DivisioQ Section .R6H- ONE OF THE ALIENS IMMIGRANT RACES IN NORTH AMERICA Peter Roberts, Ph. D. Immigration Secretary of the International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations New York : The Young Men's Christian Association Press : Nineteen Hundred Ten Copyright, 1910, by The International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations CONTENTS Introduction 7 An Immigrant Nation. I. The Teutonic Group 13 Germans^ English, Scandinavians. II. The Keltic Group 19 Scotch, Irish, Welsh. III. The Slavic Group 27 Russians, Poles, Bohemians, Moravians, Slovaks, Servians, Croatians, Bosnians, Montenegrins, Slavonians, Dalmatians, Slovenes, Bulgarians. IV. The Italic Group 41 French, Spanish, Portuguese, Rouma- nian, Italian. V. Helleno-Illyric Group 51 Greeks, Albanians. VI. The Lettic Group 57 Letts, Lithuanians. VII. The Iranic Group 6l Armenians, Persians, Gypsies. VIII. The Chaldean Group 69 Jews, Syrians. IX. The Tataric Group 77 The Turk. X. The Finnic Group 85 Finns, Magyars. XL The Chinese Group 93 Chinese. XII. The Japanese Group 101 Japanese, Koreans. AN IMMIGRANT NATION In the report of the Immigration Bureau of the Department of Commerce and Labor, Washington, D. C, forty different classifications of the immigrants are made. Thirty-nine of these refer to distinct peoples, the fortieth is "other peoples" into which everything not included in the previous groups is put. In the classified list, forty-five peoples are men- tioned. Of these the African (black), the Cuban, the East Indian, the Mexican, the Pacific Islander, the Spanish- American, and the West Indian (except Cuban), are not treated in the present work. The Cuban, the Mexican, the Spanish- American, and West Indian, are the product of intermingling of the Spaniards with Indians or Negroes, and cannot be said to be a distinct people. The African immi- grants are lost in the Negro population and are seldom thought of as forming a part of the great immigration tide. The East-Indian immigrants are few in number and are generally of Malay stock ; the same is true of those who come from the islands of the Pacific. The following are the totals of these various peoples entering the United States in the last twelve years : African (black), . . . . . . 33,000 Cuban, 44,500 East-Indian, 5,500 Mexican, 39,000 8 IMMIGRANT RACES Pacific Islander, 1,000 Spanish- American, 11,000 West Indian (except Cuban), . . 12,000 Total, 146,000 This is only 1.6 per cent of the total immigration (9,265,000) into the United States in this period. The following scheme of the immigrants to North America includes forty-one different peoples, thirty- seven of which are mentioned in the classified list of the government. The five not specified in the report of the Bureau of Immigration are the Letts, Alba- nians, Persians, Gypsies, and Esthonians. The Letts are possibly grouped in the governmental report with the Lithuanians, the Esthonians with the Finns ; while the remaining three are included in the common denomination "other peoples." The Macedonians, many of whom are now entering, are classified with the Bulgarians. INTRODUCTION 9 SCHEME OF IMMIGRANT PEOPLES COMING TO NORTH AMERICA Stock. Group. Teutonic Keltic Slavonic Aryan Semitic Sinitic Sibiric Lettic Italic Hellenic Illyric Indo-Iranic Chaldean Chinese Japanese Finnic Tataric Peoples. Scandinavians^ Dutch, Flemish, English, German. Irish, Scotch, Welsh. Bulgarian, Bosnian, Bohemian, Croatian, Dalmatian, Herzego- vinian, Montenegrin, Moravian, Polish, Russian, Ruthenian, Slo- vene, Slovak, Servian. Letts, Lithuanians. French, Italians, Portuguese, Rou- manians, Spanish. Greeks. Albanians. Armenians, Persians, Gypsies. Hebrews, Syrians. Chinese. Japanese, Koreans. Finns, Magyars. Turks. 10 IMMIGRANT RACES America is a nation of immigrants. If we take the above grouping and add to it the African group, the stock whence the present population is drawn would be as follows: THI STOCK. r^OM WHICH OUR POPULATION It) DRAWN By this it is seen that the vast majority of the population of the country is made up of the Aryan stock. The number of immigrants that have landed in North* America during the last ninety years is about 30,000,000. Eighty per cent, or 23,500,000, have entered in the last fifty years. The banner year was 1907, when 1,508,051 landed. Eighty-two per cent of these peoples are between fourteen and forty-five years of age, another 13 per cent are below fourteen years, and the remaining 5 per cent are over forty- five years. The illiteracy of some immigrant nations rises to 70 per cent, in others it falls below 2 per cent. Some bring little money with them while others bring INTRODUCTION 11 much ; 85 per cent have less than $50 per person when they land. Many immigrants return to the home land after being in North America for a season. Exact figures are not available but it is safe to say that 25 per cent of those who come return to their native country. The following is a study of the distinct peoples who form this stream of immigrants into North America. Bibliography (General) Races of Men — Petschel. Races of Men — Deniker. Races of Men — Haddon. Races and Peoples — Brinton. Races of Europe — Ripley. Anthropology — Taylor. Some First Steps in Human Progress — Starr. (1910. Chautauqua Press.) The Statesman's Year Book. Government and Parties in Continental Europe — A. L. Lowell. (1900.) Race Improvement in the United States, 1909- (American Academy of Social and Political Science.) Our People of Foreign Speech — McLanahan. Races and Immigrants in America — J. R. Commons. I. THE TEUTONIC GROUP The modern nations of Teutonic descent are: the German-speaking population of the German and Austrian Empires, the Swedes and Norwegians, the Danes, the Hollanders, the peoples of W'estern Switzerland and the English of the British Isles. The following is their distribution in Europe : CHAl^T 5HO\01WG, DlVie-IOKI 07 TEOTOMIC PEO?i.i:e» The main divisions are: 1. The Germans, who occupy the most southern part of the territory inhabited by the Teutons in the empires of Germany and Austria. They number about 64,000,000. 2. The Scandinavians, who occupy the northern peninsula of Europe (Sweden and Norway) together 14 IMMIGRANT RACES with Denmark and Iceland. They number oout 10,200,000. 3. The English, occupA^ing the major part of the British Isles and numbering about 31,000,000. 4. The Hollanders, occupying the lowlands we of Germany, and numbering about 5,500,000. 5. The Flemish, occupying Flanders, the western portion of Belgium, and numbering about 3,000,000. 6. The Swiss, who occupy the Republic to the south of Germany, are for the most part of Teutonic stock. Those who speak German number about 2,500,000. The modern Teutonic peoples in Europe number about 118,200,000 and inhabit the portion of the ethnological map, page 4, ha\ang perpendicular lines. Language The languages spoken by the above nations are divided into three main groups : (1) The Scandinavian: The old form of this tongue is still spoken in Iceland and the Faroe Islands. The derived tongues are Danish, spoken by the people of Denmark, 2,400,000 in number; the Norwegian, spoken by the people of Norway, about 2,500,000 in number ; and the Swedish, spoken by the people of Sweden, "about 5,200,000 in number. (2) The Germanic, spoken by about 75,000,000, is divided into (a) Low German and (b) High Ger- man. TEUTONIC GROUP 15 (a) The Low German dialects include: Friesian, the language spoken by the people of Fries- land, the most northerly province of the Netherlands ; Saxon, the language spoken b}'^ those dwelling between the Rhine and the Elbe in Northern Germany ; Dutch, spoken by the people of the Netherlands ; Flemish, spoken by the people of Flanders, the western province of Belgium ; and Piatt Deutsch (Low German) spoken by the people of Northern Germany. (b) High German, w^hich includes the Thuringian, Franconian, Swabian, Alsatian, Swiss and Bavarian dialects. (3) English, which is spoken by about 31,000,000 persons of Teutonic stock in Great Britain and Ire- land. Government The Teutons are all self-governed, they owe no allegiance to sovereigns of another race. The English, the Germans in Germany, the Dutch, the Danes, the Swedes and the Norwegians have con- stitutional monarchy. The King and representatives of the people rule. Local government is assured the greatest freedom consistent with national harmony, and more and more the sovereign in these countries is becoming a social rather than a political head. In Austro-Hungary, the Teuton and the Magyar have formed a dual monarchy, but here also the form 16 IMMIGRANT RACES of government prevalent in Teutonic countries obtains. In Switzerland the form of government is a federated republic, the executive vested in a Federal Council, composed of seven members, whose President and Vice-President form the first magistrates of the Republic. The trend in governmental affairs among the Teu- tonic peoples is toward democracy ; this is most ap- parent in Norway. Religion Of the 118,200,000 Teutons in Europe, fully 78 per cent are Protestants. The countries of Eng- land, Norway, Sweden and Denmark are wholly Prot- estant ; Germany is two thirds Protestant ; three out of every five in the Netherlands are of that faith; in Switzerland the Protestants outnumber the Roman Catholics almost two to one. The Roman Catholics, about 26,000,000 in number, are chiefly found in the Netherlands, in Switzerland and in Southern German3^, while practically the whole of the Teutonic group in Austria is of that faith. In each of the monarchical governments there is a state church, but religious freedom is guaranteed to all forms of worship. In Denmark and Sweden the Lutheran Church is the state church ; in Norway, the Evangehcal Lutheran; in the Netherlands, the Dutch Reformed — but allowances are made for Roman Catholics and Jews ; in England, the Anglican Church ; in Austria, the Roman Catholic ; and in Germany, the relation between Church and State TEUTONIC GROUP 17 varies in different parts of the Empire. In Switzer- land no one is bound to pay taxes to defray the expenses of a creed to which he does not belong, and absolute liberty- of conscience is guaranteed to all. Immigration The total immigration of the Teutonic peoples into the United States for the last ninety years is not less than 11,000,000. Of these 1,870,000 or 17 per cent are Scandinavians; 145,000 or 1.3 per cent are from Switzerland; 164,000 or 1.5 per cent are Dutch from the Netherlands ; 5,000,000 or 45.4 per cent are Germans; and the remainder, 3,821,000 or 35.2 per cent, are English. Before 1870, the Teutons formed more than one half of the immigrants into the United States; in the last decade (1900-1909) that group is less than 20 per cent of the whole (18.5 per cent). The total number (1,521,142) of Teutonic immigrants coming to North America in the last decade is 20 per cent larger than the total (1,259,506) for 1861-1870; but they formed 53.4 per cent of the total number of immigrants forty years ago and only 18.5 per cent for 1900-1909. During the five decades, 1850-1900, the Teutons furnished more than 50 per cent of all immigrants coming to the United States. The largest number came in during the decade 1881-1890, when about 3,000,000 Teutons landed in America. Since then the numbers have fallen rapidly. The last decade of the nineteenth century added a million and a quarter and the first decade of the twentieth a million 18 IMMIGRANT RACES and a half. If we take the whole of North America the number of Teutonic immigrants entering it in the last decade is more than two million souls. Bibliography History of the English PeojDle — /. R. Green. The Making of England — J. R. Green. The Government of England — Sidney Low. History of Our Own Times — Justin McCarthy. Life of Gladstone — Morley. The United Kingdom — Goldrvin Smith. Short History of Germany — E. F. Henderson. (1902.) Germany — S. Baring-Gould. Evolution of Modern Germany — TV. H. Dawson. Among the Danes — F. M. Butlin. (1909.) Scandinavian History — E. C. Otte. (1874.) Lives of Charles XII, Gustave III — R. N. Bain. Austria — Sidney Whitman. Goths — Henry Bradley. Story of Holland— J. E. T. Rogers. (1899-) Life of William the Silent — Frederic Harrison. Norway — A. F. Mochler. (1909-) Swedish Life — G. von Heidenstam. II. THE KELTIC GROUP The modern nations of Keltic blood are the Scotch, the Welsh, the Irish, the Manx — subjects of the Kingdom of Great Britain; and the Bretons, subjects of the French Republic. The following diagram shows the relative proportion of these peoples in modern Europe: CHAUT 5H0WINCV DIVI&ION Of JCILTIC PIOPLrS The four main divisions are: 1. The Scotch, dwelling in the northern part of England, and numbering about 4,500,000. 2. The Irish, dwelling in Ireland, an island to the west of England, and numbering about the same as the Scotch. 3. The Bretons, dwelling in the northwest of France, and numbering about 3,250,000. 20 IMMIGRANT RACES 4. The Welsh, dwelling on the southwest of England, and numbering about 1,800,000. 