Ill A Year Book of The Church and Social Service In the United States m Oi- hiini APR 18 1916 BV 4403 .A6 1916 Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in A year book of the chur ch ^r\r\ cz-vr* i a 1 cjo-r\7 -i r*ci ■i n i-h£i A YEAR BOOK OF THE CHURCH AND SOCIAL SERVICE IN THE UNITED STATES A'^YEAR BOOK I ^« 1916 OF The Church and Social Service In the United States PREPARED FOR THE COMMISSION ON THE CHURCH AND SOCIAL SERVICE OF THE FEDERAL COUNCIL OF THE CHURCHES OF CHRIST IN AMERICA BY HARRY F, WARD ASSOCIATE SECRETARY OF THE FEDERAL COUNCIL COMMISSION AND SECRETARY OF THE METHODIST FEDERATION FOR SOCIAL SERVICE MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA NEW YORK I 9 I 6 Copyright, 1916, by THE COMMISSION ON THE CHURCH AND SOCIAL SERVICE INTRODUCTORY NOTE This Year Book is an attempt to bring together, from various sources, information which may be needed by reli- gious and social workers concerning the social service move- ment in the churches. Those who can furnish corrections and additional informa- tion are earnestly requested to send them to the office of the Federal Council Commission on the Church and Social Service, 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City. Harry F. Ward January i, 19 16. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Directory of Church Social Service Organizations 9 Chapter I. The Social Service Movement in the Churches ^3 A brief summary of the origins and development of the Social Service Movement in the Churches: — In the religion of Israel — In the life and teachings of Jesus — In prim- itive Christianity — In the Reformation — In National Move- v' ments — In the Evangelical Revival — In the Modern Missionary Awakening — In the Present Federation of the Churches. Chapter II. Church Social Service Organizations 24 An account of the Church Social Service Agencies, their work and plans: — With Secretaries: — Federal Council Commission— Baptist— Congregational — Methodist Episcopal — Presbyterian — Protestant Episcopal. Other Denomina- tions in the Federal Council with and without organized agencies — Social Service through Interchurch Organizations: — Local Forms of Federation — The Country Church Move- ment — Missionary Education Movement — Young Men's Christian Association — Young Women's Christian Asso- ciation — International Peace and Arbitration — Home and Foreign Missions — Other Religious Bodies — Movements in England. Chapter III. Publications and Bibliography loi Lists of the printed matter of the various church social service agencies: — Federal Council Commissions — Baptist — Congregational — Methodist Episcopal — Presbyterian — Prot- estant Episcopal — Other Church Bodies — Missionary Edu- cation Movement — Yoimg Men's Christian Association — Young Women's Christian Association — Recent Reading and 7 8 Table of Contents PAGE Study Books — Significant Books of 1914-15: — General — Social Christianity — The Socialized Church — Community Welfare — Industrial — Socialism — Poverty — Peace — Rural — Human Interest — Adapted for Study Classes. Chapter IV. Methods and Programs 131 A summary of the Methods and Programs suggested by the various agencies for churches and groups of churches: — Organizing the Local Church for Community Ministry — Community Study — Educational Activities — Sug- gested Programs : — in the city — in the town — in the village — in the country — Selecting a Minimum — Cooperative Effort — Denominational District Bodies. Chapter V. Cooperating Agencies 184 A directory of those general organizations most liable to be needed by church workers for information and as- sistance in the following fields: — Recreation and Social Centers — Child Welfare — Boys' and Girls' Work — Organ- ized Charity — Health — Social Hygiene — Immigration — The Prisoner — Colored Race — Labor Legislation and Labor — Women in Industry — Housing — Civics — Surveys and Ex- hibits — Other general bodies. Chapter VI. The Voice of the Churches 197 The utterances of various church bodies on the following Topics: — The Social Creed — Industrial and Social Condi- tions — Social Justice — Civic Action — Capital — Labor — In- dustrial Democracy — Class Struggle — Social Movements — Wealth and Property — Unearned Increment in Land Values — Social Redemption — Peace. Biographical Sketches of the Associated Secretaries. . . . 246 Index 249 DIRECTORY OF CHURCH SOCIAL SERVICE ORGAN- IZATIONS I. Connected with the Federal Council of the Churches OF Christ in America A. With Executive or Field Secretaries Commission on the Church and Social Service representing constituent bodies of the FEDERAL COUNCIL; Rev. Charles S. Macfarland, Secretary, 612 United Charities Build- ing, 105 East 22nd Street, New York City. Baptist — Department of Social Service and Brotherhood, Rev. Samuel Z. Batten, Secretary, 1701 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Congregational — Social Service Commission, Rev. Henry A. Atkinson, Executive Secretary, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. Methodist Episcopal — Federation for Social Service, Rev. Harry F. Ward, Secretary, 72 Mount Vernon Street, Boston, Mass. Presbyterian — Department of Social Service and Immigra- tion, J. E. McAfee, Secretary, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City; Country Church Work, Warren H. Wilson, Secretary, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Protestant Episcopal — Joint Commission on Social Service, Rev. Frank M. Crouch, Executive Secretary, The Church Missions House, 281 Fourth Avenue, New York City. B. Organized Agencies zvithout Field Secretaries Christian — Commission on Social Service of the American Christian Convention, Rev, O. W. Powers, Secretary, Dayton, Ohio. Disciples of Christ — Commission on Social Service and the Country Church, Prof. Alva W. Taylor, Secretary, Bible College, Columbia, Mo. Friends — Social Service Commission, Prof. Rufus M. Jones, Chairman, Haverford College, Haverford, Pa. 9 10 Directory of Social Service Organizations German Evangelical — General Synod, Commission on Social Service, Rev. J. Stilli, 633 East Market Street, Louisville, Ky. Lutheran, Evangelical — General Synod, The Inner Mission, F. H. Knubel, President, 48 Hamilton Terrace, New York City. Methodist Episcopal, South — Rev. John M. Moore, 810 Broadway, Nashville, Tenn. Reformed, in U. S. — Rev. Charles E. Schaeffer, 15th and Race Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. United Presbyterian — Committee on Social and Industrial Conditions. Rev. H. H. Marlin, Secretary, 5151 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. C. No Organized Agencies, but for information the following Correspondents may be addressed Baptist, Free — Prof. Alfred W. Anthony, Lewiston, Maine. Baptist, National Convention — Prof. R. B. Hudson, Selma, Alabama. Baptist, Seventh Day — Pres. Boothe C. Davis, Alfred University, Alfred, N. Y. Evangelical Association— Bishop S. C. Breyfogel, 836 Center Avenue, Reading, Pa. Methodist Episcopal, African — Bishop Cornelius Shaffer, 3742 Forest Avenue, Chicago, 111. Methodist Episcopal Zion, African — Bishop Alexander Walters, 208 W. 134th Street, New York City. Methodist Episcopal, in America, Colored — Rev. N. C. Cleaves, Columbia, S. C. Methodist Protestant— Pres. H. L. Elderdice, Westminster Theological Seminary, Westminster, Md. Mennonite— Rev. S. K. Mosiman, Bluffton, Ohio. Moravian— Rev. Edward S. Wolle, 601 N. i8th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Presbyterian, in the U. S. (Southern)— Prof. James R. Howerton, Lexington, Va. Reformed, in America— William T. Demarest, 25 East 22nd Street, New York City. Reformed Episcopal— Rt. Rev. Samuel Fallows, 2344 Monroe Street, Chicago, III Directory of Social Service Organizations 11 Reformed Presbyterian— General Synod, Rev. J. L. Chest- nut, Cedarville, Ohio. United Brethren— Rev. C. Whitney, United Brethren Building, Dayton, Ohio. United Evangelical— Rev. J. W. Messinger, Williamsport, Pa. Welsh Presbyterian— Rev. Robert E. Roberts, 223 Twin Street, Rome, N. Y. II. Not Connected with the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America Unitarian — Department of Social Service and Public Ser- vice, American Unitarian Association, Rev. Elmer S. Forbes, Secretary, 25 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. Universalist — Social Service Committee of the Universalist Church, Rev. Clarence R. Skinner, Secretary, Universalist Publishing House, 359 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass. Roman Catholic — Social Service Commission of the Ameri- can Federation of Catholic Societies, Rev. Peter E. Dietz, Secretary, American Academy of Christian Democracy, Hot Springs, N. C. Jewish — Central Conference of American Rabbis, Rabbi Solomon Foster, Committee on Synagogue and Industrial Relations, 90 Treacy Avenue, Newark, N. J. HI. Social Service Organizations in Canada and England Canada : Social Service Council of Canada — Joint Secretaries, Rev. J. G. Shearer, Confederation Life Building, Toronto, Ont., and Rev. T. Albert Moore, Wesley Buildings, Toronto, Ont. Baptist — Department of Social Service, no General Secre- tary at present time. Church of England — Committee on Moral and Social Re- form, Secretary, Rev. R. L. Bridges, St. James Parish House, Toronto, Ont. Methodist — Department of Social Service and Evangelism, General Secretary, Rev. T. Albert Moore, Wesley Buildings, Toronto, Ont. 12 Directoiy of Social Service Organi:zations Presbyterian — Board of Social Service and Evangelism, General Secretary, Rev. J. G. Shearer, Confederation Life Building, Toronto, Ont. England: Interdenominational Conference of Social Service Unions — Miss Lucy Gardner, 92 St. George's Square, London, S. W. Baptist Union — Social Service Section, Edward E. Hayward, Hon. Secretary, Baptist Church House, Southampton Row, London, W. C. Catholic Social Guild — Mrs. V. M. Crawford, Secretary, 105 Marylebone Road, London. Christian Social Union — L. V. Lester-Garland, 26 Nor- folk Square, London, W. Congregational Union Social Service Committee — Rev. William Reason, Secretary, Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street, London, E. C. Friends Social Union — J. St. G. Heath, Secretary, Wood- brooke Settlement, Selly Oak, Birmingham. National Conference Union for Social Service — Rev. H. H. Johnson, The Orchardcroft Road, Evesham, England. Presbyterian Social Service Union — Rev. J. A. Wilson, Secretary, 21 Rowlandson Terrace, Sunderland. Primitive Methodist Union for Social Service — Rev. E. B. Storr, Secretary, 49 Oakwood Road, Blackhill, Co. Durham. United AIethodist Church Social Service Union — Rev. W. G. Peck, Secretary, 18 Wellington Street, Blackburn. Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service— Rev. Henry Carter, Central Buildings, Westminster, S. W., and W. H. Armstrong. A Year Book of the Church and Social Service in the United States THE SOCIAL SERVICE MOVEMENT IN THE CHURCHES! T HE roots of the present social service movement in the - churches run down into the religion of Israel. The mfluence of the Old Testament has been one of the great permanent forces making for democracy and social justice. SOCIAL INFLUENCE OF THE PROPHETS The prophets are the beating heart of the Old Testament. Modern study has shown that they were the real makers of the unique religious life of Israel. The constructive sociology of the Bible is to be found largely in the Hebrew Law, which aimed to prevent the enslavement of the Hebrew people, both legal and economic, by securing economic independence for the family. Its underlying con- ception is that of the nation as one great family. Its fundamental idea is Brotherhood. The prophets were the moving spirits in the working of this idea into the national life. They presented religion in ethical and therefore in social terms. They were ahnost indifferent to its cere- ^The material for this chapter has been largely taken, by permission, from the two books of Prof. Walter Rauschen- busch: Christianity and the Social Crisis, and Christianising the Social Order (Macmillan). Quotation marks, without reference, indicate matter taken unchanged from these sources. 13 14 Year Book of Church and Social Service monial side, but turned with passionate enthusiasm to moral righteousness as its true domain. Their religious concern was not restricted to private religion and morality, but dealt prominently with the social and political life of their nation. Their sympathy was wholly and passionately with the poor and the oppressed, of whom they were the out- spoken champions. They proclaimed a primitive democracy based upon an approximately equal distribution of the land. They cherished a large ideal of the ultimate per- fection of their people. They looked for the Day of Jehovah; it was to them what the social revolution is to modern radicals, but it was expressed in terms of moral justice rather than in economic prosperity. It was to come by divine help and not by mere social evolution. They rose above the kindred prophets of other nations through their moral interest in national affairs, and their spiritual progress and education were intimately connected with their open-eyed comprehension of the larger questions of con- temporary history. When the nation lost its political self- government and training, apocalyptic dreams and bookish calculations, together with a narrow religious individualism, took the place of the sane political program and the wise historical insight of the great prophets, and Judaism became a decadent system. SOCIAL MESSAGE OF JESUS The social program and the social hopes of the prophets were fulfilled in Jesus. His ministry was largely con- cerned with human needs. His central teaching of the kingdom of God is a collective conception involving the whole social life of man. He desires to replace a society resting on coercion, exploitation, and inequality with one resting on love, service, and equality. Like the prophets, he is indifferent to ritual and sternly insistent on conduct as a test of religion. It is not simply that his social teach- ings are significant, but that his whole teaching, like his life, is social. Behind the social hope of the prophets he puts the power of the categorical imperative. He instils it with the dynamic of the law of brotherhood as the revela- Social Service Movement in Churches 15 tion and expression of the divine. His was a revolutionary consciousness. His attack on the leaders and authorities of his day v^^as of revolutionary boldness and thoroughness. "Jesus was not a mere social reformer. Religion was the heart of his life, and all that he said on social rela- tions was said from the religious point of view. He has been called the first socialist. He was more; he was the first real man, the inaugurator of a new humanity. But as such he bore within him the germs of a new social and political order. He was too great to be the Savior of a fractional part of human life. His redemption extends to all human needs and powers and relations. Theologians have felt no hesitation in founding a system of speculative thought on the teachings of Jesus, and yet Jesus was never an inhabitant of the realm of speculative thought. He has been made the founder and organizer of a great ecclesi- astical machine, which derives authority for its offices and institutions from him, and yet 'hardly any problem of exegesis is more difficult than to discover in the Gospels an adminis- trative or organizing or ecclesiastical Christ.' i " "There is at least as much justification in invoking his name to-day as the champion of a great movement for a more righteous social life. He was neither a theologian, nor an ecclesiastic, nor a socialist. But if we were forced to classify him either with the great theologians who elaborated the fine distinctions of scholasticism; or with the mighty popes and princes of the church who built up their power in his name; or with the men who are giving their heart and life to the propaganda of a new social system — where should we place him ?" THE EARLY CHURCH Primitive Christianity, while under the fresh impulse of Jesus, was filled with social forces. In its later history the reconstructive capacities of Christianity were paralyzed by alien influences which penetrated from without and clogged the revolutionary moral power inherent in it. Teabody, Jesus Christ and the Social Question. IG Year Book ol' Church and Social Service Other-worldliness, asceticism, and monastic enthusiasm, sacramental and ritual superstitions drifted in from con- temporary heathen society. From Greek intellectualism came a dogmatic bent. The union of church and state was a reversion to pagan religion. The curse of despotism, which lay upon all humanity, affected the church, resulting in the lack of political rights and interests among the mass of Christian people and the disappearance of the original democracy of the church organization. The church still concerned itself with some works of charity, but it did not find a wider social mission until the Middle Ages. THE REFORMATION "The religious reform movements of the Middle Ages were very closely connected with wider social causes: the changes created by the Crusades, the consequent rise of commerce, the growth of luxury, the transition to a money basis in industry, the rise of the cities, and the develop- ment of a new city proletariat. The movements of Francis of Assisi, of the Waldenscs, of the Humiliati and Bons Hommes, were all inspired by democratic and communistic ideals. Wyclif was by far the greatest doctrinal reformer before the Reformation; but his eyes, too, were first opened to the doctrinal errors of the Roman Church by joining in a great national and patriotic movement against the alien domination and extortion of the church. The Bohemian revolt, made famous by the name of John Huss, was quite as much political and social as religious. Savonarola was a great democrat as well as a religious prophet." "The prime cause of the Reformation was the smolder- ing anger of the Northern nations at their financial ex- ploitation by the Italian papacy. Luther's great manifesto 'to the Christian Nobility of Germany* was a tremendous social, educational, and ecclesiastical reform program. He secured the support of the princes and nobles because he said with a thundering voice what all felt about the extor- tion and oppression of the ecclesiastical machine. At the Diet of Worms in 1521 nearly all the German states were Social Service Movement in Churches 17 friendly to liiin, hut they cared nothing for his doctrinal differences, and would have been best pleased if he had abjured them. "The glorious years of the Lutheran Reformation were from 1 51 7 to 1525, when the whole nation was in commo- tion anrl a great revolutionary tidal wave seemed to be sweeping every class and every higher interest one step nearer to its ideal of life. When it became 'religious' in the narrower sense, it grew scholastic and spiny, quarrel- some, and impotent to awaken high enthusiasm and noble life. The scepter of leadership passed from Lutheranism to Calvinism and to regenerated Catholicism. Calvinism had a far wider sphere of influence and a far deeper effect on the life of the nations than Lutheranism, because it continued to fuse religious faith with the demand for political liberty and social justice." r;ut of the Reformation came other significant social movements. The Peasants' Rising in 1525 in Germany embodied the social ideals of the common people; the Anabaptist movement, which began simultaneously, expressed their religious aspirations; both were essentially noble and just; both have been most amply justified by the later course of history; yet both were quenched in streams of blood and have had to wait till our own day for their resurrection in new form. NATIONAL MOVEMENTS The next social expression of religion was in certain national movements. The greatest forward movements in religion have always taken place under the call of the great historical situations. "Nations rise to the climax of their life and humanity unfolds its enormous dormant capacities only when religion enters into a living and inspiring relation to all the rest f)f human life. Under an impulse which was both religious and national the little Netherlands, hardly three million people on marshy soil, resi.sted the greatest and richest and most relentless power of Europe for eighty years, leaperl to the van of European sea power, and became the 18 Year Book of Church and Social Service leader in the great political coalitions of Europe. Under the same unity of religious and political enthusiasm Sweden, with only a million men on rocky and snowbound soil, came to the rescue of Protestantism under Gustavus Adolphus and dictated terms to Europe. England would have been glad to help, but was held down by the selfish dynastic policy of James I. Thus in past history religion has demonstrated its capacity to evoke the latent powers of humanity, and has in turn gained a fresh hold on men and rejuvenated its own life by supporting the high patriotic and social ambitions of an age." THE EVANGELICAL REVIVAL The next striking manifestation of the social end of Christianity was in connection with the Evangelical Revival in the eighteenth century. The later English historians all bear witness to the fact that no other force has so deeply affected the modern developments of English life. In that revival Methodism was born, and "it became a social factor of first significance." ^ It changed directly and indirectly the whole face of English communal life, and lifted into new light the mighty problems with which England had soon to occupy herself. The Methodist class- meeting gave the personal touch to the charity of England and together with the village chapel prepared the Eng- lish working men for political and social democracy. Probably no four or five factors together have had the same social significance "for the future of England's empire as the Methodist phase of the Evangelical Revival." ^ Along with that must be put the social significance of the rise of the Evangelical Party in the Church of Eng- land. These two together originated the movement against slavery, the movement for prison reform, and reform in poor relief. They threw their forces into the struggle for the Reform Bill and the repeal of the Corn Laws, which gave democracy a living chance, and then, even though they ^Social Meaning of Modern Religious Movements in England, T. C Hall. Social Service Movement in Churches 19 had to turn against their allies, they led the fight against factory slavery and secured the first labor legislation. MODERN SOCIAL PROPHETS The next step in the social expression of religion was the work of that group, some of whom called themselves Christian Socialists, who proved once again that the wider social outlook is almost invariably the condition for the prophetic gift. The men of our own age who have had something of the prophet's vision and power of language and inspiration have nearly all had the social enthusiasm and faith in the reconstructive power of Christianity. Maurice and Kingsley, Ruskin and Carlyle, Lamennais and Mazzini and Tolstoy were in their measure true seers of God, and they made others see. THE MISSIONARY AWAKENING The direct spiritual successors of the English group of modern social prophets were the men who developed the settlement movement and the Forward Movement in modern city church work, such men as Toynbee and Barnett on one hand and Hugh Price Hughes and John Clifford on the other. It was out of this settlement and institutional church movement on both sides of the Atlantic, a movement to apply the gospel to all the needs and activities of life, that the present social service movement was organized. It is a product of the modern missionary awakening, of that spirit which in the last century sent one group across the seas to the darkness of heathen lands and another group down into the darkness of Christian cities. Both groups found themselves compelled to apply the gospel to social conditions. The social work of foreign missions has been not the least of its triumphs. In our own cities those who were laboring to apply the gospel to the whole of life found that it must reach out and transform the surroundings as well as the people; that if it was to be effective in individual life it must also reach the social, industrial. 20 Year Book of Church and Social Service and political conditions which were so largely affecting life. Thus the Salvation Army developed its manifold social ministry, and in all denominations the men who were de- veloping a social ministry in their churches gradually came together behind a common program and common methods, forming the present denominational organizations. In the United States the pioneers of Christian social thought to whom a tribute of honor is due are Washington Gladden, Josiah Strong, and Richard T. Ely. "These men had matured their thought when the rest of us were young men, and they had a spirit in them which kindled and compelled us." The honors of leadership in various phases of organized effort are fairly distributed among different denominations, as shown in the following statements from different publications : The Protestant Episcopal Church, for instance, failed to take any leading part in the older social conflicts with alcoholism and with slavery, but in the present struggle against industrial extortion it has furnished far more than its share of workers and leaders. The Church Association for the Advancement of the Interests of Labor (C. A. I. L.) organized by a few ministers in 1887, was probably the first organization of social Christianity in this country. The Brotherhood of the Kingdom, formed in 1893, was one of the earliest organizations of social Christianity in the country. Its early members were all Baptists, and it might have become the organization of Baptist radicals, but it chose the broadest interdenominational bases on principle, and the denomination thus gets no credit for an enterprise born of its best spirit. By the establishment of its Department of Church and Labor in 1903 the Presbyterian Church has won a preeminence which all may envy, but which none will grudge, for its work has been nobly free from denominational selfishness and has bene- fited all. The Congregationalists, Baptists, Disciples, Unitarians, and UniversaHsts, with their sib and kin, represent the principles of pure democracy in church life. That is their spiritual charisma and their qualification for leadership in the democrati- zation of the social order. Their loose-jointed organization makes united action more difficult for them than for other churches, but they have been prolific of men whose freedom Social Service Movement in Chui'ches 21 of thought and resolute love of justice showed that they had been suckled with the milk of independency. The honor of making the first ringing declaration in a national convention belongs to the Methodist Episcopal Church. Every General Conference of the Church since 1892 had been memorialized by some minor body pleading for action. In 1908 no less than thirteen Annual Conferences besides various preachers' meetings presented memorials. The bishops in a cautious way devoted a large part of their episcopal address to the subject. The Committee on the State of the Church presented a brave and outspoken report, culminating in a kind of Bill of Rights for labor, and ending in a splendid summons to all the militant forces of this great Church to do their part in the pressing duty of the hour. Immediately after the Methodist General Conference, in December, 1908, the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America was organized at Philadelphia, representing and uniting thirty-three Protestant denominations. This organiza- tion marked an epoch in the history of American Protestantism. But no other session created so profound an interest as that devoted to "Social Service." The report of the Commission was heard with tense feeling, which broke into prolonged and enthusiastic applause at the close. The Bill of Rights adopted by the Methodist Conference was presented with some changes and adopted without the slightest disposition to halt it at any point. Nearly every great denominational convention since that time has felt the obligation to make a serious pronouncement on the social questions. In several cases the social creed of the Federal Council was adopted ; for instance, by the Congregational Council in 1910. When any change was made, it was in the direction of increased emphasis. One of the first results of the formation of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America was the organization of a Commission on the Church and Social Service. This has coordinated the work of the various denominations, and in this field there have been taken the most significant steps toward realizing the fundamental unity of Christendom. It is significant that in 1906, "when the Congregationalists, the United Brethren, and the Meth- odist Protestant bodies, together comprising over a million 22 Year Book of Church and Social Sei^ice members, were on the point of entering into organic union, a creed was adopted in which one of the five articles was wholly devoted to the social duty of the Church : *We believe that according to Christ's law men of the Christian faith exist for the service of man, not only in holding forth the word of life, but in the support of works and institutions of pity and charity, in the maintenance of human freedom, in the deliverance of all those that are oppressed, in the enforce- ment of civic justice, and in the rebuke of all unrighteous- ness.' " In the Men and Religion Movement of 1910, nothing was more remarkable than the response of the men of the churches to the social service message and program. In the last two years the social movement in the churches has both deepened and widened its influence. It is express- ing itself in the Roman Catholic Church and in the Jewish communion, as well as in the Protestant denominations. It is deeply entrenched in the educational work of the young people's societies, the Sunday-school, and the theological seminaries. During this period the denominational agencies have per- fected their plans. Their general methods are: first, to produce and circulate printed matter; second, to conduct information bureaus, giving suggestions as to reading and material available for sermons and speeches and workable plans for local community service by churches ; third, to carry on a large speaking propaganda which is country-wide in its influence, has gained large publicity, and has extended and increased the influence of the church in many quarters. The interdenominational alliance of social service agencies has also been greatly strengthened in the past two years. The Secretarial Council 1 holds regular meetings, with the result that the literature of one denomination is available for all, a common body of printed matter has developed, methods are standardized, and a joint educational scheme is promoted. Joint aid has been rendered to local communities, and the united force of the churches has been thrown behind legislative issues in several states. The period has been one ^See pages 24-26. Social Service Movement in Churches 23 of seed-sowing and the preparation of educational material. Large concrete results are to be expected from now on. It may fairly be said that one result of social service activities in the churches in the past few years is a changed attitude on the part of many church-members concerning the purpose and function both of the church and of Christi- anity. A social consciousness and a social conscience have been developed within the churches. Their social will is strengthening and they are determined to make the gospel real, to carry it to its uttermost conclusion in the social order as in the individual life. II CHURCH SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANIZA- TIONS WITH EXECUTIVE OR FIELD SECRETARIES The Federal Council Commission on the Church and Social Service history and organization THE Federal Council, including thirty evangelical denom- inations and communions as constituent bodies, operates in the interest of Social Service through the Commission on the Church and Social Service, appointed at the organization of the Council in Philadelphia, 1908. At Philadelphia the previous Committee on the Church and Modern Industry gave utterance to a message which was unanimously adopted by the Council, has become historic, has since been reaffirmed by practically all the leading church assemblies and received with gladness by social leaders and workers in all spheres of service. The Commission on the Church and Social Service was thoroughly organized, and in the spring of 1911 the Rev. Charles S. Macfarland was elected as its Secretary, its offices being in association with those of the Federal Council. Dr. Macfarland, now the General Secretary of the Federal Council, also serves as the Secretary of the Commission, in association with the denominational social service secretaries, all of whom are Associate Secretaries of the Federal Council Commission, forming what is known as the Secretarial Council. The offices of the Commission contain a large Social Service Library, which adds all the latest books, has on file about two hundred social and industrial magazines and 24 Church Social Service Organizations 25 papers, and contains the literature pertaining to social work issued by all the movements, both religious and general. Its most important work is that of correlating and coordi- nating the various denominational commissions and move- ments; and it has already gone a long way in bringing the denominational work into unity. CONFERENCES Its first Interdenominational Conference was held at Boston in June, 191 1, and consisted of representatives of the evangelical denominations which were definitely organized' in the interest of Social Service. This preliminary Con- ference requested that Secretaries Macfarland, Atkinson, Crouch, Stelzle, and Ward arrange for an Interdenomina- tional Conference to which all the constituent bodies of the Federal Council should be invited to send delegates. In accordance with this action, at an Interdenominational Con- ference held at Chicago, November, 191 1, seventeen denom- inations were represented by delegates elected or appointed by denominational action, and the agreement was that the various denominational committees and departments should cooperate through the Federal Council Commission. A third Conference, with a large attendance representing nearly all the constituent denominations of the Federal Council, was held at Chicago in December, 1912. SECRETARIAL FORCES A Secretarial Council was recommended, to consist of the denominational secretaries of those Commissions having such executives, with the understanding that the Secretary of the Federal Council Commission should represent in the Council all the other denominations which did not have executive secretaries. The Commission has voted that these secretaries be made Associate Secretaries of the Federal Council Commission, subject to the acceptance of the arrangement by the denom- inational organizations. These Associate Secretaries are as follows: Henry A. Atkinson, Secretary of the Congrega- 26 Year Book of Church and Social Service tional Commission on Social Service; Samuel Z. Batten, Secretary of the Baptist Department of Social Service and the Brotherhood; Frank M. Crouch, Executive Secretary of the Protestant Episcopal Joint Commission; Rev. Charles O. Gill, Secretary of the Federal Council Commission on the Church and Country Life; Harry F. Ward, Secretary of the Methodist Federation for Social Service; and Rev. Warren H. Wilson of the Board of Home Missions of the Presby- terian Church. Through this Council the denominational agencies are working together, issuing their literature in common, dividing the work and cooperating at every possible point, both nationally and locally, and each Secretary, so far as it does not interfere with his denominational interests, is making his work interdenominational. GENERAL PLAN OF WORK The whole work of the Commission is proceeding in this way, conceiving its function to be that of bringing the denominational forces to work together, rather than con- sidering itself as an independent body. Its "Plan of Work" has been approved and adopted by the Executive Committee of the Federal Council, the Interdenominational Social Service Conference at Chicago, the various denominational Commissions or Committees, and was also approved by the Federal Council in session at Chicago, December, 1912. The Commission is made up of about 125 of the leading social workers of the nation, who represent distinctively the view-point of the churches, and some of the important items in its current program are as follows : Close relationship is being established with the theological seminaries, the schools for training social workers, and other institutions of learning, in the particular interest of training men and women for a social service which will have the distinctively spiritual point of view. The Commission is working in close relationship with all the national agencies for social reform, including the National Child Labor Committee, the Playground and Recreation Association, the American Association for Labor Legislation, and all other like organizations. It cooperates with the Church Social Service Organizations 27 National Conference of Charities and Correction, the Southern Sociological Congress, and similar movements in conducting departments of the Church and Social Service. Plans are arranged to cooperate with the Industrial and Social Service Departments of the International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Association, and the newly created Industrial Department of the Young Women's Chris- tian Association, and the Young People's Society of Chris- tian Endeavor and kindred societies, so that the work of these important agencies may be fully available for the use of the churches. One of its most important movements is its nation-wide campaign for one-day-in-seven for industrial workers, which has been unanimously approved by the constituent bodies and also officially by the x^merican Federation of Labor. Labor Sunday was appointed by the Federal Council at the suggestion of the Federation of Labor. The secretaries of the Commission are received as fraternal delegates at the annual sessions of the American Federation of Labor and also of the Women's Trade Union League. The Commission also participated in many ways in the Men and Religion Forward Movement, and has assisted in the conservation work of its Social Service Committees. The various Secretaries of the Council are developing social evangelism and civic revivals, and they are available for the services of Church Federations and other organiza- tions in local communities for this purpose. Several important investigations have been made, particu- larly of the industrial conditions in the steel industry at South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and the industrial warfare at Muscatine, Iowa. Secretary Henry A. x\tkinson also pre- pared a report on the industrial situation in Michigan and Colorado, and a committee of the Massachusetts Federation of Churches prepared for the Commission a report on the situation at Lawrence, Massachusetts. At the present time a committee is making an investigation of the situation revealed at Paterson, New Jersey. A committee has also been instructed to report on prison conditions. The literature of the Commission is assuming large pro- 28 Year Book of Church and Social Service portions, and includes the reports of these investigations, study courses and bibliographies, social service catechisms, and similar material for the guidance and instruction of pastors and church classes, covering social questions and presenting them from the point of view of the obligation and opportunity of the churches. Arrangements are being made to secure the publication of handbooks jointly with other organizations issuing common publications, especially those issuing Home Mission, Industrial, and Social Service Handbooks like the Missionary Education Movement, and the Association Press. The Secretaries themselves contribute to the literature on Social Service, new books having recently appeared, by Secretaries Ward, Batten, Macfarland, Gill, and Wilson. The churches are also working increasingly together in local communities. Most of the Federation of Churches are formed with community problems and social uplift as their objectives. The conservation of the Men and Religion Forward Movement has largely been through the Social Service Committees. In some cities, Social Service Secretaries have been en- gaged to give their whole time to the work of the federated churches. The Commission on the Church and Social Service has the cooperation of other commissions and departments of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, including the Commission on the Church and Country Life, the Commission on Federated Movements, the Commission on State and Local Federations, the Commission on Peace and Arbitration, the Commission on Temperance, and the Commission on Christian Education, which has assisted in preparing social service material for study courses. The Washington office of the Federal Council, in charge of Dr. H. K. Carroll, Associate Secretary, also serves the interest of the Commission, and through the work of Dr. Carroll in securing new chaplains for the navy an organiza- tion has been formed under the title of Religious Welfare League for the Army and Navy, the President of which is Church Social Service Organizations 29 Chaplain Orville J. Nave, Los Angeles, California, and the Secretary, Dr. Carroll, The Commission on the Church and Social Service also works in sympathetic relation with the Federal Council Commission on Evangelism, both of these commissions realiz- ing that their work is a common one. During the Panama-Pacific Exposition an exhibit was maintained by the Commission, and its work was also set forth by daily illustrated lectures in a hall connected with the exhibit under the direction of Mr. G. B. St. John. Literature describing the work of the churches in asso- ciation with the Federal Council may be obtained on applica- tion to the Rev. Charles S. Macfarland, Secretary, 612 United Charities Building, 105 East 22nd Street, New York. THE FEDERAL COUNCIL COMMISSION Organization for 1915 Rev. Josiah Strong, Chairman Prof. George W. Richards, Recording Secretary Committee of Direction Prof. Edward T. Devine Rev. Frank Mason North Rev. Henry A. Atkinson William B. Patterson Rev. Samuel Z. Batten Gifford Pinchot William F. Cochran Rev. Josiah Strong Rev. Frank M. Crouch Rev. Charles L. Thompson Shelby M. Harrison Charles R. Towson Miss Louise Holmquist Rev. Harry F. Ward Rev. J. Howard Melish Rev. Warren H. Wilson Members of the Commission Rev. Ernest H. Abbott Rev. Charles F. Carter Rt. Rev. C. P. Anderson Miss Winifred Chappell Roger W. Babson Pres. George C. Chase Mrs. O. Shepard Barnum Rev. Orrin G. Cocks Bishop William M. Bell George W. Coleman Bishop S. C. Breyfogel Harris R. Cooley Pres. Franklin E. Brooke William K. Cooper 30 Year Book of Church and Social Service Pres. Boothe C. Davis Rev. Jonathan C. Day Rev. Edwin Heyl Delk John J. Eagan Prof. Edwin L. Earp Richard H. Edwards Pres. H. L. Elderdice H. D. W. English Prof. Daniel Evans Bishop Joseph S. Flipper Homer Folks Rev. Samuel M. Gibson Rev. Levi Gilbert Rev. Washington Gladden John M. Glenn Rev. Teunis E. Gouwens Prof. Thomas C. Hall Rev. W. H. Hamblin Rev. William I. Haven Rev. W. F. Heil Prof. James R. Howerton Prof. C. H. Johnson Prof. Rufus M. Jones Rev. O. F. Jordan Paul U. Kellogg Howard A. Kelly, M.D. Rev. J. H. Kendall J. W. Kline Rev. William E. Lampe John B. Lennon Rt. Rev. Edwin S. Lines Owen R. Lovejoy Prof. F. E. Lumley Bishop Francis J. McConnell Rt. Rev. John N. McCormick Rev. J. E. McCulloch Mrs. R. W. MacDonnell Miss Mary E. McDowell A. J. McKelway Pres. David McKinney Rev. H. H. McNeill Prof. C. J. Maphis. Rev. H. H. Marlin Rev. J. W. Messinger Rev. Alfred E. Meyer James Alexander Miller Frank Morrison Pres. S. K. Mosiman Rev. C. J. Musser Rev. H. H. Peters Rev. Jolin P. Peters Rev. O. W. Powers Rev. H. H. Proctor Prof. H. F. Rail James A. Rath Prof. Walter Rauschenbusch Rev. John A. Rice Prof. George W. Richards Peter Roberts Mrs. Raymond Robins Miss Helen J. Sanborn A. M. Scales Rev. Doremus Scudder Miss Vida D. Scudder Herbert N. Shenton Miss Florence Simms Willard L. Small Rev. Leslie W. Sprague Prof. Edward A. Steiner Rev. Charles Stelzle Chancellor D. S. Stephens Rev. Paul M. Strayer Rev. Carlyle Summerbell Very Rev. W. T. Sumner Rev. E. Guy Talbott Prof. A. W. Taylor Prof. Graham Taylor Rev. John A. Thurston Rev. Worth M. Tippy Rev. A. J. Turkic Rev. Samuel Tyler Rev. T. W. Wallace Bishop Alexander Walters Rev. George T. Webb Rev. A. E. Webster Pres. Herbert Welch Church Social Service Organizations 31 Rev. Gaylord S. White Miss Carolena M. Wood Rt. Rev. C. D. Williams Robert A. Woods John Williams Rev. E. S. Woodring Rev. Leighton Williams Hon. Clinton R. Woodruff Rev. G. B. Winton Rev. Benjamin Young Rev. Edward S. Wolle Rev. James F. Zwemer Secretarial Council Rev. Henry A. Atkinson 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. Rev. Samuel Z. Batten. . . 1701 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Rev. Frank M. Crouch 281 Fourth Avenue, New York Rev. Charles O. Gill 104 North 3d Street, Columbus, Ohio Rev. Harry F. Ward 72 Mount Vernon Street, Boston, Mass. Rev. Warren H. Wilson 156 Fifth Avenue, New York Rev. Charles S. Macfarlanu, Secretary Department of Social Service and Brotherhood of the Northern Baptist Convention The people called Baptists by their very history and fundamental principles should be interested in the Social Gospel and in Social Service. The beginnings of the modern Baptist churches are found in the Anabaptist movement of the sixteenth century. It has become quite evident to the student of history that this was quite as much a social as a religious movement. The leaders of the new faith preached the kingdom of God; they threw their emphasis upon what was called "the gospel of the common man" ; they believed that the gospel was a matter of experience and life; and they earnestly sought to establish justice in church and society. Their doctrines were in advance of the times and it fared hardly with them. From one cause and another the social emphasis was largely lost. And so far as the social gospel is concerned the Baptists have differed in no essential respect from other Christian bodies. It is true that the Baptist principle was developed in some of its bearings, and great emphasis fell upon the negative idea — the separation of church and state. In its political 32 Year Book of Church and Social Service bearing the Baptist principle meant democracy in govern- ment; and impartial historians give great honor to the Baptists for their services in this respect. In all of their history Baptists have been active in various lines of practical effort. It was perhaps natural that they should be among the first in modern times to take an active interest in missions. Baptists were among the pioneers in Sunday-school work,. During the American Revolution Baptists almost to a man supported the colonists and advo- cated independence. In all times they have been active in general philanthropy. But in this respect it can hardly be said that they have been conspicuous above others on social duties. The social emphasis early ceased among the Baptists and the social gospel dropped out of the current of Baptist life ; so far as the social aspects of the gospel are concerned. Baptists have differed in no essential respect from other bodies of Christians. In fact, strangely enough, it may be said that Baptists have been somewhat tardy in their accept- ance of the modern idea of social service. Twenty years ago a little company of Baptists, ministers and laymen, met in Philadelphia and organized "The Brotherhood of the Kingdom." In its spirit and aims we find the following: "The Spirit of God is moving men in our generation toward a better understanding of the ideas of the kingdom of God on earth. Obeying the thought of our Master, and trusting in the prayer and guidance of his Spirit, we form ourselves into a Brotherhood of the King- dom, in order to reestablish this idea in the thought of the church and to assist in its practical realization in the world." "Each member shall lay special emphasis on the social aims of Christianity, and shall endeavor to make Christ's teaching concerning wealth operative in the church." "On the other hand the members shall take pains to keep in contact with the common people, and infuse the religious spirit into efforts for social amelioration." This was one of the very first organized expressions of the new social spirit that is now so manifest in our land. Church Social Service Organizations 33 And it is significant that it was inspired by the idea of the kingdom of God as a divine human society on earth. The Brotherhood within a year broadened its scope and became interdenominational. Through all these years the members have thrown great emphasis upon the social aspect of the gospel. And a number of the Baptist members of the Brotherhood have been very active in developing the Social Service idea within the Baptist fellowship. Among the early Baptist members who have been active in this line may be mentioned : Dr. George Dana Boardman, Prof. W. N. Clarke, Prof. Walter Rauschenbusch, Dr. Leighton Wil- liams, Prof. Spencer B. Meeser, Prof. Samuel Z. Batten. Until the last few years the Baptists have had no organiza- tion which represented them as a body in their whole work for the Kingdom. We had a number of organizations repre- senting the church; but each organization represented one department of the work, as the Foreign Missionary Society, the Home Mission Society, the Publication Society, etc. In May, 1905, at St. Louis, during the meeting of the Home Mission Society, Rev. S. Z. Batten, then of Lincoln, Nebraska, offered the following resolution : Whereas, Our Lord Jesus Christ has come to redeem the world and to fulfil the kingdom of God; and whereas the Christian is interested in everything that concerns man's moral progress, and is called to act as the mediator between all classes of people. Therefore, resolved: That a committee of seven be ap- pointed to study the relation of the church to the social questions of our time and to endeavor to bring about more harmonious relations between the Christian people and work- ing men; and Resolved: That this committee shall have power and be authorized to bring any questions of pressing importance to the attention of our Baptist people and to secure their support in behalf of such social and reform measures. This resolution was referred to the Executive Committee of the Home Mission Society. The next year, at Dayton, this Committee reported as follows: "At the meeting last year the Society referred to the 34 Year Book of Church and Social Service Board a resolution introduced for the appointment of a committee to study the relation of the church to the social questions of our time. After much consideration your Board is not prepared to recommend that the Society should assume responsibility for the appointment of such a com- mittee, thereby practically creating a department of Christian Economics, with the numerous debatable questions involved, requiring more time for their just consideration than is available in the brief and crowded annual session of the Society. It seems, however, that matters of this character may be very properly considered by the General Conven- tion of the Baptists of North America to which it is re- spectfully suggested they be referred." The Baptists were not ready to approve this new interest and nothing could be done. In the meantime the Northern Baptist Convention was being organized to represent the denomination in their whole work for the Kingdom. The first regular meeting of the Convention was held at Oklahoma City in May, 1908. During the Convention a conference of representative men decided that a resolution be presented, calling for the crea- tion of a Social Service Commission, and the following was offered and adopted by the Convention: Resolved: That we request the Northern Baptist Con- vention to appoint a committee of seven to study what is being done in the field of social service. To report the results from time to time to the churches through the religious press, and to report the total results to the Con- vention of 1909, together with such recommendations based thereon as may be deemed advisable. As time has gone by and the work has developed other lines of interest and effort have been committed to the Commission, such as the Country Church and Temperance. Two years later the Commission was increased to fifteen, and it was made a department of the Convention. In 191 3 the Commission was further increased by the addition of three women. The Commission during all the earlier years depended wholly upon volunteer workers. But it did much to promote Church Social Service Organizations 35 the social service idea and to develop an active interest in the church. The Commission has presented a compre- liensive report each year, defining social service, outlining a program of action, and suggesting practical lines of effort. In May, 1912, at the meeting of the Convention held in Des Moines, the resolution was adopted, recommending to the American Baptist Publication Society the consideration of this work, and authorizing the Commission to make such arrangements with the Society as seemed desirable for carrying on this work. In the following September, at a meeting of the Board of the American Baptist Publication Society, a Department of Social Service and Brotherhood was created, and Prof. S. Z. Batten, of Des Moines College, was elected Secretary. The work of social service is thus fully recognized by the denomination and is placed on an equality with all other departments of work. The Commission is securing the creation of State Com- missions in all the territory of the Convention; thus far nearly every state has acted favorably. In several states, efficient work has been done. The Commission is issuing much literature of various kinds bearing upon social service. It is issuing a number of volumes for social service study under the general title, "The Social Service Series." The Commission has also been active in promoting the interests of the Country Church. Two years ago the Convention urged every church to develop a "constructive program for service of the social needs of the community, either singly or in the largest possible cooperation with others." To meet this demand the Commission has submitted and the Con- vention has approved "The Social Service Program"; this suggests some definite and practical lines of social effort in the Church, in the Family, in the Community, and in Industry. The Commission, cooperating with the Commis- sion on Religious and Moral Education, has worked out a comprehensive system of Social Studies for Sunday Schools, Young People's Society, Adult Classes, Brotherhoods, and Study Groups dealing with many phases of Social Study, such as "The Social Ideals of the Old Testament," "The 30 Year Book of Church and Social Service Social Teaching- of Jesus," "The Social Awakening," "The Principles of Social Service," "Social Institutions," "Social Duties," "Social Problems," "Community Study," "Voca- tional Outlook." The Commission has not sought to build up another organization to do social service work in the churches or in communities. It has sought rather to infuse the social service spirit into existing organizations, to indicate ways whereby these organizations can become socially effective, to gear up the devotion of our people to the social task of their communities, and to promote the practical efficiency of existing agencies. The objectives of the Social Service Department are as follows: To make known the principles of social Christianity.. To interpret the gospel of Jesus Christ in terms of human life and social redemption. To arouse the spirit of social service in all of our churches. To secure the cooperation of our churches with all other agencies doing social service work. To suggest lessons in social service study for our people. To outline definite and constructive programs for our churches in their work for community betterment. To interpret the spirit and aims of the churches to the industrial workers of our land. To show that the Christian gospel leads to social effort and that true social effort is essentially Christian. To represent the denomination in an official capacity at all meetings where Labor and Social Service are discussed. The Department seeks to realize this objective by the following means : By the discussion of social service work in the meetings of our churches. By the consideration of the work of social service at associational meetings and state conventions. By holding conferences and conventions at such times and places as seem necessary. By distributing and publishing literature bearing upon this work. By preparing social service study lessons and by corre- spondence courses. By the utilization of a speakers' bureau. Church Social Service Organizations 37 By cooperating with the theological seminaries in the work of seminary extension. By giving special attention to the country church in its relation to community service. By conducting headquarters with a reference library and card index covering all phases of the work. The members of the Commission are: S. Zane Batten, Chairman, 1701 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. George W. Coleman, Boston, Mass. Mrs. George H. Ferris, Philadelphia, Pa. John E. Franklin, Colorado Springs, Colo. Charles J. Galpin, Madison, Wis. Mrs. E. J. Goodspeed, Chicago, 111. Rivington D. Lord, Brooklyn, N. Y. Shailer Mathews, Chicago, 111. Mrs. Helen B. Montgomery, Rochester, N. Y. Loran D. Osborn, Boulder, Colo. Harold Pattison, New York City. W. Edward Raffety, Kansas City, Kans. Geo. T. Webb, Secretary, 1701 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Walter Rauschenbusch, Rochester, N. Y. W. Quay Rosselle, Philadelphia, Pa. Henry K. Rowe, Newton Center, Mass. Louis J. Sawyer, San Francisco, Cal. Alfred W. Wishart, Grand Rapids, Mich. The Commission has the following departments in charge of special committees: Department of Prison Reform Dr. S. Z. Batten, Mrs. E. J. Goodspeed, Dr. A. \W. Wishart. Department of Rural Communities Mr. C. J. Galpin, Rev. L. J. Sawyer, Prof. W. Edward Raffety, Mrs. H. B. Montgomery, Prof. H. K. Rowe. Department of Immigration and Foreign Speaking People Dr. Harold Pattison, Mr. George W. Coleman, Dean Shailer Mathews. Department of Temperance and Social Hygiene Dr. W. Quay Rosselle, Dr. S. Z. Batten, Rev. R. D. Lord, Dr. George T. Webb. 38 Year Book of Church and Social Service Department of Social Education Mrs. George H. Ferris, Mr. John E. Franklin, Dr. George T. Webb, Prof. L. D. Osborn, Prof. H. K. Rowe. Departrwent of Industrial Problems Mr. John E. Franklin, Prof. Walter Rauschenbusch, Rev. R. D. Lord, Prof. L. D. Osborn. Department of the Home and the Child Prof. W. E. Raffety, Mrs. G. H. Ferris, Mrs. H. B. Mont- gomer}', Mr. G. W. Coleman. Department of International Peace and National Security Dr. S. Z. Batten, Dean Shailer Mathews, Rev. A. W. Wishart. Department of Lord's Day Rev. L. J. Sawyer, Rev. R. D. Lord, Dr. Harold Pattison. Each department is making a special study of its own topic. It is gathering information and is preparing this for presen- tation to the people. It is cooperating in all w^ays possible with other agencies in promoting the special subject, and it serves as our representative on bodies having these ends in view. In 191 1, at Philadelphia, at the meeting of the Baptist World Alliance, a resolution signed by a number of dele- gates was presented, calling for the appointment of a World Alliance Social Service Commission. The Commission or- ganized by electing Dr. John Clifford, of London, President, and a Vice-President for each country in the Alliance. A central Executive of five was created, consisting of Pres. M. G. Evans, Pres. E. Y. Mullins, Prof. Walter Rauschen- busch, and Prof. S. Z. Batten as Chairman, and the Rev. J. W. Graves as Secretary. Efforts are being made, and with marked success, to secure the creation of a Commission in each country of the globe. Many things indicate that the Baptist body throughout the world is accepting the Social Gospel and is taking an active interest in Social Service. The Commission publishes a number of leaflets which will be sent to all who desire copies. Church Social Service Organizations 39 Social Service Commission of the Congregational Church Henry A. Atkinson, Executive Secretary; Office, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. The members of the Commission are: Rev. Charles R. Brown, New Haven, Conn.; Prof. Fred B. Hill, Northfield, Minn. ; Rev. Arthur E. Holt, Manhattan, Kans. ; Rev. Hastings H. Hart, New York, N. Y.; Rev. Albert W. Palmer, Oakland, Cal. ; Mr. John G. Jennings, Cleveland, Ohio; Mr. J. E. Annis, Chattanooga, Tenn. The purpose of the Commission is to serve the causes of Industry, Country Life, Social Service, Organized Charity, Men's Work, and Social Purity. This Commission is a development from the work of the Department of Labor and Social Service of the Congrega- tional Brotherhood of America v^hich it has incorporated. This Department grew out of the feeling that the time had come for action on the vital issues of our time, upon which all the great fellowships of American churches have taken their position. For over nine years the Congregational Churches, through their representative bodies, had been proposing the establish- ment of a department dealing with industrial conditions. The need was keenly felt, the practical difficulty being that there was no organization to become responsible for such action. At the National Council held in Boston, October, 1911, the Congregational Brotherhood of America was requested "to assume the function of executive agency for the churches in order to promote the study and knowledge of local indus- trial conditions and relations, to enlist them and their memberships in practical efforts for the improvement of living and working conditions in accordance with Christian principles." It was also voted that the Brotherhood be requested to appoint a Secretary of Labor and Social Service, and institute such other means as may be employed for the effective exercise of this executive function. The Brotherhood was voted the endorsement and coopera- 40 Year Book of Church and Social Service tion of all the churches participating in the action of their National Council. The new Department was introduced by the Moderator of the National Council in the following terms: The Congregational Churches by their democratic constitu- tion, as well as by their Christian loyalty, have always been in closest sympathy with human and social situations. In move- ments for the betterment of society, Congregationalism has been preeminent. The minutes of National Councils are usually considered dry reading, but those of the Congregational Churches are certainly inspiring, for they have to do not only with the vitalities of our faith, but with the needs of our world. The first Council in Oberlin, in 1871, dealt with such questions as "The Unity of the Church," "The Consolidation of the Benevolent Societies," "The Recent Treaty with Great Britain," "Indian Affairs in Oregon," "Intemperance and Caste," and every Council since then has demonstrated the warm and pulsing heart-beat of our interest in the amelioration of unjust and unrighteous conditions, while affording the evidence of our united prayers for the coming day, That man to man the warld o'er Shall brothers be for a' that. It is therefore in the lines of our denominational tradition and development, that beneath the urgency of new occasions which teach new duties, we should emphasize our conviction, and accentuate our definite interest in the present social and labor situation, when ethics as well as economics are clamoring for recognition, sympathy, and acceptance on the part of all right-minded, not to say Christian people. This we have done by asking the Brotherhood, our young, virile, and growing fellowship, to be for our denomination representative, inter- preter, and inspirer. It means a new recognition of the study of these imperative questions, for Congregationalism has slight respect for zeal without knowledge. It means a more efficient participation in the tragic human struggle, enlisting the full weight of our denominational prestige upon the side of sympathy, honor, righteousness; it means the kindling of a quicker, hotter passion within our own communion for the weal of humanity, and the setting at work in more effective relationships of the eternal principles of our gospel. Church Social Service Organizations 41 The Department adopted for its industrial platform the declaration of principles made and adopted by the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America in 1908, and announced as its functions: To arouse our churches to a sense of obligation for the best community interests; To impress the importance of social service; To help secure more perfect justice for all men; To bring about a closer cooperation of our churches with the other agencies and organizations which are working for social uplift; To direct the awakened social spirit into lines of greater efficiency ; To gather information as to what needs to be done, as well as what is being done, by our churches and brother- hoods for labor and social service; To bring about a better understanding between organized capital, organized labor and organized religion; To apply the gospel of Jesus Christ to the industrial needs of our day. First among the declaration of principles upon which our new department is founded is this : We stand for equal rights and complete justice for all men in all stations of life. This department is going to help men to understand each other better; the employer to understand the employee; the employee to understand the employer, and the public to under- stand both. It is going to help all three find a basis for working out justice to them all — to help them be just to each other. We are seeking to realize our objective by the following means : (i) By discussion of social service problems in public meetings. (2) Through literature printed and distributed. (3) Through the study course we are offering. (4) By the utilization of our speakers' bureau. (5) By presentation of these subjects at the state con- ferences of our churches. 