COLLECTION OF PURITAN AND ENGLISH THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE AJ't/b*— LIBRARY OF THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY » * * • * * Sc3 uYu Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/newsurveyofwesti00gage_0 V l / u V -''x .'/i-i 2 ' 7 J l >■, t t-itrt > . V- . ■ - ( • 1 > "f - A New Survey of the WEST- IN DIES-- OR, :• The £ng!t(b American his T ravel by Sea and Land: CONTAINING A Journal of Three rhoufand and Three hundred Miles within the main Landsjf* ^ * &A &A E But will thofe that wonder at him, be alfo wondered at as workers of Wonders and Miracles? Policy will give power to a Pope to Canonize fuch, and ft them at Gods right hand, fit to be prayed unto, and called upon as Judges of our neceffities, and Auditors of our wants: But this honour muft be given, after that the whole College of Cardinals have been clothed with new Purple Robes, and Loads of mony brought to the Court of Romes Witnefs thofe many thoufand pounds, which the City of Barcelona-, and the whole Country of Catalonia (pent in the Canonizing of Rainfundus de Pcnnafort , a Dominican Fryer: Witnefs at lead ten Millions, which 1 have been credibly informed, that the Jefuits fpent for the Canonization of their two Twins, Ignatius Loiol a, and Francifctis Xavier , whom they call the Eafi: India Apoftle. And it is not feven years ago yet that it was my chance to Travail from Frankford in Ger- many as tar as Milain in company of one Fryer John Baptijt i Francifcan , who told me. That was the fourth time of his going to Rome from Valentia in the Kingdom of Arragon in Spain about the Canonization of one John Capiftrano of the fame Order s and that befidesthe great Alms which he had begged over many Countries, (and in that journey purpofely to Infitirg to the Frince Leopoldo for his Alme 4 A Kcw Survey. Chap. I. and Letters of Commendation to the Pope and Cardinals) he had fpent of the City of Valentia only five thoufand Duckets, and yet was not his Saint enthroned, as he defied, in Heaven i but lfill rnony was wanting, and more de- manded for the Dignifying with a Saints Title, him who had lived a Mendicant and begging Fryer. Thus are thofe blinded Nations brought by Policy to run to Rome with Rich Treafures, and thus do they drive who (hall have mod Saints of their Country or Nation, though impovcrifhing thcmfelves , whilft at Rome Ambition and Policy fay not, It is enough, fit mates for the Horllecch his two Daughters, crying, Give , give-, I rov '30. 15. Give, fay they, and the rigid Penance jnftly to be impofed upon thee for thy fins raofthainous, (hall be extenuated and made eafie for thee. ‘Give, fay they, and thou (halt be difpenftd with to marry thy nearelt Kinfwoman or Kinfman. It would be a long dory to infert here how the Popes Policy fucks out of England our Geld and Silver for the Authorizing of our Rapids private Chambers and Altars for the gaining of Indulgences in them, and dciiveringof fouls out of Purga- tory, when Maffes are fad and heard at them. Thus hath Romes Policy blinded and deceived many of the European Kingdoms’, and with the fame greedinefs gapes at /sfia and America. Who would not admire to fee that at this day in America only, the Popes Authority and ufurped power is extended to as many Countries as all Europe contains, wherein no Religion but mcer blind Obedience and Subje- that fame power by way of Royal Patri- mony is conferred upon him in the Lidia's only. And this only Pol'tickly to maintain their Popery i elfe never would it have fo much increafed there, for poor Prierts and Mendi- cant Fryers would never have had means enough to be at the charges of fending yearly Flocks and Sholes of Fryers thither, neither to keep and maintain them there ; neither would the Covetoufnefs ot the Popes themfelves have af- forded out of their full and Rich Treafures, means fufli- cient for the maintaining of (o many thoufand Preachers as at this day are Preaching there, more Rowe and Antichrifts name, then the name of Chrirt and the truth of the Gofpel. And Policy having thus opened way to thofe American parts, the charges being thus laid upon the Crown of Spain , and the honour of a Royal Patrimony, with power over the Clergy thus conferred upon the Kings of Spain ’, how doth the Pope yearly charge the Catholic King with Troops of Jefuites and Fryers to beconveyed thither ? Now the Jefuites (thebeft Scholars of Romes Policy) feeing this to be thus fetled between the Pope and the King of Spain, for the increafing of their Order, and to fupprefs the increafe of other Religions there, have thought hift of away of chal- lenging all the India's to themfelves, alledging that Francis Xavieriuf companion of Ignatius Loiola was the rirrt Preacher that ever Preached in the Raft India's , and fo by right that B 3 they 6 \A New Survey Chap. I. they being of his profdfion ought only to be fent thither. But this their way being hopped by the oppolition of all other Religious Orders, efpecially by the folicitation of one Fryer Diego Colliado, a Dominican, as hereafter 1 will (hew more largely. Now, fccondly, their Policy is to lean more to the Popes of Koine., then any other ot thofe Orders, by a Fpecial Vow which they make above the three Vows o( other Orders, Poverty, Chahity, and Obedience to their Superiors ; to wit, to be always ready to go to Preach when or whither foever the Pope (hall fend them, and to advance his name, defend his power in what parts loever, maugre whatfoever danger, or oppolition. Thus though the remotenefs of America may difeourage other Orders trom going thither to Preach* and their freewil which is left unto them to make choice of fo long and tedious a journey may retard their readinefs and the dangers ot the Barbarians unwillingnefs to fubmit to a Popes power, and admit of a new Religion as fuperftitious as their own , may affright them from hazarding their lives among a Barbarous, Ruue, and Idola- trous people i yet if all others tail, the Pope, and the Jefuites being thus agreed, and the King ot Spain bound by the new Royal Patrimony, Preachers have not, nor (hall ever be wanting in thofe parts: And in (lead of the old Jefuites and Preachers grown in age, yearly are fent thither Midions (as they call them) cither of Voluntiers, Fryers Mendicants, Pricfis or Monks, or elfe of torced Jefuites: All which entring once into the Li(t and Bond ot Milliona- ries, muftabide there, and be maintained by the King of Spain ten years. And whofoever before the ten years ex- pired, (hall detire to fee Spain again, or runagate-like (hall return, may becomtraincd (if taken in Spain ) to return again to the India's , as it happened whilftl lived in thofe parts, to one Fryer Peter de Balcazar a Dominican, who privily Hying back to Spain, was the year after (hipped, and reftored again to his forced fervice under the Pope of Rome. And thus doth Policy open the ways to thofe remote and forain parts of America. Thus hath Policy wrought upon the Kings of Spain > and Jcfuitical Policy meeting with * “ ‘ Anti- Chap. II. of the Weft-Indies. 7 Antichrids Policy and Ambition, doth Fame yearly vifite her new nurfed Children, greeting that Infantile Church of Afta and America with Troops of Meffengers one after another, like Jobs Meffengers, bringing under pretence of Salvation, Damnation and mifery to their poor and wretched fouls. Chap, II. Shewing that the Indians Wealth under a pretence of their Converfion hath corrupted the hearts of poor begging Fryers , with Strife , Hatred and Ambition. IT is a mofl true and certain laying, Odia Religbonum funt acerbiflima, hatred grounded in points and differences of Religion (let me add, if Ambition blow the fire to that hatred j is the mod bitter and uncapable of reconciliation. Nay, it is an obfervation worth noting of forne ( fee Do&or Day upon 1 Cor. 16. 9.) that the nearer any are unto a con- junction in matters of Religion, and yet feme difference re- tained, the deeper is the hatred '•> as he obferves, a Jew hates aChridian far worfe then he doth a Pagan, or a Turk i a Papifi hates a Protedant worfe then he doth a Jew, and a Formalift hates a Puritan worfe than he doth a Papifi No fuch hatred under Heaven (faith he) as that between a For- malin, and a Puritan, whereof our now Domedick and Civil Wars may be a fad and woeful experience. A truth which made Paul burd out into a lamentable complaint, I Cor. 1 6 . 9. faying, A great door and effectual is opened' mita /we, and there are many adverfaries. And as when the door of true Faith once is opened, then Adverfaries begin to fwarm and rages fo in all points of falfe and faigned Religion, where the entrance to it is laid open, hatred and enmity will adt their parts. But much more if with fuch pretended Religion, Wealth and Ambi- ts $ tion s A New Survey Chap. II. tion as Counterfeit Mates thruft hard to enter at the opened door, what Strife, Hatred, and Envy do they kindle even in the hearts of fuch who have Vowed Poverty and the Con- tempt of Worldly Wealthy I may add to what hath heen ob- ferved above, that noHitred is comparable to that which is between a ]efuite and a Fryer, or any other of Romei Religious Orders > And above all yet, between a Jefuite, and a Do- minican. The Ambition and Pride of Jefuites is inconli- fient in a Kingdom or Common-wealth with any fuch as may be equal to them in Preaching, Counfel or Learning. Therefore ftrivethey fo much for the Education of Gentle- mens Children in their Colleges, that by Teaching the Sons, the love of the Fathers and Mothers ma.y be more eafily gained : and their love and good will thus gained, they may withal gain to themfelves whatfoever praife, honour, glo- ry may be fit to be beftowed upon any other Ecclefiallical Perfon. Which Policy and Ambition in them being fo patent and known to all the World, hath ftirred up in all other Religions a Hatred to them uncapable ever of Recon- ciliation. This hath made them all to Confpire againlt them, and to difeover their unfatished Covetoufnefs in be- guiling the rich Widows of what means hath been left them by their deceafed Husband, to Ercd and Build thofeftately Colleges beyond the Seas, the light whereof both outward and inward doth draw the Ignorant People to refort more to their Churches and Preaching then to any other. Thus whiles in Venice they got the favour of one of the chief Senators of that Common-wealth , they Politickly drew him to make his Will according to their will and pleafure, leaving to his Son and Heir no more then what they Ihould think fit to afford him. But they appropriating to therm- felves the chiefefi part of the young Heirs Means, and with Fo proud a Legacy thinking to overpower all other Orders, were by them oppofed fo, that the Will was called for by the whole State and Senators of Venice , fully examined, and they commanded to rellore to the Heir the whole Elfate as enjoyed by his Father. Well did that wife Senate con- ceive, that as one Noble man had been Chested by tHemof *' > i - ■ » his Chap. II. of the Weft-Indies. p his Fortunes, fo might they one by one, and fo at length the Riches of Venice might become a Treafure only for Jefuites to maintain the Pride and Pomp of their Glorious Fabricks, And though thofe Vowed Servants to the Pope obtained his Excommunication againft the whole Eftate of Venice upon nomcomplying with the aforefaid Will and Teftament > yet fuch was the Preaching of all other Priefts and Orders againft them, that they caufed the State to flight the Ex- communication, and in lieu of making them Heirs of the deceafed Senator’s Eftate, they fliamefully Biniftied them out of Venice • Thus alio have the Priefts and Fryers of Bifcays in Spain prevailed againft the admitting of Jefuites into San-Sebaftian , though by the favour of fome they have in feveral occations obtained an houfe and eredfed a Bell to Ring and fummon in the people to their pretended Church and College. Nay the very houfe wherein their Patron Ignatius Loiola lived, have they often ferioufly offered to buy for a College » yet fuch hath been the oppofitionof the Priefts and Fryers of that Country, that they have dafticd to nought their often iterated endeavours topurchafe that which they efteem their chiefeft Relick. But to come nearer to our own Country, what a combuftion did this ftrife be- tween Jefuites and other Priefts of England caufe among our Papifts ten years ago, when the Pope fending into England Dodfor Smith pretended Biftiop of Chalcedon to be the Metropolitan head over all the Clergy and other Orders, how then was it to fee the pride of the Jefuits as jnconliftent with any one that might overfway them, or gain more credit then themfelves? who never left perfecting the Biftiop, till by the Popes Letters they had Baniftied him out of England. Which curtefie, the Secular Priefts gaining yet a head over them with Title of Archdeacon, Podtor Champney , have ever fince fought to repay home, by endeavouring always to caft them out of England, as per- nicious to the State of this Kingdom, more then Fryers or any other fort of Priefts > Which they have fufficiently made known by difeovering their Covetoufnefs in encroaching upon many Houfes and Farms, enriching themfelves, as namely i o A New Survey Chap. II. namely at Winifreds Well ( fo termed by them ) where they had bought an Inn, and fpeedily fell to building there that they might make it a College for Jefuits to entertain there all Papifts comers and goers to that Well, and fo might win to themfelves the hearts of mod of the Papidsof the Land, who do yearly refort thither to be Walked and Healed upon any light occatlon either of Head-ach, Stomach-ach, Ague, want of Children, where they blindly phanlle a fpeedy Remedy for all Maladies, or wants of this World. Thus have the Priefls difeovered further our Englifh Jefuites Covc- toufnefs in building of Sope-houfes at Lambeth under the name of Mr. George Gage their Purfe-bearer, and fince pro- jecting the Monopoly of Sope under Sir Richard We\\on , Sir Bafil Brooks and many others names, who were but Agents and Traders with the Jefuits Rich and Mighty Stock. Thus came out the difeovery of the Levelling of Hills and Moun- tains, Cutting of Rocks at Leige in the Low Countries at the College of the Englifh Jefuites, a Work for Gardens and Orchards for their Novices Recreation and Padime, which C as I have heard from their own mouths ) cod them thirty thoufand pound, which Gift they fqueezed out of one only Countefs of this Land. Like to this may prove their Col- lege at Gaunt , for which they have obtained already a fair beginning of eight thoufand pounds from the Old Countefs of Shrewsbury, and from the greatefl part of the Eflatc of Mr. Sackefield , whom whiles they had him in their Colleges, they cherilhed with their bell Dainties, and with hopes that one day helhould be a Canonized Saint of their Religious Order. All thefe Knaveries do even thofe Prtells of the fame Popilh Religion difeover of them, and thereby en- deavour to make them odious. And though of all, the Jefuitesbe the mod Covetous, yet may I not excufe the Se- cular Frieds, Benedidtine Monks, and the Fryers from this Damnable Sin who alfo drive for Wealth and Means for their Voway , Paris and Lisbon Colleges, and lofe no oppor- tunities at the death of their Popilh Favorites for the ob- taining a Legacy of one or two hundred pounds, alfuring them their fouls fhall be the better for their MalTes. Thus do Chap. II. of the Weft-Indies. 1 1 , do thofe miferable wretches in the very heat of their Zeal of fouls feek to fupprefs one another, and having Vowed Poverty, yet make they the Converfion of England the only objedf of their Ambition and unfatiable Covetoufnefs. But above all is this Envy and Hatred found between Do- minicans and Jefuits, for thefe owe unto them an old grudge, for that when Jgnat'm Loiola lived, his Dodirine de Trinitate ( which he pretended was revealed to him from Heaven, for he was certainly pall the Age of fludying at his Converfion) was quellioned by the Dominicans, and he by a Church Cenfure publickly and fhamefully whipped about their Cloillers for his brroneous Principles. This affront done to their chief Patron hath birred up in them an uureconcilable hatred towards the Order of the Dominicans, and hath made them even crak their brains to oppofe ‘Thomas Aquinas his Dodtrine. How fhamefully do thofe two Orders en- deavour the deftru&ion of each other, branding one ano- ther with Calumnies of Herefie, in the Opinions efpecially dt Conceptions Marii, de libero Arbitrio , de AiixiliU ? And of the two, the Jefuite is more bold and obflinate in Malice and Hatred. How did they fome twenty years ago, all Spain over, about the Conception of Mary > llir up the people again!! the Dominicans, in fo much that they were in the very flreets termed Hereticks, Hones call at them, the King almoff perfwaded toBanifh them out of all his Dominions, and they poor Fryers forced to Hand upon their guard in their Cloifters in many Cities, efpecially in SeviL OJitna , Antiquera and Cordova , to defend themfclves from the rude and furious multitude. Much like this was that publick Conference and Deputation between Valentia the Jefuite and Mailer Lemos the Dominican, before the Pope, concerning their altercation de AuxiliU i When the canning Jefuite hoping to Brand with Herefie the whole Order of Dominicans, had caufed Augujlines Works to be falfly Printed at Lions-, with fuch words which might dire&ly oppofe the T 'bomifii Opinion i and had prevailed, had not Lemos begged of the Pope that the Original Books of Aujlitt (night be brought out of his Vatican Library, where was found i i A New Survey Chap. II. found the quite contrary words, to what thefalfe Jefuitc had caufed to be Printed i he was forced to confefs his Knavery, was hardily reprehended, and with theapprehen- fion of that great affront, the next night gave up his ghoff to his father, the father of lies and falfhood. Another rcafon of this mortal enmity between thefetwo Orders, is for that the Jefuites furpafs all others in Ambition of honour, credit and effimation, whence it is they can- not indure to behold the Dominicans to exceed them in any preferment. Now it is that by the Laws of Arragon and the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kings of Spain are tycd to have a Dominican Fryer for their Confeflor or Ghoftly Fa- thers which could but the Jefuites obtain, how would they then Rule and Govern Spain and the Kings heart ? But though they could never yet prevail to alter this Eflablifhed Law, yet have they prevailed now lately fo that Antotth de Sotomayor the King of Spains ConfefTor fhould lie at reif in the Court of Madrid. , with a Penfion and dry Title only, and that Flo rentia that grand Statiff Ihould be ConfefTor to the Count of Olivares , the Royal Iffue, the Queen, and fhould hear the Kings Confeflions oftner then his Chofen and Elc&ed ConfefTor Sotomayor- Secondly, the Domini- cans as firlt Authors of the Inquifition ( which they prove from their Martyr Peter of Verona) ftill enjoy the higheft Places of that Court, which is a woful fight to the Jeluites to fee their Religion-affaires handled, their Church kept pure from what they call Hcrelie by any but themfelves. O had they (as they have often llrived for it) in their hands the judicature of that Tribunal, how fhould all Dominicans, nay all forts of Prieffs but their own, prefently by them be Branded with Herelie ? Thirdly, in Rowe there is another preferment fucceffively due to Dominicans from the time of Dominicus de Guzman Founder of that Religion, to wit, to be Magijler Sacri Palatii, the Popes Palace Mailer, infii- tuted to this purpofe, that about him there may be fome Learned Divine (for commonly the Popes arc more Statifls, and Canoniffs, then Divines) to read a dayly Le&ure of Diyinity to fuch as will (ac jnff ru&ed therein, and tq jefolve the Chap. II. of the Weft-Indies. 1 3 the Pope himfelf of whatfoever difficult Points in Divinity may be queltioned. This is the Dominicans due with a Penfion to maintain a Coach and Servants within the Palace of St. Peter . Which the Jtfuites have often by favour and cunning Jefuitical tricks endeavoured to bereave the Domi- nicans of i but proving labour in vain, they continue hill in their unplacable enmity and hatred againft them. And thus you fee the fountains of their ftrife i which as here in Europe hath been well fcen,fo hath this contentious fire over- powered the fire of their Zeal of fouls in the Eafl and Weft- Indias '■> and the Wealth and Riches of thole Countries, the Ambition of honour in their Gofpel Function hath more powerfully drawn them thither, then (what they pretend) the Converiion of a Barbarous and Idolatrous Nation. This was well publifhed to the view of the whole World by a moll infamous Libel which in the year 1626- Fryer Diego de Colliado a Miffionary Fryer in Philippine and Japan fet out of the unheard of pafTages and proceedings of rhe Jefuites in thofe Eafiem parts. At that time the Jefuites pretended that Million to themfclves only, and Petitioned the King of Spain, that only they might go thither to Preach, having been the firft Plantation of Francifcuf Xavier-, and fince continued fucceffively by their Pritfts. To thispurpofe they renaembred the King of the great charges he was at in fend- ing fo many Fryers, and maintaining them there j all which Ihould be faved, might they only have the ingrefs into that Kingdom. All which charges they offered themfelves to bear, and further to bring up the Indians in the true Faith, to inftrudi them and Civilize them, to teach them all Li- beral Sciences, and to perfect them in Mufick and all Mu- fieal Inftruments, and in Fencing, Dancing, Vaulting, Painting, and whatfoever elfe might make them a Corn- pleat and Civil people. But againlt all this was objected by Diego Colliado, that not Zeal only and Charity moved them to this offer, but their Ambition and Covetoufnefs, which would foon be feen in their encroaching upon the lilly and fimple Indians Wealth bringing inftances ot many thoufand pounds which they had fqueezed fiom tie poor Barbarians in out Viy 11, in thdllands of Philippine > And that their entring into Japan was more to enrich themfelves, then to Convert the Japoniant to Chridianifm i that whenfoever they entred into the Kingdom they conveyed from Mamila whole Ships laden with theriched Commodities of thofe Illands \ that their Trading was beyond all other Marchants Trading, their Bench for exchange money far more accuftomed then any other whether for China, for Japan, for Peru and Mexico » and that the Viceroy himfelf made ufe of none other, but theirs. That to keep out all other Orders out of Japan , they had ingratiated themfelves fo far, under pretence of Trading, into the Emperors favour by gifts of Watches, Clocks, Dials, Locks, and Cabinets, and fuch like pre- fents of molt curious and Artificial Workmanfhip, that they had got free accefs to his Court, and Counfelled him to beware of Fryers, which cunningly crept into his Kingdom to Preach a New Law7, perfwading him by rigorous fearch and inquiries to root them out : thus Pofttickly for their own ends hindering the increafe of Chridianifm by any means or indruments fave themfelves and blinding the Emperors eyes with their cunning in- finuations, that he might not fee in them, what they delired he might difeover in others, that they might ap- pear in Sheep skins, and others clothed with Wolves skins* and fo the Fryers might have little heart to Trade, but enough to do to fave themfelves from the dormy per- fecution, whiles they freely might enjoy the liberty of rich Trading. This Brand upon thefe cunning Foxes was commanded to be Printed, thanks given to Vi go Colliado for difeovering to the Edate their crafty pro- ceedings, with not a few Tenents maintained by them in Japan even againd their own Soveraign* a fat Eifhoprick was offered to the Fryer, which he refu- fing, Commiflion was given unto him for the railing of forty Fryers out of Spain, and the conducing of them to the Iflands of Philippine , and that it (hould be free for all Prieds and Fryers, as well as Jcfuites, to pafs to thofe farts for the Preaching of Chyd, and the extending Chap. III. of the Weft-Indies. 1 5 of Chriftianifm among the Heathens and Barbarians. O that this my difcovery made to England ofthofe diflembling and falfe Priefts, would make us wife to know and difcover under the afhes of their pretended Religion, the fire of llrife and contention which they kindle in Kingdoms, and to rake up that Covctoufnefs which we may eafily find in them i tending to the ruine of many fair Ettates, and to the Temporal and Spiritual danger of this our flourilhing Kingdom ! Chap. III. Shewing the manner of the Mijfions of Fryers and Jefnites to the India’s. AL L the Kingdoms of America , that have been Con- quered by the Kings of Spain, are divided as into feveral Temporal governments, fo into feveral Spiritual ju- rifdidfions, under the name of Provinces, belonging unto feveral Religious Orders, and their Provincials. Thefe though fo far diftant from Europe , yet live with a depen- dency and fubordination unto the Court of Rome, and are bound to fend thither a find! account and relation of what moft remarkable paffages and fuccefles happen there, as alfo what want of Preachers there is in every feveral Province. Which is to be perfomed in this manner. Every Religious •Order ( except the Jefuits and Dominicans, whofeGeneral continueth till death, unlefs a Cardinals Cap be bellowed upon himj maketh eledfion of one of the fame Order to be the head Ruler, or ( as they call him ) General over all thofe of the fame profelfion every fixth year. The fubjedfs unto this General which are difperfed in Italy, Germany , Flanders, France, Spain , Ea(i and If ejl India’s, are divided into fundiy Provinces, asin Spain there is one Province of Andalitzia , another of CajHlia nueva, new Cafiile, another of Cajiilia vkia, old Caftile, another of Valencia, another of Art agon. 1 6 A New Survey Chap. Ill, Arragon, of Murcia, of Catalonia i So likewife in America there is the Province of Mexico, of Mccboacan , of Guaxaca, of Cbiapa and Goatemala > of Camayagua , Nicaragua and the like. Every Province of thefe hath a head named the Provincial, chofen by the chief of the Province every three years , which Election is called a Provincial Chapter, and the former a General Chapter, which alfo is allotted to be in fame chief City, commonly in Italy , France , or Spain. When the Provincial Chapter is kept, then by the content of all that meet in it is there one named by name of Procurator crDiffinitor, who is to go in the name of the whole Pro* vince to the next Election of the General, and thereto de- mand fuch things as his Province (hall think fit, and to give an account of the hate of the Province from whence he is ferit. Thus from the iVcfi India's are fent Procurators, who commonly are the bell Prizes the Holland Ships meet with, for that they carry with them great Wealth, and Gifts to the Generals, to the Popes and Cardinals and Nobles in Spain , as Bribes to facilitate whatfoever juft or unjuft, right or wrong they are to demand. Among other bufineiles their charge is this, to make known the great want of Labo- rers in the abundant and plentiful harveft of the India’s (though not all Provinces demand Preachers from Spain , as I will (hew hereafter) and to deftre a number of thirty or forty young Priefts, who may be ht for any Indian Language and to fucceed the old ftaoders. The Order of the Province being read to the General, or his General Chapter, then are Letters Patents granted unto this Procurator from the General, naming him h?S Vicar General for fuch a Province, and declaring his fuflr- ciency and worthy parts, (though none at all in him, as I have been witnefs of fome) the great pains he hath taken in the new planted Indian Church, and how fit he hath been judged to convey to thole parts, a Million of fuch as fha'l Voluntarily offer themfelves for the Propagation of Chiiftianity amongft thofe Barbarians. Then the Tanny Indian Fryer being well fet out with high Commendations, and fairly Painted with flattering Elogies, prefents thefe Chap. Ill, of the Weft-Indies. 1/ his Patents (and with them peradventure a little Wedge of Gold, a Box of Pcails, fome Rubies or Diamonds, a Chid: of Cochintl, or Sugar, with fome Boxes of curious Chocoler, or fome Feather Works of Mcchoacan, fome ftm.ll fruits of his greac pains and labour) to the Pope ; who for his fird re- ward gives him his Toe and Pantofle to kifsj feconding this honour with a joyful countenance to behold an Apodle, judging him worthy of the bed of the / nlixn Wealch,tnd his foul peradventure fit for the Title of a SaintjThis complacency in the gift and the giver, breeds immediately a matm proprim in his Holinefs to grant a Bull with a degree of the Popes Com- miffary, wherein this poor Mendicant Frier is inabled to run over all the Cloiders of his Profeffion in Spain , to gather up his thirty or forty young Preachers. Who for their better encouragement are at their fiidhdingby the Popes Authority abfolved a culpa & a poena, from all fin, and from their Purgatory and Hell due unto it, by a plenary Indulgence. And whofoever fhail oppofe, or any way difcourage this Popes CommifTary,or thofc that are or would be lifted by him, are ipfo fafto Excommunicated with an Anathem referved only to this Commiflary or his Holmcfs himfelf. O what is it to fee, when fuch a Commi(Tary*s coming is known, how the young Birds, that as in Cages are fhut up within the walls of a Cloider, leap and cherifh themfelves with hopes of Liberty? What is it to fee disordered Friers, who for their mifde* mcanours, and leaping over their Cloider walls in the night to find out their wanton Harlots, have been Imprifoned, now rejoyce at the coming of a Popes Commiffary, and plenary Indulgence, freeing them from fins pad, and fitt ng them for the Converfion of fouls, though their own be not averted from their Harlot, nor as yec truly and unfainedly Converted to the love of God ? True it is, I have known fome that have written their names in the Lid of Indian Mi Jfionaric. r, men of Sober Life and Convention, moved only with a blind Zeal of encreafing the Popifh Religion : yet I dare fay and confi- dently Princ this truth without wronging the Church of Rsr»ey that of thirty or forty which in fuch occafions are commonly iranfporced t0 thc India's the three parts of them are Fr er» C of 1 8 A New Survey Ghap. Ilk of leud lives, weary of their retired Cloiftcr lives, who have been punifhed often by their Superiours for their wilful back- fliding from that obedience which they formerly Vowed ; or for chc breach of their Poverty in clofely retaining money by them to Card and Dice, of which fort I could here namely infert a long and tedious Catalogue 5 orlaftlyfuch, who have been Impnfoned for violating their Vow of Chaftity with leud and lafeivious women, either by feerct flight from their Cloiftcr, or by publick A poftatizing from their Order, and clothing themfelves in Lay-mens Apparel, to run about the fafer with their wicked Concubines. Of which fort it was my chance to be acquainted with one Frier John NeViirro a Francifcan in the Cuy of Guatemala , who after he had in Secular Apparel enjoyed the leud com- pany of one vAmaryUu a famous woman Plaier in Spain for the fpace of a year, fearing at laft he might be dif- covered, Lifted himfelf in a Million to Guatemala, the year 1 6$ 2. there hoping to enjoy with more liberty and lefs fear of punifhment any Luftful or Carnal Objeft . Liberty, in a Word* under the Cloak of Piety and Converfion of fouls, it is, that draws fo many Friers (and commonly the younger fort) to thofc remote American parts ; where after they have learned fome Indian Language, they are Licenced wiih a Parifh Charge to live alone out of the light of a watching Prior or Superiour, out of the bounds and crmpals of Cloifter walls, and authorized to keep houfe by themfelves, and ro finger as many Spanilh Patacones, as their w'its device fhall teach them to fqueeze out of the newly Converted Indians Wealth. This liberty they could never enjoy in Spain , and this liberty is the Midwife of fo many foul falls of wicked Friers in thofe parts. For the prefent I (hall return again to my Frier John Navarro, who at his coming to Guatemalat being made for his wit and learning, Matter and Reader of Divinity, and much efteemed of for his acute Preaching, among many others got the eftimation and love of a chief Gentlewoman, ( Quo femel eft imbut* rccens , fervabil odorem tefta dia) who continued in Navarro his heart the former fenc of the unthaft love of Arrtarjllts, fo far that the Frier being blinded Chap. III. of the Weft-Indies^ Ip blinded and wounded with Cupids Arrow flicking in his heart, ran headlong to quench his luflful third Upon St. James his day, 1 6^. for better miimoryof Tragical event (being the Spaniards common Advocate, and fpecial Patron of that City, named Sr. Jago de Guatemala) where cruel C JWars op- prelfing Venus in her wanton A6ls , the injured Husband A&ing Mars., and finding Navarra Cupids Page fainting his Venus upon her bed, drew his fword, cutting the Frier fird in the head and face; who drugling with death, and pur° chafing his life with a fwift and nimble flight to a Garden, where his own Brother a Frier of the fame Order, and Pander to that foul a£l, entertained the Motherlefs Chil- dren $ for the Husband having rmffed his fatal blow (willingly as fomc imagined, or unwillingly as others judged) in the Friers heart , wilfully laid it in the throat of h 5 unchafl Wife, fcarce leaving way for breath to make a fpeedy Confeflion of her fin to Navarro his Brother; who tendring her foul, as much as his Brother had tendred her body, abfolved her from her fin, finding figns, though no uttering fpeech of Repentance, while the murderer fled, and the murthered lay in the door of her houfe for a fad ob= je&toal', that immediately flocked thither to fee that bloudy Tragedy. The Wife being the fame day buried, the Husband being retired to a dofe San&uary, Navarro was carried to his Convent to be Cured ; and after his Cure was banifiied thac Country j whom two years after it was my chance to meet in Cartagena returning to Spain with his fcardd face, bearing the mark of his lafeivious life, and of that liberty which he had enjoyed in America. Such are the fruits of the Zeal of thofe w retches, who upbraid our Church and Minifters for W3ne of Zeal to labour in the Converfion of Infidels. Who when they arrive to thofe parts, are entertained with ringing of Bells, with founding of Trumpets moflt part of the way as ihey Travail, and as ApofUes are received by the Indians , though foon like Judas they fall from their calling, and for Pleafureand Covecoufnefs fellaway Chriil from their fouho England may here learn to beware of fuch , Converters, who daily by ftame of Miffionaries femf hither by ihi Poj»s to' & i Presets 10 jNew Survey Chap. IV. Preach among us Popery ; but like Navarro come to feed and chcrifh their wanton lufts, as I could give many inftances, might I not be cenfured for long digreffions in mingling Englifh Hiftories with my American Travails. Chap. IV. 'Shewing to what Provinces of the Eafl and Weft- India s belonging to the Crown of Caftilia are Cent Mijfions of Friers and Jejuites. And fyecially of the Mfjion Jcnt in the year 16 25. IN all the Dominions of the King of Spain in America , there are two forts of Spaniards more oppofire one to ano- ther then in Europe, the Spaniard is oppofite to the French, or to the Hollander ,or to the Portugal $ to wit, they that are born in any parrs of Spain and go thither, and they that are born there of Spani(h Parents, whom the Spaniards to diflinguifh them from thetnfelves, term Criolio's , (ignifying the Natives of that Country. This hatred is fo great, that I dare fay, nothing might be more advantagicus then this, to any other Nation that would Conquer America, And nothing more eafily gained then the wills and affedfions of the Natives of the Countryj to join with any other Nation to free and refcuc themfelves from that fubjedfion, or kind of flavcry> which they fufFe; under the hard ufageof the Spaniards , and their parcial Government and Juftice toward them, and thofe that cotne from Spain. This is £0 grievous to the poor CrioUSs or Natives, that ray felf have often heard them fay, they would rather be fubjedt to any other Prince, nay to the Hollanders , then ro the Spaniards , if they thought they might enjoy tlrcir Religion ; and others wifhing the Hollanders, when they took Trttxillio in Honduras , had flaicd in it and entred Further, into the Land, they fhould have been welcome to them ; and that the Religion they enjoied with fo much fi2V£ry> was nothing fweet unto them. This mortal hatred1 • betwixt j 21 Chap. IV. of the Weft-Indks. betwixt thefe two forts of Spaniards, made the Criolio*s fo ready to join againft the Marquefs of Gelves Viceroy of Mexico, in the Tumult and Mutiny of that City, wherein they cleaving to Don Alonfo de Zerna, the Arch Bifhopcaufed the Viceroy to efcape for his life by flight, and would then have utterly rooted out the Spani[b Government, had noc fome Priefts diflwaded J:hem from it ; but of this I fliall fpeak more largely hereafter. The caufe of this deadly hatred hath proceeded from a jealoufle which the Spaniards have ever had of the Criolio's , thac they would fain withdraw themfelves firft from the Commerce with Spain , and fecondly, from the Government which is laid upon them ; which is fuch> that the fiiolte's muft be always under, and a fubjebf, always governed, but fcarce any a Governour. Never yet was there fecn any Criolio made Viceroy of C Mexico, or Peru • or Pre- fident of Guatemala, or Santafe, or S. Domingo', or Governour of Tucacan, Cartagena, Havana-, or Alcalde, Maior Cas they call them) of Soconufco, Chiapa, San Salvador, and fuch like places of credit. So likewife in the Courts of Chancery, as S. Domingo, Mexico, Guatemala , Lima, and the reft ; where commonly there are Six, called Oydores and one Fifcal , fcarce one of them to be found a £riolio, or Native of the Country ; though there be among them thofe that defended of the chief Conquerors ; as in Lima and Peru the cpiz.arros, in Mexico and Guaxaca the houfe of the Marquefs Dell Valle, Ferdinando Gertes his Succeffors, others of the houfe of Giron, others of the houfe of Aluarado > others of the Gufmanes, finally many of the chiefeft houfcs of Spain ; yet none of thefeever pre- ferred to any dignity. And not only thus are they kept from Offices, but daily affronted by the Spaniards as uncapable of any Government, and termed half Indians by them. Which general contempt hath alfo fpread it felf in the Church, where no Criolio Prieft is fcarce ever preferred to be a Bifhop, or Canon in a Cathedral Church, buc all fuch as come from Spain, So likewife in the Religious Orders they have many years indeavored to keepunderand fupprefs fuch as have been admitted to their Orders of the Natives of the Country, left the number of them fhould prevail againft C 1 thofe %% New Survey Chap. ly* thofe that are brought from Spain ; they have been very nice in choofing of them, and though they have been forced to admit of fome> yet ftill the Provincials, the Priors, and all Superiors have been Spaniards born in Spain. Till now lately fome Provinces have goc the upper hand and prevailed againft the Spaniards , and have fo filled their Cloifters with Criolio*s or Natives, that they have utterly refyfed to admit the fupplies of Spani(h Millions which formerly were lent unro them, and tili this day arefent toothers. In the Province of Mexico there are Dominicans, Francifcans, Auguftines, Carmelites, iVlercenarianSj and Jefuites, whereof the Jefuices and Cat- melires only to this day prevail againft Criolios , bringing every two or three years Millions from Spain. The laft Million thac wasfent to the Mercenarians was the year 1625. and then was the oppolition fuch between chat Million and the Criolie’s, that in the Election of the next Provincial in their Cloifter of Mexico, the Friers drew knives one againft another, and w ere like to kill each other, had not the Viceroy gone to their Cloifter to make Peace, and Imprifon fome of them. Yet at laft by the multitude of voices the Native party prevailed, and till thisday have exempted themfelves fiom Spanifb Mif- fions, alledging ('as others have done) that they l ave Friers enough in their Cloiftcrs, and need none to be fent them from Spain ; fubmitting themfelves to the Pope, and prefeming to him as ftarely gifts as ever Spaniards did before them, in chc Province of Guaxaca none admit of Millenaries from Spain; true it is, the Dominicans are but newly mbdued by the Criolian party $ and as yet are ftrongly pleading ar Rome for Spani(h Friers, alledging 1 hat the glory and luftreof their Religion hath been much blurred fince the non-admittance of fupplies of their Zealous Compatriots. The Province of Guatemala, (which is of a large extent) containing Guate- mala, Cbiapa , the Zoques, pare of Tabafco , the Ztldales , the Sacapu at, the FtruPaz s, all the Coaft lying to the South Sea, Suchutepeqaes and Soconufco, ('ontayagua, Honduras^ S0 Salvador, Nicaragua , hath in it thefe Orders chiefly, Dominicans, Francifcans, Auguftines, (who are fubjetft to Mexico being one poor Cloifter in GuattmaU) Jefuites alfo iu Ghap, IV* of the Weft-Indies. 25 Guatemala fubjed to the Government of l/e.viVoand Merce- narians, whereof the three Orders f Dominicans) Fran- cifcans, and Mercenarians, are theonlv Preachers and Pari Hi Priefts throughout all the forenamed Provinces. And thefe three Orders have dill kept under the Crhlian party, never asyer fuffering any of them to be Provincial, b"nging every two or three years, fome one year and fome another, Miltons of Friers from Spain to maintain and keep up their fatdion againd the Crhliant. The Provinces of Peru being more didant from Spain, and hard to come to by Sea, have no Millions lent unco them. There are of the mod Romifh Religious Orders, yet the chief are Dominicans ; and they all live above their Vow of Poverty, abounding in Wealth, Riot, Liberty and Pleafures. In the Kingdom of Nuevo reino de Granada, and Cartagena , Santa fee , Farinas , Popayan , and the Government of Sc. Martha, are Domini- cans, Jefuices, Francifcans, Carmehtes, Auguflines and Mercenarians i whereof the Dominicans, Jefuitesand Fran- cifcans till this day admic of Millions from Spain. The I (land of Cuba, Jamaica , la Margarita, Puerto rico, all are fubjedt to the head Provincial of Santo Domingo, being Domi- nicans, Jefuites, and Francifcans, and have all now and then Millions from Spain. Yucatan hath in it only Francifcans, who live mod richly and plencifu'ly, and drongly uphold the Spanish faction with European Millions : Mechoacan belongeth to the Mexican Friers, and is in the fame condition as was laid before of Mexico. Thus have I briefly run over all America that pertains to the Crown of Cajlilia : for the Eafl India's they belong to the Crown of Portugal and Brajil , as fird difeovered and poflefled by the Portugals, and now doubtlefs are fubjedt to King John, the new King of Portugal. Yet the Iflands of Philippines are [ubjedt to the King of Spain, and there are Do- minicans,Francifcans, AuguftintSjanci Jefu;tes,all which he Rill in wait in Manila the Metropolitan City, for tonic fure Shipping to J*f*h t0 Convert that Kingdom. Aiid chough they admit of fome few Criolio's among them, efpecialiy fome of their Converts of China and Japan ; yet their chief number and diength is of Sjanifh Milfionaries, who are more frequently C 4 cou- 24 J- New Survey Chap. I Vi* conveyed thither then to the parts aformentioned of America, Fitfl they are fent "in the Ships that are bound for Nutva Efpana and Mexico ; and after they have refted two or three months in Mexico , they are fent to Acapulco, lying on the Mar del Zur, there they are Shipped in two great Caracks which yearly go and come richly laden with China, Japan , and all Eafl-lndia ware from Manila to Acapulco to enrich Mexico with tar greater riches the# any are fent by the North Sea from Spain. The Voiage from Acapulco thither, is longer then from Spain to Mexico, and eafie and pleafanr, though the return is far longer and mofl dangerous. The year of our Lord 1627. therewere four Millions fent; theoneef Francifcans to Yucatan, the other of Mercenarians to Mexico, the other two of Dominicans and Jefuites to Philippine. Aq which time it was my fortune to refide among the Domini*- cans in Xerez, in Andalusia. The Popes CommifTary for that Million was Frier Matheo de la Zilla, who having a Commif- lion for thirty, and having gathered fome 24 of them about Caftilia and Madrid, fent them by degrees well flored with Hiony to Cales, to take up a convenient Lodging for himfelf and the ref} of his crew rill the time of the fetting forth of the Indian Fleer. This Commiflaty named one Frier ^Antonio CalvotQ be his fubflitute, andtovilit the Cloifbrs of tMnda- luz,ia lying in his way ; namely Cordova, Scvil , St. Lncar , and Xerez,, to try if out of them he could make up his corn- pleat number of thirty , which was after fully compleated. About the end of May amt this worthy Calvoio Xtrez,, and in his Company one Antonio Melendez, of the College of St. Gregory in Valladolid , with whom I had formerly near acquaintance. This (JMelendez, greatly rejoiced when he had found me ; and being well flocked with Indian Patacones, the firft night of his coming invited me to his chamber to a {lately Supper. The good Xerez, Sack which was nor fpared, fee my friend in fuch a heat of Zeal of Converting Japonians% that all his talk was of thofe parts never yec feen, and at leaft. fix thoufand Leagues diflanr, Bacchiu metamorphofed him from a Divine into an Orator, and made him a Cicero in parts of Rhetorical Eloquence. , Nothing was omitted that might; - , • V exhort Chap. IV. of the Weft-Indies^ 2 j e*hort me to join with him in that FundtionJ which he thought was Apoftolical. Nemo Propbeta in patria fna, was a great argument with him ; fotnetimes he propounded Mar- tyrdom for the Gofpel fake, and the glory after it, to have his life and death Printed, and of poor Frier Antony a Clothiers Son of Segovia to be ftiled St. Antony by the Pope, and made Collateral with the A pottles in Heaven; thus did Bacchus make him Ambitious of Honor upon the Earth, and prefer- ment in Heaven. But when he thought his Rhetorick had not prevailed, then would he Aft a(JJf/ for immediately I was conveyed alone to our Ship, and there clofely hid a in Barrel that was emptied of Bisket to that pur- pofe; fo that when the Governor came a Ship-board to enquire for an Erglifh man, Frier Calvo having the father of Iters in my Bead about him, refolutely denied me, who could not be found, bccaufe not fought for in a Barrels belly. This found our Apoflles fport and talk that firft day. Then went out the Ships one by one crying, A dio/, A diesj and the Town replying Buen viaei> Baen viaei; when all were out and no hopes of enjoying more Cales pleafures and liberty, then began my young Friers to wifh themfelves again a Land, fome began prefently to feed the Fillies with their Nunsfweet dainties; others to wonder at the number of (lately Ships, which with eight Galeons that went to convey us beyond the Iflands of Canaria were forty one in all;' fome for one Port of the India's, and fome for another. To Puerto Rico went that year two Ships; to Santo Domingo three, to Jamaica two, to c Margarita one, to the Havana two, to Cartagena three, to Campeche two, to Honduras and TruxiRo two, and to St. John de Vlhua, or V ‘.ra Crux fixceen ; all Laden with Wines, Figs, Raifins, Olives, Oyle, Cloth, Carfies, Linnen, Iron, and Qaick'filver for the Mines, to fetch out the pure Silver of Sacatecat from the earthen drofs from whence it is digged. The perfons of mofl note that went that year was firft the Marquefs de Seralvo with his Lady, who went for Viceroy of (JWexico, in Bead of the Cone de Q elves then retired co a Cloifter lor fear of the common people, who the year before had mutined aganift him ; this Marquefs went in the Ship called Sc. Aodren, and with him in the fame Ship went Don Martin de Carrillo a Priefb, and Inquificorof die Inquifition of Valladolid : who was fent foir " YifliW Chap. V. of the Weft-Indies, Vifitcr General to Mexico, to examine the ftrife between the Conde dt Gelves and the Arch-bifhop, and the mutiny that for their fakes had happened j with full Commiflion and Au- thority to Imprifon, Banilh, Hang and Execute all Delin- quents. In the Ship called Santa GertrudU went Don Jen Nino de Toledo, who was fen t to be Prefident cf Manila in Philippine, and in the fame Ship with him went the whole Midton of thirty Jefuites fent to Philippine ; who had al- ready got the favour of the Prefident, and politickly fought to be Paffengers in the fame Ship, that fo they might the more ingratiate themfelves to him ; for this cunning Generation fludies purpofely how to infinuatc themfelves with Kings, Princes, Great men. Rulers and Commanders. In the Ship called St. Antony went my Dominican Million of twenty feven Friers. In the Ship called Noflra Sennora de Regia wenc twenty four Mcrcenarian Friers bound for APcxko', part of thofe that afterwards drew their Knives to flafh and cut the Cr folio's of their Profeffion. Thus with the Convoy of eighc Galeons for fear of Turks and Hollanders (whom the Spanifh Dons lhake and tremble at) fet forward our Fleet with a pleafenc and profperous gale, with a quiet and milken Sea, until we came to the Golfe, called G&lfo de Tegue, or of kicking Mares, whofe waves and fwelling furges did fo kick our Ships, that we thought they would have kicked out St. An- thonies gilded Image out of our Ship, and bereaved my An- tonio Melendcxj of his gilt and painted Idol, (to whom he dayly bowed and prayed againfl the mercilefs Element.) and that all our Ships Galleries would have been torn from i us with the fpurnings and blows of that outragious Golfe, But at lafk having overcome the danger of this Golfe, the eight Galeons took their leave of us, and left our Merchant Ships nev^ to fiiitc for themfelves. The departure of thefe i Galeons was mod folemnly performed on each fide, faluting each oi her with their Ordinance, vifiting each other with their Cock-boats, the Admiral of the Fleet Feafting with a Rately Dinner in his Ship, the Admiral cf the Galeons j and the like performing mod of the other Ships to the feveral Colonels aod Captains and other their Allied Friends that D were 34 4 New Survey Chap. V. were of the Royal F eer. Here it was worth noting to hear the fighs of many of our Indian Apoftles, wiping they mighc return again in any of thofe Galeons to Spain j their Zeal was n^w cold, and fome endeavoured many ways for Calvo his Licence to return (which could noc be granted) others im- ployed themfelves mod of that day in writing Letters to their friends, and Sillers in Cales. Thus Dinner being ended, and the two Admirals folemnly raking their leaves, the warning piece being ("hot off for the Galeons to joyne together* and turn their courfe to Spain, we bad mutual adieu, crying one to another BuenViaie, Essen pajfage, we kept our courfe towards America , failing before the wind conftantly till we came to America ; A thing worth noting in that Voyage from Spain to the Indies ; that after the Iflands of Canaria are once left, there is one condant winde, continuing to America dill the lame without any oppolition or contrariety cf other windes; and this fo profperous and full on the fails, that did it blow conftantly, and were ic not interrupted with many calms, doubtlefs the Voyage might be ended in a month or lefs. But fuch were the calms chat many times we had, that u e got not to the light of any land till the twentieth day of Augujl : fo that near fix weeks we failed as on a River of frefh water, much delighting and {porting cur felves in Fifhing, many forts cl Fillies, but efpecia'ly one, which by the Spaniards is called Dorado , che golden Fifh, for the skin and fealesof icchat glitter like Gold ; of this fort we found fuch abundance, that no fooner was the hook with any fmall bait caff into the Sea, then prefentlyth cTDorado, wascaughr, fo that we took them many times for plcafure, and caft them again into the Sea, being a Fifh fitter to be eaten frefh then faired. Many were the Feafts and fporcs u(ed in the Ships, rill we difeovered the fird Land, or Ifland called Dijfeada . The lafl day of July (being according to the Jduites Order, and Romes appointment, the day of Ignatisu their Patron and founder of their Religion) the gallant Sh i p called S.Certrudis (wherein went thirty Jcfuites) tor their$ and their Saints fake made to all the reft cf the Fleet a mod gallant fbew, (he bc- jng trimmed round abouc with white Linncn, her flags and top Chap. V; of the Weft-Mies,’ 3 3 tpp gallants reprefenting fome rhe Jefuites Arms; others the Pi&ureof Ignatius himfelf, and this from the evening before, (hooting off that night at leaCt fifty fhor of Ordnance, befides four or five hundred Squibs (the weather being very caltne) and all her Marts and Tailings hung with. Paper Lanthorhs having burning lights within them j the Waits ceafed, not from founding, nor the Spaniards from finging all night. The days folemn fporc was likewife great the Jefuites in- creafing the Spaniards joy with an . open Procclfion in the Ship ; finging their fuperrtitious Hymns and Anthems to their fuppofcd Saint j and all this ftconded with roaring Ordnance, no Powder being fpared for the compleating thac days joy and triumph. The fourth of A»gtt[i following, being the day which Rome doth dedicate to pominick, ti c firft founder of the Dominicans or Preachers Order, the Ship wherein I was, named St. Anthony , rtrived to exceed S. Ger - trad/*, by the affirtan.ee of the twenry feven Dominicans thac were in her. All was performed both by night and day ^ as formerly in S. Gertrtidu-> both with Powder, Squibs, Lights, Wa its and Mufick. And further did the Dominicans joy and triutiiph exceed the Jefuites, in thac they invited all the Jefuites, with ‘ Don John Nino de Toledo the Prefidenc of Ma- nila, with the Captain of the Ship of S. Cjcrtrudts to a fiatcly Dinner both of Fifli and Flefh ; which Dinner being ended, for the afrernoens fporc they had prepared a Comedy out of famous Lope de T’tga, to be Abled by fome Souldiers, Paf- rtngers and fome of the younger fort of Friers j which I con- fefs was as ftately Affed and fee forth both in (hows and good Apparel, in thac narrow cotnpafs of our Ship, as rnighc have been upofi the beft Scage in cheCourc of Madrid* The Comedy being, ended, and a Banquet of fweec meats pre- pared for the clofing up *of that days mirth, both ours, anti S. Gertrndit Cock-boat carried back bur invited friends, bid- ing eafch other adieu with bur Waits and chiefcrt Ordnance. Thus went we on cur Sea Voiage without any ftorm, with pleafanc gales, many calms, ifayfy . fp res and paftimes, till v/e discovered the fuft Land balled Dtjfcada upon the twenti- eth' day of Aftgtijf. CHAP. 'J. Ne*fr Survey Chap. VI. Chap. VI. Of our difcovcry of fonte Iflands , and what trouble T He Admiral of our Fleet tvondring much at our flow failing, who from the fecond of to the rg of A'iguji had feen nor difeovered any Land, only the Iflands of Canaria ; the fame day in the morning called to Council all die Pilots of the Ships, to know their opinions concerning our prefent being, and the nearnefs of Land. The Ships therefoie drew near unco the Admiral one by one* that every Pilot might deliver his opinion. Here wascaufe of laughter enough for the Paflengcrs to hear the wife Pilots skil ; One faying, we were three hundred Miles, another two hundred, another one hundred, another fifty, another more, another lefs, all erring much from the truth (as afterward appeared) fave only one old Pilot of the fmallcfl: Vcffel of all, who affirmed refolucely, that with thac fmall gale wherewith we then failed, we lhould come to Guadalupe the next morning. All the reft laughed at him, but he might well have laughed at them, for the next morning by Sun-rifing we plainly dif- eoveredan Ifland called Dejftada by the Spaniards, or the de- fired Land, tor that at the fiiftdifcovery of the India’s it was the fiift Land the Spaniards found, being then as defirousto find fomc Land after many days failing as wc were. After this Ifland prefently we ditcovercd another called C Jilarigalantey then another called Dominicay and laftly, another named Guadalupe, which was that we aimed at to refrefh our felves in, towalli our foul clothes, and to takd in frefh water, whereof we flood in great need. By two or three of the Clock in the afternoon we came roafafe Rode lying before the Ifland* where we caft our Anchors, no ways fearful of the naked Ikrbarians of that and the other Iflands, who with great joy do yearly expedt the Spani(h Fleets coming, and by the Moons Chap. VI* 0/ fk Wf ft-Indies.' 3 7 Moons do reckon the Months, and thereby make their guefs at their coming, and prepare fome their Sugar Canes, others the Plantin, others the Tortois, fome one Proviflon, fome another to barter with the Spaniard! for their fmall Hiber- dalli, or Iron, Knives, or inch things which may help them in their Wars, which commonly they make againft fome other Iflands. Before our Anchors were caft, oat came the Indi- ans to meet us in their Canoa’s round like Troughs, fome whetseof had been Painted by our E nglijb, fome by the Hol- landers., fome by the French, as mighc appear by thrirfevernl Arms, it being a common Rode and Harbour to all Nations that fail to America. Before we refolved to go to fhore, we tafted of thofe Indian fruits, the Plantine above all plealing our tafte and Palare. We could not but much wonder at that light never yet feen by us of people naked, with their hair hanging down to the middle of their backes, with their Faces cut out in fevcral fafhions, or flowers, with thin plates hanging ar their Nofes, like Hog-rings, and fauning upon us like Children ; fome (peaking in their unknown Tongue, others uling Ggns for fuch things as we imagined they defired. Their iign for fome of our Spanifh Wine was ealily perceived, and their requefl moft willingly granted to by our men, who with one reafonable Cup of Spanifb Sack prefently tumbled up their heels, and left them like Swine tumbling on the Deck of our Ship. Af- ter a while that our people had {ported with chefe Rude and Savage Indians , onr two Cock-boates were ready to carry to fhore fuch as either had Clothes to Walla, or a defire to Bathe themfelvesin a River of Frcfh Water which is within the Ifland, or a mind to let their feet again upon unmoveable Land, after fo many days of uncertain footing a floating and reeling Ship. But that day being far (pent, our Friers refolved to flay in the Ship, and the next whole day to vilite the Ifland ; many of the Mariners and Paflcngers of all the Ships wenc tbac evening to fhore, fome returning that night, and fome without fear continuing with the Indians all night on fhore. The next morning my felf and mofl of our Friers went and having hired fome Spaniards to walli our Clothes, we D 3 wandr.d 3 8 'J New Survey Chap. VI. wandrec! fomerimcs all Together, fometimes two and two, and fometimes one alone about the Ifland, meeting with many Indians , who did us no hurt, but rather like Children fauned upon us, offering us of their fruits, and begging of us whatfeever toies of pins, points or gloves they efpied about us. We ventured to go to'fome of their houfes which flood by a j-lcafant River, and were by them kindly entertained, eating of their Fill), and wild Deers Flefh. Abouc noon we chanced to meet wkh fome of the Jefuites of Santa Gertrudu Shipinthe midfl of the Mountain, who weie very earned in talk with a Alulatto all naked like the refl of the Indians. This Mu latto was a Chrifhan, born in Sevil in Spain , and had been flave there forma ly to a rich Merchant his name was Lewis, and [poke the Spanifk Language very perfectly, Tone twelve years before, he had runaway from his Mafler by rcafon of hard and flavilh ulage, and having got to Cales% ( ffering his ferviceto a Gentleman then bound for America , the Gentleman fearing not that his true Mafler fhould ever have more notice of hirq from a new World, took him a f hip board with him as his flave. Tne CJ^f«/uld be ready to convey him with his Wife and Children a Ship-board, The c JM'dattQ promifed to do as D 4 we 40 A New Survey Chap, VL we had Counfelled him, and that he would entice his Wife and Children to the Sea fide to barter with us their Wares for ours, defiring fome of the Jefuices (whom he faid he ihould know by their black Coates) to be there ready for him with a Cock'boar, Lewis departed, as to us he feerned, refolute in what he had agreed; Our joy likcwifewas greac with the hope of bringing to the light of Chriftianity five fouls out of the darknefs of Hcatbenifh Idolatry. The Jefuices who had begun with this c Jiiulatto were defirous that the happy end and conclufion might be their glory. So taking their leaves of us, they haftened to the Sea ta inform the Admiral of what they had done, and to pro- vide that the Cock-boat of their Ship might be in readinefs to receive Lewis, and his Family. We likewife returned to the fhore to fee if our Shirts and Clothes were dryi Moft of u$ (among whom my felf was one) finding our Lumen ready and our Boat on fhore went aboard to our Snip, leaving two or three of our company with many of other Ships on fhore, efpecially the Jefuices waiting for their prey. When we came to our Ship, moft of the Friers with what love they had found in the Barbarians, were inflamed with a new Zeal of ftaying in thac Ifland, and Converting thofe Heathens to Chriftiamcy , appre- hending it an eafie bufinefs (they being a loving people) and no ways dangerous to us, by realon of the Fleet that yearly pallet h that way, and mighc enquire after our ufage. But by fome it was objedled, thac ic was a rafh and fool 1 ll 1 Zeal with great hazard of their lives, and many inconveniences were objected againft fo blind and fimple an attempt. But thofe thac were moft Zealous flighted all reafons, faying that the worft that could happen to them could be but to be Butchered, facrificed and eaten up; and that for fuch a purpofe they had come cue of Spain to be Crowned with the Crown of Martyrdom for Confeding and Preaching Jefus Chrift. While we were hot in this fplernn confutation, behold an uprore on the fhore ; our people running to and fro to fave their lives, leaving their Clothes, and halting to the Cock- boats, filling them lo faft Chap. VI. of the Well -Indies. 41 and To full, that fome funk with all the people in them ; above all, mod pitiful and lamentable were the cries of fome of our women, many calling themfelves into the Sea choofing rather to venture to be taken up by fome Boat, or at word to be Drowned, then to be taken and to be cruelly Butchered by the Indians. We wondering at this fuddain alteration, not knowing the caufe of it, at laft perceived the Arrows to come out thick from the Wood from behind the Trees, and thereby guefled at the truth that the Barbarians were Mutined. The uprore laflcd noc half an hour, for prefently our Admiral fhot off two or three Peeces'of Ordnance and fent a Company of Souldiers to fhore to Guard it and our people with their Muskets ; which was well and (uddainly performed, and all the Indians foon difperfed. Three of our Friers who had remained on the Land, our Cock-boac brought them to us with more of our Paflengers, among whom one Frier Jahn De la Cueva , was dangeroufly fhot and wounded in one of his Shoulders ; this Frier had been earned with me to day on fhore with him, which I refufed, and fo efcaped that cruel and fiery onfet of the Indians. Befides thole that were Drowned and taken up at fhore (which were fifteen perfons) two Jefuites were found dead upon the Sand, three more dangeroufly wounded, three Paflengers like- wife flain, ten wounded, befides three more of the Fleet which could never be found a live or dead, and were thought to have been found in the Wood by the Indians , and to have been Murthered by them. Oar Mulatto Lewis came not according to his \yord; but in his Head a fuddain Army of treacherous Indians, which gave us motive enough to think, that either Lewis himfelf had difeovered the Jefuites Plot to take him away with his Wife and Children y or that the Indians fufpe&ing it by his talk with us, had made him confefs if. And certainly this was the ground of their Mutiny; for whereas Lewis before had faid, that he would know the Jefuites by their black Coats, it feems he had well defcribed them above all the reft unto the Indians^ for (as ic was after well obfer^etlj moft of their . >: Arrows J 42 • A New Survey Chap. VII. Arrows were directed to the black Marks, and fo five of them jn little above a quarter of an hour (lain and wounded. All that night our SouJdiers Guarded the Coaft, often (hooting off their Muskets to affright the Indiant , who appeared no more unto us. All that night we flepc little, for we wa ched our Ship ; left the Indians in their Canoas fhould let upon us and take us afieep. Some lamented rhe dead and drowned, others pitied our wounded Frier Jehn de la Cueva , who all char night by in great tor- ment and mifery, others lau2hed and jeared at thole Zealous Friers, who .would have ft.iyed in that Ifland to Con* vert the Barbarians* faying they had their full defire of Martyrdom, for had they been but that night wich the Indians, doubtlels they had been fhred for their Suppers. But now we perceived their Zeal was coole, and they de- fired no more to ftay with fuch a Barbarous kind of peo- ple j but rather wiflied the Admiral would fiioot off the warning Peece for us all to rake up our Anchors, and de- part from fo dangerous a place. In the morning all the Ships made haft to take in fuch frefh wacer as was ne- ccffary for their Voiage yet to America , a ftrong Watch being kept along the Coaft, and a Guard Guarding our men to the River; and all the morning while this was doing not one Indian could be found or feen, nor our three men that were miffing, appeared. Thus at noon with a pleafanc and profperous Gale we Hoifted up our Sails, leaving the lflauds and Harbour of Quadalupe . Chap. VII. Of our further Sailing to St. John de Ulhua, alias, Vera Crux, and of our Landing there. UPon the twenty fecond of Angst fl, we Sailed fo pleafamly that we foon left the lighc of chc 1 (lands ; The Indians uprore had weaved lot us a chi cd of long difeoutfe ; Chap. VII. °f the Weft-Indies^ 4$ difcourfe $ It made fome hate their calling to teach and Convert Indians. But Caho he encouraged us, telling us many (lories of the good and gentle nature of the Indians of Philippine , to whom we were going, and that mod of them were Chriftians already, who efteemed their Priefts as Gods upon the Earth ; and that thofe that were not as yet Converted to Chriftianity, were kept in awe by the power of the Spaniards. Our chief care the firft two or three days was to look to our Plantins which we got from the Indians. This Fruit pleafed us all exceedingly, judging ic to be as good, or better then any Fruit in Spain. It is noc gathered Ripe from the Tree ; but being gathered Green, ic is hungup (ome days, and fo Ripens and grows Yellow and Mellow, and every bit as fweet as Honey. Our Sugar Canes were no lefs pleafing unto us, whilft chewing the pith, we refreshed and Iweetned our mouths with the juice. Wet fed for the fiift week almoft upon nothing but Tortois ; which feeined likewife to us that had never before feen it, oneof the Sea monllers, the (hell being fo hard as to bear any Cart Wheel, and in feme above two yards broad j when firft they were opened, we were amazed to fee the number of Eggs that were in them, a thoufand being the lead that we judged to be in feme of them. Our Spaniards made with them an excellent broth with «U f is of Spices. The meat feemed vaiher Flcfh then Sea Filh, which being corned with Salt, and hung up two or three days in the Aire, tailed like Veal. Thus our Hem, our Cheep, our powdred Beef, and Gammons of Bacon, which we brought from Spain, were fome days flighted, while with greedy Scomacks we fell hard to our Sea Veal. .jjo i , After four days Sail, out Frier John de la Cueva, who had beer. .Vtby the Indians, died; all his body being fweiled, which gave us juft occafion to think, that the Arrow which was lhoc into Im (boulder was Poifoned. His Burial was as (olemnly performed as could be ac Sea. His Grave being the whole (Xean, he had weighty ftones hung to his feet, cwo more to his (boulders, and one to his breft$ and then the fupeiftitious Rom'jh Dirige and Reqtil.w being lung for his Soul, 4+ ^ Survey Chap. VIE Sou!, his Corpfc being held out to Sea on the Ship fide, with Ropes ready to let him fall, all the Ship crying out three time*, luen Viaci (that is a good Voiage) to his Soul chiefly, and alfo to his Corpfe ready to Travel to the deep to feed the Whales : at the firft cry all the Ordnance were (hot off, the Ropes on a fuddaiii loofcd,and John de la Cueva with the weight of heavy Stones plunged deep into the Sea, whom no mortal eyes ever more beheld. The like we faw performed in the Ship of Sant 4 Gertrpidit, to another Jefuite, one of the three who had been dangeroufly wounded by the Indians of Guadalupe ; wholikewife died likeour Frier, his body being fwelled as with Poyfon. Now our Sailing was more comfortable then lefore ; for we paffed in fight of the Land Puerto Rico, and then of the great Ifland of S. Domingo ; and here our company began to be leflened, fome departing to Puerto Rico, and S. Domingo, others to Cartagena , and Havana , and Honduras, Jamaica, and Jucatan. We remained now alone the Fleet for Mexico ; and fo Sailed till we came to what the Spaniards call la Sonda , or the Sound of (JMexico ; for here we often founded the Sea; which was focalme, that a whole week wc were flayed for want of wind, fcarceftirring from the place where firft we were caught by the calme. Here likewife wc had great fport in Fifhing, filling again our bellies with Dorados , and faving that Provifion which we had brought from Spain. Buc the heat was fo extraordinary, that the day was no pleafure unco us} for the repercuflion of the Sunsheac upon the ftill Water and Pitch of our Ships, kindled a torching fire, which all the day diftempered our bod.es withaconftant running fweat, forcing us to caft off moft of our Clothes. The evenings and rights were fome- whac more comfortable, yet the heat which the Sun had lefc in the Pitched Ribs and Planks of the Ship was fitch, that under Deck and in our Cabins we were not able to fleep, but tn our (hires were forced to walk, or fit, or lie upon the Deck. The Mariners fell to wa flung theinfelves and to itoimmg, till the inforrunate death of one in the Ship called Sc. Francifco, made them fuddainly leave off that fporr. The nearer we came to the mam Land, the Sea abounds with Chap. VII. of the Weft-Indies^ 4 j with a monftrous Ftfh called by the Spaniards , Tiluron. Some miftake this Fifh for the Gaiman, or Crocodile , holding than both for one ; and thinking that it is only the £alman or Cro- codile (by abufe called Tibttron ) which devoures mans flefh, a whole joint at a bit in the water. But the miftake is grofs, for the Caiman is plated all over with fhells, whereas the Tibttron hath no (hells, but only like other other great Sea Fifties, hath a thick skin. The Caiman though the Jndiam eat of ir, yet the Spaniards hate it ; who eat of the Tibttron ; and in our Ship catching one with a tridental Iron Fork, and haling him with a Cable Rope to the Ship fide, and then binding him with ir, (being as much as a dofen or fifteen men could do to hoifc him up into the Ship) we found him to be a moft monftrous creature, twelve Ells long at leaft, which we Salted, and found likewife to eat like Flefti, as hath been faid of ihcTortois. This kind isas ravenousafter mansflefb as the Crocadilty and many of them were to be feen in this Sound of Mexico. The Spaniards Bathing themfelves dayly by the Ships fide,' (where there is no fuch danger of the Tibttron ; who ufeth not to come-eoo near the Ships) one Mariner of the Ship cal- led Sc. Francifco being more venturous then the reft, and of- fering to Swim from his Ship, to fee fome friends in another not far off, chanced to be a moft unfortunate prey to one of them, who before any Boat could be fet out to help him, was thrice feen to be pulled under water by the Monfter, who had devoured a leg, an arm, and part of his fhoulder ; the reft of the body was after found and taken up, and carried to Sr. Francifco , and there buried in the form and manner as hath been faid of our Frier John de la (futva. They that go down to the fea in (hips? thefe fee the wotkj of the Lord , and. hit wonders in the deep , Pfalm 1 07. 2^,24. Here they dial! , fee not only Whales, but other Fifties like Monfters mattering ftrong and valiant men, with feveral fees of ftiarp, ftrong and mighty teeth, devouring at one bit whole lims with flefhand bones together. This mifchance fadded all our Fleet for three | days till it pleafed God to retrefti our burning heac with a cooie and profperous wind, driving us 9uc of that calm. Sound, which 4 6 A New Survey Chap. VI I. which (if wehad continued in it with that exceffive heat^mighc have proved moft unfound and unhealthy to our bodies. Three days after we had Sailed, being Mttniay in the morning about feven of the Clock, one of our Friers faying Mafs, and all the people in the Ship kneeling to hear it, and to adore their bread Gcd, one Mariner with aloud and fodain voice cryeth out TierratTicrray Ticrra, Land, Land. Land, which rejoiced the hearts of all that were in the Ship, asitfeemed, more then their Mafs, for leaving that, and their Gcd upon the Altar with thePricft to eat him alone, they arofe frorrt their knees, to behold theContinent of America. Great wa$ the joy of all the Ships that day ; and great was the (laughter which our old Calv o made among his Fowles, (which he had (pared formerly) to Feaft that day his Friers. About ten of the Clock the whole face of the Land was vifibly ap- parent, and we with full Sail running to embrace it. But our wife Admiral knowing the danger of the Coaft, and efpeci- ally the dangerous entring into the Haven, by reafon of the many Rocks that lie about it, and are known only by Marks and Flags (et out to give all Ships warning of them, perceiving that with the wind wherewith we Sailed then, we fhould not come till towards evening to the Port: and laftly, fearing left fome North wind (which is dangerous upon that Coaft, and ordinary iri the month of September ) fhould in the night arife,snd endanger all our Ships upon the Rocks; he therefore called to Council all the Pilots, to know whether it were bed to keep on our Sailing with full Sail that day, with hopes to ger that day in good time into the Haven, or elfc with the middle Sail only to draw near, that the next morning with more fecurity we might with the help of Boats from Land be guided in. The refult of the Council was not to venture thac day too near unto the Port, for fear of being benighted, buc to pull down all but the middle Sail. The wind began to calme, and our Ships to move (lowly towards Land, and fo we continued till night. A double Watch was kepc that nighc in our Ship, and the Pilot w'as more Watchful himfclf and more Careful then at other times; But our Friers betook thcmfelvesto their reft; which continued not long ; for before rfiidnighc Chap. VII* of the Weft-Indies^ 47 midnight the wind turned to the North, which caufed a fud- dain and general cry and uprore in ours, and ah the other Ships. Our Mariners came to the Friers, ufing almoft the fame words of Jonah 1.6. What meanefl thou, O Jleepsr f strife , call upon thy God, if fo he that Cod will thinly upon m% that we peri[hnot. They changed thexiameof God into the Bleffed Virgin Mary, in whom they feem to confide in fuch occasions more then in God himfelf. Their fear was more for theapprehenfionof danger by that kind of wind, and of what might happen, then for what as yet the wind threarned, which was not ftrong nor boiflerons \ however hallowed Wax Candles were lighted by the Friers, knees bowed to Maryt Letauies and other Hymns and Prayers fung aloud unro her, till towards the dawning of the day ; when behold the North wind ceafed, our wonted gale began to blow again* it being Gods will and pleafure, and no eftedf of the howling Friers Prayers to c JMa,ryy who yet fuperflitioufly to deceive the fimple people, cryed our, Alilagro, Milagro , Milagro , a Miracle, a Miracle, a Miracle. By eight of the Clock in the morning we came to the fight of the houfes, and made figns for Boats to convey us into the Haven; which immediately with great joy came out, and guided us one by one between ihofe Rocks, which make that Port as dangerous as any I have difeovered in all my Travels both upon the North and South Sea. Our Waits plaied mod pleafantlv, our Ordnance fa- Juced both Town and Fort over againft it, our hearts and countenances reciprocally rejoiced ; we caff our Anchors, w hich yet were not enough to fccureour Ships in that mofl dangerous Haven, but further with Cable Ropes we fecured them to Iron rings, which for that purpofe are faftned into the Wall of theForr, for fear of the ftrong and boiflerous Northern winds. And thus welcoming one another to a new Wotld, many Boats waiting for us, we piefetuly went with joy to fee footing in America. CHAP. 4* A New Survey Chap. VIII. Chap. VIII. Of our Landing at Vera Crux, otherwije St. John de Ulhua, and of our entertainment there . UPon the twelfth day of September , we happily arrived ini America in that famous Town called St. John deUlhua , otherwife Peru Crux ; famous for that it was the firft begin- ning of the famous Conqueft of that Valiant and ever re- nowned Conqueror Hernando forte*.. Here fitft was that Noble and Generous refolution, that never heard of Policy, to link the Ships which had brought the firft Spaniards to that Continent, greater then any of the other three parts of the World to the intent that they might think of nothing but fuch a Conqueft as after followed, being deftitute of the help of their Ships, and without hopes evermore to return to Cuba , Yucatan, or any of thofe parts from whence they had comc0 Here it was that the firft five hundred Spaniards ftrengthned themfelves againft millions of enemies, and againft the big- geft fourth part of all the World. Here were the firft Magi- ftrates, Judges, Aldermen, Officers of Juftice named. The proper name of the Town is Sc. John de 'Ulhua, other- wife called Vera Crux from the old Harbour and Haven of Vera Crux , fix leagues from this, and fo called, far that upon good Friday it was firft difeovered. But the old Vera Crux proving too dangerous an Harbour for Ships, by reafon of the violence of the Northern winds; it was utterly forfaken by the Spaniards, who removed to St. John de Vlhuay where their Ships found the firft fafe Road by reafon of a Rock, which is a ftrong defence againft the winds. And becaufe the memory of the work of that good Friday lliould never be forgotten, to Sc. John de Ulhua they have added the name alfo of Vera Crux, taken from thac firft Haven which was difeoyered upon good Fridayt Anno 1519. As Chap. VIII: of the Weft-Indies^ 4^ As foon as we came to Shore, we found very Solemn prepa- rations for entertainment ; all the Town being reforted to the Sea-fide, all the Priefts and Canons of the Cathedral Church, all the Religious Orders of the Several Convents (which are there Dominicans, Francifcans, Mercenarians, and Jefuitesjl being in a readirefs with their CroSTes born beforethem, to guide the new Viceroy of Mexico) in proceffion to the chief Cathedral Church. The Pry ers and Jcfuites were quicker in goingtoland, than the greac Don the IV^arquefs de Strralvo and his Lady. Some of them killed the ground as holy in their opinion, for the Conversion of thole Indi ws to Clni- ttianity, who before had worshipped Idols, and Sacrificed to Devils; others kneeled upon their knees making Short prayers, fome to the Virgin Mary, others to Such Saints as they belt affedfed; and So betook themfclves to the places arid Rations of thofe of their Profelfion. In the mean time, all the Can- nons playing both from Ships and Cattle, landed the Vice- toy and his Lady, and all his Train, accompanied with Don Martin de Carrillo the Vilirer- General for the ttrife between the Count of Cjdves the laft Viceroy, and the ArchbiShop of Mexico. The great Don and his Lady being placed under a Canopy of State, began the Te Dcum to be lung, with much va- riety of mufical Inttruments, all marching in Proceffion to the Cathedral,whcrcwith many Lights of burning Lamps, Torches and Way-;andles, was to the view of all, Set upon the High- Altar their God of Bread; to whom all knees weie bov. ed, a Prayer of Thankfgiving Sung , Holy water by a Pi eft Sprinkled upon all the people, and lattly, a Mals, with thiee Prietts, Solemnly celebrated. This being ended, the Vice- roy was attended on by the Chief High-Juttice, named al- calde Major, by the Officers of the Town, fome Judges ft tiz from Mexico to that purpofe, and all the Souldiers of the Ships and Town, unto his Lodging : The Fryers likewife in Proceffion, with their Crofs beforethem, were conduced to their Several Cloifters. Fryer CaIvo prefented his Dominicans to the Prior of theCloifterof St. Dominic who entertain- ed us very lovingly with Scene Sweet-meats, and every one with a Cyp of ch z Indian diink> called C’bocolctte ; whereof " E I $6 A Hew Survey Chap. VIII* I (hall fpeak hereafter. This Refreshment being ended, we proceeded to a better, which was a mod (lately Dinner both of FiSh and Flelh $ no Fowls were (pared , many Capons, Turkey-Cocks and Hens were prodigally lavished, to (hew us the abundance and plenty of Provision of that Country. The Prior of this Cloifter was no Staid, Ancient, Greyheaded Man, fuch as ufually are made Superiours to govern young and wanton Fryers ; but he was a Gallant and Amorous young Spark, w ho (as we were there informed) had obtained from his Superiour the Provincial Government of that Con- vent, with a Bribe of a thoufand Duckats. Aher Dinner he had fome of us to his Chamber, where we obferved his lightnefs, and little favour of Religion or Mortification in him : We thought to have found in his Chamber fome (lately Library, w hich might tell us of Learning and love of Study ; but we found not above a dozen old Books, (landing in a corner, covered with dull and cobwebs, as if they were albamed that the Treafurc that lay hid in them, Should be fo much forgotten and undervalued ; and the Guitarra (the Spanifk Lute) prefen ed and fet above them. His Chamber was richly drefled and hung wi.h many Pi&ures, and with Hangings, fome made with Cofton-Wooll, others with va- rious coloured Feathers of Mechoacan , his Tables covered with Carpets of Silk ; his Cupboards adorned u'ith feveral fortsof China Cups and Difhes, (lored w'ithin with feveral Dainties of Sweet-meats and Conferves. This fight feemed to the zealc us Fryers of our Million mofl vain, and unbefeetning a poor and Mendicant Fiyer ; to the others, w hole end in coming from Spain to thofe parts was Liberty, and Loofnefs, and Covetoulntfs of Riches, this fight u'as pleafing, and gave them great encouragement to enter further into that Country, where fcon a Mendicant La * rtu might become a proud and wealthy Dives. The difcourfc of the young and light-headed Piior, was nothing but vain bonding of Himfe’f, of bis Birth, his parrs, his favoiirwith rl.cchief Superiour or Provincial, the love which the bed La- dies, thericbed Merchants Wives of the Town bare uncohim, of his dear and excellent Voice, and great dexterity in Mufick ; whereof Chap. yin. of th Weft-Indies, 5 1 whereof he prefently gave us a tafte,tuning his Guittarra, and Tinging to us fome Verfes (as he faid, of his own computing) feme lovely Amaryllis, adding fcandal to fcandal, loofnefs to liberty; which it grieved fome of us to fee in a Supcriour, who Thoufd have taught with words, and in his Life and Converfation , examples of Repentance and Mortification; No fooner were our Senfes of Hearing delighted well with Mufick, our Sight with the objects of Cotten- Wool, Silk and Feather»works , but prefently our Prior caufed to be brought forth of all his ftore of Dainties, fuch variety as might likewife relilli well and delight our Senfe of Tailing. Thus as we were truly tranfported from Europe to America , fothe World feemed truly to be altered, our Senfes changed from what they were the night and day before,when we heard the hideous noife of the Mariners, hoifing up Sails ; when we faw the Deep, and Monftcrs of it; w hen we rafted the (linking water ; w hen we fmelt the Tar and Pitch : But here we heard a quivering and trembling Voice, and Inflrumenc well tuned, we beheld Wealth and Riches, we tailed whac was fweer, and in the Sweet- meats fmelt the Musk and Civir, wherewith that Epicurean Prior had feafoned hisConferves. Here we broke up our Difcourfe and Paflimes, defirous to walk abroad and take a view of the Town, having no more time than that and the next day to Hay in it. We compaffcd it round that afternoon; and found the fituacion of it io be far.dy, except on the South-weft fide, where ic is Moorifh ground, and full of Handing Bogs ; which with the great heats that are there, caufe it to be a very unhealthy place : The number of Inhabitants may be three thoufand , and amongft them fome very rich Merchants, fome w'orth two hundred) fome three hundred, and iome four hundred thou- fand Ducats. Of the Buildings little we obferved, for they are all, both Houfes, Churches and Cloifters, built with Boards and Timber, the Walls of the richeft mans Houfe be- ing made but of Boards, which with the impetuous Winds from the North, hath been the caufe that many times the iown hath been for the mod part of it burnt down to the g"ound. The great Trading from (JHexico, and by Mexico 52 A Nov Survey Chap. VIII, from the Eafi-lodias, from Spain, from Cub*, S'° Dontingo, Jucatan, Poetolello , and by PoetolcHo from Peru , from Car- tagena, and all the Iflands lying upon the North Sea, and by the River Alvarado going up to Zapotecos, St. lldefonfg , and towards Guaxaca, and by the River Crijaval , running up to Talafco, Los Ziejues and Chiapa de Indioj, maketh this little Town very rich, and to abound with all the Commo- dities of the Continent Land, and of all the Eaft and Weft- India’s Trcafures. The unhealthinefs of the place is the rea- fon of the paucity of Inhabitants, and the paucity of them, together with the rich Trading and Commerce, the Reafons that the Merchants therein arc extraordinary rich ; who yec might have been far richer, had not the Town been fo often fired, and they in the fire had great Ioffes. All the ftrcngth of this Town is fit ft the hard and dangerous entrance into the Haven ; and fecondly, a Rock which lieth before the Town, lefs than a Mu?ket (hot oft ; upon which is built a Caftle, and in the Caftlc a flight Garifonof Souldiers. In the Town there is neither Fort nor Caftle , nor fcarce any people of Warlike minds. The Rock and Caftle are as a Wall, Defence and Indofure to the Haven, which otherwife lieth wide open to the Ocean, and to the Northern Winds. No Ship dares caft Anchor within the Haven, but only under the Rock and Caftle, and yet not fureenough fo with An- chors, except with Cables alfo they be bound and faftned to Rings of Iron, for that purpofe, to the fide of the Rock ; from whence fomecimes it hath hapned, that Ships floating with the Stream too much on one fide the Rock, have been driven oft and caft upon the other Rocks, or out to the Ocean, the Cables of their Anchors, and thole wherewith they have been faftned to the Caftle, being broken with the force of the Winds. This hapned to one of our Ships the firft night af- ter we landed ; who were happy that we were not then at Sea: For there arofe fuch a (form and terapeft from the North, that it quite broke the Cables of one Ship, and drove; n out to the main Sea, and we thought it would have blown and droven us out of our beds after it ; for the flight boarded Houfesdid fo totter and fhake, that we expected every hour when : Chap.VUl. of the Weft- Indies.1 5 3 when they would fall upon our heads. We had that night enough of Sr, J&hndtVlhua, and little reft, though feofted as well at Supper as at Dinner by our vain boafting Priori who before we went to bed, had caufed all our feet to be wafhed, that now in eafier beds than for above two months together the ftrait and narrow Cabins of the Ship had allow- ed us, our deep might be more quicr, and more nourishing to our bodies } but the whittling Wind?, and tottering Cham- bers, which made our Beds uncatte Cradles to us, caufed us tofliefrom our reft at midnight, and with our bare(chough wafhed) feer, to feek the dirty Yard for fafer fhdtcr. In the morning the Fryers of theCloifter, who were acquainted with thofe Winds and Storms, laughed at our fearfulnefs; afiuring us, that they never flepc better , than when their Beds were rocked with fuck like blatts. But that nights Af- frightment made uS weary already of our good and kind En- tertainment : We defired to remove from the Sea- fide ; which our Superiour Cafao yielded to, not for our fears fake fo much, as for his fear, left with eating too much of the Fruits of thac Country, and drinking after them too greedily of the Wa- ter, (which caufeth dangerous Fluxes, and hafteneth death to thofe that newly come from Spain to thofe parts^) we fhould fall (ick , and die there, as hundreds did after our departure, for want of temperance in the ufe of thofe Fruits, which before they had never feen or eaten. Thirty Mules were ready for us, which had been brought a purpofc from Mexico, and had waited for us in St. John de Vlhua , fix days before ever the Fleet arrived. Calvo thac day bu- tted himfelf afhip-board, in fending cofhore our Chefts, and fuch provitton as had been left of Wines, and Biskec, Gam- mons of Bacon, and faired Beef ; whereof there was lome ftore, befides a dozen Hens, and three Sheep ; which was much wondered ar, thac fo much fhould be left, after fo long a Voyage. In the mean time wc vifired our Friends, and took our leaves of them in the forenoon j and after Dinner feats were prepared for us in the Cathedral Church to fit and fee a Comedy atfted, which had been on purpofe ftudied and prepared by the Town, for che Entertainment E $ of 54 1/ Nev> Survey Chap. IX, of the new Viceroy of Mexico. Thus two days onely we abode in Sr. John it ZJlhua, and fo departed. Chap. IX. Of our Journey from St. John de Ulhua to Mexico j and of the moji remarkable Towns and Villages in the way. UPon the 14 day of September we left the Town and Port of Sr. John de ZJlhua , entring into the Road to < Mexico \ which we found the firft three or four leagues to be very fandy, as wide and open as is our Road from Lon- don to St. Albans. The fiift Indians we met with, was at the old Vera Crux , a Town feated by the Sea fide, which the Spaniards that firft conquered that Countrey , thought to have made their chief Harbour: But afterwards, by reafon of the fmall fhelcer they found in it for their Ships againft the North Winds, they left it, and removed to Sr. John de Vlhtta. Here we began to difcover the power of the Priefts and Friers over the poor Indians , and their fubjctftion and obedience unto them. The Prior of St. John do*7^!bua had writ a Letter unto them the day before of our paffing that way, charging them to meet u« in the way, and to welcome us into thofe parts ; which was by the poor Indians gallantly performed} for two miles before we came to the Town, there met us on Horfe back fomc twenty of the chief of the Town, prefenting unto every one of us a Nofegay of Flowers; who rid before us a Bow- (hot, till we met with moie company on foot, to wit, the Trumpeters, the Waits ; (who found- ed pleafantly all the way before us) the Officers of the Church, fuch as herewccall Church-wardens, though more sn number, according to the m:ny Sodalities or Confrater- nities of Saints whom they ferve : Thefe likewife prefented to each of us a Nofe-gay, Next met us the Singing-men and Boys, all the Querifters, who fofxly and Icifurcly walked before ! C/iap. IX. of the Weft-Indies, jj before U! linging, TV Deum landamm, till we came to the midfl of the Town, where were two great Elm-trees, the chief Market-place; there was fet np one long Arbour with green Bows, and a Table ready furnilhed with Boxes of Conferves, and other Sweet meats , and Diet-bread, to pre- pare our ftomachs for a Cup of Chocolatte ; which while it was fcafoning with the hot- water and fugar, the chief In- dians and Officers of the Town made a Speech unto us, having firft kneeled down and killed our hands one by one : They welcomed us into their Country, calling us the Apo- ftles of Jcfus Chrift, thanked us, for that we had left our own Country, ©ur Friends, our Fathers and Mothers, for t a lave their Souls: They told us, they honoured us as Gods upon Earth; and many fuch Complements they ufed till our Chocolatte was brought. We refrelhed our felves for the fpace of one hour, and gave hearty thanks to the Indiant for their kind refpc£t$ unto us; alluring them, that nothing was more dear unto us in this World than their Souls; which that we might lave, we regarded not Sea nor Land-dangers, not the unhumane Cruelties of barbarous and lavage Indiant (who as yec had no knowledge of the true God) no, nor our own lives. And thus we took our leaves, givintg unto the chief of them fome Beads, fome Medal', fome Crolles of Brals, lome Agnus D^;,n fome Reliques brought from Spain , and to every one of the Town an Indulgence of forty years (which the Pope had granted unto us, to beftow where, and upon whom, and as often as we would) wherewith we began to blind that limple people with ignorant, erroneous and popilli Principles. As we went out of the Arbour to take our Mules, behold the Market-place was lull of Indian men and women; who as they law us ready to depart, kneeled upon the ground, as adoring us for a bleffing ; which as we rid along, we bellow- ed upon them with lifted up hands on high, making over them the fign of theCrofs. And thisfubmiffion of the poor Indians untothe Priefts in thole parts ; this vain glory in ad- mitting fuch ceremonious Entertainment and Publick Wor- ship from them, did fo puff up fome of our young Friers E 4 hearts, A New Survey Chap. IX* licartfjthat already they thought thetnlelves better than the beft Bilhpps in Spain, who though proud enough, yet never travel there with fuch publick Acclamations as we did. The Waits and Trumpets founded again before us, and the chief of the Town conduced us a mile forward, and fotook their leaves. The hi ft two days we lodged but in poor fmall /Wi called , Xalappa de la Vtra Crux. This Town in the year, 1634. was made a new Bi- fhops See (the Bifhoprick of the Cuy, called, La PtsebU de los tsfngeles, being divided into two) and this being not above the third part of it, is thoughc to be worth Ten thoufand Ducats a year. It ftands in a very fertile Soil for Indian Wheat, called Maiz., and fome Spani(h Wheat. There are, ?nany Towns about it of Indians ; but what makes it rich are the many Farms of Sugar , and fome which they call Lfiantias, rich Farms for breeding of Mules and Cattel; and fikewife fome Farms of Cvehinil. In this Town there is but one great Church, and aninferiout Chappel, both belonging to a Cloiftcr of Francifcan Friers, wherein we were lodged that night, and the next day, being the Lord's Day, Though the Revenues of thisCloifter be great, yet it maintains no* above half adoz.en Frierc, where twenty might be plentifully maintained $ that fo thofe few. Lubbers might be more abun- dantly, and like Epicures, fed and nourifhed. The Supe- riour or Guardian of this Cloifter, was no lefs vain than the Prior of .St* John de Vthua^ and though he were not of our Proteflion, yet lie vyejcomed us with (lately Enrertainmenr. Here, and wherefoever farther we travelled, we ftill found in the Pricfts and Friers lopfnefs of life, and their vvays and cecdings contrary to the ways of their profefTion, fworn tq by a i'olcmn Vow and Covenant. This Order efpeci?Uy of the Mendicant Francifcan Friers voweih (bclides Chaftuy and Obedience) Poverty mere ftriifly to be obferved, than any ether Order of the Rumps ChuEch ; for then; Clothing ought ro $? Chap, IX. of the Weft-Indies? to be courfe Sackcloth ; their Girdles made of Hemp, fliobld be no finer than ftrong Halters j their Shirts fhould be buc Woolen, their Legs fhould know no ftockins, their Feet no fhoes, but at the moft and beft either wooden clogs or fandals of Hemp, their hands and fingers fhould not fo much as touch any money, nor they have the ufc, or poffeffion, or propriety of any, nor their journeys be made eafie with the help of Horfes to carry them, but painfully they ought to travel on foot; and the breach of any of thefethey acknowledge to be a deadly and mortal fin, with the guilt of ahigh Soul-damn- ing, and Soul-curfing Excommunication. Yet for all thefe Bonds and Obligations, thofe wretched Imps live in thofe parts, as though they had never vowed unto the Lord {hew- ing in their lives, that they have vowed what they’are not able to perform. It was to usa ftrangeand fcandalous fight to fee here in Xalappa a Fr.erof the Cloifter riding with hil Lackey -boy by his fide, upon a goodly Gelding (having gone but to the Towns end aswe were informed, to hear, dying man, Coqfcifion) with his long Habit tucked up to his Girdle making (Eew of a fine filk Orange-colour Stockin upon his legs, and a neat Cordovan fhoe upon his foot, with a fine Holland pair of Drawers, with a Lace three inches broad at knee. This fight made us willing to pry further into this ?nd the other Friers carriages, under whofe broad fieeves wc could perceive their Doublets quilted with filk, and at their wnfts the Laces of their Holland (him. In their talk we could difeern no Mortification, but mere vanity and world- ly5;, After Supper fome of them began to talk of cardin- and dicing : They challenged us that were but new comer! to thofe parts, ro a Pnmera; which though moft of ours r - fuled, fome for want of money, fome for ignorance of thac Game, yet at laft, with much ado, they got two of on Friers to joyn with two of theirs; fo the Cards were hand- Lmely filled, the vies and revies were doubled, Lofsmade fome hot and blind with paffion; Gain made others eage^and covetous; And thus was that Religious Cloifter made aTnighc a Gaming- houfe; and fwm" Religious Poverty, turned in- to profane and worldly Covecoufnefs. We that beheld fome • pare ' A New Survey v* Gfep.JX. part of the night the Game, found enough to obferve; for the more the fport increafed , fcandals to the fport wore added, both by drinking, and fwearing that common Oath, Voto aChrijto, Voto a Dios ; and alfo by fcoffing and jearfng at the religious Vows of Poverty, which they had vowed; for one of the Francifcans, though formerly he had touched money, and with his fingers had laid it to the flake on che Table; yet fometimes to make the Company laugh, if he had chanced to win a double vie ('aad fometimes the vies and revies went round of twenty Patacons) then would he take the end of onefleeveof his Habit, and open wide the other broad fleeve, and fo with his fleeve fweep the money into his other fleeve, faying, / have vowed net to touch money , nor to keep any , 1 meaned then a natural Contact of it ; but my fleeve may touch it, and my fleeve may keep it : Shewing with feoffs and jeftsof his lips, what Religion was in his heart.' My ears tingled with hearing fuch Oaths, my tongue would have uttered fome words of Reproof, but that I confidered my fclf a Gueft and a Stranger in a ftrange Houfe i andthac i if any thing I fhould fay, it would do no good : So filently I departed to my reft, leaving the Gamefters, who continued till Sun-riling ; and in the morning I was informed, that the jefting Frier, that rather roaring Boy, than Religious Francif- I can, fitter for Sardanapaltu, or Epicurus his School, than to live in aCloifter, had loft fourfeore and odd Patacons; his fleeve it feems refufing to keep for him what he had vowed never to poffefs. Here I began to find out by experience of i thefe Francifcans , that Liberty and Loofnefs of life it was, that brought yearly fo many Friers and Jcfuites from Spain to thofe parts, rather than zeal of preaching the Gofpel, and ^converting Souls to Chrift ; which indeed being an a& of higheft Charity, they make a fpecial Badge of the truth of their Religion : But the loofnefs of their Lives fheweth evi- dently, that the love of Money, Vain-glory.of Power and Au- thority over the poor Indians, ischeir end and aim, more than any love of God. From Xalappa we went to a place, called by the Spaniards La Rineonada, which is no Town nor Village, and therefore not (&ap. IX. of the Weft-Indies. 5^ not worth mentioning in fuch a Road as now I am in • yet as famous in two things, it mnft not be omitted amongft greater places. This place (lands fo far from any other Town, chat Travellers can fcarce make their journeys without either baiting there at noon, or lying thereat night, or declining three or four miles out of the Roid to fome Indian Town. It is no more than one Houfe, which the Spaniards call V >ntaf or as our Englifb) Inns, (eared in the corner of a low Valley, which is the hotted place from Sc. John de Vlhua to Mexico : About it are the bed Springs and Fountains in all the Road ; and the Water, though warm with the heat of the Sun, yet as fweet as any Milk. The Inn*keepers knowing well the Spaniards heat, that it feeks cool and refreshing drink, have fpecid care (o to lay in Water in great earthen Veflels, which they fet upon a moid and watcrifh Sand, that it is fo cold, that it maketh the teeth to chatter. This fweetnefs, and this coolnefs together of that Water in fo hot and Scorching a Country, was to us a wonder, who could find no other Re- freshment from that extraordinary heat. Befide, our Pro* vihons here of Beef, Mutton, Kid, Hens, Turkeys, Rabbets, Fowls, and cfpecially Quails, was fo plentiful and cheap, that we were aflonidied at r. The Valley and Country about it is very rich and fercile, full of Spanish Farms of Suger and Cochinil, Spanijh and Indian Wheat. But what maketh me more efpecially remember this V enta, or Inn, is, for thac though Art and Experience of matt have found a way to provide for Travellers in fo hot a place, cool and re- frelhing Water, and God have given it the fwectnefsof Milk, and to the place fuch abundance of Provifion ; yec all this in the day only is comfortable and pleafant ; but in the night the Spaniards call it Cumfites en infierno, that is to fay, Cumfitsin Hell; for not only the heacis fo extraordinary, that it is im- polTible to be feeding without wiping away the continual lweatof the face, whofe drops from the brows, arc always ready to blind our eyes, and to fiil with fauce ourdifhes ; buc the (warms of Gnats are fuch, thac waking and deeping no device of man is able to keep them off. True it ts, mod of us had our Pavilions which we carried with us, to hang about: 6a A New Survey Chap. IX, and over our beds, but thefe could not defend us from thae piercing and flinging Vcrmine, which like Egypts Plague of Frogs, would be fure to be in every place, and through our Curtains to come upon our very beds. Yet in the day they are not; but juft at Sun-fetting they begin to fwarm about, and at Sun-riling away they go. After a moff tedious and troublefome night, when we found the riling of the Sun had difperfed andbamftied them away,we thought it beft for us to flee away from that place with them ; and fo from thence | early we departed to a Town aspleafanr and fertil,and abound- [i ing with Provilion as this Rlnconada, and free from Inch bulie Gucfts, 'and individual Mates and Companions, as the night before had intruded themtelves upon us. The next night we got to a Town called Segura, inhabit* ed both by Indians and Spaniards , con'ifting of about a thoufand Inhabitants : Here again, without any charges, we were ftately entertained bv Francifcan Friers, as light and vain- glorious as thole of Xalappa. This Town had its firft beginning and foundation from Hernando far tez., and is cal- . led Segura de la Frontcra, being built up by him for a Fron* tier Town, to fccure the Spaniards that came from Sr. John de Vlhua to Mexico, the falhuacans and people of 7V- | peacac, who were allied to the Mexicans, and fo much annoyed » the Spaniards. But what mofl incenfed Cortez, was, thataf- I ter his firft repulfe from Mexico, the Indians infulcing over i him and the reft of his Company , whom they heard had been dangeroufly wounded, and were retired to Tlaxcallan to recover and ftrengthen thcmfelves; the two Towns, Gttlhtta and Tepeacacy then in League with the Mexicans againft Cortez, and the Town of Tlaxcallan, lying in wait for the Spa- I niards , took twelve of them, and facnficcd them alive to their Idols, and eat their flefh. Whereupon Cortez, defired LMaxixca achjef Captain of Tlaxcallan , and divers other Gentlemen of that Town, to go with him, and to help him to i be avenged of the people of Tepcacac, for the cruelty ufed to twelve of his Spaniards ; and for the daily and great hurc thcyalfo did to the Inhabitants of Tlaxcallan , with the help of chtit allied Friends the Culhuacans and Mexicans. Maxix- ca Chap. IX. of the Weft-Indies.' 6 1 ca and the chief of Tlaxc allan forthwith entredinfo coun- fel with the States and Comrminalty of the Town, and there determined with general confenr, to give unto him forty thou- fand fighting men, befides many Tamemez. , who are fooc Carriers, to bear the Baggage, Visual, and ocher things. With this number of Tlaxcaltecd,si hisown men and horles, Cortez, went Co Tepeacac , requiring them, in fatisfa&ion of the death of the twelve Chriftians, that they fhould now yield themfelves to the obedience of the Emperor and King of Spain his Mafter ; and hereafter nevermore to receive any C Mexican into their Town or Houfes, neither yet any of the Province of Culhtta. The 7fpf<*cv?e.f anfwercd, that they had flain the Spaniards for juft and good caufe ; which was, that being time of War, they prefumed to pafs through their Coun- try by force without their will and licenfe. And alfo, that the tJHexicans and Cnlhuacans were their Friends and Lords, whom always they would friendly entertain within their Town and Houfes, refufing utterly their offer and requeft $ protefting to give no obedience to whom they knew not, wifh- ing them therefore to return incontinent to Tlaxca&an, ex- cept they had a defire to end their weary days> and to be fa- crificed and eaten up as their twelve Friends had been. Cortez, yet invited them many times with peace } and feeing it prevailed not, he began his Wars in earneft. TheTepeacacs, with the favour of the Culhxacans, were brave and Fifty, and began to flop and defend the Spaniards entrance into their Town. And being many in number , with divers valiant men among them, began to skirmiih fundry tirr.es: But at the end they were overthrown, and many flam, wirhout kil- ling any Spaniard , although many Tlaxcaitec* s were killed that day. The Lords and principal Perlonsof Tepeacac fee- ing their overthrow, and that their ftrength could not prevail, yielded themfelves unto Cortez, for Vaffalsof the Emperor • with condition, tobanifh for ever their allied Friends of Cul- hua ; and that he fhould pumfh and correbf, at his will and plcafure, all thofe which were occafion of the death of the twelve Spaniards, For which caulesand obftinacy, ac the fir ft Cortez, judged by his Sentence, that all the Towns which had been 6z , A New Survey Chap. IX, been privy to the Murther,fhould for ever remain Captives and Slaves : Others affirm, that heovercame them without any con- dition, and correfted them for their difobedience, being So- domites, Idolaters, and eaters of mansflefh, and chiefly for example of all others. And in conclusion, they were condemn- ed for Slaves; and within twenty days that thefe Warslaft- ed, he pacified all that Province , which is very great ; he drave from thence the Culhua'cans, he threw down the Idols, and the chiefeft perfons obeyed him. And for more aflu- rancc, he built there this Town , naming it Segura de la Frentera, appointing all Officers for the purpofe, whereby the Chriftians and Strangers might pafs without danger from Ve- ra (rux to Mexico. This Town likewife, as all the reft from St. John dtVlhtta to Mexico , is very plentiful of Provificn, and many (ores of Fruits, namely , Planlins, Sapottes, and Chlcofapottes, which have within, a great black kernel as big as our Horfe-plum; the fruit it felf is as red within.as Scar- let, as fweet as Honey, but the Chicofapotte is Iefs, and fome of them red, fome brown coloured, and fo juicy, that at the eating, the juice, like drops of honey, falls from them, and the fmell is like unto a baked Pear. Here likewife were pre- fented unco us Clufters of Grapes as fair as any in Spain, which were welcome unto us, for that we had feen none fi nee we came from Spain} and we faw by them, that the Coun- try thereabouts would be very fit for Vineyards, if the King of Spun would grant the p'anting of Vines in thofe parts ; which often he hath refuted to do, left che Vineyards there ihould hinder the Trading and Trafick between Spain and thofe parts, which certainly had they but Wine, needed noc any commerce with Spain. This Town is of a more tem- perate Climate than any other from Vera Crux to Mexico , and the people who formerly had been eaters of Mans flelh, now as civil and politick, as loving and courccous as any in the Rode. From whence we declined a little out of our w ay mote Weftward (the Road being North-weftward^ only to lee that famous Town of Tlaxcallan , whofe Inhabitants joyned with ~ortcz, , and we may fay, werethechief Inftru- incntsof that great andunparalleL*d Conqiieft. CHAR- ! Chap. X. of the Weft-Indies. Chap. X. Wherein is fet down the eftate and condition of the great Town of Tlaxcallan , when the firfi Spani- ards entred the Empire of Mexico : Cortez his fjrf encounter with the Tlaxcaltacas, their League with him , with a Defcription of the Town j and of the ejiate and condition of it now . TLaxcaHon being worth all the reft of the Towns and Villages between Sr. John de Vlhu a and Mexico , I thought it not fit to parallel it with the others, iri naming ic briefly, and patting by it as a Traveller ; but rather I judged it convenient and befeeming myprefent Hiftory, to record to pofterity with one whole Chapter, thegreatnefs of it, and the valour of its Inhabitants, from the Conqueft of America made by Hernando Cortez,. Who being upon his march eo Mexico, and having arrived to Zaclotan , and being informed that the Tlaxcaltaca's were men of Valour, and Enemies to Monte- souma the Emperor of Mexico, thought it his beft policy to joyn with them againft the Mexicans. Whereupon he difpatced unto them four Indians of a Town called ZempoetUan, as Ambafladors to acquaint them of his coming into thofc parts, and of his defire to vific their Town, not for any harm he intended to them, but rather for their good. The Tlaxcaltaca s fearing Cortez and judging him a friend of (J^°ntei»mat becaufe upon his way to vific him • and having heard of the many coftly prefents which the Emperor had fern unto him, they refolved to refift his coming, and to fend him no Anfwcr to his Ambaflage 5 but tookthefour Mcflcngers which he had fent, and impriioned them, minding to facnfice them unco their Gods as Efpies. fortez, feeing the long carrying of the Mtfl'etfgers, departed from Zachton, without any intelligence from Tlaxcallan. His 64 A New Survey Chap. Xi His Camp had not marched much after their departure from that place, but they came to a great circuit of ftone made without lime or morcer, being of ? fathom and a half high, and twenty foot broad, with loup holes tofhootar. This , Wall crofled over a whole Valley, from one Mountain to I another, and but one only entrance or garej in thew hich thi : one Wall doubled agahtft the other, and the way there was forty pices broad, in fuch fort, that it was Jan evil and pe- rillous paffage, if any had been there to defend it., Cqrtez. demanded the cauie of that circuit, and who had builrit : The Indians that went with him, told him, that it was but a divifion from their Country and Tlaxcallen , and that rheir Anteceffors had made the lame to difturb the entrance of the Tlaxcaltaca s in time of War, who came to rob and mur* I ther them, becaufe of the Frietidfhip betwixt them and Man - whofe Vaflals they were. That ft range and coftly Wall feemed a thing of great majefty to the Spaniards , and more fuperfluous than profitable , yet they fufpe&ed that the Tlaxcalteca's were valiant Warries, w ho had fuch a de- fence made againft them. ButCer/e*. fetting all fear afide,- with three hundred Souldiers on a rank, entred the way in the Wall, and proceeded in good order all the way for- wards, carrying the Ordnance ready charged, and he him*; felf the Leader of all his Army, and fcmetimCS he would be half a league before them, rodifeoyer and make the way plain. And having gone the fpace of three leagues from that circuit, he commanded his Foot-men fo make hafte,- becaufe it was fomewhat late, and he with his Horfemen went to defer y the way forwards, whoafeending up a hill,- ! two of the formoft Horfemen met with fifteen Indians arm- ed with Swords and Targets, and Tuffs of Feathers, which' they ufed to wear in the War. Thefe fifteen bejng Spies, when they faw the Horfemen , began to flie with fear, or elfe to give advice. But Cortez, approaching with other three Horfemen , called to them to ftay v which they by no means would hearken unto j till fix more Horfe- men ran after them, and overtook them. The Indians then joyningall together with determination rather to die chart ' "" • id Giap. X. of the Weft- Indies. 