JAPAN 
 
 * 
 
 AS A MISSION FIELD. 
 
 A BRIEF SKETCH. 
 
 Rev. I. R. WORCESTER. 
 
 
 i 
 
 pameEToir i. 
 REC.OCT 18l>0 < 
 
 At 
 
 A Jfts 
 
 v * 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE A. B. C. F. M. 
 
 Corner of Beacon an<JSomerset Streets. 
 
 1876. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2017 with funding from 
 Princeton Theological Seminary Library 
 
 * 
 
 https://archive.org/details/japanasmissionfi00worc_1 
 

JAPAJSL 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 The Empire of Japan consists of three large islands, con- 
 taming, respectively, not far from 100,000, 16,000 and 10- 
 000 square miles, and surrounded by many smaller islands, 
 making in all an extent of territory variously estimated, but 
 probably amounting to about 160,000 square miles. The 
 population is dense, numbering, as is supposed, from 30,000, 
 000 to 40,000,000. The surface of the country is much 
 broken by hills and valleys, but the soil is fertile and almost 
 everywhere well cultivated, producing a good variety of 
 grains, vegetables, and fruits. Minerals are abundant — gold, 
 silver, copper, tin, lead, mercury, coal, sulphur, salt, etc. It 
 is, writes Mr. Blodget, of the North China mission, “ a land 
 of hills and valleys and lofty mountains ; a land of pure air, 
 clear streams, running brooks and fountains of water ; a 
 land abounding in trees and flowers of numerous varieties, 
 and rich in productions useful for food, for man and beast.” 
 The civilization of the Japanese, peculiar, but very consider- 
 ably advanced, is supposed to be of Chinese origin. Chinese 
 is their learned language, Chinese classics have been the 
 text-books in their schools, and many Chinese words have 
 become incorporated in their language. The prevailing re- 
 ligion has been Buddhism. The people are represented as 
 of middling size ; tawny complexion, with black, glossy hair ; 
 active, lively, quick of apprehension ; exhibiting more in- 
 telligence than is common among Asiatics. Education, to 
 some extent, is almost universal, “ the poorest and lowest 
 1 
 
2 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 laborers being taught to read and write ; ” printers and book- 
 sellers are numerous, and the literature is somewhat exten- 
 sive. Many mechanical arts are carried to a high degree of 
 perfection, and commercial operations are conducted, some- 
 times on a very extensive scale, with promptness and accu- 
 racy. Indeed, the Japanese would seem to need nothing but 
 the pervading influence of a pure religion, to give them a 
 high position among the nations of the earth. 
 
 The existence of such a people was first made known in 
 Europe by the Venetian, Marco Polo, who returned from his 
 travels in 1295. His statements, however, respecting this and 
 other lands, were generally rejected as utterly incredible, and 
 for about two hundred and fifty years after his time there 
 seems to have been no European intercourse with the empire. 
 About the year 1543, Pinto, one of the many Portuguese 
 adventurers then crowding to the East, driven by a 6torm, 
 landed on one of the Japan islands. He was well received, 
 and carried to his countrymen such a report of the riches of 
 the country as led many traders and adventurers there, and 
 a Portuguese settlement was soon established. 
 
 Papal missionaries, if they did not at first accompany the 
 merchants, followed them almost immediately, the celebrated 
 Francis Xavier, with his companions, reaching Japan in 
 1549. At this time there seems to have been little preju- 
 dice or opposition. Both merchants and missionaries were 
 favorably received. Soon after the introduction of Chris- 
 tianity, the emperor is said to have replied to some of the 
 heathen priests, who requested him to prohibit the foreign 
 faith, by asking how many religions there were in the em- 
 pire. Being told that there were thirty-five, he remarked : 
 “ When thirty-five religions are tolerated we can easily bear 
 with thirty-six ; leave the strangers in peace.” Xavier re- 
 mained two years, and laborers and converts rapidly multi- 
 plied around him. 
 
 About thirty years later, in 1582, Japanese Christians 
 sent an embassy, with letters and presents to the Pope at 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 8 
 
 Rome, and after their return converts were stil more 
 increased; so that in the course of two years (1591—2) it is 
 said 12,000 persons were baptized. Persecutions, however, 
 had already commenced, or at least opposition, an edict for 
 the banishment of missionaries having been issued in 1587, 
 and before the close of the century there were repeated 
 cases of martyrdom. 
 
 Allured by the success of the Portuguese, the Dutch East 
 India Company sent out merchant vessels for Japan in 1598, 
 one of which reached there in 1600. Others followed, in 
 1609 ; and the same year a port was granted to that com- 
 pany, and a factory, or trading settlement was established. 
 The new settlers seem to have had an eye to trade alone, 
 making no religious demonstrations, willing to renounce even 
 all the forms of Christianity for the sake of gain. Already 
 the Government had become distrustful of the Portuguese, 
 whose success had made them haughty, arrogant, and incau- 
 tious. Portugal was then united with Spain, and a Span- 
 iard being asked by the emperor how their king had man- 
 aged to possess himself of half the world, is said to have 
 intimated, in reply, that having first sent priests to convert 
 the people, the native Christians would join his troops, and 
 conquest was easy. As might have been expected, such a 
 reply made a deep impression on the mind of the emperor. 
 The Dutch, at war with Portugal, and seeking their own 
 advantage, were not likely to do anything to allay suspicion ; 
 difficulties, commenced before their arrival, continued and 
 increased ; the Christians took no measures to pacify the 
 Government, but defying it, rather, began to destroy idols 
 and heathen temples, and severe persecutions followed, in 
 1612 and 1614. In 1622, there was a frightful massacre of 
 Christians in the neighborhood of Nagasaki, with horrible 
 tortures inflicted upon many, in the vain attempt to make 
 them renounce a faith declared to be infamous and rebel- 
 lious. In 1629, there were still numbered in the empire 
 400,000 Christians, but twenty years later, one hundred 
 
