/J ,3.3 .a-? — Jffrom tfy? Cibrarg of Profrsanr S?tt;amtn Srnrktttrftge Warfalfc iBpqttpattjfo fag Ijtm tn ttj? SJthrarg of JJnttreton uHjealngtral &£mfttartj \ ,C7\\c . SCO nits NOTES ON HEBREW SYNTAX BY R. D.WILSON. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library http://www.archive.org/details/notesonhebrewsynOOwils HEBREW SYNTAX. THE VERB. § i. — The Perfect. See Driver, "Use of the Tenses in Hebrew," §§ 1-20; Davidson's Syntax, §§ 39-41; Harper, "The Elements of Hebrew Syntax," §§ 17-19; Gesenius' Grammar, § 106; Ewald's Grammar, § 135; Mueller's Hebrew Syntax, §§ 1-3.* * The references at the head of the sections are to the sections of the respective grammars. The Perfect denotes a completed action, the time of which can be determined from the context alone. I. It is used in past time, as the equivalent of the English 1. "Past." Gen. 1:1; 3:16. Rem. — Many grammarians divide this past into (1) the Definite, i. e., made definite by the context, sometimes called Historical Perfect or Aorist. Deut. 3:21; and (2) the Indefinite (so called because the time of the completion of it in past time is not defined by notes of time). Gen. 32:21. 2. Perfect. Gen. 4:10; Is. 53:1. 3. Pluperfect. Gen. 1:31; 2:3; 6:1; 19:28. Note. — Does the imperfect with Wau conversive ever correspond to the English pluperfect? Two cases arise : first, when the imperfect with Wau conversive follows a Hebrew perfect used in the sense of an English pluperfect. Here, it is ad- mitted that the imperfect has the sense of a pluper- fect. Gen. 13:4; 31:34; 26:18. Secondly, when the imperfect with Wau conver- sive does not follow a perfect used in the sense of an English pluperfect. Driver denies that such an im- perfect can ever be rendered by the English pluperfect ; but it is commonly so in the King James version and is found a number of times in the Latin Vulgate, Luther's version, and the revised English version. In the verses to be cited, one or more versions, or reputable grammarians or commentators, have trans- lated an imperfect by a pluperfect, to wit: Gen 2:2, 8, 19; 3:6; 12:1; 24:30, 61, 64, 65; 32:24; 37:5, 21; 26:1, 18. Ex. 2:15, 16, 17; 4:19, 2 1 ], 31; 11 :i; 12:1; 14:21; 16:20; 18:1, 2; 32:1, 29; 33:5. Lev. 9:22. Num. 1:48; 7:1. Deut. 31:9. Josh. 2:22; 24:12. Jud. 2:6; 1:8. 1 Sam. 14:24; 17:15; 33:6. 2 Sam. 5:8. 1 Ki. 1:28; 7:13; 9:14; 13:12. 2 Ki. 20:8. Is. 8:3; 37:5; 38:21, 22; 39:1; 64:4. Jer. 39:11. Zech. 7:2. Jon. 1:17; 2:4. Dan. 1:9. 1 Chron. 21:6. Neh. 2:9. Ps. 78:23. II. It is used in present time, as the equivalent of the English "Present." 1. When it is Stative Perfect (Greek Second Perfect). This is found wih verbs denoting a men- tal or physical state or condition. Gen. 4:9; 32:11; 27:9; Num. 11 15. 2. To express actions "meant to be represented as already accomplished in the conception of the speaker." Gen. 14:22. (Gk. and Latin.) 2 Sam. 19 7 (8) ; Jer. 22 15 ; 2 Sam. 17 :n ; Deut. 8 :i9. 3. Perfect of experience. "F^r the expression of acknowledged facts of experience." Is. 1:3; Ps.i :i ( ?) ; 10:3, 14; 15 :4; 9:11 ; 119:40; Gen. 49:11. III. It is used in future time, as 1. Perfect of Certainty, i. e., to denote future acts, which are looked upon as so certain of occurring, that they are expressed as if already done. Gen. 23:11; 3o:i3;Num. 17:27; 1 Sam. 2:16. 2. Perfect of Prophecy. Num. 24:17; Deut. 15:6. Gen. 15:18. 3. Future Perfect. Gen. 48:6; Ex. 10:3; 16:28; Deut. 28:45. Rem. 1. — The Perfect may express such modal actions, as could be expressed in English by means of "have" or "had." This usage is especially com- mon in questions. Gen. 21:7, 26:10 (Vulgate, "pot- uit coire") ; 40:15; 43:10; Deut. 5:23; Num. 22:33. Rem. 2. — Does the Hebrew Perfect, like that in Arabic and Syriac, ever express a prayer or wish? i. e., is there a precative Perfect? (Driver denies it; Ewald, Boettcher, Davidson and Mueller maintain it.) Gen. 47:25 (Luther); Ps. 4:2; 7:7; 10:16; 18:47; 22:22; 31:6; 57:7; 71:3; 116:16; 141:6; Job. 21 :i6; 22:18; Lam. 1 :2i ; 3:57-61. § 2. — The Imperfect. Driver, 21-43; Davidson, 42-45; Harper, 22-24; Mueller, 4-7; Ewald, 136; Gesenius, 107. The Imperfect denotes an incompleted action. Hence it is generally used to express future, contingent, frequentative, or incipient actions, the context hav- ing to determine which. 1. It is used in past time, 1, as an incipient; in which case, it is equivalent to (1). An Historical Present in English, denoting a vivid action, "the effect of which is to present in strong relief and with especial lvieliness the features of the scenes which it describes." Ex. 15 :5, 6, 7, 15 ; Deut. 32 :io. (2). The Incipient Aorist in Greek. Gen. 2:10; 37:7; Ex. 8:20; Nu. 23:7. 2. As a Frequentative. Gen. 2 :6 ; 6 -.4. Rem. — After certain adverbs, the Imperfect may- be used, where we would insert "began to," or use the simple past. Gen. 2:5; Ex. 15:1; Jos. 10:13. But these adverbs may all be employed with the perfect, and also with the imperfect denoting the future. Gen. 4:26; 24:15 (?); Ex. 4:26; 15:15; Deut. 2:14; 9:21; Jos. 21:22; Ex. 9:30; Is. 22:14; 2 K. 2:9; Ps. 73:17; Prov. 12:18. II. It is used in present time, I, as Incipient, especially in vivid or polite discourse. Gen. 24:31; 32:30; 44:7; 37:15; Ex. 3:3; 5:15; 15:12; Gen. 19: 19; 24:50; 31 :35; Job. 10:18. Compare for use of perfect when a superior speaks to an inferior Gen. 16 :8, 42 :j. 2. As a Frequentative. (1). Definite, i. e., asserting facts of definite occur- rence. Gen. 10:9; 22:14; 29:22; 20:9 (?); 29:8; 19:4; 29:33; 50:3; Num. 21:27; 17:19- (2). Indefinite, i. e., stating that an action is liable to occur. Frequent is proverbial expressions or com- parisons. Ex. 33:11; Num. 11:12; Deut. 1:44. Rem. 1. — The so-called adjectival Imperfect, be- longs here, e. g., Gen. 49:27; Deut. 32:11. Rem. b. — Here belongs also the use of the Imper- fect as an adverb. Is. 64:2 (unexpectedly) ; Ps. 17:3; 26:1. III. It is used in future time, as 1. Future Indicative. (1). As shown by the general context. Gen. 12:12; 16:12. (2). As shown by adverbial notes of time. Gen. 29:8; Deut. 6:20; Gen. 40:13; Ex. 8:19. 