6 ^ ro yield, fhewed ro rhe Spaniards figns to ftind ftilL Buc the Horferhen coming to lay hands on them ; they mepared themfelvesto Battel, and fought, defending themfdves for a tvh le. In this fight the Indians flew two, of rheij: Horfes, and (as the Spaniards do witnefs) at two blows they cut off a Horfehead, bridle and all. Then came the reft of the Horfemen, the A«my alfo of the Indians approached, for there were in fight wear five thoufand cf them in good or- der, tofuccour their fifteen fighting men; but they came too late for that purpofe, for they skere all fiain by the Spa- ni(h fury, becaufe they would not render chemfelves in time, and had killed two of thevr Hor e . Yet noewi hftanding their fellows fought, until they efpied the Spanifh Atmy coming, and the Ordnance, then they returned, leaving the field to the Spaniards , whofe Horfemen followed them, and flew about feventy of them , without receiving any hurtc With this the Indians perceiving the great advantage which the Spaniards had agunft chern with their Horfes, and mean- ing to come upon them fubcilty with a more powerful Ar- my, that they might the better deceive and delude them, they fent unto Cortez, two of the four McfTengcrs which had been fenr unto them, with other Indians , faying, that they of Tlaxci 11 n knew nothing of the things that had happen- ed, certifying hkewife that thofe with whom he had foughr, weie of ocher Communities, and not of their Jirifdidtion, being forrowful for that which had pafted ; and for fo much as t hapned m cheir journey, they would willingly pay for the two Horfes which were fiain, praying them to come in good time to their Town, who would gladly receive them, and enter into their League of Friendfhip , becaufe they feerned to be valiant men : But all this was a feigned and a falfe meflage. Yet Cortez , belieyed them , and gave them thanks for cheir courtefie and good will ^ and chac according ro cheir requeft he would go unto their Town, and sccepc their Friendfiup. And touching she death of his Horfet, he required nothing, for that within fhort time he expect- ed many more 5 yec lorrowful he was, not fo much for the wane of them, as that the Indians fhould think that Hotfes F could 66 A New Survey Chap. Xj could die, or be (lain. Cortez, proceeded forwards about two leagues, where the Horfes were killed, although it was almoft Sun-fer, and his men wearied, having travelled far that day. He planted his Army by a River fide, remaining all that night with good watch both of Foot- men and Horfe- men, fearing fome aflault ; but there was no attempt given that night. The next morning at Sun-rifing, Cortez. de- parted with his Army in good order, and in the midft of them went the Fardagc and Artillery ; and after a little marching, they met with the other two MefTengers whom they had fent from Zaclotan : They came with pitiful cries, exclaiming of the Captains of the power of TlaxeaHan, who had bound them and detained them from returning; but with good fortune that night they had broken loofe, and efcaped; for otherwife in the morning following, they had been facrificed to the God of Vxflory, and after the Sacrifice they had been eaten for a good beginning of the Wars ; the Tlaxcalteca s protefting to do the like to the bearded men (for fo they termed the Spaniards) and to as many as came with them. They had no fooner told their tale, when there ap- peared behind a little hill, about a thoufand Indians , very well appointed after their falhion, and came wdth fuch a marvellous noife andety, as though their voices lhould have pierced the Heavens ; hurling at the Spaniards Stones, Darts, and fiiot with Bcvvs and Arrows. Cortez, made many to- kens of peace unto them , and by his Interpreters defired them to leave the Battel. But fo much the more as he in- treated for peace, tbe more hafty and earneft were they, think- ingeichcrtocvcrcome them, or elfe to hold them play, to the intent that the Spaniards fbould follow them to a certain Am- buih that w as prepared for them, of more than fourfeorc thou- land men. Here the Spaniards began to ceafe frem w'ords, and to lay hand upon their weapons; for that company of a thoufand were as many as on the Spaniards fide were fighting men; though they were well pr?6hfed in the Wars, very va~ Iiaiu, and alfo pitched in a better place for fight. This Bat- tel endured certain hours, and at the end the Indians being either wearied, or clfe meaning to take the Spaniards in the fnare Chap. X. of the WeftJndiesJ 6? fnare appointed, began to Hie towards themain Battel, not as overcome, bar to joyn with their own fide. The Spaniards being hot in the fight and flaugcer, which was not little, fol- lowed them with all their fardage, and unawares fell into the Ambufh, among an infinite number of Indians armed ; they flayed nor,'oecaufe they would not put themfelves ouc of order, and pafled through their Camp with great hafle and fear. The Indians began tofetuponthe Spanish Horfemen, thinking to have taken their Lances from them, their courage was fo flout ; Many of the Spaniards had there perirtied, had ic not been for their Indian Friends, who had come with them from Zempoallan and Zaciotan. Likewife the courage of Cortez, did much animate them ; for although he led his Ar° my, making way, yet divers times he turned him back to place his men in order, and to comfort them, and at length came out of that dangerous Way and Ambufh, where the Horfes might help, and the Ordnance ftand in ftcad; which two things did greatly annoy the Indians to their great won- der and marvel, and ar the fight thereof began to flie. In both Encounters remained many Indians {lain and wound** ed, and of the Spanairds fome were hurt, buc none killed, who gave mod hearty thanks unto God for their delivery from fo greata mulcitudeas werefourfeore thoufand, againli one thoufand only of Indians and Spaniards joyned toge- ther. The Indians of Zempoallan and Z clotan did play the valiant men that day, wherefore Cortez, honoured them with hearty thanks. Then they wenc to pitch their Camp in a Village called Jeoatazinco, where was a little Tower and a Temple, and there fortified themfelves. The night follow- ing the Spaniards fiept not quietly, with fear of a third Inva- fion of the Tlaxcalteca s. As foon as it was day, Cortez, fenc to the Captains of TlaxcaUan, to require them of peace and friend fhip, willing them quietly to luffer them to pais through their Country to lM xico, for that they meant them no hurt, but rather good will. The anfwerof the Captains of TUx- callan was, that the next day they would come and talk with him, and declare their minds. Cortex was well prepared that night 5 for the anfwer liked him net, but rather feem- ^ F 2 ed ^8 A new Survey Chap.X. ed . ruvr, and a matter determined to be done, as feme had told him (’whom he took Prifoners) who likewife certified that the Th x.alteca’s were jnyned together, to che number cf a hundred and fifty thouland men to gwe batrelchencxc clay following, andtofwallow up alive the Spaniards whom fo mentally they did h te, thinking them to be friends un* to i he Emperor xJMnn’.ez^uma-, unto whom they wifhed ad evil and mifchief. Their intent was therefore w.th all their whole power to apprehend the bearded men, and to make of them a m -re folemti Sacrifice unco cheir Gods than at any time they had done, with a general Banquet of their flefih, which i hey called Celeft 'ml. The Captainsof 11 xcallm divided their Soulidiers into f >ur Barrel*, the one to Tepcticpac , another to Ocoteltt!cot the third to Tiz.ulan, and the fourth to Quiahui^tlan^ that is to fay, the men of the Mountains, the men of the Lime-pits, the men of the Pine-trees, and the Watermen: All thefe four forts of men did make the Body of the Com- monwealth of Tlcx~alliny and commanded’ both in timeof War and Peace. Every of thefe Captains had his juft por- tion or number of Wai riers, but the General of allchewhole Army was called Xuo-encal , who was of the Lime-pits; and he had the Standard of the Commonwealth, which is a Crsneof Gold w ith his w.ngsfpread, adorned with Emeralds and Silver-work: Which Standard was, according to the r ufe, either carried before the whole Hoff, or e!ie behind than all. The Lieu enanr General of the Army was M x ; and the number of the whole Army was a hundred and fifty thoufand men. Such a great number they had ready againit four hundred Spjniardsy and feven hundred Indians of Zt.m~ peaQ.in and Z.clolan, and yet at length overcome; and after this fight, they were the greatcfl Friends thac Cer/rc, had in thole parts againff Montt^urna. Thele Captainscame with their Companies, thac the fields where they were feemed a Fotrefl. They were gallant Fellows, and well arm'd, accord- ing to their ute, although they were painted, lo that their faces lEewed lice Devils, with greac tuffs of Fcadiets, and they beaded gallantly. Their Weapons and Armor weie C Slings, Chap. X. of the Weft-Indies. 6p Slings, Staves, Spears, Swords, Bows and Arrows, Sculls, Splints, Gauntlets, all of Wood, gilt, orelfe covered with Feathers or Leacher ; their Corflcts were made of CYcrcu- wool, their Targets and Bucklers gallant and fttong, tnr.de of Wood, covered with Leather, and trimmed with Lateen, and Feathers; their Swords were Claves, with an edge of Flint- Clone cunningly joyned into the ftaft, which would cut very well, and make a Core wound. Their Inftrumenrs of War were Hunter'-horns , and Drums called Atabals, made like a Caldron, and covered with Vellam. So that the Spaniards in all \ their difcoveiy of India , did never Cce a better Army together, nor better ordered j thac which I could nor omit to fpeak of here, having come in the order of my Hiflory to TLx'allan , where this numerous and gallant Indian Army was Cet forth againfl four hundred Spaniards^ and fix hundred Indians their Friends. Thefc Indians thus ordered in Battalia, bragged very much againfl the Spaniards, and Laid amongft themfelvcs, What mad people are tliefe bearded men that threaten us, and yet know us not? But if they will be Co bold to invade our Country without our Licenle, let us not Cet upon them Co Coon, it is meet they have a little reft, for we have time enough to take and bind them } let us alfo fend them meat, for they are come with empty ftomachs, and Co they fhall not Cay we do apprehend them with wcari- nefs and hunger. Whereupon they Cent unto the Spaniards three hundred Turkey-cocks, and two hundred Baskets of Bread, called Centli j the which prefent was a great Cuccour and refrefhmenc for the need the Spaniards flood in. And foon after : Now (Cay they) let us go and fee upon them, for by this time they have eaten their meat, and now we will eat them, and Co fhall they pay us the Vnftuals thac we Cent. Tliefe and fuch like brags they ufed, feeing Co few Spaniards before them, and not knowing the ftrengthof their Ordnance, againfl their fo numerous an H ft. Then the four Captains fcnc two thoufand of their vahanteft men of War, and old Souldiers, to iake the Spaniards quietly j with command- ment, thac if they did relift, either to bind them, o* elfe to kill them ; meaning not to fee their whole Army upon them, TO A 2{eu> Survey Chap.XJ faying? that they fliould get but fmall honour for fo great a multitude to fight againft fo few. The two thoufand Soul- diers pafifed the Trench that was betwixt the two Camps, and came boldly to the Tower where the Spaniards were. Then came forrh the Horfemen, and after them the Footmen; and at the fitff encounter, they made the Indians feel how the |ron Swords would cut; atthefecond, they fhewed of vvhac force thofe few in number were, of whom a little before they had fo j-flcd; but at the third brunt, they made thofe luff y Souldicrs flie, who were come to apprehend them ; for none cf them efcaped, but only a few fuch as knew the paffage of the Trenches or Ditch. Then the main Battel and whole Army fet forth with a terrible and marvellous noife , and came fo fierce upon the Spaniards , till they entred into their Camp w'ithout any refiflance , and there w'ere at handy- ftrokes with the Spaniards , and in a good fpace could not get them our, many of them being killed, which w ere fo bold to enter. In this fort they fought four hours, before they could make way among their Enemies. Then the Indians began to faint, feeing fo many dead on their fide, and the great wounds they had, and that they could kill none of the Chriftians; yet the Battel ceafed not, till it drew near night, and then they retired. Whereof Cortez, and his Soul* diers were exceeding glad, for they were fully wearied with killing of Indians. The nest day in the morning Cortez. went forth to run the fields, as he had done before, leaving half his men to keep the Camp; and beesufe he fhould not be ctpied, he departed before day, and burned about ten Towns, and facked one Town, which was of three thoufand houfes; in the which were found but few people, bccaufe the moll of them were gone to their Camp. After the fpoil, he fet fire on the Town, and came his way to his Camp with a great prey bynocn-time, The Indians purfued, thinking to take away their prey, and followed them into the Camp, where they fought five hours, 3nd could not kill one Spaniard., al- though many of their fide were (lain ; for even as they were many, and flood on a throng together, the Ordnance made a wonderful fpcil among them j fo that they left off fight- ing> Chap.X* of the Weft-ladies. 7 1 ing, and the Viftory remained for the Spaniards, whom the Indians thought were inchanted, becaufe their Arrows could not hurt them. The next day following, the four Captains fent three feveral things in Prefenc to Cortez. ; and the Mef- fengers that brought them faid, Sir , Behold here five Slaves, and if thou he that rigorous God , that ealefi mans fl:(h and bloody eat thtfe which vee bring thee , and v?e will bring thee more: And if thou be the gentle and meek^God , behold here Frankincenfe and Feathers : And if thou be a mortal Alan, tafy here Fowl , Bread and Cherries. Cortez, anfwered, that both he and his were mortal Men, even as they were : And becaufe that always he had ufed to tell them truth, where- fore did they ufe to tell him lies , and likewife to flatter him ? for he defired to be their Friend, advifing them not to be mad and ftubborn in their opinion ; for if they did, afluredly they fhould receive great hurt and damage. Notwithftanding this Anfwer, there came again about thir- ty thoufand of them even to Cortez his Camp, to prove thetr Corflets, as they had done the day before, but they returned with broken pates. Here is to be noted, that although ths firft day the whole Hold of Indians came to cembate with the Spaniards', yet the next day they did not fo, but every feveral Captain by himfelf, for to divide the better tire tra- vel and pains equally among them ; and becaufe that one fhould not difturb another through the multitude, confidei- ing that they fhould fight but with a few, and in a narrow place ; and for this confideration, their Battels were more frefh and ftrong, for each Captain dicl contend who fhould do moft valiantly for to get honour, and cfpecially in killing one Spaniard j for they thought that all their hurts fhould be fatisfied with the death of one Spaniardt or taking one Pri- foner. Likewife is to be confldered, the ftrangenefsof their Battel; for notwithftanding their Controverhe, fifteen days that they were there, whether they fought or no, they fenc unto the Spaniards Cakes of Bread, Tutkey-cocks and Cher- ries, But this Policy was not to give them that meat for good will, but only to efpy and fee what hurt was done among them, and alfo to fee what fear or ftomach they had F 4 to yx A New Surrey Chap.X, to proceed. But finding by their many Spies, that the Spani- ards were nothing daunted nor diminilhed, they refolved to lend unco Cortez, Xicotencatl , who was Chief and General Captain in TLxcadan, and of all the Wars : He brought in Ids company fifty perfons of Authority to keep him company. They approached near where Cortez, was, and faluted each other acc< rding to the ufe of their Country, Their Saluta- tions being ended, and the parties being fee down j Xicotcn- tall beg3n the talk, faying, Sir, 1 am come on my ownbehalfy and alfo of my fellow Captain and Lieutemnt Maxixca, and in the name of many other N ile Perfonages, and finally in the Name ef the whole State and Commonwealth of Tlaxcallan , iobefeecb and pray you to admit us into your Friendfkip , and, r o yield our felves and Ciuntrey unto your Xing ; craving aU fa at your hand pardon for lur att mol in taking up Arms again]} you, we not knowing what you wire, nor what you fought for in usr Countrey. And where we prefumid to refift and de- fend your entrance , m did it au again fl firangers whom we knew not, and fuck men a* we had nevir heretofore fecn^ and fearing alfo , tb it you had been friends to Montezuma, nho is, and always hath been our mortal Enemy, And we had ra- ther all in general to end our lives , than to put 6(tr felyes in fubjfFtion to him ; for we thick our felves a* valiant men in courage as our Fore-fathers were , who always have refifted again]} him and his (grand father, who was as mighty as now he is. We would alfo have withfiood you and your force, lut we could not , although we proved all our p Jfilility by night and day, and found your firength invincible, and we no luck again]} you. Therefore fince our fate h ftsch, we had rather be fub- fCl unto you than unto any others ; for we have kgiown and beard'of the Zempoallantzes, that you do no evil, nor came not to v:x any, but uere m fi valiant and happy, as they have feen in the Wars, being in your company. For which Confide- •cr at ion, we trufi that otsr Eller ty (had not le diminifhed, but ra- ther cur own Perfons , Wives and Families letter preferved , and or:r ffoufes ar.d Husbandry not deflrtyed. And m l ine of his talk , the tears trickling down his cheeks, he btfoughc Gsrtex, to weigh, That Tlaxcallan did never any time acknow- (Dhap. X. of the Weft-Indies'. 7$ ledge any Superior Lord or King , nor at any lime had come any perfon among them to command, but only he whom non they did voluntarily eletl and choofe as their Superior and Ruler. Cortez, much rejoyced with this Ambaffage, and to fee fuch a mighty Captain , who commanded a hundred and fifty thoufand Souldiers, come unto his Camp to fubmithimfelf ; judging italfo matter of great weight to have that Common- wealth in fubje&ion, for the Enterprize which he had in hand, whereby he fully made an account, that the Wars were at an end, to the great Contentation of him and his Com- pany, and with great fame among th c Indians. So, with a merry and loving countenance, he anfwered, laying fit ft to their charge, the hurt and damage which he had received in their Country, becaufe they refufed at the fiift to hearken unto him, and quietly to (offer him to enter into their Coun- try, as he had required and defired by his Meffengers fenc mt) them from Zaclotan. Yet all this, notwithftanding, he did both pardon the killing of his two Horfef, theaffault- ing of him in the high-way, and the lies which they had moft craftily ufed with him ; (for whereas they thcmfdves fought againft him, yet they laid the faulc to others) like- tv. fe their pretence to murther him in the Ambufh prepared for him (enticing him to come to their Town) without making fiift defiance according to the Law of Arms. Yet thefe in- juries, notwithftanding, he did lovingly receive their offer made in fubjebtion to the Emperour, and that very fliorcly he would be with him in Tlaxcallan. At this fame time there were A mbafladors from Montezuma with Cortez,, who grieved much to fee the Leagucthat was now beginning be- tween the Tlaxcaltesa s and the Spaniards: They advifed Cortez, to give no credit unto them, faying, they meant no- thing butTreafon and lies, and to lock them up in TUx- call.m. Cortez, anfwered the Ambafladors , That although their advice were true, yet he did determine togothtthei^ for that he fcated them lefs in the Town than in the Field. They hearing this Anfwer and Determination, befoughthim to give one of them licenfe to return unto c Mexico , to ad- vertifc Monte z,u;tt(i cf all that was paft, with an Anfwer to their 74 A New Surrey Chap. X. t'Vieir Ambaftage, promifing within fix days to have news from Mexico; and till then prayed him not to depart with his Cimp. Cortez, granted their requeft, and abode there the time appointed, expe&ing their Anfwer, and within him- felf rejoycingco fee how the Mexican! began to fear, that his peace with the Tlaxcalteca s would be their ruine and deftru&ion, as indeed afterwards it proved. Ia this mean feafon came many of Tlaxcallan to the Camp, fome brought Turkey-cocks , others brought Bread and Cherries , wich merry countenances, defiring them to go home with them un- to their houfcs. The fixth day the Mexican AmbafTador came according to promife, and brought unto Cortez, ten Jewels of Gold, both rich and well wrought, and fifteen thoufand Garments of Cotten exceeding gallant ; and mod earneftly belought him on the behalf of Montez,ur»ay that he fhould not danger himfelf in trufting to the words of the TLxcalteca /, who were fo poor, that with necelfity they would rob him of the things and Prefents which his Mafter had lent him ; yea, and likewife murther him, knowing of the Friendlhip between his Matter and him. At the very fame time all the chiefett Lordsof Tlaxcallan came to intreat him to go with them to Tlaxcallan , where he fhould be cherifhed, lodged and well provided; for it was a great difhonour and fhame unto them, to permit fuch Perfonages to abide in fuch vile Cottages as they were in. Andifffaid they) you truft us not, then we arc ready to give you for fecuriry, whatfoever Pledges or Gages you (hall demand. And they did both fwear and faithfully promife, that they might fafelygowith them; faying alfo, that the Oath and Faith of their Com- monwealth fhould never be broken, for all the goods in the World. Thus was Cortez, on both Tides earneftly folicited and intreated ; the Mexicans fearing his League and Friend- ifhip with the Ti xcalteca’j, and thefe hoping that his Friend- /hip with them would be their chief Protection againft the Tyranny of Mont Survey Chap.X, fhem, he was nothing difcoaraged at all at hi's Power, but1 ’mended a journey to M x;co, not doubting to oppofe tez,uma, if he fhould encounter h:m in the way. He pro- rrufed them likewife that he would free them from his Ty- ranny, and fubdue in his way all thofe Towns which were | allied to the c Mxcans, and did any way annoy them and their Commonwealth. They gave him hearty thanks, aflu- ring him to afhfthim and accompany him to Afix'c$$ and for 1 the prefent offered him twenty thoufand men , making a Solemn League and Covenant never to forfake him. Thus was TUxcailan fubdued, and fworn to the Power and Com- mand of the Spaniards, being in thofe times one of the chicf- eft, though nor ric'neft, Townsof tAmtrica ; whofe Inhabi- tants after clave tnoft faithfully to ( ertez. , and were chief i Jnflruments for the fubduingof A/exice ; and thciefore ro this day are freed from Tribute bytheKngs of Spain, pay- ing not the money, which as a Trb itc-tax, is laid upon every Indian, to be paid yearly ; but only in acknowledgment of Subjection, they pay yearly one Cirn of AJ.iiz,, which is their Indian Wheat, This great Town of TLx:all.in is pro- peily in the Indian Tongue as much to fay , as Bread well baked ; for there is more Grain called Centli gathered, than in ail the Province round about. In times part, the Town was called TexcaRan ; that is to fay, a Valley beewixe two Hills. It is planted by a River-fide, which fpringech cue of a Hill called Atlancapetcc, and watereth the mod part of the Province, and from thence iffucth out into the South Sea, by ZacatulUn. This Town hath four goodly ftreets, which are called Ttpeticpic , Ocotelulco , Ti&atlan, Quichnis,tlan. The fitfl ftreet (bndech on high upon an Hill, far from the River, which may be about half a League $ and becaufe it Randeth on a Hill, ic is called Jepeticpac, that is to fay, a Hillj and was the firR Population which was founded there on high, becaufe of chc Wars. Another ftreet is fituated on the Hill fide, towards the River; becaufe ac the building thereof, there were many Pine-trees, they named it Ocotelulco, wh ch iscofay, A Pme apple Plat. This llreet was beautiful, and moft inhabited of all the Town,and there was thechiefcfl: Market- Chap. X. of the Weft-Indies^ 7 7 Market-place, where all the baying and felling was ufcch, and that place they called Tianqui^tli • in that ftreet was the dwelling-houfe of Along the River- fi le in the plain, ftandech another ftreet called Tizatlan, becaufe there is much Lime and Chalk. In this ftreet dwelled XicotercatU Captain-General of the Commonwealth. Thpre is another ftreer, r ained by reafon of the brackifh water, Ouiahuiztlan ; but fincethc Spaniards came thither, all thofe Buildings are almoft altered, alter a better fa fhion, and builc with ft me. In the Plain by the River-fide, ftandeth the Town-houfe, and other Offices, as in the City of Venice. This Tlaxcakan was governed by Noble and Rich men : They ufed not that one I alone Ihould Rule, but did rather fly from that Government, as from Tyranny ; and therefore hated Montezuma asaTy- rant. In their Wars (as I have faid before) they had four Captains, which governed each one fticet ; of the which four they did eleift a Captain-General. Alfo there were j other Gentlemen, that were Under-Captains , but a fmall number. In the Wars they uled their Standard to be car- ried behind the Army ; but when the Battel was to be fought, ' they placed the Standard where all the Hoft might fee rt} and he that came not incontinent to his Antient, payed a penalty. Their Standard had two Crofs-bow Arrows fee thereon, which they efteemed as the Reliques of their An- ceftors. This Standard two old Souldiers, and Val ant men, being of the chiefcft Captains, had then charge ro cairy, in rhe which an abu'e of Sooth-faying, either of lofs oriVtory was noted. In this order, they fhot one of thefe Arrows againft the fitft Enemies as they met ; and if with that Ar- row' they did either kill or hurt, it was a token that iliey ftiouldhave the victory ; and if it did neither kill nor hint, then they aflurcdly believed that they (liould lofe the field. This Province or Lordftnp of Tlaxcall.m had 28 Villages and Towns, wherein were contained 1 50000 Huiilliolders. They are men wed made, andweie good Warners, the like were not among th z Indians. They are veiy poor, and have no other riches, but only the Grain and Corn ailed Centli, and with the gain and profit cheieof, they do both clothe them- ft Ives, y% ji Ne"fc Survey Chap. X. felves, and provide all other neeeflaries. They have many Market-places, but the greateft and mcft ufed daily, ftand- eth in the ftreet of Ocetelulco, which formerly was fo famous, that 20000 perfons came thither in one day to buy and fell, changing one thing for another ; for fhey knew not what mo- ney meaned. They have now, and had formerly* all kind of good Policy in the Town : There are Goldfmiths, Fea- ther-dreflers, Barbers, Hot-houfes, and Potters, who make as good Earthern Vcflels, as are made in Spain . The earth is fat and fruitful for Corn, Fruit and Pafture; for among the Pine-trees groweeh fo much grafs, that the Spaniards feed their Cattel there, which in Spain they cannot do. Within two leagues of the Town ftandeth around Hill of fix miles in height, and five and forty miles in compafs, and is now called St. Bartholomew’ s Hill, where the Snow freezeth. In times part they called that Hill MatealcHcie , who was their God for Water. They had alfo a God for Wine, who was named Ometochli , for the great Drunkennefs which they ufed. Their chiefeft God was called fomaxtlo ; and by an- other name Mixcovatl , whofe Temple flood in the ftreet of Oeotelulco, in the which Temple there was facrificed, forae years, above eight hundred perfons. In the Town they i’peak three Languages j thac is to fay, Nahualb, which is the Courtly Speech, and the chiefcft in all the Laud of C Mexico 5 another is called Otomir , which is moft commonly ufed in the Villages: There is one only ftreet that fpeaketh Pinomer , which is the groffeft fpeech. There was alfo formerly in the Town a common Jay!, where Felons lay in Irons, and all things which they held for fin, were there corrected. At the time that Cortez, was there, it hapned that aTownfman ftole from a Spaniard a little Gold.- Whereof fcorttz. complained to Maxixca , who incontinent made fuch enquiry, that the Offender was found in Chololla , which is another greac Town five leagues from thence: They brought the Priloner with the Gold, and delivered him ro Cortez., to do v uh him his pleafure. Cortez, would not accept him, bur gave him thanks for his diligence : Then was he carried, with a Cryer be- fore him, maniftfting his offence, and in the Market-place, upon Chap.X. cf the Weft-Indies, fp upon a Scaffold, they brake his Joynts with a Cudgel: The Spaniards marvelled to fee fuch ftrange juftice, and began to be more confident, that as in this point they had endeavour- cd to pleafure and right them ; fo likewife they fhould after- wards find them very forward to do their wills and plea- fures for the better conquering of Mexico and Montezuma. Ocotelulco and Tizatlan, are the two ftrcets which are now moft inhabited : In Ocotelulco ftandeth a Cloifter of Fran- cifcan Friers, who are the Preachers of that Town : They have there joyning to their Cloifter a very fair Church, to which belong feme fifty Indian Singers, Organifls, Players on Mufical Inflruments, Trumpeters and Waits, who fee out the Mafs with a very fweet and harmonious Mufick, and delight the Fancy and Senfes, while the Spirit is fad and dull, as little acquainted with God, who will be worfhipped in Spirit and in Truth. In Tepeticpac and Quiahuiztlan are two Chappelson'y, to which on the Lords-Day, and upon other occafions, the Friers of the Cloifters refort to fay Mafs. In this Cloifter we were entertained a day and two nights with great provifion cf Flefh and Fifh; which are very plen- tiful by reafon of the River : The Friers are allowed by the Town a dozen Indians , who ate free from other fervices, on- ly to fifh for the Friers. They change their turns by weeks, four one week, and four another, except they be called up- on for feme fpecial eccafion, and then they leave all ether work , and attend only with Fifh upon the Friers. The Town now is inhabited by Spaniards and Indians together, and is the Seat of a chief Officer of Juftice fent from Spain every three years, called Alcalde Major, whofe power reach- eth to all the Towns within twenty leagues about. Befides him, the Indians have likewife among chemfelves , A'caldes, Regidores and Alguaziles, Superior and Inferior Officers of Juftice, appointed yearly by the Alcalde Majur, who keeps them all in awe, and takes from them for his fervice, as many as he pleafeth, without paying any thing for the fer- vice done unto him. The hard ufage of this ^Alcalde Ma° jor , and other Spaniards , hath mu<.h decayed chat popu- lous Town, which fhould rather have been cherished, than dillreart- 80 A New Survey Chap. XL difliearted by th e Spaniards, who by means of ic gained all the reft of the Country. Chap. XI. Concluding the rejl of our Journej/ from Tlaxcallari to Mexico, through the Citji of Angels and Gua- cocingo. T He next place tmft remarkable in the Road wherein we tiavelled, was the City called by the Spaniards , La Puebla de lot Angeles , the City of Angels. To the which we were dclirous co go, knowing that in it there was a Con- vent of Dominicansof our ProfclTion, not having met with any fuch fince the day we departed from Sr .John deZJlhua. Here we refrefhed our felves at Ieiiure three days, finding our felvesvery welcome to our own Brethren, who fpared nothing that was fit for our entertainment. Wevifited all the Ci- ty, and took large notice of it ; judging of the Wealth and Riches of it, not only by thegreatTrading in it, but by the many Cloifters both of Nunsand Friers which it maintained}, fuch being commonly very burthenfome to the places where: they live; an idle kind of Beggars, who make the people be- lieve the maintaining of them are meritorious and faving to their Souls, and that their Prayers for them is more worth, than the means and luftenance which they receive from them. Of thefe there is in that City a very great Cloifterof feme fifty or threcfcore D iminicans, another of more Francifcans,- another of Auguftmes, another of Meicenarians, another of difcalced Carmelites, another of Jefuites.befides four of Nuns. This Cicy is feated in a low and pleafant Valley, about ten leagues from a very high Mountain, which is always covered with fnow : It ftsndeth twenty leagues from Mexico, it way firft built and inhabited in the year, by the command of Don Antonio de Mendoza Viceroy of Me xco , together with the con lent of Sebajlian Ramirt&t who was a Bilhop, fchap. XI. of the Wefl-Indi£s.’ If and had been Prffidenr in time raft in S'° Domingo, and was that year inftead of Nannio d'e Gunman (who had behaved nimfelf very evil both with Indians and Spaniards') fent to be Prefitfeoc of the Chancery of eJMexico, with thefe other four judges, the Licenciare Johnde Salmeron , Gafco Qtlirog dured excettive heat at Sea, wonder and admire. This laft journey from Gtsacccingo to Mexico we reckoned to be thirty Snglifh miles, and of the thirty miles, we judged at lead: fifteen to be up and down the hill; and yet the top of it (whither we afeended not) was far higher. From that higheft part of it which we travelled over, we difeovered the City of Mexico , and the Lake about it , which feemed to us to be near at hand, ftanding fome ten English miles in a Plain from the bottom of this Mountain. When Hernando Cor- tex, went the fecoild time from Tl*xcallan CO Mexico , tobe- fiegeieby Land andby Water, wich Vcrgantines which fer that purpofe he hadcaufed to be made : On the fide of this Mountain were his Land Forces lodged, where many had perifhed with cold, had ic not been for die (lore of Wood which they found there. Buc in the morning he attended upwards on this hill, and fenc his Scouts of foueFiO>men and four Horfc-menco difcover, who found die way flop- ped wich great trees newly cut down by the Mexicans, and placed crofs-wifein the way. But they thinking iliac yec G 2 foi wards 84 ^ Neu> Surrey Chap^ XL forwards it was not fo, proceeded forth as well as they might* till at length the let with great huge Cedars wasfuch, that they could pafs no further, and with this news were forced to return, certifying Cortez, that the Horfe-men could not pafs that way in any wife. Cortez, demanded of them whe- ther they had feen any people ; they anfwered No. Where- upon he proceeded forward, with all the Horfe-men, and a thoufand Foot-men, commanding all the relidue of his Army to follow him with as much fpeed as might be ; fo that with that company which he carried wich him, he made way, taking away the trees that were cut down to di- fturb hispaffage; and in this order in fliort time pafled his l hoft without any hurt or danger, but with great pain and travel; for certainly if the Mexicans had been there to de- fend that pafTage; the Spaniards had not paffed ; for it was then a very evil way ( though now it be a reafonable wide open rodej where Mules laden with wares from S. John de Vlhua, and the Sugar-farms daily pafs) and the Mexicans i alfo thought the fame to be fure with the trees which were eroded the way, whereupon they were carelcfs of that place, and attended their coming in plain ground ; for from Tlaxcallan to Mexico are three ways, of the which Cortez. chofe the woift, imagining the thing that afterwards fell our, 1 or e’fe fome hadadvifed him how that way was dear from the enemies. At the defeent of this hill Cortezi abode and reded himfelf, till all the whole Array were coune together, to defeend down into the plain; for from hence theydeferied the fires and beacons of their enemies in fundry places, and all thofe who had attended their coming by the other two wayes, were now gathered together, thinking to let upoa them betwixt certain bridges (which are in the plain made for travellers by reafon of the many dikes and currents of water which iffue from the lake) where a great company abode expecting their coming. But Cortez, fent twenty Horfe-men who made way among them, and then followed the whole Army, who flew many of them without receiving any hurt. Thus did the remembrance of thofe antiquities newly refiefhcd by the objedt of the hill and plain beneath, make Chap.XL' of the Weft-Indies. $ 5 make that cold and hard paflage more comfortable and^afie unto us. The firft Town we came to below the hill, was jQnahutipect of the jurifdidtion of Tez.cuco ; where we alfo called to mind, that this was the place, near unto which was pitched the Camp of the Indians of. Culbna, which was near a hundred thoufand men of War ; who were fent by the Seniours of (Jilexico and Ttz.ct*co to encounter Cortez. ; buc all in vain, for his Horfe*men broke through them, and his Artillery made fuchhavock among them) that they were foon put to flighc. Three leagues from hence on our right hand as we travel- led, wedifcovered Tezcuco by the fide of the lake, and out of the Rode ; yet it miniftred unto us matter of a large dif- courfe, taken from the time eff Cortez, and the firft Con* querers, who found it a great City, and at that time even as big as c_ Mexico ; though in it Cortez, met with no refiftance j for as he journeyed towards it, four principal perfons inha- bitants of it met with his forces, bearing a rod of gold with a little flag in token of peace, faying that Coacuacoyocin their Lord had fent them to defire him not to make any fpoil in his City, and Towns about it; and likewife to offer his friendfhip, praying alfo that it might pleafe him with his whole Army to take his lodging in the Town of Tezcteco , where he fhould be well received. Cortez, rejoycing at this meffage, yet jea- lous of fome treachery, and miftrufting the people of'Tezeuco ( whofe forces joyned with the Mexican/ and C»lhttacant he had met with a little before) wcnc forward on his way and came to Quahutichan and Hnaxuta (which then were fuburbs of the great City Tez.cuco, but noware petty Vil- lages by themfelves ) where he and all his hoft were plence- oufly provided of all things neceffary, and threw down the Idols. This done he entrcd into the City, where his lodg- ing was prepared in a great houfc, fufficient for him and all the Spaniard /, with many other his Indian friends. And becaute that at his firft entry, he faw neither women nor chil- dren, he fufpe&ed iome treafon, and forthwith proclaimed upon pain of death that none of his men fhould go out. In the evening the Spaniard/ went up into the Zones and galleries G j to § 6 A New Survey Chap. XL to behold the City, and there they faw the great num- ber of Citizens that fled from thence with their fluff, fome towards the mountains, and others to the water-fide to take boar, a thing ftiange to fee the great haft and ft ir to pro- vide for themfelvcs. There were at that time at leaft twenty tiioufand little boats (called Canoas ) occupied in carrying hqufhold- fluff and pafTcngers ; Cortez, would fain have remedied it, but the night wasfo nigh at hand, thac he could nor. He would gladly alfo have apprehended the Lord, but he was one of rhe fit ft that fled unto Mexico. The Town cf Tezcuco to this day is famous among the Spaniards! for that ic was one of the fiift, if not the firft ( which ac- cording to the Hiftories of thofe parts is very probable ) thac received a Chriftian King to’rule and govern. For Cortez* hearing thac Coacuacoyocin then King of thac City and Towns adjacent was fled, caufed many of the Citizens to be called before him, and having in his company a young Gentleman of a Noble-houfe in that countrey, who had been lately c'nriftened, and had to name Hernando (Crs.ez. being his God-father, who loved him well ) (aid unto the Citizens, that this new Chriftian Lord Don Hernando was fon Unto Nez,ava!pinc:ntli their loving Lord, wherefore he re- q fired them to make him their King, confidering thatCoalo de Sandoval with all the refidue, and (even Horfemen. Thus they took theif way towards Tezcuc*, with a marvellous noife, crying, Chriftians, Chriftians, Tlaxcallan, Tlaxcallan , and S pairs. When they caine to T ez^upo, they entred in in very good order, with the found of Drums, Snail-fhels, and other like inftrumentsof mufick : a nd againft their entry into the City, they put on all their bravery of clothes, and bullies of fea- thers, which was a gallant fight ; they were fix hours in en- tering into the Town, keeping their array. At the fame qf this many Provinces came to fubmit and offer their fervice un- to Cortez,, fome for fear of deftruff ion, and others for the hatted which they bare to the Mexicans ; fo that now Cor- tez. was ftrong both with Spaniards and Indians ; and his Court at Tezciico was as great, or greater then Montez,u- r»ars formerly had been ac M xico. And here Cortez, made his preparation for the liege- of Mexico with all haft, and farniftred himfelf with fealing ladders, and 0thernecdTar.es fit for fuch a purpofe. His Vergantines being nailed and throughly ended, he made a fiuce, o$ trench of half a league of length, twelve foot broad and more, and two fa- dom in depth* This work was fifty days a doing, although there were four hundred thoufand men daily working } truly a famous work and worthy of memory, which hath made Tiz,cuco glorioufly mentioned, though now almoft de- cayed in the great number of inhabitants. The pock or Trench being thus hnifhed, the Vergantines were calked with Tow and coccon wool, and for wane of Tallow and Oyl, they were ( as tome Authors reporr ) driven to take Mans- greafej not that Cortez, permitted them to flay men for that etfeift, but of thofe which were (lain in the Wars, and of fuch as Tallied daily oup of Mexico to hinder this work, and fighting were (lain. The Indians , who were cruel and bloody Butchers, ufmg facrifice of mans fiefh, would in this fort open the dead body and take, out thegreafe. The Ver- gantines being lanch?d« Certtz. muftered his men, and Chap. XI. of the Weft-Indies^ 8^ found nine hundred Spaniards, of the which werefonr- fcore and fix Horfe-men, and a hundred and eighteen with Crofs-bows, -and Harquebufes ; and all the refidue had fun- dry weapons, as Swords, Daggers, Targets, Launces, and Hilberts. Alfo they had for Armour, Corflets, Coats of Mail, and Jacks. They had moreover three great Pieces of cart Jron, fifteen fmall pieces of brafs, and ten hundred weight of powder, with ftore of (hot, befides a hundred thoufand Indians men of War. On Whitfunday all the Spaniards came into the field, that great plain below the high mountain fpoken of before, where Cortez made three chief Captain<, among whom he divided his whole Army. Unto Pedro dt Alvarado the firft Captain he appointed thirty Horfe-men, and a hundred and feventy Foot-men of the Spaniards , two pieces of Ordinance, and thirty thoufand /«- dians , commanding him to camp in Tlacopan , Unto Chri - Jloval de Olid the fecond Captain he gave three and thirty horfemen, and a hundred and eighteen footmen of the Spa- r}i(b Nation, two Pieces of Ordnance, and thirty thoufand Indians , and appointed him to pitch his camp in Culhuacan. To Gonzalo de Sandoval , who was the third Captain, he gave three and twenty horfemen, and a hundred and threefcore footmen, two pieces of Ordnance, and forty thoufand In- dians, with Commiffion tochufe a place to pitch his camp.* jn every Veigantinc he planted a piece of Ordnance > fix Harquebuffs, or Crofs-bows, and three and twenty Spa- niards, men mod fit for that purpofe. He appointed alfo Captains for each, and hirofelf for General, whereat fome of the chiefcft of his Company began to murmur, that went by Land, thinking that they had been in greater danger ; where- fore they required him to go with the main battel,and not by water. Cortez little efteemed their words; for although there was more danger in the land then in the water, yet ic did more import to have greater care in the Wars by water, then on the land ^ becaufe his men had been in the one, and not in the other. Befides the chiefeft hopes that Cortez had to win Mexico , werethefe Veflels, for with them he burned a great pare of the Cetnoa s of Mexico , and the reft CJhap. XJf* all the people hollow and falfe- hearted. Bat further rea- fons I omit to fearch into ; for this of experience only I write, which taughc me that little fubflance and virtue is .in the great abundance and variety of food which there is enjoyed, our ftoroachs witnefling this truth, which ever and anon were gaping and crying. Feed, feed. Our Conferves there- fore and dainties were plentifully allowed us; and all other incouragements, and no occafion denied us of going to vi/ic Mexico , (which was not two full miles from us ^ all cjie W'hile we abode there. It was a pleafant walk for us to go out in the morning, and to fpend all the day in the City and come home at night, our way lying by Arches made of done, three miles long to convey the water from Chafultefcc unto the City. Take therefore, gentle Reader, from me what for the fpace of five months I could learn concerning it in former and prefenc times. The fituation of this City is much like that of Venice-, but only differs in this, that V e» nice is built upon the Sea-water , and ( JMexico upon a lake, which feeming one, indeed is two • one part whereof is (landing water ; the ocher ebbech and floweth, according to the wind that bloweth. That pare which (landeth, is wholfcme, good, and fweet, and yieldeth (lore of (mall fifh. That part which ebbeth and fioweth, is a (alcifli, bitter, and pefliferous water, yielding no kind of fifh, fmall or great. The fwcec water (landeth higher then the othe^ and falleth into it, and reverteth not backward, as fome conceive it doth. The falc Lake concaineth fifteen miles in breadch, and fifteen in length, and more then five and forty in circuit : and the Lake of fweet water contain- ed! even as much, in fuch fort that the whole Lake contain- ed! much about a hundred miles. The Spaniards are divi- ded in opinions concerning this water and the fprmgsof it ; fome hold that all this water hath but one fpring out of a great and high Mountain which (landeth South-weft within fight of Mexico, and that the caufe that the one part of the Lake is brackifti or falcifti, is that the bottom or ground is all falc j But however this opinion be true or falfe, cer- tain it is and by experience I can witnefs that of that part Chap. XII. of the Weft-Indies.' 95 of the fak-water great quantity of Salt is daily made, and is part of the great Trading of that City intoother parts of the Country , nay it is fenc part of it to the Philippina Ifiands. Others fay that this Lake hath two fprings, and that the frelh-water fpringeth out of that mountain which flandeth South-weft from Mexico , and the fait brackifh water fpringeth out of other high Mountains which ftand more North-weft ; But thefe give no rcafon for the falcnefs of it, without it be the agitation of it in the ebbing and flowing \ which not being with tides like the Sea, but with the winds only ( which indeed make it as ftormy fometimes as is the Sea ) why may not the winds produce the fame ef- fetft in the freflr water Lake? I chink rather, if it fpring from a different fpring from that from whence fpringeth the frcfh water, the brackifhnefs and faltilhnefs of it may pro- ceed from feme brackifh and fulphurous minerals through which it pafleth in thofe Mountains. For by experience I know the like in the Province of Guatemala, where by a Town called Am^titany there is a Handing Lake of wa- ter not altogether fweet and frefh , but a little brackifh, which certainly hath its fpring ftom a fiery Mountain called there a ( whofe burning proceeds from the Mines of Brimflonc that are within it ) from whence fpring near the fame Town likewile two or three fprings of exceeding hoc waccr, which are reforted to for wholfome bathes, as co- ming through a fulphurous mine, and yet the Handing Lake proceeding from the fame Mountain is of that quality that it maketh the ground about it fait, and efpecially in the mornings the people go to gather up the fait which lieth upon the ground by the water-fide like unto a hoary froft. But thirdly, others conceive that that part of the Lake of UHexico which is falcifli and brackifh comes through the earth from the North-fea ; and though fprings of water which come from the Sea lofe their bracrtifhn&fs through the earth, yet this may keep fome brackilknefs by reafon of the minerals, which are many in thofe parts j or by reafon of the great, wide and open concavities of thofe mountains, which being very hollow within (as we find by experience of $6 A New Survey Chap. XII.’ of the Earthquakes which are more frequent there then here by reafonof the wind that getteth into thofe concavities, and lo (hikes the earth to get out) give no way to the water to fweeten through the earth, or tolofeall that falrnefs which it brought with it from the Sea. But whatsoever the true reafon be, there is not the like Lake known of fweet and faltifh water , one part breeding fi(h , the other breeding none at all. This Lake had for- merly fome fourfcore Towns, fome (ay more, fituated round about it $ many of them containing five thoufand houfholds, and fome ten thoufand, yea and T'ezcuco ( as I have faid before ) was'as big as Mexico. Buc when I was there, there might be thirty Towns and Villages about it, and fcarce any of above five hundred houfholds between Spaniards and Indians ; fuch hath been the hard ufage of the Spaniards towards them, that they have even almoft confirmed that poor Nation. Nay two years before I came from thofe parts, which were the years of 1 635. and 1 6] 6. I was credibly informed that a million of Indh ahs lives had been loft in an indeavour of the Spaniards to turn the water of the Lake another way from the City, which was performed by cutting a way through the Moun- tains, for to avoid the great' inundations that Mexico was fubje whofe ions and dependents did fiift inha- bit all that of part America which is now called New Spain » Mexico is as much as to fay a fpring or fountain, according to the property of the vowel or fpecch, from whence fome judge that City to be fo named. But others do affirm that tM xico hath its name from a more ancient time , whefe firft founders were called Mexiti, for unto this day the In- dian dwellers in oneftveec of this City are called of Mexca. And that thefe UW xki took name of their principal idol called Mexitli , who was in as great veneration as Vitzilo • puchtli , the God of War, ; But others affirm ( and this opinion is mod received amon'g the Spaniards ) that the Mexicans fiift were the inhabitants of Neva Galicia $ from v ' . - * • ? / « - V. whence Chap.XIf. of the Weft-Indies. 105 whence they made a violenc irrupri >n, Anna Domini 730. and lingered in divers places till the year 902. when under the leading of bhxi their chief Captain they builc this City, and called it after the name of their General. They were in all fevenTribes, which ruled long in an Ariftocrarical ftatc; till the mod puiffantof the Tribes called Navatalcas, ele&ed a King to whom they fubmitted themfelves. The firft King that was thus elected, was called yitzilovitli^ the feond, Acamopitzli j the third, Chimalpapoca ; the fourth, Izcho- flit ; the fife, Montezuma the firft ; the fixth, Acacis s the feventh tsfxaiaci $ the eighth, Antzlol ; the ninth, Monte- zuma the fecond, who reigned when Cortez, came fit ft; the tenth, was Quabutimscy who loft Mexico , and in whom ended that Indian Empire. The moft fortunate of thefe Kings was lzchoalt\ who by his coufin Tlacaedec, fubdued the other fix Tribes, and brought them under the Mexican Kings. And after the death of Izchoalty TUffltUec was by the firft electors ( which were fix in number ) chofen King, as a man of w'hofe verttie they had formerly made tryal. But he very nobly refufed ic, faying that it was more convenient for the Commonwealth thac another fhould be King, and that he fhould execute that which was otherwife more fit for the necefltty of the State, then to lay the whole burden upon his back ; and that without being King, he would not leave to labour for the publick as well as if he were King. Upon this generous refulal they made choice of Montezuma the firft. The moft unhappy Kings of that na- tion (at whofe birth could not but be fome difaftrous afpetft of the Planets) were the two laft, Montezuma the fecond, and QuahutimC) who were both vanquifhed by Fcrdinando Cortez , who took Montezuma pritoner ouc of his own palace, and with fair words and language carried him to his lodging in Mexico ; and kept him there, knocking a pair of gyves on his legs, until the execution of Qualpopoca Lord of Nahut - lant now called tAlmcria (who was to be burnt for killing nine Spaniards) was paft. But this imprisonment of their Emperor ftirred up the hearts of all the Mexicans to confpire agaitnft Cortex, and the Spaniards , 3gainft whom they fought H 4 a ■e 04 d Survey Chap.XIjf. a mod fierce and bloudy bactel two or three days together, crying out for their Emperor, and threatning them with the ! cruellcft death that ever man fuffered. Whereupon Cortez, defired Montezuma to go up into the Sotieof his houfe which they were battering with Clones, and to command hisfubjeffs roceafe from their heat and fury ; who at Cortez, his requeft went up and leaned pver the wall to talk with them, and beginning to fpeak unto them, they threw fo many/ftones out of the ftreet, houfe?, and windows, that one happened to hit Montezuma on the temples of the head, with which blow he fell down dead to the ground ; and this was his end, even at dr: hands of his own fubjeids and vafials againft their wills, in the City of his greateft glory , and in the power and cuftody of a foreign and ftrange nation. The Indians affirm that he vyss of the greateft blood of all his linage, and the greateft King in eftate that ever was in Mexico • J$nd from hence ic may very well be noted, that when Kingdoms do moft ftourifh, then are they nigheft to a change, or elfe to change their Lcrd, as doth appear in this H.ftory of Montezuma, whole great glory and majefty pre- faged the downfal of that City and people; who though after the death of Montezuma they made Qaahutimoc their Emperor, and perfifting in their furious battery againft Cor- tez his palace, caufed him and all his Spaniards to flie out of Mexico ; yet having lengthened themfeives again in Tlaxcallan ; and prepared fixtecn, or as others fay, eighteen Vergancines for the lake, iheyfuon after befieged CMexico fo by water and land, that the Citizens were in great neceffity, and fo many dead with hunger and licknefs, that there were heaps of dead bodies in thehoufes, only to kecpciofe their extreme mifery; who would not yield even when they faw their King Quahut'moc his fair houfes burned , and the greateft part of their . City con fumed with fire and beaten down plain with the ground, fo long as they could in joy any one ftreet, Tower, or Temple to defend themfeives and op- pofe the Spaniards ; who after many fierce and bloody fights by land and with their boats by water having won the chief Market-place and moft of the Cicy, as they went walking Chap. XII, of the Weft-Indies. \o$ in the (Ireets found heaps of dead bodies in the houfest ftreecs, and in the water, and the very barks of trees and roots gnawn by the hungry creatures, and the men fo lean and yellow that it was a pitiful fight to behold. And with this Cortez, yet required them to yield 5 but they although they were fo lean of body were ftrong in heart, and anfwer- ed that he fhould not (peak of any friendfhip to them, nor yet hope of their lpoil» for when no fortune would favour them, then they would either burn their treafure* or throw it into the Lake , where they fhould never prcfi: thereby, and that they would fight while one alone fiiould remain alive. Cortez, defirous to fee what remained of the City to win, wenc up into a high Tower, and having well viewed the City, he judged that of eight parts one remained yet to win. And aflaulting the fame, the forrowful Citizens bewailing their unfortunate fate anddtftiny, befeeching the Spaniards to make an end, and to kill them all out of hand ; others (landing at t he brim of the water near unto a draw-bridge cried out. O Capcain Cortez feeing that thou art the Child of the Sun, why doff thou not intreat the Sun thy Father to make an end of us ? O thou Sun that canft go round about the World in a day and a night, we pray thee make an end of us and take us out of this miferable life, for we defire death to go and reft with our God Ouetcavatlh who tarrieth for us. C ortez. feeing the great extremity that thefe poor wrerched people were in, thinking now that they would yield unco him, fent a meflage to Quahutimoc, de- firing him to coufider his Subjects great extremity, which yet might be greater, if he yielded not to Peace. But when the flubborn King heard this ambaffage, he was fo moved with ire and cholcr, diac forthwith he commanded Cortez his Am- bafladour to be facrificed, and gave the reft of the Spaniards that went with him for anfwer blows with ftones, (laves and Arrows, faying that they defired death and no Peace. Whereupon Cortez feeing the King fo flubborn and refra&ory after fo much (laughter and mifery of his fubje&s, after fo many Combates and skirmifhes made with the lofs of almeft ' all } A New Survey Chap. XII.' all the City, fent forthwith Sandoval with his Vergantines one way , and went himfelf another combating the houfes and fortsthat yet remained, where he found fmal! refiftance, fo that he might do what he pleafed. One would have thought there had not been five thoufand left in all the City, feeing the heaps of dead bodies that lay about the flreets and in the houfes, and yet fuch was this laft combate, that there were.that day flain and taken prifoners forty thoufand perfons. The lamentable cry and mourning of the women and chil- dren, would have made a ftrong heart relent , the flench alfo of the dead bodies was wonderful noifom. That night Cortez, purpofed to make an end the next day of the Wars: and Quahutimoc pretended to flie, and for that purpofe had embarked himfelf in a Canoa of twenty Oars. When the day appeared, Cortez, with his men, and four Pieces of Ordnance came to the corner where thofe that yet remained werefhut up as Cattel in a Pound. He gave order ro San- doval and Alvarado what they fhould do, which was to be ready with their Vergantines, and to watch the coming out of the Canon's , which were hidden betwixt certain houfes, and efpecially to have regard unco the Kings perfon, and not to hurt him, but to take him alive. He commanded the re- fidue of his men to force the Mexican boats to go out, and he himfelf went up into a Tower, inquiring for the King, where he found Xihuacoa , Governour and Captain General of the City, who w uid in no wife yield himfelf. Then came out of the City a great multitude of old folks, men, women and children to rake boar. The throng was fo great with haft to enter the C«w as, that many by that means were drowned in the Lake. Cort and other Jewels. And after all this pomp ended, no fecular man mighc touch that holy Image ; na nor 1 yet come into his Chappel; nay, fcarccly religious perfons, except they were Tlttmacaztli, who were Priefts of Order. They did renew this Image many times with new dough, | taking away the old. And then (like again unto the Pa- pifts who think themfelves happy with their Saints reliques, though rags or bones) blefled was he that could get one piece of the old rags, or a piece of the old dough, for the which there was mod earneft fuits made by the Souldiers; ; who thought themfelves fure therewith in the Wars. Alfo ac the confecration of this Idol, a certain veftel of water was bleiled with pasny words and ceremonies (peradventure from this heathenilh Ceremony came the fuperftitious holy water !, ioRmt ) and that waiter waspreferyed very rcjigicuily at the I } foot i * 8 A New Survey Chap.XIL, foot of iheAlt3r, for toconfecrate the King when he diould te crowi ed, and alfo to blefs any Captain General, when he fheuld be eletded for the Wars, with only giving him a draught of that water. And as the Romi(h Church makes much of their dead mens skulls and rotten bones, laying them lip in their Churchyards under fome arches made for chat purpofe in the Church-walls, even fo was it here in Mexico^ for without this Temple, and over againd the prin- cipal door thereof, a dones cad diffant flood a Charnel- houfe only of dead mens heads, prifoners in Wars and fa- cnfi.ed with the knife. This monument was made like unto a Theatre, more large then bread, wrought of lime 1 and done, with afeending fleps; in the walls whereof was grafted betwixt (lone and done a skull with the teeth out-; wards. At the foot and head of this Theatre, were two i rowers made only of lime and skulls, the teeth outward, which having no other duff in the wall feemed a drange fight. At and upon the top cf the Theatre, were threc- fcore and ten poles, danding the one from the other four or five toot didanr, and each of them was full of davesfrotn the foot to the top. Each of thefe daves had others made fad unto them , and every one of them had five skulls broebed through the temples. When the Spaniards firften- rred into Mexico as friends before the death of Afontcz.nnt* i they viheed all thefe monuments ; and in what they have | written and tranfmitted to pofterity of that City, it is re- | corded of one Andrew de Tapiay and Gonz,alo de ZJrnbrix that one day they did reckon thefe skulls, and found a hundred thirty and fix thoufand skulls on the poles, daves and fleps. The other Towers w ere replcnifhed out of num- ber j and there were men appointed, that when one skull fell, to fee up another in his place, fo chat the number might never want. Bui all thefe Towers and Idols were pulled down, and confumcd with fire, when the Spaniards wan that City. And certainly they had been more renowned in dedroyingthofe Altars of the Devil and thofe Idol Gods, if in cheir dead they had not fee up new Idols and Saints of docks and ftoncs , and built unco them a i many more Churches Chap. XII. of the Weft-Indies,1 1 1 9 Churches as they found at their oming thither. All there- fore that hath been mentioned hitherro of Montezuma his houfes and Gardens, of the fpacious Market place, and Temples of that City was utterly deftroyed and brought down to the very ground. But Cortez re-edified ic again, not only for the fituationand Majcfty, butalfofor the name and great fame thereof. He divided it anrng the Con- querours, having firft taken out places for Churches, Mar- ketplaces, Town-houfe and other neceffary plors to build houfes, profitable for the Commonwealth. He feparated the dwellings of the Spaniards from the Indians^ fo that now . the water pafleth and maketh divifion betwixt them. He promifed to them that were naturals of theCiry of Mexi- co plots to build upon, inheritance, freedom, and other Ii= berties, and the like unto all thofe that would come and inhabic there, which was a means to allure many thither. He fet alfo at liberty Xihuaco, the General Captain, and made him chief over the Indians in the City, unto whom he gave a whole ftreet. He gave likewife another ftrccc to Don Pedro ^Montezuma who was fon to Montezuma the King. All this was done to win the favour of the peop e. He made other Gendemen Seniors of little Iflands , and ftreers to build upon , and to inhabit , and in this order the whole firuation was reparted , and the work began with great joy and diligence. And when the fame was blown abroad that Mexico fhould be built again, it was a wonder to fee the people that reforted thither hearing of liberty and freedom. The numbers was (o great that in three miles compafs was nothing but people men and women. They la- boured fore and did eat little, by reafon whereof manyfick- ned, and peflilence enfued, whereof died an infinite num- ber. Their pains was great, for they bare on their backs, and drew after themftones, earth, timber, lime, brick, and all other things necefiary in this fort ; And by little and little Mexico was built again with a hundred thoufand houfes, more ilrong and better then the old building was. The Spaniards built their houfes after the Spanifb fafhion • and Cortez built his houfc upon the plot where Montezuma his I q houfc r 20 v A new Survey Chap.XII, houfc (food, which renteth now 3 e irly four thoufand duc- kars, and is called now the Palace cf the Marques®?/ VaUc, the King of Spain having conferred upon Cortez, and his heirs this title from the great Valley of Cuaxaca. This Pa- lace is fo (lately that ( as I have obferved before) f even thoufand beams of Cedar Trees were (pent in it. They built fair D.cks covered over with Arehes for the V.rgantinesj wh’.ch Docks for a perpetual memory do remain until this cl ay. They dammed up the ftrects of water, where now fair houfesftand, fo that Mexico is not as it was wont to be, ;and efpecially fince the year 16?^. the water someth nor by f jr fo near the Ci y as it was wont to ccpie. The Lake fonetimes cafteth out a vapour of flench, but otherwife it is a w.holfpme and temperate dwelling, by reofon of the Moun- tains that (land round about it, and well- provided through fhe fertility of the Countrey, and commodity of the Lake. So that now is M xico one of the greated Cities in the World in extention of the firuation for Spanifh and Indian houfet. Mot many years after the Conqucfl tc was the N.blcdCity in all India as well in Arms as Policy. There were formerly at the leaf! two thoufand Citizens, that had each of them his horfe in his liable with rich furniture for them, and Arms in readinefs. But now fince all the Indians far and near arc fubdued, and mofl of them efpecially about Mexico confu- med, and there is no fear of their rifing up any more againft the Spaniards , all arms arc forgotten, and the Spaniards live fo fccure from enemies, that there is neither Gate, Waif* Bulwark* Platform, Tower, Armory, Ammunition, or Ordnance to fccure and defend the City from a Qomtdick or foreign enemy; from the litter they think St.John dc fujhcient and drong enough to fccure them. Buc for Contraiftarion it is one of the richtd Cicies in the World ; to the which by the North Sea cometh every year from Spain a Fleecof near twenty (Trips laden with the bell Commodi- ties not only of Spain but of the mod parts of Chridendom. And by theSouthSea ic enjoyerh Traffique from all parts of jperu ; and above al| it Trades with the Eaft. India s and Loir chepcc reccivcch the Commodities as well from thole ■ \ ; *• l' u : * parts Chap. XII. of tk Weft-Indies. t2t parts which are inhabited by Portlngalsy as from the Coun- tries of Japan and China , fending every year two great Ca- racas with two fmaller Veffels toche Iflandsof Philippinas3 and having every year a return of fuch like ("hips. There is alfo in Mexico a Mint-houfe where Money is daily coined » and is brought thither in wedges upon Mules from the Mines called S'. Lewis de Sacatecas , (landing fourfeore Leagues from Mexico Northward., and yet from Sacatecas forward have the Spaniards entred above a hundred Leagues con- quciing daily Indians, where they difeover (lore of Mines ^ and there they have built a City, called Nova Mexico% New Mexico. The Indians there are great Warriers, and hold the Spaniards hard to it. It is thought the Spaniard will not befatisfied, until he fubdue all the Country that way, which doubtlefs rcacheth t© our plantations of V irginia and the reft being the fame continued continent land. There is yet more in Mexico , a fair School, which now is made an Univerfity, which the Viceroy Don Antonio de Men - dez,a caufed to be built. At the rebuilding of this City there was a great difference betwixt an Inhabitant of Mexico , and a Conquerour ; for a Conquerour was a name of ho- nour, and had lands and rents given him and to his pofte- rity by thcKingof Spainy and the Inhabitant or only dwel- ler paid rent for his hohfe. And this hath filled all thofe parts of America with proud Dons and Gentlemen to this day ; for every one will call himfelf a defeendent from a Conquerour, though he be as poor as Job} and ask him what is become of his Eftate and fortune, he will anfwer that fortune hath taken it away, which (hall never take away a Don from hirr. Nay a poor Cobler or Carrier that runsabouc the Countrey far and near getting his living with half a dozen Mules, if he be called UWendoza, or (jHK.many will (wear that he defeended from thofe Dukes houfes in Spain , and that his Grand-father came from thence to Con- quer, and fubdued whole Countries to the Crown of Spain , though now fortune hath frowned upon him, and covered £iis rags with a thred-bare Cloak. When CWexico was re- built, and Judges, Aldetmen, Attornies, Town Clerks, Notaries, uz \A Neu> Surrey Cfiap.XIL Notaries, Scavengers, and Serjeants with all other Officers necefTary for the Common-weal of a City were appoin ed, the fame of Cortez, and Majcfty of the City was blown abroad into far Provinces, by means whereof it was foon re- plenifhed with Indians again, and with Spaniards from Spain , who foon Conquered above four hundred Leagues of Land, being all governed by the Princely Seat of Mexico. But fince that fiift rebuilding, I may fay it is now rebuilt the fecond time by Spaniards, who have confumed moft of the Indians $ fo that now I will not dare to fay there aic a hundred thoufand houfcs which foon after the Conqueft were built up, for moft of them were of Indians. Now the Indians that live there, live in the fuburbs of the City, and their fituation is called Guadalupe. In the year 1625. when I v. ent to thofe parts, this Suburb was judged to contain five thoufand Inhabitants; But fince mcft of them have been confumed by the Spaniards hard ufageandche work of the Lake. So that now there may not be above two thoufand In- habitants of nicer Indians , and a thoufand of fuch as they call there Me/liz.ojt who are of a mixt nature of Spaniards and Indians , for many poor Spaniards marry with Indian women, and others that marry them not but hate their huf- bands, find many tricks to convey away an innocent ZJriah to enjoy his Bathfheba. The Spaniards daily couzen them of the fmall plot of ground where their houfes ftand, and of three or four houfcs of Indians build up one good and fair houfe after the Spanifh fa fliion with Gardens and Oichards, And fo is almoft all Mexico new built with very fair and fpacious houfes with Gardens of recreation. Their buildings are with ftone, and brick very ftrong, but noc high, by reafon of the many Earth-quakes, which would indanger their houfcs if they were above three ftories high. Theftreets arc very broad, in thenarroweft of them three Coachesmay go, and in the broader iix may go in the breadth of them, which makes the City feem a great deal bigger then it is. In my time it w as thought to be of between thirty and forty thoufand inhabitants Spaniards , who are fo proud and ricb, that half the City was judged to keep Coaches, for it was a Chap. XII. of the Weft-IndiesI 1 1 $ moft credible report that in Mexico in my time there were above fifteen choufand Coaches. It is a by-word that at Mexico there are four things fair, thac is to fay, the wo- men,the apparel, the horfes, and the flreets. But to this I may add the beauty of fome of the Coaches of the Gentry, which do exceed incoft the beftof the Courc of Madrid and other parts of Chriftendom ; for there they fpare no Silver, nor Gold, nor pretious ftones, nor Cloth of Gold, nor the belt Silks from China to enrich them. And to the gallantry of their horfes the pride of fome doth add the coft of bridles, and flioos of fdver. The flreets of Chriftendom rauft noc compare with thofe in breadth and channels, but efpecial- ly in the riches of the fhops which do adorn -them. Above all the Goldfmiths fhops and works are to be admired. The Indians , and the people of (jhina that have been made Chriftians and every year come thither, have perfe£fed the Spaniards in that Trade. The Viceroy thac went thither the year 1625. caufed a Popinjay to be made of filver, gold, and precious ftones with the perfedl colours of the Po- pinjays feathers, ( a bird bigger then a Pheafant ) with fuch exquifice art and perfe&ion , to prefent unto the King of Spain , that it was prized to be worth in riches and work- manfhip half a Million of Duckats. There is in the Cloifter of the Dominicans a lamp hanging in the Church with three hundred branches wrought in filver to hold fo many Candles, befides an hundred little lamps for oyl fee in it, every one being made with feveral workmanfhip fo ex- quifitely, that it is valued to be worth four hundred thou- fand Duckats ; and with fuch like curious works are many flreets made more rich and beautiful from the (hops of Goldfmiths. To the by-word touching the beauty of the women I muft add the liberty they enjoy for gaming, which is fuch that the day and night is too fhort for them to end a. Primera when once it is begun ; nay gaming is fo common to them that they invite Gentlemen to their houfes for no other end. To my felf it hapned thac paffing along the greets in company with a Frier that came with me thac year from Spain, a Gentlewoman of great birth knowing us to 114 d New Survey Chap.. XII. be Cbapelons ( fo they call the firfl year thofe that come from Spain) from her window called unro us, and after two or three flight queftions concerning Spa in asked us if we would come in and play with her a Game ac Primcra. Both men and women are exceflivein their apparel, ufing more filks then fluffs and cloth ; precious Stones and Pearls further much this their vain oftentacion; a hat-band and rofe made of Diamonds in a Gentlemans hat is common, and a hat-band of Pearls is ordinary in a Tradefman} nay a Blackmore or Tauny young maid and Have will make hard fhift but die will be in fafhion with her Neckchain and Bracelets of Pearls, and her Ear-bobs of fome confiderable Jewels. The attire of this bafer fort of people of Blackmores and Mulatca’s (which are of a mixt-natuie, of Spaniards and Blackmores ) is fo light, and their carriage fo ent cing, that many Spaniards even of the better fort (who are too too prone to Vtnery ) difdain their Wives for them. Their clothing is a Petty- coar, of Silk or Cloth, with many diver or golden Laces, with a very broad double Ribband of fome light colour with long filver or golden Tags hanging down before, the whole length of their Pettycoat to the ground, and the like behind their Waftcoats made like bodies, with skirts, U* ced likewife with gold or filver, without fleeves, and a girdle about their body of great price fluck with Pearls and knots of Gold, ( if they beany wayeswell elleemed ok) their fleeves are broad and open at the end , of Holland or flfie China lumen, wrought fome with coloqred filks;fome with filk and gold> fome with (ilk and filver, hanging down al- inoft unto the ground^ the locks of their heads are covei- td with fome wrought quoif, and over it another of net- work of filk bound with a fair filk, or filver or golden j ibband which croffcth the upper part of their forehead ; and hath commonly worked out in letters fome light and fool- llhlovepofie; their bare, black and tauny brefts arc cover- ed wkh bobs hanging from their chains of pearls. And when rhey go abroad, they ufe a white mantle ef lawn or cambrick rounded with a broad lace, which (ome put over their heads, the breadth reaching only to their middle bcv Chap. XII. of the Weft-Indies. 125 hind, tliac their girdle and ribbands may be Teen, and the two ends before reaching to the ground almoft ; others caft their mantles only upon their {boulders, and fwaggerers like, caft the one end over the left fhoulder, that they may the bet-> ter 'jog the right arm, and fhewtheir broad-fleeve as they walka!ong;others inftead of this mantle u(e fome rich fi Ik pety- coar, to hang upon their left fhoulder, while with, their right: arm they fupport the lower part of it, more likeroaringboys, then hnneft civil rpaids. Their fhoos are high and of many foies, the outfide whereof of the profaner fore are placed with a lift of filver, which is faftned with fmall nails of broad filver heads. Moft of thefe are or have been (laves, though love have fet them loofe at liberty, to enflave fouls to fin and Satan. And there are fo many of this kind both men and women grown to a height of pride and vanity, that many times the Spaniards have feared they would rife Up and mutiny againft thtm. And for the loofenefsof their lives, and pub! ck f.andals committed by them and the better fort of the Spaniard r, 1 have heard them fay often who have profeffed more religion and fear of God, they verily thoughc God would deftrny drat City, and give up che Country into the power of fome other Nation. I will nor relate particulars of their obfeene and fcanda lous,' yea and publick carriages which would offend my Readers patience, and make his ears to tingle*, only I fay, certainly God is offended with that fccond Sodom , whofe inhabitants though now they be like the green bay tree flourifhing with jewels, pearls, gold, filver, and all worldly plcafures ; They {hall foon le cut down like the grafj , and wither as the green- herb , Pfal.% 7.2. And though their great Mainl- and Cardinal Bellarmine make outward happinefs and flourifhing a mark and note of a true Church and Congre- gation of Gods people i and of my felf I could fay with ‘David in the 73. Pfal. 2, 3. when I lived blindly amongft them, eJMy feet were almoft gone , my feet had well-nigh flipt j for I was cnvioiu at the foslijb, when I faw the pro- fperity of the wicked 3 yet row being cnlightned in a more luie| and certain truth, i will conclude of them, as David 1 16 A New Survey Chap. XII. of the flourishing wicked men of his time in the fame Pfalm the i6f 17, 18. Verfes, When 1 thought to fyoi* this, it was too painful for me > until / went into the Santluary of Cod , then understood 1 their end. Surely thou did ft fet them in flippery places 5 thou callefl them down to deftruPlion. And 1 doubt not but the flourishing of C. Mexico in coaches, hor- fcs, Streets, women, and apparel is very Slippery , and will make thofe proud inhabitants flip and fall into the power and dominion of Some other Prince of this world , and hereafter in the world to come, into the powerful hands of an angry Judge, who is the King of Kings and Lord of Lords, which Paul faith Heh.lo.^U « a fearful thing. For this City doth noc only flourifh in the ways aforefaid, but alfoin their fuperftitious worshipping of Gcd and Saints, they exceed Rome it Self, and all other places of Christen- dom. And it is a thing which I have very much and carefully obferved in all my travels both in Europe and America , that in thoSe Cities wherein there is moft lewd licentioufnefs of life , there is alfo moft coft in the Temples, and moft publick fuperftitious worshipping of God and of the Saints. It Seems that Religion teacheth that all wickednefs is al- lowable, So the Churches and Clergy flourifh ; nay while the purfe is open to hfciviouSneSs, if it be likewiSe opened to en- rich the temple walls and roofs, this is better then any their holy water to water to wafh away the filth of the other. Rome is held to be head of Supcrftition 5 and what ftately Churches, Chappels, and Cloifters are in it ? what fad- ings, what proceffions, w hat appearancejof devotion ? and on the other fide, whac liberty, what profanenefs, what whoredoms, nay what fins of Sodom are committed in it ? In So much that it could be the faying of a Frier to my Self while I was in it, that he verily thought there was no one City in the world wherein w ere more Atheifts then in flowc. I might (hew this truth in Madrid , Set/il, yaladolid, and other famous Cities in Spain, and in Italy, in CMldari, Genoa and Naples , relating many inftances of Scandals committed m chofc places, andyec the Temples mightily enriched by Chap.XII. o/fta Weft-Indies. 11/ fuch who have thought thofe alms a fufficicnt warrant to free them from Hell and Purgatory. But I muB return rc> Mexico which is mille tefies of this truth, fin and wickednels abounding in it ; and vet no fuch people in the world to- ward the Church and Clergy, who in their life time Brive to exceed one another in their gifts to tlieCloifters of Nuns and Friers, fome erefting Altars to their belt devoted Saints, worth many thoufand thoufand duckats, others pre- fenting crowns of gold to the pictures of CMary , others lamps, others golden chains , others budding CloiBers at their own charge, others repairing them, others at their death leaving to them two or three thoufand duckats for an annual Bipend. Among thefe great BenefatBois to the Churches of that City I ihould wrong my Hiffory if I fhould forget one that lived in my time, called Alonfo faeEary who was reported to have a Clofet in hishoufe laid wich bars of gold in Bead of bricks ; though indeed it was not fo, bur only reported for his abundant riches and Bore of bars of gold w hich he had in one cheB Banding in a clofet diBant from another, where he had a cheB full of wedges of fil- ver. This man alone built a Nunnery of Francifcan Nuns, which Bood him in above thirty thoufand duckats, and left unto it for the maintenance of the Nuns two thoufand duc- kats yearly, with obligation of fome Maffes, to be faid in the Church every year for his foul after his deceafe. And yet this mans life was fo fcandalous, that commonly in the night with rwo fervants he would round the City , vifiting fuch fcandalous perfons whofe attire before hath been deferibed, carrying his beads in his hands, and at every houfe letting fall a bead, and tying a falfe knot, that when he came home in the morning towards bieak of the day he might number by his beads the uncivil flations he had walked and vifited thac night. But thefe his works of darknefs came to light, and were publifhed far and near for what hapned unto him whilfl I was in c JMexico $ for one night meeting at one of his Bations with a Gentleman that was jealous of him, fwords on both fideswere drawn, the Concubine fiift was flabbed by the Gentleman who was better manned and attended $ 1 2 8 A Neip Survey Chap. XII. attended ; and Cuellar ( who was but a Merchant ) was mortally wounded and left for dead, though afterwards he recovered. Great Alms and liberality towards Religious Houfes in that City commonly are coupled with great and fcandalous wichednefs. They wallow in the bed of riches and wealth, and make their Alms the Coverlet to cover their loofe and lafcivious lives. From hence are the Churches fo fairly built and adorned. There are not above fifty Churchesand Chappeh, Cloifters and Nunneries, and Pa- ’ I rifh Churches in that City ; but thofe that are there are the faireft that ever my eyes beheld, the roofs and beams being in many of them all daubed with gold, and many Altars with fundry marble pillars, and others with Brafil-wood flays (landing one above another with Tabernacles for fe« vcral Saints richly wrought with golden colours, fo that twenty thoufand Duckats is a common price of many of them. Thcfe caufe admiration in the common fort of peo- ple, and admiration brings on daily adoration in them to thofe glorious fpe&ades and images of Saints ; fo Satan fheu s Cbrift all the glory of the Kingdoms to entice him to admi- ration, and then AS thcfe things will I give theey if thou wilt fall down and. worfhip mey Mat. 4. 8, 9. The Devil will give all the world to be adored. Befides thefe beautiful building'', the inward riches be- longing to die Altars are infinite in price and value, fuchas Copes, Canopies, Hangings, Altar-clothes, Candlefticks, Jewels belonging to the Saints, and crowns of gold and fii- verj and Tabernacles of gold and Cry (Tal to carry about their Sacrament in Procefiion, all which would mount to the worth of a reafonab’e Mine of filver, and would be a rich prey for any nation that could make better ufc of wealth and riches. I will not fpeak much of the lives of the Friers and Nuns of that City, but only rhac there they enjoy more liberty then in the parts of Europe ( where yet they have too much) and that furely the fcandals commire.J by them do cry up to heaven for vengeance, judeme^ 0- e- flru&ion. In my lime in the Cbiftcr of the Met.- . - Triers which Chap. XII. of the Weft-Indies. i ip which is entituled for the Redemption of Captives, there chanced to be an eledion of a Provincial to rule over them, to the which *11 the Priors and heads of the Cloillers about the countrey had refarted, and fuch was their various and fadious difference, that upon the fuddain all the Con- vent was in an uproar, their Canonical election was tur- ned to mutiny and 11 rife, knives were drawn , many wounded , the fcandal and danger of murther fo great, that the Viceroy was fain to interpofe his authority and to lit amongfl them and guard the Cloillcr until their Provincial was eleded. It is ordinary for the fryers to vihr their devoted Nuns , and to fpend whole days with them, hearing their mufick, feeding on their fweet-meats, and fer this purpofe they have many chambers which they call Loquutorios , to talk in , u’ith wooden bars between the Nuns and them, and in thefe chambers are tables for the fryers to dine at i and while they dine, the Nuns re- create them with their voices. Gentlemen and Citizens give their daughters to be brought up in thefe Nunneries, where they are taught to make ail forts of Conferves and Prcfcrvts, all forts of mufick, which is fo exquifite in that City, that I dare behold to fay, that the people are drawn to their Churches more for the delight of the mulick, then for any delight in the fer vice of God. More, they teach thefe young children to ad like players, and to entice the people to their Churches, make thefe children to ad fliort dia- logues in their Quires, richly attiring them with mens and womens apparel, elpee'ially upon Midfummer-day, and the eight days before their Chriltmas, which is fo gallantly performed, that many fadious firifes, and fingle com- bats have been, *and fome were in iny time, for defending which of thefe Nunneries moll excelled in mufick, and in the training up of children. No delights are wanting in that City abroad in the world, nor in their Churches, which flpuld be the houfe of God, and the fouls, not the denies delight. The c net place in the City is the Market-place, which Dough ic be not as fpaciQys as, in Mjtttczurru his time, K yet 130 A New Survey Chap, XIT. yet is at this day very fair and wide, built all with Arches on the one fide, where pcop'e may walk dry in time of lain, and there are (Imps of Merchants furnifhed with all for ts of fluffs and fiiks, and before them lit women !eH;ng all manner of (ruits and herbs s over againfl thefe fh p; and Arches is the Viceroy his Palace, which taketh up 1 almofl the whole length of the market with the walls of the houfe and of the gardens belonging to it. At the end of the Viceroy his Paiace,is the chief Prifon which is ftrong ; rt ftone work. Next to this is the beautiful flreet called la plateria, or Goldfmiths-ftreet, where a mans eyes may 1 b.hold in lets then an hour many millions wor'h of gold, ffver, pearls and jewels. Tne flreet of St. Aujliti is rich and comely, where live all that trade in fiiks s but one of the long It and broadefl fireets is the flreet called Tactiba , where almcft all the (Imps are of Ironmongers, and ot fucii as deal in brafs and (feel, which is joyning to thole A ches whereon the wafer is conveyed into the City, and j is fo called for chat it is the way out of the City to a Town called lamb a s and this flreet is mentioned tar and ncars not fo much tor the length and breadth ot it, as for a 1 fmall commodity of needles w hich are made there, and for proof are the btfl ot all thole parts, for (lately buil- dings the flreet called del Aquila, the flreet of the eagle, ! exceeds the reft, where live Gentlemen, and Courtiers. ; and Judg.s belonging to the Chancery, and is the palace | ot the Marquds del Valle from the line of Ferdinatidj I Cortez * this (rreet is to called from an old Idol an Eagle I ot Hone which from the conquclt licth in a corner ot that ; flreet, and is twice fo bid as London done. The gallants ot this City (hew themlelvcs daily fome on horfe-back, and mofl in Coaches about tour ot the clock in the after- noon in a plealanc fh idy field, called la Alameda, full ot trees and walks , fomewhat like unto our More-fields , 1 where do meet as conftantly as 1 lie Merchants upon our Exchange about two thoutand Coaches, full of Gallants, Ladies, and Citizens, to tee and to be fecn, to court and to be courted, the Gentlemen having their train ot black- • ' > - .... more I C!hap»XII. of the Weft-Indies. 13 1 more flaves fome a dozen, fome half a dozen, waiting on them, in brave and gallant Liveries heavy with gold and Hi ve r lace, with fi!k dockings on their black legs, and ro- fes on their feet, and fwords by their 1'ides i the Ladies alfo carry their train by their Coaches fide of fuch jet- like D;mofels as before have been mentioned for their light apparel, who with their bravery and white mantles over than feem to be, as the Spaniard faith, mofea cn leebe , a flie in milk. But the train of the Viceroy who often goeth to this place is wonderful fiately, which fome fay is as great as the train of his Mafter the King of Spain. At this meeting are carried about many forts of fweetmeats and papers of comfits to be fo'd , for to relifh a cup of cool water, which is cried about in curious glaffcs to cool the bloud of thofe love-hot Gallants. But many times thefe their meetings fweetned with confcrves and comfits have fowre fauce at the end , for jealoufie will not fuffer a Lady to be courted, no nor fometimes to be fpokeij to, but puts fury into the violent hand to draw a fword or dagger, and to flab or murther whom he was jealous of^ and when one fword is drawn thoufands are prefently drawn, fome to right the party wounded ormurtheredi others to defend the party murthering, whofe friends will not permit him to be apprehended, but will guard him with drawn fwords until they have conveyed him to the Sanduary of fome Church, from whence the Viceroy his power is not able to take him for a legal tryal. Many of thefe hidden skirmifiies happened whileftl lived about Mexico : of which City a whole volume might S be compiled, but that by other Authors much hath been written, and I defire not to fill my Hiilory with trifles, I but only with what is mod remarkable in if. I may not I omit yet, from the fituation of it upon a lake, to tell that ; certainly the water hath its paflage under all the fireets of I it i for toward the flrcet cfSt. Aujiin, and the lower, parts I of the City, I can confidently aver that in my time before the removing of the Lake thofe that died were rather 1 drowned then buried, for a grave could not be digged with K 2 an i 3'2 Si New Survey Chap. XIL an ordinary graves depth, but they met with water, an<^ I was eye-witncfs of many thus buried, whofe coffins were covered with water. And this is fo apparent that had not the Cloifter ot the AugnjHncs often been repaired and afmoft rebuilt, it had quite funk by this. In my time it was a repairing, and I faw the old pillars had funk very- low, upon the which they were then laying new founda- tions, and I was credibly informed that that was the third time that new pillars had been citblcd upon the old which were quite funk away. This City hath but three ways to come unto it byCauley', the one is from the Welt, and that Caufey is a mile and a half long. Another from the North, and containeth three miles in length. Eiihvari the City hath no entry * but Southward the Caufey is five miles long, which was the way that Cortez entred into if, when he conquered it. The fruit called Nuchtli ( whereof Ihave fpoken before, and fome fay this City was called Tenucbtlitan from it ) though it be in moll parts of America, yea and now in Spain, yet in no place there is more abundance of it then in Mexico , and it is abfolutely one of the bell fruits in it. It is like unto the fig, and fo hath many little kernels or grains within, but they are fomewhat larger, and crowned like unto a Medler. There are of them of fundry colours, fome are green without, and carnation-like with- in, which have a good tafte. Others are yellow, and others white, and dome fpeckkd > the bill lort are the white* Itisa fruit that. will laft long. Some of them tafte of Pears, and other fome of Grapes* It is a cold and a frelh fruit and bell efteemed in the heat of Summer. The Spaniards d o more efteem them then the Indians. The more the ground is laboured where they grow, the fruit is lb much the better. There is yet another kind of this huit red, and that is nothing fo much efteemed, although his tafte is not evil * but becauie it doth colour and die the caters mouth, lips arid apparel, yea and tnaketh the Urine look like pure bloud. Many Spaniards at their firft coming into India, and eating this fruit, were amazed and ac , ■ their Chap. XII. of the Weft-Indies. their wits end, thinking that all the bloud in their bodies came out in Urine i yea and many Phyfitians at their firft coming were of the fame belief. And it hath happened when they have been fent for unto fuch as have eaten this fruit, they not knowing the caufe, and beholding the Urine, by and by they have adminiflred medicines to haunch bloud a thing to laugh at, ro fee Phyfitia'fis fo deceived. The skin of.the outfide is thick and full of little Imall prickles, and when ic is cut downright with One cut to the kernels, with one finger you may uncleave the whole skin round about without breaking if, arid take out the fruit to eat. The Spaniards ufe to jeft with (Gran- gers, taking half a dozen of them, and rubbing them in a napkin, thofe fmall prickles which can fcarce be Teen oi perceived flick invihbly unto the napkin, wherewith a man wiping his mouth to drink, thofe little prickks flick in his lips fo that they feem to fow them up together, and make him for a while faulter in his fpeech, till with much rubbing and wafhing they come off'. There is another fruit1 twice of the biguefs of a great Warden, which they cal! the growing Manjicr Blanco , or white rrieit, which is a dainty difh made by them with the white of a Capon, Cream, and Rice, and fugar and fweet waters, much like unto the wh without it is ul of little bunches, and within fb juicy and cool that & 3 nothing 134 A New Survey Chap. XII. nothing more dangerous then to eat much of it. Before they eat it, they cut it in round dices , and lay it a while in fait and water, and fo being fcoured half an hour in that fait and water, which taketh much of the rawnefs and cold- nets from it, and then putting into didves with morefrtfh water they eat it thus. But the better way of eating it, is preferved, which is abfolutely the bed preferve in all that Countrey. There is alfo the Grape, ('though they make not wine of itj the Apple, the Pear, the Quince, the Peach, the Apricock, the Pomegranate, the Muskmillian, the Plantin, the Fig, the Walnut, the Chefnut, the Orange, the Lem- mon both fowre and fweet, the Citron in great abundance* Mod of the fruits of Europe, and as many more which Europe never knew. About Mexico more then in any o- ther part groweth that excellent tree called Mctl , which they plant and drefs as they do their Vines in Europe. It hath near forty kiuds of leaves, which ftrve for many uftss for when they be tender they make of them Confervcs, Paper, Flax, Mantles, Mats, Snooes, Girdles, and Cordage. On thefc leaves grow certain prickles fo ftrong and Oiarp that they ufe them in dead of lawes ; from the root of this tree cometh a juyee like unto fyrup, which being fod will become Sugar. You may alfo make of it Wine and Vineger. The Indians oiten become drunk with it. The rind roded healeth hurts and (ores, and from the top boughs ilfueth a Gum, which is an excellent antidote againd poylon. There is nothing in Mexico and about it wanting which may make a City happy \ and certainly had thofe that have lo much extolled with their pens the parts of Granada in Spain , Lom~ hardy and Florence in Italy , making them the earthly Para- dife, had they been acquainted with the new World and with Mexicoy they would have recanted their untruths. O that the Lord were truly woifhipped where he hath poured forth the treafures of his goodnefs for the children of men ! O that in that Eden the tempting and enticing Serpent were not fo much obeyed in the ufe of the fair feeming Apple cf pleafurcs , and the Lord that hath en- fiched it with fuch varieties fomuch neglected ! How long. 1 Chap. XII. of the W eft-Tndies. 1 3 5 JO Lord God, how long fliall the line of the wicked flou- rifli, and the belt portion be fallen to Idolaters and to the workers of iniquity ! This City is the feat of an Archbifliop, and of a Vice- roy, who commonly is lome great Nobleman of Span, whofe power is to make Laws and Ordinances, to give directions and determine controVerfics, unltfs it be in ftich great caufes , which are thought he to be referred to the Council of Spain. And though there be about the Country many Governments with feveral Governors, yet they are all fubordinate to this Viceroy , and there are at leaftfour hundred leagues of land all governed by the Princely Seat of Mexico moll of the Governors about the Country being the Viceroy’s Creatures, placed by him, do contrib if c great gifts and bribe s for their preferment ', fo hkewifedo all the rdt whofe right or wrong proceedings dip.nd upon the Viceroy his clemency and mercy in judging the daily ap- peals ol Juftice which come untohim. Tire King of Spain allows him out of his Exchequer yearly a hundred thouiand duckats whildt he governs i his time biing but five years. But commonly with their bribes to the Courtiers of Spain , and to the CounleHors for the Eltate of the India's, they get a prorogation ol five years more, and fome times of ten. It is incredible to think what this Viceroy may get a year in that place, belides his hundred thoufand duckats ol rent, if he be a man covetous and given to trading, (as molt of them are) for then they will be Mailers ol what commodi- ties they pleafe, and none elfc fliall deal in them but them-, ftlves i as did the Marquis of Scrralv> in my time , who was the belt Monopolilt of (alt that ever thofe parts knew. This man was thought to get a Million a year, what with gifts and prefents , what with his Trading to Spain and Pbilippinas . He governed ten years, and in this time lie lent to the King of Spain a Popinjay worth half a Million, and in one year mure he lent tile worth of a Million to the Count of Olivares , and other Courtiers to obtain a proro- gation for five years more.. Belides the Viceroy there are ( omthonly fix Judges and a Kings Atturney , who are al- ii 4 1'o.vcd 1*6 A New Survey Chap.XII. lowed out of the Kings Exchequer yearly twelve thoufand duckats a piece rent,belides two Alcaldes de Cone , or high Juflices, who with the Viceroy judge all Chancery and cri- minal caufes. But thefe, though united together they may oppofe the Viceroy in any unlawful and unjuflifiable adhon, as fome have done, and have fmarted for it, yet common- ly they dare not : So that he doth what he lifleth, and it is enough for him to fay, Stat pro ratime voluntas. This power joyned with covetoufnefs in the Viceroy, and three- score thoufand duckats yearly, joyned with pride in the Archbifhop, was like to be the ruine of that City in the year 1624. Then was the Count ot Gclves Viceroy, and Don Alonjo dc Zcrna Archbilhop, whofe two powers dri- ving and linking at one another like two flints, had almoft brought to combufiion that gallant City , and did fet on fire the Viceroy’s Palace, and thePrifon joyning to it. The dory was thus, which may be profitable for other Nations, to beware of covetous Governors and proud Pre- lates > and therefore I thought fit to infer t it here. The Count of Gclves was in fome things one of the bed Vice- roys and Governors that ever the Court of Spain fent to America , for he was called by the Spaniards , El terrible Jufiicicroy , fuego de Ladiones , that is, terrible for Juflice, and fire to confume all Thieves, for he cleared all the high- ways of Thieves, hanging them as often as they were caught without mercy, and did fend out Troops and Officers to apprehend them, fo that it was generally reported that fince the conqued unto thofe days ot his there had never been fo many Tnieves and Maletadlors hanged upas in his time. So in all other points of juflice he was tevere and upright. But yet covetoufnefs did fo blind him to fee his own injuflice, that before he could fee it, he had brought the City of Mexico and the whole Kingdom to a danger of rehe-llion. What he would not to be (een in himlelf, he a&edby others his indruments. And one of them was one Don Pedro Mcxia , a mighty rich Gentleman of Mexico , whom he chole to joyn with him in monopolizing all the Indian Maiz, and Wheat about the Country, Don Pedro t, 1 Mcxia Chap. XII. of the Weft-Indies. 137 Mexia of the Indians bought at the price he lift their Maiz, and the Wheat of the Spaniards he bought it according to that price at which it is taxed by the law of that land to be fold at in time of famine •> which is at fourteen Rials a bufhel, ( which is not much there confidering the abun- dance of gold and fiver ) at which price the Farmers and husbandmen knowing it to be a plentiful year, were glad and willing to fell unto him their wheat, not knowing what the end would be, and others fearing to gainfay him, whom they knew to be the Viceroys Favorite. Thus Don Pedro Mexia filled all his barns which he had hired about the Country, and himfelf and the Viceroy became owners of all the wheat. He had his officers appointed to bring it into the Markets upon his warning, and that was when fome fmall remnants that had efcaped his fingers were fold, and the price raifed. Then hoifed he his price, and doubled it above what it had coft him. The poor began to complain, the rich to murmur, the tax of the law was moved in the Court of Chancery before the Viceroy. But he being privy to the Monopoly expounded the law to be underftood in time { of famine, and that he was informed, that it was a plentiful year as ever had been , and that to his knowledge there . was as much brought into the Markets as ever had been, and plenty enough for Mexico and all the Countrey. Thus was the law llighted, the rick mocked, the poor opprefled, and none fold wheat but Von Pedro Mexia his officers for j himfelf and the Viceroy. When Juftice would be no father* 11 the people go to their mother the Church » and having I underftood the bufmefs better, and that it was Von Pedro Mexia , who did tyrannize and opprefs them with the I Viceroy his favour, they intreat the Archbifhop to make fit a cafe of Confidence, and to reduce it to a Church cen- fure. Von Alonfo de Zerna the Archbifhop, who had always ftomached Von Pedro Mexia and the Viceroy, to pleafe the people, granted to them to excommunicate Von Pedro Mexia , and fo fent out bills of excommunication to be fixed upon all the Church doorti again l\Von Pedro'i who not regarding the excommunication, and keeping clofe at home, 138 A New Survey Chap. XIL home, and ftil' felling his wheat, railing higher the price then it was before i the Archbifhop raifed his cenfure higher againft him, adding to it a B’ll of Ctffjtio a divinity that is, a ceflation from ail divine fervice. This Cenfure is fo great with them, that it is never uftd buttor fome great mans fake, who is contumacious and ftubborn in his ways, contemning the power of the Church. Then are all the Church doors {hut up ( let the City be never fo great ) 110 Malfes are faid, no prayers ufed, no preaching permit- ted, no meetings allowtd for any publick devotion or cal- ling upon God. Their Church mourns as it were, and makes no (hew of fpiritual joy and comfort, nor of any communion of prayers one with another, fo long as the party continues stubborn and rebellious in his fin and fcandal,and in not yielding to the Churches cenfure. And further whereas by this ceffdtion a divir.vi, many Cnurches and elpecially Cloifters fu/Fer in the means of their liveli- hood, who live upon what is day !y given for the Muffs they fay, and in a Cloifter where thirty or forty Priclis fay Mafs, fo many pieces of Eight or Crowns in Mexico do dayly come ini therefore this cenfure or cejfatio d divinvf is fo inflidled upon the whole Church ( all fuftcring lor it as they fay in fpiritual, and fome in temporal ways ) that the party offending or fcandalizing, for whofe fake this curfe is laid upon all, is bound to fatisfie all Prielfs and Cloifters which in the way aforefaid fuffer, and to allow them fo much out of his means, as they might have dayly got by felling away their Maffes for fo many crowns tor their dayly livelihood. To this would the Archbilhop have brought Von Pedro Mexta , to have emptied out of hispurfe near a thoufand crowns dayly, towards the maintenance of about a thoufand Priefls ( fo many there may be in Mexico) who from the Altar fell away their bread«God to fatisfie with bread and food their hungry ltomachs. And lecondly by the peoples fuffering in their fpiritual comfort, and non- communion of prayers and idolatrous worfhip,he thought to make Don Pedro Mexia odious to the People. Von Pedro. perceiving the fpiteful intents of the Archbifhop, and hearing Chap. XII. of the W eft-indies. 1 5 p hearing the outcries of the people in the facets againlt him, and their cries for the ufeand liberty ot their Churches, fe- cretly retired himftlfto the Palace of the Viceroy, begging his favour and protection, for whofe fake he fuffered. The Viceroy immediatly lent out his Orders, commanding the bills of excommunication and cejjatio a divinii to be pulled from the Church doors, and to all the Superiors of Cloi- ffers to fet open their Churches, and to celebrate their fer- vice and Malfes as formerly they had done. But they dilobcy rng the Viceroy through blind obedience to their Archbifhop, the Viceroy commanded the Archprelate to revoke his cenfurts. But his anfwer was, that what he had don, had been juicly don againlt a publick offender and great oppreffor of the poor , whofe cries had moved him to commilerate their fuffering condition, and that the offen- ders contempt of his hilt excommunication had deferved the rigour ot the fecond cehfure •, neither of the which he would nor could revoke until Von Pedro MexU had fub- mitted himfelf ro the Church and to a publick abfblution* and had fatished the Prielts and Cloilkrs who fuffered for him, and had declaimed that unlawful and unconlcionablc Monopoly, wherewith he wronged the whole common- wealth , and efpecially the poorer fort therein. Thus did that proud Prelate arrogantly in terms exalf himfelf againlt the authority of his Prince and Ruler, con- temning his command with a flat denial, thinking himfelf happy in imitating Ambrofe his fpiritagainft theEmperoux Ibcod.'fiM, truliing in the power of his keys, and in the ftrength of his Church and Clergy, which with the rebel- lion ot the meaner fort he refolved to oppofe againlt the power and ftrength of his Magiltrate. The Viceroy no t brooking this fawey anfwer from a Prieft, commanded him prefently to be apprehended and to be guarded to St. John de Vlbua , and there to be fhipped for Spain. The Archbifhop having notice of this the Viceroy his refblu- tion, retired himfelfout of Mcxicoto Giiadalupe>withtmny of his PriellS and Prebends, leaving a bill ot Excommuni- cation upon the Church doors againlt the Viceroy himfelf. A New Survey Chap. XIL and thinking privily to flie to Spain, there to give an ac- count of his carriage and behaviour. But he could, not flie To fafl, but the Viceroy his care and vigilancy liill eyed him, and with his Serjeants and Officers purfued him to Guadalnpe : Which the Archbifhop underftanding, he betook himfelf to the Sandtuary of the Church, and there caufed the candles to be lighted upon the Altar, and the lacrament of his Bread-God to be taken out of the Taber- nacle, and attiring himfelf with his Pontifical veftments, with his Mitre on his head, his Crozier in one hand, in the other he took his God of bread, and thus with his train of Priefts about him at the Altar, he waited for the coming of the Serjeants and Officers , whom he thought with his God in his hand, and with a Here I am, to afloniffi and amaie, and to make them as Chrift the Jews in the garden, to fall backwards, and to.difable them from laying hands upon him. The Officers coming into the Church went towards the Altar where the Bifhop flood, and kneeling down firft to worfhip their God, made a fhort-prayer i which being ended, they propounded unto the Bifliop with courteous and fair words thecaufe of their coming to that place, requiring him to lay down the Sa- crament •, and to come out of the Church , and to hear the notification of what orders they brought unto him in the Kings name. To whom the Archbifhop replied, that whereas their Mafier the Viceroy was excommunicated he looked upon him as one cut of the pale of the Church, and one without any power or authority to command him in the houfe ot God, and fo required them as they tendered the good ot their fouls to depart peaceably, and not to infringe the pnviledges and immunity ot the Church, by exerciiing in it any legal ot fecular power and com- mand •> and that he would not go out of the Church, unlefs, ' they durfl take him and the Sacrament together. With this the head-officer named ‘Xiroll, flood up and notified unto him an order in the Kings name to apprehend his perfon in what place foever he ffiould find him, and to guard him to the Port of S.Juhn de Vibtia . and there to deliver him to Whom Chap. XLL of We W eit- Indies. 