4 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 years after the first arrival of Xavier, there remained none. 
 Driven to despair, they were said to have entered into a 
 conspiracy witli the Portuguese, to overthrow the imperial 
 throne ; by the close of 1639, the Portuguese were entirely 
 expelled, and their trade transferred to the Dutch ; the 
 native Christians, still defending themselves, took possession 
 of a strong castle in Simahara, but were at length over- 
 powered, by the aid of Dutch artillery and military science, 
 and utterly destroyed, to the number of 37,000, about the 
 year 1640. In 1641, the Dutch were ordered to leave their 
 position at Firando, and take up their residence on the little 
 island of Desima, in the port of Nagasaki, where they were 
 placed under rigid inspection, and where, for more than two 
 hundred years, they retained the undisturbed monopoly of 
 European trade with Japan. The English, and the Rus- 
 sians, meantime, made several unsuccessful attempts to 
 establish commercial intercourse, and some unavailing 
 efforts were put forth by Papal missionaries to regain a 
 footing in the empire ; hut by Protestants, no attempt has 
 been made to preach the gospel there until within the last 
 few years. An edict was published, soon after the destruc- 
 tion of the Christians, which has remained in force until 
 very recently, offering a reward to any who should inform 
 against Christians, if there were such still undiscovered 
 (about $500 to “ whoever informs on a padre,” and $300 to 
 “whoever informs on a Roman ”). From that time to very 
 near the present the most bitter hostility to Christianity has 
 been cherished, and it has been a capital crime to become a 
 disciple of Christ. 
 
 Within a few years, efforts on the part of Christian 
 nations to overcome the long-continued exclusiveness of 
 Japan, and establish diplomatic and commercial relations 
 with the empire, have been more earnestly prosecuted, and 
 crowned, at last, with success. In 1846, an expedition from 
 the United States was conducted by Commodore Biddle, 
 designed, if possible, to open friendly negotiations ; but it 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 5 
 
 accomplished nothing. In 1849, Captain Glynn, of the 
 United States ship Preble , rescued from Japan some ship- 
 wrecked American seamen, who had been imprisoned nearly 
 seventeen months and treated with great severity ; but he 
 was not permitted to remain, or to communicate with the 
 people. In 1852, the United States Government dispatched 
 an expedition under command of Commodore Perry, who 
 was instructed to demand protection for American seamen 
 and ships wrecked on the coast, and if possible to conclude 
 a treaty by which American vessels should be permitted to 
 enter at least one port, to obtain supplies and for purposes 
 of trade. Perry entered the bay of Yedo, and after much 
 difficult negotiation, succeeded in delivering to high officials 
 a letter addressed to the Emperor by the President of the 
 United States. In February, 1854, he entered the same 
 bay again, with a squadron of seven ships of war, and came 
 to anchor a few miles from the capital ; and on the 31st of 
 March, a treaty was agreed upon. Simoda and Hakodadi 
 were designated as ports which American ships might visit 
 to obtain supplies, arrangements were made for the residence 
 of United States consuls at those ports, protection and 
 assistance were guaranteed to shipwrecked seamen, and 
 liberty to trade, under certain restrictions, was granted. 
 Treaties with other nations, and further concessions, soon 
 followed. An English squadron entered the harbor of 
 Nagasaki in September of the same year, and a treaty was 
 concluded with Great Britain by which that port and Hako- 
 dadi were opened to British commerce. The Russians soon 
 obtained like privileges, and in November, 1855, the Dutch 
 secured relief from most of the restrictions so long imposed 
 upon them. In June, 1857, Mr. Townsend Harris, United 
 States consul-general for Japan, negotiated a new treaty at 
 Simoda, by which additional privileges were secured to 
 American merchants, and after July 4, 1858, Americans 
 were permitted to reside at Simoda and Hakodadi. In 1858, 
 he succeeded in reaching Yedo, and concluded a still more 
 
6 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 favorable treaty, making provision for opening the ports of 
 Kanagawa (a suburb of Yedo, substituted for Simoda), 
 Nagasaki, and Hakodadi to general trade, within one year, 
 and of Hiogo, the harbor of a most important commercial 
 city, Osaka, in 1860; and for the residence of an American 
 ambassador at Yedo. 
 
 It is worthy of grateful mention, that in the instructions 
 given to Mr. Harris by Mr. Marcy, the United States Sec- 
 retary of State, he was directed to do his best, by all judi- 
 cious measures, to obtain full toleration of the Christian 
 religion, and protection for missionaries who might go there 
 to promulgate this religion. Mr. Harris’s own desires were 
 fully in accordance with such instructions, and the treaty did 
 provide for the free exercise of their religion by Americans 
 in Japan, with liberty to erect places of worship. The 
 Japanese commissioners, in accordance with the long-con- 
 tinued policy of the empire, attempted to place Christianity 
 and Christian teaching among the forbidden articles of im- 
 portation ; but all such propositions were repelled with firm- 
 ness, and were consequently withdrawn. The custom of 
 trampling on the cross was to be abolished, but no liberty 
 was secured for the Japanese to embrace Christianity, or for 
 foreigners to propagate its doctrines. Indeed, it was ex- 
 pressly stipulated, that nothing should be done “ calculated 
 to excite religious animosity.” Within the same year a 
 British ambassador, the Earl of Elgin, was conveyed to 
 Yedo, and concluded a new treaty, based on that negotiated 
 by Mr. Harris, but securing some additional concessions. 
 