2. As future perfect after certain particles. Gen. 29:8; Nu. 20:17. 3. In other Moods ; see § 3. § 3- — Imperfect as Mood. Driver, 37-41, 44-65; Davidson, 43 b, c, 60-65; Harper, 62, 63; Mueller, 7-1 1; Ewald, 136 e, f, g, 2233.-228, 235; Ges. 107-109. Most of the variations for mood may be expressed by the Imperfect. I. The Imperative. Gen. 3:14; Ex. 10:26; 21:12. Rem. 1. — The special form, called Imperative, is used in the second person only, is always positive, and is to be translated by "kill" never by "thou shalt kill." The negative of the Imperative is always ex- pressed by the Imperfect Jussive with 'al, e. g., Ex. 23:1; Deut. 9:26. The negative, "Thou shalt not," is expressed by means of the Imperfect with lo', e. g., Ex. 23:2; Deut. 23:16; Gen. 2:17. Rem. 2. — For the theird person of the Imperative, the Jussive is commonly used, and sometimes for the second person also. See VI. 1 below. Note. — The Imperative expressed in English by "shall," "should," "ought," "is to," "has to," or "must," may be classed here, e. g., Gen. 3:14; Ex. 20:15; 21:12; Num. 15:14; Gen. 4:7; 20:9; 3:17; 34:31; 43:25. This use of the imperfect is found in the first person also. Nnm. 23:8; Ex. 10:26; Vulg. quid debeat immolari. II. The Potential. 1. Possibility. Gen. 41:15; Ex. 4:14; Num. 35 133. 2. Permission. Gen. 2:16; 42:37; Deut. 4:42. Rem. — In the latter sense, the Jussive may be used. See VI. 4 below. III. The Optative. A wish, prayer, exhortation, or determination, is commonly expressed by the Co- hortative for the first person, and by the Jussive (or Imperative) far the second or third person. See below V. 2-4 and VI. 3. Rem. 1. — The Imperfect Indicative may be employ- ed in this sense. Deut. 2:27; Num. 20:17; Gen. 12:3. Rem. 2. — For the Perfect as a precative, see § 1, Rem. 2. IV. The Subjunctive. After final conjunctions, the Imperfect is used where, in many languages, a peculiar form (usually called by grammarians Subjunctive) is employed. Gen. 3 :22 ; 11:7; 27 -.4, 25 ; 43 7 ; Ex. 2:7; 20 :20. Rem. 1. — Particularly to be noted is the use of the Imperative, or Jussive, followed by Wau conjunctive with the Imperfect (usually the Cohortative, or Jus- sive, when such a form exists). Wau and its verb may then be translated, either literally, or by "that" with the Subjunctive. (Compare III, above.) Gen. 27:4; 42:34; Ex. 10:17; Lev. 26:43; Num. 25 4. Rem. 3. — Instead of the Jussive after Wau, the Imperative is sometimes found or the Perfect with Wau conversive. (Driver, 65.) Gen. 12:2; 20:7; 20:7; Ex. 3:10; Deut. 13:11. Rem. 4. — Instead of a final conjunction with the impf., a corresponding preposition with the infinitive construct may be used. See § 5, I (4).) Gen. 3:11; 11:5; Ex. 20:20; Deut. 29:12. Rem. 5. — The direct subordinate (Green's Gram- mar, 269. b. ; Harper's Syntax, 36 14) is treated of in § 7, 2. V. The Cohortative. The Cohortative is used to express : 1. Determination, or intention. Gen. 12:2; 22:5, 18:30; Num. 20:17; 22:6; Ex. 23:29, 30. 2. Exhortation, or self-excitement. Gen. 11:3; Ex. 1 :io. 3. Commands. Deut. 33:7; Nnm. 6:9; or prohibi- tion, Nu. 23:25; Deut. 12:24. 4. Wish or request. Gen. 33:14; Deut. 12:20; Num. 20:17. 5. A question. Jer. 6:10; Gen. 50:5; Ex. 3:18; Ecc. 3 :22. 6. A protasis of conditional sentences. Gen. 34:23; Job. 16 :6 ; Nu. 35 :20 ; Gen. 42 :37a, 44 :32. 7. An apodosis. Gen. 13:9; 27:41; Num. 22:64; Deut. 32:26; Gen. 42:37b. 8. It is used after Wau conversive. Gen. 32:6; 41 :n. 9. It is used after Wau conjunctive, preceded by a Jussive, Cohortative, or Imperative. See IV. Rem. 1. Num. 22 :6 ; 2 K. 6 :28, 29. 9 io. It is used in final clauses. Gen. 15:8; 27:19, 31; Ex. 5:8, 17; Is. 5:19; Ps. 9:15; 39:5; Prov. 12: 19; Job. 7:17. Rem. 1. — The cohortative and jussive are called by the common name of voluntative. Forms with Nun Epenthetic may be treated as cohortatives. Rem. 2. — Lomadh He and Lomadh Aleph verbs have no special ending for the cohortative. Gen. 18:30; 50:5; Deut. 32:3. . .Rem. 3. — Sometimes, either the ending has been dropped or the indicative used in its place. Gen 12 : 3 ; Jer. 40 4. Rem. 4. — All forms with Nun Epenthetic may be classed with the cohortative. See examples above.. VI. The Jussive. See Driver, sees. 44-58 and 170- 175- The Jussive is used : 1. In commands and prohibitions. Gen. 1:3522:12; 24:8. 2. In advice, or suggestion. Gen. 41 -.33 ; Ex. 8 :2s. 3. In request, or wish. Gen. 9:27; 31:49 44:33; Deut. 23 :8. 4. In permission. Deut. 20:5; 15:3. 5. In a protasis. Ps. 104:20. See § 22, II, 2. 6. In an apodosis. Gen. 4:12. See § 22, II, 2. 7. After Wau conversive. Gen. 1 :3, 4 and often. 8. After Wau conjunctive. See IV. Rem. 1. 