5. To these is to be added the Manx, dwelling in the Isle of Man in the Irish Channel, and numbering about 60,000. The modern Keltic nations of Europe number about 14,000,000 and inhabit the portion of the ethnological map, page 4, having horizontal lines. Language The Keltic languages are divided into two main groups. (1) The Gaelic. This is spoken by the Scotch of the Highlands of Scotland, by the Irish on the west of Ireland, and by the Manx of the Isle of Man. (2) The Cymric. This is spoken by the Welsh in Wales and by the Bretons in Brittany. The Corn- ish language, which belongs to this group, spoken by the people of Cornwall two centuries ago, is now a dead language. The Gaelic and the Cymric dialects of the Keltic tongues are also destined to disappear before the better known and more useful languages of English and French. In Ireland less than half a million persons speak Gaelic, while not more than 4 per cent of that number are ignorant of Enghsh. Two thou- sand years ago the Kelts were the most important of the Aryan stock in Central and Western Europe, but toda}^ they are the weakest of the Aryan races on the continent. Manx and Welsh are taught KELTIC GROUP 21 along with English in the public schools, but the overwhelming importance of the English language in industrial, commercial and political life is daily becoming more apparent and is making inroads upon the modern Keltic tongues. We cannot speak of a Keltic type or race. Here, as in the case of the Latin peoples, there has been considerable intermixing of blood. In the Highlands of Scotland and in the west of Ireland traces of the fair-haired Northmen are apparent. In other parts of Ireland are found two or three types of the North- western peoples, while among the Welsh, the Cornish and the people of Devon, variants are found. The same is true of the Bretons, who are more or less mixed with the Western race. However, the physical characteristics described by C«sar and Tacitus are still marked ; the dark-eyed Kelts, with dark hair and brunette complexion, of medium stature, are seen in Scotland, Wales and Brittany ; while the tall, florid, raw-boned, tawny-bearded type may be seen in South Wales and Ireland. Government The Kelts have lost all self-government. The Irish, Scotch, Welsh and ^lanx are subjects of the British crown. In local affairs they are given the same degree of liberty as is given other parts of the kingdom, and all save the Manx are represented in the Parliament of Great Britain. The Manx have a constitution and a government of their own and 22 IMMIGRANT RACES are, to a certain extent, independent of the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain. They have their own laws, law officers and courts of law, but the governor and council for public affairs are appointed by the Crown. Ireland had a Parliament of its own up to 1801. Then the Act of Union was passed, discontinuing the Irish Parliament for representation in the House of Lords and the House of Commons in the British Parliament. Ever since then the Irish have persisted in the effort to gain Home Rule, and they will win. The Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland is appointed by the Crown, so also are the Attorney General and the Solicitor General, but local affairs are in the hands of popularly elected councils. Scotland was joined to England in 1707 by an Act of Union. The local government is in the hands of a local government board composed of six members appointed by the Crown. Wales was conquered in 1284 and is considered an integral part of England, having the same form of local government as obtains in England. The Bretons of France are an integral part of the Republic. The French of the North have a strong infusion of Keltic blood in them which accounts for much of the history of the people. Religion Of the 14,000,000 Kelts, about half are adherents of the Roman Catholic Church and half are Protes- KELTIC GROUP 23 tants. The Irish and Bretons belong to the former, the Scotch, Welsh and Manx belong to the latter faith. The Kelt is an ardent worshiper, inclined to fanaticism and bigotry, and intolerant of dissenting creeds. Immigration The Kelts have contributed to the population of the United States by immigration in the last ninety years about 4,500,000. Of these the Irish number 3,522,000 or 78.2 per cent ; the Scotch, 565,000 or 12.5 per cent ; the Welsh, 206,000 or 6.8 per cent ; and the French, 283,000, half of whom may be credited to the Kelts. The number of immigrants of Keltic stock coming to the United States in 1900-1909 (473,508) is 23.1 per cent less than the total number entering in 1861- 1870 (616,351). In the latter decade they formed 26.1 per cent of the total immigration stream; in the former, only 5.7 per cent. The falling off is due to the decreased immigration from Ireland which in the sixties of the last century was as conspicuous in the incoming stream as is the Italian section in the immigration of today. The immigration from the other Keltic peoples was numerically larger in the last decade than it was forty years ago. Taking t])e whole of North America, the immigration stream of Keltic peoples during the last decade is about 600,000. The high-water mark was reached in 1851- 1860, when nearly a million Keltic immigrants landed in North America. 24 IMMIGRANT RACES Bibliography Scotland from the Earliest Times to the Present Cen- tury. (1901.) History of Scotland — P. H. Brown (1909); John Mackintosh (3 vols.). Ireland and Her Story — Justin McCarthy. (1903.) Ireland — J. F. Finerty. (1909, 2 vols.) Ireland — Emily Lawless. Wales — 0. M. Edwards. The Welsh People — Rhys and Jones. The Little Manx Island — Hall Caine. By courtesy of A SLAV TOILER 'The Survey" III. THE SLAVIC GROUP The Slavs are divided into three great groups according to the territory they occupy in Europe. ChA^T SHOWINC; QtOCRAPHlCAL T)IVIi>ION5) OF THE 5LMS, On the east are found the Great Russians, the White Russians and the Little Russians (Russ- niaks)* or Ruthenians. These number about 86,- 000,000. On the west are found the Poles, the Bohemians, the Moravians, the Slovaks and the Serbs. The Poles number about 17,000,000 ; the Serbs about 150,000; and the three remaining about 10,300,000. On the south are found the Servians or Serbs, Croatians, Bosnians, Montenegrins, Slavonians, Dal- ♦Russniaks is the name generally given Ruthenians living in the northern part of Hungary. 28 IMMIGRANT RACES niatians, Slovenes, Bulgarians and INIacedonians. These number about 13,000,000. The Slavs occupy the portion of the ethnological map, page 4, marked by dots. Language The Slavic tongues are all related, but those of the East and the South are more nearly allied to each other than either is to those of the West. Scholars recognize four idioms — Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Polish and Bohemian. Belonging to each of these are dialects and sub-dialects. The three divisions of the Russians on the east are made according to dialects into Great, White and Little Russians ; the Slovenes of the Southeast Alps in Austria and the inhabitants of Croatia, Servia, Herzegovinia have very slight difference of language. The Bulgarians of the Danube are further removed from the Slovak tongue, as far as the grammatical construction of their lan- guage is concerned, but the vocabulary is very similar to that of the other Slavs, especially the Serbo- Croatian. The Slavs who dwell in Moldavia and Slavonia are more or less Romanized. The Slovaks of the northern principalities of Hungary, the inhabitants of Moravia and Bohemia and the Serbs of Lusatia, have their dialects, but the difference is not great. The language of the Poles in the former kingdom of Poland and of Western Galicia has its own idioms but is not very far removed from the tongues of the Slavs of the W^est. SLAVIC GROUP 29 Government 1. Self-Governed Slavs. (1) The Russians, under the autocratic rule of the Czar, number about 94,000,000. The Emperor's will is law in the land, but in 1905 a State Council (Duma) was created. This involved granting to the people certain liberties and to the elected of the people a real participation in the control of affairs together with officers appointed by the Emperor. The Duma consists of members elected for five years representing the provinces and the large cities. The members are chosen by the elective assemblies of the districts or towns. Beside the Duma a Council of the Empire was created in 1906, which consists of an equal number of elected members and members appointed by the Emperor. The two houses have equal legislative powers and the same right of initia- tive in legislation. The Empire is divided into seventy-eight governments and nineteen provinces and at the head of each is a governor-general, ap- pointed by the Emperor, who has supreme control over civil and military affairs. The affairs of the Empire are managed by great boards, each of the cantons being presided over by the elder who is chosen by the people in their village communities called "Mir." Besides this there are the district and provincial assemblies that administer the economic affairs of the district. There is an average of 70 per cent of illiterates in the land. (2) The Servians, whose kingdom is small, number about 2,500,000, and of these fully 93 per cent are A RUSSIAN SLAVIC GROUP 31 Slavs. The executive power is vested in a King and a Council of Ministers. Legislative authority is shared between the King and the National Assembly, composed of 160 deputies elected by the people. The State Council consists of members partly appointed by the King and partly by the National Assembly ; its functions are largely judicial and the body is always sitting. Elementary education is compulsory and the primary school education is free. Less than 20 per cent of the people can read and write. (3) The Montenegrins, whose principality is small but absolutely independent, number about 250,000. The government is a constitutional monarchy. The members of its National Assembly, which first met in 1906, are chosen by universal suffrage, excepting twelve who are ea: officio members. On August 28, 1910, the reigning Prince was proclaimed King of Montenegro. Schools for elementary instruction are free, attendance is compulsory. The degree of illiteracy among the males is low. (4) The Bulgarians had an autonomous princi- pality which was created by the Treaty of Berlin, in 1878, under the suzerainty of the Sultan. In 1908, the people declared their independence and the Prince assumed the title of King of the Bulgarians. The Turkish government presented claims for railroad construction, which have been settled, and the Powers have recognized Bulgarian independence. Bulgaria, inchiding Eastern Roumania, has a population of 4,158,409. The executive power is vested in the King and a council of eight ministers nominated by the Crown. The legislative authority is vested in a A BOHEMIAN WOMAN SLAVIC GROUP 38 single chamber, the National Assembly, which con- sists of members elected by universal manhood suf- frage. Education is free and obligatory for a period of four years (8-12). Illiteracy is yery small. There are free public libraries in four of the large cities. 2. Slavs Subjected to Other Nations. (1) The Poles, to Germany and Austro-Hungary — 3,000,000 or more Poles owe allegiance to the former and nearly 4,000,000 to the latter ; 10,000,000 Poles owe allegiance to Russia, but in this case it is brother ruling over brother. When Poland lost its independence in 1793, those subjected to Germany and Austria were considered a part of the respective empires and were Germanized. Russia granted Poland its own constitution down to 1830 and a separate government till 1864, but after that date it was deprived of all administrative independence and by a ukase issued in 1868 the country was incorpo- rated with that of Russia. The use of the Polish language in administrative affairs, in public buildings and in pubHc places is forbidden. (2) The Serbs of Lusatia, numbering about 150,- 000, owe allegiance to Germany. By language they are more closely related to the Bohemians and Poles than to the Serbo-Croatians. (3) The Bohemians owe allegiance to Austria, and number about 5,800,000. They are represented in the Reichsrath by 150 members, who are elected by universal, direct and equal suffrage. There are another 200,000 Bohemians in the Duchy of Silesia. 34 IMMIGRANT RACES (4) The Moravians, who belong to the Bohemian group of Slavs in blood and speech, owe allegiance to Austria and number about 2,500,000. They are represented in the Reichsrath by forty-nine members elected by direct and equal suffrage. In both Bo- hemia and Moravia, provincial Diets legislate in all local affairs affecting taxation, education, church, charity, etc. An efficient system of elementary edu- cation is established, attendance compulsory, and less than 3 per cent of illiteracy is found among the two last-mentioned peoples. (5) The Slovaks owe allegiance to Austro- Hungary and number over 2,000,000. Most Slovaks are under Hungary and send representatives to Par- liament, but they must talk Magyar, which is the language of the legislature. The government also insists on Magyar being used in all public schools and a strenuous effort has been made and is yet being made to Magyarize the Slovaks. They have very little to say in the regulation of local affairs. (6) The Servians and Croatians* owing alle- giance to Hungary, number about 2,600,000. Croatia and Slavonia send three delegates to the upper house, and forty to the lower. They have the privilege of speaking in their own language in Parliament. The provinces have autonomy for home affairs, education and justice. These functions are discharged by a provincial diet, composed of ninety members, whose head is the Ban. Education, supported by the State, is compulsory, but illiteracy is high. *The Croatians are called Horwats. The word is supposed to be derived from "Krowat." signifying "bleeding"" and refers to the conflicts for free- dom with the Hungarians. SLAVIC GROUP 35 (7) The Serz'icnis and Croatlans of Bosnia and Herzegovinia, numbering about 1,500,000, owe alle- giance to Austro-Hungary, to which the administra- tion was turned over by Turkey in 1878. In 1908, the territory was incorporated into the Austro- Hungarian territory. A Bosnian Bureau had control of affairs, but in February, 1910, a new constitution was proclaimed. The Diet is made up of 92 mem- bers— 72 chosen by universal suffrage and 20 ap- pointed by the government. Its action is subject to the Austro-Hungarian veto. Education is free but not compulsory. Illiteracy is high. ^lilitary ser- vice is compulsory. (8) The Ruthenians or Little Russians of Galicia owe allegiance to Austro-Hungary and number about 4,000,000: of these 3,500,000 are under Austrian rule. They are represented in the lower house of Austria by 106 members. Their economic condi- tion is very poor, centuries of oppression having left its impress on the people. Illiteracy is high — more than 50 per cent. ^lilitary service is compulsory'. The provincial Diet of Galicia, consisting of 161 members, elected for six years, has control of local affairs. The Russniaks also have the communes, and between these and the Diet stand district representa- tives made up of the aristocracy of the land, who are the administrators of current affairs. (9) The Slovenes* of Styria, Carinthia and Car- niola, owe allegiance to Austria and number about ♦The Slovenes are called "Krainers,"" from Krain. the name g'iven to Car- niola. They come from this province, also from Carinthia and the neigh- boring territory. From Krainer comes the word Griner which is given Slavs in industrial centers. See Our Slavic Fellow Citizens, page 148. 