 Protestant Missionary Efforts. 
 
 By these treaties, and others with Christian nations, great 
 progress was made towards the full opening of Japan for 
 intercourse with other lands, and apparently for the re-intro- 
 duction of Christianity. Yet the hopes and expectations 
 which were thus excited, were not all warranted even by the 
 treaty stipulations ; and certainly not by the past history of 
 
PROTESTANT MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 
 
 7 
 
 Japan, the known aversion to intercourse with foreigners, 
 the bitter, long-continued hostility to Christianity, or the 
 peculiar and not well understood character of the Govern- 
 ment, — the relations of the two Emperors, as they were 
 sometimes called, the civil (Tycoon) and the spiritual (Mi- 
 kado), to each other, and of the many hereditary princes, 
 sovereigns to a great extent, within their own dominions, 
 to the supreme authority. A prominent clergyman in the 
 United States remarked, in an address delivered in Febru- 
 ary, 1859, and subsequently published : “ Mr. Harris has 
 expressly secured the right of Christian teaching, and of 
 building Christian churches in Japan, which shall be unmo- 
 lested and protected ; and by his eminently wise and suc- 
 cessful services as a negotiator, American Protestant Chris- 
 tianity is to enjoy unlimited freedom^ of establishment and 
 propagation in this new and wonderful field.” The state- 
 ment is quoted only to show how glowing were the antici- 
 pations too readily indulged by many. No such “ unlimited 
 freedom of propagation ” had been secured for the Protestant 
 or any other form of Christianity. In the good providence 
 of God, however, great changes had been effected, and 
 there was reason for the hope that others would follow in 
 due time. Christian missionaries could enter the empire, as 
 citizens of other nations, and reside at some designated 
 places ; could study the language, and thus be preparing 
 themselves for future labors ; and might find the way open- 
 ing before them more and more fully. Accordingly, several 
 missionary societies in the United States at once turned 
 their attention to the new field. 
 
 In February, 1858, Dr. Boone (missionary Bishop of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States to 
 China), then in this country, sent for publication in the 
 “ Spirit of Missions,” a letter from an officer in the United 
 States Navy, dated at Hakodadi, Japan, October 2, 1857, 
 which expressed the opinion that the time had come for 
 sending missionaries — prudent men, of tried experience — 
 
8 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 who “ must remember that it is death to a Japanese to be- 
 come a Christian,” and must not “ rush headlong into the 
 work, without considering secondary means ; ” but who, if 
 judicious, would probably “ meet with as much encourage- 
 ment as they generally do when first commencing operations 
 in heathen lands.” On the 14th of February, 1859, the 
 Foreign Committee of the Episcopal Board of Missions 
 formally determined to enter upon work in Japan, and ap- 
 pointed Rev. Messrs. John Liggins and C. M. Williams, 
 then of the China mission, to commence at Nagasaki. 
 
 Before these brethren received the intelligence of their 
 appointment, one of them, Mr. Liggins, acting under medical 
 advice, was already at Nagasaki, to try what reinvigorating 
 power there might be in the climate of that place. He 
 arrived there May 2d, 1859, two months before the time 
 when, by treaty stipulations, he would be allowed to take 
 up his residence in the city ; but, assisted by Mr. Walsh, 
 United States consul, and promising to instruct a class of 
 Government interpreters who were anxious to learn English, 
 he soon succeeded in getting permission to remain, and in 
 obtaining part of a good house, in a beautiful situation. Mr. 
 Williams joined him in July. Thus was commenced “ the 
 first Protestant mission actually established in that empire.” 
 
 It was soon apparent that the encouragement was not 
 likely to be all that had been hoped. There had been reac- 
 tion at Yedo against the liberal measures, with degradation 
 of the ministry and the appointment of those in favor of the 
 old, exclusive policy. The prohibitory edict against Chris- 
 tianity remained unrepealed. Mr. Harris believed it would 
 never be enforced, but still thought it best for missionai’ies 
 to confine themselves to the sale of books, as the only safe 
 ground. The Annual Report of the Foreign Committee for 
 1860 says : “The experience of the past year has deepened 
 the impression expressed in 1859, touching the necessity of 
 extreme caution in the prosecution of the work in Japan,” 
 and in October of that year, the Foreign Committee again 
 
PROTESTANT MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 
 
 9 
 
 reported, that they were not advised of any freer opportu- 
 nity for direct missionary effort than when the former Report 
 was made. The missionaries could, as stated by Mr. Lig- 
 gins, procure native books and teachers, and acquire the lan- 
 guage ; prepare philological works to facilitate its acquisition 
 by others ; dispose, by sale, of many historical, geographical, 
 and scientific works, prepared by Protestant missionaries ; 
 sell the Scriptures and religious books and tracts in the 
 Chinese language, understood by every educated Japanese ; 
 answer the inquiries of persons coming for such books to 
 their own houses, and thus explain to many the doctrines of 
 Christianity and urge its claims upon them ; and by their 
 Christian walk and conversation, by kindness and benevo- 
 lence, weaken and dispel prejudice. 
 
