1000 inhabitants, most of whom are nominal christians. Its present name is Beet-la-hm. Beth'phage, " a place of figs,'' a small village belonging to the priests. It was hard by Bethany, and nearly two miles east of Jerusalem. Here our Saviour obtained the ass for his lowly triumph. Matt. 21 : 1. BcttlS*ja BOD 38 BOO every good, and uses his best endeavors to promote their hap- piness. 6l00d< The Jews were for- bidden to eat blood. Various reasons seem to have rendered this proper and necessary. It is a most unwholesome food, in a hot country. It seems to tend to cruelty. It was "the life ** of the animal. Lev. 17 : 11, and so Virgil calls it. E.veid IX. 349. It was then common, and still is, in those countries, to bleed animals, and cook the blood for food. The Irish and Scotch, in times of famine, do go now. But this is cruel, and wisely forbidden. Boaner'ges, sons of thunder. Wie sons of Zebedee are called BO, because vehement in their feelings, and powerful in their preaching. Mark 3 : 17. Body, the material part of man. The term is used iu Scrip- ture to denote an organized sys- tem of any kind. Hence we read of the body of sin, which is to be put off when baptized into the death of Christ. This is to be remembered in order to under- stand much of the figurative language of Paul relative to christian experience and sancti- fication. It. signifies, also, the church of God, which is the mystical body of Christ. 1 Cor. 10 : 17. Col. 1 : 18. In the Lord's supper, the bread is called the body of Christ, tnat is, the representation of his body, and is received as a me- tnorial of hi? sufferings, and the pledge of all the benefits j.ur' chased by his death. BoU'ed, a word which occurs but once in the Bible, namely, Ex. 9 : 31, "The flax wad boiled," which seems tc mean that it was nearly ripe, and the round seed-vessels fully devel- oped. Bonnet, a covering for the head of Hebrew priests, made, of linen, somewhat in the form of a turban. That of the high priest was adorned with gold and fronted with the plate inscribed "Holiness to thb Lord." Ex. 28 : 40. Book, a volume written or printed. The different parts of Scripture are called books. They were at first written and circu- lated separately, somewhat as tracts are now. Formerly, plates of lead and copper, the bark of trees, thin bricks, stone, and wood, were used to write upon Hesiod's works were written on lead ; God's law on stone ; and the laws of Solon on planks. When these last were used, they were generally covered with a thin coat of wax, for ease both in writing and in blotting out. which explains the expression of David when he prays that his sins may be blotted out as a cloud, that is, the reoord of them. Palm leaves, being more convenient as to bulk and por- tableness, were afterwards made into books, and are still so used in India. Then the thin inner bark of trees, eipeeiallj the elm ; hence the Latin wnrd BOO 8V» Bor iUer (the inner bark of a tree), means also a book. Afterwards tho Papyrus, or " paper reed," was used. Isa. 19 : 7. Parch- ment was afterwards invented in Pergamos. Boolvs of these two last substances were rolled on eticks like cloth, and hence the word volume, from the Latin word tolvo, to roll. It was held and read in ttic manner here shown. A book thus rolled might have Beveral seals, so that a person might break one and read till he came to another ; whereas, if one of our books had several seals, all would be broken if one were. This explains Rev. 5. Paper, such as we now use, was invented about nine hundred years ago, and printing was in- vented about four hundred years ago. See Paper, Book OF Life signifies God's recognition of his people, and his secure remembrance of them, and is an allusion to the regis- ters kept in cities of the names of all t';e regular citizens. Phil. 4:3. Honorable persons, not citizens, were sometimes entered here, which was giving the frec- dcm of the city. Vigabonds and disorderly persons oad thelf names erased. Rev. 3:5. BoO'Il, a shelter generally made of forked poles diiven into the ground, covered with green boughs. Lev. T6 : 42 During the feast of tabernacles the Jews resorted to the country and set up booths, in commemc - ration of the desert wanderiugg of their forefathers. Xeh. 8 : 14. This was a very joyoua festival, occurring in the fall of the year amidst all abun- dance, and intended to be gladsome in the utmost de- gree. Nearly the whole population left their houses, and, for several days, dwelt in booths and tents, with ^ processions, illuminations, feasts, songs, and religioua services. Border, a fringe or tassel made of wool, and worn by tho Jews on their outer garments, in order that they might be dis- tinguished from the Gentiles, and be constantly reminded of their laws. Mark 6 : 56. See Phylacteries. Bosses, the thick, stronf. and sometimes pointed centre of a shield or buckler. Job 15 : 26. Bottle. Anciently, bottles were made of leather, as glass was unknown. The skin of a goat, pulled oSF whole, and the places where the legs were being tied up, formed a convenient bot- tle, as shown by tho engraving. As they grew tender by using, new wine, which had net done fermenting, could not be safelv BRA 40 C RE put in them. Matt. 9 : 17. l)avid, in distress, compares himself to a bottle i6 the smoke, dried up and withered. Ps. no": 83. BoirelS) a word used formerly very much as we now use the word heart ; that is, to represent tenderness, mercy, <&c. 1 Kings 3 : 26, Ac. Bozrah was a city situated to the eastward of Bashan. BrasS) a word of frequent oc- currence in the Bible. As it is well known that this compound metal was first made in Germany, only six or seven hundred years ago, it seems much more proper to translate the Hebrew word nehest, copper. Iron and copper were known before the flood. There was a compound, very unlike ours, called brass, made ill early times, and highly val- ued. It consisted chiefly of gold and silver, with some copper. It was capable of an exquisite polish for mirrors, and may be the substance mentioned Job S7 : 18, and Isa. 2 : S. Josephus speaks of " vessels of brass, noro valiiafole than gold." " Corinthian brass,** which was for ages held in the highest es- timation, may have been such a compound. Bread is a word used in Scrip- ture for food in general. Gen. 3 : 19. Ex. 2 : 20. Bread waa made in various ways. See Oven. As it was generally made by the Jews in thin cakes, it was not cut but broken, which gave rise to the phrase, " break- ing of bread,** to signify eating. See Shew-bread. Breat^.