36 IMMIGRANT RACES 1,800,000. They have the same form of local government and representation in the national government that obtains in Galicia. They have fifty-two representatives in the lower house and a provincial government in each pro^4nce. Illiteracy is about 30 per cent. (10) The Slavs of Dalmatia, who are Croatians and Servians,* owe allegiance to the Austrian gov- ernment and number almost 500,000. They have eleven members in the lower house, and have a pro- vincial Diet of forty-three members. Illiteracy is about 44 per cent, and, as in all parts of Austro- Hungary, military service is compulsory. (11) The Macedonian Slavs, of whom there are 2,000,000, are subjects of the Sultan of Turkey. They are Bulgarians and belong to the Bulgarian Church. Thus between 21,000,000 and 23,000,000 Slavs in Europe are subjected to the Germans of either Ger- many or Austria, another 6,000,000 are subjected to the Magyars of Hungary and another 2,000,000 are under Turkish rule. More than 95,000,000 are in forms of governments manned by their own people, but many of those under Slav rule are not less restive than their brethren under German, Magyar or Turk- ish rule. With the exception of Bohemia and Mora- via public education and culture are neglected and illiteracy ranges from 24 to 60 per cent. Military service is compulsory everywhere, and the economic *The Servians and Croatians differ in two points: (a) in religion, the for- mer being Orthodox Greek Catholics and the Croatians Roman Catholics; (b) the Servians use the Cyrilian alphabet and the Croatians the Roman. SLAVIC GROUP 37 condition of the people as a rule is poor, and in many of the countries political life is oppressive and burden- some. The Pan-Sla^dc movement has for its objective the unification of all these various branches of the race. The leaders do not desire to organize a polit- ical confederacy under Russian protection, but they do hope to see the "Slavonic States like so man}!^ chimes ringing in harmony." It is a policy of brotherhood, an effort to secure for Slavs "the grand principles of equality of nations, those rights, invio- late and inviolable, that are by nature inherent in all people alike." Religion Ninety-nine per cent of the Slavs are Christians ; about 1 per cent are Mohammedans. The believers in the Koran reside in Bosnia and Herzegovinia. The vast majority of the believers in the Bible belong to the Greek Orthodox Church. Of the 125,- 500,000 Christians, about 93,000,000 or 74.1 per cent are adherents of the Greek Orthodox Church; 31,000,000 or M.9 per cent are adherents of the Roman Catholic Church; and the remaining 1,500,- 000 or 1.2 per cent are adherents of the Protestant faith. The members of the Greek Orthodox Church are found among the Russians, the Bulgarians and Ser- vians. The Bulgarians, however, have their own Patriarch in Constantinople, and a holy synod in Sofia. Those of the Roman Catholic faith are the 38 IMMIGRANT RACES Poles, the Bohemians, Slovaks, Croatians and Slovenes. The adherents of the Lutheran Church, the Reformed, etc. (Protestants), are found among the Bohemians, Moravians, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes and Poles. Immigration The Slavs have contributed about 3,500,000 per- sons to our country. The Poles lead with about 1,500,000, or 42.8 per cent; the Slovaks have con- tributed about 400,000 or 11.4 per cent; the Bohe- mians and Moravians about 500,000 or 14.3 per cent ; the Ruthenians about 200,000 or 5.7 per cent ; the Croats and Slovenians about 250,000 or 7.1 per cent ; Servians and Bulgarians about 200,000 or 5.7 per cent ; all others about 450,000 or 13 per cent. In 1870, the Slavs composed about 1 per cent of the immigrants to the United States ; in the decade (1900-1909) they formed more than 28 per cent (28.1 per cent). It is a fact worthy of mention that the Slavs of the Great Russian branch form a small percentage of the immigrants. Those who come are almost wholly from the peoples who live in subjection to other governments than their own. Bibliography Poland— R. Morfill. Last King of Poland and his Contemporaries — R. V. Bain. (1909.) Poland, a Study of the Land, People and Literature — G. M. C. Brandes. (1903.) The Poles in the United States. (Philadelphia, 1907.) SLxWIC GROUP 39 The historical stories of Henryh Sienkiewicz; With Fire and Sword^ Pan Michael^ The Whirlpool^ etc., give vivid pictures of Polish History. Russia—^. R. Morfill (1890.) History of Russia — A. N. Rambaud. (1904..) Russian Life — F. H. E. Palmer. The Slovaks of Hungary — Thomas Capek. Our Slavic Fellow Citizens— i;. G. Balch. (1910.) Bohemia — Franz Lutzorv. (1896.) Bohemia, a Historical Sketch — Franz Lutzorv. (1910.) Life of John Huss — Gillet. Life of John Comenius — Monroe. (1900.) The Balkans — W. Miller. (1908.) Lectures on the Historians of Bohemia — Count Lut- zow. (1908.) The Servian People — Prince Lazarovich-Hubeliano- vitch. (1910.) Racial Problems of Hungary — Scotus-Viator. Dalmatia — M. M. HolbacL (1908.) Sketch of the Religious History of the Slavic Nations — Count Krazniski. On the Trail of the Immigrants, The Immigration Tide — Edward A. Steiner. IV. THE ITALIC GROUP The modern nations of the Italic, Latin or Roman peoples are the French, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the Roumanians and the Italians. The following diagram shows the relative importance of these nations in modern Europe. CHART SHOWING, DfVIfjION OF LATIM VLOVLT'b The five main divisions : 1. The French, inhabiting the most westerly state in Central Europe, number about 39,000,000. 2. The Italians, inhabiting the central peninsula of Europe, number about 34,000,000. 3. The Spanish, inhabiting the peninsula to the south of France, number about 20,000,000. 4. The Roumanians, whose country lies to the west of Hungary and north of Bulgaria, number about 6,000,000. 42 IMMIGRANT RACES 5. The Portuguese, inhabiting the western por- tion of the Spanish peninsula, number about 5,500,- 000. The Itahc or Roman peoples thus number about 104,500,000 and inhabit the portion of the ethno- logical map, page 4, marked by diagonal lines from left to right upward. Language The language spoken by the Italic or Roman peoples is derived from the Latin, and comprises five main groups. (1) The French. The tongue is spoken by the people of France, while to the north and east it pene- trates into portions of Switzerland, Belgium, and into Lorraine and Alsace in Germany ; to the south, into Catalonia and Valencia in Spain, the Balearic Islands, a part of Sardinia, Savoy, and the French valleys of Piedmont. It comprises many dialects, of which Wallon, Gascon, Languedocian, Rhodanian, and Catalan may be mentioned. (2) The Italian. This language is spoken by the people of Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, by those dwelling in Southern Tyrol, in the Swiss canton of Tessin, and by many on the west of Istria and Dal- matia. It also forms a substantial factor of the Maltese jargon, which is chiefly made up of Arabic. (3) The Spanish. This language is spoken by the whole population of Spain with the exception of the Catalans and the inhabitants of Galicia. The former speak a French dialect and the latter speak Portuguese. ITALIC GROUP 43 (4) The Roumanian. This language is spoken by the people of Roumania (Moldavia and Wallachia) and by many people living in Transylvania, in the southeast of Hungary, in the northeast of Servia, in Bessarabia on the southwest of Russia, and in the lower valley of the River Dniester. The Aromunes, a people dwelling in Macedonia and Epirus, also speak a dialect allied to Roumanian, but modified by contact with Turks, Greeks and Albanians. (5) The Portuguese. This language is spoken by the people of Portugal, and by the inhabitants of Galicia in Spain. This latter people do not speak the language as do the inhabitants of Portugal, but an idiom allied to Portuguese and known as Galego. Philologists also classify among the languages spoken by the Roman peoples, the Rheto-Roman tongue used by the people of the canton of Grisoms in Switzerland and by the Ladinos of the Southeast of Tyrol; but in the former instance it is rapidly being displaced by the German and in the latter by the Italian. The Friulans, who inhabit the basin of the Tagliamento in Venetia, also speak an idiom allied to Rheto-Roman, which is being displaced by Italian. None of the Latin peoples can boast of much purity of blood, so that one looks in vain for unity of type in any of them. Nearly the whole of the Iberian peninsula was occupied for generations by the Arabs and the Berbers; after the fall of the Western Empire (476 A. D.) hordes of Germans poured into Italy, while Sicily and portions of France were occu- pied by Arabs ; the Roumanians have a strong mix- 44 IMMIGRANT RACES ture of Slavic blood; the Portuguese, possibly, have the best unity of type, but among them, especially in the north of the country, a strong mixture of Kelt and Basque blood is found. The north of France has also a strong infusion of Keltic blood. Government The Latin peoples are governed by men of their own nationality. Italy, Spain, Portugal and Rou- mania are governed b}^ Kings ; France is a republic, with representative law-making bodies and a Presi- dent. 1. France. Since 1870, when Napoleon III was overthrown, the form of government has been repub- lican. The legislative power is vested in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate; the execu- tive power is vested in a President and a ministry. The members of the Chamber of Deputies, 584 in number, are elected by universal suffrage. The Senate is composed of 300 members who are chosen by an electoral body. The princes of the deposed dynasties cannot sit in either house. These two houses unite in a Congress for the choice of President, and the man getting an absolute majority of votes is elected. The President selects the ministry from the two houses. It has also Conseil d' Etat, which is judge in the last resort in administrative suits. For administrative purposes France is divided into eighty-six departments, at the head of each is a Prefect nominated by the government. The unit of local government is the commune. The system of ITALIC GROUP 45 public education is free and compulsory. Illiteracy is about 10 per cent. Military service is compulsory. One person in every sixty-two of the population was convicted of crime in 1906. 2. Italy. The executive power belongs exclu- sively to the King and is exercised by him through chosen ministers. The legislative power vests con- jointly in the King and Parliament, consisting of two chambers, the upper and lower. The upper house consists of members appointed by the King for life ; they number more than 300. Members are chosen to the lower house by electors having certain educational or property qualifications. The country is divided into administrative divisions, having two principal elective local administrative bodies, the communal councils and the provincial councils. The administrative electorate is not universal. Educa- tion is free and compulsory in the lower grades. Illiteracy is small in Northern Italy but it increases the further south we go and reaches more than 60 per cent in some sections. Military service is com- pulsory. One person in every seventy-five of the population w as convicted of crime in 1906. 3. Portugal. The King has moderating au- thority, the legislative power is vested in the Cortes, composed of two houses ; the House of Peers is made up of princes of the royal blood, twelve bishops and others appointed by the King for life ; the members of the lower house are elected by citizens twenty-one years of age able to read and write and pay a certain amount of taxes. Primary education is compulsory, but the children of the poor do not go to school and A ROUMANIAN ITALIC GROUP 47 Portugal has as high a percentage of ilHteracy as any country in Europe. The army is recruited by conscription but exemption from service can be pur- chased. One person in 332 of population was con- ^4cted of crime in 1903. 4. RouMAxiA. The two principalities of Walla- chia and ^loldavia formed one province in 1861. In IvSTT the}' proclaimed themselves independent of Turkey and elected a King. The legislative power is vested in the two houses : the Senate is composed of 120 members, eight bishops and two for the universi- ties ; the Chamber of Deputies is composed of forty- three members. Electors must have certain educa- tional and income qualifications. The country is divided into districts for local government. Educa- tion is free and compulsory, but the school system is in a very backward condition and illiteracy is about 78 per cent. Militar}- service is compulsor3\ One out of every 470 was convicted of crime in 1903. 