 Mr. Williams wrote, June 18, 18G1 : “ There is no proper 
 
 missionary work to report It may appear singular that 
 
 so little has been accomplished ; but the peculiar difficulties 
 of our situation, — the antecedents of Christianity in Japan, 
 the jealousy of government, the sweeping clause in the treaty, 
 that ‘ Americans shall not do anything calculated to excite 
 religious animosity,’ the ramilications of the system of espion- 
 age, reaching everywhere, alike the cottage of the poor, and 
 the ‘ forbidden inclosure’ of the ‘ Son of Heaven,’ — should 
 all be kept in mind. When these things are fully compre- 
 hended, it will be seen that great caution is necessary. A 
 false step may be fatal, and surround us with such a host of 
 spies, that intercourse with the people will be virtually cut 
 off. Though the practice of trampling on religious emblems 
 is abolished, still the law against Christianity is unrepealed. 
 .... The means used by the authorities to prevent converts 
 to Christianity being made, are most thorough, and if strictly 
 
 observed would be most effectual Each individual is 
 
 compelled to sign a paper once a year, declaring that he or 
 she is not a Christian, also specifying the sect of Buddhists 
 
 to which he belongs They offer large rewards to all 
 
 who inform of those who become Christians.” 
 
10 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 In such circumstances not much progress was made, and 
 after a few years the work of this church in Japan, which 
 had been connected with its China missions, seems to have 
 died out or been discontinued. In his Report of 1868, the 
 Bishop to China says : “ It is heart-sickening to report that 
 our Church has not a single representative ” in Japan. Two 
 missionaries, since appointed, are supposed to have sailed 
 from San Francisco for that field in December, 1872. 
 
 As early as 1855, the Board of Foreign Missions of the 
 Presbyterian Church in the United States requested one of 
 its missionaries in China to visit Japan and make inquiries, 
 preparatory to sending forth laborers to this “ long inacces- 
 sible field.” In 1859, the door seeming to be open, and 
 some candidates for the missionary work having expressed 
 a desire to be sent to that land, it was resolved to commence 
 a mission. Dr. James C. Hepburn and wife, formerly mis- 
 sionaries in China, but then in the United States, were at 
 their own request appointed to the work, as were also Rev. 
 John L. Nevius and wife, then of the Ningpo mission. Dr„ 
 and Mrs. Hepburn sailed from New York for Shanghai on 
 the 24th of April, and from Shanghai for Kanagawa, Octo- 
 ber 1. In January, 1873, five missionaries were connected 
 with the Japan mission of the Presbyterian Board, and it 
 was then stated that others, under appointment, would sail iu 
 a few months for ihat field. 
 
 The Board of the Reformed Protestant (Dutch) Church 
 in the United States, about the close of 1858, were moved 
 to efforts in Japan, (1) by letters from Christian brethren 
 of several denominations then in that empire, urging the 
 work upon them especially, as those who could avail them- 
 selves of the Dutch language, and (2) by an f.bnost simul- 
 taneous consecration of means, by brethren of the South 
 Church in New York, for missionary effort there. One of 
 the pastors in Central New York also solicited a missionary 
 appointment to that field. The Board, therefore, deemed 
 it duty to attempt a new mission iu Japan ; and Rev. S. R. 
 
PROTESTANT MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 11 
 
 Brown, of Owasco, was appointed as a missionary. A 
 young Holland brother, just completing his theological 
 studies, and a medical missionary, were soon secured as his 
 associates. The company sailed from New York, May 7, 
 1859, consisting of Bev. S. R. Brown, Rev. 6. F. Yerbeck, 
 and Dr. D. Simmons, with their wives, and Miss Julia 
 Brown. It was understood that their work must be for a 
 time, perhaps a considerable time, preparatory ; and that 
 “ the churches should exercise all patience in looking for 
 results.” This Board had, at the close of its last year, five 
 male laborers in that field ; but the brethren of this mission 
 have been largely engaged in educational work, receiving 
 much of their support from the Japanese Government. 
 
 The English Church Missionary Society reports two mis- 
 sionaries in that empire, and by some other societies and 
 individuals, evangelistic work has been or is about to be 
 attempted there. 
 
 It was certainly to be expected, that the Papal Church 
 would not be unmindful of the renewed opening of a land 
 from which its adherents were banished more than 200 
 years ago, and in January, 1862, religious services were 
 commenced in a new Roman Catholic church at Yoko- 
 hama, — “a neat and conspicuous building of white stucco,” 
 erected on ground given for the purpose by the French 
 minister. Thus the Romanists were in advance of any 
 Protestant denomination in the completion of a church 
 building in Japan. The last Report of the Roman Catho- 
 lic Association for the Propagation of the Faith gives one 
 bishop and fourteen “ missioners ” as their force in Japan. 
 
 At the annual meeting of the A. B. C. F. M. held at 
 Pittsburgh, Penn., in 1869, the Board fully and heartily ap- 
 proved of the proposal submitted by the Prudential Com- 
 mittee to establish a mission in Japan, and on the fourth of 
 the next month (November, 1869), Rev. David Crosby 
 Greene, son of a former secretary of the Board, sailed 
 from San Francisco with his wife, to commence the mis- 
 
12 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 sion. They reached Yokohama on the 30th of the same 
 month. After spending a few months at Yedo, and after 
 consultation with Mr. Blodget, of the North China mission, 
 and others, Mr. Greene fixed upon Kobe, a town of some 
 65,000 inhabitants, about twenty miles from Osaka, 350 
 miles from Yedo, on a bay of the inland sea in the central 
 portion of the island of Niphon, as the best place for the 
 first station of the mission, and he was soon established 
 there. After something more than a year, Rev. and Mrs. 
 O. H. Gulick joined him, arriving at Kobe March 3. Rev. 
 J. D. Davis and wife arrived on the first of December fol- 
 lowing, Dr. J. C. Berry and wife on the 27th of May, 1872, 
 and Rev. M. L. Gordon, M. D., and his wife, in October, 
 1872. A new station was taken at Osaka, in the summer 
 of 1872, by Mr. Gulick, where Mr. Gordon joined him. 
 The other brethren are still at Kobe. Two ladies, Misses 
 Dudley and Talcott, sailed from San Francisco on the 1st 
 of March, 1873, to join the mission. 
 