-plate) a part of tlie high-priest's holy apparel. It was about 10 inches square, and consisted of twelve gems, set in gold, each gem representing a tribe of Israel. They were set in four rows. In the uppermost were a sardius, topaz, and car- buncle, for Reuben, Simeon, and Levi ; in the second, an eme- rald, sapphire, and diamond, for Judah, Dan, and Naphtali ; in the third, a ligure, an agate, and amethyst, for Gad, Asher, and Issachar ; in the lowest, a beryl, onyx, and jasper, for Zebulon, Joseph, and Benjamin. The reader will find these stones described under their respective names This breast-plate waa fastened to the embroidered ephod of the high priest, so aa to hang upon his bosom, and was worn only on appointed occasions. It was called a " ine- morial,** because it taught the priest to bear his people on hii' heart before God, and reminded the people -of the blessing of th« ministry CAB ^i C.ES Brig'andinc, an ancient kind of mail, worn in battle, to secure khe soldiers from sword-cuts. Jer. 46 : 4. Brother is a term used in Scripture for several kinds of relations. Lot, who was Abra- ham's nephew, was called broth- er. So in many other instances. Bulrush. See Paper Burnt-offeriiig, A " whole burnt-ofifering " was a sacrifice in which the victim was wholly consumed on the altar. A " burnt-offering " was the fat of the intestines and kidneys, and the fat tail of sheep, burnt after being sprinkled with salt. The right fore quarter was the por- tion of the priest, and the rest was given back to the offerer, who commonly ate it as a feast, and invited widows, orphans, Levites, &c., to partake. Bary* The Hebrews were careful to bury even their ene- mies. 1 Kings 11 : 15. Ezek. 39 : 14. The troublesome pollu- tion of dead bodies required it. To be deprived of burial, or cast into an unclean place, they reckoned a terrible calamity. When one died, if his fi lends were able, he was embalmca, and, after a proper time, carried out to his grave ; on a bier if poor, or on a stately bed, if rich. Dead bodies were arrayed in suitable clothes ; but from the resurrection of Lazarus, and other evidence, it appears they were not buried in coffins. The Jews sometimes, but not often, burned their dead. 1 Sam. 31:12. With the Greeks and Romans it was the most common mode ; hut in the earliest ages, all na- tions buried the dead, regarding the earth as the most fit recep- tacle. To be " buried with Christ in baptism " imports our mortifica- tion of sin, by virtue of fellow- ship with him in his death, represented in our baptism. The apostJe would say, that just as Christ closed his mortal ex- istence, and was laid in the tomb, soon to rise from thence, and enter on a new and glorifief state, so, the baptismal burial of the believer is an emblem of his renouncing the great pur- pose of his past life, and coming forth into a new and more ex- alted state of being. Rom. 6 : 4. Col. 2 : 12. G. Cab, )r Kab, a Hebrew meas- ure, about equal tc our quart. 2 Kings 6 : 25. In giving the '.capacity of Hebrew measures, authors are followed who seem juost reasonable ; but it is a 4* subject on wLich reita great uncertainty. Caefiar, a name which, after becoming dignified in the person of Julius CcBsar, was the appel- lation of his snccesiors on *.ha C jEo 42 CAL throne The emperors mentioned or alluded to by this title in the New Testament, are Augustus, Luke 2:1; Tiberius, Luke 3 : 1, and 20 : 22—25 ; Claudius, Acts 11 : 28 ; and Nero, Acts 25 : 8. The reader will do well to look out these passages, and where the distinctive title is not found in the text, to write it in the margin of his Bible. It is remarkable that Caligula, who succeeded Tiberius, is not men- tioned. C«sare'a is on the coast of the Mediterranean, about sixty miles from Jerusalem. Anciently, it was a small town, called Stra- tonice, or the Tower of Strato, and had an inconvenient, ex- posed harbor. Herod the Great built a noble breakwater, en- li^.rged and beautified the place, and called it C'jexarea, in honor of the emperor, his patron. Eiisebius, the historian, was born here. Here Cornelius lived. Acts 10 : 1 ; here Agrippa was smitten of worms ; and here Agabus foretold Paul's impris- onment. Acts 21 : 10, 11. This is the Caesarea mentioned also in the following places : — Acts 8 : 40 ; 9 : 30 ; 12 : 19 ; 21 : 8; 23 : 23, 33 ; 25 : 4, 13. It is now deserted and desolate ; and its ruins have long been resorted to for building materials re- quired at Accho. The name of the place, at the present time, is Kaisaria. Csesare'a Pliilip'pi stood be- tween Sidon and Damascus, near the sources of the Jordan. It is thought by many geograpfceii to be the city called Laiahy of Dan, in the Old Testament. It was enlarged and embellished by Philip the Tetrarch ; and hence its double name, — he choosing to honor Tiberius Csecar and himself. It was the resi- dence of the woman healed of the issue of blood. Matt. 9 : 20. It is now an inconsiderablo village, called Banias. CaKamns, a fragrant reed or cane, common in the East, and growing to the height of two or three feet Its essence consti- tuted one of the ingredients of the holy anointing oil. Ex. 30 : 23. Ezek. 27 : 19. Calf. The passage, Jer. 34 : 18, 19, contains a very obscure allusion to the calf, which ia made plain by knowing that in ratifying a covenant, it was cus- tomary to cut the victim, gener- ally a calf, into two parts, and the i^arties passed between them, Hence the covenant, in the abo\ e passage, was said to be mado " in presence of the calf." Calling. (1.) Any lawful employment. 