10 § 4- — The Participle, or Verbal Adjective. Driver, 135, Davidson, 97-100; Harper, 27; Muel- ler, 13-15 and 121; Green, 278; Ges, 116. I. It is used as an adjective, (1) attributive. Gen. 2:9; Ex. 4:19; Lev. 11:49; Deut. 26:5, 9; (2) predi- cate, Gen. 1 :2, 6, (Ewald's Hebrew Grammar, page 123.) Deut. 26 :5, 9. Rem. — The participle form is used for nomina agentis. (Ewald, page 199; Davidson, 897.) II. It is used as a verb, to denote continuous action or state. 1. In past time, (1) Absolutely. Gen. 2:10; 41:17; 25:28. (2) With notes of time. Gen. 13:7; Deut. 5:5. 2. In present time. (1) Absolutely. Gen. 4:10; 16:8; 32:12. (2) With notes of time. Deut. 15:15; 17:11; Lev. 9:4 (Gk. and Vulg. ; but with different pointings), Gen. 41 :q. 3. In future time, (1) Absolutely. Gen. 19:14; Deut. 4:22. (2) With notes of time. Ex. 9:18; Gen. 1 :6. Rem. 1. — As a verb or verbal adjective, the participle governs an object jsut like the finite verb. Gen. 2:13; 24:49; Deut. 6:11; 20:1; 30:8. As a noun or adjective, it is put in construction with the following noun or pronoun which is to be translated as the ob- ject, if the participle is active, and as the subject, if 11 the participle is passive. Gen. 19:14, 25; 20:3; 24:31 ; 41:6; Gen. 22:12; 4:2; 3:5. (Ges., 135.) Note. — The prep, employed by the finite verb is sometimes omitted with the participle. Deut. 33:11. Rem. 2. — The personal pronoun is frequently omit- ted, where we would expect it, as the subject of the participial sentence, (i. e., of a nominal sentence whose predicate is a participle. Compare sees. 20 :2 ; 23:1, 1.) Gen. 20:16; 24:30; 38:24. (Ges., 134, 2; Rem. 3.) Rem. 3 — The participle (1) may continue, or (2) be continued by the finite verb, both of which (i. e., the participle and the verb) should then generally have the relative "who'' inserted before them in trans- lation. (Harper, 27, 5; Ges. n6x.) (1) Prov. 6:19. (2) Gen. 27:33; 35:3; 49:11; Deut. 4:22. Rem. 4. — The participle is used to express (1) the condition of the object, (2) the condition of the sub- ject. Compare sees. 13:3; 21. (1) Gen. 3 :8; Ex. 2:11 ; 14:9; 33:10. (2) Ex. 13:18; Lev. 20:20. (Driver, Art. 161, 2.) Note. — Here may be put the use of the participle after the verb "to be" to express the idea of duration, or continuance in a state or condition. Gen. 37 :2 ; 4:17; 39:22; Ex. 3:1. Rem. 5. — "When the participle as direct predicate receives the article it becomes coextensive with the 12 subject." Deut. 3:21, 22; Gen. 2:11, Dav. 99. Rem. 3; Driver 135. Rem. 6. — When the idea of the participle is to be negatived, ayin is commonly used, but occasionally /o'...Num. 35:23; Deut. 28:61; Gen. 41:8; Ex. 5:16. But more commonly the finite verb is used. Gen. 44:4; Lev. i;i7; Deut. 21:1. This change to the finite verb is necessary when the negative clause is joined to the participle by Wau, or when it is equiva- lent to the English past participle active. Gen. 44:4; Lev. 1 -.17. Driver 162; Dav. 100 d. Rem. 7. — The frequentative action of the impf. may approximate so closely the continuous action of the participle, that it becomes impossible to distin- guish them. Ex. 13:15; Lev. 11 '.47 (Impf. with neg- ative) ; Num. 24 -.4. Rem. 8. — In some intransitive verbs such as "to come," "to die," and "to fall," the Hebrew active participle has the meanings of the Latin present, per- fect and future participles, or of the English com- plete, incomplete, and periphrasic future. Gen. 48 :2 ; 32:14; 18:11; 20:3; 15:12; Ex. 14:30; Deut. 21:1; 22:8. Rem. 9. — "Of the passive participles, the participle Kal always corresponds to the Latin or Greek perfect participle passive, those of the other conjugations, especially Niphal, sometimes to a Latin gerundive (or to an adjective in billis)" Gesenius, 116. Gen. 13 3:6; Lev. 11:47; Ex. 15:11; 31:18; Deut. 28:61; 2 Sam. 20:1 ; Ps. 18:4. § 5. — The Infinitive Construct, or Verbal Noun. Dav. 89-96; Mueller 109-120; Green 279-283; Ew- ald 303-305; Harper 29; Ges. 114. The so-called Infinitive Construct is really a verbal noun, and hence, may be employed either as a verb or as a noun. As a noun, it may be (1) Subject. Gen. 2:18; 29:19; 30:15; Ex. 14:12. (2) Object. Num. 20:21; 22:13; Gen. 8:10. (3) Genitive. Gen. 29:7; 2:4; 30:41. (4) Used with prepositions. Gen. 2:4; 14:17527: 1; 39:i8; Jer. 2:35. In this case, it may be trans- lated with the conjunction and the finite verb, and may also have an object in the accusation. Deut. i:37; 16:13. (5) Accusative of specification. Ex. 19:12. Rem. I. — The Infinitive with a preposition may, like the participle (see Art. IV., Rem. 3), continue or be continued by the finite verb. Wherever the Infinitive (or participle) "asserts something indefi- nite or undetermined — wherever, therefore, it may be resolved into whoever, whenever, if ever, etc. — we find the perfect with Wau conversive employed; where, on the contrary, the Infinitive (or participle) asserts an actual concrete event, we find the follow- 14 ing verbs connected with it by the Imperfect and Wau conversive;" e. g., (i) Infinitive followed by Imperfect with Wau conversive. Gen. 39:18; Lev. 16:1; (without Wau conversive. Ex. 28:28). (2) Infinitive followed by Perfect with Wau con- versive. Gen. 18:25; Ex. 1:16; 33:16; Deut. 4:42; 30:16. Imperfect followed by Infinitive. 1 Sam. 8: 11, 12. Rem. 2. — To be especially noted are the uses of the preposition Lomadh with the Infinitive. (Driver^ 202-207. ) 1. To denote the gerund, in which case the prepo- sition is either not to be translated at all, or may be translated by "in," "so as to," "in respect of," etc. Gen. 2:3; 3:22; 41:19; 18:25; 19:19; 29:26; 34:7; 43:6. 