 Recent Changes. 
 
 It is hardly needful to dwell upon the changes which 
 have been going forward in Japan while missionary socie- 
 ties have thus been sending laborers there, and making some 
 preparation for the great work to which it has seemed so 
 probable that the Christian Church must soon be called. 
 These changes have attracted much attention from the 
 whole civilized world, and will be, perhaps, sufficiently in- 
 dicated here by extracts from an article published a few 
 months since in the “ Missionary Record ” of the United 
 Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and a communication from 
 Mr. Davis, of the Board’s mission, written at the close of 
 his first year in Japan. The article in the Record ” states : 
 
 “ Under various names, two Emperors, the one called the 
 Tycoon and the other the Mikado, the former a military 
 and secular sovereign, the latter a spiritual governor, tech- 
 nically supreme, have hitherto ruled the Empire of Japan, 
 
RECENT CHANGES. 
 
 13 
 
 with its thirty-one millions of population, scattered over its 
 three principal and its numberless smaller islands. These 
 islands used to be divided into sixty-eight provinces, over 
 every one of which a prince, under the name of Daimio, or 
 Siomio was set as ruler, under the two Emperors, whose re- 
 lation to one another we shall, in the course of this article, 
 endeavor to explain. 
 
 “The recent revolution has been accomplished by the 
 deposition of the Tycoon, and the assumption of his pre- 
 rogatives by the Mikado, who has been, for four or five 
 years, the sole Emperor of Japan. This abolition of the 
 office of Tycoon has also completely changed the relation 
 of the Daimios, and other local rulers, to the government 
 and to the people. Formerly these princes had to reside in 
 the city of Yedo for about half of their time, with their 
 families, as hostages, under the eye of the Tycoon, who 
 had the power to depose them, and who, through his council 
 of state, surrounded them with an atmosphere of constant 
 espionage. These circumstances lessen our surprise that the 
 aristocracy of Japan was, to a large extent, a consenting 
 party to the revolution which has sent the Tycoon to vir- 
 tual and perpetual banishment, and has left the Mikado to 
 rule without a rival, and to reconstruct the government. 
 
 “The present Japanese dynasty, that of the Mikado, 
 stretches so far back into the past as to dwarf the antiquity 
 of the oldest royal* families of Europe. We are not aware 
 that any man can call in question the unparalleled claim of 
 the present Emperor, to a pedigree stretching back to the 
 sixth century before Christ. This Emperor has witnessed 
 the most remarkable revolution that has taken place in the 
 empire since his family began to reign, twenty-four centu- 
 ries ago. He is a young man of twenty-four years of age. 
 His father and predecessor died on the 3d of February, 
 1867, in the thirty-seventh year of his age. The present 
 Emperor was then a boy of seventeen ; and within little 
 more than a year of the beginning of his reign, May 16, 
 
14 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 1868, the turning-point of a new regime , the hinge of Jap- 
 anese history, was reached, unconsciously on his part and 
 that of his fellow-countrymen. He has indeed manifested 
 no small degree of vigor and intelligence, inasmuch as he 
 has risen to his position in spite of his youth and the in- 
 credible bondage of those associations and traditions by 
 which he was surrounded, and by which he was liable to be 
 enslaved. It is not, however, to be imagined for a moment 
 that he, or his immediate advisers, contemplated the marvel- 
 ous consequences which have just began to develop them- 
 selves, in changing the relations, the customs and habits, as 
 well as the beliefs of that singular people. The change was 
 not a human policy, but a divine and resistless providence. 
 
 “ The present revolution must necessarily awaken relig- 
 ious inquiry, inasmuch as the Mikado, who was for ages 
 shrouded in mystery, and viewed as an invisible divinity, 
 has found it necessary to come forth into the arena of ac- 
 tion, and take his place not only over his subjects, but side 
 by side with his fellow-mortals. The recent revolution of 
 1868 was the overthrow of a previous revolution, which 
 took place in the year 1142. Previous to that date, the 
 Mikados of Japan were the only sovereigns of the empire. 
 Their sovereignty, however, was of a spiritual kind. It 
 made its appeal to the imagination, and based itself on sen- 
 timents of religion. To make use of an analogy, well un- 
 derstood in Europe, the Mikado was, up to the middle of the 
 twelfth century, more a pope than a king. He shrouded 
 himself in mystery ; lived invisible in an immense palace in 
 the city of Kioto, surrounded by a little army of guards, 
 entrenched behind a bulwark of superstition, more potent 
 for his defense than all his soldiers. 
 
 “ The Mikado himself is believed to be the lineal descend- 
 ant of the last of four gods who succeeded the goddess 
 Ten-sio-dai-zin, believed to be the daughter of the god who 
 created the world. Of this divine race of sovereigns who 
 have ruled Japan, the present Mikado is the I22d. When 
 
RECENT CHANGES. 
 