1 Cor. 7 : 20. — (2.) The genera.1 invitation to repentance, by the ministry, bj providence, or by the motions of the Holy Spirit on the con- sciences of men, whereby they are warned of their danger, and taught the need of a Saviour. , Isa. 22 : 12. Matt. 22: 14.— (3.) That more particular invi- tation by the preaching of the word, and etfectual operation vf the Holy Spirit, wherebj sinner*' CAM 43 C A \T tarn, believe, and obey the gos- pel. Ilom. 11 : 29. Calvary, or Golgotha, *'the Place of Sk'ills.'' A small hill, oa the north sile of Mt. Zion. so called either from its being in the shape of a man's head, or because it was a place of execution, which, among the Romans as well as Jews, was often done by behead- ing. Jud. 9 : 5. Matt. 14 : 10. The empress Helena built a noble church on this spot, which still exists. Camel, an animal belonging to the same genus as the dromedary, lama and pacos. It is a native of Asia, lives between forty and fifty years, subsists on poor and scanty herbage, endures aston- .shing labors and intense heat, can go for many days without water, and is extremely docile and patient. Of the coarse part of its hair nackcloth is made. Rev. 6:12, and very coarse raiment, Buch as was worn by John Bap- tist, and is now worn by the Der- vishes of the East. Of the finest parts, beautiful shawls, ut seven hundred years. Beco ling enormously corrupt, they were devoted to destruction, and their land given to Israel. Its conquest is re- corded in the book of Joshua, Ac, after which it was called "The land of Israel." Its boun- daries, as generally laid down, are Lebanon on the north, Arabia on the east, Idumea on the south, and the sea on the west. Under David and Solomonr, its extent was greatly increased, by the lonquest of Ammon, Moab, Edom, SO. 1 Kings 4 : 21—24. It was a most beautiful and fertile coun- try, and the Jews ir-'Uiplied in it t'l an astonishing degree. Under Kchoboam. a dreadful rending asunder of the kinj^JoOi took place, which rcaie Judah ind Benjamin one kingdom, au'^ the remaining ten tribes another. 1 Kings 12. Jerusalem contin- ued the metropolis of Judah anJ Benjamin ; and this kingvlom adhered to the true God, and hia proper worship. Samaria became the metropolis of Israel, and that people worshipped golden calves at Bethel and Dan. These sepa- rate kingdoms were often at war, to their unspeakable detriment, and were often devastated by foreign enemies. At last, about B. c. 721, Israel was entirely overthrown by Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, after it had stood about 254 years, and has never since been restored. Judah sur- vived as a kingdom about 130 years longer, and was then, b. c. 590, entirely conquered by Nebu- chadnezzar, king of Babylon, who carried away with him the mos» important of the people. After a captivity of seventy years, they returned gradually ; their temple and city, which had laid in ruins, were rebuilt, and they enjoyed peace as a province of Persia. When that monarchy was overthrown by Alexander, Judea (as the whole of Canaan was then called) submitted to the conqueror. After Alexander*a death, tlis country was some- times sulject to Syria, and some- times to Egypt, and for a time asset^ted and maintained its in- dependence under John Hyrcanus and his successors. It however iras forced, about B. c. Q'i, by C A N -15 CAl' PooiDcy, to submit to the victo- rious Romans, who divided it into [irovinces, and set rulers over them. These provinces, at the iime of Christ, were Judea, Sa- mnria, and Galilee. There was also a province on the north, called PercBa, and one on the eouth, called Iduniea, which were considered as belonging to Pales- tine. It continued thus, in pos- eesaion of much peace and pros- perity, for many years, during which the temple was rebuilt with great magnificence, ahd in its courts and the renovated streets the Saviour taught, and wrought his wondrous miracles. The infatuated Jews, however, after crucifying their Messiah, became unquiet and mutinous, and drew on themselves the ven- geance of the Romans, who, un- ier Titus, destroyed Jerusalem, A. D. TO, and terminated wholly the existence of the Jews as a nation. Since that period, Israelites have been found in almost every commercial part of the world, and not a few have ever continued on the soil of their forefathers ; but their once beautiful land has been constantly suffering under the horrors of servitude and frequent wars. The Saracens, crusaders, .Mamelukes, and Turks, have ruled it in succession ; and under these last masters, who have pos- sessed it since the year 1317, its eterility and desola ion have con- stantly increased. Its once noble cities *re now poo.- villages, «vnd most of its former Adllages sr« utterly extinct. The territory is now divided into two districts, namely. Acre, comprising the seaboard, and Damascus, embracing the re- mainder ; each of which is gov. erned by a pacha, or bashaw. The population is now very mixed, consisting of Tuiks (who hold the chief otfces), Syrians, Bedouhi Arabs, Jews, Copts, Druses, and Christians. The last are, gen- erally, Roman Catholics, Greeks and Armenians. Many monks reside here, and most of the chief towns have convents. Several denominations of christians have maintained missions here for some years. Cane. See Calamus. Cantii'Ies. See Song of Solo MON. Capernaum, a principal city of Galilee It stood on the west- ern shore of the Sea of Tiberias, in the border of Zebulon and Naphtali, not far from Bethsaida, and received its name from a clear fountain adjacent. Hero Christ resided and taught, and here Matthew was called. It if now called Talhume. Caphtor is thought by Bochart to be the same as Cappadocia ; but by Calmet to be Crete. Deut 2: 23. Cappado'cia, a