2. To continue the finite verb, generally implying aim or purpose. Ex. 32:29; Lev. 10:10, 11. Ewald 351 c. 3. With the substantive verb, to express the pur- pose or the destination. Num. 8:11; 24:22; Deut. 4. Sometimes, with or without the substantive verb, it may be translated by the periphrastic future "was on the point of," "was about to be," or even by "was wont to." Gen. 15:12; 2 Chr. 26:5; Is. 10:32; 38 :20. 15 5. After yesh, "there is," 'ayin, "there is not," and lo, "not," or even without these particles to express "it is possible," or "it is not possible." 2 Chr. 25:9; Esth. 4:2; Ezra 9:15; 1 Chr. 5:1; 15:2; 2 Ki. 4:13; Judg. 1 :i9. 6. When the Infinitive is to be negatived, Lomadh is usually followed by bilti. Gen. 3:11; Deut. S'-3'f though occasionally it is preceded by lo' or 'ayin. Am. 6:10; Est. 4:2. II. As a verb, the verbal noun may be either (1) Past. Deut. 9:23; Gen. 39:18. (2) Present. Jer. 2 :35. (3) Future. Deut. 25:19; Num. 18:30. Rem. 1. — The object of the Infinitnve is with or without 'eth. Gen. 2:4; 19:29; 41:39; Num. 20:21; two objects; Deut. 6:24. Rem. 2. — When the verbal noun is translated into English by the finite verb, the subject of the verb is the pronominal suffix, or a noun with which the verbal noun (Infinitive) is in construction. Gen. 2:4; Ex. 17:1; Gen. 3:5; 19:16. § 6. — The Infinitive Absolute. Dav. 84-88; Green 279-283; Mueller 103-108; Ew- ald 280; Harper 28; Ges. 113. I. As noun it is used rarely as (1) Nominative. Prov. 25 -.27. 16 (2) Genitive. Is. 14:23. (3) Accusative. Is. 42:24; Gen. 21:16. (4) Predicate. Is. 32:17. II. As a verb, the Infinitive Absolute may be used in any time, past (1 Sam. 2 :28) ; present (Ex. 20:8) ; future (Is. 31 :5). Rem. 1. — As substitute for the finite verb, the in- finitive may be used either at the beginning of a dis- course, or to continue one which has been begun by a finite verb. Deut. 14:21; Num. 4:2; Gen. 41:43; Lev. 25:14; Ex. 8:11 ; 36:7 ( ?) ; Num. 30:3. Rem. 2. — The Infiinitive Absolute may be used for any other part of the verb, in which case, it takes the government of the part for which it stands (Is. 22:13; 7:15; Dav. 84 c; 88) e. g. (1) For the Perfect (Ezek. 1:14), with Wau con- versive, Judg. 7:19. (2) For the Imperfect (Num. 15:35), with Wau conversive, Gen. 41 :43 ; for the Jussive, Lev. 6 :7 ; Num. 6:5; for the Cohortative, Is. 22:13; 1 Ki. 22:30. (3) For the Imperative, Ex. 20:8; Deut. 5:12. (4) For the Participle, Jer. 22:14. (5) For the Infin. Cons., often to denote the ob- ject of a transitive verb; or, when several Infinitives follow one preposition, the first only is in the Infini- tive construct and the others are in the Infinitive absolute. Ex. 32:6; Is. 22:13; 42:24; 57:20; 58:6. 17 Rem. 3. — The Infin. Abs., may be used for any person or number, e. g., for the first, Ecc. 8:9; for the second, Deut. 14 .21 ; 2 Ki. 4 143 ; for the third, Num. 15:35; Is. 21 :S. Rem. 4. — The Infin. Abs. in immediate connection with the corresponding finite verb (or participle, Ex. 12 :g); (1) when placed before the verb, strengthens the idea of the verb; (Davidson, sec. 86 says it de- notes asseveration, antithesis, supposition, conces- sion, or question. Occasionally, such word as indeed, surely, forsooth, of course, at all, etc., may bring out the sense, but oftenest the kind of emphasis is best expressed by an intonation of the voice) ; (2) when placed after the verb, is either intensive (as always with the Imv.), or denotes the continuance of the action of the verb. (1) Gen. 2:17; 24:5; 31 :3o; Ex. 21 :5; Deut. 7:26; 13:10. (2) Gen. 8:7; 31 :i5; 46:4; Num. 11:15; 23:11. Note i. — The Infin. Abs. may be in a different stem or of a different root of like meaning with the verb which it strengthens. Gen 37:43; 46:4; Lev. 19:20; Ex. 21 :i2, 20; (Davidson 86 R. 2). Note 2. — An adverbial accusative of a cognate noun may be used instead of the Infinitive. Num. 31:2; Hab. 3:9. § 7- — Co-ordination and Sub-ordination of Verbs. Ewald 285; Davidson 51, 82, 85; Gesenius 120; Harper 36; Mueller, 30. 1. Two verbs may be co-ordinated (i. e., made to agree in gender, number, person, etc.). The follow- ing cases are to be noted : (1) While the first of two verbs denotes generally an antecedent action, it is often equivalent merely to an English adverb. a. Without Wau connecting the verbs. Gen 19 :22 ; 27:43; 30:31; Deut. 1 :S. b. With Wau connecting the verbs. Gen. 45:13; Deut. 31 :i2. (2) The second verb may be equivalent to an ad- verb. Gen. 32:1; 44:4; Num. 24:25; Is. 53:11. 2. The object or purpose of the action of a verb may be expressed. (1) By the verbal noun. a. By the Infinitive absolute, § 6, I. 3 and II. 2 (5). b. Bv the Infinitive construct without Lomadh, § 5 (2). c. By the Infinitive construct with Lomadh, § 5, Rem. 2 (2). (2) By the Participle. Num. 16:27; Ex. 26:5 b. (3) By direct sub-ordination of a finite verb, or its equivalent. a. Without Wau. 19 Gen. 12:12; Lev. 9:6; Job. 32:22; Ps. 9:21; 17:3; Is. 47:1 ; Amos 5:12; Hab. 3:16; Lam. 4:14. b. With Wau. Deut. 31:12; Gen. 47:6; Is. 1:19; Job. 23 :3 ; Jos. 7 7. Rem. — A clause may take the place of the verb. See sec. 21, III. 4. § 8. — Gender of Nouns. Davidson 12-14; Gesenius 122; Harper 2; Mueller 62, 63. 