141 whom by further order he fhould be directed there to be ihipped for Spain as a Traitor to the Kings crown, a troubler of the common peace, an author and mover of Se- dition in the Common-wealth. The Arch-bifhop frnihng upon Tirol1, anfwered him \ Thy Malter ufeth too high terms and words, which do better agree unto himlelt ^ for I know no mutiny or fedition *iKe to trouble the Common-wealth, unlefs it be by his and Von Pedro Mexia his opprelling of the poor. And as for they guarding me to St. John de Vlbm3 I conjure thee by JefusChrih,whom thou knoweft I hold in my hands , not to ufe here any violence in Gods hpufe, from whole Altar I am relolved not to depart s take heed God punilh thee not as he did Jeroboam for ftretching forth his hand at the Altar againft the Prophet, let his withered hand remind thee of thy duty. But Troll fuffered him not to fquander away the time and ravel it out with further preaching, but called to the Altar a Pried, whom he had brought for that purpofe, and commanded him in the Kings name to take the Sacra- ment out ol the Arch- bi (hops hands which the Prielf doing, the Arch-bilhop unvefred himfelf of his Pontificals, and f though with many repetitions of the Churches immunity} yielded himfelf unto Tiro//, and taking his leave of all his I Prebends, requiring them to be witneffes of what had been done, he went prifoner to St. John de Vlbna , where he was delivered to the cuffody of the Governour of ths Cable, and not many days alter was fent in a (hip prepa- red tor that purpofe to Spain to the King and Councihwith a full charge of all his carriages and mifUemeanours. Some of the City of Mexico in private began to talk firangely againlt the Viceroy, and to iiomach the banilhment ot their Arch-bilhop, becaule he had hood out againli fo high a power in defence ol the poor and oppreffed, andthefe their private grudges they foon vented in. publick with bold and arrogant fpeeches againlt Don Pedro Mexia , and the Vi- ceroy, being fet on and incouiraged by the Pridts and Pre- bends, who it feems had fworn blind obedience to their /\rch-Prelate2 and therewith thought they could difpenfe ' ! * ■ ~ with 1^2 A New Survey Chap. XIF. with their confidences in their obedience and duty to their Magiftrate. Thus did thofe Incendiaries for a fortnight together blow the fire of fedition and rebellion* efpecially amongft the inferiour fort of people and the Criolians or native Spaniards, and the Indians and Mulatto’s, 5 who they knew brooked not the fevere and rigorous juftice and judgment of the Viceroy, no nor any Government that was appointed over them from Spain * until at the fort- nights end, tiroll returned from St. J bn de Vlbu*\ and then began the fpite and malice of all the malecontents to break out, then began a fire of mutiny to be kindled, which was thought would have coufumed and buried in afhes that great and famous City, "tiroll was not a little jealous of what tnifchief the common rabble intended againft him, and fo kept clofe, not daring to walk the ltreets •, yet his occafions inviting him to the Viceroy his Palace, ventured himfelf in a Coach with drawn curtain*, which yet could not blind the eyes of the fpighttul and malicious male- contents, who had notice that he was in the Coach, and before he could get to the Market place, three or four boys began to cry out Judas , Judas , alia va Judas , there goeth Judas, that laid his hands upon Chrifls Vicar i others joyned with them faying, ahorqumos a ejle Judas , let us hang up ibis JudiU > the number of boys yet increafed, crying aloud and boldly after the Coach, bluer a el Vcllaco dcfcemulgado la muerte de Judas, muera el picaro, miiera elperro, let this excommunicated rogue and dog die the death of Judas » the Coachman lafiied the mules, the Coach polled, the boys hafted after with flones and dirt, the number increa- fed fo, that before Tiroll could get through two flreets only, there were rifen above two hundred boyes, of Spaniards, Indians, Blackgnores, Mulatto’s. With much ado ‘iiro// got to the Viceroy his Palace, polling for his life, and his firll care was to with the Porters to (but all the Palace gates : for he was fearful of what prefently happened, of a more general infurredtion and uproar. For no (boner was he got into the Viceroy his houfe, and the gates {hut up, but there were gathered to the Market place ( as I was credibly in- formed Chap. XII. Of the Weft-Indies. J43 formed by thofe that faw and obferved diligently that days ?roub'e ) above two thoufand people, all ofinfcriour rank and quality » and yet the number hill increafed till they were judged to be about fix or feven thoufand. They all cryed out for 'Iimllihe Judof, fparing neither ftones nor dirt which they did fling at the Palace windows. The Viceroy fent a meflage to th.m defiling them to be quiet, and to bttake thcmfelves to their houfes, certifying them that Tiro// was not in his palace, but cfcaped out ok a back-door. The rude multitude would not be fatisfied with this, b .ing now fet on by two or three Pricfls who were joyned with them, 3nd fo they began more violently to batter the Palace gates and walls, having brought pikes and halberds, and long poles, others had got a tew Piflols and birding Pieces, wherewith they (hot, not caring whom they killed or wounded in the Palace. It was wonderful to tee that none ot the better tort, none of the Judges, no high Julhce, no inferiour officers durtl or would come out to fupprefs the multitude, or to aflifi the Viceroy being in fo great danger •, nay I was told by fome fliopkeepers who lived in the market place, that they made a laughing bufinefs of it, and the people that paffed by went finding and faying. Let the boys and youngfiers alone, they will right our wrongs, they will find out before they have done, both Tin;// and Mexia and him that protects them, meaning the Viceroy but amongfl them was much noted one Pritfi,name Salazar^who fpent much (hot and bullets, and more his fpirits in running about to (pic fome place of advantage, which he might foonetl batter down: They found it feems the Prilon-doors eafier to open, or elfe w ith help within they opened them and let out all the male- factors, who joyned with them to afiaulr i he Palace. The Viceroy feeing no help came tp him from the City, from liis friends, from the Judges of the Chancery, from the King high Juliices , nor other officers for the peace, went up to the Zotics ot his Palace with his Guard and Servants that attended on him, and let up the Royal Standard, and aided a Trumpet to be founded to call the City 144 ^ New Survey Chap. XTI. City to aid and aflift their King. But this prevailed nor, none ftirred, all the chief of the City kept within doors. And when the multitude law the Royal Standard out, and heard the Kings name from the Zotics, they cryed out, and often repeated it, Viva cl Roy , mucra cl trial govicrno, mueran los dcs comnlgados , that is to fay. Our King hve long, but let the evil government die, and perifh, and let them die that are excommunicated. Thefe words favcd many of them from hanging afterwards, when the bufinefs, was tried and fearched into by Von Martin de Carrillo . And with thefe words in their mouths thty skirmifhcd with them of the Zotics at leaft three hours, they above hurling down hones, and they beneath hurling up to them, and fome (hooting with a tew Piftols and birding Pieces at one another ; and mark that in all this bitter skirmifh there was not a piece of Ordnance (hot, for the Viceroy had none for the defence of his Palace or Perfon, neither had or hath that great City any for its ftrength and fecurity, the Spaniards living fearlefs of the Indians , and ( as they think ^)fecurefrom being annoyed by any forain Nation. There were (lain in about fix hours in all that this tumult lafted, feven or eight beneath in the Market place, and one of the Viceroy his Guard and a Page in the Zotics above. The day drawing to an end, the multitude brought Pitch and fire, and firlt fired the Prifon, then they fct on fire part of the Palace, and burnt down the chief gate. This made fome of the City, of the Gentry, and of the Judges to come out, left the fire fhou’d prevail far upon the City, and to perfuade the people to defift, and to quench the fire. Wnileft the fire was quenching, many got into the Palace, fome fell upon the Viceroys ftables, and there got part of his mules and horfcs rich furnitures, others began to fall upon fome chefts , others to tear down the hangings, but they were foon perfuaded by the better fort of the City, to defift from fpoil or robbery, left by that they (hould be difeovtred , others fearched about for Von Pedro Mcxia% for .the Judges fome were j put out of their places, though they aufwcred that they durd not dir out, for that they were informed that all the City would have rilcn againd them if they had appeared in publick. The chief adfcors were found to be the Criolians or Natives of the Country, who do hate the Spanijh Go* vernment,and all fuch as come ltom Spain jand reafonthey have for it, for by them they are much opprtffed, as I have before cblcrved, and are and will be always watching any opportunity to tree thtmfdves from the Span'll) yoak. But L the j 4^ A NerP Survey Chap. XII. the chieffomenters of the mutiny were found to hi the Bi- fhops party the Pricfts > and (o had not SAazat _an t re- more of them fled, they had certainly been lent to the Gallics of Spam for G-Uyflaves s this judgment was publi- shed aeainft them. There were nr t above three or tour hanged uf fo many thoulands, and their condemnation was for things which they had ftolen out of the Viceroy* a Lee. And becaufc further inquiry into the rebellion would have brought in at halt half the City either tor a- ..ra, or councilors, or fomentois,the Ling was well adviled to grant a general pirdon. The Archbifnops procee ing» were more dilliked in the Court of Spain, then the Viceroys, and was long without any preferment , though at a 1 'a' _ er.e might be no exceptions taken by his party, nor cau e gi- ven for a further birring the embers to a greater combuih- cn, the Council thought tit to honour, him m thole parts where he was born s and to make him Bifliop o\ Zamora & final 1 Biflicprick in Cajlile i fo that his wings were cupt, and from Archbilhop he came to be but bilVp, and trom threefcore thoufand Crowns yearly rent he h i to tour or five thoufand only a year. The Count ei .\s 'V iS a ° Cent to Spain, and we.l! entertained in the Court, and t here- in made Mafler’of the Kings horle, which in spin* a No- blemans preferment. , f And this Hittoiy {hewing the ftate and condition of hlcxl'.o, when I travelled tothote parts 1 have vvulmgly fet down, that the Reader may by it be turnifhed with better obtjer vat ions then my felt ( who am but a N;l.p.ytO am a- ble to fled a. Somewhat might beobferved trom the Vice- roys ccv.trjulnefs s which doublets in ah is a br'at in’ as i"rf»/wtl! advihth, i Tim. 6. io. ro t of all evil* bur much more to be condemned in a f n m Governo r ■, whom it may blind in the excicife ot ]u- h.ce ana judgment, and harden thofc tcnd« bowels f which ought to be in him) ot a father and fliepherdto h.s fleck and childscn. We may yet from tlM Viceroys p d ee and example againlt a chid head o » fo Church, drfcQver that errour ot the Pnehs and Chap. XII. of the We ft- Indies. 147 England , who perfwade the people here (hat no temporal Magiftrate hath power over them, and that to lay hands on them in wrath and anger (b ing as they fay Confccrated to God and his Altar) is ipfnfado a deep excommunication* whereas we fee the contrary in thh Viceroy a member of the Church of Rome, and yet exctciling his temporal power a- gainll an Arch-bilhop, and by 1'iroll raking him from the Church, and as his prifoner fending him with juft wrath and anger to a forain and remote place ot binilhment. But laftly, it is my defire that the High and Honourable Court ot Parliament which now is fitting for the good of this Kingdom, and for the good of it hath already pulled down the Hierarchy of fuch Prelates and Archprclates, would look upon the troubleand uproar which the keys of the Church in the hand of anundifcredt Pritii brought up- on that City ot Mixico . Certainly as theftrciigth of the Church well fetledand governed with fubordination to the Magiftratc,is!ikewii'e the fticngthot the Common- wealth » fo on the other fide the power of the keys in the Clergies hand, to ca ft out what inceftuous Corinthian they pleate, without the reft ot the Corinthians content, i Cor. 5.4, 5. may prove dangerous and troublelome to the Common- weal and good, for if the Clergy may ufe by it felfwith- out the overfeeing eye ot the Magiftratcs Commiftioners, the power ot the keys, who (hall be free from their cuifures, that any way will oppofe them? The poor and ignorant will •not only be the obj^di ot their cenfurcsr, but tiie rich, and witc, and noble, Ruhr and Magiftrate will alfocome under their cepfures * wherein I find a Miniftermay then as a Pope encroach upon thehigheft crown ot an Err.pcrour. Nay cer- tainly in England the thoughts ot fomefucb alpiring Mini- tiers have been higher then the thoughts of this Archbithop of Mexico over a Viceroy, the conceit ot their power with the K ys have hoited them above their Prince, tor I have heard one ot them fay, he knew not but that by the power of the keys he might as well excommunicate the King as any o- thtr private perfon. This conceit hath made the Pope fear no eaKthiyTnncejEmperO'/r, Ruler or Magiftrate * nay this hath <■ z mads 148 A New Survey Chap. XII. made him to be feared, and refpeded, & honoured by Kings and Princes i and why may not the fame power in the hands of a Protethnt Clergy, make the meaneti and the highett to fear and dread them? But fome will fay, the Word ot God being the tcuchftone wherewith they are to try what points may be the fubjcdsof their cenfures, by luck a light and guidance thev are not like to erre. But they then being themlelves the Judges of the fenfe and meaning of the Word, who (hall oppofe their judgment, and tluir enfuing cenfures > what it to their tryal and judgment they fhiil bringany Law enaded bv a High Court of Parliament, and fh all judge it not according to the Word of God, and fo prefs it to the peoples confciences i threatning with their cenfures fuch as fhall obey it ? in luen a cafe how may the power of the keys unlockand open a door to the people ct itbellion againtf their lawful Magiftrates ? O what dan- gers may befall a Common-wealth, when thus the Clergy fhall (land over poor and rich, fubjtd and magillrate, as Fe- w's Oatue at R owe, with Crofs-keys in his hand ? What a rebellion did the Archbifhop of Mexico caufeby excommu- nicating Don Pedro Mcxia hvft,and then the Viceroy ^ and how did the people tear his keys more then the Viceroys temporal power and authority, tiding with him againlt fuch as he had excommunicated ? What troubles did that Do- dor Smith Bifhop ot Cbalccdon bring among the Papills,fmall and great ones, not long ago'hereinEHghwf, laying upon them by the power ot the Keys a centime ot Excommunica- tion,^ they confiffed to, or did entertain and hear the Mats ct any, that had not derived their authority from him? then were they in open rebellion one again!]; another* the tecular Piiefts againtf the Monks, fryers, and Jefuites, and the Lai- ty all troubled, fome tiding with one, and tome with ano- ther, until Dodor Smith having thus kindjed the tire, was fain to leave it burning, and to betake himfclt to Parti, and from thence to foment the diiTenlion, which with the power of the Keys he had canted here. O finely the Church’ fo far is a good Mother, as it allows a Magitirace to be a Father. And great comfort have thole 0 ? that Chap.XII. of the YV eft-indies. 1 49 that live within the pale of the Church, to know that they have the Magiflrate a Fathci to fly unto in their preffures and difcomforis. 1 mult ingenuoufly confefs that one main point that brought me from the Church of Rowe, was the too too great power of the Keys in the Popes, Bifhops, and Prieits hands, who ftudying more felf Policy, then common Poli- cy, look upon the people, and with their power deal with them more as their fubjedts, then as political Members in a Common- wealth, rending and tearing them dayly by their cenfures from that common and Political body to which they belong, without any hopes of care to be had of them by their Magiflrate and Political head and Govcrnour. And I hope I fhall not have fled from Antichrifl wh© cxal- teth himfelf as head ot the Church, and from that power hath his influence over all States and Political Heads and Rulers, to rind in a Proteftant Church any of his lpirit, ma- king adillindtion of a fpiiitual and temporal head, forget- ting the only hcadChrilf Jefus'i which were it once granted, as the lpirit is more noble then the body, fo would the in- ference foon be made, that they that are over the Apin'-, are higher in power then they that are over the body j which conclufion would foon bring Mcxicocs troubles among Pro- teftahts. Experience in all my travels by fea and land, in moll parts of Europe and of America, hath ever taught me, that where the Clergy hath been too much exalted and en- joyed power over the people, there the Common-wealth hath fuon fallen intoheavy preffures and troubles. And let not this my obfervation fetin itrange as coming from a Mi- nifter, for I have learned from, Chiill, Mattb , 20. 25, 2 6, 27.. 1h.it the Princes of the Gentiles excrcife Dominion, and they lb it are great excrcife authority. But it jhal! not be fo among you, but wbof>cver will be great among you, let him be your Minijicr and n b fbei er will be chief among ypu^ let bint be your Servants I hope the High Court of Parliament will fo fettle the Church arid State hefe that this Hull not fear any further frdhb'k" fromt'h'aV, and that we who have our portion from f.y the I cja ^ ‘New Survey Chap.XIII. the one, may be Minifters and Servants under the Com- miflioners of the other. And thus largely I have dti'cn- bed the State and condition ot Mexico in the time of Mon- tezuma, and fince his death the manner and proportion of it, with the troubled condition I found it in when I went thither, by reafonof a mutiny and rebellion cauft-d by an Arch-bifhop the year before. I fhall now come out of Mexico , and prefent unto you the places moft remarkable about it » and from thence the ftveral parts and Countrys of America , before I betake my felf to the journey which I made from Mexico to Guatemala lying nine hundred Eng- lijh miles Southward, and from thence yet to Cojiarica, and Nicoya, being nine hundred miles further toward the South. CHAP. XIII. Shewing the fevera ! partf of this nerv World of America and the places of note about the famous City of Mexico. ALthough my travels by Sea and Land in America were not above three or fourthoufand miles (which is not the fihh part of it, if exadfly compafledj yet for the better compleating ot this my vvorki I thought fit toinlarge my felf to a full diviflonof the many and fundry parts there- of, here firftin general > and hereafter more in particular of thofe parts wherein I lived twelve years, and of thofe which I more exactly noted and obferved as I travelled and patTed through them. The chief diviiion therefore of this grcatelt part of the World, is twofold only, to wit, the Mexican , and tile Pcntan parts, which contain many great and fundry Provinces and Countreys, fome as big as our whole Kingdom of England. But Mexico giving name to hz'f America, is now called Nova Hifpania, new Spain , from whence the Kings of Spain do llyle themfelves Hifpania- rum Ilexes. The Mexican part contained! chiefly the Nor» them Tradf, and comprehended! thtfe Provinces hitherto known Chap.XIII. of the Weft- Indies. i 5 1 known and difcov,.red, to wit, Aft xico, Qpivira-, Nicaragua^ Jutatan, Florida , Virginia , Norumbega , Ai z/ ; Francia , Cor- terialis, ant! Efiotilandia. The compute ot this part of yf- rnetisa is thirteen thuufarid miles. The Fenian part con- tained all the Southern Tract, and ic tycd to the Mexican by the Ijlbnnts or ferait of Darien , being no more then 17, or as others (ay, in the narrowed place but 1 2. miles broad from the N'-rth totheSouth Sea. And many have menti- oned to the Council of Spain the cutting of a Navigable. Channel through this (bull Ifthmus , fo to fhorten the Voy- age to China., and the Moluccas. But the Kings of Spain have not as yet attempted to do it, fome (ay led in the work h;. fhould loie thole few Indians that are ltfc( would to God it were fo that they were and had been fo careful and tender of the poor Indians lives, more populous would that vad and (pacious Country be at this day :) but others fay he hath not attempted that great work, led the paffige by the Cipe Bona Efperanza good hope, being left off, thole Sees might become a rLceptacleof Pirates. However this hath not been attempted by the Spaniards , they give not for rcafon any extraordinary great charge, for that would icon be rccompenfed with the (peedy and eafie conveying thit way the Commodities from South to North Seas. Tnis Pcruan part of America contained! rhefe Countries, or Kingdoms, to wit, GajicHa aurca , Guiana, Peru, Brafil, Chillc-, and the compalsof it is lcventeen thouland miles. J dull not (peak didindtly of all thefe parts, which better writers, and of more knowledge have before me difeovered s and becaufe fome of them being cut of the Spaniards reach and dominion, from whom 1 have received my bed intel- ligence, I have from them had little notice cf them, r.cr expert nee, which indeed I intend io make my bed guide in this my work. Therefore to return again to the- Mex- ican part, and the Northern Tradf v 1 dull fall again up- on the fil'd and chief member of that divilton, which I laid was Mexico, This aboundeth with golden landed rivers, in which are many Crocodiles ("though not fo big as thofe of Egypt) Which the Indian pepple eat* It gloiitth in the t 4 mount* 252 A Nerp Survey Chap.XIlL mountains Popocbampecbe , and Popicatepcc, which are of the fame nature with JEtna and Vcfavius. Niy all the way South-ward as far as Leon in Nicaragua, there are many ofthefe fiery Mountains. But Popicatepcc is one ot the chief of them, which fignifieth a hill ot fmoak, for ma- ny times it cafteth out (moak and fire •, it ftandeth eight leagues from Cbohlla i the afeending up into it is very troublefomc, and full of craggy rocks. When 'ortez pafi- fed that way to Mexico , hefent ten Spaniards to view it, with many Indians to cairy their victuals, and to guide them in the way. They approached fo nigh the top, that they heard fuch a terrible noife which proceeded trorn thence, that they durli not go unto it, tor the ground did tremble and (hake, and great quantity of afhes did muchdifturb their way. But yet two ot (hem who feem- ed to be molt hardy, and detirous to fee lirange things, went up to the top, becaufe they would not return with a llcevelcfs anfwcr, and that they might not he accounted cowards, leaving their fellows behind them, proceeded tor* wards, and patted through that dtfert of aflits, and at length came under a great lmoak very thick, and hand- ing there a while, the darkntfs vaiii(h«.d partly away, and then appeared the Vulcan and concavity, which is about half a league in compafs, out o( the which theaircame rebounding with a very great noife, very (hrilland whirling, fo that the whole hill did trembles it was like unto an o- ven where gla(s is made. Tne fmoak and heat was (o great that they could not abide it, and ol lore; were con- tained to return by the way that they had afeendtd. But they were not gone far» when the Vulcan began to fiaili out flames of tire, alhes and embers, yea and at the lalt (tones of burning fire, and if they had not chanced to find a rock, under which they fludowed themftlves, undoubt- edly thty had there been burned. It is like unto the Vul- can oiSicilia, it is high and round, and never wanttth fnow about fume part o( it. Bdore the coming ot Cortez for ten years Ip^ce it had left oflexpelling vapour or (moaks but in the year r 540.1c began again to burn, and with the horrible Chap. XIII. of the Weft-Indies. 153 horrible noife thereof, the people that dwelt four leagues from it were terrified j the afhes that proceeded then from it reached to Plaxcallan , which dandeth ten leagues diftant from it i yea (ome affirm that it extended fifteen leagues diftant, and burned the herbs in the gardens, the corn in the fields, and clothes that lay a drying. And ma- ny fuch hills and mountains doth this Mexican part of A - mcrica or new Spain abound with. The limits of it are on the Ealt, Jucatan, and the gulf of Mexico , on the W zft Californio, on the South the Peruan part. The Nor- thern bounds are unknown, fo that we cannot certainly a- vow this America to be continent, nor certainly affirm it to be an llland, uidinguifhed from the old world. It was very populous before the arrival of the Spaniards , who in feventeen years llew fix millions of them, roaftmg fome, plucking out the eyes, cutting off the arms- of others, and calling them living to be devoured of wild beads,. This chief Province of America named Mexico , is further fub* divided into four parts, that is to fay, ‘Pbemijiitan , AV va Galicia , Mechoacan , and Ganjlacban. ‘Ibcrnijlitan' is the greatcll and ncbleft of theie four > for that it con- tains h fix Cities, and of them one is Mexico , which gt- veth name to the halfpart of America-, and is the feat of an Arch-bifhop , and of the Spanijb Viceroy, whofe greatnefs withm I have before laid open ;> the fecond Ci- ty is La Puebla de los Angeles, the City of Angels, the third Villaruca ’■> the fourth Antiques a \ the fifth Mecca- eca \ the fixth Ott pan. But all thefe, excepting the two firft, are but fmail pl and now by the Spaniards is the Efcurial of America , where the Viceroys that dye are alfo interred. There is a furrptuous palace built with many fair Gar- dens and devices of waters, and ponds of fifh, whither the Viceroy and the Gentry of Mexico do refort for their recreation. The riches here belonging to the Viceroys Chappel, are thought to be worth above a million of crowns. Lacuba is alfo a pleafant Town full of orchards and gar- dens, in the very way to Chap ultepec> Southward is 7 oluco, rich alfo for trading, but above all much mentioned tor the Bacon, which is the belt of all thofc parts, and is tranfpor- ted far and near. Welt-ward is the Town called La Piedady at the end of a Cawfey, whither the people much refort from Mexico , being drawn ro the fuperltitious worfhip of a pidfure of Mary which hath been enriched by the chief of Mexico with many thoufand pounds worth ot gilts of chains, and crowns of gold. But more Northwdf-ward three leagues from Mexico is the pleafanrelt place of all that are about Mexico , called La Solcdad, and by others cl deficrto , the lolitary or defer t place and wrldernefs. Were all wildermffes like it, to live in a wilderuefs would be better then to live in a City. Tnishath been a device ofpoor Fryers named difcalccd , or barefooted Carmelites , who to make fhew of their hypocritical and ap- parent godlinefs, and that whileft they would be thought to live like Eremites, retired from the world, they may draw the world unto them > they have built there a Ifate- ]y Cloiffer, which being upon ahill and among rocks makes it to be more admired- About the Cloiffer they have fa- (hioned out many holes and caves in, under, and among the rocks, like Eremites lodgings, with a room to lie in, and an Oratory to pray in, with pidures,and Images, and rare devices for mortification, as difeiplines of wyar, rods ot I- ron, hair-cloths, girdles with fhaipwyar points to girdle about their bare flefh, and many fuch like toys which hang about their Oratories, to make people admire their morti- fied and holy lives. AH thele Eremitical holes and caves (which Gnap. XIII. of the Weft-Indies. 155 {which are fome ten in all) are within the bounds and com*- pafs of the Coiftcr, and among orchards and gardens full! of fruits and flowers, which may take up two miles com- pafs i and here among the Tocks are many fprings of water, which with the (hade of the plantins and other trees, are mod cool and pleafant to the Eremites-, they have alfo the fweet fmell of the rofe and jazmin, which is a little flower,, but the fweetefl of all others ; there is not any other flow- er to be found that is rare and exquilire in that Country, which is not in that wildernefs to delight the fenfcs of thofc mortified Eremites. They are weekly changed from the Cloifltr, and when their week is ended, others are lent, and they return unto their Cloifter , they carry with them their bottles of wine, fweet-meats, and other provifionias for fruits, the trees about do drop them into their mouths. It is wonderful to fee the flrange devices of fountains of water which are about the gardens^ but much more flrange and wonderful to fee the refort of Coaches, and gallants, and Ladies and Citizens from Mexico thither, to walk and make merry in tiiofe deferr pleafures, and to fee thofe hy- pocrites, whom they look upon as living Saints, and 16 think nothing too good for them, to cherifh them in theiir defert confli&s with Satan. None goes to them but car- ries fome fweet-meats, or fome other dainty difhto nouriih and feed them withalU whole prayers they likewife earnefl- lyfolicite, leaving them great alms of mony for their Mif- fes -, and above all, offering to a picture in their Church, called out Lady of Carmel, treafures of diamonds, pearls, golden chains and crowns, and gowns of cloth of gold and lilver. Before this picture did hang in my time twenty lamps offllveri the worfl of them being worth a hundred pound* truly Satan hath given unto them what he offered Chrifl in the defert, All tbefe things will I give thee , if thou wilt fall down and worjhip me * all the dainties and of all the riches of America hath he given unto them in that their defert/or that they dayly fall down and worship him. In the way to this place there is another Town yet called 7acubaya> where is a rich Cloifltr ofFrancifeans, and alfo many gardens and orchards, i $6 A New Survey Chap. XIII. orchards, but above all much reforted to for the mufick in that Church, wherein the Fryers have made the Indians lo dexterous at skilful, that they dare compare with the Carikdia Church of Mexico, Thefe were the chief places otmine and my friends rclorf, whilft I abode about Mexico , which I found tobe molt worth a Hiftory, and fo thought fit htre to lufert them, andfopafs on to the other parts or Pro vinces of Mexico. Next t o this is the Province of Guaftachau, which lieth in the road from St. John deVlbua to Mexico , which is not fopoor ■ *. Heylyn maketh it, for that now it doth abound with many r.ch farms of Sugar, and of Cochinil, and rtachcrh far as the Valley of Guaxaca which is a moll rich p'ic.. f - chief City of this Province was wont to be 'll a xc all.-; whereof I have formerly fpokeny but now the Crc/ oi Guaxaca which is a Bifhops feat, and Xa lappa which is aiio of iate made a Bifhops feat, makes it more fa- mous. It gloryeth alfoin Villa Rica a Port Town very wealthy, beccufe all the traffique betwixt the Old and New Spains do pafs through it. The Spaniards have in it tworich Colonies, called F arnica , and St. James in the val- leys. Tne third Province of Mexico is called Mtcboacany which containtih in circuit foutfcorc leagues. It is alfo an exceeding rich country, abounding in Mulberry trees, lilk, honey, wax,b. tck-amber, works of divers coloured feathers, moll rich, rare and exquifite, andfuch fort of fifh,that from thence it took its name, Mecbttoucanx which fignificth a place of hfhing. The languageof the Indians is moft elegant and copious, and they rail, itrong, active, and of very good wits, as may be feeii m all their works, but efpecially in thofe of feathers, which are fo curious, that they are prefented for rich pr ms to the Ring and Nobles of Spain* The chief City cf this Province is VaVad.lid a B lhops feat y and t!it ^ h "'"owns art Sinfonte , which was the refidence of the Kinns of this Country. There is a:fo Fafcuar and Colima, very great Towns inhabited by Indians and Spaniards, There are alio two good Havens, called Sth Chap.'XIIT. of the Weft-Indies. 157 Anthony , and Saint James , or Santjago. This country of Mecboacan was almoli as great as the Empire of Mex- ico, when Cortez conquered thofe parts. The King that was then oi Mecboacan was called Caconzin, who was a great friend unto Cortez , and a fervitor to (he Spaniards , and willingly yielded himfelfas vaffal to the King of Spain', yet fi'ch was the cruelty of Von Nnnio de Guzman , tne hilt Ruler and Prefident of the Chancery of Mexico alter the conqueff, that underflanding he was put out ot his orfice, he took his journey againlt the ‘tencbicbimecas, anti car- ried in his company five hundred Spaniards., with whom, and fix theufand Indians which by force he took cut of Mecboacan , he conquered Xalixco which is now called the ticrv Galicia. And as for this purppfe he paffi d through Mecboacan , he took prifoner the King Caconzin , ( who was quiet and peaceable and flirred not againft him ) and took lrom him ten thoufand marks of plate, and much gold and other treafure, and afterwards burned him, and many ether Indian Gentlemen and principal perfens ot that Kingdom, becaufe they fiiould not complain, faying, that a dead dog biteth not. They were in this King- dom as fuperflitious and idolatrous as in the rell of Ame- rica. Nodivorcement was permitted amongil than, ex- cept the party made a folemn oath, that they looked not the one on the other ftedfaUly, and diredfly at the time of their marriage. In the burying likewife of their Kings they were luperfl iticus, cruel, and Idolatrous. When any King of Mecboacan happened to be brought to fuch extre- mity of liekntfs that hope of life was pali, then did he name and appoint which ot his lonsfhould inherit the flate and Crown, and being known, the new King or Heir pre- Ifently fent for all the Governours, Captains, and valiant Soldiers, who had any office or charge, to come unto the burial of his Father, and he that came not, from thence- i forth was held for a Traitor, and fo punifhed. When the death of the old King was certain, then came all degrees ot elfates, and did bring their prefents to the new King for the approbation of his Kingdom : But New survey Chap. XI 11. But if the King were not throughly dead, but at the point ®f death, then the gates were (hut in, and none permit- ted to enter , and it he were throughly dead, then began a general cry and mourning, and they were permitted to (tome where their dead King lay, and to touch him with their hands. This being done the carkafs was wafhed with Cweet waters, and then a fine fhirt put upon him, and a pair of fhooes made of Deer-skin put on his feet, and a- fcout his anckles were tied bells of gold, about the wrifls ©f his hands were put bracelets of Turkifes and of gold Hkewife s about his neck they did hang collars of pretious ftones, and alfo ofgold, and rings in his ears, with a great Turkife in his nether lip. Then his body was laid upon a large Bier, whereon w as placed a good bed under him s on Ms one fide lay a bow with a quiver of arrows, and on his ether fide lay an Image made of fine mantles of his own fla- tture or bignefs, with a great tuff of fine feathers, fhooes aipon his feet, with bracelets and a collar of gold. While this was a doing, others were bulled in wafhing the men and women, which fhould b<. fliirt for to accompany him into hell. Thefe wretches that were to be flain, were firft (banqueted and filled with drink, becaufe they fhould receive ibeir death with lefs pain. The new King did appoint thofe whofhould die for to ferve the King his father s and many his kins- men went round about the Bier tinging a forrowful long. The officers and houfliold-fervanfs of the Court, with other Magilhates and Rulers of Juiiice bare the Standards and divers other Arms. And about midnight they departed in the order aforefaid out of the Kings Palace with great light of fire-brands, and with a heavy noile of their trumpets and drums. The Citizens which dwelt where the Corps pafled, attended to make chan the itreet. And when they were come to the Temple, they went four times round a- bout a great tire which was prepared of Pine tree to burn the dead body. Then the Bier was laid upon the hre, and in the mean while that the body w is burning, they maw- led with a club thofe which had the Garlands, and after- ward buried them four and four as they were apparelled be- hind the Temple. The next day in the morning the affies, bones and jewels were gathered and laid upon a rich mantle, the which was carried to the Temple gate, whtre the Priefts attended to bids thofe devi ifh reliques, whereof they made a dow or pafte, and thereof an Image, which was appa- relled like a man, with a vifor on his face, and a!l other forts of jewels that the dead King was wont to wear, fo that it feemed a gallant Idol. At the foot of the Temple Hairs they opened a grave ready made, which was fquare, large, two fathom deep, it was alfoh3nged with new mats round about, and a tair bed therein, in the which one of the Pridls placed the Idol made ot athes with his eyes to wards the Eaft-pait,and did hang round about the walls 1 argets of gold and iilver, with bows and arrows, and many gallant turfs ot Feathers with earthen veffcls, as pots, difhes, and platters, fo that the grave was tilled up with houfhold-ftuifj chdis covered with Leather, Apparel Jewels, Meat, ioo A New Survey Chap. XIII* Meat, Drink and Armour. This done, the grave was fhut up and made fure with beams, boards, and floored , with earth on the top. All thofe Gentlemen who had fer ved or touched anything in the burial, wafhed themfelves and went to dinner in the Court or yard of the Kings houfe without any table, and having dined they wiped their hands upon certain locks of Cotton-wool, hanging down their heads, and not (peaking any word, except it were to ask for drink. This ceremony endured five days, and in all that time no fire was permitted to be kindled in the City, except in the Kings houfe and Temples nor yet any corn was ground, or market kept, nor any durfl go out of their houfes, (hewing all the (orrow that might bt pof- fible for the death ot their King. And this was the fiiper- fhrious manner ol burying the Kings of Mechoacan. This • people did punifh aduhtry moll rigoroufly i for to commit it was death as well (or the man as the woman. But if the adulterer were a Gentleman, his head was decktd with feathers, and alter that he was hanged, and his body Burned > and tor this offence was no pardon, either tor man or woman. But for avoiding of adultery they did permit other common women, but nopublick and ordinary flews. Now the Indians ot Mechoacan are greatly taken with the Popifh devices, and are Arongin that Religion, asany part of America. The fourth and taft Province of the Country or Empire of Mexico , is called Galicia nova, and is watered with two very great rivers, the one named Piajilc , and tire othtr San Sebajiian . This Province gloryerh in many great Towns of Indians >but efpeciallyin fix, inhabited both by Indians and Spaniards', the firftand chkfefl is Xalifco, ta- ken by Nunio de Guzman 1530. when he fled trom Mex- ico in a rage, and took prifoner and burned the King of Mechoacan. The fecond is Guadalaiara. The third Coo- rum. The fourth Compojiella. The filth St. Efpirit. The fixth Capala , which now is called Nova Mexico , new Mcxr ico. Andhereitis that the Spaniards are daily warring a- gainfi the Indians which live Northward, and are not as yet reduced Chap. XIII. of the W eft-indies. i£i reduced nor brought under the Spanifb yoakand govern- ment, They are valiant Indians , and hold the Spaniards hard to it > and have great advantage again!! them in the rocks and mountains, where they abide and cut off many Spaniards. Their chief weapons are but bows and arrows, and yet with them from the thick Woods, hills and rocks thtyannoyand offend the Spaniards exceedingly. I have heard lome Spaniards fay that they flie and climb up the rocks like Goats * and when they draw nigh unto them, then they cry out with a hideous noife (hooting their ar- rows at them, and in an inftant are departed and fled un- to another rock. The reafon why the Spaniards are fo earned to purfue and conquer thefe Indians more then many others of America, which as yet are riot brought in iubp&ion to the Spaniards, is for the many mines of fil- Vcr and treafure ot gold which they know to be there* They have got already fure puff, flic n of part of thofe ri- ches in the Mines, called St. Lewis Sacatecas, from whence they fend all the filver that is coyned in the Mint-houfcs of Mexico and the City of Angels, and every year bdidcs to Spain in filver wedges at leal! fix Millions. But the fur- ther the Spaniards go to the North, (till more liches they difeover \ and tain would they lubdue all thofe Northern parts (as I have heard them fay) left our Englifo from Vir- ginia, and their other plantations, get in before them. I have heard them wonder that our Engli/h enter no further into the main land i ftirely fay they, either they fear the Indians , or elfe with a little paultiy Tobacco they have ag much as will maintain them in lazinefs. Certainly they intend to conquer through thofe heathenifla Indians, until by land they come to Florida and Virginia,' (for fo they boaft) if they be not met with by fome-of our Northern Nations of Europe , who may better keep them off then thofe poor Indians , and may do God greater and bettef ftrvic^ with thofe rich Mines, then the Spaniards hitherto have done. Thus having fpoken fnmewha* of the four Provinces of Mexico, which was the firft Member of the divifions M Mexican 1 62 A New Survey Chap. XIII. Mexican and Teruan ■> Now I fhall briefly fay fomewhat further of three more Countries belonging to the Mexiean or Northern Trad1 as oppotite to the Tertian , omitting Florida , Virginia , Norumbega,NovaFrancia Cortcrialis, and Eflotilandia , becaufe I will not write as many do by relati- on and hearfay, but by more fure intelligence, infight and experience. In my firft divifion next to Mexico , I pla- ced §hiivira^Jucatan, and Nicaragua > ofthele three there- fore 1 (hall lay a little, and then fomewhat of the Tcruan part. Quivira is feated on the mod Welkrn part of A- mcrica , jult over againft Fartary , from whence bting not much dillant, fomc fuppofethat the Inhabitants firft came into this new world. And indeed the Indians of America in many things feem to be of the race and progeny of the Fartars , in that §)uivira and all the Weft fide of the Country towards Afia is far more populous then the Eaft towards Europe , which ftieweth thefe parts to have been firft inhabited. Secondly, their uncivility, and barba- rous properties tell us that they are moft like the Fartars of any. Thirdly, the Weft fide of America it it be not con- tinent with ‘ lartary , is yet disjoyned but by a fmall llraight. f ourthly, the people of ^uitira neareft to Fartary , are (aid to follow the feafons and pafturing of their Cattle like the Fartarians- AU this fide of America is full of herbage, and enjoyeth a temperate air. The people are defirous of glafs more then of gold '•> and in fomc places to this day are Cannibals. The chief riches of this Country are thhir Kine, which are to them as we fay of our Ale to drunkards, Meat, Drink and Cloth, and more too. For the Hides yield them houfes, or at leaft the co- verings of them > their bones bodkins, their hair thred, their finews ropes j their horns, maws and bladders, veftels j their dung, fire ■> their Calve-skins, budgets to draw and keep water > their bloud, drink » their fi-fh, meat. There is thought to be fomc traffique from China , or Cathaya , hither to thofe parts, where as yet the Spani- ards have not entred. For when Vafqucz, de Coronado con- quered Chap. XIII. of the Weft-Indies. 16% quered fome part ofit, he faw in the further Sea certain (hips, not pf common making, which feemed to be well laden, and bare in their prows, Pelicans, which could not be conjectured to come from any Country, but one of thefetwo- In Qitivira there arc but two Provinces known unto us, which are Cibola , and- Nova Albion. Cibola ly- eth on the Eaft lide, whole chief City is of the fame name, and denominates the whole Province. The chief Town next to Cibola is called fotontaa, which is temperate and p'.eafant, being fituattd upon a Riverfo called. The third Town worth mentioning is called fingttez,, which was burnt by the Spaniards] , who under the ccndudt of Francifco Vaf- quez de Coronado made this Province fubjedt to the King of Spain, An. Dom. 1 540. And fince this Town of Ttngucz, hath been rebuilt and inhabited by the Spaniards > There is a goodly Colledgeof Jefuites, who only preach to the Indi- ans of that Country. Nova Albion lyeth on the Weft fide to- wards ’tartary, and is very little inhabited by th £ Spaniards who have found no wealth or riches there. Otrc ever Re- nowned and Noble Captain Sir Francis J)rakp difeovered it, entred upon it, and he named it Nova Albion, becaufe the King that then was, did willingly fubmit himfelf unto our Queen Elizabeth . The Country abounds with fruits plcafiug both to the eye and the Palate. The people are given to hofpitality, but withal to witchcraftand adoration ot devils. The bounds' between this Quivira and Mexico Empire is Mar Virmiglio , or Californio. The third Kingdom belonging to the Mex- ican part and Northern TraCt is Jucatan > which was HrIS difeovered by Francifco Hernandez de Cordova, in the year 1517. It is called Jucatan , not as fome have conceited from Joclan the fun ot Hcber, who they think came out of the Ea(t, where the Scripture placeth him, Gen. 12. 23, to inhabit here, but from Jucatan which in the Indian tongue ligniHeth, what (ay you ? for when the Spani- ards at their hrlt arriving in that Country did ask of the Indians the name of the place, the Savages not un- der/.fandiilg what they meancd,replyed unto them Jucatan, M 2 which 1^4 si New Survey Chap. XIII. xvhnch is, what fay you > whereupon the Spaniards na- nitd it, and ever fincehave called it Jucatan. The whole Country is at leaft 900 miles in cjrcuir, and is a Pemnfula. It is fituated over againh the Ifle of Cuba and is divided mto three parts, firli Jucatan itfelf,whofe Cities ofgreatcft worth are Vallad lid, Merida, Simane*ZxA one which for his greatnefs and beauty, they cal [Cairo. This Country among the Spaniards is held to be poor v the chief commodities m itarehony, wax, hides, and fome Sugar.but 11c Indigo, Cochinel nor Mines of filver •, There are yet Tome drugs much efteemed of by the Apothecaries, Cana pjtma, ZarzapariUa cfpecially v and great ftore of Indian bhiz. 1 here is alfo abundance of good Wood and Timber he for (hipping, whereof the Spaniards do make very iirong flops, which thtyufe in their voyages to Spain and back again. In the year 1632. the Indians of this Country m many places of it were like to rebell againft their SpaniJh oovernour, who vexed them forely, making them bring in to ,,nn their Fowls and 1 urkies (whereof there is alfo great abundance) and their hony and waxf wherein he traded )at the rate and price whichhe pleafed tofet them, for hisbetter advantage , which wasfuch a difadvantage to them, that to enrich him they inipovcrilhed themfelves •, and fo refol- V£d to_ betake themfelves to the Woods and Mountains * w lure in a rebellious way they continued forne months.un- til the hand lean fryers, who have there great power over t im, reduced themback, and theGovernourfleft hefhould eiu;.tc!ofe that Country by a tuithcr rebellion) granted to them not only a general pardon in the Kings name, but for the future promiled to ufe them more mildly and gently. * fe'cond part of it is called Guatemala, (^wherein I HeJ for the (pace of almolt twelve years) whofe Inhabi- tants nave loll formerly half a million oftluir kinfmenand friends by the unmerciful dealingof tint Spaniards i and yet for all thelofsoffo many thoufands, there is 110 part of A - mcria more fiourifliing then this with great and populous Indians Towns. They may thank the Fryers who de- fend Chap.XIII. of the Weft-Indies. 1 6$ fend them daily againft the Spaniards and this yet for their own ends, for while the Indians ftoux\(h and increafe, the Fryers purfesfloutilh alfo and are filled. The Countiy is viryfrclh and p'entiful. The chief Cities are Guatemala, Cajjitca , and Chiapa ■> whereof I (hall fpeak mpre largely hereafter. The third part of Jucatan is Acafamil , which is an Iflind over againli Guatemala , which is now common- ly called by the Spaniards, St#. Cruz , whpfe chief Town is Sta. Cruz . The fourth and lad Country of the divifion of the Mex- ican part and Northern Trad: oi America, (which is under the Spanijh Government, and my bell knowledge and ex- perience J is 'Nicaragua, which itandeth South eart from Mexico , and above tour hundred and fifty leagues from it. Yet it agreeth fomewhat with Mexico in nature both of foil and Inhabitants. The people are of good (hture, and of colour indifferent white. They had, before they recei- ved Chrillianity,a fetled and politick form of Government. 0 ’y, as Solon appointed no Law tora mans killing of his father, fo had this people none for the Murtherer of a King, both of them conceiting, that men were not fo unnatural, as to commit fuch crimes. A thief they jud- ged not to death, but adjudged him to be a ilave to that man whom he had robbed, til! by his fervice he had made fatisfa&ion, acourfetruly more merciful and not Ids juft, then the lofs of life. This Country is lb p’cafng to the eye, and abounding in ad things m cellar y, that the Spaniards call it Mahomet s Pa- radife. Among other flpuriftiing frees, here groweth one 01 that nature, that a man cannot touch any of its bran- ches, but it withered! patently. Ic is as plentiful ot Par-’ rets,asour Country of England is ot Crows* Turkics, Fowls, Q_ui!s and Lubbers are ordinary meat there. There are ma- ny populous Indian Towns (though not lo many as about Guatemala) in this-Country , and cfpeciaily two Cities of Spaniards > the one Leon, a Bilhops Sear, and the other Gra - nadi which itandeth upon a Lake of frjh water, which hath above three hundred miles in compals, and having no M 3 inter- }o6 A New Survey Chap. XIII. intercourle with the Ocean, doth yet continually ebb and flow.But ofthisCountry,and of this City efpecially I flull fav though W en 1 C°me t0fpeak 0f my ‘“filing Thus I have briefly touched upon the Mexican part, and fo much of the Northern Tradf as is under the King of jpata Us Dominion, leaving more particulars, until l come tofhew the order of my being in and journeying through fomeofthTe Country,. I will now likewifegive you a glimpte of the Southern Trad, and Pc-uan part n KiZ7J‘ rhlch.C°nt3linfth Chitfly i]vc great Counts or Kingdoms, fome m whole, and others in part, fubjedt o e Crowns of Spain and Portugal , which are, firfl Ca- , AU aureus fecondly, Gujana , thirdly, PCrn\ fourrhly.Brj- file , fifthly, Chile. But I will not fill my Hiftory with what others nave written of the four la/! named Country*, i wilTh-^Tr VOl mUC V but wbat 1 coulcJ ,earn of ***’ ,1 ,ru?y Pca‘^ and fo come to the fir it, Cotldla jure t through which I travelled. Peru is held to be ya more Country then is Mexico s for although it hath not the convenicncy of traflique by the North Sea, which Mcx- aca hat.i, but doth fund the Commodities in it to Panama dnd from thence tranfports them cither over the itraight KlVcTCl:ia£rce t0 PorM upon the North Y he Country is far richer then Mexico, by reafon of the more abundance of Mines of filvtr which are in it. ie mountains named Pot oft are thought to be of no other metal, which the King of Spain will not have to be o- pened until they have cxhaulted thofe which are already enn.mhrcd ,lavc found Spaniards work enough, and yielded them treafure enough ever lince they inf conquered thofe parts. The foil is v.ry fruitful of alt di fruits as aic found in Spain. Tire Olives are bigger then thofe of Spain, the oil tweeter and clearer. The andTi? VI-C,d ali7 3 WlUe f"r itr°n2er t!lcn any of Spain s and there ,s much made, by reafon it cannot conveniently bc bmejght tram spa:,:. There is likewife Wheat in great 1 e 5 anda-J fruitful foil lyeth low under high Moun- tains Chap. XIII. of the Weft-Tndies. 1 6y tains which divide betwixt Indians not as yet conquered and Brafile. But thofe Mountains are a great help unto thofe pleafant Valleys with the waters that tall from them, for in all thofe parts inhabited by the Spaniards towards the South Sea, it is mod certain and molt ob(ervable,that it never raineth, in fo n uch that the bonds are uncovered on the tops, and only mats laid over them to keep off the duft, and yet is this Country, what with the waters that fall from the Mountains, what with the meaning and e- vening dews, as fruitful and plentiful as any Country in the World. The chief City is called Lima , where there is a Viceroy and a Court of Chancery, and an Archbiflicp. It hath a Port fome'two miles from it named Callau s where lie the Blips that convey yearly the treafure ot that King- dom to Panama. There lie alio other Blips which traffique to the Eajl-Indies, and to all the CoaBs ot Guatemala , and to Acapulco the Southern Haven of Mexico. The Port of Callau is not fo Brong as the great, nay inellimable wealth that is commonly in it and in the City of Lima Biould re- quire, for I have heard many Spaniards lay, that in the y^ar 1620. a few Blips of Hollanders fas f< m: fayj or of Englijlo (as others aB'irm ) appeared before the Haven waiting for the Blips that were to convey the Kings reve- news to Panama , and hearing that they were departed (though by atalic report) followed them, and fo torfook the attempting to take (he Call air, which certainly had they manly attempted, they had taken it, and in it the greatefl treafure that in any one part ot the world could have been found. But the Spaniards fcldom lee thereabout forain fli ps, and fo live more caielelly in fecuring or flrength- ningthat Coafl. Though Peru be thus rich in fruits and Mints, yet Cbille farexceedeth it in gold i, which eggeth the Spaniards to a conllar.t and continual war with the Inhabi- tants, which arc a Brong, warlike, and mofl valiant people. They are grown as skilful in the uie of weapons, (Words, pi • Bols, and mufqucts as the Spaniards , and have taken many Spaniards , men and women prifoners i and of the Spanifh women have had to many children, called Mcftizocs, that by M 4. them 1 6$ A New Survey Cbap.XIH . them (who have proved mod: valiant) they have much en» created both their ffrength and their skill.. They hold the \Spaniards hard to it, and the war is become the mod dan- gerous ofany the Spaniards haves infomuch'that the Coun- cil of Spain doth pick out from Flanders and Italy, the beft loldiers to (end them thither. And a Captain that hath fer- Ved long, well and faithfully in Flanders , by way of credit and promotion is lent to the Wars of Cbille , to fight for that great treafure of gold, which certainly is there. The Spa- wards have in it threefair Cities •, the Conception (which is a Bilhops Seat) and Santiago, and Valdivia. This lad fi? named from one Valdivia, who was Govcrnour of it, and the fird caufe and author of thole Wars. This man was fo extraordinary covetous of the gold of that Country, that he would not let the Indians poilcfs or injoy any ot it themfelves, but did vex them, whip, and beat, yea and kill feme of them, becaufe they brought him not enough, and imployed them daily in fccking it out fo? him, charging them witha taxand impolirion of fo much a day : which the Indians not being able to perform, no? to fatisfie an unfatisfiable mind and greedy covctoufnels, refolvedto rebel, but fo that fit ft they would fill and la- tisfie his heart with gold fothat he Ihpuld never more co- vet after that yellow and glittering metal, whercfore'they joyned and combined themfelves together in a warlike po- fiure, and took fome quantity of gold and melted it, and with it refclutely came upon Valdivia tiie Govcrnour, (ay. ing, O. Valdivia we fee thou half a greedy and unfatiable mind and defire after our gold > we have not been ab!e to fatisfie thee with it hitherto, but now we have deviled a way to fdtiate this thy greedy covctoufnels , here is novv enough, drink thy full of it and with thefe words they took him and pouted the melted gold down his throat, wherewith he died, never more coveting after that bright and Gaining drols,and naming with his name and death tnat City of Valdivia, and with his covetoufnefs leaving a re- bellion which hath continued 'to a cruel and blcudy War un- to this day., * ’ Gui.tns Chap. XIII. of the Weft-Indies. 169 Guiana and Braftle I Anil omit to fpeak of, not having been in any part of them. Braftle is little talked of by the Spaniards, belonging to the Crown of Portugal , and now part of it to the high and mighty States of the Netherlands , who will better fatisfie by their Hiltories, and acquaint Eu- rope with the riches that are in it. I return unto the Aril part mentioned by me in the Sou- thern and Pcruan Trad, which wasfaid to b eCaflella aurea , golden Cafile , fo called for the abundance of gold that is found in it. This containeth the Northern part of Perua- na, and part of the Ijibmus, which runneth between the N nth and South Sea. Btfides the gold in it, it is ad- mirably ftored with Silver, Spices, Pearls, and medicinal Herbs. It is divided into four Provinces. The firftis cal- led Caflella del oro > the fecond, Nova Andaluzia ■, the third, Nova Granada > the fourth, Cartbagena. Cajlella del oro is fituated in the very Ifthmus , and is not very popu- lous by reafon of the unhealthfulnefs of the air, and noi- fom favour of the Handing Pools. The chief places be- longing to the Spaniards , are full 'fbeonitnay , or Nombre de Di is on the Ealt j the fecond which is fix leagues from Nombre de Dios is Portabel , now chiefly inhabited by the Spaniards and Mulattoes, and Blackmores, and Nombre de Dios almoft utterly ferfaken by reafon qfits unhealthful- nels. The fhips which were wont fo anchor in Nombre d: Dios, and there to take in the Kings treafurc, which is yearly brought from Peru to Panama, and from thence to the North Sea, now harbour themfelves in Portabel , which fignifieth Porto hello, a fair and goodly Haven, for fo indeed it is, and well fortified at the entrance with three Caliles, which can reach and command one another. The third and chief p:ace belonging to the Spaniards in Cajhl- Ja del oro is Panama, which is on the weft fide and upon the South Sea. Thi-. City and Nombre de ~Dios were both built by Didacus de Niqitefa. And Nombre de Dios was fo called, bccaule Niquefn having been crofted with ma- ny mdchances and miladventures at Sea, when he came jo this place greatly rejcyced, and bad his men now 170 A New Survey Chap. XIII. ! go on (bore in Nombre de Dios , in the name of God* But as I have before obfcrved, the air being'here very un- healthy, the King of Spain in the year 1514 comman- ded the houfes of Nombre de Dios to be pulled down, and to be rebuilt in a more healthy and convenient plaee ; which was performed by Peter Arias in Portabel But being now upon Nombre de Dios , I fliould wrong my Country, it I fhould r,6t fet out to the publick view the worth of her people fhewed upon this place, and to this day talked on and admired by the Spaniards , who do not only remember Sir Francis Drakp, and teach their children to dread and fear even his name for his attempts upon Car - thagcna and alltheCoaft about, and efpccially upon Nombre de Dios , and from it marching as far as thegreat Mountain called St. Pablo towards Panama : but furthermore keep a- liveamongft them ('and in this my Hifioryit (hall not died the name of one of Sir Francis Drakp his followersand Cap- tains named John Oxenbam , whofe attempt on this Coaft was refolute and wonderful. This noble and gallant Gentleman arriving with three* (core and ten foldiers in his company as refolute as him- felf, a little above this Town ct Nombre de Dios , drew a land his (hip, and covering it with boughs, marched over the land with his Company guided by Blackrncres , until he came to a river, where he cut down w?ood, made him a Pinnace, entred the South fca, went to the Ifiar.d of Pearls, where he lay ten days waiting for a prize, which happily he got(though not fo happily after kept it J tor from that Illand he fet upon two Spanijh (hips, and finding them unable to fight, he fpeedilymade them yield, and intercepted in them three fcorethoufa nd pound weight ot gold, andtw’c hun- dred thoufand pound Weight in bans or wedges oi lilver, and returned fafely again to the main land. And though by reafonof a mutiny made by his own Company he nei- ther returned to his country, nor to his hidden fhipi yet was it fuch a ftfange adventure as is not to beforgotten, in that the like was never by any other attempted, and by the 5^2- nurds is to this day with much admiration recorded. Much Chap. XIII. of the W eft-indies. 1 7 1 Much part of this CafteJla aurea as yet is not fubdued by the Spaniards , and fo doubtlefs a great treafure lieth hid in it for that people and nation whofe thoughts (hall a- fpire to rind it out. In the year 1637. when I chanced to be in Panama, returning homewards to my Country, there came thither fome twenty Indians Barbarians by way of peace to treat with the Prefident of the Chancery concer- ning their yielding up themfelves to the government of the King of Spain* But as I was informed afterwards at Carthagena, nothing was concluded upon, for that the Spa- niards dare not trull thofe Indians, whom they have found to have rebelled often again!! them for their hard ufage and carriage towards them. Thefe Indians which then I faw were very proper, tall, and luliy men, and well com- plexioned iand among them one of as red a hair as any our nation can (hew •> they had bobs of gold in their ears, and foment them little pieces of gold made like a half moon hanging upon their nethtr lips, which argues (lore of that trealuretobe among!! them. Unto this Country is joyning Nova Andaluzia , which hath on the North lid eCaJtella del cro , and on the South Peru :Tiie bed Cities in it are ‘locoio , now by the Spaniards called Sr. Margarets , and another cal- led S. Ffpiritu • Nova Granada is (ituated on the South lide ot Carthagena, and tromthe abundance and ferti'ity of Gra - tada in Spain it hath taken its name. The chief Towns and Cities in it are fix. Fir flTttngia, whichis fuppo!ed to bediredtly under rhe JFqnator. The fecondisli oebamum* The third, Popaian, the riche!! of them all. The fourth, Sta.Fce , crSt. Faith , an Archbifhops feat, and a Court of Jutlice and Chancery, governed lilte Panama and Guatema- la, by a Prefident and rix Judges, and a Kings Attorney and two high Judices of Court s who have lix thouland duckats a year allowed them out ot the Kings treafure. The fifth City is Palma \ and the llxth Merida. From Car - ihagena through this Country cf Granada lieth theroad way tu Lima in Peru all by land. This Country is very (trong by rcafon of the hcuationof it much among!! llony rocks, which compals and environ it, and through which there 1 are 1 7 2 A New S urvey Chap. XIIL are very narrow paiTages. Yet it is full of pJeafant val- leys which do yield much fruit, Corn and Indian Maiz. There are alfo in it fomt Mines of filver, and many gol- den fanded rivers. Cartbagena which is the laft Province ot Caftclla attrea , hath alfo a very fruitful foil, in the which groweth a tree, which it any one do touch, he will hardly efcape a poyfoning. 1 The chief Cities in it are, firfi Cartbagena , which Sir Francis Vral^e'm the year 1585. fuiprifed,and fas theStu- mards afhrmj burned moft part ot it, and Kfides indlima- ble fums of mony, took with him from thence 2 3 o pieces of Ordnance. I dare fay now it hath not to many i yet it is rca- lonable well fortified , though not (o ftrong as Portabel. It is a fair and gallant City and very rich, by reafon of the pearls whicn are brought to it from Margarita , and the Kings revenues, which from all Nova Granada are fent thi— ther. ItisaBifhops feat, and hath many rich Churches and Cloiflers. It is not governed by a Court of Juftice and Chancery as Sta. Fee is, but only by one Governour. It hath been often moved to the Council ofS/ui*tohavefomeGal-' leys made to run about thofe Seas, and that Cartbagena be the chief harbour of them. From this City received Eng- land the loisof tli3t little Iiland named Providence by us, and by the Spaniards Sta . Catalina , which though but little, might have been of a great, nay greater advantage to our Kingdom, then any other of our Plantations in Ameri- ca \ which the Spaniards well underflood when they fet all their ftrength of Cartbagena againftit : but I hope the Lord hat a his time appointed when we fliall advantage our fclves by it again. To this City of Cartbagena cometh every year alfo in (mail Frigots meft of the Indigo, Cochineland Sugar which is made in the Country of Guatemalan the Spani^ds thinkingit faferto fliipthcfe their goods in little Fngots up- on the lake of Granada in Nicaragua , and from thence to tend them to Cartbagena to be lhipped with the Galeons tuat come from Portabel with the treafurc of Peru, then to fend them by the flvps of Honduras, which have often been a prey unto the Hollanders. Thcfe frigots were thought by the Ch'ap.XIII. of the Weft-Indies. 175 the Spaniards to come too near the reach of Providence, and therefore it hath been their care and providence to remove us from this reach of thc:r frigots. The fecond great Town of this Country of Cartbagena is Abuida. The third Sta . Martha , which is a rich government of Spaniards , and doth much fear our Englijb and Holland drips j it is feated on the river de Abuida , otherwife called St. John and Riodi Grand . There is alio Venezuela and New C aliz, great, rich and drong Towns. Andthefe three lad regions, Andaluzia Nova, Nova Granada , and Cartbagena, are by the Spaniards called Tarrafirmc, or firm land, for that they are the drength of Peru from the North, and thebafis of this reverfedPy- ramif. Thus have I brought thee, Gentle Reader, round about America , and (hewed thee the Continent of that biggeft part of the world i from the which thou mayeft oblerve the power and greatnefsof the King of Spain, who hath got under his Scepter and Dominion fo many thoufand miles, which were they reckoned up, would be found to be more then are about all Europe. But not only is Arne - rica great and fpatious by land, but alfo by fca, glorying in more and fome greater Iflands, then any otherpartof the world. It would but caufe tedioufnefs, and feem prolixity to number them all up, which is a work hard and difficult, for that many as yet are not known nor inhabited, and whofe goodnefs and greatnefs is not difeovered \ for the Iflands called Lucaidtf are thought to be four hundred at lead. Therefore I will omit to be over-tedious and prolix, and will but briefly fpeak of the beft and chief of them, taking them in order from that part of the Con- tinent, Cartbagena, where even now I left thee. But in the fluff place calls upon my pen the Jewel lfbnd called Margarita , which is lkuated in the fea nigh unto Cajlella au~ rea, and not far difiant from two other Iflands, named Cu- bagna and Trinidado. True it is this Ifland of Margarita is by fome much (lighted tor want of corn, grafs, trees and water > in fo much that it hath been known fometime that an inhabitant of that ifland hath willingly chan- 174 ^ N Survey Chap. Xllf. ged for a Tun of water a Tun of Wine. But the great a- bundance of pretious ftonesinit maketh amends for the for- mer wants and deft&s jfor from them is the name of Mar- garita impofed on that Ifland. But efpecially it yielded ftore of pearls, thofe gems which the Latin writers call Vniones , becaufe nulli dtto reperiuntur indifcreti,they always are found to grow in couples. In this Ifland there are many rich Merchants, who have thirty, forty, fifty Blacky more flaves only to fifii out of the fea about the rocks thele pearls. Thefe Blackjnorcs are much made of by their Man- ners, who muft needs trull them with a treafure hidden in the waters, and in whofe will it is to pafs by of thofe they find, none, few, ot many. They are let down in baskets into the Sea, and fo long continue under the water, until by pulling the rope by which they are let down, they make their fign to be taken up. I have heard fome fay that have thus dealt in pearls, that the chief meat they feed their Blackrnores with, is roart meat, which maketh them keep their wind and breath longer in the water. From Mar- garita are all the Pearls fent to be refined and bored to Car- tbagcna , where is a fair and goodly fireet of no other fhops then of thefe Pearl-dreffcrs. Commonly in the month of July there is a fhip or two at mod ready in that Ifland to carry the Kings revenue, and the Merchants pearls to Car- tbagena. One of thefe (hips are valued commonly at three- fcore thoufand, or fourfcore thoufand duckats, and fome- times more *and therefore are reafonable well manned* for that the Spaniards much fear our Englijh and the Holland (hips. The year that I was in Cartbagcnay which was 1637. a Chip of thefe laden with pearls was chafed by one of our fhips from the Ifland of Providence (by fome it was thought to be our fhip called the Neptune) which after a little fight- ing had almoft brought the poor Spaniard to yield his pearls, and had certainly carried away that great treafure fas I was informed in Cartbagcna four days alter the fight by a Span ard who was in the fhip ot Margarita) had not two other fhips of Holland come between to challenge from our Englijh man that prize, alledging thtir priviledge from' Chap. XIII. Of the Weft-Indies. 175 the mighty States united for all prizes upon thofe feas and coall. And whileft our En glifh and Hollander did thus drive for the Pearls, the Spanifh Chip ran on fhore upon a little Ifland, and fpeedily unladed and hid in the woods part of the treafures, and perceiving the Hollander coming eagerly in purfuit of it, the Spaniard fet on fire the fhip, and nei- ther Spaniard , Englijk, nor Hollander , enjoyed what might have been a great and rich prize to England . From Gar- th agena wasfent prefently a man of War to bring home the pearls hid in the wood, which were not the third part of What was in the (hip. Jamaica is another lllind under the power of th eSpani- ards , which isin length 280 milec,and 70 in breadth, which though it exceed Margarita in fweet and pleafant dreams and fountains of water, yet is far inferiour to it in riches. Some Hides, fome Sugar, and fome Tobacco are the chief commodities from thence. There are only two Towns of note in it, Orijlana and Sevilla s here are built (hips which have proved as well at Sea, as thofe that are made in Spain* This Ifland was once very populous, and now is almod de- ditute of Indians j for the Spaniards have flain in it more the 60000 j info much that women as 'well here as on the Continent did kill their children before they had given them life, that the iflues of their bodies might not ferve fo cruel a nation. But far beyond the two former is the I- fland of r uba> which is three hundred miles long, and fie- /jf venty broad, which was firfi made known to Europe by Columbus his fiecond navigation. This Ifland is full of For- refis, Lakes, and mountains. The air is very temperate, the foil very fertil, producing brais of exrd: perfection, and fome gold though drolfie hath formerly been found in it. It aboundeth alio with Ginger, Calfia, Maltick, Aloes, fome Cinnamon, Cana fiftula, Zarzaparilla, and Sugar, and hath offlefh, fifh, and fowls great plenty s but elpecially fuch ftore of fea Tortois, and Hogs, that the fhips at their re- turn to Spain make their chief provifton of them. My fielf chanced to take phyfick there, and whereas I thought that day I fhould have a fowl or rabbet after my Phy- ikks ij6 A Net? Survey Chap. XIII. (icks working, they brought me a boyled piece of frefh young Pork, which when I refufed to eat, they allured me it was the beft difh theDj&ors did ufe to prefcribe upon fuch days. The chief Cities of this Ifland are Santjago on the Nor- thern fhore, built by James dc Valafco , a Bifhcps feat ■> and fecondly, Havana, which is alfo on the Northern fhore.and is a fafe road for (hips, and the ftaple of merchandize, and (as the Spaniards call it ) the key of all the tVejl-India' s,to lock up or un’oek the door or entrance to all America \ Here rideth the King of Spains Navy, and here meet all the Merchant (hips from feveral ports and Havens of all thofe Countries aforenamed, whether from the Illands, or from the Continent : in a word here commonly in the month of September is joyned all the treafure,as I may fay, of America , all the King of Spains revenues, with as much moreofMerchants goods, which the year that I was there were thought to be in all the worth of thirty millions. And the fhips which that year there did meet to ftrengthen one another were 53 fail, and fetout fooner that year then any other, upon the 16 of September , having that day a fair wind to waft them homewards through the Gulf of Bahama. Havana therefore being the ttort-houfe of all America's treafure, it hath been the Spaniards great care to foriifie that j and truly it is fo ttrong, that the Spaniards hold it impofiible to be takenj and do boaft of four impreg- nable Forts, to wit, at Antwerp, Millan,? ampelona, and Ha- vana. This hath two tlrong Cattles, the one at the point or entrance of the Haven toward the Sea •, the other more within, on theotherfide almottover againftit * which two Cattles ('the pattage in the mouth of the haven being fo narrow, that one only (hip in breattmay enter) will keep and defend the Port from many hundred fail. I was my felf in the great and chief Cattle, and truly found it very ftrong, though by land I judged it might be as eattly ta- ken, as other ttrong Cattles here in Europe have been o- verpoweredby a great and powerful Army. It hath in it befides many others, twelve pieces of Ordnance of brafi exceed- Chap. XIII. of the Weft-Indies. 177 exceeding great, which they call, The twelve Apofiles. But for all this firength of the Havana , it could not once de- fend fix or feven millions ( according to the Spaniards own accounr) which the one part of the Kings Navy brought from St. John de Vlhua to the fight of this impregna- ble fort, and protected with fuch twelve Apofiles. It was as I take it the year 1629- when that ever renowned Hol- lander (whom like unto our Drake the Spaniards to this day fear and tremble at, calling him Fie de Palo , that is, wooden leg) waited at the Cape of St. Anthony for the Spanijh fleet of Nova Hifpania , which according to his ex- pedition coming, he manly fet upon it, faluting and wel- coming the great treafure in it with a full fide of roaiing Ordnance ■> the found was move doleful then joyful and welcome to the Spaniards , who thought it fafer fleeping in a whole skin, then to be unquieted by lighting, and with the fight of torn and mangled bodies, by Mars his furious and fiery balls, and fu called a Council of War to refolve what they fhoulddotofavethe Kings great treafure which was intruded to them in thole fhips. The rel'ult of the Council wastoflieand with fomeditcharging of their Ordnance to defend themfelves , until they could put into a river in the llland of Cuba-, not tar from Havand called Matanzos. There were in that fleet of Spain many Gallants and Gentlemen, and two Judges ot the Chance- ry of Mexico , which were that year lent to Madrid as guilty in the mutiny before mentioned j there was in it of my acquaintance a Dominican fryer, named Fryer Ja- ciiitho de Hozes , who had been fent to thofe parrs to vilk all the Dominican Cloificis of New Spain, and had got of bribes at kali eight thouland duckats (as I was informed the year after by a Fryer his companion, whom he fent from Havana Guatemala, to make known to his friends his lolsoi all that he had got, and to beg a new contri- bution to help him home ) there was aifo in that fleet P on Martin de Carillo , who was the Ihquifitor and Commifli- oner to judge the Delinquents in the tore- mentioned mu- ilhy cf Mexico^ who was thought to have got twm- N tf 178 A New Survey Chap. Xllt. ty thoufand duckats c'ear => btfides thefe a Bifhop, and many rich Merchants, all under the command oiVnn Juan de Guzman y Torres, Admiral to all the-Fleet. They all fled for their lives and goods v but the gallant Hollanders chafed them. The Spaniards thinking the Hollanders would nor venture up the river after them, put into Metanzos » but foon after they had entred, they found the river too (hallow tor their heavy and great bellied Galeons, and fo run them upon ground =, which done, the better and richer fort efcaped to land, endeavouring to cfcape with what wealth they could > fome got out Cabinets, fome bags which the Hollanders perceiving came upon them with bul- let meflengers, which foon overtook and llopt their flying treafures. Some few Cabinets w’ere hid, ail the reft be- came that day the gallant Pie de Palo or the wooden kg Captains prize for the mighty States of Holland. The Fry- er H'zcs was got intoa boat with his Cabinet under his ha- bit, which had in if nothing but chains of gold, diamonds, pearls and pretious fton«.s j and half a dozen H llanders leapt into the boat after him, and fnatched it from him, as his own friend and companion related after to us in Guate- mala. Von Juan de Guzman y Torres the Admiral, when he came to Spain was imprifoned, loft his wits for a while, and after w’as beheaded. Thus in the tight of impregnable Ha- vana and of thofe 1 2 brazen ApoftUs, was Holland glori- ous and made rich with a (even million piize. But before I end this Chapter, I may not forget the chief- eft of all the lllandsofthis new world, which is called Hi - Jpaniola , and formerly by the natives Hatie, which lamenr- cth the lofsof at leait three millions of Indians murthered by her new Milters of Spain. This Illand is the biggeft that as yet'isdifeovered in all the world , it is in compafs about 1500 miles, and enjoyeth a temperate air, afertil foil, rich mines i and trades much in Amber, Sugar, Ginger, Hides, and Wax. It is reported for certain that here in 20 days herbs will ripen and roots alfo and be fit to be eaten, which is a itrong argument oftheexaft temperature of the air. It yiedaeth in nothing to Cuba, but excdleth in three things Chap. XIII. of the W eft-indies. 1 7^ things eipccially , firft in the finenels of the gold, which is here more pure and unmixed \ fecondly;, in the increafe of the Sugar, one Sugar Cane here filling 20 and fometimes ?.o meal'ures and thirdly, in the goodnefs of the foil for tillage, the corn here yielding an hundred fold. This fer- tility is thought to be caufed by four great Rivers, which water arrd enrich all the four quarters of the Ifland ; all four do (pring from one only mountain, which flandeth in the very midlt and center of the Country, Juno. running to the Ealt, Arnhinnacus to the Weft, Jacclm to the North, and Naibm to the South. This Country is lo rtplenifhed with Swine and Cattel, that they become wild among the Woods and Mountains* lo that the fhips that fail by this Hland, and want ptoyiii- on, go here a Ihore where it is little inhabited, and kill of Cattel, w ild fwine and boars, till they have made up a plen- tiful proviflon. Much of this Country is not inhabited, by reafon that the Indians are quite edn fumed. The chief places in it arefirlfSt. Domingo, where there is a Spanifo Trelident and Chancery, with fix Judges and the other of-* fleers belonging to it, and it is the Seat of an Archbifhop, ■who though he enjoy not fo much yearly rent to be ('wallowed by North and South (ea, where Chap. XIV. of the Weft-Indies. 1 8 1 fhipwracks were often feared > to be loft in Wilderness where no tongue could givedire&ions to be devoured by Wolves, Lions, Tigers or Crocodiles, which there fo much abound j to fall from fteepy rocks and mountains, which feemto dwell in the aereal Regions and threaten with fear- ful fpedtacles of deep and profound precipices, a horrid and inevitable death to thofe that climb up to therm to be eat- en up by the greedy Earth which there doth often quake and tremble, and hath fometimes opened her mouth to draw in Towns and Cities i to be ftricken with thofe fiery darts of Heaven and thunderbolts, which in winter feafon threaten the Rocks and Cedars i to be inchanted by Satans Inftruments, Witches and Sorcerers, who there as on their own ground play their pranks more then in the parts of Chriftendom i to be quite blinded with Romijl. j Errors and Superfluous, which have double blinded the purblind hea- thenilh Idolaters j to be wedded to the pleasures and li- centioufnefs , which do there allure » to be glutted with the plenty and dainties of fi(h, flefh, fowls, and fruits, which do there entice ito bepuffed up with the fpirit of prideand powerful command and authority over the poor Indians , which doth there provoke i to be tied with the Cords of va- nity and ambition, which there are ftrong s and finally to be glewed in heart andaflfedfion, to the drols ot gold,lilver. Pearls and Jewels, whofe plenty there both bind, blind, cap- tivate and tnfiave the foul. O I fay, let the Lords great goodnefs and wonderful providence be obferved who fufr fered not znEnglifn ftranger in all thefe dangers to mifcar- ry, but wasaguideunto him therein all his travels, dilco- vered unto him as to the fpies in Canaan, and as to Jo - fipb in Egypt the provifion, wealth and richesofthat world, andfafcly guided him back, to relate to England the truth of what no other E nglifh eye did ever yet behold, from the month of Ottober until February I did abide with my friends, and companions, the Fryers under command of Fryer Calvo in that houle of recreation called St* Jacinth j , and from thence injoyed the fight of all the Towns and of what elfe was worth the feeing about Mexico . But the N 3 time 182 A New Survey Chap. XIV. time I was there, I was careful to inform my felfof the ftace of Philippine , whither my firft purpofes had drawn me from Spain. It was my fortune to light upon a fryer and an acquaintance of fome of nay friends, who was that year newly come from Manila whither I was going, who wifhed me and fome other of my friends as we tendred our fouls and good, never to go to thofe parts, which were but fnares and trap-doers to let down to hell, where occafi- ons and temptations to fin were daily, many in number, mighty infirength, and to get out of them, labor & vpus^ hard and difficult. And that himfelf, had not heby ftealth gotten away (and that to lave his foul) certainly he had never come from thence i who had often upon his knees begged leave of his fupericurs to return to Spain , and could not obtain it. Many particulars we could not get from him, nor the reafons of his coming away j Only he would often fay, that the Fryers that live there are devils in private and in thofe retired places where they live a- tnong the Indians to inftrudt and teach them , and yet in publick before their fuperiours and the reft of thcEryers they muff appear Saints, they mult put on the cloak of hypo- crifie to cover their inward deviliffinefs, they mult be doa- thed with fheeps skins though within they be lupi rapaecs 0 ravenous Wolves, ravening after their neighbours Wives and ravening after their neighbours wealth j and yet with- all this unpreparedntfs, with this outward, Teeming and frothy fanddity, and inward helliffintfs and deep rooted worldlinefs and covctoufnefs, when the Snperiours com- mand and pleafe to fend them, they mult go in a difgui- led manner to Japan or China to convert to Chriltianity thofe people though with peril and danger of their lives. Many fitch like difeourfes vve gut out of this fry- er i and that it we went to live there, we mult be fubjedd to the penalties of many Excommunications for trivi- al toys and trifles, which the Supcriours do lay upon the Confidences of their poor Subjects, who may as looij (hive againlt the common courfe of nature not to lee with their eyes, nor heu? wall theij e and of others that had been hanged, fome for murthering of their rigid and cruel Superiours i and fome that had been found in the morning hanging with their queans at the Cloifter gates, having been found toge- ther in the night, and fo murthered and hanged up ei- ther by the true Husband, or by fome other who bare af- fection to the Woman. Thefe things feemed to us ve- ry ttrange, and we perceived that all was not gold that glittered, nor true zeal of our fouls that carried fo ma- il) from Spain to thole parts ) or if in feme there were at firtt a better and truer zeal then in others, when they came to Pbilippinas , and among thofe ftrong temptations, we found that their zeal was foon quenched. This rea- fon moved me and three more of my friends to relent in our purpofes of leaving America , and going any fur- ther, for we had learned that maxim, G)ni amat pericti~ lum , peribit in iUp\ and qui tangit picem , inquinabitnr ab ea\ He that loveth the danger, fhall tall, and pet ifn in it s and he that toucheth pitch fhall be fraeared by it. Where- fore wecommuned privately with our fclves, what courfe we might take, how we might that year return back to Spain , or where we might abide, if we returned not to Spain. For we knew, it our Superiour Calvo fliould under- hand of our purpofes to go no further, he would lay up- on us an Excommunication to follow him, nay, and that lie won'd fecure us in a Cloitter prifon until the day and time of our departure from Mexico. Our rtfolutions we made a feerct of our hearts i yet could not I but impart it to one more fpecial and intimate friend of mine, who was an Irijh Fryer, named "thomas dc Leon , xyhom I perceived a little troubled with fo long a jour- aey as was at hand, and found often wifhing he had never N ^ come 1 84 A New Survey Chap. XlV. come from Spain, and as foon as T had acquainted him with what I meant to do, lie rejoyced and promifed to flay with me. The time was fhort which we had to dif- pofe of our lelves ,but in that ume we addrtffed our felves to fome Mexican Fryers, and made known unto them, that if our Supcriour Calvo would give us leave, we would willingly Hay at Mexico or in any Cloiller thereabouts, un- til we could better fit our felves to return to Spain again. But they being natives and born in that Country difeove- red prefently unto us that inveterate fpight and hatred which they bare to fuc’n as came from Spain > they told us plainly that they and true Spaniards born did never agree, and that they knew their Superiors would be unwillingto admit of us i yet furthermore they informed us that they thought we might be entertained in the Province of Guax - aca, where halt the Fryers were of Spain and half Criolians and Natives s but in cafe we fhouldnot fpeed there, they would warrant us we fhould be welcome to the Province of Guatemala , where almolt all the Fryers were of Spain , and did keep under tuch as were Natives born in that Country. It did a little trouble us to confider that Guatema- la was three hundred leagues ofl£ and that we were igno- rant of the Mexican tongue, and unprovided of mony and horfes for fo long a journey. But yet we conlidered Phi- lippine to be further, and no hopes there of returning ever again to Oiriltcndom v wherefore we refolved to rely upon Gods providence only, and to venture upon a three hundred leagues journey with what fmall means we had, and to fell, what Books and fmall trifles we had, to make as muchmo- ny as might buy each of us a herfe. But while we were (thus preparing our felves fecretly for Guatemala we were affrighted and diflaeartned with what in the like cafe to ours happened. A Fryer of our company named Fryer Peter Borrailo , without acquainting us or any other of his friends with what he intended, made a fecret efcapefrom us, and (as after we were informed) took his way alone to Guatemala. This fo incenfed our Supcriour Calvo , that after great feaich and enquiry after him, he betook hitnfelf to! Chap. XIV. Weft-Indies. 185 to the Viceroy, begging his atliftance and Proclamation in the pubiick Market-place, for the better finding out his loft (heep,and alledging that none ought to hide, or privily to harbour any Fryer that had been lent ixom Spain to Philip- pine to preach there the Gofipel, for that the foxefaid Fry- ers were fent by the King of Spain , whofe bread they had eat,and at whofe charges they had been brought from Spain. to Mexico , and at the fame Kings charges ought to be car- ried from Mexico to Philippine i and therefore if any Fry- er now in the halfway ftiould recant of his purpofe of go- ing to Philippine , and (hould by flight efcape from his Su- periour and the reft of his company, the fame ought to be puniftied as guilty of defrauding the Kings charges. This I vteafon of Calvo being a politick and State reafon, prevail- ed fo far with the Viceroy, that immediately he comman- ded a Proclamation to be made agamft whofoever fhould know of the faid Peter Port alio and ftiould not produce him to his Highnefs, or would harbour him or any other Fryer belonging to Philippine from that time forward un- til the (hips were departed from Acapulco i and that who- foever ftiould trefpatsagainft this Proclamation, ftiould fuf- fer imprifonment at his Highnefs his will and pleafure,and the penalty of five hundred duckats to be paid in at the Kings Exchequer. With this Proclamation Calvo began to infult over us, and to tell us, we were the Kings flaves under his conduct, and that it any of us durft to leave him (for he was jealous ot moft of us) he doubted not but with the Viceroy his afliitance and Proclamation he ftiould find both us and Peter Borrallo out to our further thame and con- fufion. This did very much trouble us, and made my I- rijlo triend Thome de Leon his heart fo faint, and his cou- rage to relent, and utterly to renounce before me his for- mer purpofe ot flaying and hiding himfelf } yet he pro- tefted to me, if I was ftill of the tame mind, he would not difeover me > but feeing his weaknefs, I durft not truft him, but made as if I were of his mind. Thus I betook my fclf to the other three of my , friends ( of whom one was Antonio Melendez that had been the firft i8£ A New Survey Chap. X IV. firft. caufe of my coming from Spain) whom I found much troubled, doubtful and wavering what courfe tq take. They confidered if we (hould flie, what a fhame it would be to us to be taken and brought back to Mexico as pri- (oners, and forcedly againd our wills to be dripped to Phi- lippine, they confidered further if they went, what a ili- vifla and uncomfortable life they (hould live in Philippine , without any hopes of ever returning again to Chriftendorm yet further they looked upon the Viceroy his Proclamation, and thought it hard to break through the oppolition and authority of fo great a man s and Lilly, in the Procla- mation they beheld the eftimation that Caho had of them,, as of flaves and fugitives to be cryed in a publick Mar- ket place. But after all thefe ierious thoughts our only comfort was that Peter Bor alio was fafely cfcaped, and (as we were informed), had been met far from Mexico tra- velling alone towards Guatemala. And we thought, why might not we efcape as well as he ? Then I told them, that my refolution was to flay, though alone I returned, either to Spain, or took my journey to Guatemala > the red were glad to fee me refolute,and gave their hands that they would venture as much as I (hould. Tnen we fet upon the time when we (hould take our flight, and agreed that every one (hould have a Horfe in readinefs in Mexico, and that the night before the reft of our company (hould depart from Mexico towards Acapulco to take (hipping, we (hould by two and two in the evening leave St. Jacintho , and meet in Mexico where our Horfes (tood, and from thence fet out and travel all that night, continuing our journey fo the firft two or three nights and relling in the day time, until we were fome twenty or thirty leagues from Mexico . For we thought the next morning Calvo awaking and mif- fing us would not flop the journey of the red ot his com- pany for cur fakes, to fearch and inquire after us ■, or i( he did, it would be but for one day or two at the molt, till he had inquired for us in Mexico, or a days journey in fomc of thecommonor beaten roads of Mexico, where we would be Iusq Chap. XIV. Of the Weft-Indies. 187 fure he fhould not hear of us * for we alfo agreed to travel out of any common or known road for the firii two or three nights. This refolution was by us as well performed and carried on, as it had been agreed upon, though Tome had been fearful that acounfel betwixt four could never be kept fccret, nor fuch a long journey asofpoomilesbe compafled with fuchfmall means of mony as wasamonglt us, for the maintenance of our felves and Horfcs * for after our Horfes were bought, we made a common purfe,and appointed one to be the purfe-bearer, and found that amongd us all there were but 20 duckats, which in that rich and plentiful coun- try was not much more then here 20 Fnglijb fhillings, which feemed to us but as a morning dew, which would foon be fpent in provinder only for our Horfes •, yet were- folved to go on, relying more upon the providence of God, then upon any earthly means* and indeed this proved to us a far better (upport then allthedrofs of gold and filver could have done* and we reckoned that after we had tra- veiled 40 leagues from Mexico and entred without fear into the road, we had for our 20 duckats neer 40 now in our common purlt • The reafon was, for that moll com- monly we went either to Fryers Cloillers who knew us not, or to rich farms of Spaniards who thought nothing too good for us, and would not only entertain us ffately, but at our departure would give us mony for one or two days journey. All our fear was to get fafely cut of Mexico , for we had been informed that Calvo had obtained from the Viceroy officers to watch in the chiefeft roads both day and night until he had departed with his Train of Fryers to Acapulco. And for all the Viceroy his Proclamation we got a true and trul'ty friend, who offered to guide us out of Mczico by fuch a way as we needed not to fear any would watch for us* So with our friend and a map about us to guide us alter he had left us, in the morning we cheerfully let out of Mexico about ten of the clock, at night, about the middle of February, and meeting nobody about Guadalupe which was the vyay wevyeru cut (though the contrary way to Gita- tcma!a} "iSS A New Survey Chap. XIV lemala , which on purpofe we followed for fear the true way fhould be befet)we comfortably travelled all that nighr, till in the morning we came to a little Town of Indians-, where we began to fpend of our fmall flock, calling upon the Indians for a Turkey and Capon to break our faft with our friend and guide before he returned to Mexico. Break- faft being ended we took our leaves of him, and went to reft, that we might be more able to perform the next nights journey, which was to crofs the Country towards Alifco , which is in a valley of twenty miles about at leaft, and doth give it the name of the valley of Atlixco , and is a valley much mentioned in all thofe parts, for the ex- ceeding great plenty of Wheat that is there reaped every year, and is the chief fuftenance and relief of Mexico and all the Towns about. In this valley are many rich Towns of Spaniards and Indians j but we fhunned to enter into them, and went from farm to farm out of the high- ways, where we found good entertainment of thofe rich Faimers and Yeomen, who bare fuch refpedf unto the Priefts, that truly they thought themfelves happy with our company. Here we began to fhakeoffall fear, and would no more like Bats and Owls flie in the night, but that we might with more pleafure enjoy the profptdf of that valley, and of the reft of the Country we travelled by day > yet (till crol- fing the Country, we went from thence towards another valley called the valley of St. Pablo, or Pauls valley, which though it be not as bigas the valley of Atlifco , yet is held to be a richer valley i for here they enjoy a double harveft of Wheat every year. The fir ft feed they fow is watered, and grows with the common feafon rain > and the fecond leed which they fow in Summer as foon as their tirft har- veft is in, when the feafon of rain is part, they water with, many Springs which fall into that valley from the Moun- tains which round befet it, and let in the water among their wheat at their pleafure, and take it away when they fee fit. Here live Yeomen upon nothing but their farms, who are judged to be worth fome twenty thoufand, fomg thirty thoufand, fome forty thoufand duckats. In this val- Chap. XIV. Of the Weft-Indies. 189 ley we chanced to light upon one farm where the Yeoman was country- man to my friend Antonio Melendez , born in Segovia in Spain , who for his fake kept us three days and nights with him. His table was as well furnilhed as the table of a Knight might be, his lide-board full of filver bowls and cups, and plates inflead of trenchers } Jhe fpared no dainties which might welcome us to his table, no per- fumes which might delight us in our chambers, no mufick (which his daughters were brought up to^) which might with more pleafure help to pals away the time. To him Antonio' Melendez made known our journey towards Gua- temala i and from him we received directions which way to lieer our courfe until we might be throughly freed from fear and danger, here we began to fee the great providence of God, who had brought us being Grangers to fuch a friends houfe, who not only welcomed us to him, but when we departed gave us a guide for a whole day, and bellowed upon us twenty duckats to help to bear our char- ges. From this valley we wheeled, about to T’afco, a Town of fome live hundred Inhabitants which enjoyeth great commerce with the Country about by reafonofthe great llore of Cotton- wool which is there. And here we were i Very well entertained by a Francilcan Fryer, who being of ' Spain made the more or us, knowing we came from thence. Here we got into the Road of Gxaxaca, and went to Cbaittla , which alio aboundeth with Cotton-wool, but in it we found no entertainment but what our own purfes would afford us. Next to this place is a great Town cal- led Zumpango, which doth conflit of at leal! eight hundred Inhabitants, many of them very rich both Indians and Spaniards. Their commodities are chiefly Cotton-wool, and Sugar, and Cochinel. But beyond this Town are the Mountains called la Mijleca , which abound with many rich and great Towns, and do trade with the bell filk that is in all that Country. Here is alfo great llore of Wax and Ho- ny j and Indians live there who trafAque to Mexico , and a. bout the Country with twenty or thirty mules ol their own* i chopping and changing, buying and felling commodities, and ipo A New Survey Chap. XI V. and fome of them are thought to be worth ten, or twelve, or fifteen thoufand duckats, which is much for an Indian ! to get among the Spaniard?, who think all the riches of j America little enough for themfelves. From thefe Moun- tains of Mijleca to Gttaxaca wefaw little obfervable, only i Townsof two or three hundred inhabitants rich Chur- : ches, well built, and better furnifhed within with lamps, candlefticks, crowns of filver for the feveral ftrtues of Saints •, and all the w?ay we did obferve a very fruitful foil | for both Indian and Spanifb Wheat, much Sugar, much Cotton-wool, Hony, and here and there fome Cochinel, j and of Plantins, and other fweet and lulcious fruit great ftore > but above all great abundance of Cattel, whofe Hides are One of the greateft commodities that from thofe parts are fent to Spain. Some reported that about Mi - j, jicca formerly much gold had been found, and the Indian i I were wont to ufe it mrch, though now they will not be known ot any, ltll the greedinefs of the Spaniards bring them to mifery and dellrudion, as it hath their neigh- bours about them. Alfo it is reported tor certain that there are Mines ot filver, though as yet the Spaniards have not found them. There are many Mines of Iron which the Spaniards will not oulie themfelves in digging, becaufe they have it cheap- er from Spain > from hence we came to the City ot Guax- aca, which is a Bifhops Seat, though not very big, yet a fair and beautiful City to behold. It Uandeth 'rhreefcore leagues from Mexico in a pleatant valley, from whence Cortez w’as named Marquefs del Valle , the Marquefs of the valley. This City, as all the refi of America, (except the Sea Towns) lyeth open without walls, Bulwarks, Forts, Tow- ers, or any Cable, Ordnance or Ammunition to defend it. It may confilt ot at the moft two thoufand Inhabitants, and are governed by a Spanijh high Jullice called Alcalde Major , whote power reachet'n over all the Valley, and beyond it as far as Nixapa , and almolt to 7ecoantepeque , a Sea Town upon Mar del Zur. The Valley is ot at lead fifteen miles in length, and ten in breadth, where run- fchap. XIV. of the W eft-indies. i p t neth in the midft a goodly River yielding great flore of fifti. The Valley is full of Sheep and other Cattel, which yield much Wool to the Clothiers of the City of Angels, ftore of Hides to the Merchants of Spain , and great provifion of flefh to the City of and to all the Towns about, which are exceeding rich, and do maintain many Cloiflers of Fryers, and Churches with (lately furniture belonging unto them. But what doth make the Valley of Guaxac* to be mentioned far and near, are the good horfes which are bred in it, and tfteemed to be the belt of alltheCoun** try. In this Valley alfo are fome farms of Sugar, and great dore of fruits, which two forts meeting togethet have cryed up the City o ( Guaxaca for the belt Con- ferves and Preferves that are made in America, In the City there are fome lix Clcidersot Nuns and Fryers, all of thtm exceeding rich > but above all is the Cloiller of the D rmirican' Fryers, whofe Church treafure is worth two or three millions \ and the building of it the fairell and firongilt in all thole parts, the Walls are of ftone fo broad, that a part of them being upon finiflnng when H was there, I faw Carts go upon them, with (tone and o. ther materials. Herearc alfo two Cloillers of Nuns, which are talked of far and near, not for their religious pradtifes, but for their skill in making twodrinks which are tiled in thole parts, the cue called Cbocolatte (whereof I lhall fpeak hereafter ) and the other Atol’c, which is like unto our Almond Milk , but much thicker, and is made of the juyee of the young Maiz or Indian Wheat, which they fo confedfion with fpices, musk, and fugar, that it is not only admirable in the fweetnefs of the fmell, but much more nourilhing and comforting the ftotnach. This is not a commodity that can be tranfported from thence, but is to be drunk there where it is made. But the other, Choc latte, is made up in Boxes, andfent not only to Mexico and the parts thereabouts, but much of it is yearly tranfported into Spam, This City of Guaxaca is the richer by rtalon or the lafety they enjoy tor the carriage df their Commodities to and from the Port of St. John dc i and although the Barks come not to the City of : Guaxaca , yet they come up to the Zapotecas , and to St. lldefonfo, which is not far from Guaxaca . And the care- lefsnelsof the Spaniards here is to be wondied at, that all along this River which runneth up into the heart of their Country, they have built as yet no Cafflts, Towers, or Watch-houfes, or planted any Ordnance, truffing only in this, that great (hips cannot come up, as if Frigots or fmal- ler Barks, fuch as they themfelves ufe, may not be made to I annoy them. But ot Guaxaca I (hall fay no more, but con- clude that it is of fo temperate an air, fo abounding in fruits, and all provifion requifite for mans life, fo commodioufly fituated between the North and South Sea, having on the North fide St. John de Vlbua> and on the South 7 ‘ecoante- peque a fmall and unfortified harbour, that no place I fo much delired to live in whilefflwas inthofe parts as in Guaxaca , which certainly I had attempted as I travelled by it, had I not underftood that the Criolian or Native Fryers were many and asdeadly enemies unto thofethat came from Spain as were the Mexicans . And this their fpight and malice they (hewed whiled we were there, to an antient and grave old Fryer Mailer in Divinity, who living had been for learning the Oracle of thofe parts. This old man died when I was there, and becaufe when he lived they could pick no hole in his Coat, being dead they fearched his chamber, and finding in a Coffer fome monies which he had not made known to his Superiour when living (which they would reduce to a fin againlt his profi. (Ted poverty, called Propriety, and fubjedi to the cenfure of Ex- communication J they reported that he had died excom- municated, and might not enjoy their Chriffian burial in the Church or Cloiller, and fo ignominiouily buried their old Divine, and with him his Credit and reputation in a grave made in one of their Gardens. A thing much talk- ed on as fcandalous to all the City and Country, which they falved with faying he was excommunicated > but the truth : was, he was of Spmt and therefore at his death they would CLap.XIV. of the VV eft-indies. 195 would (hew their fpight unto him. For certainly they could • not do it for the fin of Propriety, which by him had beeit committed in his hie > and to them all may be well faidl what our Saviour hod to the Jews bringing to him a wo- man found in adultery to be honed, JVbfoevcr of you i/s without fin, let him calf the firji Stone '•> for all of them, yea, even the belt Fryers that live in . America , are fome way or other, much or lefs guilty of the fin of Propri- ety which they profefs and vowagainft. With this which we faw with our eyes, befides what with our ears we had heard of difeords and fadhons amongft them, we thought Guaxaca was no place tor us to live in j fo after three days we made hall out of it, and departed towards Chi* apj, which lyeth three hundred miles from thence. And tor our comfort in our further travelling, we were infor- med in Guaxaca , that in moll Towns of the Road through that Country, the Indians had an order from the high Jultice togive untoFryers travelling that way either horfes ro ride on, or to carry theii carriagts and provifion of food freely without moriy, if they had none, fo that at their departure they fhould write it down in the Town? bock what they had fpent, not abiding above four and twenty horns in the Towns which experxes of travellers-, the Indians afterwards at the years end of their ordinary Jultice and Officers were to give «an account of with car- rying their Town-book unto the SpaniJh]aR\ce to whom they belonged, and by fo doing thefe expences were al- lowed of to be difeharged by the common Town-Purfe or Trealure, tor the which a common plat of ground was al- lotted to be yearly (own with Wheat or Maiz,. With this charitable relief and he’p of the Towns we conceiv- ed better ot the reft of our long journey , and hoped to compafs it with more eale, , And fo joyfully we went on, and the firft place where we made tryal of this or- Qirt was ot a great Town called Antiqtiera, where we freeiy called tor our fowls, and what other provifion wg Caw m the Town, led heartily on them, and the next day %im m wefe id pij ZfM (d depart, we called for the 1 94 d Nap Survey Chap. XIV. Town-book, fubfcribed our bands to what we had fpent our felves and horfes, and went our way, praifmg the dis- cretion of the Juftices ot that Country, who had fetled a courfe fo eafie and comfortab’e for us, efptcially who had but (hallow purfes for our long journey. Yet we found in Some Small Towns that the Indians were unwilling, and ("as theyalledgedj unable to extend thi* Charity to us, be- ing four in company, and bringing with us the charge likewife of Sour horSes, which made us Sometimes make the longer journey that we might reach unto Some great and rich Town. The next to Antiquera in that Road is Nixapa , which is of at the lead eight hundred Inhabitants, Spaniards and Indians , (landing upon the fide of a River, which we were informed was an arm of the great River Alvarado . In this Town is a very richCloiiler of Domi- nican Fryers, where we were well entertained •, and in it there is a pidture of our Lady, which fuperfiitioufly they fancy to have wrought miracles, and is made a pilgrimage from far and near, and consequently hath great riches and lamps belonging unto it. This is counted absolutely one of the wealthiell places of all the Country of Guaxaca > for here is made much Indigo, Sugar, Cochinil iand here grow many trees ot Cacao , and Acbiotte , whereof is made- the Chocolatte , and is a commodity ot much trading in thofc parts, though our Englijh and Hollanders make little of it when they take a prize of it at Sea, as not knowing the Se- cret virtue and quality of it for the good of the liurnach. From hence we went to Aguatttlco and Capalita , alfo great Towns Handing upon a plain Country lull ot Sheip and Cattel, abounding with excellent fruits, efptcially Tines and Sandia’s , which are as big as Pumpions, and (o watcri(h that they even melt like Snow in the mouth, and cool the heat which there is great, by reafon it is a low and marfhkind of ground, lying near the South Sea. The next chief Town and mold confiderable after Cipalita is ' Tecoantcpeque » this is a Sea Town upon Mar del Znr , and a harbour for Small velfels, Such as Trade from thole parts to Acapulco and Mexico, and to Realejo and Guatemala , Cliap. XIV. of the Weft=Indicsa ip^ and fometimes to Panama. Here uponfome occafions Ships which come from Peru to Acapulco do call in. It is a Port no faitherfafe, then that no Englifi or Holland Ships do come thereabouts, which if they did, they would there find no refinance, but from thence would find an open and eafie Road over all the Country. Upon ail this South Sea fide from Acapulco to Panama, which is above two thoufand milts by land there is no open harbour, but this for Guax' aca , and La Trinidad for Guatemala , and Realejo for Ni- caragua, and Golfo de Salinas for fmall vtflelsin Ccjla Rica , and all thefe unprovided of Ordnance and Ammunition, all open doors to let in any Nation that would take (he pains to fimound the World to get a ticafure. This Port of 'Tecoantcpcque is the chief for fifhing in all that Country » we met here in the ways fometimes with fifty, fometimes with a hundred mules together laden with nothing but fait filh for Guaxaca , the City of Angels and Mexico . There are lome very rich Merchants dwell in it, who trade with Mexico , Peru , and Philippine, fending their fmall Veffcls out from Port to Port, which come home richly laden with the Commodities of all the Southern or Eafhrn parts. From hence to Guatemala there is a plain Road along the Coafiof the South fea, palling through the Provinces of So- conuzr.o and Suchntepeque’s , but we aiming at Chiapa, took our journey over the high Rocks and Mountains called ghfclcncs, travelling firlt from Tecndntcpequc to Eftcpequc, and from thtnee through a defert of cwo days journey, where w7e were tain to lodge one night by a f pring of wa- ter upon the bare ground in open wide fields, where nei- ther Town nor Houfe is to befeen •, yet thatcht lodgesare purpolely made for travellers. This plain lycth fo open to the Sea, that the wind from thence blows fo firongly and violently that travellers are fcarce ab’e to lit their hovlcs and mules i which is the realon no people inhabit there, becaufe the winds tear their houfes, and thelcafi fire that there breaks our, doth a great deal of tnilchief. Tni.