province in the north-eastern part of Asia Minor, peopled by the descendants of Togarmah, and once forming part of the kingdom of Lydia. It was famous for horses, oiuleg ac'J . CAR i: C A R flocks ; and traded in these with the Tyrians. Ezek. 27 ; 14. According to H«Todotus, it sub- mitted to the Medes, and then to the Persians, parts of whose w or- ship the inhabitants incorporated with their own idolatry. It after- ward formed part of the vas; Roman empire. Christianity was Uitroduced here in the days of the apostles, Acts 2 : 9, and con tinues to this day. At the vil lage of Dacora, in this province, was born Eunowius the Arian. Some of its early pastors were very distinguished for piety and learning. Captivity, the state of a per- son who is at the command of another. God often punished the vices and infidelity of his people by the different captivities into which they were permitted to fall. The most remarkable instances are the Assyrian captivity, 2 Kings 18 : 9—12, and the Baby- lonish captivity, Jer. 25 : 12. It is generally believed that there was no return from the former captivity, and that the ten tribes never came back again after their dispersion. Christ " led capthity captive,''^ Eph. 4:8; that is, our Lord, by his victory over death, Satan and sin, conquered and triumphed over all our spiritual enemies and oppressors. Ps. 68 : 18 Rom. 7 : 23. 2 Tim. 2 : 26. Car'bancle, a gem next in value to the diamond. It is rarely found, and (as yat) only in the East Indies. It is of a bri^^ht red color, shiaing in thfi dark, commonly of the size of a small pea. Ezek. 28 : 13. Xt was called by the ancients anthrax^ or coal, because its appearance in the sun was that of a piece of burning coal. Its name, cai- buncle, has the same meaning. Car'chcinisli, 2 Chron. 35 : 20, a city of Mesopotamia, thought to be the same as the ancient Circesium, the modern name of which is Kerkish. Care, anxious thought, or ex traordinary, cautious concern. Man's care is lawful when he endeavors to please God, mourns for his sins, and regulates his con- duct by the word of God ; when he is concerned about the welfare of others, and solicitous for the salvation of their souls ; or when he aoderately takes thought for the tbings of this present life, resigning himself, at the same time, to the will of God. 2 Cor. 7 : 11, i2. But it is unlawful when he is careful about forbid- den things, and makes " provision for the flesh to fulfil the lusta thereof ;" or when he has a per- plexing care about lawful things, to the neglect of the worship of God, and distrust of his provi dence. Phil. 4 : 6. Carniel, though generall> spoken of as a single mountain, Is a range of hills, ending in a promontory, which forms the bay of Acre. The district was famed for fine timber and pasturage. 2 Kings 19 : 23. The cave il stil shown, in which, it ts siiid. CA 47 ^AU Eiijah reside 1. There was amther 115 : 50. 2 Sam.*, Carinel in the lot of Jucljih. Josh, now called El Kirmcl. Z, It u Carnal. (1.) Things belong- ing to the flesh ; worldly things, such as silver and gold, and things needful for sustaining the body. Romans 15 : 27. 1 Cor. 9 : 11. (2.) Sensual, or gov- erned by sensual appetites. In this sense it is applied to such as are in a natural, unregenerated state, who are enemies to God, and given to sensual pleasures. John 3 : 6. Rom. 8 : 7. The ceremonial law is called carnal, because it consisted of such rites, ceremonies, ordinances, as only rehited to the body and the puri- fying of the flesh, but did not reach the soul. Ileb. 9 : 10. Carpos, the friend and host of Paul, when he was at Troas. 2 Tim. 4 : 13. lie is thought to have been one of the seventy disciples. Cassia, the bark of a specie? )f laur<)I, very common in Su- ] matra, Malfibar, and adjacent countries ; commonly called ciri' namon. It was used with other drugs as a perfume. Ps. 45 : 8 The name is derived from a He brew word, which means " stripped oflf," because the bark only ia used. Ex. 30 : 24. Ezek. 17 . 19 Castor and Pollnx, the fabled sons of Jupiter. Tbey were prob- ably heroes who cleared the sea of pirates, and came, in after times, to be worshipped as deities. The vessel Pau- sailed in, Acta 28, had their figures carved at the prow. Most vessels had the image of some gyA on its prow, and to this day it is customary to have what is called "a figure- head." Caul, a cap, or bag. The word is applied to a membrane which encloses the heart, Hos. 13 : 8, and sometimes t^ the head-drew 'vi females. Isa. 3 : 13 r E N 48 C H A CedaP) a tree of great size and beauty in warm latitudes, and much celebrated in the Scriptures It is ar. evergreen, of slow growth, and the timber it produces does not decay when preserved from damp. A few yet remain on Lebanon. They were formerly fjund there in great abundance. Bayard Taylor visited them in the year 1852. He says, •' We descended [from the snow-capped summit of Lebanon] over occa- eional beds of snow, and reached the cedars in an hour and a half. * * * * There are about three hundred trees in all, many of which are of last century's growth ; but at least fifty of them would be considered grand in any forest. Five of them are un- doubtedly as old as the christian era, if not the age of Solomon." Ce'dron, or Ke'drox, a small brook, rising near Jerusalem, passing through the valley of Jehoshaphat, and issuing in the Sea of Sodom. As is the case with most streams in that coun- try, it is a rapid torrent after rains, but dry, or nearly so, in the midst of summer. 