5. Spain. The form of government is the con- stitutional monarchy, the executive being vested in the King, the legislative in the King and in the Cortes, composed of a Senate and Congress. Sena- tors number 360 and are life members or appointed by the Crown and Corporations of the State. The members of Congress, 406 in all, are elected by male Spaniards twenty-five years and over. The land is divided into provinces and communes for local ad- ministration. Most of the schools are free and at- tendance compulsory, but illiteracy is 75 per cent. Military service is compulsory. IMMIGRANT RACES The Latin peoples are fond of display and in government they love system and bureaucratic form of administration. Many of the mental character- istics of the old Romans are retained by them, and the tongues derived from the Latin language are the ones in vogue in South America, parts of Canada and North Africa. Religiox The vast majority of the Latin peoples are Roman CathoHcs. Of the 103,500,000, 94 per cent are of that faith ; of the remaining, o per cent are adherents of the Greek Orthodox Church, and about 1 per cent is made up of Protestants. In Spain and Portugal the state church is Roman Catholic. Restricted liberty is given the Protestants in Spain, and absolute toleration in Portugal. The number of Rationalists in these countries is about twice that of the Protestants, but all told both groups do not exceed 30,000. In France there is no state church, but the vast majority of the people are adherents of the Roman Catholic faith. The number of Protestants is not more than 2 per cent of the population. All forms of religion are tolerated. In Roumania, the Greek Orthodox Church is pre- dominant ; nine out of every ten of the population are adherents of this faith. The remaining 10 per cent are Jews, 350,000 ; Roman CathoHcs, 200,000 ; Mo- hammedans, 35,000 ; Armenians, 20,000 ; Protestants, 20,000; etc. ITALIC GROUP 49 In Italy, the Roman Catholic Church is nominally the state religion, but freedom is guaranteed all other forms of worship. The Protestants number less than 100,000. Immigration The total immigration of the Latin peoples into the L^nited States for the last ninety years is not less than 3,500,000. Of these the Italians have contrib- uted 83 per cent ; the French, 8.6 per cent ; the Portuguese, 5 per cent ; the Roumanians, 2.4 per cent ; and the Spanish, 0.9 per cent. The Latin peoples form at present about 20 per cent of the total immigration from Europe into the United States. The Roumanians are recent immigrants and the number of this strong people coming into the country is annually increasing. The number coming from France, Spain and Portugal is small. Italy alone has given us about 16 per cent of our immigrants in recent years. Bibliography Modern Italy — Pietro Or si. (1900). Italian Life — Luigi Villari. Story of Sicily — E. A. Freeman. Imported Americans — Broughton Brandenberg. The Italian in America — Lord. History of France — Michelet. (1909.) Modern France — Andre Lebon. (1898.) History of France — Guizot. (1909.) Belgium — G. W. T. Omond. (1909.) Modern Spain — M. A. S. Hume. (1900.) 50 IMMIGRANT RACES The Spanish People, their Origin, Growth and In- fluence— M. A. S. Hume. (1901.) Lives of Ferdinand and Isabella, and of Philip II — Prescott. The Story of Portugal — H. M. Stephens. (1903.) Portugal: Its Land and People — TV. H. Koehel. V. THE HELLEXO-ILLYRIC GROUP The Greeks The only living representatives of the ancient Hellenes are the Greeks, who dwell in the southern portion of the Balkan Peninsula. The people, how- ever, are not limited to the geographical division of modern Greece. There are more Greeks living in Asia Minor, in Turkey in Europe, and in the islands of Cyprus and Crete, than inhabit the kingdom of Greece. It is estimated that the Greeks number about 9,000,000 ; 3,000,000 of whom are in Greece, 4,000,000 in Asia Minor and Turkey in Europe, and the remainder in C^^prus and Crete and scattered in the leading cities of Italy, Roumania, South Russia, etc. See map, page 4. Language Greek, the language of classic literature, is well preserved in modern Greece. Some of the Greek dramas which are studied in our universities have been rendered in colleges, settlements, etc., by Greek immigrants into the United States. The language is especially free from foreign words of modern Euro- pean tongues, but scholars affirm that 30 per cent of the Greek roots are derived from other than Ar^^an tongues. Government At the beginning of the nineteenth centur}', Greece was under Turkish rule and had been so for four 52 IMMIGRANT RACES centuries. In 1822, a war for independence was inaugurated. The Greeks fought brave'y but they were overwhehned by the Turkish army. Leading Europeans, such as Byron, for example, championed the cause of Greece, and the powers of England, France and Russia joined in a protest against Turk- ish rule and practices in the country. The European powers took up arms and crushed the Turkish forces both on sea and land, and in 1830 the Porte was compelled to give Greece independence. Monarchy was established, a King being chosen by the powers and Greece was made an independent nation. The legislative power is vested in a single chamber, called Voule, composed of 235 representatives elected by manhood suffrage. The Greeks wanted to restore historic Hellas, and in 1897 took the field to effect this, but were defeated by the Turks. Primary edu- cation is compulsory, but illiteracy is high. Military service is compulsory and universal. Religion The present King of Greece is a Protestant Lu- theran and by special exception he is allowed to adhere to the faith in which he was reared. The state church is the Greek Orthodox and the heirs and successors of the present sovereign must be members of the Greek Orthodox Church. Complete toleration of worship is guaranteed all other sects. The clergy owe allegiance to the Patriarch of Con- stantinople, but the real ecclesiastical authority is vested in a council, called the Holy Synod, consisting HELLENO-ILLYRIC GROUP 53 of the Metropolitan of Athens and four archbishops. The Roman CathoHcs have three archbishops in Greece. The Mohammedans number about 30,000 and the Jews about 7000. Immigration The Greeks are among the more recent immigrants. In the year 1900, there were fewer than 9000 in the country. In the last decade about 150,000 have entered. In the year 1907, 46,283 entered. This was the high-M'ater mark. The poverty of Greece, the racial hatred of Greek and Turk, the success of many Greeks in the United States, point to an increasing immigration of this people into North America. The Albanians The only living representatives of the ancient Illyrians are the Albanians who occupy a portion of the Turkish Empire in Europe. Albania is located north of Greece, and borders on the Adriatic Sea, forming the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. The people are called Arnauts by the Turks, Al- banians by us and by themselves Shkipetars or hill people. Their tongue they call Shkipetar. They number about 2,000,000 souls, but Albania proper has only half that number. More than 200,000 reside in Greece ; about half that number in the south cf Italy ; and several thousand are found in the Slavic provinces of South Austria. 54 IMMIGRANT RACES Language The Albanian language is not pure, having drawn largely from the Turkish, Greek, Slav and Latin tongues. It has two leading dialects — that of the north, called Gegish, which is considered the purest representation of the Albanian tongue, although it contains many words derived from Turkish; that of the south, or Toskish, which is not as primitive as Gegish and carries a larger proportion of foreign words. The Albanian tongue has no literature, but it is rich in folk songs, tales and proverbs. The Gegish uses the Roman Alphabet, while the Toskish uses the Greek. Both alphabets are modified in the adop- tion. GOVERXMEXT The proverb, "the men of the mountain are free," has been verified to a marked degree in the case of the Albanians. With rare intervals this warlike people, called the "Eagles of the Balkans," has preserved its independence and seldom acknowledged the authority of any foreign power. The Albanians still retain their patriarchal institutions, and al- though they are nominally a part of the Turkish Empire, Ottoman authority is slightly recognized. The nominal authority of the Porte was acknowl- edged in 1478, but the country has enjoyed a great measure of freedom. HELLEXO-ILLYRIC GROUP 55 Religion The vast majority of the people are followers of the Mohammedan faith. About 200,000 are Chris- tians, about equally divided between the Greek and Roman Churches. The difference in creed often leads to conflict. The enmity between the Albanian and the Greek is largely due to the difference of faith among people in adjoining territory. Immigration The Albanians are among the most recent immi- grants into the United States. There are no more than 20,000 in the country. They come largely as an accompaniment of the Grecian immigration and are drawn chiefly from residents of the cities of the Balkan Peninsula. Bibliography High Albania— 3/. E. Durham. (IQOQ.) Illyrian Letters — J. A. Evafis. (1878.) Greece — James A. Harrison. Rambles and Studies in Greece — J. P. Maheffy. (1907.) A LITHUANIAN VI. THE LETTIC GROUP The modern nations of this group are the I^etts and the Lithuanians. The old Prussians belonged to this stock but they are extinct. The Letts and the Lithuanians live on the west of Russia, in a country bordering on the Baltic Sea, east and south of the Gulf of Riga, extending down to the north- eastern corner of the German Empire. Their country is 100,000 square miles in extent and made up largely of forests and marsh land. The Lithuanians number about 2,500,000, and live south of the Letts in the provinces of Vilna, Grodno, north of Russian Poland and in Western Prussia. The Letts live further north in Livonia and Kur- land between the Lithuanians and the Esthonians. They number about 1,500,000. See map, page 4. Language The Lithuanian language has retained many archaic forms, which have led some writers to believe that this people has the best claim to represent the primitive Arj^an race. The claim is chiefly based upon the characteristics of the Letto-Lithuanian tongue — such as the dual number, numerous oblique cases, an archaic phonology — which are of a primi- tive type. The Lithuanian language is spoken by more than 2,000,000 souls. Many words are drawn from Ger- 58 IMMIGRANT RACES man, Russian and Polish sources, but the tongue in its structural form is unique. The Lettic language is spoken b}^ more than 1,500,000. It is related to Lithuanian as old High German is to Gothic. Many endings of words in Lithuanian are dropped in Lettic, as also are some of the consonants. The language shows modifica- tions by contact with German and Finnish, while it also shows the influence of Russian, Esthonian, Livo- nian, and Scandinavian words. There are dialects in the language but literary productions are based on the Middle Lettic tongue. The literature in either tongue is scant. Government The Letts and Lithuanians have no self-govern- ment. Living in a country that had no natural defense they have been subdued by stronger nations, but the forests and the swamps have enabled them to preserve a degree of independence which nations more favored by natural resources were not able to do. In the fourteenth century by mutual agreement Poland and Lithuania were united and when the former country lost its independence the latter was involved in the catastrophe. Lithuania is now a part of the Russian Empire, and ruled over by the Czar of the Russias. Strenuous efforts have been made to Russianize the people, but thus far they have retained their language and also a degree of independence. LETTIC GROUP 59 Religion The Lithuanians were converted to the Roman Catholic faith in the fifteenth century. They are still adherents to that church, with the exception of a few who have gone over to the Greek Orthodox Church. The number of Protestants among them is small. The Letts are almost wholh^ Protestant. Immigration The Letts and Lithuanians are among the new immigrants. Twenty years ago few were found in the United States, today the number is not far from 170,000. During the last twelve years 165,000 have entered the country. They are a strong people, fair- haired and blue-eyed. They make good workmen and are found in large numbers in the mining and steel industries and in the stockyards. Bibliography No books are published in English giving the story of the Letts and Lithuanians. Consult a good encyclo- pedia. A GYPSY WOMAN VII. THE IRANIC GROUP Among the immigrants who come to America are the Armenians and Persians. They belong to the Iranic group of the Aryan family. The Armenians The country of the Armenians lies partly in the northeastern part of Asiatic Turkey, partly in Asiatic Russia, and partly in the northwest corner of Persia. The people, because of the disturbed con- dition of the country, have been widely scattered, so that there are more Armenians living outside of Armenia than in the land called by that name. They number possibly 4,000,000, and call themselves Haiks. Language The Armenian language is divided into old or classical Armenian and modern Armenian. The former has no dialects, the latter has many words derived from the Turkish tongue as well as many harsh combinations of consonants. The alphabet used is supposed to be derived from the Greek and was introduced about the fifth century. The golden eras of Armenian literature were the fifth and twelfth centuries. The Bible was wholly translated into this tongue as early as the fifth century. The people have many works in history and theology. 