1. The gender of the noun is denoted (1) by the termination, or (2) by a separate word, as rachel for ewe, or (3) by the context, i. e., by its agreement with feminine adjectives and verbs. By the last means we learn that nouns belonging to the following classes are nearly always feminine. (1) Proper names of countries. Gen. 41:8. (2) Proper names of cities. Gen. 14:2. (3) Names of definite places or spaces. Is. 38:18; Gen. 1 :2 . (4) Names of elements and forces of nature, as fire, wind, etc. Ex. 9 :23 ; Gen. 1 :2. (5) Members of the body, as eye, ear, foot (but mouth, nose, and others are masculine). Deut. 7:16; but Gen. 45 :i2. (6) Instruments and utensils used by man, as sword, shoe, etc. Deut. 32:25; 29:4. 20 2. Abstract nouns, collectives and nomina unitatis are generally feminine. Gen. 50:20; 1:26; Ex. 15:1. 3. The feminine is generally employed where other languages use the neuter. Gen. 2:17; 42:7; 1 Sam. 24:18. 4. The syntactical or logical gender may be mascu- line when the grammatical gender is feminine and vice versa. Gen. 1:16; 23:4; Deut. 27:6. 5. Some nouns, especially names of animals, are construed sometimes as masculine and sometimes as feminine. Gen. 24 :6s > 3 2 '- l &', 33 - l 3', Ex. 21 :t,7- § g.- — Number of Nouns and Pronouns. Ges. 124. 1. The plural is used, where in English the singu- lar is mployed. (1) To denote abstract ideas. Ges. 124. a. Summing up conditions or qualities. Gen. 19 : 11 ; 44:20. b. Intensifying of the idea of the stem. Gen. 46 :2 (Gk. and Latin) ; Gen. 43:14; Deut. 32:20. c. Summing up the parts of an action. Gen. 50:3; Ex. 30:10; 25 :6. (2) In the plural of majesty. Gen. 1:1; 42:30; Ex. 21 :2Cj. (3) In certain other words denoting material, ex- tension or product. Gen. 1:1, 2, 6; 49:4; Lev. 13: 47; Ex. 29:2. 21 2. Some masculine nouns have plural in oth, and some feminine nouns have plurals in im. Gen. i :i6; Deut. 27 :6. 3. In the pronoun, there is frequently found a change from singular to plural, and vice versa. Is. 1:23; 5:25; Amos. 7:11; Ps. 5:9; 10:62; 5:84; 6:8; Deut. 24 :g. 4. Many nouns are singular in form but plural in sense and may have verbs and adjectives in the plu- ral. See sec. 10, 5. 5. On the pluralization of two nouns in construc- tion. See sec. 12, 7. § 10. — Agreement of Verb, Etc. Mueller, 113-118; Ewald, 295, 316-319; Davidson, 108-116; Green, 289-295; Harper, 40; Ges. 144-146. 1. The masculine of the verb is sometimes employ- ed instead of the feminine; the third masculine plu- ral of the Perfect is always so employed. Gen. 7:11; Is. 57:8; Jer. 3:5; Ezekiel 23:49; Joel 2:22; Amos 4:1. 2. (1) "One," or "they," indefinite is generally ex- pressed by the third person of the verb. Gen. 11 :g; 16:14; 26:18; 29:2. (Ges. 144:3; Mueller, 123; Da- vidson, 108.) Note. — Sometimes the second person is indefinite. Gen. 10:19, 30; 13:10; Is. 7:25. 22 (2) The impersonal phrase is expressed by the participle (masc. less common fern.), or by the third person singular masculine (occasionally feminine) of the verb active or passive. Gen. 32:8; 21:12; 4:26; 4:6; 1 Sam. 30:6; Deut. 21:3; Mai. 1:11; Am. 4:7. (Mueller, 124; Ges. 144:2.) 3. Sometimes the discourse passes over from one person to another. Deut. 351:15, 17; (Ges. 144, p.) 4. A predicate (1) preceding the subject most fre- quently stands in the first form (i e., masc. sing., and, if verb, 3d person) though it (2) nearly always agrees, when it follows the subject, even though the first predicate did not agree. (1) Gen. 1:14; 47:3 (?); 12:16; 13:5; 30:43; 32:6; 5:23; 39:5; Deut. 21:3; 32:35; but Gen. 33:7; Num. 12:1. (2) Gen. 1:2; Ex. 4:31; 12:27. (Mueller, Art. 133; Ges. 145 7) ; but Ex. 21 -.4. Rem. — The 3rd masc. pi. of the Imperfect is some- times used with a feminine plural or collective. Gen. 30 :39 ; Lev. 26 -.33. 5. Singular nouns, when collective, may have a verb or adjective in the plural. If there are two or more predicates, the one preceding the subject may be in the sing., and the one or more following, in the plural. Ex. 1:10, 20; 14:31; 33:4. Davidson, 115. 23 Rem. i. — When the collective is feminine but repre- sents masculine persons, the predicate may be in the masculine plural. Gen. 48 :6. Rem. 2. — The predicate, however, may be in the singular, even though the subject is collective. Gen. 35:11; Deut. 1:39; Ex. 10:24; 14:10. Note. — Names of nations are construed (1). With the masc. sing. Ex. 17:11; Am. 1:11. (2). With the masc. plur. 2 Kings 6:9. (3). With the fern. sing, (when reference is to the country, or the people is treated as a collective). Is. 7:2. 6. Plural nouns, especially when denoting abstract ideas, "and names of animals and things," may have a verb in the singular. Is. 34:13; 59:12; Jer. 49:24; Joel. 1:20; Gen. 49:22; Deut. 21 :y. 7. A plural of excellence takes the verb or adjec- tive in the singular; Gen. 1:1; Ex. 21:4, 29. (Ges. 145:3.) Occasionally, the adjective is plural. Deut. 5:23; Josh. 24:19. 8. Dual nouns take verbs in the plural. Gen. 29 : 17; Ex. 17:12. Compare sec. 15, 1. Rem. 3. 9. When two nouns in construction are the subject of a sentence, the predicate naturally agrees with the first of the two nouns (Gen. 2:12; 3:7) ; but excep- tions occur (1) "when the governing noun involves a statement of quantity," or quality. Ex. 15:4, 20; Num. 14:1; (2) occasionally by attraction, when 24 special emphasis is laid on the second noun. Gen. 4:10; Lev. 13:9; (but Ges. makes "voice" an inter- jection) ; or when the second is the principal noun the first being equivalent to an adjective. Ex. 15:20. § 12:6 (2). 