42 Year Book of Church and Social Service (6) By means of conventions and special group con- ferences. It was at the National Council of 1913 that the work of the Department of Labor and Social Service was merged into a large undertaking. At this gathering a social service commission of nine members was added to the denominational agencies, to promote the welfare of the country life and church, to deal with city problems and progress, and to improve industrial conditions and relations. Toward these ends the Congregational Brotherhood turned over its national work to this commission, and dropping its national organiza- tion, decided to devote its energy to its state and local brotherhoods. Women are thus made eligible to participate in the direction of the social and community work in which they have always borne so large a part. The Rev. H. A. Atkinson is the executive secretary of the Social Service Commission. While his special function and that of the Social Service Commission will be to inspire, inform, rally, and deploy Congregationalists in applying the common faith to the improvement of the social conditions of the common life, yet their function was also specified to be cooperation with the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, and with any and all other fellow- ships at work to promote that righteousness, peace, and joy in which the "kingdom of the Father" consists. The clear conviction of the denomination finds expression in the new creed adopted at Kansas City: We hold it to be the mission of the church of Christ to proclaim the gospel to all mankind, exalting the worship of the one true God, and laboring for the progress of knowledge, the promotion of justice, the triumph of peace, and the realiza- tion of human brotherhood. Depending, as did our fathers, upon the continued guidance of the Holy Spirit to lead us into all truth, we work and pray for the transformation of the world into the kingdom of God; and we look with faith for the triumph of righteousness and for life and glory everlasting. At the meeting of the National Council at New Haven, Church Social Service Organizations 43 October 20-27, 191 5, the Commission reported in part as follows : The Commission has brought facts and conditions to the attention of the churches and pastors, and has been instru- mental in working out plans whereby the facts gathered and the information offered have been made available. The cor- respondence has steadily increased, and a large amount of literature has been published and distributed. A library file has been made in which has been collected the latest information upon the principal topics of social service, to- gether with references and comments. Thus a large amount of literature has been accumulated. The demand for liter- ature and guidance in the matters committed to our care has been increasing constantly. To meet this demand hun- dreds of letters giving detailed programs have been written, and besides we have published and distributed thirty different leaflets and pamphlets. A series of stereopticon lectures have been made and are offered for the use of our churches; and a speakers' bureau contains the names of a large number of persons who are competent to speak on social service subjects and are will- ing to give a part of their time to the churches. Social Service Commissions have been appointed in the following states: California, Oregon, Kansas, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, South Dakota, Connecticut, New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Alabama, and Oklahoma. These are cooperating with the national Com- mission. Correspondence has been undertaken and plans devised whereby commissions will be formed under the direction of the State Conferences of the remaining states. With a commission in each state cooperating wdth the national Commission and the national Commission cooperat- ing through the Federal Council with its constituent bodies, there is being created a valuable and efficient piece of machinery. Secretarial Visitation. The Secretary has responded to calls for addresses and conferences from practically every state in the Union; has attended eleven state conferences, 44 Year Book of Church and Social Service a large number of local associations, and several inter- denominational gatherings. Investigations. A study was made through the Secretary of the bitter strike of the miners in the Michigan copper country. Report of this study was sent to the members of the Commission and was printed in the Congregationalist, as well as a number of labor papers. The Secretary also made a study on the ground of the coal miners' strike in Colorado. This report was likewise submitted to the Commission and after the findings were authorized, an article concerning the strike was printed in the Congregationalist and widely commented upon through- out the country. The reports of these two investigations were combined and published by the Federal Council of the Churches under the title "The Church and Industrial Warfare." Study was made of two plants where profit-sharing schemes are in operation, A pamphlet is in the process of prepara- tion and will be issued later upon this important subject. Study was made of rural conditions at several points in the South and in three townships in Wisconsin. In con- nection with this a detailed study was made of conditions among the Negroes in Memphis, Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans. The Secretary served on a committee in Boston charged with the task of investigating and reporting to the mayor on the burlesque theaters, also on a committee appointed by the Laymen's Missionary Movement to report and make available for the churches the present conditions among the immigrants in the state of Massachusetts. A study was made of the report of the Immigration Commission of Massachusetts; the pictures used in this report were secured from the Commission, slides made, and a lecture prepared. This lecture and the slides have been duplicated and are now being used by the Young Men's Christian Association, the Social Service Commission of the Unitarian Churches, as well as the Massachusetts Federa- tion of Churches. Church Social Service Organizations 45 At the request of the Home Missionary Society the Secretary went to the Coeur d'Alene district in northern Idaho and made a detailed study of this region, where for a number of years we have had Congregational churches, but where, owing to the industrial and social conditions, the churches have not been successful. The preliminary report of this situation was made before the Executive Committee of the Home Missionary Society. Surveys. A community study was made of the parish of the Clinton Avenue Church, Brooklyn, under the direction of the Secretary of this Commission. The report was adopted, and by vote of the Council the work of the Social Service Commission was made a part of the newly formed Board of Education. This action gives the Commission and its Secretary a central place in the program of the Church. The same general plans and program will be continued and the office will remain as before in the Congregational House, 14 Beacon Street, Boston. Methodist Federation for Social Service On December 3, 1907, in the city of Washington, the Methodist Federation for Social Service was organized by a body of ministers and laymen of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The organizers came from various parts of the country. The conviction had for years been taking shape in the minds of many that the Church should organize for this purpose. This spontaneous conviction, added to the fact that many others who were unable to attend the meeting had made known their hearty interest in the project, was favor- able to the belief that it was timely and providential. The movement was a response also to a demand manifesting itself in various ways throughout the denomination. Before the General Conference of 1892 was placed a memorial on The Church and Social Problems — a memorial prepared with great care by a committee of the New York East Conference and adopted by that body with deep con- 46 Year Book of Church and Social Service viction, no one dissenting. In 1896 a similar memorial was presented from the same Conference. To successive General Conferences memorials had gone up from various sections of the church, asking for some strong statement upon current social questions. At Los Angeles, in 1904, a report was presented covering certain phases of the subject, but no action upon it was secured. To the General Conference meeting at Baltimore, in 1908, memorials were presented from several Annual Conferences; one asked that a Department of Church and Labor be established by the Board of Home Missions, another that a special Secretary of Immigration be appointed, a third that a commission be formed to investigate during the coming quadrennium the relation of the church to these vital questions and to report their conclusions to the next General Conference. To these was added one from the newly organized Methodist Federation for Social Service, asking recognition and setting forth its aims. In response to these appeals the Committee on the State of the Church prepared and presented to the General Con- ference a statement which was unanimously adopted by that body. This utterance will have permanent historic significance because it contained the Social Creed of Methodism, which has since been expanded by joint action into the Social Creed of the Churches. The General Conference of 1908 also recognized the Methodist Federation for Social Service, directed that three bishops should be appointed to its Council, and assigned to it the following questions for investigation and report to the General Conference of 1912. What principles and measures of social reform are so evidently righteous and Christian as to demand the specific approval and support of the church? How can the agencies of the Methodist Episcopal Church be wisely used or altered with a view to promoting the principles and measures thus approved? How may we best cooperate in this behalf with other Christian denominations ? Church Social Service Organizations 47 How can our courses of ministerial study in seminaries and Conferences be modified with a view to better preparation of our preachers for efficiency in a social reform? These questions were carefully considered during the quadrennium by a representative committee, the results of whose labors were turned over to the Executive Committee, which drafted the final answ^ers and submitted its report to the General Conference of 1912. This report, which was printed in the Handbook, and so seen by every delegate, was carefully considered by the Committee on the State of the Church, and then submitted to the General Conference with the recommendation that it be adopted as its declaration, which was unanimously done. This statement pledges the church to cooperate in the general campaigns for Child Welfare, Public Health, Social Purity, Organized Recreation, Industrial Safety, a Living Wage, and International Peace ; also in the movements against Poverty, Overwork, and Crime, and to civic action to eflfect all these purposes. It also binds the church un- ceasingly to labor for the realization of social justice, the democratic control of industry, and the conscious control of social progress. It becomes the official platform and program of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the field of social action, and the Methodist Federation for Social Service is declared to be the executive agency to rally the forces of the church in support of the measures thus approved. In acceptance of this commission the Federation enlarged its work and put into the field as secretary the Rev. Harry F. Ward, part of whose time it had previously engaged. The development of the work has been in educational and inspirational activities. With the slogan, "A community ministry for every church," the churches have been called upon to develop an immediate program in relation to the needs of childhood, to the care of the poor, the sick, the prisoner, and the prevention of poverty, disease, and vice, and for the improvement of industrial conditions. Several books and a large number of pamphlets have been issued, and as many as 50,000 pieces of printed matter effectively 48 Year Book of Church and Social Service distributed in one year. A Social Service Bulletin is issued bi-monthly, reaching regularly 3,000 individuals. An infor- mation bureau places at the service of the churches informa- tion concerning principles and methods gathered from every possible source. Social Service programs have been developed for the Brotherhood, the Epworth League, the Sunday-school, women's societies, and Adult Bible Classes. Attention has been given to the development of social service interest in colleges and theological schools. A press service for the denominational papers has been carried on. Special emphasis has been given to campaigns of social evangelism in order to: expound the principles of social Christianity; arouse the spirit of social service; suggest church activities for community welfare; interpret the gospel to industrial workers. The Secretary addresses many meet- ings each year, reaching all types of communities and many different groups, within and outside the church. The large amount of publicity secured in the daily press and in the labor papers has carried the social principles and standards of the church to thousands of people. Students of colleges, theological schools, and normal and high schools have also been addressed. In every community visited the attempt has been made to leave behind some practical result, to focus the attention and action of the church group, and, wherever possible, of a group representing different organizations, upon some one social need. Some definite piece of com- munity service has usually resulted. This work is being multiplied through the building up of a strong list of speakers available in various states, to present the different aspects of social service. Social Service Commissions are being organized in the various Annual Conferences, over fifty now being in exist- ence. One of these now employs a field secretary, another puts in the field an industrial evangelist, and others undoubt- edly will follow this method. These commissions, in some notable instances, also promote the socializing of local churches by presenting to the Annual Conference reports and exhibits of the work of churches with a successful com- munity ministry. Church Social Service Organizations 49 The national gathering of Methodist Men called by the Laymen's Missionary Movement in November, 1914, em- braced social service as one of the great activities of the church, and announced the redemption of society as a part of its objective, thus indicating the first general acceptance of the movement. The social service program has since gradually become interwoven into the various activities of the different denominational agencies and is molding the life of the church. During the past year particularly the social service propaganda has found a larger place in the educational machinery of the denomination, and is deeply affecting the young people's societies, the Sunday-school, and the missionary movement. A definite program of cooperation has been worked out between the Federation and a number of missionary agencies, particularly with the Laymen's Mis- sionary Movement, which secured for its series of national conventions for 1915-16 the services of the Secretary to present the cause of Social Service. The following summarized report of the Federation for 19 1 5 indicates the progress of the movement within the denomination : • A larger proportion of meetings for the year have reached groups of leaders, and the call for more speakers than we can supply indicates the need of more men in the field. Much time and effort has been given to the New England and Ohio Conven- tions of Methodist Men, for both of which survey material concerning Church Efficiency and Community Service was pre- pared. New ground was broken in presenting this material by lantern slides. The three local field secretaries working under the direction of the Federation— the Revs. E. Guy Talbott, O. H. McGill, and Herbert N. Shenton — reported many addresses for churches of all denominations and groups outside the church; series of lectures and classes in social service ; work for state social legislation; articles contributed to church and labor press stimulation of social preaching by ministers in their fields exhibits prepared and shown at many points in their field classes in the study of immigration; guidance in the working out of community programs; distribution of many pieces of printed matter and replies to many inquiries; mills and timber 50 Year Book of Church and Social Service and coal camps visited and employment found for some men; calling at homes of sick and unemployed working men; isolated communities visited where all groups have been addressed, including school children; and assistance in the organization of several cooperative shingle mills. About thirty general articles have been supplied to Methodist publications, including a series on the Colorado coal strike. *'The Social Interpretation of the Lesson" has been furnished each week for the Sunday School Journal, and a regular depart- ment of two or three pages carried on in the Adult Bible Class Monthly. Two books have been published, one, Poverty and Wealth, 2l study course in the Graded Lesson Series for Adult Bible Classes; and the other, Social Evangelism, published by the Missionary Education Movement. Reading Lists have been prepared for the catalog of the Book Concern and for the Massachusetts General Theological Librar>'. Two seminar courses have been added to the two already given in the Social Service Department of the Boston University School of Theology, one on the Rural Church and one on Industrial Evangelism. Some practical results of work done in the classroom are already beginning to appear in pastorates. A course of eight lectures was given in Ford Hall, Boston, dealing, with the Labor Problem-, arranged jointly by ministers, business men, and the labor group, reaching a widely varied audience, at the close of which a resolution of thanks to the school was offered by the Industrial Workers of the World group and seconded by men of the American Federation of Labor. Much time and effort has been spent in an endeavor to adjust the relations between the Allied Printing Trades and our Western Publishing House. At our request last year the organ- ization of another national attack upon the church was postponed until our negotiations could be carried further. The response to our activities indicates the continued need for both practical guidance of community service activities on the part of the church and also for an aggressive educational propaganda of the social principles of the gospel. The Executive Committee has at various times come to the conclusion that the community service part of our work naturally belongs to the Board of Home Missions and should be carried on by it under a thorough scheme of departmental organization. The inspira- tional and educational campaign for the Christianizing of the social order is distinctly the function of an organization which is not a collector and distributor of funds. The present world Church Social Service Organizations 51 crisis makes imperative the demand for a better organized propaganda of education for the organization of life around the principles of the gospel. Department of Social Service and Immigration, Presbyterian Board of Home Missions J. E. McAfee, Secretary NoTE'— This work was originally organized as the Department of Church and Labor. On April i, 1903, the Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian General Assembly established a "working men's department" which later became known as "The Department of Church and Labor." The General Assembly of 1910 instructed the Board to establish a "Bureau of Social Service," into which the Department of Church and Labor was merged. The General Assembly had previously appointed a committee of five ministers and five elders to give an expression "of the thought and purpose of our church regard- ing the great moral questions arising out of the industrial and commercial life of the people," and instructed it to consider "besides other things, the application of the gospel to the acquisition and use of wealth, to the relation between the employers and the employed, and between capital and labor, and to the existence of unnecessary poverty in a land where there is more than enough for all." The report of this committee, submitted to the General Assembly of 191 1, was unanimously adopted, and may be found in a pamphlet entitled "What the Presbyterian Church Believes about Social Problems," published by the Board of Publication and Sabbath-School Work. This document is the basis of much of the work conducted by the Bureau of Social Service. Its recommendations are as follows: I. That the General Assembly hereby urge the ministers of the church to recognize and fulfil the obligations resting upon them as ministers of Jesus Christ, with respect to the social application of his gospel; and to this end it urges them — (i) To inform themselves carefully regarding the condi- 52 Year Book of Church and Social Service tions of human life in their own neighborhoods, particularly as these are affected by the conditions of industry. (2) To acquaint their congregations with these facts. (3) To instruct their congregations in the teachings of the gospel regarding social service. (4) To cooperate in every effort for the attainment of the ends for which our Church has declared itself. 2. That the General Assembly hereby request all who have charge of schools and colleges to make ample provi- sion for instruction regarding the Christian ideal of society; and, further, that it request the governing bodies and faculties of theological seminaries to provide that the students in their care be taught the social principles of the gospel, and trained in methods of applying these principles to the needs of the localities in which they shall be called to minister. 3. That the General Assembly hereby urge all the mem- bers of our churches to give serious study to social problems, and to avail themselves of their opportunities for social service; to bring the sense of justice and righteousness which is fundamental in Christianity to bear upon matters of every- day life, in business, in society, or wherever their influence may extend, and to create a Christian public sentiment demanding the removal of wrong wherever found. 4. That the General Assembly appoint a Bureau of Social Service, composed of ministers and elders, to serve without salary, whose duty it shall be to cooperate with similar organizations of other churches, to study social conditions as they are related to the progress of the kingdom of God, to suggest to the church practical ways of realizing the social ideals of the gospel, and to report annually to the General Assembly regarding its work; that to this committee there be given also the duties now performed by other agencies of the church which deal with social and moral questions, such as the Permanent Com.mittees on Temperance and on Sabbath Observance, and the Department of Church and Labor of the Board of Home Missions, so that the whole matter of social righteousness may be treated in its entirety by an agency of the church. The final action of the General Assembly provided for the Church Social Service Organizations 53 organization of this Bureau of Social Service under the Board of Home Missions, except as to a separate Commis- sion as proposed above. The General Assembly of 1914 effected a more sweeping reorganization of the Board's work, and placed the social service in the same department with the country church work and the work among immigrant groups. This department has also other administrative func- tions. Presbyterian social service took a unique position in the religious life of the country under the influence of the peculiar antecedents, training, and personality of Charles Stelzle, who first organized the work and was at the head of the Church and Labor Department and later of the Bureau of Social Service for ten years. He particularly put the emphasis of social service upon the industrial question. The emphasis has fallen here also in most of the social service plans projected later by the other denominations. Upon the withdrawal of Mr. Stelzle from the force of the Presby- terian Board in 1912, the social propaganda was necessarily modified. No one has been found to succeed him so inti- mately and vitally related to both the church and the organ- ized labor movement in the country. The more recent development of Presbyterian social service has tended to magnify practical method in the outreach of a local church to community needs. This has been par- ticularly true in the field of the country church, and in the treatment of foreign racial colonies and groups. This emphasis is the more magnified by the unique organization of Presbyterian social service. The national propaganda has from the first been organized under the historic adminis- trative agency, the Board of Home Missions, whereas, the social propaganda in other denominations has usually, if not invariably, been placed under the direction of an independent board, society, or commission. Highly developed methods for the country church and for immigrant work have been developed by the Presbyterian Home Board under the leadership of the Rev. Warren H. Wilson and the Rev. W. P. Shriver, respectively. For a time, these branches were organized as separate departments of the Board's work, but Avith the reorganization in 1914 54 Year Book of Church and Social Service they were associated with other branches of the work in general administrative departments. During the period when the Bureau of Social Service was in existence numerous other activities besides those men- tioned above were successfully carried out by Mr. Stelzle, brief mention of which is made in the paragraphs following. In the directions noted the Board's present program has been greatly modified, or the activities have been entirely dis- continued where they were so indissolubly joined with Mr. Stelzle's personality as to make that course necessary. In the field of labor the Bureau has established ''Labor Sunday," which is now observed by practically every Prot- estant denomination throughout the United States, and which has since received the unanimous endorsement of the American Federation of Labor. It inaugurated the plan of the exchange of fraternal delegates between ministers' asso- ciations and central labor unions, which is now in operation in numerous cities. In many cases these ministers are serving as chaplains to organized labor, regularly opening and closing the meetings of the central labor unions with prayer. The Bureau originated the plan of sending ministerial delegates to the annual conventions of the American Federa- tion of Labor, which was an accepted plan for several years. The Bureau furnished during a number of years each week an article for the labor press of the United States and Canada, syndicating it to 250 weekly papers and 100 monthlies. In this manner the Bureau distributed more literature for working men than is printed by all the tract societies in the United States combined, of which there are something like sixty. The result of this wide and effective propaganda was a complete change in the attitude of the labor press, the labor leaders, and working men in general, toward the church. The radical articles against the church which formerly appeared in the labor papers are now very rarely printed. Great working men's mass meetings were conducted by the Bureau on almost every Sunday afternoon during the winter seasons. The express purpose of these meetings was Church Social Service Organizations 55 to present to working men the claims of Jesus and of his church upon the toilers. It would be safe to say that 500,000 working men have attended the popular meetings during the ten years that this work was carried on. Im- portant shop-meeting campaigns were conducted. Qne year, during a period of sixty days, in six cities, 500 ministers were enlisted in these campaigns, 400 shops were entered at the noon hour, 1,000 different meetings were held and 250,000 working people were addressed. During the same year a simultaneous shop campaign was conducted through- out the entire country, the Bureau furnishing the plans and literature and giving general direction from the office to the ministers and laymen who managed these campaigns in their own towns and cities. The Bureau developed for the churches in industrial centers "industrial parishes," each church becoming responsible for a particular shop, just as a church would become responsible for a certain mission field, with the difference, however, that the church not only supports the work in the "industrial parish" financially, but actually does the work through its minister and those who assist him. In Massey Hall, Toronto, during a national convention of the American Federation of Labor, the Bureau conducted a temperance meeting which was attended by 4,000 working people. Conferences at which capital and labor were repre- sented and the labor question frankly discussed from both sides have been conducted in various parts of the country. At all times the effort in this social work has been to place the religious emphasis upon social service and the social emphasis upon religious work; to increase the efficiency of the churches and adapt their ministry to the social needs and conditions of their immediate communities. Under the leadership of Mr. Stelzle, particularly, cordial relations were established between church and labor, not alone in the name of the Presbyterian denomination, but in the interests of all evangelical forces in America. The character of much activity was revealed in the campaign of the IVIen and Religion Movement, in whose executive administration Mr. Stelzle was prominent. Through that medium, and in many 56 Year Book of Church and Social Service ways otherwise, public agencies were inspired to take hold of and meet more effectively the social and moral needs of the people in communities all over the land. At certain periods great emphasis has been laid upon survey work, which not only investigates conditions but makes specific recommendations with regard to methods needed to meet these conditions. In this field the Board has served numerous interdenominational and civic interests in the study of social-religious problems in smaller and larger communities. The more recent effort in survey, especially recognizing the rapidly enlarging facilities for such work under public and general social agencies, has been turned toward such studies as will serve a particular congregation in the immediate grapple with its task. Much survey work is still done especially in rural fields and among immigrant groups, but only such is undertaken as will serve to make intelligent the application of practical plans through church agencies. The field of social service was very limitedly occupied when the social work in the Presbyterian Church was inaugurated, and the Presbyterian Board's forces pioneered in many fields where now the survey method has been widely adopted and carried forward with zeal and scientific thoroughness by numerous public and semi-public agencies. A distinctive contribution in the city field has been Labor Temple, organized by Mr. Stelzle, and located at Second Avenue and Fourteenth Street, in New York. The work is maintained in a historic Presbyterian church located at that point, and though for several years no formal church organization was attempted, there has now developed a church with an initial membership of five hundred, rapidly increasing. This institution is now a well-established enter- prise of the Presbytery of New York, and is under the superintendency of the Rev. Jonathan C. Day. Further extensions of the social service program of the Board are now in process, new plans aiming at a wider dissemination of social evangelism, the completer organiza- tion of field work, so that the social message and spirit may be more widely disseminated among churches of all grades Church Social Service Organizations 57 and types, so that standards and methods of survey may be made available for the independent use of churches in fields of every description, and so that a lay and ordained leader- ship, socially inspired and trained, may be available for the operation of the increasingly complicated equipment and programs now being adopted in churches of the open country and in congested city centers. This social activity is interwoven with the whole adminis- tration of home missions through the Presbyterian Board, and while certain features of its work are, and will be, distinctly classified as social service, the tendency is to infuse the whole enterprise of church extension with the social spirit and adapt the social method to it, through this historic denominational agency. Joint Commission on Social Service of the Protestant Episcopal Church The first organized efifort at social service in the Epis- copal Church was the formation in 1887 of the Church Association for the Advancement of the Interests of Labor, commonly known as "C. A. I. L." This organization was due to the efforts of nine clergymen of New York City aided by the influence of Bishops Potter and Huntington. It was quite fitting that the organization should devote itself to what was at that time the most insistent phase of the social problem — the relations between capital and labor. The organization was designed to work on a national scale and numbers among its vice-presidents the bishops of many dioceses. Being an unofficial body it was able to do pioneer work at a time when the church as a whole was not ready to take official action with relation to the social problem. Its efforts have resulted in various measures looking to the improvement of conditions for working people. The story of the agitation which led to the organization of "C. A. I. L." and of its achievements is told in Miss Keyser's interesting little book. Bishop Potter, the People's Friend (Whittaker. 1910), which contains a statement of the principles formu- lated as a basis of work for the Association. 58 Year Book of Church and Social Service The present efforts of the organization are confined largely to the local field of the City and Diocese of New York. The next effort on the part of members of the church in the field of social service was the organization in 1891 of the Christian Social Union — an American counterpart of the original English body. This was designed primarily for propagandist purposes on a national scale. It deserves credit for having been perhaps the earliest organization of any Christian body in this country to give definite and con- secutive attention to the social problem in its various phases. It developed a considerable literature, comprising some sixty- odd pamphlets which have been most useful in disseminating among the clergy and laity of the church ideas of social reform. For a few years, ending in 1907, the Union was affiliated with the Church Association for the Advancement of the Interests of Labor. Latterly it has been largely instrumental in promoting the organization of the diocesan social service commissions discussed below. In fact, these commissions may perhaps with justice be said to owe their origin to the Union's activity. To the agitation begun by the Christian Social Union and the Church Association for the Advancement of the Interests of Labor was also largely due the creation in 1901 of the Joint Commission on the Relations of Capital and Labor, and in 1910 of the Joint Commission on Social Service. Though the Union was never able, from lack of adequate resources, to carry on any organized social work, or to formulate any elaborate social program, it prepared the way for such organization and pronounce- ment by inspiring members of the Episcopal Church with a definite interest in social effort. Having served the purpose for which it was organized, the Union decided, by refer- endum vote of its members in December, 191 1, to disband and hand over its work to the official agency of the Church — the present Commission. Meantime the movement was under way in various dioceses to relate themselves to the social problem as presented in their respective fields. Beginning in 1903 with the appointment of the Social Service Commission of the Diocese of Long Island, the list of such commissions has Church Social Service Organizations 59 steadily increased until there arc now sixty recognized diocesan social service commissions, appointed either under diocesan canon or under resolution by the bishop, and charged with the functions of investigating social condi- tions in their respective territories and of taking measures for the promotion of social reform in cooperation with other social agencies throughout the diocese. The achievement of these various diocesan commissions has been considerable. An examination of a special table printed in one of the Joint Commission's pamphlets, "Social Service for Diocesan Commissions," shows that these commissions have been active in agitation not only for state legislation but for local and state-wide voluntary effort in the field of social service. Various municipal and state institutions have found support from these commissions. In short, the diocesan commissions in general have stood, so far as possible, for rational move- ments directed toward social reform. There are at present about eighty such commissions. Since the General Convention of 1913 there have also been appointed social service boards or commissions for each of the eight Provinces (formerly Missionary Departments), each including from six to twelve dioceses and missionary districts. These Provincial agencies work in cooperation both with the diocesan commissions just noted and with the Joint Commission on Social Service mentioned below. All these movements represent steps leading toward the creation of the present Joint Commission on Social Service. The title "Joint Commission" is intended to indicate that the membership of such a commission is drawn from the two houses which constitute the General Convention — the House of Bishops and the House of Deputies (including clerical and lay delegates). That Commission, however, was preceded by the former Joint Commission on the Rela- tions between Capital and Labor, originally appointed by General Convention in 1901, and reappointed in 1904 and 1907. This Commission made no attempt to organize the church for social service; it contented itself with reports to General Convention, which contain some specific recom- mendations for organized action, but which are interesting 60 Year Book of Church and Social Service chiefly as milestones in the church's progress in this field of effort. It was in accordance with a resolution appended to the triennial report of this Commission at Cincinnati in 1910 that the Commission was discharged to give place to another Joint Commission whose scope should include the entire field of the social problem — not merely one phase of it — and whose activity should not be limited to the writing of recommendations. The work of this Commission was outlined by the resolution in the following terms : It shall be the duty of this Commission to study and report upon social and industrial conditions; to coordinate the activi- ties of the various organizations existing in the church in the interests of social service; to cooperate with similar bodies in other communions; to encourage sympathetic relations between capital and labor; and to deal according to their discretion with these kindred matters. — Resolution of General Convention, 1913. During its first year the Commission was dependent on volunteer effort. The necessity was seen of securing the services of a secretary who could give his direct attention to the task. An arrangement was accordingly made whereby from October i, 191 1, to October i, 1912, the Rev. Frank Monroe Crouch as field secretary gave half of his time, and since the latter date has given his whole effort, t© the Com- mission's work. An office was opened on October i, 19 12, in the Church Missions House in New York, the organization of which is now well under way with the aid of two assistants. During the past three years an extensive correspondence has been developed: the Commission is in communication with several hundred ministers and lay workers of the Episcopal Church and a growing number of workers of other commun- ions and of secular social and educational agencies in addition. The Commission's work, however, has not been limited to the organization of an office. During the same period the executive secretary has traveled a total of some 50,000 miles on the Commission's business, diocesan and Provincial, ad- vising with representatives of diocesan and Provincial social commissions and making numerous addresses at parish meet- ings, diocesan conventions, Provincial synods, before theo- logical schools, and in other directions. Church Social Service Organizations 61 The aim of the Joint Commission's work has been twofold. It has attempted (i) to educate and (2) to organize the Episcopal Church in parish, diocese, and Province for effec- tive social action in cooperation with social agencies of other communions and with secular agencies — city, state, and national — of social and moral reform. By way of educa- tion of its constituents, the Commission has published since its appointment in 1910 upwards of a score of pieces of litera- ture, which are listed in Chapter III (pp. 109, no). It has also prepared a traveling exhibit consisting of thirty-odd charts, originally displayed at the General Convention of 19 1 3 and put on view since then at parish exhibits, diocesan conventions, Provincial synods, as well as at interdenomina- tional gatherings. A part of this exhibit was reproduced for display at the Panama Pacific Exposition, where it was awarded a bronze medal. During the General Convention of 1913 it held further a "social service week," the program consisting of a mass meeting, a series of conferences on aspects of the social problem, the exhibit above mentioned, sermons on social topics in local pulpits by visiting clergy, and visits to local social agencies. The Commission has also arranged a correspondence course in ten lessons for the use of the General Board of Religious Education of the Epis- copal Church. The work of organization has centered upon the threefold divisions already indicated — parish, diocesan, Provincial. The Joint Commission has since its appointment formulated general principles of social service to be applied by the various church agencies above noted to the particular con- ditions and needs of their respective localities. Several of these statements of principles and methods are contained in Chapter I\' (pp. 134-182). Its effort has been directed not so much at immediate results, though these have not been neglected, as at the preparation of the clergy and lay mem- bership of the church at large for participation in the social movement which has given its significant character to modern times. The Commission's emphasis has been not only upon the immediate need of social amelioration but upon the ultimate aim of social reconstruction. It has attempted to 62 Year Book of Church and Social Service formulate a program of ''Christian democracy" which shall make provision for justice to the less favored classes. Its effort is based upon a realization of the social implications of the Bible and of church history and of practical contem- porary conditions and needs. The Joint Commission has since its appointment in 1910 maintained close contact with the Commission on the Church and Social Service appointed by the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, and through it with the social service agencies of other communions, the executive secre- tary of the Joint Commission holding membership in the Federal Council's Commission and also acting in an advisory capacity. ORGANIZED AGENCIES WITHOUT FIELD SECRETARIES Christian Church The Social Service Commission of the Christians is asso- ciated with the Commission on the Country Church and the Commission on Evangelism in a "Bureau of Evangelism and Social Service/' with the Rev. O. W. Powers, of Dayton, Ohio, as Secretary and Director. The commission attempted a survey of the denomination last year, which revealed the need of a campaign of education in the principles and methods of social service. It is undertaking this by corre- spondence, circular letters, addresses, and the circulation of books and pamphlets. A short reading course has been suggested for pastors, which some have taken up. Social service activities especially adapted to rural churches will be promoted in connection with the Commission on the Country Church. The Commission seeks to cooperate closely with the Commission on the Church and Social Service of the Federal Council. Its Annual Report for 1914 is as follows: I. The first business of the church is the evangelization of the world; that is, bringing a saving knowledge of Jesus Christ to all people. Direct evangelism is by such means as personal testimony, preaching and teaching Christian truth, and the circu- Church Social Service Organizations 63 lation of the Scriptures and evangelical literature. Indirect evangelism is the result of such forces as the influence of a Christian life, the working of Christian institutions, and the impact of a Christian social order upon the world. 2. An essential factor in the proclamation of the gospel is a holy life, and a true evangelism implies a high standard of morals and a true spiritual life in the church and its ministry. For the same reason one of the first concerns of a church committed to world evangelism must be the Christianization of the social order in the homeland. 3. Social service as a function of the church is direct and indirect. It is the business of the church, following the example and precept of the Master, and giving expression to his spirit, to feed the hungry, clothe the naked, minister to the sick, and in all possible ways provide for the well-being of men. The same things are done indirectly when the church opposes wasteful, vicious, and destructive institutions, customs or practices, and when she encourages and promotes enterprises, movements, institutions, customs, and laws that make for the betterment of mankind. Evangelism, by efifecting a transformation of life, often makes it possible for men to more effectively clothe, feed, and care for themselves, and becomes a social service of the highest order. 4. As the individual Christian life involves conviction of sin, repentance, regeneration, and service, so the Christianizing of the social order involves a similar social experience. There must be conviction of social sin. That is, institutions, methods, customs, and laws, whether social, educational, indus- trial and economic, or political, must be measured by the ideals of Christ, and if found wanting, the members of society must accept the blame for the existence of the wrong, in so far as they have contributed to it, or have failed to strive for its removal. Repentance is demanded, including a genuine sorrow for social sin, a real effort to right the wrong, and an attempt to induce right action by the group, institution, community, or state affected. Social regeneration must be secured, not only by transforming the lives of the individuals composing the social group, or con- trolling the institution, but by changing the group itself, bringing it under the control of the Divine Spirit, so that it will function in accordance with the law of Christ. Service must be rendered, not onl}^ by individuals to indi- viduals, but collectively, by the city, state, nation, corporation, or institution, not omitting the church itself, so that all in their 64 Year Book of Church and Social Service working shall express the justice, helpfulness, sympathy, and love of God. 5. Direct methods of social service are used by the church, when she employs her own organization, plant, and corporate activity in such service. Care of the poor and unfortunate, ministry to the sick, and similar efforts through the institutions and agencies which are a part of the church organization, or subject to its control, have always been recognized as legitimate enterprises of the church. Other forms of service may and should be undertaken by the church, when the community resources are inadequate, or when they cannot be controlled by the Christian spirit for Christian purposes. 6. Indirect methods of service are those in which the church becomes merely the inspirer and teacher of individuals, who in turn are able to control social activities in the spirit of Christ. In some spheres, such as political action or law enforcement, direct participation of the church may involve grave dangers. 7. The multiplied demands of our modern life upon the church for direct and indirect social ministry constitute the greatest opportunity and the mightiest challenge ever offered to the followers of Christ, and call for a tremendous accession of spiritual power. That is, social service is not a substitute for the spiritual life, but necessitates an increase of that life in order to make such service possible. 8. Evangelism, while a means of inducing the initial experience of the Christian life, is of itself inadequate for accomplishing the whole mission of the church. The liberation of spiritual energies needs to be followed by the recognition of definite tasks which will give outlet to the new enthusiasm and power and conserve it for the service of Christ and humanity. 9. The various items in the program of the Kingdom, or forms of Christian activity, are interrelated, and are not to be set off, one against another. Neither can one phase wait upon another, but all must be carried forward together, as needs are manifested and opportunity offers. 10. The ultimate aim of the church must be the establishment of the kingdom of God; that is, the creation of a social order, composed of saved individuals, which shall embody the spirit of Jesus Christ. Disciples of Christ The Disciples of Christ have an organization known as the Commission on Social Service and the Country Church. It Church Social Service Organizations 65 is composed of five men. The Secretary is Prof. Alva W. Taylor, of the Bible College of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, the author of The Social Work of Christian Missions. This Commission was created at the International Convention of the Disciples of Christ at Toronto in October, 1913, and is an expansion of a Committee on Social Service which was appointed at the General Convention at Portland, Oregon, in 191 1, by a Committee of the American Christian Missionary Society. The Toronto Convention also adopted resolutions calling for the creation of a special department of Social Service and the Country Church, with a special secretary in charge, by the American Christian Missionary Society; also urging the colleges of the denomination to establish chairs and lectureships dealing with Social Ethics, Practical Church Administration, and the Social Function of Religious Insti- tutions. During the last two years the Committee has carried on a work of agitation and education. It has secured addresses in many state and district conventions and the appointment of committees in twenty-eight states, these committees to formulate reports after thorough study on three points: (i) social legislation in the state; (2) social service activities in the local church; (3) the general state of the rural churches. These state committees form a sort of Advisory Council to the Commission. The Committee has secured the publication of many articles in the denominational journals and has conducted a Social Service Department in the American Home Missionary. The Commission now has a successful social service slide bureau through which are furnished to churches stereopticon lectures on social service and rural church themes. It is also now publishing a bulletin upon social service and the rural church, the first number of which was upon the Disciples of Christ and the Rural Church. Some 1,500 copies of the bulletin itself and more than 100,000 copies of a leaflet giving a summary of what the bulletin contains have been circulated. The second series has also appeared entitled "The Call to Social Service," and others are in preparation — 66 Year Book of Church and Social Service one on "The Disciples of Christ and Social Service," and another on the Slavic question. The idea in these bulletins is not so much to make contributions to social service litera- ture as to apply the findings of this v^hole social service movement to the consciousness of the denomination. Friends This body has always laid great emphasis on Social Service as an inherent part of Christianity. With the birth of Quakerism in the mid-seventeenth century there came into the world a powerful return of this social aspect of Christianity. George Fox, even in his period of agony and spiritual travail, was far more con- cerned over the condition of society about him than he was over the state of his own soul. 'T was sorely exercised," he says, "to go to the courts and cry for justice, to speak and write to judges and justices to do justly, and to warn people who kept public houses for entertainment that they should not let people have more drink than was good for them." He attacked every social custom which, in his own words, "trained up people to vanity and looseness." "I was also made," he adds, "to declare against deceitful merchandise and cheating and cozening, warning all to deal justly, to speak the truth, to let their yea be yea, and their nay be nay, and to do unto others as they would have others do unto them." At another time we find him taking his stand before the justices of the peace against the oppression caused by fixing a legal wage for farm laborers below what was just, that is, below a living wage. There still exists in the archives of Providence, Rhode Island, a letter written by George Fox to the magistrates and other officials of Rhode Island, in which he touched with power and insight almost every social problem of the day, and suggested new laws for securing a wider freedom ^nd a fuller justice for the citizens of that colony. This social spirit, which was one of the great driving forces in the life of the founder of our Society and which comes to light in all his manifold activities, has in like Church Social Service Organizations 67 manner been a luminous feature of Quakerism in all its periods. The early Friends played a great part in establish- ing a fixed price for goods and merchandise. They helped greatly to abolish the barbaric laws that in the seventeenth century imposed capital punishment for more than two hundred different offenses. They led the way in the slow but steady reform of prisons and jails. They pleaded and wrought for freedom for oppressed races and for larger chances of development for these races after they had won their freedom. To develop this social heritage from the past, the Social Service Commission, Prof. Rufus M. Jones, of Haverford College, being chairman, recommended to the Five Years Meeting of the Friends the appointment of a Social Service Board, consisting of one member from each Yearly Meeting, to prepare or suggest social service literature and to assist in every way possible the organization of social service committees in subordinate meetings throughout the country. The Commission also urged all superintendents of evangel- istic and church extension work, and pastoral committees to make themselves familiar with the great lines of social service work which is being carried on by the leading de- nominations of the Christian church, and that as *'far as possible they prepare themselves for the practical extension and promotion of this part of our religious mission in the world." The Commission also encouraged the formation of social service study groups and the development of community study, and recommended various forms of social service to "Monthly Meetings," which are now being developed under the guidance of the Commission. German Evangelical Church The German Evangelical Church of North America has organized the Evangelical Commission on Social Service, the report of which for 1915 includes the following: "The Commission is firmly convinced that our social prob- lems can be solved only by the gospel of Jesus Christ in its application to present-day conditions. Pastors are earnestly 08 Year Book of Church and Social Service urged to make this application to all social conditions requir- ing it. It is again urged that social service topics be thoroughly discussed at district and pastoral conferences and at Brotherhood and young people's conventions. District social service commissions should be created wherever this has not yet been done, for the purpose of studying local social conditions and of seeking to abolish any social wrongs that may be discovered. "All district commissions are requested to report regularly to the Central Commission, so that the latter may fully cooperate with the Federal Council Commission. The Central Commission gladly recognizes and fully appreciates the local social service work that is being accomplished through city mission effort and by individual churches, and encourages most heartily the undertaking of similar work wherever possible." Evangelical Lutheran Church The Lutheran Church has long had what is known as "The Inner Mission," the idea of which is stated as follows: The idea of Inner Mission is to realize the universal priesthood of all believers; to reestablish the primitive ideal of Christianity, in which loving service to a needy world becomes the manifest sign wherever there is a Christian; to have the entire church prove her faith by her saving love. It is thus the idea of Inner Mission to put the entire so-called "laity" into the Samaritan attitude of vital, personal touch with need. The prime aim must, therefore, always be congregational development. The unused, flabby strength of members is to be developed and the way of effectual service prepared for them. There must be an increased force of real Christian ministry in every congregation. Inner Mission's ideal is to have the entire live and conscious church in service. It emphasizes the constantly forgotten, despised fact that it is the church, not just pastors and deaconesses, to which the commission is given of carrying out Christ's work upon earth. Congregations must more largely gain the idea of personal, loving service of men for Jesus' sake. Inner Mission is the church's endeavor to make real to-day Church Social Service Organizations 69 what Christ was in his day — a person going about "doing good"; it is the Christ of "yesterday and to-day," going about in the person of his members, applying the balm of Gilead to the world's open sore, whether mental, moral, or physical — and always, as with Christ, for the purpose of reaching the depth of the wound, — sin. It is thus manifest that were this ideal of Inner Mission fully realized, many present institutions of mercy would not be needed at all. Since, however, the conditions of life prevent the complete realization of Inner Mission's ideal, a secondary idea of Inner Mission is the establishment of insti- tutions where the great and complicated wounds of men are treated for Jesus' sake and in his name. Everywhere such institutions are needed. In special places, such as cities, some of special character are demanded, like homes and settle- ments, and some special work is required, as in state institu- tions. This secondary, institutional aim of Inner Mission must never be allowed to supersede the primary, congrega- tional aim, in spite of the constant temptation which will exist to have that take place. For the effectual realization and permanent development of the idea the General Synod at its meeting in 191 5 established an Inner Board, whose president is instructed to cooperate with the Federal Council Commission. The purposes of the Board are: 1. To carry on an educational campaign through literature, the holding of institutes, and other means, for the purpose of effecting more truly in all congregations of the General Synod the reality of Inner Mission — active Christian service to need on the part of the entire congregation, and of all its individual members; for the purpose, also, of promoting the establishment of local Inner Mission societies in locali- ties where special Inner Mission work needs to be done; and, in general, for Inner Mission purposes. 