-, Plain yet is full of Cattel, and Horles, and Marcs, feme wild, feme tame -’ through this windy Champaign Coun- iq6 A New Survey Chap. XIV. *ry with much ado we travelled y though my felf thought I {hould even there end my days, for the fecond day being to reach to a Town, and my three friends riding before,! thinking that I followed them, evening now drawing on they made more half to find the Town. But in the mean while my horfe refufed to go any further, threatning to lie down if I put him to more then he was able. I knew the Town could not be far, audio I lighted, thinking to walk and lead my horfe, who alfo refufed to be led, and fo lay down. With this a troop of thoughts befet me, and to none I cou'd give a flat anfwer. I thoughts if I fhould go on foot to find out the Tow n and my company, and leave my Horfe there ladled, I might both lofe my fell and my horfe and faddles and if 1 fhould find the Town and come in the morning for my Horfe, the plain was fo wide and fpacious, that I might feek long enough, and neither find him, nor know the place where 1 left him, for there was nothing near to mark the place, nor where to hide the faddle, neither hedge, tree, lhrub, within a mile on any fide. Wherefore 1 confidered my bdi courfe would be to take up my lodging in the wide and open wil- dernefs with my hoife, and to watch him left he fhould wander and If ray away, until the morning or until my friends might fend Irom the Town to fee what was be- come ofme s wdiich .they did not that night, thinking I had taken my way to another Town not tar from thence, whither they feiit in the morning to enquire forme. I looked about therefore for a commodious place to red in, but found no choife of lodgings, every where I found a bed ready for me, which was the bare ground ,a bolder only or pillow' 1 wanted for my head, and feeing no bank did kindly oiler it felt to eafe a loft flrangcr, and pilgrim, I unfadled my weary Jade, and with my laddie fitted my head inltead of a pillow. Thus without a fupper I went to bed in my Mothers own bolom, not a little comfort- ed to fee my tired horfe pluck up his fpirits, and make much of his fupptr, which there was ready for him, of fhort, dry and withered grafs, upon which he fed with a greedy Chap. XIV. of the Weft-Indies. ipj greedy and hungry domach, ptomifing me by his feeding that the next day he would perform a journey of at lead thirty or forty miles. The poor bead fed apace, my careful eye watched him for at lead an hour, when upon a fuddain I heard fuch an hideous noife ot howling, bark- ing and crying, as if a whole Army of dogs were come in- to the Wildtrnefs, and howbdfor want of a prey of fome dead horfe or mule. At Hrdthe noife feemed to be a pret- ty way off from me, but the more I hearkned unto it, the nigh r it came unto me, and I obferved it was not of I had not rid above a mi e, when I came to a brook of water, where were two ways, the one flraight forward along the delcrt, where I could difeover ro Town, nor houles, nor trees in a profpe6t of five or fix miles at leaf! •, the other way was on the left hand, and that way feme two or three miles off 1 faw a wood of trees, I imagined there might be the Town '■> I followed that way, and within a quarter ofa mile my horfe began to complain of his poor Provender the night before, and to flight me for it i I was fain to light and lead him » and thus again difecuraged with my horfe, and difeomfovted for the uncertainty of my way, looking about I fpied a thatcht houfe on the one fide of the way, and one on horfe- back, who came riding to me j it was an Indian belong- ing to that houfe which was the farm ofa rich Indian, and Governour of the next Town, of whom 1 asked how far it was to tbeTownof Ejhpefjne, he (hewed me the trees, and told me that a little beyond them it flood, and that l fhould not fee it untill I came unto it. With this I got op again and (purred my fullen jade, Until I reached un- to the trees, where he was at a Hand and would go no fur- ther. Then lunfadled him, and hid my faddle under fome low (hrub;, and leaving my horfe (whom I feared not that any would (leal him) I walked unto the Town which was not above half a mile from thence, where 1 found my three friends were waiting for me, and grieved for the lofs of me, had lent to another Town to enquire for me > it was the leaf! thought they had that 1 had been a lodger in the tlcfert. When I related unto them and to the Indians the noile and howling that 1 had heard, the Indians anfwered me that that was common mufick to them almoll every slight, and that they were Wolves and Tygcrs which they feared Chap.XIV. of the Weft-Indies. ipp feared not, but did often meet them, and with a flick or hollowing did fcare them away, and that they were onlY ravenous for their Fowls, Colts, Calves or Kids. After a little difcourfe I returned with an Indian to leek my horfe and faddlc, and in that Town I fold my wearied Mexican bead, and hired another to Ecatepeque , whither we went all four friends again in company. Where note that in this plain and champaign Country of Tccoantepeque are five rich and pleafant Towns full of fruits and provifion of vi- ctual, all ending in T'epeqne^o wit^ccoantepeque^Eftepeque-, Ecatepeque , Sanatepcque, and Tapanatcpequc. Now from E- catepeque we could dilcover the high mountains ol pclcnes , which were the fubjedt of mod of our difcourfe to Sana- tcpcque, and irom thence to Tapanatepequc. For we had been informed by Spaniards and Travellers in the way, that they were the molt dangerous Mountains to travel over that were in all thofe parts > and that there were on the top of them tome paffagts fo narrow, and fo high, and fo open to the boilterous winds that came from the South- fea, which fecmed to lie at the very bottom of them => and on each tide ot thefe narrow paflages fuch deep precipices amcnglt rocks, that many times it had happened that the wind blowing furiouily had caft down Mules laden with heavy carriages down the rocks, and likewife borfe-men had bien blown down both Horfe and man, The fight ot the rocks and Mountains did territie us, and the report ot them did'much affright us, fothat in all this way we did confer which way to take, whether the road way to Gua~ temala which lieth under thofe mountains along the coali by the Country of Soconuzcj, from whence (though out of our way) we might have turned to Cbiapa cr whe- ther we fhould fleer our right courleto Cbiapa , over thofe Mountains, which we had'lreen informed, we might fate- lypats over if the winds did not blow too boideroufiy.We relolvedthat when we came to lapanatcpeque we would choofe our way according as the winds did favour or threat- en us, but however to Cbiapa we would go, btcaule there we had underftood was the Superiour and Provincial ot all. Q 4 the <2 00 A New Survey Chap. XIVj the Dominicans of thofe part?, (to whom we ought to ad- _d refs our tel ves) and alto becaufe we would fee that fa- toous and much talked of Province of Chi wj. In Sanater pque we met with a Fryer who gave us ftately entertain- ment, and from thence gave us Indium to guide us to Ta- panatepeque, and a letter to the chief of the Town (which alio was at his command) to give us Mules to carry us.and or C,r8r!^e, US UP the Mountains, Here the reft of our Horics a^o tailed us, but their weaxinefs was nohinderance to us, tor tile Indium were willing to give us as much or more men they had coft us, becaufe they were true Mexican breed, and a 1 the way we went to Chiapu and through that country to Guatemala the Towns were to provide us of Mules tor nothing. We came to Tapanatepcqw ( whiwh ftandeth at the bottom and foot of Qr.lenes) on Saturday night, and with the letter we cairyed were very miiuo wt. coined and entertained well by the Indians. Tnis Town is one of the fweeteft and pleafanteft of any we had leen from Guaxaca thither, and it feems God hath replenithed it with all forts of comforts which Tra- vel ers may need to afeendup thofe dangerous and fteepy locks. Here is great plenty of Cattle for tkfii, and rich In- 4ians which have farms, cal’cd there Ejiantia’s, in fome a thouland, in fome three or four thouland head of Cat- Cel s fowls here are in abundance, ftdi the beft ftore and choiceft ofjany Town from Mexico thither > fur the Sea is hard byit.oeb tides there runneth by it a final 1 River whi yields divers torts of tilh. From the Mountains there f to many fprings of water, that with them the Indians '' ter at their pleaturc their Girdens which are bored wuj~ riiUk.u herbage and Pallets. The (hade which defends from the heat ((which there is great) is the Daughter of moft iweet and goodly fruit trees, and of Orange, Lcmmo,j ^ur°n and fig haves. Tile Sabbath morning WJS (0 ^im ihat we dt tired to makeufeofit, left by loiv, r de- lays the winds fliould bay us, or force us to vhe Soconufco • But the Indium intreated us to be* the ir plvtpts, ut dinner, not doubting bj.it the weather would hold*’ - • • and' Chap.XIV. of the Weft-Indies. 201 and prcmiting us to provide us ftrong and lufty Mules, and provifion of fruits, and fried or fowls, or what cur (elves difired. We could not refdfe this their kind offer, and fo hayed dinner with them. After dinner our Mules were brought, and twro Indians to guide us and car- ry our provifion, which was fome fried fin's, and a cold rofted Capon, with fome fruit as much as might fuffice us fur a day, for the chief afcent and danger is not above fe- ven leagues, or one and twenty Englijh miles, and then be- yond the top of the Mountains three miles is one of the richeft farms for Horfcs, Mules,- and Cattel, in all the Country of Cbiapa , where we knew we fhould be wel- comed by one Don John dc Toledo^ who then lived there* Though thefe Mountains fhew themfelvts with feveral (harp pointed heads, and are many joyned together, yet one of them is only mentioned in that Country by the tra- vellers, which is called Maqu hjpay over the which lyeth the way to Chi up a. To this high, ffeepy, and craggy Maquilapa we took our journey a ft«.r dinner, and were by the proud Mountain that night well entertained and harboured in a green plat of ground refcmbling a meadow, which lay as a rib of the one ii ie of that huge and more then Pyrenian monfkr. The Indians comforted us with the fhews of fair weather, and told us that they doubted not but t'he next day at noon we fhould be at Don John dc Toledo his Ejiantia , or farm. With this we fpread our (upper upon the green tab’e-cloth, and at that Hr ft meal eat up our Capon and moil of the provillon of our cold fried fifh, leaving only a bit for our mornings breakfaft, the fprings of water like Conduit pipes, trickling down the rocks, gave ns melodious mu lick to our Cupper » the Indians fed merrily, and our Milks contentedly, and fo the fountain Nymphs furig us afleep till morning, which ic-emed to us as calm and quiet as the day before, and encouraged ushalhly to fna’tfch that bit which we had I'.it and loup ( rorri breakrafr, to fay merrily, up to Ma' quilapj. We had not winded the Mountain upwards much u.ocve a mile, tyhen the higher w-c mounted, the more we > heard f02 A New Survey Chap. XIV. fr°T ab°ve whift,ins unt0 us> forbid- anK U f a,ny fL,rther* We were now Jialf wav up return ToSI ' WC (h°uU do’ Aether go forward, or return to Tapanatcpequc to cat more fifh, or to flay where we thoughi* hUHl the Weatfler were more calm, which j- h f might beat noon or towards evening. The Ik- 0"“^ :? °“'a 1'efur,h£r th“e "—&■** Travellers that ° undcr tr£es on purpole for w nd roel r”Z mf,£r bcl,i«htcd or hindred by .he we went ukh^' f'? )°“rn'.yup the mountain. Thither Hill the h' t, mU' 3.ad?’ Roping ltle wind would fall, bur M the h,gher we c mbed, the llronger we felt the breath "hf, S' and du,,i "ot like the people called Pjm (of Z°d‘ cFl’. ntarchagainft hitn,le« asthey in rnetto o ?ryf°UDda 8rJve “ finds where they forious blaPn h ‘° joHeadof afeending (hould by a pTecinle r 7^!° 7^ into 'kofe deep and horrid fc ves o h’ ,rU'y ,hrtatned dcath’ aild «®KPcs of going back, or forwarc. O any (upper we defpaired that night, who wou.d have been glad now to have picked a bone of a Capons eg, or to have fucked a hlhcs head, and law there w!*Th,v"8 f°TibU' ?'/ ,0 fad 0Ur bungry ftomachs with the remembrance of the plenty the night before. Thus gazing one upon another, and femetimes looking down to e fountain, fometimes looking up tothe trees, we per- ceived amongft them a Lemmon tree, full of fmall and ve- ry owre green Lemmons. It was not with us as with Tan- talm who could neither injoy the fruit above him, nor the waters beneath him* we could and did molt greedily catch and match the Lemmons, which were faucefcr no mear j omy t0 fiH an empty iiomach * with them we fupped and took our red. The next morning the Wind wasra- Iher Wronger then calmer, and we as Itrong the fecond day oC Chap. XIV. of the Weft-Indies. 203 as the firft in our purpofeof haying there, and not turning our backs like Cowards. The Indians were alfo willing to hay yet one day longer i fo we fell to our breakfaft of Lemmons which were fomewhat cool to a falling ftomach, and relilhed nothing the better with a draught from the clear fountain. And of what we left on the tree we made ourdinner and fuppcr, adding to our water what we faw the Indians did drink, who had their fmall bags full of powder, and when they travel, carry with them that powder to drink with Water. This we thought might be more nourilhing to us, then Lemmons and water only, and fo for that day we bought of them half a bag full of powder giving for it in our want and necefiity four Ryals, or two EngUJh (hillings, which out of Maquilapa and that our fear ot ltarviug might not be worth above a penny \ and yet this was but weak nourifhment for our feeble bo- dies. Thus we waited allTuefday for the laying of the Wind, refolving the next morning either to go up the hill, or down again to Eapanatepcquc. But on Wednefday morn- ing the wind feeming to be lomewhaf laid, we purpofed toltay till noon hoping then it would be fure travelling but itceafed not but rather increafed a little > whereupon one of our company refolved to go upwards a mile or two on foot, and tiy the paflages, and the danger of the wind, and to bring us word again itor wt thought our fear might be greater then the danger, who had heard much talk, but had not as yet (een any thing worth our fear. Up there- fore went our friend, who (laid from us near two hours, and then returning back he told us he thought we might get up leading our Mules by the Bridles. But what with further queftions and debates the time palled away, fo that we thought it might be too late i and for that day we put off our journey until the next morning, refolutely pur- poiiug to go forwards altogether if tile wind were not much increafed. So that day we tell again to our green crabby Lemmons, Water and Maiz powder, all which we found had much weakned our bodies, and feared if we con- tinued there any longer they might haiten our death. Whert- '°5 A New Survey Chap. XIV. bci"? as th= u c \ , J “,UI,,,II6 vu,c w>»u oeing as the day before; commending our felves firfl unto the prote- ction of that Lord whom the winds and lea obey we mounted up upon our Mules (leaving our names written n the bark of a great tree, and the days we flayed there Without food) and fo went upward. We perceived no great danger in the wind a great while, but fome fleps and paiiages upon flony rocks we feared for the narrownefs of them, and there we lighted, thinking our felves fafer upon our own two feet, then upon the four feet of a beafl. cut when we came up to the very top of Maqnilata (which lignihes in that tongue, a head without hairj we percei- ved truly the danger fo much .talked of, and wifhed our lelves again with our green Lemmons in the way to tiatepequejot we found it indeed a head without ha:/, a top without a free or branch to flicker a fearful Traveller i the paflage that lieth open to the fea may be no more then a quarter of a mile, but the height and narrownefs of it flu- piheth, for if we look on the one fide, there is the wide and Ipacious South fea lying fo deep and low under it, that it dazleth the eyes to behold it * if we look on the other nde, thejre are rocks of at lealt fix or feven miles depth > whofe light doth make the ftoutefl and hardefl heart (though like themfclvc-s) to quake and quiver i fo that here the fea experts to fwallow, there the rocks threaten to tear with a downfal, and in the midft of thofe dangers in fome places the paflage is not above an ell broad. We needed better cordials for that quarter ofa mile then feed- ing three days upon green Lemmons and water, and durfi not man our felves fo much as to go through ir upon our Mules j we lighted and gave the Indians our Mules to lead, and we followed them one by one, not daring to walk up- right forfear of headgiddinefs with looking on cither fide, but bowing cur bodies we crept upon our hands and feet as near unto the tracks which bealts and travellers had made as we could without hindering our going. And when we bad got to the end of that paflage, and where the moun- tain was broader, and the trees promiied relief, we then . 1 looked yuo v>nap. v . oj ive vv cu-muies. ’I looked back boldly, and accufed of folly both our felves e and all other Travellers that (ought no other way though ■ ten miles about, to avoid that danger both for man and : beaft. From thence joyfully we made hah to Von John i1 de Toledo, who made us welcome and gave us lome : warm broath to comfort our flomachs, which were fo weak i that no fooner had we eat any thing, but prefently we call it up again j till after many fups of brothand wine we recovered ftrtngth towards night, and eat our fuppcrs : there we Hayed two days * and thus throughly rdrefhed we went to Acapala, a very grear Town of Indians in the Province ot chiapa, handing by the fame river that palTeth by Chiapa , which is called Chiapa de Indios , or Chiapa ot the Indians , to didinguifh it from another Chi- ^pe, called biapa Rcall the Royal Chiapa, or Chiapa de EJpanoles , Chiapa of the Spaniards. From Acapala we went hrh fo Chiapa of the Indians , which Ihndethalmoft as low as Maquilapa is high, featcd upon a river as broad J as is the Thames at London , which hath its 'fpring from the Mountains called Cuchumatlanes , in the road from Chi - apa Royal to Guatemala , and runs towards the Province | oi Zoques, where it entreth into the River of Tahafco. But ot this Chiapa 1 will (peak a little more in the next | Chapter, and now only fay that here vve were joyfully en- tertained by thofe fryers, who looked upon us as members bunnging to the Corporation ot that their Province, and affured us that t he Provincial and chief Superiour wrould be very glad ot our coming, who wanted Spanijh Fryers to oppofe the Criolians and Natives who drived to get a head as they had done in Mexico and Gnaxaca. Here we underdood that the Provincial was r.oc above one days journey from thence. Herealfo we met with our friend J ttcr Borallo , who had come before us alone, and made his deape trom Mexico s he comforted us much with the gcoel ana kind ufoge which lie had found there* yet lie told us how Calvo was gone with the red of his train from Mexico to Acapulco , and trom thence was (hipped with them to Philippines j but that at his departure he had writ a letter of - bitter 2o 6 A New Survey Chap. XIV, bitter complaints unto the Superiourof Cbiapa and Guate « mala againfi him and us four, defiring the Provincial not to entertain us, but to fend us back to Mexico , to be (hipped from thence the next year unto Pbilippinas > which letter was not regarded, but much flighted by the Provincial After we had been a week feafted in Cbiapa , we thought it now fit toprefent our felves to the Provincial (whole name was Fryer Peter Alvarez) that from him we might receive judgment, and know whether we Ihould flay in that Pro- vince, or be forced to return to Spain , for in no otherpart of America we could be entertained. We found the Pro- vincial in a little Town called St. Cbrijiopber , between Cbiapa of the Indian s and the Royal Cbiapa, recreating him- felf in the lhady walks, which are many fweet and plca- fant in that fmall Town j where alfo there is flore of filh, and great abundance of rare and exquiiite fruits. He en- tertained us very lovingly with fair and comfortable words, with a (lately dinner and fupper, and before we went to bed, to (hew his humility he did unto us what Chrilt to his Difciples, he wafhed our feet. The firft day he (aid little or nothing unto us concerning our continuingin that Country » but the next day he difeovered unto us his full refolutionsj with many wife and cunning fophifms. For firft he read unto us the letter which Calvo had writ unto him againll us, glofling upon it how ill we had done in for- faking our firft love and calling to Philippine, and the dan- ger many Indian fouls might be in by reafon ct our not go- ing thither to convert and inftrudt them, whofe gifts and abilities he fuppofed might have been more profitable and comfortable to thole fouls, then thofe who in our dead and abfenceftiould be fent amonglt them- And fccondly, he told us how we had fruftrated the King of Spains good I hopes of us who had allowed us means and maintenance from Spain to Mexico , hoping that by us many fouls of Indians in Philippine might be faved. Thirdly, he told us that he looked upon us as hisprifoners, in whofe power it was to imprifon us, and to fend us prifoners to Mexico to fhe Viceroy, to be (hipped from thence to Manila, accor- Chap.XIV. of the Weft-Indies. 207 ding to Calvo his demand. But for the prefenthe would not let us know what he meant to do with us > Only he bad us not to be difcouraged, but to be merry and recreate our felves, and that after dinner we fhould know more from him, when he had received an anfwer to a Letter which he had writ unto the City of Chiapa concerning the difpofal of our perfons. Thefe reafonings of the grave and old Provincial did not a little fad our hearts s for the lots of fouls, the King of Spain his intentions and charity charged upon us, and imprifonment (poke of by the by, were words which feemed of a very high drain, and fo could hardly be digefted by us » this mornings breakfail had quite taken away from us our ftomach to our dinner. And thus we departed from the prefence of the venerable Fryer Peter Alvarez, and betook our felves to a fhady walk un- der Orange trees belonging to the houfe where this Su- periour was. In this (hade we conferred with our felves upon the words of Alvarez , and finding them of fo high a nature, as involving fouls, a King and imprifon- ment, we thought verily we fhould be fent back to Mexico* and from thence like fugitive lfaves be forced to Philip- pinai' Here my hopes of ever more feeing England were loft i Antonio Melendez his heart panted, wifhed himfelf again upon the higheft top of Maquilapa » another wifhed himfelf with old Calvo at Sea tailing to Manila , though it were but to help him ferape lus rufty Gammons of Bacon. The motion was made to make an efcape from Alvarez-, j as we had done from Calvo > but to this anfwer was made, that whitherfoever we went, not knowing the Country, we fhould bedifeovered , and that put cafe the worft, we fhould be fent to Mexico , we might better efcape in the way, then there where we were. At laft I told the reft, that I could conceive no hard nor haifh ufage from that fmiling and loving countenance of the Provincial, nor af- ter that his low and humble ad: of wafhing our feet the night before i and that I thought verily he wifhed us well for having come fo far to offer our felves for fellow labou- * rers 2°9 A New Survey Chap. XIV. rers in that harvert of fouls belonging to his charge, and whom we knew wanted fuchas we were newly come from Spans to oppofe the Criolians or Natives fadtion in that Irovince i a Hedging furthermore the eximple of our friend and companion Peter Borallo , whom he had already incor- porated into that Province, and could do no lefs with us without partiality and acceptation of perfons. And lall* jy, my opinion was, that in cafe we ought not to be en- tertained the^ the Provincial would not fend us back o Mexico , there to be difgraccu and affronted, but would give way unto us to return to Spain, or whither elfe we \ve uou.d, with fome relief and mony in our purfts. nlcit we were thus troubled, and in this fad and ferious dilcourfe, o.d Alvarez it feems had been eying of us from his window , and as Jofcph could not long fupprefs and keep m the expreffions of a loving and tender heart unto his brethren s fo this good Superior perceiving that we were troubled with what he had faid untous, fent his com- panion unto us to comfort uss which we eafily perceived by his dffcourfe when he came unto us. For as loon as he came hea-.-ted us,why wx vvere fo fad and melancholy ? he told us, toe Provincial ailo had obferved that vve were troubled. Eut faid he, be of good chear > be confident that the Provincial wiflieth you vtry w'ell, and needeth fuch as you arCj ancf having come into his Dominion to t ruts your felves upon his mercy, by harfh and unkind ufage he will not do what Martial Law forbids a hard hearted Soldier to do unto his enemy upon fuch terms. Many fuch comfortable words did hefpeak unto us s and told us fur- ther that the Provincial had been 'much cenfured by the Criolian party for entertaining of Peter Bor alio \ and that now they would Itir worfe, feeing four more come to weak- en their Fadfcion i and therefore he defired to be well advifed concerning us, and tc carry our bulinefs with fuch diferetion, as might give little offence to thofe who were apt to judge and cenfure the belt of all his adtionSo And finally he did affure us, that we fhould never be fenf back as Prifoners to Mexico by the Provincial, who ii< Chap. XIV. of the W eft-Iiidies. a 09 cafe he fhould not entertain us tin Cbiapa, or Guatemala, would further us with all his favour, and friends, and mo- ny in our purfes to return again to Spain. Thefe reafonS were heart fainting Cordials untous, and ftomach prepara- tives to a good dinner, to which by the found of a bell we were invited. When we came in, the loving. Trailing, and fatherly countenance of the good Provincial did chear us more than all the chear that waited for us upon the table in feveral difhes, all which were feafoned to our Palates with the fauce of the comfort, which the Pro- vincials mtflengcr had brought unto us in the fhady G- range walk in the Garden. The great provifi on of fl cfh and hlh, with fruits and fvveet-meats were yet to us a j hrong argument that we were very welcome , for what we fed on that day, might well become a Noble mans ta- I bles Befides in many palfages of our difeourfe we perceived that good old Alvarez his heart was over- joyed with our j coming to him. Dinner being ended, the Provincial de- fsredtoplaya game at Tables with us round about, fay- ing he would not win our mony, bccaule he judged us poor after fo long a journey. But thus he fc t led the game and fport j that if he did win, we fhould fay for him five Yatcr N"Jlers , and five Ave Maries > but it we won, we fhould win our admittance, and Incorporation into that Province. This fport pleafed us Well, fur our winnings we judged would be to us more profitable at that time, r hen to win pound«, and our loiings we valued nor, be- lides we were confident all went well with us, when from the favour of the Dice, we might challenge that favour which with many weary journeys we had come to fee k above four hundred miles. The fport began, and we young blades taking one by one, our turns, were too hard tor the old man, who as we perceived would willing- ly be the lofer, that his very lolfes might fpeak unto us what through policy and dilcretion he would not utter with words. Yet we boldly challenged our winnings, which as (bon as we had ended our game were now furely confirmed un- | lo us by the return ct an Indian mtlTeng<,r,',yhc that morning P ‘ had 2 10 A New Survey Chap. XIV. had been fent to the City of Chiapa for advice and coun- cd from the Prior and the chief of the Cloiaer concerning onr difpoial, and now was returned with an anfwer from the Prior who in his letter exprefTed great joy unto the riovincial for our coming, and fo from the reft of the Se- niors of the Cloifter, and did earneftly beg oftheSuperi- our, that he would fend us to him to be his guefts, for that our cafe had been his own fome ten years before* for he had alfo at Mexico forfaken his company to Philippine, and tied to Guatemala, where for his learning and good parts he had been as a ftranger much envied by the Crioli- an faction * but now he hoped he fliould have fome to fide with him againft fuch as fpighted and maligned him. Old Alvarez was much taken with his letter, and told us he mult pay what he had loft, and that the next day he would fend us to Chi ipa, there to abide until he took fur- ther care of us, to fend us to other parts of the Country, to Jearn the Indian languages, that we might preach unto them.^ 1 his aifcourfe being ended, we betook our felves again to the Garden which finelled more of comfort then before dinner, and to our fhady walks which now offered us a fafer protection then they had done in the forenoon, countenancing that protection which we had gained from the Provincial., Here we began to praife God, who had looked upon us hi our low eftate, not forgetting the wife and politick £ roe incial, who though he had loft his games for our com- forr> we would not he fhould lofe our prayers, which there we offered up to God for his health and l'afety. And to till fupper time we continued our difeourfe in toe Garden fuller of mirth and plealant jells, then we had c siance enjoyned upon us by the wife and cunning Provinci- This news at the firfl was but fowre fawce, or a dry ' £ *■ Poftpali' Chap. XIV. of the Weft-Indies. 215 Podpaft after a double fumptuous breakfad', it was a dole- ful ditty to us after our Mufick and dances, to hear of a treble faft after our feaft i to hear of imprifonment after fo great liberty. We now began to remember the Provin- cials winnings at Tables the night before, and the my fiery thereof, and began to think how comfortable his boxes of Cbocnlatte would be unto us after a meal of bread and water. Now we called to mind the fliort dinner the Pri- or had told us at Sr. Philips we were like to have that day, and of the liberty he bad us then make much of. But the good Prior feeing us fad upon a fuddain,, and our counte- nances changed, fmiled upon us, wifhing us not to think ! the worfe of him, nor of the Provincial, who did that | out of Policy, and to flop the Criolians mouths, whom he knew would murmur, if nopunifhment were infli&ed upon us. He alfured us, after our imprifonment, of ho- nours and preferments, and that as long as we were with | him, we fhould wmt noincouragement , and that after a bread and water dinner he could fend us to our cham- bers a fupper, that fhould ftrongly fupport our empty do- machs, and fur and line them well for the next four and twenty hours. With thefe incouragements on we went to the Cloider of Chiafa , where we were welcomed by mofl of the Fryers, but in fome few we noted a frowning and difaffedfed countenance. We were no fooncr condu- cted to our Chambers, when the bell founded to dinner for the rcfl, and cryed aloud to us Penance with bread and water. Down we went to the common dining place, and thanks being given, the Fryers fitting round the ta- bles, we four TbiHppin'un Jonahs (fo fome Criolians were pleafed to term usj betook our felves to the middle of the Retedlory, -where without cufhions, flools, feats or forms, we fat upon the bare ground crofs legged like Tailors, a&ing humility now tor our difobcdience to Slovenly Calvo. While the fil'd difh was prefented round the ta- b’es, to each of us was prefented a loaf of reafonable big- nefs, and a pot of pure Crydal Water , whereof we fed and drank mod heartily though with full flumachs P4 , from 6 A New Survey Chap. XIV. from a double breakfaft before. Yet even here in this publick add of fhame and difgrace (which we knew was lifual among Fryers for lefs faults then ours) we had this comfort, that we had a Prior and Provincial for friends, and that that punifhment came from a friendly hand, whofe Chocolatte we had to comfort our faffing bodies i andfecondly, we knew that we fhould have that night in our prifon chambers a better flipper then any of thofe before us, who fed upon their three or four difhes. But thirdly, it was our comfort that at that very tune a Crio- lian Fryer alfofat upon the ground with us (of whofe com- pany we had been informed by fome friends before we went into the refedtory) for fome love-letters which had been intercepted betweenhim and a Nun ot that City, tending to much uncivility, and breaking their oath of profetTed challity. But when I perceived this Fryer to look difeonten- tedly upon us, I chofe my place as near unto him as I could, 3nd hearing him mutter within himfe'f againff us, calling us difobedient Pbilippinian Jonahs, I fottly and friend- ly fpoke unto him with thefe two following Hexame- ters, which fuddenly came unto my mind about his mif- demeanor. Si Monish U Amor teturpia fcrihcrc fecit, Ecce tibi frigid* prsebent medicamina ly mph£» Eutmygood neighbour fnuffing and puffing at my fuddairs Mule, leemed to be more dilcontented then before, and would fain withdraw himfelf by degrees from me, not rr fingup (for that was notlawfulto do till dinner had been ended) but wrigling his elbows and (houldcrs fcornfully from me, whom in like manner I followed) cleaving friend- ly to him v\ Ida this verfe, Solamcn mifero eft feios rctinere Pancttcs , He thought I followed him tofleal away his loaf from him. This newfound word, Pancttcs, had almofl chcaked him, ' had Chap. XV. Of the Weft-Indies. 217 had he not made ufe of the medicinal water which flood before him i of the which he drank a good draught, where- by I perceived his courage againft me and my friends was tamed, and I told him, I hoped his burning wanton love was cooled. Thus with my Criolian neighbours company, my bread and water went down cheerfully and dinner being end- ed, we were again conducted to our chambers, where we drank a cup of old Alvarez his Cbocolatte. The CajHUian Fryers flocked unto our prifons, fome to talk with us, fome bringing us conferves and fweet-meats, others other dain- ties, which they had prepared to help our digeflion of bread and cold water. My fuddain verfes to my Criolian neighbour were prefcntly noiled about the Cloifler, and were the chief fubjedt ot our talk that afternoon. Our Supper was provided for us according to the promife and generous fpirit of the Prior, who alio honoured our pri- son that night with his own and two other Fryers com- pany, fupping with us all in one chamber together. And thus we paflld our three days of imprifonment merrily and contentedly, wifhmg we might never luffer harder ufage in any prifon then we had done in this, which was not tousfuch a punifhment as did bring with it the privation of any liberty of enjoying the company offriends, and feafting with them, but only the privation of the liber- ty of our kgs to walk about thofe three days '■> and this rather an cafe then a puniflitnent, tor that we wanted rather rclt, then much Airring alter fo long and tedi- ous a journey as we had compelled from Mexico thither. We were nofooner fet at liberty, but we prefcntly found the Provincial and Prior ready to difpofe of us fo, that in lieu ot our imprifonment we might receive honour and credit. Two were fent into the Country to learn fome Indian language, that fo they might be benefleed and preach unto the Indians • My felt and another defired to go farther to Guatemala , that there we might pra- ctice Philofophy and Divinity in the famous Univerlity £>f that City. Nothing that we ddired was denied un- to 218 A New Survey Chap. XIV. to us, only the time was thought not fit until Michael - mas, becaufe then the fchools were renewed, and new Orders fetled. In the mean time the Provincial ha- ving alfo heard of my vcrfesex tempore to the Criolian Fryer, and knowing that the Latin Tongue is better grounded in England thenamorfg the Spaniards (who a- bufe poor Prifcian and daily break his pate with foolifh foloeoifms) and confiaering the want he had of a Ma- tter of the Latins Tongue to fupp’y a Left are of Gram- mar and Syntax to the youths of Chiapa in a School in that Cloilfer i which brought a fuffi.ient yearly fli- pend unto the Covent, defired me to accept of that place until fuch time as he fhould take care to fend me to Guatemala , promifing me all incouragements in the mean time fitting, and that I fhould when I would go about to fee the Country (which I much delired) and al- fo that out of the fchool-annuity I fhould have my allow- ance for books, and other neceffaries. I could not but accept of this good offer i and fo with this imployment I remained in that City from April to the end of Septem- ber, where I was much efteemed of by the Bifhop and Governour, but efpecially by the Prior, who would never ride about the Country for his recreation, but he would take me with him, whereby I had occafion to note con- cerning the Province, riches, commodities, and govern- ment of Chiapa , what in theenfuing Chapter I (hall faith- fully commend unto the Prefs. CHAP Chap. XV. of the W eft-indies. 219 C H A P. XV. Dejiribing the Country of Chiaps 5 with the chiefefi towns and Commodities belonging un- to it . T Hough Chiapa in the opinion of the Spaniards, be held to be one of the pooreft Country? of America * becaufe in it as yet there have been no mines difeovered, nor golden fands found in the,rivers, ncr any haven upon the South fea, whereby commodities are brought in and catrjed out, as to Mexico, Gnaxaca, and Guatemala, yet I may fay it exceedeth mod Provinces in the greatnefs and beauty of fair Towns, and yieldeth to none except it be to Guatemala > nay it furpaffeth all the reft of America in that one, and famous and rnofl populous Town ot Chiapa of the Indians . And it ought not to be much flighted by the Spaniards as it is, if they would look upon it as Handing between Mexico and Guatemala , whole ftrength might be all Americas ftrength, and whole weaknefs may prove dangerous to all that flourifhing Empire, for the ealie en- trance into it by theriver oilahafca^ox for its near joyn- ing and bordering unto Jucatan. Befides, the commodities jolt are fuch as do uphold a conftant trading and commerce amongft the Inhabitants themfelves, and with oth.cr neigh- bouring Countries, and from no one par t of America doth Spain get more Cocbinil then trom one of the Provinces of Chiapa >the Towns alfo being great and populous, by their yearly pole tribute, do add much to the King ol Spains Revenues, _ . This Country is divided into three Provinces, to wit, Chiapa , Zcldaks , and Zoques , whereof Chiapa it felt is the poori.lt. This contains the great Town ol Chiapa of the Indians i and all the Towns and farms North-ward towards Maqui- 22 0 A New Survey Chap. XV* Maquilapa, and Weft-ward (he Priory of Comitlan, which bath (ome ten Towns, and many farms of Cattle, Horfes, and Mules fubject unto it , and neighbouring unto it ly- eth the great valley of Capanabafthi which is another Prio- ry reaching towards Soconnzco* This valley glorieth in the great river, which hath itsfpring from the mountains cal- led Cucbumatlancs , and runneth to Cbiapa of the Indians^ and from thence to ‘Tabafco. It is alfo famous for the abun- dance of fifh which the river yieldeth, and |the great ftors of Cattel which from thence minifter food and provifion both to the City of Cbiapa, and to all the adjacent Towns. Though Clriapa the City, and Comitlan as (landing upon the hills, be exceeding cold, yet this valley lying low is extra- ordinary hot, and from May to Micbaelma f is fubj.it to great ftorms and tempefts of thunder and lightning. The head Town where the Priory (lands, is called Copanabajila , confining of above eight hundred Indian inhabitants. But greater then this is Izquintcnango at the end of the valley and at the foot of the mountains of Cucbumatlancs Southward. And yet bigger then this is the Town of S. BartboLmena Northward at the other end of the valley, which in length ' is above 40 miles, and 10 or 12 only in breadth. All the I Teft of the Towns lie toward Soconuzco, and are yet hotter and more fubjeit to thunder and lightning, as drawing near- er unto tire South fea coaft. Bl tides the abundance of Crttle> the chief commodity of this valley confiftcth in Cotton- wool, whereof are made fuch ftore of mantles for the Indians wearing, that the Merchants far and near come for them. They exchange them to Soconuzco and Xucbutepequcs for Cacao , whereby they are well ftored of that drink. So that the inhabitants want neither filh (which they have from the river) nor flcfh (tor that the valley abounds with. Cattle) nor clothing (for of that they fpare to others^) nor bread, though not of wheat, for there grows none \ but Indian Maiz they have plenty of •> and befides they are exceedingly ftored with fowls and Turkeys, fruits, Hony > Tobacco and Sugar-canes. Neither is mony here nor in. Cbiapa fo plentiful as in Mexico and Guaxaca i and whereas Chap. XV. of the W eft-indies. 2 2 1 whereas there they reckon by Patacones, or pieces ofeighti here they reckon by Toftones which are but half Pata- cones. Though the river be many ways profitable to that valley, yet fit iscaufe of many difaders to the inhabi- tants, wholofe many times their children, and their Calves and Colts drawing near to the water- fide, where they are devoured by Caymanes, which are many and greedy of fklh, by reafon ot the many prizes they have gor. The City of Cbiapa Real , is one of the meaneft Cities in all A - merica , confiding of not above four hundred houlholders Spaniards , and about an hundred houfes of Indians joyn- iug to the City, and called el barrio dc los Indios , who have a Chappel by themfelves. In this City there is no Parilh Church, but only the Cathedral, which is mother to all the inhabitants. Ecfidcs, there are two Cloiders, one of Dominicans, and the other of Francifcans, and a poor Cloider of Nuns, which are burthenfome enough Co that City. But the Jefuites having got no footing there (who commonly live in the riched and wealthiefi places and Cities) is a fufficient argument of either the poverty ot that City, or of want of gallant parts, and prodigality in the Gentry, from whole free and generous fpirits they like Horfe-leeches are fiill fucking extraordinary and great alms for the Colledges where they live j but here the Mer- chantsare dole handed, and the Gentlemen hard, and (pa- ring, wanting of wit and Courtiers parts and bravery, and fo poor Cbiapa is held no fit place for Jefuites. The Mer- chants chief trading there is in Cacao , Cuton-wool from I the adjacent parts of the Counrry, inPedlers Imall wares, and in fome Sugar from about Cbiapa of the Indians , in a little Cocbinil » for commonly the Governour (whofc chief gain confideth in this) will not luffer them to be too tree in this commodity, led they hinder his greedy traffique. Thefehave their (hops all together in a little Market-place before the Cathedral Church, built with ! Walks and Porcius, under which the poor Indian wives meet at five a clock at evening to fell what flip and drugs they can prepare mod cheap tor the empty Criolian ilomachs. 222 A New Survey Chap. XV. ftomachs. The richer fort of thefe Merchants go and fend yet further to Tabafco for wares from Spain, fuch as Wines, Linnen cloth.Figs,Railins, Olives, and Iron, though in thefe commodities they dare not venture too much, by reafon the Spaniards in that Country are not very „many, and thofe that are there, are fuch as are loath to open their purfes to more then what may fuffice nature. So that what are Spanifh commodities are chiefly brought for the Fryers who arc the bell and joviallcli blades of that Coun- try. The Gentlemen of Cbiapa are a by-word all about that Country, fignifying great Dons (dones, gifts or abili- ties I Ihould fayj great birth, phantaiiick pride, joyned with fimplicity, ignorance, nailery and penury. Thefe Gentlemen will fay they defcend from tome Dukes houle 1 in Spain , and immediately from the flrll Conquerors j yet in carriage they are but Clowns, in wit, abilities, parts and difcourfe, as (hallow brained, as a low brook, ' whofe waters are fcarce able to leap over a pebble flone » any fmall reafon foon tries and tires their weak brain, which is eaiiiy at a hand when fetife is propounded, and flideson fpeedily when non-fenfe carrieth the ftream. The chief families in this City, are named, Cortez*, Solis, Vclaf- co , T oledu,Zerua, and Mendoza . One of thefe, who was thought the chief in my time, called Von Melchior dc Vc- lafeo , one day ftll into difcourfe with me concerning Eng- land, and our Englijl) nation, and in the bed, molt feri- cus and judicious part of his Don-like conference, asked me whether the Sun and Moon in England were of the fame colour as in Cbiapa , and whether Englijh men went barefoot like the Indians , and facriflced one another as for- merly did the Heathens of that Country ? and whether all England could afford fuch a dainty as a difh of Frixoles (which is the poorelt Indians d aily food there, being black and dry Turky or French beans boyled with a little biting Chille or Indian Pepper with Garlick, till the broth become as black as any Ink) and whether the women in England went as long with child, as did the Spanish women . I fool or fimple. Yet thought I, my beft way to anfwer is to anfwer a fool according to his folly, and fo refolved within two or three days to return unto him fome fimple | anfwer according to his fimple and foolifli queliions. There- fore fpeedily I fingledouta good occafion ot meeting with him at his own houfe, who welcomed me with much Spa - | nijh gravity, and fitting down before Donna Angela , his I painted wife and Angel » began to anfwer, or more to jeer his Dunfloip- 1 began with the Sun and Moon, tel- ling him that they were planets, and had their fpecial in- fluences upon feveral nations, as all planets have upon mans body. And fo they did fluw themfelves according to the inclination ot the people of feveral Kingdoms. And therefore as the Spaniards were much inclined to Vc. tins and to beauty, and not contenting themfelves with the natural beauty ot tiieir fair Ladies, would yet have Art add to nature by the skill and ufe of the belt painting co- lours •, fo thefe glorious planets of the Sun and Moon among the Spaniards , and efpecially in Cbiapa , (hewed themfelves molt comely, bright, glorious and beautiful, working the like inclination to beauty upon, and in all Spaniards. My inltance was in the land of the Blackraores, where I told them that their bodies were black, and that among them the Sun appeared witha dark and (ad vifage. Here my Don cried out An excellent example ! 1 gave him 224 A New Survey Chap. XIV. him yet a fecond inftance from the Eclipfe of the Sun * which being eclipfed, made all the Earth, mens faces and bodys feem of a dark, or yellow colour, to fhew the pro- portion or fympathy of fublunary bodys to that high and overmaftering planet. To this that good Von replyed fennor no fe puedc decirmas, fir, nothing can be anfwered or laid more or better. Vengamos agora a Ingalatierra , Let us draw now to England . To which I anfwered him, that in England the Sun and Moon appeared half the year of one colour , and half of another * tor the women one half year it appeared as in Spain and Cbiapa , beau- tiful and glorious, for that naturally without painting they yielded to none in beauty. But the other half year it appeared as red as bloud, or fcarlet i and the reafon might ealily be guefled at, for that no Nation is more warlike and high fpirited then the Englijb , whofe very cloaths were fiery, wearing more fcarlet then any nation in the World b as he might perceive by their coming fo much with their {hips to the Indian Coaifs to fight with the Spaniards b and that as they delighted to go in red, and to belike the Sun, fo naturally they were bi ought to thofe Seas to {ingle out fuch (hips as from America carried the rich Commodity of Cocbinill , whereof they make more ufe then Spain it fclf to die their cloaths and Coats I withall. Here my Von jogged his head, and replyed, i Sir, I thought no nation had been fo like the Sun as the ; Spaniards , for I have read that when our Ancestor? i came to conquer thefc parts, the Indians called them, bijos del Sol , that is, fons of the Sun, being comely and gallant, and more like the Sun then any other people. To this I anfwered him. Sir, no doubt but you are like the Sun here, and none more glittering and bright, your very hatbands (hining with Pearls and Diamonds like the brightnefs of the Sun b but as I faid before, the Black- moors are like their Sun, fo I fay, the Englijb is like their Sun, which is red , and fo do and will atfcdf to wear Scarlet, as long as any Cocbinill is to be found in the India0 Si Now Chap.XV. of the VJ eft-lndies. 22$ Now V on Mclcbor began to under Hand me, and toH me, never man had farished him with bi_tter reafonsthe11 my felf. He thanked me heartily, and fold me, he thought no Gentleman in Cbiapa could fell fo well as himfelf now why the Englifh (hips came fo much upon their Coafts •, and that my difcourfe had fatisfied him to the full. He defired me to go on to his other queftions. To his fecond demanding whether the Engliflo went bare- foot like the Indians , I told him I thought that the Count of Gondotnar (who had been many years EmbafTadour from Spain in England) had fatisfted all the Spaniards that doubt \ who coming from England to Madrid , and being there asked by tome Courtiers, whether London was as big as Madrid , and as well peopled ? he made an- fwer, that he thought there was fcarce a hundred left in London. He proved it from the ufe and cultome of his own Countrymen of Spain , who when th y are to make a journey, fhtw themfelves two or three days before in colours, walking with boots and fpurs, that their friends may take notice that they are departing out of the Town or City. So faid the Count of Gondomar , I think by this there are very few People in London > for when I came from thence I left them all almolt in deaths of colours, booted and (purred as ready to depart and take fome journey. A id truly my Dow (quoth i) your own Count hath anfwered for me > yet I fay, the Englijh are fo far from going bare-foot, that they go booted, and are all in a readinefs to move out ot England for any noble and ge- nerous ddlgn > but above all they are Hill ready for Ame- rica, where they know ts ftore and abundance of Hides to mike them Boots to cover the barenefs of their legs, that they may not be fufp.dled to be like bare-footed In- dians- Here Von Mclcbor replyed, I.pray fir, when they come by Sea to thefe parts do they come alfo booted and fpurred ? For I fliould think , when they fight, their Spurs fliould hinder them. To this his doubt I anfwered fir ft , as concerning Spurs in the Ships, with the example of one of his own Nation , and cl 3 2 6 A New Survey Chap. XVo and of the beft Divines in Spain., living in my time in Valladolid , called Maejlro Nunno , (EReader of Divinity in the Collcdge of St. Gregory, but in his carriage and experi- ence in the World a fimple noddy ) who being invited by a Noble man to go with him in his Coach out ot the City a milt or two to a Garden of recreation, went hafti’y a- bout the Colledge to borrow boots and lpurs > and when he had put them on, being asked whither he went, and why he put on bootsand fpurs, anfwered that he was togo in a Coach out of the City, and that he thought the Coach and Mules would want (purs to go and come the fooner. Even fo my Po«(q uoth I; the EnglijJo men come booted and fpurred in their (hips, to make their (hips fail on the fwitter. And this is the reafon why the E nglijh (hips fail falter, and when they are in light turn about quicker then a Spanijh Galeon, becaufe they are (purred and kicked with- in. Ofir, 1 humbly thank you (laid Don Mclcbor) for that by your difeourfe now 1 know the truth ol what indeed I have otten heard fay, that the Englijh {hips are nimbler, and quicker at Sea then our heavy Galeons. Now as for : fighting, the Englijh mens fpurs (faid I) are no hindcrance to them, but ratner a great advantage, for they light with Weapons, with their hands and with their feet, where- ^ in they exceed the Spaniards s lor when they have (hot with their pieces, or cut down with their fwerds any ene- my, or knocked him with their halberts, then with their feet and fpurs, they fall upon him, and fo foon rid him out ot the way, that he may no more rife up againli them. All you have told me (faid the wife Vclazco) Hands with fo much reafon, that my judgment is convinced by you. As for eating and lacrificing one another like the Indians (I told him)that the Englijh tilled their bellies fo well with fat B<_ef and Mutton. Fowls, Rabbits, Partridges and Phea- fants, that they had no Homach at all to mans fltfla. And that truly for trixoles drelfed with garlick, that only dain- ty di(h was wanting in England* and that fpr Garlick,three reafnns moved the Englijls not to be lavifliing ot that little chtyhad, firll, for fear they fhould want it for their hor- . fes v, Chap. XV. of the Weit-lndies. 227 in fes drenches 7 2ly,for that they felt not themfelves fo much ini troubled with wind , nor puffed up with windy and !• vain conceits as other nations did > but thirdly and chiefly )/ they refrained from it among themfelves, that they might not fmellof it, and that by the feent and fmell of it alar i.! off at Sea they might when they come to the Coaft of n merics , fmell out a Spanifhi hip, and know it from a Hoi - j Under . Here my Don Melcbor fell into admiration, afTu- ; ring me, he had never heard more folidreafons from any i man. Alas poor Criolian of Cbiapa (thought I) ill had fpoken fenfe, thy Shallow brain had not been able to have leaped over it, but after non-fenfe thou art eafily carried a- way. As for his laft queftion, I told him that was above my reach, for that poor Fryers ought not to meddle with 1' Women, neither had my Mother ever told me how long file went with me. But however iiVonna Angela w'ould tell me how long flie went with her children, 1 would by the conftellationsofthc Heavens fearch outagainll ournext meeting, how long the Englijlo Women went with their children. To this my Von Melcbor anfwercd, that he would not trouble me to lludy what he thought was not belonging to my proftfiions but he knew that if I would lludy that or any other hard and difficult point, I could give him more and better fatistaftion then any fcholar in that City. And thus (Reader) by this Von Melcbors. wit and ability would I have thee judge of the Gentlemen Criolians cr na- tives of Cbizpa > and yet as prefumptuous they are and ar- rogant, as if the neblcfl bloud in the Court of Madrid tan through their veins. It is a common thing amongfl them to make a dinner only with a difh of Frixoles in black broth boiled with Pepper and Garlick, faying it is the moft nourifhing meat in all the India si and after this fo Irately a dinner they will be fure to come out to the flreet- door of their houfes to fee and to be f?en, and there for half an hour will they Hand fhakmg offithe crums of bread from their cloaths, bands (but cfpecially trom their ruffs when they ufed them) and from their mufheboes. And 22% A New Survey Chap. XV. with their tooth pickers they will hand picking their teeth, as if fome fmall Partridge bone buck in them > hay if a friend pafs by at that time, they will be fure to find out fome crum or other in their Muftacho fas if on pur- pofe the crums of the table had been fhaken upon their beards, that the lofs of them might be a gaining of credit for great houfe-keeping) and they will be fure to vent out lome non-truth, as to fay, A Senor quc linda pcrdiz^ he.comido oy, O Sir, what a dainty Partridge have I eat to day / whereas they pick out nothing from their teeth buta black husk of a dry frixole or Turky bean. Though great in bloud, and in birth they fay they are, yet in their imployments they are but rich Graders, for mod of their wealth conbiieth in Farms of Cattel and Mules. Some in- deed have Towns of Indians fubjeft unto them, where- of they are called Encomendero’s, and receive yearly from every Indian a ctrtain Pole tribute of Fowls and Mony. Tiiey have mod cowardly fpirits for War, and though they will fay, they would fain fee Spain, yet they dare not venture their lives at Sea , they judge flecp.ing in a whole skin the bed maxim for their Criolian fpirits. One hundred fighting Soldiers would eadly lay low thofe Clnapa Dons , and gain the whole City, which lyeth fo o- pen to the fields, that the Mules and Affescomeinand grale, the ftreets being very commodious to entertain Aifes from within, and from without. Yet in this City liveth com- monly a Govcrnour, or Alcalde Major, and a Bifhop. The Governours place is of no fmall edeem and intend, for that his power reacheth far, and he tradeth much in Cacao and Cochinil, and domineers over both Spaniards and Indians at Ins will and. pleafure. But ill gotten goods never thrive, as was feen in Don, Gabriel de Orellanay (Governourof this City and Country in my time) who having fent the worth of eight thouland crovyns in Co- chinil, Cacao, Sugar, and Hides by the River of Dabn- Jco, towards the Havana loll it all into the hands, of the Hollanders, who doubclds knew how to make better ufe of it, then would have done that tyrannizing Gpvernour. The Bifhops Chap. XV. of the Weft-Indies. 22$ Bifhops place of that City it worth at leaf} eight thoufand duckats a year, which truly he had need of, that comes fo far from Spain to live in fuch a City where are fuch able Vons^ as Von Melcbor de V'elafco, and where Affes are fo freely fed and bred. Molt of this Bifhops revenues confift in great offerings which he yearly receiveth from the great Indian Towns, going out to them once a year tocofi- firm their children, whole confirmation is fuch a means to confirm and flrengthen the Bifhops revenues, that none mult be confirmed by him who offer not a fair white Wadi- candle, with a Ribbon and atleaft four Rials. I have feeii the richer fort offer him a Candle of at leaft fix pound weight, with two yards of twelve penny broad Ribbori, and the Candle iiuck from the top to the bottom with (ingle Rials round about. Nay the poor Indians make it the chief malier piece of their vanity to offer proudly in fuch i occalions. Von Bernardino de Salazar Was the B (hop dt this City in my time, who defired my company to ride with him his circuit but one moneth, about the Towns ■! near to Cbiapa , and in this time I was appointed by hirh , to hold the BTcn wherein the Spaniard Jr and Indians j! (whilelt he confirmed their children,) did calf their otic i’- ll ings, which my felt and another Chaplain did always tell | and calf up by good account before we carried the rhony j' up into his chamber, and I tound that at our -return at I the months end he had received one thoufand and fix I hundred duckats of only offerings, befidcs the feesdne to I him for vificing the fevcral companies, or fodalities and j1 confraternities belonging to the Saints or foals in their ; Purgatory (which are extraordinary rich there) whereof j he and all other B.fhops in their di/hidl take account | yearly. This Bifhop was (as all the reft are there) fome- i whax covetous, but otherwife a man of a temperate life ij and convention, very zealous to reform whatfoever abu- I Its were committed in the Church,' which oft him his life | before I departed from Cbiapa to Guatemala. The wo- I men of that City, it feems, pretend much wtaknefs ahdf I fijueamifhnefs of fiofnaCh, which., they fay is to great,- that q ^ o A New Survey Chap. XV. rhey are not able to continue in the Church while the Mafs is briefly hudled over, much lefs while a folemn high Ma!s (as they call it) is fung, and a Sermon preach- ed, unlefs they drink a cup of hot Chocolatte, and eat a bit ot fweet-meats to ftrengthen their itomachs. For this purpofe it was much ufed by them to make their maids bring to them to Church in the middle ot Mafs or Sermon a cup ofChocolatte, which could not be done to all, or molt of them without a great confufion and interrupting both Mafs and Sermon. The Bifliop perceiving this abufe and having given fair warning for the omitting of it, but all without amendment, thought Ht to fix in writing upon the Churches doors an excommunication again!! all fuch as fhould prefume at the time of fervice to eat or drink within the Church. This excommunication was taken by all, but efpecially by the Gentlewomen much to heart, who protefled if they might not eat or drink in the Church, they could not continue in it to hear w hat otherwife they were bound unto. The chief of them knowing what great : friendfhip there was between the Biflicp and the Prior, and | my felf, came to the Prior and me, dellring us to ufe all I means we could with the Bifliop for the revoking that his I excommunication fo heavily laid upon them, and threatning | their fouls with damning judgement for the violation ot 1 it. The good Prior and my felf laboured all we could, j alledging the cuflom of the Country, the weaknets ol the fex whom it moll concerned, and all'o the weaknels ot their Itomachs, the contempt that might from thence enfue unto I his perfon, and many inconveniences which might follow to the breeding of an uproar in the Church and in the City, j whereof we had fome probable conjecture from what al- ready we had heard from feme. But noneofthtfe reafons would move the Bifliop , to which he anfvvered that he preferred the honour ot God, and ofhishoufe before his own life. The Women feeing him fo hard to be intreat- ed, began to llomach him the more and to Height him with fcorntul and reproachful words •, others fleightedhis cx* communication, drinking in iniquity in the Church, as the Chap. XV * of the W eft-indies. 1 3 i fifh doth water •, which caufed one day fuch an uproar in ' the Cathedral, that many (words were drawn againft the 11 Prieftsand Prebends, who attempted to take away from the maids thecups of Chocolatte, which they brought unto their miltrcfTcs j who at laft feeing that neither fair nor foul , means would prevail with the Bifhop, refolved to forfake ’ the Cathedral, where the Bifhops own and his Prebends , eyes muff needs be watching over them , and fofrom that time mofl: of the City betook thtmfelves to the Goifter Churches, where by the N ns and Fryers they were not troubled nor refilled, though fairly counselled to obey die command of the Biihop \ whofe name now they could hoc brook, and to whofe Prebends they denyed nowall fuch re- lief and ffipend for MafTes which formerly they had uled to beftow upon them, conferring them all upon the Fryers* who grew rich by the poor impoverifhed Cathedral. This lafted not long, but the Bifhop began to ltomach the F ry- ers, and tofetup another excommunication, binding all the City to refort unto their own Cathedral Church •, which the Women would not ob y, but kept their houfes for a whole monethi in which time the Bifhop fell dangtroufiy lick, and dtlired to retire himfelt to the Cloifter ot Domi- nicans,(or the great confidence he had in the Prior that he would take care of him in his licknefs. PhyficiahS were fent tor far and near, who all with a joynt opinion agreed that the Bifhop was poyfoned s and he himfelt doubted not of it at his death, praying unto God to forgive thofe that had been the caufe of it, and to accept ottlur facrifice of his life, which he was willing to offer for the zeal ot Gods houfe and honour. He lay not above a week in the Goi- ftcr, and as Toon as he was dead, all his body, his head and face did fo twell, that the lealt touch upon any par tot him |l caufed the skin tobreak, and callout white matter, which ; had corrupted and overflown all his body. A Gentlewo- man with whom I was well acquainted in that City, who was noted to be fomewhat too familiar with one of the Bifhops Pages, was commonly eenfured to have preferi- j hed iueh a cup of Chocolatte to be mmillred by the Page, 0.4 which 2^1 A New Survey Chap. XV. which poifoned him who fo rigoroufly had forbidden Chocolatte to be drank in the Church. My felf herrd this Gentlewoman fay of the deceafed Bifhop, that flie thought few grieved for his death, and that the women had norea- fon to grieve for him, and that fhe judged, he being fuch an enemy to Chocolatte in the Church, that which he had drunk at home in his houfe had not agreed with his body. And it became afterwards a Proverb in that Coun- try, Beware of Chocolatte of Cbiapa \ which made me fo I .cautious, that 1 wou d not drink afterwards of it in any houfe, where 1 had not very great fatisfadfion of the whole Family. The women of this City are fomewhat light in their carriage and have learned from the D.vil many en- ticing ltlTons and baits to draw poorfouls to tin and dam- nation ■, and if they cannot have their wills, they will finely work revenge either by Chocolatte or Confer ves, or fame fair prefent, which flaall furely carry death along with it. The Gentlewoman that was fufpcdted ('nay was que- I ffioned for the death of the Bifhop) had often ufed to fend me boxes of Chocolatte or Conferves \ which 1 wil- lingly received from htr, judging it to be a kind of gratui- ! ty tor the pains 1 took in teaching her fon Latin- She was ! of a very merry and pleafant dilpofition, which I thought might confilf without (in •, until one day (he fentunto me a very fair plantin wrapped up in a handkerchief, buried in Iweet Jazmines and rofes a when 1 untied thehandker- chief, I thought among the flowers 1 flaould find fome rich token, or fomc pieces of eight, but finding nothing but a plantin, I wondred a and looking further upon it, I found worked upon it with a knife the tafhion of a heart with two of blind Cupids arrows lUcking in it, difcovcr- inji unto my heart the poifoned heart and thoughtsof the prifoner that fent it. 1 thought it a good warning to be Wary and cautious of receiving more prefents or Chocolatte from fuch hands, and fo returned unto her again her plan- tin with this ihort rime cut out with a knife upon the skin, fnitj turn j i ia, amvrit!) cria, as much as to fay, fruit ff> cold, takes no hold. This anfwer and refolution of mine Chap. XV. of the W eft-indies. 233 mine was Toon fpread over that little City, which made my Gentlewoman outragious, which prefently (he ffiewed by taking away her Ton from School, and in many meet- ings threatned to play me a Chiapaneca trick. But I re- membrcd the Bilhops Chocolatte, and fo was wary, and ftaidnot long after in that poifoningand wicked City, which truly defcrves no better relation then what I have given of the fimple Dons, and the Chocolatte-confe&ioning Donna’s. There is yet twelve leagues from this City of Chiapa , a- nother Chiapa which delerveth better commendations. This confiiteth molt of Indians, and is held to be one of the biggeft Indian Towns in all America, containing at lead four thouland families. This Tuwn hath many priviled- ges from the King ot Spain, and is governed chiefly by/«- dians( yet with lubordination unto the Spanijh government of t he City of Chiapa) who do chofe an Indian Govcrnour with other inferiour officers to rule with him. This Go- vernour may wear a rapier and dagger, and enjoyeth ma- ny other liberties which to the'relt of the Indians are de- nied. No Town hath (o many Dons in it oi Indian bloud as this. Von Philip dc Guzman was Govcrnour ot it in my time, a very rich Indian, who kept up commonly in his liable a dozen ot as good Horfcslor publick Ih ws, and o- lientation as the belt Spaniard in the Country. His courage was not interiour to any Spaniard, and tor defence of fome priviledges of his Town luedin the Chancery of Guatema- la the proud and high minded Governour of the Gty of Chiapa , fpending therein great lums ot mony till he had overcome him, whereupon hecaufed a fealt to be made in the Town, both by water and land, fo Itately, that truly in the Court ot Madrid it might have been aifed. This Town lyeth upon a great river, whereunto belong many boats and Canoas, wherein thofe Indians have been taught to adt fea lights, with great dexterity, and to re- prelcnt the Nymphs ot Parnajfuf, Neptune, JEolm, and the Tit of the heathenilh Gods and Goddcffis, lo that they .e a wonder ot their whole nation. They will arm with 234 A New Survey Chap. XV, with their boats a fiege againft the Town, fighting againft itwithfuch courage till they make it yield, as it they had been trained up all their life to Tea-fights. So likewife within the Town they are as dexterous at baiting of Bulls, a t jucgo de Cannot , at Horfe-races, at arming a Camp, at all manner of Spanijh dances, inftruments, and mufick, as the btft Spaniards. They will ered Towers and Ciftles made of Wood and painted cloth, and from them fight either with the boats or one againft another, with fquibs, darts, and many ftrange fire-works, fo manfully, that if in ear- lieft they could perform it as well as they do it in fport and paftime, the Spaniards and Fryers might foon repent to have taught them what they have, As for ading of Plays, this is a common part of their folemn paftimes s and they are To generous, that they think nothing too much to fpend in Banquets and fw.eet-meats upon their Fryers, and neighbouring Towns, whenfoever thty are minded to fliew tliemfelves inapublick teaft. The Town is ve- ry rich, and many Indians in it that trade about the Coun- try as the Spaniards do. They have learned moll trades befitting a Commonwealth, and pradife and teach them within their Town. They want not anyprovifion of fifh or fit fh, having for the one that great river joyning unto their Town, and for the other many Ella mi a’s (as they call them) or farms abounding with Cattcl. In this Town the Dominican Fryers bear all the fway, who have a rich and ftately Cloifler with another Church or Chappel fubor- dinate unto it. The heat here is fo great, that both Fry- ers and Indians commonly wear a linnen towel about their necks to wipe off the conffant fweat from their faces, which makeththe Friers fit longer at their dinner then elfe they would do, for that at every bit they eat, and draught they drink, they are fain to make a ftop to wipe their dropping brows. Yet the evenings are frefh and cool, which are much made of there, and [pent in the many walks and gar- dens which joyn clofe unto the River fide. Two or three leagues from the Town, there are two Ingenious or Farms of Sugar, the one belonging to the Cloifter of the Do- minicans * Chap. XV. Of the Weft-Indies. 235 minicans of the City of Chiapa •, the other unto the Cloi- iter of this Town, which contain near two hundred Black- mores, befides many Indians, who are imployed in that conliant work of making Sugar for all the Country. Hereabouts are bred great ftore of Mules, and excellent hor- :| fes for any fervice. The Town of Chiapa of the Indians , r and all the Towns about it want nothing but a more temperate climate and cooler air> and Wheat, which there cannot be Town > yet for Spaniards and fuch as can- not live without it, it is brought trom Chiapa of the Spa - niards and from about Ccmitlan i yet this is not generally acknowledged a want by reafon of the great plenty of Maiz which all the Tovvns enjoy, and which is now more ufed both by Spaniards and dainty toothed fryers then bread of Wheat. Yet your poor Spaniards, and fome In-' dians who have got the trick of trading from them do gain not a little in bringing to thefe Towns biskets of Wheaten bread, which though it be dry and hard, yet be- caufe they are novelties to the Indians i they get by chan- ging them for other commodities, tfpecially of Cotton- wool, which here is more abounding then in the Valley of Copanabajtlan. Upon this Country of Chiapa of the Indians border- eth the Province of Zoqnes, which is abfolutely the richelt part of Chiapa . Thisreacheth on the one fide to ‘Tabaf- co, and by the River named Grijalva fendeth commonly the Commodities which are in it with fafcty unto St. John dc Vlbita, or Vera Cruz. It tr3ffiqueth alfo with the. Country of Jucatan by the Haven called Puerto Heal, which lyeth between Grijalva and Jucatan . Yet thefe two, the River of 'labafco, alias Grijalva, and Puerto Jie- al, though they be commodious cO this Province of Zoqnes, yet they are cauLs of daily fears unto the Spani- ards, who well know the weaknefs of them, and that if a forein Nation fhould manfully thruff into that Country by any of thefe two ways, they might fo conquer all Chiapa , and from thence pafs eaiily unto Guatemala. But the River of T'ahajco lying low, and being fomewhathor. 2 3 ^ A New Survey Chap. XV. and the Towns about it infefted with many Gnats, and the chiefcft commodity there being but Cacao » have often difcouraged both our Englifh and Hollanders , who have come up fome part of the River, and minding more the forefaid reafons, then what was forward tobehad, have turned back, lofing a rich Country and flighting an e- temal name, for few and frivolous prefent difficulties. In this Province of Zoques , the Towns are not very big, yet they be very rich , the chief Commodities are Silk and Cochin'll » whereot the latter is held the belt of America , and the ftore of it fo great that no one Province alone exceeds it. Few Indians there are who have not their Orchards planted with the trees whereon the worms breed which yield unto. us that rich Commodity j not that the Indians themfelves dleem otherwife of it, then as they fee the Spaniards greedy after it, offering them mony for it, and forcing them to the prefervation of it in thofe parts, which have proved moll fuccefsful for this kind. There is great (lore of filk in this Country, in fo much that the Indians make it their great Commo- dity to imploy their wives in working Towels with all colours of lilk, which the Spaniards buy, and fend into Spain . It is rare to fee what works thofe Indian wo- men will make in lilk, fuch as might ferve for Pattern? and Samplers to many School-miftrcffes in England . The people of this Country are witty and ingenious, and fair of complexion •, the Country towards Tnbafco is hot, but within in fome places very cold. There is alfo plenty of Maiz , but no Wheat » neither is there fuch plenty of Cattel as about Chiapa , but Fowls and Turkies as many as in other parts. The Province cal- led Zcldales lyeth behind this of the Zoqucs , from the North Sea within the Continent, running up towards Chiapa , and reacheth in fome parts near to the borders of Comitlan north-weft ward. South-eaftward it joyns to fuch Indians which as yet have not been conquered by the Spaniards , who make many invaiions upon the Chriftian Indians , and burn their Towns, and carry away their: Cattel* Chap. XV. of the Weft-Indies. 237 Cattel. The chief and head Town in this Provirice is called Ococingo, which is a Frontier againft thofe Hea- thens. This Province is edeemed rich by the Spaniards , who make much of Cacao, which ferveth to make their drink of Cbocolatte, and here is great (lore of it. There is alfo another Commodity, great among the Spaniards , called Acbiotte , wherewith they make their Cbocolatte look of the colour of a brick. Here is alfo plenty of Hogs and Bacon, Fowls, Turkies, Qj^ails, Cattel, Shp, Mai7., Hony, and not far from Ococingo , in my time was fetting up an Ingenio , or Farm of Sugar, which was thought would prove as well as thofe about Cbiapa of the Indians. The Country in moll parts is high and hil- ly •, but Ococingo , (lands in a pleafant Valley, injoying many Brooks and Screams of frtfh water, and therefore hath been thought a (it place for Sugar. Here alfo in 1 this valley the Fryers have attempted to low Wheat, which j hath proved very good. Thus Reader, I have (hewed you the Country of Cbiapa , which as it is compalfed about on the one fide by Soconuzco , and from thence al- mo(l to Guatemala, by the Province ot Sucbutepcques , on the other lide by tabafeo , and on the other fide by Zd~ dales with excedive plenty of Cacao and ‘Acbiotte, which are the chief drugs for the making of Cbocolatte > I will yet before I depart from Cbiapa to Guatemala, fay fome- what ot (hat drink fo much uled by the Spaniards, and i in my judgement not to be lleighted, but rather to be published and made known to all Nations, whofe u(e plight remedy the great abufe of wines and llrong drinks which too much are edeemed amongd us here in Europe • - CHAP 238 A New Survey Chap. XVI. CHAP. XVI. Concerning two daily and common Drinkh or Po- tions muchufedin the India’s, called Chocolatte^ and Atolle. CHocolatte being this day ufed not only over all the IVcJi India s, but alfo in Spain , Italy , and Flanders^ with approbation of many learned Doctors in Pyyfick, among whom Antonio Colmcnero otLedefma > ("who lived once in the India's) hath compofed a learned and curious Treatife concerning the nature and quality of this drink > I thought ht to infert here alfo fomewhat of it concerning my own experience for the lpace of twelve years. This name Chocolatte is an Indian name, and is compounded from Atte, as fome fayi or as others, Atle, which in the Mexican language figniheth Water, and from the found which the water (wherein is put the Chocolatte) makes, as Choco, Choco, Choco, when it is birred in a cup by an inftrument called a Molinct, or Molinillo, until it bubble and rife unto a froath. And as there it is a name compoun- ded, fo in Englijh we may well call it a compounded or a conftdiioned drink wherein are found many and ftveral Ingredients, according to the different difpofition of the! bodys of them that ufe it. But the chief Ingredient (with- out which it cannot be madej is called Cacao, a kind of Nut or kernel bigger then a great Almond, which grows upon a tree called the tree of Cacao, and ripens in a great 1 husk, wherein fometimes are found more, fometimes lefs Cacao’s, fometimes twenty, fometimes thirty, nay forty and above. This Cacao, though as every fimple it con- tains the quality of the four Elements, yet in the common opinion of moll Phyficians, it is held to be cold and dry, apradominio : It is alfo in the fubliance that rules thefe two Chap. XVI. of the Weft-Indies. 2 59 two qualities, refiringent and obftru&ive, of the nature of the Element of the earth. And as it is thus a mixed, and not a iimple Element, it hath parts corrdponcknt to the reft of the Elements * and particularly it partakes of thofe which correspond with the Element of Air, that is, heat and moilture, which are governed by undfious parts* there being drawn out of the Cacao much Butter, which in the India's I have feen drawn cut of it by the Criolian Wo- men for to oint their faces. And let not this feem impofc (ible to believe, that this grain or Nut of Cacao fhould be (aid to be firtt cold and dry, and then hot and moil! * for though experience be athoufand witneffes,yet inllances will further clear this truth * and fill! in the Rubarb, which hath in it hot and foluble parts, and parts which are binding, cold and dry, which have a virtue to flrengthen, bind and flop the loolntfs of the belly. Secondly, we fee this clear- ly in the fteel, which having fo much of the nature of the earth, as being heavy, thick, cold, and dry, fhould be thought unproper for the curing of Oppilations, but rather to be apt to increafe them * and yet it is given for a proper rc- m' dy againfl them. The authority of Galen may further clear this in the third book of the Qualities of iitnples, where he teacheth that almolt all thofe medicines, which toour fenfe (ecm to be fimple, are notwithstanding natu- rally compounded, containing in thtmfclvcs contrary qua- lities, that is to fay, a quality to expel and to retain, toin- craflatc and to extenuate, to rarihe and to condenfe. And in the fifteenth Chapter following in the fame book, he puts an example of the broth of a Cock, which moves the belly, and the fffh hath the virtue to bind. Yet further that this differing virtue and quality is found in divers fub- flances, or parts of fimple medicaments, he flic ws in the firft book ot his fimple medicines in the feventeenth Chap- ter,bringing the example of milk, in which three fubtlan- ces are found and feparated, that is to fay, the fubllanceof Chcefe, which hath the virtue to flop the flux of the bel- ly * and the fubflance of Whey, which is purging, and Butter, as it is cxprtfledjChap. 15, Alfo we find in W hie 3 4° A New Survey Chap. XVI. wine which is in the Mull, three fubfhnces, that is ,o fc V/2 h' ,Wh,Ce tHe Chitf ’ » thinner Vub- Hr r h,chj's ?°wcr’ and ,r,Jy be called the femn ro , and a third fubftance which we properly call wmev and every one of thefe 1'ubAances contains in i, fdf k o"he?UacaW Vi“UtS’ ,hcC0,°">in frac11- “* that tt™SFl C°,nf0rmable t0 reafon’ if we conf.der duceth yHE er,UVbf U rVer fimPIc> btgtts and Pa- ducah in the liver (our humours not only differing in £“*?** bUt 3 f°,n ,klbftance» and begets more or let’s of Dart<:™°Ur’rCC0!idlng as the E1«-raent hath more or (ew- whkhis mnft P°nd u8 !° rhe fubftance of that humotfr* Ztht that it caufeth oppilations, rnr /Q- .j aca? ,saftringen.t> as if that aftridtion were not L and Iriod‘hed by the intimate mixing of one part anot ler, by m eans of the grinding, as is faid bcfore.Be- ic fS r ^aVlI,6 S° many ingredients, which are naturally hot, J muff of neceflity have this diia, that is to fay, to open, emute, and not to bind. And laying all le more realons, is truth is evidently (een in the Cacao it felt > which it it be not itirred, grinded and compounded to make the Cho- coatte ’ but be eaten as it is in the fruit ('as many Cri- o ian and Indian women eat it.) ir doth notably obliruft ar.d caule (lopping?, and make them look of a broken, pale and earthy Chap. XVI. of the Weft-Indies. 241 earthy colour, as do thofe that eat earthen ware, as pots, or pieces of lime-walls (which is much ufed amongft the Spanijh women thinking that a pale and earthy colour, though with obftrudlions and ltoppings,well becomes them) and for this certainly in the Cacao thus eaten there is no other reafon, but that the divers fubitances which it con- tains, are not perfc&ly mingled by the maftication only, but require the artificial mixture, which we have fpoken of before. ,n Jd The tree'which doth bear this fruit, is fo deficajte, and the earth where it groweth fo extream hot, that -to keep the tree from being confumed by the Sun, they fiifl plane ocher trees, which they call, Im Madres del Cacao , mo- thers of the Cacao v and when thefe are grown up to a good height tit to {hade the Cacao trees, then they plant the Cacaotals, or the trees of Cacao >that when theyfirft fliew them (elves above the ground, thofe trees, which are already grown may (heifer them, and as mothers nourifh, defend, andfhadow them from the Sun \ and the fruit doth not grow naked, but many of them (as I have faid before ) are in one great husk or cod, and therein bc- fides every grain is clofedup in a white juicy skin, which the women alio love to fuck off from the Cacao, finding it cool, and in the mouth diffolving into water. There are two forts of Cacao > the one is common, which is of a dark colour inclining towards red, being round and picked at the ends j the other is broader, and bigger, and Hatter, and hot fo round, which they call, Pat lax te, and this is white, and more drying, and is fold a great deal cheap- er then the former. And this efpecially, more then the Other cauftth watchfulnefs, and drives away fkcp, and therefore is notfo ufeful as the ordinary, and is chiefly fpent by the ordinary and meaner fort of people. As for the telt of the ingredients which make this Chocohttical eonfcdfion, there is notable variety \ for feme put into it black Pepper, which is not well approved of by the Phy- ficians, btcaui’e iris fo hot and dry, but only for one who bath a very cold li?ef { but commonly in Head of this Pep- K per 2\2 A New Survey Chap. XVI. per they put info it long red Pepper, called Chile, which though it be hot in the mouth, yet is cool and moife in the operation. It is further compounded with white Sugar, Cinnamon, Cloves, Annileed, Almonds, Hafel-nuts, Orejue- la , BainiUa , Sapnyal , Orange flower water, fome Musk, and as tnuch of Achiotte, as will make it look of the colour of a red brick. But how much of each of thife may be applyed to fuch a quantity of Cacao, the fevcral difipofiti- ons of mens bodies mufi be their rule. The ordinary re* ceip^bf 'Antonis Colmcnero was this > To every hundred Cacao’s, two cods of Chile, cal'cd long red Pepper, one handful of Annifeed and Orejucla’s, and two of the flow- ers called Mecbafucbil , or BainiUa , or inftead of this fix ro- fesof Alexandria, beat to powder, two drafns of Cinna- mon, of A’monds and Hafel-nuts, of each one dozen s of white Sugar half a pound, of Achiotte, enough to give it the colour. This Author thought neither Clove, ncr Musk, nor any fweet water fit, but in the Lidias they are much u fed. Others ufe ro put in Maiz, or Panifo, which is very windy, but fuch do it only for their profit, by in- creafing the quantity of the Chocolatte ", bccaufe every fa- nega or mealure of Maiz containing about a buflic-1 and a half, is fold for eight {hillings, and they that fell Chocolatte, fell it for four {hillings a pound, which is the ordinary _ price. The Cinnamon is held one of the beft ingredients, and denied by none, for that it is hot and dry in the third degree, it provokes urine, and helps the kidneys and reins of thofe who are troubled with cold di(eafes,and iris good for the eyes, and in eflldf it is cordial, as appeareth by the Author of thefe verfes, Cemrmda & urin£ Cinamonum &renibiis ajfert , Lumina clarijicat , dir a venenafugat. The Acbiottc hath a piercing, attenuating quality, as ap- I pearethby the common pradtice of the Phylicians of the In-w dia s, experienced daily in the effects of it, who do give it ro their Patients to cut and attenuate the grofs humours, which C ha p. X V L of the W eft- 1 lldies. 243 which do caufe fhortnefs of breath, and Propping of uiin ; and fo it is uftd for any kind ot oppilations, and is gi- ven for the (toppings which are in the breaft, or in the re- gion of the belly, or any other part of the body This A- chi tte alfo groweth upon a tree in round husks, which are full of red grains, from whence the Acbiottc is taken, and fir A made into a palte, and then being dritd up, is fafbiontd either into round balls or cakes, or into the form of little bricks, and fo is fold. As concerning the long red Pepper there are four forts Of it i-one is called Cbilcbotcs the other is very little, which they call Oii/tcrpi«, and theie two kinds are very quick and biting. The other twoare called, To- nalcbilcs , and thefe are but moderately hot, tor they are eaten with bread by the Indians, as they eat other fruits; But that which is ufually put into Chocolatte, called Chii- picltgita , which hath a broad husk, and is notfo biting, as the tirlt, nor fo gentle as the lath The Mecbaficcbil , or Bai- nill.t hath a puagative quality. AM tlufe ingredients are ufually put into the Chocolatte, and by fome more, accor- dingtotluir fancies. Biit the meaner fort of people, as Blacky wotfrj- and Indians , commonly put nothing into it but Como, Acbi tte , Mam, and a few Chiles with a little Annifeed. Arid though the Cacao is mingled with all thefe ingrediui s, which are hot s yet there is to Be a greater quantity of Cacao, then ct all the ref! of the ingredients, which ferve to tem- per the co’dnefs of the Cacao from whence it followed! that this Chccolattical confcciicnis not lo cold asthe Cacao , nor fo hoc as the reft of the ingredients, but there rdiffri from the adtion and reaction ot thefe ingredients,, a mos derate temper, which imy be good both for the ccld and hot flomachs, being taken moderately. . . 1 Now for the making ot compounding. of this .drink, t Hull fet d'own hete the method. The Cacao, and the o- th.r ingredients mull be beaten in a mortar of hone, or Pas the Indians ufe_) ground upon a broad ftone, -which they call Mctaii, and is cii'y made lor that ufe. But fid! the ingredients ate all to be dried, except th c, Acbitte, with cane that th,y may be beaten to pnwdfci^ keeping theci’ 1 244 New Survey Chap. XVI. - ftill in ftirring, that they be not burnt or become black » for if they be over-dried, they will be bitter and lofe their virtue. The Cinnamon and the long red pepper are to be fir ft beaten with the Annifeed, and then the Cicao, which muft be beaten by little and little, till it be all pow- dred and in the beating it mult be turned round, that it may mix the better. Every one of thele ingredients mult be beaten by it fell, and then all be put into the vcflel, where the Cacao is, which you muft liir together with a fpoon, and then take out that palte, and put it into t he mortar, under which there muft be a little hre, after the confection is made, but if more hre be put under then will only warm it, then the un&uouspart will dry away. The Acbiitiie d\(o muft be put in in the beating, that it may the better take the colour. All the ingredients muft be learced, fave only the Cacao, and if from the Cacao the dry (hell be taken, ic will be the better. When it is well beaten and incorporated ('which will be known by the fhortnds of itj then with a fpoon (To in the Lidias is ufedj is taken up fume of the palte, which will be almoft liquid, and made into tablets, or e-lle without a fpoon put into boxes, and when it is cold it will be hard. Thole that make it in- to tablets, puta fpoonful of the pafteupona piece ofpepvr (the Indians put it upon the leaf of a plantin treej where, being put into theflude (lor in the iun it melts and cif- folves ) it grows hard * and then bowing the paper or leaf, the tablet falls off, by reafonof the fatndsof the palle. But if it be put into any thing of earth, or wood, it liicks fait, and will not come oft, but with (craping or breaking. The manner of drinking it, is divers s the one (being the way molt ufed in Mexico) is to take it hot with Atoile, diffol- vinga tablet in hot water, and then ftirring and beating it in the cup where it is tobe drunk, with a Molinet, and when it is well ftirred to a feuni or both, then to fill the cup with hot Atoile, and fo drink it flip by fup. Another way is, that the Ghocolatte being diffolved with cold wa- ter and Itirred with the Molinet, and the fciun taken oft and put into another vtftel i the remainder be fet upon the fire, Chap. XVI. of the Weft-Indies. 245 fire, with as much fugar as will fweeten it, and when it is warm, then to pour it upon the (cum which was taken oft before, and fo to drink if. But the moll ordinary way is, to warm the water very hot, and then to pour out half the cup full that you mean to drink •> and to put into it a tablet or two, or as much as will thicken reafonably the wafer, and then grind it well with the Molinet, and when it is well ground and r'tfen to a (cum, to HU the cup with hot watei, audio drink it by fups (having (weetned it with Sugar) and to eat it with a little Conferve, or maple bread, itee peel into the Chocolattc. Btfides thefe ways there is a- nother way (which is much ufedin. the libnd of Santa Domingo) which is to put the Cnocolatte into a pipkin, with a little water, and to let it boil well till it be diftolved, and then to put infufficient W3ter and fugar according to the quantity of the Chocolatte, and then to boil it again, until there comes an oily feum upon it, and then to drink it. There is another way yet to drink Chocolatte, which is cold, which the Indians ufe at fcalts, to refrefta themfelves, and it is made after this manna. The Cho- colatte (which is made with none or very few ingredients) being diftolved in cold water with the Moliner, they take elf tire feum or crafty part, which rileth in great quan- tity, especially when the Cicao is older and more putnfi- ed. The feum they lay aiideina little did) by it £ el f, and then put Sugar into that part from whence was takm the (cum, and then pour it from on high into the feum, and fo drink it cold. And this drink is £o cold, that it agreeth not with all mens ltomachs •, for by experience it hath been found, that it doth hurt, by cauiing pains in the ftomach, specially to wirn n. Tne third way ot taking it is the mult uled, and thus certainly it doth no hurt, neither know 1 why it may not be uled as well in England as in other parts both hot and cold s for where it is (o much uled, the molt if not all, as well in the India's, as in Spain, Italy, FlaneUrs( which is a cold Country ) find that it aLrceth weil with them. True it is, it is uled more in the India R 3 then 2yo A New Survey Chap. XVI. then in the Europgan parts, becaufe there the ftomichs arc more apt to faint then here , and a cup of Choco* latte well conftdfioned comforts and ftrengthens the llo- mach. For my fell I mud lay, I ufedit twelve years com ftaiuly, drinking one cup in the morning, another yet before dinner between nine or ten of the clock » another within an hour or two after dinner, and another between four and live in ih? afternoon s and when I was purpofed to jit up late rc lludy, I would take another cup about fcVen or eight at night, which would keep me waking till about midmght. And if by chance I did neglidt any oi thefe accutiomed hour;, I prefently lound my itomach fainty. An 1 with tliis-cuftome l lived twelve years in thofe parts hji'a.: hy, without any obllrubhons, or oppilafions, not knowing what cither Ague or Feavcr was. Yet will 11 not dare to regulate by mine own, the bodies of others, por take upon me the slpll ot a Phyiician, to appoint and define at what time and by what pextons this drink may be ufed. Only I lay, I have known fome that hive been the worfe lor it, either lor and that part which remains in the Bender veins ot the liver mulf. needs caufe oppilations and obllm&ions* But lallly to con- clude with this Indian drink, J will add what 1 have heard Phyficians or the India s fay ot it, and have fecn it by experience in others ( though, never l could find, it in' my felt ) that thole that pie this Chocolatte much, < ' glow Chap. XVI. of the Weft-Indies. 247 grow fat and corpulent by it; which indeed may feem hard to believe* for confidering that all the ingredients, except the Cacao, do rather extenuate, then make fat, be- cauferheyare hot and dry in the third degree. And we have already (aid, that the qualities whichdo predominate in Cacao, are cold and dry, which are very unfit to add any fubftance to the body. Nevcrthelefs it may be anfwer- ed that the many undt jous parts, which have been proved to be in the Cacao, are thofe which pingixfie and make fat * and the hotter ingredients of this compofition ferve for a guide, or vehicle to pafstothe liver, and the other parts, until they come to the fl .flay parts * and there finding a like fubilance which is hot and moilt, as is the undtuous part, converting it felf into the fame fubftance, it doth augment and pinguefie. But how then might this Cacao with the other Indian, ingredients be had in England ? e- ven by trading in Spain for it, as we do for other( com^ modifies * or not (Lighting it fo much as we and the Hol- landers have often done upon the Indian Teas *of whom I have heard the Spaniards fay that when we have taken a good prize, a fiup laden with’ Cacao, in anger and wrath we have hurled over board this good commodity, not re- garding the worth and goodnefs of it, but calling it in bad Spain , Cxgaruta de Carnero , or flveeps clung in good E nglifl:. It is one of the neceffarieft commodities in the India's, and nothing enricheth Cbiapa in particular more then it, whither are brought from Mexico and other parts, the rich bags of Patacons only for this Cagaruta de Car - ntro , which we cal! fhceps dung. The other drink which is much ufed in the India's is cal'cd Atolle, of which I will (ay but a little, b.caufe I know it cannot be ufed here. This was the drink of the ancient Indians , and is a thick pap made of the flower of Maiz, taking off the husks from it, which is windy and melancholy. This is commonly carried by the Indian women to the Mar- ket hot in pots, and there is fold in cups. The Cri- olian Students, as we go to a Tavern to drink a cup of wine, fo they go in company to the puh'ick Maikets, B 4 and $4^ A New Survey Chap. XVI T* and as publicklybuy and drink by meafure ot this Atollei which fometimes is feafoned with a little Chile, or long Pepper, and then it pleafeth them belt. But the Nuns and Gentlewomen have got a trick ot confectioning it with Cinnamon, Sweet-waters, Amber, or Musk, and llorc of Sugar, and thus it is held to be a molt Itrong and nourilh' ing drink, which the Phylicians do prelcribe unto a weak body, as we do here our A’.mond-milk. But ot what England never knew nor tailed, I will fay no more, but halien my pen to Guatemala^ which hath been my fe- cond patria. CHAP. XVII. ■ I Shewing my Journey from the City of Chinpa, unto Guatemala., and the chief places in the way. THE time now being comethat I was to leave the little City of Chiapa , I took tome cccalion before-hand to take my leave otmy belt friends, whofe children I had taught, and at my departure I mull confcfs I found them kind and bountiful, except it were Donna Magdalena de Morales , from whom I did not expedf, neither uid 1 dciire any farewell, or adieu token. But among all, the Govern- ours wife was molt liberal unto me, fending me many boxes of ^romatical Chocolatte, and one extraordinary great box with lour feveral divilions of different Confervcs gilt over, befides many Maple breads, and Biskcts made with Eggs and Sugar, a pretent it was which might have been lent to a greater man then to a poor worthlefs Men- dicant Fryer, and with this in a handkerchief a dozen pieces ot eight. Don Melchor del Vclazco yet exceeded her, in words and complements I mean, but in deeds, he and all the crew of the Criolians melt think to come fhort of them ' Chap. XVII. of the Weft-Indics. 249 ; them who are born in Spain. The firft Town I went unto !was rtheepixca, fix leagues from Chiapa, a fair and great Town of Indians , who are held to be next unto the Indt- I ans of the other Cbiapa in fitting and riding a hoife. In this Town is nothing fo confiderable as the Church, which is great and ftrong,and the mufick belonging unto it fiweet and harmonious. The Virar or Curate of this place was one Fryer Veter Martyr aCriolian, whom I knew could not endure the Prior nor me, yet he would diffemble a love complemental exceeding well, and in outward (hews raife it up to gradnsMtOdo. He knowing my prevalency with the Prior, durfi not but give me very good entertainment, which continued two days, until I was weary of his com* plcments. The third day I took my leave of him, who would not yet leave me, but would conduct me to Ccmitlan , whi- ther I was invited by the Prior of that Clodter, named fryer 1 bemdi Kccolanoyt. French man, who being a Gran- ger to the Spaniards (for befides him and my lelf there was no other ilranger in that Country) delired acquain- tance with me, which he began to fettle by meeting me at the halt way with many Indians on horlebjck, having prov ided an harbour where we might more conveniently confer and reft while our Chocolafte and other refrefhments were provided. But the Criolian Peter Martyr was not a little envious, (as I was afterwards informed in the Cloifier) to fee me fo much made of and eUeemed in the Country, yet his fur wordf and complements far exceeded the fince- riry and down-rightnefs of my French friend. At Comit- lan I tbyed a whole week, riding about with the Prior unto the Indian Towns, and down the hill to the va.lcy of Copanabajtla , where I in joyed much p?dtime and recre- ation among the Fryers and Indians , and was teafted af- ter the manner of that Country, which knoweth mure of an Epicurean diet then doth England, or any part oi E»~ rope i nay I am perfwaded (and’l have heard Spaniards confefs it) that Spain hath taken from the India's fince «i.c conqudt many Elions tor thcdrelhng of tcveral difhes and 2$ o A New Survey Chap. XVII. and competing a feaftor banquet. After the week was ended my French friend the Prior conduced me to Iz - quint cnango, to fee me well furnifhed up the Mountains of Cuchumatlanes. This Town fas I have formerly obferved) ftandeth almofl: at the end of the Valley of Copanahajila, and within t wo leagues of the Cuchumatlanes. It is one of the fined Indian Towns of all the Province of Chiapa , and very rich, by reafon of the much Cotton wool in it, and efpecially by reafon cf its fituation > for ftandingin the Road way to Guatemala, all the Merchants of the Coun- try that trade with their mules that way, pafs through this Town, and there buy and fell, enriching it with their mony, and far brought Commodities. It is mollplentifu'ly flo- red with fruits, efpecially with what they call Pina’s or Pine fruit. It flandeth clofe by the great River, which runntth to Chiapa of the Indians , and hath its fpringnot far off from the Cuchumatlanes , and yet at this Town is very broad and deep. No man nor bead travelling to Gua- temala can go into it, or from Guatemala can go out of it, but by ferrying over. And the Road being much ufed and beaten by travellers, and by fuch as they call R.tquas of mules (every R.tqua confuting of fifty or threefcore mules) this Ferry is day and night imployed, and yields much treafure to the Town at the years end. Tne Indians of the Town beirdcs the ferry boat, have made many other little boats, or Canoa’s to go up and down the Ri- ver. Hither when the Prior of Cmitlan had brought me, we were waited for by the Vicar or Fryer of that Town with the chief and principal Indians , and molt of the Ca- noa’s. As we ferryed over, Foe little Canoa’s went before us with the Qhrilters of the Church finging before us, and with others founding their Waits and Trumpets. The Fryer that lived in this Town was called Fryer Hierovym % de Guevara, little in fiature, but great in Hate, pride and vanity, as he fhewed himfclf in what he had provided for us both of tifh and fkflr. A brave protelfor or vower of Mendicancy and poverty he was, who in twelve years that he had lived in that Town, what by mumming II vis h ;of ■J) ne h ii | e Chap. XVII. of the W eft-indies. 0, if r of Matos for the dead and living, what by (hearing and fleecing the poor Indians, what by trading and traffick- ing with the Merchants that ufed that Road, had got fix hundred Duckats, which he had fent to Spain to the Court of Madrid, to trade with them Simoniacally for the Biffioprickof Chiapa, which if he obtained not, (yet when I came out of the Country the report went that he had obtained it) he would and was well able with a fecond fupply to obtain a better. Alter two days fcafting with him, he and the Prior of Comitlan both joyned their pow- er and authority to fee me well manned with Indians , to the full Town of the Cuchumatlanes, A mule was prepared to carry my bedding, ( which we commonly carryed with us in c he 11s of leather called PetacaY) another Indian to carry my Petaquilla wherein was my Chocolatte and all implements to make it \ and three more Indians to ride before and behind to guide me j but to all thefe nothing was to be paid, ('left a cuftome of paying (hould be brought in, for Co they dodfcrined me as a no- vice in that Country J except it were to give them a cup of Chocolatte if I drank in the way, or when I came to my journeys end. H.re I took my leave of my good French friend, (who yet continued friendfliip with me by frequent letters to Guatemala ) and of my low but high minded Guevara, who bad me expedf no friend- ly entertainment, until (were well parted over the C#« chumatlanes and arrived at Sacapula, which was four days journey from thence. Yet he fold me I might demand what fervice I lift from the Indians, and call for what l had a mind to eat without paying any mony fo that I did write, down my expenses itj the common Town Book. Thus 1 went away from my friends fotnewhat heavy, having no other company but unknown Indians, leaving a plealant and dciightfom valley behind me , and fee- ing nothing before me but high and fteepy hills and mountains, and conlidering that in tour or five days I fhould fee no more gallant Dominicans and ot mine own 8 5® A New Survey Chap. XVII. profeffion. Now I wifhed I had the company of my M> leudez and other friends, who were a comfort one to ano- ther upon the hills and rocks of Maquilapa. Yet at lalt I concluded, up Englijb heart and courage, qmndam b*c meminijfe juvabit. Though the Mountains feemed high a far off, yet as I travelled on, I found the way lie be- tween them very eafie and paffable, and met now and then Requas of mules, which were no little comfort unto me to confider, if they being heavily laden could go through thofe Mountains, my Mule that had in me but a light bur- den would eaffty overcome any danger > it comlorted me alfo to confider that there were Towr.s (though but little ones) where I might reft every night. The further 1 went, the better and more open I found the Road •, Only the rain and dirt troubled me, which I could not avoid, it being the end of September , or as there they reckon, the end of Winter. The firftTown I came to amongft thofe Mountains was called St. Martin, a little place of fome twenty houfes. I went to the houfe that belonged to the Francifcan Fryers (who feldom in the year came to that poverty of houfe and houfe room) where I lighted and caufed the Indians to be called, who were appointed to give attendance to travellers andpaffengers. I found them very tra&able and dutiful, bidding me welcome, biinging roe hot water for my Chocolatte, which I drank off hear- tily, and gave unto my Indians of Izqtiintcnango, who re- trelhed themfelves and their Mules well for nothing, this being a cuftome among thofe Towns in the Road to wel- come one another whenfoever they come with travellers. I might have had for my fupper any thing that place would afford, but I made choice of a Pullet, which 1 thought would be cheapeftfor the poor Indians. I was glad 1 had brought with me a good big Frafco, as thtv call it, or bottle of Wine, for I began already to find the Cucbum silanes cooler then the valley of Copanaba\tla. My bed was made in a little thatched Cobe, and Indian boys appointed to ileep in the next room to me, and to be at hand it in the night I fhould want any thing. Thus having appointed what Chap. XVII.of the Weft-Indies. 253 what attendance I had need of in the morning to the next Town, difcharging the Indians that had brcught me from Izqmntcnango , I went unto my relt, which I took as qui- etly as it I had been in the company ot my belt friends. The next day being accompanied by two Indians, having fc-nt my carriage by another, I took my journey to the next Town, which is called Cucbumatlan gr^W^becaufe it ftan- dcth on the highelt part of thofe Mountains, and in the way the Indians fhewed ‘me the head fpiing or foun- tain ot the great River ot Cbiapa ot the Indians , which is the only remarkable thing in that Rode. Cucbumatlan grande is a Town a little bigger that St. Martin , and of Indians very courteous, who are ufed and beaten to day- ly travellers, and to make very much of them. Here I was entertained as the night before » and found the poor Indians willing to give me whatfoeyer I demanded for my better and fafer guiding and conducting the next day, and that night for my (upper what I pleated to call for, without any pay, but only writing down my name and ex- pences with the day and tnoncth in their common book of accounts. This are thofe poor wretches brought to by the fryers and commanding Juilices, though ot themlelves they have no more then a Milpa of Maiz as they term it, or a little Indian Wheat Plantation, with as much Chile as will fuffice them lor the year, and what the Merchants and Travellers give them voluntarily, which is little enough. From this Town I would not follow the Road to the next, which was a long journey of feven or eight leagues with- out baiting by the way i and alfo becaufe I had been infor- med at Cbiapa and at Cpanabajtla of a ftrange pi&ure ot our Lady, which was amonglt thtfe Mountains in a little Town of Indians called Chiantla, which in this days jour- ney being not above a league out of my way, I was refol- vedto fee. Tiie ways were bad, lying out of the Road, yet by noon I got to Cbiantla , which is a Town belonging unto Me-rctnarian Fryers, who doubtlefs would not be able to lubltlt in fo poor a place, had they not invented that loadftone of their jpiChrrc of Mary and cried it up for 2 54 A Net# Survey Chap. XVI t. miraculous, to draw people far and near, and all Travellers from rheRoad to pray unto it, and to leave their gifts and alms unto them for their Prayers and Mattes. Such an in- come of freafure and richts hath been got from deluded and ignorant fouls to this beggarly Town, that the Fryers have had wherewith to bjuild a Cloifhr able to maintain four or five of them. The Church is richly furnifhed, but efpecial- ly the high Altar, where the Pidture ftandeth in a Taber- nacle with half a dozen curtains of Silk, Sattin, Cloth of gold, with borders of gold-lace before it, wearing a rich Crown of gold, thickly befet with Diamonds and other precious hones. There hang before it at lead a dozen rich lamps of filvers and in the VUhy of the Church are many Gowns, Candlefticks of tilver, Ccnfers to burn Frankincenfe before it, befidts rich Copes, VUlments, Ornaments for the Altar, and Hangings for all rhe Church. To conclude here is a treafure hid in the Mountains ; O that it could be found out to do the Lord fervice/ I was welcomed to this place by cbdfe Fryers, who were Grangers unto me, my head was rilled that day by them with rela- tions of flrange and many miracles or lies, which they told me of that Pi&ure , but the heavinefs of my head did me good in fomething, for it made me more drowfie at night and apter to take good reft. The next day I got into the Road again , and went to the laft Town of thefe Cwhu- matlanes called Chautlan , where I flayed all thatday and night , and fent before a letter to the Prior of S acapnia of my going thither the next day. In Cbauthn I was very kindly uled by the Indians, and liked the Town the better for the excellent grapes which there I found, not planted like Vineyards, but growing up in Arbours, to fhewthat if that land were planted, it would certainly yield as good grapes for wine as any are in Spain . They are carried from that place to Guatemala , which ftands from it near forty leagues , and are lold about the ftreets tor rarities and great dainties j and well may they, for from Mexico Co Guatemala there are Bone like them. The ncX't nit ru- ing Chap. XVII. of the Weft-Indies. 255 ing I made hade to be gone, that I might come the fuon- er to Sacapula, where I was to find them of mine own proftflion, with whom I knew 1 might flay and reft a whole week if I pleafed. I had not rid above three league?, when I began to difcover at a low and deep bot- tom, a pleafant and goodly Valley, laced with a River, whofe waters receiving the glorious brightnefs of Phoebus beams, reverberated up to the top of the Mountain, a delightfome profpe the more I halted to that fecming Paradife, the more did the twinkling and wanton dream invite me down the hill j which I had no fooner defcended, but I found in an Arbour by the water fide the Prior of Sacapula himfelf with a good Train of Indians waiting for me with a cup of Chocolatte. At the firtt I was a little daunted to behold the Prior, who looked molt fearfully with a bladder from h throat fwel- kd almoft round his neck, which hung over his fhoulders and bread, and flayed up his chin, and lifted up his head fo, that he could fcarce look any whither but up to hea- ven. In our difeourfe he told me that difeafe had been upon him at lead ten years, and that the water of that River had cauled it in him, and in many others of that Town, This made me now as much out of love with the River, as above the h,ll I had liked the goodly fight of it , and therefore rcfolved not to ftay fo long in that place as I had thought , led the waters fhould mark me lor ail my life, as they had done this Prior s whofe name was Prior John de la Cruz , a Biicain born , and (like fome of that Nation) a little troubled with the fimples, j but a good hearted man , humble and well beloved over all the Country, both by Spaniards and Indians . When I came to the Town I difeovered many men and women j with bladders in their throats like the poor Prior, which j! made me aimod unwilling to drink there any Chocolatte made with that water, or eat any thing dreffed with it, until the Prior did much encourage me, and told me that it did not hurt all, but only fome , and thofe who did drink it cold j wherewith l rcfol ved to day there four or five *2^6 A New Survey Chap. XVII five day?, becaufe of the o'd Priors importunity, who would fain have had me continue to live with him, pro- mifing to teach me the.