62 IMMIGRANT RACES Government The Armenians have no self-government, but are subjected to Turkey, Russia and Persia. Their histor}^ goes back to pre-Christian da^^s when their land was trampled upon by Persian and Parthian, Greek and Roman, Mongol and Egyptian ; and dur- ing Christian times they have not fared much better, for Tatars, Arabs, Persians, Russians and Turks have been their conquerors. Most of them today are under Turkish rule and have been so since the fifteenth century. In 1828 and in 1878 Russia took a slice of their country, first from Persia and later from Turkey. In 1886, they revolted against Turk- ish misrule and after they had endured much suffer- ing, the Porte was compelled by the interference of England, France and Russia to desist from its red- handed policy. Little freedom, however, is given the Armenians of Turkey. The disturbed condition of their country has resulted in scattering the people to the four quarters of the globe. Few of the principal cities of the East are unknown to them, and in many of these cities the Armenians are the leading merchants and money- lenders. The}^ are as familiar in India as in the countries of Eastern Europe, while the leading finan- ciers and business men in the Ottoman Empire are of this race. Religion The Armenians are said to have been converted to the Christian faith in the third century. In the IRANIC GROUP 63 fifth centur}^ after the Council of Clialceclon, tliey broke away from the Western Church, and althougli they were one with the Byzantine Church in many of their doctrines and usages, they formed a distinct church and called it the Gregorian, after Gregory, who converted them to the Christian faith. The church is hierarchical in form, the head being called Catholicus, under whom are bishops. He is appoint- ed by the Czar of Russia. In forms of worship they differ little from the Greek Orthodox Church. Mass is celebrated in Old Armenian, but preaching is done in ^Modern Armenian. Several attempts have been made by the Popes of Rome to bring them back to the fold, but little progress is made and the efforts have been accompanied by much dissension and many conflicts. Immigration The Armenian immigrants are not numerous. There are at present some 80,000 in the country, 25,000 of whom have entered in the last twelve years. The annual influx is steadily rising. The tyranny of Turkish rule as well as the success of many Arme- nians in this country are influences working in that direction. The Persians The Persians occupy a native state in Southwestern Asia. They call their land Iran. The land is not thickly populated and the people live for the most part in cities and villages. The population is about 64 IMMIGRANT RACES 9,000,000. Among them are Arabs, Kurds, Leks, Gypsies, etc., dwellers in tents. Hence the people are divided into two classes — those who dwell in cities and villages and those w^ho dwell in tents. The Aryan stock is considerably mixed up by Arabs, Semites, Tatars and Negroes. Language The Persian language has three forms : Old Per- sian, Middle Persian and Modern Persian. The last has many dialects, of which three leading ones may be mentioned: the Pamir, the Caspian, and the Central. The literature of the country goes back to the tenth century. It is rich in the products of the imagination, such as poetry, tales, fables, anecdotes and legends. It has also many works of history, encyclopedias, etc. Government The Persians have self-government although their country is much smaller than it was in the heyday of its glory. Persia attained its greatest power and influence in the sixth century before the Christian era, and the names of Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, Arta- xerxes, etc., Persian rulers, are familiar to every student of sacred and secular history. The country was conquered by Alexander the Great in the fourth century before Christ. In the third century of the Christian era it rose again to power and threatened the Byzantine Empire, but it again fell before the onward march of the Arabs inspired by the Moslem IRAXIC GROUP 65 creed. In the thirteenth century, the Mongols under Genghis Khan, overran the country, and later the Tatars subdued the land. In the sixteenth century independence was again secured and after many vicissitudes, the present dynasty was founded in 1795. Up to the beginning of this century the country was ruled by a Shah who had absolute power within the limitations imposed by the Mohammedan religion. In 1906, a change was effected and provi- sion was made to share the State's power with a Grand Vizier and eight ministers. It was also de- creed that a National Council and Senate should be established. The former is to be composed of 156 members and the latter of 60. The Parliament or lower house met at the close of 190T and before the end of June of the following year — before members were elected to the Senate — it was dissolved and the building in which they met was partly demolished by the militia. The country was in a condition of in- surrection and both England and Russia were bring- ing their influence to bear upon the Shah to summon a representative assembly. In July, 1909, the na- tionalists captured the capital, Teheran, and the Shah abdicated. A new Shah was proclaimed and in December he opened the new Parliament. The law of the land is that of Mohammedan religion. The country is divided into thirty-five political divi- sions, over each of which a Governor, appointed by the Shah, is placed. He has almost absolute power in the territory over which he rules. The subordi- nate officers appointed by him have as their chief duty the collection of the revenue. 66 IMMIGRANT RACES Religion The Persians are Mohammedans. All other forms of worship are tolerated where Europeans reside, but in other parts of the country the lower classes are intolerant of other faiths. The majority (8,000,- 000) of the Persian Mohammedans belong to the unorthodox sect of Islam, called the Chiah, and about 800,000 to the Sunni sect. The difference in the sects is partly doctrinal and partly historical. The Persian priesthood is very powerful in the land and is opposed to the introduction of Western civiliza- tion. All mosques and shrines are endowed and the salaries of the priests are thus provided for. The other creeds found in Persia are: the Parsees, about 10,000 strong; the Nestorians, about 30,000; the Armenian Gregorians, about 50,000 ; the Jews, about 40,000, and a few thousand Roman Catholics. These faiths, exercised in parts of the country where Euro- peans are not found, are subjected to persecution from Mussulmans. Immigration The Persians in America are still few in number. There are not more than 8000 of this ancient people in the country, almost all of whom have come in dur- ing the last decade. The chief agency in the stimulation of these immi- grants is the Protestant missions established in Persia. IRANIC GROUP 67 The Gypsies Here we may mention a people closely allied to the Armenians and the Persians — the Gypsies. They are supposed to have left the Indian Peninsula about the twelfth or thirteenth century and have been rov- ing ever since. They are found in every country' in Asia and Europe, except Norway and Sweden. They number in all about a million. The Black Gypsies are of Indo-Afghan origin. Many of this people live in Roumania, Turkey, Hungary and Russia, and some of them have come to the United States. There is no way of knowing how many of them are in America for they enter as inhabitants of the country whence they emigrated. Bibliography Armenian Awakening— L. ^rpee. (1909-) University of Chicago Press. Persia — S. G. W. Benjamin. The Gypsies — Leland. (1882.) History of the Gypsies — Simson. (1878.) VIII. THE CHALDEAN GROUP The only true representative of the Semitic stock that comes to the United States is the Jew. The race belongs to the Chaldean group of this stock. The S^^rians may well be classified here for they are the product of the interminglings of Arabs with the descendants of Jews and Phoenicians. The Jews When Jerusalem was taken by the Romans, the Jews may be said to have lost their country. They are found in all lands but they cannot call an^^ part of the globe their home. The total number living today is estimated at about 10,000,000, nearly one sixth of whom are in the United States. There are not many found in Asia and Africa, but in every European country save Scotland, Jews are found. Many of them are found also in South America and Australia. The Jewish type is well known — the arched nose, soft and vivacious eyes, frizzy hair, long face. There are two different types in the matter of com- plexion, the fair or red and the dark. The race has for centuries been dispersed over the earth, has mixed with all civihzed peoples, and still it has pre- served its individuality to a remarkable degree. Language The great majority of the elews today do not know Hebrew, which is a dead language. The Ian- 70 IMMIGRANT RACES guage of Canaan belonged to the Semitic family of languages and was practically identical with Phoeni- cian, Moabite, etc. The alphabet used by them was the Phoenician, which later was modified by what is known as the Assyrian script. The Jews today use this alphabet, but most of them speak particular kinds of jargon, the most common of which is Yid- dish, made up of Judeo-German. Their literature is divided into nine periods, be- ginning a thousand years before Christ and continu- ing to the present. From the earliest time to the eighth century of our era, the writers were almost wholly given to the interpretation of the Old Testa- ment and works of theology and philosophy. Under the impetus of Arabic culture in the eighth cen- tury many mathematicians, physicians, astronomers, grammarians, chroniclers, etc., arose. In the intel- lectual awakening of Europe, the Jews took a promi- nent part, and some of the most eminent scholars and writers of the day are of this race. In the intellec- tual pursuits of European nations for the last thou- sand years the Jews have played a prominent part. Government Having no country of their own they have no form of government that is distinctly Hebrew. They have, however, in many instances stood at the helm of State in some of the leading nations of Europe and Asia, while their genius for finance has opened to them the courts of kings and the palaces of potentates. But notwithstanding the influence they CHALDEAN GROUP 71 have wielded in both Europe and Asia, it has not saved them from suspicion, hatred and direst persecution. There is not a country in Europe, where they have Hved in considerable numbers, which has not a record of anti-Semitic riot and bloodshed. In the dark ages, as well as in modern times, the Jews have been driven from pillar to post among the nations of the earth, and yet they have retained their individuality, kept their religious heritage, and in the tussle of modern life wielded a power and influence far out of proportion to the numerical strength of the people. Religion The Jews are monotheists. The religion of the Old Testament in a more or less modified form is believed and practiced by them. From them we have received the Scriptures and the genius possessed by the Hebrews for spiritual truth has made them leaders in philosophic, theological and ethical teach- ing. There are many sects among them, but the three leading divisions are the Orthodox, the Conservative, and the Reformed. The first two believe in the faith of the Old Testament, aim strictly to obey the law, but diff'er in the interpretation of Scripture, etc. ; the Reformed believe that Judaism is plastic and should be shaped to meet the times and the country in which they live — they retain the spirit of the Old Testament religion but change its drapery according to the demands of the twentieth century civilization. 72 IMMIGRANT RACES Immigration The Jews were on this continent at an early date. During the Spanish persecutions in the sixteenth century many of them fled to this country, and since then they have continued to come. The influx in the last twelve years, however, has assumed propor- tions that are alarming to intelligent Jews and Gentiles in the United States. The number of Hebrews in America is about a million and a half, but the total entering the country in the last twelve years is more than 1,04?6,000. More than half the Jews in America live in New York State. They are invariably found in cities. Upon their arrival in the new country they usually engage in small trades ; but they quickly find their way into commercial, artistic and professional occupations of every kind. The Syrians The Syrians are a mixed people, being the descen- dants of Arabs, Jews, Phoenicians, etc. Their country forms a part of Asiatic Turkey, lying be- tween the Euphrates River and the Syrian Desert, including Palestine, the ancient city of Damascus, and the mountains of Lebanon. The country has a population of about three millions and a half, but the heterogeneous character of the people makes it im- possible to secure that national unity that is neces- sary for a native State. Language The Syriac and Aramaic tongues, dialects of the Semitic languages, are used by the people of the CHALDEAN GROUP 73 country. The Syriac has been considerably influ- enced by Arabic which threatened to supplement it after the Mohammedan conquest. It has been re- vived recently by the efforts of missionaries under the title of Neo-Syriac. The literature in the Syriac tongue dates back to the second century of the Christian era and flourished till the tenth. Many important manuscripts and versions of books of the New Testament, highly treas- ured by scholars, are found in the Syriac tongue. Government The history of Syria goes back to the days of Abraham. The city of Damascus, which he saw, is the same as that bearing the name today. The country was conquered successively by the Hittites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Byzantines, Mongols and Turks. It is now a part of the Turkish Empire in Asia, having been conquered by Turkey in the year 1516. The territory is divided into six provinces; each takes its name from the leading city in the province and is ruled by a Governor-General, ap- pointed by the Sultan. Here as elsewhere in the Turkish Empire, the Christians of all shades of belief have long been persecuted and massacred, and their condition today is little better than it was. Religion Most of the people are Mohammedans. Various Christian sects are also found which are at war 74 IMMIGRANT RACES among themselves as well as with the Turks. The Maronites, numbering about 140,000, are Christians and acknowledge the Pope of Rome, although they retain their rites and customs and consider the Patriarch of Antioch the head of the Church. Mass is said in Syriac, the priests marry, and they ad- minister communion in both kinds. Their invet- erate enemies are the Druses, who are nominally Mo- hammedans but their practices are mixed with Chris- tian usages. Frequent conflicts take place between these votaries of diff*erent creeds, and at the close of the last centur}^ so barbarous were the atrocities per- petrated by Mohammedan fanatics that European powers interfered, restored peace and guarded against similar outbreaks in future. There are also in the country some Nestorians — adherents to an ancient Christian faith, first taught by Nestorius, a missionary who flourished in the fifth century. Some of the people are also adherents to the Greek Orthodox faith. Immigration The Syrians are among the later immigrants. During the years 1897-1909, more than 55,000 landed. There are possibly 60,000 in the United States at present. Many of them come from the centers where Protestant missionaries labor in Syria. Bibliography History of the Jews — H. H. Milman. (1909, 2 vols.) Children of Israel— ^F. Mord. (1909.) The Jews at Home — Pennell. (1892.) CHALDEAN GROUP 75 The Polish Jew — Basherville. The Russian Jews — Bernheimer. Essays on the Sects and Nationalities of Syria and Palestine— (1890.) Children of the Ghetto — Zangtvill. My Tour in Palestine and Syria — Deverell. (1899-) I IX. THE TATARIC GROUP The only representative of this group coming into the United States is the Turk. The word Tatar comes from the Chinese word Ta-ta, of which the present form is a corruption. The Chinese gave these people another name, Tu-kiu, from which the word "Turk" is derived. According to old Oriental traditions, one of Japhet's eight sons was named Turk, and from one of his descendants sprang the twins, Tatar and Mongol. The Cossacks belong to this group. The Turk The Ottoman Empire takes in parts of three con- tinents— Europe, Asia and Africa. The total area is about 1,500,000 square miles, about 4 per cent of which is in Europe, embracing about one third of the Balkan Peninsula ; another 43 per cent is in Asia; the remainder is in Africa. The population is about 40,000,000, 15 per cent of whom are in Europe, 42 per cent in Asia and the remainder in Africa. The people of the Empire represent a great variety of races. In Europe are found Slavs, Albanians, Greeks, Magyars, Gypsies, Circassians, Jews and Turks, while in Asia and Africa the variety of peoples met is still larger. The civilization found in the country is as varied as are the people. Higher education and culture is established in the capital, Constantinople, while people living in a barbarous 78 im:\mgrant races and savage condition may be found in other parts of the Empire. The Turks have been nomads, hving on the product of their herds, and more than half of them so live today. The tent has reached its highest perfection in Turkey ; those who take up agriculture are of mixed blood and manage their farms in a slovenly manner. Language The Turkish language belongs to the Finno- Ugrian group. The Turk has roamed widely over Central Asia, mixed with different races of peoples from the Sea of Azov to the Arctic Ocean and from the Carpathian Mountains to the Chinese wall, and yet his language has maintained its purity in a singu- lar manner. The Turkish dialects are today scat- tered over an immense area comprising half of Asia and a large portion of Eastern Europe, so that it has been said that an Osmanli Turk from Constanti- nople can converse w^ith a Yakut, in the delta of Lena,, on the border of the Arctic Ocean. This may be an exaggeration, but branches of the Turkish language separated by an enormous distance are strangely alike. The language has a pleasing sound, and its great flexibility enables writers to express fine shades of meaning. It is losing ground, however, both in Europe and in Asia. The alphabet used is the Arabic. The Turk has borrowed words from different tongues, for different uses, so that in poetry words of Persian origin are found, in religion those borrowed from Arabic are TATARIC GROUP 79 conspicuous, and in fishing and navigation those taken from Greek, Italian and EngHsh are in common use. Turkish Hterature has many works of imagination, such as poetry, legends, novels, etc. Many young Turks are copying French literary ideals, which will result in better productions unless the dictate of the Sultan stultifies their efforts. Government The Sultan has absolute authority, limited only by the law of the Koran. The head of the temporal government is the Grand Vizier who has legislative and executive power under the Sultan. The spirit- ual power is vested in the Sheik-ul-Islam, who is the head of the Church. The fundamental laws of the Empire are based on the precepts of the Koran ; next in importance comes Ihe "Multeka" or the sayings and opinions of Mo- hammed; and another code of laws is found in the "Cahon Nameh," the decrees of Sol^^man the Mag- nificent. The government in reality is in the hands of the Osmanli Turks, who have very little Tatar blood in their veins. They are a product of the intermingling of Slav and Turk, Albanian and Greek. The Os- manlis are said to have come into Europe early in the thirteenth century and under the leadership of strong men they built up an empire that extended from the walls of Vienna to the borders of China. 80 IMMIGRANT RACES The zenith of their power was reached in the middle of the sixteenth century. The crushing defeat sus- tained by them in the battle of Lepanto (1571) marks the turning of the tide. From that day the Turkish power waned. The Sultan stood under the walls of Vienna in 1683, but the army of Islam steadily gave way before the combined forces of Christendom. Austria and Hungary, Italy and France, England and Russia, have enlarged their territory by pilfering again and again from the Ottoman Empire, so that today the sway and the prestige of the Turk is not what it once was. One of the Czars of Russia called the Sultan "the sick man of Europe," but though sick he has been able to play one European sovereign against another so as to preserve his Empire although not in its integrity. Many attempts have been made to secure constitu- tional government, especially in 1856 and 1876, but without much success. Great discontent, especially in the army, led the Sultan to issue a decree to call a Parliament in 1908. It met in December of that 3^ear, but the Sultan, Abdul Hamid, tried by bribery, treachery and cruelty to overthrow the new order of things. He failed and the Turkish army took possession of the capital. The Parliament deposed the tyrant, banished him to Salonica and installed constitutional government, with a new Sultan as its nominal head. The country is divided, for the pur- pose of local government, into Vilayets, over each of which a governor-general is appointed by the Sultan. Minor divisions are found, over which are inferior authorities. TATARIC GROUP 81 Religion The Turks are Mohammedans, but often they are such only in name, for the superstitions and customs of Shamanism, the reHgion of the Tatars, have a deep hold upon them. The veneer of Islamism be- comes thinner the further east we go, and the Os- manlis, the most fanatical of all the tribes, have a great mixture of languages, manners and customs. It is supposed by many that the mixture of Aryan and Semitic blood in this powerful branch of the Tatar race accounts for its stability and capacity. Modern European nations, especially England, France and Russia, have forced the Porte to grant freedom of worship to all other creeds in the Empire, so that the Roman and Greek Catholic, the Armenian, the Maronite and the Nestorian, the Protestant and the Jew are tolerated. Notwithstanding this free- dom granted by the government, fanatical outbreaks of Musselmans against Christians are of frequent occurrence and it has been proven again and again that these are instigated by government officials. Immigration The Turk is among the recent immigrants. There are no more than 15,000 in the country and more than 13,000 have entered in the last twelve years. They are not agriculturists and their skill as tent makers and breeders of horses helps them little in the land. They are all found in the cities engaged, in commerce and business, and catering to those who are fond of Oriental fashions. 82 IMMIGRANT RACES BiBLIOGKAPHY Story of Turkey— Stanley Lane. (1888.) Revolution in Constantinople and Turkey — W. M. Ramsey. (IplO.) Awakening of Turkey— F. Knight. (1909.) Shadow of the Crescent (story) — E. B. Mitchell. (1909.) A LAPLAND WOMAN X. THE FINNIC GROUP Of this group tliree peoples come to the United States — the Finns, the Esthonians and the Magyars. They form a part of the great Asiatic race although found in Europe. The vast majority of the peoples of Asia are called Mongolians* — after a country located between Siberia and China — or the yellow race, because of the color of the skin. The Finns Many branches of this people are scattered through the northern and eastern parts of Russia. The Finns call themselves Suomi, or the people of the swamp or sea-land. They reside on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia, of the Gulf of Finland, and of the Baltic Sea, and much of their country is made up of marshy ground. They are an ancient people, having lived in Northern Europe at least two thou- sand years. They are the same people that Taci- tus and Ptolemy knew under the name of Fenni and Phinni, living near their present abode. The Esthonians are a branch of the Baltic Finns and occupy the country bordering the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland. They number about 500,000 and inhabit a country about 7818 square miles in area. Their country is low^ and swampy, but they are famous as agriculturists and breeders of cattle. The Suomi or Finns of Finland are divided into *Mongol, or Mogrul, is supposed to be derived from "mong." meaning- brave. Mongolia is a vast region north of China proper and south of Siberia. The term is applied to the yellow peoples of Asia. 86 IMMIGRANT RACES several small sections according to their dialect, and number about 2,000,000 souls. The Finns of the Baltic Sea have been in contact with the Teutons and Slavs for centuries and are considerably mixed, so that the pure Mongolian type is not found. And yet the straight hair, the yellow complexion, short nose, wide mouth, broad cheek bones and narrow slanting eyes of the Mongolian type are frequently seen among these Finns. Among the Esthonians the Siberic (Siberia) type is not so prominent. Many of them have light hair and eyes, and other characteristics which resemble the Teuton. They, as well as the Finns further north, have in their veins a large infusion of Aryan blood. Language The Finns of Finland and the Esthonians can understand each other. The epic poem of the race is the Kalevala, which some believe antedates the Christian faith of the Finns. The alphabet used is the Roman. Some works are printed in German characters. The language is rich in proverbs, legends and tales. The Bible was translated into the Finnish language in 1642. During the last two centuries, the literary activity of many Finns has been great and books in every line of research are issued in that tongue. Government The Finns and Esthonians have no self-government - — they form a part of the Russian Empire. The FINNIC GROUP 87 government of Finland is vested in a Governor- General appointed by the Czar. The executive government is in the hands of a Senate over whom the Governor-General presides. The Esthonians are governed in the same way. The Czar of Russia carries the title of Prince of Esthonia. This branch of the Finnic group was under the rule of the Danes and the Germans in the fourteenth century, in the sixteenth they came under the Swedish government, and in the year 1721 the countr}^ was ceded to Russia. The history of Finland is similar. The Kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden and Russia in succession held sway over Finland. The brave people fought against the cupidit}' of their neighbors, but they were not able to resist the arms of Peter the Great, who incorporated their country as a part of the Russian Empire. Revolts have occurred in both countries against the t^^ranny of Russia, but they have been sternly suppressed. The school system is very effective and all the people are able to read and write. Religion The Finns are Protestants. The Lutheran faith is the predominating one. The Christian religion is said to have been introduced in the twelfth century. Much of the persecution suffered by the people is due to their adherence to their own form of worship and to their loyalty to the Finnish tongue. They seriously resent the efforts made to Russianize them. 88 IMMIGRANT RACES Immigration In the year 1900 there were 64,000 Finns in the United States. In the last ten years another 125,000 have entered, so that more than 150,000 Finns are at present in the country. They are chiefly found in the States of Wisconsin, ^licliigan and Ohio, and are engaged in mining, shipping, ore docks, etc. The Magyars* The Magyars hve in the Danubian plain in Central Europe. Here people of that race have lived for more than a thousand years. The total Mag-var population is about 8,000,000, but Hungary, which they rule, has a population of more than double that number. Their country consists of one vast plain traversed by the Danube and its tributaiy, the Theiss. Tlie people are given to agriculture and the soil for the most part is fertile. The develop- ment of Hungary in the last generation has been such that it is spoken of as the "European Japan." The. different races of Hungary number more than a dozen, and the problem of government is a very complicated one. The friction incident to governing subject races precipitates hatred, conflict and blood- shed ; hence the lot of the Magyar ruling class is not one of ease. Besides this tlie house of Hapsburg *"The racial origin of the Magyars is an unsolved problem .... The best opinion appears to regard them as a mixed nationality compounded partly of some race akin to the Turks and partly of an Ugrian tribe possibly akin to the Finns. The Turkish tribe appears to have conquered the Ugrian, and— as is frequent with conquering races— to have adopted much of the language and customs of the conquered. This explanation disposes of some difficulties, particularly the undoubted fact