2. To aim at a more harmonious order in the relation of the General Synod to the various institutions of an Inner Mission nature already existing: to plan for the establish- ment of many and various other institutions of mercy throughout the land, in accordance with well-conceived ideas 70 Year Book of Church and Social Service of need and of territory; to give to each institution the benefits of wide experience and large cooperation in insti- tutional work; to make a report for all of these institutions at every session of the General Synod; in general, to organize effectually our institutional work, while not inter- fering with each institution's autonomy in its entire internal management and control, 3. To develop cooperation with other Lutherans in the prosecution of Inner Mission work. 4. To do such other things, under the direction of the General Synod, as pertain to and are best calculated to pro- mote the general Inner Mission interests of our church. Methodist Episcopal Church, South This body has a Standing Committee on Social Service, appointed by the Board of Missions, which has the general supervision and direction of the social service work of the church, subject to the approval of the Board. The Com- mittee is composed of Rev. John M. Moore, the Secretary of the Department of Home Missions, Nashville, Tennessee ; Mrs. R. W. MacDonell, Secretary of the Woman's Depart- ment of Home Missions, Nashville, Tennessee; Mrs. W. G. Piggott, Irvington, Kentucky; Rev. A. F. Watkins, President of Millsaps College, Jackson, Mississippi; Prof. O. E. Brown, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Rev. W. A. Christian, pastor in Richmond, Virginia; and Mr. R. F. Burden, merchant, Macon, Georgia. The law of the church requires the election by the Church Conference of a Social Service Committee in each church which shall report quarterly its activities to the Quarterly Conference. The duties of this committee have been defined and the members are furnished with a leaflet giving in out- line the various forms of service which may be expected. The General Conference at its quadrennial meeting in 1914 adopted the Social Creed which was adopted by the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. The Woman's Missionary Council of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, South, maintains thirty Wesley Houses or social settlements for white people and two Bethlehem Houses Church Social Service Organizations 71 or social settlements for Negroes. Eighty-five deaconesses give their entire time to social service work. In the work for Negroes attention is given to their home environment, their education, their treatment in the hands of the law, and to all means by which their domestic, educational, and religious conditions may be improved. In the work for white people, and especially tenants and immigrants, attention is given to sanitation, housing, health, sex hygiene, domestic science, and such means as will purify the environments and brighten the conditions in which they live. Reformed Church in the United States (German) Through its Board of Home Missions this body has ap- pointed a Committee on Social Service. The Resolution calling for this Committee reads as follows: That this Department be instituted for the purpose chiefly of giving information and inspiration to the church in these matters, and not for the purpose of exercising control of ad- ministrative functions. The Committee has adopted what it calls a Social Creed, for its own guidance. This contains sections on (i) Indi- vidual and Social Salvation; (2) The Duty of the Church in Social Service; (3) The Duty of the Individual Christian in Social Service; (4) The Social Problem. The various District Synods likewise have Committees on Social Service, which are cooperating with the General Committee. Numer- ous articles on the subject of social service have appeared in the church papers; and at the five Missionary Confer- ences held in various sections of the denomination during the summer of 19 15 the subject of social service was presented in platform addresses. United Presbyterian Church In the spring of 1910 Allegheny Presbytery petitioned for the appointment by the General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church of a committee which should be known as the Committee on Industrial Conditions. Such a com- mittee was appointed. The General Assembly met in Wash- 72 Year Book of Church and Social Service ington, Pennsylvania, in the month of May, 191 1, at which time the committee presented its first report and a conference was held at one of the evening sessions, which was entirely devoted to a consideration of Industrial and Social Condi- tions. Reports were made by the same committee at the meetings of General Assembly in Seattle, Washington, in 1912, and in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1913. The Minutes of the General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church for 1911, 1912, 1913, contain the reports of the committee. In the meetings of the General Assembly in 1912 and 1913 the platform of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America was adopted without one dissenting vote. In its report at Atlanta, Georgia, in the spring of 1913, the Com- mittee on Industrial Conditions made the following recom- mendation : "We recommend that the Board of Home Mis- sions be given supervision of the work relating to Social Service and Industrial Conditions and that it be authorized to make whatever arrangements it may deem best in carrying forward the work already inaugurated." This recommenda- tion was adopted, and the Home Board of the United Presbyterian Church has appointed a committee to be known as the Committee on Social Service and Industrial Con- ditions. This committee consists at present of the Rev. J. K. Mc- Clurkin, Chairman, and the Rev. H. H. Marlin, Secretary, the other members of the committee being Judge James M. Galbreath, Hon. John H. Murdoch, and Mr. Richard Moon, Sr. A brief outline of its program is as follows : To publish lists of books and seek to induce pastors to become conver- sant in a thorough manner with the great modern social service movement ; to encourage pastors to preach on dififerent phases of this movement; to form classes for social service study; to have social service committees appointed in all our churches ; to make a thorough study of community needs and lift community life to higher levels of privilege and opportunity; to secure working men and women of Christian sympathies to address the people of our churches; to have fair-minded employers present their views that a wide un- prejudiced view may be obtained of the whole mighty field; Church Social Service Organizations 73 when good labor laws are pending in state or national legis- lation to agitate and petition that such legislation may be passed and enforced; to urge a general observance of Labor Day by our churches; to recommend that pastors preach sermons gradually covering the whole platform of the Federal Council; to recommend that departments be maintained in our church papers for the dissemination of needed knowledge as to social and industrial conditions, and for the purpose of keeping these great issues prominently before our people; to recommend that presbyteries appoint social service com- mittees ; that General Assemblies and Synods give an honored place in their programs for discussion and conference con- cerning social service ideals and plans; to urge the necessity of granting to all people the Sabbath day as a day of rest; to make the church of Christ the mightiest conciliating force of the industrial world in establishing just and friendly re- lations between employer and employed; to seek to apply with new vigor the principles of Christ to all matters at issue between men; to seek to focus attention upon the great two- fold need of a regenerated man and a regenerated society. With such a program the National Brotherhood has ap- pointed a Commission on Social Service, and the Young People's Christian Union, a Committee. NO ORGANIZED AGENCIES It must be remembered that in other denominations, where there is no department of social service, many social service activities are carried on by state and district units and by local churches. The Free Baptists as a denomination are not now engaged in any form of social service, mainly because the Free Bap- tists and Baptists are uniting, and Free Baptists look for direction and inspiration in social service from the Baptist Social Service Commission. In this transition period, how- ever, local activities are being developed. The Mennonite Church has no organized social service work. The churches are for the greater part rural or village 74 Year Book of Church and Social Service churches, which have thus far served the social needs of the community, and where the Mennonite people are located in fairly large numbers, the community spirit, which is still strong, is serving the church to good purpose. The African Methodist Episcopal Church is doing con- siderable local work; the spirit is abroad, and the idea of social service is getting hold both of the laity and the min- istry. The African Methodist Episcopal Church Quarterly Review contains a Department on the Church and Social Service, and the leaders of the denomination are hoping and expecting that the denomination as such will before long be organized in these interests. They are expounding the principles and measures adopted by the Federal Council to their people and rallying them to their support. They appeal to other denominations to see that these principles are applied and these measures worked out without race discrimination. The Moravian Church is organizing with unusual effec- tiveness in the interest of country life and the rural church problem. The Presbyterian Church in the United States (Southern) has all through the South a large and important missionary work, which gives special consideration to social problems. The Reformed Church in America (Dutch) has no organ- ized social service work, nor anything which might be termed a "social movement," but the work of many of its local churches, especially in the cities, is of a social nature. The United Brethren at their General Conference in May, 1913, passed an act authorizing the Home Missionary So- ciety to create a Bureau of Social Service and Moral Reform. The Church stands for the Federal Council platform, but there is as yet no organized social service effort. Other Denominations. — The Evangelical Association^ the Methodist Protestant, the Reformed Episcopal, the Re- formed Presbyterian, the Seventh-Day Baptists, the United Evangelical, and other bodies, are engaged, especially at Church Social Service Organizations 75 important centers, in the work under consideration. The only reason their work is not more fully reported in this review is that it is difficult where there is no denominational agency responsible for it. It should also be remembered that, in addition to the work comprehended in this review, all the denominations are really doing a large work of social uplift through their various Home and Foreign Mission Boards. The attempt here has been only to present the work so far as it is assuming the form of organization in a specific and defined interest. The Churches of the Southern Baptist Convention have a committee which cooperates with the Northern Baptist De- partment of Social Service and Brotherhood. At Atlanta, Georgia, May, 1913, the Assemblies of the Northern, Southern, and United Presbyterian Churches ap- pointed a Joint Commission to report upon the attitude and relation of the Presbyterian Churches to social service. SOCIAL SERVICE THROUGH INTERCHURCH ORGANIZATIONS Social Service is recognized to-day as presenting one of the greatest factors in unifying the work of the churches of any community. The questions of creed and polity do not interfere with people working together any more than they interfere with their praying and singing together. Each community presents tasks in the application of the teachings of Jesus to our common life which cannot be performed by the single local church, no matter how efficient it may be. Local Forms of the Federal Council of Churches^ and Similar Efforts The churches no longer doubt the reality of their social responsibility. They know they must meet this responsibility in social relationships as churches. This has resulted in the formation of interchurch organizations of various kinds. We have the Council of Churches in Dallas, Texas; the 76 Year Book of Church and Social Service Men's Federation in Louisville, Kentucky; the Men and Religion Forward Movement Committee, in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Church Federations in many cities. The term most commonly applied to such combined work is the Church Federation of . As the work has gone forward it has been found necessary to form committees for cooperation in other fields than that of social service. There are now committees on Comity, Evangelism, Bible Study, Boys' Work, Missions, Publicity. The reflex influence of this type of work upon the churches engaged cannot be measured. There has quietly come about a mutual understanding of each other not possible before. Publicly and privately the members magnify their agree- ments and minimize their differences. They do not love their own denominations less, but they love the Kingdom more. Denominational loyalty is glorified by the devotion to the welfare of the Kingdom. The great social value of this changing attitude and spirit cannot be estimated. It is impossible to return to the stultifying sectarianism of a generation ago. Through this union of Christian forces many encouraging reports are being received. In Pittsburgh the Committee on Social Education arranged for the delivery of 400 lectures and addresses to upwards of 40,000 people. The Committee on Civic Action has undertaken to so organize the church forces by congregation and precinct as to carry into effect the message of the pulpit. A total of 56,000 communications and pieces of literature have been issued to this end. Through the insistent attitude of the commission toward commercialized vice the Morals Bureau of the city govern- ment was appointed, which did such excellent work in abolishing the tenderloin; and all through the history of that body this Christian Social Service Union has been the moral force supporting it. Similar reports are made of work of the committees on Amusements, on Surveys, on Legislation. The Social Service work of the Cleveland Federation of Churches has been most notable. The report made by the Chairman of the Social Betterment Committee on the sup- Church Social Service Organizations 77 pressing of prostitution in Cleveland reveals what can be done by the power of the united church. One of the most interesting developments in the line of church activities is in Atlanta, Georgia. For four years the Executive Committee of the Men and Religion Forward Movement has been attempting to carry out the Social Service Program of that movement. A remarkable series of editorials appeared in the daily papers in space paid for by the Committee. The publicity campaign was so effective that the opposing forces saw that they must prevent the papers from selling this space to the united church. That the church might still proclaim its convictions, a weekly paper, The Way, was issued by Mr. J. J. Eagan, chairman of the committee, with Mr. Marion M. Jackson as editor. By means of this campaign in one field of activities, the follow- ing results have been obtained, as given in the Atlanta Men and Religion Bulletin, No. 189. APPLIED CHRISTIANITY,' ATLANTA, GEORGIA, I9II-I915 1. It has caused the closing of the Red Light districts in Atlanta and other cities. 2. It has provided shelter and clothes for unhappy inmates of the houses who would accept these when the houses were closed. 3. It led the state to build the Georgia Training School for Girls. Forty-two girls are living in a home valued at more than $40,000. Real value cannot be estimated, so great is the good which has been done. 4. It opened a home in Atlanta for girls without work, and girls whose wages are too little, where sixteen girls are now living. 5. It brought about the study of conditions among con- victs in Georgia, leading to a more humane treatment of prisoners, and the beginning of a change that will eventually remodel the prison system of Georgia. 6. It led the legislature to enact the Probation Law, enabling judges and probation officers to save first offenders from becoming habitual criminals. The Underlying Principle. These things have been done, 78 Year Book of Church and Social Service not by dictation, but by learning the facts and laying them before lawmakers, public officials, and citizens, and asking them to consider them in the light of the teachings of Jesus Christ. Commission on Federated Movements During the last year a new Commission of the Federal Council has been formed which is known as the "Commis- sion on Federated Movements." This Commission is in reality a federation of federated movements. A portion of the Commission consists of the representatives (unofficial) of the following organizations doing interchurch work: Adult Bible Class and Brotherhood Movements (Denomina- tional and Interdenominational) American Sunday School Union Council of Women for Home Missions Home Missions Council International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion International Sunday School Association Laymen's Missionary Movement Local, County, and State Federations Missionary Education Movement National Board of Young Women's Christian Associations Sunday School Council of Evangelical Denominations Young People's Organizations (Denominational and Interdenom- inational) This Commission will cooperate with state and local inter- church organizations to make Christian cooperation more effective along all lines. Mr. Fred B. Smith is the Chairman of this Commission. Mr. Roy B. Guild is Executive Secretary, and Mr. James A. Whitmore is Field Secretary. The program of work laid down for this Commission by the conference of Participating Organizations at Atlantic City and approved by the Commission will mean much more for the success of the social service work in the churches of the country. It will be a very great help to those desiring greater efficiency to have the results of such work gathered up by a central agency and sent to all parts of the country. Church Social Service Organizations 79 The reporting of all such work is earnestly solicited by the Commission. The following items in the program of work are particularly pertinent: 1. AN ANALYSIS OF THE PRESENT STATUS OF FEDERATED EFFORTS Many communities have adopted programs calling for Christian cooperation between churches and other religious organizations. These have been valuable experiments. Some have met with success and some with failure. A careful study of the same is essential to the making of recommenda- tions to other communities. A survey of the present status of Federated work will form the basis for future programs. This is the most immediate task. There is a wealth of inspir- ing facts which should be known by all, instead of only by the groups of workers who have had success in certain communities. Christian cooperation is an inspiring reality, as well as an intense desire. 2. MESSAGES ON THE COMMUNITY PROBLEM IN CHRISTIAN CONQUEST From time to time this Commission will arrange for the deliverance of great messages before conferences and communities on the principle of Christian unity in service. When the men with this message can be secured, and proper arrangements can be made, much will be done toward crystal- lizing into action the heart longing of many for an end to much of the wasteful competition of to-day. Such messen- gers will help to develop an attitude of mind on the part of the public which will demand sympathetic, aggressive team play among the religious forces of communities. 3. A BALANCED APPEAL FOR MOTIVE POWER AND MECHANISM This Commission will give forth through the messages of the secretaries and the members throughout the country and through literature a Christian appeal that is as compre- hensive as the interests it represents. It recognizes and proclaims the need of increased Christian passion and im- 80 Year Book of Church and Social Service proved Christian programs. The dual purpose is to have fiercer fires under the boiler and finer mechanism to utilize the developed power, and to have them both at the same time. The success of the work undertaken will be in proportion to the ability to stimulate the souls of men and to suggest or have them initiate effective lines of action. There will be no divorcing of these mutually dependent elements of the gospel message. Through boys' work, Bible study, social service, missions, soul winning, the ideal will be realized. A commission combining so many strong constructive and aggressive Christian forces faces a time when this message will be heard. The world needs the whole gospel for the whole man. Here we have the vision of the whole church laboring for the Christianizing of our whole country. Country Church Movement The development of the Country Church Movement has been coordinate with that of the social service movement. Because of the fact that the restoration of the country church to its place of community leadership depends largely upon the development of a community program nearly all the denominational social service organizations have given special attention to the needs of the country church. In the years 1910, 191 1, and 1912, under the supervision of Research Secretary the Rev. G. Frederick Wells, the Federal Council maintained a "bureau and clearing-house of research, information and promotion, touching the various church and country life interests." Since 1913 a special Committee, known as the Committee on Church and Country Life, has been in charge of this work, and the Rev. C. O. Gill has been employed to give it his undivided attention. In December, 1914, the Executive Committee of the Federal Council of Churches at its annual meeting deter- mined to create a Commission to whose direction its rural work should be entrusted. At their meeting, on December 20, the members of the Committee on Church and Country Life were informed that they had been appointed on the new Commission and the necessary steps were taken to secure the nomination of other members by the constituent bodies Church Social Service Organizations 81 of the Federal Council. In order to secure the continuance of the work already begun, a Committee of Direction was appointed. The work is now under the supervision of this Committee. During the past year the office of this Commission has been in Columbus, Ohio. It was the idea of the committee to make Ohio something of a clearing-house of information and it was thought desirable to be in close contact with the rural work in a state which is fairly central and in which there is a variety of rural conditions. The Commission has been of some assistance to those interested in the organization of rural church and country life in Ohio. An organization called the Ohio Rural Life Association has been formed during the year, including an Advisory Council of persons who are in close touch with work for the betterment of country life, while there is a Committee on Interchurch Cooperation, consisting of bishops, superintendents, and others, representing sixteen denomina- tions. A program for constructive work has been adopted. But the main work during the year in Ohio has been a state-wide survey. The attempt has been made to ascertain the location and denomination of every rural church, its present membership, w^hether it is gaining or losing in mem- bership, and whether it ordinarily has a resident pastor and what part of a minister's service it receives. The surveys made by the Presbyterian Church and others during the last five or six years indicate that conditions are no better in other states. It seems there is ground to hope that through interdenominational cooperation something can be done for the improvement of the situation. While better- ment can be brought about only by slow advancement, it is a matter of great importance that even though slow, such advancement shall be made. If the Commission, in coopera- tion with the people of Ohio and through correspondence with persons in other states, can learn ways and means for the solution of the vital and fundamental problem of rural church decline, its service should prove one of the most important of those rendered by the Federal Council of the Churches. 82 Year Book of Church and Social Service It is proposed in the state of Ohio, as a chief part of the work for the next year, to make a special study of successful work of country churches and rural pastors, to publish a description of it in bulletins and to send these to every rural pastor in the state. Thus it is proposed out of actual accomplishment on the field itself to create higher ideals and standards for rural church work. The Commission held a national Conference on the Coun- try Church in connection with the Annual Meeting of the Federal Council Executive Committee, at Columbus, Ohio, December, 191 5. It has prepared a brief statement on the Function, Plat- form, and Program of the Country Church. Its work is organized under Committees on the following: Surveys. Denominational Country Church Organization. Sunday Schools and Church Societies. Literature. Legislation. Rural Education. State and County Federations. Among the denominations the Methodist Federation for Social Service has a Country Life Section, the Chairman of which is the Rev. G. Frederick Wells, Tyringham, Massa- chusetts. Rural Country Church Commissions have been organized in a number of Annual Conferences, and where these do not exist the Conference Social Service Commis- sions give special attention to the needs of the country church and community. A standard program for country and village churches is being worked out. This work will be taken over by the Board of Home Missions and Church Extension, which is organizing a Rural Church Department. The Moravian Church has a working Committee on Country Life, whose representative is the Rev. Edmund de S. Brunner, Coopersburg, Pa. The Country Church Work of the Board of Home Mis- sions of the Presbyterian Church (Northern) is in its seventh year. The Rev. Warren H. Wilson is Secretary. Church Social Service Organizations 83 In order of time the work has been developed in the follow- ing directions : Country Church Institutes and Conferences are held in rural centers for the training of the ministers and officers of country churches. They are one to three days in length. Speakers represent the allies of the country church. These institutes are always interdenominational, and are frequently held in other than Presbyterian churches. Summer Schools for Country Ministers have been pro- moted by this department in every section of the country. Each year between two and three hundred Presbyterian ministers are assembled at summer schools which offer at least two weeks in religious pedagogy and in the sociology of religion. These schools are largely attended by ministers of all denominations. Social Surveys are made in various sections of the coun- try, by this department, on the request of presbyteries or synods which promise beforehand to make effective use of the results of investigation. They exhibit the condition of all churches in the area investigated, and of schools, granges, and other public social institutions. The results of the survey are prepared for use in religious and other public assemblies, as a showing of the work done by the churches in the country. Addresses and Conferences are presented with frequency in educational and other public institutions. The depart- ment has been champion of the country church in many places during the seven years of its existence, because it has undertaken the work in the interests of all churches. Demonstration Parishes have been established at the re- quest of local Presbyterian bodies in many states of the Union. By this means the two types of country church which are most important are brought out in strong relief: first, churches which should come to self-support; second, churches which are missionary and dependent, in populous and needy regions. The department is placing resident ministers, each giving full time to one congregation and making the church serve every need of the country community — economic, social, educational, and religious. 84 Year Book of Church and Social Service Missionary Education Movement 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City The Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada was organized on July 18, 1902. It now feder- ates sixty-two home and foreign mission boards in united promotion of missionary education, which, in most mission boards, includes social education. The aim of the movement is to foster missionary training of all ages within the local church by systematic instruction, the promotion of giving and prayer for missions, and actual personal and social service in the home, church, and community. Its chief activities are the editorial preparation and publi- cation of literature for leaders, committee workers, and all of those who receive instruction, including literature on the social aspects of both home and foreign missions. This literature is designed for use by pastors, Sunday-schools, young people's societies, men's and women's organizations, and all other agencies within the local church. Further activities are the training of leaders in inter- denominational missionary summer schools of which there are nine in Canada and the United States; the extension of summer training through institutes, normal class campaigns, interdenominational and denominational Sunday-schools, young people's and general church conventions; the enlist- ment of young men and women in Christian work as a life- service; cooperation with governing committees of all kinds of religious agencies concerning their missionary educational policies and programs; the publication or distribution of interdenominational missionary magazines and reports; and in general serving as a clearing-house in missionary educa- tional matters for the mission boards and their respective denominations. In all of these activities social education, social evangelism, and social service are emphasized. The Movement is supervised by a Board of Managers of sixty-three mission board secretaries and laymen representing twenty denominations. It has a staff of eight secretaries. Its support is received chiefly from personal donations. Its literature is published at cost price. Church Social Service Organizations 85 Young Men's Christian Association and Young Women's Christian Association These organizations have come to regard themselves more definitely as auxiliary forces of the church — a definite part of the church life of the country. International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Associations 124 East 28th Street, New York City The International Committee has no specific department of Social Service, but social service is a phase of all of its work, for the fundamental principle of each of its depart- ments is to promote the work of that department in its largest possible ministry to the needs of men and boys. The departments which more nearly approximate pure social service are: The Industrial Department, which promotes its work in industrial communities, in logging camps and in mining centers. In this work the Association ministers to the recreative, health, and social needs of men. English is taught to foreigners and the latter are met at the ports of entry and at their final points of destination, thus bringing them in contact with wholesome and representative young men. A special service of great value is the enlistment of col- lege students and alumni in service for foreign speaking men. The County Department, which seeks to coordinate in its policy all of the forces in the community, including the church, school, and grange, in work for the common good. Community surveys, health institutes, play demonstrations and play picnics are promoted, thus reconstructing the recreative and social life of the community. A play manual has been written for rural teachers. Community Boys' Work. In this plan no central equip- ment is needed. The secretary of the Association gives his entire time to the community, energizing school, church, playgrounds, scout organizations, in their relation to the boys of the entire community undertaking such specific tasks as may be most essential in meeting the unmet needs. 86 Year Book of Church and Social Service A tremendous volume of social service work, however, is done through the general departments of the Association. In the Physical Department, with the aid of the several training agencies, hundreds of men have been trained as physical directors for colleges, schools, and churches. In a single year as many as three thousand volunteer leaders have been furnished for playgrounds and churches and other organizations. These volunteer leaders alone have served over 400,000 men and boys annually. Over one hun- dred cities have Sunday School Athletic Leagues directed by Association leaders. A unique swimming campaign has been originated and promoted in which local Associations throw open their natatoriuras to the public and provide free swimming lessons. About 30,000, 40,000, and 50,000 indi- viduals have been taught to swim during the past three years and fully 150,000 were given lessons. Several thousand indi- viduals have taken the Association's life saving tests. In the Educational Department the Association seeks to furnish to men and boys already at work courses of study which will fit them more efficiently as wage-earners and which will increase their earning capacity. In the Student or College Department three men are giving all of their j time to promoting social study and service. One of these men is directing a campaign of sex education in the colleges, employing the services of three able lecturers who will cover the principal institutions of the country each year, working through local Associations. Several pieces of printed matter have been issued setting forth the social service program, in which students can cooperate. The Alumni Movement, which, in brief, has to do with relating college graduates to all forms of service through the church and other agencies in the cities and rural communities where college graduates locate, is being actively promoted. The Department, too, is conducting an aggressive campaign for recruits for professional social service and is able to relate them to the organizations that are needing their services. In the Army and Navy Department the ample provision by the Association for social intercourse, games, reading Church Social Service Organizations 87 matter, as well as banking privileges, make for very definite results in social as well as individual service. For instance, the Association in the Navy handles for safekeeping and permanent deposit something over $700,000 a year for the sailors. Over 6,000 men have joined the Total Abstinence League in the past three years. The methods and influence of the organization follow the fleet wherever it goes. Local Associations carry on a remarkable volume and variety of social service activities. There is a movement to establish men's hotels where young men in very modest circumstances can find lodging. The Associations are also valuable factors in finding employment for men, this work having grown to large and important proportions. This social service is done in the spirit of Christian service, as an expression of the religious life and as an effort to promote more completely the program of the king- dom of God. For several years a Social Service Society, composed of employed officers of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, was in existence, which stimulated the Associations to engage in a more extensive social service program. Annual conferences were held and the following topics considered: The Young Men's Christian Association and Health, The Lnmigrant and the Community, Juvenile Delinquency. The proceedings are in print and contain important pronounce- ments upon the subjects discussed. National Board of the Young Women's Christian Associations 600 Lexington Avenue, New York City Purpose: The Young Women's Christian Association aims to promote the physical, social, intellectual, moral, and spiritual interests of young women. To do this it undertakes in city, country, and student communities many forms of ,serviee, aiming always to supplement rather than to duplicate 88 Year Book of Church and Social Service the work of other organizations. It is the interdenomina- tional agency of the church in many forms of Christian social service which can better be carried on by all the churches working together than by each alone. Organization: For the effective promotion of this work throughout the country the local Associations are united in a national organization with headquarters in New York City and substations for the various "fields" into which the country is divided in eleven different cities. Activities : The work of this national organization includes : 1. The establishment of new Associations and an advisory relationship to all local organizations. For this work there is a staff of more than one hundred employed officers, besides many volunteer workers. 2. The training of workers. A National Training School in New York, registering about fifty students yearly and conducting courses on religious and social subjects, develops leadership for local and national positions. 3. The holding of eleven summer conferences in different sections of the country and many smaller camps and confer- ences throughout the year for the inspiration and training of both leaders and members. Lines of service which are being especially emphasized at present are: 1. The education of the Association membership on such fundamental subjects as thrift and efficiency, social morality and character standards. Thoroughgoing plans for the pro- motion of ideals in these directions have been made and are being carried out by three especially appointed commissions. 2. The development of Association work in forms specially adapted to meet the needs of certain distinct groups of young women, such as, (i) Immigration and foreign community work. This in- cludes the establishment in cities having a large foreign population of an international institute, with foreign-speaking workers. (2) Colored work. Associations are being organized in schools for colored women, and in many cities branch Asso- ciations for colored women are formed in connection with Church Social Service Organizations 89 the regular Association. In these, leadership is largely in the hands of colored women themselves. (3) County work. An especially adapted form of the Association organization has been worked out for country districts. Here the Association aims to be a centralizing and spiritualizing force in the country life movement, developing not so much a distinctive work of its own, but rather con- tributing its leadership to the other religious and social efforts in the community. (4) Industrial work. This deals largely with young women in factories and industrial centers. It establishes self-govern- ing clubs in which Association leaders study with the girls the industrial and social problems which they face, helping to develop in them not only a social consciousness and a sense of their own solidarity and interdependence, but Chris- tian leadership as well. 3. The development of a more thorough understanding of present-day social problems on the part of the Association leadership, both national and local. The effort that is being made in this respect has expressed itself in the following: (i) Special courses of study for leaders, including indus- trial history, current industrial and social problems, and labor organizations among women, and also the teachings of Jesus as they are related to our present social life. (2) Research work by an especially appointed commission on the question of household employment, looking toward some helpful contribution from the Association to the solu- tion of this perplexing problem. International Peace and Arbitration This field is usually covered by the Social Service agencies of the denominations, in many cases by special committees. This important international form of social service is fostered by all the denominational agencies. The Federal Council has a separate organized Commission on Peace and Arbitration of great influence, which has been instrumental in bringing about the organization of the Church Peace Union and the World Alliance of the Churches. 90 Year Book of Church and Social Service In cooperation with the Commission on Peace and Arbi- tration the Federal Council has a Commission on Relations with Japan which has published an investigation of the Japanese situation in California and sent President Shailer Mathews and the Rev. Sidney L. Gulick as a Christian embassy to the churches and people of Japan. In cooperation with the Federal Council Commission on Christian Education, Sunday-school lessons on international peace and international relations have been prepared for the Sunday-school quarterlies, as well as a handbook for teachers and classes. The chairman is the Rev. J. B. Remensnyder, and the secretary the Rev. Charles S. Macfarland, 105 East 22nd Street, New York City. The associate-secretary of the Commission and the representative of the Commission on Relations with Japan is the Rev. Sidney L. Gulick. HOME AND FOREIGN MISSIONS From the very beginning the work of the denominational Boards of Home Missions has been that of Social Regenera- tion. The reports of the Federal Council Commission on Home Missions (secretary. Rev. Charles S. Macfarland, 105 East 22nd Street), New York City, and of the Home Missions Council, should be consulted for information. The various reports of the Foreign Missions Boards con- tain a large amount of important information relative to the spirit of the social gospel in connection with foreign mission work which has in many respects been more influential than the work of the churches at home. Social service has received increased emphasis during the past two years in both the home and foreign field. Organiza- tions are springing up in various foreign mission fields for the promotion of social service ideals and the further develop- ment of community service. More definite attention to community needs is also apparent in the home mission field. Not a little of this increased emphasis is due to the activity of the Missionary Education Movement. Its text-books for 1914 were The Social Aspects of Foreign Missions and The Church Social Service Organizations 91 New Home Missions. Its Library of Social Progress in- cludes books dealing both with the social aspects of foreign work and with the relation of the home church to the needs of its immediate community. The Secretary of the Commission on the Chufch and Social Service of the Federal Council is a member of the Commission on Cooperation and Unity of the Congress on Christian Work in Latin America. The report of this Com- mission, to be presented at Panama in February, contains an illuminating discussion on the part which social work is to play in the evangelization of the Latin-American nations. A representative of the Federal Council Commission on the Church and Social Service, the Rev. Frank Mason North, recently visited the Far East in connection with his denominational work, but accepted the appointment of the Commission on the Church and Social Service as its repre- sentative in this interest. OTHER RELIGIOUS BODIES The American Unitarian Association created a Depart- ment of Social and Public Service in 1908. The Secretary is the Rev. Elmer S. Forbes, of Boston. The Department has conducted a Bureau of Council and Information, organized a Lending Library, promoted lecture courses in the churches, putting a lecturer in the field, and has planned consecutive Social Service Institutes or Conferences in various parts of the country. Its most notable work has been the publica- tion of a series of 22 pamphlets on various social service topics, which are a distinct contribution to the literature of the question. From the beginning the Department has espe- cially emphasized Housing Reform as one of the most fundamental of social questions. In 1912 the Unitarian Commission on the Church and the Social Question recommended that a number of committees should be formed in the Department of Social and Public Service, to consider problems of social interest and to sug- gest ways in which the churches could bring their influence to bear upon them. Eighteen committees have been or- 92 Year Book of Church and Social Service ganized, and all but one have presented reports of progress which have been published and distributed in a separate pamphlet. To carry out the suggestions of these general committees, social service committees are being organized in the local churches. The Commission also recommended that theological students should have, wherever possible, a year's residence in some social center, like South End House in Boston, or Hull House in Chicago, where they may get a first-hand acquaintance with the problems of poverty and industrialism, and where they may be trained to deal practically with the questions which they will meet in parochial administration. The Department plans an ex- tension of its field lectureship, and efforts to enlist the churches in securing the passage of social legislation. This year this Department is conducting together with the Meadville Theological School a Social Service Institute. "The Unitarian Fellowship for Social Justice" is an un- official organization that is continually urging the denomina- tion in the direction of the Christian reconstruction of the social order. The Universalist Church. A Commission on Social Service was organized in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 191 1, as a part of the General Convention of the Universalist Church. Dr. Frank O. Hall, New York, Chairman; Prof. Clarence R. Skinner, Tufts College, Secretary; Rev. Frederick Per- kins, Lynn, Massachusetts, Information Department; Rev. Levi M. Powers, Literature Department; Rev. Harold Mar- shall, Melrose, Massachusetts, Open Forum Department; Mr. John R. Shilladay, New York City, Unemployment; Rev. John Van Schaick, Washington, D. C, Cooperation Department; Mr. Orlando Lewis, New York City, Delin- quency Department; Rev. Eugene Bartlett, Brooklyn, New York, Social Service Classes; Mrs. Marion Shutter, Minne- apolis, Minnesota, Women's Societies ; Rev. Fred Moore, Chicago, Illinois, Western Representative. At Chicago, in 19 13, the Church adopted as its distinctive Social Service policy the establishment and encouragement of the Open Forum movement in its churches, and in com- munities where it is not feasible to operate a church forum, Church Social Service Organizations 93 the establishment of community forums. Rev. Harold Mar- shall, chairman of this Department, is also chairman of the new "Cooperative Forum Bureau," with offices in Boston. Many Universalist churches have operated the open forum, notably those at Melrose, Lowell, and Dorchester, Massachu- setts; Stamford, Connecticut; New York City; Chicago; Utica, New York, and others. In the Department of Literature the following have been issued: "A Social Service Bibliography," "A Minimum Social Service Program," "Social Service for the Univer- salist Church." An annual number of the Universalist Leader devoted to Social Service Interests, "Social Service Implications of the Universal Fatherhood of God." "Hand Book of the Men's League of the Universalist Church, containing detailed plan of service for Men's clubs." Just issued: Social Implications of Universalism, by Professor Clarence R. Skinner, Secretary. Price, 50 cents. The ideal of the Commission is to cooperate through other organizations wherever possible. Members of the commis- sion have rendered distinguished service in the following fields : Peace, Unemployment, Open Forum Movement, Delin- quency, Organized Charity, Legislation. It is the plan of the Commission to establish State Com- missions where feasible. These have been formed in: Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connec- ticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois. The following organizations also have their Social Ser- vice Departments : Women's Missionary Society, General Sunday School Association, Young People's Christian Union, and National League of Universalist Laymen. In the Roman Catholic Church there is the Social Service Commission of the American Federation of Catholic Societies. The Secretary is the Rev. Peter E. Dietz, Hot Springs, North Carolina, care of American Academy of Christian Democracy. Social Service, according to the heart of the Catholic Federation, is a spiritual thing primarily, dedicated to the glory of God and the salvation of souls. Among the "rules of Pope Pius X" for the guidance of Roman Catholics in the 94 Year Book of Church and Social Service field of social action, the following is set forth: "In per- forming its functions. Christian democracy is most strictly- bound to depend upon ecclesiastical authority, and to render full submission and obedience to the Bishops and those who represent them." Upon the basis of Pope Leo's Encyclical on Labor, the Federation expresses its sympathy with every legitimate effort to obtain certain industrial standards, which are practically those adopted by the Federal Council of Churches. The Federation urges "also possible cooperation with other institutions, providing for the welfare of the more handicapped members of society, the emigrant, the colonist, the unorganized worker, and the helpless." And recommends "social study circles, lecture courses, confer- ences, institutes for merchants and mechanics, and the study of cooperative movements, especially among farmers." It makes a special declaration regarding the white slave traffic, divorce, and world peace. In the "Monthly Bulletin of the American Federation of Catholic Societies," there is a social service department of four pages, a large part of which is occupied with argu- ments against Socialism. It also treats general social ques- tions and reports and practical social service undertakings. The Secretary of the Commission is also Secretary of the Militia of Christ, an organization of Catholic trade- unionists, and of Catholics who accept "the principles of trade-unions." Non-Catholics are admitted as associate members. This body believes "that the present organiza- tion of society, in so far as it is Christian, is right" ; believes "neither in the anarchy of irresponsible wealth" — "nor in the anarchy of irresponsible labor"; "that every man has a right to possess property even in the toil of production; for when a man engages in remunerative labor, an impelling reason and motive of his work is to obtain property, and thereafter to hold it as his very own"; believes "that labor has the right to organize, and holds that its organization should be so conducted as to furnish to each individual thereof the opportunity to better his condition." Its mem- bers organize therefore, "first of all, to educate ourselves to the better understanding of sound principles of social Church Social Service Organizations 95 justice, the rights and duties of individuals, whether em- ployer or employee"; — "To promote the spirit of fraternity rather than that of class hatred; the cause of industrial peace rather than war; the protection of the individual rather than the creation of state monopoly." An article by the secretary is entitled "There Must Be a Catholic Pro- gram of Labor in the United States." Social service activities in the Roman Catholic Church are not unified, apart from the Catholic Federation and Social Service Commission. There is the National Conference of Catholic Charities, the Rev. William J. Kerby, Secretary, Catholic University, Washington, D. C. The German Catholic Federation has been very prominently identified with social service through its central bureau. Temple Building, St. Louis, Mo. In addition to these large organizations there are a great many subsidiary ones doing social work inde- pendently. The various Jewish bodies have their committees and com- missions in the field of social service. The Central Con- ference of American Rabbis has committees on: Depend- ents, Defectives, and Delinquents; on Civil and Religious Marriage Laws; on Church and State; on Synagogue and the Working Man, which has since been named "The Syna- gogue and Industrial Relations." In 191 1 the Conference adopted the following plan and basis for the work of this committee : Secure a record of the activity of its constituency in behalf of the Jewish laborer, and in the cause of industrial reform. Compile a report of industrial reforms already adopted or proposed by Jewish employers of labor in all lines of industry. Collect data as a record of the achievements of Jews as leaders of theory and practice in industrial reform. Compile a select list of articles, sermons, essays, and other literary productions that reflect the moral aspect of the industrial conflict. Investigate the subject of synagogue administration, cov- ering membership dues and assessments, to ascertain to what 96 Year Book of Church and Social Service extent present methods affect the membership of the laborer in the synagogue. The Executive Committee is instructed to select a Sab- bath in the year in which all members of the Conference are requested to preach to their respective congregations on the moral effects of labor. The committee is authorized, subject to the approval of the Executive Committee, to publish a brief bulletin of its study in the field of industry for circulation among members of the Conference. In 1912 the Committee urged all members of the Con- ference to redouble their efforts to better economic condi- tions of the Jewish working people; that in each community some provision should be made to minister to the religious needs of the working people who are sympathetic to our cause ; that the members of the Conference in their respective communities seek to interest capable young men and women, with inclinations to social service and with sound Jewish feelings, to train for a work which will enable them to act as intermediaries between the working people and the syna- gogue, to effect a reconciliation between the two forces, industry and religion, which are right royal partners in the Jewish system of ethics. The members of the Conference have frequently served on Committees to adjust industrial difficulties. The members of the Conference have also given many sermons and addresses on the subject of industrial peace, and many Jewish merchants and manufacturers have inaugurated many of the best industrial reforms for the good of their employees. The Conference has adopted in its Constitution as Sec- tion II of Article 3 of the By-laws the following clause: The Committee on Synagogue and Industrial Relations shall represent the synagogue as a teacher of social justice. It shall endeavor to promote a better understanding between employers and employees. It shall tender its services, whenever necessary, to bring about a reconciliation between employers and employees. It shall cooperate with similar committees of other churches to advance the cause of justice and mutual good-will in the industrial realm. Church Social Service Organizations 97 At the present time the Conference has a Social Justice Commission which is investigating, with a view to reaching practical results, the ethical phases of the industrial problem. At the last Conference, in Charlevoix, Michigan, July, 191 5, the Commission, in introducing its study of several phases of the subject of Social Justice, prefaced the report with the following introductory statement: During- the past year your Commission on Social Justice and the Committee on Synagogue and Industrial Relations held five meetings in New York City: February 8, March 8, April 19, May 24, and June 4. It was at once recognized by the members of the Commission that its task was so tremendous and its responsibility so serious as to make it impossible to hope to do more than present for this year a small part of a large program which shall develop from year to year. The Commission has begun an investigation of certain phases of social justice in the industrial world. Although the members of the Committee have studied the questions of Social Insurance and Pensions, the Minimum Wage, the Settlement of Industrial Disputes, the Right of the Workers to Organize, and the Co- operative System of Industry, it deems it best to report this year on the following phases of the subject of Social Justice: Child Labor, Housing Reform, Regularization of Labor, the Right of Organization, and the Abolition of Poverty. SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS IN ENGLAND There are various matters in the Social Service Program which are of international concern, for instance, the war against war, and the attack upon white slavery. Certain industrial conditions are also common to several countries. In England and in the United States, the churches are now dealing with the moral and spiritual aspects of the living wage question. In the natural order of things, therefore, the Social Service movement wull increasingly tend to become international. It is impossible to include accounts of the activities of the highly effective denominational social service agencies of England. Some of them have issued most valuable pam- 98 Year Book of Church and Social Service phlets which may be obtained from their Secretaries (see Directory, page 9). Only those which are interdenomina- tional can be mentioned. The Interdenominational Conference of Social Service Unions, in England, organized in 1909, meets twice each year, bringing together the leaders of denominational social service unions. This Conference correlates the policy of these unions and holds a united summer school to consider the one subject which has been chosen for study by the various constituent bodies during the following year. The Secretary of this Conference, from whom a handbook can be obtained, is Miss Lucy Gardner, the Mill House, Wormingford, Colchester, England. The National Council of the Evangelical Free Churches, the organization which unites the Non-conformist churches, has formed a Social Questions Committee, the object of which has been thus defined, "to affirm the social redemptive mission of the Evangelical Free Churches of England, and to make practical suggestions as to how that mission can best be fulfilled." The National Council, in forming this Com- mittee, has ranged itself in line with the Christian Social Union, which has been formed by members of the Anglican Church, and with the Scottish Christian Social Union, which has been formed by representatives of the Evangelical Churches of Scotland. The objects of those two Unions have been set forth more explicitly, and with more fulness, but practically they are identical with those of the Social Questions Committee of the National Free Church Council, and it is hoped that the three bodies will not only work in harmony with one another, but cooperate in numerous ways to promote the social well-being of the people. There are three duties which the National Council has thus devolved upon the Social Questions Committee, which it has formed: I. The study of Christ's teaching, and of the funda- mental principles of the Christian faith in relation to the social problems of our time. Church Social Sei-vice Organizations 99 2. The upholding of Christ's authority as the Lord and Redeemer of human society, as well as of individuals. 