 15 
 
 the 76th in this long succession was on the throne in his 
 secret place of thunder, that is, in the year 1141, disturb- 
 ances arose which needed to be suppressed by the sword. 
 The successful soldier, who became the general of the army 
 which put down the insurrection, used his position as gen- 
 eralissimos have often done, to lift himself to power. This 
 he did by severing the temporal from the spiritual preroga- 
 tive, leaving the Mikado with his spiritual supremacy in his 
 sacred city and palace, wrapped up in the power of his long 
 and celestial pedigree, but stripped of all immediate exer- 
 cise of temporal authority. Thus the power of the Mikado 
 was divided between himself and the military emperor. For 
 716 years, up to the recent revolution in 1868, Japan had 
 two Emperors, one visible and the other invisible, with cer- 
 tain acknowledged forms of subjection on the part of the 
 temporal to the spiritual ruler. 
 
 “ It would be an interesting but endless process of anat- 
 omy, to pursue into its details the complex constitution of 
 this old government, which has worked longer than any 
 other in human history, without more than one great change 
 deserving the name of revolution. We refer to the revolu- 
 tion set up in 1142, and upset in 1868. The former change 
 set the Tycoon on a throne nearly as high as that of the 
 Mikado ; the latter laid prostrate the Tycoon and put the 
 Mikado on a solitary throne, by restoring that limb of his 
 prerogative which was broken in the twelfth century. 
 
 “ We cannot enter in this article into the growth of sen- 
 timent which, by gradually advancing among the ruling 
 class, prepared the way for the abolition of the Tycoon’s 
 power. The facts, however, must be noted, as essential to 
 the briefest narrative, that the old feudal aristocracy of 
 Daimios and Siomios (the higher and lower grades of pro- 
 vincial governors) have been to a large extent superseded, 
 and that an imperial parliament is on the eve of being 
 elected, which will ere long, if the experiment succeed, exalt 
 the mass of the people from a position of serfdom to the 
 
16 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 exercise of political rights ; and will turn their mechanical 
 education, in the arts of reading and writing, into mental 
 and moral discipline, preparing them for a religious revolu- 
 tion, infinitely more benign than any political change can 
 ever help them to conceive. 
 
 “ If we enter into Japan now, when the people call us to 
 ‘ come over and help them,’ when Providence opens the 
 way, and when the Lord of missions bids us go, there are 
 the best of reasons why we should be hopeful of success 
 among the people. Their repugnance to foreigners, too 
 largely founded on their fear of Jesuitical treachery and 
 mercantile rapacity, will quickly yield to the more genuine 
 and just procedure of Americans and Europeans, promot- 
 ing trade and propagating Christianity. The unscrupulous 
 cupidity of Portuguese and Dutch traders, and the political 
 ambition and tortuous policy of Jesuits, under the guise of 
 Christianity, cannot repeat themselves. 
 
 “ The call to enter Japan is new and almost startling. If 
 it be a duty to ask for the opening of wide and effectual 
 doors into great populations heretofore inaccessible, and if 
 the prayer be answered, the Church has no choice but to 
 enter in at these doors, so long as they stand open. The 
 Japanese people are receptive and impressible. Their am- 
 bassadors are visiting the Western nations in quest of truth 
 in every form. Our commerce has no difficulty in interpret- 
 ing these things as a call to go. Is Christianity alone to be 
 timid and calculating, lest it should land prematurely in 
 that field ? ” 
 
 Mr. Davis wrote from Kobe, December 23, 1872 : — 
 
 “ We have been in Japan a year, having arrived here 
 December 1, 1871. It has been a year of mighty changes 
 in this empire ; I desire to group a few of them together, 
 and begin with those of which we have heard since leaving 
 America, November 1, of last year : — 
 
 “ The Daimios are deprived of their power and nine tenths 
 
RECENT CHANGES. 
 
 17 
 
 of their revenue. The Samurai, the retainers of the Dai- 
 mios, are thrown back upon their own resources for support. 
 The Yetas, who have heretofore been considered something 
 less than human, have had their disabilities removed, and 
 are citizens. 
 
 “ The first line of railroad has been most successfully 
 opened, and a line of telegraph is finished through the 
 length of the empire, putting it in the electric circuit of the 
 world. The old restriction against the export of rice is 
 removed, and twelve vessels are now in our bay, loading for 
 America and Europe. 
 
 “ The promiscuous use, by both sexes, of the public baths, 
 has been prohibited ; also the printing and sale of obscene 
 books and pictures. The disgusting obscenity connected 
 with some of the religious festivals is also prohibited, and 
 following close upon these prohibitions comes the abolition 
 of a system by which fathers and relatives sold young girls 
 for a term of years, or for life, for the vilest purposes, and 
 thus fed and kept up a most gigantic system of licentious- 
 ness, which has poisoned both the bodies and souls of the 
 masses in this empire. This vast army of unfortunates are 
 released from their contracts, and no more such contracts 
 are to be made in the future. 
 
 “ A truly gigantic system of education is planned, and the 
 machinery to work it is preparing. The empire is to be 
 divided into eight grand divisions, in each of which there 
 are to be a university and thirty-two middle schools. Then 
 there are to be in the empire 210 academies, and 53,760 
 common schools. From the middle schools and academies 
 there are to be sent abroad for education, each year, 180 
 young men. 
 
 “ Thousands of volumes of English text-books have been 
 imported, and are found for sale in all the bookstores in the 
 great cities. Translations have also been made, by the 
 Japanese themselves, of many text-books, in Geography, 
 Arithmetic, Philosophy, and even of the higher Mathemat- 
 2 
 
18 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 ics. The old custom of shaving the crown of the head is 
 forbidden, and men are requested to wear their hair in for- 
 eign style. 
 