2 Sam. 15:23. Jer. 31:40. John 18: I. Cen'chrea, a port of Corinth, Acts 18 : 18, situated on the east- ern side of the isthmus. Censer, a pan or urn, in which incense was burned. It was made in various forms. That here represented was most common. Where the twenty-four elders are said tc have golden vials full of odors. Rev. 5 : 8. it seems to mean censers, not such vlaU we now use. Ceatai'ion, an officer who had the command over a hundred soldiers. Cesare'a* See C.esarea. Chal'fedOQV, a precious stone, resembling the agate. There are several vaiieties of this gem. (1 .) A pale-gray or bluish stone, found in Saxony, Hungary, Ice- land, Scotland, and Asiatic Rus. sia. It seems to have beeu originally obtained from Chairs, don in Bithynia, whence it de- rives its name. Rev. 21 : 17. (2.) A species in which a red hue prevails, and which is com- monly called Cornelian. It ia found in various countries, but chiefly in Arabia, Surat and Cam- bay in India. (3.) There are some with white and red alter- nate stripes, which are callel onyx stones. The names given by modem lapidaries to many jewels, are 6C different from their ancient ap- pellations, that it is impossible tc be certain, in all casoe, as to those which are mentioned in Scripture, Clialdea, a country in Asia, eastward of the north part of Judea. Its capital was Babylon. It was bounded by Mesopotamia CHA 49 CHA on the north, and Arabia the Desert on the west, the Persian Gulf and part of Arabia Felix on the south. The soil is fertile; bat rain seldom falls, sometimes scarcely any for eight months. This deficiency is supplied by the annual inundations of the Tigris ami Euphrates. The inhabitants laboriously water the lands which lie too high to be overflowed. Its ancient name was Skinar, because the Lord, by the confusion of tongues, did, as it were, shake the inhabitants out of it, to people the rest of the world. It is now called Kaldar, Chaldeans. (1.) The inhab- itants of Chaldea ; and (2.) A sect of philosophers whose em- ployment was to interpret dreams, and foretell future events. Chamois, a goat. The exact species which is so called vc the Scriptures, cannot now be ascer- tained. Deut. 14 : 5. Chapiter, an ornamental finish to the top of a pillar. 2 Kings 25 : 17, &c. Charger, a large dish, or, as we should now call it> a salver, or waiter. Numb. 7 : 17. Charity, a principle of love to God, and benevolence to men, which inclines the possessor to glorify God, and to do good to others. Its distinguishing char- acteristics may be seen, 1 Cor. 13. The word is never used in Scripture to mean alms-giving, or an indiscriminate regard for other denominations, but always means love. Chariot. The earliest notice of chariots in Scripture, is Gea 41:43. They were very common in the East, and were much used in war. They had two wheels, and no cover ; being drawn by Bne, two, or three horse?. The word rendered *' chariot " in Cant. 3 : 9, is one which oc- curs nowhere else in the Ilebrew Bible ; though chariots are so often mentioned. It literally means "moving couch," and most probably was a pilinkeen CHE 60 CHI 0ilow is a representation of one of these, such as was then com- mon in Egypt. It is taken from an Egyptian drawing. Charran. See Harax. Chas'tisement, the correction cf an offender, either by word or deed. The " chastisement of our peace," Isa. 53 : 5, signifies that punishment which was laid upon Christ by God's justice, and by which our peace, that is, our reconciliation to God, was to be procured. CiieerfnlnesS, gladness of heart; gayety of disposition ; freedom from dejection, or gloomy thoughts ; also contentment in present circumstances. Clie'mosh, a Moabitish idol, supposed by some to be the sun, but others have thought it was the same as Bacchus. C:ie!'el!litCS, Philistines who were made guards to the king, and executioners. See Pele- THITES. Cherub, the singular of Cheru- hm, a word of double derivation, bvLt seeming to mean knowledge. It is thought by some that tl»fl Egyptian sphinxes and the winged bulls lately disinterred by Layard, at Nineveh, were imitations of the Hebrew cherubs. Grotius, Bochart, and Spencer, suppose they resembled an ox or a calf. Others describe them as represented in a form comix)unded of a man, an eagle, an ox, and a lion. Heb. 9 : 5. God's riding on Cheruhim^ means his using them in the dispensations of providence. Ps. 18 : 10. Ilia dwelling between the Cheiubim, means the presence of the She- chinah, or glory over the mercy- seat of the ark. Ps.-SO : 1. Chios, an island of Greece, famous once for its Malmsey wine, and more recently for its literature. The place was almost ruined, and great numbers of its inhabitants were massacred by the Turks, in the late revolution. Its modern name is .S'cio. Acta 20 : 15. Chislen, the Jews' third civil month. See Month Chittim, a country concercicg the place of which there haa been much dispute. The proba- bility seems to be, that it means the islands of the Mediterranean, especially those of Greece. Jo- se phus understands by it the island of Cyprus. Numb. 24 j 24. Chinn, the name o/ an idoii CHR 51 CHU H .rsblp|->ed by Israel. It is thought to be Saturn. Amos 5 ; Cliora'zin, a city near Caper- Damn It is now called TM-oui. Matt. 11 : 21. Christ, literally "the anoint- td." The practice of anointing priests and kings has been com- mon in all ages of the world. Our Saviour was emphatically *• the Anointed One," and as such, in his two natures, human and divine, perfected a priestly work, which saves unto the ut- most all that come unto God by dim. Heb. 7 : 25. He never was externally anointed, or other- wise introduced into the outward priesthood. At the last day, he will judge the world. Acts 17 : 31. 2 Tim. 4 : 1. Chroaities. Two books of Scriptures are so called, the writer of which is not now known. Nor is the time when they were writ- ten certain ; but the orthography, the style, and the facts given, indicate it to have been after Jeremiah. The Jewish tradition that they were written by Ezra, is not improbable. They are evidently compiled under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, from copious registers and documents, which, being uninspired, have not been preserved. The first BOOK traces the Israelites from Adam to David. The second, rel.ites the progress and dissolu- lion of the kingdom of Judah, and the return of the Jews from ■^ . ^,^A.