3. The wise direction of Christian redemptive efforts, so as to abate and remedy great social evils, which degrade human life. The National Conference Union for Social Service was founded in 1906 at one of the triennial assemblies of the Unitarian, Liberal Christian, Free Christian, Presbyterian, and other non-subscribing and kindred Congregations. The special contribution which this organization makes to the social problem, in addition to a serious study of it, is the application of it to the fundamental principles of Liberal Christianity. The Union has carried through three success- ful summer schools for the study of social questions. The presence at these sessions of representatives from other religious bodies led to the organization of a United Inter- denominational Summer School whose object is "to discuss social problems with definite Christian understanding and purpose, in the hope that the underlying spiritual significance of social reform would be made manifest." The school has held sessions for three summers and has proved to be a unique assemblage, bringing together Anglicans, Baptists, Catholics, Congregationalists, Friends, Presbyterians, Primi- tive Methodists, Unitarians, United Methodists, Wesleyan Methodists, and members of the Student Christian Move- ment, 304 of them living, studying, and cooperating together for a week. The aim of the Union is to induce as many members as possible of the churches and of societies connected with them to take up the systematic study of social questions. It invites those who are already engaged in social work to put their knowledge and experience at the disposal of all. It seeks to induce all whom it can influence to get to know the facts of modern social and industrial life, either by personal investigation or by the study of these facts as set forth by disinterested and competent workers in the social field. It aims to keep members of the churches in touch with the course of social legislation and experiment in England and in other industrial countries. It provides bibliographies and 100 Year Book of Church and Social Service syllabi of study upon such questions as Housing, Sweated Labor, Temperance, Care of the Feeble Minded, and like subjects, either for private use or in classes or study circles, and offers the services of capable lecturers upon current social and industrial topics. Ill PUBLICATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY PUBLICATIONS OF THE FEDERAL COUNCIL COMMISSION 105 East 22nd Street, New York City Books Macfarland, Charles S., Editor. Christian Unity at Work. Fourth Edition. $1.00; prepaid, $1.20. The Second Council, of 191 2. A record of the Federative movement for four years. Edited by the General Secretary and published by authority of the Council. Macfarland, Charles S., Editor. The Churches of the Federal Council : Their History, Organization, and Distinc- tive Characteristics. 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Poverty and Wealth (Suitable for Classes) 50 cents Social Evangelism 50 cents The Social Service Bulletin (Bimonthly) . .Free to members Publications and Bibliography 109 RURAL SURVEYS ,MADE BY THE PRESBYTERIAN DEPARTMENT OF CHURCH AND COUNTRY LIFE 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City General Surveys A Rural Survey in Maryland. A Rural Survey in Tennessee. A Rural Survey in Arkansas. A Rural Survey in Minnesota. Ohio Rural Life Survey Church Growth and Decline in Ohio. Southwestern Ohio. Southeastern Ohio. Northwestern Ohio. Country Churches of Distinction. Greene and Clermont Counties. Surveys, 10 cents each PUBLICATIONS OF THE JOINT COMMISSION ON SOCIAL SERVICE, PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH Address Rev. F. M. 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Single copies on request; $i.oo per loo A Parish Social Service Canvass Blank. Single copies on request; $i.oo per lOO Social Service Record Card No. i : Individuals Serv- ing with Community Agencies. Single copies on request; $i.oo per loo Social Service Record Card No. 2: Community Agencies with which Individuals are Serving. Single copies on request; $1.00 per 100 The Work of the Joint Commission on Social Ser- vice; Semiannual Report of the Executive Secre- tary (May, 1915) Free Some Leading Community Churches (reprinted from The Churchman, May 29, 1915) 2 cents The Layman's Opportunity for Social Service (re- printed from The Churchman, July 17, August 21, 1915) 2 cents PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITARIAN DEPART- MENT OF SOCIAL AND PUBLIC SERVICE 25 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. All these publications are free. The Social Welfare Work of Unitarian Churches. The report of an investigation. Working with Boys. By Elmer S. Forbes. Hints on the organization and conduct of Boys' Clubs. The Individual and the Social Order in Religion. By Frederic A. Hinckley. Individualism and socialism reconciled by religion. Publications and Bibliography 111 A Remedy for Industrial Warfare. By Charles W. Eliot. The Canadian Act for maintenance of industrial peace. The Social Conscience and the Religious Life. By Fran- cis G. Peabody. The awakening of the churches to social problems. Friendly Visiting. By Mary E. Richmond. A direct and personal method of philanthropic activity. Rural Economy as a Factor in the Success of the Church. By Thomas N. Carver. Prosperous members essential to a successful church. The Relation of the Church to the Social Worker. By Herbert Welch. The spiritualization of charity and social reform. The Wise Direction of Church Activities Toward Social Welfare. By Charles W. Eliot. Points out effective social work which churches can do. The Democracy of the Kingdom. By Charles D. Wil- liams. The church must stand for men simply as men. Bad Housing and What It Means to the Community. By Albion Fellows Bacon. The effect of slum life on physical and moral health. City Building in Germany. By Frederic C. Howe. Art, foresight, and common-sense in city development. Religious Work and Opportunity in Country Towns. The Report of a Committee of Investigation. Comprehensive Planning for Small Towns and Villages. By John Nolen. How to prevent mistakes in the growth of towns. The Inter-relation of Social Movements. By Mary E. Richmond. Shows how different social movements are connected. Vocational Guidance. By Meyer Bloomfield. An effort to fit youth for their life-work. The Improvement of the Rural School. By Updegraff. The benefit to country life of the socialized school. Knowing One's Own Community. By Carol Aronovici. Suggestions for social surveys of small cities and towns. Social Service for Young People in the Church School. By Clara Bancroft Beatley. The social interest of young people developed by service. 112 Year Book of Church and Social Service The Church at Work. By Elmer S. Forbes. Discusses parish organization for social work. Social and Civic Centers. By Edward J. Ward. Concerned with the larger use of public school buildings. A Rural Experiment. By Ernest Bradley. A study of the recreation of a country community. A Practical Platform for Social Progress. By Charles F. Dole. Suggests ways in which social ideals can be realized. The Rural Problem and the Country Minister. By Joseph Woodbury Strout. A diagnosis of the backwardness of the country. Prisoners' Work. By E. Stagg Whitin. Aimed against the exploitation of the convict. Conservation of National Resources. Calls a halt upon national extravagance and waste. Both sides of the Servant Question. By Annie Winsor Allen. The way out of a difficult social problem. The Control of Tuberculosis. By Mark W. Richardson. Shows how tuberculosis can be exterminated. Copartnership in Housing. By Paul Revere Frothingham. An English method of solving the housing problem. The Church and New Americans. By George W. Tupper, Considers the duty of Protestant churches to immigrants. Problems and Opportunities of Country Life. By Mar- garet B. Barnard. The report of a social survey in rural New England. The Church and the City. By Paul Moore Strayer. The task of the church is to make every city a city of God. Religion and the World's Peace. By Howard N. Brown. Considers the influence of fear in provoking war. PUBLICATIONS OF THE MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City Note — Prices include transportation Douglass, H. Paul. The New Home Missions. 60 cents. A social interpretation of Home Missions, Felton, Ralph A. A Study of a Rural Parish. 50 cents. The latest and most helpful method of making a survey of a rural parish is presented. Publications^ and Bibliography 113 Faunce, W. H. P. The Social Aspects of Foreign Mis- sions. 60 cents. Gulick, Sidney L. Working Women of Japan. 50 cents. A stirring story of the social life of the working women of Japan. Mathews, Shailer. The Individual and the Social Gospel. 25 cents. A discussion of the social gospel from both the home and foreign mission standpoint. Shriver, William P. Immigrant Forces. 60 cents. Suggests the opportunity of the church in work among immigrants. Wilson, Warren H. The Church of the Open Country. 60 cents. The author shows that the church has a fundamental relation to the development of modern country life. Shriver, William P. A Survey Blank for an Immigrant Community. 5 cents. A short and simple survey blank for the preliminary study of the foreign populations of any community. Taft, Anna B. Community Study for Country Districts. 35 cents. A selected bibliography and a series of suggested charts make it exceed- ingly helpful in making a survey. Ward, Harry F. Social Evangelism. 50 cents. Shows how evangelism must include not only the regeneration of the individual but also the community and society in general. Wilson, Warren H. Community Study for Cities. 35 cents. Discusses twelve different themes dealing with the life of the community. Wilson, Warren H. The Church at the Center. 50 cents. A discussion of the rural church as a community center. Mills, Harlow S. The Making of a Country Parish, a Story. 50 cents. A church serving the people, all the people, and all interests of the people. Tippy, Worth M. The Church a Community Force. 50 cents. A most constructive and stimulating document, marking a new path for the church as a social force. Diffendorfer, Ralph E. (Compiler). Thy Kingdom Come. 25 cents. A book of social prayers for public and private use. Huhn, Bruno. Our Country for All. 25 cents each, $2.50 a dozen, net. A Cantata for National and Festival Occasions. 114 Year Book of Church and Social Service Mason, Irene. A Land of Brotherhood. A Thanksgiving Program for the Sunday-school. $1.50 per hundred, includ- ing ten supplements. By mail, $1.80. Extra supplements, I cent each. Mason, Irene. The Christmas Spirit. 10 cents. Suggestions for the celebration of Christmas by the whole church in harmony with the spirit of the social gospel. A Selection of New Social Hymns. $7.50 a hundred. Twenty-two new social hymns, most of which are set to familiar hymn tunes. PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION PRESS 124 East 28th Street, New York City Brown, John, Jr. Outdoor Athletic Test for Boys. 20 cents. An effort to meet the demand for a standard grading and athletic test in rural schools. Cocks, O. G. Engagement and Marriage. 25 cents. The practical consideration of marriage as definitely related to social and economic conditions. Cocks, O. G. Social Evil and Methods of Treatment. 25 cents. Designed for use as a basis and outline for discussion in groups of laymen. Devine, E. T. Family and Social Work. 60 cents. Edwards, Richard Henry. Christianity and Amusements. 50 cents. A treatment of Christian principles in relation to amusements. Edwards, Richard Henry. Popular Amusements. $1.00. The author measures the extent and morals of commercial amusements, and gives practical suggestions. Exner, M. J. Physician's Answer. 15 cents; per dozen, $1.50. An appeal for sexual continence that makes men think. Fiske, G. W. Boy Life and Self-Government. $1.00. Fiske, G. W. Challenge of the Country. 75 cents. A vital, comprehensive, and adequate book. Hall, Winfield S. Developing Into Manhood. 25 cents. This book is designed to answer intelligently and authoritatively the questions which occur to every boy during the period of adolescence. Teachers will find it especially helpful in outlining a more extended and detailed course in eugenics. Publications and Bibliography 115 Hall, Winfield S. From Youth Into Manhood. 50 cents. Teachers, parents, friends, and every adolescent boy need a copy of this book. Hall, Winfield S. Life's Beginnings. 25 cents. Brief but clear explanations that will enable boys from ten to fourteen years to strive intelligently for the wholesome manhood which is their rightful heritage. Jenks, Jeremiah W. Life Questions of School Boys. 40 cents. This book deals in a most skilful and helpful way with the ideals, con- duct, and point of contact of schoolboys. Jenks, Jeremiah W. Personal Problems of Boys Who Work. 40 cents. Selected material from the previous volume has been appropriately adapted and supplies a basis of proven value. Jenks, Jeremiah W. Social Teachings of Jesus. 75 cents. A twelve weeks' course treating the social aspect of Jesus' teachings. Lansing, L J. Social Program of the Lord's Prayer. 40 cents. A unique and eminently practical interpretation of the Lord's Prayer as a program of social service. Lyon, D. Willard. Christian Equivalent of War. 50 cents. A study of the elemental factors involved in the use of force, whether manifested in international, civic, or social relations, or in personal conduct. Roberts, Peter. Civics for Coming Americans. 15 cents. Intelligent guidance for those patriots who would gladly help "Coming Americans." Roberts, Peter. English for Coming Americans. Teacher's manual, cloth, 50 cents. A rational system of teaching English to foreigners quickly. Roberts, Peter. Immigrant and the Community. 50 cents. A comprehensive and well-ordered series of papers containing facts and conclusions by writers who know what they are talking about. Roberts, Peter. Juvenile Delinquent. 50 cents. Each paper is by a man picked from the crowd because of special fitness to treat that particular subject. Trawick, A. M. City Church and Its Social Mission. 60 cents. The opportunity of the city church in the leadership of social service. Weatherford, W. D. Negro Life in the South. 50 cents. A well-arranged collection of concrete facts, by an open-minded Southerner. Weatherford, W. D. Present Forces in Negro Progress. 50 cents. A fair-minded statement of conditions as they are. 116 Year Book of Church and Social Service Weaver, E. W. Profitable Vocations for Boys. $i.oo. A book that stands alone in its field. Wood, H. G. Personal Economy and Social Reform. 50 cents. What to spend and how to spend it rightly. Wood, H. G. Salaried Positions for Men in Social Work. 15 cents. Showing the need for able leaders in social service. Wood, H. G. Social Needs and the Colleges. 15 cents; per dozen, $1.50. The conclusions and practical recommendations of a conference of leaders in Christian social work. Wood, H. G. Social Service Message. $1.00. The practical interpretation of individual and cooperative effort for civic and community betterment. Wood, H. G. Christian Social Order. Each, 10 cents; fifteen, $1.00; per hundred, $5.00. A series of Bible readings covering a period of thirteen weeks. Ways and Means. 15 cents. Methods of work for and with industrial workers. Y. M. C. A. and Health. 50 cents. A very complete discussion of the extent of illness and death in the United States; the kind of health instruction needed and provision of recreation. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL BOARD OF THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS 600 Lexington Avenue, New York City Federation Report. F. Simms and H. Thomas $0.15 Eight Weeks Clubs 10 Rural Manhood, November, 191 5 10 Altamont Camp Council 25 Household Employment 15 Publications and Bibliography 117 GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY READING LISTS Issued by the Commission on the Church and Social Service of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. Human Documents of the Social Movement in the United States A Course of Reading Specially Recommended for Young People Addams. Twenty Years at Hull House. $1.50, net. Riis. The Making of an American. 50 cents, net. Steiner. Against the Current. $1.25, net. Washington. Up from Slavery. 50 cents, net. Irvine. From the Bottom Up. 50 cents, net. Gladden. Recollections. $2.50, net. Antin. The Promised Land. $1.75, net. Anon. Undistinguished Americans. $1.10, net. BarrcHv\^s. A Sunny Life. $1.50, net. Keller. Out of the Dark. $1.00, net. Bacon. Beauty for Ashes. $1.50, net. A Brief List of Books for Beginners Rauschenbusch. Christianizing the Social Order. $1.50, net. Batten. The Social Task of Christianity. $1.25, net. Ward. The Social Creed of the Churches. 50 cents, net. Macfarland. The Christian Ministry and the Social Order. $1.25, net. Devine. Misery and Its Causes. 50 cents, net. Strong. The Next Great Awakening. 75 and 35 cents, net. Carlton. The Industrial Situation. 75 cents, net. Gardner. The Ethics of Jesus and Social Progress. $1.25, net. 118 Year Book of Church and Social Service Addams. The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets. 50 cents, net. Ell wood. The Social Problem. $1.25, net. Ross. Sin and Society. $1.00, net. Jenks and Lauck. The Immigration Problem. $1.75, net. Weyl. The New Democracy. $2.00, net. Wilson. The Church at the Center. 50 cents, prepaid. Conyngton. How to Help. $1.50, net. Felton. The Study of a Rural Parish. 50 cents, prepaid. George. Progress and Poverty. $1.00, net. Dickinson. The Christian Reconstruction of Modern Life. $1.50, net. Gore and Others. Property: Its Duties and Rights. $1.40, net. Sears. The Redemption of the City. 50 and 35 cents, net. Croly. Progressive Democracy. $2.00, net. Lippmann. Preface to Politics. $1.50, net. A Selected List of Books on the Social Movement in THE Churches of the United States Strong. The New World Life. 50 cents and $1.00. Strong. The New World Religion. $1.50, net. Peabody. Jesus Christ and the Social Question. 50 cents, net. Rauschenbusch. Christianity and the Social Crisis. 50 cents, net. Brown. The Social Message of the Modern Pulpit. 50 cents, net. Gladden. The Church and Modern Life. $1.25, net. Batten. The Social Task of Christianity. $1.25, net. Macfarland. The Christian Ministry and the Social Order. $1.25, net. Mathews. The Church and the Changing Order. 50 cents, net. Publications and Bibliography 119 Crooker. The Church of To-day. 50 cents, net. Hodges. Faith and Social Service. $1.00, net. Earp. The Social Engineer. $1.50, net. Wilson. The Church of the Open Country. 60 and 40 cents, prepaid. Wilson. The Evolution of a Country Community. $1.35, net. Butterfield. The Country Church and the Rural Problem. $1.00, net. Ward. The Social Creed of the Churches. 50 cents, net. King. Theology and the Social Consciousness. 50 cents, net. Felton. The Study of a Rural Parish. 50 cents, prepaid. Hyde. Outlines of Social Theology. $1.50, net. Hall. Social Solutions in the Light of Christian Ethics. $1.50, net. Henderson. Social Duties from the Christian Point of View. $1.25, net. Patten. The Social Basis of Religion. $1.25, net. Vedder. Socialism and the Ethics of Jesus. 50 cents, net. Stelzle. American Social and Religious Conditions. $1.00, net. Munro. The Government of American Cities. $2.00, net. Streightoff. Distribution of Incomes in the United States. $1.50, net. Smith. Social Idealism and the Changing Theology. $1.25, net Kelley. Modern Industry. $i.co, net. Nearing. Social Religion. $1.00, net, 120 Year Book of Church and Social Service A COURSE OF READING ON SOCIAL SUBJECTS FOR MINISTERS AND WORKERS Issued hy The Commission on the Church and Social Service of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America PART I SUBJECT The Social Task of Chris- tianity. The Home The City. The Country The Industrial Problem. SUGGESTED Rauschenbusc h — Christianity and the Social Crisis; Batten — The Social Task of Christianity; Macfar- land — The Christian Ministry and the So- cial Order; Ward— The Social Creed of the Churches; Mathews — The Church and the Changing Order. Thwing—The Family; Riis—The Peril and Preservation of the Home; Dealey — The Family in Its Socio- logical Aspects; Devine The Family. Strong — The Challenge of the City; Sears — The Redemption of the City; Coodnow — Mu- nicipal Government ; Wilcox — Great Cities in America. Butterfield— The Coun- try Church and the Rural Problem ; Fiske — The Challenge of the Country; Wilson — Evolution of the Coun- try Community; Wil- son — The Church of the Open Country; Bemies — The Church in the Country Town. Rauschenbusc h — Christianizing the So- cial Order; Red field — The New Industrial Day; Carlton — History and Problems of Or- ganized Labor; Gore — Property: Its Duties and Rights; Hobson — Work and Wealth. ALTERNATIVE Taylor — Religion in Social Action; Dickin- son — The Christian Reconstruction of Modern Life; Cut- ting — The Church and Society; Peabody — Jesus Christ and the Social Question. Veiller — Housing Re- form ; S P ar g o — The Bitter Cry of the Chil- dren; Mangold — Child Problem s ; Cope — Re- ligious Education in the Family; Whetham The Family and the Nation. Howard — Matrimonial Institutions; D av e n- port — Heredity in Re- lation to Eugenics; Forbush — The Coming Generation; Kin g — Social Aspects of Edu- cation. Stehle — Christianity's Storm Center; Addams —The Spirit of Youth and City Streets; Beard — City Govern- m e n t in America; Munro — The Govern- ment of American Cit- ies; Riis—ThQ Battle with the Slums. Gill and Pinchot — The Country Church; But- t e r fi e I d — Chapters in Rural Progress; An- derson — The Country Town; Plunkett— Rural Life Problems in the United States. K ell e y — Modern In- dustry; Adatns and Sumner — Labor Prob- lems; Batten — The So- cial Problem; Carlton — The Industrial Sit- uation; Balch — Chris- tianity and the Labor Movement; Wright — Practical Sociology; Brook s — The Social Unrest. SUPPLEMENTARY Hodges — Faith and So- cial Service ; Brown — The Social Message of the Modern Pulpit; Carte r— The Church and the New Age; King — Moral and Re- ligious Challenge of Our Times. Rowe — The Problems of City Government: Lincoln — The City of the Dinner Pail; Wood —The City Wilder- ness; Kellogg — The Pittsburgh Survey; Woodruff — C o m m i s - sion Government. Gillette — Constructive Rural Sociology; Car- ver — Principles of Rural Economics ; Report of the Country Life Commission; Baily — Country Life Movement. Mitchell — Organized Labor; Jenks — The Trust Problem; Hob- son — The Evolution of Modem Capitalism; Hearing — Wages in the United States; Stelzle — The Church and the Working- Man; K e U logg—The Pittsburgh Survey. Publications and Bibliography PART II 121 SUBJECT SUGGESTED ALTERNATIVE SUPPLEMENTARY The Social Task of Chris- tianity. Rausclienbusc h — Christianity and the Social Crisis; Batten — The Social Task of Christianity; Macfar- land — The Christian Ministry and the So- cial Order; Ward— The Social Creed of the Churches; Mathews — The Church and the Changing Order. Ely — Outlines of Econ- omics; PFard— Applied Sociology; Elhvood — Sociology in Its Psy- chological Aspects; Small — General So- ciology; Cooley — Social Organization. McKenzie — Intro- duction to Social Phil- osophy; Patten — The New Basis of Civiliza- tion ; Fairbanks — In- troduction to So- ciology; Ross — Social Control. The Home. Thwing — The Family; Riis — The Peril and Preservation of the Home ; Dealey — The Family in Its Socio- logical Aspects; Devine — The Family. Hall— Social Solutions; Watson — Social Ad- vance; Henderson — So- cial Duties; Henderson — Social Programmes of the West; Addams — Newer Ideals of Peace. Frcmantle—The World as the Subject of Re- demption; Nash — The Genesis of the Social Conscience; Ross — Sin and Society; Addams — Democracy and So- cial Ethics; Patten — The Social Basis of Religion. The City. Strong — The Challenge of the City; Sears — The Redemption of the City; Goodnow — Municipal Govern- ment; Wilcox — Great Cities in America. Simkhovitch — Marxism Versus So- cialism; Skelton — So- cialism; S p ar go — Socialism; Hillquit — Socialism Summed Up; Broo/fei— The I. W.W.; Ramsey — Individual- ism; Feeder- Socialism and the Ethics of Jesus. Wells — New Worlds for Old; 5om&flr/— So- cialism and the Social Movement; Bernstein — Evolutionary Social- ism; George — Progress and Poverty; Wallas — The Great Society. The Country Butterfield — The Coun- try Church and the Rural Problem; Fiske —The Challenge of the Country; Wilson — Evolution of the Coun- try Community; Wil- son— The Church of the Open Country; Bemies — The Church in the Country Town. Willoughby — T h e State; Lowell— Fuhlic Opinion and Popular Government; Dole — The Spirit of Democ- racy; Wilson — The State; Garner — Intro- duction to Political Science. Bluntschli — The Theory of the State; Smith — The Spirit of American Govern- ment; Goodnow — So- cial Reform and the Constitution. The Industrial Problem. Rauschenbusc h — Christianizing the So- cial Order; Redfield— The New Industrial Day; Carlton — History and Problems of Or- ganized Labor; Gore- Property: Its Duties and Rights; Hobson — Work and Wealth. Smith — Social Pathol- ogy; Devine — Prin- ciples of Relief; Healy —The Individual De- linquent; Hollander — The Abolition of Pov- e r t y; Beveridge — Unemployment ; Hall — Crime and Social Progress; Hunter — Poverty. Richmond — The Good Neighbor; Wines — Punishment and Re- form; Report of Com- mittee of Fifteen— The Social Evil; Addams— The New Conscience and an Ancient Evil; Report of Committee of Fi/iy— Substitutes for the Saloon. 122 Year Book of Church and Social Service A BOOK-A-MONTH READING COURSE ON SOCIAL CHRISTIANITY Suggested by the Baptist Social Service Commission Rauschenbusch. Christianity and the Social Crisis. 50 cents. Batten. The Social Task of Christianity. $1.25. Mathews. The Social Teaching of Jesus. 50 cents. Ward. The Social Creed of the Churches. 50 cents. Strong. The Challenge of the City. 60 cents and 40 cents. Or Fiske. The Challenge of the Country. 75 cents and 50 cents. Ellwood. Sociology and Modern Social Problems. $1.00. Peabody. The Liquor Problem: a Summary. $1.00. Conyngton. How to Help. $1.50. Jenks and Lauck. The Immigration Problem. $1.75. Carlton. History and Problems of Organized Labor. $2.00. Weyl. The New Democracy. $2.00. Stelzle. American Social and Religious Conditions. $1.00. SOME SIGNIFICANT BOOKS OF 1914-15 General The Social Problem, Ellwood. Macmillan, New York. $1.25, 255 pp. A constructive analysis. The different elements of the social problem are all adequately considered and the outlines of a sound social philosophy are drawn. The Great Society, Wallas. Macmillan, New York. $2.00, 383 PP- A study in social psychology. It analyzes the general social organization of a large modern state. Progressive Democracy, Croly. Macmillan, New York. $2.00, 438 pp. A spiritual interpretation of the political and economic ideas that have been shaping American development since igi2. The State, Oppenheimer. Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis. $1.25, 302 pp. Presents the state as the institution of a dominant class, maintained and used for purposes of economic exploitation. Publications and Bibliography 123 The Sovereign People, Dorchester, Methodist Book Con- cern, New York. $i.oo, 243 pp. A discussion of some of the expressions and implications of the move- ment toward democracy. Social Heredity and Social Evolution, Conn. Abingdon Press, New York. $1.50, 348 pp. Contends that the forces which can be grouped under the head of social heredity play a larger part in the control of social evolution than do those which come under the title of organic heredity. The Soul of America, Coit. Macmillan, New York. $2.00, 405 pp. An attempt to develop the sociology of religion; a Prospectus of a scheme for conserving and developing the spiritual resources of this nation. The American City, Howe. Scribners, New York. $1.50, 383 PP- A study of the American city at work, based on an intimate inside knowledge. Reflects the view-point of men who are doing things and striv- ing for ideals. The Making of a Nation, Kent and Jenks. Scribners, New York. 75 cents, 100 pp. This is an addition to the literature of the social interpretation of Biblical history for Bible classes. The Liquor Problem, Richardson. Methodist Book Con- cern, New York. 50 cents, 140 pp. A study course of thirteen lessons for Adult Bible classes, dealing with the various aspects of this problem. The Field of Social Service, Davis. Small-Maynard, New York. $1.50, 420 pp. A study course in social service designed for volunteer social workers. Social Christianity The Gospel of Jesus and the Problems of Democracy, Vedder. Macmillan, New York. $1.50, 410 pp. Outlines the attitude the church must take toward the outstanding social problems and the measures it must support for their solution. The Ethics of Jesus and Social Progress, Gardner. Doran, New York. $1.25, 361 pp. A thoroughly comprehensive review of the results and demands of Christian ethics in society. Social Institutions and Ideals of the Bible, Soares. Abing- don Press, New York. $1.50, 380 pp. A study of the elements of Hebrew life in their development from the beginnings to the time of Christ, and of the social teachings of the prophets, sages, and of Jesus. 124 Year Book of Church and Social Service The New World Religion, Strong. Doubleday, New York. $1.50, 526 pp. This is a vigorous challenge to organized Christianity to gain once more the world vision of its Founder, if it would survive. Social Messages, Barnes. Methodist Book Concern, New York. 50 cents, 100 pp. A summary of the social messages of John Wesley, Charles Kingsley, Frederick D. Maurice, and Frederick W. Robertson. The Individual and the Social Gospel, Mathews. Mission- ary Education Movement, New York. 25 cents, 84 pp. Emphasizes the social work of missions; both the home and foreign standpoints are considered. The Socialised Church The Reconstruction of the Church, Strayer. Macmillan, New York. $1.50, 309 pp. Faces the weak points in modern church life, and contains many stimulating, practical suggestions born of actual experience. The Church as a Community Force, Tippy. Missionary Education Movement, New York. 50 cents, 80 pp. The story of nine years' constructive work and of the methods employed. Social Evangelism, Ward. Missionary Education Move- ment, New York. 50 cents, 145 pp. Contends for an evangelism that will comprehend the social order as well as the individual. The Call of the New Day to the Old Church, Stelzle. Revell, New York. 25 cents, 48 pp. Describes the great opportunities that are crowding upon the church, and challenges to service and to sacrifice. The Community Survey in Relation to Church Efficiency, Carroll. Abingdon Press, New York. $1.00, 128 pp. A concrete example of the modem method of approaching the task of the church. Christianity and Amusements, Edwards. Association Press, New York. 50 cents, 157 pp. Its approach to the amusement situation is through personal, moral questions. It suggests a community program both restrictive and constructive. Christian Service and the Modern World, Macfarland. Revell, New York. 75 cents, 140 pp. Sets forth the social expression of Christian experience in relation to disease, industry, and internationalism. Democracy in the Making, Coleman. Little-Brown, Boston. $1.50, 340 pp. A full account of what has been accomplished at Ford Hall in seven years of Sunday evening Forum work. Publications and Bibliography 125 The Church and the People's Play, Atkinson. Pilgrim Press, Boston. $1.25, 259 pp. Sticks to the facts, judiciously estimates the moral values in recreation, and offers a program for the church in this field. Social Christianity in the Orient, Clough. Macmillan, New York. $1.50, 409 pp. A gripping narrative of the beginning of the great mass movement among the Telugus in India, and its effect upon the caste system. The New Home Missions, Douglass. Missionary Educa- tion Movement, New York. 60 cents, 266 pp. Presents the intensive and social aspects of Home Missions. The Social Aspects of Foreign Missions, Faunce. Mis- sionary Education Movement, New York. 60 cents, 309 pp. Deals with the interchange of East and West, as well as with the social values in missionary work. Graded Social Service in the Sunday School, Hutchins. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 75 cents, 135 pp. The underlying principles of the subject are briefly sketched. There are valuable reports of methods now in use, with some account of the results obtained. The Place of the Church in Evolution, Tyler. Houghton- Mifflin, Boston. $1.10, 201 pp. Finds the key and the goal of evolution in the personality of Jesus. The place of the church is to be the power-house from which the spirit of Jesus is put into life. The City Church and Its Social Mission, Trawick. Asso- ciation Press, New York. 60 cents, 166 pp. A study of the city church in relation to family life, the public care of children, charity, the labor problem, and social vice. The Community Survey in Relation to Church Efficiency. Carroll. Abingdon Press, New York. $i.oo, 128 pp. Shows clearly the church need for the survey method, and gives valuable directions for its application in church work. Comm u n ity Welfare Problems of Child Welfare, Mangold. Macmillan, New York. $2.00, 522 pp. No question which directly touches the life of the child has been omitted and the subject is handled with thoroughness and accuracy. Boyhood and Lawlessness — The Neglected Girl, Goldmark- True. Russell Sage Foundation, New York. $2.00, 358 pp. A searching study of young life on New York's West Side; a clear warning that the hopeless, debasing poverty of the older countries is not entirely unknown here. 126 Year Book of Church and Social Service Safeguards for City Youth at Work and at Play, Bowen. Macmillan, New York. $1.50, 241 pp. A record of the experience of the juvenile Protective Association in Chicago, showing what must be done to protect the children of the cities. Street Land, Davis. Small-Maynard, Boston. $1.35, 291pp. A close observation of the streets and their subtle relations to home, work and play, school and health, vice and virtue, and many other important phases of child life. Industrial Work and Wealth, Hobson. Macmillan, New York. $2.00, 367 pp. An attempt to write economics in terms of spiritual values. A funda- mental work. Modern Industry, Kelley. Longmans, New York. $1.00, 147 pp. A brief review of the effects of modern industry upon the family, health, education, and morality. American Labor Unions, Marot. Holt, New York. $1.25, 275 PP- An interpretation without obtrusive comment revealing to the reader the heart as well as the mind of labor. The Industrial Situation, Carlton. Revell, New York. 75 cents, 159 pp. Treats the various factors — wages, hours, trade unions, child labor, employers' associations — with the skill of a scholar and the sympathy of a brother laborer. Violence and the Labor Movement, Hunter. Macmillan, New York. $1.50, 388 pp. Presents the long conflict between Anarchism and Socialism, and sets forth the story of American labor struggles. The Church and the Labor Conflict, Womer. Macmillan, New York. $1.50, 302 pp. Summarizes for the preacher material familiar to the student of this field. Boycotts and the Labor Struggle, Laidler. Lane, New York. $2.00, 488 pp. A careful history of the use of the boycott in labor disputes and also of its legal status. Copartnership and Profit Sharing, Williams. Holt, New York. 50 cents, 256 pp. A brief authoritative statement of the present state of the movement in England and the United States. Financing the Wage Earner's Family, Nearing. Huebsch, New York. $1.25, 171 pp. A sequel to his book on wages. This discussion is not final but there are facts here which should be widely known. Publications and Bibliography 127 The Working Man's Christ, Thorns. Dodd-Mead, New York. $1.25, 292 pp. A comprehensive review of recent material in the field of social Chris- tianity. Conciliation and Arbitration in the Coal Industry of Amer- ica, Suffern. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston. $2.00, 376 pp. A study of the most widely extended application of collective bargaining in this country. The Rise of the Working Class, Crapsey. Century, New York. $1.30, 382 pp. Gives some interesting glimpses into the working class program and philosophy. Citizens in Industry, Henderson. Appleton, New York. $1.50, 342 pp. Shows by concrete example how a high grade of efficiency has been obtained, not only in many industries in America and in England, but in India, China, and Japan, where European models have been adapted to Oriental conditions. The Trade Union Woman, Alice Henry. Appleton, New York. $1.50, 314 pp. A concise account of trade unionism in its relation to working women in the United States. The only complete work in this field. Income, Nearing. Macmillan, New York. $1.25, 238 pp. A study of income facts in the United States, on the basis of a new classification, separating "property income" from "service income," and out- lining their relationship and conflict. Socialism The Larger Aspects of Socialism, Walling. Macmillan, New York. $1.50, 406 pp. Develops the creative aspects of Socialism, and relates it to the scientific movement; also to the practical questions of religion, education, morality, and sex. Socialism and Motherhood, Spargo. Huebsch, New York. 60 cents, 128 pp. An appeal to mothers of the race to recognize the contribution which Socialism offers to their welfare. Poverty The Abolition of Poverty, Hollander. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston. 75 cents, 122 pp. A brief, clear, and conservative putting of the economic basis of the hope of the abolition of poverty. Poverty and Wealth, Ward. Methodist Book Concern, New York. 50 cents, 135 pp. Indicates society's unquestioned obligation to the poor, and the social causes of poverty upon which that obligation is based. 128 Year Book of Church and Social Service Poverty and Waste, Withers. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston. $1.25, 180 pp. An exposition of the responsibility of the consumer for the maintenance of poverty. Reducing the Cost of Living, Nearing. Jacobs, Phila- delphia. $1.25, 343 pp. A detailed study of nine specific causes of the high cost of living, with specific remedies proposed for each. The Exodus from Poverty, Craft. Economic Publishing Co., Bridgeport, Conn. $2.00, 254 pp. Proposes the organization of life and industry around the principle of giving in service, so that prices, profits, and wages are unnecessary. Peace Selected Quotations on Peace and War, Henry H. Meyer, Editor. Federal Council, New York. $1.00, 540 pp. A study in Christian fraternity; prepared especially for study classes. The Fight for Peace, Gulick. Revell, New York. 50 cents, 192 pp. Aims to furnish a constructive peace program for the churches. The Japanese Problem in the United States, Millis. Fed- eral Council, New York. $1.50, 334 pp. Presents all the facts concerning the Japanese group in our population. Rural The Holy Earth, Bailey. Scribner, New York. $1.00, 171 pp. Delightful essays upon the philosophy, poetry, and idealism of life in the country. Rural Denmark and Its Schools, Foght. Macmillan, New York. $1.40, net, 349 pp. A careful, thorough discussion of the schools of Denmark for American use. The American Country Girl, Crow. Stokes, New York. $1.50, 167 pp. Presents the country girl from the point of view of the city observer or of the university visitor. Rural Credits, Herrick. Appleton, New York. $2.00, 519 PP- The best book on the principles and practice of rural cooperative organ- ization that we have in English. A Social Survey in Arkansas, Wilson and Ashenhurst. Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, New York. 10 cents. A Social Survey in Tulare County, California. Wilson and Publications and Bibliography 129 Morse. Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, New York. 10 cents. Educational Resources of Village and Rural Communities, Hart. Macmillan, New York. $i.oo, 277 pp. A guide for those who wish to discover and develop the whole resources of the country community. Country Life and the Country School, Carney. Row- Peterson, Chicago. $1.25, 405 pp. A manual of efficiency in the country school, by a trainer of country teachers. The Work of the Rural School, Eggleston and Bruere. Harpers, New York. $1.00, 286 pp. Presents the outline of a reorganized rural school system based on work actually done. Rural Life and Education, Cubberly. Houghton-Mifflin, New York. $1.50, 367 pp. A historical summary of the effect of recent industrial and educational changes upon rural life. The Making of a Country Parish, Mills. Missionary Edu- cation Movement, New York. 50 cents, 126 pp. The record of many years of actual achievement. The Rural Church Movement, Earp. Methodist Book Concern, New York. 75 cents, 177 pp. A brief but comprehensive summary. The Church at the Center, Wilson. Missionary Educa- tion Movement, New York. 50 cents, 98 pp. Outlines the relation of the church to the rural community. Village Improvement, Farwell. Sturgis & Walton, New York. $1.00, 362 pp. Tells what a small group of people may do to improve their surroundings and includes a valuable chapter on the opportunity of the rural church. Human Interest Beauty for Ashes, Bacon. Dodd-Mead, New York. $1.50, 360 pp. A story of the leading out of one sheltered woman into sympathetic con- tact with the poor until she secured the passage of a housing law in her state. The Man Behind the Bars, Taylor. Scribners, New York. $1.50, 302 pp. Reveals the traditional penal system as an ugly process of the manu- facture of criminals from the same stuff of which good men are made. A Far Journey, Ribhany. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston. $1.75, 352 pp. Reveals the attitude of preachers and churches toward immigrants. 130 Year Book of Church and Social Service From Alien to Citizen, Steiner. Revell, New York. $i.5o» 332 pp. Raises a stirring challenge, and despite his optimism reveals the fact that conditions which well-nigh spoiled his life still exist. The House on Henry Street, Wald. Holt, New York. $2.00, 317 pp. The human story of immigration arising out of twenty years' intimate experience in a New York settlement. The Story of Canada Blackie, Field. Button, New York. $1.00, 157 pp. A series of letters from a desperate criminal revealing the transforming power of sympathy and trust. The Mixing, White. Doubleday, New York. $1.20, 344 pp. Describes the making of a village Utopia; some of its suggestions may be made to work anywhere. Adapted for Study Classes The Making of a Nation, Kent and Jenks. The City Church and Its Social Mission, Trawick. The Field of Social Service, Davis. The Liquor Problem, Richardson. Poverty and Wealth, Ward. International Peace, Richardson. The New Home Missions, Douglass. The Social Aspects of Foreign Missions, Faunce. Christianity and Amusements, Edwards. The Individual and the Social Gospel, Mathews. Studies in the Gospel of the Kingdom, edited by Josiah Strong, are of value for class study of social problems. Paper, 75 cents. IV METHODS AND PROGRAMS THIS chapter presents the suggestions for methods and programs for local churches and groups of churches which have been worked out by the various denominational agencies. Full pamphlets on the subjects treated can be ob- tained from the respective Secretaries. ^ The denominational or other source is indicated in each case. The full title and address of every organization can be found from the direc- tory at the front of this Year Book. The Federal Council Commission also has "A Plan of Social Work/' covering the general field. ORGANIZING THE CHURCH FOR COMAIUNITY MINISTRY Baptist (Northern) Every church should have a constructive program for serving the social needs of its community, either individually or through the largest possible cooperation with other organizations for human uplift. — Every church should create a Social Service Committee, to have general supervision of all the social service work. This committee should contain a representative from the deacons, the Sunday school, the young people's society, the men's Brotherhood, and the women's Society, with the pastor, ex officio, a member. The committee should organize with a chairman and a secre- tary, and should have regular meetings at least once a month. It should carefully study the local situation, the needs of the community, and the resources of the church, and should have ^The statements or material throughout Chapters IV-VI taken from these pamphlets or other literature is put in smaller type and without quotation marks, but the passing from one selection to another is indicated by a dash after the period or other point at the end of a selection. 131 182 Year Book of Church and Social Service a definite constructive program. It should create such sub- committees as may be needed for special work. It should suggest ways whereby the efforts of the people may become most effective in community betterment. It should have a well- formulated policy of social service instruction in and through the church. It should keep the church and congregation in- formed concerning such matters as demand their interest and effort. It should cooperate with the Educational Committee and all agencies of the church which are seeking to guide the thought and to train the conscience of the people. Persons should be chosen for membership on this committee who are specially interested in social service and show special fitness for its work; this committee is for action, and it has no place for merely ornamental and honorary members. Congregational It is suggested that each church and Brotherhood have a com- mittee to be known as "The Committee on Labor and Social Service." Its functions shall be to come in touch with the labor forces of the city; to become acquainted with the local situation; to bring the results before the church, and relate the church, in an efficient way, to the other agencies that are working for betterment. Make this committee permanent. Give its report consideration. Such a committee can be of great value in bring- ing together the employers and employees in case of an industrial conflict. Friends In many of our great cities the electric light and power companies display at night on their lofty sky-scraper buildings brilliant electric signs which flash out across the city the words "Public Service ; Light and Power !" Our desire is that all our local churches, whether in city or country, may make that their motto and their constant aim; that they all may aspire to fulfil their double mission for which Christ wrought and for which he died, — that each church may be a live center in the world for "public service, Hght and power." MetJwdist Episcopal We believe that all the organizations of the local church should assume some definite tasks in social service. The Sunday-school should concern itself with child welfare, the Epworth League with the general conditions of life for young people, the Ladies' Aid Society with the general needs Methods and Programs 133 of the girls and women of the community, and the Brotherhood should engage its men in civic action for community welfare. We suggest that one representative of the social service work of each of these organizations in the local church constitute, with the pastor, a Social Service Committee to coordinate the various activities of the church and to relate it to other agencies working for community betterment in intelligent cooperation.-— Social service must be carried out through organized group action, but it cannot be confined to organizations. There are many personal aspects of social service which must have emphasis. It will never be thoroughly social until it is genuinely individual. The personal aspects of social service are the root of the matter from which spring its organized expressions. It becomes the duty of every Christian to assume some obligation of personal service, to relate himself to some work for the poor, the sick, the prisoner, the oppressed. The power of the church is increased by the activities of its members in local philanthropy and in all movements for community improvement. In these days of organization, there is a dearth of initiative. The church must generate the spirit of service until it dominates men with a mighty imperative. Such men will find something to do for themselves. They will not wait for organizations. All relationships with their fellows will be controlled by the spirit of service. Like their Master, they will stand among their fellows in the community as those who serve. Presbyterian (Northern) The organization in the local churches will properly differ as widely as the conditions these churches face. Two churches may be equally socialized, and yet from the institutional point of view be absolutely different. The very genius of the present- day social movement in the church compels diversities of form. It embodies the scientific spirit, which requires the adaptation of methods to ends, and accounts no method sacred except as it meets the tests of efficiency. These considerations make a uniform program in social service for local churches altogether impossible. Each community pre- sents a problem of its own kind. Certain great principles and a few methods are capable of standardization. Any mind capable of generalization from known particulars can work out these principles and methods. It is important that they should be worked out, and that centralized agencies should promote them. But evils are sure to result from attempting to carry centraliza- 134 Year Book of Church and Social Service tlon further. The business of a central promoting agency in social service should be most of all the encouragement of initiative on the part of local churches in meeting divergent community conditions. Protestant Episcopal The success of social service work by the church at large depends ultimately upon the effort of the individual parish. Unless the minister of the individual church and his workers, men and women, take a hand in actual community service, the efforts of larger units — diocesan or national social service organi- zations — must go largely for naught. In fact, a chief effort of these larger bodies should be to interest the individual parish and its minister in the world-wide movement to improve condi- tions of life and work for men, women, and children — to insure that justice in social and economic relationships without which political democracy is but the shadow of a dream — to inaugurate a kingdom of God in which, as the prophets of Israel preached, righteousness and justice shall go hand in hand, in which services and service shall be complementary. A social service league or committee in every parish is the desideratum, unless the work of diocesan and national organizations is to halt on one foot. The work of social service is largely community service. The collective effort by local forces to improve conditions of life and work in a given community must lie at the base of all genuine social ameHoration. Reform from without — imposed by state or national authority in the shape of "progressive" legisla- tion of whatever name — must ultimately fail unless the forces of righteousness and justice in every city, town, or village are awake to their responsibility and alive to their opportunity. The state and the nation may help, and must help ; but the success of social reform will ultimately depend on the desire and the determination of each community to help itself. Social self- help — if the term be allowed — is the bed-rock on which the structure of social progress must be founded. In view of this fundamental consideration, the necessity of stimulating the parish to the need and opportunity of community service is apparent. — But the chief desideratum is to find a specific task for each member of the parish who is competent and willing. By bringing him — or her — into actual contact with social conditions in the community the parish church will perform the double service of rendering aid where needed and of educating its constituency. Methods and Programs 135 The danger to be guarded against is that of stopping with the particular case — the concrete instance — and not passing on to some constructive effort to better conditions in general. Not merely to succor the fallen wayfarer, but to clear the road is the necessity. In this constructive effort is the opportunity for a community forward movement which shall combine all agencies, secular and religious, in a common campaign to improve local conditions of life and work, and so help to make possible the all-round development, physical, mental, spiritual, which should be the right of every man, woman, and child in the community. Such a community forward movement as the result of the effort of the individual parish or parishes is a consummation devoutly to be wished. — Social service, so far as the church is concerned, is a layman's job. Until it has been generally accepted, the leadership and a large proportion of the active work must be assumed by the clergy. But the church's entire endeavor with relation to the solution of vital human problems of to-day and to-morrow must eventually fall to the ground unless the layman is brought to recognize his social opportunities and to assume his social obliga- tions. The difficulty has been that the layman has not generally known just how he can serve his fellow men. General exhorta- tions to Christian ministration are insufficient. The practice of charity on a smaller or larger scale has of course from the dawn of Christianity enlisted the sympathy, interest, and active partici- pation of professing Christians. The church in the modern world, however, has for some time recognized the inadequacy of our former conceptions of Christian service. Preventive and constructive social effort, based upon concerted endeavor for the common good, presents a new challenge to the loyal member of the church. The experience of the Joint Commission on Social Service, of the various diocesan social service commissions throughout the country, and of many parishes, has proved that one chief need in successful social service organization is some systematic method whereby individuals who are willing to serve the com- munity in the name of the parish may be enlisted with recog- nized agencies of social and moral reform operating in the community. A few parishes have during the past two or three years tried the social service canvass with valuable results. It is for the purpose of furnishing to other parishes an easy means of conducting similar canvasses that the directions referred to 136 Year Book of Church and Social Service below, together with special questionnaires and record cards, have been prepared. The benefit to be derived from a parish social service canvass is not merely the securing of volunteer workers to serve in cooperation with recognized local agencies of social and moral reform, but also the revealing to the rector of much hitherto unrecognized community service on the part of individual parish members. The recording of this service in the suggested index (Record Cards Nos. i and 2) should of itself in many cases prove of sufficient value to justify the canvass, even though no new recruits for community service be secured. Then follow instructions on "How to Conduct a Social Service Canvass." Record cards for this purpose are fur- nished by the Joint Commission on Social Service. Reformed, in the United States We believe (in the case of individuals at work) : 1. That every Christian is saved in order that he may be a servant of the Lord, and that he is called to service for the salvation of the world ; 2. That every Christian should refrain from all practices which may in any way lead to the temptation or fall of his weaker brethren, from engaging in business which injures, debases, or destroys any of his fellow men, and from making profit out of the oppression or exploitation of any one ; 3. That Christian men should live and labor, not primarily for profit or their own advantage, but for the uplift and salvation of their fellow men ; 4. That individual Christians should, either as individuals or in conjunction with other Christians, do their utmost for the overthrow of vice and wrong in every form, for the amelioration of social conditions, and for the establishment of truth, justice, and love in all human relations ; 5. That Christian men, in the performance of their duties to the state, should put the welfare of the people above personal and party advantage. Unitarian There must be wise leaders to plan and direct the church's social advance. If neither the minister alone nor the parish committee can be expected to give this service it should be entrusted to another body which may be called the social service Methods and Programs 137 committee and which shall be in effect a board of control or management. Several churches have already organized social service committees. In one of our city churches a large number of people are at work in the various local charities and philan- thropies. Some of them sit in the directorates of every non- sectarian organization of this kind in the city. In this church the social service committee is made up of some two dozen or more men and women, each one of whom represents one of these philanthropic institutions or societies. Few are the congre- gations where the members are so keenly alive to their social obligations as in this ; yet in almost every church there is a group of people who are engaged in social work of some kind, and out of their number it should be easy to choose four or five who together with the minister could form the social service committee. This committee, however it may be constituted, should be elected at the annual meeting of the parish, and upon it should be laid the full responsibility for the social service work of the church. — The last step in this process of putting the social service work of the churches on a common-sense business basis is to draft the members thereof for the several duties to be done, and if some of them do not know how to perform these duties, to have them instructed. It will greatly assist the committee in this detail of administration if it will prepare for its own guidance a card catalog of the social service activities of the congregation. The standard library card, 5 inches by 3 inches, ruled as below, is the best for this purpose and has been found Brown, Edward Contributes to The Associated Charities, Civic League, Children's Aid Society, Animal Rescue League. N. 272 Blank St. Is at Work as Treasurer of the Children's Aid. Friendly Visitor, District No. 2 Associated Charities. exceedingly useful. The information desired can be obtained by a brief questionnaire. Some cards will be filled out as shown. Others will have something under the head of "Contributes to," but nothing under "Is at work as," and vice versa; while some will have upon them no more than a name and address. This card is of tested value, and will often enable the committee to find the right person for a particular service without calling upon one already overwhelmed with public duties. 138 Year Book of Church and Social Service The importance of putting all possible church-members personally to work in the field of service and the possibility of utilizing selected individuals before a church can be properly organized for social service is emphasized in all denominations. COMMUNITY STUDY The first step in working out a program for a church or a group of churches is a study of the local community, at least to the extent of discovering the amount of deficit between local conditions and the standards of the churches. Baptist (Northern) That the best results may be attained, it is necessary that there be a careful study of the community. By this means, we will know what are the things that hurt the lives of our fellows and hinder the community's progress ; and we will also know what are the forces and factors for good that already exist and are available. Congregational To know the facts relating to our own city and community often indicates a way by which abuses and evils can be cured. The greatest essential then is that Christian people shall know conditions. Methodist Episcopal Study its needs. They will determine what ought to be done. You may be able to interest a group of people in a study class. We can suggest courses and supply a schedule for taking a bird's-eye view of your community conditions. — We recommend that every Methodist preacher study the social needs of his community and lead his church into a ministry, cooperating with other agencies, to meet those community needs. Experience has shown that the mid-week service can occa- sionally be advantageously used for this purpose. The attention that has recently been given to the problem of the rural church and community makes it possible for every church, no matter where located, to enter into this wider ministry. — The next thing is to know what agencies are at work to meet the need of the community and how they are doing it. An effective piece of work is a little directory, for the pocket or Methods and Programs 139 telephone desk, of the various agencies in the community that will cooperate in caring for poverty, sickness, or delinquency, or in meeting any civic or social emergency. In small com- munities a chart can be made and placed on the wall of the church. An effective chart to reveal the needs of the community to the churches puts in one column the various fields of social service — child welfare, charities, health, labor, immigrants, the prisoner, law enforcement, civics ; the second column lists "agencies at work" in the community in each of these fields; the third column states urgent needs in each field, that is, the needs that are crying to be met, notwithstanding the work of existing agencies. Presbyterian (Northern) When a railroad company decides to open up a new territory, it does not depend merely upon inspiration and enthusiasm — it sends out a corps of engineers to study soils and levels ; a master workman maps out the entire job, and in his mind's eye sees it complete before the first tie is laid or the first spike driven. Something like this should be the program of the church. It should face all the facts. It should master the situation. This applies not only to the national problems which confront the church, but the local problems which perplex the individual pastor. The logical order for carrying on the work of the church is: first, know the facts; second, organize the work in view of the facts discovered; third, make known the work to the public. Protestant Episcopal That we may work intelligently and successfully we must know the conditions that exist and the obstacles we have to overcome. We must know, too, the various forces and factors that are at work in the city, and must learn how to mobilize and direct them. — The method, then, is first to find out what your community needs and then to look about for possibihties of cooperation with secular agencies which have the experience and technical knowledge. — A blank for a Parish Questionnaire has been prepared under the following heads ; 140 Year Book of Church and Social Service 1. What social or moral agencies of the community or state are you connected with? 2. With what similar agencies does your parish cooperate? 