10. When two or more subjects are connected by "and," the following cases arise : (1) The predicate, when it precedes, agrees gen- erally with the first subject. Gen. 6:18; Num. 12:1 (but not so Ps. 75:4; 1 Sam. 21 7; Gen. 40:1) ; Gen. 3:8; 77; 8:18; 24:61; 31:14; 337- (2) If the discourse is continued by a second pred- icate, it will be the plural and will be generally mas- culine, if one or more of the subjects are masculine. Gen. 21 :32 ; 24 :6i ; but 33 7. (3) When the predicate follows two or more sub- jects, it is generally plural, and if one of the subjects is masculine, the predicate also is masculine. Gen. 8:19, 22; 18:11 ; but see Ex. 21 14. (4) "When the subject is a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun must be expressed whether the verb be singular or plural." Gen. 7:1; 14:15. ir. The plural subject is sometimes found with the singular predicate, "because from among the indi- viduals denoted by the plural, a particular one is specially in view." Gen. 27:29; Ex. 31:14; Num. 24:9. 25 So the singular pronoun may refer to a plural ante- cedent. Deut. 21:10; 28:48. 12. The verb "to be" when a copula, sometimes agrees with the predicate and not with the subject. Gen. 27:39. 13. Names of persons take adjectives and verbs in agreement with the gender of the person, not of the form. Jon. 1:1; Ruth 2:2. 14. After the passive the agent, or subject, is pre- ceded by (a) Min. Gen. 9:11; Lev. 26:43; (b) Lo- madh, Gen. 25:21; Lev. 26:23; or (c) Beth, Gen. 9:6; Num. 36:2. Ges. 121:3. § 11. — The Noun Absolute. For the sake of emphasis, a noun or pronoun is frequently placed before a sentence, its place in the sentence, whether as subject or object, being taken by a pronominal suffix agreeing with it in gender, number and person. (Driver, 197-199.) 1. Subject placed first. Gen. 34:8; Deut. 1 :3c 2. Object placed first. (1) Gen. 21:13; 13:15. (2) Suffix with preposition. Lev. 7 :". 3. Genitive placed first. Deut. 28 :54. Rem. 1. — The noun may be resumed by the demon- strative pronoun, which is then equivalent to the copula. Gen. 34:21. Rem. 2. — The noun absolute may be limited by a relative clause. Gen. 26:15. 26 § 12. — The Construct State. Dav. 23-28; Ges. 127-130. In addition to the common uses of the construct relation, the following are to be noted : 1. The second noun may denote the object of the state or action denoted by the first. It would trans- late such English clauses as "about," "done to," "con- cerning." Gen. 9:2; 18:20; 1:16; Deut. 20:14 (Ges. 128:2; Harp. 8:1 b.) More commonly the second noun denotes the subject of the first. Gen. 1 :2. 2. Numerals from two to ten may stand in the con- struct before the substantive which they number. Gen. 1:16; 2:25; 4:19; 5:8. The word for year is sometimes in the construct before the numeral where the cardinal is used for the ordinal. Hag. 1:1. Com- pare sec. 15 :6 (4). 3. A noun may stand in construction with a verbal sentence following. (Compare Wright's Arabic Grammar, II p. 119, et seq.) Ex. 4:13; 6:28; Gen. 1:1; Deut. 32:35; Lev. 7:35. 4. An adjective, or participle, may stand in con- struction with a noun limiting its application. Deut. 9:6; Ex. 4:10; 15:11. Compare sec. 16. 5. A noun may be in construction with an adjective, limiting its signification, especially an adjective de- noting "great," "small," "good," "bad," or "full." Is. 22 :24 ; Jer. 5 :28 ; Amos. 6 :2. 27 6. The construct state is frequently employed where we use an adjective. See § 15:3 and Ges. 128:2. The qualifying noun may be (1) The second of two nouns. Gen. 17:8; 34: 30; or (2) Less commonly the first. Ex. 15:4; Gen. 23: 6; Deut. 32:13, 41. 7. When two nouns in construction are to be plu- ralized, three cases occur. (1) The first only is put in the plural. (2) The second only. (3) Both are put in the plural. 1 Chron. 5:24. 8. The following facts in regard to two nouns in the construct or appositional relation to each other may be noted. (1) When both nouns are definite, the first is in the construct state and the second in the absolute state with the article, or is a proper noun. Gen. 1 :2. Rem. — The first noun may be put in the absolute state with the article and the second take the prepo- sition Lomadh with the article. Gen. 29 :g ; 47 -.4. (2) When both are indefinite, the first is in the construct state and the second is in the absolute state without the article, or takes the preposition Lomadh without the article. Gen. 9 :25. Rem. — The second is sometimes definite in Eng- lish and the first indefinite, when both are indefinite in Hebrew. Gen. 25 :27. 28 (3) When the first is indefinite and the second definite, the first is in the absolute state without the article and the second has Lomadh with the definite noun, whether made definite (i) by the article. Num. 25:14; or (2) by construction. Gen. 41:12, or (3) as a proper noun. Gen. 14:18. Rem. — Sometimes, as it seems, the first noun is in- definite when the second noun has the article without Lomadh, or is definite by construction or as a proper noun. Lev. 14:34; Deut. 22:19. (4) When the first noun is definite and the second indefinite, the first is in the absolute state with the article and the second follows with the preposition Lomadh without the article or is in apposition with- out the article, and is equivalent to an accusation of specification. Lev. 6:3; Num. 16:22; sees. 13:4 and 16:1. Ex. 28:39 (?). 9. Not more than one noun in the construct can be used before the same genitive. There are three con- structions possible. (Dav. 27 b.) We may say (1) The sons of man and his daughters. Gen. 41 :8. (2) The sons of man and the daughters. Gen. 40:1. (3) The sons and the daughters belonging to (or which belong to) man. Gen. 40:5. 