-/:.o-iu€ix Ciiptlvity. They fona an abridgment of a/1 the I sacred history, down to tie r» turn of the Jew? fro'n their hist captivity ; embracing a period of about 3468 years. They omit what is largely related in other Old Testament books, and supply details not there given ; and, in a great multitude of cases, throw much light on passages in the former books. Chrys'olite was probably the ancient name of the gem now called topaz. The stone now called chrysolite is seldom found larger than a pin's head. It wao the tenth in the breast-plate of Aaron, and bore the name of Zeb- ulon. Rev. 21 : 20. Cliryso'prasns, a precious stone of a grass-green color, found chiefly in Silesia. Rev. 21 : 20. Church. The word so ren- dered was anciently used to sig- nify any public meeting of citi- zens. It is thought by many that the place of sacred meeting is so called, in 1 Cor. 11 : 18, 22; 14 : 34. As the word is used in the New Testament, it has for the most part two significations. (1.) The whole of the elect in heaven and earth, which ia Christ's spouse, or body, and u what we call the invisible church, because we cannot now know with certainty who belong to it, — or the catholic f or universal church, because it embraces the truly pious in all the earth. Matt. 16 : 18. 1 Cor. 6 : 4. C:l. I : 18. (2.) A particular bcdy oi men, who are wont to meet to- gOCac;. xiL CL,.0 i'mSc-, i p '■;.•*■':-. worship, and serve tho LrrJ CIR 52 CLE Jhri.t. Such were the churches of Ephesus, Smyrna Jijrusalem, Rome, &c. Acts 8 1. Col. 4 : 16. Rev. 1 : 4. ITius we read also of churches in particular houses. Rom. IG 5. Col. 4 : 15. The followers of Christ, who are here iu a state of spiritual warfare against the world, the fiesh and the devil, are called, by tl eulogians, the church 77nli- tant ; but those in heaven, whose conquest over sin and death is complete, and who are rewarded w\fh eternal blessedness, are styled the church triumphant. Ciliciaj a province on the north- eastern extremity of the Medi- terranean Sea. Near Issus, one of its great cities, was fought one of the famous battles of Alexan- der. Cicero was its proconsul. In Tarsus, its metropolis, Pajil was born. It produces superior eatfron in great quantities, and is now called Caramania. Cinnamon, a species of laurel. What is sold in the shops, under this name, is the bark, and is obtained from Ceylon and Mala- bar. It was one of the ingre- lients of the holy oil. Cirenmeise, to cut off the fore- •kin, according to the command- ment given to Abraham, as a sign of that covenant which God had entered into with him, that out of his loins should proceed the xMcsisiarh. To be spiritually cir- tumciscd, or to be the spiritual seed of Abraham, is to have the thing signified by that ceremony, < .-.- .? "•• '"T %u -Pv,-:o ;r*'",' te-i2Ja, circumcision was designed to enforce, — namely, to boliov* iu the Messiah, to put off the old man, and to serve him as new creatures, which is signified by our acceptance of the ordinances of the gospel, and submission to them. Phil. 3:3. Circumcision was by no means peculiar to the J&ws, but waa practised by the Egyptians, Arabs, «fcc., and continues to be, in several countries, to this day. Citizen, in the Old and New Testament, generally means, not merely an inhabitant or dweller in a city, but one admitted to its corporate privileges. Citizenship was sometimes derived from birth (the parents of a child conveying it to him), and sometimes ob- taincd by purchase ; both of which sources are alluded to in Acts 22 : 28. Roman emperori" sometimes bestowed citizenship as a favor, or reward, on indi- viduals, cities, and whole prov- inces. Claudia, a small island on the coast of Crete, mentioned Acta 27 : 16, which is now called Gozzo. Clandiog. See C^sar. Clean, pure, free from defile- ment. Grain is clean when freed from the chaff. Isa. 30 : 24. Clean beasts and birds were thosa which God judged it proper for his people to eat. S&s Bibds and Beasts. Under the New Testament, to the pure all things are pure ; that is, all food is clean if we eat it C'eanness of teetk, in tho Oil Te» \uOA 53 COL Utment, means the want of any- thing U. eat. Clement; a christian mentioned Phil. 4:3. It is supposed that be is the same with the Cle?nens RomanuSf famous in church his- tory as the chief uninspired writer of the first century. Many productions are attributed to him, only one of which, a letter to the Corinthians, is universally ac- knowledged to be genuine. Cle'oplias. Two persons of this name are mentioned in the New Testament, and must not be confounded. (1.) Alpheus, father of James the Less, and husband of the Virgin Mary's sister. This is the one mentioned Matt. 10 : 3 ; Luke 6 : 15 ; and John 19 : 25. (2.) A disciple who walked with JesHS to Emmaus, after the resurrection. Luke 24 : 18. Alpheus is said to have been the brother of Joseph, our Lord's reputed father. He Tras the hus- band of Mary, sister of the blessed Virgin, and was the father of Simon, and James the Less, and of Jude, and Joseph, or Joses, the cousin of Christ. Clothes. See Raiment. Coals* A pot of charcoal was used at our Saviour's trial for the men to warm themselves, who had been exposed to the night air and dew in apprehending Christ. It has been always presumed that when coal is mentioned in the Bible, charcoal is meant ; and doubtless it is so generally. But, from very recent disclosures, it Vi evident that stone coal was 5* used anciently in Syria. It haa been found on Lebanon, and at this time (1853), a mine is ac- tually worked at Cornale, eight miles from Beiroot. In 1837, 4000 tons were taken out. Coekatrice, a serpent of great venom ; probably the Cobra de Capcllo. Prov. 23 : 32. The prophecy, Isa. 11 : 6 — 8, scoma to have been obscurely known to the a'ncient Hindoos. Their god Krishnu is represented as playing on a flute with such charming melody, that before him stand, in one peaceful group, a young ox, a tiger, and a serpent. Coekle* The word occurs