3. How many individual members of your parish are con- nected with social agencies? 4. Indicate by name what groups of parish members are attempting to serve community needs either independently or in cooperation with some local agency. 5. What special work are you doing with reference to depend- ent and delinquent persons in cooperation with voluntary and governmental agencies ? 6. What other special work, if any, are you or your parishion- ers engaged in? 7. With what social agencies of other communions do you cooperate ? 8. Are you educating your parish members for social service through sermons, Sunday evening "forums," study classes, visits to social agencies and institutions, the Sunday-school? 9. In what way can the diocesan social service commission assist? 10. If you have not been able to undertake any special forms of community service indicated above, or are not in favor of undertaking such service either in your individual capacity or through your parish, v/ill you kindly state reasons ? Unitarian The first step is for a church to make a careful study of the social and moral conditions in the community where it is estabhshed. A business house which proposed to open up trade relations with South America would study very thoroughly the habits and customs and needs of the countries which it intended to enter; and so a church which has made up its mind that it will try at least to do its full duty in the community must study the conditions and needs of the people around it before it makes any plans or begins any work. What it shall do will depend on what it finds. It may discover that there is a foreign population at its doors, alien in speech and manner of life, living in foul and unsanitary dweUings. It may learn that young women are employed in the shops and factories at wages so small that it is impossible for many of them to provide themselves with all the necessaries of a clean and wholesome life. It may find that boys and girls are going to the dogs because there is no other place for them to go, that the idle Methods and Programs 141 and vicious are being supported by the kindly disposed and gullible public, that children are being neglected, that the sick are not properly cared for, that the poor are being oppressed, that the town is being expensively misgoverned, and that a dozen other conditions obtain, all equally dangerous to health and morals and happiness. For the purpose of a brief community study a pamphlet, "What Every Church Should Know About Its Own Com- munity," may be obtained from the Federal Council of Churches or from denominational offices. The Baptist office has a Civic Program and a Town Program. The appendix to the Episcopal leaflet "A Social Service Program for the Parish" presents " An Outline for the study of local con- ditions." The Unitarian Association has a pamphlet, "Know- ing One's Own Community." For carrying on a detailed study or a thorough survey, aid should be secured from the denominational offices. If thorough community survey is contemplated, enlisting all the forces of the community, the Department of Surveys and Exhibits, Russell Sage Foundation, 31 Union Square, New York City, should be consulted. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES To develop and increase interest in the church, in addition to the community study, various activities are suggested. Study Classes and Discussion Groups The church itself, as well as its various agencies and depart- ments, should have some definite plans for Social Study. It would be a mistake for any church in any of its departments to use social study lessons to the exclusion of all others. But it would be as great a mistake to give attention to various other lines of study to the exclusion of direct social study. For the Church. We suggest a division of subjects as fol- lows : one Sunday in each month to be given to the Christian life in its sources, its ideals, its development and growth; one Sunday in each month to be given to Christian doctrines, deal- ing with the church, its history, its faith, its work, etc.; one Sunday in each month to be devoted to Missions — city, home, 142 Year Book of Church and Social Service and foreign ; one Sunday in each month to be devoted to Social Service in some of the many phases and claims. This schedule will enable the pastor and church to preserve the balance in Christian thought and activity; it will also promote systematic study, which is now so sadly lacking in many churches. The "Social Service Year" suggests some timely and vital topics which may form a basis for social study and effort. Social Studies for Adult Classes and Brotherhoods. The church to be fully efficient in its educational work must interpret the great principles of the gospel in their relation to life and society, and the church no less must lead the people to apply these principles to all the problems of our complex social life. That this may be done, something more is needed than the present unsystematic methods. Baptist (Northern) Every church should have a comprehensive program of edu- cation that is preparing people for life and service in all the relations and institutions of society. Every church should have a constructive program for serving the social needs of its community both individually and through the largest possible cooperation with other agencies of human uplift. First, its educational program. The church is the training- school of the kingdom of God. This means much more than appears on the surface. It means more than the winning of men to Christ and their preparation for membership in the church. To seek the kingdom of God means much more than to seek the salvation of one's soul or even the upbuilding of the church. To seek the kingdom of God means to seek the salva- tion of the family, the redemption of the state, the Christianizing of society. It follows, therefore, that to prepare people for life and service in the kingdom of God means to prepare people for life and service in the family, the state, the community, the industrial order. Many churches have never imagined for a moment that they have any such commission as this. They have narrowed their conception of the Kingdom to the bound- aries of the church, and have supposed that their only work was to bring people into the church and prepare them for life in heaven. We do not mean to make light of this work, but we do mean to say that it is only a small part of the church's Methods and Programs 143 work. The church that is not doing this larger social work quite as fully as it is doing its work of training people for mem- bership in the church lacks vision and is failing in an important part of its mission. This means that every church should have a comprehensive program of education, and should directly and definitely seek to prepare people for right living in all the relations of Hfe and to train them for effective service in all the institutions of society. Some agency must do this work, and no other agency than the church has either the divine call or the adequate machinery. This may mean a radical change in some of our church plans and methods; but the change must come if the church would fulfil its mission. No church can be called efficient that does not have a definite poHcy of religious and moral education that is preparing people for life and service in all the relations of society and the institutions of the Kingdom. That men may be prepared for social Hfe and effective service, several things are necessary. The social mind and thought must precede the social program and action. It is necessary first of all that men have what may be called the social mind and consciousness. In times past men have thought in individual life and personal salvation; they have thought of the work of Christ and of the kingdom of God in terms of inward religion and church life; now they must be taught to think also of that Kingdom in terms of Christian society and world redemption. Men must be taught to think in terms of social causation. We have learned that things have causes, and we do not know any- thing till we know its causes and results. Social evils have social causes and require social remedies. Relief and charity are necessary but they cure no evils. No real advance in social service can be made till we have learned to search for causes and to deal with them. Men must develop social sympathies and social imagination. Life is measured by its interests, its sympathies. People lack the social imagination and so they do not see social conditions from the point of view of the victim. Mrs. Browning's words are true in a social no less than in an individual sense: "Evil is wrought by want of thought As well as want of heart." Men must have a keen and discriminating social passion. There are many people in our churches who are interested in good things and think kindly of their fellows. But they have 144 Year Book of Church and Social Service no enthusiasm for humanity, no abandon in the work of Christ We need to create a keen conscience in the people, to awaken in them a hot hatred against all injustice, a consuming passion for social justice. More than all, as the consummation of all, we must develop in men the sacrificial attitude of mind. Social progress must be purchased by cross-bearing. The cross of Christ, it cannot be too strongly emphasized, is something more than a historic event; it is also the revelation of the law of all life. The cross of Christ is thus the type, the pattern, the power of that cross which every disciple is to bear. This is certain, that nothing but a crucified Christianity can ever win the world unto a crucified Christ. Congregational Establish a class where the subjects of discussion shall be questions relating to Social Welfare. Wherever feasible, estab- lish an Open Forum where the subjects presented by the speaker may be discussed freely by those present. Make some one of the great subjects that are before the American public to-day the topic of discussion in a mid-week meeting every little while. We would indicate such subjects as Wages, Child Labor, Housing Conditions, Juvenile Delinquency, Courts of Justice. These will suggest others to wide-awake churchmen. Suggestions for topics for discussion groups and for church meetings of all kinds are contained in the Baptist leaflet, "Social Suggestions for Program Makers." The various denominational offices have lists of speakers avail- able in different parts of the country. The Social Service Commission of the Interchurch Federation of Philadelphia has compiled a list of local social workers who will speak in the churches. Methodist Episcopal Some pastors have adopted the Social Service month, devot- ing that period exclusively to the presentation of the social aspects of the gospel and the social duty of the church, other months being given to the other aspects of church life and polic3^ Some have adopted the social service year, putting a definite social topic once a month in each of the church meet- ings. Others have socialized the prayer-meeting by devoting a certain number of its sessions to the consideration of com- munity needs from the standpoint of Christian duty. — Methods and Programs 145 Many young people who cannot be induced to join a study class may yet be enlisted in a reading course, especially if those who are reading the books in the course are gathered together occasionally for a social hour and for discussion. Every Chap- ter of the Epworth League should have its own social service Kbrary, so that the books may be passed around freely. A list of books can be supplied, which cannot fail to catch and hold the interest of young people, because they deal with typical American conditions from an intimate, personal standpoint. To supplement this group and class study, a course of five or six addresses can be arranged for the Sunday evening devo- tional service, these addreses to deal with various aspects of social service. Another popular form of education which can be made use of is the Open Forum for the presentation of community issues. At this meeting representatives of various groups in the com- munity may be heard at first hand, and the question and answer form of communication may be used to establish a closer sympathy between speaker and audience. — The person who can get together individuals from various social groups or even individuals within churches or a church to frankly face some pressing local need or some fundamental social issue is performing a vital service. This is sometimes done by planning for a Social Service Institute. Thus theories can be judged at first hand, and the prejudice and bitterness that comes from misrepresentation will be avoided. A more permanent and effective form of the same service is the organization of an Open Forum for the discussion of community issues and of general social and industrial questions. In all industrial centers there are groups in the population whose lines of thought never cross. In times of industrial dispute a bitter price is paid for this lack of contact. Men whose interests tend to place them on opposite sides of industrial questions need to look into each other's faces and talk together. In some cities a common mind and conscience is being developed in an open forum, meeting weekly for the frank discussion of vital questions. The best form is an address followed, not by debate, but by questions from the audience. Protestant Episcopal Organization for service is, however, in itself inadequate to the task. Without the more fundamental work of education 146 Year Book of Church and Social Service no lasting result can be achieved. In short, the effective promotion of the work of social service by the Joint Commission or by any other agency is in imperative need of workers who may become leaders — men and women of constructive mind, with vision of the problem. To convert to the new ideal of service those who were trained under a different discipline is increasingly difficult; the prime hope is to reach the younger generation. Not so much to accomplish things now as to prepare the way for bigger achievement in the future should be the aim of the large-minded and far-sighted servant of man- kind. — The effective promotion of the work of social service, it is increasingly evident, depends largely upon the parish clergy. Unless they are imbued with the social spirit and alive to the social opportunities and responsibihties of the day, they cannot hope to make their parishes really effective forces in relation to the betterment of human conditions. This social spirit and this social vision they must not be left to discover for them- selves. It should be the function of the seminary to prepare candidates for the ministry for the effective service of society in the fullest sense of the phrase. To this end it is becoming yearly more important that the seminary should make provision for two things — social instruction and social practice in con- nection with the theological course. — The work of education includes, of course, instruction given to adult workers in the form of sermons, special addresses, conferences, study classes, teachers' training classes, and the like.— There are various ways and means to arouse interest in social service. There is the social service class, meeting regu- larly — on Sunday or other day — to discuss the social problem in general and with special reference to community needs. There is the conference on social topics for more popular appeal : it may be held at the close of the Sunday evening service, and be open to all who are interested, whether they desire to attend the service or not. The conference thus serves as a community forum, where specialists invited from out- side may present various phases of the social problem and an opportunity may be given for informal discussion. A parish social service library is also desirable — a small but carefully selected lot of books of interest to the Christian citizen, who Methods and Programs 147 may not own them or be able to get them from a community library. Visits to various social institutions and schools may also serve to arouse interest and give valuable information. Correspondence Courses To increase the efficiency of both the pastor and the lay social worker, some of the denominations are furnishing correspondence courses in social service studies. Congregational The Labor and Social Service Department of the Congrega- tional Churches recommends the following courses of study for ministers and members of our churches. This course can also be made the regular class work of groups interested in the social problems. This course provides for three years' study and is more than a reading course. The department will undertake to guide the student, assign the lessons, and conduct the examinations. The course embraces four books for each year. There are also three books given as electives for each year. Any one of these books in the elective course may be substituted for any one of the books in the prescribed course. It is optional with the student as to how much or how little of the course he takes in one year. The three years' work can be completed in one year by reading one book a month. As a minimum the department suggests four books a year or one year's work within the prescribed time Hmits. This can be easily done by the average man or woman. A hst of books for advance study is also given and also a list of helpful biographies of those eminent in the social move- ment of our time. Any student interested in special phases of the social problems will be gladly aided in his study by the department, and such special courses as may be desired will be outlined upon request. Registration fee for the course, $i.oo. Cost of course, $2.00 per year — making a total of $7.00 for the entire course. The cost for the three years' courses, including registration fee, will be $5.00 if paid in advance. A suitable and attractive diploma will be awarded to all who satisfactorily complete the course. 148 Year Book of Church and Social Service rrcsbytcriau (Northern) Perhaps the most critical period of a preacher's experience is during the fourth or fifth year of his ministry, when he has been disilhisioned about some pet theories, and when he has come to face the realh- big problems of life. Just then he needs to get a fresh grip upon himself. He will probably never do it by running away, for folks are folks wherever you find them, and the task will no doubt be just as difticult in the next field. It's a question of mastering the field and meeting the situation — as it is. No doubt a post-graduate course in practical Christianity, sometimes called "sociology-." might help ; but it's too far awa}' — both the school and the money. We have a Correspondence Course in Applied Christianity which will at least give a new outlook upon the task, and hundreds of men — and a few women — have been greatly benefited by taking it. We will indicate to you how you may become the master of your work. The lessons are free from technical terms and no previous knowledge of social science is necessary. We seek to have the student see his problem from the most practical standpoint, so that he may immediately apply the knowledge which he has acquired. The course does not cost much money — five dollars includes the text-books and the studies. There is personal supervision of the lessons, and if there's a special problem in j-our own field, our specialists will assist you in working it out. There are courses on the city, the country field, and on church advertising. Other courses will be added. Write to headquarters for explanator>' literature. Protestant Episcopal A Correspondence Course for Parish Workers in Indus- trial Communities has been prepared for the Correspondence School of the General Board of Religious Education of the Protestant Episcopal Church by the Joint Commission on Social Service. The object of this course is to give the student: (i) a general idea of what Social Service is; (2) a view of the problem of his or her community as a whole: (3) some knowledge of specific phases of the problem; and (4) of principles and methods of Social Service by the Church, in cooperation with secular agencies of social reform and with social agencies of other religious bodies. The registration fee, which is $3.00, includes the required refer- ence books. Methods and Programs 149 SOME SPECIMEN QUESTIONS ARE! From Lesson I (What Is Social Serviced) : I. How does Social Service differ from charity in the old sense? 3. Explain the statement that Social Service attempts to employ methods based on modern social science. Does this necessarily make Social Service any the less religious? From Lessons II-V (The Community Problem as a Whole) : 1. Are the physical characteristics of your community such as to aid or hinder the development of a normal community life? Illustrate. 2. Has there been any attempt to work out a city plan for your community, with provision for factory and business dis- tricts? for residential districts? for parks and playgrounds? for schools, lecture halls, etc.? for rapid transit? Illustrate. 2. What proportion of the population is foreign? native-born of alien parents? foreign-born of aHen parents? From Lessons VI-VIII (Labor in the Community) : 4. Are any of the local industries by their nature especially hazardous to life, limb, or health? Enumerate and explain. 5. Explain the three distinguishing methods of syndicalism — the general strike, the repeated strike, sabotage? 10. Are wages adequate to the necessities of life as deter- mined by local prices? Explain. 5. Are the employees in any local industry or shop entirely or partly organized in trade unions? Is trade unionism recog- nized as a real force in the industrial life of the community? Explain fully. 2. What is your opinion of the underlying philosophy of socialism — the collective ownership and control of the means of production and distribution of the necessities of life? From Lesson IX (Poverty in the Community) : 3. How many families in your community are not getting a real living wage? In other words, how much so-called poverty is due to insufficient pay for work done? 9. Should the church really not be concerned as much with the establishment of social justice as with the immediate relief of poverty? Is it not the duty of the church to proclaim a fair opportunity for all classes to enjoy the necessities and a reasonable amount of the comforts of life? Explain. 150 Year Book of Church and Social Service From Lesson X {How to Organize and Educate the Parish for Community Service) : I. What are three principles governing the relation of the parish to community service? 6. What social, moral, and spiritual forces are at work in the community — churches, secular (voluntary), social agencies, municipal agencies? Enumerate. The Sunday School The necessity of educational preparation for social service in the churches is leading to its emphasis in the Sunday- school, both in the curriculum and in practical activities. Methodist Episcopal One of the great words of modern education is, "learn by doing." Our students now work in the laboratory, the shop, and the field. In the Sunday-school, where not knowledge but life is the objective point, it is of supreme importance that religion shall be expressed in action. It is not sufficient that the curriculum of the Sunday-school should have a social aim. The school itself must be organized for actual social service. This should be, not the mere expression of particular lessons, but one aspect of the united Hfe of the school; every school that organizes its group life for definite ends, such as the support of missions and other general church agencies as well as for local social service, is thereby training all its pupils in the social expression of rehgion. Without some means of expressing religion in social action, no matter how complete the curriculum otherwise, the school is educationally deficient. Therefore every efficient school will have a definite plan of social service work, which will relate the whole life of the school to some local community need. This work will be coordinated by a social service committee representing the various departments, and will be continually kept before the attention of the school in programs, reports, and assignments of duties. In it every class will have some clearly defined part. This, however, leaves individual classes free to take up some particular piece of social service work on their own initiative, and these class efforts can, from time to time, be reported to the entire school and thus add impetus to the general plan. There is no department of the church which has a heavier responsibility or a larger opportunity for the Christianizing of Methods and Programs 151 the social order than the Sunday-school. The social service movement looks to the Sunday-school to train a generation of Christians who will see the social goal of Christianity with the vision of Jesus, and so will have both a social consciousness and a social conscience animated by the religious motive. It is the Sunday-school teacher's opportunity to develop the natural instinct of childhood to help others until it becomes the passion for service; to unfold the rehgious nature of social and civic duties, the divine values in human relationships, until a religious experience is developed that covers the whole of life. The first social service opportunity of the teacher lies in the social interpretation and appHcation of the lesson. Having secured the general social background of the lesson, the teacher's individual contribution will be to apply it to local conditions and needs. Just because the social life of the child up to twelve years of age centers so largely in the home, there is the supreme opportunity at this period to extend those relationships, on the same basis, to the community as the larger family, thus saving children from that selfish, self-centered, and house-centered life which is the cause of much of our community weakness. Protestant Episcopal Social instruction in the Sunday-school involves an exposition of the social implications of the Bible, especially of the Old Testament prophets and the Gospels. It involves also the presentation at least to the more mature pupils of significant phases of our contemporary social problem and of methods of social service. It involves further the working out of some kind of system which will enable Sunday-school pupils of various ages to render at least an elementary kind of social service. Certain efforts in this direction have already been made. It is hoped that during the coming year cooperation between the Commission and the General Board of Religious Education may result in the preparation of a Sunday-school curriculum which shall make adequate provision for social instruction and social activity. Here, it would seem, we have a long-sought opportunity for bridging the present gap between the Sunday-school and the church. The reason why so many of our Sunday-school pupils, of late years especially, have gone out from the Sunday-school at a comparatively immature age and have at the same time failed to graduate into the church and its activities is perhaps because we have not been making the most of the altruistic 152 Year Book of Church and Social Service Impulses of adolescence. Methods of and equipment for reli- gious instruction are being revolutionized in accordance with pedagogical principles worked out in secular education. The subject-matter of the Sunday-school curriculum, however, has until recently remained untouched. We have not been present- ing with sufficient concreteness the Christian challenge to service. The appeal to our boys and girls has been rather too academic; it has emphasized the individual to the exclusion of the social aspect of Christianity; it has not vitally related itself to the needs of the modern community. Just how far the readjustment can go is of course an open question. Discretion will have to be used. The fact remains, however, that here is an opportunity of taking the boy and girl out from the Sunday-school into the community life. The modern social movement, as we know, is due in great measure to the enthusiasm of young men and young women; this enthusiasm they have developed under the influence not so much of the church as of secular agencies engaged in social work. It is time indeed that our church and other communions throughout the land should make a consistent attempt to relate at least the older boys and girls to the service of the community in which a given parish finds itself. Unitarian An important factor in holding the interest of the young people in our churches is organization for Social Service. It is true that the note of service is clearly sounded in young people's meetings of all denominations, but rarely with a steadi- ness of tone to command constant attention and response. Spasmodic efforts have no place in the Church School, which at best can secure comparatively small allotments of time for its various activities. Efficiency in social service requires well- considered plans for progressive and related effort. The sub- ject of morals is so intimately connected with that of service that the importance of efficiency as an ideal is clear. There should be careful organization from the youngest groups of children to the oldest, not only for the sake of the good cause to be served, but for the distinct purpose of arousing and sustaining in young people an interest in the world outside of self. The church should welcome the children into a definite progressive work for humanity — no school of the church being complete without a carefully arranged plan for social service. Methods and Programs 153 SUGGESTED PROGRAMS The kinds of social service activities which will be de- veloped by local churches and groups of churches are indi- cated in the following suggested programs : Baptist (Northern) I. The Church 1. Call the churches' attention to the recommendation of the Executive Committee adopted by Northern Baptist Convention: "Every church should have a constructive program for serving the social needs of its community, either individually or through the largest possible cooperation with other agencies of human uplift." Then endeavor to have each church consider the responsibility for community conditions, lead the people in social study, and unite them for effective service. 2. Encourage each church to create a Social Service Com- mittee. See Bulletin No. 15 (page 105). 3. Promote in each church the study of the Social Gospel and Social Questions. For suggestions, see Bulletin No. 13, "Social Studies for Adult Classes and Brotherhoods." 4. Encourage each church to form a Social Service library for use of the people. Bulletin No. 2, "Social Service BibHog- raphy and Reading Course." 5. Encourage each church to study community conditions in its neighborhood, and guide the church committee in this work of community study. Bulletin No. 3, "The Civic Program"; also. What Every Church Should Know About Its Community (page 103). 6. Encourage the church Social Service Committee to study the various agencies for community betterment, such as the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A., the Charity Organization Society, the Juvenile Court, the Playground Association, the Police Department, and to cooperate with these in every possible way. It is better to infuse the Christian spirit into each of these and to make it the Christian agency for doing social work than to attempt to create a new organization. II. The Community In every community it will be found that many things demand attention and action. It will be impossible, of course, for people 154 Year Book of Church and Social Service to give attention to all these matters at the same time. In each community the people should carefully select the things that are especially urgent and get them done. 1. Secure the formation of some kind of interchurch federa- tion. In many cases it may be found desirable to have a feder- ation of church Brotherhoods and Adult Classes. 2. Have the workers in every community, whether country, town, or city, study local conditions and make a community survey through adequate educational or expert agencies. 3. Have a careful supervision of moving picture and other shows, dance halls, pool rooms, etc, 4. Have the city adopt the Probation System for all delin- quents and alcoholics under the Big Brother and Big Sister Plan. 5. Have the jails visited frequently and see that the proper segregation of prisoners is secured. Also study the causes of crime and delinquency and endeavor both to save young offenders and to remove the causes and conditions of crime. 6. Let a wise and concerted movement be made to create high ideals of sex chivalry, to maintain the single standard of purity, to teach sex morality, and to abolish the Red Light district. 7. Study housing conditions and secure the adoption of a good building and housing code which shall maintain standard hous- ing conditions ; and have regular inspection of tenements, rooming houses, and hotels. 8. Secure the cooperation of the people in every community in definite and concrete ways with every movement to provide proper and adequate playgrounds for children, a Labor Temple for working men, and Social Centers in the public schools. 9. Have a committee, representing the various agencies of the community, study the question of unemployment, and then frame a comprehensive and constructive policy of relief and prevention. ID. Have the people realize that such social evils as crime, poverty, disease, premature death, feeble-mindedness, have social causes and conditions ; and that these causes should be dis- covered and abolished. III. The State It is important that the various organizations representing the churches should hold a conference and agree in a state program. Many things require attention, but the following are urgent: I. Arrange for the proper consideration of Social Service, both in reference to the city church and the country community, at the State Convention and the Associational meetings. Methods and Programs 155 2. Secure the enactment of legislation providing for one day of rest in seven for all workers ; and have the law properly enforced. 3. Secure legislation providing for the registration of births, for morbidity and mortality statistics, and for all similar matters. 4. Encourage the practice of having all applicants for a marriage license present a physician's certificate showing free- dom from venereal disease and mental defects. 5. Have the state adopt a system of accident and disability hisurance, widows' pensions, and old age pensions. 6. Secure a good Child Labor Law, and see that it is fairly enforced. 7. Secure legislation providing for a limited term for all public franchises and forbidding all overissue of stock. 8. Secure the most sympathetic cooperation between Christian people and working men in behalf of industrial justice, peace, and brotherhood. 9. Give careful consideration to such questions as low wages, the cost of living, hours of toil, industrial fatigue, and similar matters, and take such action as may be necessary to bring relief to the people and to lessen the pressure of toil. 10. Prepare an exhibit for the State Convention and see that a supply of Social Service literature is displayed. 11. Secure a series of articles dealing with various phases of the work both of city and country churches and have these published in the denominational papers. IV. The Industrial Order 1. For equal rights and complete justice for all men in all stations of life. 2. For the protection of the family, by the single standard of purity, uniform divorce laws, proper regulation of marriage, and proper housing. 3. For the fullest possible development for every child, espe- cially by the provision of proper education and recreation. 4. For the abolition of child labor. 5. For such regulation of the conditions of toil for women as shall safeguard the physical and moral health of the com- munity. 6. For the abatement and prevention of poverty. 7. For the protection of the individual and society from the social, economic, and moral waste of the liquor traffic. 8. For the conservation of health. 156 Year Book of Church and Social Service 9. For the protection of the worker from dangerous ma- chinery, occupational diseases, and mortality. 10. For the right of all men to the opportunity for self-main- tenance, for safeguarding this right against encroachments of every kind, and for the protection of workers from the hard- ships of enforced unemployment. 11. For suitable provision for the old age of the workers, and for those incapacitated by injury. 12. For the right of employees and employers alike to organize; and for adequate means of conciliation and arbitration in industrial disputes. 13. For the release from employment one day in seven. 14. For the gradual and reasonable reduction of the hours of labor to the lowest practicable point, and for that degree of leisure for all which is a condition of the highest human life. 15. For a living wage as a minimum in every industry, and for the highest wage that each industry can afford. 16. For a new emphasis upon the application of Christian principles to the acquisition and use of property, and for the most equitable division of the product of industry that can ultimately be devised. Methodist Episcopal When the church sees the community in all its organized life as the object of redemption, then the church will follow the pastor in the development of a community program which will become an integral part of the life of the church, will continue regardless of change of pastors, and will be one of the lastiiig things a man may leave behind him. This program may be confined at first to a minimum ; the things the church will work for and if need be fight for, in order to get proper community treatment of the poor, the sick, the prisoner, the immigrant, the industrial worker. Inevitably the program will enlarge itself until it also defines religious standards for the community life — its health and housing, child welfare, trans- portation, recreation, government, and industry. To outline such a program is to interpret religion to the community as well as to the church. To carry out such a program is to reveal God in power to modern life. The organization of the church for the carrying out of this program means the gradual development of social service activities in each church society; then the coordination of the Methods and Programs 157 whole under the direction of a social service committee repre- senting each society. Protestant Episcopal The principles which should govern the parish in relating itself helpfully to the solution of social problems are roughly as follows : 1. To study community problems and formulate a careful and intelligent plan of action with the twofold aim of eliminat- ing bad, and bringing about good conditions, emphasis to be laid upon constructive, rather than upon mere preventive effort. 2. To cooperate in such action, where possible, with other local congregations of any denomination, and with all intelli- gent and well-administered social agencies, public and private, in such a way as to benefit by the knowledge and experience of these secular agencies, and to give them needed assistance, while at the same time leaving to them what they are equipped to do, and avoiding unnecessary duplication of effort. 3. To provide for the members of the parish, young and old, elementary instruction and courses of study in social questions, and to furnish opportunity for practical individual training in service through cooperation with recognized social agencies of the community. 4. To proclaim the necessity of pure and honest administration of community affairs through the choice of clean, strong men for office, and to bring to bear on legislation and public policies the test of Christian principles. Such cooperation, direct or indirect, with the state may take the form, on occasion, of indorsement of competent and honest officials, whether of municipal or of state administrations, and the corresponding condemnation of incompetent and dishonest officials. 5. To insist that the local press shall, so far as possible, be conducted on a basis of regard for the common weal, rather than of selfish exploitation of news and the direct or indirect support of corrupt poHtics and politicians. Unitarian The Unitarian churches in particular have always declared that religion is not the acceptance of a creed nor the observance of a form, but a life of service and good-will. They have pleaded for the application of religious principles to practical affairs, and they have been preeminent in promoting philan- thropies and reform.s. The obligation to continue and enlarge these endeavors is clear and positive. As the exemplars of a 158 Year Book of Church and Social Service religion of every-day life, and as the prophets of democratic idealism, the Unitarian churches must resolutely meet and use the new occasions that now teach new duties. The social service which the churches can render, either as organizations or through their members, is of three kinds : (i) The relief of suffering; (2) the prevention of poverty, disease, crime, and industrial or international warfare; and (3) the promotion of constructive social reform. The national committees v^orking in special fields recom- mend a program to the local church covering the following questions : Civil Service Reform; Conservation of National Re- sources; Health and Sanitation; Housing Reform; Immi- gration; Industrial and Vocational Education; International Arbitration; Labor Legislation; Marriage and Divorce; Prison Reform; Public Recreation; Rural Conditions; Sex Education and Hygiene; Standards of Living and Labor; Taxation; Temperance; Industrial Disputes and Arbitra- tion; Child Welfare. A REASONABLE PROGRAM FOR THE INDIVIDUAL CHURCH Recommended by the Committees of the Men and Religion Forward Movement in New York City 1. Have a Committee on Social Service, of not less than five men, the Chairman of which shall represent the church in the District Social Service Committee; this Committee to serve also as a Committee on legislative action. 2. Make a list of all Social Service work being done by your members, men and women, in the church and community. For this purpose blanks may be secured from the Federation of Churches. 3. Make a list of all members of your church ready to engage in particular tasks of Social Service. 4. Begin now to interest the members of the Social Service Committee and all others ready to undertake Social Service, to attend Social Service Institutes. 5. Invite representatives of labor and of various forms of social work to speak at appropriate meetings in your church. 6. Open your church to meetings under the auspices of labor Methods and Proo^rams 159 »^ organizations, social agencies, and committees for benevolent enterprises. 7. Use, if possible, in men's classes or other meetings of men The Gospel of the Kingdom, published by the American Institute of Social Service, or some other suitable study of the social teachings of the Bible. 8. Cooperate with the charitable agencies in your district. 9. Assume full responsibihty for a definite area of your neighborhood in a cooperative parish work, making this assumed area your immediate task. The responsibihty area should be assigned, wherever possible, to each church by a committee representing all the churches of the district. 10. Know the injurious agencies of social life in your responsi- bility area and neighborhood, such as the saloon, dance hall, picture show, theater, etc., and keep watch that they do not violate the law. A map of these agencies will be found very helpful. 11. Make larger use of the church building as a neighborhood center. 12. Encourage your minister in his effort to realize the social mission of the church, freeing him from other cares that he may work for social betterment. 13. EnHst men for some specific social service, as they become members of the church. 14. Study carefully the Social Service charts made for the Eight Day Campaign, also the recommendations of the Social Service experts of the team, and the findings and recommenda- tions contained in the report of the Borough Committee on Social Service, all of which are to be seen at the offices of the Federation of Churches. 15. Invite the Social Service Secretary to cooperate with your church in a careful study of its field, opportunities, and responsi- bilities, and in devising plans and the organizations necessary to fulfil the function of the church in the life of the community. 16. Arrange for occasional meetings with the other churches in your local district, for consultation as to district problems, and hold occasional union meetings where social service ques- tions may be discussed and united action taken. Protestant Episcopal Reports received for the year 1914 of the community work of upwards of thirty parishes, larger and smaller, scattered throughout the country, indicate the awakening interest which 160 Year Book of Church and Social Service the Episcopal Church is taking in the real problems of society. The special interests and activities of these various parishes include probation work, recreation centers, red-light abatement, relief work, investigation of theaters and motion-pictures, the unemployment problem, vacation schools, visitation of homes and social institutions, child welfare, social study classes, civic forums and local surveys, clinical and hospital social service, civic problems, housing, kindergartens, day nurseries, libraries and reading-rooms, the liquor traffic, etc. A closer analysis shows that the most popular interest centers in such problems as recreation centers, social instruction through classes, forums and surveys, relief work and unemployment. A SOCIAL SERVICE PROGRAM FOR A PARISH IN AN INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITY I. Investigation of Local Conditions 1. Topography. Situation and area of the community; dis- tance from other communities ; physical characteristics — rivers, lakes, hills ; means of communication and transportation — telephone, automobiles, trolley-cars, etc. Has there been any attempt to formulate and carry out a "city plan" which shall make adequate provision for factory-sites, civic and social centers, boulevards and promenades, parks and playgrounds, school-sites, transportation hues, proper housing areas, etc.? If not, why not? Cannot something be done in this direc- tion? 2. Population. Composition : proportion of natives to aliens, of wage-workers to employers, to professional workers, to idlers. Is there a spirit of cooperation or of class-conscious- ness? Lawlessness? Frequent strikes and lock-outs? Disposition to arbitrate industrial disputes? How can your parish promote a spirit of good-will in common service? 3. Industries (cf. 2, supra). Character: dangerous, confin- ing, monotonous ? Conditions of employment : sanitary shops, comfort and safety devices, fire protection, etc.? Hours of employment : for men, for women, for chil- dren? Proportion of women employees? of child em- ployees ? Rate of wages : adequate to the community's standard of living? Methods and Programs 161 What has been done in general to improve working conditions? What might be done? How can your parish help? 4. Living Conditions. Housing: tenements, "model" homes for working people, etc.? Recreation and amusement: parks and playgrounds, theaters and moving-picture shows, dance halls and saloons, athletic clubs, etc? Transportation : distance of homes from factories, over- crowding of cars, rate of fares, etc.? What has been done — what can your parish do — to improve living conditions? n. Relation between the Community Need and Remedial Agencies 1. Forces Engaged in Community Uplift. Associated Char- ities? Probation Association? Tuberculosis Commit- tee? Housing Reform Committee? Arbitration Boards for the settlement of industrial disputes? Community Forward Movement? etc. 2. Success of Such Forces. Perfunctory or really efficient service? Needing funds or workers? Lacking a con- structive program? HI. Relation between Local Agencies and the Parish Agency 1. How has your parish cooperated in community service? In what special field of effort? With what organiza- tions? With what success? 2. // you have not yet cooperated in social work, how can youf In what field? With what agencies? 3. Can your parish assum.e leadership in any needed work which is not being done? IV. Attitude and Education of Parishioners 1. Are your people favorably disposed toward social service? If so, how can you utiHze their services? As volunteer workers under direction of secular agencies in your community? Collectively, through a social service league or committee? 2. // they are not favorably disposed, how can you win them over? By persuasion? By education — through a social service class, through conferences on social topics, through visits to actual institutions or districts that need help, through reading courses, etc.? 162 Year Book of Church and Social Service V. Kinds of Social Service in Which an Industrial Com- munity Should be Engaged 1. City-planning? 2. Housing reform? 3. Provision of recreation facilities? 4. Educational reform? 5. Improvement and cheapening of transportation? 6. Suppression of vice, crime, and intemperance? 7. Prevention of industrial diseases and accidents, and com- pensation therefor? 8. Abolition of child labor? 9. Regulation of woman labor? 10. Promotion of efficiency of civic administration? Baptist (Northern) SUGGESTIONS FOR A CITY PROGRAM— THINGS TO BE DONE The following list suggests a number of things to be done in community betterment. No person can be equally interested in all of these items. These things cannot all be done in one city at once. But everything named here should be done as soon as possible. Some needs are more pressing in some communities than in others. No right-minded person willing to do some- thing need be without a task. No group of men can say there is nothing for them to do. Many of the things mentioned here are being done in some community. If you would like to know how to do something in your community, learn how it is being done in some other community. Any effort that will help any life in any way is the translation into deed of some article of the Christian faith. The first fifteen items are some of the things requiring im- mediate action in most communities. 1. Have regular inspection of tenements, rooming houses, and hotels. 2. Have a good building code and maintain standards of housing conditions. 3. Have moving picture and similar shows well censored. 4. See that dance halls are regularly inspected and carefully regulated. 5. Abolish the red light district. 6. Secure an ordinance requiring fruit dealers, bakers, etc., to screen wares from the flies. Methods and Programs 163 7. Attend the juvenile court and make it fully efficient. 8. Have a city farm and workhouse for tramps and short- term prisoners. 9. Have probation system for all delinquents and intem- perate men and women. 10. Cooperate with the working men in securing a Labor Temple. 11. Secure for every worker one day's rest in seven. 12. Create a Public Welfare Commission. 13. Have a playground under proper supervision within half a mile of every home. 14. Endeavor to provide more rational and social recreation. 15. Have a regular and careful canvass of the community, and keep it up to date. 16. Have a city plan and program. 17. Visit the jails frequently, and see that there is proper segregation of children and youths from adults, with sufficient light and cleanhness. 18. Make a survey of the community. 19. Cooperate sj'mpathetically with the police in saving delin- quents. 20. Endeavor to make the city more beautiful with clean streets. 21. Make the schools more efficient, have manual training, evening schools, technical schools. 22. Have instruction in civics, ethics, and moral training. 23. Create a civic spirit and a civic ideal. 24. Emphasize the place and work of the home. 25. Teach sex morality in home and in school. 26. Encourage yard gardening and window gardens. 2^, Have a permanent municipal arbitration and conciliation committee. 28. Beautify the surroundings of factories, warehouses, and railroad stations. 29. Have folk festivals and folk pageants. 30. Have university extension lectures on civics, hygiene, and morals. 31. Have free lectures in school on life, hygiene, civics, travel, etc. 32. Make a conscious and collective effort to create a better social atmosphere. 33. Sustain the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A. 34. Have well-equipped and convenient reading-rooms. 164 Year Book of Church and Social Service 35. Do not permit the boys to work all night as telegraph messengers. 36. Endeavor to secure a satisfactory working men's compen- sation law. 2iT. Have a joint registration bureau in the city. 38. Provide coffee and recreation and rest rooms for men and women. 39. Provide public comfort stations wherever they are needed. 40. Organize a city club for the discussion of current topics. 41. Organize the men of good-will for a better city adminis- tration. 42. Organize and sustain a federation of the churches. 43. See that there is no needless duplication of churches. 44. Make sure that the entire city is well churched. 45. Have a regular system of organized benevolence. 46. Make the churches true social centers. 47. Make the community more sanitary, wholesome, and moral. 48. Make a good community for those who come after us. SUGGESTIONS FOR A TOWN PROGRAM The first fifteen items suggest some of the things requiring most urgent and immediate action. 1. Make a study and survey of the community. 2. Have regular inspection of tenements and rooming houses. 3. Have moving picture and all other shows properly censored. 4. See that the dance halls are regularly inspected and care- fully regulated. 5. Have the probation system for all delinquents, and intem- perate men and women. 6. Have a county farm and workhouse for tramps and short- term prisoners. 7. Have pastors, teachers, and editors cooperate in suggesting good books to read. 8. Let the pastor or teacher organize a Nature Study class or club. 9. Endeavor to provide mdre rational and social recreation. ID. Secure an ordinance requiring fruit dealers, bakers, etc., to screen wares from flies. 11. Have a regular canvass of the community and keep it up to date. 12. Have manual training in the schools, with technical schools. Methods and Programs 165 13. Have instructions in civics, ethics, and sex morality in schools and by public lectures. 14. Have a town Young Men's Christian Association or its equivalent. 15. Secure for every worker one day's rest in seven. 16. Organize a federation of the churches. 17. Have a community plan and program. 18. Have a system of organized benevolence. 19. Emphasize the place and work of the home and promote home training in morality and religion. 20. Provide a substitute for saloons, pool halls, dance halls, etc. 21. Encourage yard gardening and window gardens. 22. Beautify the surroundings of factories, warehouses, stations. 23. Make the town more beautiful; clean streets, flowers. 24. Have playgrounds for children under proper supervision. 25. Have university extension lectures on civics, health, morals, etc. 2(i. Have free lectures in schools on hygiene, citizenship, life. 2T. Have musical clubs, also dramatic clubs. 28. Create better social atmosphere. 29. Introduce juvenile court and probation system. 30. Have well-equipped and convenient reading-rooms. 31. Organize town club for discussion of current topics. Z2.. See that there is no needless dupHcation of churches. 33. Make the churches true social centers. 34. Make life more interesting; town more wholesome and moral. In a town of 15,000 the follow^ing needs and opportunities were disclosed by a mere casual analysis of community con- ditions : Social centers in the school building, industrial training and vocational guidance in the schools and pro- bation officer, children's work in the library, organized recrea- tion and social life for young people, effective cooperation in charity work and more friendly visiting, a separate room for juvenile arrests, constructive work for minor offenders, the suppression of gambling and prostitution, regulation of dance halls and shows, the securing of one day's rest in seven, and the minimum wage. In a village of 500 a similar analysis showed need for water-works and a sewer system, of providing some social 166 Year Book of Church and Social Service center for the young people, of suppressing gambling and reducing the length of the working day in the stores. SOCIAL SERVICE IN THE COUNTRY Friends The Five Years' Meeting of Friends, in report of its Social Service Commission, suggested the following: One of the important pieces of social service work which Monthly Meetings, particularly those in Rural Districts, may undertake through a Social Service Committee, is the pro- vision of a trained District nurse for the neighborhood, or for a territory including a number of neighborhoods. The trained nurse should, in every instance, be a devoted Christian, a woman able to raise the tone of the home and domestic life in the families she visits, and skilful to minister to the spiritual life as well as to the body. Where Monthly Meetings through their Social Service Committees undertake this far-reaching service, it is very important that they should cooperate with other social agencies in carrying it through and that the money needed for the undertaking should be solicited from the entire com- munity that is to be benefited. Another type of social service activity which lies within the scope and power of very many Monthly Meetings, or Congrega- tional Meetings, throughout the country, is the formation of clubs or other organizations for guiding the play and recreation of boys and girls. The club or organization should, of course, not be confined to the boys and girls who are members of the Meeting. It should be for the whole neighborhood, as should all social service work, and it should be so directed and managed that it will lead the boys and girls, not only into healthier activities for body and limb, but also guide them unconsciously into living connection with the church. Presbyterian (Northern) An Adequate Program for the Country The Country Church Work of the Home Board advocates the gospel for every man in the village and open country. Every church open every Lord's day for the worship of God. The country church a center for all the interests of the community. Methods and Programs 167 Recreation and social life under the pastor's sympathetic direction for the young people of the country community. A pastor in every Presbyterian country church, giving his whole time to the people who live on the farm, or in the village. Good roads in the interest of the kingdom of God, that there may be a way from house to house and from the home to the church and the school in the country. Adequate schools in which men shall be taught how to support the home, the school, and the church, and to supply satisfying improvements for the country community. The country church a friendly home of the farm renter, the farm hand, the young people, and of the aged in the community, and of any others who are tempted to move away, that the church may build around itself a satisfied and happy community. An adequate living income for the farmer who tills the soil, the schoolmaster who trains the mind, and the pastor who awakens the soul to eternal hopes, in order that life in the country may be satisfying now and may inspire with a faith of eternal life. Protestant Episcopal Some Points of Agricultural Improvement 1. Improvement of agricultural theory and practice. 2. Improvement of means of communication and transporta- tion. 3. Improvement of living conditions, especially among farm- hands. 