 “ And now, to close the year, comes a list of changes, great 
 and sudden enough to startle the sleep of a Rip Van Win- 
 kle. Japan has heretofore had a variable year, using the 
 lunar months ; but with January 1, 1873, she is to start 
 even with the world, and keep with her hereafter. The 
 numerous and ancient holidays of the empire, on which they 
 worshipped at their temples and shrines, are all abolished, 
 except New Year’s day, and the birthday of the Mikado, 
 and Sunday is substituted for them. Officials are all to 
 dress in foreign uniform, all the old laws are to be revised 
 and printed in a foreign language, and all new ones are to 
 be printed in the official daily newspaper of the capital. 
 
 “ This array of changes does not look much like Japan’s 
 going back. She cannot go back. You might as well try 
 to stop an ocean current with tissue paper as to stop Japan 
 now. 
 
 “ But how is it morally, spiritually? The department of 
 religion, which since the accession of the Mikado, four years 
 ago, has had the especial care of the Shintoo religion, and 
 has been next to the department of state in impor- 
 tance, is abolished, and the department of religion is merged 
 with that of education ; and we see, in many of the other 
 changes which have been made, those which should properly 
 precede a decree of religious toleration, for which the gov- 
 ernment seems to be preparing. The first Christian Church 
 has been organized, a church composed of nearly thirty 
 young men of intelligence, many of whom bid fair to become 
 preachers of the Word. The first Christian convention has 
 been held, a committee appointed to translate the Bible, and 
 a union basis agreed upon for native work. The magnificent 
 Bible, sent out by the Bible Society, and which has waited 
 here thirteen years for a favorable opportunity, has been 
 presented to the Mikado. The first translations of parts of 
 
RECENT CHANGES. 
 
 19 
 
 the Bible have been printed and are being circulated. 
 There is, especially among the higher classes, a desire to 
 examine the Bible, and to know about Christianity ; a de- 
 sire which must be speedily met either in Christianity or in 
 infidelity.” 
 
 Still another notable step in the line of progress has been 
 announced more recently. In February, 1873, a number 
 of time-honored edicts were removed from the edict-boards 
 throughout the empire, and among these was the edict for- 
 bidding the adoption or profession of Christianity by the 
 natives. No actual announcement of toleration was made, 
 but in this quiet way the government is understood to have 
 indicated its departure from the former proscriptive policy 
 towards the Christian religion. 
 
 Thus is Japan open, at last, to the gospel of Christ ; and 
 a civilized race, numbering its tens of millions, remarkable 
 for its intelligence and readiness to accept foreign ideas, 
 seems ready to receive the beneficent influence of Christian 
 truth. 
 
 March, 1867 . 
 
 The foregoing sketch was prepared early in 1873. A 
 new edition being now called for, a few sentences may be 
 added, specially to bring the history of the mission of the 
 American Board down to the present time. 
 
 The following laborers have joined the mission, in addi- 
 tion to those mentioned on page 12 : Rev. John L. Atkinson 
 and wife, in September, 1873; Rev. Horace H. Leavitt, 
 Rev. Granville M. Dexter and wife, and Miss Mary E. 
 Gouldy, in October of the same year ; Rev. Wallace Taylor, 
 M. D., and wife, on the 1st of January, 1874; Rev. J. II. 
 De Forestand wife, Arthur H. Adams, M. D., and wife (and 
 Rev. Joseph Neesima, a native of Japan but educated in the 
 United States, a corresponding member of the mission), 
 in December, 1874 ; Rev. D. W. Learned and wife. Rev. 
 E. T. Doatie and wife (from Micronesia, Mrs. Doane having 
 
20 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 been already some time in Japan on account of health), 
 Miss Justina E. Wheeler and Miss Frances A. Stevens, in 
 November, 1875 ; Mrs. Leavitt, Miss Alice J. Starkweather 
 and Miss Martha J. Barrows in February, 1876. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Dexter, on account of ill health, have already* returned 
 to the United States and been released from their connec- 
 tion with the Board. 
 
 In June, 1874, Mr. Greene removed to Yokohama, to take 
 part, with representatives of other missions, in the import- 
 ant work of translating the Scriptures into Japanese. The 
 other missionaries are now stationed at Kobe, Osaka, and 
 Kiyoto. At the last named place Mr. Neesima has secured 
 land in a favorable situation, and obtained permission from 
 the government to open a school, which it is hoped will 
 rapidly develop into a college, and to employ missionaries 
 as teachers. The theological training school for the mission 
 is therefore to be opened at Kiyoto, under the instruction 
 of Messrs. Davis and Learned. The present missionary 
 force of the Board connected with this field is eleven or- 
 dained missionaries (not including Mr. Neesima), two of 
 whom are also physicians, two other physicians, and twenty 
 women. 
 
 The progress and encouragements of the mission have 
 been quite as great as could reasonably have been expected. 
 Three churches have been organized, — the first at Kobe, 
 in April, 1874, the second at Osaka, in May of the same 
 year, and a third at Sanda, an out-station, eighteen miles 
 north of Kobe, in 1875. At the time of latest statements 
 these churches numbered, respectively, about 40, 24, and 16 
 members, and the statements of the missionaries indicate 
 that much may be expected from the church members as 
 workers for Christ. Mr. Davis wrote, in October, 1875 : 
 “ Of our Kobe church, more than half are native preachers 
 of the word, not one of whom is paid by the mission to 
 preach it, but they support themselves by honest toil, and 
 go out at their own charges.” Regular preaching has been 
 
RECENT CHANGES. 
 