* Indian language in a very fhort time. But higher matters calling me to Guatemala, I ex- cufed my felf, and continued there five days with much recreation. The Town though it be not in the general very rich, yet there are fome Indian Merchants who trade about the Country, and dpecially to Sucbutepcques , where is the chief here of Cacao, and thereby fome of this Town of Sacapula , have inriched themftlvts » the reft of the people trade in potsapd pans, which they make of an earth there fit for that purpofe. But the principal Merchandize of this place is Salt, which they gather in the morning from the ground that 1'yeth near the River. The air is hot, by reafon the Town ftandeth low, and cnmpafTcd v\ith high hills on every fide. Btfides many good fruits which are here, there are Dates as good as thole that come from Parbary, and many trees of them in the Garden belonging to the Cloifter. After I had here wearied out the wtari- nefs, which I brought in my bones from the ( uchimatlanes , I departed taking my way to Guatemala , and from Saca- pula I went to a Town called St, Andres , or St. Andrews, which ftandeth lix or (even leagues from Sacapula , a great Town, but nothing remarkable in it, five only Cotton- wool and Turkics, and about it fome rich Elfantia’s or Farms of Cartel, which are commodioufly feated here, it being a plain Champaign Country. Yet at the further end of this plain there is a Mountain which clifeourageth with the fight all luch as travel to Guatemala. From St. Andres I prepared my felf for the next days journey, which was of nine long leagues, to a very great Town called by twrO names, by fome Sacualpa , by others Sta. Maria Z&jabab to the which I could not go without palling over that Mountain. I lent word of going to Zjabab the day be- fore (as is the cuftome there J that Mules and horfes might meet me upon the Mountain i and the night before 1 went to a Rancho (which is a lodge builc for travellers to reft when the journey is long) which hood within a league of Chap. XVII. of the Weft-Indies. the Mountain by a River, where with the waters murmur* and refrithing gales I took good reft. In the morning ha" ving retrethed my felf, and my Indians with ChucolatteJ fet out to encounter with that proud Mountain s and when I came unto it I found it not To hard to overcome, as I had conceited, the way lying with windings and turnings » But the higher I mounted the more my eyes were trou- bled with looking to the River below, whofe rocks wefc enough to aftonith and make a fiout heart tremble. About the middle ot the Mountain the Indians oiZobajab met us; with a mule for me, and another for my carriage in a nar- row palTage where the way went wheeling. Here I light- ed, whilit the Indians helped one another to unload my full mule and frefh one. Out of the narrow way the fide of the Mountain was fteepy, and a fearful preci? pice of two or three miles to the bottom, almolt bare of trees, here and there one only growing. My heart was true untome, wifhingme to walk up a foot until I came Unto fome broader paiTage j but the Indians perceiving my fear, told me there was no dangers afluiing me further that the Mule they had brought was fure, and had been well ufed to that mountain. With their perfwafions K got up, butnofooner was I mounted when the Mule be- gan to play her pranks and to kick, and to leap out of the way, calling me down and her fell, both roulingaud tum- bling apace to the rocks and death, had not a (hiub pre- vented me, and a tree Hopped the Mules blind tury. The Indians cried out, tfiilagro , milagro, miracle, miracle, Santo,, Santo-, a Saint, a Saint, to me fo loud as it they would have had tluir cry reach to Home to help forward my canoniza- tion » for many fuch miracles have by fome been noiiedat Rome, and with further contribution of loony have, been* enrolled in the bonk and Catalogue ot Saints. Whilit the Indians helped me up and brought the Mule again into the way, they did nothing- but Hatter me with this term Stint i which they.neede-d hot have done, if as they pontidered my dangerous .tall and i topping at, a tbrub v nyhrdh was by chance, and not By mi.fadejf 'hey had fur-. 258 A New Survey Chap. XVIT. ther confidered my paffion and hafty wrath (not befitting a Saint ) wherewith I threathed to baft their ribs for de- ceiving me with a young Mule not wellaccuftomed to the Caddie. But all my hafiy words and anger could notdif- creditme with them, nor leflen their conceipt of my holi- nefs and fan&ity, who hold the anger and wrath of a Pricft to be the breath of Gods noftrils, and with this their fool- ifh conceit of me, they kneeled before me killing my hands. The bufinefs being further examined, they con felled that they had been miftaken in the Mules, having fadled for me that which (houldhave carried my Petaca's, or leathern chefis, which was a young Mule accuftomed only to carri- ages, and not to the faddle, and upon that which fhould have been fadled they put my carriage. Whilft theyun* loaded and loaded again and fadled the right Mule, I walk- ed up the hill about a mile, and when they overtook me I got up and rid till I met with my refrelhing harbour and Chocolatre, and many Indians that came to receive me, among whom if was prefently noifed that I was a Saint and had wrought a miracle in the way * with this the red of the Indians kneeled tome and kiflfed my hands, and in the way that we went to the Town, all their talk was of my fan&ity. I was much vexed at their fimplicity, but the more they faw me unwilling to accept of that ho- nour, the more they preffed it upon me. When I came to the Town I tf ld the Fryer what had happened, and what the foolifh Indians had conceited ^ at which he laugh- ed, and told me that he would warrant me it I flayed long in the Town, all the men and women would come to kifs my hands and to offer their gifts unto me. He knew well their qualities, or elfe had taught them this fuperfliti- on with many others i for no focner had we dined, but many were gathered to the Church to fee the Saint that was come to their Town, and that had wrought a mi- racle in the mountain as he came. With this I began to be more troubled then before, at the folly of the Ample people, and dtfired the Fryer to check and rebuke them, who by no means would, but rather laughed at it, fay- ing. Chap.XVII. of the Weft-Indies. 255? ing, that in policy we ought to accept of any honour from the Indians? for as long as we had credit and an opinion of Saints among them, fo long we fhould prevail to do a* ny thing with them, yea even to command them and theif fortunes at our pleafure. With this I went down with the Fryer to the Church, and fat down with him in a chair in the Quire, reprefenting the perfon of fuch a Saintas they imagined me to be, though in reality and truth but a wretch- ed firmer. No fooner had we taken up our places, when the Indi - ans? men, women and children came up by three and four, or whole families to the Quire, firft kneeling down for my bl effing, and then kiffing my hands, they began to (peak to me in their Indian complements to this purpofe, that their Town was happy and doubtlefs bltflcd from heaven by my coming into it, and that they hoped their fouls fhould be much the better if they might partake cf my prayers to God for them. And for this purpofe fome of- fered unto me mony, fome hony, fome eggs, fome little mantles, fome Plantins, and other fruits, fome fowls, and fame TurkicS. The Fryer that fat by me 1 perceived was overjoyed with this, for he knew 1 wa$ to be gone, and would leave unto him all thofe offerings. I defired him to make anfwer unto the Indians in my behalf, excufing me as not wellverfed in their language (yet thefoo's if they thought and judged me to be a Saint, might have ex- pected frommeaifio the gift of tongues^ which he did, ; telling them that I had been but a while in that Country, and though 1 underftood part of their language, yet could i not fpeak nor pronounce it perfectly, and therefore from me he did give them hearty thanks for the great love they1 it had fhewed unto an Embaffadour of God, witmfung ic it with fo many forts of offerings, which affurediy fhould remind him and me of our offerings for them, in our pray- io ersand hearty recommendations cf them and their chil- lis dren unto God. Thus was that ceremony ended, the/#- m, dians difmiffed, and the Fryer and I went up ro a cham- i)'- her, where he began to tell his eggs and fowls, and to dil* 2 6o A Nav Survey Chap. XVII. pofe of fome of them for our (upper s he told me he would take them, but at my departure would give me fomewhat (or them \ he- bad me keep what mony they had given me, and told me I was welcome unto him, and no burthenfom gucft, but very profitable, who had brought with me llore of provifion for my felf and for him many days after. The mony I received came to forty Rials, bcfides twenty which he gave me tor the other offerings, which might be worth forty more i all this I got for having a fall trom a Mule, and for not breaking my neck. I would fain have departed the next morning, but John Vidull (fo was the Fryer named) would not permit me, for that the next journey was of at leafi: to leagues, and therefore he would have me relt my felf the next day. This Town of Zjahah , or Sacualpa is the biggeff and fairdt of all the Towns that belong unto the Priory of Sacapula s the Indians are rich and make of their Cotton- wool many mantles, they have plenty of hony, and great flecks ot goats and kids j but here, nor in all the Towns behind there is no wheat, faveonly Indians Maiz. The next day fome (mail offerings fell unto me, but nothing like the day bdore •» and fo I told the Fryer, that now the p.oples devotion was decayed', I would be gone in the morning before day. That night the chief Indians of the Town came to offer their fervice and attendance upon rne to a Rancho or lodge that lfandeth in the middle way > but i would not accept of tilt great ones, butdclired that i might have three only of the meaner fort to guide me till i met with company trom the Town whither I was going, and whither I had fent warning ot my coming. The time appointed was three of the clock in the morn- ing s at which hour after a little deep 1 was called, and having drunk my Chocolatte, and eat a maple bread with a little Confer ve, I prepared my felf for my journey, and found the Indians ready waiting tor me in the yard, with pieces ot pine-wood, which burn like torches, and with which they ufe to travel in the night, and to fh-.w the w„y tohim whom they guide. A little from the Town we Chap. XVII. of the Weft-Indies. 26 1 had fome craggy ways, which indeed had need of lights, but afterwards we came into a plain champaign Country, which continued till within a league of the middle way lodge s to the which we were todefeend a deep hi I. When we came thither ( which was about (even in the. morning) we found our frefh fupply waiting for us, who had fet out from their Town at midnight to meet us (note the In- dians fubjtdfion to their Priefis command) and had made us a fire, and warmed water for our Chocofatte. Which whillt I was drinking, the Indians of Zojabah , who had guided me thither, gave notice to thofe that came to re- ceive me from St. Martin(Ca was theTown called whither I was that day minded) of my miracle and fandfity, wi- fhing them to reverence and refpidt me in the way. But not tor this their foolifli report did 1 make the Indians of Zjabab drink every one a cup of Chocolatte, and Co dif- miffed them i and took forwards my journey to St. Martin. Moft of the way was hilly and craggy till we came with- in two nulcs of the Town > to the wh ch we arrived by noon. This Town is cold, fhnding high, yet pleafant for the profpedt almofi to Guatemala lure, and in moft of the Towns about it is molt excellent Wheat. The bony of this Town is the belt in the Country s but above all it furnifheth Guatemala with Quails, Partridges, and Rabbits- It is the HiltTown we enter into belonging to the City and command of Guatemala \ which did not a little comfort me, that now I wanted but one good jour- ney to make an end of my long, tedious and weaiilom tra- velling. The Fryer of this Town named ‘Ibotnas de la Cruz , belonged unto the D. minican C oilier of Guate- mala lie was a Criolian, but yet he entertained me ve- ry lovingly. I fayed with him but- that right. And in the morning (though I might have gone tea dinner to Gua- temala) I would needs go by the way to one of the big- gelt Towns in that Country, called Cbimaltenango^ handing in an open valley three letgues from the Chy. confiding ot a thoufand houfe- keepers, and rich Indians who trade much about the Country. In this Town in my time there S 3 was A New Survey Chap.XVH. was one Indian, who alone had bellowed upon the Church five thoufimd ducates. The Church yields to none in the City of Guatemala, and in mufick it exceeds moft about the Country. The chief feaft o ( Chimaltenango is upon the 26. day oljuly, ("which they call Sr. Anns day) and then is the richeft fair that ever my eyes beheld in thole parts of all forts of Merchants and Merchandize > It is further fet forth with Bull- baiting, Horfe- racing, Stage-plays, Mafques, Dances, Mufick, and all this gallantly performed by the Indians of the Town. The Fryer of this Town was a Dominican, belonging to the Cloifter of the Dominicans of Guatemala , named Ahnfa Hidalgo, a four eyed old man, for he always wore fipedfocles. He was 3 Spaniard born, but having been brought up in that Country from his yonth, and having taken his habit and vows in Guatemala amongfi: the Criolians, he degenerated from his birth and Country- men, hating all fuch as came from Spain . He was a dead- ly enemy to the Provincial ("aiming indeed himfelf to be Provincial with the favour of the Criolians) and fo 1 per- ceived he would have picked a quarrel with me, wliilll I was with him» he told me I was welcome, though he had little reafon to bid any welcome that had come from Spain., who he thought came but to Supplant thofe that had been born and bioughtup there in their own Country, and that for ought he knew, I learning the language of thole Indi - ans might one day dilpoillfs him ot that Town, wherein he had continued above tui years s he inveyed much a- gainft the Provincial and Fryer John Baptrjl the Prior of Guatemala , whom he knew to be my friend s but to all this 1 anfwered not a word, refpedhng his grave and old age, and Cryllal fpe&acles. At lall lie told me that he had heard fay, that the Indians otZubajabhad cryedmeup for a Saint, which he could not believe of any that came from Spain i much lels of me that came from England a country ot he- reticks •, but he feared rather that I might come as a fpie, to view the riches ot that their Country, and betray them hereafter to England, and that i n Guatemala there were ma- ny rich pieces, efpecially a pi&ure ot our Lady, and a lamp Chap. XVII. Weft-Indies. 2 63 in the Cloifter of the Dominicans, which he doubted not but I would be careful to pry into. But all this I put up with a jeft, faying, I would be fure to take notice firft of the riches of his Chamber in Pi&ures, Hangings, and rich Cabinets, and that if the Englijb came thither in any time, I would Purely condud them to it i and if he himfelf would but caufe a fet of teeth of fiver to be fet in his gums and jaws in head of thofe leaden ones, (for he was fo old that he had loft all his teeth, and had got fome of lead in their Bead) then Purely I would alfo condudt the Englijh to him as to a rich prize for his teeth, and that I would warrant him he fhould be well ufed for his outward and inward riches i and that this my counfel might be profitable and of conftquence to him, I told him , that if the Englijh fhould come, certainly they would try of what mettal his teeth were made , thinking that they might be of fome rare and exquilite fubftance found only in that Countrey, and fo might caufe him to drink fuch hot and fealding broath, ( to try whether they were lead) as might melt them in his mouth, and make the melted lead to run down his throat, which if they were of fiver they would not do. He perceived that I jeared him, and fo he let me alone ; I was glad I had put him out of his former byas of railing i fo dinner being ended, 1 told him l would not ftay fupper, but go to Guatemala to a light fupper in the Cloifter , for that he had given me fuch a dinner, as I feared I fhould not havedigefted it in few.days. I defired him to let me have Indians to guide me to Guatemala, which he willingly perform. d , peradventure fearing that it 1 ftayed fupper with him, I fhould melt the tteth in his mouth with tome (calding cup of my Cloqolatfe brought from Chiapa , or that in the night I fhould ritle or plunder his Cnambcr of his rich Idols and Ebony Cabinets. The Indians betng come, I made hafte to be gone from that tour- eyed Beaft, being now defrous of a conftant reft in Guatemala. Within a league trom this Town of Cbimaltenang the Pvotd way leaving that open, wide, and fpacious valley, contra dh and gathereth in it left between hills and mountains Handing S 4 on 2 6\ A New Survey Chap. XVlL on each fide, and fo continueth to the City. From this Valley unto Guatemala , neither is there any afccnt or de- cent, but a p lain, broad and Tandy way. The eye hath touch to view, though comparted with Mountains, in thefe two lad leagues*, foryet it may behold a Town of Indians1 which taketh up rood of the way, and is counted as big as Cbimaltenango , if not bigger, the houfes lying fcattered with a diitance one from another, mingled with many fair buildings of Spaniards , who refort much thither from the City for their recreation. This Town is called Xico- tenahgOj of a fruit named Xocotte, which is mod plentiful there, and all about the Country: it is frefh and cooling, ofa yellow colour when ripe, and of two forts, feme fweet, and others fowr, of the dones whereof the Indians make a fire i they lye fo thick in the way, dropping from the trees f^r want of gathering and fpending them all, that the Spaniards have begun to praftife the buying of Hog* on purpofe to let them run about that high way, finding that they fat as fpeedilyand as well v/ith thofe plums, as our Hogs do in England with AkornS. All this way are alfo many fair gardens, which fupply the Markets of Guatema- la with herbs, roots, fruits, and flowers all the year. There Ire further in this Road three water-mills for the corn of the City, whereof the chief and therichefi belongs ro the Dominican Fryers o f Guatemala-, who keep there a Fryer condantly with three or four B'ackmores to do and over- fee the work , what will not thofe Fryers do to fatisfiethei'r covetous minds ? Even dufty Millers they will become to get wealth. The Frontifpkce of the Church of this Town is judged one of the bed pieces of work thereabouts s the , high Altar within is alfo rich and (lately, being all daubed with gold. I made no day in this place, becaufel knew I fhould have many occafions after my finding in the City to come unto it. And thus keeping between the hills I con- tinued on my journey till I came to Guatemala , whofe Do- minions, riches and greatnefs the following Chapter fhail l rgely fbew. char. Chap.XVIII. of the Welt-Indies. CHAP. XVIfl. Defribing the Dominions, Government , Riches , and Greatnefs of the City of Guatemala 3 and Country belonging unto it. I Hid not rid on above a mile from the Church of Xoco- tenancy, when the Hills and Mountains (eemed to de- part one from another, leaving a more fpatious objedt for the eye to behold, and a wider Valley to wander itt. The fame of that City from Mexico and Cbiapa had raifedup my thoughts to a conceit of fome flrongWalls, Towers, Forts or Bulwarks to keepout an afpiringor attempting enemy, hut when I came near and lead thought of it, I found my felf in it without entring through walls, or gates, or pafling over any bridge, or finding any watch or guard to examine who I wasi but paffingby a new built Church, handing near a place of dunghils, where were none but meanhoufes, fome thatched, and fome tyled,and asking what Town that was, anfwer was made me that it was the City of Guatemala , and that, being called St. Sebajiian, was the only Pariflr Church of the City. With this my high conceiting thoughts hoop- ed down to think of (bmefecond Chiapa still having con- tinued on a while by houfes on my light hand and dunghils on my left, I came to a broader dreet havinghoufes on my each fide, which Teemed to promile a City at hand. At my fird turning 1 difeovered a proud and (lately Cloilier, which was the place of red to my wearied body. I furrounded it to find out the back gate, and there lighted and enquired lor the Prior, who bad me very welcoin, adoring me that for the Provincials fake I (hould want no incouragement, and that he would do for me much more then what the Provin- cial had ligmfied unto him by Letters. He told me he had been brought up in Spain t in the Country of Jjhtriar, w where 266 A Mew Survey Chap. XVIir. where many Englifh Ships did ufe to come, and having feen there many of my Nation, he affected them very much, and to me as one of fo good a Nation, and as a ttranger and Pilgrim out of my own Country, he would fhew all the favour that the utmott of his power could afford. How glad was I, to find in him fo contrary an opinion to that of four-eyed Hidalgo ? And how did he perform his words ? He was the chief Matter and Reader of Divinity in the Univerfity , his name Matter Jacintho de Cabannosy who finding me defirous to follow the Schools, and efpe- daily to hear from him fome leffons of Theologie, within the firfi quarter of the year that I had been hisconttant and attentive Auditor, graced me with a publick adt of condu- fions of Divinity , which I was to defend under his dire- dfion and moderation in the face of the whole Univerfity and Aflembly of Dcdlors and Divines, againtt the Tenents of Scotus and Suarez. But the principal and head conclu- sion was concerning the birth of the Virgin Mary , whom both Jefuits, Suarez, and Francifcans, and Scotitts hold to have been born without original fin, or any guilt or ttain of it, againtt whofe fond, foolifh, and ungrounded fancies, I publickly defended with ‘Thomas Aquinas, and all Tho- mifts» that fhe (as well as all Adams potterity) was born in Original fin. It was an adi, the like whereof had not been (o controverted in that Univerfity with arguments in con- tra, and their Anfwers and Solutions, and with realons and arguments in pro, many years before. The Jefuits ffamped with their feet, clapt with their hands, railed with their tongues , and condemned it with their mouths for a Herefie, faying, that in Englnad, where were Hcreticks, fuch an opinion concerning Chritts Mother might be held, and defended by me who had my birth among Hereticks, but that Matter Cabannas, born among Spaniards, and brought up in their Univerfuies, and being the chief Rea- der in that famous Academy, fhould maintain fuch an o- pinion, they could not but much marvel and wonder at it. But with patience I told them, that ftrong reafons, and the further authority cf many learned ‘thwijls Divines (houli Chap.XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. 2 6? fhould fatisfie their vain and clamorous wondring. The Adi was ended, and though with Jefuits I could get no credit, yet with the Dominicans, and with Matter Caban - nos, I got fo much that I never after loft it for the (pace almoft of twelve years i but was ftill honoured by the means of this Cabannos and Fryer John Baptiji the Prior of Cbiapa (who at Chiiftmas enfuing was made Prior of Gua- temala) with honours and preferments as great as ever ftranger was living among Spaniards. Thefe two above na- med being at Candlemas or the beginning of February that fame year at Cbiapa at the election of a new Provincial, would not forget me their pooreft friend ftill abiding in Guatemala , but remembring that the Univerlity (which belonged chiefly to the Cloifter) at Michaelmas would want a new Reader or Matter of Arts to begin with Lo- gick, continue through the eight books ol Phyficks, and to end with the Metaphylicks, propounded me to the new eltdled Provincial (whole name was Fryer John Ximeno ) and to the whole Chapter and Conventicle of the Province for Reader of Arts in Guatemala the Michaelmas next en- fuing. Their fuit for me was to earned and their authority fo great, that nothing could be denyed them* and fothey brought unto me from the Provincial Chapter thefe enfuing Letters Patents, from Fryer John Ximeno , whofe form and manner I thought fit here to infert out of the Original in Spanifh (which to this dayabideth with raej for curio- fity and latisLclion of my Reader. FRay Juan Ximeno Predicador General y Prior Provincial dcjla Provincia do San Vicente dc Clnapa y Guatemala , Or den de Predicad.res, Por quanto nue\\ro Convent a dc S anU.0 Domingo de Guatemala carece de LcPlor de Artes , Pot lapre- fente Inllituyi y day por Lettor Al Padre fray f homos de San- fla Maria (fo was my name then, and by this name will fome Spaniards know me , who may chance hereafter to read this, and curie mej por la fatisfaccion que tengo de fu Jufficientia. X mando al Pc. Prior del dicho nueftro C onvento, le ponga en pojfeffion del tal Officio. T paramiyor merito de obedientio 26$ A New Survey Chap.XVIII. obedientia le mando in virtnte Spiritus fanfli, & fanfi* obedi- ent U-, & fub pracepto for mail \ In nomine Patrii , & Filii , & Spiritus fanVti. Amen * Fecbo en ejle micjlro Convento de Chi - of a la Real en nneve deFcbrcrode 1627. T la mande fellar confcllo major de nucjiro officio. Fray Juan Por Mandado de Noftro Rdo. or Padre, Fray Juan de Sto. Ximeno Plis Domingo Not’. Notifique efla Fatente a cl Contenicb, en 12 di as del roes de Abril de 1627. Fray Juan Baptifia Por. This Form according to the Original in Spanijh is thus in Englijb, and to this purpofe. FRyer John Ximeno Preacher General, and Prior Previn** cial ot this Province of Saint Vincent of Chiapa and Guatemala , Order of Preachers, whereas our Convent of St. Vominickot Guatemala wanteth and (lands in need of a Reader of Arts : By thefe prefents I do inffitute,name and appoint for Reader Fryer ‘Ibomas of St. Mary for the great fatisfadfion which I have ot his fufficiency. And I com- mand the Prior of tire aforefaid our Convent, that he put him into full pofledion and enjoyment of the faid Office. And for the greater merit of obedience, I command him (our forenamed Reader) by vertue of the Holy Ghcft, and of holy obedience, and under a formal prectpt,In the N,me of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Gholt, A- men. Dated in this our Convent ot Chiapa the Royal, the 9. oiFeb- 1627. And I commanded thelc tobefealed with the great Seal- of our Office. Fryer John F>y the command of our Fever eml Father F>yer John of St. Do- or Ximeno Pal. minicl^ Notary. I Chap. XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. 269 I notified thefe Letters Patents , unto the contained in them tht 1 2. day of the moneth of April, 1427. Fryer John Baptijt. Por . This honour conferred upon me a Granger, and new comer to the Province, made the Criolian party and Tome others ('who had aimed at that place and preferment in the llniverfuy) to ftomack me. But to me it was a fpur to flir and prick me on to a more eager purfuit of learning, to frequent the Academy lefTons with more care and dili- gence > and to fpend myfelfand time, dayand night, more in studying, that fo I might perform with like honour that which was laid upon me, and anfwer the expedi- tion of my belt and forwarded friends. Three years I con tinued in this Convent and City in obedience to the toreci- ted Patents , oftentimes I thought within my felf that the honour of my Englijh Nation here lay upon me in Guatema- la, in not fullering any Spaniard to go beyond me, or to outbrave me with gallant, witty, and well feeming argu- ments i and fo many times I would at nine of the clock at night, when others were gone to bed , take in my cham- ber a cup of hot Chccolatte, that with it 1 might banifiv fleep from my eyes, and might the better continue in my du- dy till one or two in the morn, being bound to awake and be up again by lix. I was loath in thefe three years to take upon me any other of fuch charges which are common in fuch Convents, but especially to preach much, and to hear the Con* ftllions of fuch both men & women as reforted to the Church of that Cloi/ier, led hereby my dudies might be hindered, and time fpent in other ways. Yet the Prior and Mader Cabannas would often be very importunate with me, to I obtain the Bifhops Licenfe for hearing of Confddons, and Preaching abroad in the City and Country (for in the Church of that Cloider I might and did fometimes , though feldom, preach with permiffionof the Provincial) but ijo A New Survey Chap.XVIII. but this 1 flrongly refufed , until fuch time as the Provin- cial came to Guatemala , who hearing me once preach, would by all means have me further licenfed and authori- (ed from the Bilhop, that fo I might not be flraitned with- in the Cloifters limits, but abroad in other Churches might freely preach, and thereby get feme money for the better furnifhing my felf with Books. He therefore commanded me to be examined by five examiners all able Divines, for the fpace of three hours fas is the cutiom of that Order,) and having three hours flood under their hard and rigid queftions and examination, having alfo at the end obtained their approbation , then the Provincial prefented me unto the Bifhop with thefe words following , being taken out of the Original yet abiding with me. FRay Juan Ximeno Predicador General , y Provincial dejla Provincia de San Vicente de Cbiapay Guatemala , Or- den de Predicadores , Prefento a Vuejlra Sennoria IUuJlriffima dl Padre Fray ‘Thomas de SanVla Maria examinado y a pro - vado por cinco examinadores per vnta Seer eta , conforme a nuejlras Conl'titutiones^Para que vuejlra Sennoria lllujlrijfima I jefirva de dalle licencia para Confejfar y Predicar a todo ge- nero de Gente en fit Obifpado , Conforme a la Clementina , Dudum de Sepulturis. A Vuejlra Sennoria IlluJlnJJima Suplico le ayapor Prefen - tado y fe firva de dalle la dieba licencia , que en ello recibirf merced . Fray Juan or Ximeno. Palis, This form of Prtfentation, ufed among them, naming the party prefenting, and the party prefented, is in Enghfh much to this purpofe. FRyer John Ximeno-^ Preacher General, and Provincial of this Province of St. Vincent , of Cbiapa and Guate* mala , , Chap.XlX. of tbs Weft-Indies. 271 . mala, Order of Preachers, do prefent unto your Lordlhip the Father Fryer Thomas of St. Mary (already examined, ! and approved by five Examiners by fecret Votes, according to our Rule and Conftitutions) that yourLordlhip may be pleafed to grant him licence to hear Conftfllons , and to preach to all forts of people in your Bifhoprick, according [ to that Rule and Canon of Pope Clement , beginning with . thefe words, Vudum de Sepultttris. I humbly befeech your Lordflnp to have him for pre- fented, and to grant him your forefaid Licence > and there’ in I (hall receive great favour. ; Fryer John or Xiineno . Palis* The Bilhop of Guatemala being my great friend, and a well-wi(her to learning, and efpecially to that Univerfity, needed not many words of intreaty, but prefently gave me this Licence written on the back-fide of the Presentati- on, and that without any further examination by his Cler- gy and part of his Chapter , which he may and doth ufe when he pleafeth. NOs el Macfiro Von Fray Jttan de Sandoval, y, Cap at a, de la Orden de San Atiguftin par la Vivina Gracia Obijpo de Guatemala y la Vera Paz, del Confejo de fu Magi' ft ad, &c. For la Prefente damos licencia al Padre Fray ‘Tho- mas de Santa Maria de la Orden de Predicadores Contenido en la Prefent ation de fu Keligion atras Conterdda, Para (put en todo efte nueftro Obiftado pueda Predicar , y Prcdique la Palabra. de Dios, y para que pueda adminiftrar , y adminiftre j tl Sacramento Santo de la Penitentia generalmente a todas las P erf mas que con el tttbieren Devocion de Confffare (ex- cep to Manias) y a las Perfonas que Confejfare puede abflver, y abfuelva de todos fus pecados , Crimines y cxcejfos , except o de los cafos refervados a fu fantidad , y a Nos por Virecbo, Dads iji A New Survey Chap. XVII £ Dado, en la Cividad de Santiago de Guatemala , cn quarto de Diziembre de Mill , y Seyfcientos y veynte y nueve Annas . Cl. Obitpo de Guatemala. Por Mandado del I \\mo. rni Sen- nor Pedro Ramirez de Valdes, Se'cretario. This form ofLicence to preach and hear confeflions, from the Bithop of Guatemala , is worth Englithing for fome things in it, which I (hall obferve with inclofed Parenthefesas I go along for the better reminding my Reader of them. WE (Biflrps in that Church f corn the name of dftngu- lar perf on, Jlocwing they have the power of all per fans \oyned together in them of rich and poor, of Subject and Prince ) Matter and Lord Fryer John de Sandoval y Capata of the order ot St. Augufm ( though brought up in a poor Mendi- cant Cloijler , yet now he takps upon him the title of a Lord, andjlocws borp Prelates in that Church ufeto Lord it over the people ) by the Divine Grace, Bithop of Guatemala and the Vera Paz (he (tylcs himfelf a Bijhop by Divine Grace, where- as he himfelf according to the common report of him , as alfo art mofi Bijhops there made , was made Bijhop nut by any Divine Grace-, but by unwarranted Simony and favour from Courti- ers, having given many thonf and Crowns for that his Bifhip- rickj of his Majellies Council ( Bijhops there tnujl be Conn - fellors to Kings., and meddle in Court and Politick^a fairs ) by thefe Pretents give licence to Father Fryer "Thomas of Saint Mary, of the Order of Preachers, contained in the Prefen- tation from his religious Order on the back fide ot thi3 our Licence, that throughout all our Bithoprickhe may and do preach the word of God (yet I con;efs this word of God is little ufed in Sermons in that Church , but rather the words of Saints of theirs and Fathers , and lying words of miracles > wherewith they Jluff up a whole hours preaching) and that he may and do adminiiter the holy Sacrament of Penance (not Chap.XVIII. Weft-Indies. 273 (not holy as it came from the month of him to whom the Seraphims cry Holy , Holy , Holy , but as it came from the head of Rome, who facrileginufly Jlyles himfclf Holinefs and moji Holy bather, hot a Sacrament as fa left and ordained by Chriji , but one of Romes (even S air aments , which as it is a City known and diflinguifhed by [even hills , fo will that Church be known and difinguifbedfrom the true Church by fiven Sacraments) generally (o all perfons, which fhall have devotion to confeG' with him, excepting Nuns (this Bifh'f had in that City one of the fix Judges of the Chance- ry his daughter , a Nun called Donna ]uana de Maldonado y Pa?., whom be loved dearly, and much conferred with her in private in the Cloijler , whnfe private conferences he was jea » s 'its they (hon'd be known inConftjfion,and therefore would fuf- f er none to hear Nuns Confjfions, but fuch as were his moji intimate friends, and of whom he had great fatisf aVtion, al- ledging this reafon that fuch as heard Nuns Confjfions ought to be very skilful and experienced in fuel) ways, and men of age , for that greater cafes of Confcience were to be met with in Nwns ConfeffionSy then in ethers. By which reajonhe unwife- ly brought an afperfion upon thnfe Virgins , who fhould live chajily and bolily as ftparated from the world and inclofed,and yet it feems by this Bif fs opinion, that within their inclfed walls fins are committed more grievous then abroad in the wide world, and fuch as may puzzle aGboJtly Father, if not s'xjl- ful and ancient) and that he may and do abfolve all ptrlons which (hall contefs with him {if only God can par- don and abfolve from fin, 0 how is Gods power arrogated and takgn, yea and abufed by tbofe facrilegious Pricjls ! ) from all their fins, crimes, and excefics, excepting fuch cafes as are referved to his Holinefs, and to us by Canon tight. ( A wicked rule and Canon, a Government certainly m cruel and tyrannic^ that binds poor wretches in fomc cafes to go from AmerjC3 to Rome, at leajl eight thoufand miles to clear their credences before the Pope, or clfe they mull die without parf)n and abfolution from fin, many ha- ving not means to g0 thith^G nor gifts to bejlow upon their Pope , who mull be bribed to ttbflve them « 0 how more facet, ■4 ■ . * T comfox * 2 74 A New Survey Chap.XVIII. comfortable and fafe if it for a heinous finner and offender e- ven at home or in the Church grieving within his heart, and keeping within himfelf to lift up a broken heart , and make that poft and flie with wings of Eagles to the high ‘Throne of Gods grace and mercy , with ajfurcd confidence that there only is pardon , remijfion , and abfolution granted to all fuch as do truly and unfeignedly repent of their fins , crimes and excejfcs ! ) Dated in the City of Saint James of Guate- mala, the fourth day of December , in the year of our Lord, 1629. The Bijhop of By the Command of my mofi Guatemala. Illufirious Lord , Peter Ra- mirez de Valdes. Secretary . Thus with full and ample Commillion from the Bifhop and the Provincial was I fetled in Guatemala , to read and preach, where (although I might have continued many years, and was offered to read Divinity, having in part begun it one quarter of a year) I continued yet but three years and alrnoft an half for the reafon I fhall fhew here- after. So what in that time I could obferve of that City, and of the Country round about, having had occafions to travel about it both when I lived in Guatemala , and af- terwards when I lived for above feven years in the Coun- try Towns, I fhall truly and faithfully recommend unto m'y Reader. This City of Guatemala (called by the Spani- ardsr, Santjago , or St. James of Guatemala) is feated in a valley, which is not above two miles and a half broad, for the high mountains do keep it clofe in i but in length towards theSouth-fea it contains a wide and Champaign Country, opening it (elf broader a little beyond that Town, which to this day is called la Cividad Vieja., or the old City, Handing fomewhat above three miles itomGuatema- la. Though the mountains on each fide doflrongly envi- ron it, and efpccially on the Eaff-lide feem to hang over it, yet none of them are hinderers to Travellers, who over them Chap. XVIII. tf/Vhe Weft-Indies. 275 them have opened ways eafie for man and beads, though heavily laden with wares of all forts. The way from Mexico , it taken by the coaft of Socomizco , and Sucbutcpe- ques comes into the City North- welt-ward, which is a wide, open and (andy road •, if it be taken by Cbiapa, it lyeth Norttkeafi, and entreth into the City between the mountains, as before hath been noted. Weftward to the South-fca, the way lyeth open through the valley and a champaign Country. But South or South- ea ft, the en- trance is over high and iteepy hills, which is the common road from Comayagua, Nicaragua , and the Golfo dulcc or iweet Gulf, wh«.re the (hips come yearly and unlade all the Commodities which are brought from Spain for Qua - tcmala. Thisalfois the way followed by them who take a journey mecr Eaftward from this City. But thechiefeit mountains, which ftraighten in this City and valley are two, called Vulcans, the one being a Vulcan of water, and the other a Vulcan or mountain of lire, termed fo by | the Spaniards , though very improperly a Vulcan may be fa id to contain water, it taking its name from the heathen- 1 fin God Vulcan , whole prolellion and imploymuit chit fly was in tire. Tin fie two famous mountains Hand almolt the one over againllthe other, on each tide ot the valley* that of water hanging on the South tide almolt perpendi- cularly over the City, the other ot fire Handing lowei from it, more oppolite to the old City. That of water is high- er then the other, and yields a goodly profipecf to the fight, being almolt all the year green, and tull of Indian Milpa’s which are plantations ot Indian wheat j and in I the (mall and petty Towns which liefome halt way up if, I fome at the foot of it, there are Rolts, Lillies, and other jfinwers all the year longin the Gardens,- betides Planting Apricocks, and many forts ot i weet and delicate fruits, it I is called by th e Spaniards, cl Vulcan del agua , or the Vur >:an ot water, becaufe on the other tide of if from Gnat-' nala, it fprings with many brooks towards a Town cal- ed St. Cbrijlopber , and cfpecially is thought to preferve llnd ncurifh on that fide alto a great lake of freth wafer, T 2 by 276 A New Surrey Chap. XVIII. by the Towns called Amatithn and Fctapa. But on the fide of it towards Guatemala and the val !cy, it yields alfo i fo many fprin^s of fweet and trefh water, as have caufed and made a river which runneth along the valley clofe by the City, and is that which drives the water-mills fpoken of before in Xocotcnango. Tnis river was not known when fuff the Spaniards conquered that Country » but fince, ac- cording to their conftant Tradition, the City of Guatemala I Handing higher and nearer to the Vulcan in that placeand Town which to this day is called laCividad Dicja, or the old City, there lived in it then about the year i 534. aGen- tlewoman called Donna Maria de CajiUij, who having loft her Husband in the wars, and that lame year buried alfo all htr children, grew fo impatient under thefe her crolfes and .affldtions, that impiouily Hie defied God, faying. What can God do more unto me now then he hath done ? lie hath done his word without it be to take away my life alfo, which I now regard not. Upon thefe words there gufhed out of this Vulcan fuch a {food of water as carried away this woman with the dream, ruined many of the houles, and caufed the inhabitants to remove to the place where now ftandeth Guatemala. This is the Spaniard s own Tradition, which if true, fiiould be our example to learn to fear, and not to deffe God, when his judgments (hew him to its angry and a God that will overcome, when hejudgeth. From that time, and from this their Traditi- j on is the„Town now (landing where iird hood Guatemala A called, la Cividad I'icji , or the old City, and hath continu- ed a river which before was not known, having its head and fpring from tins high Vulcan, whofe pleafant IpringsJ gardens, traits, flowers, and every green and flouriiliingj prolpedt might be a fair objedt to a Martials wit, who here! would fancy a new P am affix > Hod out new fieps rof flyings Fcgafiis, and greet the Nymphs and nine Sillers with this! their never yet difeovered and American habitation. This Vulcan or mountain is not fo plealing to the fight (whole! height is judged lull nine miles unto the topj but the other which Uandeth on the other tide of the valley op- [ 1 ) 5 t i if i ! 0 IS n i* J, u- id ;< i;j :K ill) t !iii iii: iifl ;!; P Chap. XVIII. of the Wefl-Inclies. 277 pofite unto it, is unpleafing and more dreadful to behold i for here are afhes for beauty, Hones and flints for fruits and flowtrs, baldnefs for greennefs, barrtnnefs for fruitfulntls, for water whifperings and fountain murmurs, noife of thunders and roaring of confuming metals, for running ftrcams, fL things of fire, for tall and mighty trees and Cedars, Caltles of fmcak riling in height to cut-dare the skie and firmament, for fweet and odoriferous and fragrant fmclls, a ff ink of fire and britiiffone, which are Hill in adfion driving within the bowels of that ever burning and fiery Vulcan. Thus is Guatemala feared in the rr.idft of a Paradife on the one fide, and a Hell on the other, yet never hath this hell broke fo loofeas toconfume that flourifhing City. True it is, formerly many years ago ifepened a wide mouth on the top, and breathed out fuch fiery afhesas fil- led the houfeS of Guatemala and the Country about, and parched all the plants and fruit', and fputd out fuch Hones and rocks which had they fallen upon the City, would have crufhedit to pitces, but they tell not far from it, but to this day lie about the botturn and fries of it, caufing wonder to thofe that behold them, and taking away admi- ration from them that admire the force and ltrcngth of fire and its power in carrying a weighty bullet from i he mouth » of a canon, whereas here die fire of this mountain hath cafi up into the air and tumbled down to the bottom cf it fuch rocks asm bignefs exceed a reafonable heufe, and which not the Hrcngth of any twenty mules fas hath been tritdj have been able to remove. The fire which fhfh- eth out of the top of this mountain is fnmetimes more and fometimes lefs > yet while I lived in the City, on a certain time for the fpace of three or four days ani nights it did fo burn, that my fiiend Mr. Cabanuas confidently a- vouched to me and others, that Handing one night in his window he had with the light of that fire read a Letter, the dillance being above three Enghfh miles. The roar- ing alfo of this monlfrous be all is not conHantly alike, but i> greater in the Summer time then in the Winter, that iSjircm Olhber to the end of April, then all the relt pt the T 3 year * 278 A New Survey Chap. XVIIL year-, for then it Teems, the winds entring into thofe coq- I cavities fet the fire on work harder then at other times, 1 and caule the mountain to roar and the earth to quake. There was a time three years before my coming to that Ci- ty, when the inhabitants expected nothing but utter ruine and deltru&ion, and durft not abide within their houfes for nine days ( the earth- quakes continuing and increafing more and more) but made bowers and arbours in the mar- ket place, placing there their Idol Saints and Images, tfpe- cially St. Sebajlian , whom the) hoped would deliver them •from that judgment, and for this purpofe they daily carri- ed him through the ftrects in foletnn and Idolatrous pro- ccffion and adoration. But all the while I lived there the noife within the mountain, the fmoak and fbfhes of fire without, and the Summer earth-quakes were (itch that with the ufc and cuftom of them I never feared any thing, but thought that City the healthiefl and pleafanteff place of dwelling that ever I came into in all my travels. The cli- mate is very temperate,' far exceeding either Mexicu or Guaxaca. Neither are the two fore-named Cities better ffored with fruits, herbs for fillets, provilion of flefh, Beef, Mutton, Veal, Kid, Fowls, Turkics, Rabbets, Par- tridges, Pheafants, and of Indian and Spanijh Wheat, then is this City : from the South Sea (which lycth in (ome pla- ces not above twelve leagues from it) and from the Rivers of the South Sea Coafi, and from the frefh Lake of Amatit- lan and Fctapa, aud from another Lake lying three or four leagues trom Cbimaltcnango , it is well and plentifully provided for of fifh. But for Beef there is fuch plenty, that it exceeds all parts of America , without exception, as may be known by the Aids which are fent yearly to Spain from the Country of Guatemala , where they com- monly kill their Cattel, more for the gain of their Hydes in Spain , then for the goodnefs or fatnefs of the fiefh, which though it be not to compare to our EngHfh B -ef, yet it is. good mans meat, and to cheap, that in my time it was commonly fold at thirteen pound and a halt tor half a Rial, the lead coyn there, and as much as three pence here. Though Chap. XVIII. of the'' VVeft-Indies. -iji) Though all about this Country they are very great and fpati- ous Eilancia’s, or Farms for breeding only, even neer to the Golfo Vulce , where the (hips ride that come from Spain, >y et from. Comayagua , St. Salvador and Nicaragua is Guatemala ftoredi But above all are the great Eftantia’s in the South Sea Coaft orMarfh, where in my time there was a Grazier that reckoned up going in his own Eftancia and ground, forty thoufand heads of Beads, fmall and great, befides ma- ny which are called there Simarrones , or wild Cat^el, , which were (frayed among the Woods and Mountains, and could not be gathered in with the rdf, but were hunted by the Blackjnoort like wild Boars, and dayly (hot to death, leli , they (hould too much increafe and do hurt. My felf chan- f ced to beprefentat the Fair of the Town of Pctapa , with [ • a friend named Lope de Chaves, (who was as they call there, Obligado, or charged to provide flcfh for 6 or 7 Towns j thereabouts,) who at one bargain, and of one man, bought , fix thoufand head of Cattel, great and fmall, paying one . with another eighteen Rials, or nine E nglijh (hillings a J head. The manner and cufiomo (Guatemala for tlie better pro- viding both Beef and Mutton for it, and the Country ! Towns about, is this. Nine days before Michaelmas , eve- . ! ry day Proclamation is made about the City for an Obhga- s do, or one that will be bound to the City and Country for competent provilion of Fkfh- meat, upon forfeiture of t fuch a fum of mony to his Majjtfiy, if he tail, as (hall be , agreed upon between him and the Court, and to the In- habitants of the City •, if he fail in Beef, he is to allow in Mutton fo many pounds at the fame rate as he (hould ’ have allowed Beef. If the Obligado fail in Mutton, he is . to allow in Fowl-flefh fo many pounds and at the fame n rate as he was to allow the Mutton \ and this with con- 1 fidexation of the family, what competent allowance of flefh meat (hall be judged fora day, or the days that the Obli- gado (lull fail. B. Tides this the Proclamation is made for whom offers moft to his Majefiy for one years Obligation. So that fometimes ithappeneth that the eight days ieveral T 4 men 280 A New Survey Chap.XVIII. men come into the Court, offering more and more, till up- i on the ninth day and laid Proclamation, the Office is fetled for one year upon him that hath offered moft unto his Majeffy. Tlius many Butchers are not allowed, ! but one only Obligado, who alfo is abridged to fo ma- ny pound for fo much mony, fo that if any other bcfidcs him offer to kill or fell, he may follow an adfion and the i Court agdnff him : Thus the Obligado f who commonly is j a monied man) buyeth by the hundred or by the thoufand, I as for the prefent he findeth the expence of the City, with- } out he be himfelf fuch a Grazier, as hath Cattel enough of his own. Though Mutton be not fo plentiful as is Beef, yet there never wants from the Valley of Mixeo, Penola , Pitapa, and Amatitlan , and the Marfh and other places. In the Valley torenamed I lived, and was well acquainted with one Alonfo Capita, who had conffantly going in the Valley four thoufand Sheep. Guatemala therefore is fo well ltored with good provifion, plentiful and cheap, that it is hard to find in it a beggers for with half a Rial the pooreff may buy Beef for a week, and with a few Cacao’s they may have bread of Indian Maiz, if not of Spanijb Wheat. This City may conliit of about five thouland families, befides a Suburb of Indians called cl Barrio de Stn. Domingo , where may be two hundred fami- lies more. The beffpart cf the City is that which joyn- I eth to the Suburb of Indians , and is called alfo cl Barrio de Santo Domingo, by reafon of the Cloiltcr of Saint Do- minick^ which tfandeth in if. Here are the richert and | belf ffiops of the City, with the fbclf buildings, molt of the houfts being new, and ffately. Here is alfo a daily Tianguez (as they cal! it ) or petty Market, where fome i Indians all the day lit felling Fruits, Herbs, and Cacao, bat at four in the afternoon , this Market is filled for a matterofan hour, where the Indian women meet to fell j their Country flap, (which is dainties fo the Criohans) as Atolle, Pinole, fealded Plantains, butter of the Cacao, puddings made of Indian Maiz, with a bit of Fowl, or frefh Pork in them feafoned with much red biting; Chille, Chap, XV III. of the Weft-Indies. 281 Chille, which they call Anacatamales. The trading of the City is great, for by mules it partakes of the bell com- modities of Mexico , Guaxacx and Chiapa, and Southward of Nicaragua, znd Cojia rica. By Sea it hath commerce with Peru , by two Sea ports and Havens, the one called la Villa de la ‘Trinidad, the Village of the Trinity, which lyeth Southward, from it five and twenty leagues ■, and by ano- ther called el Realejo, which lyeth five or fix and forty leagues fromit. It hath traffique wuh Spain by the North Sea from Golfo dulce , lying threefcore leagues from it. It is not fo rich as other Cities, yet for the quantity of it, it >i yields to none. There were in my timefive(btfides ma~ 1 ny other Merchants who were judged worth twenty thou- fand Duckats, thirty thoufand, fifty thouland, fome few 1 a hundred thoufundj who were judged ot equal wealth, ' and generally reported to be worth each of them five hun- ’ dred thoufand Duckats > the firft was Thomas de Siliezer, 1 a Bifcain born, and Alcalde de Corte, the Kings high Ju- 1 fiice, or chief Officer at Court j the lecond was Antonin ' Jujliniano, a Genocfe born, and one that bore often Offi- t ces in the City, and had many Tenements and houfes, : efpecially a great and rich Farm for Corn and Wheat in 1 fhe Valley of Mixco. The third was Pedro de Lira , bom •[ in Cafi ilia, the fourth and filth, Antoni) Fernandez , and Bartolome Nunncz, both Portuguefe whereof the lull in my > time departed from Guatemala tor fome reafons which here I mull conceal. The other four I left there, the 1 three ot them living at that end of the City called Barrio f de Santo Domingo, or the ffreet of St. Dominick, jy whofe f houfes and pretence makes that ffreet excell all the rtft of i the City, and their wealth and trading were enough k> t denominate Guatemala a vety rich City. The Govtm- I ment ot all the Country about, and of all Honduras. So- II conufeo, Comay again, Nicaragua, Cojia Rita, Vera Paz, Cu- ) chutepequcs, and Chiapa, is lubordinate unto the Chancery )i ot Guatemala » for although every Governour over t thete lcveral Provinces is appointed by the King and § Cpunced of Spain 1 yet when they come to tbofe i parts 282 A New Survey Chap. XVIII. parts to the enjoyment of their charge and execution of their office, then their adtions, if unjuft, are weighed, judged, cenfured, and condemned by the Court redding in the City. This Court of Chancery confifteth of a Prefident, lix Judges, one Kings Attourny, and two chief Juftices of Court. The Prelident though he have not the name and title of Viceroy, as they of Mexico and Peru , yet his pow- er is as great and abfolute as theirs. His Pcnfion from the King is but twelve thoufand Duckats a year, but be- lides this, if he be covetous, he makes by bribes and tra- ding twice as much more, nay what he lifts as was feen in the Count de la. Gamer a, Prelident of that City and Chan- cery tor the (pace of fourteen years, who departed in old age from Guatemala to Canaria (where was. his houfeand place of birth) worth Millions of Duckats. After him tucceeded Von Juan de Guzman , formerly Prelident of Santo Domingo, who lofing his Wife and Lady in the way, loft alfo his former fpirit and courage, betaking himfclf wholly to his devotions, contemning wealth and riches, I governing with love and mildnels, which made the reft of the Judges, who were all for lucre, foon weary him out of his office, continuing in it but five years. His fuccef- for 0 whom I left 'there when I came away ) was Von Gon- falo de Paz y Lorencana , who was promoted from the Pre- fidency of Panama to that place, and came into it with (uch a fpirit of covetoufnefs as the like had not been feen I in any former Prelident. He forbad all gaming in private I houfes in the City, which there is much tiled (though by 1 women notfo much as in Mexico) not for that he hated it, but becaufe he envied others, what they got and gain- ed by their Cards, drawing to himfelf thereby all that gain, (pending fometimes in one night four and twen- ty pair cf Cards, appointing a Page to afkft at the Ta- 1 bles, and to fee the box well paid for every pair of Cards, which for his, and his Court refpedt, was feldom lefs then a crown or two for every pair. Thus did he lick up with his Cards mold of the gamclicrs gains , and would grudge and pick quarrels with fuck rich men whom I Chap. XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. 283 1 whom he knew to affed gaming, if they frequented ^ not his Court at night time for that bewitching Recrca- * tion. The Penfion which the King alloweth to every Judge of Chancery is four thoufand Duckats yearly, and three d thoufand to his Attorney, all which is paid out of the Kings Exchequerabiding in that City. Yet what befides 1 they get by bribes, and trading is fo much, that I have heard a Judge himfelf Von Luis de las Infantas, fay, that * though a Judges place at Mexico and Lima be more honour- 1 able, yet none more profitable then Guatemala. In my time ■ j were fuch caufes at Chancery tried, as had never been, of 1 murthers, robberies, and oppreffions, and whereas it was * expected the offenders fome fhould be hanged, fome ba- 1 nifhed, fome imprifoned, fome by fines impoverifhed, bribes 1 took all off, fo that I never knew one hanged in that City 1 for the fpace of above eight years. The Churches though they be not fo fair and rich as thofe o I Mexico, yet they are for that place wealthy enough. There is but one Parifh Church and a Cathedral which ftandeth in the chief Mar- | ket place: All the other Churches belonging to Cloifters, which are of Dominicans, FrancifcanS, Mcrcenarians, Au- gullims, and Jefuites, and two of Nuns, called the Con- I o ption and S.Catbarine- The Dominicans, Erancifcans, and I Nkrcenarians, are Irately Cloilters, containing necr a hun- ! dred Fryers a piece i but above all is the Cloilter where I lived, of tiie Dominicans, to which is joyned, in a great walk before the Church, the Univerlity of the City. The yearly revenues which come into this Cloilter, what from the Indian Towns belonging to it, what f rom a water-mill, what from a farm for Corn, what from an Eflancia, or farm for Horfcs and Mules, what from an Ingenio, or farm of Sugar, what from a Mineof lilver given unto it theyear 1633. are judged to be ^excepting all charges) at leaf! thir- ty thoufand duckats s wherewith thofe fit Fryers fealt themftlvcs, and have to fparc to build, and enrich their Church and Altars. Bolides much treafure belonging to it, there are two things in it, which the Spaniards in merri- ment 6% 4 ^ Nerv Survey Chap. XVIII. ment would often tell me that the Englifh Nation did much enquire after, when they took any (hip of theiisat Sea, and that they feared I was come to fpie them, which werea Lamp of filver hanging before the high Altar, fo big as required the (Irength of three men to hale it up with a ropes but the other is of more value > which is a pidfure of the Virgin Mary of pure filver, and of the ftature of a reafonable tall Woman, which flandeth in a Tabernacle made on puipofe in a ChappJ of the Rofary with at leafl a dozen lamps of filver alio burning before it. A hundred thoufand duckats might foonbemadeup cf the treafure belonging to that Church and Cloifler. Within the walls of the Cloifler there is nothing wanting which may further pleafureand recreation. In the lower Cloifler there is a fpacious Garden, in the midll whereof is a fountain calling up the water, and fpouting it out of atlealladozen pipes, which fill two ponds full of fifhes, and with this their conflant running give mufick to the whole Cloifler, and encouragement to many water-fowls and Ducks to bath and wafhthemfclves therein. Yet fur- ther within the Cloifler, there are other two gardens foy Fruits and Herbage, and in the one a pond of a quar- ter of a mile long, all paved at the bottom, and a low flone wall about, where is a Boat for the Fryers recrea- tion, who often go thither to fifh, and do fometimes upon a fudden want or occafion take out from thence as much fifhes as will give to the whole Cloifler a dinner. The other Cloiflers of the City are alfo rich , but next to the Dominicans is the Cloifler of Nuns, called the Con- ception, in which at my time there were judged to live a thoufand women, not all Nuns, but their lerving maids or Haves, and young children which were brought up and taught to work by the Nuns. The Nuns that are profeffed bring with them their portions, five hundred Duckats at leafl, fome fix hundred, fome feven, and fome a thoufand, which portions after a few years (and continu- ing to the Cloifler after the Nuns deceafe) come to make up a great yearly rent. They that will have maids within to L| Cnap.XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. 285 to wait on them may, bringing the bigger portion, or al- lowing yearly for their fervants diet. In this Cloifter li- 1 ved that Donna Junta, de Maldonado]udge Juan Maldona- do de Paz his Daughter, whom the Biftiop To much con- l verfed withal. She was very fair and beautiful, and not 1 much above twenty years of age, and yet his love blind- ing him, he ftrove what he could in my time againft all the 3 ancient Nuns and Sillers, to make her Supeiicur and Ab- ' befs, and caufed fuch a mutiny and ftrife in that Cloifter, which was very fcandalous to the whole City, and made many rich Merchants and Gentlemen run to the Cloifter with their fwords drawn, threatning to break in amongft ’ j the Nuns to defend their daughters againft the powerful fa&ion which the Biftiop had wrought for Donna Juana I de Maldonado : which they had performed, if the Prtfident I Don Juan de Guzman had not fent Juan Maldonado de Paz, the young Nuns father, to intreat her todtfift in re- gard of her young age from her ambitious thoughts of be- ing Abbefs. With rhis the mutiny both within and with- out ccafed, the Biftiop got but fliame, and his young Si- fter continued as before under command and obedience, to a more religious, grave, and aged Nun then her felf. This Donna Juana dc Maldonado y Paz , was the wonder of all that Cloifter, yea of all the City for her excellent voice, and skill in mulick,and in carriage and education yielded to none abroad nor within > (he was witty, well fpoken and above all a Calliope or Mufe for ingenious and hidden verbs i which the Biftiop faid, fo much moved him to delight in her company and converfation. Her Father thought nothing too good, nor too much for her ■, and therefore having no-other children, he dayly conferred up- on her riches, as might beft befeim a Nun, as rich and coftly Cabinets faced with gold and iilver, pi&ures and I- dols for her chamber with crowns and jewels to adorn • hem » which with other prefer.ts from the B.fliop (who dying in my time left not wherewith to pay his debts, for that as the report went, he had [pent himblfand givtn all unto his NunJ made this Donna Juana de Mald na - 286 • A New Survey Chap.XVIII. do fo rich and (lately, that at her own charges (he built for her felfa new quarter within the Cloider with rooms and galleries, and a private garden walk, and kept at work and to wait on her half a dozen Blacl^more maids s but above all (he placed her delight in a private Chappel or Clofet to pray in, being hung with rich hangings, and round a- bout it co(lly lamina’s (as they call them) or pidfrures pain- ted upon brafs fet in black Ebony frames with corners of gold, fome of filver brought to her from Rome i her Altar was accordingly decked with jewels, Candlefticks, Crowns, Lamps, and covered with a Canopy embroidered with gold v in her Clofet (lie had her fmall Organ, and many torts of mufical inftruments, whereupon (he played feme- times by her felf, fometimes with her bed friends of the Nuns i and here dpecially (he entertained with mufick her beloved the Bilhop. Her Chappel or place of devotion was credibly reported about the City to be worth at lead fix thoufand crowns which was enough for a Nun that had vowed chadity, poverty, and obedience. But all this after her deceafe (lie was to leave to the Cloider i and doubtlefs with this State, and riches (lie w ould win more and more the hearts of the common fort of Nuns, till the had made a drong party, which by this may have made her Abbefs. Thus is ambition and delire of command and power crept into the walls of Nunneries, like the abomi- nations in the wall of Ezekiel , and hath podeffed the hearts of Nuns, which fhould be humble, poor, and mortified Virgins. But befides this one Nun, there are more, and alfoFry-* ers, who are very rich, tor if the City be rich ('as is this ) and great trading in it, they will be (ure to have a (lure. Great plenty and wealth hath made the inhabitants as proud and vicious, as are thofe of Mexico • Here is not only Idolatry, but Fornication and uncleannefs as publick as in any place of the India's : The Mulatto's, Black^morcs, MefUza’sJndians, and all common fort of people are much made on by the greater and richer fort, and go as gallant- ly apparelled as do thofe of Mexico, fearing neither a Chap.XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. 287 Vulcan or mountain of water on the one fide, which they confefs hath once poured out a flood and river executing Gods wrath againft fin there committed =, neither a Vulcan of fire, or mouth of hell on the other fide, roaring within and threatmng to rain upon them Sodoms ruine and de- flru&ion i neither the weaknefs of their habitation i lying wide open on every fide, without walls, or works, or bul- warks, to defend them, or without guns, drakes, bullets, or any Ammunition to fcare away an approaching enemy, who may fafely come & without refinance upon them who live as profc (Ted enemies of JefusChrift. This is the City of St. J antes or Santjago dc Guatemala, the head of a vaff and ample Dominion, which extendeth it felf nine hun- dred miles to Nicoya and Cofia Rica South-ward j three hundred miles to Chiapa and Zoqucs North-wards a hun- dred and fourfeore miles to the lurther parts of Vcr a Paz , and the Golfo ditlce Eaft-ward •, arid ro the South- fea twenty or thirty, in fome places forty miles Weft- ward. From Tepoantepcque ("which is no harbour for any great (hips) which ffandeth from Guatemala at leaf! four hun- dred miles, there is no "landing place for fhips neerer to this City then is the Villager/eh ‘Trinidad , or of the Trinity. The chief commodities which from along that coaft are brought to Guatemala, are from the Provings of Soconuz- co and Sucbutcpeques , which are extream hot, and fubjtdt to thunder and lightning, where groweth fcarce any re- markable commodity, fave only Cacao, Acbiotte , Mecafu- chil, Bainillar, and other drugs for Chocolatte, except it be fome Indig > and Cochin'll about St. Antoni >, which is the chief and head Town of all the Suchetepeques. But all the coafi necr joyning to Guatemala, t(\ pecially about a Town called Izquinta, or Izquintepeque, twelve leagues from Guatemala, is abfolutely the richc.lt part of the Dominion of this City > for there is made the greateff part of the Indigo which is lent from Honduras to Spain s be lides the mighty farms of Cattcl which are all along that maifh. Though the living there be profitable, arid the foil rich, yet q88 A New Survey Chap.XVIIl* yet it is uncomfortable by reafon of the great heat, rhun- diings and lightnings, especially from May to Michaelmas . If Guatemala be ftrong (though not in Weapons or Am- munition^) in people, it is ffrong from hence from a de- sperate fort of Blackamoors, who are flavesin thofe Efian- cia’s and farms of Indigo. Though they have no weapons but a Macbcttc, which is a fhort Tuck, or lances to run at the wild Cattel, yet with thefe they are fo dcfperate, that the City of Guatemala hath often been afraid of them, and the Millers of their own Haves and fervants. Some of them fear not to encounter a Bull though wild and mad, and to graple in the rivers (which are many therej with Croco- diles, or Cagarto’s, as there they call them, till they have overmaftered them, and brought them out to. land from the water. This hot, but rich Country runs on by the Sea fide un- to the Village cf the Trinity, which (though fomewhat dangerous) yet is a Haven for Ships from Panama , rent, and Mexico \ It ferves to enrich Guatemala , but not to ilrengthen it, for it hath neither Fort, nor Bulwark, nor Caflle, nor any Ammunition to defend it felf. Between this Village and the other Hiven called Kcalcjo , there is a great Creek from the Sea > where fmall vefTcls do ufe to come in for frefh water and Victuals to St. Miguel a Town of Spaniards and Indians, from whence thofe that travel to Bealcjo pal's over in lefs then a day to a Town of Indians called LaVie)a , two miles from Rcaleji, whither the jour- ney by land from St. Miguel is of at leaf! three days. But neither this Creek or Arm of the Sea is fortified (which might be done with one or two pieces of Ordnance at moll placed at the mouth of the feas entrance) neither is the Realejo firong with any Ammunition, no nor with people, for it confilts not of above two hundred families, and moff of them are Indians and Mcjtizo’s , a peop’c of no courage, and very unfit to defend fuch an open paffige to Guatemala , and Nicaragua, which here begins and continues in fmall and petty Indian Towns unto Leon and Granada* On Chap.XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. i 5 t 0 ll It :t It S, 'c .11 Hi ,s On the North fide of Guatemala , I Hull out need to add to what hath been faid of Sucheteptques and Socomtzco,and my journey that way from Mexico and Cbiapa. The chief fide of Guatemala is that on the Eaft, which points out the way to the Gulf, or Golfc duke , or as others call it St. Tbo* mas de Cajlilia. This way is more beaten by Mules and Travellers, then that on the North fide, for that Mexico ftandeth three hundred leagues from this City, and the Gulf but 6o,and here are no fuch paffages as are in fome places in the Road to Mexico . Bcfides the great trading, commerce, and traffique, which this City injoyeth by that Gulf from Spain , hath made that Road exceed all the reil. In July , or at farthdl in the beginning of Auguji come into that Gulf three (hips, or two and a frigate, and unlade what they have brought from Spain m Bodega's or great Lodges, built on purpoie to keep dry and from the weather the commodities. They prefently make haft to lade again from Guatemala thole Merchants commodities of return, which perad venture have lain waiting for them in the Bodega's two or three moneths before the fhips ar- rival. So that thefe three moneths of July , Auguji and September , there is fure to be found a great treafure. And O the timplicity or fecurityof the Spaniards, who appoint no other watch over thefe their riches, fave only one or two Indians and as many Mulatto’s , who commonly are fuch as have for their mifdcmeanours been condemned to live in that old and ruinated Chile of St. ‘Thomas de Ca- Jiilia ! True it is, above it there is a little and ragged Town ot Indians , called St. Pedro , conftfting of iome thirty fami- lies, whoby tcafon of the exceeding heat, and unhealthi- nels ot the air, are always iickly and (carceable to hand upon their legs. But the weaknefs cf this Gulf within might well be remedied and fupplyed' at the mouth of the Sea, or entrance into it by one or two at the mod good pieces of Ordnance placed there. For the entrance into this Gulf is but as one fhould come in at the door ot fome great Palace, where although the door and entrance be narrow, the houle within is wide and cap-j- V cioo?« a pa A New Survey Chap.XVIII. cious. Such is this Gulf, whofe entrance is draitned with J two Rocks or Mountains on each fide (which would well become two great pieces, and fo fcorn a whole Fleet, and i fecure the Kingdom of Guatemala, nay moll of all America) I but here being no watch nor defence, the (hips come free- ly andfafely in (as have done (ome both EngHJh and Holland 1 Ships) and being entred find a road and harbour fo wide and capacious as may well fecure a thoufand (hips there riding at anchor, without any thought of fear from St. Tcdro , or Santo Thomas de Caftilia . I have often heard the Spaniards jear and laugh at the Englijh and Hollanders , for that they having come into this Gulf, have gone a- way without attempting any thing further uponthe land. Nay while I lived there, the Hollanders fet upon TruxiHo the head Port of Comayagua and Honduras, and took it, (though there were fome refiftance) the people for the molt part flying to the woods, trufling more to their feet then to their hands and weapons (Tuch cowards is all that Country full of) and whild they might have fortified them- felves there, and gone into the Country, or fortifying that have come on to the Gulf ('all Guatemala fearing it much and not being able to refill them) they left TruxiUo, con- tenting themfelves with afmall pillage, and gave occafion to the Spaniards to rejoyce, and to make proceflions of Thankfgiving for their fate deliverance out of their enemies hands. The way from this Gulf to Guatemala is not fo bad as fome report and conceive, efpecially after Michaelmas un- til May , when the winter and rain is part and gone, and the winds begin to dry up the ways. For in the worlt of the year Mules laden with four hundred weight at leali go eafily through the fteepefl, deeped, and moll dangerous paffages of the Mountains that lie about this Gulf. And though the ways are at that time of the year bad, yet they are (o beaten with the Mules, and fo wide and open, that one bad dtp and paflage may be avoided for a bet- ter j and the word of this way continues but 1 5 leagues, there being Rancho's or Lodges in the way, Cattel and Mules Chap. XVIII. of the W eft-indies. ' apt Mules alfo among the Woods and Mountains, for relief and comfort to a weary Traveller, what the Spaniards mod fear until they come out of thefe Mountains, are fome two or three bund red Blackamoors, Simarrones-, who for too much hard ufage, have fled away from Guatemala and o- ther parts from their Matters unto thefe woods, and there live and bring up their children andencreafe dayly, fo that all the power of Guatemala , nay all the Country about (having often attempting itj is not able to bring them under fubjedlion. Thefe often come out fothe road way, and fetupon the Requa’s of Mules, and take of Wine, Iron, Clothing and Weapons from them as much as they need, without doing any harm unto the people, or flaves that go with the Mules i but rather thefe rejoycc with them, being of one colour, and fubjedt to flavery and mifery which the others have fhaken off i by whofe example and encouragement many of thefe (bakeoff their mifery, and joyn with them to enjoy liberty, though it be but in the Woods and Mountains. Their weapons are bows and arrows which they ufe and carry about them, only to defend themfelves, if the Spaniards fet upon them > elfe they ufe them not againft the Spaniards , who travel qui- etly and give them part of what provifion they carry » Thefe have often faid that the chief caufe of their flying to thofe mountains is to be in a readinefs to joyn with the Eng- lijh and Hollanders, if ever they land in the Gulf j for they know, from them they may in joy that liberty which the Spa- niards will never grant unto them. After the firft 1 5 leagues the way is better, and there are little Towns and Villages of Indians , who relieve with provifion both manandbeatt. Fifteen leagues further is a great Town of Indians , called Acafabaftlan , (landing upon a river, which for hfh is held the beft in ail that Country. Though there are many forts, yet above all there is one which they call Bobo, a thick round fifli as long or longer then a mans arm, with only a middle bone, as white as milk, as fat as butter, and good to boil, fry, flew or bake. There is alfo from hence moll of ihe way to Guatemala in brooks and (hallow rivers, one of V 2 the 292 A New Survey Chap. XVIII. the beft fort of Tidies in the world, which the Spaniard* judge tobe a kind of Trout, it is called there Tepemechin, the fat whereof rtfembles veal more thenHdi. This Town of Acacabaftlan is governed by a Spaniard who is called Corrigidor j his power extendeth no fur- ther then to the Gulf, and to thofe Towns in the way. This Governour hath often attempted to bring in thofe Simarroncs from the Mountains, but could never prevail againft them. All the ftrength of this place may be- foroe twenty Mufquets (for fo many Spanijh hpufes there may be in the Town) and fomeftw Indians that ufe bows and arrows, for the defence of the Town againft the Blackamoor Simarroncs . About AcacabajUan, there are many Effancia’s of Cartel and Mules, much Cacao, Achiotte, and drugs tor Chocc- latte •> There is alfo Apothecary drugs, as Zarzaparilla , and Canna fijlula, and in the Town as much variety of fruits and gardens, as in any one Indian Town in the Country j Cut above all AcacabajUan is far known, and much efteemed of in the City ot Guatemala, for excellent Musk-melons, fome fmall, feme bigger then a mans head, wherewith the Indians load their mules and carry them to fell all over the Country. From hence to Guatemala, there are but thirty fhort leagues, and though fome hills there be, afeents and defeents, yet nothing troublefcm to man or beaft. Among thefe Mountains there have been difeovered fome mines of metal, which the Spaniards hive begun to dig, and finding that they have been fome of Copper, and fome of Iron, they have let them alone, judg- ing them more chargeable then profitable. But greater profit have the Spaniards loft, then of Iron and Copper, for ufing the poor Indians too hardly, and that in tins Way, from AcacabajUan to Guatemala , efpecialiy about a place called, cl Ague Calicnte the hot water, where is a River, out of which in feme places formerly the Indians found fuch ftore of gold, that they were charged by the Spa- niards with a yearly tribute of gold. But the Spaniards be- ing like Valdivia in Cbille , too greedy after it, murtheiing Chap. XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. 293 the Indians for notdifcovering unto them whereabout this treafure lay, have loft both treafure and Indians alfo. Yec unto this day fearch is made about the Mountains, the Ri* ver, and the fandsfcr the hidden treafure which peradven" ture by Gods order and appointment, doth and (hall lie hid, and be kept for a people better knowing and honour' ing their Go 1. At this place called el Ague Caliente, or the hot water, liveth a Blackmore in an Eftancia of his own, who is held to be very rich, and gives good enter' tainment to the Travellers thatpafs that way ■, he is rich in Cat tel, Sheep, and Goats, and from his Farm ftores Guate- mala and the people thereabout with the beft Cheefe of all that Country. But his riches are thought not fo muchtohi- creafe from hisFarmand cheefes, but from this hidden trea- fure, which credibly is reported to be known unto him. He hath been queftioned about it in the Chancery of Gua- temala, but hath denyed often any fuch treafure to be known unto him. The jealoufie and fufpition of him, is, for that formerly having been a Have, he bought his freedom with great fums of mony, and lince he hath been free, hath bought that farm and much land lying to it, and hath ex- ceedingly increafed his ftock i To which he anfwereth, that when he was young and a flave, he had a good Matter, who let him get for himlclf what he could, and that he placing the good husband, gathered as much as would buy his liberty, and at firtt a little houfe to live in, to the which God hath ftnee given a bldling with a greater increafe of ftock. From this hot water three or four leagues, there is another River called, Rio de las Vaccas , or the River of Cotvs, where are a company of poor and Country people moll of them Meft’zo’s,and Mulatto’s, who live in thatched lioufes, with fome fmall ftock of Cartel, fpending their time alfo in fearching for fands of Guld, hoping that one day by their diligent ftarch they and their children, and all their Country Hull be inriched, and that Rio de las Vaccas, (lull parallel Pafiolus, and ftir up the wics of Poets to fpeak of it as much as ever they have fpoke of that. From this River is prcfeutly difeovered the V 3 pleafant- 3 94 d New Survey Chap. XVIII. pleafanteft Valley in all that Country, ('where my felf did live at lead five years) called the Valley of Mixco? and Pi- nola, lying fix leagues from Guatemala , being fifteen miles in length, and ten or twelve in breadth •, Out of the in- clolures this Valley is ftored with fheep , the ground in- clofed is divided into many Farms, where groweth better wheat then any in the Country of Mexico. From this Val- ley the City is well provided of wheat, and Bisketis made for the fhips that come every year unto the Gulf. It is •called the Valley of Mixco, and Finola? from two Towns of Indians , fo called, handing oppofite the one to the o- ther on each fide of the Valley, Pinola on the left fide from Rio dc las Vaccas , and Mixco on the light. Here do live many rich Farmers, but yet Country and clownifh people, who know more of breaking clods of earth, then of ma- naging Arms offinfiveor defend ve. But among them I mutt not forget one friend of mine, called Juan Fabmeaue , whom 1 fhould have more efteemed of then I did, if I could have prevailed with him to have made him live more like : a man then a beaft, more like a free man then a bond ilave Co his gold and filver. This man had in my time three hundred lufiy mules trained up in the way of the Gulf, which he divided into fix Rcqua’s, or companies > and for (hem he kept above a hundred Blackamoor fiives, men, wo- men and children, who lived neer Mixco in feveral thatch’d Cottages. The houfe he lived in himfelf was but a poor thatched honfe, wherein he took more delight to live then ?n other houfes which he had in Guatemala , for there he lived like a wild Simarron among his ilaves and Blackamoors? whereas in the City he fhould have lived civilly, there he lived with milk, curds, and black, hard, and mouldy bis- ket, and with dry taffajo, which is dry falted beef cut out in thin flices and dryed in the fun and wind, till there be little fubflance left in it, fuch as his (laves were wont to parry to the Gulf for their provifion by the way, whereas if he had lived in the City, he mu/i have eat tor his credit what others of worth did eat. But the mifer knew well, J»vhjch w as the belt way to fave, and fc chofe a field for a City, Chap. XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. ap5 City, a cottage for a houfe, a company of Simarrones and Blackamoors for Citizens, and yet he was thought to be worth fix hundred thoufand duckats. He was the undoer of all others who dealed with Mules for bringing and car- rying commodities to the Gulf for the Merchants j for he having lufty mules, lufty (laves, would fet the price or rate for the hundred weight fo, as he might get, but others at that rate hiring Indians and fervants to go with their Mules, might lofe. He was fo cruel to his Blackamoors, that if a- ny were untoward, he would torment them almoft to death j amongft whom he had one Have called Macaco (for whom I have often interceded, but to little purpofe) whom he would often hang up by the arms, and whip him till thebloud ran about his back, and then his fle(h being torn, mangled, and all in a goar bloud, he would for lall cure pour boyling greafe upon it > he had marked him for a flave with burning irons upon his face, his hands, his arms, hisback, his be'dy, his thighs, his legs, that the poor flave was weary of life, and I think would two or three times have hanged himfelf, if I had not counfelled him to the contrary. He' was fo fenfual and carnal that he would ufe his own flaves wives at his pleafure i nay when he met in the City any of that kind handfome, and to his liking, if (he would not yield to his defire, he would go to her mafter or miftrefs, and buy her, offering far more then (he waswoith, boalling that he w7ould pull down her proud and haughty looks, with one years (lavery under him. He killed in my time two Indians in the way to the Gulf, and with his mony came off, as if he had killed but a Dog. He would never marry, becaufe his flaves fupplyed the bed of a wife, and none of his neighbours durfl fay him nay i whereby he halted to fill that valley with baltards of all fcrts and colours, by whom, when that richmifer dieth, all his wealth and treafure is like to be confumed. Befides the two Towns which denominate this valley, # there llandeth at the Eaft end of it clofe by the Rio dc las Vaccas an Ermitage, called, Nojlra Sennora del Carmel , or V 4 our A New Survey Chap.XVIIL our Lady of Carmel , which is the Paritta Church to all thofe feveral farms of Spaniards living in the Valley s though true it is, mod conftantly they do refort unto the Indian Towns to Mafs, and in Mixeo efpecially, the Spaniards have a rich fodality of our Lady of the Rofary, and the Blackamoors another. In all the valley there may be be- tween forty and fifty Spanijh farms or houfes belonging to the Ermitage, and in all thefie houfes, feme three hun- dred fiavts, men and women, Blackamoors and Mulatto's. Mixeo is a Town of three hundred families, but in it no- thing conliderable, but the riches belonging unto the two forenamed Sodalities, and fome rich Indians , who have learned of the Spaniards to break clods of earth, and to fow wheat, and totraffique with Mules unto the Gulf, Be- i Tides what fowls and great ftoreof Turkeys which in this Town are bred, there is aconlhnt (laughter houfe, where meat is fold to the Indians within, and to the farms with- out, and provifion is made for all the Requa’s and fluves that goto the Gulf with their Matters Mules. Befidesthe fix Requa’s before named otjuan Palotneque, there are in i this Valley four brothers, named, Von Gafpar , Von Viego , ! Von Thomas, Von Juan de Colindres , who have each of . them a Requa of threcfcore Mules (though few (lives, and , only hired Indians to go with them )to tnffique to the Gulf, and over all the Country as far as Mexico lometimes. Yet befides thefe there are fome fix more Requa’s belonging to other farms, which with thofe of the Town of Mix- co may make up full twenty Requa’s and thofe twenty Requa’s contain above a thoufand Mules, which only from this Valley are imployed to all parts of the Coun- try by the rich Merchants of Guatemala. But to return i again to the Town of Mixeo, the conftant paffjge through it of thefe Requa’s , of rich Merchants, of all paflen- gers that go and come from Spain, hath made it very 1 rich j whereas in the Town it fclf there is no other commodity, except it be a kind of earth, whereof are I made rare and excellent pots for water, pans, pipkins, platters, ditties , chafing difhes, warming-pans, wherein I thofe . Chap.XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. 2 and yet after all this his attendance, he attends and waits on the Fryer that lives in the Town, and doth nothing concerning the governing of the Town and ex- ecuting of juftice, but what the Fryer alloweth and ad- vifeth to be done. There is alfo great fervice appointed for this Fryer, of Filhermen, and other attendants in his I houfe, who liveth as (tardy as any Bifhop. Moft trades belonging to a well fetled Common-wealth, are here tx- crcifed by thefe Indians. As for herbage, and gardemfruks and requifices, it hath whatfoever maybe found or defired in the City of Guatemala. The Church treafure is very Chap. XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. a pp great, there being many Sodalities of our Lady and other their Saints, which are enriched with crowns, and chains, and bracelets, befides the lamps, cenfers,andfilver candle- flicks belonging unto the Altars. Upon Michaelmas day is the chief fair and feafl of the Town, which is dedicated unto S. Michael, whither many Merchants refort from Gua- temala to buy and fell > in the afternoon, and the next day following. Bull-baiting is the common fport for that feafl, with fome Spaniards and Blackrnoors on Horfe-b2ck, and other Indians on foot, who commonly being drunk, fome venture, fome lofc their lives in the fport. Befides this general concourfe of people every year at that time, there is every day at five a clock in the afternoon a Tian- guez or Market, upheld by the concourfe of the Indians of the Town among themfelves.Befides the lake, there run neth by thisTown a river, which in fome places is eafily wa- ded over, and waters the fruits, gardens, and other planta- tions, and drives a mill which ferves moft of the valley to grind their wheat. Within a mile and a half of this Town there is a rich Ingenio or farm of Sugar belonging to one Sebaftian de Savaletta , a Bifcain boin, who came at iirft very poor into that Country, and fervedone of his Coun- try men s but with his good induflry and pains, he began to get a Mule or two to traffique with about the Country, till at laft he increafed his flock to a whole Requaof Mules, and from thence grew fo rich that he bought much land about Pctapa , which he found to be very fit for Sugar, and from thence was incouraged to build a princely houfe, whither thebeft of Guatemalado refort for their recreation- This man maketh a great deal of Sugar for the Country, and fends every year much to Spain i he keepeth at lealt threefcore flaves of his own for the work of his farm, is very generous in houfe keeping, and is thought to be worth above five hundred thoufand Duckats. Within halfamile from him there is another farm of Sugar, which is called but a Irapicbe belonging unto the Auguflin Fryers of Gua- temala, which keeps fome twenty Haves, and is called a Irapicbe , for that it -grinds not the Sugar Cane with that device ^oG A New Survey Chap. XVIII. device of the Ingenio, but grinds a Iefs quantity, and fo makes not fo much Sugar as doth an Ingenio. From hence three miles is the Town of Amatitlan , neer unto which ftandeth a greater Ingenio of Sugar, then is that of Sava- letta, and is called the Ingenio of one becaufe he lirft founded it, but now it belongeth unto one Pedro Crejpo the Poflmafler of Guatemala i this Ingenio feemeth to be a little Town by it felf for the many cottages and thatched houfes of Blackamoor ilavcs which belong unto it, who may be above a hundred, men, women, and children. The chief dwelling houfe is ftrong and capacious, and able to entertain a hundred lodgers. Thefe three farms ofSugar {landing fo neer unto Guatemala , inrich the City much, and cccafion great trading from it to Spain. The Town of Amatitlan , though in it there live not fo many Spaniards as in Tetapa, yet there are in it more Indian families then in Petapa. The ftreets are more orderly made and fra- med like a Chequer board, they are wide, broad, plain, and all upon du/t and fand. This Town alfo tnjoyeth the commodity of the lake, and furnifheth with fifh the City of Guatemala , upon thofe days before named of Petapa. And though it ftandeth out ol the road-way, yet it is al- moft as rich as Petapa. For the Indians of it get much by theconcourfe ot common people, and the Gentry of Guatemala , who refort thither to certain baths of hot wa- ters, which are judged and approved very wholefom for the body. This Town alfo getteth much by the fait which here is made, or rather gathered by the lake lide, which every morning appeareth like a liGary frolf upon the ground, and is taken up and purified by the Indians i and proves very white and good. Bi.lides what they get by the fair, they getalfo by the Requa’sof Mules in the val- ley, and about the Countay, winch are brought to feed upon that fait earth a day, or half a day, until they be ready to burl! ("the owner paying fix pence a day for e- very Mule) and it hath been found by experience, that this makes them thrive and grow lufiy, and purgeth them bet- ter then any drench, or blood-letting. Tney have fur- Chap. XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. 301 ther great trading in Cotton-woo!, more abundance of fruits then Pctapa , a fairer market place with two extraor- dinary great Elm-trees, under which the Indians daily meet at evening to buy and fell. The Church of this Town is as fair and beautiful as 3ny about Guatemala , the riches and hate whereof hath caufed the Dominican Fry- ers fince the year 1635, to make thar place the head and Priory over the other Towns of the valley, and to build there a goodly and fumptuous Cloilter, in which in my time there was ('for I told then molt of if, and doubt lefs lince it hath much increafed) eight thoufand Duckats laid up in a cheit, with three locks for the common expences of the Cloilter. Thus my Reader, I have led thee through the valley of Mixco , and Pinola , Petapa and Amatitlan, which in riches and wealth, what with the great trading in it, what with thelheep and cattel, what with theabun- dance of mules, what with three Farms of Sugar, what with the great Farms ofCorn and Wheat, what with the Chur- chcs treafures yields to no other place belonging unto the dominions of Guatemala. I may not forget yet a double wheat harveft (as I may well term it) in this Valley. The firlf being of a little kind of Wheat, which they call Triga' Premefinofa word compounded in Spanijh from thefe two words, trcs mefes, or from the Latin tres menfes) which af- ter three months fowing is ripe and ready to be cut down, and being fowed about the end of Augujl, is commonly ha r- vdted in about the end of November, and although in the (mallnels of it, it feems to have but a little Flour, yet tt yields as much as their other forts of Wheat, and makes as white bn ad, though it keep not fo well as that which is made of other Wheat, bur foon groweth hale and hard. The other harvelt ('"which is oftwo forts of Wheat, one cal- led Rubio or red Wheat, the other called Blanquilleo , or white like Candia Wheat ) followeth foon after this full of ‘Rremcfino, for prefently after Chrillmis every one begins to bring their licklcs into the held, where they do not only reap down their Wheat , but inhead of threfhing it in barns, they caufe it to be trod by Mares inclofed, within 502 A New Survey Chap.XVIII, within floors made on purpofe in the fields > and when the Wheat is trod out of the Ears by the Mares trampling, who are whipped round about the floors that they may not (land ftill, but tread it conftantlyand throughly * then the Mares being let out of the floors, the Wheat is winnowed from the chaff, and put up clean into facks, and from the field carried to the Barns i but the chaff and moli of the ftraw is left to rot in the fields, which they efleem as good as dunging i and further fet all the fields on fire, burning the ftubble that is left a little before the time of the firfl fhowers of rain, which with the afhes left after the bur- ning fatteth the ground, and by them is held the beft way to husband or dung their ground. Others that will fow a new and woody piece of land, caufethe trees though tim- ber trees to be cut down, and fell not a flick of that wood, (which there is fo plentiful, that they judge it would not quit their coft to carry it to Guatemala, though in England it would yield thoufands of poundsjbut they let it lie and dry, and before the winter rain begins, they fet on fire all the field, and burn that rich timber, with the afhes where- of that ground becomes fo fat and fertile, that where up- on an Aker we fow here three bufhels of Wheat, or upwards, they fow fuch ground fo thin, that they fcarce dare ven- ture a full bufhel upon an Aker, left with too much fpread- ing upon the ground it grow too thick, be lodged, and they lofe their crop. The like they do unto the pafture ol the Valley, about the end of March, it is fhort and wither- ed and dry, and they alfo fet it on fire, which being burnt caufeth a difmal fight, and profpcdt of a black Valley • but after the firfl two or three fhowres, it puts on again its green and pleafant garment, inviting the Cattel, Sheep. Lambs, Goats, and Kids, (which for a while were driven away to other pafturingjto return and fport again, to feed and reft in its new flourifhing bofom. But now it is time. I return again back to the other end of this Valley, to the Rio de Im Vacas (from whence I have viewed the com- pafs of it, and made my longdigreflion from Eaft to Weft, fothe fartheft Town of Amatitlan) to fhew thee, my Rea- ' ” " der ci Itvt & Sidle Idle citce m Chap.XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. 303 der, the little part of thy way remaining unto Guatemala . True it is, from the Ermitage of our Lady, there is a freight way through the middle of the Valley leading al- moft to Amatitlan , and then turning up a hill out of the Valley on theright hand j But that hath many alcents and delcents, bottoms, falls and rifings, and therefore is not the conftant Road, which from the Ermitage pointeth on the right hand, obferving the Town of Mixco , Handing but five miles from Guatemala , from Mixco the way lyeth up a hill, and leadeth to a Town fomewhat bigger then Mix - co, of Indians called, San Lucas , or St. Luke , a cold Town, but exceeding rich j the temper and coldnefs of it hath made it the florehoufe, or Granary for all the City j for whereas below in the Valley, the Wheat will not keep long without mulling, and breeding a worm called Gurgo- jo, fuch is the temper of this Town of St. Luke, that in it the Wheat will keep two or three years ready threfhed, with a little turning now and then , and as it lyeth will give and yield, (as experience taught me there) fo that he that hath laid up in that Town two hundred bulhels of Wheat, at the years end (hall find neer upon two hun- dred and twenty bulhels. This Town therefore receives from the Valley moll of the harvell, and is full of what j we call Barns, but there are called ‘Trojas, without floors, aut raifed up with flacks and bords a foot or two from the ground, and covered with mats, whereon is laid the wheat, and by fome rich Monopolilis from the City is kept and hoarded two and three years, until they find their bell op- \ portunify to bring it out to (ale, at the rate of their own will and pleafure. From hence to Guatemala there is bur :hree little leagues, and one only Barauca or bottom, and an every fide of the way little petty Towns, which they tall Milpas , conlilling nf fome twenty Cottages. In the middle of the way is the top of a hill, which difcovereth ill the City, and flandeth as ovtrmafleringof it, as if with 1 piece or two of Ordnance it would keep all Guatemala n awe » But -belides this hill, which is the wide and o- aen Road, there Hand yet forwarder on the right and left ■ M hand 304 A New Survey Chap.XVIII* hand other mountains which draw neererto the City, and what this top perad venture with too much difiance, is not able to do or reach, the others certainly would reach with Canon fhot, and command that far commanding City. Down this hill the way lies broad and wide, and as open as is the way down Barnet or High-gate Hill > and at the bottom it is more ftraitned between the Mountains, for the (pace of a bowlhot, which paffage alfo is craggy by reafon of (tones and fome fmall pieces of rocks which lie in a brook of water that defeends from the Mountains, and runs toward the City. But at a little Ermitage called St, John , the way opens again it fclf, and fheweth Guatema-X la, welcoming the weary travellers with a pleafant pro- ■ fpedr, and eafing theirs, or their mules or Hurfes feet, what with green walks, what with a Tandy and gravelly Road unto the City, which never fhut gate againll any goer or comer, nor forbad their entrance with any fenced walls, or watchmens jealous queftions, but freely and gladly en- tertains them either by the back fide of the Dominicans Cloiller,or by the Church and Nunnery called the Concep- tion. And thus my Reader and Country man 1 have brought and guided thee from the Gulf unto Guatemala flawing for ; what that way is moll remarkable. 1 (hall not now (hew thee any more ot this Cities Dominions toward Nicaragua and the South (having already (hewed thee the way as tar as Kealcjo) leaving that until 1 come to tell thee of my jour- ney homewards, which 1 made that way. There remains yet the Country of the Vera Faz and the way unto it to difeover, and fo to ciofeup this Chapter. Tne Vera Faz is fo called, for that the Indians of that Country hearing how the Spaniards had conquered Guatemala , and did ;c! conquer the Country round about, wherefoever they came, yielded themfelves peaceably and without any refinance un- to the Government of Spain . This Country formerly had a Bifhop to it felf difiinCt ixova Guatemala, but now is made one Bilhoprick with that. It is governed by an Alcalde Maior, or high Jutiice fent from Spain , with fubordinati- On unto the Court of Guatemala. The head or (hire Town Chap. XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. Town of if, is called Cohan, where is a Cloifter of Domi- nican Fryers, and the common place of refidence of the Alcalde Maior. All this Country as yet is not fubdued by the Spaniards , who have now and then fome llrong encounters with the barbarous and heathen people, which lie between this Country and Jucatan sand fain would the Spaniards conquer them, that they might make way through them unto a Town called Campin belonging 1 to Jucatan , and fettle commerce, and Traffique by land with that Country, which is thought would be a great furtherance to the Country and City of Guatemala , and a fafer way to convey their goods to the Havana, then by the Gulf, for oftentimes the (hips that go from the Gulf ;! to the Havana , are met with by the Hollanders and fur- prifed. But as yu the Spaniards have not been able to I bring to pafs this their ddign, by reafon they have found I ifrong refinance from the heathenifh people, and a hoc m fervice to attempt the conquering of them. Yet there i was a Fryer a great acquaintance of mine, called Fryer Francifco Moran , who ventured his life among thofe Bar- barians, and with two or three Indians went on foot through that Country, until he came to Campin, where he [found a few Spaniards , who wondred at his courage and boldnefs in coming that way. This Fryer came back a- gain to Coban and Vera Paz , relating how the Barbari- ans hearing him fpeak their language, and finding him kind, loving, and courteous to them, ufed him alfd kindly, fearing fas he taidj that if they fhould kill him, the Spaniards would never let them be at rtfi and quiet, i until they had utterly dcltroyed them. He related when ■ he came back, that the Country which the Bjrbarians in- habit, is better then any part of the Vera Paz , which is fubjidl to the Spaniards , and fpoke much of a Valley, where is a great lake, and about it a Town of Indians , which he judged to be of dt leaft twelve thoufuiid Inha- bitants, the Cottages lying at a diifance one from a- jhother; This Fryetf hath writ of this Country, and hath 55 gOns *o6 A New Survey Chap.XVIII. I gone to Spainto the Court to motion the conquering of it, for the profit and commodity that may enfue both to Guatemala and Jucatan, if a way were opened thither. But though as yet on that fide the Spaniards and the Coun- try of the Vera. Paz, be ftraightned by that heathenifh i people, yet on the other fide it hath free paffage unto the Gulf, and trade there when the Chips do come, carrying Fowls and what other Provifion the Country will afford for the (hips, and bringing from thence wines, and other Spanijb wares unto Coban. This Country is very hilly I and craggy, and though there be feme big Towns in it, there are not above three or tour that are confiderable. The I chief commodities are Achiotte (which is the beft of all the Country belonging to Guatemala) zndCacao, Cotton- wool, Hony, C anna fijlula, and Zarzaparilla, great (tore of Maiz, but no Wheat, much wax, plenty of fowls and birds of all coloured feathers, wherewith the Indians make fome curi- ous works, but not like unto thefe of Mecboacan . Here are alfo abundance of Parrets, Apes and Monkies which breed in the Mountains. The way from Guatemala , to this Country is that which hitherto hath been fpoken of from the Gulf, as far as the Town of St. Lukp s and from thence the way keeps on the hills and Mountains which lie on the fide of the Valley of Mixco. Thefe hills are called Sacatepeques, (compounded of Sacate and "tepee, the latter fignifying a Hill, and the former, Herb, or Grafs, and thus joyned, they fignifie Mountains of grafs J and among them are thefe chief Towns, firft Santjago , or Sr. James , a Town of five hundred Familes i fecondly, I San Pedro or St. Peter , confiding of fix hundred Fami- lies •, thirdly, St. Juan or St. John , confuting alfo of at lead fix hundred Families i and fourthly, Sto. Domingo Se- naco, or St. Dominic of Senaco, being of three hundred Families. Thefe four Towns are very rich, and the two laft,very cold, the two firft are warmer s there are about I them many Farms of Corn and good Wheat, befidts the Indian Maiz. Thefe Indians "are fome what of more ’ courage ' Chap. XVIII. of the Weft-Indies. 307 courage then thofe of other T >wns, and in my time were like to rife up againft the Spaniards for their unmer- ciful tyranny over them. The Churches are exceeding rich i in the Town of Santiago, there was living in my time one Indian, who for only vain-glory had bellowed the worth ot fix thoufand Duckats upon that Church, and yet afterwards this wretch was found to be a Wizard and Idolater. Thefe Indians get much mony by letting out great tuffs of feathers, which the Indians ufe in their dances upon theFeafts of the Dedication of theirTowns. For fome of the great tuffs may have at leaft threefcore long Feathers of divers colours, for every feather hiring they have half.a Rial, befides what price they fet to eve- ry Feather, if any Ihould chance to be lolh From the Town uf St. John, which is the furtheft, the way lies plain and pleafant unto, a little village of fome twenty Cottages, called St. Ramundu or St. Raymond, from whence there is a good days journey up and down Barrancas, or bottoms unto a Rancho, or lodge handing by a River fide, which is the fame River that palfcth by the Town of Acacabajilan fpoken of before, from this is an afeent or a very craggy and rocky Mountain, called the Mountain of Rabinall, where are Heps cut out in the very Rocks for the Mules feet, and flipping on one or the other fide, they fall furely down the jlocks breaking their necks, and mangling all their limbs and joynts , but this dan- ger continued! not long nor extended! above a league and a half, and in the top and word of this danger, there is the comfort of a goodly valley, called El Vale de San Nicholas, St Nicholas his Valley, from an Eltantia called St. Nicholas belonging to the Dominicans Cloifier of Coban . This Valley, though it niuif not compare with that of Mixco and Finola yet next after it, it may well take place for only three things confidcrable in it. The firlt is an Ingenio of Sugar, called San Geronymo , or St. Hierome, belonging unto the Dominicans Cloilkr of Guatemala , which indeed goeth beyond that ipoktn X 2 of 308 A New Survey Chap.XIX. ot / Imatitlan , both fcr abundance of Sugar made there, and lent by mules to Guatemala over that rocky Moun- tain, and tor multitude ot ilaves living in if under the command of two Fryers, and for the excellent Horfcs bred there, which are incomparably the be ft of all the Country ot Guatemala, for mettle and gallantry , and j therefore ( though Mules are commonly uled tor bur- thens) are much defued and looktd after by the Gal- lants and Gentry of the City, who make it a great part of their honour to prance about the llreets. The le- cond thing in this Valley is the Eftancia or farm of St. Nicholas , which is as famous for breeding of Mules, - as is St. Hicrome for Horfes. The third Ornament to it is a Town of Indians , called Rabinall , of at leaft eight hundred Families, which hath all that heart can wifh, for pleafure and life of man. It inclineth rather to heat then cold, but the heat is moderate and much qualified with the many cool and fludy walks. There is not any Indian fruit, which is not there to be found, bifiJts the fruits of Spain , as Oranges, Lemmons, fweet and four, Citrons, Pumegranatts, Grapes, Figs, Almonds, and Dates } the only want of wheat is net a want to them that mind bread ot Wheat more then ot Mail, for in two days it is eafily brought trom the Towns ot Sacatipeques. For ft fh, hath Beef, Mutton, Kid, Fowls, Turkics, Qjiils, Partridges, F\abbcts, Pheafants s and for fifh, it hath a River running bv the houfes, which yieldefh plenty both great and fmall. The In- dians of this Town arc much like unto thole of Chiapa of the Indians , tor bravery, for feafting, for riding ot Horfcs, and (hewing themleWcs in (ports and paliiints. This Town my friend Fryer John Baptijl , after he had been Prior of many places, and elpccially of Chiapa and Guatemala , cholc to live in to injoy quitnefs, plea- fure and content-, and in this Town was 1 tealted by him ir fuch a lumptuom, prodigal and lavilhmg way, as truly might make poor Mendicant Fryers aftumed to come Chap. XVIII, of the Weft-Indies. 30c? fo neer unto Piinces in vanity ot life and dyef. From this Valley unto the Vera Paz , or Cohan, the head Town of it, there is nothing confiderable, fave only only one Town more called St. Chrijiotul , or St. Cbriflnpbcr, which enjoyeth now a pleafant Lake, and bottomleis, as is re- ported. Foitnerly there being no Lake at a I, in a great Earthquake, the earth there opened, and fw allowed up many houfcS, leaving this Lake which ever li nee hath continued. From hence to Coban the ways 3re bad and Mountainous, yet fuch as through the word of them, thofe Country mules with heavy burthens eaiily go through. And thus with my Pen, Reader, have I gone through mo(t of the bounds and limits of Guatemala, which is more furniflied with gallant Towns ot Indians, then is any part of all America and doubtlcfs were the Indi - ans warlike, induttrious, active for War or weapons, no part in all America might be ttrenger in people then Guatemala. But they being kept under and oppreffed by the Spaniards, and no weapons allowed them, not fo much as their natural Bows and Arrows, much lef> Guns, Piltols, Mufquets, Swords, or Pikes, rheir courage is gene, their affections alienated trom the Spaniards, and lo the Spaniards might very well fear, that it their Country fhould be invaded, the multitude of their Indian people, would prove to them a multitude ot ene- mies, either running away to another tide ', rr forced to help would be to them but as the help of fo many " A New Survey Chap. XIX. 510 CHAP. XIX. Shelving the Condition? Quality, Fajhion, and Behaviour of the Indians of the Country of Guatemala, fince the Conqueji, and cfpccially of their Feajis and yearly Solemnities. THe condition of the Indians of this Country of Gtta - tcmala is as fad, and as much to be pitied as of any Indians in America , for that I may fay it is with them in fome fort, as it was with Ifrael in Egypt , of whom it is 1 faid, E xod. 1. y.’fhey were fruitful and increafcd abundant- \ ly, and multiplied , and waxed exceeding mighty, and the land I was filed with them, and therefore Pharaoh faid unto his I people, Verf. 1 o. Let us deal wifely with them, lefi they mul - 1 tiply, and it come to pafs , that when there fallcth out any ward they jnyn alfo unto our enemies, and fight againji us. There- fore they did fet over than task-mailers, to afflidt them ■with thetr burdens, and they made their lives bitter with bondage, in mortar and in brick, and in all manner ot fervice in the field i and all their fervice wherein they made them ferve was with rigor. Though it is true there ought not to be any companion made betwixt the Ifraelites and the Indians , thoie being Gods people, thefe not as yet i neverthelefs the comparifon may well hold in the oppreflion of the one and the other, and in the manner and caufe of the oppreflion, that being with bitternefs, rigour, and hard bondage, and lelt they (hould mu'tiply and increafe too much. Certain it is, thefe Indians futflr great oppreflion from the Spaniards, live in great bitter- nefs, are under hard bondage, and ferve with great rigor i and all this, becaufe they are at leaft a thoufand of them for one Spaniard, they daily multiply and increafe, in chil- dren * *» ‘ U . ti'rt . ; . . r ' V t • t • ' ,\ cut k iklj fiO al« At arc in 1 aiiu tiri jfo tno inj IB lilt wit k el He Chap. XIX. of the W eft-indies. 