10. Conversely, not more than one noun in the genitive can be used with the same noun in the con- struct state (or with a preposition), except where the two or more nouns constitute an idea which in 29 other language is expressed by one word. Gen. 14 : 19 ; Ex. 3 :8 ; Num. 20 15 ; 31 154 ; Deut. 7 :o ( ?) ; 8 :8 ; 32 7, 19, 24 ; Ps. 65 :6. 11. For an adjective qualifying a noun in construc- tion, see sec. 15:1, Rem. (5). 12. A pronominal suffix may refer back to the second of two nouns in construction. Gen. 13:15. 13. The second noun may denote (1) the species, (2) the name, (3) the material, (4) the quality, or (5) the quantity of the first. (1) Gen. 16:12; 23:4 (2) Gen. 15:18; 32:4; Num. 28:6; (3) Gen. 3:21 6:14; (4) Ex. 3:5; Gen. 17:8; Lev. 19:36; Num. 28:6 (5) Number, 2 K. 17:6; Deut. 26:5; weight 1 Chron. 21 :25 ; measure or extent, Ezek. 47 :3~S. § 13. — The Accusative. Dav. 66:81; Mueller 32:49; Ewald 279-284. 300; Harper 30-35; Green 284-288; Ges. 117, 118. The noun (said to be in the accusative, after the analogy of the Arabic) is used adverbially to denote 1. Place, time, motive, measure, or mode in which the act takes place, etc. Gen. 7:20; 13:9; 14:4; 18:1; Ex. 24:3; Lev. 19:16; Deut. 32:14; Is. 7:25. 2. A predicate accusative occurs frequently in He- brew, i. e., a participle, adjective, or noun, which is the predicate of a nominal sentence used as the object of the verb. Ex. 7:1; Deut. 13:15; 28:7; Is. 53:4. Driver 195. 30 Rem. — When the predicate accusative is a noun, it denotes (i) the material or parts out of which a thing is made, or (2) the product or divisions into which it is made. It is used after verbs of making, putting, uniting, etc., and after verba mentis. (1) Gen. 27:6. (2) Gen. 28:18; Deut. 1:15. 3. The accusative is used to express the state or condition of the subject or object, or of a noun in the genitive. Num. 7:89; Gen. 3:8; 15:2; 37:35. Rem. 1. — This accusative is used after verbe de- noting "being," or "coming into being," or those of the opposite meanings. Gen. 24 -.42, 49 ; 45 14 ; De. 13 -.4 ; Ex. 4:18; Is. 33:10; Jer. 22:30; 1 Sam. 3:2; 2 Sam. 19:8; Prov. 13:4; Job. 35:15 (?) Gk. Rem. 2. — The accusative of condition may be a participle (Sec. 4 Rem. 4). An Imperfect, also, may be used to express condition. (Ps. 17:3; 26:1; Is. 53:10) ; or a circumstantial clause, sec. 21 :8. 4. The accusative is used to express specification, (or what other grammarians call "limitation," "restric- tion," or "indirect relation.") Gen. 3:15; 37:21; 41 :4c 5. Many verbs govern two accusatives, where we would have one object direct and the other after a preposition. (Ges., Art. 139.) Gen. 2:7; 21:19; 27: 37; 33 -5 ; 4i :42 ; Ex. 28 -.3 ; 29 19 ; 30 =25. 31 6. Many verbs govern a noun directly, where we would employ a preposition and vice versa. Gen. 27:45; 38:11; Deut. 7:6; Gen. 20 \6. 7. Where the active has two accusatives, the pas- sive has one. Gen. 21:19; 48:11; Ex. 1:7; 26:30. 8. The accusative is sometimes the logical subject of the passive. Gen. 4:18; 17:5; 21:5. Rem. 1. — In this case the verb need not agree with the noun in gender or number. Gen. 27:42; Num. 32:5- Rem. 2. — After a passive, the cause or origin may be denoted in three different ways. Gen. 9:6; 9:11; 14:19. See § 10:14. 9. The accusative, when a pronoun in English, is often omitted in Hebrew. Ex. 12:5; 32:20. See sec. 17 :y. This is true occasionally of the 1st and 2nd personal pronoun. 1 K. 21 :20, 22. § 14. — The Article. Davidson, 19 :22 ; Harper. 4, 5 ; Green, 248-251 ; Ewald, 277, 278; Mueller, 65-69; Ges. 126. 1. The generic article is used, (1) To denote the genus. Gen. 2:7; 13:2. (2) In comparisons or proverbs. Deut. 1 :44. ((3) With nouns of material. Gen. 2:11; 13:2. <4) With abstracts. Gen. 19:11. 2. The distinctive article is used, 32 (i) With vocatives. Deut. 32:1. (2) With individuals which are the only ones of their class. Gen. 1:1; 13:9; 19:23. (3) With individuals singled out. Gen. 14:13; 31: 21; 2:7. (4) "With an understood element or feature in the situation or circumstances." Gen. 24:20; 22:6; Ex. 2:15. (5) "In narrative, particularly, persons or things appear definite to the imagination of the speaker." Ex. 17:14; 21:20; Num. 22:27; Deut. 15:17. 3. The relative article is used, (1) With participles. Gen. 2:11; Ex. 1:1; Num. 32 :24. (2) With perfects. Gen. 18:21; 27:33; Ps. 66:9; 1 Chron. 26:28; 29:17; 2 Chron. 29:36 (?); Ezra 10:14. (3) With adjectives or nouns. Ex. 1:22; Deut. 12:8; 13:8; 15:19- 4. The Hebrew sometimes has the article with the second noun, where we would have it with the first and make a compound word. 1 Sam. 17:58; Deut. 11:10. 5. The article is used with adjectives and demon- stratives, when the noun is definite. Gen. 1 :i6; 15:1; Exceptions, Gen. 2:2; 19:33. 6. The article sometimes denotes the superlative. Gen. 42:13. 33 7. The article is omitted where we have it, (i) With certain proper names. Ex. 13:17. (2) Before numbers which are definite. 1 Sam. 27:2; 30:9. (3) Before the first noun in construction. Gen. 1 :6. (4) In Hebrew poetry, the article is generally omitted where it would occur in prose. Gen. 49:10; Ex. 15 :i, 6, 8, 9, 10. Rem. 1. — With the inseparable preposition, the article occurs usually in poetry, when it would occur in prose. Gen. 49:4; Ex. 15:1, 6, 7, 10. Rem. 2. — In a few cases in prose the article is omitted where we would expect to find it. Deut. 15 : 11; Gen. 8:14. Rem. 3. — In a few cases the Hebrew word for "one" is used as an indefinite article. Ex. 16:33. § 15. — The Adjective. Ges., 132, 133; Harper, 10; Davidson, 30. 