only in Job 31 : 40, where it is ren- dered by the Chaldee paraphrase noxious herbs. Michaelis calls it aconite, a poisonous plant. Bishop Stork and Mr. Good translate it nightshade. The original word imports not only a noxious weed, but one of a fetid smell. Cogitations, meditations, con- templations, purposes. Dan. 7 : 28. CoIIops, slices or lumps ; masses of fat on the ribs, &c. Job 15 : 27. Colos'se, a city of Phrygia near Laodicea. Col. 2 : 1, ana 4 : 13. Paul sent the christian! here an inspired Epistle. The city was destroyed by an earth- quake in the tenth year of Nero; that is, A. D. 6? ; but was imme. diately rebuilt The huge Mt. Cadmus rises close iu the rear. The modern name of this place is Kunos. COM 54 CON ColOSSians, an epistle bj Paul, •rho, though he seems not to have founded the Church, waa con- sulted by it (through Epaphras, their messenger to him while im- prisoned in Rome), touching some doctrines preached among them by false teachers. They seem to have inculcated the worship of angels, abstinence from animal food, Jewish rites, long fastings, Ac Whoever would understand this Epistle and that to the Ephesians, must read them together. The following passages are given as specimens of the manner in which one serves as an exposition of the other. Standing alone, in either epistle, they are susceptible of diverse interpretations ; but read together, can scarcely be misun- derstood. EPHESIAXS COLOSSI AN S. 1 : 6, 7, 1: 14. 1: 10. 1 : 19, 20. I : 15, 16, 1:^,4. 1 : 22, and 3 : 10,11 1 : 16—18. 2:1, 1 : 21. 2 : 13-16, 1 •• 20, and 2 : 14. 3: 1, 1: 2.^.. 3:3. 1 : 2(5, 29. 4:2-4, 2: 12-15. 4: 16, 2: 19. 4 : 22-25, 3: 9, 10. 4 : 17-21. 1:21, and 2 : 6, and 3 : 8. 4: 29, 4: 6. 4: 32. 3:12,13. 4: 31, 3 8. 5:5, 3- 5. 5: 6, 3: 6. 8 : 7, 8, 3:7,8. 6 : 15, 16, 4: 5. 6: 18,20. 3: 16.17. ft : 21—23, aad 6 : 1- -9. 3- 18-25. 6 : 18-20, 1 : 2-4. 6: 21,22, 4:7-9. Comforter, a title givfjn by our Saviour to the Holy Spirit. John 14 : 16. Commanion, the concord of doctrines or opinions in several persons The a^t of receiving the Lord's Supper, that sign o. our fellowship with Christ. 1 Cor. 10 : 16. The communion of saints is that fellowship which the saints have with Christ by faith, and among themselves by love. 1 John 1:3. Acts 4 : 32, 34, 35. Compass; the instrument so called, used .now by navigators, was wholly unknown to the an- cients. The expression, "fetch a compass," Acts 28 : 13, means to go round, and not directly to a place. The carpenter's compass is mentioned Isa. 44 : 13. Coneision, a term used in reference to persons who v/ould cut asunder, or make schisms in, the church of Christ. Phil. 3 : 2. Rev. 2 : 9. ConenMne, a term used in Scripture to signify a lawful wife, but of an inferior grade. She differed from a proper wife, in the solemnity of marriage, having no dowry, and not sharing the gov- ernment of the family. Condemnation, the act of pass- ing sentence against a person, by which he is doomed to punish- ment ; — the punishment itself. Among the Greeks, condemnation was signified by a black stone, and acquittal by giving a white stone^ to which an allusion is made in Rev. 2 : 17. In the same manner white and blick balls are now often used in so ciety elections. Coney, a .small animal which seems, from the allusions to it in Scripture, to have been common in Palestine As the name \i CON 55 C UxN row obsolete, it h;i£ become a matter of dispute what animal is meant. Bruce is confident it is the ashkoko, found in Ethiopia, Arabia, Palestine, and parts adja- cent. Its size is rather less than that of a cat. It has neither tail nor voice, and chews the cud. It is remarkably inoffensive and timid, feeding only on roots and fruits. Ac, but escapes its ene- mies by running into holes inac- cessible to larger animals. Bo- chart, Pennant, and other authors of high authority, consider the 'frhoa to be the coney of Scrip- tare. This aniqial is about the «ize of a rabbit, and has a long tail. Its form and common pos- ture are shown by the engraving, which supersedes the necessity of a particular description. The Arabs call it mountain rat, and ''^wem its flesh a great delicacy. The editor of Calmet inclmes »») regard the ashkoko as the ut»neii of ?. iripturo. Lev. 11 : 5. (Alma 10 i : 18. Prov. 30 : 24, 2G, y the imposition of hands.' It is thought such sisters are alluded to, 1 Tim. 5 : 9—18 ; and that Phoebe was such an one. Rom. 16: 1. Dead Sea, the same with the l-^ke Asphaltites, in the south- east part of Canaan. The val- ley of Siddim, which was near Sodom, makes part of this sea. Gen. 14 : 3. Its water is clear when taken up in a glass, but very bitter, much more salt than common sea water, and of greater specific gravity, so that a man may swim in it with great ease. The air round the lake seems loaded with sulphureous and bituminous vapors, which prevent vegetation, and give that deadly aspect which all travellers remark. The moun- tains on each side are about eight miles apart, but the ex- panse of water in that part does not exceed six in breadth. Its extreme length is about 75 miles, and its greatest breadth nearly sixteen. This lake receives the river Jordan, the river Arnon, and the brook Kidron, besides other rivulets, and has no vis- ible cc mmunication with the •ea. Death. (1.) The extinction of life, or separation of the soul from the body. (2.) A sepa- ration of soul and body, from God's favor in this life, which is the state of all the unregenerate, and is called spiritual death. (3.) Perpetual exclusion from GK)d'8 heavenly presence and glory, wnich is called » the tec- ond death." Debtor, one that owes any- thing to another. As the c?red- itor has a righ to exact pay- ment from the debtor, so God has a right to inflict punish- ment on the guilty. Thus men are debtors to Gx)d by trespass- ing against him ; and to their neighbors whom they injure, wrong, or offend. " Debtor to the whole law," Gal. 5 : 3, means obliged to keep the whole law