3 1 1 dren and wealth, and therefore are feared left they ftiould be too mighty, and either rife up of themfelves, or joyn themfclves to any enemy againft their opprcflers > for both whic.i fears and jealoufies, they are not allowed the ufe of any weapons or arms, no not their bows and arrows, which their anceftors formerly ufed i fo that as hereby the Spaniards are fecured. from any hurt or annoyance from them as an unarmed people \ fo may any other nati- on that (hall be incouraged to invade that land, be fecure alfn from the Indians , and confeqtiently the Spaniards own ‘policy for themfelves againft the Indians may be their greateft ruine and deftrudtion, being a great people and yet no people > for the abundance of their Indians would be to them as no people i and they thtmfelves (who out of their few Towns and Cities live but here and there, too thinly fcattered upon fo great and capacious a land) would be but a handful for any reafonable Army \ and of that handful very few would be found able or fit- ting men s and thofe able men would do little without the help of Guns and Ordnance •, and if their own opprcfled people, Blackamoors and Indians (which themfelves have always feared) fhould fide againft them, foon would they be fwallowed up both from within and from without. And by this it may eafily appear how ungrounded they are, (who fay, it is harder to conquer America now then in Cortez his time, for that there are now both Spaniards and Indians to fight againft, and then there were none but bare and naked Indians • This I fay is a falfe ground > for then there were Indians trained up in wars one againft another, who knew well to ufe their bows and arrows, and darts and other weapons, and were defperate in their fights and fmgle combats, as may appear out of the hifto- liesofthem j but now they are cowardi7.ed, opprclTed, ui> armed, foon frighted with the noife of a mufquet, nay with a four and grim look of a Spaniard , fo Irom them there is no fear i neither can there be from the Spani * ards , who from all the vaft dominions ot Guatemala are not able to raife five thoufand able fighting men, nor X 4 to 312 A New Survey Chap. X VIIT. to defend fo many pafTages as lie open in feveral parts of that Country, which the wider and greater it is, might be advantagious to any enemy, and while the Spaniard in one place might oppofe his ftrength, in many other places might his land be ovei-run by a forain nation vnay by their own llavcs the Blackamoors, who doubtlefs to be fct at liberty would fide againlt them in any fuch occali- on j and lafily, the Crioluns who alfo are fore oppre fi- fed by them, would. rejoyce in fiuch a day, and yield ra- ther to live with irtedom and liberty under a forain people, then to be longer opprtffed by thote of their own blond. The miferable condition of the Indians of that Coun- Is® try is fiuch, that though the Kings ot Spain have never I yielded to what forae would have, that they fliould be ! filaves, yet their lives are as full of bitterntfis as is the life of a ilave. For which I have known my ficlffiomeof them that have come home from toyling and moyling with I ■ Spaniards , after many blows, fiome wounds, and little or I no wages, who have fullcnly and ftubbornly lain down --1 upon their beds, relolvingto die rather then to live any ttyt longer a life fio llaviih, and have refufed to take either j tad meat or drink, or any thing elfie comfortable and nourifh- ing, which their wives have offered unto them, that fio by pining and ftarving they might confiume themfclvcs. Sane I have by good perfwafions encograged to life ra- ther then to a voluntary and wilful death •, others there have been that would not beperfiwaded, but in that wilful •way have died. The Spaniards that live about that Country fefpLcially the Farmers ot the Valley of Mixco, Vim la, l'e~ tapa, Amatiilan, and of thofc of the Sacaicpcrptcs) alledge ad that all their trading, and farming, is for tuc good ot the ft Common- wealth, and therefore whereas there are not iio Spaniards enough for fo ample and large a Country : :« to uo all their work, and all are not able to buy iiaves and Blackamoors, they (land in need of the Indians help to ferve them tortheir pay and hire ■, whereupon it hath been confidered, that a partition ot Indian labourtrs be madq ia every -I fl every Munday, or Sunday in the afternoon to the Spani- ards, according to the farms they occupy, or according to their feveral employments, calling, and trading with Mules, or any other way. So that tor fuch and fuch a di- flridi there is named an officer who is c . l ed Jutz Reparti- dcr, who according to a Lilt made of every farm, houfe, and perfon, is to give to many Indians by the week. And here is a door opened to the Prifidenf ot Guatemala , and to the Judges to provide well for their menial ter- vants, whom they commonly appoint for this office, which is thus performed by them. They name the Town and place of their meeting upon Sunday or Monday, to the which themfelvcs and the Spaniards of that diltridt do rer fort. The Indians of the feveral Towns are to have in a readinefs fo many labourers as the Court ot Guatemala hath appointed to be weekly taken out ot fuch a Town, who are conducted by an Indian officer to the Town of ge- neral meeting ■, and when they come thither with their tools, their fpades, fhovels, bills, or axes, with their pro* viGon ot vi&uals tor a week (which are commonly tome dry cakes ot Maiz, puddings of frixoles, or French beans, and a little Chile or biting long pepper , or a bit of cold meat tor the Grit day or two) and with beds on their backs ('which is only a coarfe woollen mantle to wrap about them when they lie on the bare ground) then are they (hut up in the Town-houfe, feme with blows, fome with fpurnings, fome with boxes on the ear, it prefent- ly they go not in. Now all being gathered together, and the hou!e filled with them, the] ez Repartidor or officer, calls by the order of the Lilt tuch and fuch a Spaniard , and alio calls out of the houfe fo many Indians as by the Court are commanded to be given him ( tome are allowed three, tome tour, fome ten, fome fifteen, feme twenty, according to their employments ) and delive- rer h unto the Spaniard his Indians, and to to all the rdt, till they be all ferved , who when the y receive their Indians, take from them a tool, or their man; Its, to lecure them that they run not away, and for every Indian ^ I q A New Survey Chap. XK. Indian delivered unto them, they give unto the Juez Re partidor or officer half a Rial, wh ch is threepence an In diant or his fees, which mounteth yearly to him to a greai | deal of mony s for iome officers make a partition or diftri- bution of tour hundred, fome of two hundred, fome ol three hundred Indians every week, and carryeth home with him to many half hundred Rials for one, or half a days) work. If complaint be made by any Spaniard that fuch and luch an Indian did run away from him, and ferved him not the week part, the Indian mud be brought, and furely tied to a polt by his hands in the Market place, andj there be whipped upon his bare back. But if the poor In- dian complain that the Spaniards coulened and cheated him ofhis (hovel, ax, bill, mantle or wages, no juftice Hull be executed againft the cheating Spaniard , neither fhall the Indian be righted, though it is true the order runs equally in favour of both Indian and Spaniard. Thus are the poor Indians fold for three pence a piece for a whole weeks flavery, not permitted to go home at nights unto their wives, though their work lie not above a mile from the Town where they live i nay fome are carried tenor twelve milts from thtir home, who muft not re- turn till Saturday night late, and muft that week do what- foever their Mailer pleafed to command them. The wa- ges appointed them willfcarce find them meat and drink, for they are not allowed a Rial a day, which is but fix- pence, and with that they are to find themfelves, but for fix days work and diet they are to have five Rials, which is halt a Crown. This fame order is obferved in the City of Guatemala , and Towns of Spaniards , where to every family that wants the fervice of an Indian or Indians , though it be but to fetch water and wood on their backs, or to go of errants, is allowed the like fervice from the neereft Indian Towns. It would grieve aChrillians heart to fee how by fome cruel Spaniards in that weeks lcrvice thofe poor wretches are wronged and abufed s fome vifi- ting their wives at heme, whikt their poor husbands are digging and delving > others whipping them for their llow fit Wf pe fad no *00 Kft Wit of 1 1 Kii ml til L m u Chap. XIX. of the W eft-indies. 315 flow working, others wounding them with their fwords> or breaking their heads for fomereafouable and well groun- ded anlwer in their own behalf, others Healing from them their tools, others cheating them of half, others of all their wages, alleadging that their fervice coft them half a Rial, and yet their work not well performed. I knew fome who made a common practice of this, when their wheat was fown, and they had little to do for the Indians i yet they would have home as many as Were due unto their farm, and on Mundayand Tuefday would make them cut and bring them on their backs as much wood as they need- ed all that week, and then onWednefday at noon (know- ing the great defire of the Indians to go home to their wives, tor the which they would give any thing) would fay unto them, What will you give me now, it 1 let you go home to do your own work ? whereunto the Indians would joyfully reply and anfwer, fome that they would give a Rial, others two Rials, which they would take and fend them home, and fo would have much work done, wood to ferve their houfe a week, and mony as much as would buy them meat, and Cacao for Chocolatte two weeks together j and thus from the poor Indians do thofe unconfcionable Spaniards practice a cheap and lafie way of living. Others will fell them away for that week unto a neighbour that hath prefent need of work, demanding Rials a piece for every Indian , which he that buyeth them, will be fure to defray out of their wages. So likewife are they in a flavifh bondage and readinefs for all paffengers and travellers, who in any Town may demand unto the next Town as many Indians to go with his Mules, or to carry on their backs a heavy burthen as he fliall need, who at the journeys end will pick fome quarrel with them, and fo fend them back with blows and ftripts without any pay at all. A Petaca, or leathern Trunk, and cheft of above a hundred wtighf, they will make thofe wretches to carry on their backs a whole day, nay fome two or three days together, which they do by tying the chefi on each fide with ropes, having a broad leather in the '^i6 A New Survey Chap. XIX. the middle, which they crofs over the forepart of theiii head, or over their forehead, hanging thus the weight up l on their heads and brows, which at their journeys end! hath made the b'oud flick in the foreheads ot fome, galh ing and pulling off the skin, and marking them in the fore- top of their heads, who as they are cal cd Tamcmez, fo are eafily known in a Town by their bildnefs, that leather | girt having worn off all their hair. With 'thefe hard ufages, yet do thofe poor people make a Ihift to live a- mongfl the Spaniards , but fo that with anguifh of heart they are flill crying out to God for juflice, and for liberty, ; whofe only comfort is in their Priefls and Fryers, who ma- I ny times do quiet them when they would rife up in mu- tiny, and for their own ends do often prevail over them with fair and cunning perfwaflons, to bear and fuffer for Gods fake, and for the good of the common- wealth that hard task and fervice which is laid upon them. And though in all feafons, wet and dry, cold and hot, and in all ways plain and mountainous, green and dirty, dufty and flonv, they mufl perform this hard fervice to their commanding ! i0i 1 Maflers, their apparel and cloathing is but fuch as may cover the naked nefs of their body, nay in fome it is fetch torn rags as will not cover half their nakedntfs. Their ordinary cloathing is a pair ot linnen or woollen draw- ers broad and open at the knees, without ihooes, (though in their journeys fome will put on leathern fandals to keep the foies of their feet^ or flockins, without any doublet, a fliort coarfe flint, which reacheth a little below their wafte, and ferves more for a doublet then for a fliirr, and for a cloak a woollen or linnen mantle, (called Aiate) tied with a knot over one flioulder, hanging down on the other fide a! moft to the ground, with a twelve pen- ny or two fnilling hat, which after one good fliowr of rain like paper falls about their necks and eyes j their bed they carry forr etimes about them, which is that wool'cn mantle wherewith they wrap themfelves about at nighr, taking off their fhirt and drawers, which they lay under their head for a pillow i fome will carry with them a fliort I a’ . Chap.XlX. of the W efl-Indies. 317 fhort, llight,and light Mat to lie on, but thofe that carry it not with them, it they cannot borrow one of a neigh- bour. lie as willingly in their mantle upon the bare ground, as a Gentleman in England upon a foft dewn-bed, and thus do they foundly lleep, and loudly fnort after a days work, or after a days journey with a hundred weight upon their backs. Thofe that are of the better fort, and rich- er, and who are not employed as Tamemez to carry burthens, or as labourers to work for Spaniards, but keep at home following their own farms, or following their own Mules about the Country, or following their trades and callings in. their fhops, or governing thtir Towns, as Alcaldes, or Alguaziles, Officers of Juftice, may go a little better apparelled, but after the fame manner. For fome will have their drawers with a lace at the bottom, or wrought wirh fome coloured Silk or Crew- el > fo likewife the mantle about them, (hall have either a lace, or fome work of birds cn it, fome will wear a cut linnen doublet, others ffiooes, but very few dockings I or bands about their necks i and lor their beds, the bcii I Indian Governour, or the richeft, who may be worth four or nve thoufand Duckats, will have little more then the i poor ‘lamcmez s tor tluy lie upon boards, or Cines bound [together, and railed from the ground, whereon they, lay a broad and handfom Mat, and at their heads for man and wife two little Humps of wood tor holders, whereon they lay their flairts and mantles, and other doaths tor pil- lows, covering thcmfelves with a broader blanket then is their mantle, and thus hardly would T)vn Bermbe de Guzman the Governour of Pctapa lie', and fo do all the bcliofthem. The womens attire is cheap and loon put on > tor moll of them alfo go barefoot, the richer and bet- ter fort wear fhooes, with broad ribbons for flioo- brings, and for a petticoat, they tie about their wade a woollen mantle, which in the better lore is wrought with divers I colours, but not lowed at all, pleated or gathered in, I but as they tie it with a lid about them , they wear nofhift I next their body > but cover their nakednefs with a kind of furplics ffl I 518 A New Survey Chap.XlX. *urplice (which they call Guaipil) which hangs loofe from their fhoulders down a little below their wade, with o- pen Ihort fleeves, which cover half their arms i this Guai- pil is curioully wrought, efpecially in the bofom, with Cotton, or Feathers. The richer fort of them weai bracelets and bobs about their wrids and necks » their hail is gathered up with fillets, without any Quoif or co- vering, except it be the better fort. When they go tc Church or abroad, they put upon their heads a vail ol lin- nen, which hangeth almoli to the ground, and this is that which cods them mod of all their attire, for that commonly it is of Holland, or (ome good linnen brought from Spain , or fine linnen brought from China , which1 : the better fort wTear with a lace about. When they are at home at work they commonly take off their Guaipil or Surplice, difeovtring the nakednefs of their breads and bo- dy. They lie alfo in their beds as do their Husbands. ■wrapped up only with a mantle, or with a blanker. Their houtes are but poor thatched Cottages, without any upper 100ms, but commonly one or two only rooms below, ii the one they drefs their meat in the middle of it, ma king a compafs for fire, with two or three ftones, without any other chimney to convey the fmoak away, which fpreading it felf about the room filleth the thatch and the rafters (o with fut, that all the room feemeth to be chimney. The next unto it, is not free from fmoak and blacknefs, where fometimes are tour or five beds accor- ding to the family. The poorer fort have but one room, where they eat, drefs their meat and deep. Few there are that fet any locks upon their doors, for they fear no rob- bing nor dealing, neither have they in their houfes much to lofe, earthen pots, and pans, and difhes, and cups to: drink their Chocolatte, being the chict commodities in . their houfe. There is fcarce any houfe which hath not If; alio in the yard a dew’, wherein they bath themfelves « with hot water, which is their chief Phyfick when they feel themfelves didempered. Among themfelves they are in every Town divided into Tribes, which have one ctiiJ head, ede iff kr, a cat: Chap.XIX. of the W eft-indies. 319 herd, to whom all that belong unto that Tribe, do re- fort in any difficult matters, who is bound to aid, pro- tedl, defend, counfel and appear for the reft of his Tribe before the officers of juftice in any wrong that is like to be done unto them. When any is to be married, the fa- ther of the fon that is to take a wife out of another Tribe, goeth untc the head of his Tribe to give him warning of his Sons marriage with fuch a maid. Then that head meets with the head of the maids Tribe, and they confer about it. The bufinefs commonly is in debate a quarter of a year » ail which time the parents of the youth or man are with gifts to buy the maid j they are to be at the charges of all that is (pent in eating and drinking, when the heads of the two Tribes do meet with the reft of the kindred of each fide, who fometimes fit in conference a whole day, or moll part of a night. Af ter many days and nights thus fpent, and a full trial being made of the one and other fides affection, if they chance to difagree about the marriage, then is the Tribe and parents of the maid . to rellore back all that the other fide hath fpent and gi- ven. They give no portions with their daughters, but when they die, their goods and lands are equally divided ! among t^e^r l°ns. ^ any °ne want a houfe to live in, I or will repair and thatch his houfe anew, notice is given to the heads of the Tribes, who warn all the Town to come to help in the work, and every one is to bring a bundle of ltraw, and other materials, fo that in -one day with the help of many they finifh a houfe without any charges more then of Chocolatte, which they minilter m great cups as big as will hold above a pint, not putting in anycoftly materials, as do the Spaniards^ but only a little Annifeed, and Chile, or Indian pepper , or elfe they half fill the cup with Atolle, and pour upon it as much Cho- colatteas will fill the cup and colour it. In their diet the if poorer fort are limited many times to a difh of Frixoles, or I Turky beans, either black or white ( which are there in ve- : ry great abundance, and are kept dry forall the year) boil- ed with Ciulle i and if they can have this, they hold them- felves 320 ; A New Survey Chap.XIX. felves well fatisfied > with tnefe beans, they make a'fo dum“ plins, firft boiling the bean a litrle, and then mingling it with a mafs of Maiz, as we do mingle Currans in our cakes, and fo boil again the Frixoles, with the dumplin of Maiz mafs, and fo eat it hot, or kctp it cold > but this and all whatfoever elfe they eat, they either eat it with green biting Chile, or elfe they dip it in water and fait, wherein is bruifed fome of that Chile. But if their means will rot reach to Frixoles, their ordinary fare and dyet is their Tortilla’s (fo they call thin round cakes made of the dow and mafs of Maiz) which they eat hot from an ear- then pan, whereon they are foon baked with one turn- ing over the fire » and thefe they eat alone either with Chile and fait, and dipping them in water and fait with a little bruifed Chile. When their Maiz is green and ten- der, they boil fome of thofe whole ffalks or clufters, where- on the Maiz groweth with the leaf about, and fo calling a little fait about it, they eat it. 1 have often eat of this, and found it as dainty as our young green peafe, and' very nourifhing, but it much increafeth the bloud. AHo,.t"i of this green and tender Maiz they make a furmity, boil- . ingthe Maiz in lome of the milk which they have hrtt ta-Ku ken out of it by bruiling it. The pooreft Indian never pni wants this diet, and is well fatisfied, as long as his belly is1 thorowly tilled. But the poorett that live in fiich Towns where fl.fh meat is fold, will make a hard {hilt, but tlue when they come from work on Saturday night, they will buy one half Rial, or a Rial worth of trefh meat to eat on the Lords day. Some will buy a good deal at once, and keep it long by duffing it into Tallajo's, which are r.:: bundles of ffi fh, rowled up and tied fait > which they do, when tor examples fake they have from a leg of beef fl’Ccd off from the bone all the thfh with the knife, after the d length, form, and thinnefs of a line, or rope. Then they take the ffilh and fait it, (which btiugllicro and thinly cut, { fonn takes lalt) and hangitupm theiryardshke aline from poll to poff. or from tree to tree, to the wind tor a whole week,aud-thcu tniy hang it iafthe lmoak another week and1 afee Chap. XIX. of the W eft-inches. 321 after rowl it up in fmal! bundles, which become as hard as a done, and fo as they need it, they wafli it, boil it and eat it. This is Americas powdered beef, which they call TafTajo, whereof ihave often eaten, and th e Spaniards eat much of if, efpecialW thofe that tradeabout the Coun- try with Mules \ nay this Taffajo is a great commodity, and hath made many a Spaniard rich, who carry a Mule cr two loaden with thefe Taifajo’s infmall parcelsand bun- dles to thofe Towns where is no ficth at all fold, and there they exchange them for other commodities among the In- dians, receiving perad venture for one Tallajo. or bundle, ("which coft them but the half part of a farthing!) as much Cacao, as in other places they fell for a Rial or hxptnce The richer fort of people will fare better, tor if there be tith orfkfh to be had, they will have it, and eat molt greedily of it, and will not fpare their Fowls and Turkeys trom their own bellies. Thefe alfo will now and then get a wild Deer, fhooting it with their bows and arrows. And when they have killed it, they let it lie in the Wood in feme hole or bottom covered with leaves tor the fpace of about a week, until it ltink and begin to be full of worms •, then they bring it home, cut it out into joints, and parboil it with a herb which groweth there fomewhat like unto our Tamy, which they fay fweetneth it again, and maketh the tlefli cat ten- der, and as white as a piece of Turkey. Thus parboiled, they hang up the joints in the fmoak ter a while, and then boil it again, when they eat it, whirh is commonly d ref- fed with red Indian Pepper , and this is the Vuiitbn of America, whereof Jhavc fometimes eaten, and found it white and thort, but never dux ft be too bold with it, not that I found any evil talle in it, but that the appre- henfion ot the Worms and Maggots which formerly had been in it, troubled much my ftomach. Thefe In- dianis that have little to do at home, and are not em- ployed in the wetkly fervice under file Spaniards, in their bunting will look feriouily for Hedge-hogs, which A New Survey Chap.XIX* rot meat for any Chriflian. They are full of pricks and bridles like ours, and are found in woods and fields, li- ving in holes, and as they fay feed upon nothing but A- mits and their eggs, and upon dry rotten flicks, herbs, and rootsi of thefe they eat much, the fli:fh being as white and fweet as a Rabbit, and as fat as is a January Hen, kept up and fatted in a Coop. Of this meat I have alfo eaten, andconfefsit is a dainty di(h there, though I will not fay the fame of a Hedge-hog here »for what here may be poy- fon, there may be good and lawful meat, by fome acci- dental difference in the creature it felf, and in that which it feeds upon, or in the temper of the air and climate. This meat not only the Indians but the bed of the Spa- niards feed on j and it is fo. much edeemed of, that be- caufe in Lent they are commonly found, the Spaniards will not be deprived of it, but do eat it alfo then, alleadg- ing that it is no ihth (though in the eating it be in fatnefs and in tade, and in all like untodcfh ) for that it feeds not upon any thing that is very nourifhing, but chiefly upon Amits eggs, and dry flicks. It is a great point of con- troverfle amongfl their Divines, fome hold it lawful, o- thers unlawful for that time , it fcems the pricks and bridles of the Indian Hedge-hog prick their coufciences with a foolifh fcruple. Another kind of meat they teed much on, which is called Iguana j of thefe fome are found in the waters, others upon the land. They are longer then a Rabbit, and like unto a Scorpion, with fome green, fome black fcaies on their backs. Thofe upon the land will run very fad like L:zards, and will climb up trees like Squer- Tils, and breed in the roots of trees or in done walls. The light of them is enough to affright one > and yet when they are dn.ffcd and dewed in broth with a little fpice, they make a dainty broth, and eat aKo as white as a Rabbit, nay the middle bone is made jufl like the back bone of a Rabbit. They are dangerous meat, it not through- ly boiled, and they had alm.olt colt me my lde for eating too much of them, not being dewed enough. There are alfo many water and land Turtoifes, which the Indians find out dr k* Inn wit; Inc inn cpi they cell ]p. lea ] the I" te I Ml I l< .» . I Kill f; ; Kill tin; Chap. XIX. of the Weft-Indies. 323 nut for themfelves, and alfo rclifh exceeding well unto the Spaniards palate. As for drinking, the Indians ge- nerally are much given unto it i and drink if they have nothing elfe, of their poor and fimp'e Chocolatfe, without Sugar or many compounds, or of Atolle, until their bellies be ready to burft. But if they car. get any drink that will make them mad drunk, they will not give it over as long as a drop is left, or a penny remains in their purfe to purchafe it. Amongft themfelves they ute to make fuch drinks as are in operation far ftronger then wine j and thefe they contention in fuch great Jar rs as come from Spain \ wherein they put fome little quantity of water, and fill up the Jar with fome Melaffo’s, or juice of the $ugar Cane, or fome hony for to fweeten it i then for the ftrengthning of if, they put roots and leaves of Tobacco, with other kind of roots which grow there, and they know to be ftrong in operation, nay in fome places I have known where they have put in a live Toad, and fo clofed up the Jar for a fortnight, or a months (pace, till all that they hove pur in him, be throughly ftceped and the toad confumed, and the drink well ftrengthned, then they o- pen it, and call their friends to the drinking of it, (which commonly they do in the night time, left their Frith in the Town fhould have notice of them in the day) which they never leave off, until they be mad and ra- ging drunk. This drink they call Chicha, which llink- cth molt filthily, and certainly is the caufe of many In- dians death, eipectally where they ufe the roads poyfon with it. Once 1 was informed livingin Mixco, of a great meeting that was appointed in an Indians houfe i and 1 took with me the Officers of Juftice of the Town, tofearch that Indians houfe, where 1 found four J irs of Chicha not yet opened, I caufed them to be taken out, and broken in the fireet before his door, and the filthy Chicha to be pou- red our, which left fuch a (linking lcent in my noftri!s,that with the find! of it, or apprehention of its loathfoinncG, £ fell to vomiting, and continued tick alrfaoJ^ for they know if they do, they (hall have the worft, cither by blows, or ' by fome mif- information, which he will give againft them. t And this hath been very often tried, for where Indians j have by virtue of their order indeavoured to curb an unru- ly Spaniard in their Town, fome of them have been woun- , ded, others beaten, and when they have carried the Spani - [ ard before a Spanijh Juftice and Governour, he hath plead- ’ ed for what he hath done, faying it was in his own de- fence, or for his King and Soveraign, and that the Indi- ans would have killed him, and began to mutiny all toge- | thcr againft the Spanijh authority and Government, deny- ‘ ing to ferve him with what he needed tor Iris way and j journy •, that they would not be flaves to give him or a- j ny Spaniard any attendance > and that they would make , an end Qt him, and ot all the Spaniards. With thefe and fuch like falfe and lying mif- informations, the unruly Spa- I n iards have often been believed, and too much upheld in their rude and uncivil mifdtmcanors, and the Indians bitterly curbed, and punithed, and anfwcrmade them in fuch cafes, that if they had been killed for their mutiny i and rebellion againii the King, and his beil fubgdts, they had been ferved well enough > and that it they gave not attendance unto the Spaniards that patted by their Town, their houfes thculd be bred, and they and their children utterly contumed. With fuch like anfvvers from the Ju- ltices, and ciedency to what anybafe Spaniard (hall inform againft them, the poor Indians are fain to put up all wrongs done unto them, not daring to meddle with any Spaniard , be he never fo unruly, by virtue of that Order which they have againtf them. Amonglt themfelves, if any complaint be made againii any Indian , they dare not meddle with him until they call all his kindred, and etpecially the head ot that tribe to which he belongetb •> who if he and the red together, find him to defer ve impritonmenr, orwhip- ping, or any other puniHiment, then the Officers of ]u- llice, the Alcaldes or Maiors, and their Brethren the ju~ rates inflidt upon him that pumlhment .which all Hull Y + agree 328 A New Survey Chap. XIX agree upon. But yet after judgment and fentence given they have another which is their lad appeal, if they pleafe. dcrgo what pumfhment ht (hall think fitted. To the Church theretore they often refort in points of Juftice thinking the P*ied knoweth more of Law and equity, then themfclves; who fpmetfmes reverfeth what judgment hath been given in the Town houfe, blaming the Officers for their partiality and paffion againd their poor Brother, and fetting tree the party judged by them s which the - Pried does oftentimes, if tuch an Indian do belong to it; the Church, or to the fervice cf their houfe, or have a* ny other relation to them, peradventure for their wives fake, whom either they aflfedf or imploy in wafhing, or making their Chocolatte. Such, and their husbands may live lawlcls as long as the Prielt is in the Town. And if when the Pritll is abfent, they call them to trial for any mildemeanor, and whip, fine, or imprifon, ( which oc- cafion they will fumetimes pick out on purpolejwhtn the Pried returns, they (hall befureto hear ot it, and ('mart for it, yea, and the Officers themfclves peradventure be whipped in the Church, by the Prieds order and appoint- ment > againd whom they dare not (peak, but willingly accept what firipes and punidiment he layeth upon them, judging his wifdom, fentence, and punifhing hand, the wifJotn, fentence and hand of God » whom as they have been taught to be overall Princes, Judges, worldly Offi- cers, fo likewife they believe, (and have been (o taught ) that his Pi ieds and Minifters are above theirs, and all world- ly power and authority. It happened unto me living in the Town of Mixco , that -an Indian being judged tu be whipped for i'ome diforders, which he committed, would not yield to the fentence, but appealed to me, fay- ing he would have his llripes in the Church, and by my or- der, for (o he (aid h’is whipping would do him good, as coming from the hand of God. \Vhen he was brought unto me, I could not reverfe the lnjiani judgment, toe and that is to their Priefl and Fryer, who liveth in theii Town, by whom they will lometimes be judged, and un- it j Chap. XIX. oj the Weli-Indics. 529 , it was juft, and fo crufed him to be whipped, which he took very patiently and merrily, and after kifled my hands [ and gave mean offering rf mony for* the good he faid I • had done unto his foul. Befides this civility of juftice a- e ynongft them, they live as in other Civil and Politick , and well governed Common-wealths s for in mod of their , Towns, there are fome that profefs fuch trades as are t piadfifcd among Spaniards. There are amongft them i Smiths, Taylors, Carpenters, Mafons, Shoomakers,and the , like. It wab my fortune to fet upon a hard and difficult : building in a Church of Mixco , where I defired to make a very broad and capacious vault over the Chappel, which was the harder to be finifhed in a round circumfe- rence, becaufe it depended upon a triangle, yet for this work I fought none but Indians., fome of the Town, fome from other places, who made it focompleat, that the btft and skilfulleft workmen among the Spaniards had enough to wonder at it. So are mod of their Churches vaulted on the top, and all by Indians s they only in my time built a new Cloiiler in the Town of Amatitlan , which they fi- niffied with many Archesof Hone b6th in the lower walks and in the upper galleries, with as much perfection as the bed Cloilter ot Guatemala , had before been built by the Spaniard. Were they more incouraged by the Spaniards , and taught better principles both tor foul and body,doubt- kfs they would among themlelves make a very good Com- mon-wealth. For printing they are much inclined to it, and molt of the pictures, and Altars of the Country Towns 1 are their workmanffiip. In molt of their Towns they have a School, where they are taught to read, tofing, and I fome to write. To the Church there do belong according as the Town is in bignefs, fo many Singers, and Trumpe- ters, and Waits, over whom the Prieft hath one Officer, who is called Fifcal > he goeth with a white Staff with a little Silver Ciofs on the top to rtprefent the Church, and ffiew that he is the Priells Clerk and Officer. When any cafe is brought to be examined by the Prieft, this Fifcal or Clerk executeth Julitce by thePricfts order. H: muftbe one 330 A New Survey Chap. XIX. one that can read and write, and is commonly the Ma- iler of Mufick. He is bound upon the Lords day and o- ther Saints days, to gather to the Church before and after Service all the young youths and maids, and to teach them the Prayers, Sacraments, Commandments, and other points of Catechifm, allowed by the Church of Rome . In the morning he and other Muficians at the found of the Bell, are bound to come to the Church to ling and officiate at Mafs, which in many Towns they perform with Organs and other Mufieal indruments, (as hath been obferved be- fore) as well as Spaniards. So likewife at evening at five a clock they are again to refort to Church, when the Bell calleth to ling Prayers, which they call Comple- ta’s, or Completory, with Salve Regina , a prayer to the Virgin Mary. This Fifcal is a great man in the Town, and bears more Iway then the Maiors, Jurates, and other Officers oi Judicc, and when the Pried is pleafed, giveth attendance to him, goeth about his errants, appointeth fuch as are to wait on him when he rideth out ot Town. Both he and all that do belong unto the Church, are exempted from the common weekly Hr vice ot the Spaniards , and from giving attendance to Travellers, and from other Offi- . cers ot Juftice. But they are to attend with their Waits, Trumpets and Mufick, upon any great man orPrieft that cometh to their Town, and to make Arches with boughs and flowers in the fireets for their entertainment. Befidcs thefe, thofe alfo that do belong unto the ftrvice of the Priells heufe, are priviledged from the Spaniards fervice. Now the Pried hath change of fervants by the week, who take their turns fo, that they may have a week or two to fpare to do their work. It it be a great Town, he hath three Cooks allowed him, (if a finall Town, but two) men Cooks who change their turns, except lie have any oc- cafion of feafhng, then they all come. So likewfle he hath two or three more (whom they call Chahal) as But- lers, who keep whatioever proviiionis in the houfe under lock and key •, and give to the Cgok what the Pried ap- pointeth to be dreif.d for his dinner or fupper » thefe Chap. XIX. of the W eit-Indies. , 3 3 1 keep the Table-Clothes, Napkins, Difhes, and Trenchers, and lay the Cloth, and take away, and wait at the Table » he hath befides three or four, and in great Towns half a dozen of boys to do his errants, wait at the Table, and fleep in the houfe all the week by their turns, who with the Cooks and Butlers dine and fup conftantly in the Priefts houfe, and at his charges. He hath alio at dinner and fupptr times the attendance of fome old women (who alfo take their turns J to ovcrfee halfa dozen young maids, who next to the Priells houfe do meet to make him and his family Tortilla’s or Cakes of Maiz, which the boys do bring hot to the Table by half a dozen at a time. Befides thefe fervants, if he have a Garden,heis allowed two or three Gardener? j and for his liable, at leal! hall a dozen Indians , who morning and evening are to bring him Sa> cate ("as there they call if) or herb and grafs for his Mules and Horfcs, thefe diet not in the houfe i but the groom of the liable, who is to come at morning, noon and Evening, (and therefore are three or four to change) or at any time that the Prielt will ride out } thefe Ifay and the Gardners (when they are at work) dine and fup at the Priclts char- ges, who lometimrs in great Towns hath above a dozen to feed and provide for. There are befides belonging to the Church priviledged from the weekly attendance upon the Spaniards^ two or three Indians^ called Sacriltanes, who have care of the Vcllry and Copes, and Altar Clothes, and every day make ready the Altar or Altars for Mafs \ alfo to every Company or Sodality of the Saints, or Vir- giUT there are two or three, whom they call Mayor- domo’s, who gather about the Town, Alms for the maintaining of the Sodality •, thefealfo gather Eggs about the Town for the Pried every week, and give him anac» count of their gatherings, and allow him every month, or fortnight, two Crown§ for a Mafs to be furig to the Saint. If there be any fifhing place neer the Town, then the Pricft alfo is allowed for to feck him fifh three or tour, and in feme places halt a dozen Indians , befides the offirings lit A New Survey Chap. XIX. in the Church, and many other offerings which they bring whenfoever they come to fpeak unto the Pried, or con- fefs with him, or for a Saints feaft to be celebrated, and befides their Tithes of every thing, there is a month- ly maintenance in mony allowed unto the Pried , and brought unto him by the Alcaldes,or Maiors,and Jurates, which he fetteth his hand untoln a book of the Towns ex- pences. This maintenance ("though it be allowed by the ■Spanijb Magiitrate, and paid in the Kings name for the preaching of the Gofpel) yet .it comes out of the poor In- diins purfes and labour, and is either gathered about the Town, or taken out of the Tribute, which they pay un- ; to the King, or from a common plat of ground which with the help cl all is fowed and gathered in and fold for that purpole. All the Towns in America , which are civilized and under the Spanijb Government, belong cither to the Crown, or to fome other Lords, whom they call Enco- | mendero’s, and pay a yearly tribute unto them. Thofe that are tenants to their Lords or Encomcndero’s (who t commonly arefuch as defeend from the full conquerors.) 'pay yet unto the King fome fmall tribute in roony, befides what they pay in other kind of commodities unto their own Encomendero, and inmonyalfo. There is no Town fo ] poor, where every married Indian doth not pay at the I leall in mony four Rials a year, for tribute to the King, be- 4 fides other tour Rials to his Lord or Encomendero. And if I the Town pay only to the King, they pay at lead fix, and in fome places eight Rials by datute, befides what other commodities arecommon to the Town or Country where they live, as Maiz, (that is paid in all Towns) hony, Turkeys, Fowls, Salt, Cicao, Mantles of Cotton- wool > and the like commodities they pay who arefubjedt to an Encomendero , but fuch pay only mony, not commodi- ties to the King. Tne mantles of tribute are much e- fteemed of, for they are choifc ones, and of a bigger (ize then others, fo likewife is the tribute Cacao , AcbiottCy Cochinil-, where it is paid i for the bed is let apart tor the tribute? and.it the Indians bring, that which is i\ot pxima Chap.XIX. of the Weft-Indies. 333 good, they fhall furely be lafhed, and fcnt back for better. The heads of the feveral Tribes have care to gather it, and to deliver it to the Alcaldes and Regidores, Maiors and Jurates, who carry it either to the Kings Exchequer in the City, or to the neared Spanijb Judice ( if it belong to the King) or to the Lord, or Encomendero of the Town. In nothing I ever perceived the Spaniards mer- ciful and indulgent unto the Indians, but in this, that if an Indian be very weak, poor, and fickly, and not able to work, or threefcore and ten years of age, he is freed from paying any tribute. There be alfo fome Towns pri- viltdged from this tribute i which are thofe which can prove themfelves to have defeended from ‘Ilaxcallan , or from certain Tribes or Families of or about Mexico > who helped the firll Spaniards in the conquefi of that Country. As for their carriage and behaviour, the Indians are very courteous and loving, and of a timorous nature, and wil- ling toUrve and toobey, and todogood, if they be drawn by loves but where they are too much tyrannized over, they are dogged, unwilling to pleafe, or to work s and will choofe rather itrangling and death then life. They are very trufly, and never were known to commit any robbe- ry of importance s fo that the Spaniards dare truft to abide with them in a wildernefs all night, though they have bags of gold about them. So for fccrecy they are ve- ry dole, and will not reveal any thing again!! their own Natives, or a Spaniards credit and reputation, if they be any way affedled to him. But above all unto their Prieif r hey are very refpedtive unto him > and when they ' come to fpcak unto him, put on their bed clothes, ltu- ’ dy their complements and words to pleafe him. They 1 are very abundant in their exprelfions, and full of circum- 1 locutions adorned with parables and fimile’s to exprtfs their mind and intention; 1 have often fat dill for the ipacc of an hour, only hearing feme old women make ' then fpeeches untome, with fo many elegancies in their \ I tongue (which in Englifh would be non- hide, or barba- ( tons exprdlionsj as would make me wonder, and ham 134 ^ A New Survey Chap.XIX. by their fpeeches more of their language, then by any o- ther endeavour or ftudy of mine own. And if I could re- ply unto them in the like phrafesand exprefhons (which I would often endeavour) 1 fhould be fure to win their hearts, and get any thing from them. As for their Reh- einn they are outwardly fuch as the Spaniards, but inward- ly hard to believe that wh.ch is above fenfe, nature, and the vifible fi^>ht of the eye', and many of them to this day do incline to worfhip Idols offtccks .and hones and are gi- ven to much fupcrihtion, and to obferve crofs ways, an meeting otbeafts in them, the flying of birds, their : appear- ing and fingingneer their houfes at fuch and fuch times. Many are given to witchcraft, and are deluded by the EL- vilto believe that their life dependeth upon the life of fuc and fuch a beaft (which they take unto them as their ta- miliar fpirir) and think that when that beaft dieth they muft die •, when he is chafed, their hearts pant, when ie is faint they are faint i nay it happencth that by the e- vils delufion they appear in the (hape of that beaft, (which commonly by their choice is a Buck, or Doe, a Lion, or Tigre, or Dog, or Eagle) and in that (hape have been (hot at and wounded, as l (hall (hew in ^ Chapter following. And for this reafon (as I came to underftand by fome of them) they yield unto the Popifh Religion, efpecia ly o the worflnpping of Saints Images, becaufe they ook up- on them as much like unto their forefathers Idols , and fecondly, becaufe they fee lome of them painted wit B-afts / as Hierom with a Lyon, Anthony with ^n Afs, and other wild beafts, Dominick, with a Dog, Bias with a HcJ Mark with a Bull, and John with an Eagle, they are more] confirmed in their delations, and think verily thofe Saint J were S their opinion, and that thofe btafts were their fa- mtliar fpirits in whole (hape they alfo were trans ormec , when they lived, and with whom they died. AH lndian\ Sc much affixed unto thefe Popifh Saints, but tfpeciaUl thofe1 which are given to witchcraft, and out of the (mall| nefs of their means they will be lure t0 buJ °m^° thV| Saints and bring them to the Chinch, that there ^ I ::: i; Chap.XIX. of the W eft-indies. 3 3 ^ may (land and be worfhipped by them and others. The Churches are full of them, and they are placed upon ftanders gilded or painted, to be carried in proceflion upon mens fhoulders, upon their proper day. And from hence cometh no little profit to the Priells i for upon fuch Saints days, the owner of the Saint maketh a great feaff in the Town, and prefenteth unto the Prieft fometimes two or three, fometimes four or five crowns for his Mafs and Sermon, betides a Turky and' three or four fowls, with as much Cacao as will ferve to make him Chen colatte for all the whole Octave or eight days following. So that in fome Churches, where there are at lead forty of thefe Saints Statues and Images, they bring unto the Prieft at leaft forty pounds a year. The Prieft therefore is Very watchful over thofe Saints days, and fendeth warn- ing before hand unto the Indians of the day of their Saint, that they may provide themfelves for the better cele- brating it both at home and in the Church. If they con- tribute not bountifully, then the Prieft will chide, and threaten that he will not preach. Some Indians through poverty have been unwilling to contribute any thing at all, or to folemnize in the Church and at his houfe his Saints day, but then the Prieft hath threatntd ro caft his Saints image out of the Church, faying that the Church ought not tube filled with fuch Saints as are unprofitable to foul and body, and that in fuch a ftatues room one may Hand, which may do more good by occaiioning a fo- ltmn celebration of one day more in the year. So like- wife if the Indian that owed one of thofe Images die and leave children, they are to take care of that Saint as part of their inheritance, and to provide that his day be kept i but if no foil or heirs be left, then the Prieft calleth for the heads of the feveral Tribes, and for the chief Offi- cers of Juftice, and maketh afpeech unto them, wherein he declareth that part of the Church-ground is taken up in vain by fuch an image, and his ftander, without any profit either to the Prieft, the Church, or the Town, no heir or owner bang left alive to provide for that Orphan Saint ■•1 336 ^ New Survey Chap.XlX. Saint, to own it » and that in cafe they will xlot feek out who may take charge ot him, and of his day, the Prieix will not fufFer him to Hand idle in his Church, like thole whom our Saviour in the Gofpel rebuked, Quid bic Jtati* tota die otiofi ? for that they Hood idle in the market all the day (thefe very expreflions have I heard there from lome Friers) and therefore that he muft banilh fuch a Saints pi- (fturc out of the Church, and muft deliver him up before them into the Jultices hands to be kept by them in the Town houfe, until (uch time as he may be bought and ow- ned by Tome good Chriitian. The Indians when they hear thefe exprtflions, begin to fear, left fome judgment may befall their Town for fuffering a Saint to be excommuni- cated and call out of their Church, and therefore prelent unto the Prieft fome offeiing for his prayers unto the Saint, that he may do them no harm, and denre him t° limit them a time to bring him an anfwer for the difpolmg of that Saint (thinking it will prove a difparagement and affront unto their Town, if what once hath belongc lO the Church, be now out, and delivered up to the lccular power ) and that in the mean time, they will hnd out fome good Chriitian, either of the neereft triends and kin- dred to him or them who ftrft owned the Saint, or elle fome ftranger, who may buy that Saint ot the lrie t (1 he continue m the Church) or of the fecular power (it he be call out of the Church and delivered up unto them, which they are unwilling to yield to, having been taught of judgments in fuch a cafe like to beta'll them) an may by fome fpeedy feaft and fokmnity appeafe the Saints an- ger towards them, for having been to fleighted by ie Town. Alas poor Indians, what will they not be brought unto by thofe Fryers and Pnefts, who ftndy nothing more then their own ends, and to enrich the mfe lvcs frem the Church and Altar / their policies (who are the w.(e_and prudent children of this wor d Ipoken ot m the Gofpel) caneaftly overtop and mailer the l.roplieity ot the poor Indians -, who rather then they will bring an affront upon their Town, by fuffering any ot their Saints to be cai ou Rl! Kia! In: Chap. XIX. of the W eft-indies. 337 I their Church, or to be with mony redeemed out of the fe- cular powers hands, will mike haft to prelent unto him an owner of that Orphan Saint, who for him {hall give to the Prieft not only what he may be prized to be w’erth in a I Painters {hop for the workmanfhip, gold and colours be1- longing to him > but betides {lull prefent him what be- fore hath been obferved, for the folemnizing of his feaft. Thefefeafts bring yet unto the Saints more profit then hi- therto hath been fpoken of * for the Indian s have been taught that upon fuch days they ought to offer up fome- what unto the Saints \ and tlierefore they prepare either mony (feme a Rial, fome two, fome more_) or elfe com- monly about Guatemala white waft-candles, and m other places Cucao, or fruits, which they lay before the image of the Saint, whilft the Mafs is celebrating. Some Indians will bring a bundle of candles of a dozen tied together, of Rials a piece fome, fomeofthree or tour lor a Rial, and will if theybe let alone light rhem all together and burn th-m our, fo that the Prieft at the end of the Mafs will find nothing but the ends. Therefore ( knowing well ot the ways of policy and covetoufnefsj he chargeth the Church officers, whom I faid befoi'e were called Major- ’d to look to the offerings, and not to fufferthe Indians who bring candles, to light more then one before the Saint, and to leave the ether before him unlighted ("having for- mer y taught them, that the Saints are as well pleaftei with their- whole Candles as With their burnt candles) that fo he may have the more to fell and make mony of. Alter Mafs the Piicft and the Hayordmd's take and lweep away from the Saint whatfoever they find hath been offered unto him j fo that fometiincs in a great Town upon fuch a Saints day the Prieft may have in mony twelve or twenty Rials, and fitly or a hundred candles, which may be worth unto him twenty or thirty {hillings, betides fome ends and pieces. Moll ot the fryers abuut Guatemala are with thefe offerings as wrell Itoied With candies , as is any Wax-chandlers {hop in the City. And the lame can- dles which thus they have received by c If. lings , they 2» need 338 A New Survey Chap. XIX. reed not care to fell them away to Spaniards , who cciru about to buy them (though Come will rather fell them toge- ther to fuch though cheaper, that their mony might come in all at once) for the Indians themfclvcs when they want again any candles tor the like -feafl, or for a Chriftening. and for a womans Churching (at which times they alfc offer candles) will buy their own again of the Pried, who fometimes receiveth the fame candles and mony for them again five or fix times. And becaufe they find that the Indians incline very much to this kind of offerings, and that they are fo profitable unto them, the Fryers do much prefs upon the Indians in their preaching this point of their Religion, and devotion. But if you demand of thefe ignorant but zealous offerers, the Indians , an account of any point of faith, they will give you little or none. The iryflery of the Trinity, and of the incarnation of Chrift,and our Redemption by him is too hard for them > they will only anfwer what they have been taught in a Catechifm of queflions and anfwers s but if you ask them if they be- lieve fuch a point of Chriltianity, they will never anfwer affirmatively, but only thus, Perhaps it may be fo. They are taught there the dodtrineof Rome , that Chrifis body is truly and really prefent in the Sacrament , and no bread in fubllance, but only the accidents j if the wifeff Indian be asked, whether he believe this, he will anfwer. Perhaps it may be fo. Once an old woman, who was held to be very religious, in the Town of Mixco , came to me about receiving the Sicrament, and whileli I was inffrudting of her, I asked her if fhe believed that Chrifis body was in the Sacrament, flae anfwered Peradventure it may be fo. A little wkiie after to try her and get her out of this ffrain and common anfwer, 1 asked her wha and who was in the Sacrament which fhe received from the Priefis hand at the Altar, (lie anfwered nothing fora while, and at laft 1 preiTed upon her for an affirmative anfwer: and then ffie began tu look about to the Saints in the Church, (which was dedicated to a Saint which they call St. Vomi- iiickj and, as it feemed, being troubled and doubtful what lb; m anfw diidi fhe 1 [0! M\ vtn. 1% and hii [For fubi pt| Pill lieu I |K bn Ini' |Pii ti HI 1: tv; it fo Chap. XIX. of the Weft-Indies. 339 to fay, at lad (he cad her eyes upon the high Altar > but I feeing (he delayed the time, asked her again, who was in the Sacrament > to which (he rcplyed, St. Dominic /g who was the Patron of that Church and Town. At this I fmi- led,and would yet further try her fimplicity with a fimple quedion.I told her (lie faw St. Dominici^vjzs painted with a dog by him holding a torch in his mouth, and the Globe ot the World at his feet > I asked her, whether all this were with St. Dominick^ in the Sacrament ? To which (he anfwered, perhaps it might be fa > wherewith I began to chide her and to indru&her. But my inftrutSion, nor all the teaching and preaching of thofe Span'ijh Prieds hath not yct well grounded them in principles of faith i they are dull and heavy to believe or apprehend of God, or ot hea~ ven, more then with fenfe or reafon they can conceive. Yet they go and run that way they fee the Spaniard! run, and as they are taught by their Idolatrous Prieds : Who have taught them much formality, and fo they are (as our Formaliits formerly in England) very formal, but little fubdantial in Religion. Tney have been taught that when they come to confeffion, they mud offer fomevvhat to the Pried, and that by their gitts and alms, their fins (lull be feuner forgiven-, this they du lb (ormally obferve, that whenfoever titty come to confeffion, but efpecially in Lent, none of them darcth to come with empty hands > lome bring mony, forrie hony, fome eggs, iome fowls, fome fifli, fome Cacao, fome one thing fome another, fo that the Pricft hath a plentiful harved in Lent for his pains in hear- ing their Confeffions. They have been taught that alio when (hey receive the Communion, they mud furely eve- ry one give at lead a Rial to the Pried, ('furely England was never taught in America to buy the Sacrament with a two pence offering, and yet this cudotn too much prabti- fed and puffed upon the people ) which they perform fo, that 1 have known fome poor Iddians-, who have tor a week or two torborn from coming to the Communion I until they could get a Rial offering. It is to be wondred I what the Pffcds do get from thofe poor wretches in great i 2 Towns 340 A New Survey Chap. XIX. Towns by Conflfbon and Communion Rials in grea; Towns, where they deny the Sacrament to none that will receive it, (and in Tome Towns I have known a thourand Com- municantsj and force all above twelve and thirteen years of age to come to Confcflion in the Lent. They are ve- ry formal alfo in obftrving Romes Maundy Thurfday, and Good-Friday, andthen they make their Monuments and Se- pulchers, wherein theyfet their Sacrament, and watch it all day and night, placing before it a Crucifix on the ground, with two bafins on each fide to hold the tingle or double Rials, which every one mull offer when he cometh creeping upon his kyees, and barc-fcoted to kifs Chrifts hands, feet, and tide. The candles which for that day , and night and next morning are burned at the Sepulchre are bought with another Contribution Rial, which is ga- thered from houfe to houfe from every Indian for that pur- pofe. Their Religion is a dear and lick-penny religion tor fuch poor Indians, and yet they are carried along in it formally and perceive it not. They are taught that they mult remember the fouls in Purgatory, and. therefore! that they mull caft their Alms into a Chelt, which ltand-l eth for that purpofe in their Churches, whereof the Piieft j keepeth the key, and openethit when he wanteth mony, cr when he pleafeth. I have often opened forre of thole j chefts, and have found in them many liogle Rials, fome half pieces of eight, and feme whole pieces of eight. And becaufe what is loll and found in the high-ways, muft belong to fome body, if the true owner be not known, I they have been taught that fuch monies or goods belong] alfo to the fou s departed s wherefore the Indians ( Purely I more for fear or vanities fake that they may be well I thought on by the Prieft) if they find any thing loft will I bellow it upon the fouls furer then the Spaniards themfelvesl ("who if they find a purfe loft will keep it.) and will I bring it either to the Prieft or caft it into the Cheft. An I Indian of Mixcq had found a Patacon or piece or eight in I a high- way, and when he came to ConUlfion, he gavel it unto n.e telling me he durfl not keep it, left the loulsl ftiould J Chap. XIX. of the Weft- Indies. 541 fliould appear unto him, and demand it. S) upon the fe- ’ cond day of November which they call All-fouls day, they are extraordinary foolifh and fuperffitious in offering mo- nies, fowls, eggs and Masz, and other commodities for j the fouls good, but it proves for the profit ot the Pricft, < who after Mats wipes away to his chamber all that which the poor gulled and deluded Indians had offered unto thofe fouls, which needed neither mony, food, nor any other provition, and he fills his purfe, and pampers his belly with it. A Fryer that lived in Pctapa boaffed un- to me once that upon their All-fouls day, his offerings had been about a hundred Rials, two hundred Chickensand Fowls, half a dozen Turkeys, eight buthelsot Maiz, three hundred eggs, four fontles of Cacao, (every fontle being four hundred grains) twenty clullers ot plantins, above a hundred wax candles, betides fome loaves of bread, and other trifles ot fruits. AH which being dimmed up ac- cording to tlie price of the things there, and with conli- deration ot the coyn of mony there (half a Rial, or three pence being there the leaff coin) mounts to above eight pounds ot our mony, a fair and goodly dipend for a Mafs, brave wages for halt an hours work a politick ground for that Error of Purgatory, if the dead bring to the living Prielt fuch wealth in one day only. Chriffmas day with the reft of thole holy days is no lefs fuperffiti- cully obferved by thefe Indians > for a gain'd tbar time they frame and fet in fome corner of their Church a little thatched houfe like a ffall, which they call Betblcbem, with a blazing Star ever, pointing it unto the three Sage wife men from the EifR within this ffall they lay in a Ciib, a child madeof wood, painted and gilded (who reprefents Chrift new born unto them) by him ffands Ma- ry on the one fide, and Jafipb on the other, and an Als like wife on the one tide ana an Ox on the other, made by hands, the three wife men of thelEaff kneel before the Crib offering gold, Frankinccnfc and Myrrh, the fliepherds ihnd aloof off offering their Counfry gifts, forre a j^j.j fame a Lamb, fome Mi'k, fome Cheele and Curds, tome Z 3 Fruits ^4 2 A New Survey Chap.XIX. traits, the fields are alfo there reprefented with flocks of Sheep and Goats-, the Angels they hang about the flail fome witli Viols, fome with Lutes, fome .with Harps, a goodly mumming and filent ftage-play, to draw thofc Ample fouls to look about, and to delight their fenfes and fantafies in the Church. There is not an Indian that cometh to lee that fuppofed Bethlehem , (and there is not any in the Town but doth come to fee itj who bringeth not cither mony or fome* what elfe for his offering. Nay the policy of the Priefls hath been fuch, that ("to flir up the Indians with their Saints example) they have taught them to bring their Saints upon ail the ho'y days, until twelfth day in Proceffi- on unto this Bethlehem to offer their gifts, according to the number of the Saints that ftand in the Church, fome days there come five, fome days eight, fome days ten, dividing them into fuch order, that by Twelfth day all may have com-' and offered, fome mony, fome one thing, fome ano- ther fhe owner of the Saint, he cometh before the Saint with his friends and kindred (if there be no fodality or company belonging unto that Saint) and being well appa- relled tor that purpofe, he bowshimfelf and kneels to the Crib, and then rifmg takes from the Saint what hebring- and leaveth it there, and fo departs. But if there be 3 iodaiity belonging to theSaint, then the M iyordomo’s or chief Officers of that company they come before the Saint, and do homage, and offer as before hath been faid. But upon Twelfth day the Alcaldes, Maiors, Jurates and other’ Officers of Juftice, mult offer after the example of the Saints, ! and the three Wife men of the Eafl (whom the Church ot Home teacheth to have been Kings) becaufe they reprefent the Kings power and authority. And all thele days they hive about the Town and in the Church a dance ot Shcp- . herds, who at Chriflmas Eve at midnight begin before this j Bethlehem , and then they mult offer a fluep amongfl them. Others dance clothed like Angels and with wings, and all to draw the people more to fee fights in the Church, then ro woifhip God in Spirit and in Truth. Candlemas day ; , Dhap. XIX. of the Weft-Indies. 343 1 5 no lefs fuperllitioufly obferved i for then the pi&ure of e Wary comes in Proceffion to the Altar, and offercth up I icr Candles and Pigeons, or Turtle-Doves unto the Prieft, i tnd all the Town mull imitate her example, and bring their 1 handles to be bleflcd and hallowed i of four or live, or is many as they bring, one only (hall be rdlored back un- o them, becaufe they are b’effed, all the reft are for the Pried, to whom the Indians rtfort after to buy them, md give more then ordinary, becaufe they are hallowed Candles. At Whtffuntide they have another light, and that is in the Church alii), whilefta Hymn is fung of the Holy Qhoft, the Pried Handing before the Altar with his face turned to the people, they have a device to let fall a Dove from above over his head well drefted with flowers, and for above half an hour, from holes made for that puipofe, they drop down flowers about the Prieft (hewing the gifts of the Holy Gholt to him, which example the ignorant and Ample Indians are willing to imitate, offering alfo-.their gifts unto him. Thus all the year are tho(e Frieds and Fry- ers deluding the poor people for their ends, enriching themfelvcs with their gifts, placing Religion in meer Po- licy s and thus doth the Indians Religion contifl more in fights, Chews and formalities, then in any true fubltance. * But as fweet meat muft have four fawce > fothis fweetnefs and pleating delight of (hews in the Church hath its four fawce once a year (befidts the fburnefs of poverty which followeth to them by giving fo maYiy gifts unrothe Prieft) for, to fhevv that in their Religion there is feme bitternefs and fourncfs,they make the Indians whip themfelvcs the week before Ealfer, like the Spaniards, which thofe fimples both men and women perform withfuch cruelty to their own fl.fh, that they butcher it, mangle and tear their backc, till fome fwound, nay fome ('as I have known) have died under theirown whipping, and have felt murthcred them- felves, which the Priefts regard not, becaufe their death isfure to bring them at lead three or four Crowns for a Mafs for their fouls, and other offerings of their 344 A New Survey Chap.XIX. Thus in Religion they are fuperftitioufly led on, and blinded in the obfervance of what they have been taught, more tor the good and profit of their Priefts, then for any good of their fouls, not perceiving that their Religion is a Policy to inrich their teachers. But not only do the Fryers and Priells live by them and eat the fweat of their biowsi but alfo all the Spaniards ^who not only with their work and fervice (being themfclvcs many given to idle- nefs) grow wealthy and rich •, but with needlefs offices, and authority are hill fleecing them, and taking trom them that little which they gain with much huidiufs and feverity. The Prefident of Guatemala , the Judges of that Chance- ry, the Govtrnours and High Juflices ot other parts of the Country, that they may advance and inrich their menial fervants, make the poor Indians the fubj>.dt of their boun- titulnefs toward? fuch. Some have offices to vilit as often as they pltafe their Towns, and (o fee what every Indian . hath fowed of Mail, for the maintenance ot his wife and children Others vilit them to fee what fowls they keep for the good and flore of the Country > others have order 'to fee whether their houfes be decently kept and their beds orderly placed according to their Families s others have power to call them out to mend and repair the high ways, and others have Commillion to number the Fami- lies and Inhabitants of the feveral Towns, to fee how they incrcale, that theirTribute tpay not decreafe, but lull be raifed. And all this thofe officers do never perform but fo, that ter their pains they mult have from every In? dian an allowance to bear their charges, (which indeed are none at all) for as long as they ttay in the Town, they may call for what fowls and proviiiop they pleafe without pay- ing for it. When they come to number the Towns, they call by lilt every Indian and caufe his children, fons and daughters to be brought before them, to fee if they b$ fit to be married > and if they be ot growth and age, and be not married, the Fathers are threaded for keep- ing them unmarried, and as idle live in the Town without paying i Chap.XIX. of the Weft-Indies. 34.^ paying tribute* and according to the number of thefons and daughters that are marriageable, the Fathers tribute is raifed and increafed, until they provide husbands and wives for their fomand daughters, who as foonas they are married, are charged with tribute j which that it may in- crcafe, they will luffer none above fifteen years of age to live unmarried. Nay the fettimeof age of marriage ap- pointed for the Indians , is at fourteen years for the man, and thirteen for the woman, alleadging that they are foon- er ripe for the fruit of Wedlock, and fooner ripe in know- ledge and malice, and llrength for work and fervice, then are any other people. Nay fometimcs they force them to marry who are i'carce twelve and thirteen years’ ot age, if they find them well limbed, and ftrong in bo- dy, explicating a point of cue of Romes Canons, which alloweth fourteen and fifteen years, n'Jx malitia Jitppleat tJtcm. When 1 my felf lived in PinoJa, that Town by order of V on Juan de Guzman , ("a great Gentleman of Guatemalans whom it belonged J was numbred, and an increafe of tributary Indians was added unto it by this means. The numbring it laded a full week, and in that fpace was commanded to joyn in marriage neer twenty couple, which, with thofe that before bad been married fince the lad numbring of it, made up to the Enccmende- ro or Lord of it an increafe of about fifty Families. But it was a lhame to fee how young fome were that at that time were forad to marriage, neither could all my driving and reafoning prevail to the contrary, nor the producing of theRegidcr Book to fhew their age, but that iomc were married of between twelve and thirtetn years of age, and one especially who in the Regidcr book was found to be not fully of twelve years, whofe knowledge and llrength of body was judged to fupply the want of age. In this man- ner even in the mod tree adl of the will, (which ought to be in marriage) are thofe poor Indians forced and made llaves by the Spaniards , to lupply with tribute the want of their purfes, add the meannels ot their Edates. Yet under this yoke and burden they are cheerful, and much u given 54^ d New Survey Chap.XlX. given to feafting, fporting and dancing, as they particu- ; larly (hew in the chief kails of their Towns, which are kept upon that Saints day to whom their Town is dedica- ted. And certainly this fuperliition hath continued alfo in 'England from the Popilh times, to keep Fairs in many of our Towns upon Saints days ( which is the intent of the Papills to draw in the people and Country by way of Commerce and Trading one with another, to honor, wor- (hip, and piay to that Saint to whom the Town is dcdiea- ted ) or elfe why are our Fairs commonly kept upon John i Baptift , James , Peter, Matthew , Bartholomew , Holy Rood, \ Lady days, and the like, and not as well a day or two be- fore, or a day or two after, which would be as good and j fit days to buy and fell, as the other ? True it is, our Re- formation alloweth not the worfhipping of Saints , yet that folemn meeting of the people to Fairs and mirth, and i (port upon thofe days it hath kept and continued, that fo j the Saints and their days may be and . continue ftill in our I remembrance. There is no Town in the India’s great or (mall (though it be but of twenty families) which is not dedicated thus unto our Lady or unto fome Saint, and the i remembrance of that Saint is continued in the minds not only of them that live in the Town, but of all that live far and near by commercing, trading, fporting and dan- cing, offering unto the Saint, and bowing, kneeling, and praying before him. Before this day cometh , the In- dians of the Town two or three months have their meet- ings at night, and prepare themfclves for fuch dances as I are mof! commonly ufed among them ■, and in thefe their I meetings they drink much both of Chocolatte and Chicha. ; For every kind of dance they have feveral houfes appointed, I and mailers of that dance, who teach the reft, that they I may be perfected in it again!! the Saints day. For the I molt part of thefe two or three months the filcnce of the night is unquieted, what with their tinging, what with their hollowing, what with their beating upon the » (hells of rithes, what with their Waits, and what with their i Piping. Aid when the fealt cometh, then they ad! pub- licly* Chap.XIX. of the W eft-indies. 347 lljckly, and for the fpace of eight days, what privately they had pra&ifed before. They are that day well appa- relled with filks, fine linnen, ribbons, and feathers, accor- ding to the dance i which firfi they begin in the Church before the Saint, or in the Church yard, and from thence all the OClave, or eight days they go from houle to houfe dancing, where they have Chocolatte or fomeheady drink or Chicha given them. All thofe eight days the Town is fureto be fu'l of drunkards •, and if they be reprehen- ded for it i they will anfwer, that their heart doth re- I joyce with their Saint in Heaven, and that they muft drink unto him, that he may remember them. The [chief dance ufed amongft them is called Toncontin, which hath been danced before the King of Spain , in the Court of Madrid by Spaniards, who have lived in the In- dia's to fhew unto the King fomewhat of the Indians fa- fhions> and it was reported to have pleafed the King ve- ry much. This dance is thus performed. The Indians commonly that dance it (if it be a great Town) are thirty 1 or forty, or fewer, if it be a fmall Town. They are clothed in white, both the>r doublets, linnen drawers, and Aiates, or Towels, which on the one fide hang al- moli to the ground. Their drawers and Aiates are wrought with home works of Silk, or with birds, or bor- dered with fome Lace. Others procure doublets and drawers and Aiates of Silk, all which are hired for that purpofe. On their backs they hang long tuffs of feathers of all colouis, which w ith glew are faftned into a little frame made for the purpofe, and gilded on the outfide i this frame with Ribbands they tie about their fhoulders j faft that it fall not, nor fiacken with the motion of their bodies. Upon thtir heads they wear another lefs tuff of Feathers either in their hats, or in fome gilded or painted head- piece, or helmet. In their hands alfo they carry a fan of feathers, and on their feet moft will ufe feathers alfo bound together like ffort wings of birds i Come wear (hoocs, fome not. And thus from top to tee | they arc almoft covered with curious and coloured leathers. Their 34$ A New Survey Chap.XIX. Their Mufick and tune to this dance is only what is made with a hollow hock of a tree, being rounded, and well pared within and without, very fmooth and (Inning, fome four times thicker then our viols, with two or three' long 1 clefts on the upper fide and fome holes at the end which they call Tepanabaz. On this flock (which is pla- ced upon a ftool or form in the middle of the Indians) the Maher of the dance beats with two hicks, covered with wool at the ends, and a pitched leather over the wool that it fall not away. With this Inhrumdnt and blows upon it (which foundeth but dull and heavy, but fune- what loudj he giveth the dancers their fevtral tunes, and changes, and figns of the motion of their bodies cither hraight or bowing, and giveth them warning what and when they are to fing. Thus they dance in compafs and circle round about that inhrument, one following ano- ther fometimes hraight, fometimes turning about, fome- times turning half way, fometimes bending their bodies and with the feathers in their hands almofl touching the ground, and finging the life of that their Saint, orfof (ome other. All this dancing is but a kind of walking round, which they will continue two or three whole hours toge- ther in one place, and from thence go and perform the fame at another houfe. This Toncontin the chief and principal only of the Town do dance it i it was the o’d dance which they u- fed before they knew Chriftianity, except that then,inflead of finging the Saints lives, they did fing the praifes of their hearhenifh Gods. They have another kind of dance much ufed,. which is a kind of hunting out fome wild Bead 1 (which formerly in time of Heathenilin was to be facrifi- ced to their Gods) to be offered unto the Saint. This dance hath much variety of tunes, with a fmall Ttpana- baz, and many fbellsot Tortoife, or in Mead of them with pots covered with leather, on which they (hike as on Tcpanabaz, and with the found of pipes •, in this dance theyufe much hollowing and noife and calling one un- to another, and lpeaking by way of Stage play, fome relating Chap. XIX. of the W eft-indies. 349 relating cne thing, Tome another concerning the Bead they hunt after » thefe dancers are all clothed like Beads, with painted skins of Lions, Tigers, Wolves, and on their heads fuch headpieces as may reprefent the heads of fuch Bealls, and others wear painted heads of Eagles, or Fowls of Rapine, and in their hands they have pain- ted Staves, Bills, Swords and Axes, wherewith they threaten to kill that Beaft they hunt after. Others in- llead of hunting after a Bead, hunt after a man, as Beads in a wildernefs (hould hunt a man to kill him, This man that is thus hunted alter mud be very nimble and agil, as one dying for his life, and driking here and there at the Beads for his defence, whom at lad they catch and make a prey of. As the Toncontin confids mod of walking and turning and leafurely bending their bodies, fo this dance doth wholly confili in adtion, running in a circle round, fometimes out of circle, and leaping and driking with thofe tools and indruments which they have in their hand. This is a very rude fport, and full of fcriching and hideous noife, wherein I never delighted. Another Mexican dance they ufc,fome clothed like men, others like women, which in Heathenifh times they did ufe with finging' praifes unto their King or Etnperour •, but now they apply their fongs unto the King of Glory, or unto the Sacrament, uling thefe or commonly the like words with very little difference, and feme variety of praife, Salid Mcxicanas-, bailad loncontin • Canjalas galanas enenerpo gcntil. And again, Salid Mcxicanas ballad Toncontin- Allsey dc la gloria tniemos aqui. Thus they go round dancing, playing infome places very well upon their Gui- rarres, repeating now and then altogether a veife or two, and calling the Mexican Dames to come out to them with their gallant mantles to fing praife unto their King cf Glo- ry. Bihdes thefe they have, and ufe our Morris dances, and Blackmoor dances, with Sonajas in their hands, which are a round 1 l : i - ^5 o A New Survey Chap. XIX, round fet of fmall Morris dancing bells, wherewith the' make variety of founds to their nimble feet. But thr dance which doth draw to it the peoples wondering, is ; Tragedy adfed byway of dance, as the death of St. Peter or the beheading of John the Baptift. In theft dances then is an Emperour, or a King Herod with their Queen: clothed, another clothed with a long loofe Coat who re- prefents St. Peter , or John, the Baptift , who while thi reft dance, walketh amongft them with a book in hi hand, as if he were faying his prayers, all the reft of the Dancers are apparelled like Captains and Soldiers with Swords, Daggers or Halbards in their hands. They danct at the found of a fmall drum and pipes, fometimes round, fometimes in length forward, and have and ufe many (peeches to the Emperour or King, and amongft them* felves concerning the apprehending and executing the Saint. The King and Queen lie fometimes down to hear their pleading againft the Saint, and his pleading for 10 himfeft, and lometimes they dance with the reft i and the end of their dance is to crucifie S. Peter downwards with { his head upon a Crofs, or behead John the Baptift , having ' in readinefs a painted head in a difti, which they prefenc »n unto the King and Queen, for joy whereof they all again C: dance merrily and lo conclude, taking down him that ; adted Peter from the Crofs. The Indians that dance this1 dance, moft ot them are fuperditious tor what they do. judging as if it were indeed really adftd and performed what only is by way of dance repreftnted. When I li ved amongft them, it was an ordinary thing for him who in the dance was to adt St. Peter or John the Baptift, to come firft to Confcflion, faying they mull be holy and pure like that Saint whom tiny reprefent, and muft prepare themfelves to die* So lik-wife he that a- dled Herod or Herodias, and fome ot the Soldiers that in the dance were to fpeak and to accufe the Saints, would afterwards come to contcfs of that tin, and defire abfo- lution as from blcud-guiltinefs. More particular paf fages ot the Indians according to my experience of them i Chap. XX. of the W eft-indies. 3 5 1 I (ball in the Chapter following truly relate unto my Reader. , CHAP. XX. shewing how and why I departed out ^/'Guate- mala to learn the Poconchi language and to live among Jl the Indians, and of fome parti- cular paffages and accidents whilejl I lived there . HAving read in the llniverfity of Guatemala for three years fpace a whole courfe ot Arts, and having begun to read part of Divinity, the more I fludied and grew in knowledge, and the more I controverted byway of Ar- guments fortie Truths and points of Religion, the more I found the Spirit of truth inlightning me, and difcovering : unto me the lies, errors, fallities and fuperftitions of the | Church of Rome. My confcience was much perplexed and wavering, and Iddirous of fome good and full fa- tisfadtion ; which I knew might not be had there > and | that to profefs and continue in any opinion contrary to 1 the Do&rine of Rome, would bring me to the Inquifition, that Rack of tender Confciences, and from thence to no lefs then burning alive, in cafe I would not recant of what the true Spirit had infpired intome. The point of : Tranfubhantiation, of Purgatory, of the Popes power i and authority, of the merit of mans works, of his free will . tochoofe all foul-faving ways, thefaenhee of the Mafs,the n hallowing the Sacrament ot the Lords Supper unto the lay d people, the Prielts power to abfolve from fin, the wor- (hipping of Saints though with Pxhela., 2s they call it, and f not withAtfJk^ and the Virgin Mary with a higher degree ii ; of worfhip then t hat of the Suints,which they call •usf’c/W*, the 352 A New Survey Chap. XX. the llrange lies and blafphemies which they call miracles, recorded in the Legend and lives of their Saints, the infal- libility of the Pope, and Council in defining for truth and point of Faith, what in it felfis falfe and erroneous* thefe points efpecially, with many more cf Romes policies, and the leud lives of the Pridls, Fryers, Nuns, and thofe in authority, did much trouble and perplex my confcience, which I knew would be better fatisfied it I could return again to my own Country of England * where 1 knew many things were ht.ld contrary to the Church of Rome^ but what particulars they were, I could not tell, not ha- ving been brought up in the Proteftant Church, and ha- ving been fent young over to St. Omers . Wherefore I ear- neftly addreffcd my lelt to the Provincial > and to the Pre- iident of Guatemala , for a Licence to come home, but nei- ther of them would yield unto it, becaule there was a llridt order of the King and Council, that no Prieft fent by his Majefty to any of the parts of the India's To preach the Gofpel, fhould return again to Spain till fen years were ex- pired. Hereupon I feeingmyfclfa prifoncr, and without hopes for the prefent of feeing England in many years, re- folved to Hay no more in Guatemala , but to go out to learn fome Indian tongue, and to preach in fome of their Towns, where I knew more mony might be got tohe’p me home, when the time fhould come, then if I did continue to live the Cloifter Guatemala. Yet in the mean time t'T in thought it not unfit to write to Spain to a friend of mint an Englijh Fryer in SanLucar , called fryer Pablo de Lon- dw,todcfirc him to obtain for me a Licenfe from the Court and from the General of the Order at Rome> that 1 mighi return unto my Country. In this fealon there was ir Guatemala , Fryer F rancifco de Moran , the Prior of Cobat in the Province of Vera Paz, who was informing the Pre fident and whole Chancery, how nectflary it was tha fome Spaniards fhould be aiding and affilling him for th difeovery of a way from that Country unto Jucatan , ant for the fupprefling of fuch barbarous people and Heathens as flopped his paffage, and did often invade fome India , Town Chap. XX. of the Weft-Indies. 3 53 Towns of Chriflians. This Moran ( being my fpecial friend, and having been brought up in Spain in the I Cloilter of San Pablo dc Valladolid , where my telf was firft entred Fr^er) was very defirous of my company along with him, for the better bringing unto Chriltianity thofe Heathens and Idolaters, telling me that doubtlefs in a new Countay new Trcafure and great Riches was like to be found, whereof no fmall (hare and propor- tion1 (hou'd befall him and me for our pains .and ad- venture. I was not hard to be perfwaded, being a- bove all5 defirous to convert to Chriitianity a peoplq that lijd never heard of Chriff i and fo purpofed to forfike that honour which I had in the Univerfity, for to mike Chriff known unto that Heathenifh peo- ple. Tire Provincial was' glad to fee this my courage, and fo with fome gifts and mony in my purfe, fent me | with Mo' an to the Vera Paz in the company of 50 Spa- 1 n'urds) who were appointed by the Pnfiient to aid and I affilt us. t t Wh.n we came fo C.oban we were well refrefhed 1 and provided for a hard and dangerous enterpmcf | from ( oban we marched to. two great Towns of i Chiiliians called Saint Peter and Saint John , wheie [ were were added unto us a hundred Indians for our further afliltance. From thefe Towns two days jour- ney we could travel on Mules fafely among Chriffi- ans and fome fmall villages •> but after the two days we drew near unto the Heathens Frontiers , whejre theie was no more open way for Mules,, but vye mult truff unto our feet. We went up and down Mountains amungll: Woods for the Ipace of. two days, being much difeouraged with the Tnickets and hardnels ot the way , and having no hope of find- ing out the Fleathens. In the night we Kept watch' and guard for fear of enemies, and refolveu yet the third day to go forward. . I11 the mountains we found jiiany forts of fruits, and in tber bottoms fprings afid Brooks & a with 354 ^ New Survey Chap. XX. with many trees of Cacao and Achiotte. The third day we went on, and came to alow valley in the midft whereof ran a (hallow river, where we found fome Milpa's and plantations of Maiz. Thefe were a teftimony unto us of fome Indians not far off, and therefore made us keep to- gether and be in readinefs, if any affault or onfet (hould be made upon us by the Heathens. Whileft we thus tra- velled on, we fuddenly fell upon half a dozen poor potta- ges, covered with boughs and plantin leaves, and in fhem we found three Indian women, two men and five young children, all naked, who fain would have efcapcc, but they could not. We refrelhed our felves in their poor e cottages and gave them of our provifion, which at firli « they refufedto eat, howling, and crying, and puling, till Moran had better incouraged and comforted them, whofe 1 * language they partly underllood. We clothed them and v took them along with us, hoping to make them difcover l* unto us fome treafure or fome bigger plantation. But that day they were Co fullen that we could get nothing out of them. Thus we went on, following (omc tracks which 1 here and there we found of Indians , till it was almolt e- ting, and then we did light upon above a dozen cotta- ges more, and in them a matter of twenty men, women, and children, from whom we took fome bows and ar- rows, and found there llore of plantins, fome fi(h, and wild Venifon, wherewith we refrdhed our felves. Thefe told us of a great Town two days journey off, which made us be very watchful that night. Here I began wrth fome more of our company to be lick and weary, fo that the next day I was not able to go any further i whereupon we refolved to(et up our quarters there, and to fend out fome fcouts of Indians and Spaniards to difcover the Country, who found further more Cottages and plantations of Maiz, of Chile, of Turkey beans, and Cotton-wool, but no Indi - ans at all, for they were all fled. Our fcouts returned, and gave us fome incouragement for the pleafantnefs of the Country •> but withal vsiflied us to be watchful and Chap. XX. of the W eft- Indies. 355 careful, for that certainly the flight of thofe Indians was a iign that our coming was noifed about the Country. The next day we purpoied to move forward to that p'antati” on which our fcouts had difeovered, being fas we were in- formed) fifcr and more open to forefee any danger rea- dy to befall us. All thefe plantations lay along by the river, where the fun was exceeding hot, which had cau- fed fea vers and a flux in lomeot us. With much weari- nefs and faintnefs I got that day to our journeys end, be- ginning now to repent me of what I was ingaged in and on foot, and fearing fome fudden danger, by reafon oui coming was now known by the Indians. The Prifoners we had with us began to tell us of fome gold that they did fometimes find in that river, and of a great lake yet forward, about which did inhabit many thoufand Indians , who were very warlike and skilful in their bows and ar- rows. The one incouraged fome, the other much difeou- raged the reft, who wifhed themfelves out of thofe woods and unknown places, and began to murmur againlt Moran , who had been thecaufe of their ingagement in that great danger.Our night watch was fet,and 1 & the rdf of the lick Spaniards went to reft, fume upon the bare ground, but my felf and others in Hjtnacca:s, which are of net-work tied at two polls or trees, and hanging in the air, which with the leaf! flirring of the body, rock one a fleep as in a Cradle. Thus I took my reft till about midnight i at Which time our watches gave an alarm againft our approach- ing enemies, who were thought to be about a thoufand. They came dcfperate’y towards us, and when they faw they were difeovered, and our drums beat up, and our fowling pieces and Mufquets began to (hoot, they hollowed and cried out with a hideous noife, which uproar and fudden alfrightment, added fweat and fear to my Fcaver. But Moran (who came to conftfs withtne, and to prepare him- felf for death or for fome deadly wound) comforted me, wifhing tne to feai frothing, and to lie frill, for that £ fSoi'ld do theft* no good, and that lefs was my danger then. A a i X 3 $6 A Ncrv Survey Chap. XX. I apprehended, becaufe our Soldiers had comparted me about, fo that on no fide the Heathens could come in, I and flie we could not without the lofs ot all our lives. The skirmilh lafied not above an hour, and then our enemies began to flie back. We took ten of them, and I in the morning found thirteen dead upon the gronnd, and and of ours five only were wounded, whereof one dyed thg next day. In the morning our Soldiers began to mutiny and to talk of returning back, fearing a worfe and more violent onfet that day or the night following, for fome of the Indians who were taken, told them plainly that if they went not away there would come fix or feven thoufand againft them. I hey told us further, that they knew well that the Spaniards had all the Country about except that little portion of theirs, which they defire to enjoy quietly and peaceably, and not to meddle with us, but ra- ther if we would fee their Country, and go through it as friends, they would let us without doing us any hurt > but if we came in a warlike manner to fight and to bring them into flivery, as we had done their neighbours, they were all refolvtd to die fighting rather then to yield. With thefe words our Soldiers weie divided, fome with Moran were of opinion to try the Indians, and to go peaceably through their Country till they could come to fome Town of Jucatan > others were of opinion to fight, others to re- turn back again, chnlidering their weaknefs againff fo many ihoufands of Indians as were in the Country. But that day nothing was agreed upon, for that we could not fiir by reafon ot the fick and wounded. So we continued there that night, and as the night before much about the fame time the enemies came again upon us, but finding us ready and watching for them, they foon fled. In the morning we refolvcd to return back, and Moran fent the Heathens word, that it they would let him go through their Country quiet y to dilcovcr fome land ot Jucatan , lie would after a few months come peaceably unto them with half a dozen Indians ,6c no more, trulting his life upon them i Chap. XX. of the Weft-Indies. 357 them i whom he knew if they wronged, all the Spaniards in the Country would rifeupagainft them, and not leave one alive. They anfwered that they would entertain him, and any few Indians well and willingly sail which Moran and they performed according to their agreement the next year following. Thus we returned that day back the fame way that we had come, and I began to find my fcif better, and my fc-a- ver to leave me. We carried with us fome of thofe young children which we had taken, to prefent them unto the Pre- lident of Guatemala. And in Coban the Prior Moran thought he might fir ft do God good fervice if he chriftened thofe young children, facing, that they might become Saints, and that afterwards their prayers might prevail with God for the converfion of their parents and of all that Country to Chriftianity. I could not but oppofe this his ignorance, which feemedmuch like unto that of the Fryers who en- tred America with Cortez , and increafed after the con- quest daily more in number, who boafted to the Empe- ^our, that they had fome of them made above thirty thoufand Indians Chriftians by baptizing them s which truly they did as fhcep are forced to the waters and dri- ven to be' wafheds io were thofe firft Indians by thou- fands fprinkled (or if I may ufe their word, baptized) tor they were diivcn by compuliion and force to the rivers, neither wtre they hrli principled in any grounds of belief and Chriftianity, neither themfclves believers, nor children of believing and faithful parents. So would Moran chri- ften thefe children, though I to’d him that they ought nor to partake of that Sacrament and Ordinance of Chrift, unlcfs they were grounded in articles of Chriftianity and believed, or were children of believing parents. But as be had been brought up in errors, whereof that Church of Home is a wide and fpafious licit, fo he would be cb- flinate in this point againft me and the truth, fpritikling with water thofe children, and naming them with names of Chriftians, After this he fent them well apparelled to the Prefident of Guatemala , who commanded them to be * Aa3 ’ kept ^ e}8 A New Survey Chap. XX. kept, and brought up in the Cloilkr of the Dominican dryers. I remained after this for a while in Coban, and in the Towns about, until fuch time as the (hips came to the Gulfj whither I went with Moran to buy wines, oyl, iron, cloth and fuch things as the Cloiiler wanted for the prefent. At which time there being a Frigat ready to de- part to ‘Tnixillo (fnme occafions drawing Moral thither) I took (hip with him. Wc (iaied not long above a week in that Port (which is a weak one, as the Englilh and Hollanders taking of it can witnefs) but prdently we thought of returning back to Guatemala by land through the Country of Comayagua commonly called Honduras,, This is a woody and mountainous Country, very bad and inconvenient for Travellers, and betides very poor s there the commodities are hides, Canna fijhda , and Zarza - parilla, and fuch want of bread, that about Truxillo they make ufe of what they call Caffave, which is a dry root, that being eaten dry doth choak, and therefore is (baked in broth, water, wine or Chocolatte, that Co it may go down. Within the Country, and elpecially about the Ci- ty of Comayagua (which is a Bilhops feat, though a (mall place of fome five hundred inhabitants at the mod) therq is more (lore of Mail by reafon ot fome Indians , which are gathered to Towns, few and fmall. I found this Country one of the poorefi in all America. The chief place in it for health and good living is the valley which is called Gracias aVios, there are fome rich farms of Cattle and Wheat i but becaufeitlieth as necr to the Country of Gm- temala as to Comayagua, and on this fide the ways are bettey then on that, therefore more ot that Wheat, is tranfported to Guatemala and to theTowns about it, then to Comaya - gua or Eruxillo. From ‘Xruxillo to Guatemala there are be- tween fourlcore and a hundred leagues, which we travelled by land, not wanting in a barren Country neither guides nor provifion, for thepoor Iddians thought neither their perlonal attendance, nor any tiling that they enjoyed coo good for us, ThuS , Chap. XX. Weft-Indies. 359 n j Thus we came again to Guatemala , and were by the Fryers joyfully entertained, and by thcPrefidetit highly re- e Warded, and by the City called true Apothes, becaufe we e had ventured our lives for the difeovery of Heathens, and opened a way for their converfion, and found out the » chief place of their refidence, and fent before us thofe . children to the City, who witneffed with being in the i Cloifter cur pains and indeavours. Moran was fo puffed up with the Prefidents favour, and the popular applaufe, that he refolved in Guatemala to venture again his life, and according to that mcff3ge which he had lent before to the Heathen Indians, to enter amongft them in a peaceable way with half a dozen Indians. He would fain have had me gone with him ', but I conftdered the hardnefs of the jour- ney, which I thought I fhould not be able to perform on foot j and alfo I feared that the Barbarians might muti- ny again ft us for thofe children which we had brought) and laftly I liked not the Country, which feemed poor and not for my purpofe, to get means fufficient to bring me home to England , which was the chiefeft thought and dtfire of my heart for the fatisfadtion of my confcience, which I found ill unquiet. Wherefore I relolved to forfake the com- pany ot my friend Moran, and to defifl: from new difeove- rics of Heathens, and fuch difficult undertakings, which might endanger my health and life, and at laff bring no profit, but only a little vain glory, fame and credit in that Country. I thought 1 might better imploy my time, if I learned fome Indian tongue ncerer to Guatemala , where I confidered the riches ot the Towns, the readinefs of the Indians, and their willingnefs to further their Prieffs wants > and laftly their ignorance in fome points of Religion, which 1 thought 1 might help and clear with fome found dodtrine, and with preaching Chrift crucified unto them, and bring- ing them unto that rock of eternal blifs and falvation. I truifed in my friends fo much, that I knew it would not be hard for me to take mychoife ot any place about Guatc~ mala > from whence I might facilitate my return to Eng- land, and write to Spain, and have every year an anlwcr Aa *j. talxer 9^° A New Survey Chap. XX, ^ after then any where elfe. I opened my mind unto the Provincial (who was then at Guatemala ) and he pre Gently and willingly condefcended to my requert, and Counfeiicd me to learn the Poconcbi language,1 ('whereof 1 had already got fome grounds in the Vera Paz ) which is pnoltufed about Guatemala, and alfo is much pradifed in Vera Paz , and in the Country of San Salvador. He promifed to fend me to the Town of Petipa, to learn there the language, with a fpecial friend of his named Fryer Peter Molina, who was very old, and wanted the he'p and company of fome younger perfon to eafe him in the charge that lay upon him, of fo great a Town, and many Travellers that parted that way. The Provin- cial) as if he had known my mind, pitched upon my very hearts defire > and thus two weeks before Midfummer day I departed from Guatemala to Petapa , which is fix leagues from thence, and there fctled my felf to learn that Indian tongue. The Fryers of thofe parts that are any way skil- ful in the Indian languages, have comported Grammars and t>dionari : _s i tor what is over and abov e their expences, they give to their Supeiiours, and from them they receive every month a jar of wine, of an Arrobe and a halt, and every year a new habit with other clothing. Yet with what I have laid I . muft not excufe the Frycrsof Guatemala from iberty, and the enjoyment of wealth and riches s tor they alfo game I and fport, and fpend, and fill their bags, and where in their accounts and reckonings to the C oifters, they might well give up in a year five hundred Crowns, betides their own txpences, they give up peradven- ture three hundred, arid ufuip the retl for thcmfelves, ■ and their vain and idle ufes > and trade and traf-j| fique under hand with Merchants againli their vow c? poverty. Withthis fubordination therefore f which I have (hew- ed) unto the Prior and Cloifter of Guatemala , was I fent to preach unto the Indians of Mixco .and Pinola , from, whence for my fake was removed an old Fryer of al- moft fourfeore years of age, and called to his Cloifter to reft, who was not able to perform the charge which lay upon him of two Towns, three leagues dilfant one from, another. The fetled means for maintenance which I en- joyed in thefe Towns, and the common offerings and duties which I received from the Indians was this, fn Mixco Chap.XX. of the Weft-Indies. 363 Mixco I was allowed every moneth twenty Crowns, and in Pinola fifteen, which was punctually payed by the Al- caldes and Regidores, Maiors and Jurates, before the end of the month-, for which payment, the Town fowed a common piece of Land with Wheat or Maiz, and kept their book of accounts, wherein they fet down what crops they yearly received •, what monies they took in for the fale of their Corn, and in the fame book I was to write down what every month I received from them •> which book at the years end they were to prefent to be examined by fome officer appointed thereunto by the Court of Gua- temala. Bciides this monthly allowance, I had from the Sodalities of the fouls in Purgatory every week in each Town two Crowns for a Mafs ■, every month two Crowns from Pinola upon the firlt Sunday of the month from the Sodality of the Rofary and in Mixco likewife every month from three Sodalities of the Rofary of the Virgin Mary , which were there belonging unto the Indi- ans, the Spaniards, and the Blackamoors, two Crowns a piece, Further from two more Sodalities belonging to the Vera Cruz, or the Crofs of Chrili, every month two Crowns a piece. And in Mixco from a Sodality of the Spaniards belonging to St. Nicolas de I'olentino , two Crowns every month => and from a Sodality of St. Bias in Pinola every moneth two more Crowns i and finally in Mixco from a Sodality entituled of St. Jacinths every monthyet two Crowns, be lides fome offerings of either mony, fowls, or candles upon thofe days whereon thefe Maffes were fung v all which amounted to threefcore and nine Crowns a moneth, which was furely (etled and paid before the end of the month. Befides from what I have formerly faid of the Saints ffatues which do belong unto the Churches, and do there conftantly bring both mony, fowls, candles, and other offerings upon their day, unto the Pricff, the yearly revenues which I had m thofe two Towns will appear not to have been (mall \ for in Mixco there were in my time eighteen Saints I- mages, and twenty in Pinola j. which brought unto me upon 3 A New Survey Chap.XX. upon their day four Crowns a piece for Mafs and Ser* mon, and Proceffion, befides Fowls, Turkeys and Cacao, and the offerings before the Saints, which commonly might be worth at lead three Crowns upon every i Saints day, which yearly amounted to at lead two hun- i dred threefcore and tlx Crowns. Betides the Sodalities j of the Rofary of the Virgin, (which as I have before faid were four, three in Mixco , and one in Pinola ) upon five ; feveral fcafis ot the year (which are mod obferved by the Church of Rome) brought unto me four Crowns, two for j the days Mafs, and two fora Mafs the day following,! which they call the Anniverfary for the dead, who had l belonged unto thofe Sodalities , which bifidcs tbofe \ days offerings (which Tometimes were more, fometimes | lefs^) and the Indians prefents of Fowls and Cacao, - made up yearly fourfeore Crowns more. Befides this, i the two Sodalities of the Vera Cruz upon two Featls | of the Crofs the one upon the fourteenth of Sep- < timber, the other upon the third of May, brought four ) Crowns a piece for the Mafs of the day, and the An- ^ niverfary Mafs following, and upon every Friday in J Lent two Crowns, which in the whole year came to four j and fourty Crowns > all which above reckoned, was as I a fure rent in thofe two Towns. But, fhould I (pendij time to reckon up what befides did accidentally fall, would n be tedious. The Chrifimas offerings in both thofe two Towns, were worth tome when I lived there at leaft ji fourty Crowns. Thurfday and Friday offerings before I j Eafter day were about a hundred Crpwns > All Souls day i offerings commonly worth fourfeore Crowns > and i Candlemas day offerings commonly fourty more. Be- . fides what was offered unto the Feaft of each Town by 5 all the Country which came in, which in Mixco one year 1 was worth unto me in Candles and mony fourfeore i Crowns, and in Pinola (as I rtekoned itj fifty more. I The Communicants (every one giving a Rial) might ; makeup in both Towns at leaft a thoufand Rials > and,, the Conftffions in Lent at leaft a thoufand mere, befides, I Chap. XX. of the Weft-indies. 3^ other offerings of Eggs, Hony, Cacao, Fowls aiid*Fruits. Every Chriftening brought two Rials, every Marriage two Crowns, every ones dead two Crowns more at leaft > and fome in my time dyed, who would leave 10 or 12 Crowns for five or fix Mafles to be fung for their fouls. Thus are thofe fools taitght that by the Priefts finging their fouls are delivered from weeping, and from the fire and torments of Purgatory i and thus by finging all the year do thofe Fryers charm from the poor Indians and their Sodalities and Saints an infinite treafure wherewith they in- rich themfelves and their Cloifters \ as may be gathered from what I have noted by my own experience in thofe two Towns of A iixco and P inula , (which wefe far inferiout yet to Petapa and Amaritlan in the fame Valley, and not to be compared in offerings and other Church duties to ma- ny other Towns about that Country) which yet yielded unto me with the offerings cart into the Cheffs which food in the Churches for the fouls of Purgatory, and with what the Indians offered when they came to (peak unto Tie (for they never vifit the Prieft with empty hands) and with what other Mats fiipends did cafually come in, the um of at leaft two thoufand Crowns of Spamfb mony, vhich might yearly mount to five hundred Englijh pounds. ( thought this Benefice might be a fitter place tor me to ive in, then in the Cloifter of Guatemala, wearying out ny brains with points of falfe grounded Divinity for to get )nly the applaufe of the Scholars of the llniverfity, and low and then feme fmall profit j which I thought I might 00k after as well as the reft of my profeflion, nay with nore reafon, for that I intended to return to England , and i knew I fhould have little help for fo long a journey in caving there my friends, it fobe that I mude not my mony nybett friend to aflift me by Sea and Land. Myfirft in- leavour was tocertifie my felf from the Books of Receipts md Accounts in the Cloifter of Guatemala , what reek- wings my PredectlTor and others btfore him had given ip to the Cloifter yearly from Mixc < and Pinula, that I night regulate my felt and my expences fo, as to be able %66 A New Survey Chap. XX. to live with credit, and to get shanks from the Cloifter by giving more then any before me had given. I found that four hundred Crowns had been the moft that my old Predeceflour had given yearly in his accounts ■, and that be* fore him little more was ufually given from thole two Towns > Whereupon I took occafion once in difcourfe with the Prior of Guatemala to ask what he would wil- lingly exped from me yearly whillt I lived in thofe two Towns to which he replyed, that if I upheld for my part the Cloifters ufual and yearly Revenues, giving what my Predeceflbr had given, he would thank me, and expcd no more from me, and that the reft that befell me in thofe ; Towns, I might fpend it in Books, Pi&ures, Chocolatte, :i Mules, and Servants » to which I made reply, that I thought I could live in that Benefice creditably enough, and yet give from it more to the Cloifter then ever any other be- 1 tore me had given, and that I would forfeit my conti- L ruing there if I gave not to the Cloifter every year four jv, hundred and fifty Crowns. The Prior thanked me hearti- ly for it, and told me I Ihould not want for wine, ('wilhing me to fend for it every monthj nor fur clothing, which he would every year once beftow upon me. This I thought would fave a great part of my charges, and that I was well provided for as long as 1 lived in the India's. Anc here I defire that England may take notice how a Fryer that hath profcfled to be a Mendicant, being beneficed in Arne rica , may live with four hundred pounds a year clear, anc Tome with much more, with moll of his doathing giver him befides, and the moft charge of his wine fupplyed with the abundance of Fowls, which coft him nothing, anc with fuch plenty of Beef, as yields him thirteen pounc for three pence ? Surely well may he game, buy gco< Mules, furnifh his chamber with Hanging and rich pi &ures, and Cabinets , yea ancf fill them with Spanifi Piftols, and pieces of eight, and after all trade in th Court of Madrid for a Mitre and fat Bifhoprick, whic' commonly is the end of thofe proud* worldly, and lali Lubbarss , 'j Me Me Chap. XX. of the Weft-Indies. 3 67 After I was once fetled in thefe my two Towns, my firft care was to provide my ftlfof a good Mule, which might foon and eafily carry me ("as often as occafion called) from the one Town to the other. I foon found out one, which coff me fourfcore Crowns, < which ferved my turn very well, to ride fpeedily the nine miles crofs the Valley, which were between the two Towns. Though my chief ftudy here was to perfe6t my felf in the Indian tongue, that E might the better preach unto them, and be well under- flood > yet I omitted not to fearch out the Scriptures day- ly, and to addict my fdf unto the Word of God, which I knew would profit me more then all thofe riches and plea” lures of Egypt , which for a while I faw I mult enjoy, till my ten years were fully expired, and Licence from Rome or Spain granted for me to return to England , which I began fpecdily to folicite by means offone Captain Ifidaro de Zepeda, a Sevill Merchant and Mafterof one of the (hips, which came that firft year thar I was fetled in Mixco with Merchandize for Guatemala* By jthis Captain fwho paG led often through the Valley) I writ unto my friends in Spain and had anfwers, though at firft to little purpofe, which did not a little increafethe troubles of my confu- te, which were great, and fuch whereof the wife man laid, A wounded Confidence who can bear ? My friend- lliip with this Captain Zepeda was fuch, that 1 broke my mind unto him, ddirirg him to carry me in his Ship to Spain, which he refufed to do, telling me the danger he might be in, if complaint fhould be made to the Prefi- dent of Guatemala , and wifhing me to continue where I was, and to ltore my felf with mony that I might return with licence and credit. I rcfolved therefore with David in the 1 6. Pfal. and the 8. v. to fet the Lord always before me, and toefioofc him for my only comfort, and to relie up- on his providence who 1 knew only could order things for ny good, and could from America bring me home to the loufe of Salvation, and to the houfhold of Faith i from vhich I confidered my felf an exile, and far banifhed. In he mean time 1 lived five full years in the two Towns of Mixco 3 68 A New Survey Chap. XX: Mixco and Pinola. Where I had more occafion to get wealth and mony,then ever any that lived there before me» for the firft year of my abiding there it pleafed God to fend one of the Plagues of Egypt to that Country, which was of Locufls, which I had never fcen till then. They were after the manner of our Grafhoppers, but fomewhat bigger, which did flie about in number fo thick and infi- nite that they did truly cover the face of the Sun and hin- der the fhimng forth of the beams of that bright planet. Where they lighted either upon trees or handing Corn, there nothing was expedfcd but ruine, deftrudtion and barrennefs » for the corn they devoured, the leaves and fruits of trees they eat and confumed, and hung fo thick upon the branches, that with their weight they tore them from the body. The high ways were fo covered with them that they llartled the travelling Mules with their fluttering about their head and feet i my eyes were often llruck with their wings as I rid along, and much ado I had to fee my way, whatwitha Montero wherewith I was fain to cover my face, what with the flight of them which were Hill be- fore my eyes. The Farmers towards the South Sea Coafr, cryed out for that their Indigo which was then in grafs , was like to be eaten up from the Ingenio’s ot Sugar, the like moan was made, that the young and tender Sugar Canes would be defiroyed i but above all, grievous was the cry of the husbandmtn of the Valley wherfe I lived, who feared that their Corn would in one night be fwallowed up by that devouring Legion. The care of the Magillrate was that the Towns of Indians fhould all go out into the fields with Trumpets, and what other inuruments they had to makeanoife, and fo to affright them from thofe places which were moil ccnfiderable and profitable to the Com- mon-wealth i and flrange it was to fee how the loud noifeotthe Indians and founding of the Trumpets, de- fended fome fields from the fear and danger of them. Where they lighted in the Mountains and High -ways* there they left behind them their young ones, which viiie Chap. XX. of the VV eft-Inilies. 