4. Reconstruction of rural education for the purpose of hold- ing farm children to the farm. 5. Revival of the rural church in relation to the special needs of a farming population. — The demand on the church to seek and to save the lost rural community is just as insistent as is the demand to seek and to save the lost individual soul. Unless the country church — the parishes in agricultural communities — shall succeed in putting God into the life of rural society at large, as well as into the life of the individual members thereof, it will have failed to discharge its full function. SELECTING A MINIMUM PROGRAM Out of these programs or any efforts that may be made on the basis of the needs of the local community, it is necessary for the churches to confine themselves to some 168 Year Book of Church and Social Service one or two specific needs, to condense the program for immediate action to an irreducible minimum, perhaps to some one thing that would not be tolerated by the com- munity if the facts were known. For example, out of the program of the church for industry, the Federated Churches make their immediate appeal for: One day's rest in seven; reasonable hours of labor; a living wage based on these reasonable hours of labor. From these demands again a selection is made, and attention is being concentrated on one day's rest in seven. In the Chicago Men and Religion campaign, the social service field for the churches was divided into: Child Wel- fare, Charities, Health, Labor, Immigrants, The Prisoner, Law Enforcement, Civics. In smaller cities, towns, and villages, several of these fields would present no local needs, but even in the open country there is useful work to be done in Charity and the Prevention of Poverty, Care for the Sick and Prevention of Diseases, and in providing adequate Social and Recreational Life for Young People. The field where most churches find their initial work is in something relating to child welfare, perhaps the con- ditions that are creating juvenile delinquency, or the con- structive work of furnishing social centers for young people. Definite Opportunities for Social Service in New York by men of the churches suggested by THE LAITY LEAGUE FOR SOCIAL SERVICE This is only a partial list. Recreation and the Recreation Commission. It would be valuable for the men of the churches to study the recreational needs of the city and to follow closely the work of this com- mission. Volunteer Work in the Charity Organisation Society. There is great need of friends for individual families who will work under skilled direction, giving occasional time in the afternoon or evening. Seven Days a Week Work. A large number of men in New York work steadily without a regular day of rest. The men of the churches could well become informed on this subject Methods and Programs 169 and work with agencies endeavoring to introduce such a law upon the statutes of New York state. Instruction in Sex Education for Growing Boys and Young Men. The amount of knowledge upon this subject is rapidly increasing. Earnest Christian men and women realize that knowledge is necessary. The best place for instruction is the home; the best people to instruct, the parents. Following these come the church and the rehgious worker, preferably a physician. Next in importance are the schools and the trained biological teacher. Excellent text-books can be obtained for classes of 3^oung men or young boys and for leaders. The harm resulting from ignorance or improper education is in itself justification for study and education. Moving Pictures and Common Shows. There is much opposi- tion to a satisfactory ordinance. Since this new style of show is used by hundreds of thousands every week, it is undoubtedly the province of the men of the church to see that the picture films used are wholesome and the morals of the children are carefully protected. The Children's Court and the Child. There is opportunity now for the men of the church to cooperate with disinterested philanthropic organizations in seeing that a thoroughly modern system of treatment of juvenile delinquents be introduced in the city. Fire Protection in Shops and Factories. After the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, at a public meeting in the Metropolitan Opera House, a Committee on Safety and Fire Prevention was estab- lished. This committee is working on various methods of obtaining satisfactory results and will need the assistance of churchmen in passing laws and in the enforcement of existing laws. Board of Health. This Department of the city is empowered to investigate and compel obedience to the law on the part of owners of cellar bakeries, manufacturers of ice-cream, dis- pensers of milk, and dealers in canned goods, meats, fish, and other foods. It would be valuable for the men of the churches to learn from investigation what the conditions are, and from the officials of the Board of Health what their equipment is for the enforcement of the law, the character of the inspections and the amount of progress made monthly. The Moral Conditions of Theaters. A law went into effect on September i, 1910, which makes possible the suppression of plays which are harmful to morals. The Society for the Pre- 170 Year Book of Church and Social Service veiition of Crime is interested in seeing this law enforced. The men of the churches may well learn of the work of this organi- zation and the possibility of cooperation. Housing. The laws affecting congestion of population in New York City, under consideration at Albany, deserve the careful study of the laymen. They may well learn of the progress of the Tenement House Department in the elimination of dark rooms in tenements. COMPOSITE OUTLINE OF SOCIAL SERVICE RECOM- MENDATIONS MADE BY THE MEN AND RE- LIGION MOVEMENT IN MANY CITIES I. The Church 1. Make a thorough survey of the local field. 2. List all social work and problems which should engage the activities of the men in the church. 3. Make a canvass of the men in the church with a view of discovering men who should be linked up Avith definite social service tasks. 4. Enlist men as they become members of the church. 5. Develop a social service group in every church. 6. Organize the social service groups in the various churches into one compact group. 7. Place a more definite responsibility upon the men living in the suburbs with regard to the problems of the city. 8. Have more frequent discussions by the ministers of the social problems of the city. 9. Develop greater interest on the part of the ministers and laymen of the city in the educational work of the Associated Charities. 10. Study the location of churches and missions with reference to the greatest efficiency. 11. Make more thorough records of members, organizations, methods, and results of work by all the churches. 12. Use among the churches the charts and reports prepared in connection with the local survey. 13. Make a wider study of social conditions, continuing the investigations made by the social service committee of the Men and Religion Forward Movement. 14. Erect a hospital to be supported by the Protestant churches of the city and state. Methods and Programs 171 15. Encourage the wider use of church buildings. 16. Conduct an open forum under the auspices of the Federa- tion of Churches for the discussion of social problems. 17. Hold conferences of social service groups in the churches with educational leaders, leaders of working men, and pubhc officials with reference to problems confronting these various groups. 18. Conduct a systematic and continuous publicity campaign by the united churches of the city. 19. Conduct a social service revival under the auspices of the united churches. 20. Exchange fraternal delegates between the ministers' asso- ciation and the central labor union. 21. Observe Labor Sunday in all of the churches. 22. Employ a social service expert to make operative the plans suggested. II. The Social Workers 1. Organize the social workers of the city for the adoption of a standardized social program. 2. Make a survey of housing and living conditions among the working men of the city. 3. Make a survey of the Negro population of the city. 4. Introduce more adequate recreational facilities for Negroes. 5. Study the problems of organized labor. 6. Study the relation of the alleged inefficiency of white labor to the standards of living of Negro artisans and laborers. 7. Agitate the matter of providing a labor temple for the use of organized labor. 8. Cooperate with the church in securing social and labor legislation. 9. Investigate the moral and physical conditions in depart- ment stores. 10. Investigate the cost of living. 11. Study the minimum wage problem. 12. Study the economic aspect of the liquor problem, with special reference to the attitude of the working man toward the saloon. 13. Study and present a plan for a saloon substitute. 14. Study the causes of disease and poverty in the city. 15. Provide more visiting nurses. 16. Establish an information and employment bureau. 172 Year Book of Church and Social Service 17. Organize a joint registration bureau as a clearing-house for all social service agencies. 18. Establish a charities indorsement committee requiring uniform accounting, semiannual audit, and standard case records of all social service agencies supported by public contributions. 19. Prepare a brief pamphlet indicating the functions, pro- grams, and actual work of the various social service agencies of the city. III. The Municipality 1. Organize a bureau of municipal research and efficiency. 2. Appoint a vice commission for the study of the social evil. 3. Enforce the law against prostitution, with the understand- ing that the Men and Religion Forward Movement will provide homes for the women who desire to reform. 4. Remove immediately the houses of ill fame from the neighborhood of the girls' high school. 5. Adequately supervise the dance halls of the city. 6. Enforce a strict supervision of certain restaurants and poolrooms. 7. Enforce the law against "blind tigers." 8. Introduce rigid methods with reference to the supervision of the sale of cocaine. 9. Enforce the law against gambling. 10. Secure adequate supervision of motion-picture shows. 11. Make a scientific study of the problem of recreation, pre- senting a city-wide plan for the recreational life of the people. 12. Use more generally the lecture hall in the public library building. 13. Use municipal buildings in such districts of the city as are in need of community centers, making provision for public meetings for civic organizations, labor unions, and general wel- fare societies. 14. Make more frequent use of the city hall auditorium for popular concerts, lecture courses, and addresses. 15. Combine a social service program with the city plan. 16. Provide a down-town social center for working men. 17. Make a wider use of public schools as neighborhood centers. 18. Introduce industrial and vocational education in public schools. 19. Have a compulsory education law for the children of the city. Methods and Programs 173 20. Establish a juvenile court. 21. Appoint probation officers, in connection with the juvenile court, with volunteer assistants. 22. Issue licenses and permits for newsboys. 23. Make more adequate provision for police protection in residence section. 24. Secure volunteer workers among immigrants of the city. 25. Provide volunteer probation officers for adult offenders. 26. Organize a law enforcement league. 27. Abolish convict lease system. 28. Introduce legislation providing for sanitary housing con- ditions. 29. Secure more adequate inspection of housing, health, and sanitary conditions. 30. Secure better methods of recording vital statistics. 31. Organize municipal charities, so that there will be better care of the aged and unfortunate dependent upon the city for relief. 32. Erect a hospital for aged persons with chronic diseases. 33. Segregate the advanced tubercular cases in the municipal tuberculosis hospital. 34. Establish a tuberculosis camp. 35. Provide for a more adequate inspection of the milk supply of the city. 36. Supervise the storage of fruits and vegetables sold by street pedlers. 37. Investigate the lodging-house problem. 38. Work for a municipal lodging-house. 39. Investigate the problem of unemployment. 40. Educate the better element in the city to pay the poll tax, to register, and to vote. IV. The State 1. Create a commission to thoroughly study crimes and arrests and the entire subject of penology with a view to intro- ducing the most modern methods of dealing with criminals. 2. Abolish the iniquitous fee system in the sheriff's office. 3. Remove the shackles from the feet of convicts working upon the streets. 4. Renovate thoroughly the county workhouse and insist upon better sanitary treatment of inmates. 5. Investigate the loan shark business. 6. Pass a ten-hour law for women in industry. 174 Year Book of Church and Social Service 7. Pass legislation to provide for a 54-hour law, for fire protection in industrial plants, and registration of factories. 8. Appoint a minimum wage board for women in industry and commercial life. 9. Employ more factory inspectors. ID. Introduce better child labor legislation. 11. Introduce an employers' liability and working men's com- pensation act. 12. Demand a law giving one day's rest in seven in all in- dustries. 13. Establish a home for dependent children. 14. Estabhsh an adequate home for inebriates. 15. Establish a Negro orphanage. 16. Enforce a compulsory education law. 17. Enact an adequate housing law. 18. Secure legislation against the exploitation of the immi- grant. V. General Recommendations It is suggested that specific phases of social service be taken up month by month, and an attempt be made to put through a definite program during certain periods, every possible agency being employed to secure the desired end. Month-by-month campaigns of this sort would be of great value. It may be desirable to concentrate either upon a particular section of the city or upon a particular problem in the city. It will be much better to attack one situation and master it than to attempt to do twenty things and fail in all. Do not organize a private agency to do the work which should be done by the city. If the city officials being held responsible for the doing of the work are failing in it, find out if they have the money, if they have the authority, if they have the equip- ment, or if they have the ability. In any case, see that the obstacle is removed, and then stand by the official who does his work well. Do not organize another society if there is already one in existence that may do the work, if it has the proper support in the community. It is better to work through the trained expert who is connected with an existing organization than to attempt an important piece of work simply through a company of volunteers. The efforts of the latter may be spasmodic; the volunteer workers should put themselves under the super- vision of the expert. Methods and Programs 17"> If the city has been aroused to a definite social need, invite one of the field secretaries of a national organization dealing with this problem to counsel with you as to the best way to proceed in the proposed enterprise. Such an official will safe- guard the community against incompetent or over-enthusiastic but ignorant individuals. Whatever may be the plan or plans finally adopted, do not make the mistake of confining the work to a few leading indi- viduals who may be ready to support it or do the thing itself, thus depriving the citizens as a whole from having a share in it. In a Middle Western city of 30,000, the social service committee of the Men and Religion Movement found that there was work for the churches to do in securing the following: Pure Water Supply, Food Inspection and Public Market, Legislation for Mortuary and Vital Statistics, Legislation for Tenement Building and Sanitary Code, Municipal or Mission Lodgings, Work House and State Farm, Play- grounds and Comfort Stations, Social Centers in Public Schools, Workingmen's Compensation Law, Law Limiting the Hours of W^omen's Labor, Enforcement of Labor Laws, Investigate: i. Social Cost of Saloons, 2. Cost of Living and Determining Minimum Wage Standards, 3. Sunday Work and Demand one Day's Rest in Seven, 4. Industrial Educa- tion in Public Schools. COOPERATIVE EFFORT The keyword in carrying out the social service program of the local church or group of churches is cooperation — with other churches and with other social agencies; then cooperation in the whole federation movement in ^state and national action which links the denominations together with all other agencies for social progress in a coordinated plan. This means the federation of churches and church soci- eties and their coordination with other local social service agencies in a community program. To initiate such a movement, a campaign of "Social Service Evangelism" is often undertaken. The denominational secretaries are ready 176 Year Book of Church and Social Service whenever possible to cooperate in such campaigns under the auspices of the Federal Council. When a group of churches or men's organizations have agreed upon a minimum social service program, always in consultation with the social workers of their community, the next step is the apportionment of this program among the cooperating institutions. There will be neighborhood matters which will concern the churches of a particular district and the task will be apportioned between them. There will be general community matters which will be divided between denominational groups and other general social service agencies. Methodist Episcopal Community plans depend upon community forces. Get in- formation and suggestions from local social service workers and interested public officials. Find out all that is being done or planned by existing agencies to meet local needs. Are your churches and brotherhoods federated? Is there any central agency that unites the church group, the social welfare group, and the labor group in com,mon action for community welfare? No better and more fruitful line of effort can be found than the effort to aid the agencies now at work in the community. The Social Service Committee should study the various charitable, philanthropic, civic, and reform agencies of the com- munity, and should keep the people informed concerning their purposes, methods, results, and needs. It should endeavor to enlist the active cooperation of the church in behalf of all agencies that are found worthy. In this way the agencies that exist can have their efficiency many times duplicated, and channels may be found along which the Christian impulses of the people may flow. The Charity Organization of New York, 105 East Twenty- second Street, publishes a pamphlet, "Social Movements," describing many of the organizations of a more general char- acter and national scope that exist. It also publishes an "Annual," giving a brief description of practically all Social Service agencies in the country, with the name and address of the secretary. The virtue of cooperation is one of the cardinal Christian virtues. The word "Together" is the keyword of Social Service. There are no isolated reforms. One thing is as it is because Methods and Programs 177 all other things are as they are. Wise social service effort must therefore be organic. To help society at any point we must help it at every point. The church should be the rallying center and the organizing force in every community. So long as people are disunited they are v^eak; the day we unite the forces of good-will, large victories will be easily possible. Guerrilla bands may keep the enemy awake, but guerrilla bands never won a great battle and ended a campaign; this is the work of disciplined soldiers and a united army. The Social Service Committee should therefore arrange for a conference of all the social service agencies of the community. In these conferences there should be a careful consideration of the questions — civic, state, and national — that require attention either in the way of instruction, agitation, or legislation. And in these conferences plans should be made whereby the whole intelligence, conscience, and power of the community can be made available in behalf of any one vital issue. This conference should be a social service clearing-house for the community. It should also bring the people into vital touch with the various state and national agencies that are promoting important measures. — One person may study, inspire, and suggest, but for action a group is needed. We start no new organizations, but develop the social service possibiHties of existing church societies. What is your Brotherhood, Adult Bible Class, Men's Club, Ladies' Aid, Epworth League, Sunday School, doing for the com- munity? How can their work be related to that of other social agencies ? — The development of this program relates the church as a cooperating force with the other forces for community progress. The pastor who aligns his church with the community agencies for charity, health, education, recreation, civic and industrial improvement, thereby becomes a minister to the whole com- munity, in which functions it gains increased spiritual authority. Protestant Episcopal The moment we come to a consideration of parochial social service, we find that the parish cannot stand by itself in the effort to improve community conditions. To do really effective work, it must cooperate with other religious agencies and with secular agencies in a common effort for the common good. Social service must be more than interdenominational; it must 178 Year Book of Church and Social Service be communal. "He who is not against us is for us" may well serve as the slogan of men and women in the church who are trying to do their share to inaugurate the kingdom of justice and righteousness on earth. — The number of professional social workers, though con- stantly increasing, must perforce be limited. Only a small proportion of even our younger men and women have the inclination or the capacity or the opportunity for this kind of service. For the great rank and file of our Christian laymen there is another way to service — through the use of the "mar- gin" of time, energy, and resources over and above what is required for the actual day's work. Social service as an avoca- tion, therefore, is one chief method of enlisting our church- members, both men and women, in the service of their respective communities in the name of the church. . . . The various secular agencies engaged in these and other varieties of social reform and reconstruction are, for lack of adequate resources, both underequipped and undermanned. Experience of recent years has proved that such agencies welcome the volunteer service of individual church-members who receive from the experts in charge of these various social organizations the skilled direction which they need in order that their efforts may be effective. To do really effective work, the local congregation must cooperate with other religious agencies and with secular agencies in a common effort for the common good. Social service must be more than interdenominational; it must be communal. — Cooperation with other agencies working for social uplift is necessary, . . . because in the nature of the case the church agency for social service almost invariably lacks the knowledge and the experience which is at the disposal of the secular agency. — The method, then, is first to find out what your community needs and then to look about for possibiHties of cooperation with secular agencies which have the experience and technical knowledge, and which, because often undermanned, will wel- come assistance from intelligent church-members. — It may seem a derogation from the spiritual mission of the church to engage in the effort to insure the justice, the better conditions of life and work, the wider opportunity for individual and social development, which it is the desire of voluntary social agencies to bring about. But until actual provision is made by the state or other agencies for the prevention of the evils and Methods and Programs 179 the meeting of the needs which are helping to produce the social unrest of our day, the church must stand by the work, just as in former ages she stood by the alms-giving and the ministration to individuals, which have resulted in so many functions of our present government — hospitals, almshouses, schools, and the like. DENOMINATIONAL DISTRICT BODIES It is inevitable that the work of the different denomina- tions should be organized by states, districts, conferences, dioceses. The following suggestions are made for the pro- cedure of these bodies. German Evangelical The Commission is firmly convinced that our social problems can be solved only by the gospel of Jesus Christ in its application to present-day conditions. Pastors are earnestly urged to make this application to all conditions requiring it. It is again urged that social service topics be thoroughly discussed at District and pastoral conferences and at Brotherhood and young people's conventions. District Social Service Commissions should be created wherever this has not yet been done, for the purpose of studj'ing local social conditions and of seeking to abolish any social wrongs that may be discovered. AH District commissions are requested to report regularly to the Central Commission, so that the latter may fully cooperate with the Federal Council Commission. The Central Commission gladly recognizes and fully appreciates the local social service work that is being accomplished through city mission effort and by individual churches, and encourages most heartily the under- taking of similar work wherever possible. Presbyterian (Northern) Recent correspondence has brought to Hght the fact that few Presbyteries and Synods now maintain social service committees. In isolated cases social service and evangelism are assigned to the same committee. In more numerous cases the home mission committee is specifically charged with responsibility for promot- ing social service. Since the policy of associating social service with the Home Mission Board has been established by the Assembly this last-m.entioned course is logical and proper. It is preferable to the maintaining of a separate committee on 180 Year Book of Church and Social Service social service because, as a rule, Synods and Presbyteries are overloaded w^ith committees. They should reduce the number of committees, strengthen the organization of those maintained, and charge each with a greater volume of business. Least of all desirable at present is the charging of the same committee with both evangelism and social service. The two things to be emphasized are still so distinct that under the same committee one or the other is certain to suffer. Methodist Episcopal ' Suggested Procedure The programs of all Annual Conferences should provide for the consideration of such social conditions within the Confer- ence territory as call for united action. To this end we recommend that each Conference have a standing Commission on Social Service, to be composed of the men of most experience in this field, who shall serve con- tinuously so far as possible. This committee shall determine what social conditions need the consideration of the Conference as recommended above; it shall act in cooperation with similar commissions from other Conferences within a state, thus form- ing a State Commission which shall keep the Methodist Churches informed concerning legislative matters relating to social wel- fare, and rally the Methodist forces of the state in support of the constructive legislation needed for social progress. These commissions can act in cooperation with similar commissions from other denominations. They should also act in close cooperation with Commissions on Rural Life and the Country Church, where such exist, and where these do not exist, should constitute from their own members a committee on rural problems. — General Method 1. Field Determine social condition to be investigated and presented to Conference and what facts must be known concerning it. Extent of Seven Day Work suggested for this year. 2. Investigation Draw up a schedule of questions to discover facts desired. Select communities typical of sections of Conference. Appoint a supervisor for each district or city. Methods and Programs 181 Put detail work in hands of young men. Get all reports in before final rush of church year. 3. Presentation Arrange early for place on Conference program. Select one or more men to present results of investigation; one to outline plan of action proposed by Commission. Present results of investigation in charts and lantern slides. Embody details in printed pamphlet for pulpit ammunition. 4. Action Consider results of investigation and agree upon a plan of action to meet the needs disclosed. This may include: (i) United pulpit utterances; (2) In- fluencing the conduct of individual church-members; (3) Securing the enforcement of law; (4) Introducing, supporting or opposing legislation. 5. Cooperation Is there a State Federation of Churches or Commission of another denomination which will cooperate in this program? In supporting or opposing state legislation the Conference Commissions within the state can act jointly in behalf of. Methodism. Protestant Episcopal Plan of Procedure for Social Service Commission 1. Hold regular meetings — at least quarterly. 2. As soon as possible employ an executive secretary — on full time or part time. 3. If the commission is large enough appoint subcommittees charged with special phases of investigation or other effort. 4. Draw up a definite program of action, on the basis of actual investigation of conditions and agencies in the diocese, or of data already gathered by other agencies. 5. Keep in touch with proposed legislative measures. 6. Cooperate with various social agencies of the state and of single communities. 7. Interest parishes of the diocese in community service. 8. Hold a "social service mission" — of several days' duration — at some central point, with addresses by experts on the social problem and methods of service, and by ministers and laymen on the relation of the church to human welfare. 182 Year Book of Church and Social Service 9. Issue a monthly bulletin which will keep the parishes in- formed of your work and plans. 10. Organize a social service loan or traveling library. Some of these Commissions are getting facts on the extent of seven-day work in several small cities, and on intellectual and recreational needs and facilities in several villages. They are reporting and exhibiting the work of successful social service churches and sending out social service teams to conduct institutes. How TO Organize a Province for Social Service The organization of a Province for effective social service should include the appointment of: I. A provincial board of social service (with a field secretary, if possible) for the purpose of 1. Studying social and industrial conditions in the province (in cooperation with social agencies, official and voluntary, in the various states, and with social agencies of other religious bodies). 2. Cooperating in action with the agencies just indicated, in order to improve conditions of life and work. 3. Organizing and educating the dioceses for effective social action (in cooperation with social service commissions already appointed or to be appointed). 4. Organizing and educating the parishes (in cooperation with diocesan commissions). 11. A social service commission in each diocese (with a field secretary where possible) for the purpose of 1. Studying social and industrial conditions in the diocese (in connection with other diocesan commissions in the state, with social agencies, official and voluntary, in the state, and with social agencies of other religious bodies). 2. Cooperating in action with the agencies just indicated, in order to improve conditions. 3. Organizing and educating the parishes for effective social action (in cooperation with parish social service committees). III. A social service committee in each parish (if possible) for the purpose of 1. Studying community conditions and social agencies. 2. Cooperating with secular agencies (if any) and with social agencies of other communions (if any) in order to improve conditions. Methods and Programs 183 3. Enlisting and educating individual parish members for com- munity service through (i) A social service canvass. (2) Sermons. (3) Study classes and conferences. (4) Visits to local social agencies and exhibits. V COOPERATING AGENCIES IF the churches are to carry out a cooperative community program, .they must get in touch with the local and general social service agencies which are at work in the different fields which the church is called upon to enter. From these agencies they will get the counsel of experience and of trained experts. Here follows a brief list of those agencies most likely to be of service to the church. Many of them have local committees or branches. They all have valuable printed matter and some of them will furnish special field workers for counsel and planning. Social Service (General) American Institute of Social Service (1898). Bible House, Astor Place, New York City, Dr. Josiah Strong, President. Purpose: To serve as a clearing-house for facts, experiences, and ideas on social and industrial betterment. Plans: To create a museum of municipal facts and photographs, and a museum of the laws of all countries touching social problems. Those interested may consult its large specialized library and its department of expert information, and may borrow books and documents so far as the library contains duplicates. The Institute has several thousand negatives of social sub- jects from which lantern slides may be made to order, conducts a lectureship on social subjects, arranges for special investigations, prepares bibliographies, and has five hundred classes in the United States and Canada on social questions. All its services are free except special investigation. Survey Associates, Inc. (1912), 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City. It is a membership corporation, chartered November 4, 1912, without shares or stockholders, under the laws of the state of New York. Purpose: To 184 Cooperating Agencies 185 advance the cause of constructive philanthropy by the pub- lication and circulation of books, pamphlets, and periodicals, and by conducting any investigations useful or necessary for the preparation thereof. Recreation Playground and Recreation Association of America (1906). I Madison Avenue, New York City, H. S. Braucher, Secre- tary. Purpose: To increase the efficiency of playgrounds already established and to establish playgrounds on the right basis in cities and towns not having them, that eventu- ally every citizen shall have an opportunity for wholesome recreation. It offers personal consultation and advice; pro- vides speakers and arranges for local institutes; publishes lists of persons desiring playground positions; makes statistics and experiences of various cities available; loans lantern slides and playground models ; prepares bibliographies, etc. Publishes a magazine. The Playground, and pamphlets, including "A Normal Course in Play," sold at cost. An annual congress is held. Department of Recreation, Russell Sage Foundation (1913), 130 East Twenty-second Street, New York City, Lee F. Hanmer, Director. Purpose: To aid in constructive social organization of leisure time. Studies the best methods of providing and administering facilities for public recreation and encourages their adoption by municipal and other agencies. Social Centers Extension Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, Professor E. J. Ward, Director. Department of Recreation, Russell Sage Foundation, 130 East Twenty-second Street, New York City, publishes a pamphlet on "How to Start Social Centers." Child Welfare Federal Children's Bureau, United States Department of Labor (1912), Washington, D. C, Julia Lathrop, Chief. Purpose: Authorized to investigate and report upon all 186 Year Book of Church and Social Service matters relating to children and child life among all classes of our people and shall especially investigate the questions of infant mortality, the birth rate, orphanage, juvenile courts, desertion, dangerous occupations, accidents and diseases of children, employment, legislation affecting children. Publi- cations: 1st and 2nd Annual Reports, Birth Registration, Infant Mortality, Care of Children, Handbook of Federal Statistics, Dependent Children, Children in Industry. National Child Labor Committee (1904). 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City, Owen R. Lovejoy, Secretary. Purpose: To investigate and report the facts concerning child labor ; to raise the standard of public opinion and parental responsibility with respect to the employment of children; to assist in protecting children by suitable legislation against premature or otherwise injurious employ- ment, and thus to aid in securing for them an opportunity for elementary education and physical development sufficient for the demands of citizenship and the requirements of industrial efficiency. Plans: Investigation of conditions in factory, mine, sweatshop, street trade, and agricultural em- ployment ; organization of state and local committees ; activity in states holding legislative sessions ; cooperation with school authorities for development of practical education. There are thirty-one state and eight local committees. Annual meeting usually in January. Invites correspondence on child labor conditions in general, and on factory inspection, com- pulsory education, and vocational direction. Publishes for distribution one hundred and fifty different pamphlets. Department of Child Helping, Russell Sage Foundation (1909), 130 East Twenty-second Street, New York City, Hastings H. Hart, Director. Purpose : To promote improved methods of dealing with dependent, neglected, delinquent, and defective children throughout the United States. Conducts inquiries with reference to the conditions, needs, and care of such children. Makes intensive studies of particular organ- izations and institutions on request. Furnishes information and advice to those who are founding or reorganizing child- caring agencies. Federation of Day Nurseries (National), 105 East Cooperating Agencies 187 Twenty-second Street, New York City, Mrs. W. I. Nichols, Secretary. Purpose: To unite in one central body all Day Nurseries, and to endeavor to secure the highest attainable standard of merit. Boys' and Girls' Work Boys' Club Federation (1905). i Madison Avenue, New York City, C. J. Atkinson, Executive Secretary. Purpose: By association of individuals and clubs to promote the work of boys' clubs and to further the formation of new clubs where needed; to supply men for superintendents; to give advice and furnish literature. Plans : To undertake a larger amount of field work; to establish centers all over the country similar to those in Atlanta, Ga., and Germantown, Pa. Annual conference in June. Publishes a number of folders on this work. The Boy Scouts of America (1910). 200 Fifth Avenue, New York City, Woodrow Wilson, Honorary President; James E. West, Chief Scout Executive. Purpose : To supple- ment the various existing educational agencies and to help boys to help themselves. Scouting is non-military and means out-door life and so health, strength, happiness, and practical education. Camp Fire Girls (1912). 461 Fourth Avenue, New York City, Luther H. Gulick, President. An educational organiza- tion for girls over twelve years of age. Purpose : To add the power of organization and the charm of romance to health, work, and play. Daily Vacation Bible School Association^ Inc. (1901). 90 Bible House, New York City, Robert G. Boville, National Director. Purpose: To promote church and college ministry to children during the summer in Daily Vacation Bible Schools lasting six weeks. Program includes Bible teaching, handwork, music, games, and outings. Interdenominational and unsectarian. Organized Charity American Association of Societies for Organising Charity (1911). 130 East Twenty-second Street, New York City. 188 Year Book of Church and Social Service Francis H. McLean, General Secretary. Purpose: To pro- mote the extension and development of organized charity and of community cooperation in social programs in the United States. Charity Organization Department of the Russell Sage Foundation (1909). 130 East Twenty-second Street, New York City, Miss Mary E. Richmond, Director. Purpose: To extend charity organization work in communities where it has not yet taken root and in communities desiring to increase its local efficiency; to gather up the best experi- ence of existing associated charities or charity organiza- tion societies and give it currency. Plans: Correspondence with any community interested; field secretary sent, when- ever possible, to make a brief social inquiry as to local conditions and secure local cooperation; report of findings submitted; form of organization or reorganization suggested and service given in working it out; trained worker recom- mended on request. There are two hundred and thirty-three charity organization societies in America. Any other move- ment that can lend them a hand in furthering the working together spirit in their several communities will often find that its own special aims can be advanced by these societies. The Department publishes a number of pamphlets, a trans- portation code, and a monthly Charity Organization Bulletin for the use of charity organization workers in developing a good technique. National Federation of Remedial Loan Associations (1909). 130 East Twenty-second Street, New York City. Arthur H. Ham. Reports, pamphlets, and forms for societies free. Information regarding organization of remedial loan societies gladly given. Legal Aid. Chicago Society, 31 Lake Street, Chicago, 111. Purpose: To furnish legal assistance to individuals who can- not afford to defend their rights by legal process. Issues pamphlets of value. Health Committee of One Hundred on National Health, Room 51, 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City, Emily F. Cooperating Agencies 189 Robbins, Executive Secretary. Purpose : To unite all govern- ment health agencies into a National Department of Health to inform the people how to prevent disease. American Association for Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality (1909). 121 1 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, Md., Gertrude B. Knipp, Executive Secretary. Purpose : The study of infant mortality in all its relations, the dissemina- tion of know^ledge concerning its causes and prevention, and the encouragement of methods for its prevention. It con- ducts personal correspondence, distributes literature, forms local associations and holds public meetings. Plans: To make special study of birth registration. Literature on request. Studies preventable causes of death and illness; urges birth legislation; maternal nursing; parental instruc- tion. American School Hygienic Association (1907). Pres. David L. Edsall, M.D., Harvard University Medical School; Secretary, Thomas A. Storey, M.D., College of the City of Nev^ York, New York. Yearly congresses and proceedings. National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis (1904). 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City, Charles J. Hatfield, M.D., Executive Secretary. Purpose : To study tuberculosis in all its forms and relations ; to disseminate knowledge concerning it ; to encourage its prevention and scientific treatment. Plans: In the imme- diate future, active field campaign with traveling exhibits in North and South Carolina, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Arkan- sas. Assistance given in organizing new work; extension of press and publicity bureau; compilation of another tuber- culosis directory; investigation of cost of maintenance in sanatoria and of mortality from tuberculosis in municipalities ; extension of bureau of information on sanatorium and hos- pital construction. The Association desires to be kept in- formed of developments in its field in various communities and in return will cooperate along the lines of tuberculosis prevention in any way. There are thirty-four state asso- ciations. Publishes a number of pamphlets. American Public Health Association (1872). 755 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass., Prof. Selskar M. Gunn, Secretary. 190 Year Book of Church and Social Service Purpose: The object of the Association as stated in its Con- stitution is, "To protect and promote public and personal health." Slowly and steadily growing throughout the forty- three years of its history, it has at present a large number of members scattered throughout the countries represented, principally the United States and Canada. The Association issues a monthly magazine entitled, The American Journal of Public Health. The National Committee for Mental Hygiene (1909). 50 Union Square, New York City, Clifford W. Beers, Secretary. Chief Purposes: To work for the conservation of mental health and for improvement in the treatment of those suffer- ing from nervous or mental diseases and mental deficiency; to encourage in hospitals, universities, and other institutions the study of these diseases and to assist in disseminating knowledge concerning their causes, treatment, and preven- tion; to conduct or to supervise surveys of the care of those suffering from mental diseases or mental deficiency; to cooperate with other agencies which deal with any phases of these problems; to enlist the aid of the Federal and State Governments and to help organize and aid affiliated State and local Societies or Committees for Mental Hygiene. Social Hygiene American Social Hygiene Association (1914). Tilden Building, 105 West Fortieth Street, New York City. Abraham W. Harris, Evanston, 111., President; William T. Snow, M.D., General Secretary. The Association is governed by a Board of twenty-one Directors, the immediate control being vested in an Executive Committee of seven members of the Board. It also has the support and advice of a strong list of honorary Vice-Presidents and an Advisory Board. The purposes of the Association are set forth in the constitution, as follows: To acquire and diffuse knowledge of the established principles and of any new methods which promote, or give assurance of promoting, social health; to advocate the highest standards of private and public morality; to suppress commercialized vice; to organize the defense of the community by every avail- Cooperating Agencies 191 able means, educational, sanitary, or legislative, against the diseases of vice; to conduct on request inquiries into the present condition of prostitution and the venereal diseases in American towns and cities; and to secure mutual acquaintance and sympathy and cooperation among the local societies for these or similar purposes. Immigration National Liberal Immigration League (1906). 150 Nassau Street, New York City. Purpose: Advocates careful selec- tion, education, protection, and distribution, and opposes indiscriminate restriction of immigrants. Assortment of pamphlets on various phases of the subject and list of 166 publications sent gratis. Address Educational Department. Committee for Immigrants in America (1914), and Na- tional Americanization Committee (1915). Joint national clearing-house for Americanization of alien residents. Plans, stimulates, and organizes work for government bureaus, edu- cation departments, chambers of commerce, civic, social and religious bodies, to secure uniform adoption of the English language, urge qualified residents to become citizens, secure and maintain an American standard of living, encourage thrift and American investments and unite our many peoples and races into one nation. Publishes quarterly Immigrants in America Review; subscription, $2 a year. Frank Trumbull, Chairman; Wm. Fellowes Morgan, Treasurer, 20 West Thirty-fourth Street, New York City. Immigrants Protective League. 743 Plymouth Court, Chicago, 111. Purpose: To apply the civic, social, and philanthropic resources of the city to the needs of foreigners, to protect them from exploitation, to cooperate with the federal, state, and local authorities and with similar organ- izations in other localities, and to protect the right of asylum in all proper cases. Has issued some valuable pamphlets. The Prisoner National Committee on Prison Labor (1909). 27 East Twenty-second Street, New York City, Miss Helen V. Bos- well, Secretary. Purpose : To study the prison labor problem and propose satisfactory solutions, to gather data and statis- 192 Year Book of Church and Social Service tics, and to awaken public interest in all the states. Invites correspondence on prison labor conditions, the industrial aspect of imprisonment, the competition of prison labor, the prisoner's share in his product. National Probation Association. The Capitol, Albany, N. Y. C. L. Clute, Secretary. Purpose and plans: Advice and information; literature; directory of probation officers; annual conference. Membership $i a year. Central Hozvard Association. 157 West Adams Street, Chicago. Purpose: To aid prisoners before and after release; to advocate improved laws for the prevention of crime, and to secure better Prisons, Reformatories, and Jails. Field of work: The Central Western States, including Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa; also to aid individual prisoners anywhere. American Prison Association, Empire Building, Phila- delphia, Pa., Joseph P. Byers, General Secretary. Purpose: I. The improvement of the laws in relation to public offenses and offenders, and the modes of procedure by which such laws are enforced: 2. The study of the causes of crime, the nature of offenders and their social surroundings, the best methods of dealing with offenders and of preventing crime; 3. The improvement of the penal, correctional, and reforma- tory institutions throughout the country, and of the govern- ment, management, and discipline thereof, including the appointment of boards of trustees and of other officers; 4. The care of, and providing suitable and remunerative employment for, discharged prisoners, and especially such as may have given evidence of reformation. Colored Race National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1911). 70 Fifth Avenue, New York City, Mary Childs Nerney, Secretary, Purpose: To secure for the colored men and women of this country full enjoyment of their rights as citizens, justice in all courts, and equality everywhere; to make a scientific study of the race problem and to aid education. Cooperating Agencies 193 Labor Legislation American Association for Labor Legislation (1906). 131 East Twenty-third Street, New York City, John B. Andrews, Secretary. Purpose: To publish summaries of labor legisla- tion immediately after state legislatures adjourn; to dis- seminate widely information concerning the legislative aspects of industrial education, women's work, child labor, administration of labor laws, employers' liability, workmen's compensation, occupational diseases, unemployment and in- dustrial hygiene. It has eight state branches. Annual convention in December. Labor American Federation of Labor. 801 "G" Street, N. W., Washington, D. C, Frank Morrison, Secretary. Has many aims and departments of work in common with Social Ser- vice Departments of the Churches. Women in Industry National Women's Trade Union League of America (1903). 127 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111., Mrs. Raymond Robins, President. Purpose : To promote the trade organization of women into unions, such unions to be affili- ated with the American Federation of Labor; to show the necessity for collective bargaining and to forward . labor legislation. Plans : Placing of women organizers in the field for certain trades; investigation of occupational possibilities for women. Organized in seven cities. Publishes a national handbook and proceedings of conventions. National Consumers' League (1899). 106 East Nineteenth Street, New York City, Mrs. Florence Kelley, General Secretary. Purpose : To promote better conditions among the workers while securing to the consumer exemption from the dangers attending unwholesome conditions; these ends to be attained by adequate investigation of the conditions under which goods are made, by the education of public opinion, by securing especially the cooperation of the con- sumer, and by legislation. Plans : Ten hour maximum work- 194 Year Book of Church and Social Service ing day for women; minimum wage boards; public school education on a half-time basis for working boys and girls over sixteen; the prevention of food adulteration. A Com- mittee on Legislation and Legal Defense of Labor Laws helps to secure and to defend in the courts legislation promoting the aims of the League. This work is organized in nineteen states. Annual meetings at a date fixed by the Executive Committee. Committee on Women's Work, Russell Sage Foundation (1910). 130 East Twenty-second Street, New York City, Mary Van Kleeck, Secretary. Investigates industrial condi- tions and publishes reports. The Industrial Relations Committee. Headquarters, Wash- ington, D. C. Purpose: Furthering the recommendations of the Manly Report of the United States Commission on Industrial Relations, the work of which has been closed; and states its primary object to be the support of organized labor, chiefly "by removing governmental obstacles to the efforts of the wage-earners to organize, and insisting that wage-earners and their representatives have a fair and free field." Housing National Housing Association (1910). 105 East Twenty- second Street, New York City, Lawrence Veiller, Secretary and Director. Purpose: To improve housing conditions, both urban and suburban, in every practicable way. Plans: For the present, to do intensive work in those cities where there is already a housing movement. An annual conference will probably be held. The organization is too new for definite plans, but is anxious to cooperate with other national movements. Civics American Civic Association (1904). 913-914 Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C, Richard B. Watrous, Secretary. Purpose: To cultivate higher ideals of civic life and beauty in America; to promote city, town, and neighborhood im- provement; to secure the preservation and development of Cooperating Agencies 195 landscape and the advancement of outdoor art. It aims to make living conditions clean, healthful, and attractive; to extend the making of public parks; to promote the opening of gardens and playgrounds for children and recreation centers for adults; to abate public nuisances — including bill- boards, objectionable signs, needless noises, unnecessary poles and w^ires, unpleasant and wasteful smoking factory chim- neys; to make the buildings and the surroundings of railway stations, schools, and factories attractive; to protect existing trees, and to encourage intelligent tree planting; to preserve great scenic wonders from commercial spoliation. Plans: in particular to urge comprehensive city planning; to direct a national crusade against the house-fly. There are four hundred affiliated societies. Has an annual convention, usually in November. Publishes propagandist literature and instructive bulletins relating to the physical improvement of cities. National Municipal League (1894). 121 South Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa., Clinton Rogers Woodruff, Secre- tary. Purpose: To promote the thorough investigation and discussion of civic organization activities and administration, of methods for selecting and appointing officials in American cities, and of laws relating to such subjects; to coordinate the forces of those interested in municipal integrity. Plans: Extension of committee work, including investigation of city budgets and finances, instruction in civics in schools and colleges, school extension, the police problem, franchises, municipal health and sanitation. The League asks that it be kept in touch with the development of municipal affairs in different communities, and will advise in local municipal efforts. Annual convention in November. Publishes pamphlets, leaflets, clipping sheets, and an annual volume of proceedings. Department of Surveys and Exhibits, Russell Sage Foun- dation. 130 East Twenty-second Street, New York City, Shelby M. Harrison, Director. Purpose : A national clearing- house for advice and information on social surveys and exhibits and for field assistance in organizing surveys and exhibits. 196 Year Book of Church and Social Service Other General Bodies The National Conference of Charities and Correction, The Southern Sociological Congress, and other bodies have committees on the Church and Social Service; and the Religious Education Association and other similar organiza- tions have Social Service Departments. Anti-Saloon League of America (1893). Westerville, O. P. A. Baker, General Superintendent. Purpose: To secure ultimate prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxi- cating liquor in the United States and progressive local repression as a means to that end. VI THE VOICE OF THE CHURCHES THIS chapter contains some of the utterances of various church bodies concerning social and industrial ques- tions, followed by the name of the body that adopted them or issued them. The Social Creed The united voice of the churches concerning principles and measures of social progress is expressed in that state- ment which has come to be popularly called the "Social Creed of the Churches." The beginnings of this are in a statement adopted by the General Conference of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church in May, 1908: The Methodist Episcopal Church stands: For equal rights and complete justice for all men in all stations of life. For the principle of conciliation and arbitration in industrial dissensions. For the protection of the worker from dangerous machinery, occupational disease, injuries, and mortality. For the abolition of child labor. For such regulation of the conditions of labor for women as shall safeguard the physical and moral health of the com- munity. For the suppression of the "sweating system." For the gradual and reasonable reduction of the hours of labor to the lowest practical point, with work for all; and for that degree of leisure for all which is the condition of the highest human life. For a release from employment one day in seven. For a living wage in every industry. For the highest wage that each industry can afford, and for the most equitable division of the products of industry that can ultimately be devised. 