of Moses, as the condition of eternal life, and so virtually disclaiming all pardon by Christ. The apostle Paul says he was a debtor " both to the Greeks and to the Barbarians ;" that is, bound by his office to preach tho gospel to all nations. Decap'oliS, a country on the Sea of Tiberias. Matt. 4 : 25. Mark 5 : 20. Its name is Greek, and means " the ten cities." Some eminent authors consider it to be a part of Percea. Concerning its limits, and the names of its ten cities, geographers are by no means agreed. .Dedieation, the solemn act of setting apart any person or thing to a religious use. The Feast of Dedication, observed by the Jews for eight days, was to com- memorate the restoration of the temple at Jerusalem, under Judas Maccabeus, after it had been destroyed by Antiochus Epiphanes Deep signifies, (1.) Jlell. Luke 8 : 31. • (2.) The grave, or place of the dead, caUid DEV G6 1 I \ depth 5 of the earth. Rjm. 10 : 7. (3.) The deep i.,rts of the lea. Ps. 107 : 26. (4.) The original chaos. Gen. 1 : 2. Degrees, a title prefixed to 15 Psalms (from 120 to 134), »nd is not certainly understood. Perhaps the word rendered de- grees means something else. Delage, See Flood. Desertt Some deserts were entirely barren, Isa. 13 : 21 ; others had fine pastures. Ex, 3:1. Almost every town had a desert belonging to it, similar to our coin/nons. See Wilder- ness. Denteronomy, the fifth book of Moses, — so called from its Greek name, which signifies repe- tition of the law. That part of this book which mentions the death of Moses was added by inspired penmen afterward. The period of time comprised in this book is less than two months. It not only recapitulates, but sxplains the law, and forcibly urges the people to obedience. It contains one remarkable prophecy of Christ, viz., Deut. 18 : 15 — 19 ; which, in Acts 3 : 22, 23, and 7 : 37, is expressly applied to him. Devil, literally a slanderer, a fallen angef, or infernal spirit. Satan is, by way of eminence, called the devil, and the god of this world, from his power and influence. John 12 : 31. 2 Cor. 4:4. He has various titles given him in Scripture, expres- sive of bis character : Satan, Job 2:6; Beelzebcb, Matt 12 : 24 ; Belial, 2 Cor. 6 : 15 ; Lucifer, Isa. 14 : 12 ; Dragon, Rev. 12 : 7 ; Adversary, 1 Pet. 5:8; Prince of Darkness, Eph. 6:12; Apollyon, or destroyer. Rev. 9 : 11 ; Angel of the bot- tomless pit. He is represented as a sinner from the beginning, 1 John 3 : 8 ; a liar, John 8 : 44 ; a deceiver. Rev. 20 : 10 ; an accuser. Rev. 12 : 10 ; and a murderer, John 8 : 44. Devilish, infernally wicked This strong epithet occurs only in James 3 : 15, where it forms a grand and awful climax. Envy and strife are there said to bo "earthly, sensual, devilish," and to produce " confusion, and every evil work." How little do the promoters of contention consider this ! Dew. The dew in Palestine, and some other oriental coun- tries, is very heavy, wetting the ground like a smart shower. It sustains vegetation, in some dis- tricts, where rain seldom oi never falls. Gen. 27 : 28. Diamond is the hardest sub- stance in nature, and one of ita rarest productions. It is gen- erally called in Scripetire Ada« MANT, which see. Diamond is the purest carbon known, and will burn like charcoal if ex- posed to great heat. The value of this and all other precioua stones is estimated by carats. A carat is four grains. The larger a diamond is, the greater in proportion is its value. One is mentioned belonj;ing to Kua- DIA 67 d:v «ia wofthi n tons of gold ! Dia- monds of a very small size, not exceeding one fifth of a carat, are the most abundant. These are reduced to a powder, which is of tlie greatest importance to lapidaries, as, without it, larger iiamonds, and other hard gems, oould not be cut or polished. With this powder, rock crystal is cut into leaves, and cut and IX)lished for spectacles and other optical instruments. In the natural state, diamonds are not brilliant, being covered with an earthy crust. Diamonds were formerly obtained chiefly from India, where the principal mines were in Golconda, Visapoor, and Borneo. They are now prin- cipally derived from Brazil. Dia^a, a celebrated goddess, Btipposed to preside over hunting and highways, and represented IS a young huntress, with a rewent on her head, the pedes- tal ornamented with heads of rtags, dogs, &c. She was also called Hebe, Trivia, Hecate, and Lucina. Jer. 7 : 18, and 44 : 17. As the tutelary deity at Ephe- stjs, she was a represertative of the power w/iich presider ovei birth, and is the same hk tha Philistines worshipped under ti o name of Ashtoreth. The cut here given is an Ephesian coin, representing her in a " shrine." Acts 19 : 24. Dionyslas, the Areopagite. or judge in the court of Areop- agus. In his youth, it is stEid, he was bred in all the learning of Athens, and went afterwards to Egypt to perfect himself in astronomy. Being at On when our Saviour died, and observing the miraculous darkness, ho cried out, " Either the God ol nature suffers himself, or sym- pathizes with one that suffers." He was converted at Athens by Paul, and, it is said, became an evangelist, and was burnt as a martyr in his own city, a. d. 95. Dip, to immerse. The people of the East eat with their fingers instead of knives and forks, and therefore dip their hand in. the dish. For fluid substances they have spoons. John 12 : 26, See Eating. Diseiple, a learner, or follower of another. John 9 : 28. It signifies, in the New Testament, a follower of Christ, Ac, or a convert to his gospel John 20: 18. Acts 6 : 1. DiTination, an art much prac- tised among heathen. So sin- ful is it in the sight of God to resort to witches, magicians, or diviners, that the offence was made punishable with death. Deut. 18. The means by which diviners pretended to discover DOC 68 DO '/ aidden thmgs, and foretell des- tiny, were various ; sucjh as observing thf flight of birds, examining the entrails of beasts, casting lots,