371 were found creeping upon the ground ready to threaten with a fecond years plague if not prevented i wherefore all the Towns were called with Spades, Mattocks and .Shovels to dig lung Trenches and therein to bury all the young ones. Thus with much troub’e to the poor Indians , and their great pains (yet after much hurt and lols in many pla- ces) was that flying Pcltilence chafed away out of the Country to the South S;a, where it was thought to be confumed by the Ocean, and to have found a grave in the waters, whilft the young ones found it in the Land. Yet they were not all (o buried, but that (hortly feme ap- peared, which not being fo many in number as before* were with the former diligence form overcome. But whilft all this fear was , thefe outcries were made by the Country and this diligence performed by the Indi- ans., the Priefts got well by it j tor every where Pro- ccffions were made, and Mafils fung for the averting of that Plague. In Mixco molt of the Idols were car- ryed to the field, efpecially the pictures of our Lady, and that of Saint Nicholas ' Tolentine , in wiiofe name the Church of Rome doth ule to bkfs little Breads and WaftrS with the Saint damped upon thefti > which they think are able to defend them from Agues, Plague, Pe- fiilence. Contagion, or any other great and imminent danger. There was fcarce any Spaniflj Husbandman who ih this occasion came not from the Valley to the Town of Mixco with his offering to this Saint, and who made not a vow to have a Mafs fung unto Saint Nichols* i they all brought breads to be bltffed, and carryed them back to their Farms, feme calling them unto, their Corn, fome burying them in their hedges and fences , flrongty limiting in Saint Nich las, that his bread would have power to keep the Loculi out of their fields > and fo at the lafl thofe limple, ignorant and blinded fouls, when they faw the Loculls departed and their Corn fafe, cried out to cur Lady fome, othtrs to Saint Nicholas , Miiagro, a Mi- rae'e, judging the Saint worthy of praife more then Cod, B l> and 370 A New Survey Chap. XX, and performing to him their vows of MafTes, which in thcir fear and trouble they had vowed, by which errone- ous and Idolatrous devotion of theirs I got that year many more Crowns then what before I have numbred from the Sodalities. The next year following, all that Country was generally infedted with a kind of contagious ficknefs, almoft as infectious as the Plague, which they call Tabar-> dillo, and was a Feaver in the very inward parts aftd bowels, which fcarce continued to the feventh day, but commonly took them away from the world to a grave the third or filth day. The filthy fmelland fiench which came from them, which lay lick of this difeafe, was enough to infcCt the reft of the houfe, and all that came to fee them-, It rotted their very mouths and tongues, and made them as black as a coal before they died. Very few Spaniards were inftdled with this Contagion s but the Indians ge- nerally were taken with it. It was reported to have begun about Mexico , and to have fpread from Town to Town, till it came to Guatemala, and went on forwards j and fo likewife did the Lcculls the year before, marching as it were from Mexico over all the Country. I vifited many that died of this infection, ufing no other Antidote againit it, fave only a handkerchief dipped in Vinegar to fmell unto, and I thank God I cfcaped where many died. In Mixco I buried ninety young and old, and in Pinola above an hundred i and for all thefc that were tight year old, or upwards, I received two Crowns for a Mafs for their fouls delivery out of Purgatory. See good Reader, whe- ther the conceit of Purgatory have not been a main poli- cy of Rome to enrich the Priell and Clergy, with Mafs fti- pends from fuch as die, making them believe that no- thing elfe can help their fouls if once plunged into that conceited fire > Where thou mail! fee that one contagious iicktiefs in two finall Towns of Indians brought untome in lefs then halt a year near a hundred pounds for Maflls, tor almolt two hundred that died. Nay fuch is the gree- dy covetoufnefs of thofe Pricfts, that they will receive thrte or tour Mafs ffipends tor one day, making the people be- lieve Chap. XX. of the W eft-Indics. 371 heve that the fame Mafs may be offered up for many, and do one fcul as much good as another. Thus with the Plague of Locuffs, and the contagion of ficknefs, for thcHrlf two years together had I an occafion to enrich my felf, as did other Priefls my neighbours. But think not that btcaufe fo many died, therefore the Towns growing lefs my offerings for the future were leffencd. The En- comendero’s or Lords of the two Towns took care for that, who, that they might not lofe any part of thar Tri- bute which was formerly paid unto them, prefcntly after the ficknefs was ceafed, caufed them to be numbred, and ("as I have in the Chapter before obfervedj forced to marriage all that were twelve years and upwards of age > which alfo was a new ftream of Crowns flowing into my bags j for from every couple that were married I had al- fo two Crowns befides other offerings, and in both the Towns, I married on that occafion above fourfeore couple. Truly by all this, I thank the Lord I was more ftrengthened in my conceit againli the Church of Rome, and not with thegreedinefs of that Lucre inticed to con- tinuing in it, though I found the preferments there far greater then any might be in the Church of England^ where I knew nothing was to be got with tinging, or hudling over a Mafs i But yet though for the prefent my profit was great, my eyes were open to fee the errours whereby that profit came fo plentifully to me, and to all that crew of Idolatrous Priefls, The judgments cealed not here in that Country in my time, but alter this Contagion there was fuch an Inundation of rain, that the Husbandmen feared again the lofs cf all rheir Corn. At neon time the dark clouds tor a month together began to thicken and cover the face of the Heavens, pouring down fuch liormy fhowers as fwept away much Com, and many poor Cot- ' . tages of Indians i betides the rain, the fiery thunderbolts breaking through the clouds threatned a doleful judgment to the Country. In the valicy of Mixco two riding to- gether were firicken dead from their Mules, the Chap- pel of our Lady of Carmel in the fame valley was burnt B b 2 to 374 ^ 1 'tew Survey Chap. XX. to the ground, and likewife two houfts at the River of Vacas . In Fetapa another tlifli of lightning or thunder- bolt fell into the Church upon the high Altar, cracking the walls in many places, running from Altar to Altar, defacing all the gold, and leaving a print and damp where it had gone without any m^re hurt. In the Coift.r of the Francifcans in Guatemala , a Fryer fleeping upon his bed after dinner, was Hricken dead, his body being left all black as it it had been burnt with fire, and yet notign of any wound about him. Many accidents happened that year which was 1632- all about the Country. But my felf was by the fafe protedion of the Almighty won- derfully faved ', for bting on a Saturday at night in Mixco trembling and fearing , and yet trufhng in my God, and praying unto him in my chamber, one flafh of lightning or thunderbolt fell dole to the Church wall to which my chamber joyned, and killed two Calves which were tied to a poll in a yard, to be fhughtered the next morning. The lightning was fo neer and terri- ble that it fetmed to have tired all my houfe, and tlruck Rie down unto the ground, where I lav as dead for a great while, when I came again to my (elf, I heard many Indians about my houfe, who were come to fee it cither it or the Church were fet oiv tire. This Hormy feafon brought me alio much profit, (for as formerly) the Spaniards of the valley and the Indians betook themfelves to their Idol Saints carrying them about in Proctffion, which was not done without mony, which they call their alms unto their Saints, that they may the better be heard andiatreated by them. The Summer following there was more then ordinary earthquakes, which were fo great that year in the King- dom of Pcruy that a whole City called Truxillo was fvvallowed up by the earth which opened it felt, and almoft all the people were lott, whillt they were at Church wor- thipping arid praying unto their Saints. The hurt they did about Guatemala was not fo much as in other p'a- ces, only fbme tewmud- walls were (haken down, and l’ome Chap. XX. Weft-Indies. 375 fome Churches cracked •, which made the people fear and betake rhcmftlves again fo their S -infs, and empty their purfcs betore them for MafTcS and proceflions, left the danger (hould prove as great, as was that of the great earthquake which happened before my coming into that Country. Thefe earthquakes when they begin are more often then long, for they laltbut for a while, flirting the earth with three motions, firft on the one fide, then on the other, and with the third motion they feem tofet it right again. If they fhould continue, they would doubtlefs huil down to the ground any fleeple or building though never fo great and ftrong. Yet at this time in Mixco fome were fo violent, that they made the fteeple bend fo much that they made the bells found. I was fo ufed unto them that many times in my bed I would not ftir for them. Yet this year they brought me to fuch a fear, that had not the Lord been a prefent refuge to me in time of trouble, I had utterly been undone. For being one morning in my chamber ftudying,fo great and fuddain was an earthquake, that it made me run from my table to a window, fearing that before I could get down the flairs, the whole houfe might fall upon my head, the window was in a thick wall vaulted upwards like an arch (which the Spaniards hold to be the fafeft place if a houfe fhould fall) where Iexpe&ed nothing but death ■, as foon as I got under it, the earthquake ceafed, though my heart ceafed not to quake with the fuddain aft'iightment. Whilfi I was mufing and thinking what to do, whether I fhould run down to the yard, or continue where I was, there came a fecond fhaking worfe then the firft. I thought with my felf if the houfe fhould fall, the Arch would notfave my life, and that I fhould either be flifled or thrown out of the window, which was not very low and neer unto the ground, but fomewhat high, wide, open, ha- ving no glafs cafements but wooden ftiuts, (fuch as there are ufed) and if I leaped out of the window, I might chance to break a leg, or a limb, yet fave my life. The fuddennefs of the aftonifhment took from me the belt and 074 A New Survey Chap. XX. and mod mature deliberation in fuch a caf3 •, and in the midft ofthefe my troubled and perplexed thoughts a third motion came as violent as the former, wherewith I had now fetone foot in the Window to leap down, had not the fame Lord ('to whom David faid in the 4 6 Pfal.v ,2, Therefore will we not fear, though the earth be moved) by his wonderful providence fpoken both to me and to the moving earth, faying as in the to v. Be Hill and know that I am God i tor certainly had it gone on to a fourth motion, I had by calling down my felf broke either my neck or a leg, or fome other joynt. Thus was I twice la- ved by my good God in Mixcoy and in Pinola I was once no lei's in danger in lofing a leg by means of a fmaller inftru- ment then is a flea. This Town of Pinola in the Indian language is calkd Pancac \ Pan fignifieth in, or amongft, C or thirdly, a fmall vermine, commonly called by the Spaniards , Migua s which iscommon over all the India's , but more in fome places then in others. Where there are many Hogs, there is ufually much of this fort of vermine. The Spaniards report that many of the Soldi- ers of Sir Francis Drake died of them, when they landed about Nombrc dcDios-, and marched up the high Moun- tains of St. Pablo towards Panama, who feeling their feet to itch, and not knowing the caufe thereof, fcratched them fo much, till they feftred, and at lafl, (if this report be truej coft them their lives. Some lay, they breed in all places, high and low, upon Tables, Beds, and upon the ground^ but experience fheweth the contrary, that they on- ly breed upon the ground, for where the houfes are fluttifh and not often fwept, there commonly they are mofi felt i and in that they ufually get into the Feet and Shooes,and feldom into the hands or any other part of the body, ar- gues that they breed upon the ground. They are left then the leaft flea, and C3n fcarce be perceived, and when they enter into the foot, they make it burn and itch i and if then they be looked to, they appear black, and no bigger then ! Chap. XX, of the Weft-Indies. 37^ the point of a pin, and with a pin may eafily be taken out whole i but if part of them be left, the fmalleft part will do as much harm as the whole, and will get into the flefli. When once they are got in, they breed a little bag in the flefli,and in it a great many Nits, which increafe bigger and bigger to the bignefs of a great Pea s then they begin again to make the foot itch, winch it it be fcratched, falleth to fettering, and fo indangeieth the whole foot. Some hold it beft to fake them out when they caufe the ttrtt itching and are getting in, but this is hard to do, becaufe they can hardly then be perceived, and they are apt to be broken. Therefore others commonly let them alone, un- til they be got into the fl-fh, and have bred a bag with i nits, which like a better fheweth it felf through the skin and then with the point of a pin, they dig round about the bag, till they can with the pins point take it out whole, it it be broken, it comes to breed again \ if it be taken out, whole, then they put in a little ear wax, or afhes where the bag lay, and with that the hole is healed up again in a day or two. The way to avoid this vermins entring into the foot, is to lay both fhoocs and bookings, or whatfoever other clothing upon fome ttool or chair high from the ground, and not to gobare-foot i which yet is wonderful in the Indians themfelvcs, that though they commonly do go bare-foot, yet they arc feldom troubled with them, which is attributed to the hardiids of their skin s for cer- tainly w'ere they as tender footed and skinned as are thofe that wear both fhoocs and bookings, they would be as much troubled with them asthefe are. Pancic and P 'ma- il-, is much fubjttf to this Vermin, or Nigua , and 1 found it by woful experience, ter at my tirtt coming thither not knowing well the quality of it, 1 let one breed lo long in my toor, and continued fcratching it, untill my foot came to be fo fettered, that f was tain to lie two whole months in a Chirurgions hand, and at laft through Gods grea. mercy and goodnefs to me I loft’ not a Limb, but rh t the Providence of God may bekno n to me the Wcitt r . ail his Creatures, living in fo far a Country from all my & b "friends 4 New Survey Chap. XX. 1 -Mends, and from me may be related unto future Genera- f rions, before I conclude this Chapter, I (lull further (hew f both my dangers and deliver mas. Tnough true it is, ' moft of the Indians are but formal'y Chrillian5, and only j outwardly appear fuch, but fccrctly are givtn to Witch- 1 craft and idolatry, yet as they were under my charge I thought by preaching Chrft unto them, and by cherifhing them, and defending them from the cruelty of the Spa- | Wards, I might better work upon them to bring them to I more knowledge of forrte truths, at lealt concerning God J and Chrift. Therefore as I found them truly loving, kind and bountiful unto me, fo I endeavoured in all occahons A to fhew them love by commiferating their fuffaings, and i taking theirpartagainftany Spaniards that wronged them, i and keeping conltantly in my Chamber fuch drugs (as hot Waters, Annifetd and Wine and the like J which I knew might mefl pleafe them, when they came to fee me, and molt comfort them, when they were Tick or grieved. This \ my love and pity towards them had almott in Pinola coif me my life , For an Indian ot that Town ferving a Spa- j riard n;med F^ancijco de Nmitcnegro (who lived a mile 1 and a half from thence J W3S orcelo pittTully beaten and i wounded by bis Matter, for that he told him he would a complain to me that he payed him not fus wages, that he I was brought home to the Town, and had I not out of my I (haiity called tor a Chirurgion from Petapa to cure him, he had certainly dyed, I could not but complain for the i poor Indian unto the Prcii Jcnt of Guatemala , who rcfpe- i ctingmy complaint, lent for my Spaniard to the City, im- prisoned him, and kept him clofe until the Indian was recovered, and lo with a Fine lent him back again. In a Sermon I prefkd this home unto the neighbouring Spa - < wards, warning them of the wrongs and abufes which they offered unto the poor Indians , which I told them 1 would put up no more then any injury done unto my felfi for that I looked upon them as Neophytes and new plants of Chriftianity, who were not to be difeouraged, but by all means of love encouraged to come to Chilli > withal I com- Chap.XX. of the Weft-Indies. 379 commanded all the Indians that had any wrong done unto them, to come unto me, alluring them that I would make fuch a complaint for them as fhould be heard, as they might perceive I had lately done to fome purpofe. This Sermon (luck fo in Montenegro his (lomach, that (as I was informed ) he made an Oath, that he would procure my death. Though it was told me, yeti could hardly be- lieve it, judging it to be more a bravery and a vain boalt- ing of a Spaniard , then any thing t He * Yet by the advice of fome friends I was counfelled to look to my fclf, which yet I flighted, untill one day the boys and Indians that fer- ved in my houfe came running to my chamber door, wi- fhing me to look to my felf, and not to come out, for that Montenegro was come into my Yard with a naked fwoid to kill me. I charged them from within to call the Officers ot the Town to aid and affill me ; but in the mean while my furious Spaniard perceiving himfelf difeovered, left the Town. With this I thought of fccuring my felf better, and called for a Blackmoor, Miguel Valva a very liout and lufly fellow, who lived from me half a mile, to be about me until I could difeover more of Montenegroes defigns and malicious intents. The next Sabbath day in the morning being to ride to the Town of Mixed , I carried my Blackmoor, and half a dozen of Indians in my company, and going through a little Wood in the midli of the Valley, there I found my enemy waiting for me, who feeing the train I brought, durfi do nothing, but gave me fpiteful languages, telling me he hoped that he fhould find me alone fome time or other. With this I thought fit to delay no longer my feeond complaint to the Prefi- dentagainll him, who as before heard me willingly, and af- ter a months imprifonment banifhed Montenegro 30 leagues from the Valley. And not only from Spaniards was I in danger for the Indivns fake whilft I lived in thofe Towns* but alio from fome Indians themfelves, ("who were falfe in Religion ) I did undergo great perils, and yet was (fill delivered. In Firnla there were fome, who were much given to Witch- 37§ A New Survey Chap.XX witchcraft, and by the povves of the Devil did a6f ftrangi things. Amongft the reft there was one old woman na- med Martha de Carrillo , who had been by feme of th: Town formerly accufed for bewitching many •> but the Spa nijh Juftices quitted her, finding no lure evidence againf her» with this (he grew worfe and wor(e, and did mud harm. When I was there, two or three died, withering away, declaring at their death that this Carrillo had killec them, and that they fawher often about their beds, threat- ring them with a frowning and angry look. The Indian, for tear of her duift not complain aguinft her, nor meddh with her i whereupon I fent word unto Don J:ian de Guz- man the Lord of that Town, that ii he took not order j, with her, (he would deftroy his Town. He hearing of it ,c got for me a Commiifion from the Bifhop and another effi cer of the Inquifition to make diligent and private inquirj after her life and adtions ■» which I did, and found among the Indians many and grievous complaints a gainit her, rriof of the Town affirming that certainly (lie was a notorious witch, and that before her accufation (he was wont whi- thersoever (he went about the Town to go with a Dud- following her, which when (he came to the Church, woulc tiay at the door till (he came out again, and then woulc return home with her, which Duck they imagined wa her beloved Devil and familiar Spirit, for that they hac often fet dogs at her and they would not meddle with her but rather run away from her. This Duck never appear ed more with her, fince (lie was formerly accufed befor< the Juftice, which was thought to be her policy, that flat might be no more fufpe&ed thereby. This old womar was a widow, and of the pooreft of the Town in outwarc fhew, and yet (he always had ftore of mony, which nont could tell which way flic might come by it. Whilft I was thus taking privy information againfther fit being the time of Lent, when all the Town came toConfcfii- n) (lie among the reft came to the Church to confefs her fins, and brougi.i me the beft prefent and offering of all the Town, tor whereas a Rial is common, (lie brought me four, and bifiJts a IChap.XX. of the Weft-Indies. 379 a Turky, Eggs, Fifh, and a little bottle of hony. She thought thereby to get with me a better opinion then I had of her from the whole Town jl accepted of her great offering, and heard her Confcflion, which was of nothing but trifles, which could fcarce be judged finful actions. I ,] examined her very clofe of what was the common judg- Iment ot all the Indians , and efpecially of thofe who dying had declared to my felf at their death that (he had bewitched them, and before their ficknefs had threatned them, and in their ficknefs appeared threatning them with their death about their beds, none but they thcmfclves feting her. To which (he replyed weeping, that (he was wronged. I asked her, how (lie being a poor widow without any fons to help her, without any means of lively hood had (omuch mony as to give me more then the richeit of the Town, how (lie came by that Fifh, Turkey, and hony, having none of this ot her own about her houfe '‘to which (he replyed, that God loved her and gave her all thefe things, and that . with her mony (lie had bought the reff. I asked her of whom ? the anfwered that out of the Town (he had them- I perfwaded her much to repentance, and to forfake the Deviland all fellow (hip with him i but her words and anfwers were ot a Saintly and holy woman i and (he ear- neftly dtfired me to give her the Communion with the rcll that were to receive the next day. which I told her I durlt not do, ufing Chrills words, Give not the childrens bread unto dogs, nor call your pearls unto (wine s and that it would be a great (candal to give the Communion unto her, who was fufpedfed generally, and had been accufed for a Witch. This (he took very ill, telling me that (he had ma- ny years received the Communion, and now in her old age it grieved her to be deprived of it > her tears were many, yeti could not be moved with them, but refolutely denied her the Communion, and fo dilmiffed her. At noon when I had done my work in the Church, I bad my fer- vants go to gather up the offerings, and gave order to have the fifh dreffed for my dinner which (lie had brought \ but no fooner was it carried into the Kitchen, when the Cook looking 302 A New Survey Chap.XX looking on it found it full of Maggots, and llinking, ft that I was forced to hurl it away. With that I began tc fufped my old Witch, and went to look on her hony and powring it out into a difh, I found it full of Worms her eggs I could not know from others, there being near a hundred offered that day =, but after as I ufed them, wt found lome rotten, fome with dead chickens within > the next morning the Turkey was found dead i as for her four Rials, 1 could not perceive whether fhe had bewitch- ed them out of my pocket, for that I had put them with many other, which that day had been given me, yet as far as 1 could I called to memory who and what had been gi- ven me, and in my judgment and reckoning I verily thought that 1 miffed four Rials. At night when my fervants the Indians were gone to bed, I fat up late in my chamber bet-king my felt to my books and fludy, for I was the next morning to make an exhortation to thofe that re- ceived the Communion. After I had ltudyed a while, it being between ten and eleven of the clock, on a fudden the chief door in the hall ('where in a lower room was my chamber, and the fervants, and three other doorsjflew open, and 1 heard one come in, and for a while walk about » then was another door opened which went into a little I room, where my faddles were laid \ with this l thought | it might be the Black-moor Miguel Dalva, who would of- ten come late to my houfeto lodge there, efpecially fmee | my fear of Montenegro, and I conje&ured that he was lay- ing up his faddle, I called unto Ijim by his name two or three times from within my chamber, but no anfwer was made , but fuddenly another door that went out to a Gar- den flew alfo open, wherewith I began within to fear, my joynts trembled, my hair flood up, I would have called out to the fervants, and my voice was as it were flopped with the fudden aflrightment, I began to think of the Witch and putmytrufl in God again!! her, and encouraged my felf and voice, calling out to the fervants, and knock- ing with a Cane at my door within that they might hear me, for I durfl not open it and go out. With the Chap. XX. oj^ the Wcft-lnclics. 383 the noife which I made the fervants awaked and came ouc to my chamber door s then I opened it, and asked them if they had not heard fome body, in the hall, and all the doors opened. They faid they were afleep , and heard nothing, only one boy faid he heard all, and related unto me the fame that I had heard. I took my candle then in my hand and went out into the hall with them to view the doors, and 1 found them all (hut , as the fer- vants fay they had left them. Then I perceived that the Witch would have affrighted me, but had no power to do me any harm i I made two of the fervants lie in my cham- bers and went to bed. In the morning early I fent for my Fifcdl the Cierck of the Church, and told him what had happened that night s he fmiled upon me, and told me it was the widow Carillo , who had often played fuch tricks in the Town with thofe that had offended her, and therefore he had the night before come unto me from her defiring me to give her the Communion, left fhe fliould do me fome hurt, which I denied unto him, as I had done to her felf. The Clerk bid me be of good cheer, for he knew fhe had no power over me to do me any hurt. After the Communi- on that day fome of the chief Indians came unto me, and told me that old Carillo had boalfed that fhe would play me fome trick or other, becaufe I would not give her the Communion. But I to rid the Town of fuch a limbe of Satan, fent her to Guatemala , with all the evidences and witnclfes which I had found againft her unto the prefi- dent and Bifhop, who commanded her to be put in prifon, where lhe died within twomoneths. Many more Indians there were in that Town, who were faid in my time to do very lirange things. One tailed John Gonzalez was reported to change himfelf into the fhape of a Lyon, and in that flupe’was one day (hot in the nole by a poor harmelefs Spaniard who chiefly gat his living by going about the Woods ad Mountains, and hooting at wild Deer and other beafts to make mony of them, j de efpied one day a Lyon, and having no other aime at him nit his fnout behind atree, he (hot at hingtheLyon run aways , the 3o2 A New Survey •Chap. XX. the fame day thisGonzalez was taken (ick, I was fent for i to hear his Confeflion, I faw his face and nofe all bruifed, i and asked him how it came, he told me then that he had i fallen from a tree and almoft killed himfelf , yet after- wards he accn fed the poor Spaniard for (hooting at himij the bu(ine(s was examined by a Spanijh ]uftice, my evi- j dence was taken for what Gonzalez told me of his fall from a tree, the Spaniard was put to his oath, who fwarethat he (hot at a Lyon in a thick Wood, where an Indian could fcarce be thought to have any bufinefs, the tree was found t out in the Wood, whereat the (hot had been made and was Hill marked with the (hot and bullet •> which Gonzalez con- j felfed was to be the place, and was examined how he nei- 4 ther fell nor was feen by the Spaniard^ when he came toy feekfor the Lyon, thinking he had killed him ; to which he ] anfwered that he ran away led the Spaniard (hould kill f him indeed. But his anfwers feeming frivolous, the Spa- ■ niards integrity being known, and the great fulpitionl that was in the Town of Gonzalez his dealing with * the Devil, cleared the Spaniard from what was laid a- * gaind him. But this was nothing to what after happened to one \ John Gomez , the chiefed Indian of that Town of neer (ourfeore years of age, the Head and Ruler of the princi- palled Tribe among the Indians-, whofe advife and coun-! fel was taken and preferred before all the red, whofeemed to be a very godly Indian , and very fcldom mifltd morn- ing and evening prayers in the Church, md had bellowed great riches there. This Indian very fuddenly was taken , lick (T being then in my other Town of Mixco,) the Miy-i ordomos , or (rewards of the Sodality of the Virgin (earing | that he might die without Confeflion and they be chid ; for their negligence, at midnight called me up at MixcoM ddiring me to go prefently and help John Gomez to die, whom alio they faid dciired much to (ee me and to re- ceive fome comfort from me . I judging it a work of cha-; rity, although the time of the night were unfeafonable, and the great rain at the prefunt might have (lopped my charity, Chap. XX. . of the Weft-Indies. 383 charity, yet I would rot be hindred by either of them, and fo fet forth to ride nine miles both in the dark and wet. When I came to Pinola being thorough wet to the skin, I went immediately to the houfe of old lick Gomez , who lay with his face all muffled up, thanked me for my pains and care I had for his foul » he defired to confefs, and by his confeflion and weeping evidenced nothing but a godly life, and a willing defire to die and to be with Chrift. i comforted him and prepared him for death, and before I departed, asked him how he felt himfelf j he anfwered that his ficksefs was nothing but old age and weaknefs. With this I went to my houfe, changed my felf and lay down a while to red, when fuddenly I was called up again to give Gomez the extream un&ion, which the Indians fas they have been ignorantly taughtj will not omit to receive before they die. As I anointed him in his nofe, his lips, his eyes, his hands and his feet, I p ed t' .t he was fwelled) and black and blew s but made needing of it, judging it to proceed from the tick- nets of his body y I went again home being now break of the day, when after I had taken a fmall nap, fome Indianr came to my door for to buy candles to offer up for John Gomez his foul, whom thty told me was departed, and was that day to be buried very folemnly atMafs. I arofc with drownc eyes after fo unquiet a nights relU and walk- ed to the Church, where I law the grave was preparing. I met ev irh two or three Spaniards who lived neer the Town and eere come to Mats that morning, who went in v ith me to my chamber, and with them I fell into dif- courfe about John Gomez , telling them what comfort I had nerved at his death, whom I judged to have lived very hohly, end doubted not of his falvation, and that the Town would mu h want him, tor that he was their chief guide at. d seer- ruling them w ith good advife and coun- le!> i\ ehis l Spaniards frniled one at another, and told n : • was ■. . deceived by ail the Indians , but efpe- ci-lly -fir u .a d Gomez , it 1 judged him to have keen a 4 holy man. i told them that they as ene- mies 3 8 6 A New Survey Chap. XX. miesto the poor Indians judged Hill uncharitably of them* but that I who know very well their confciences, could judge better of them then they. One then replyed, that it teemed a little knew the truth of Joint Gomez his death by I the Confeffion which he had made unto me, and that I Teemed to be ignorant of the ffir which was in the Town concerning his death. This Teemed To llrange unto me, that I detired them to informe me of the truth. Then they told me that the report went, that John Gomez the chief i wizard of all the wizards, and witches in the Towm and that commonly he was wont to be changed into the flupe of a Lyon, and To to walke about the mountains. That he was ev^r a deadly enemy to one Scbajiian Lopez an an- cient Indian , and head of another Tribe > and that both of 11 them two days before had met in the mountain, Gomez in the ffiapeof a Lyon, and Lopez in the fhape of a Ti- ‘ gre, and that they fought molt cruelly, till Gomez ( who 1 was the older and weaker ) was tired, much bit and r bruifed s and died ofit. And turther that I might be allu- red of this truth, they told me that Lopez was in prifon for - it, and the two Tribes (hiving about it, and that the r Tribe and kindred of Gomez demanded from Lopez and his f Tribe and kindred fatisfaclion, and a great Turn of mony, 1 or e'fe did threaten to make the cale known unto the I Spanijh power and authority, which yet they were unwil- I ‘ ling to do if they could agree and fmother it up among themfelves, that they might not bring an afperlion upon their onw Towm. This Teemed very ftrange unto me, and I could not rtfolve what to beleeve, and thought I would never more belifcve an Indian, if I foiyid John Gomez to have To much diiTcmbled and deceived me. I took my leave of the Spaniards and went my felf to the Prifon, where 1 found Lopez with fetters. I called one of the officers of the Town, who was Alguazil Maior, and my h great friend, unto my houfe, and privatly examined him why Lopez was ktpc To ciofe prifoner > he was loth to tell : me tearing the reli of the Indians , and hoping the buitntfs I would be taken up, and agreed by the two Tribes, and not Chap. XX. of the Weft-Indies. 387 not noiled about the Counfrey, which at the very inllanC the two Alcaldes and Regidorts , Maiors and jurats, with the chief of both Tribes were fitting about m the Town-houfeall tint morning. But I feeing the Officer fp timorous, vvas more dt ‘irons to know fomething, and preffed more upon him for the truth, glvinghim an inkling of what I had heard from the Spaniards before., fo which he anfwered that if they could agree amongft themfelves, they feared no ill report from the Spaniard t againlt theit Town '■) 1 told him I muff know what they were agreeing upon amongft rhetnfelves fo elofely in the Town houfe. He fold tne, if I would promife him to fay nothing of him ('for he feared the whole Town if they fnould know he had revealed any thing unto me ) he would tell me the truth. With this I comforted him, and gave him a cup of Wine, and encouraged him, warranting him that no harm fhould come unto him for what he told me. Then he related the bufmefs unto me as the Spaniards had don, and told me that he thought the Tribes amongft thimfelves would net agree, for that fome of Gomez his friends hated Lopez and all fuch as were fo familiar with the D-vil, and cared not it Gomez his diffembiing life were laid open to the world i but others he faid, who were as bad as Lopez, and Gomez , would have it kept dole , left they and all the Witchd aud Wizards of the Town fhould be difeovered. This (truck me to the very heart, to think that I fhould live amongft fuch people, whom I faw were fpending all they could get by their work and labour upon the Church, Saints, and in offerings, and yet were fo privy to the counfels of Satam it grieved me that the Word 1 preached unto them, did no more good, and I refolved from that time forward to fpend molt of my indevours againft Satans fubtilty, and to (hew them more then I had don, the great danger of their fouls who had made any compact with the Devil, that I might make them abandon and abjure his works , and dole with Chrift by Faith, I diimiffed the Indian , and went to the Church, to fte if the people were come to Khfs ) I found there Gs A New Survey Chap. XX. - only two who were making Gomez his Grave, to my Camber, troubled much within my *elf, whether I fhould allow him a Chriftian burial, who had lived and died fo wickedly, as I had been informed. Yet 1 thought 1 was not bound to believe one Indian againlt him, nor the Spaniards , whom I luppofed {'poke but by heaifay. Whilctt I was thus muling, there came .. unto me at leaft twenty of the chief tit of the Town with the two Maiors, Jurates, and all the Oiiicers of julfice, who defired me to forbear that day the burying of John Gomez, tor that they had refolved to call a Crown Olhccr to view his Corps and examine his death, ltd they all (hould be troubled ior him, 2nd he be ag in unburyed. I made as if I knew nothing, but inquired ot them the reafon sihen they , related all unto me, and tend me how there were witneflls in the Town who few a Lyon and a Tiger fighting, and prefently loli the light ot the beads, and law John Gomezy and SebaJiian Lopez , much about the lame place parting one irem another s and that immediately John Gomez came home bruited to his bed, from whence he never role more, and that he declared upon his dtadi-bed unto feme of his friends that Scbattian Lopez had killed him v whereupon I ; they had him in late cuilody. further they told me that though they had never known {o much wickednefs ot tilde two chief heads or their Town whom they had much re- Ipecfed and followed, yet now upon this occafion, from the one Tribe and the other they were certainly informed that both ot them did conftantly deal with the Devil, which would bra great afperiion upon their Town, but they tor tneir parts abjured all luch wicked ways, and prayed me not to conceive the worfe ot all tor a few, whom they u?ere relblved to perfecute, and fuller not to live amongft them. I told them I much liked their good zeal, and rncouraged them as good Chriltians to indevour the rooting out ot Satan from their Town, and they cid very well in giving notice to Guatemala , to the Spanijb power, of this accident, and that it they had concealed it, they might ail hate been purifhed as guilty ci Gctr.ezhis death, 388 11 o body but ^ went back Chap. XX. of the Weft-Indies. 38^ death, and Agents, with Satan, and his inflruments. I allured them I had no ill conceipt of them, but rather judged well of them for what they were agreed to do. The Crown Officer was fent for who came that night and fearched Gomez his body \ I was prefent with him, and found it all bruifed, fcratched and in many places bitten 1 and fore wounded. Many evidences and iufpicions were ! brought in again!! Lopez by the Indians of the Town, j efpccial by Gomez his friends, whereupon he was carryed away to Guatemala, and there again was tryed by thefame j witness, and not much denying the fadt himfelf* was j there hanged. And Gomez , though his grave was opened I in the Church, he was not buried in it, but ip another made . ready for him in a Ditch. In Mixco I found alfo fome Indians no Iefs diflemblers then was this Gomez , and thofe of the chieteft and richelt of the Town, who were four Brothers called Fuentes , and half a fcore more. Thefe were ourwardly very fair tongued, liberal, and free handed to the Church, much devoted to the Saints, great feafters upon their day, and yet in fecrct great Idolaters. But jt pleafed God to make me his iniiru- ment, to difeover and bring to light the fecrecy of their hidden works of darknefs, which it feems the privacy of a thick Wood and Mountain had many years hid from the eyes of the World. Some of thefe being one day in the company of other better Chriliians drinking hard of their Chicks, boalted of their God, faying that he had preached unto them better then 1 could preach, nay that he had plainly told them that they fhould not believe any thing that I preached of Chrilt, but follow the old ways of their Forefathers, who worlhipped their Gods aright, but now by the example of the Spaniards they were deluded, and brought to wordiip a falte God. The other Chriliians hearing of this began to wonder, and to enquire of them where that God was, and with much ado, pro- miling to follow their ways, and their God, got out of them the place and Mountain where they might find him, T Hough this in drunkennels, were agreed upon, yet in Cc 2 fobernefs 390 A New Survey Chap. XX. fobernefs (he good Chriftians thought better of what they had agreed ‘upon, flighted what before in drinking they heard, and yet it was not kept by them foclofe, but that it came to the ears of a Spaniard in the Valley s who finding himfelf touched in confidence, came to Mixco to me, and told me what he had heard, that fome Indians of that town followed an Idol, and boafted that he had preached unFo them againft my Dudlrine, and for the ways of the former Heathens. I thanked God for that he was pleated to under- mine the fecret works of Satan daily , and deiired the Spa- niard to tell me by whom lie came to know of this. He told me the Indians name from whom he had it, and that lie was afraid to dilcovcr the Indians and to tell me of it. 1 fent for the Indian before the Spaniard , who confelfed unto me that he had heard of fuch a thing '■> but knew that if he did difeover the Indians , they with the power of the Devil would do him much harm \ I told him, if he were a true Chriftian, he ought to tight againft the Devi!, and xiot to fear him, who could do him no harm if God were with him, and he doled by Faith with Chrilt, and that the difeovery of that Idol might be a means lor the conver- ting of the Idolaters, when they (hall fee the fmall power of their falfe God againll the true God of the Chriliians. Further 1 told him plainly, that it he did not tell me who the Indians were, and where their Idol was, that I would have him to Guatemala , and thtre make him difeover what he knew. Here the Indian began to tremble, and told me the Fucntes had boaited of fuch an Idol, whom they called their God, and gave fome ligns of a Fountain and of a Pine-Tree at the mouth of a Cave in fuch a Moun- tain. I asked him, if he knew the place, or what kind of Idol it was i he told me, that he had often been in that Mountain, where he had fan two or three fp rings of water, but never was in any Cave. I asked him it he would go with me, and help me to find it out, he refufed Hill tearing the Idolaters, and wifbed me not to go, for fear if they fliould be there, they might kill me rarher then be difeovered. I anfwered him that I would carry with me fuch Chap. XX. of the Weft-Indies. 391 fuch a Guard as fhould be able to defend me againft them, I and my Faith in the true living God, would fecure me againft that falfe God. I refolved therefore with the Spa - nurd to go to fearch out the cave the next day, and to carry with me three or lour Spaniards and my Blackmore I Miguel Dalvay and that Indian • I told him I would not futfer him to go home to his houfe that day, for fear he fliould difeover in the Town my dtfign and purpofe,and fo we might be prevented by the Idolaters, who certainly that night would take away their Idol. The Indian hill refu- fed, till I threatned him to fend for the Officers of Jufiice, and fo fecure his perfon i with this he yielded, and that he might have no difeourfe with any body in the Town, nor with the Servants of my houfe, I defired the Spaniard to take him home to his houfe, and to keep him there dole that day and night, promiling to be with him the next morning. I charged the Spaniard alfo with fecrecy, and fo difmiffed him with the Indian. That day I rid to Pinola for the Blackmore Miguel Dalvay and brought him to Mixco with me, not telling him what my intent was ; I went alfo to four neighbouring Spaniards , defiring them to be in a readinefs the next morning to go a little way with me for the fervice of God, and to meet me at fuch a neighbours houfe, and that if they would bring their fowling pieces, we might chance to find fome fport where we went, and as for previfion of Wine and Meat, I would provide fufficiently. They promifed to go with me, thinking that although I told them, it was for the fervice of God, my purpofe only was to hunt after fome wild Deer in the Mountains. I was glad they conflrued my adtion that way, and fo went home, and provided that night a good Gammon of Bacon, and fome Fowls rolled, cold, and others boiled, well peppered and faired for the next days work. Where I had appointed my Indian to be kept, I met with the rt It of my company, and from thence we went together to the place of the Idolaters wor- fhipping, which was fome fix miles from Mixco towards the Town of St.John Sacatepeques. When we came into the Cc 3 Wood «p2 A Neiv Survey Chap. XX. Wood we prefntly met with a deep Barranca, or bottom, where was a running, which encouraged us to make there ! diligent fearcb, but nothing could be found > from thence we ascended up out of the Barranca, and found after much time fptnt a fpring of water, and looked care- fully about it, but could find no Cave. Thus in vain we fearched till the Evening, and fearing left we might lofe V our way anJ our fdvc% if the night overtook us, my friends began to (peak of returning homewards. But I confidcring that as yet w e had not gone over, one half part j of the Wood, and to go home and come again might make i us to be noted, and fpoktn‘of, we thought it our btft way j to take up our lodging that night in the Wood, and in that i bottom which we fitff fearched, where was good water e for to drink Chocolatte, and warm lying under the trees, w and fo in the morning to make our fecond {earch. The it Company was very willing to yield unto it, and the i calm night favoured our good intentions. Wre made a \ fire for our Chocolatte, and fupped exceeding well of our v. cold meat, and (pent moli part of the night in merry ; difeourfe, having a watchful eye over our Indian., Elf he v lTiould gave us the flip, and committing him to the charge v, of Miguel Valva . In the morning we prayed unto God, | befeeching him to guide us that day in the work we went ) about, and to difeover unto us the Cave of darknefs and j iniquity, where lay hid that inllrument of Satan, that fo. by his difeovery glory might be given unto our true God, v and fhamc and punifhmcnt brought upon his enemies. We 1 entred again into the thick Wood up a ffeepy hill, and having throughly fearched all the South tide of it, we went on to the North tide, where we found another deep defeent, which we began to walk down looking on every dide, and not in vain s for almoft half a mile from the top we found Come marks of a way that had been ufed and troden, which we followed until we came to another fpring of water »we fearched narrowly about if, and found fome pieces of broken earthen difbes and pots, and onq piece of a chafing-difh, fuch as the Indians ufe to burn ^rankincenfe Chap. XX. of the Welt-Indies. 393 Frankincenfe in, in the Churches before their Saints , we verily imagined that thefe were pieces of fuch inftruments wherewith the Idolaters performed their duty unto their Ido’, and we were the more comforted for that we knew that earthen ware had been made in Mixed » the Pine Tree which immediately we difeovered confirmed our hop,s. Wheiv we came untoic we made very little more fearch,for reer at hand was the Cave, which was dark within, but light at the mouth, where we found nvnre earthen ware, with a tli es in thetn, which affured us of fomt Frankincenfe that had been burned. We knew not how far the Cave migh reach within, nor what might be in it, and there fore with a flint we ftruck fire and lighted a couple of candles and went in at the enfring it was broad, and went a little forward , but when we were in, vve found it turn on the left hand towards the mountain, and not far ifur within two rods we found the Idol handing upon a low fioul covered with a lumen cloth. The fubitance of it was wood, black fhining like Jet, as it it had been painted or fmorked,thc form was of a mans head unto the flioulders, without either B.ard or Muitachocs > his look was giim with a wrinkled forehead, and broad liartling eyes. We feared not his frowning look, but prefently feized upon him > and as we lifted him up we found under him fome finglc Rials, which his Favorites had offered unto him-, which made us fearch more diligently ihe Cave i and ic was not amifs , for we found upon the ground more lingle Rials, fome plantins and other fruits, wax candies ha t b riled, p its of Maiz, one little one ot Huny, little difhes wherein Frankincenfe had been burned, whereby I perceived the Idolaters and Chriflians both agreed in their offerings i and had I not been informed that they called this Idol their Gcd, I could have blamed them no more then the rdf ot the Towns who worfhip, kneel before and offer fuch offerings unto their Saints made of Wood, and fome no handfomer then was this Idol, which I thought, might have been fome beafts fltiape ■> but being the fhape and four, ofa man, they rpighc have named him Cc 4 by 394 A New Survey Chap. XX. by the name of Come Saint, and to lome way have excufed themfelvc-s, which they could not do, nor would they do it, in that they pet Lilted in this error, that he was their God, and had fpoken and preached unto their, and being afterwards asked by me, wether it were the pidfure of any Saint, fuch as were in Mixco, and other Churches, they antwered, No, but that he was above all the Saints in the Countrey. We were very joyful to fee that we had not fpent cur time in vain, vve cut down boughs of trees, and niled the Cave u i : h them and hopped the mouth oi it up, and came away, making the Indian that went with us carry the Idol on his back wrapped up in cloth, that it might not be. ften or perceived as we went. I thought it fit to delay the time till night, and then to enter into Mixco , that the Indians might fee nothing. So I ltayed at one of the Spa- niards houfes, till it were late, and deiired him to warn from me all the Spaniards thereabouts to be at Mixco. Church the next Sabbath, ( fearing led the Idolaters might be many, and rite up againi't me ) that 1 had fumewhat to lay unto them, and their lilackmoors concerning their So- dalities, for 1 would not have them know ot the Idol, till they heard ot it and faw it in the Church, led it dioulci come to tire Indians hearing, and to the Idolaters might ahfem thtmfelvcs. At night 1 to.>k my Indian , and Miguel Dalva with rrie, and went home, and Glutting up the Idol in a ched till the next Sabbath, I dimitfed th e Indian, charging him to lay nothing, tor he knew it he did what harm might come unto him from the Idolaters, and I knew tew words now would fuffice, tor that he feared hijnfclf, it it fnould be known that he had been with rpe. I kept Miguel Valva with me, who was deli- rous to tee the end of the buduefs, and prepared my felt againG the next Sabbath to preach upon the 5. v> of the 20. ot Exodus, Ihou (halt have none other Gods before me, though it were a Tixr nothing belonging to the Gof- pel of (lie day, from whence commonly in the Church of Home the Text s#af.d Gibjcdfcs ot Sermons are deduced* but I 11 ! 11 u 1 K " n I 1 ) 1 Chap.XX. of the Weft-Indies. 395 but I judged that Text molt feafonable for the prefent oo cafion. On the Sabbath day in the morning, when the Pulpit was made ready by him who had care ot theChurch and Altars, I caufed Miguel Valva to carry under his Cloak the Idol, and to leave it in the Pulpit upon theground that it might not be feen, till fuch time as I fhould think fit in my Sermon to produce it, and to walk about theChurch till the Congregation came in, that none might fee it or take it away. Never was there a greater refort from abroad to that Church then that day of Spaniards and Blackmoors, who bv the warning I fent unto them expe&ed fome great matter from me, and of the Town very few were abfent, the Fuentes and all the reft that were fufpedfed to be that Idols favorites (little thinking that their God was brought from his Cave, and now lay hid in the Pulpit to (hame them) came alfo that day to Church. I commanded Miguel Valva to be himfelf neer the Pu'pit at Sermon time, and to warn thofe Spaniards that knew the bufinefs, and fome more Blackmoors his friends to be alfo near the Pulpit flairs. Thus Mafs being ended, I went up to preach j when I rehearfed the words, ot my Text, I perceived both Spa- niards and Indians began to look one upon another, as not being ufed to Sermons out of the Old Teflament. I went on laying open this Command of God for having no other Gods before him, fo that the Doctrine might ieetn to convince all that were there prefent, as well Saint-wor- fhippers, as indeed that Idol* wovthippers, if the caufe of my preaching upon that fubjedt had not diverted their eyes from thcmfelves to behold their own guiltinefs of Idolatry, and to look only upon thofe who worfhipped a piece of Wood for God, and not, as they did, for a Saintf which yet in my judgment was much alike.) After I had fpoken what I thought fit concerning that horrible fin, and (hewed that no creature could have the power of God ( who was the Creator of all things) neither could do good or harm with- out the true living Gods Commiffion, efpecially inanimate Creatures as flocks, and flones,who by the hands and work- manfhip of {nan might have eyes}and yet were dead Idols, 39^ A New Survey . Chap.XX. and fee not, might nave ears and not hear, might have mouths, and not fpeak, might have hands, and not work> nor help or defend with them fuch as worshipped therm and bowed down unto them. Thus having halt finifhed my Sermon, I bowed my fclf down in the Pulpit, and lifted up the black, grim and haring D wi),and placed thatDigoti on one tide of the Pulpit, with mv eyes fixed upon fome of the Fuentcs and others, who I perceived changed their colour, blufhed, and were tore troubled looking one upon another. I dtfired the Con- gregation to behold what a God was worshipped by fome ot them, and all to take notice of him, if any knew what part of the earth was the Dominion of this God, or from whence he came. I told them that fome had beaded that this piece ot Wood had tpoken, and preached again!! what I had taught ot Chrift, and that therefore he was worshipped by them lor God, and they had offered mony, liony, and 'ot the fruits ot the earth unto him, and burnt Frankincuife b fore him in a fecret and hidden Cive under the earth, (Viewing thereby that they were aShamed to own him publickly, and that he lurking in the darknefs of the e2rth, (hewed ccrt.dnly that ht belonged to the Prince of darknefs. I challenged him there in pab ick to (peak tor himfelf, or elte by liknce ro flume and confound all his worShippers, I (hewed them how being but wood, he had been made and tafhioned by the hands ot man, and therefore was but a dead Idol- I (pent a great deal of time arguing with him, and defying Satan who had ufed him as his inftrument, daring the Devil himfelf to take him from that place which l had confined him to if he could, to (hew what little power he or Satan had againft the power of my faith in Chriif. After much arguing and reafoning according to the (hallow capacity of the Indians prefent, I told them if that their God had power to deliver him from that execution, which I had intended againff him ( which was there pub- lickly to have him cut in pieces and burnt ) they fhculd not believe the Gofpel of Jcfus Chrilt j but it they faw no poweif Chap.XX. of the Weft-Indies. 397 power at all in him againfr me the weakeft infirument of the true living God, then I befeeched them to be conver- ted unto that true God who created all things, and to embrace falvation by his Son the only Mediatour and Sa- viour Jefus Chiill, and to renounce and abjure from that time all Heathenifh Idolatry of their forefathers, alluring them for what was pall I would intercede for them, and fccure them from what punifhment might be infli&ed upon them by the Preftdent and tiifhop, and if they would come to me, 1 would fpend my bell indevours for the helping and furthering of them in the way of Chrifiia- nity. And thus concluding without naming any perfon, I went down out of the Pulpit, and caufed the Idol to be brought after me, and fending tor an axe, and for two or three great pans of coals, I commanded him to be hewen in vay fmall pieces, and to be caff in the fire and burned before all the people in the midll of the Churh. The Spaniards cried out joyfully Fiflor Viftor, and others re- peated, Gloria a. nojiro Dios , Glory to our God : the Idola- ters held their peace and fpake not then a word. But af- terwards they adted moll fpightfully againll me , and confpired day and night to get me at fome advantage, and to kill me. 1 writ to the Prclident of Guatemala in- forming him of what I had don, and to the Bilhop (as an Inquifitor to whom fuch cafes of Idolatry did belong) to be informed from him of what couxfe I fhould take with the Indians who were but in part yet difeovered unto me, and thofeonly by the relation of one Indian. From both I received great thanks for my pains in fearching the mountain, and finding out the Idol, and for my zeal in burning of it. And as touching the Indian Idolaters their counfel unto me was, that I fhould further enquire after the reft and difeover as many as I could, and indevour to ponvert them to the knowlege of the true God by fair and Iweet means, filewing pity unto them for their great blindnefs, and promifmg them upon their repentance par- don from the Inquifition, which confidering them to be 59 8 A New Survey Chap.XX. but new plants, ufeth not fuch rigour with them, which it ufeth with Spaniards , if they fall into fuch horrible fins. This advice 1 followed, and fent privately for the Fitentcs to my chamber, and told them how m rciful the Inquifi- tion was nnto them, expefting their converfion and amendment. They feemed fomwhat ftubborn and angry for that I had burned that God, whom not only they, but many others in the Town, and alfo in the Town of Saint John Sacatepeqncs did worfhip. I ufed reafons to perfwade them no honour was doe unto it, as to a God. But one of them boldly replyed, that they knew that it was a piece of wood and of it felfcould not (peak, but feeing it hadfpoken C as they were all witneflfes ) this was a miracle whereby they ought to be guided, and they did verily believe that God was in that piece of wood, which iince the fpeech made by it was more then ordinary wood, having God him- felf in if, and therefore defer ved more offering and adora- tion then thofe Saints in the Church, who did never (peak unto the people. I told them that the D^vil rather had framed that lpeech ( if any they had heard ) for to deceive their fouls and lead them to hell s which they might eafily perceive from the Dcdfrine which l was informed he had preached againft Chrift the only begotten Son of God, whom the f ather loveth and in whom he is well pleafed, and againft whom he certainly would not fpeak in that Idol. Another anfwered boldly, our forefathers never knew what Chrift was, untill the Spaniards came unto that Countrey j but they knew there were Gods, and did worfhip them, and did facrihce unto them , and for ought they knew this God of theirs belonged in old times unto their forefathers. Why then, faid I unto them, he was a weak God who by my hands hath been burned ? I per- ceived that at that time there was no reafoning with them, lor they were ftubborn and captious, and fo I difmiffed them. Had not God moft gracioully prote&ed me againft ihefe my enemies, I had certainly been murthered by them i for a moneth after the burning of the Idol, when I thought all had been forgotten, and that the Idolaters vvera Chap. XX. of the Weft-Indies. 399 were quiet, then they began to act their fpight and malice, which firli i difcovered by a noife which once at midnight I heard of people about my houfe, and at my chamber door i to whom I called out from my bed not daring to open, but could have no anfwer from them. I perceived they would have come in by force, for they puffed hard at the door. Whereupon I took fuddainly the (beets from off my bed, tying them with a firong knot together, and with another to a bar of the window, making my felf ready to fall down by them to the ground, and fo to die in the dark night, if they had ufed violence to come in. The (beets being thus prepared, and they lhll at the door thruft- ing without any word from them, I thought by calling and crying out aloud I might affright them away. Wherefore with a (brill voice 1 called rirtt to my fervants, who were but boys, and lay at the further end of a long gallery, then I cryed out to the neighbouring houfes to come and affift me againfl thieves. The fervants had heard the noife and were awake, who prefently at my call came out i and with their coming my enemies ran down the (lairs, and were heard no more that night. But I perceiving which way their fpight and malice was bent, thought fit to be no more alone in the night, with boys only in fo great a houfe as was that of Mixco i whereupon the next day I fent for my trully friend Miguel Valva who was able to fight alone With any half dozen of Indians^ wiffing him to bring with him what weapons he could get for my defence. I kept him with me a fortnight \ and the next Sabbath I gave warning in the Church, that whofoever came in the night to my houfe to affright me, or to do me any other mifehief ffould look to himfelt, for that I had weapons both offenfive and defenfive. Though for a while I heard no more of them, yet they defifted not altogether from their evil and mali- cious intents •, tor knowing that Miguel Dalva did not lie in the chamber with me, a fortnight after ( I being till about midnight with my candle ltudying ) they came up the (fairs fo foftly that I heard them not j but the J>lac]^moor being awake it feemes perceived that they were coming 400 A New Survey Chap. XX. coming up, and foftly arofc up from a long table where he lay upon a Mat, and rook in his hands a couple of brick bats of many which lay under the table for a work which l had in hand, and as he opened the door made a little ) noife, which was to them an item to flie down the flairs, 1 and to run (as they thought ) for their lives. The B/ackjnorc did alfo run after them, and finding they had got too much advantage of him, and not knowing which way they might take, fent after them with a fury his two brick-bats, wherewith he fuppofed he did hit one of them, for the next day walking about the Town he met with one of the Fuentcr having a cap on his head, and he in- f quired of feme Indians what he ailed, and he underllooi f by them that his head was broke, but how they knew nor. i They perceiving that I was thus guarded by Miguel Dalva, j defilied from that time from coming any more in the night I unto my houfe, but yet defilied not from their fpiglit and j malice and from acting mifehief agamft me. For a month j after when I thought that all had been forgotten, and they leemed outwardly to be kind and courteous, there came a ratflenger to me from the oldelt cf them, named Pablo dc Fucntcs , to tell me that he was very fick, and like to i die, and delired me to go to comfort and inllrudt him in the truth, for that he truly delired to be converted. I conceived very great joy at this news, and doubted not of the truth and certainty of it, and prayed to God to direct me in the converfion of that foul i and fo with hafle and good zeal, I went unto liis houfe, where foon my joy and I comfort was turned into bitternefs > for when l came to | the door of his houfe, and was with one Hep enfred, I found all the brothers of Pablo Fucntcs , and fome others i who were lufpcdted to be Idolaters, fitting round the ' room i and milling Pablo-, I withdrew my loot a little, and asked them where he was, miltrufting fomewhat to fee them there all gathered together s but when I per- ceived that they flood not up, nor anlwered me a word, nor fo much as took oft their hats to me, then 1 began to fear indeed, and to fulpedt Come treachery > and fo I turned , bads \ Chap. XX. of the Weft-Indies. 401 back revolving to go home again. But no focner was I turned but behold Pablo Puentes ( who by his meffage had ftigne* both ficknefs and con verfion came from behind his houfc with a cudgel in his hand, lifting it up to itrike at me. Had I not catched hold of his hick with both my hands, and prevented the intended blow, certainly he had (truck me down. But whilft he and I were driving for the flick who (hould be mailer of it, the rdf of the Indians who were fitting in the houfe, came out into the yard C which being a pub'ic place was more comfort to me then if they had compared me about within the houfe ) and befet me round, fome pulling me one way, feme another, tearing my clothes in two or three places, another to make me lei go my hand from the flick with a knife run me into the hand ( which to this day a (mail fear doth witntfs ) and certainly had we not been in a pubiick yard, that party would ado have run his knife into my fides, another feting I would not let go the Hick, took hold of it with Pablo and both together thruff it againli my mouth, and with fuch firength that they broke fome of my teeth, and filled my mouth with goar bloud, with which blow i fell, butfeon recovered my felf and arofc, they laughing at me, but not daring to do me any more harm tor tear they fiiould be fecn, as God would have feen what already they had don j for a Mulatta Have to a Spaniard in the valley, at that very time when I was down and riling paffed by, and hearing me cry out for help to the neighbours ( who lived fomewhat tar off that might help and fuccour me, for all the houfis thereabouts were of the brothers the Puentes) came into the yard, and lcemg me all in bloud, thought 1 had been mortally wounded, and calling them murthcrers, ran along the llreet crying, Murthcr, murther in Pablo Puentes his yard, till fhc came to the Market- place and Town-houfe, where flic found the Maiors and Jurats fitting, anh a couple of Spaniards , who when they heard of my danger, with drawn fwerds came prefentiy running with all the Officers ot Jultice to the yard of Pablo Puentes to aid and all it me> but in the mean while the Idola- * ters 402 A New Survey Chap. XX. ters perceiving the outcry of the Mulafta, began to fall l away and to hide themlelves s Pablo Fuentes going to (hut , up his houfe alfo to abfent himfelf, I held him hard to it, : ftriving with him that he might not efcapeaway till fome c help came unto me. The Spaniards when they came and ; faw me all in bloud, made furioufly to Pablo Fuentes with , their naked fvvords, whom I hopped defiring them not to t hurt him, left what harm they did unto him fhould be ! imputed unto me. I wifhed the Juftiee not to fear him j though he were a rich Indian , and as they would anfwer \ before the Prefident ot Guatemala to lay hold of him, and i to carry him to pnfon, which they prefently performed. : I made the Spaniards and the Mulatta to witnefs under j writing by way of information what they had feen, what i bloud about my clothes, what wound in my hand, what j blow in my mouth they had found, and lent with fpeed to the Prefident of Guatemala this their information. The bufinefs was foon noifed about the valley, whereupon muft i of the Spaniards came to offer their help and aid unto me, Miguel Daha alfo chancing to be near at a Spaniards houfe in the fame valley came with the reft, who would have done that night fome mifehief among the Indians if 1 had not prevented them. I dclired them to depart and go home to their houfes, telling than I feared nothing, and that Miguel Dalva his company would be guard enough unto me. But they would by no means yield unto this, faying that night might prove more dangerous unto me then I imagined, and that I needed a ftronger guard then I1 of one man alone', for they conceived that the Idolaters knowing what already they had don, and fearing what grievous punifhment might be inflidled upon them from I the Prefident of Guatemala , feeing themfelves loft and i undone men, might delperatly that night refeue their | brother out cf prifon, and attempt fome mifehief againft me, and fo the away. Which l could not be brought to fear, or to believe any fuch thing of their cowardly Ipiiits, nor that they would flie away, tor that they had houfes and land there in and about the Town, yet \ was willing fos eitt I Chap. XX. of the Weft-Indies. 405 | one right to yield to have a ftornger guard of Spaniards then at other times I had lud with the Blackmoor Miguel Dalva alone. After fupper they kept watch about my houfe till (uch time as they perceived all was Hill, and the Indians a bed, and then they fet a watch about the prifon that Pabfo Fuentes might not be taken out •, and after this ( pretending that they were in danger as wel! as I, being but about a dozen, if the Town ffiould all rife and mutiny by the fuggeftion of the Idolaters, who molt of them were rich and powerful with the reit which yet I feared not ) they would needs go and raife up the two Alcaldes or Maiors alone, with two more petty Officers to make fearch about the Town for the relt of the Fuentes and other known Idolaters* that being found they might fecure them in the prilon to appear at Guaientala, and prevented from doing any mifehict either that night, or at any other time. With this ltir which they made, and their care o ( me, they fuJftred me not to take any relt that night s but went and called up the Alcaldes and two officers and brought them to my houfe, defiling me to fignifie unto them, how fit and nectffary it was to fearch for the rdf of the Indians- The poor Alcaldes trembled to fee fo many Spaniards at that time in my houfe with naked fwords, and durlt not but do what they thought beft to be done, and fo from my houfe aLout midnight they walked about the Town, (earching fuch houfes as they molt fufpedted might con- ceal any of the Fuentes , ov of the reft that had been that day in the rebellion and mutiny againft me. They could find none at home, till at lalf comifig to the houfe of one Lorenzo Fuentes , one of the bfothtrs, they found dll that had been in the confpiracy again/ 1 me, gathered together drinking and quaffing. The houfe being befet there was no flying nor tfcaping, and feeing the Spaniards naked fwords, they durft not rebel, who doubtlcfs ( as vve were afterwards* informed ) would have made a great ltir in in the Town that night, and were met together to refeue Tablo their brother , and to do me iome mitchict an Hie, not knowing that l was to Itrung’y man- DJ ~ ned 404 ■* A New Survey Chap. XX. ned and guarded by the Spaniard!. There were ten of I them, and were prefently without any noife in the Town carryed to the Prifon, and there (hut up, and guarded by the Spaniards. In the morning the Prefident of Guatemala ( who then was Don Juan de Guzman i a Religious Gcvernour ) taking into his coniidcration what the day before I had writ unto him , and judging my danger to be great, fent a Spanijh 1 Alguazile, or Officer of Juftice with a very large Com- miffion to bring prifoners to the City all thofe Indians - who the day before had been in rebellion againft me, and in cafe they could not be found, then to feize upon what goods foever of theirs could be found in Mixco. But with I. the diligence of the Spaniards the night before they were all in a readinefs for him, and paying the Alguazile firft . his charges ( which he demanded as he lilted ) and bearing : the charges of Miguel Vulva, and two or three more Spaniards , who were commanded in the Kings name to be aiding and alliliing the Officer for the fafer carrying them to Guatemala , they were horfed and had away that day to the Prefident, who committed them dole Prifoners, and afterwards commanded them to be whipped about the \ ftreets, banifiied two of them from Mixco to the Golf of 1 St. Thomas de Caftilia , and would have banifiied them all, had they not humbled themfelves, and defired me to in- tercede for them, promifing to amend their lives, and to make me great fatisfadiion, if they might return again to their Town, and that if ever more they did ftir againlt me, they would yield to be hanged and to lofe all their goods. Wirh this the Prefident ( fining them yet to pay twenty Crowns a pitce to the Church to be imployed in what I fiiould think fitteft ) fent them back •, who, as they had 1 promifed, came unto me, and humbled themfelvcs before me with much weeping, with many cxprtffions, (hewing their forrnw trom their hearts for what they had done, calling all upon the D.vil, whom they confilfed had been great with them in tempting them, whom alfo now tiny did abjure and renounce, premding to live as good Chriliians, Chap. XX. Weft-Indies. 405 Chriflians, and never more to worfliip any God but one. I was very much taken with their deep forrow expreffed with many tears, and indevoured to inflrudt them in the true knowlege of Chrifl, whom now I found they were very willing foimbrace. I lived not very long after in that Town > but for the time I did continue in it, I found a great change and alteration in their lives, which truly made me apt to judge that their repentance was unfained. And thefe former particulars of a few Indians of thole two Towns, I have not here inferred to bring an afperlion upon all that nation, ( which I do very much aftcdf, and would willingly fpend the beft drops of bloud in my veins to do them good, and to fave their loulsjbut to caufe rather pity and commiferation towards them, who after fo many years preaching have been made as yet but formal and outward Chrilfians, and by the many Saints of wood, which they have been taught to worfhip by the Priefis, have rather been inclined to the fuperflition and Idolatry of their Forefathers, and to fruit to living Creatures, and bow to inanimate flocks and ftones, which they daily fee performed publickly in their Churchts. Certainly they are of a good and flexible nature, and ( were thofe Idols of Saints flatues removed from their eyes ) might be brought eafily to worfhhip one only God , and whereas they fo willingly lavifh out their fmall means and what they labour for, in offerings to their Priefls and to their Saints, and in maintaining lazy finging Lubbards, they without doubt would be free enough to true MiniAers of Gods Woid, who fliould venture their lives to beat down thofe falfeGods, and fet up Jcfus Chrifl, and him that fcnt him into the World to fave filch as truly believe in him. The year that this Air happened in Mixco , I received from Rome from the General of the Dominicans Order, Licence to come home to England* at which I rejoyced much, for now I was even weary with living amongli the Indians , and grieved to fee the little fruit I reaped amongft them, and that for fear of the Inquifitioh Idurlf notpreach a new Gofpel unto th£m, which might make them' true, D’l 2 real 406 A New Survey Chap. XX. real, and inward .Chrirtiansj and laft!y,for that I perceived that Antonio Mendez dc Satomayor ( who was Lord of the Town ot Mixco ) did flomach me for having caufed two of his Town to be banifhed, and publickly affronted the Fuentes for their Idolatry, which he thought was a great afperlion laid upon his Indians. All which well confidered I writ unto the Provincial ( who was then in Cbiapa ) of my defire to return home to mine own Countrey, for the which I had a Licence Cent unto me from Rome. But he having heard of what good I had done in the Town cf Mixco in reducing fome Idola- ters, burning their Idol, and venturing my life in fo good ' a-caufe j and alfo for the perfect knowledge which now I 1 had of the Poconcbi tongue , would by no means yield that 1 ' I fhould go v but with fair and flittering words incouraged me to flay, where he doubted not, but I did, and I might yet do God much more good fervice : and that he might the better work upon me, he lent me a Patent of Vicar of ‘ the Town and Cloifler ot Amatitlan , where at the prefent ' there was a new Cloifler a building to flparate all that valley from the Cloifler of Guatemala. He dtlired me to accept of that (mail preferment, not doubting but that I fpeaking fo well the Indian language might prevail much in 1 that place, and better then another, to further the building ; of that new Cloifler -, which work would be a good fttp for him to advance me afterwards to fome better prefer- ment. Although I regarded neither that prefent Superio- rity, nor any better honour which might afterwards enfue- unto me, I thought the time which God had appointed for my returning to England was not yet come > tor that it the Provincial, and with him the Prefident ol Guatemala ( for fo much I conjedlured out of the Provincials letter ) ihould both oppofe and hinder my departure from that Countrey, it would be very hard for me to take my journey any way, and not bedifeovtred and brought back. Where- upon I relblved to flay the Provincials coming to Guate- mala., and thereto confer with him face to face, and to fhew him fome reafons that moved me to leave that Country, and- Chap. XX. of the Weft-Indics. 407 and to feck again mine own wherein I was born. So for the prefent I accepted of the Town of Amatitlan < where I had more occafions of getting mony then in the other two, where I had lived rive full year-s for albeit that Town alone was bi gcr then both Mixco and Pinola together, and the Church fuller of Saints pictures and flatues, and very many fraternities and Sodalities belonged unto its be 11 J c s this from without the Town 1 had great comings in from the Ingenio of Sugar, which as 1 related before flood clofe .unto that Town, from whence I had dayly offerings from the Blacktnoors and Spaniards that lived in it •, and befides this I had under my charge another klfer Town called St. Chriftoval de Amatitlan, (landing two leagues from great Amatitlan . This Town ofS i. Cbrijhvfll, or St. Cbriftophcr , is called properly in that language, Paiinha , ha, fignifying water, and Pali, to Hand upright, and is compounded of two words, which exprefs water handing upright i for the Town fhndeth on the backfide of the Vulcan of water, which looketh over Guatemala , and on tins fide fendeth forth many fountains, but efpecially fpouteth forth, from a high rock a flream of water, which as it fallcth from high with a great noife and down-fall, the rock handing upright over the bottom where it falleth, and cauleth a moll plealant flream by the Towns fid#, it hath moved the Indians to cal! their Town, Paiinha, from the high and upright handing rock, from vvhence the water fallcth. In this Town there are many rich Indians-, who trade in the coah or the South fea , the Town is an har- bour fhadowed with many fruitful trees •> but the chief fruit/hereis the Pinna, which gro wet h in every Indians yard, and with the nearnefs of the I igenio of Sugar, are by the Spaniards thereabouts much made up in Prcferves, fome whole, foine in fhces, which is the daimiclt and moll lufeious Preferve chat I ever did eat in that Countrey. The Indians of this Town get much by boards of Cedar, which they cut out of many Cedar-trees, which grow on that fide of the Vulcan, which they fell to Guatemala and all about the Countrey for new buildings. Dd 3 Between 408 A New Survey Chap. XX. Between great Amatitlan and this Town the way is plain, and lieth under a Vulcan of fire, which fornjeily was wont to (moak as much as that of Guatemala > but having formerly burfl out at the top, and there opened a great mouth, and caft down to the bottom mighty ftones ( which to this day are to be feen ) it hath not fince been any ways troublefome unto the Countrey. In this way there was in my time new Trapiche of Sugar eredhng up by one Joint Baptifta of Guatemala., which was thought would prove very ufeful, and profitable unto the forefaid City. I had yet for the time that I lived in Amatitlan another very little village at my charge, called Fampicbi at the bottom of a high mountain on the other fide of the lake over againft it s which was but a Chappel of eafe unto great Amatitlan^ unto which I went not above once in a quarter of a year, and that for paflime and recreation , for this village is well in that language a compound alfo of Pam , in, and Picbi flowers, for that it ftandeth compafled about with flowers which make it very pleafant, and the boats t or Canoa’s which do conflantly Hand near the doors of the houfes, invite to much pleafure of fifliing and rowing about the lake. And thus wnilft I lived in Amatitlan I had the choice of three places wherein to recreate my fclf, and becaufe the charge of many fouls lay in my hands, I had one conflantly to help me. The Town of Amatitlan was as the Court in refpeft of the refl, where nothing was wanting that might recreate the mind and fatisfie the body with variety and change of fubflance, both forfifh and fltlh. Yet the great care that did lie upon me in the work and building ot the Cloifler, made me very foon weary of living in that great and pleafant Town i for fometimes Ihad thirty, fometimes twenty, fometimes fewer, and fometimes forty work men to look unto, and to pay wages to on Saturday nights, which I found wearied much my brain, and hmdred my fludies, and was btlides a work which I delighted not in, nor had any hopes ever to enjoy it. And therefore after the firft year that I had been there I betook my fell unto Chap. XX. of the Weft-Indies. 40 9 the Provincial , who was in Guatemala , and again earneftiy befought him to perufe the Licence which I had from Home to go to England mine own Countrey for to preach there ( tor that was the chief ground of letting me go home, as the General largely exprdfed ) where I doubted not but I might do God great fervice, and in Confcience I told him l thought I was bound to employ what parts God had bellowed upon me, rather upon my own Countreymen, then upon Indians and Grangers. The Pro- vincial replyed unto me that my Countreymen were He- reticks, and when I came amongft them they would hang me up. I told them, I hoped better things of them, and that I would not behave my felf amongft them fo as to de- ferve hanging : not daring to tell him what was in my heart concerning points of Religion. After a long difeourfe I found the Provincial inexorable, and half angry, telling me that he and that whole Province had call their eyes upon me, and honoured me, and were ready and willing to promote me further, and that I would (hew my felf very> ungrateful unto them,- if I fhould forfake them for my own nation and people, whom I had not known from my young and tender age. I perceived there was no more to be Paid, and all would be in vain, and fo refolved to take my bed opportunity, and with my Licence from Rome to come away unknown unto him. But for the prefent I humbly belceched him to remove me from Amatitlan , for that I found my fell unable to undergo that great charge, and too weak for that (trong work, that was then building. With much ado he would be brought to this, alleadgtng what an honour it was to be a Founder and builder of a new Cloiifer, in whofe walls my very name would be en- graved to polierity, all which I told him I regarded not, but efleemed more of my health and a quiet mind, then of fuch preferments and vanities. Upon which at laft he con- defeended to my rtquelf, and gave me order go to Peta- pa, and thar the Vicar of Petapa fhould go to finifh the work of Amatitlan. In Petapa I uved above a twelve moneth, with great eafe, pleafureaud content for all things Dd 4 worldly 410 A JXerp survey Chap. XX. worldly and outward , but within I had ftil! a worm of A Confcience, gnawing this gourd that fhadowed and de-< j ic lighted me with wordly contentment. Here I grew more i h and more troubled concerning fome points of Religion, d ay ly wifhing with David , that I had the wings of a Dove, that I might flie from that place of dayly Idolatry t into England., and be at red. I rcfolved therefore to put on a good courage, and relie wholly upon my God, 1 knowing that the journey w’as hard and dangerous, and i might bring fhame and trouble unto me, if I fhould be h taken in the way dying and brought back to Guatemala \ here I weighed the aflh&ien and reproach which might enfue unto me, after fo much honour, pleafure, and wealth which I had enjoyed for about twelve years in that Coun- i trey » but in another balance of better confideration, I weighed the trouble of a wounded Confcience, and the fpiritual joy and comfort that I might enjoy at home with the people of God, and fo refolutely concluded upon that place of Heb. 1 1. 25, 26, 27. with Mofespc o choofe rather to fulfer afHicftion with the people of God ( who as Paul well obferveth, 1 ‘Ebefl’. 3. 3. are appointed thereunto •, and again Phil. 1. 29- unto whom it is given in the behalf of Chriffnot only to believe in him, but alfo to luffer tor his fake) then to enjoy the pleafuresef (infer a feafonjefleeming the reproach of Chrift greater riches then the treafures in Egypt- So for faith and a fate confcience I now purpoftd likewife with Mufes to forfake Egypt, not fearing the wrath of the Prtfident the Kings own Deputy, nor of the Provin- cial, and my biff friends s but to indure all this (it I fhould be taken ) as feeing him who is invifible. I thought this wasabulinefs not to be conferred with flefh and bioud, left the bell friend knowing of it 'fhould betray me j yet on the other fide, I thought it hard to flie alone without fome friends for thefirif two or three days journey s and be fades having many things to fell away to make mony of, I thought I werebetterto imploy fome trulfy friend, then to do all alone. I thought cf none fitter then Miguel Daha , whom by long experience I knew to be true and trufly,ancf Chap. XX. of the Weft-Indies. api that a fmall money matter would content him i whom I fent for to Pinola , and charging him with fecrecy, I told him I had a journey for my confcience fake to make to Rome ( I would not tell him that I intended England , left the good old Blackamoor fhnuld grieve, thinking never more to fee me, and for the love he bare me, and inrereft he had many times from me, he fhould by difcovering my intent, feek roftop m.ej which I would have none to know of but himfelf,not doubting but to return again, as he knew many had taken the like journey, and returned within two years, TheBlackrnoor offered himfelffo go withme,which I refu- fed, telling him that the feas would be too hard for his .old age to endure, and that as a Blackrnoor in forain Countries he might be Hopped and apprehended fora fugitive, which yea fon hie liked well, and oftcred himfelf to go with me as' far as the fea lide > for which I thanked him and employed to fell me away fome Mules, wheat and Maiz which I had, and what elfc might pafs through his hands. As for many rich pictures which hung in my Chamber , I thought the Town of Pctapa would buy them for their Church, and propounded it unto the Governour, who willingly accepted of them. Molt of my books, chefts, cabinets, quilts, and many good pieces of houfhold- fttjff by the pains and in- duftry of Miguel ( Whom I kept with me for the fpace of two months before I came away )I fold to Guatemala , re- ferving only two Petaca’s or leathern chells, with fome books and a quilt for my journey. When I had fold all that I intended, I found I had in Spanijl) tnony near nine thoufand pieces of eight, which 1 had got in twelve years that I lived in that Countrey. So much mony I thought would be too comberfome for a long journey , whereupon I turned above four thoufand of them into pearls and fome precious Hones, which might make my carriage the lighter > the reli I laid up in bags, fome I lowed into my quilt, intending in the way to turn them into Spanijh Pi Hols. Thus the chief pro- vifion being made of mony, I took care for Chocolatte and fome Conferves, for the way, which were focn provided. Nuwbecapfe I coniidered that my fl'ght the hrH wtek muft be 412 A New Survey Chap. XXF. be with fpeed, and that my cherts could not port day and night as my felf intended to do i I thought of fending my carriage four days at leart before me i and not daring to truft any Indian of Petapa-, I Cent to Mixco for one fpecial Indian friend whom I had there, who knew the way that I was to travel very well > to whom I opened my mind, and offered him what mony I knew would content him, and at midnight fent him away with two Mules, one for himfelf, and another for my cherts, wilhing him to keep on travelling towards St. Miguel , or Nicaragua till I gave him the advantage of four days and nights, and then refolutely with my good Blackgnoor in my company leaving the key of my chamber in my door, and nothing but old papers within, when all the Indians were fart aileep, I bad adieu unto Petapay and to the whole walley,and to all my friends throughout America . CHAP. XXI. Shewing my journey from the Town ^/Petapa, into England* and fome chief pajfages in the way. w m fl- it flu if ]" p; m 1 1 of c cl S’ I c C K fl THe chief thing which troubled me in my refolved purpofe to come home, was the choice of the fafcli way* which made me utterly forfake the Gulf (though I the eafiert way of all, and that fea neareft to the place where I lived ) for that I knew I (hould meet there with many of my acquaintance, and the letting out of the (hips was fo uncertain, that before they departed, order might come from Guatemala to rtop me j if I fliould go by 1 land through Comayagna or Iruxillo, and there wait for the (hips, likewife I feared left the Governour of that place by fome item from the Prefident of Guatemala might exa- mine me, and fend me bick, and that the Mailers of the fhips might have charge given them not to receive me Chap. XXI. of the W eft-indies. 41 3 into their (hips. If I fhould go back to Mexico and Vera Cruz-, then I called to mind, how I was troubled in that long journey, when I came firft to Cbiapa in company of I friends, and that now alone I fhould certainly be much put to it, for I would carry Miguel Valva fo far by land with me.Wherefore rejecting thefe three ways, I chofe the fourth, which was by Nicaragua and the Lake of Granada > and I therefore I deferred my journey till the week after Cbrijl- mas, knowing that the time ofthefrigats fetting out from that lake to the Havana was commonly after the middle of January , or at Candlemas at the furtheft, whither I ho- ped to reach in very good time. Now that I might by no means befufpedfed to have taken this way > before I went I left by the hand of Miguel Halva a letter to a friend of his to be delivered to the Provincial in Guatemala , four days after my departure, wherein I kindly took my leave of him, dtfiring him not to blame me nor to feck after me* and whereas I had a fuffieient Licence from Rome, and could not get his, that I thought / might with a fafe Confcience go where / was born,- leaving Ltnguifts enough to fupply my place amongfl the Indians. And becaufe he fhould not make enquiry after me by Nicaragua , I dated and fublcribed my letter to him from the Town of St. Antonio Sucbutepequcs , which was the way to Mexico and quite contrary to Nicaragua. The next day after T xvelftb day, being the feventh of January , 1637. at midnight / fet out of Pctapa upon a lufty Mule (which afterwards in the way /fold forfourfeore pieces of eight ) with Miguel Halva alone i and the firft part of the way being very hilly we could not go fo faff as our hearts would have polled > for it was break of day before we could get to the top of the Mountain, which is called S err o Redo ndo^or the round hill i which is much men- tioned in that Countrey, for the good paflure there which ferveth for the Catfel and Sheep, when the valleys below are burnt and no grafing lef t for Bealls. This hill is aifo at great refuge to Travellers, for there they find good enter* tainment in a Vcnta , where wine and provifiou is fold, and 414 A New Survey Chap.XXI. is a great Lodge, for to lay up dry what carriages they bring } there is befides one of the beft Efiancia’s or Farms ot Cattelin the Countrey, where of Goats and Ewes milke is made the belt cheefe thereabouts. This round hill or moun- tain is five leagues from Petapa , where I feared I might meet with fome people of Pctapa , and therefore the day now dawning I made half by it, leaving in the lodge afleep many Indians , who attended on two Spanijb Rcqua’s ot Mules, which that day were to goto Pctapa s four leagues further from this Serro Redondo is a Town of Indians called Los Efclavos, or the Slaves, not that now they are more (laves then the reft of the Indians , bur becaufe in the old time of Montezuma the Emperour, and the Indian Rings that were under him, the people of this Town were more (laves then any other, for from Amatitlan ( which is fo cal* led from Amat , which in the Mexican tongue iignifieth Letter, and Itlan which Iignifieth Town, for that it was the Town of Letters as fome fay, for a rindeofa tree, whereon they were wont formerly to write and exprefs their minds, or becaufe it was the place whither from all parts letters were fent to be carried about the C.ountrey, and to Peru ) thefe Indians of the Town ot Efclava's or llaves, were commanded as llaves to go all about the Countrty with letters or whatfoever elfe they (hould be charged with j and they were bound confhntly to fend every week fo many of their Townfas were appointed Junto Amatitlan , there towait and attend the pleafure ot that Town for the conveying of letters, or any carriages to other pans. This Town of las Efclavos llandeth in a bottom by a ri- ver, over the which the Spaniards have built a very Itrong (lone Bridge to go in and out of the Town, tor otherwiie with mules there is no palling by reafon of the violent and rapid ftream of the water, and many rocks in the River, horn which the water falleth down with gnat lorce. From this Town (whefe we only Hayed to drink a cup of Chocolatte and to bait our Mules Jwe went on that day to Agttacbapa , being ten leagues further, and not tar from the South Ser, and the port called De la Lrinidad > wJuihtr r In, ot Dj P A k. t! t. II l !■: Q <• ' i ( 1 ii i i i Chap. XXI. of the W eft-indies. 41 5 we came towards evening, having that day and part of th& night travelled about threefcore English miles up hills and upon ftony wayes from the Efclavo’s unto this Town* which is much mentioned in that Countrey for two things. The one is for the earthen ware which is made therefas fome think ) exceeding that of Mixco. The other is for a place yvithin a mile and a half from the Town, which the Spa- niards do credibly report and believe to be a mouth of hell, for out of it there is conftantly afcending a thick black fmoak fmclling of Brimftone, with fome flafhesnow and then of Hre, the earth from whence this fmoak arileth is not high, but low. None ever durli draw nigh to find out the truth and ground of it, for thofe that have attempted to do it, have been (tricken down to the ground and like to lofe their lives. A friend of mine a Fryer (whom I thought verily I might believe) upon his oath affirmed unto me, that travelling that way with a Provincial he rtfolved to go unto the place, and fatishe himfclf of the ground and caufe of the ftrange talk which was every where about the Countrey concer* ning that fmoak. He went within a quarter of a mile of if, and prefently, he (aid, he heard a hideous noife? which to- gether with the (tench of the fiery (moak and brimllone, lhuckhim into fuch a fear that he was like to fall to the ground, and retiring himfclf with all fpeed was taken with a burning feaver, which was like to co(t him his life. Others report that drawing near unto it, they have heard great cries as it were of men and women in torment, noife of iron, of chains, and the -like, which ( how (imply I leave it to my Judicious Reader) rnaketh them believe that it is a mouth of hell. Ot my knowledge I will fay no more, but that I faw the fmoak, and asked the Indians what was the caufe of it ■, and if ever they had been near unto it? And they anfwercdme, that they could not imagine wlrat might be the caufe ot it, neither durii they draw nigh unto it* and that they had feen Travellers, attempting to go near it, and that they were all itricken cither to the ground, or with fome luddain ainazemcnr, or feaver. I told them that 1 would walk thither my (elf, and they ddired 416 A New Survey Chap.XXI. me that 7 would not, if / loved my life. It was not yet for all this report the fear of being fo near the Spaniards hell ( as they call it ) that made me hafte with fpeed out of that Town, but fear of fome meffenger that might come after me to flop my journey. For at midnight I departed from thence, and went to break my fafl to a great Town called Chalcuapan , where the Indians made very much of me, being Pocomancs , who fpake the Pnconcbi or Pocoman tongue which 1 had learned. They vvould willingly have had me to flay with them and preach unto them the next Sabbath, which I would have done, had not a better defign called upon me to make hafte. Here I was troubled, how I fhould get through St. Salvador , which was a City of Spaniards , and wherein there was a Cloifter of Dominicans, whom I feared molt of all, becaufe I was known by fome of them. My refolutinn was therefore when I came neer unto the City , to turn out of my way to a Spaniards Farm, as if I had loft my way, and there to delay the time till evening in drinking Chocolatte, difcourling, and baiting my mules well , thac fo I might travel all that night, and be out of the reach of that City and Fryers (who lived in Indian Towns about it} the next morning, early.This City ofS. Salvador is poor, not much bigger then Cbiapa, and is governed by a SpaniJhG 0- vemour. It ftandeth forty leagues at leaft from Guatemala , and towards the North Sea iide, is compaflld with very high mountains, which are called Chuntales, where the In- dians are very poor. In the bottom where the City ftan- deth there are fome Trapichesof Sugar, fome Indigo made, but the chief Farms are Eftancia’s of Cattel. Towards Eve- ning I departed from that Farm, where I had well relrtfhed my felf and my Mule, and about eight of the clock 1 rid through the City not being known by any body.My purpofe was to be the next morning at a great River, called Rio de Lcmpay fome ten leagues from St. Salvador within two lea- gues of it there lived in an Indian Town a Fryer belonging to the Cloifter of St. Salvador who knew me very well. But fuch hafte I made, that betorc break ot the day I palfed , through f it l c c L Chap.XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 417 through that Town, and before fevenof the clock I was at the River, where I found my Indian of Mixco ready to pafs over with my carriage, who that morning by three of the clock had fet out of that Town two leagues off, I was not a little glad to have overtaken my Chefts. wherein was moll of my treafure. There I fat down a while by the River whilft my mules grazed, and my Indian ftruck fire and made me Chocolattc. This River of Lempa is held the broadeft,and biggeft in all the Jurifdidiion belong- ing unto GuatcmaUtthexe are conftantly two ferry Boats to pals over the Travellers, and their Requa’s of Mules. This River is priviledged in this manner, that if a man commit any haincus crime or murther on this fide of Guatemala, and San Salvador , cr on the other fide of St. Miguel , or Nicaragua , if he can flie to get over this River, he is free as long as he liveth on the other fide, and no Juftice on that fide whither he is efcaped can quefiion or trouble him for the murther committed. So likewife for Debts he cannot be arrefted. Though I thanked God I neither fled for the one, or for the other, yet it was my comfort that I was now going over to a priviledged Country, where I hoped I (hould be free and fure, and that if any one did come after me, he would go no further then to the river of Lempa. My Blackmoor did much laugh at this my con- ceipt, and warranted me that all would do well. We ferried fafely over the River j and from thence went in company with my Indians two leagues oft, where we made the belt dinner that we had done from the Town of Pet ap a, and willingly gave reft to all our mules till four of the clock in the afternoon i at which time we fet foith to another fmall Towm little above two leagues oft, through a plain, landy and Champaign Countrey. The next day we had but ten leagues to travel to a Town called St. Miguel, which belongeth unto Spaniards , and though it be not a City, yet it is as big almolt as San Salvador , and hath a Spanijh Governour j in it there is one Cloifter of Nuns, and another of Merccnarian Fryers, who welcomed me unto their Cloifter j tor litre I began to fhew my face, and to think 418 A New Survey Chap. XXI. think of felling away the Mule I ridvon, being refolved from hence to go by water or an Arm of the Sea, to a Town in Nicaragua called La Vieja . I would here have difmiffed my Indian, but he was loth to leave me until I got ro Granada , where he delired to fee me (hipped. I refufed not his kind Offer , becaufe I knew he was trufty and had brought my Cherts well thither , and knew well the way to Granada. So I fent him by land to Realejo, or to La Vieja , which rtand very near together, and thirty leagues by land from St. Miguel , and my felt ftayed that day and till the next day at noon in that Town, where I fold the Mule I rid on, becaufe I knew that from Realejo to Granada I could have ot the Indians a Mule for nothing for a days journey. My Blackamoors Mule I fent alio by land with the Indian , and the next day went to the Gulf, being three or four miles from St; Miguel , where that afternoon I took Boat with many other paffengers, and the next morning by eight in the morning was at La Vieja , which journey by land would have taken me up near three days. The next day my Indian came at night, and wre went to Realejo, ( as I have obferved before ) a Haven very weak and unfortified on the South Sea •, where if I would have Hayed one fortnight I might have taken (hipping for Panx- ma , to go from thence to Portobcllo , and there Hay for the Galeons from Spain . But I confidered that the Galc-onS would not be there till June or July , and that fo I Ihould be at great charges in (laying lb long. But afterwards I wifhed I had accepted of that occalion, for I was at lair forced to go to Panama , and Pcrtobello. From hence to Granada I obferved nothing, but the plainnefs and plea- fantnefs of the way, which with the fruits and fertility of all things may weil make Nicaragua the Paradife of Ame- rica. Between Realejo and Granada rtandeth the City of Leon, near unto a Vulcan of fire, which fotmerly burlt out at the top, and did much hurt unto all the Countrey about s but hnce tint it hath ceafed, and now letteththelnhabitans, live without fear. Sometime rt fmoaks a little, which fheweth that as yet there is within (omc (u'phurous fub- rtance. H rc i Chap. XXL of the Weft-Iiidies. 419 Here it was that a Mercenarian Fryer thought to have difccvered fome great treafure, which might inrich himfelf and all that Country, bting fully perfwaded that the metal that burned within that Vulcan was Gold i whereupon he caufed a great Kettle to be made, and hung at an iron chain to let it down from the top, thinking therewith to take up gold enough to make him Bifhop and to inrich his poor kindred. But fuch was the power and (kength of the hre within, that no fconer had he let down the Kettle, when it fell from the chain and from his hands being melted a- way. This City of Leon is very curioufly built, for the chief delight ol the Inhabitants coniillcth in their houfes, and in the plea Cure of the Country adjoyning, and in the abun- dance of all things for the life of man, more then in any extraordinary riches, which there are not fo much injoyed, as in other parts of America. They are contented wiih fine gardens, with variety of finging birds, and pamts,with plenty ofhlh and fkfh, which is cheap, and with gay hou- fts, and fo lead a delicious, lafie alid idle life > not afpi- ring much to trade and traffique, though they have neer unto them the Lake, whtchcommonly every year fendeth forth fome Frigats to the Havana by the North Sea, and Rc- ale jo on the South fea, which to them might be very commo- dious tor any dealing and rich trading in Pmr, or to Mixco , if their fpirics would carry them fo tar : The Gentlemen of this City are almoft as vain and phantaftieal a« are thofe of Cbiapa. And clpecially from the pkafure of this City, is all that Province of Nicaragua, called by the Spaniards > Mahomets Paradifc. From hence the way is plain and level to Granada , whither I got fafely and joyfully, hoping that now I had no more journey to make by land, till I fhould land at Hover in England , and Irom thence poll up to London. Two days atter I had ar- rived at this place and reded my felt, and injoyed the pleafant profpedt of the Like, I began to think of difiniffing my Indian and Blackmoor. But true and faithful Miguel Halva would by no rre3ii9 lc*ve* me, E e till 420 A New Survey Chap. XXL till he faw me (hipped s and that I had no more need of him by land, Likewifc the Indian would willingly have flayed, but by no means I would permit him, lor that I confidercd he had a wife and children to look to at home. He was as willing to return a foot, as to ride, becaufe he would have me fell my mules, and make what money I could of them •, but I feeing the goodnature of the Indian , would recompenfe his love with as much money as might t be more beneficial to him, then a tired Mules which might have dyed in the way under him, and left him on foots fo tl I gave him money enough to bear his charges home, and b to hire Mules at his own plcafure, and fome to fpare when t he came home. The Indian with many rears falling from ! his eyes, faying he feared he (hould never more lee me, took his leave ofme the third day after we arrived at Cra - nada- My Blackmoor and I being left alone, firlt began to t think of felling away the two Mules, which had brought |! t thither the Indian , and my Chelts s for which I got four- fcore and ten pieces of eight after fo long a journey, and t thought they were well fold. I would have had Miguel t have fold away that whereon he rid, (which was his own) i \ and offered to buy him another that might better carry ;; 3 him back, but the loving and careful Blackmoor would net 1 futfer me to be at (uch charges, eontidering the long jour- ney which I was to make. After this we hearing that the ; Frigats were not like to depart in a fortnight, thought of I ot viewing well that liatcly and plealant Town a day or 1 two, and then to betake our hives to fome near Indian j < Town, where we might be hid, flelt by the great retort of , < Requa’s of Mules which at that time brought Indigo and 1 Cochinil from Guatemala to the Frigats, we Ihould be dif- 1 covered ) and might now and then come to the Town to 1 treat concerning my palling in one ot the Frigats to the Havana or Canbagena. What in that Town we obfer- | ved was, two Quitters of Mercenarian and Francifcan 1 Fraycrs, and one of the Nuns, very rich s and one Parifh Church, which was as a Cathedral, for the Bi(hop of | Lem did more eonfhntly r tilde there then in the City. The Chap. XXL of the Weft-Indies. 421 The houfes are fairer then thofe of Lew, and the Town of more Inhabitants, amongft whom there are fome few Merchants of very great wealth, and many of inferiour degree very well to psQ, who trade with Cartbagena , Guatemala , San Salvador., and Comay agua, and fome by the South Sea, to Peru and Panama. But at this time of the fending away the Frigats, that Town is one of the wealthieft in all the North Tra<5t of America > for the Merchants of Guatemala fearing to /fend all their goods by the Gulf of Honduras, tor that they have been often taken by the Hollanders between that and Havana think it fafer to fend them by the Frigats to Cartbagena , which paffage hath not been fo much Hopped by the Hollanders as the other. So likewife many times the Kings treafure, and re- venue ('when there is any report of fhips at Sea, or about [ the Cape of S. Antony ) are this way by the Lake of Gra- nada pa/Ted to Cartbagena. That year that I was there, before I betook my felt to an Indian Town, in one day there entred fix.Requa’s ( which were at lea/t three hun- dred Mules ) from St. Salvador and Comayagua only, laden ■with nothing elfe but Indigo, Cochinil and Hides, and two days after from Guatemala came in three more, the one laden with lilvtr ( which was the Kings tribute from that Countrey s the other with Sugar, and the other with Indigo. The former Requa’s I feared not » but the latter made me keep clofe within my lodging, left going abroad, I fliould be known by fome of thofe that came from Guatemala s who after they had I delivered what they brought prefently departed, and with their departure fet me a liberty, who tor their fakes was a voluntary prifoner within mine own lodging. But fearing left more of thefe Rcqua’s might come and affright me, I went to at Town out of the rode, a league from Granada , and took my pltafure up and down the Countrty where 3 was much featted by the Mercenarian Fryers, who enjoy tnott of thofe Towns. Amonglt thefe I ■ beard much of the paffage in the Frigats to Cartbagena , vt/hich di'd not a little di, (hearten and difeourage me. For £.e 2 although 422 A New Survey Chap. XXI. although, w hilt ft they fail upon the Lake, they go fe~ curely and without trouble, yet when they fall from the Lake to the River ('which they call El Vcfaguadcro) to go out to the Sea, hie labor , hoc epus eft, here is nothing but trouble, which fometimes m ikes that fhort voyage to laft two months } for fuch is the fall of the waters in ma- ny places amongft the rocks, that many timts they are forced to unlade the Fiigats, and lade them again with help of Mules which are there kept for that purpofe, by a few Indians tint live about the River/ and have care of the Lodges made for to lay in the wares, while!! the Frigats pafs through thofe dangerous places to another Lodge, whither the wares are brought by Mules, and put again into the Frigats. Betides this trouble (which mud needs be tedious to a pafttnger, to be thus flopped, who would willingly come foon to his journeys end) the a- bundanceof gnats is fuch, which maketh him to take no joy in his voyage, and the heat in fome places to intolera- ble, that many do die before they get out to the fca. Though all this was terrible to me to hear, yet I comfor- ted my felf that my lit e was in the hands of the Lord, and that the Frigats did commonly every year pafs that u'ay, and feldom any were loft. I event now and then to Gra - nada to bargain for my paftage, and to know when the Frigats would for certain fet out, and to provide my felf of lome dainties and Chocolatte for my journey, having agreed with a Mafttr of a Frigat for my diet at his table. The time was appointed within four or live days i but fuddenly all was crofted with a llti& command from Guatemala , that the Frigats fhould not go out that year, becaule the Prcfident and whole Court was informed for certain that fome Englijh or Holland fhipswere abroad at fea, and lay about the mouth of the river or Vefagua- dcro waiting for the Frigats of Granada and that the faid fhips were fometimes lurking about the lllands of Saint John , and Saint Catharine (which then was our Providence) which made all the Merchants ot the Coun- try to fear and fweat with a cold fweat, and the Presi- dent Chap. XXL of the Weft-Indies. 4a 5 dent to be careful for the Kings Revenues, left the lofs | of them fhould be imputed tohis wilful negligence, in not ; flopping the Frigats, whilft he might, and had warning I given. This was but fad news unto me, who knew not for the prefent, which way to difpofe of my ftlf, I began to think of the (hip that was at liealejo ready to fet out to PjHOina , thinking that would now be my beft courfe, but enquiring after it, I was for certain informed by fome Merchants that it was newly gone. Then my eyes looked I1 upon Comayagua and ‘TruxiUo, and upon the (hips of Hon- duras, but theie were but vain and troubled thoughts, ari- fing from a perpkx.d heart, for the ftiips were alfo gone from thence, without fome fmallvelfel or Frigat might be j there with news from Havana or Cartbagena (for thofe : places fend often word and notice of what ftiips are a- ; broad at fea) but this alfo was a meer chance, and not I to be trufted unto, as my friends did advife and counfel me. Whtreupon my perplexity more and more increafed, only rr,y comfort was that there were more paffengers bclides my ftlf, who I knew mull take fome courfe, and whom I alfo refolved to follow by fea or land. Among!! us all we were once refolved to hire a Frigat to carry us only to Cartbagena, but this would not be granted, for no body would hazard his veffel and life tor our fakes. Whileft we were thus dillreffed and perplexed enquiring ' about Granada of the Merchants what courfe we might take to get to Spain that year, or to meet with the Ha- vana or Cartbagena i one that wiftied us well, counfellcd us to go to Cojiarica , where at Carthago we fhould be fure to hear of fome vcflels bound tor Portohcl , either from the river called dc los Anzuelos , or from the river called Sucre, from whence every year wenc out fome fmall frigats to carry Meal, Bacon, Fowls, and other provilion for the Galtons to Portjbel. Tiiis we thought was a hard and difficult journey, and of near a hundred and fifty leagues, over mountains and through deferts, where we (hould mils the plcafure, variety, and dainties of Gua- tcniaii and Nicaragua) and alter all this peradventure E e 3 might 424 A New Survey Chap. XXL might mils of an cportunity of any Frigat bound to Por- tobello , Yet fo unwilling were we all to return to Gnate- mala from whence we came, that we would rather go forward, and undergo any difficulties, fo that at laft we might find any (hipping to convey us where we might meet with the Galeons, which we knew were not to come to Portobel, till the Months of June or July. We therefore agreed four of us, three Spaniards and my felf,#togoto Cofiarica , and there to try our fortune. They had each of them ( as my felf had ) carriage for one Mule, and none to ride on i but thought it their bed way to buy each of them a Mule to carry them, which they hoped after their journey to fell again at Cojhrica , and to get money by them, and for their carriages to hire mules and Indians from Town to Town, who alfo might ferve to guide us through many dangerous places and palfages, which we underfiood were in the way. Now I wifhed I had my Mule which I fold at San Miguel or any one of the two which I fold before in Granafa. But for my money I doubted not, with the help of the Blackjvoor , but I (hould find one for my purpofe. I furnifiied my felf very fpeedily, for fifty pieces of eight, of one which 1 feared not would perform my journey. My good and truiiy Blackjmnr would willingly have gone on with me, and further round the World if I would have permitted him j but I would not » but ( thanked him heartily tor what he had done, and gav e him money enough in his purfe, and difmiffcd him ) ho- ping that the company of the three Spaniards would be Sufficient comfort unto me. Thus with one Indian to guide us we fet four of us out of Granada, enjoying for the two firft days more of the pleafure of that Mabomets paradife Nicaragua , finding the way for the moll part plain, the Towns pleafar.t, the Countrey lhidy, and every where fruits abounding. The fecond day after we fet our, we were much affrighted with a huge and mon(frous Caiman cr Crocodile, which having come out ct the Lake ( which we palftd byj and lying croL a puddle of water bathing himfclt, and waiting ! i; for i Chap. XXI. of the W elt-Indies. 