that Magyars were described by the Greeks as Turks till late in the middle ages." — Page xxi., Hungary in the Eighteenth Century. FINNIC GROUP 89 and the Sultan held the Magyar in subjection for centuries, and it is surprising that the race has been able to hold its own for more than a thousand years and in the twentieth century manifest greater vigor and progress than any other nation of Eastern Europe. Language The language of the Magyars is of the Einnic group. A division of this people is also found in the eastern portion of Trans3dvania, known as the Szeklers, who differ very slightly from their brethren in Hungary. The Magyar language is used in the Hungarian Parliament ; it is also the official lan- guage of the country. One of the chief causes of friction between the Magyars and the peoples over whom they rule is the effort made to Magy arize all subjects by insisting that the Magyar language be used in public schools to the exclusion of every other tongue. The ruling class also insists that all courts be conducted and all documents be written in the Magyar tongue. The effort to carry out this policy has estranged the Slav peoples and made the Hun- garian Parliament the arena of acrimonious conflict. The Magyars generally use the Roman alphabet. Government Hungary and Austria form the dual monarcliy of Austro-Hungary. This compact was formed in 1867, after the defeat of Austria by Prussia. By the agreement the Emperor of Austria became the King of Hungary. Foreign affairs, finance, the 90 IMMIGRANT RACES tariff and the army and navy, are managed by a joint Senate. Each nation has its Parhament, min- istry and administration, governing national affairs and regulating questions pertaining to local govern- ment. Education is compulsory for children between six and twelve years of age. The Mag\'ars settled in the plain of the Danube some time in the ninth century. They managed their own affairs until the sixteenth century, when they were defeated b}^ the Turks. During the Reformation they stood for religious freedom against the intolerance of the House of Hapsburg. During the seventeenth century they were in constant war with the Austrians, but when Maria Theresa ascended the throne and appealed to them for help, none in her Empire supported her more chivalrously than the Magyars. Her son was not as tactful and with the rejuvenation of the Magyar national consciousness in the beginning of the nineteenth centur^^, they tried to throw off the Austrian yoke. When Austria was prostrated by the arms of Prussia, she knew that her very existence depended upon the friendship and help of Hungary. It was thus that the dual monarchy was formed, for each nation was conscious that alone it could not long exist as an independent State while strong nations around it were ever alert to seize the slightest pretext to extend their boundary lines. Religiox The population is about equally divided between Roman Catholics and Protestants. Besides this there are about 3,000,000 adherents of the Greek FINNIC GROUP 91 Church. Among the Protestants the Calvinists are the strongest, numbering more than 2,600,000 ; the Lutherans have a following of about 1,500,000; while the United Greek and Armenian Church has more than 2,000,000 adherents. There are about a million Jews, and the Unitarians number more than 70,000. The antagonism due to difference in faith is less pro- nounced than that due to racial pride and prejudice. Immigration The Mag3'ars are among the more recent immi- grants into the United States. In 1900, the total number was less than 75,000. In the last decade more than 300,000 have entered. There are possibly 350,000 in the country. They are intelligent, capable and ambitious. They are found in the steel and iron industries, in mines, etc., and more and more each year they enter the trades. The racial antagonism engendered in the old world often manifests itself in America and accounts for many of the quarrels between Magyar and Slav. Bibliography Hungary of To-day — Percy Aid en. (1909-) Hungarv and the Hungarians — JV. B. F. Bovill. (1908.) ^ Austria-Hungary — G. Drage. (1909-) Storv of Hungarv — Vamhery, Arnim and Heilprin. (1887.) The Future of the Hungarian Nation — Scotus Viator. (1908.) 92 IMMIGRANT RACES Hungary in the Eighteenth Century — Marczali. The Strange Story of Rab Reby — Maurus Jokai. Through Finland on Carts — Tweedic. (1897.) Finland and the Finns — Fisher. (1890.) Finland As It Is— DeWindt. (1910.) XI. THE CHINESE GROUP The Chinese are in the habit of contemptuous!}^ asking Europeans, "Have you got family names too?" The oldest families in America trace their ancestry back a few hundred years ; royal dynasties of Europe can hardly trace the founder of the house at a distance of a thousand years, but some Chinese can boast of an ancestry that goes back to 1121 B. C. When Europe was inhabited by barbarians the Chi- nese had a civilization that was the admiration of the nations of the Euphrates valley. The prophet Ezekiel mentions silken materials which brought fame to this people. When Marco Polo, at the beginning of the fourteenth century described the wonderful civilization in Eastern Asia, Europe could learn much as regards social order and industrial accomplish- ments from the Chinese. Rome could boast of a thousand years of life; Austria, the oldest dynasty of Europe, can hardly go back that far; but China boasts of four thousand years of history. The Chinese have something more than the pigtail to boast of. Before the Christian era they had earthern vessels and porcelain, they cultivated the vine and drank tea. Soon after the Christian era they made paper and invented and made India ink. Before the sixth century they had carved wooden tablets and when William the Conqueror was a child they printed with movable types. They used the magnetic needle, spectacles, money — both metallic and paper — used weights and measures, invented gun powder and the abacus and were skilful in the use 94 IMMIGRANT RACES of numbers. When the Europeans ate with their fingers the Chinese used chopsticks. We began to macadamize our streets in 1820 and thus copied an ancient invention of the Chinese. Language The Chinese have no alphabetical characters ; and they of all the peoples in the world read, write and print without having invented orthography. The language is monosyllabic. They invented a hiero- glyphic for each root, but never divided the roots into their separate sounds and then symbolized them. Thus the scheme of expressing ideas in Chinese writ- ing is wholly different from that of the Aryan lan- guages. They use words and sounds but the way they put them together gives the language its pecu- liarity. It is destitute of phonetic or syllabic suf- fixes which distinguish nouns, verbs or adjectives; it dispenses with all grammatical distinction of mean- ing ; it has no inflections or verbal structure of any description. It is wholly made up of roots, which are put together in a set way, sanctioned by custom, and the meaning of the root depends upon this arrangement. A writer defines his idea by the con- tact of root with root. There are no words in the strict sense of the term in the Chinese language. Philologists say that a beginning of word formation is observed, but even then the roots preserve their independence. Hence the language is said to be, of all languages of the world, in the lowest stage of development. And it is this peculiarity that makes it so difficult to acquire. The monosyllabic roots, CHINESE GROUP 95 connected according to custom, supply every requisite for the exchange of thought, but the task of recol- lecting the immense number of combinations burdens the memory and is a serious obstacle to the student. The literature of China is said to go back 2000 years B. C. The earliest production, which is the basis of all Chinese literature, is the "Ching," which was edited by Confucius in the sixth century before Christ. It comprises "Five Classics," and has been the model of literary form for three thousand years. It accounts for the stability given Chinese thought and institutions, the undeveloped nature of the lan- guage and the philosophical wisdom common among the people. To these are added "Four Books," which are also ascribed to Confucius or his descendants of the first generation. These documents are as valu- able and interesting as any found in the civilization of any people, and have molded and shaped the life of this remarkable race. The Confucian writings may be considered the sum and substance of Chinese literature, for other works are commentaries on, or elucidations of, the original texts. In the third century B. C. an attempt was made by royal decree to destroy the teachings of Confucius, but notwithstanding the burning of thou- sands of volumes and the martyrdom of hundreds of teachers, that faith was completely restored within a generation of the tyrant's death. China has had its poets, novelists and historians. The century immediately preceding the modern awakening, was given to the compilation of encyclopedias, and no nation is so rich in this respect as the Chinese. 96 IMMIGRANT RACES Under the influence of Western standards, Chinese newspapers, pubhshed in the large cities, promulgate social, industrial and moral ideas of Western civiliza- tion. Books on science, philosophy, poetry, history, theology, etc., are also translated and many of the sons of the Orient are students in the colleges of Europe and America. GOVERXMEXT The Chinese government is based on the famil}^ bond which is the first step in the organization of human society. The absolute power of the monarch is based on the legal maxim that he is the father of his people. Every command comes from the paternal lips. The power of the Emperor is hedged round by safeguards in the form of advisory bodies, known as the three Councils, composed of the heads of depart- ments, so that the members are in touch with every branch of the administration. There are eighteen boards concerned in the administration of the gov- ernment, and independent of it is a board of public censors, made up of from fort\^ to fift}" members, any one of whom can present an}^ remonstrance to the sovereign. In 1906, the Emperor issued an edict promising constitutional government to the country as soon as the people are ripe for it. In 1908, a decree was sent forth promising to convoke a Parlia- ment in the ninth 3'ear from the date of the decree. The country is divided into twenty-two provinces for local government : each is ruled over by a viceroy. Each province is subdivided into prefectures ruled by prefects : each prefecture is di^dded into districts, CHINESE GROUP 97 over which a magistrate presides. Each town and village has its unofficial governing body of gentry. In 1905, the historic system of education that had obtained for many centuries was swept away by Imperial Decree, and schools for the teaching of subjects after the method of Western nations have sprung up in every large town in large portions of the Empire. Obedience is the first duty of the child and disobedience to parents renders one liable to capital punishment. The people obey the laws because of moral respect, for the military power of the Empire is very small. The Chinese Empire has lasted four thousand years. Two thousand years before Christ a high stage of civilization was developed in the fertile valley of the Houng-ho. The inhabitants of this section slowly spread and conquered the aboriginal tribes. While one branch of the race conquered in the south, the Mongols and the Manchus did the same in the north. At this early date they had a system of canals, an active police, a passport system, game laws, and laws against furious riding in the streets of towns. In the third century before Christ, the population numbered about 14,000,000. The Empire continued to extend till the thirteenth century of our era; indeed Formosa was not added till the seventeenth century. This island was ceded to Japan in 1895. Within recent years the Empire has lost some territory, but, notwithstanding the greed of Euro- pean nations, this great realm with its nearly 375,- 000,000 inhabitants still remains virtually intact. 