197 198 Year Book of Church and Social Service For the recognition of the Golden Rule, and the mind of Christ as the supreme law of society and the sure remedy for all social ills. At the first meeting of the Federal Council of Churches in December, 1908, a report was adopted on "The Church and Modern Industry." In this report, the "Social Creed of Methodism" was expanded into the following statement: To us it seems that the churches must stand: For equal rights and complete justice for all men in all stations of life. For the right of all men to the opportunity for self -main- tenance, a right ever to be wisely and strongly safeguarded against encroachments of every kind. For the right of workers to some protection against the hardships often resulting from the swift crises of industrial change. For the principles of conciliation and arbitration in indus- trial dissensions. For the protection of the worker from dangerous machinery, occupational disease, injuries, and mortality. For the abolition of child labor. For such regulation of the conditions of toil for women as shall safeguard the physical and moral health of the community. For the suppression of the "sweating system." For the gradual and reasonable reduction of the hours of labor to the lowest practicable point, and for that degree of leisure for all which is a condition of the highest human life. For a release from employment one day in seven. For a living wage as a minimum in every industry, and for the highest wage that each industry can afford. For the most equitable division of the products of industry that can ultimately be devised. For suitable provision for the old age of the workers and for those incapacitated by injury. For the abatement of poverty. This statement was adopted and changed by various de- nominational bodies, as follows : The National Council and National Brotherhood of the Congregational Churches of America added to the declara- tion for one day's rest in seven, "Wherever possible on the Christian Sabbath," at its meeting in 1910. The Presby- The Voice of the Churches 199 terian Assembly of 1910 adopted the declaration in ex- panded form, adding statements about "the obligation of wealth," "the application of Christian principles to the con- duct of industrial organizations," and "a more equitable distribution of wealth." The Northern Baptist Convention in 191 1 added "mining disasters" to "the protection of the worker from dangerous machinery, occupational diseases, injuries, and mortality," and added to "the abolition of child-labor," "the protection of children from exploitation in industry and from work that is degrading, dwarfing, and morally unwholesome." Three entire new statements were also added, as follows : The control of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of all the people. The gaining of wealth by Christian methods and principles, and the holding of wealth as a social trust. The discouragement of the immoderate desire for wealth ; and the exaltation of man as the end and standard of industrial activity. The Presbyterians of Canada in 191 1 passed the follow- ing resolutions : Believing that it is the duty of the church to show that Christian principles apply to human affairs, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada declares its belief in a program. For the acknowledgment of the obligations of wealth ; for the application of Christian principles to industrial associations; for a more equitable distribution of wealth; for the abolition of poverty; for the protection of childhood; for the safeguarding of the working people from dangerous machinery; for com- pensation for industrial accidents; for the regulation of work- ing conditions in other ways; for one day's rest in seven; for conciliation and arbitration in industrial disputes; for proper housing; for proper care of dependents and criminals and the prevention of crime and vice; for pure food and drugs; for wholesome recreation; and for international peace. The Unitarians in 191 1 adopted the Baptist declaration, and added two new statements, as follows; 200 Year Book of Church and Social Service For proper housing; for the proper care of dependents and criminals; for pure food and drugs; for wholesome recreation and for international peace. For such safeguarding and extension of the institutions of democratic government as will permit and insure the main- tenance of the rights of all against the encroachment from the special interests of the few. In May, 1912, the Methodist Episcopal General Conference added to the Federal Council statement of 1908, the following: For the protection of the family, by the single standard of purity, uniform divorce laws, proper regulation of marriage, and proper housing. For the fullest possible development for every child, especially by the provision of proper education and recreation. For such regulation of the conditions of toil for women as shall safeguard the physical and moral health of the community. For the protection of the individual and society from the social, economic, and moral waste of the liquor traffic. For the conservation of health. The phrase "For the abatement of poverty" was amended to read "For the abatement and prevention of poverty." These changes were made as the result of an agreement among the social service Secretaries of the various de- nominations and of the Federal Council Commission con- cerning the best form for "The Social Creed of the Churches." In December, 1912, the Federal Council of Churches adopted this amplified form with two further additions, so that "The Social Creed of the Churches" now reads as follows : The Churches must stand for — The protection of the family, by the single standard of purity, uniform divorce laws, proper regulation of marriage, and proper housing. The fullest possible development for every child, especially by the provision of proper education and recreation. The abolition of child labor. Such regulation of the conditions of toil for women as shall safeguard the physical and moral health of the community. The abatement and prevention of poverty. The Voice of the Churches 201 The protection of the individual and society from the social, economic, and moral waste of the liquor traffic. The conservation of health. The protection of the worker from dangerous machinery, occupational diseases, and mortality. The right of all men to the opportunity for self-maintenance, for safeguarding this right against encroachments of every kind, and for the protection of workers from the hardships of enforced unemployment. Suitable provision for the old age of the workers, and for those incapacitated by injury. * The right of employees and employers alike to organize, and for adequate means of conciliation and arbitration in industrial disputes. A release from employment one day in seven. The gradual and reasonable reduction of the hours of labor to the lowest practicable point, and for that degree of leisure for all which is a condition of the highest human life. A living wage as a minimum in every industry, and for the highest wage that each industry can afford. A new emphasis on the application of Christian principles to the acquisition and use of property, and for the most equi- table division of the product of industry that can ultimately be devised. In 1913 the Seventh Day Baptist General Conference adopted the Federal Council Declaration with the following additions : The unwisdom and unscripturalness of what are commonly known as "Sunday Laws." A new emphasis upon the vital need, everywhere, in individual and collective life, of the religion and ethics of Jesus, our Saviour and Lord. Industrial and Social Conditions Modern industry is no longer an experiment, no longer a transition. It is a status, a state in which the life of mankind is fixed as far ahead as any of us can see. It claims an era all its own. No other era is marked more distinctively than this. Its characteristics are now radically different, strangely discon- nected with the more remote past, and still more mysteriously determinative of the future, into the unknown and unimagined 202 Year Book of Church and Social Service possibilities of which it is driving us at a pace set by the weird motive powers of modern times. The whole world recognizes this industrial age as its own. The last of the hermit nations has just surrendered to its sway. The Crusades did not break up the medievalism of the nations more than the modern industrial migrations are breaking down exclusively national boundary lines and combining the peoples of the earth into great international cooperating communities. Country people are still pouring into industrial city centers. The cities are as surely urbanizing the conditions of country life and labor. Even the "agrarians" are becoming "industrials." Industrial conditions and relations fairly constitute the conscious life. They almost wholly absorb its energy. They largely determine the character and destiny of immense and rapidly increasing majorities of the race. Is the age of industry as truly an age of the church? Can it be, unless the church recognizes it to be its own age and is recognized as belonging to it? Does not this recognition of the church by an industrial people as something indispensably their own depend upon the church's dealing in the terms and with the conditions under which the present people are living their lives and earning their livings? Must not the ways of livelihood become less obstructive to and more identified with the "way of life"? Can the churches fall short of interpreting the gospel in terms of industrial relationships and economic values without failing to be understood or appreciated by the people of an industrial age? The sins of the age are in large part industrial and com- mercial. Should not salvation be as directly applied to com- merce and industry? The fratricidal strifes of the age, and even its international wars, are industrial and economic strug- gles for commercial advantage. Has the church no gospel of industrial peace to offer? The very diseases and death rates of the age are occupational and due to industrial causes. Are there no leaves from the tree of life for the healing of the nations? The personal and class injustices are almost wholly industrial. Has Christianity lost its Amos-like prophets? The political corruptions which shame and menace the states of William Penn and Abraham Lincoln are — as everywhere else — due to commercial corruption. The very vices which debauch our youth and sell our maidens are artificially increased, perpet- uated, and protected by being commercialized for the profit that is to be made from the loss of souls. Is there no arm to The Voice of the Churches 203 save, stretched out far enough to prevent the loss of the many as the prey of the few? The legislation of the age is industrial. Has the gospel no law for the church to apply to protect life and limb in the peaceful pursuits of labor, to prevent the exploitation of child- hood's right to play and learn, to limit the hours and conditions of women's work for the sake of girlhood, wifehood, and motherhood? Have the disabled soldiers in our vast armies of industry and navies of commerce no claims upon the church to induce or compel the industries by which they lost their livelihood to recognize them as the "pensioners of peace"? The captaincy of the age and its greatest achievements are industrial, attracting men and women of the choicest powers and capacities. Do they not need the incentive and restraints of the gospel and the claims of the church upon their social service for the community? The brotherhoods of the age are more and more based upon the bond of the community of industrial interests. Can the church brotherhoods be brotherly without taking fraternal part with the great industrial brother- hoods in settling the most crucial questions of the times? — The National Council and National Brotherhood of Congrega- tional Churches, Boston, Oct. 9-16, 1910. The industrial unrest throughout the world is an expression of the demand of the workers for a voice in determining the conditions that so deeply affect their lives. It is a cry for brotherhood and fellowship. The time was when industry being conducted on a small scale the employer could come into direct personal relations with the men working for him, but this is changed to-day and with large scale industries much of the stock is held by absentee owners. Under these circumstances the owners and the workers never meet, and the only touch of one group with the other is through superintendents and man- agers. This change has divided owners and workers into different and competing groups. With the impersonal autocratic control of industry labor has become simply a cog in the wheels of a machine. Profit is the main consideration and with this motive so strongly in the foreground the human element has a difficult time making any showing at all. The failure on the part of the stockholders to recognize their responsibilities lay at the foundation of the bitter labor struggle in Colorado. The same was also true of the strike in the Calumet copper district. To better this condition there must be some means of com- munication between employer and employee. The working man 204 Year Book of Church and Social Service must be given some voice in the management of industry. The principle of "equal rights and complete justice for all men" involves the principle of democracy which all accept in govern- ment. It must now be appHed to the industrial system. This principle is best applied through collective bargaining, which means that instead of each individual working man being forced to make his own contract with the concern for which he works, through a person or persons representative of his group, a bargain is made as to hours, wages, and conditions of labor for himself and his companions. There can be no collective bar- gaining without some form of recognition of the right of the employee, as well as the employer, to organize. It is only by organization that the workers can meet on any terms of equality the representatives of organized capital. Until employers are willing to treat with their workers on this basis there can be little hope of improvement in industry. Too often in industrial disputes the parties have divided over minor and technical questions relating to the question of recog- nition of the Union and of like sort, thus losing sight of this larger principle. Until this principle is established there can be no permanent peace. Democracy in government and autoc- racy in the industries which support and make possible the political structure are unalterably opposed to each other. Our churches must seek in a positive and united way to create a better social condition and inspire the consciences of individuals and show whole communities that it is possible to apply the gospel of Jesus Christ to the social and industrial life; must teach the value of the sacrificial in the common life of to-day. But, above all, the churches must raise the standard and must point the way in which others are to follow. The solution of our deepest problems is a matter of ideals, and the churches alone can create the faith, remold the consciences, and bring about the spirit of cooperation that will result in social adjustment both by means of better legislation and by voluntary outworkings of a new spirit of good-will. — Congrega- tional National Council, 191 5. Social Service Social service is that form of service for human betterment which seeks to uplift and transform man in his associated and community life. We have found that environment has much to do with char- acter and therefore one of our great tasks is to put the proper The Voice of the Churches 205 environment around men and women so that they can develop in the hest possible way. Social service not only ministers to obvious needs, but attempts to seek out and cure the causes of poverty and misery. The ultimate goal of all social service is social salvation, that the whole world of man and all his affairs may be changed and made a part of the kingdom of God. in the picture of the last judgment it was those who had served humanity the best who received the Master's reward. The social demands of to-day present a definite challenge to the church of our generation; the challenge to lift from the shoulders of young children the burdens imposed by the in- dustrial system; to give an opportunity for education to every child. It is a challenge to change the conditions that are breeding paupers, vice, and misery, and to help make and ad- minister such laws that society itself will produce the greatest degree of health and happiness for all citizens. It is a chal- lenge to make real the brotherhood of man. The flow of immigration has filled our cities with people, strangers to us and to whom our ways of life are strange and new. The shifting of the population from country to city with the increasing number of farm tenants is developing a kind of new-world peasantry. Specialized industry and seasonal trades cause groups of employees to work beyond their strength for unreasonably long hours at certain periods and then throw them idle upon the community for even longer periods. The breaking down of old personal relations ; the depersonalizing of industry; the changed conditions in the home, — all of these things throw a new responsibility upon the community, so that our lives are to-day more generally controlled by social forces than ever before in the history of the world. The question that we are all asked is this : "Is the church able to meet the new demands upon it?" Your Commission is glad to report a splendid response on the part of our churches to the calls of this new day. The programs that have been formed have been widely adopted and are being made effective not only in State Conferences and local Associations, but in hundreds of local parishes as well. — Congregational National Council, 1915. There are many phases of the present industrial conditions in the United States which cry aloud for immediate remedy. The church, which has obligations to every sort of interest and person in the community, must be identified, locally and nationally, with the whole of the people more markedly than with any 206 Year Book of Church and Social Service part of them, and will be sensitive to every influence which affects the larger constituency. It is not the kinds of men that should command the church's attention, but their numerical importance, their accessibility, and their conditions of need. Multitudes are deprived, by what are called economic laws, of that opportunity to which every man has a right. When automatic movements cause injustice and disaster, the autonomy should be destroyed. That to these impersonal causes are added the cruelties of greed, the heartlessness of ambition, and the cold indifference of corporate selfishness, every friend of his fellow must with grief and shame admit. The unemployed are an "army." The "accidents" of factories and railroads crowd our institutions and tenements with widows and orphans. The stress of reckless competition which loads manhood with oppressive burdens, levies upon the frail strength of woman- hood, and turns sunny childhood into drudgery, dwarfs our stature, saps our vitality, crowds our prisons, vitiates our virtue, and darkens our old age. The "homes" of the wage- earners in our great cities are an indictment of our civilization. The meager income, which is easily reckoned sufficient by the fortunate who are not forced to live upon it, is without war- rant of reason. The helplessness of the individual worker, the swift changes in location of industrial centers, the constant introduction of labor-saving appliances, the exactions of land- lords, add uncertainty to privation. The hazard of the mine, the monotony of the shop, the poverty of the home, the sick- ness of the family, the closing of the doors of higher opportunity react with dreadful precision upon temperament and mar character. — Federal Council of Churches, 1908. Our problems, nearly all of them, at least, go back to the fundamental one, of Industry. We are not unaware of its confused ethics or of the difficulties in the way of securing an industrial equality which shall ameliorate our social wrongs; but this need not daunt us in our faith that the gospel professed' by the churches of Christ in America is equal to the task. The fact that to-day social unrest pervades the favored few and not only the unfavored many, is a luminous sign of hope. There are many — far many more than there were four years ago — of our leaders in industry and commerce, high-minded men, with sympathetic hearts, who are seeking to extricate themselves and their fellows from the toils of a bewildered economic system. There is a rapidly increasing host of democratic leaders, The Voice of the Churches 207 chosen by the masses of the people, who are seeking the highest liberty under moral law. We believe that these are to displace in power those whose spirit is bitter, whose selfishness is primary, whose philosophy is determinism, and whose political economy is that of a some- times paternalistic feudalism which they blindly seek to conserve in the face of an industrial democracy chartered by the gospel of Jesus Christ, and those faithless guides of the people who simply worship the mammon that other men possess, — Federal Council of Churches, 1912. The condition of affairs in the industrial world at this time is well calculated to awake questioning and alarm. In many communities there is much friction between employers and employees, with frequent labor disputes, sometimes leading to strikes and lockouts. It is not always easy for Christian men to do the wise and helpful thing in such cases. But for them to do nothing to know and remove the causes of friction, to prevent strikes and lockouts, and to promote a better under- standing between employers and working people is a pitiful confession of weakness where it is not cowardly evasion of duty. The men of the church in every community should have a committee on conciliation and arbitration, and in a brave and intelligent way they should accept their task of making peace among men. — Northern Baptist Convention, 1913. The property right is merely one conferred upon the individ- ual by the community. Morally it exists only in return for social service. It must, in every case, yield to the needs of humanity. No business interests, no profit, however great, can warrant the deliberate deterioration of human life. Such a principle has clear implications. To illustrate from facts re- cently brought in a startling way before the pubhc: No Christian employer can find valid ground for conducting an industry which requires, or even permits, the regular employment of men for twelve hours a day, seven days in the week, at a wage which necessitates the work of women and children that the family may live. Christian society ought not to permit the existence of any industry which cannot succeed without the labor of women and children under unnatural conditions. "Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren," is the final test of our Christianity. The first care of the Christian employer should be, not his profits, but his men. He should 208 Year Book of Church and Social Service think, not so much of getting work out of them, as of helping to form those habits of industry which contribute to health and character. The same principle governs the church's message to the laborer. It is her business to help him to understand his own struggle and its meaning. He must learn that it is develop- ment of the whole man which gives his struggle dign^t3^ The better physical conditions and the opportunity for recreation and education and family life which he seeks are not ends, but means to the end, of better men and women. His unions are justified through seeking such an end. When, therefore, he seems to stand for mediocrity, for the diminution of oppor- tunity for individuals, for a purely class interest and spirit, or for violence, the church must equally reprove. When in igno- rance that his whole present advance springs from the life which the church preserves for the world, he attacks her or neglects her, she must reach out in tenderness to win him back. Only in sympathetic touch can the church find the way to that hold upon the life of the laborer which she has so largely lost. — Protestant Episcopal General Convention, 1910. It is patent that the time has come when the church must face this issue; if she is to stand as a church of humanity, she can no longer afford to ignore the demand or the challenge of the wage-earners. This is no mere question of organized labor or of unorganized labor, of open or closed shop, of wages and conditions of employment. It is a question of the attitude of Christian people represented in the church toward the problems of the toilers in our cities, towns, and villages. If the church is not to fail in her duty to mankind, she must demand justice for wage-earners, and so much reorganization of society and industry as to insure that justice. — We do not request this Convention to indorse any one of these specific declarations of economic principles formulated by the workers or by other communions ; but we do submit, that, in our judgment, the Convention should go on record as favoring a general recognition of the church's duty with reference to the cause of industrial justice, leaving the particular solution or solutions of the problem to the union of a Christianized social conscience with practical experience of the value of diverse proposed methods. — From the Report of the Joint Commission on Social Service, Protestant Episcopal Church, 19 13. There is one kind of poverty that is often a blessing — the The Voice of the Churches 209 poverty that promotes industry, ambition, and enterprise; the poverty that is decently housed, that has plenty of sunshine and fresh air; the poverty that has few dollars, but that has an abundance to eat and to wear; the poverty that is clean and self-respecting, and ambitious and buoyant, and hopeful; the poverty of our fathers and of our fathers' sons. It is not of this sort of poverty that we speak, but of a poverty that is an accursed thing; the kind of poverty that makes a man go hungry and wear shoddy clothes and rotten shoes; that compels him to raise his children in the slums; that makes life a blighted thing; that makes thieves and syco- phants of men; that robs them of dignity and tempts them to dishonor; that makes them discouraged, bitter, hopeless, blas- phemous; that drives them to seek oblivion in drugs and drink; that tempts the poor, overstrained girl to sell her virtue; that gives children no better chance for vigorous life than sickly plants in some foul cellar; that puts a blight and a mildew and a slime on every holy, beautiful possibility of life; that exacts grinding unremitting toil, and that gives in return not life, but bitterness; that consigns to a life as empty of dignity and gladness and hope, as pit or tomb; that makes the spirit sordid, harsh, mean, irreligious, vengeful, bitter, anarchistic, murderous. This sort of poverty Jesus never meant to have with us always; it is in his eyes monstrous and accursed and of the devil; and from it, and from the selfishness that permits it and makes it possible, he came to set us free. If the religion of the Lord Jesus Christ means anything to us it means this: That we cannot enjoy our banquet to the full until all hungry ones are seated with us at the table; it means that there will be restlessness and hot discontent in our hearts until every good gift of God which is in our hands shall be in our brothers' hands; it means that the supreme interest of our lives shall be to take the chains from our brother's limbs and give him the freedom of all God's glorious king- doms ; it means that we are going to bring back the glory of God into his heart and eyes, and that we are going to put a song of praise and thanksgiving in his mouth; it means that we are going to advertise the v/rongs of men and in the spirit of God's own Son champion the weak and helpless ones of life; it means that we are going to crown ourselves with their thorns until their great day of jubilee shall dawn. — United Presbyterian Brotherhood Convention, 1912. The problems of capital and labor have become in a certain 210 Year Book of Church and Social Service sense the paramount concern of the nations of the world. Through practically every avenue of publicity the people are being informed as to modern social and industrial conditions. Complacency can exist only in the hearts of those v^ho are ignorant of the inequalities and injustice of our present social order. To know the truth about that vast underworld of miserable ones who are the victims of social injustice is to bring the fever and unrest of a quickened conscience within us. Light will kill any evil, monstrous thing, and publicity is light. We as a church are to concern ourselves more and more in setting forth the facts in regard to social wrongs, and in using the strong public sentiment thus created as an instrument for the freeing of the enthralled and oppressed. — General As- semhly of the United Presbyterian Church, 1913. In the civilization of to-day, when food and things needful to the body are lacking, the kingdom of God in the lives of humanity is retarded. When the great merchant princes of our time become mil- lionaires, and a pitifully small wage is paid to the girls that work in their emporiums, do you think religion should have anything to say to the princes of finance? When the prices of the necessities of life become high through juggling of the markets, so that little children in our slums, and in our manufacturing centers, are insufficiently nourished and clothed, and all through their lives their bodies are stunted, do you think that religion should have anything to say for the children? When women are driven through the necessities of economic conditions and their husbands' greed to leave their homes and their children, and give the best hours of the day to work in factories, should anything be said to lighten their burden, and make the call of motherhood of supreme importance? When public school education is centered more and more in our cities, and the social work of multitudinous activities makes the lives of the city dwellers interesting and neighborly, what should be done by our country churches, to make more pleas- ant and neighborly the lives of the folks dwelling in the remote rural places of our lands? Does religion have anything to say that will help our young country boys and girls in outlying districts to have a life that will have enough of good, healthful fun and pleasure, or are these things too worldly? If economic conditions and degenerate children, born of The Voice of the Churches 211 diseased parents, make possible and probable the brothels of Christian America, should the church cure the disease, or should it treat only the symptoms, after the disease has spread through the body politic?— 77ie Commission on Social Service of the American Christian Convention. In order to preserve the Christian civilization which our fathers built by their sacrifices and in order to carry it for- ward to fuller perfection, we must work out an order of industry and commerce which shall be at least an approximate expres- sion of the fact that all men are a great family with one Father, and which shall embody Christ's law of love and service in the institutions of society. The great awakening of the social conscience warns us that men are coming under a sense of sin as to our social order and are feeling the craving for some- thing juster and nobler. As Americans we are humbled and shamed when we find poverty and degradation establishing themselves in permanent form on American soil. As Christians we have a call which brooks no refusal. The mind and heart of the Christian church must from now on address itself to the great constructive task of creating a Christian economic order. If the church lacks boldness or vision for this task, it will find itself outstripped and outbid by socialism. — Social Service Message, Men and Religion Movement. Back of all the problems of the modern world lies the fundamental unrest, amounting often to open hostility and war- fare, between labor and capital, between men and women on the one side who toil with their hands and who have no other economic resources, and the owners and controllers of the earth's raw materials and its supplies of energy and power on the other. This immense industrial problem is too vast and complicated for such a commission as ours to deal with, but it is a problem we may as well realize that touches every feature of modern civilization and concerns the very life of the Chris- tian church. Without a profound transformation of the exist- ing industrial, warring, competitive, individualistic basis of human society, no kingdom of God is even conceivable, and it is one great mission of the church of Christ to lead the movement that shall produce this "profound transformation." — Five Years' Meeting of Friends, 191 1. I. That the church has a vital interest in all the social rela- tions of men, and owes a duty in the solution of every social problem ; 212 Year Book of Church and Social Service 2. That, in the discharge of this duty, the church should follow the order of procedure indicated by the Lord, namely, seek first to save individuals, and through them, as "the salt of the earth" and "the light of the world," to save and uplift the world ; 3. That the church should seek to know the social conditions in every community, and set itself earnestly to interpret the gospel of Jesus in relation to the needs of all classes; that is, it should faithfully teach the demands of truth, righteousness, and love in all the relations of life; 4. That the church should use its influence and power to persuade all men, and especially its members, to oppose injustice, wrong, and vice in all forms, and to lend their best endeavors to the establishment of truth, justice, and love in all the relations of life; 5. That the church may, and often should, use the sacred right of petition to the civil authorities in favor of the passage and execution of such laws as will help to overthrow wrong, to ameliorate the social conditions, and to encourage right relations between all classes. — Reformed Church in the United States. Social Justice It is therefore a part of the mission of the church to pro- mote in every possible way the cause of justice. If the church would be true to its Lord, it dare not keep silence when the strong oppress the weak and when ruthless tyrants trample the faces of the helpless in the dust. If the modern preacher is seeking for models of courageous speaking, let him study the utterances of the Man of Nazareth. We dare not stop to ask what it may cost to tell the truth and to insist upon the rule of right. Social service has its roots in brotherhood. The social con- sciousness grows with the growth of the fraternal spirit. If we are genuine followers of Christ, we shall regard every human being as a child of God and our brother. The dwellers in the overcrowded tenement, the pallid toilers of the sweat- shop, these are our brethren. The exiles of the underworld, the victims of unhallowed passions, the morally wrecked and the down-and-out, these are our brethren. By the most solemn obligations that heaven lays upon us, we are bound to wage relentless warfare upon everything that proves itself the enemy The Voice of the Churches 213 of our fellow men. If we have the spirit of Christ we cannot rest content so long as oppression and injustice reign in the economic world. Whatever wrongs there may be in our present system, it is ours as Christian men to study conscien- tiously and to labor devotedly to remove them. — United Pres- byterian Brotherhood Convention, 1912. That there should be equahty of opportunity for all men to secure health, education, and the fullest realization of life is an essential principle of a religion which teaches the brotherhood of man. As long as a religion exists which teaches man to love his neighbor as himself it creates an irrepressible conflict with conditions which predispose any man to ignorance, disease, and immorality. The teachings of Jesus demand justice between social groups as well as between individuals. — Methodist Gen- eral Conference, 191 2. We affirm that Christianity has largely created the present demands for social and economic justice, and for a larger realization of human rights and duties. But for the presence of Christian ideals in the world, the consciousness of such problems as are above mentioned would not exist. It is be- cause of the leavening work of the gospel of Jesus Christ that men discern the moral issues involved in economic relations. Our social problems, then, exist by reason of the operation of the fundamental principles of Christianity, and the Christian church is therefore under an unmistakable obligation to con- tribute to their solution. — Presbyterian General Assembly, 1910. The moment we begin to consider the coming of the King- dom on earth, we are confronted with the problem of the relation of our present social and economic conditions to the ideal conditions under which the Kingdom must be realized. A growing number of Christian men and women see that con- ditions, social and industrial, which obtain to-day are not com- patible with the realization of the kingdom of God; they see with increasing clearness that these conditions do not tend to the physical, mental, and spiritual welfare of the great mass of men and women. Social philosophies and movements springing up quite part from the church are advancing more and more radical solutions of the problem of industry, which is at bottom a problem of justice. It is patent that the time has come when the church must face this issue; if she is to stand as a church of humanity, she can no longer afford to ignore the demand or the challenge of 214 Year Book of Church and Social Service the wage-earners. This is no mere question of organized labor or of unorganized labor, of open or closed shop, of wages and conditions of employment. It is a question of the attitude of Christian people represented in the church toward the prob- lems of the toilers in our cities, towns, and villages. If the church is not to fail in her duty to mankind, she must demand justice for wage-earners, and so much reorganization of society and industry as to insure that justice. — Protestant Episcopal General Convention, 1913. Whereas: The moral and spiritual welfare of the people demand that the highest possible standard of living should every- where be maintained, and that all conduct of industry should em- phasize the search for such higher and humane forms and organ- izations as will generally elicit the personal initiative and self- respect of the workman, and give him a definite personal stake in the system of production to which his life is given; and Whereas: The most disproportionate inequality and glaring injustices, as well as misunderstandings, prejudice, and usual hatred as between employer and employee are widespread in our social and industrial life to-day; therefore, be it Resolved, the House of Bishops concurring: That we, the members of the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church, do hereby affirm that the church stands for the ideal of social justice, and that it demands the achievement of a social order in which there shall be a more suitable distribution of wealth, in which the social cause of poverty and the gross human waste of the present order shall be eliminated; and in which every worker shall have a just return for that which he produces, a free opportunity for self-development, and a fair share in all the gains of progress. And since such a social order can only be achieved by the efforts of the many who, in the spirit of Christ, put the common welfare above personal gain, the church calls upon every communicant, clerical and lay, seriously to take part and to study the complex conditions under which we are called upon to live, and so to act that the present prejudice, hate, and injustice may be supplanted by mutual understanding, sympathy, and just feeling, and the ideal of thorough democracy may finally be realized in our land. — Protestant Episcopal General Convention, 1913. If the effort and experience of the Joint Commission during the past three years have meant anything, they have meant the gradual enlightenment of the church's constituency with regard The Voice of the Ctturches 215 to the nature of the social problem as a whole. Specific measures of amelioration are and will ever be necessary. Phases of social reform must always occupy the attention of the church, whether as a national entity or through its local units, if it would be true to the genius of the gospel. Yet not in housing reform, nor in provision for wholesome recreation, nor in warfare against disease, nor in the fight for better conditions of labor, reasonable hours, and adequate wages — not in any or all of these does the problem really consist, but rather in giving to every man, woman, and child equal opportunity with every other man. woman, and child for the development of personality, to the end that each may take the place due to each in the world and its legitimate activities. In short, the fundamental issue is not social amelioration but social reconstruction. The ultimate reinterpretation of democracy and Christianity in terms one of the other is really the task before the church of God. Social service cannot be conceived as a paternalistic eflFort on the part of the more favored for the benefit of the less favored, but as a fraternalistic common endeavor toward the achieve- ment of human brotherhood and equality of opportunity for self- development, physical, mental, and spiritual. To this new cru- sade is summoned every member of the Christian church who would not be faithless to his high calling. — From ''Social Service and the Episcopal Church" In a righteous economic order all who work with hand and brain must have the full reward for their work, as nearly as the best economic intelligence can apportion it. But if the proceeds of labor are to go to those who created them, they must not be drained away in other directions. Some forms of profit to-day are so enormous that they ofifend all sense of fairness, and those who receive them resort to devious devices to mislead the public as to the size and source of their profit. There has never been an economic order in which the few have not wrested the fruit of their toil from the workers under the protection of law and custom, and in so far as that was done the social order of past ages was not the reign of God. but the reign of mammonism and oppression. The course of past history and the tremendous inequality of incomes to-day together raise the presumption that many receive far less than they earn because many receive far more than they earn. The most fundamental form of social service is to put a stop to unearned profits. No other sin is so sternly denounced by the Old Testament prophets as injustice and oppression. No form 216 Year Book of Church and Social Service of ministry has brought so much suffering on the prophets of God in all ages as the protest against social injustice and extortion. We cannot evade the duty to-day unless we want to heal the hurt of our people lightly and say, "Peace, peace," when there is no peace. — Social Service Message, Men and Religion Movement. Social Service Ideals : Every child has the right to be well born, well nourished, and well protected. Every child has the right to play and to be a child. Every child is entitled to such an education as shall fit it for' life and usefulness. Every life is entitled to a sanitary home, pure air, and pure water. Every life is entitled to such conditions as shall enable it to grow up tall and straight and clean and pure. Every life is entitled to a place in society, a good opportunity in life, and a fair equity in the common heritage. The resources of the earth being the heritage of the people, should not be monopolized by the few to the disadvantage of the many. The stewardship of property requires that all property held be supervised, moralized, and spiritualized. Work should be done under proper conditions with respect to hours, wages, health, management, and morals. Every worker should have one day's rest in seven and reason- able time for recreation and family life. Women who toil should receive equal pay with men for equal work. Widowed mothers with dependent children should be relieved from the necessity of exhausting toil. Employers and employees are partners in industry, and should share as partners in the enterprise. Suitable provision should be made for the old age of workers and for those incapacitated by injury and sickness. Income received and benefits enjoyed should hold a direct relation to service rendered. The state which punishes vice should remove the causes which make men vicious. The bond of brotherhood is the final and fundamental fact, and men are called to organize all life— ecclesiastical, civic, social, industrial— on the basis of brotherhood. The Voice of the Churches 217 The help should be greatest where the need is sorest. What the few now are the many may become. — (Northern) Baptist Social Service Commission. Civic Action It goes without saying that much of what we call social service ought not to be necessary. It may seem a derogation from the spiritual mission of the church to engage in the efforts to insure the justice, the better conditions of life and work, the wide opportunity for individual and social develop- ment, which it is the desire of voluntary social agencies to bring about. But until actual provision is made by the state or other agencies for the prevention of the evils and the meeting of the needs which are helping to produce the social unrest of our day, the church must stand by the work, just as in former ages she stood by the almsgiving and the ministration to indi- viduals, which have resulted in so many functions of our present government — hospitals, almshouses, schools, and the like. When government or other agencies shall have assumed the new obligations which new social and economic conditions are forcing on us, then the church may relinquish her share in the work and press on to some other worthy task. But service of some sort must always be a part of her divine mission, whether that service be individual or social, whether it be the service de- manded by conditions or problems past, present, or future. Herein is the summons to social service on the part of the individual parish, without whose support the efforts of diocesan or national social service agencies must, as indicated at the outset, be largely futile. — Protestant Episcopal Joint Commis- sion, 19 1 3. It ought not to be necessary for the church to resort to legislation for social uplift. It may be better obtained by an- other process. Should this Commission be obliged, for ex- ample, during this next quadrennium, to wend its way among the forty-eight states of this Union, to get bills passed in their legislatures requiring that men should have one day's rest in seven? May not the employers of labor and the general business interests of this nation unite to the end that in every calling and industry the seven-day week shall be abolished? — The Christian church has thus the threefold vocation of conscience, interpreter, and guide of all social movements. She 218 Year Book of Church and Social Service should determine what their motive and conscience should be, inspire them with that motive, and impose that conscience upon them. She should interpret to them their inner and ultimate meaning; then, with a powerful mind and hand and heart, guide them toward their heavenly goal. Her view-point is from above; she approaches life from within; she guides it toward its spiritual ends. Nor is the church called upon to assume the political tasks or duties of the nation. The church is to do her work in the social order by bringing to bear upon it the idealism of her gospel and by infusing it with the impulse of her sympathy. The business of the state is to bring about such economic conditions and environment that the idealism of the gospel may have as clear and fair a field as possible. It is this that justifies the church, not in entangling herself in economic machinery, but in turning to the state for a cooperation which will enable her to do her sacred task. — Federal Council of Churches, 1912. If the church is to cooperate effectively in this movement for social progress, it is essential that individual Christians be- come more effective as citizens. They must keep close watch upon their representatives, constantly send to them individual and united expressions of opinions concerning pending legisla- tion, and hold them to strict account. When we realize that re- ligion must have a civic as well as an individual expression, that the state must be the will of man organized to do the will of God, then the social program of Christianity can be carried out. — Methodist Episcopal General Conference, igi2. We are learning that human government is of divine origin, and that "the powers that be" are ordained of God for the punishment of evil-doers and the praise of them that do well. Official position was not intended by God to be a "football for politicians to kick around, but a vehicle through which divine force was to be executed, in order to bring in the reign of righteousness on the earth." The Christian of to-day cannot be indifferent to this divine institution and still be true to God. It is a great and open door to service, and the indifference of the best is the opportunity for the worst. The day has come when philanthropy must join hands with officialdom in chaining up the devil through the enactment of good laws, that will be properly enforced by righteous servants of the people. — Report The Voice of the Churches 219 of the Temperance and Moral Reform Dept., Methodist Church of Canada, 1911-12. There are several facts which we believe are demanding careful consideration on the part of Christian people, and no less judicious leadership on the part of the church. The church is not called to do the work of the school or the state, but the church is called to inspire men and women to do their full work as citizens, and to train them in the methods of fruitful and efficient service. In emphasizing the importance and obligations of social service, we are not seeking to divert the church from her true and highest mission. We are rather seeking to indicate ways whereby the church may moralize some of the great wastes of our social life, and may translate the ideal of Christ into terms of social blessing. The Christian church is called to lead the social faitli of the world. Christian men are called to make the social, political, and economic order of the world the outward and visible expression of the Christian ideal and the spiritual life. In a word, Christian men are called to build a Christian com- munity. Christianity will not have its perfect work until it is realized in a Christian society. The mission of the church is a high and holy one, and the function of the church is a great and glorious one. The mis- sion and function of the church were never more necessary than now, when so many lower ideals and partial gospels are being preached. The prevalence of an unchristian socialism would be an unparalleled calamity to the human race, but the prevalence of an unsocial Christianity would be no less an utter denial of the kingdom of God. At this time many men and many agencies are preaching various doctrines and offering certain programs of social ad- vance. It is not for us to criticise those men and programs. We bid every one Godspeed who in an honest and good heart is seeking to correct any abuse and help a single soul; and we do this, though we find their programs inadequate, and they follow not with us. Nevertheless, Christian men who find those other gospels inadequate and their programs meager have a definite and solemn responsibility just here. That is a double reason why Christian men, with their truer ideal, their larger faith, and their divine dynamic, should hold aloft the Christian ideals, should infuse the religious spirit into efforts for social betterment, and should lead the social faith 220 Year Book of Church and Social Service of the world. No more urgent task is upon the church than this, — to infuse the religious spirit into social work, and to show that social work is fully religious. The artificial distinction between the sacred and the secular has been gradually fading out, leaving only a more clearly and firmly drawn line between the right and the wrong. The main aspects of political duty and privilege have been lifted into a new dignity on the one hand, and on the other hand the movement toward a genuine democracy has come to be regarded as the functioning of the Divine Spirit in modern organized life. The breaking down of moral standards in civic action in many quarters, under the pressure of organized interests intent upon selfish ends, makes the duty of the Christian church to inspire and reenforce the popular will at these points the more imperative. — The church can show itself wisely sympathetic with the whole growing movement toward a more complete and efficient democracy. The salvation of the people can be achieved only as they work at it themselves with fear and trembling, with many a blunder and many a failure, proving all things to the end that they may hold fast that which is good. And the church, knowing that God, whose tabernacle is with men, is working in this movement to accomplish his good pleasure, will show its interest by furnishing ample supplies of inspira- tion and of moral leadership. It can show itself supremely moral and able to save souls only as it lends a hand in the solution of these vaster problems. — Social Service Message, Men and Religion Movement. Magnifying Citizenship : There is no ideal which the social service propaganda should more vigorously develop than this. There is constant danger that in reaching out into social activity the church shall commit one of two blunders : either it will duplicate agencies already main- tained under public auspices, or else it will draw ofi: energies for inefficient church activities which should be directed toward the buttressing of community government, political righteousness, and the discharge by the state of its full duty to the life of the people. The American experiment of the separation of church and state was an innovation in the history of human society. No other large community had undertaken the program upon which the fathers started our American society. Now that the The Voice of the Churches 221 state is concerning itself so vitally with many of the social and even moral and spiritual needs of the people, v^^hile on the other hand the cluirch is awakening to the spiritual significance of the whole social life of the people, the program of the fathers of the Republic at least calls for a new scrutiny. The proper adjustment of the relations of church and state will prove one of the most important problems of the future. The lack of intelligent discussion on the platform and in current literature is a phenomenon of the times which must not longer pass un- noticed. The old conception of a free church in a free state, each operating in its own realm, and the realms esteemed to be mutually independent, can no longer satisfy. A new theory and a new harmony of relationship must soon take its place. — From "Home Mission Method/' Presbyterian Church (Northern). Capital We especially commend all those employers, whether indi- viduals or corporations, who, in the conduct of their business, have exhibited a fraternal spirit and a disposition to deal justly and humanely with their employees — particularly as to wages, profit sharing and "welfare work," hours of labor, hygienic conditions of toil, protection against accidents, and willingness to submit differences to arbitration. We recognize the per- plexities that arise in great industrial operations, and sympathize with those who, while carrying these burdens, are yet striving to fulfil consistently the law of Christ. — Methodist Episcopal General Conference, 1908. We live in an age in which the vast enterprises essential to the progress of the world require the association of men of large means under corporate management. Out of this necessity have grown serious wrongs and consequent resistance. Organized capital stands indicted at the bar of public judg- ment for the gravest crimes against the common welfare. Among the counts in that indictment are such as these : Conspiring to advance prices on the staple commodities in- dispensable to the life, well-being, and progress of the people. Resorting to adulteration of foods, fabrics, and materials in order to increase profits already excessive. Destroying the competition in trade through which relief might be expected under normal conditions. Suborning legislation, and thus robbing the people of the first orderly recourse of the weak against the strong. These are sins against humanity. If God hates any sin 222 Year Book of Church and Social Service above another, it must be the robbery of the poor and de- fenseless. Otherwise his love fails where it is most needed and might find its largest opportunity. There is no betrayal more base than that which uses the hospitality of a house to plunder its inmates, unless it be that form of treason which so perverts the purpose and machinery of popular government as to turn its power against the people who trust and sup- port it. This is not saying that all corporations deal treach- erously with the people. There are honorable exceptions. But enough is known of the heartless greed that fattens off of the hunger-driven millions to warrant the strongest protective associations on the part of the people. — Methodist Episcopal Board of Bishops, 1912. We regard with the greatest satisfaction the effort of those employers, individual and corporate, who have shown in the conduct of their business a fraternal spirit and a disposition to deal justly and humanely with their employees as to wages, profit sharing, welfare work, protection against accidents, sani- tary conditions of toil, and readiness to submit differences to arbitration. — Federal Council of Churches, 1908. More distinctly do men discern that mere power does not confer a moral title to reward. That powerful interests have not ceased to take toll of our labor, to levy tribute on the people, to exercise a taxing power without authority, and that they are thereby continuing to amass the wealth of the nation in dangerous aggregations, there is common consent. That a large part of this is in the nature of extortion, that it is, in too large measure, the cause of poverty and of many of the evils against which we cry aloud, that if we evade it, we are still trying to cure effects without touching causes, and are seeking to ensure moral evolution without taking account of resident forces, are matters of public conscience. We record, with deep regret, the increasing prodigality upon the part of irresponsible men and women who have come into large possessions, and we would point out the clear and inti- mate relation between a reckless and ostentatious display of wealth and the revolutionary and defiant demeanor of the multitudes who feel, whether rightly or wrongly, that it is made at their expense. We should deplore the defiance of sobriety and order on the part of every element of ht^man society, and should fix the blame on the one when it is clearly the cause of which the other is the effect. — The Voice of the Churches 223 upon those whose incomes are derived from their hold- ings in mill and mine we urge the social danger of absentee ownership and its grave abuses, and we plead the full law of human responsibility, reminding them that, in the twenty- fifth chapter of Matthew, Jesus's judgment was pronounced on men and women for the things they did not do. The difficulties are perplexing, but they should neither lead us to indifference nor to embrace unavailing phantoms. We heartily commend those stockholders of great corpo- rations who courageously have sought relief through the light of publicity. We would remind those to whom affluence has come, whether by righteous or unrighteous means, that the tendency of our day upon the part of the great masses of the people to look to revolution rather than to the process of evolution, for their uplifting, is largely caused by the way in which so many of the rich flaunt their riches in the very face of the poor and emphasize the wide gulf between Dives at his table and Lazarus at the gate, and to such we commend the teachings of Jesus upon the productive use of wealth. — There is no finer opportunity for service in our day than is before those men to whom has been committed the direc- tion of these great interests, calling for clear heads and sympa- thetic spirit, and to these saving elements it is becoming clear, as it is to those not so close to the situation, that we may take our choice between legitimate and wisely guided democratic organization, as a conserving, constructive, evolutionary agency, mingling at least light with heat, serving not only to incite but also to restrain; our choice between this and the anomaly of unregulated riot in the very cause of justice. For revolution is here, not as a vague and idle threat, but as a stern reality. So much for the long-sown seeds of our neglect. Instead of solidarity and communal action for the uplift of the people, we may have mankind destroying the plague of injustice by burning down its own house, and meeting social wrongs by social wrong. The scene is shifting. The masses of the people are divided among themselves, and this imminent social crisis will give the church the sovereign opportunity of all her history to establish peace with the administering hand of justice. She is called now to be the leader of leaders of a bewildered democracy. — Federal Council of Churches, 1912. 