42 5 * r 1 L'nrux/™ for fome prey, as we perceived after, whom we not know- ing well at the firft , but thinking that it had been fome tree that was felled or fallen, parted clofe by it j when on a fuddain we knew the feales of the Caiman, and faw the monfter ftir and move, and fet himfelf againft us-, where- with we made haft from him i but he thinking to have made (bnrie of us his greedy prey, ran after us which when we perceived, and that he was like to overtake us, we were much troubled, until one of the SpamarJ, ( who knew better the nature and quality of that beaft thent the reft ) called upon us to turn to one fide out of the v y, and to ride on ftrait for a while, and then to turn i on another fide , and fo to circumflex our way, which advice of his without doubt faved mine, or fome of the other lives, for thus we wearied that mighty monfler and ^lea- ped from him, who ( had we rid out ftraightway ) had certainly overtaken us, and killed fome mule or man, for his ftraight forward flight was as fwift as our cS c0 run i but whilft he turned and wheeled about his heavy body, we got ground and advantage till we left him far behind US ?andgby this experience we came to know he nature and quality of that beaft, whole greatnefs of body ?s no hinderance to run forward as fwift as a Mule * but otherwife as the Elephant once laid down is troubled to get up, fo this monfter is heavy and ft iff, and therefore much troubled to turn and wind about his body. W praifod God who had that day delivered us, and Iia,nSto a while by the fide of the lake, we were watchful that we might mot fall again into the like danger. But the great- nefs of this lake of Granada may from hence be known, in that the fecond and third day of our journey, being a lcaft thrccfcorc miles from whence we let out, we now and then found our way lying by it. After t at ^ we wholly loft the fight of it, we began to enter intc - rough and craggy ways, declining more to the Souti ei the North lea. And in all the reft of our journey to Car- tbagpy we obferved nothing worth commuting to po e- rity, but only mi^htv woods and trees on so- Ee lea 4 2 6 A New Survey Chap. XXL lea fide, very fit for to make ftrong fhips, and many moun- tains and defcrt places, where we lay fometimes two nights together, either in Woods or open fields, far from any Town or habitation ot Indians, yet lor our comtort in thefe fo defert places we had Hill a guide with us, and found lodges, which by the command of the ncarefi Juftices had been let up for (uch as travelled that way. We came at lall through thouland dangers to the City of Carthago , which we found not to be fo poor, as in richer places, as Guatemala and Nicaragua it was reported to be. For there we had occation to inquire after lome Merchants for ex- change of gold and lilver, and we found that Come were very rich, who traded by land and lea with Panama, and by Sea with Portohello, Carthagcna, and Havana , and from thence with Spain. This City may conlilt of lour hun- dred Families, and is governed by a Spanijl: Governour i It is a Bilhops Sea, and hath in it three Cloillers, two of Fryers, and one ot Nuns. FLre we began to enquire after that which had brought us through lo many Mountains, Woods, and dtferts, to wit, alter fame Ipeedy cccation ot flipping our felves for Portohello or Carthagcna i and ac- cording to our dt fires we underltood of one Fiigat almoli ready to fet out from the River called De los Anzuchs , and another from the River Sucre s and being well inter- med that Sucre would be the bell place tor us to travel un- to by reafon of more provillon in the way, more Towns of Indians , and Eftancia’s of Spaniards, we rctolved within tour days after we had relied in Carthago, to under- take a new journey towards the North Sea. We found that Country mountainous in many places, yet here and there fome Vullics where was very good corn, Spaniards living in good Farms, who as well as the Indians bred many hogs s but the Towns of Indians we found much un- like to thofe which we had left behind in Nicaragua and Guatemala s and the people in ccurtefie and civility much differing from them, and of a rude and bold carriage and behaviour towards us s yet they are kept under by tlie Spa- niards, as much as thofe whop I have formerly fpokeu of about Chap.XXI. of the W eft-indies. 42 7 about Guatemala. We came in fo good a time to the Ri- ver Sucre> that we flayed there but three days in a Span jh Faimneerunto ir, and departed. The Mafter ot the Frigat was exceeding glad of our company, and offered to carry me tor nothing, but for my prayers to God for him, and for a fafe paffage > which he hoped would not be above three or four days failing. What he carried was nothing but feme Hony, Hides, Ba- con, Meal and Fowls. The greatefl danger he told us of, was the letting cut from the River, ('which runs in fome places with a very flrong ftream, is (hallow and full of rocks in other places) till we come forth to the main Sea s Whither we got cut fafely and had not failed on a- bove twenty leagues, when we difeovered two (hips ma- king towards us » our hearts began to quake, and the Ma- fler hjmfelf ot the Frigat we perceived was not without fear, whofulpedted that they were Envlijh or Holland ih\ps-y we had no guns nor weapons to tight with, fave only four or five Muskets and halfa dozen Swords s we thought the wings ot our nimble Frigat might be our b-. ft comfort, and flying away our chicfcfl fafety. But this comfort foon be- gan to fail us, and our belt fafety was turned into near approaching danger : for before we could the one five leagues towards Portobel , we could from our Top Matt ealily perceive the two Ships to be Hollanders , and too nimble for our little V.ffJ, which prefently one ot them (which being a Man ot War, was too much and too flrong tor our weaknefs) tetcht up, and with a thundrsng Mef- fige made us flr'ke Sail. Without any fighting we durfl; not but yield, hoping tor better mercy. But O what fad thoughts did here run to and from my dc jedfed heart, which was flruck down lower then our fail? How did I fometimeS look upon Deaths frighting vifage ? But if again I would comforc and incourage my felt againfl this tear of Death > how then did I begin to tee an end ot all my hopes of e- ver more returning to my wiibed and defired Country > How did I fee that my treafure of Pearls, pretious Stones, and pieces of eight, and golden Piflols, which by tinging 42 S A New Survey Chap.XXI. finging I had got in twelve years fpace, now within one half hour ready to be loll with weeping, and become a fure prey to thofe who with as much eafe as I got them, and with laughing w'ere ready to fpoil me of all that with the found of Flutes, Waits and Organs I had fo long been hording up ? Now I law I mull forcedly and fainedb offer up to a Hollander what fuperllitious, yea alfo forced and fained offerings of Indian s to their Saints of Mixco , Pin la, Amatitlan and Petapa had for a while enriched me. My further thoughts were foon interrupted by the Hollanders who came abord our Frigat with more (peed then we de- fired. Though their Swords, Muskets and Pilfols did not a little terrifie, yet we were fomewhat comforted, when we underflood who was their chief Captam and Commander, and hoped for more mercy from him, who had been born and brought up amonglt Spaniards , then from the Hollanders , who as they were little bound unto the Spanijb Nation for mercy, fo did we exped little from (them. The Captain of this Holland fhip which took us was a Mulatto, born and bred in Havana , whofe Mother I faw and fpoke with afterwards that fame year, when theGaleons tlruck into that Port to exped there the rdf that were to come from Vera Cruz ■ This Mulatto for fome wrongs which had been offered unto him from fome com- manding Spaniards in the Havana , ventured himfelfdefpe- rately in a boat out to the Sea, where were fome Holland Ships waiting for a prize, and with Gods help getting unto them, yielded himlelf to their mercy, which he efteemed far better then that of his own Countreymen, promiling to ierve them faithfully againll his own Nation, which had moft injurioufly and wrongfully abufed, yea and ("as 1 was afterwards informed ) whipped him in the Havana. This Mulatto proved fo true and faithful in his good fervices unto the Hollanders , that they dteemed muen of him, married him to one of their Nation, and made him Captain of a fhip unJer that brave and gallant Hollander whom the Spaniards then fo much feared, and named, Pie de Palo , or Wooden Leg. This famous Mulatto it was ! ‘ that Cbap.XXT. of the Weft-Indies. 429 that with his Sea Souldiers horded our Frigaf, in the which he had found little worth his labour, had it not been for the Indians offerings which I carried with me, of which I loft that day the worth of 4000 Patacons or pieces of eight in pearls and pretious ftones,and near 3 000 more in mony. The other Spaniards loft fome hundreds a piece, which was fo rich a prize, that it made the Hollanders ftomach loath the reft of our grofs provifion of Bacon, Meal and Fowls, and our mony tafted Tweeter unto them, then the Hony which our Frigat alfo afforded them. Other things I had as a Quilt to lie on, fome Books, and Lamina’s, which are pictures in brafs, and clothes ) which I begged of that Noble Captain the Mulatto, who confidering my Orders and calling, gave me them freely, and wifhed me to be patient, faying that he could do no otherwife then he did with my mony and Pearls, and ufing that common Proverb at Sea, Oy per mi, manana per ti, to day fortune hath been for me, to morrow it may be for thee : or to fay I have got what to moirow I may lofe again* Here 6 made ufealfo of that common faying, that ill gotten goods never thrive, and perceived it was the will of my hea- venly Father to take from me what unlawfully by fuper- ftitious and idolatrous Maffes, by Offerings unto Idols and Statues of Saints I had got amongft the Indians . I offered in lieu of thole former offerings my will unto my Lord Gods will, deliring him to grant me patience to bear that great lofs. I confefs, though it was very crofs to flefh and bloud, yet I found an inward fpiritual lircngthning from above , and to be very true what Paul writes to the He~ brews in the 12 Chapter, and Vcrfe n. faying, No eba- fiening for the prefent feemetb to be joyous, but grievous, ne- vertheless afterward it yicldetb the peaceable fruit of rigbteouj- nefs unto them which arc exercifed thereby : for that very day I found my inward man quiet and peaceable with a full and total fubmidion unto the holy will of God, which 3 defired might be done in earth, in the Sea, and perfor- med and obeyed by me at that prefent, as it is always done in heaven. And although this was tpy beftand chief f 5 1 ■ • condor r, 430 A New Survey Chap.XXI. comfort, yetfrom the creature by the Creators perm ffion I had alfo fome comfort left in a few piflols, fome fing’e, fome double, which I had fowed up in my Quilt ( which the Captain reflored unto me, faying it was the bed I lay , in ) and in the doublet which I had at that pufent, which mounted to almoft a thoufand Crowns, and in their fearch- ing was not found out. After theCaptain and Soldiers had well viewed their prize, they thought of refrefhing their fto- machs with fome of our provilion , the good Captain made a (lately dinner in our Frigat, and invited me unto it, and ' knowing that I was going towards Havana befidcs many other brindi’s or healths, he drank one unto his Mother, de- firing me to fee her, and to remember him unto her, and how that for her fake he had ufed me well and courteouily | in what he could \ and further at Table he faid that for tny fake he would give us our Frigat that we might return again to land, and that I might find out from thence fome faftr ( way and means to get to Portobcllo, and to continue on my journey unto Spain. After dinner I conferred with the Cap- v tain alone, and told him that I was no Spaniard, but an ( Englijh man born, (hewing him the Licence which 1 had j from Rome to go to England, and that therefore I hoped, not being of an enemy nation to the Hollanders , he would reliore unto me what goods were mine. But all this was of little confequence with him, who had already taken pofh flion of mine and all other goods in the (hip : he told me 1 mult J fuffer with thofe amonglt whom I was found, and that l might as well claim all the goods in the Chip for mine. 1 de- firedhim then to carry me along with him to Hdland, that from thence I might get to England, which alfo he relufed to do, telling me that he went about from one place to another, | -and knew not when he fhould go to Holland . and that he was ready to fight with any Spanijh (hip, and it he fhould j fight with the Spaniards whillt I was in his fliip, his loldL ers in their hot blond might be ready to dome a mi (chief, thinking I would do them harm, if in fight they fhouli be ‘ taken by the Spaniards. With thele his anlwers 1 faw there was nc hope of getting again what now was loli, 1 thete~ Chap. XXI. of the W eft-indies. 43 1 therefore (as before) I commended my felf again to Gods providence and protection. The Souldiers and Mariners of the Holland Ship made hade that afternoon to unload the goods of our Frigat into their Man of War , which took them up that, and part of the next day, whilft we as Pri- foncrs were wafting up and down the Sea with them. And whereas we thought our money had fatisfied them enough* and to the full, we found the next day that they had alio a ftcmach to our Fowls and Bacon, and wanted our Meal to make them bread, and our Honey to fweeten their mouths, ardour Hides for Shoos and Boots i all which they took a* way, leaving me my Quilt, Books, and brafs Pictures, and to the Matter of the Frigat fome fmall provifion, as much as might carry us to land, which was not far off, and thus they took their leaves of us , thanking us for their good entertainment. And we weary of fuch guetts, fome pray- ing to God that they might never entertain the like again, fome curling them all, and effkcially the Mulatto, to hell, calling him Rcnegado, fome thanking God for their lives, which were given them for a prey , we all returned again to Sucre from whence we had ftt our, and going up the River, were almoft like to be caft away, andlofe our lives, after we had lott our goods. When we came to land, the Spaniards about the Countrey pitied our cafe, and helped us with alms, gathering a Collection for us. The three Spaniards of my company lott all their money, and moft of ! their belt clothes } yet they had relerved fome Bills of Ex- • change for money to be taken up at Rortobcllo\ which I wifhed I had alfo for what I had loft. For the prefent we .| knew not whatcourfeto take , we thought of going to Rio dclos Anzuelos , but we were informed that certainly the * Frigats there were either gone, or would be gone before we could get thitheri and if they flayed not with the news ot the | Hollanders Ships at Sea, they cither already were or would be i; their prize as we had been. We refolved therefore with the !| charitable allittance of the Spaniards about the Country to | return again to Carthago^ and trom thence to take fome be t- | ter directions. In the way weconfei’d what we hadlaved,fhe Span'll ds 432 d New Survey Chap. XXf. Spaniards bragged yet of their bills of Exchange, which would yield them mony at Carthago , / would not let them know what I had faved, but fomewhat I told them I had kept i and we agreed all the way we went to fignifie nothing but poverty andmilery, that the Indians and Spa- niards in the way might pity and commiferate us, and our great Ioffes. When we came to Carthago we were indeed much pitied, and Colledfrions were made for us » and as it was expected from me, that I fhould ling again at the Altars ( who truely could rather have cried to fee and confider my many misfortunes and dyfafters, which I defired might at laft by a fafe return to England, prove the trials of the faith I intended to fearchout ) and that I fhould preach wherefoever I came j fo by thefe two ways, of finging and hudling over Vominus vobifcum and the reft; of the Mafs, and by accepting of what Sermons were re- commended unto me, I began again to ftore my felf with monies. Yet I knew that in fuch a poor Countrey as that was, where I was little known, I could not podibly get* enough to bring me home with credit into England > and therefore the cunning enemy finding me to hand upon my credit, began ftrongly to tempt me to return again to Guatemala ( where 1 doubted not but I fhould be wel- comed and entertained by my friends ) and to fettle my felf there, until I had again by facrilegious, bafe, fuperfti- tious, and idolatrous means, and works, made up a new purfe to return with credit home- But I perceiving that God (hewed himfelf angry, and had juftly taken from me, what by unlawful means I had in twelve years obtained, bid Satan avaunt , purpofing never more to return to the fhfh pots of Egypt , and to go hill home-wards, though in the way I did btg my bread. Yet ( left I might be fulpe&ed amongft the Spaniards , and troubled for not exerciiing my orders and function ) I refolved to take what as to a ftranger and traveller for preaching or any other exercifc might be offered unto me. Thus with courage refolving to go on ftiil cowards England „ Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 433 England., I enquired at Carthago which way I might get I to Portobeilo. But this door of hope was fall: (hut up* though my truft in Gods providence was not weakened. In this feafon, There came to Carthago fome two or three hundred Mules unfadled cr unloadcn with fome Spaniards, Indians and Blachmoors, from the parts of Comay agua, and Guatemala , to convey them to Panama by land, over the Mountains of Veragua there to be fold. This is the year- ly and only trading by land, which Guatemala , Comayagua , and Nicaragua , hath with Panama over that narrow Ijihmus lying between the North, and South fea, which is very dangerous by reafon of the craggy ways, rocks, and mountains,but moreefpecial!y,by reafon of many Heathens, Barbarians and Savage people, which as yet are not con- quered by the Spaniards, and fometimes do great hurt and tnifehief, and kill thofe that with Mules pah through their Countrey, efpecially if they mifdemean themfelves or pleafe them not well. Yet for all thefe difficulties. I was entertaining a thought to go along with thofe Mules and Spaniards , which were now on their way by land to Panama , The three Spaniards were half of the fame mind » but the providence of God who better ordereth and difpofeth mans affairs then he himfelf, difappointed thefe our thoughts for our good and fafety, as after we were informed for we heard for certain at Nicoya, that fome of thofe Mules and Spaniards were killed by the barians and Savage Indians , amongft whom my life might have been loft, it I had attemptedt hat hard and dangerous journey j from which many well-wifhers at Carthago did diffwade me, both for the danger of the Indians, arid for the difficulties of the ways and mountains, which they told me the weaknefs of my body would never indure. After we had wholly defifted from this land journey, the beft counfe), that we had from fome Merchants our friends, was to try whether Mar del Zur, or the South lea, would favour our detign and journey, better then the Mar del Norte, or the North fea had done » who wifhed us to go to Nicoia, and from thdnce to Qhira, and to the Golf> de Salinas, 434 A New Survey Chap. XXL Salinas, where they doubted not but we fliould find fhipping to Panama. We were willing to follow any good advice and counfel? yet we knew that this was the laft (hi ft which we could make, and the non plus ultra of our hopes, and that if here we {hould be difappointed, we could expcft no other way ever to get to Panama , except we (hould ven- ture our lives mod defperately over the Mountains of Ve- ragua , and by land without any guide or Company through the Countrey of the Barbarians, (who before had (lain fome Spaniards paffing that way) or elfe (hould return again, all the way that we had come, to Realejo , where our hopes might be fruftrated, and peradventure no (hipping found for Panama , without a years waiting for it. We refolved therefore to follow this our friends counfel, and to go yet to Pi icoya, and from thence to Golfu de Sali~ nas , where laughing, I told the three Spaniards ot my com- pany that if we were difappointed, we would like Hercules fet up a Pillar to eternize our fame, with our names, and this Infcription upon it, Nonplus ultra , for that beyond it there was no other Port, Haven, or place, to take (hipping to Panama \ neither could any have done more (nor ever did any Engli(h man in that Country do more than my felfj than we had done, but efpecially my felt, who from Mixco had thus travelled by land to Nicoya , at leali (ix hundred leagues, or eighteen hundred Englijh miles llraight from North to South , betides what I had travelled from Vera Cruz , to Mexico , and from Guatemala to Vera Paz, and and to Puerto de Cavallos , or Gclfo dulce , and from thence to T ruxillo, and from thence back again to Guatemala, which was at lead thirteen or fourteen hundred Englijh miles more, which I thought to eternize upon a Pi’lar at Nicoya * But what there was net endted, 1 hope here (hall be eter- nized, and that this my true and faithful Hiftory (hall be a Monument cf three thoufand and three hundred miles tra- velled by an Engliflvman , within the main land of Ame- rica, bolides other fea navigations to Panama , from Portobel to Carthagena, and from thence unto the Havana. The way which we travelled from Carthago to Nicoya was very n om*' Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Inches. 435 mountainous, hard, and unpleafant, for we met with tew Eftantia’s of Spaniards , and tew Indian Towns, and thofe very poor, fmall, and ail ofdejc&ed and wretched people. Yet Nic-y a is a pretty Town, and head ot a Spanifh go- vernment, where we found one Jufio dc Salazar , Alcalde Major, who entertained us very well, and provided lodgings for us tor the tiine that we fhould abide there, and comfor- ted us with hopeful words, that though for the pretent there was noOiip or frigat in the Goit of Salinas, yet he doubted not, but very floor tly one would come from Pana - ma thither, tor Salt and other commodities, as yearly they were wont. The time ot the year when we came thither, was a fit time tor me to get again tome monies after my great lots -, tor it was in Lent which is the Fryers chiefeft harveft, who ( as 1 have before obftrved ) then by Con- te (lions and by giving the Communion get many mony offerings. The time, and theFrancifcan Fryer who had the Pafior- thip and charge of that Town, were both very commodious unto me, who could not refute as long as I flayed there to txercife my tur.dfion, It It 1 thould bring a juft caufe of lutpition and atperlion upon my (elf. The Fryer ot the Town was a Pcrtingal , who about three weeks before my coming thither had had a very great bickering and (trite with jujlo de Salazar the Alcalde Maior, tor detending the Indians , whom Salazar did gvicvoully epptefs, employing them in his, and his wives fervice as Slaves, and not paying than what tor the fweat of their brows was due unto them, and commanding them to be from their home and trom their wives, and from their Church upon the Sabbath, working for him as well that day as any other. Which the Fryer not enduring, charged them in the Pulpit, not to obey any fuch unlawful commands trom their Alcalde Maior. But Jufio de Salazar ( who had been trained up in wars and fighting, and had lerved formerly in the Cable ot Milan) thought it a great disparagement unco him, now to be4 curbed by a Fryer, and by fuch a one to be inter- rupted in his government ot the Indians , and inthc ways of Ft lus 4 3 6 A New Survey Chap. XXI. his own lucre and gain. Therefore after many bitter words and defiances, which had palled between him and the Fry- er, he came one day refolutely to the Fryers houfe with his lword drawn, and certainly had not the Fryer been alfified by leme of the Indians , he had killed him. The Fryer be- ing as hot as he, and handing upon his calling, Orders and Priefihood, prefuming that he durif net touch him violent- ly, left his priviledge fliould bring an excommunication upon the flriker and offendor, would not flie frum him, but dared him boldly •, which was a ftrong provocation to Salazars heat and paflion, and caufed him to lilt up his fword, and aim his blow and firoke at the Fryer, which fell fo unhappily that with it he ftruck off twocf the Fry- ers fingers, and had undoubtedly feconded another blow more hurtful and dangerous to the Fryer, had not the In- dians interpofed thtmfelves, and (hut up their Pried into his chamber. Jufto was for this adtion excommunicated, yet for that he was a man of high authority, he foon got off his excommunication from the Bifhop of Cojiarica , and fent his complaint to the Chancery of Guatemala againft the Fryer, where with friends and mony he doubted not but to overcome the Mendicant Pried, as it happened after ■, lor (as I was informed) he cauled the Fryer to be fent (or up to the Court, and there prevailed fomuch againd him, that he got him to be removed from Nicy a- In this feafon the Fryer kept his houfe and chamber, and would by no means go out totheChurch,either to fayMafs,or to preach, or hear Confiflions, (all which that time of the year did require of him) but had got one to help him > who alone not being able to perform fo great a charge of many hun- dred Indians, Spaniards, Blackamoors, and Mulatto's, who from the Country without, and lrem the Town within cx- pedfied to have their Confiflions heard, their fins abfolved, the word preached, and the Communion to be given them, hearing of my coming defined me to aflid and help him, and that for my pains I fliould have my meat and drink at his table, and a Crown daily for every Mats, and what- foever elfc the people fliould voluntarily offer, betides the Sermons, 7 Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 437 Sermons, which fhould be well rewarded unto me. I flayed in this Town from the fecond week of Lent until Eafter week, where what with three Sermons at ten Crowns a piece, what with my daily fliptnd and many other offerings , I got about an hundred and fifty Crowns. The week before Eafier news came of a Frigat from Pu- nama to Golfo de Salinas, which much comforted us, who already began to miftrufl the delay. The Mafier of the Frigat came to Nicoya , which is as Court thereabout i and with him the three Spaniards and my felt agreed for our paflage to Panama . About Cbira , Golfo de Salinas , and Nicoyj , there are fome farms of Spaniards, few and very fmall Indian Towns, who are all like flaves employed by the Alcalde Maior, to make him a kind of thred called Pi- ta, which is a very rich Commodity in Spain , especially of that colour wherewith it is dyed in thefe parts ot Nicoyay which is a purple coJours for the which the Indians are here much charged to work about the Sea fhore, and there to find out certain fiiells, wherewith they make thispurple die. Purpura is a kind of fitcll fifh, whofe ufual length of life is teven years, he hides himlelt about the riling ot the Dog-liar and fc continues for 300 days, it is gathered in the Spring time, and by a mutual rubbing of one or o- thcr ot them together, tfuy yield a kind ot thick lltme like fott wax , but its famous die for garments is in the mouth otthefith, and the moll refined juyee is in a white vein, the rclt ot his body is void and ot no ufe : Your Segovia cloth died therewith for the richncfs ot the colour, is told at five or fix pound the yard, and ufed only by the greatefl Dons ol Spain , and m ancient time only worn by the Nobldt Romans , and called by the name of Syrian Purple. There are alfo fhells for other colours, which are not known to be fo plentifully in any other place as here. A- bout Cbira an d Golfo de Salinas , rhechiet commodities are Salt, Hony, Maiz, tome Wneat and Fowls, which every year they lend by fome tew Frigats to Panama , which from F t 2 thence 438 A New Survey Chap. XXI. thence cnme on purpofe to fetch them with this purple coloured thred, or Pita , which I have fpoken of. The Fri- gat which came when I was there, was foon laden with thefe Commodities, and with it wefet out hoping to have been at Panama within five or fix days. But as often before we had been eroded, fo like wife in this fhort padage we were driving with the Wind, Sea, and Corrientes, as they are called ( which are l'wift dreams as of a River) four full weeks. After the fird day that we fet out, we were driven with a wind and dorm towards Pern, till we came under the very iEquinodtial line, where what with exciflive heat, what with mighty dorms, we utterly defpaired of life. But after one week that we had thus run towards death, it plea- fed God in whom and by whom all creatures live, move, and have their being, to comfort us again with hopes of life, fending us a profperous gale, which drove us out of that jEquino&ial heat, and dormy Sea, towards the Ifland of Per las, and Pucrta de Chamc , lying on the South fide of the Mountains of Vcragua , from whence we hoped within two days at the mod to be at rtd and Anchor at Panama. But yet there our hopes were frudrated,for there our wind was calmed, and we tell upon thofe drong Corrientes or dreams, which drave us back in the night tor the fpace of almolt a fortnight as much as we had failed in the day. Had not God again been merciful here unto us, we had certainly perifhcd in this our driving with the dream > for although we wan- ted not provifion of food, yet our drink tailed us fo, that tor four days we tatted neither drop of wine or water, or any thing that might quench our third, fave only a little hony which we found did cuule more third in us, which made me and fome others to drink our own Urine, and to relrcfh our mouths with pieces of lead bullets which did for a while refrtfh, but would not long have fufficed Nature, had not Gods good Providence lent us fuch a wind which in the day drave us quite off from thole Cnriientts. Our fird thoughts were then to fir ike either to the Continent, or fome Illand of many which were about us to feek tor water, finding our bodies weak and languifhingiwhich the Captain Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 439 of the Ship would by no means yield unto, affuring us that that day he would land us at Panama but we not being able to fail on without any drink, unlefs we fhould yield to have our dead and not our live bodies landed where he pro- tnifed, thought it r.ot good purchafe, though we might buy all Panama with our lives, which we judged could not hold out another day •, and feeing that the wind began to flacken, we all required him to firike into forr.e Ifhnd for watery which he llubbornly rehifed and denyed to dojwhere- upon the three Spaniards and fomeofthe Mariners mutined againft him with drawn Swords,threatning to kill him, if he betook not himfelf prefently to fome Illand. The good Maher thought it bad fport to fee Swords at his bread:, and fo commanded his Ship to be turned to two or three lllands, which were not above two or three hours fail from us. When we drew nigh unto them, we caM our Anchor, and our Cock-boat, and happy was he that could firhead himfelf into it tobe rowed to land to fill his belly with water. The hi d Illand we landed upon, was on that fide unhabitable, where we fpent much time running to and fro, over-heating our fclves and increafing our third, thus whild one ran one way, and another tryed' another to find out fome fountain, our hope being trudrated and I lod in the Wood, and my Ihooes torn from my feet, with dony rocks, and many thorns and bulbs in other places, my company betook themfelvcs to the Cock boat to try another Illand, leaving me alone, and lod in the Wood. out of which at lad when 1 came, and found the Cock-boat gone from the fhore, I began to con' ii ler my f-lfa dead mm, thinking that they had found water and were gone to Ship, and not hading me would hoife up their faih lor Panama. Tnus being dejedfed l cryed out to the Ship, which I perceived could not podibl.y hear my weak voyce, and running up and down the Rocks to fee if 1 could dilcovtr the Cock-boar, I perceived it was not with the Ship, and eipied it at the next lllind. With this I began to hope better tilings of them, that they would call for me when they had gotten wafer > lo 1 came down from the Rocks to the plain fhore, whete 1 found a (hade of trees and i f 3 amorigli 440 A New Survey Chap. XXL among(f them fome berries (which might have been poi- fon, tor I knew them net ) wherewith I refrtfhed my mouth for a while i but my body fo burned that I thought there with heat, weaknefs and faint nets, I fhould have ex- pired and given up the Ghoft. I thought by iirippin my felt naked and going into the Sea unto my neck, I might thus refreth m, body, which I did, and coming out again into the (bade, 1 tell into a dup deep, in (o much that the Coek boat coming for me, and the company hollow- ing unto me, 1 awaked not, which made them fear that I was dead or loti , till landing, onefearchtd for me one way, and another another, and fo they found me, who might have been a pny to fome wild B.aff, or lbpt till the Frigat had gone aw^y, and fo have perifhed in a barren and unhabitable Illand. When they awaked me, I was glad to (ee my good company, and the firti thing I enquirtdfor, wa;, it the y had got any water i they bad me be of good cheer and arile i for they had water enough, and Oranges and Lemmons from another Illind, where they met with Spaniards that did inhabit it. I made halte with them to the Boat, and no Conner was I entred into it but they gave me to drink as much as I would. The wa- ter was warm and untetled, for they could not take it up fo but that they took of the gravel and bottom of the Fountain, which made it look very muddy j yet for all this (as though my life had depended upon it) 1 drank up a whole pot of it •, which no fbonerhad I drank, but fuch was the weaknefs of my lfomach that, it prefently calf it up again, not being able to bear it. With this they wi- fhedme to eat an Orange or a Lemmon i but them alfo did my lfomach rejedti fo to our Frigat we went, and in the way I fainted fo that the company verily thought I would die, before we got aboard, when we came thi- ther I called again for water, which was no fooner down my lfomach, but prefently up again •, they had me to bed with a burning Feaver upon me* where I lay that night expeding nothing but death, and that the Sea would be my grave. The Chap. XXL of the Weft-Indies. 441 The Maher of the Ship feeing the wind was turned, be' gan to be much troubled, and feared that with that wind he fhould never get to Panama. He refolved to venture upon a way, which never before he had tryed i which was, to get between the two Illands which we had fearched for water, knowing that the wind, which on this tide was con- trary, on the other tide of the Illands would be favoura- ble unto him. Thus towards the evening he took up An- chor and hoifed up his fails, and relolved to pafshis Fri- gat between the two Illands » which how dangerous and defperate an attempt it was, the event witndfed. I lay in this fealon ('as I may truly fayj upon my death-bed, not regarding which way the Maker ot the Ship, or fortune carried me, fo that the mercy- of the Lord carried my foul to Heaven. No fooner had the Frigat (leered her courfe between the narrow paffage of the two Illands, when being carried with the Ureamtoo much to the one fide of the land it ran upon a Rock i fo that the very (lern was lifted up, and almoff call out of the Pilots hands, who cry- ed out, not to God, but unto the Virgin Mary, hying, Ayudad ms Virgin Santiflima, qnc fi no acui nos pcrcccm'S , help us, O molt holy Virgin, tor it not, here we perifli. This, and the outcry ot all that were in the Frigat gave un- to me an Alarm of death, from the which yet it pleafed God by the means and diligence of the painful Mariners to deliver me and all the company, for with much ado moll part of thatnight they haled from the Cock bolt the Frigat off from the Rock, after the fiream had made it three feveral times to (Inkc upon it. Altera very troublefome night in t he morning we got our little Hup out of all dan- ger and from between the two Illinds 011 the other fide of them, where we failed profpLroully towards Panama. That morning my ftomach recovered fume of its loft lfrength, and I began to eat and to drink, and to walk a- bout, rejoycing much to fee tliofe pieafant Illands which w?e (ailed by. In the Evening we got to P uerto de Pcrico i where we caff Anchor, expediting to be fearched in the morning s but that night (the Maiter ot our S up having F f 4 gone 442 A New Survey Chap. XXL gone to fhore)the wind turned and blew fo drong that we j loft our Anchor, and were driven back almolt to la Pacbeque, and feared we fhould be carried out into the Ocean again i < fo tar that we fhould with great difficulty get to Panama . But that God whom the Sea and winds do obey, turned again that contrary wind into a profpcrous gale, where- with we came once more unto Penco > and being fearched we went on with full fail to Panama » being near the Port f and without an Anchor in our Chip, the wind once more blew us back, and had not the Ship-malfer fent us an Anchor, j we had gone again to Pacbeque or further. But with that Anchor we flayed all that night at P crico, wondring among our felves that fo many croffes fhould befall us, which made Come fay that we were betwitched others, that cer- tainly there wasamonglf us fome excommunicated perfon, whom they faid if they knew of, they fhould hurl him over bord. Whilfl they were in this difeourfe, the wind turned yet again, and we levying our Anchor went on to Panama, whither it pleafed God that time fafely to conduct us in. I being now well ffrengthned made no flay in that Frigaf, which I thought would have been my lilt abiding place in this world, but went to land and betook my fell to the CloifUr of the Dominicans where I llayed almoft fifteen, days viewing and reviewing that City ^ which is governed like Guatemala by a Prefident and fix Judges, and a Court of Chancery, and is a Bifhops feat. It hath more iirength towards the South fca then any other Port which on that fide Iliad feen, and fome Ordnance planted for the defence of it •, but the houfes ate of the lealt ftrength of any place that I had entred in \ for limeand done is hard to come by, and therefore for that reafon, and for the great heat there, molt of the houfes are built of timber and bordss the Prtfi ients houfe,nay the bed Church walls are but bords, which ftrve for done and brick, and for tiles to cover the top. Tne heat is (o extraordinary that a linnen cut doublet, with fome flight Hurt or taffety breeches is the common cloathing of the inhabitants. Fifh, fiui.s and herbage for (allets is more plentiful there then flefli j the cool water ot die Coco i» the Chap.XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 443 the womens beft drink, though Chocolatte alfo, and much Wine from P em be very abounding. The Spaniards axe in this City much given to fin,loofenefs and venery efpecially, who make the Blackamoors, ( who are many, rich and gal- lant ) the chief objcdts of their luff. It is held to be one of the richeft places in all America , having by land and by the xivcrCbiagrc commerce with the North (ea,andby the South, trading with all Peru, Eafi- India’s, Mexico and Honduras. Thither is brought the chief treafureof Peru in two or three great (hips, which lie at anchor at Puerto de P erico fome three leagues from the City \ for the great ebbing of the lea at that place efpecially, fuffereth not anv great veffel to come nearer, where dayly the fea ebbs and falls away from the City two or three miles, leaving a mud, which is thought to caufe much unhealthinefs in that place, being ieconded with many other muddy and moorifh places about the Town. It con- fifleth ot fome five thouland inhabitants, and maintaineth at Itaff eight Cloifters ot Nuns and Fryers I feared much the heats, and therefore made as much bait out of it as I could. I had my choice of company by land and water to Portobello. But confidering the hardnefs iaf the moun- tains by land, I refolvcd to go by the river Cbiagre '■> and (bat midnight I fet out from Panama to Venta dc Cruzes, which is ten or twelve leagues from it. The way is thither very plain tor the molt part, and pleafant in the morning and evening. Before ten of the c’ock we got to Venta de Cruzes, where live none but Mulatto's and Blackamoors, who belong unto the flit boats that carry the merchaudife to Poriobcl. There 1 had very good entertainment by that people, whodefired me to preach unto them the mxt Sabbath day, and gave me twenty Crowns for a Sermon, and proedliun. After five days ot my abode there, the boats fet cut, which were much flopped in their paffage down the Rivers for in fome places we found the water very low, fo that the boats ran upon the gravel s from whence with poles and the lirength ot the Blackamoors they were to be lifted cii again j lumetimcs again we met with fuch lireams that 444 ^ New Survey Chap. XXI. that carried us with the fwiftnefs of an arrow down un- der trees and boughs by the river fide, which fometimes alfo hopped us till we had cut down great branches of trees. Hid not it pleafcd God to fend us after the firfl week plentiful rain, which made the water run down from the mountains and fill the river ( which other wife of stfelfis very (hillow) we might have had a tedious and longer palfagei but after twelvedays we got to the fea, and at the point landed at the Cihleto refrtfli our felvcs for half a day. Certainly the Spaniards trull to the flreams and fhal'ownefs of that river, which they think will keep off anyforain nation, from attempting to come up ro Verna de Cruzes , and from thence to Panama., or elfe they would ilrengthen more and fortifiethat Callle, which in my time wanted great reparations, and was ready to fall down to the ground. The Governour of the Callle W3S a notable \Vine-bibber, who plyed us with that liquor 'the time that we Hayed there, and wanting a Chaplain for him- feltand Soldiers would fain have had me flayed with him* but greater nutterscalled me further, and fo I took my leave of him, who gave us fome dainties of frcfh meat, tifh, and conferves, and fo di (miffed us. We got out to the o* pen Sea, difcovering firfl the Efcudode Veragua, and keep- ing fom:what clofc unto the land, we went on rowing to- wards Portobcl , till the evening, which was Saturday night, then we call anchor behind a little Illand, refolving in the morning to enter into Portobcl. The Blaclynoors all that night kept watch for ftar of Hollanders , wl ora they faid did often lie in wait thereabouts for the Boats of Chiagre » but we paffed the night fafely, and next morn- ing got to Portobcllo, whofe Haven we obferved to be very flrong, with two Cafllts at the mouth, and cotiftam watch within them, and another called St. Miguel fur; her in the Port. When I came into the Haven, I was furry to fee that as yet the Galeons were net come from Spain , knowing that the longer 1 Hayed in that place,' the greater would b; my charges. Yet I comforted my felt that the lime of the year was Chap. XXI. of the W eft-indies. 445 was come, and that they could not long delay their co- ming. My firft thoughts were of taking up a lodging, which at that time were plentiful and cheap, nay fome were offered me for nothing, with this caveat, that when the Galeons did come, I mult either leave them, or pay a dear rare for them. A kind Gentleman, who was the Kings Treafurer, falling in difcourfe with me,promi(ed to help me, that I might be cheaply lodged even when the (hips came, and lodgings were at the higheft rate. He, interpofing his authority, went with me to feek one, which at the time of the Fleets being there, might continue to be mine. It was no bigger then would contain a Bed, a Ta- ble, and a Stoolor two, with room enough b fides to o- pen and (hut the door, and they demanded of me for it, during the forefaid time of the Fleet, fixfcore Crowns, which commonly is a fortnight. For the Town being little, and the Soldiers that come with the Galeons for their defence at lead four or five thoufand > btfides Mer- chants (rum Per«, from Spain , and many other places to buy and fell, is the caufe that every room, though never fo (mall, be dear , and (bmetimes all the lodgings in the Town are few enough for fo many people, which at that time do meet at PortobeL I knew a Merchant who gave a thoufand Crowns tor a (hop of reafonable bignefs, to (ell his wares and commodities that year that I was there, for fifteen days only, which the Fleet continued to be in that Haven. I thought it much (or me to give the fixfcore Crowns which wire demanded of me for a room, which was but a Moufc hole, and began to be troubled, and told the Kings Trealuier that I had been lately robbed at Sea, and was notable to give fo much, and befides' afS char- ges for my diet , which I feared would prove as much more. But not a farthing would be abated of what was asked s whereupon the good Treafurer pitying me , of- fered to the man of the lioufe to pay him threefcore Crowns ot it, if fo be that I was able to pay the rdf, which 1 mult do, or elfe lie without in the fireet. Yet till the Fleet did come, I would not enter into this dear hole, 44 6 New Survey Chap.XXI. C hole, but accepting of another fair lodging, which was \\ offered me for nothing. Whilft I thus expe&ed the Fleets « coming, fome mony and offerings I got for Malfcs,andfor i two Sermons which I preached at fifteen Crowns a piece. |; I vifited the Caftles, which indeed feemed unto me to be j very ftrong > but what mod I wondred at was to fee the a requa’s of Mules which came thither from Panama, laden ^ with wedges of filver i in one day I told two hundred Mules, laden with nothing elfe, which were unladen in the publick Market place , lo that there the heaps of filver i wedges lay like heaps of (tones in the Itreet. without any i fear or fufpicion ofbeinglolt. Within ten days the Fleet came, confuting of eight Galcons, and ten Merchants (hips, which forced me to run to my hole. It was a wonder to fee the multitude of people in thofe ftreets which the week before had been empty. Then began the price of all things to rife, a fowl to be worth twelve Rials, which in the main land before I had often bought for one > a pound of beet then was worth two Rials, whereas I had hid in other places thirteen pound for half a Rial, and fo of all other food and provifbn, which was fo excclfive dear, that I knew not how to live but by filh and Tortoifes, which there are very many, and though fbmewhat dear, yet were the cheapett meat that I could eat. It was werthfeeing how Mercian's lold their commo- dities, not by the Ell or Yard i but by the Piece and Weight, not paying in coyned pieces of money, but in Wedges, which were weighed and taken tor commodities. This lafted but fifteen days,whi!di the Galcons were lading with Wedges of lilver,and nothing tllt'i fo that for thole lifteen days, I dare boldly fay and avouch, that in the world there is no greater Fair then that of Port bcl, between the Spanijh Merchants, and thofe of Pern, Panama , and oilier puts thereabouts. Whileftthis traffi.k was, it happened unto me that which I have formerly telfified in my Recantation Sermon at Pauls Church, which if by that means it have not come unto the knowledge of many, I define again to record it in this Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 447 this my Hiftory, that to all England it may be published i which was, that one day faying the Mafs in the chid Church, after the Confecration of the bread, being with my eyes fhut at that prayer, which the Church oiRome calleththe Memento for their dead, there came from behind the Altar a Moufe, which running about, came to the very bread or Wafer-god of the Papifts, and taking it in his mouth, ran away with it, not being perceived by any of the people who were at Mafs, for that the Altar was high, by reafon of the Heps going up to it, and the people far beneath. But as foon as I opened my eyes to go on with my Mafs, and perceived my God floln away, I looked about the Altar, and law the Moufe running away with if, which on a hidden did fo ftupirie me, that I knew not well whac to do or fay, and calling my wits together, I thought thac if I fhould take no notice of the miichance, and anybody elfe in the Church thould, I might juilly be quefhoned by the Inquilition i but if I fhould call fo the people to look for the Sacrament, then I might be but chid and rebuked for my carelefnefs, which of the two I thought would be more ealilyborn, then the rigor of the Inquifition. Where- upon not knowing what the people bad leen, I turned my fell unto them, and called them unto the Altar, and told them plainly, that whileli I was in my Memento prayers and meditations, a Moufe had C3rryed awuy the Sacrament, and that I knew not what to do, unltfs they would help me to Hnde it out again. The people called a Piieti thac was at hand, who prcfently brought in more of his Coat, and as if their god by this had been eaten up, they pre- fcntly prepared to find out the thief, as it they would eat up the Moufe that had fo alfauited and abufed their god i they lighted candles and torches to find out the Male* fa&or in his fecret and hidden places of the wall i and after much ftarching and inquiry tor the facrilcgious beaft, they found at lait in a hole of the wall the Sacrament half eaten up, which with great joy they took out, and as if the Ark had been brought again from the Pbilijlins to the Ifraclitcs , to tbtyrejoyced for thedr new-found god, whom 44^ ^ New Survey Chap.XXL whom with many people now reforted to the Churchi with many lights of Candles and Torches, with joyful and folemn mufick they carried about the Church in proccffion. My felf was prefent upon my knees, fhaking and quivering for what might be done unto me, and expt&ing my doom and judgment j as the Sacrament paflird by me, I obferved in it the marks and figns of the teeth of the Moufe, as they are to be feen in a piece of Cheefe gnawn and eaten by it. This firuck me with fuch horror, that I cared not at that prefent whether I had been torn in a thoufand pieces for denying publickly that Moufe-eaten God. I called to my bed memory all Philofophy concerning Subflance and Accident, and refolved within my felf, that what I faw gnawn, was notan accident, Lutfome real fubftance eat- en and devoured by that vermin, which certainly was fed and nourifhcd by what it had eaten, and Philofophy well teacheth, fubjiantiacibi (non accidents) convertitur in fub- Jl anti am alitR the fubllance ('not the accident of the food or meat) is converted and turned into the fubllance of the thing fed by it and alimented ; Now here I knew that this Moufe had fed upon fome fubliance, or elfehow could the marks of the teeth fo plainly appear ? But no Papilt will be willing to aniwer that it fed upon the fubllance of Chrilis body, ergo, by good confequence it follows that it fed upon the fubllance ot bread •, and fo Tranfubflantiation here in my judgement was confuted by a* Moufe > which mean and bafe creature God chofc to convince me of my former errors, and made me now refolve upon what ma- ny years before I had doubted, that certainly the point ot Tranfubflantiation taught by the Church ot Rowe, is molt damnable and erroneous \ tor befidts w hat before I have obferved, it contradidfeth that Philofophical Axiome, teaching that duo contradi&.oria non Jtoffunt fimtil & femcl de eodcmvcrificari , two contradictions cannot at once and at the felt fame time be laid and verified ot the fame thing , but here it wasfo i for hq_e in Romes judgment and opi- nion Chrilis body wasgna wn and eaten, and at the fame time the fame body iifanother place, and upon another. Alrar Chap.XXT. of the Weft-Indies. 449 Altar in the hands of another Prieft was eaten and gnawne Therefore here are two contradi&ories verified of the fame body of Chrift : to wit, it was eaten and gnawn, and it was not eaten and gnawn. Thefe imprellions at that time were fo great in me, that I refolved within my felf, that bread really and truly was eaten upon that Altar, and by no means Chrifis glorious body, which is in Hea- ven, and cannot be upon earth fubjedt to the hunger or violence of a creature. Here again I dt fired with godly David , that I might have the wings of a Dove to fly in- to my Country ot England, and there be fatisfied upon this point, and be at reft of confcience. Here I refolved that if I had been queftioned for my carelefnefs, or for my contempt of that Rotnijb Sacrament ( which I though would be the judgment of the Spaniards-, who knew me to be an Englifh man bornj that I would facrifice willing- ly my life for the Proteftant truth, which as yet 1 had been no otherwife taught, but by that Spirit which (" as Solomon well cbftrveth) in a man is the candle of the Lord. I conceived here that this was fome comfort to my foul, which my good God would afford me in the way of my travelling to Canaan, that I might more willingly bear what foe ver crCfTes yet might be full me in my way and journey to England. The event of this accident was not any trouble that fell upon me (or it for indeed the Spaniards attributed it unto the carelefnefs of him who had care of the Altars in the Church, and not toany con- remptinme to the Sacrament. The part of the wafer that was left alter the Mcule had filled her belly, was laid up after the folernn proct flion about the Church, in a Tabernacle for that purpolc, that afterwards it might be eaten up by fome hungry Prieft. And becauie fucha high contempt had been ottered by a contemptible Vermin to their Bread-god, it was commanded through Portobel that day, that all the people Ihould humble ihtmfelves and mourn, and fall with Bread and Water only. Although I law 1 was not questioned for the cafe, yet 1 feared where there were ft) many Soldiers audiorain people that by feme 450 A New Survey Chap. XXL fome or other I might be mifchicfed out of their blind zeal, wherefore I thought it not amifs for a day or two to keep within my lodging. Von Carlos de Ibarra., who was the Admiral of that Fleet, made great halte to be gone* which made Merchants buy and fell apace, and lade the fhips with filver wedges •, whereof I was glad , for the more they laded, the lefs I unladed my purfe with buying dear provifion,and fooner I hoped to be out of that unheal- thy place, which of it felt is very hot, and fubjtdf to breed Feavers, nay death, if the feet be not preferved from wet- ting when it raineth j but elpecially when the Fleet is there, it is an open grave, ready to fwallow in part of that numerous people, which at that time refort unto it, as? was feen the year that I was there, when about five hund red of the Souldiers, Merchants, and Mariners, what with Feavers, what with the Flux caufed by too much eating of fruit, and drinking of water, what with other difordcrs, loft their lives, finding it to be to them not Porto bdlo , but Porto malo . And this is ufual every year j and therefore for the relief and comfort of thofe that come fick from fla, or ficken there, a great and rich Hofpital is in the Town, with many Fryers, called Ve la Capacba , or by others, Ve Juan de Dios, whofe calling and profiflion is onely to cure and attend upon the fick, and to bear the dead unto their graves. The Admiral fearing the great fteknefs that year, made hafte to be gone, not fearing the report that was of fome three or four Holland or Englifo fhips abroad at Sea, waiting ( as it was fuppofed ) for lome good prize out of that great and rich Fleet. This news made me begin to fear, and to think of fecuring my fell in one ct the belt and ! , ftrongeft Galeons i but when I came to treat of my pillage ; in one of them, I found that I could not be carryid in any under three hundred Crowns, which was more then my purfe was able to afford. With this I thought toaddrefs my felf to fome Maftcr of a Merchants fhip, though / knew I could not be fo fate and fecure in any of them, as in a Galeon well manned and fortified with Souldieis, and Guns of £rafsi yet I hoped in God, who is a ftrong- Chap. XXL of the Weft-Indies. 451 refuge to them that fear him, and in this occafion provided for me a cheap and furepjffage For meeting one day with my friend the Treafurer, he again pitying me as a ftranger, and lately robbed, commended me to the Maher of a Merchant fhip, called St. Sehajlian, whom he knew was deiirous to carry a Chaplain with him at his own Table. I no fooner addreffed my felf unto him, ufing the name and favour of his and my friend the Treafurer, but prefently I found him willing to accept ot my company, promifing to carry me for nothing, and to board me at his own Table, onely for my prayers to God for him and his, offering further to give me fome fatisfa&ion for whatfoever Sermons I fhould preach in his fhip. I bi ffed God, acknowledging in this alfo his providence, who in all occafions furthered my return to England. The fhips being laden we fet forth towards Cartbagcna , and the feccnd day of our failing we difeovered four (hip;, which made the Merchant fhips afraid, and to keep clofe to the Ga- Jeonss trufting to their (bength more then their own. The ' fhip I was in, was fwift and nimble under the wings either of the Admiral or of fome other of the befl Galeons-, but all the other Merchant fhips were not fo, but fome flowly came on behind, whereof two werecarryed away by the H>Uanderi in the night, before ever we could get to Cartagena. The great, ft fear that I perceived pc (Tiffed the Spaniards in this Voyage, was about the Ifland of Providence-, called by them Sta Catalina , or Sr. Katharine, from whence they feared left fome Englifh fhips fhould come out againftthem with great ffrergth. They curftd the Englijh in it, and called the Ifland the den ofThieves and Pirates, wilhing that their King ot Spain would take fome courfe with it, or die that it would prove very prejudicial to the Spaniards , lying near the mouth of the Ucfaguadcro,m& fo endangering the Fri- gats of Granada, and handing between Pnrtobel and Car- tagena, and fo threatning the Galeons, and their Kings yearly and mighty tieafure.1 Thus with bitter inve&iives againft the Englifh and the Hhnd of Providence, we failed onto Cartbagena, where again Gg we C! 4 $2 A New Survey Chap. XXL we met with the four (hips which before had followed us, and had taken away two of our (hips, and now at our entring into the Port, threatned to have carried away more of our company , which they might have done, if they would have ventured to have come upon the (hip wherein I went, which at the turning about the land point to get into the Haven, ran upon the (bore, which if it had been rocky, as it was fandy and gravelly, had certainly there been call away, by keeping too near unto the land i from which danger by the care of the Mariners, and their adtive pains, we were fafely delivered, as alfo from the (hips which followed us as far as they durfl for fear of the Canon (hot of the Caflle » and thus we entred into the Haven of Carthagena , and flayed there for the fpace of eight or ten days, where I met with fome of my Countrey- men their Prifoners, who had been taken at Sea by the Spaniards , and belonged unto the Uland of Provadence> among whom was the renowned Captain Rcufc , and about a dozen more, with whom I was glad to meet, but durft not (hew them too much countenance, for fear of being fufpe&ed , yet I foon got the good will of fome of them, who being deflined to Spain-, were very defirous to go in the fhip wherein I went, which defire of theirs I furthered, and was fuiter unto my Captain to carry four of them in his (hip, which for my fake he willingly yielded untci amongfl thefe was one Edward Lay field ( who afterwards Cetting out of Sf.. Litcar for England, was taken captive by the ‘Turkj, and fince from ‘Turkey writ into England unto me to help to releafe himj with whom both at Cartbagena , and in the way in the (hip I had great difcourfe concer- ning points of Religion, and by him came to know fome things profefltd in England., which my confluence f whilefl I lived in America ) mnch inclined unto. I was much taken with his company, and found him very officious unto me, whofe kindnefs I requited by fpeaking for him in the (hip to the Milter and Mariners, who other wife were ready and forward to abufe him and the red of the Englijb com- p.ny, as prifoners and (laves. (iv to m! Sf n w ti, u Cl r \h ti tl u b' h ti n l t i t i i At Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 45 3 At Cartbagena we heard a report of threefcore fail of (hips of Hollanders waiting for the Galeons, which ftiuck no little fear into the Spaniards » who called a council whether our Fleet (hould winter there, or to go on to Spain • It proved to be but a falfe report of the Inhabi- tants of Cartbagena, who for their own ends and lucre would willingly have had Ships and Galeons to have flayed there s but Hon Carlos de Ibarra rcplyed, that he leaitd not a hundred fail of Hollanders, and therefore would g‘> on to Spain, hoping to carry thither fafely the Kings trea- fure. Which he performed, and in eight days arrived at Havana, where we flayed eight days longer, expecting the Fleet from Vera Cruz . In which time I viewed well that flrong Caflle manned with the twelve guns, called the twelve Apoltles, which would do little hurt to an Army by land, or marching from the River of Matanfos . I vifited here the Mother of that Mulatto, who had taken away all my means at Sea, and fpent much time in comforting my poor Countrey men the prifoners, but elpccially that gallant Captain Koufe , who came unto me to comp ain of tome affronts which bad been offered unto him by the Spaniards in the fh:p wherein he came > which he not being able to put up, though a Prifoner unto them, delired to qudtion in the field, challenging his proud contemners to meet him if they durft in any place of the Havana, ( a brave courage in a dejc&cd and impriloned Englifo man to challenge a Spaniard in his Countrey, a Cock upon his own dunghill, ) which as foon as I under- flood by Edward Layfield , I delired to take up, fearing that many would fall upon him cowardly and mince him fmall in pieces. I fent' for him to the Cloiller where I lay sand there had conference with him, prevailingfo far as that I made him defift from his thoughts of going into the field, and fhewing his manhood in fuch a time and place, where his low condition of a Piifoncr might well cxcufe him. The reft of my poor Countrey- men weie here much difeouraged, and in fomt want, whom 1 relieved ( cfpecial'y Layfield ) and encouraged as much as 1 was Gg 2 able, 4C)4 A New Survey Chap. XXI. able. I chanced here to have occafion to take a little fti phyfick before I went again to Sea, and thereby I learned r what before 1 never knew, to wit, the dyet which on filch a day the bell Phylicians of Havana preferibe unto their pa- cj tients. Whereas after the working of my phyfick, I expeded ,[ fome piece of Mutton, or a Fowl, or fome other nourifhing v meat, my Phylician left order that I (hould have a piece of ft roded Pork, which feeming unto me a dyet contrary to c that days extremity, I began to refufe it, alledging to my £i Dodfor the contrary courfe of all Nations, the natural qua- ft lity of that meat to open the body. To which he replyed, | , that what Pork might woik upon mans body in other r Nations, it worked not there, but the contrary s and fo he r wilhed me to feed upon what he had preferibed, alluring ), me that it would do me no hurt. Now as Hogs flefn there v is held to be fo nourilhing, fo likewife no other meat is j v more then it and fortoiles, wherewith all the (hips make £ their provifion for Spain. The Tortoifes they cut out in j J long thin dices, as I have noted before of the Taffijo', and v dry it in the wind after thty have well falted it, and fo it |, ferveth the Mariners, in all their Voyage to Spain, which f they eat boyled with a little garlick, and l have heard \ them fay, that to them it tailed as well as any Veal. They alfo take into their Ships fome Fowls for the Mailers and Captains tables, and live Hogs, which would feem to be Ji . enough to breed fome infedtion in the Ship, had they not , care to wa(h often the place where fuch unclean beads lie. t In the (hip where I was pa(fcnger, was killed every week , one for theMidtrSjPilotSj&Paffengers table.Thus al! things , being made ready for the Ihips pruvilion to Spain, and the | Merchants goods, and the Kings Revenue being (hipped in nine days that we abode thtreswe now wanted nothing, , but only the company of the Fleet (rom Vera Cruz , which j j (hould have met us there upon the tight day of September. ! , Put Von Carlos dc Ibarra, feeing it Hayed longer then the' ' time appointed, and tearing the weather, and the New Moon of that moneth which commonly proveth dan- gerous in the Golf ot Bahama , refolvcd to Hay no longer, bit Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 455 but to fet out to Spain. Ou a Sabbath day therefore in the morning, we hoifed fails, ( being in all feven and twenty (hips with thofe which had met with us there from Honduras and the Iflands ) and one by one we failed out of the Havana to the main Sea, where we that day wafted about for a good wind, and alfo waiting for our guide, which was not yet come out of the Havana to guide us through the Gulf of Bahama. But that night we wifhed our felves again in the Havana , thinking that we were compalTed about with a Itrong Fleet of Hollanders , many fhips came amongft us, which made us provide for a light in the morning. A Council of War was called, and all that night watch was kept, the Guns prepared, red Cloths hung round the fhips, Orders fent about both to the Galeons and Merchants to the fhips what pofiure and place to be in. That which I was in, was to attend the Admiral, which I hoped would be aflrong defence unto us . Our men were coura- gious andready to fight , trough I liked not fuch Martial bufinefs and difcourle s but for me a place was prepared where I might lie hid, and be fate among fome barrels of bisket,! had all the night enough to do, to hear the Confef- fions of thofe in tire fhip, who thought they could not die happily with the flint ofa Holland Bullet, until they had confefTed all their fins unto me, who towards mor- ning had more need of re 11, then of fighting, alter the wearying of my ears with hearing fo many wicked, grie- vous, and abominable fins. But the dawning of the day difeovered our caufelcfs fear, which was from friends, and not from any enemies or Hollanders > for the fhips which were joyned unto us in the night, were as fearful of us, as we nt them, and prepared themfelves likewife to fight in the morning, which (hewed unto us their Colours , whereby we knew that they were the Fleet which we expected from Vera Cruz^Xo go along with us to Spain. Tmv were two. and twenty Sail, which little thought to find us out ok the Havana, but within the Haven lying at Anchor, waiting tor their coming , and therefore in the mghc teared Gg 3 us 45 6 A Neiv Survey Chap. XXI. us much more then we them. But when the day cleared i a| our doubts, fears and jealoufie, then began the Martial colours to be taken down, the joyful found ot Trumpets, t( with the help of Neptuncs Kingdoms ecchoed from fhip to : fhip, the boats carryed welcoming mellages from one to a another, the Spanijh Brindis with buen Viaje buen Pajfajc , j p was generally cryed out, the whole morning was fpent with f friendly acclamations and falutations trem fhip to fliip. But in the midft of this our joy and Sea-greetings, we being a now in all two and fatty Sail, ( yet we not knowing well t how many they were trom Vera Cruz , nor they how ma- [ ny we were from the Havana} two Chips were found ] amongft us, ( whether Englilh or Hollanders , we could not j well dilcovtr, but the Englijh priloners with me told me they thought one was a (hip ot England called the Neptune) i : which having got the wind ot us, tingled out a (hip cf ours ( which belonged to Dmkcrbc, and trom St. Lucar or Cales had been forced to the Kings lervice in that voyage to the India’s , laden with Sugars and other rich commo- dities,to the worth of at leal! fourfeore tboufand Crowns ,3 and fuddenly giving htr a whole broad tide ( receiving a reply onely of two Guns ) made her yield, without any hope of help from fo proud and mighty a Fleet, for that fhe was (omewhat far flragled from the reft ot the Chips. The whole bufinefs lalkd not above half an hour, but pretently Che was carryed away from under our notes > the Spaniards changed their may tunes in vo to a dios , and veto a Cbrijlo , in raging, curling and fwearing, foine reviling at the Captain of the fliip which w>as taken, and faying that he was falfe, and yielded on purpo'fe without lighting, be- caufe he was forced to come that Voyage s others curling thofe that took her, and calling them bijos de pitta , Birra- cbos , infames Ladrones , Batlards, Drunkards, infamous Thieves, and Pyrates tome taking their tvvords in their hands, as if they would there cut them in pieces, tome laying hold of their Muskets/ as if they would there fliootac them, others'flamping like mad men, and running about the fhip, as if they would leap over bord, and make hafle Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 457 after them-, others grinning their teeth at the poor Englty prifoners that were in the (hip, as if they would ftab them for what ( they faid ) their Countrey-men had done. I muft needs fay, I had enough to do to hold fome of thofe furious and raging brains from doing Layfield fome mifchief, who more then the reft would be fmiiing, arguing, and an- fwering their outragious nonfenfe. Order was prefently given to the Vice- Admiral and two more Galeons to follow and purfue them i but all in vain, for the wind was againd them, and fo the two (hips laughing and rejoycing as much as the Spaniards curfed and raged, failed away con Viento en Popa , with full Sail, gallantly boafting with (o rich a prize taken away from two and fifty (hips, or ( as I may fay ) from the chiefeft and greatcft llrength of Spain. That afternoon the Fleet of Vera C ruz , took their leave of us, ( not being furnifhed with Provifion to go on to Spain with usj and went into the Havana s and we fet for- wards to Europe , fearing nothing tor the prefent but the Gulf of Bahama , through which we got fatcly with the help and guidance of fuch Pilots, which our Admiral Pew Carlos had cholen, and hired tor that purpofe. I (hall not need to tell thee,my Reader, of the fight which we had of Sr. Augujline , Florida , nor of the many (forms which we buffered in this Voyage, nor ot the many degrees we came under, which made us fhake with cold more then the Frolis cf England do in the wortf of Winrer, only I fay, that the belt of our Pilots not knowing where they were, had like to have betrayed us all to the Rocks of Bermuda, one night, had not the breaking of the day given us a fair warning that we were running upon them. For which the Spaniards in head ot giving God thanks fqr their delivery out of that danger, began again to curfe and rage againlt the Englijh , which inhabited that Ifland, laying, that they tod inchanted that and the reft of thofe Jllands about, and did ltill with the Devil raife Itorms in thofe Se“as when the Spanifh Fleet patted that way, from thence when we had (alely tfetped, we failed well to Gg the 458 A New Survey Chap. XX le the Iflands called Terccras , where fain we would have taken in frefli water, ( for that which we had taken in at Havana, now began to ftink, and look yellow, making us £tof> our nodes, while!! we opened our mouths , ) but rigid Don Carlos would not pity the reft of his Company, who led us by the Iflands sand that night following we all wiftied our felves in fome harbour of them > for ( though in their conceipt thofe Iflands were not inchan- ted by Englifo men, but inhabited by holy and Idolatrous Papilis ) we were no fuoner got from them, when there arofc the greatell dorm that we had in ail our voyage from Havana to Spain, which laded . full eight days, where we loft one fhip and indangered two Galeons, which fhot cfF their warning pieces for help, and made us all ftay and wait on them, till they had repaired their Tacklings and main Mali We went on fometiroes one way, fometimes another, not well knowing where we were, drinking our linking water by allowance of pints, till three or four days after the ftorm was ceafed,we difeovered land, which made all cry out, Hijpania, Hijpania, Spain, Spain » while.!! a Council was fummoned by the Admiral to know what land that wasi lome fold away barrels ot bisket, others of warer, to thofe that wanted (every one thinking that it was fome part of Spain ) but the refult of the wile Council was, after they had failed nearer to the land, and had layed and loft many wagers about it, that it was the Illand ot Madera, which made fome curfe the ignorance ot the Pilots, and made us all prepare our felves with patience for a longer voyage. It plealed God trom the dilcovery of this Illand, to grant us a tavorable wind to Spain, where within twelve days we dilcovered Calcs ■, and lome ot the fhips there left us, byir mot! of them went forward to San Lucar, as did the fhip wherein I went j when we came near to the dangerous place, which (he Spaniards call La Barra , we durft not ven- ture our fhips upon our Pdotsown knowledge ibut called for Pilots to guiJe us in, who greedy of their lucre came out in boats almolt for every fhip one. Upon the eight and twentieth of November, 1637. we call anchor within St. . Lucar Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 459 Lucar de Barameda about one of the clock in the afternoon, and before evening other paflengers and my felf went a fhoar ("having firft been fearched ) and although I might prefently have gone to the Cloifter of St. Dominick^ where my old Fryer P ablo de Londres was, yet living, whom I knew would be glad of my coming from the India's, yet I thought fit the firlt night to enjoy my friends company both Spaniards and Englifh, ( who had come fo long a voyage with me ) in fome Ordinary, and to take my reft better abroad then I fhould do in a Cloifter, where I expected but a poor Fryers fupper, a hard and mean lodging, many foolifh queftions from old Fryer P ablo de Lcndres concerning the India's and my abode there fo many years, and finally thenoife of Bells and ratlers to route up thedrowfie Fryers from their ileep to Matines at midnight. That night there- fore I betook my ftlf to an Englijh Ordinary, where I re- freflicd my felfand my poor pritoners,( who by the Matter ofthefhip were committed to my charge that night and forwards upon my word, fo as to be forth coming when they (hould be called) and the next morning I fent my honeft friend Layjicld with a letter to the Cloitter to old Pablo de Londres , who upon my fummons came joyfully to welcome me from the India s, and after very littLe difcourfe told me of (hips in the Haven ready to fet out for En- gland. The old Fryer being of a decrepit and doting age, thought every u'3y a year that I (fayed there, and fufpcnded my Voyage tor England , and ( not knowing the fecrets of my heart ) judged already that the Converlion or turning of many Protettant fouls to Popery waited tor my coming, which made him hatten me, who was more defirous then he to be gone the next day, It I might have found wind, weather and fhipping ready. But God, who had been with me in almoft ninety days tailing from Havana to San Lu- cjr and had dchvered me from many a ttorrn, prepared and furthered all things in a very fhort time for the lilt accomplithment of my hope and detire, to return to En- gland my native foil, from whence / had been abtent almott tor the fpace of four and twenty years. My 460 A New Survey Chap.XXL My firft thought here in St. Lucar , was to caft off now my Fryers weed, that outward (heepskin, which covers many a wolvifh, greedy and covetous heart under itjwhich doubtlefs is the ground, why in Germany , in the Proteftant and Lutheran Towns, when the boys and young men fee a Fryer go along their Greets, they cry out to the neighbours, faying, a Wolf , a Wolf, fhut your doors > meaning, that though what they wear feem to bepcllis ovina,or agnina, a fheepor Lambskin and their condition of mortified, humble and meek men, yet under it lyeth cor Lupinum , a Wolves heart, greedy of fome prey, either worldly, of wealth and riches, or fpiritual, of feducing, deceiving and mifleading poor fouls. Such was the habit, which now I defired to (hake off which was a white Coat or gown hanging to the ground girded about with a leathern belt, and over it from the (boulders downward a white Scapulary ( fo called there) hanging fhorter then the gown both before and behind, and over that a white hood to cover the head, and laltly, over that a black cloak with another black hoodi both which together, the black and white make the Fryers of that profeflion look ju(t like Mag-pies, and acknowledged by the Church of Rome it lelf in a verle which they feign of Mr. Martin Luther , ( with what juft ground I know not ) faying of his former life and profeflion before his Converfion, Eif Cirvus , hU Picafui, terfune ligatus. I was twice a Crow, twice a Magpie, and thrice was bound or tyed with a Cord i by a Crow meaning an Auguftine Fryer, who is all in black > by a Magpie, meaning a Domi- nican i and by bound with a rope or cord, meaning a Francifcan, who indeed is girded about with a cord made of hemp.Though the Dominican Magpie by this his habit make fuch a glofs and underftanding, which is contrary to his life and converlation > for by his outward black habit, he faith, is fignified an outward (hew of deadnefs and mortification to the world, and by his inward white habit, an inward purity and chaftity of heart, thoughts and life > both which truly are little feen in thole Fryers efpecially, who outwardly arc worldly, and living to the world Chap.XXT. of the Welt-Indies. 461 world, covetous and ambitious of honours, preferments, Bifliopricks, and places of publick reading and preaching » and therefore have by favour obtained many places of au- thority, as by the laws of Aragon to be the King of Spain his Ghofily father, to be Mailers of the Popes Palace, and there to read a leflon of Divinity, to be chief heads of the Inquifition, and from thefe places to be promoted to fit in the Councel of State in Spain , or to be Cardinals in Rome , and fo Popes, or to injoy the richeit and fatteft Bifitop- iicks and Arch-bifhopricks in Spain, Italy , and India's^ which (heweth how little they are dead to the world, nay how they are living to the world and its preferments, con- trary to the black and dead colour of their habits. So like- wife do they not live according to the whitenefsof their inward habit, whofe lives are found impure and unchaft, as I could cxcmplihe at large, (hewing what bafe and unclean ads have been committed by feme of that pro- feffion in the Low Countries, in Spain, in the India's, in Italy, nay here in England by one Dade the Superiour of them, one Popbam well known to be a good fellow, and fii!l at this day abiding in the Spanifl houfe, by one Crafts and others, which would be too too long a digrelfion from the whitenefs ot their habit. But I applying the Allegory of this black and white habit otherwile unto my felf, and in the outward black part of it (eeing the toulncfs and filthinds ot my life and Idolatrous Prielthood in the excr- cile of that prof (lion, and Orders which fiem Rome I had received j and in the white inward habit confidering yet the purity, and integrity ot thofe intentions and thoughts of my inward her heart, in purfuance whereof I had left what formerly I have noted, yea all America , which, had I continued in it, might have been to me a Mine of wealth, riches and treafure > I refolved here therefore to call off that hypocritical clojk and habit, and to put on fuch Apparel whereby I might no more appear a Wolf in fheepskin, but might go boldly to my Countrey of England , there to (hew and make known the Candor of my heart, the purity and lincerity of my thoughts, which had brought 4^2 A New Survey Ghap. XXI. me fo far, by a publick profeflion of the pure truths of' the Gofpel, without any invention or addition of man unto it. With the fmall means therefore which was left me after fo long and almod a whole years journey from Petapa to St. Lucar (having yet about a hundred Crowns J I gave order for a fute of Cloaths to be made by an Englifj? Taylor, which I willingly put on, and fo prepared my fclf for En- gland. Three or tour (hips were in readinefs, who had only waited for the Fleet, to take in fome Commodities, efpecially fome wedges of filv:r, of which I was with old Pablo de Londrcs , in doubt which tochoofe. The fil'd that went out was thought (hould have been my lot, in the which my friend Layficld imbarked himfelf ( for all the Englifh prifoners were there freed to go home to their Countrey ) and from which the great providence ot God diverted me, or elfe I had been this day with Layficld a Have in Tfurkeyy for the next day after this (hip (et out, if was taken by the ‘furkjy and carried away for a rich prize, and all the E nglijb in it for prifoners to Argicrs. But God ( who I hope had referved me for better things, ) appointed for me afafer convoy home in a (hip (as I was informed) belon- ging to SirWilli-am Curtin, under the command of an honed Flemming , nantT Adrian Adrianzen living at Dover then, with whom I agreed for my palfage ^nd dyet at his Table. This (hip fet out of the Bar of St. Lucar the ninth day after my arrival thither, where it waited for the company of four (hips more, but efpecially for fome Indian wedges of filver, which upon forfeiture of them it durd not take in within the Bir and Heaven. , , And thus being now eloathed after a new (alhicn and ready to lead a new life i being now changed from an Ame- rican into thefalhionofan Englijh man, the tenth day after my abode in San Lucar, l bad adieu to Spain and all Spanift) fa(hions,and fa&ions.and carriages, oc to my old Fryer Pablo deLondres, with the red of my acquaintance, and fo in a boat went over the Bar to the (hip, which that night in company of four more fet forward for England. I might obferve here many things of the goodnds ot' Adrian Adri- anzen} Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 4 63 anzen, and his good carriage towards me in his (hip, which I will omit, having much more to obferve of the goodnefs of God, who favoured this our voyage with fuch a profpe- rous wind, and without any (form at all, that in thirteen days we came to Dover, where I landed, the (hip going on to the Downes. Others that landed at Margate were brought to Dover , and there queltioned and fearched j but I, not fpeakingEwghy?;, but Spanijb, was notatallfufpedfred, neither judged to be an Englifi man i and fo after two days I took port in company of fome Spaniards and an Irijh Colonel, for Canterbury and fo forward toGravefend. When I came to London, I was much troubled within my felf for want of my Mother tongue, ( for I could only fpeak fome broken words jwhichmade me fearful I fhould not be acknow- ledged to be an Englijb man born. Yet I thought my kindred (who knew I had betnmany years loll ) would fome way or other acknowledge me, and take notice of me, if at the firft I addreffed my felf unto fome of them, until I could better exprefs my felf in Englijb. The firft therefore of my name, whom I had notice of, was my Lady Penelope Gage , widow of Sir John Gage, then living in St. Jones, to whom the next morning after my arriv^ r* London , I ad- drc(Ted my felf for the better difeovery of tome of my Kin- dred s whom though I knew to be Papifts, and therefore ought not be acquainted with my inward purpofeand re- fohttion i yet for fear of fome want in the mean time, and that I might by their means practice my felf in the ufe of my forgotten native tongue, and that I might enquire what childs part had been left me by my father, that I might learn fume fa(hions,and Lilly, that in the mean time, I might Larch into the Religion of England , and Hod how far my confcicnce could agree with it, and be (atisfied in thofe (cru pules which had troubled me in America , for all thefe reafor.s I thought it not amifs to luok and enquire alter them. When therefore ,1 came unto my Lady Gage , (he believed me to be her kinfiran , but laughed at me, telling me, t. at l fpake like an Indian or Welch man, and not like an Englijb man yet (lie welcomed me home, 464 d Survey, &c. Chap. XXI. home, and fent me with a fervant to a Brothers lodging in Lo«g Aker , who being in the Countrey of Surry, and hearing of me fent horfe and man for me to come to keep Chriftmas with an Uncle of mine living at Gatton j by whom as a loft and forgotten Nephew, and now after four and twenty years returned home again, I was very kindly entertained, and from thence fent for to Cbeam, to one Mr. Fromand another kinfinan, with whom I continued till twelfth day, and fo returned again to London to my Brother. Thus my good Reader, thou feeft an American , through many dangers by Sea and Land, now fafely arrived in En- gland > and thou mayeft well with me obferve the great and infinite goodnefs and mercy of God towards me a a wicked and wretched finner. I fhall only give thee fome (hort Rules towards underftanding the Poconcbi or Indian Language, and fo conclude. Some 4^5 Some brief and fhort Rules for the better learning of the Indian tongue, called Pocboncbi or Pocoman^ commonly ufed about Guate- mala. and fome other parts of Honduras* ALthough it be true that by the daily converfation which in mod places the Indians have with the Spaniards^ they for the moft part underhand the Spanijh tongue in common and ordinary words, fo that a Spaniard may travel amongft them, and be underftood in what he callcth for by fome or other of the Officers, who are appointed to attend upon all fuch as travel and pafs through their Towns ; Yet becaufe the perfedf know- ledge of the Spanijh tongue is not fo common to all Indians , both men and women, nor fo generally fpcken by them as their own, therefore the Priefts and Fryers have taken pains to learn the Native tongues of feveral places and Coun- treys, and have ftudied to bring them to a form and me- thod of Rules, that fo the ufe of them may be continued to fuch as (hall fucceed after them. Neither is there any one language general to all places, but fo many feveral and different one from another, that from Cluapa and Zoqites , to Guatemala^ and San Salvador ■, and all about Honduras , there are at leaft eighteen feveral Languages s, and in this diiiridt fome Fryers who have perfectly learned fix or fevenot them. Neither in any place are the Indians taught or preached unto but in their Native and Mother-tcngue, which becaufe the Pricff only can fpeak, therefore are they fb much loved and refpebted by the Natives. And although tor 466 A New Survey Chap.XXX. for the time I lived there, I learned and could fpeak in two feveral tongues, the one called Cbacciquel , the other Poconcbi or Pocoman, which have fome connexion one with another i yet the Poconcbi being the eafieft, and moft elegant, and that wherein I did conftantly preach and teach, I thought fit to fet down fome rules of it, ( with the Lords Prayer, and a brief declaration of every word in it ) to wienefs and teftifie to pofterity the truth of my being in thofe parts, and the manner how thofe barbarous tongues have, are, and may be learned. There is not in the Poconcbi tongue, nor in any other the diverfity of declenfions, which is in the Latins tongue > yet there is a double way of declining all Nouns, and con- jugating all Verbs, and that is with divers particles, accor- ding to the words beginning with a vowel ora confonant; neither is there any difference of cafes, but only fuch as the faid Particles or fome Prepofitions may diltinguilh. The Particles for the words or Nouns beginning with a Confonant, are as followeth : Sing. Nu, A-, Ru. Plural. Ca , Ata, Qui tacqus. As for example, Pat fignifieth a Houfe, and Lat figniri.th Father, which are thus declined ; Sing. Nupat my houfe, Apat thy houfe, Rupat his houfe. Plural. Capat our houfe, Apatta your houle, Quipat tacqtte their houle. Sing. Nutat my Father, Atat thy Father, Rut at his Father. Plural. Catat our Father, Atatta your Father, Quitattacque their Father. Thus are declined Nouns beginning with a Confonant. As, gucb, a horfe , Nu~ queb , Aqucb, Ruqucb , &c. Hub , book or paper, Nttbuh , Abub, Ruhub. Moloby Egge, Nitmolob , Amolohy Rumolob* Holom> Head, Nubolcm , Abolom , Rtibohm. Cbi , Mouth, Nucbi, Acbi, Rticbi. Cam , Hand, Kucam, Acamy Rucatv. Cbac , Flelh, Nucbac , Acbac , Rucbac. Car. fi(h, Ku:ary Acary Rucar. C acar, Acarta , Qnicartacquc. Cbacquily body or fkfli ot man, Nucbacqnil> Acbaquil , Ruchacquily Cacbacquil , Acbaquil t a , Quicbacquiltacque , Some words there arc which are pronounced like try which' Chap. XXI. of the Welt-Indies. 4 07 which are written not with ts , but with this letter #3, peculiar in that tongue > as tfi dog, tfiqttin bird i Nutfi my Dog, Atfi thy Dog, Rutfi his Do&Catfi our Dog, Atfita your Dog, ghtitfi tacque their Dog. Kutfiquirt, my Bird, Atfiquin they Bird, Rutfiquin , his Bird j C at- fiquin our Bird, Atftquinla, your Bird, Qttitfi quintacque their Bird. There are no feveral terminations for cafes, as in Latine* but the cafes are diitinguithed with fome particles or prepo' litions, as for example. The houfe of Peter, Rupat Pedro, putting the potfelfors name, and the particle Ru, which is a polfiflive. So for the dative, and the particle Ke> as for example, give to Peter his Dog, C baye re Pedro Rutsi. For the accufative, when it is motion to a place, or elfe not, add Chi', as for example , I go to the houfe ot Piter, Quino chi rupat Pedro. The Vocitive admitteth of this particlew/i, or ha, of withing, or calling, as, O my fon, or ho my fon, Ab vacun, or ba vadun, The Ab'ative keeping ttill the fame temination with the Nominative, is exprifled with fome prepofition or other, as in my mouth, pan mtcbi i with my hand, cbi nucam. In lignifyingl, is undeclinable, as alfo At, fignifying you, or thou. The poffeflive Mine is alfo unde- clinable, as vlchin, mine, 01 tor me > fo thine, or for thee, ave. Where note that in this Tongue thereis non?, but&> or u , are pronounced as rv , as though we pronounce 1 vacun my ion, wicbin mine or tor me, awe thine or tor theeiwe write vacun, vicbin , ave. The particles or letters which ferve for Nouns beginning with a vowel, are as fclloweth. Singul. V. Av. R. Plural. C. or Av. ta.C. or qu. tacque , as for example, Acun iignificth fon, Ixim Corn, Ocbocb likewife houfe, which are thus declined. Sing. Fawn my fon, Avacitn , thy fon, Racun his fon y. Pi. C acun our Ion, Avaciinta your fon, Cacuntaque their ton, £ing. Vixim my corn, Avixim thy corn, Rixifti his coin i Plural. Quixim our corn, Avidmta your corn, §>uixlm iacqtie their Corn, Sing, V ococb my houfe, Avococb thy hcufe, Rocbocb his Hh houlc 4 68 A New Survey Chap. XXL houfe Plural. Cochocb our houfe, Avocbochta your houte, ^Cocbocbtaque their houfe. So likewife are varied or declined Abix , fignifying a plantation, or piece of ground fown. Acal earth or ground. VlcUy alfo, earth or ground. Acbacby hen. Save onely that the words beginning with 7, admit qu, in the firft and third perfon plural j the reft admit for the fame perfons plural, C, only. -- And as thus I have obferved for the varying or declining of Nouns, fo alfo do all the Verbs admit of feveral particles for their conjugating, according as they begin either with a vowel or confonant. Thofe that begin with a confonant have fomcwhat like the Nouns thefe Articles following. Sin. Nh, Na,Inru. Plural, Inca, Nata, Inquitacque. As for example, Locob to love. Sing. Nulocob 1 love, Nalocob thou loveftjnrulocob he loveth i Plural. Incalocob we love , Nalocohta , ye love, inquiLcobtacque they love. Nuroca or Nurapa , I whip or beat i Naroco or Norapa, thou whipptftor beateft ■, Inrttrcca , or Inrurapa , he whip- peth or beateth. Plural. Incaroca or Incarapa , we whip or beat \ Narocata or Narapata , ye whip or beat j Inquiroca- tacqne or Inquirapatacquc,they whip or beat. Nutf.ba I writh, Natfiba thou writcft, Inrutfiiba he writeth. Plural. Incatfiba , we write, Naifibata ^ye write, Inquitfibatacque , they write. There is no preterimperfcdl tenfe, nor preterpluperftdf tenfe s but the preterperftdf tenfe ftandeth tor themsneither is there any future, but the prtfent tenfe exprdfcth it, and is underftood for it, according to the fenfe ot the difcourte, as Nulobo Pedro , I love or will love Peter. ! Xinuloccb , I love thee, or I will love thee. Yet fomtimes for fuller ex- preflion of the future tenfe, is added this Verb, inva I will, Nava thou wilt, Inra he wil > as lava nulocob Pedro I wil love Peter a The particles for the Preterperfcft tenfe are as follow: Sing. ^nap. XXI. oj the W eit-inuics. 40^ Sing. Ixnu, xa,ixrw, Plural. Ixca, xata, ixqui tacque Where note that in all thefe particles, and in all this lan- guage, the letter x is pronounced like Jb, as ixnu like ijbnu, xa, like (haaxru Wkc ifhru., ixca like iftca, and fo forth. iPreterperf. Sing .Ixmlocob I have loved, xalocob thou haft loved, ixrulocob he hath loved i Plural. Ixcalocob we have loved, xalocob ye have loved, ixquilocobtacqne they have I loved. And fo of the Verbs above. The particles for the Imperative mood are thefe follow- ing: For the fingular number, and fecond perfon Cba> for the (third perfon fingular Cbirti v for the firft perfon plural Cbica , for the fecond Cbata , for the third Cbiqui tacque i as for example : Cbalocob love thou, Chirulocob let him love > Plural. Cbicalocnb let us love, Cbalocobta love ye, Chiqttilo - cobtacque , let them love. And fo of the reft of the Verb above. The Optative Mood is the fame with the Indicative, ad- ding to it this particle Ta> which fignifitth as much as Vtinam.ox Would to God, as Nalocob ta Dios, would God thou love God : Ixnulocob ta Dios , would God I had loved God. The Conjunctive Mood alfo is the fame with the Indi- cative, adding to it this particle and propofifion vei and *<2, If. As for example, vei nalocob ta Di>s, if thou love God, vei ixnulocob ta Dios , if I had loved God. There is no Infinitive Mood, but the Indicative ferveth for ir. As Quinchol nutsiba I cm write. Ghtinquimi ligni- fieth to die, Nitracb 1. defire, Nttrach quinquimi I detire to die. Note further, that in all Verbs Adtives, when Me and Thee are expreffed as the Accufative cafe following the Verb, they are coupled to the perton that doth or gocth be- fore the verb, by thefe two particles for theprefent tenfe, Quin me, 7i thee, and for the prefer pcrfc6t tenfe, wimee, ixti thee j as for example. Quinahcub thou lovelt m e-,xinalocoh thou haft loved me, quinraalocob thou wilt love me, quinalocohta levs me, or Hfi 2 f A New Survey Chap. XXI. ' I pray God thou love me, vei quinalocoh , if thou love me, : vei xinalocob if thou hah or hadfl loved me^quinaracb nalo ■> cob, thou defireft to love me. So for the Second perfon being the Accufative, Ttnulocob I love thee, ixtinulocob 1 have loved thee, tiramlocob 1 will love thee, tinulocohta pray God I love thee, vei tinulocobll I love thee, vei ixtinulocob, if 1 have or had loved thee, tinucacb nulocob I defire to love thee. Note further, that thefe two Verbs, Quinchol, which fignifieth, I can, or am able, and Inva which figniheth, I will, when they are put with other Verbs of whatfoever perfon, they are elegantly but imperfonally in the third perfon Singular. As Tor example : Incbolnulocob I can love, inra nulocob I will love, ixra ixnulocob I have been willing to lo vejxcbol ixnnlocob I have been able to love, ticbol nuloccb I can love thee, tira nulocob I will love thee. The Letters or particles for Verbs beginning with a Vowel, are thefe that follow. Sing. Inv . Njv. Inc. Plural. Inqu. or Inc. Nan tJ. Inqu tacque , or Inc tacque. As for example, Efj figniheth to de- liver, which is thus formed : Sing. Invc fa I deliver, Navcfa thou delivered, Inrcf i he dclivereth. Plural. Inquef.i, we deliver, NavCfuta )c deli- ver, Inqucfa tacque they deliver. A is a Gmple, fignifying to w'fii or ddtre, or will a thing, which is never found without thefe particles. Sing. Inv a I will, Nava thou wiir, Inra, he will. Plural. Inca we will, Navatayc will, Inca tacque they will. Ivcteb to hear. Invivireb 1 hear, navivireeb thou hcan.ll, . inrivi - reh he hearcth. Plural. Inquivb'cb we hear, navivirebta ye hear, inquivirech tacque the y hear. Thus have 1 briefly fet down the way of declining all forts of Nouns, and conjugating all forts of Active Virhsot tins tongue. It remaineth now that 1 Ipeak ol Veibs paffivrs, their tormingand their conjugating with like particlcS.Thc Verbs Pdlives being of divers terminations, arc divcilly formed. Commonly thole that end. with an A , cut oil Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 471 I the A in the Pafltve, and to the laft confonant add hi. As for example: Nuroca I whip or beat, thepaffive is Quinro- chi. So Nurapa I whip or beat, in the pafliveis Quinraphi. Except Nutjibx, I write, which changeth b. into tn. Quintfrmhi I am written. Thofe that end in oh, change oh into onhi i as Nuhcoh I love, Quinhconhi I am loved. So thcfe that end in ch, do change ch into hi, as Invivireh I hear, Quinivirhi 1 am heard > Nucata, I teach, Quincutbi I am taught, by the firft rule. But thofe that end in ca ( where note this letter f or c, with a title under it, is pronounced like/^ ) change the a into ibi. As for example, Invepa I deliver, Quinofibi I am delivered. Nucam$x 1 kill, Quicamcihi I am killed : Thofe that end in ach , add hi jn the Paflive, as Nufacb I forgive, in the pafilve maketh Quinfxccbi I am forgiven. The particles that vary or conjugate the Verbs Pafllves, are thefe follow- ing: Sing- Quin, ti , in. Plural. Cob , or Ce , tita quitacque » As for example : Quiloconbi , I am loved, tiloconhi thou art loved, inroconhi , he is loved. Plural. Colocenln we are loved, tiloconbitx ye are loved , quiloconhi Ucque they are loved. Quinrochil am beaten or whipped, r it o chi thou art beaten or whipped, inrochi he is beaten or whipped. Plural. Corocbi we are beaten or whipped, tirochita ye are beaten or whipped, qnirochi tacqnc they are beaten or whip- ped* The particles for the Preterperfedl tenfe are thefe follow- ing ; Sing. Xin, ixti , ix. Plural. Xoh or xo, ixti tx, xi tacque. As for example : Sing. Xinloconhi I have been loved, ixtiloconhi thou haft been loved, ixloconbi lie hath been lovtd. Plural. Xoloconbi we have been loved , ixtiloconhita, ye have been loved , xiloconbi txeque they have been loved. Xinrocbi I have been whipped or beaten, ixtiroebi thou haft- been whipped or beafc-n , ixrochi he hath H 3 been 472 A New Survey Chap. XXL been whipped or beaten. Plural. Xorochi or we have ecn wh'Pped or beaten, ixtirochita ye have been whipped or beaten, xirachi tacquc they have been whipped or beaten The Imperative Mood is thus.* ’Xtloconbi, be thou loved, Cbilnconho , let him be loved. lo lZt rrCjlrih-' et US, be IoVed’ 15 Ww4.be ye oved, Chiquiloconbo tacquc, let them be loved. Where vnn fee the particle bi is changed into bo. ^ The Optative Mood, and the Conjunctive are after the manner of the Verbs Actives, by putting to ta in the Opta- tive, and vn in the Conjunctive. As for example. F guivloconbi ta, I pray G -d I be lovcd.Ti/Wai i I nrav God thou be loved s Imoconbita , I pray God he be loved • GodTh T P.rayp°,d be >ov«d , Tiloconbltata,\ pray loved^ bC l0Vcd;> SU'toonbitatacque, I pray God they be example ^ preterPerftd tenfe ** onlV is added : as for Xinloconbi ta , wou'd to God I have or had been loved Ixtihconbita , pray God thou had or hadfl been loved J*/0! conbita, pray God he have or had been loved- Plur.’ Xolo- loconbua pray God we have or had been lo vedjxtiloeonbi- ' ta' \ Pray Gtjd ye have or had been loved, Xiloconbi ta facque, I pray God they have or had been loved, where note that the particle ta, if any other word or fen fence be put_ with the Verb, may be put before the Verb, as Nim ta * pray Ct0c1 1 be §rearIy loved. Otherwife if me Verb be aione, ta is placed after if. I Tbe Goniunftive Mood is thus, Vei Quinloconbi, If I be Joved, Vci tiloconbi , it thou be loved, and fo forth. This is all, which commonly is taught concerning this tongue. In which grounds he that is perfect in, and hatha Dictionary of the teveral words of ir, may foon learn to fpeakit. Aslfhall underhand by my bed friends, that there is a deli re ot further printing a Dictionary, I (hall fatish'e their deli res, and apply my felt unto it. Thefefew rules for the pretent I have thought fit to print, for curiofiry fake, and that it may appear, how cafe the Indian, tongues are to ' be Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 475 be learned,' I lhall conclude this unparalleld work, with the Lords Prayer in that tongue, and with a brief explication of it. Cat at taxah vilcats Nimta incaharfihi avi ylnchalita Avim hjuripan Cana. Invanivita nava yahvir vacacal , be invan - taxah. Cbaye runa calmbunta quib viic •> Nafacbtamac , be. incafJchve quimac ximacqttivi cbiquib j Macoacana cbipam eataccbybi > Coavefata china unche tfiri, mani quiro^be inqui , Amen • Note. Catat-, according to the rule of declining Nouns, is the firfi: perfon plural, which is known by the particle C<*, added to lat, which figniheth father-, and Catat is our father. I'axab fignifieth heaven, it is put betore the word or verb vilcal, tor more elegancy take, and for better placing of it, contrary to the Latin and Enghth, where er, or art, is put be- fore in cceHi>r>x in heaven. Likewife it is put without a prepo- lition, contrary to the Greek, Latin and Englifh : for in this tongue many times the prtpofuions are omitted and un- der/tood. Vilcat fignifieth er , or art : it is the fecond perfon of the Verb, Sum, es.fni, which is a Verb Anomal,and congugated a/ter the rule of Verbs above. As tor example, Vilqnin ,1 am Vilcat , thou art,Fi//ijbe is. P!. Vilcob,we. are, Vilcatta-, ye are, Vilquc tacqueyhcy are. The Preterpcrfedt ten Xejiinvi\ have been, Ixtivi, thou halt been, 7.wi, he hath been. Plural. Xobvi , we have been Ixtivita , ye have been, Xivi tacque-, they have been. Imperative, Tivi or Tow, be thou i Cbivi cr CbivT, ht him be. Piural. Cnhvi ta or Cobvo m, let us be, livita or Twit a, be ye s $Hivi ta or Quivo ta tacqnc , let them be. The Optative ana Conjunctive are according to the Rule above, by adding ta or wi, to theprefent tenfe,and preterperfedt tenfe of the Indicative Mood. Nim ta Xncaha^ibi which fignifieth, I pray God may be greatly magnified. Vim fignifieth great or greatly, 7a is optantis.,oroi wifhing, Incabarcibi, is the third perfon of the Verb ®hiincabarcibi , which fignifijth to be magnified or ex- tolled s and is formed according ro the rule above, trom the adtivc Verb, Ntttaharfi, to magnifie or extol, by Hh 4 changing 474 ^ New Survey Chap. XXL changing the lall a into ibiy and adding quin the particle of the palli ve- Avi thy name. Vi, fignifyeth name, and according tq the rule above for Nouns beginning with a Confonant a is the particle of the fecond perfon. Inchalita avih.auri , let come thy Kingdom, is the proper expreffion of this in Englijh. Incbali , is the third perfon of the Verb Quincbali , which fignifieth to come. Ta is as before optantit, or of wifhing. Ibauri or Ibauric , fignifieth kingdom. Av, added, fheweth the fecond pejfon. Pan cana. upon our heads. This is a peculiar expreffion in that tongue-, which ( as all other tongues ) hath many phrafes, firange expreffions, proper elegancies and circum* locutions. Whereof this is one, tp fay, Let thy Kingdom come upon our heads. P am or Pan , is a prepofition, fignifying in, or within, or upon. Na fignifieth head » Nuna, my head, Cana our head, according to the rule above : from whence they call a hat, Pan Nuna , as being upon the head. Invanivi ta Nava , let be done what thou wilt. They have no proper Noun to exprefs a mans will, but exprefs it by a Verb : Invanivi , is the third perfon of the Verb, Quinvanivi, which fignifieth to be made or done. The Active is Nuvan , I do or make : from whence are formed many paffives, as Quinvan , or Quinvanbi, or Quinvani, or Qninvanivi , or Quinbanaii, or Q 'uinvantihi , wnereot this laft fignifieth to be done fpeedily. And fo to all Verb? Adtivesand Paffives, this particle tibi , is added at the end, to fignifie halt or fpeed in doing any thing. Nava, is the lecoud perfon of the Verb, Inva, I will, according to the rule tor verbs beginning with a Vowel, Nava , thou wilt, Inra , he will. Tabvir vach acal , here upon the face of the earth ; Tabvir , is an Adverb fignifying here, Vacb, fignifieth face, Nnyacb , my face, Avacb , they face, Kuvacb , his face. Acal, fignifieth the earth or ground. Pie invan taxan\ as it is done in heaven. He is an Adverb, fignifying Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 475 fignifying even as, Invan , is the third perfon of the paflive Verb, Quirtvarty to be done, taxaby as before, fignifieth in heaven without any prepofition to it. Cbaye rttna> give to day. Nuye is the firft perfon of the prefent tenfe, fignifying, I give, Cha is the particle (accor- cording to the rule above ) of the fecond perfon cf the Imperative Mood. Cbaye give thou s Cbyruey let him give. Kuna, to day. Cahuhun ta quib vlic, our every day bread : where note that cay put before bubun is very elegantly placed,though it do belong to the word viict which fignifieth bread* Nuviicy my bread, Caviicy our bread. Hubun is an unde- clined word, fignifying every one, or every thing. <$>uih fignifieth the fun of the day. Nafacb tacamac , I pray God thon forgive our fins. They ufe not here the Imperative Mood, as in Latin dimittey and in E nglifh forgive, but with the particle ta, or wifhing, they ufe the Optative Mood. Nacacb is the fecond per- fon of the Verb, Nufacb, I forgive. Macy fignifieth fin. Nttmacy my fin or fins, camacy our fins. Laval is another word in that tongue alfo to tignifie lin. He incafachve quimac , even as we forgive their fins. In- cjfacb is the firft perfon plural, according to the rule above* for verbs beginning with a confonant , ve is put at the end for elegancy fake. Quimac is the third perfon plural. Where note that in a whole Ipeccn or flntence, fometimesthe par- ticle tacquey obfcrved above in the rule for declining is left out y and fometimes it is added. As here, quimac their fins* or elfe it might have been quimac t acque- • Xim acquivi cbiquib , that have finned againft our backs, of Mac fignifying lin, is this Verb formed, , quinmacquiviy to fin. So likewife of lavaly fin, is formed another Verb, quinlavini, to fin. This Vcib cuinmacquivi is a Deponent ', of which fort there are many in that tongue, as quincuta - tii , to preach, which have the fame particles as the Verbs PafTives, Cbiquib is a word compounded of the Prepcfition chi ani ib} which fignifieth back, and is varied like the Nour.s beginning with a Vowels and joyned with c(bi, fignifieth 47^ A New Survey Chap. XXL fignifieth againft, as Cbivib, agianft me, Chavib, againft thee, C birib, againft him Plural. Cbiquih , againft us, cbi- vibta, againft ye, cbiquib,acqu , againft them. And if another third perfon be named, cbifib ftandeth for againft, as cbirib Tedro , againft Peter , that is againft the back. If any be na- med in the third perfon Plural,then cbiqui is ufed,as cbiquih uncbe., or cbiquih cuncb elal , igainft all. Macoacana, leave us not. This Verbis here compounded of three: firft,/Vfo, is abbreviated from the word ma«i,which fignifieth no or not, as likevyife mancbucu. Co or cob , figni- fieth we or us, and as in the rules betore I have obferved,is put here before the Verbs which caufeth the n to be cut off from the Verb, which otherwife lhould have been nacanjy of nucana, I leave, nacanay thou leaveft, i«/acj/^,heleaveth, and fo forth, Cbipam cataccbibi , in our being tempted.This is another great elegancy in that tongue to ufe a VerbPaflive for a Noun, and to add to it a Prepofition » as here, cbipaMy which fignifieth in s and putting to the Verb the Particles wherewith the Nouns are varied and declined. Nutaccbib , fignifieth I tempt. The Paflivcis quint accbibi, I am tempted i from whence nutaccbibi , fignifieth my being tempted, or my temptatioon > attaccbibi, thy temptation, rutaccbibiy his temptation. Coavefaca china uncbe ts'tri . Diliver us from all eail things. Ittvcfa , as I have noted before, fignifieth to deliver. Co is the firft perfon Plural put before the Verb, as I obferved in the ijyle above, and in that Conjunction or compound ma- coacana. China is a Prepofition, fignitying above or from.. Vnche , fignifieth all, which is undeclinable, niri, is an Adjedtive properly undeclinable alfo or unvariable, in Gender, Cafe, and Number i as are all Adj.Ctives in that tongue.lt fignifieth evil or bad i as tsiri vinac, an evil man, tsiri ixocy a bad woman, tsiri cbicopy a bad or evil beali s fo hkewife in the Plural number it is the fame. Without a Subftantive it is as the Neuter Gender, as malum for mala reSy fignifying an evil thing, or evil things. The Sub* ftantive that is formed from it, is tsiriquil , which figni- ! Chap. XXI. of the Weft-Indies. 1 577 fieth evil or wickednefs. Voronquil , fignifieth the fame. Mani quiro, not good : this is put for a further cxpreffion of evils to be delivered from whatfoeveris not good. Mani , as I noted before, fignifieth not. ghtiro, is as tsiri, an Ad- jective, fignifying good or a good thing, and is undeclina- ble, unvariable in both numbers. §)u\ ro vinac , a good man, quiro ixoc , a good woman, quiro cbicop, a good beaft * fa like wife in the plural number, quiro vinac , good men. The 5ubftantive that is derived from this AdjeChve, is, qu'trobal, goodnefs. Chiobal, fignifieth the fame. Quirolab, is very good, tftrilah very bad j where lab is added at the end of an AdjeCtive, it puts the fame aggravation as valde in Latin. Hi inqtti , even as he faith. The meaning is, even as he faith that taught this prayer, guinqui, fignifieth I fay ,tiqui, thou fayeft, inquire faith, Cobani , we fay, tiquita , ye fay, quiquitacque, they fay. Amen. All words which have no true exprtflion in the Indians tongues, are continued in the SpaniJh,ot in the pro- per tongue, as here Amen . So wine which formerly they had not, they call vino j though by an improper word fome call it C ajiillana ba , that is, the water of Caltille. So God, they call Dios commonly j though fome call him Nim Ahval , that is the great Lord. And thus for curiofities fake, and by the intreaty of fome fpecial friends, I have furniflied the Prcfs with a language which never yet was printed, or known in England. A Merchant, Mariner, or Captain at S ca may chance by fortune to be driven upon fome Coaff, where he may meet with fome Pocoman Indian \ and it may be of great ufe to him, to have fome light of this Poconcbi tongue. Whereunto I fhal! be willinghertaftcr to add fomething more for the good of my Countrey •, and for the prcfeut I leave thee Reader to fiudy what hitherto hath briefly heen delivered by me. FINIS.