98 IMMIGRANT RACES Japan humiliated China in 1894, and the Boxer re- belhon to drive out the "foreigners" arrested the attention of the civiHzed world. China is slowly putting on the garment of Western Europe, and the last is not yet heard of this marvelous people that is equally at home on the boundaries of Siberia where the quicksilver freezes in the thermometer and in the hothouse warmth of Singapore. Religion There are five forms of religion in China: that of Confucius, Laotse, Buddha, Mohammed and Christ. Confucius flourished five hundred years before Christ. He did not found a religion, but expounded and elaborated the worship of Heaven and Earth as he found it in his day. He was an agnostic, and taught that the practical interests of this life, its duties in the spheres of the family and the state, were impor- tant enough to occupy the whole time of man. Some of his maxims were: "Thou shalt not do unto others that which thou wilt not that they should do unto thee." "Requite injury with justice, and benevolence with benevolence." Laotse was a contemporary of Confucius. He taught the existence of a Being, somewhat like the Logos, who was the creator of the material universe. He did not found a religion but speculated as to the mystery of creation. His writings are obscure, but their moral teachings are pure and their essence con- tained in gentleness and toleration. His system was soon brought into contempt because of the frauds practiced by some of his disciples. CHIXESE GROUP 99 The Buddhist faith was introduced into China about two centuries before Christ. It was recognized as the state cult A. D. 65. It soon degenerated, however, into a system of polytheism and the worship of the saints. Mohammedanism was introduced in the seventh century of the Christian era. The Chinese converts rehearse the Koran in Arabic and understand very little of what they say. Their religious teachers inculcate alien rites and doctrines and train them in loyalty to the Sultan rather than the Emperor in Pekin. This accounts for the man}' bloody revolts which break out among them. The Christian faith was introduced in the eighth century by the Nestorians. The Roman Catholics established missions in the country early in the four- teenth centur}' ; the Protestants entered the field in the last century. The number of Christians of all faiths is about 1,150,000, of whom 150,000 belong to the Protestant creeds. All religions are tolerated and the Chinese are exceptionally free from religious bigotry. The persecution of Christians is not so much on account of their faith as because of the people's dislike of foreigners and suspicion as to their intentions upon China. I:mmigratiox The United States excludes all Chinese laborers as immigrants. The first law upon this question passed Congress in 1882, and was intended to last ten years ; in 1892 it was extended for another decade, 100 IMMIGRANT RACES and in 1902 the previous acts were reenacted, ex- tended and continued in force indefinitely, "prohibit- ing and regulating the coming of Chinese persons and persons of Chinese descent into the United States and the residence of such persons therein." The class exempted from the provisions of this law are: "officials, teachers, students, merchants or travelers for pleasure or curiosity." In 1908, those in the country, as well as those in the Pacific dependencies by right of law, were given certificates of identifica- tion, in order to check the surreptitious incoming of Chinese laborers. Every Chinaman now admitted receives one of these certificates. The total number in the United States at present is estimated at 110,- 000. The Chinese immigrants entering the country during the last seventy-five years number nearly 300,000. The largest number in any one year came in 1882 when nearly 40,000 landed. At present from 3000 to 4000 come in annually. The Chinese as well as the Japanese and Koreans are excluded from naturalization, on the ground that "The general policy of our government in regard to the naturali- zation of aliens has been to limit the privilege of naturalization to white people." Bebliography The Awakening of China— ^. A. P. Martin. (1907.) The Lore of Cathay—^. A. P. Martin. (1907.) Chinese Life in Town and Country — E. Bard. Story of China— J?. K. Douglas. (1901.) Chinese Immigration — M. R. Coolidge. (1910.) Chinese and Japanese Immigration — American Acad- emy of Social and Political Science. (September, 1909-) XII. THE JAPANESE GROUP This group contains two peoples, the Japanese and the Koreans. Both are mixed peoples and have copied much from China. Korea has been called the Hermit Kingdom for the reason that it absolutely closed its doors against all nations — against China and Japan as well as England and America. The Japanese The Japanese first came to the Archipelago on the east of the Chinese mainland about a thousand years before the Christian era. The islands were then inhabited by the Ainos, remarkable for their heavy beards and hairy persons. These the Japanese conquered and drove to the north, where a few still live. Ethnologists believe that the Japanese are a production of the intermingling of the Mongols, Poly- nesian, and Indonesian peoples. The influence of the Ainos is most perceptible in the north. The group of islands over which the Mikado rules com- prises about 150,000 square miles. The central and most important is Nippon, by which name the Japanese call themselves. The population numbers more than 45,000,000 which gives a density of more than 300 to the square mile. There is considerable diversitj^ in the physical type of Japanese, but two of these types stand widely apart : the fine type, which may be observed in the upper classes of society, their figures tall and slim, 102 IMMIGRANT RACES their faces elongated and their eyes straight ; the coarse type, seen in the mass of the people, with thick- set body, broad face and high cheek bones, oblique eyes, and broad mouth. The other varieties come in between these two extremes. The Japanese have copied with profit from nations more advanced and invariably have improved upon what they assimilated. They did this with the civili- zation of China and they are doing it today with Western civilization. They are a gifted people. As early as 1860, a steamboat manned and commanded by Japanese made its way across the Pacific to San Francisco and back. They are artistic and their art, which is wonderful in its technical finish, has many admirers among Western nations. They are industrious and their fields yield an abundant harvest ; they are also brave, as the recent wars with China and Russia have shown. Language One of the chief reasons for classifying Japanese and Koreans in a group by themselves is the poly- syllabic character of their language. This is espe- cially true of the Japanese, while the Korean stands midway between the Japanese and the Chinese. They use two methods of writing — Chinese hiero- glyphics and along with this another method which is syllabic. Japanese literature is generally divided into three periods. The ancient, in which the Ko-ji-ki, called the Bible of Japan, is the chief production. The JAPANESE GROUP 103 work is of great value as reflecting the hymns and prayers of Shinto, and as a source book from which ancient Japan may be reconstructed. The work is variously dated by the admirers of Japan, but the most trustworthy date is the fifth century of the Christian era. In the eighth century, Chinese litera- ture made its way into the country and greatly influ- enced Japan. The Chinese classics became the order of the day and exerted great influence upon the liter- ary style of Japanese writers. This copying of China continued for centuries and in the seventeenth resulted in a great revival of learning, which derived its chief stimulus from China. The leaders were avowed followers of Confucius, whose system of teach- ing they developed into a philosophy and cosmogony. It became the faith of the literati, while Buddhism was left to the priests, the v/omen and the ignorant. This may be called the middle period in Japanese literature. The modern era has arrived in Japan. The nation is copying the works of Western civilization and with a marvelous genius for assimilation they are rapidly mastering its science and philosophy, and successfully applying its intricate methods of control over the forces of nature. They improved and stamped with their own character many branches of industry which they copied from China ; it remains to be seen whether they will do this with what they take from Europe and America. Newspapers and periodicals, pamphlets and books of science, philosoph}^, history, etc., are published in large numbers in Japanese. 104 IMMIGRANT RACES Government Up to the year 1889, the government was an abso- lute monarchy, under an Emperor known among Western nations as the Mikado. In that year a constitution was promulgated, vesting the supreme executive power in the Emperor, creating an advisory cabinet appointed by the Crown, and a privy council which was virtually a court of appeal. An Imperial Diet was also established, consisting of two houses, one of the peers and the other of representatives. Each member receives a salary. The Japanese aris- tocracy hold trade in contempt, but since the consti- tution guaranteed a Parliament they have thrown themselves into politics with great ardor. For purposes of local government the country is divided into prefectures ; these again are subdivided into municipalities, counties, towns and villages. In each of these political divisions there is an assembly presided over by an officer — a governor, sheriff, mayor or magistrate. The assemblies give decision chiefly upon financial matters. The governors and sheriffs are appointed by the government. Some of the islands have a special organization for adminis- tration. Elementary education is compulsory. Japan, by force of arms, has conquered the two strong powers that are nearest her — China and Russia. This has given her practical control of Korea and her influence in Manchuria is predominant. If the European powers had not combined to deprive Japan of the territory conquered by her in recent wars, the dominion of the Mikado would, today, be much larger than it is. JAPANESE GROUP 105 Religion The prevailing religion of Japan is Shintoism or the worship of the powers of nature. The Buddhist faith is also found among the people. The literati find refuge in the teachings of Confucius, which are largely agnostic and which have been developed by Japanese writers into a system of philosophy suitable to the mental temperament of this gifted race. The sacred writings of the nation are chiefly precepts concerning earthly relations, and the Japanese as a whole are said to be an irreligious people, caring more about the aff'airs of the home and the State than for the ideal and the mystical. The Christian faith is making a deep impress upon the people and the Empire. Immigration The total number of Japanese who have entered the United States in seventeen years is more than 157,000, and of these more than 132,000 have come during the last decade. In 1907, an act was passed conferring upon the President of the United States the power to prohibit entrance into the continental territory of the United States, to all who held pass- ports to any insular possession of the United States or to the Canal Zone. In virtue of this power, the President on March 14, 1907, issued a proclamation excluding from continental United States, "Japanese or Korean laborers, skilled or unskilled, who have received passports to go to Mexico, Canada, or 106 IMMIGRANT RACES Hawaii, and come therefrom." The Japanese government on its part agreed to refuse passports to laborers unless it was such as wished to resume a formerly acquired domicile, to join a parent, wife or children residing there or to assume active control of an already possessed interest in a farming enter- prise in this country. By this mutual understanding the number of Japanese entering the country in 1910 was less than 4000 while three years previous nearly eight times that number entered. The Koreans The Koreans inhabit the Korean peninsula, whose area is about 100,000 square miles and the population more than 10,000,000. Thus it is only one third as thickly populated as Japan. The people are said to have come from the same stock as the Japanese, which, as above stated, was a mixed product of Malays, Indonesians, etc. They are, however, more positive Asiatics than the people of the Japanese archipelago. The men are tall and strong, but the women are puny and homely — yellow complexion, small eyes, prominent brow and small feet. But the Korean characteristic feature of female beauty is an abundant head of hair and thick eyebrows. The Koreans settled in the peninsula in the second century of the Christian era, and, like the Japanese, copied the civilization of the Chinese. They are not so gifted as the Chinese or Japanese, and they have been for centuries a shuttlecock between these two rival Empires. JAPANESE GROUP 107 Language The Korean language is agglutinative but not to the extent the Japanese is. The root always remains invariable but syllables are added to express the rela- tion of the word to other ideas. It has no plural form and the pronouns are nearly unknown ; the verb, however, has great expressive power, and has three forms according as one addresses an inferior, an equal, or a superior. The alphabet used is believed by some to have been borrowed from the Sanscrit by Buddhist monks. It is very simple and made up of horizontal and perpendicular strokes. The official language was formerly Chinese, but recently the Korean language has been revived. Korea has taken the literature of China, whose classics prevail ; never- theless the influence of Korean leaders is apparent. Through the recent revival of the Korean language, works are now issued in that tongue. Government The form of government is monarchical, but the Crown for centuries has acknowledged the suzerainty of the Chinese government. The kingdom was founded in the second century before the Christian era. In the next century it was annexed to China. A thousand years later it became independent, but in 1627 was again conquered by the Manchus. It remained in their power until 1894, when Japan con- quered China and the suzerainty was transferred from Pekin to Tokio. Japan is now in practical con- trol of the affairs of the Hermit Kingdom. A repre- 108 IMMIGRANT RACES sentative of the Mikado manages its foreign affairs and the finances of the kingdom are also in the hands of his appointees. Korea was long closed to the nations of the world. China and Japan succeeded first in opening its doors and later concessions were made to England, Ger- many and America. Religion Korea has no state religion. Buddhism, Confu- cianism, Shamanism and Christianity are found in the kingdom. The higher classes profess the faith of Confucius ; the lower classes practice Shamanistic rites ; some others are Buddhists ; while the Christian faith was introduced in the year 1775 by the Jesuits. The Protestants began work in the peninsula in 1884. The present number of Christians of every faith is large. The people are said to be of an irreligious temper, like the Chinese and the J apanese ; but their ignorance leads them to gross forms of worship in which they sacrifice to the spirits of the forests and mountains, etc. Immigration The total number of Koreans who have entered the country is 7781. The largest number came in 1905 when about 5000 entered. Since then the number has almost reached the zero point — only eleven entering in the year 1910. JAPANESE GROUP 109 Bibliography The Awakening of Japan — Ohahura-Kahuzo. Story of Japan — David Murray. (1884<.) The Mikado's Empire— 7r. E. Griffis. Japanese Life in Town and Country — G. TV. Knox. Korea^ the Hermit Nation — TV. E. Griffis. / JV6455.R64 Immigrant races in North America Princeton Theological Seminary-Speer Library 1 1012 00025 9061