224 Year Book of Church and Social Service We have confidence, therefore, to bear a special message to our chambers of commerce and our associations of business men and industrial directors. We ask them to adopt openly and make their own our social platform and all its implications. We express the profound belief that the time has come when these organizations must earnestly and sympathetically make the problems of the workers and the people their problems. We remind them that they have a tremendous power, which, if rightly used, could solve the problems of society, that the great multitude of evils with which the church is called upon to contend — the social evil, the problems of the welfare of the child and the conservation of womanhood — are largely commercial, are all problems of industry and business, and should not only be questions of moment on the part of the church and the organizations of social reform, but matters of concern upon the part of our business interests, both as composed of individual Christian men and as organizations. — Federal Council of Churches, 1912. It is possible that some men may come to think of social service as something separate from and additional to their business life — something to be done on Sundays, or in the evenings, or by committee meetings at lunch time. But as a matter of fact a man's business must itself be his great Christian service. If in and through his business he is not helping to build the kingdom of God, there is no way in which he can make his life Christian by additional and different activities in his spare hours. Money made by unjust or harsh methods cannot be made clean money by being put into the plate on Sunday; and a life of unchristian rivalry in business hours cannot be turned into a Christian life, by gentle or even pious conduct after business is over. A Christian life is a life devoted all day and every day to the good of the human family, of which we are members, and all the great staple forms of industry and commerce, inasmuch as they are socially necessary, can be truly regarded as social service of the purest and highest kind, if only they be con- ducted in accordance with this great Christian principle that the family must be thought of first and self only second. — The duty of creating a righteous economic order is upon us all, on the employers, the workers, and the public, on each according to the power he holds. Since organized capital The Voice of the Churches 225 undoubtedly holds the predominant power in modern industry, the chief responsibility must fall on the business men of the nation. They must use whatever initiative their business con- ditions give them to establish wholesome and friendly relations with their employees. As the great corporations emerge from the reign of competition into financial security, they must de- vote a far greater part of their attention and of their means to the welfare of the great armies of men whose life and labor is their most important asset. — Social Service Message, Men and Religion Movement. Now the chief form of every-day activity — business — has ob- viously a distinct social value and significance. The cry of the social reformer, even of the industrial revolutionist, is not against business per se, but against the abuses in which the conduct of so-called "private" business for personal profit has increasingly resulted. Private business as such does not exist; just as no one can live to himself alone, so no man can work to himself alone. The way in which one's business is conducted is of the utmost social import. Here falls the real ictus of our modern plea for industrial reconstruction. Business must be conducted for the common good, if need be under the control and effective direction of the rank and file of the workers. This is the ultimate meaning of the movement for industrial democracy. Business, in other words, is the great way of social service. Without organized industry, it is a truism to say, the collective life of the world would halt instanter. The layman in business, therefore, has a distinct opportunity to serve his fellows. In the first place, he must see to it that, so far as he is personally responsible, the conditions and hours of employment of his workers and their remuneration are such as to insure a fair chance for self-respecting life on their part and that of their families. The private business which does not take measures to this end is not only unsocial but antisocial. In the second place, the layman in business must see to it that the character of his product is not inimical to the social welfare, immediate or ultimate. Much so-called business of to-day is illegitimate. The manufacture of many patent medi- cines, nostrums, quack remedies, as well as of shoddy clothing, defective building material, not to mention slipshod and dis- honest work in the construction of tenement houses or public buildings or places of amusement are all here involved. If the layman in business replies that these things are beyond his 226 Year Book of Church and Social Service individual control, he is in so far right. This, however, does not release him from responsibility. Things beyond individual con- trol are within collective control. The task, therefore, before the Christian in business who finds that his business is not work- ing out to the well-being of his employees or to the social whole of which he forms only a part, is the duty of combining with others like-minded for the purpose of effecting a readjustment or reconstruction adequate to secure beneficent social results. — From "The Layman's Opportunity for Social Service" Prot- estant Episcopal Church, 1915. Labor We cordially declare our fraternal interest in the aspira- tions of the laboring classes, and our desire to assist them in the righting of every wrong and the attainment of their highest well-being. We recognize that the fundamental pur- poses of the labor movement are essentially ethical, and there- fore should command the support of Christian men. We recog- nize further that the organization of labor is not only the right of the laborers and conducive to their welfare, but is incidentally of great benefit to society at large, in the securing of better conditions of work and life, in its educational influence upon the great multitudes concerned, and particularly in the Americanization of our immigrant population. While we cor- dially appreciate the social service rendered the community by captains of industry in maintaining large business, affording employment to hundreds, and by their products serving the needs of their fellow men, yet our primary interest in the industrial problem is with that great number who, by their conditions of toil, cannot share adequately in the highest benefits of our civilization. Their efforts to improve their conditions should receive our heartiest cooperation, as must all similar effort on the part of employers or disinterested organizations. — Methodist Episcopal General Conference, 1908. We therefore declare our approval of labor organizations and other defensive alliances of all whose interests are threat- ened or invaded. Such united and unified action is their only recourse under present conditions. At the same time we can- not ignore the fact that organized labor also faces public judgment on the charge of lawless rioting, violence, and even murder, in its efforts to enforce its decrees, and that its rules seem unfairly to affect apprenticeship and abridge the right The Voice of the Churches 227 of non-union men to learn what trade they will, and to dis- pose of their own services as they choose. We would admonish our people who are members of labor unions that no circum- stances short of personal peril under dangerous assault can justify violent or lawless methods in seeking relief from hard conditions. Nor should any Christian deny to another person the right of individual choice in the disposal of his own services. Principles are greater than present personal exigencies, and no man can afford to violate the principle under which he himself claims protection. The same is true of a church or any other institution. We regard the use of the "blacklist" and the "boycott" as of the nature of conspiracy against the rights of individual judgment and conscience, and un-American in principle and extremely dangerous in tendency. — Methodist Epis- copal Board of Bishops, 1912. We record our admiration for such labor organizations as have under wise leadership throughout many years, by patient cultivation of just feelings and temperate views among their members, raised the efficiency of service, set the example of calmness and self-restraint in conference with employers, and promoted the welfare not only of the men of their own craft but of the entire body of working men. In such organizations is the proof that the fundamental purposes of the labor movement are ethical. In them great numbers of men of all nationalities and origins are being com- pacted in fellowship, trained in mutual respect, and disciplined in virtues which belong to right character and are at the basis of good citizenship. By them society at large is bene- fited in securing better conditions of work, in the American- ization of our immigrant population, and in the educational influence of the multitudes who in the labor unions find their chief, sometimes their only, intellectual stimulus. — That working men should organize for social and industrial betterment belongs to the natural order. The effort of the world's toilers to secure better conditions of work and larger possession for themselves is welcome evidence of a Divine call within them to share in the higher experiences of the in- tellectual and spiritual life. It is their right, as it is the right of men everywhere, within the law, to combine for common ends. Both church and society should cease to talk of "con- ceding" this right. It exists in the nature of things. We do not confer it. But we welcome its exercise. "The vast multi- 228 Year Book of Church and Social Service tudes of working people have a vital share in reshaping the moral standards of the time. They are at heart profoundly moral in their ideas and desires. Their demands are an influence upon the conscience of the nation." Despite the errors of individuals and groups, the faults of spirit, the imperfection of methods, and, in some instances, most deplorable results, organized labor is to be regarded as an influence not hostile to our institutions, but potent in beneficence. When guided from within by men of far sight and fair spirit, and guarded from without by restrictions of law and of custom against the en- thusiasms which work injustice, the self-interest which ignores the outsider, or the practices which create industrial havoc, trades unionism should be accepted, not as the church's enemy, but as the church's ally. The church believes in the gospel of Christ as a reality in this world, to be realized by the further- ance of social justice; it may not adopt as final well-advertised panaceas, but it intends to study and understand fully the situation. "It is not content with announcing abstract prin- ciples, but means to work definitely and steadily toward the translation of these into concrete conduct." In this theory of its mission, it cannot be other than hospitable to the cooperation of any individual or organized force, springing from the very heart of the need it seeks to understand and meet. It may well accept as its chief responsibility, without abating its efforts to remove immediate and palpable evils, the creation of that atmosphere of fairness, kindness, and good-will, in which those who contend, employer and employee, capitalist and working man, may find both light and warmth, and, in mutual respect and with fraternal feelings, may reach the common basis of understanding which will come to them, not by outward pressure, but from the inner sense of brotherhood. — Federal Council of Churches, 1908. More clearly does society now recognize the right and the duty of our people, and especially the industrial workers, to seek proper organization for justice, conciliation, and arbitra- tion. Just as strongly does it feel that such organization itself should be under the higher law which it invokes. — Federal Council of Churches, igi2. The right of working men to organize for mutual benefit and protection can no more be called in question than the right of the men of any other class to organize for similar purposes. The attitude of the church toward organized labor, The Voice of the Churches 229 like its attitude toward organized capital, depends upon cir- cumstances. It may agree or it may disagree with either or both, according as one or other keeps or fails to keep the Golden Rule of charity and fair dealing. The church stands for righteousness and justice and brotherly love, and so far as the organization of labor tends to secure these ends, the church approves it. — Protestant Episcopal Dio- cese of Chicago, 1909. In the face of a prejudice and a hostility for which there are serious reasons, we are convinced that the organization of labor is essential to the well-being of the working people. It is based upon a sense of the inestimable value of the indi- vidual man. "The cause of labor is the effort of men, being men, to live the life of men." Its purpose is to maintain such a standard of wages, hours, and conditions as shall afford every man an opportunity to grow in mind and in heart. Without organization the standard cannot be maintained in the midst of our present commercial conditions. — Protestant Episcopal General Convention, 1904. The emancipation of the working class must come from the workers themselves, if it is to have durability and moral value. They must organize and learn through concerted action. The organization of labor has come to stay. Those who are opposing it are seeking to check the manifest destiny of industrial society. The instinct of solidarity that has grown up in the ranks of labor is the form which the great human instinct of love must take under the circumstances. If labor organizations have at times taken unwise action or resorted to dangerous methods, we remember that other great historic movements, such as democracy and even the Christian church, have moved forward through mistakes and sins. Christians within the unions must seek still more to make them the moral educators of the working class by which the workers will be prepared for the larger economic and social responsibilities of the future. And Christians outside of the unions must help them on with praise and blame, but always in the spirit of brotherly good-will and sympathy. — Social Service Message, Men and Religion Movement. It is manifestly impossible for the church or any other social institution to overlook the fact that classes exist. Who created them or how justifiable was their creation is another matter. They certainly exist. It is impossible in any case to return to 230 Year Book of Church and Social Service the old American conditions which obliterated class distinctions. It may be possible to advance into a state of society where class distinctions shall again be obliterated, or at least their evils overcome, but that state is to be reached by an advance and not by a reaction to former conditions now irrevocably past. The church must take one of two courses: it must either force the two classes into the same organization, recognizing them still as distinct, and furnish the medium by which the patronage of one may overflow to the other; or else it must actively and deliberately set itself to lead society into that state when classes will either be abolished or they will be redeemed from the present blight. The former attitude the Roman Church has assumed. The latter is, of course, the only thorough solu- tion of the problem. The evasion of this alternative must place the Protestant Church in a weak position. It has neither the strength of the position of the Roman Church, nor has it the strength of choosing the other alternative, which, in the end, would endow it with immeasurably more strength than the Roman Church can ever gain. As a matter of fact, the evasion of the question leads to the tacit recognition of classes, and the alliance of the Protestant forces with class-conscious capital. Undoubtedly to-day the affiliation of the church is more close with class-conscious capital than with class-conscious labor. Even though there has been a decided drawing together of church and labor during the past decade, the alienation is still a fact. The fact is not materially altered, though it may be pointed out that large numbers of working people are in the church. Many congregations are made up almost exclusively of working people. But few churches include any considerable class-conscious labor element. Here lies the test. Of course it is class-conscious labor which is joining the issue with capital and precipitating the present acute industrial conditions. — Front ''Home Mission Method," Presbyterian Church (Northern). Industrial Democracy At this time the great principle of Christian brotherhood is seeking a new interpretation and application. The people from the churches should realize their opportunity and their duty at this point, and may perform a most notable service. The principle of brotherhood will have little meaning and power till it is applied all along the line of life. The men The Voice of the Churches 231 of the churches will seek to express and realize the principle of brotherhood, not only in the church, but in the city life, in politics, in business, and in industry. And they will neither be put off with empty professions and indefinite platitudes, nor will they be deterred by the warnings of timid time-servers and the pleas of interested self-seekers. The rttcn of good- will cannot rest till such an industrial order exists as will enable every man to earn and eat his daily bread. The men of the church may therefore very properly study all such methods of industrial brotherhood as profit-sharing, labor, copartnership, cooperative production and distribution, state and municipal ownership, and operation of natural resources. — Baptist Northern Convention, 1913. The age in which we are called to live and serve has some great outstanding characteristics and needs, and these make some urgent demands upon all Christians. The characteristic attitude and need of our time are summed up in the following things : The passion for democracy. The search for social justice. The dominance of religion in social and national life. The determination to seek and to find a Christian type of social and industrial life. There is a significant harmony between our fundamental idea and the spirit of this age which constitutes a special call and obligation to us. The passion for democracy has become the master passion of our time. Thus far, however, the idea of democracy has been interpreted and realized in its political bearing and relations. But democracy, we begin to see, is a universal principle, and applies in every relation and realm of society. Some great religious body is needed that shall interpret this great principle, not in word only but in life, and shall lead the world in its search for social and industrial democracy, and shall aid in its practical realization in society. The hunger for social justice lies at the bottom of the unrest of our time. Thus far the political rights of men have been fairly well defined and understood; and these definitions are written out in constitutional guaranties, and are protected by the state. But what may be called the social rights of men are not yet understood and defined; and so we have both im- perfect conceptions of social justice and inadequate means for securing it. Some great religious body is needed with a passion for justice which shall interpret the Christian conception of 232 Year Book of Church and Social Service man, arouse in men a passion for the downmost man, and inspire men to go forth and make social justice prevail in society. In the generations past we have achieved the separation of church and state — a great achievement and a necessary work. But this is a negative work, and, being such, it falls short of the whole truth. The separation of church and state, as too often interpreted, has meant the exclusion of religion from civil affairs. In this negative form, as often understood, it is as pernicious in practice as it is unchristian in principle. Some great religious body is needed which shall complete this work, interpret the positive relation of religion to social affairs, and lead men in their efforts to realize the kingdom of God in the social order. There is no doubt a call and obligation upon all Christians to hear what the Spirit is saying unto the churches and to follow the leading of divine providence into new fields of effort and achievement. But in view of our history and our fundamental principles we believe that there is a special obligation upon us as a body of Christians. There is a demand for some body of Christians with the Messianic consciousness strong upon it, which shall listen to this voice of the Spirit and accept this great commission. Our Baptist principle by its very nature is a vital, vitalizing, active, aggressive principle. Our Baptist fathers from the begin- ning have been pioneers and pathfinders. To-day this principle is seeking a new interpretation and application. To-day the Spirit is speaking to us, calling us to break up our tents of ease and once more become pathfinders. We can be true to our principles and our past, not merely by seeking to repeat the achievements of yesterday, but by hearing the call to new tasks and once more becoming pioneers. Some body of disciples is needed who will break a path through the tangled thickets of this modern social world and show men the way to the city of God. In a word, some body of disciples is needed to-day with the consciousness of a great commission, with the fullest devotion to the King, who will accept the leadership of the social faith and guide mankind into the Christian social order. We therefore urge our people to make a renewed study of our early history as a denomination that we may clearly conceive the principles which inspired our fathers. We urge our people to make a careful and sympathetic study of the social awakening of our time that they may understand The Voice of the Churches 233 the significance of the social question and may know what Israel ought to do. And we urge our people to a sympathetic cooperation with all men of good-will who are seeking to interpret the idea of social justice and to secure its establishment in all social relations. — Baptist Northern Convention, 1914. The democratic control of industry: The principle of democracy is essential to the Christian conception of man and of society. Under the stimulus of Christianity this principle has been largely realized in government, and its extension in industrial relationships is equally demanded by the social ideal of the gospel. The autocratic control of industry by any group of men without regard to the rights, either of other groups who contribute to the industrial process or of the public, is there- fore contrary to Christian standards. The immediate applica- tion, in every industry, of the principle of collective bargaining is not only essential to the protection of the modern industrial worker but it is the first step toward that cooperative control of both the process and proceeds of industry which will be the ultimate expression of Christianity in industrial relationship. — Methodist Episcopal General Conference, 1912. Rapidly developing events make evasion of this question longer impossible. Perhaps the majority of pulpits directly oppose socialism, though few make clear just what social theory they are opposing. Doubtless some of these antagonists do not them- selves know precisely what they are opposing. Elsewhere in the church there are a few scattering outspoken champions of socialism, though they also are often vague and divergent from one another in their doctrines. It is not incumbent upon the church officially to champion any of these social theories now current. But it remains true that the industrial question con- stitutes a definite issue, which makes a vacillating, evasive atti- tude on the part of the church suicidal, because it marks recreancy to the gospel it has assumed to preach. Because it is esteemed wise and distinctly obligatory to oppose certain social theories popularly embraced under the term sociaHsm, the church may not evade the social issue which exacts of religious, as of other institutions, a share in effecting absolutely necessary economic adjustments. The very fact that erroneous and hurtful social theories are in the field make the obligation of the church all the more clear. Recognition of the labor unions, the sending 234 Year Book of Church and Social Service of fraternal delegates to them from ministerial associations, and the adoption of other such methods may be wise or otherwise. Opinions and local conditions vary greatly. The wisdom or unwisdom of these or any other mere methods should not be allowed to confuse the fundamental issue. — From "Home Mission Method" Presbyterian Church (Northern). Class Struggle Christianity proposes for all human beings, and aims to create in them, the best life of which they are individually capable. It prescribes as a normal standard of living for every individual such conditions as will, to the utmost degree, pro- mote the best life. A Christian civilization is that in which the whole power of society is exerted to estabHsh and main- tain a normal standard of living for all equally. In Christian ethics all members of society are equally bound, to the limit of their ability, to do such useful labor as may be necessary in order to maintain a normal standard of living, and to promote the best life equally for all. All of those who so labor constitute the world's working class. All who cannot so labor as to earn a normal living constitute the world's dependent class. All who can, but do not so labor, but who, by force, fraud, special privilege, or social maladjustment, appropriate to their own use the benefit of others' toil con- stitute the world's shirking, parasitical, predatory, exploiting, thieving, robbing, or plundering class. The lines of division separating these several classes are not always perfectly distinct. A person or a pursuit may be partly useful and partly parasitical. A person may work hard at a useless or injurious business. There may be bad economy and waste in the management of a business intrinsically good. Sometimes the character of a busi- ness, whether good or bad, may not be clearly obvious. But broadly, and for purposes of economic and moral analysis, society is composed of these three classes : producers, plunderers, and pensioners. Between the working class and the predatory class there is ceaseless conflict of interest and effort. The plunderers ever- more seek to enrich themselves at the expense of the workers; and the workers, so far as they know and have power, resist spoliation. Sometimes, incidentally, factional divisions and strife arise within each of these classes, arraying working men against working men or exploiters against exploiters. But between the workers and the exploiters, as economic classes The Voice of the Churches 235 into which society as a whole is divided, the conflict of interest and effort is fundamental, worldwide, and constant. In this struggle, each class seeks to utilize the powers of organization and of social control, economic and political. The results of this struggle for social control are, first, to create a servile class and a master class; and, secondly, to create or intensify a vast brood of evils, such as slavery, peonage, oppres- sion, war, political corruption, poverty, misery, disease, vice, crime, inhumanity, ignorance, and brutality. In order to eliminate these evils society must eliminate the class struggle out of which they spring. But this can be done only by the emancipation, conservation, education, and socializa- tion of the working class as a whole ; by the eradication of the exploiting class in all of its forms, and by the adequate pro- tection and support of the helpless class. To do these things is the task of the working class. In relation to that task the true functions of the church are to make common cause with the working class, as a whole, as its advocate, inspirer, and moral guide; to hold up the ideal of a Christian civilization as the true goal of industrial organization; and to promote among the workers intelligent concert of action, both economic and political, for their com- mon welfare and for the adequate care of the helpless. We believe these principles to be in harmony with the history and principles of the Baptist denomination, and we propose them as a basis for future action. — Indiana Baptist Convention, 1910. Social Movements The movement bearing the name of Socialism is one of the most significant signs of the times. It is a movement world- wide in scope and growing in momentum. The name Socialism is a more or less indefinite one, and covers the whole move- ment for social reform. But, after all, the term has a quite definite content, and includes specific efforts for the social ownership and control of the means of production and distribu- tion. Two things should be kept in mind in all our thought on this question : Socialism is both a protest and a program. In the first sense it is a protest against the social and economic injustice in the world; it affirms the worth of every man and demands that every life shall have a fair inheritance in society. In the second sense it is a program seeking to equalize oppor- tunity, to socialize the resources of the earth, and to place the control of industry in the hands of the people. This question 236 Year Book of Church and Social Service in all of its aspects should be most carefully studied by all of our people. We should know what are the wrongs and injustice in society which give Socialism its strongest arguments; we should know how far the ills of society are curable by social action; and we should spread such a conscience as will lead to a just solution of the problem of society. The whole social question, the question how men shall live together in society and share in the resources of the earth in terms of fair equality, is up for a hearing, and the church that cannot lead men's thought on this question will not hold a very large place in the coming years. — Baptist Northern Convention^ 1912. The altruism of the gospel is developing a class of men who find a personal reward in the good of the community which has nourished them. We have accomplished some forms of socialistic organizations, which have enriched the life of the community and have increased the power and the range of influence of the individual and have greatly enhanced the rewards of personal effort. Therefore, in the controversies between individualism and the many forms of socialism we may as a church declare in favor of any form of communal organ- ization which, while it enriches the life of the community, will also increase the functions and development of the individual — the organization of trusts for the benefit of those who enter them, leading the way to the final trust in which the forces of the community will be used for the reenforcement of the power and the enrichment of the life of all the individuals composing it. Further, in common fairness we must admit that all we claim as our right in the community is, on the average, the right of all. We have accepted the benefit of a good home, a public school education, etc. We should see to it, as far as we can by Christian effort, by economic reform, and by legal enactments, that these benefits are not denied to any. Thus we love our neighbor as ourselves. — Methodist Church of Canada, General Conference, 1910. The principle of democracy has triumphed in church and state, and has put an end to the grosser forms of oppres- sion and wrong in both. The same principle must pervade and readjust the organizations of industry and commerce. In- dustrial democracy is our Christian destiny, and henceforth a man's Christianity will have to be measured to some degree by the willingness and enthusiasm with which he sets his face The Voice of the Churches 287 to meet that destiny. — Social Service Message, Men and Re- ligion Movement. Wealth and Poverty For the acknowledgment of the obligations of wealth. The church declares that the getting of wealth must be in obedience to Christian ideals, and that all wealth, from what- ever source acquired, must be held or administered as a trust from God for the good of fellow man. The church emphasizes the danger, ever imminent to the individual and to society as well, of setting material welfare above righteous life. The church protests against undue desire for wealth, untempered pursuit of gain, and the immoderate exaltation of riches. For the application of Christian principles to the conduct of industrial organizations, whether of capital or labor. For a more equitable distribution of wealth. We hold that the distribution of the products of industry ought to be made such that it can be approved by the Christian conscience. — (Northern) Presbyterian General Assembly, 1910. We urge a deeper sense of the value of productive thought and toil and wealth. To create for the benefit of all is the highest end for the investment of talent, toil, and of material possession. Hence every industrial and commercial enterprise that ministers to wholesome life and substantial prosperity should be encouraged and honored, and every device that aims to secure something for nothing should be discountenanced and condemned. Return and reward are just, only as they measure their moral equivalent, however it may be expressed in its material terms. — Federal Council of Churches, 1912. It cannot be denied that in recent years, notwithstanding the vast accumulation of wealth in the hands of a privileged few, there has been no corresponding gain to labor; that our modern competitive industrial system results in conditions which are essentially unchristian and unjust to the men who produce the wealth in which they so unequally share; that in every industrial community, poverty due to insufficient wages and uncertainty of employment is to a large extent responsible for the existing discontent, crime, immorality, and alienation from religion, and that the church is to a large degree identified with the capitalistic class, and that its influence is used to uphold the existing economic system. — Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Chicago, 1909. 238 Year Book of Church and Social Service In a righteous social order all should be both owners and workers. From the point of view of the kingdom of God we cannot consent to a condition in which some have all the en- joyment of wealth without the wholesome moral influence of productive labor, and in which others have all the burden of unending toil without the wholesome moral influence of property. The goal of our economic development should be to secure for the modern industrial workers some recognized property right in the shops in which they work, such as the old-fashioned mechanic had in his shop and tools. How the working class can win an increasing share of property rights is the problem of the future. It will demand of the wage-workers high qualities of good sense, self-restraint, and solidarity. It will demand of the present owners a strong sense of justice and humanity, educational ability and the power of moral leader- ship if the transition is to be made peaceably and wisely. We hail with deep satisfaction the increasing instances where indi- vidual employers and large corporations have introduced methods of profit-sharing that have really shared, and have not been mere devices to force an increase in the output of labor. In this direction lies the industrial mission of Christianity for men of wealth and organizing ability. — Social Service Message, Men and Religion Movement. Unearned Increment in Land Values Your Committee has considered the memorials on the land question submitted to it. Believing that "The earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof," and that under the provi- dence of God the state is the trustee whose duty it is to enact the conditions under which these Divine gifts should be used for the benefit of all, we therefore, condemn the handing over of large tracts of land to individuals and corporations without attaching conditions which would prevent their being held for speculative purposes only. Whenever vested rights are not interfered with, we recommend legislation which will prevent any individual or corporation from profiting hereafter from the unearned increment in the value of land. We note with pleasure the experiments which are now being made in Great Britain, the city of Vancouver, and other western towns, in organizing their finance on the basis of a tax on land values. We shall have opportunity to determine, experimentally, how far this method may prove to be a panacea for economic ills. — Methodist Church of Canada, General Conference, 1910. The Voice of the Churches 239 Economic injustice has at all times entrenched itself in the ownership of the land and its resources. The earth and its natural wealth is always the gift of God to every new gen- eration. If any one claims any part of the land as his own, his rights are subject to the needs of the common welfare, and he must render to his fellows a just equivalent for the special privilege he claims. The moral title to property rests on social service. In the past the natural heritage of our nation has been so rich and vast that all could find their opportunity for labor and sustenance. As our population grows, and the easy prodigality of our young continent becomes exhausted, the question of the just distribution of natural opportunities is driven home upon us. We shall have to consider whether it is compatible with the kingdom of God on earth that a minority of men own the bulk of the soil, the water rights, and the mineral stores, and the great majority of God's children are left with no property rights in what God made for all. We remember that the ancient law of Israel was careful to provide every family with land, and to prevent the permanent landlessness of any. In some way, we must find the economic means of accomplishing the same end in the complexity of an industrial civilization. Religion, morality, history, and statesmanship unite in demanding it. — Social Service Message, Men and Religion Movement, Social Redemption Christ's mission is not merely to reform society, but to save it. He is more than the world's Readjuster. He is its Redeemer. The changed emphasis put upon the Lord's prayer — "Thy will be done on earth" — must not deceive us. The prayer for the coming of the Kingdom, for the doing of the will of God on earth, gets its point from the fact that there is a heaven in which that will is done — where the beatitudes are always operative, and justice never falters, and truth ex- cludes all hes, where people hunger no more, neither thirst any more, nor say they are sick — a city that lieth four-square. It will, we trust, not confuse the urgent cries for the larger activity of the church when we remind ourselves that the church becomes worthless for its higher purpose when it deals with conditions and forgets character, reheves misery and ignores sin, pleads for justice and undervalues forgiveness. — Federal Council of Churches, 1908. Above all, the Christian church is coming to realize that 240 Year Book of Church and Social Service in this she is not turning aside from her task; for it she needs no new forces. It is simply the translation of her spiritual culture into a great human service m obedience to the command of her Master. It is not confusing the kingdom of heaven with an economic state of equilibrium. It is not simply resolving man's spiritual and moral life into an economic process. If it were, it would be calamitous and sad. It is the attempt to make our economic order the outward and material expression of our moral and spiritual principles or, to put it conversely, it is making our moral and spiritual life the ideal and end of our economic order. We are not to confuse the worship with the material building in which we hold it. We realize that upon this earth heavenly treasures must be kept in earthen vessels. A pure body is the only fitting habitation of the soul. We are not to forget that we can have no kingdom of heaven on earth until our economic programs are fashioned in the light of spiritual ideals and with spiritual ends in view, and we are to remember that the world will come together m the consummation of sympathy, tenderness, and brotherhood only when all men are brought to sit together at the feet of Christ. The church is thus not turning aside from her task, neither is she creating new forces. Still further than this, we are happily discovering that the conservation of the evangelistic note is an essential to an effective social gospel, and are no longer disposed to rend asunder what Christ has joined together. Two things the church must gain: the one is spiritual au- thority; the other is human sympathy. And be her human sympathy ever so warm and passionate, if she have not her spiritual authority, she can do httle more than raise a limp signal of distress with a weak and pallid hand. But if, on the other hand, she assumes a spiritual authority without a commensurate human sympathy, she becomes what her Master would call "a whited sepulcher filled with dead mens bones. —Federal Council of Churches, 1912. In the social crisis now confronting Christianity the urgent need and duty of the church is to develop an evangelism which shall recognize the possibility and the imperative necessity of accomplishing the regeneration of communities as well as per- sons, whose goal shall be the perfection both of society and of the individual. The Voice of the Churches 241 The desire to improve social conditions, the determination to discover and remove social ills, is a new assertion of man's spiritual nature and task. This is not an attempt merely to improve conditions, but it recognizes that while conditions in- fluence men, men make conditions. It brings to bear spiritual forces to direct the progress of society toward the perfect social order. It is the modern expression of the social hope of the Old Testament, of the kingdom of God which Jesus taught. — Methodist Episcopal General Conference, 1912. When we face the facts concerning poverty and pauperism, the facts concerning drunkenness and prostitution, graft and vice, the facts concerning wage-slavery, the heartless oppression of women, and the damnable wrongs committed against little children, the facts concerning political corruption, the depths of infamy to which trusted servants of the people sometimes descend, the facts concerning man's inhumanity to man — we are ready to declare most emphatically that what human society needs is regeneration. Its ills cannot be cured by patent nostrums. Its ugliness cannot be hidden by a thin veneer of intellectual and moral polish. It can never be made healthy and beautiful except it be born anew through the power of Christ. To be sure, it needs economic reconstruction, it needs an improved educational system, it needs a larger culture, it needs ethical readjustment, but immeasurably it needs regeneration. Social redemption will come, not with the suddenness of a revolution, but through the gradual, sure processes of moral and spiritual evolution. It is evident to the student of history that the race of mankind learns slowly and through more or less painful experience. They who are fighters in the cause of righteousness must not be discouraged if victories are hard won and apparently few. The builders of the new social order must not complain if the walls of the temple rise slowly. We are obligated to do with all the power of hand and brain and heart what we find to do, with unshaken faith in that God who is eternally on the side of right. — United Presbyterian Brother- hood Convention, 1912. We are engaged in a wide-spreading revival for God's glory and human welfare. Every great revival of religion has laid emphasis on some special phase of truth. Luther proclaimed justification by faith, Wesley declared that the Methodist Church was raised up to spread scriptural holiness throughout the 242 Year Book of Church and Social Service land. Moody taught the people that God is love. The world is ready for another visitation of the grace of God, and unless all signs fail, it now seems good to the Holy Spirit that special emphasis should be laid on the fact that the kingdom of God is in our midst, and that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in spirit, waiting for the sons of God to manifest and apply the principles. Of course, we cannot lay plans for Almighty God. As has been said, "The river of the water of life makes its own channel," but we should study the signs of the times, and feed our lives and lead our churches into those great moral and spiritual movements that indicate the mighty working of the Spirit of God. It is not too much to say that the majority of the disciples of Christ have not had any clear vision of the fulfilment of the prayer, "Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven." The dominant note in their testimony has been a desire to get to heaven, but the outstanding feature of the gospel of Christ is the building of heaven on earth. To this end Almighty God is sending abroad a new spirit among men. The age is marked by many infallible signs. Never before did men so seriously strive to answer the ques- tion, "Am I my brother's keeper?" as they do to-day. There is being developed a new social conscience that in time will revolutionize our whole civilization. It is also an age of pre- vention. We have been told that it is just as good evangelism to secure conditions that will prevent a man from becoming a prodigal as to rescue a prodigal. Jesus Christ is turning the thoughts and investigations of men to the causes of sin and crime; and already we are beginning to reap the harvest in the elimination of slums, the establishment of garden cities, the prohibition of the barroom, shorter hours of labor, and many other reforms for the betterment of the people. — Department of Temperance and Moral Reform, Methodist Church of Canada, 1911-12. But the social movement, as related to the church, is con- cerned not only with the kingdom of God, the ideal society: it is concerned with the individuals who shall go to make up that society. The social movement must have as its ulti- mate aim the liberation and the development of personality. Unless it succeeds in giving to the "undermost man" a chance to recognize his own "innermost worth," and to develop that worth in relation to God and to his fellows, the social move- ment of to-day, like many previous movements of history which started with glowing hopes, will ultimately come to The Voice of the Churches 243 naught. It need not be thought, however, that in saying this we are turning our backs upon the social movement and giving place to a narrow individualistic interpretation of the gospel, which is being outgrown. We would insist rather upon a return to the original spirit of the gospel, in and through the social movement of our day. If the movement has seemed to go astray, it is for the church to call it back to fundamental principles; it is for the church to insist upon the value of the soul and to claim the recognition of that value by all who profess to be interested in the welfare of human society on earth. In this ultimate criterion of soul value we believe that the social worker and the working man outside the ranks of organized Christianity would eventually acquiesce. We believe that at the bottom of the heart of every human being is a groping desire for spiritual growth. We believe that the men and women for whom we make our plea are not finally con- cerned with mere questions of decent homes, adequate provision for the necessities, and a reasonable amount of some of the comforts of life, but that their cry for justice is based funda- mentally upon the conviction that to them is given, under present conditions, no adequate opportunity for the realization of their own individuality. But it is, after all, only as society itself is reconstructed that the individual can come fully to his own. There can be no true regeneration of the individual which does not involve the regeneration of society, nor any true regeneration of society without the regeneration of the indi- vidual. — Protestant Episcopal General Convention, 1913. We believe: 1. That God wills that all men should be saved. 2. That God first calls and saves individuals. 3. That God saves and blesses individuals, not because they are his favorites, but that they may become servants of the Lord in saving others. 4. That, in order to save others, those who are saved must, in accordance with the Christian law of love, do whatever in them lies to ameliorate the conditions, purify the environment, and sanctify the relations, in which men and women must live. 5. That the work of saving the world hence implies the Christianizing of the entire social order, so that all the relations of life shall be controlled and governed by the Christian law of love. 244 Year Book of Church and Social Service 6. That such a Christian social order is indispensable to the full development of the indiwidusA.— Reformed Church in the United States. The Convention of Methodist Men assembled at Indianap- olis, October, 1913, commits itself, and calls the entire church : First, to a program of personal evangelism at home and abroad, which will enable the church to reach effectively the last man with the message of redemption; and that we set as a goal an annual minimum gain of ten per cent in the full membership of every church. Second, to the principle of social redemption in all lands and the application of the spirit and teachings of Christ to the total relations of men. Peace The Conference of representatives of the Religious Society of Friends in the United States, to protest against the reliance upon military force in adjusting international affairs, and to advance the cause of universal peace, held at Winona Lake, Indiana, July 23 to 26, 1915, appeals to all the bodies of Chris- tians, by whatever name they may be called, to make the teachings of Jesus Christ more potent in the affairs of men. The profession of the acceptance of Christ's teachings, without putting them into practice, is but a mockery. We regard the Sermon on the Mount as a practical constitution for the kingdom of God upon the earth, that its declarations are to be obeyed by the members of that kingdom, and that they apply alike to individuals and to all groups of individuals, including those that form the nations of the earth. Not otherwise can the kingdoms of this world become kingdoms of our Lord. We advocate peace, not merely as an end in itself, but as one of the means for obtaining the greatest of all ends, the estab- lishment of the kingdom of God upon the earth. It is a kingdom of righteousness and this righteousness embraces peace. None of us has duly honored the teachings of our Lord, nor carried high enough the banner of the Prince of Peace. The present crisis in the world's affairs presents an opportunity, beyond any the church has before known, to call men to Christ's ideals of human government. We venture thus to address you because a heritage of two hundred and fifty years places a peculiar responsibility upon us. The Voice of the Churches ^545 In 1660, Friends presented to King Charles II a declaration which stated, "We utterly deny all outward wars, and strife, and fightings with outward weapons, for any end or under any pretense whatever: this is our testimony to the whole world. The Spirit of Christ by which we are guided is not changeable, so as once to command from a thing as evil and again to move into it; and we certainly know and testify to the world that the Spirit of Christ which leads into all truth, will never move us to fight and war against any man with outward weapons, neither for the kingdom of Christ, nor for the kingdoms of this world." In 1914, the following was issued in London : The Society of Friends "believes that all war is contrary to the mind of Christ, and that the early Christians who said, T am a Christian, and cannot fight,' were expressing a fundamental truth. That there have been, and are to-day, large numbers of sincere and devoted Christians in the armies of Europe, Friends do not for one moment deny. One hundred years ago Christian men held slaves, although this practice is now universally recognized as fundamentally opposed to Christianity. The Friends regard their protest against war as an essential part of their faith in Christ, and as rooted in their whole conception of man's relation to God." — Friends. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE ASSOCIATED SECRETARIES Rev. Charles S. Macfarland — Yale University, Yale Divinity School, and study abroad. General Secretary of the Y. M. C. A.; Pastorates of churches in Boston, Mass.; Maiden, Mass.; South Norwalk, Conn.; lecturer at Yale Divinity School. Author — Old Puritanism and the New Age, The Spirit Christlike, Jesus and the Prophets, The Infinite Affection, Spiritual Culture and Social Service, Christian Service and the Modern World. Editor and Contributor to The Christian Ministry and the Social Order, Christian Unity at Work, and The Churches of the Federal Council. Secretary of the Commission on the Church and Social Service, 191 1; Acting Executive Secretary of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, 191 1; Secre- tary of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, 1912; General Secretary of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, 1914. Rev. Henry A. Atkinson — Pacific Methodist College, Cali- fornia, and Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. Pastorates — Albion, III; Springfield, O., and Atlanta, Ga. Secretary of Labor and Social Service for the Congrega- tional Churches, 1910. Author — The First Christinas, The Church and People's Play. Collaborated in The Social Creed of the Churches. Secretary of the Social Service Commission of the Con- gregational Churches, 1913- Associate Secretary of the Federal Council Commission on the Church and Social Service. Rev. Samuel Zane Batten — Bucknell University, Crozer Theological Seminary. Pastorates— Tioga, Pa. ; Brookville, Pa. ; Philadelphia, Pa. ; New York City, N. Y.; Morristown, N. J.; Lincoln, Neb. 246 Sketches of Associated Secretaries 247 Author — The New Citizenship, The Christian State, The Social Task of Christianity, The Social Problem, The Indus- trial Menace to the Home, A Working Temperance Program. Secretary Department of Social Service and Brotherhood of the Northern Baptist Convention, 1912. Chairman, Social Service Commission, Northern Baptist Convention. Chairman, Social Service Commission, Baptist World Alliance. Assistant Editor of Service. Associate Secretary of the Federal Council Commission on the Church and Social Service. Rev Frank M. Crouch — Cornell University and Episcopal Theological Seminary of Cambridge, Mass. Teacher at Cornell University and Boys' High School, Brooklyn. Assistant Minister at the Church of the Holy Trinity, Brooklyn. Editor "Social Service at the General Convention of 1913-" Executive Secretary of Joint Commission on Social Serv- ice of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 1912. Associate Secretary of the Federal Council Commission on the Church and Social Service. Rev. Charles O. Gill — Yale University, Yale Divinity School, Union Theological Seminary. Teacher King's School for Boys, Stamford, Conn.; Mis- sionary at Pekin, China; pastorates at Westmore, Vt. ; Jericho Center, Vt. ; West Lebanon, N. H. ; Hartland, Vt. Author — The Country Church. Field Investigator for the Committee on Church and Country Life of the Commission on the Church and Social Service of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. Secretary of the Federal Council Commission on the Church and Country Life. Associate Secretary of the Federal Council Commission on the Church and Social Service. 248 Year Book of Church and Social Service Rev. Harry F. Ward — University of Southern California; Northwestern University; Harvard University. Head resident of the Northwestern University Settle- ment, Chicago. Thirteen years pastor in Chicago, ten of them in Institutional churches, in downtown and industrial neighborhoods. Editor — Social Ministry, and first edition of The Social Creed of the Churches. Wrote present edition of The Social Creed of the Churches. Author — Poverty and Wealth, Social Evangelism. Secretary — The Methodist Federation for Social Service. Professor of Social Service in the School of Theology of Boston University. Associate Secretary of the Federal Council Commission on the Church and Social Service. Rev. Warren H. Wilson — Oberlin College, Union Theo- logical Seminary, Columbia University. Secretary of the Student Movement, Y. M. C. A., New York City. Pastorates — Quaker Hill, New York, and Brooklyn, New York. Assistant Superintendent, Department Church and Labor, Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, New York. Superintendent, Country Church Work (formerly the Department of Church and Country Life), Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, New York. Associate in Rural Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York. Author— Quaker Hill, The Church of the Open Country, The Evolution of the Country Community, The Church at the Center. Editor — "A Social Survey in Pennsylvania," and many other Rural Social Surveys. Associate Secretary of the Federal Council Commission on the Church and Social Service, INDEX Adult Classes, Studies for, 35 African Methodist Church, 74 Anti-Saloon League, 196 B Baptist Contribution to Social Move- ment, 20; Development of So- cial Service Movement, 31-38; Publications, 105-107; Meth- ods: Community ministry, 131, Community study, 138; Study classes and discussion groups, 142-144; Suggested Programs 153-156; City pro- gram, 162; Town program, 164, 165; Village program, 165; Utterances: Social Creed, 199; Social Service, 207; Social Justice, 216; Industrial De- mocracy, 230-233; Class Struggle, 234; Social Move- ments, 235; Wealth and Pov- erty, 237 Biographical Sketches of Secre- taries, 246-248 Books of 19 14-15, Significant, 122-130 Boys' and Girls' Work, 187 Boys' Club Federation, 187 Boy Scouts of America, 187 Brotherhood of the Kingdom, 20, 32 Brotherhoods, studies for, 35 Camp Fire Girls, 187 Capital, Denominational Utter- ances, 221-226 Catholic Charities, National Conference of, 95 Catholic Church American Federation of Cath- olic Societies — Social Service Commissio n — Militia of Christ, 93-^5 Charities and Correction, Na- tional Conference, 196 Charity Organization, 187, 188 Child Labor, National Commit- tee, 186 Child Welfare, Societies for, 185- 187 Children's Bureau, Federal, 185 Christian Church, Development of Social Movement, 62-64 Christian Convention, Amer- ican, Utterance on Social Service, 210 Church Association for Advance- ment of Interests of Labor, 20 Civic Action, Denominational Utterances, 217-221 Civic, American Association, 194 Class Struggle, Denominational Utterances, 234, 235 Colored People, National Asso- ciation for Advancement of, 192 Community Ministry, Organiz- ing for, 1 31-13 7 Community Welfare, Recent Books, 125 Congregational Contribution to Social Move- ment, 20; Development of So- cial Service Movement, 39-45 ; Publications, 107; Methods: Community Ministry, 132; Community Study, 138; Study Classes, 144; Correspondence Courses, 147; Utterances: So- 249 250 Index cial Creed, 198; Industrial and Social Conditions, 201-204; Social Service, 204 Consumers' League, National, 193 . . Cooperation, Denominational, 175-179 Cooperating Agencies, 184-196 Correspondence Courses, 147- 150 Country and Country Church Development under Federal Coimcil and denominational agencies, 80-83 1 Programs for, 166, 167 D Democracy, Industrial, 230-234 Disciples of Christ Contribution to Social Move- ment, 20; Development of So- cial Service Movement, 64, 65 District Bodies, Denominational 179-183 E Early Church, social forces in, 1 5 English Social Service Organiza- tions, 97-100 Evangelical Association, 74, 75 Evangelical Lutheran, 68, 69 Evangelical Revival, 18 Federal Council of Churches Organization, Development of Social Movement, 21-31, 75; Publications, 101-104; Utter- ances: Social Creed, 198, 200; Social Service, 205; Civic Ac- tion, 217; Capital, 222; Labor, 227, 228; Wealth and Poverty, 237, Social Redemption, 239 Federated Movements, Com- mission on, 78-80 Federation of Day Nurseries, National, 186 Federation of Labor, American, 193 Federative Movements, Federal Council Publications on, 103 Foreign Missions, Federal Coun- cil Activity, 90, 91 Free Baptists, 73 Friends Development of Social Ser- vice Movement, 66, 67 ; Meth- ods: Community ministry, ,132; Suggested Programs, 166; Utterances: Social Service, 211; Peace, 244 German Catholic Federation, 95 German Evangelical Development of Social Move- ment, 67, 68; District bodies, 179 H Health, Organizations f9r pro- motion of, 188-190 Home Missions, Federal Coun- cil Activity, 90, 91 Housing, National Association, 194 Howard, Central Association, 192 Hygiene American School Association, 189; American Social Hy- giene Association, 190; Na- tional Committee for Mental Hygiene, 190 Immigrant, Organizations for, Indiana Baptist Convention, Utterances, 234, 235 Industrial Denominational utterances, 201-204; 230-234; Recent Books, 126 Industrial Relations Committee, 194 Infant MortaHty, American As sociation for Study and Prevention of, 189 Index 251 Inner Mission, Evangelical Lu- theran, Development of, 68, 69 Institute of Social Service, American, 184 Interchurch Organizations, 75- 100 Interchurch Federation of Phil- adelphia, 147 Interdenominational Conference of Social Service Union (England), 98 International Peace and Arbi- tration, Federal Council Ac- tivity, 89, 90 Jesus, Social Message of, 14 Jewish Bodies Development of Social Move- ment, 95-97 L Labor, Denominational Utter- ances, 226-230 Labor, American Federation of, 193 Labor, American Association for Legislation, 193 Laity League for Social Service, New York, Program, 168-1 70 Legal Aid Society, 188 Loan Association, National Fed- eration of Remedial, 188 M Men and Religion Forward Movement Contribution to Social Move- ment, 22,77; Program, 178, 179; Recommednations, 170-174; Methods: Program for indi- vidual church, 158; Minimum program, 168; Recommenda- tions for: Church, 170; Social Workers, 171; Municipality, 172; State, 173; General, 174; Utterances: Social Service, 211; Social Justice, 215; Civic Action, 219; Capital, 224; La- bor, 229; Siocial Movements, 236; Wealth and Poverty, 238; Unearned increment in land values, 239 Mennonite Church, 73, 74 Mental Hygiene, National Com- mittee for, 190 Methodist Church of Canada Utterances: Civic Action, 218; Social Movements, 236; Un- earned increment in land val- ues, 238; Social Redemption, 241 Alethodist Episcopal Contribution to Social Move- ment, 21; Development of Social Service Movement, 45-51; Publications, 108; Methods: Community minis- try, 132; Community Study, 138; Study Classes, 144, 145; vSunday School, 150; Sug- gested Programs, 156; Co- operative effort, 176; District bodies, 180; Utterances: So- cial Creed, 197, 200; Social Justice, 213; Civic Action, 218; Capital, 221, 222; Labor, 226; Industrial Democracy, 233; Social Redemption, 240, 244 Methodist Episcopal, South Development of Social Move- ment, 70, 71 Methodist Protestant, 74, 75 Militia of Christ, 94 Missionary Awakening, 19 Missionary Education Movement Development and organiza- tion, 84; Literature, 90, 91; Publications, 112-114 Missions, Home and Foreign, Federal Council Activity, 90,91 ^loravian Church, Country Life Work, 74, 82 Municipal League, National, 195 National Conference Union for Social Service (England), 99 252 Index National Council of Evangelical Free Churches (England), 98 National Movements Contribution to Social Move- ment, 17 Peace Denominational utterances, 244; Federal Council Activity, 89, 90; Recent books, 128 Pioneers, of Social Movement, 20 Playground and Recreation As- sociation of America, 185 Poverty, Recent books, 127 Presbyterian Church of Canada, Utterance, Social Creed, 199 Presbirterian Contribution to Social Move- ment, 20; Development of Social Service Movement, 51- 57; Country Church Work, 82, 83; Publications, 109; Methods: Community minis- try, 133; Community study, 139; Correspondence Courses, 148 ; Adequate Program for the Coimtry, 166; District Bodies, 179; Utterances: Social Creed, 198; Social Justice, 213; Civic Action, 220; Labor, 229; Industrial Democracy, 233 ; Wealth and Poverty, 237 Presbyterian Chiurch in the United States (Southern), 74 Presbyterian, Northern, South- ern, and United, 75 Presbyterian, United, 71-73 Utterances: Social Service, 208-210; Social Justice, 212; Social Redemption, 241 Prisoner, Organizations for, 191, 192 Probation, National Association, 192 Programs Denominational, 153-175; Men and Religion, 158; For the City, 162-164; For a Town, 164, 165; For a Vil- lage, 166; For the Country, 166, 167; Minimum, 167, 168 Prophets, Modern social, 19 Prophets, social influence of, 13 Protestant Episcopal Contribution to Social Move- ment, 20; Development of So- cial Service Movement, 57-62 ; Publications, 109, no; Meth- ods: Community Ministry, 134; Community Study, 139; Study Classes, 145-147; Cor- respondence Courses, 148; Sunday School, 151; Sug- gested Programs, 1 57 ; Program for Industrial Community, 160; Agricultural Improv e m e n t, 167; Cooperative effort, 177; District bodies, 1 81-183; Ut- terances: Social Service, 207; Social Justice, 213-215; Civic Action, 217; Capital, 225; La- bor, 228; Wealth and Poverty, 237; Social Redemption, 242 Publications and Bibliography, 101-130 Public Health Association, American, 189 R Rabbis, Central Conference of American, 95 Reading Lists, 1 17-122 Recreation, Association — a n d Playground, of America, 185 Recreation Department, Russell Sage Foundation, 185 Reformation, 16 Reformed Church in America (Dutch), 74 Reformed Church in the United States (German) Activities, 71 ; Methods: Com- munity ministry, 136; Utter- ances: Social Service, 211; So- cial Redemption, 243 Reformed Episcopal, 74, 75 Index 2.53 Reformed Presbyterian, 74, 75 Religious Education Associa- tion, 196 Roman Catholic Church Charities — Militia of Christ — Social Service Commission, 93-95 Rural, Recent books, 128 Salvation Army Contribution to Social Move- ment, 20 School Hygiene Association, American, 189 Seventh Day Baptist, 74 Utterances: Social Creed, 201 Social Centers, 185 Social Christianity, Recent Books, 123 Social Creed, 197-201 Socialism, Recent Books, 127 Socialized Church, Recent Books, 124 Social Hygiene, American Asso- ciation, 190 Social Justice, Denominational Utterances, 96, 212-217 Social Movements, Denomina- tional Utterances, 235, 236 Social Redemption, Denomina- tional Utterances, 239-244 Social Service, Denominational Utterances, 204-212 Social Service Organizations, 24- 100 Southern Baptists, 75 Southern Sociological Congress, 196 Study Classes, 130, 141, 147 Sunday School, 35, 90, 150, 152 Survey Associates, 184 Surveys and Exhibits, Depart- ment of Russell Sage Foun- dation, 195 Temperance, Federal Council Publications, 104 Tuberculosis, National Associa- tion for Study and Preven- tion of, 189 U Unearned increment in land val- ues. Denominational Utter- ances, 238, 239 Unitarian Contribution to Social Move- ment, 20; Development of So- cial Service Movement, 91 , 92 ; Fellowship for Social Justice, 92; Methods: Community Ministry, 136; Community Study, 140; Sunday Schools, 152; Suggested Programs, 157; Utterances: Social Creed, 199 United Brethren, 74 United Evangelical, 74, 75 United Presbyterian Utterances: Social Service, 208-210; Social Justice, 212; Social Redemption, 241 Universalist Contribution to Social Move- ment, 20; Development of So- cial Service Movement, 92, 93 V Vacation Bible School Associa- tion, 187 W Wealth and Poverty, Denom- inational Utterances, 237, 238 Women's Trade Union League, National, 193 W o m e n's Work, Committee, Russell Sage Foundation, 194 World Alliance, 191 1 Meetmg, 38 Y Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation Departments: Army and Navy — Boys' Work — County 254 Index — Educational — Industrial — Physical, 85, 86; Local Asso- ciations, 87; Social Service Society, 87; Publications, 1 14- 116 Young People's Societies, Stud- ies for, 35 Young Women's Christian Asso- ciation Activities — Ministry to Dis- tinct Groups — Organization — Preparation of leaders — Spe- cially emphasized work, 87- 89; Publications, 116 FEDERAL COUNCIL YEAR BOOK AN ECCLESIASTICAL AND STATISTICAL DIRECTORY OF THE FEDERAL COUNCIL. ITS COMMISSIONS AND CONSTITUENT BODIES, AND ALL OTHER RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES COVERING THE YEAR 1915 PREPARED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE REDERAL COUNCIL OF THE CHURCHES OF CHRIST IN AMERICA By H. K. CARROLL, LL.D. Associate Secretary in W^ashington Price, 50 cents, postpaid Every person who has occasion to use or to refer to information regarding all the religious forces— Protestant, Roman and Greek Catholic, and Jewish,— cannot afford to be without this volume. Dr. Carroll's knowledge and experi- ence in preparing material of this character assures the accuracy of the information. Order from your denominational Publishing House, your book dealer, the Federal Council of Churches, 105 East 22nd Street, New York, or 1114 Woodward Building, Washington, D. C, or the Missionary Education Move- ment, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Date Due J[ - • ■ '1- k '-<■■ :■., i . - r . » '■' . . ■ Dt; AP 7 53 S»Y2l^ ;s ^ Princeton Theological Seminary-Speer Library 1 1012 01006 2307