 21 
 
 “ kept up by the church members weekly in five different 
 places, and monthly in about as many more.” “ Our aim 
 is,” Mr. Davis says, “ to have all our church members, male 
 and female, ministers, and our ordained clergy bishops, in 
 the truest sense of the word, — to oversee, counsel, and 
 direct the busy lives of workers.” 
 
 A girls’ day school, at Kobe, under the care of ladies of 
 the mission, has been quite flourishing, and a female semi- 
 nary, or “ Home,” is being established there, native gentle- 
 men making generous contributions for the object. There 
 has been a class of Bible students at Kobe, and the com- 
 mencement of a training school, at Iviyoto, has already been 
 mentioned. The mission is doing much by preaching tours, 
 and by the distribution of Bibles, Scripture portions, hymns, 
 and tracts, while the medical work has been eminently use- 
 ful in preparing the way for directly evangelistic labors. 
 Fields are opened, and preaching places provided, through 
 the desire of native physicians and others to have hospitals 
 and dispensaries established, which are sustained mainly by 
 the people themselves, and in connection with which there 
 are always Bible services. Medical tours also, extending as 
 far as one hundred miles in diffei - ent directions from Kobe, 
 have been evangelizing tours, — a Bible helper, and often 
 one of the ladies of the mission, who can reach the native 
 women, going with the medical men. 
 
 It seems more and more evident that Japan is on the eve 
 of great advances, and that now is emphatically the time to 
 scatter in that land the seeds of Divine truth, which shall 
 be for “ the healing of the nation.” 
 
 The “ Chinese Recorder,” for October, 1875, gave the 
 whole number of Protestant missionary workers then in 
 Japan as follows : Ordained ministers 44, of whom four 
 were also physicians; other medical men 4; females, 52 ; 
 total 100. Of this number 76 were from the United States 
 and 24 from Great Britain. Some must have been added 
 to the number since these statistics were gathered. 
 
22 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 The (American) Presbyterian Board has, by its last Re- 
 port, two stations in Japan, — • at Yokohama and Yedo, with 
 six ordained missionaries, one physician, and eight ladies, 
 with a church of twenty-three members at each station, and 
 a work “ marked with signal encouragement.” The (Amer- 
 ican) Reformed Board has three stations, at Yokohama, 
 Tokio and Nagasaki, with five ordained missionaries and 
 their wives, and two other ladies, and ninety-eight members 
 in the mission churches. The (American) Episcopal Board 
 also occupies two stations, Yedo and Osaka, with five or- 
 dained missionaries (one the missionary bishop), one physi- 
 cian, with the wives of these, and two unmarried ladies. 
 The Methodist Episcopal Board occupies four stations, Yo- 
 kohama, Yedo, Hakodate, and Nagasaki, with five ordained 
 missionaries and their wives, and one single lady. The 
 Baptist Missionary Union also has now a mission in Japan, 
 with two stations, Yokohama and Tokio (Yedo), and three 
 ordained missionaries, two of them married. The Woman’s 
 Union Missionary Society has six missionaries (ladies), at 
 Yokohama. 
 
MISSIONARIES OF THE BOARD. 
 
 23 
 
 MISSIONARIES, 
 
 1876. 
 
 
 Went 
 
 Out. 
 
 Station. 
 
 Rev. D. C. Greene 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 Yokohama. 
 
 Mrs. Mary J. Greene 
 
 Rev. 0. H. Gulick 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 1870 
 
 Kobe. 
 
 Mrs. Ann E. Gulick 
 
 Rev. J. D. Davis 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 Kiyoto. 
 
 Mrs. Sophia D. Davis 
 
 John C. Berry, M. D. 
 
 
 
 1871 
 
 1871 
 
 Kobe. 
 
 Mrs. Maria E. Berry 
 
 Rev. M. L. Gordon, M. D. 
 
 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 Osaka. 
 
 Mrs. Agnes H. Gordon . 
 
 Rev. John L. Atkinson 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 Kobe. 
 
 Mrs. Carrie E. Atkinson 
 
 Miss Eliza Talcott 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 1873 
 
 Kobe. 
 
 Miss Julia E. Dudley 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 Kobe. 
 
 Rev. H. H. Leavitt . 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 Osaka. 
 
 Mrs. Mary A. Leavitt . 
 
 Miss Mary E. Gouldy 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 1873 
 
 Osaka. 
 
 Rev. Wallace Taylor, M. D. . 
 Mrs. Mary F. Taylor 
 
 Miss Julia Gulick . 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 Kiyoto. 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 Kobe. 
 
 Rev. J. H. De Forest 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 Osaka. 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth S. De Forest . 
 Arthur H. Adams, M. D. . 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 1874 
 
 Osaka. 
 
 Mrs. Sarah C. Adams . 
 
 Rev. E. T. Doane 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 Kiyoto. 
 
 Mrs. Clara H. S. Doane . 
 
 Rev. Dwight W. Learned . 
 
 
 
 1875 
 
 1875 
 
 Kiyoto. 
 
 Mrs. Florence H. Learned 
 
 Miss Justina E. Wheeler . 
 
 
 
 1875 
 
 1865 
 
 Osaka. 
 
 Miss Frances A. Stevens 
 
 
 
 1875 
 
 Osaka. 
 
 Miss Alice J. Starkweather 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 Kiyoto. 
 
 Miss Martha J. Barrows 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 Kobe. 
 

 
 
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