1. The attributive adjective follows its noun and agrees with it in gender, number and definiteness. Gen. 1 :i6, 21. Rem. — (1) Adjectives with a plural noun of majesty or excellence may be in the singular or plural. Is. 19:4; Ps. 7:10; Deut. 5:23; Josh. 24:19. (2) Adjectives with collectives may be singular or plural. Ex. 1:9; 33:5; 5:5; Num. 11:34. 34 (3) Adjectives with a dual substantive are put in the plural, there being no dual of the adjective in Hebrew. Gen. 29:17; Ex. 17:12. Compare sec. 10:8. (4) Two adjectives limiting the same noun fre- quently follow one the other without any connecting particle. Lev. 13:30; Num. 19:2. Rem. — There may be, also, two asyndetic predi- cates. Gen. 24:21. (5) When an adjective limits one of two nouns in construction, it is placed after them, since nouns in construction cannot be separated. If the nouns differ in gender or number, the gender or number of the adjective will determine the noun which it limits; but when the two nouns are of the same gender and number, the noun which the adjective limits can be determined from the context and sense alone, if at all. Gen. 10:21; Lev. 5:2; Deut. 3:24; 7:15; 32:33. (6) If a noun have a pronominal suffix, the noun will be definite and the adjective agreeing with it will have the article. Deut. 15 :9. 2. The predicate adjective agrees with its subject in gender and number. Gen. 3:6, 7. See sec. 23, I, 1. Rem. 1. — The predicate adjective is sometimes definite, though this definiteness does not depend on the definiteness of the subject. Ex. 9:27. 35 Rem. 2. — The predicate adjetcive may be plural, when the subject is a collective. Neh. 9:6; 1 Sam. I3:i5. 3. Owing to the paucity of adjectives in Hebrew, their place is often taken by nouns or verbs. For nouns thus used in apposition, see § 16; in con- struction, see § 12:6; in the predicate, see § 16; for Imperfect used as adjective, see § 2, II. Rem. 2; and § 4, 1 ; for clauses used as adjective, see § 18 and 20 c; for participle thus used, see § 4:1, for article with verb thus used, see § 14:3. Rem. — Owing to the paucity of adjectives, a noun is frequently joined to common names or names which denote the possessor, origin, or derivation of the thing designated by the noun. Gen. 37:19; Ex. 4:10; Deut. 3:18; Ges. 128 s; Mueller 79 d. 4. The preposition min denotes the comparative after verbs as well as after adjectives. Gen. 26:16; 32:11; 37:3; Deut. 7:7. 5. The superlative may be denoted, (1) By an adjective made definite by the article. Gen. 42:13. (2) By an adjective made definite by construction. Gen. 24:2 (Ges. 11 :i ; Rem. 1.) (3) In other ways. Gen. 19:11; Is. 6:3. Rem. — Equivalent to a superlative are such phrases as "servant of servants," "king of kings" (Har. 9:4). Gen. 9:25; Num. 3:32. 36 6. The ordinals and the cardinal for one are treat- ed as adjectives; but from two to ten, the cardinals are treated as nouns, and the thing enumerated is put in the plural. Four cases arise, (i) The numeral precedes and the noun is in apposition. Gen. 29 134 ; Deut. 19 :2. (2) The noun precedes and the numeral is in apposition. Ex. 29:1; Num. 7:17. (3) The numeral precedes in construction with the definite noun. Deut. 10:4; 16:3. (4) The noun precedes in construction with the numeral. This last is used only with the word for year and when the numeral is used as an ordinal. Hag. 1:1. Compare sec. 12:2. 7. Numerals above the units mostly have the noun in the plural. They stand in apposition, mostly be- fore but sometimes after the noun. Gen. 37 :g ; Deut. 1:23; but Gen. 32:16; Ex. 15:27. Rem. 1. — Collectives and nouns of time, measure and weight, are in the singular. Num. 4:17; 3:50; 11 .-19; 18:16. Rem. 2. — Sometimes nouns stand in the singular, because the numerals belongs to a substantive, which had been omitted. Gen. 37 :28; Ex. 27:11. 8. When a noun is definite, the expression is defi- nite, the numeral being considered definite of itself. Gen. 18 :28 ; Deut. 9 :2$. 37 § 16. — The Noun in Apposition and as Predicate. Ges. 131 ; Davidson 29. A second noun is often used for specification or explanation of a preceding noun, showing its species, name, material, quality, or quantity. In every such case, the second noun may be predicated of the first. 1. Noun denoting species, (1) In apposition. Gen. 1:12; 17:14; Deut. 22:23. (2) As predicate. Ex. 9:31. 2. Noun denoting name, (1) In apposition. Num. 34 :2. (2) As predicate. Gen. 2:14. 3. Noun denoting material, (1) In apposition. Gen. 6:17; Ex. 39:17. (2) As predicate. Gen. 7:6; Ps. 23:5; 45:9; De. 28 :23. 4. Noun denoting quality, (1) In apposition. Gen. 49:4; Ex. 24:5; 30:2; Ps. 120:3; Ps. 88:19. (2) As predicate. Gen. 1:2; 11 :i; 14:10; Lev. 27:33; Ps. 19:10; 35:6; 109:4; 110:3. 5. Noun denoting quantity, (1) In apposition. Ex. 21:32 (weight); Num. 9:20 ( number) ; Ex. 30:24 (measure). (2) As predicate. Gen. 23:15 (weight); Deut. 33:6 (number); Ex. 25:17 (measure). 38 Rem. I. — The quantity of a thing is frequently de- noted by the first noun, in which case the second may be looked upon as an accusative of limitation, or specification. (Compare the Arabic, Wright, Vol. II, § 44, e, Rems. b and c.) Gen. 5:6; 18:6; 23:16. Rem. 2. — For numbers from two to ten, see § 12, 1. 12, 1. ..Rem. 3. — Permutation is a species of apposition, which "defines the preceding substantive, or pronoun, in order to prevent any possible misunderstanding." Gen. 0:4; Ex. 7:11; 2:6; 35:5; Lev. 13:59; Num. 32 -.33 ; Deut. 2 :26 ; 1:35; 7 :g ( ?). Rem. 4. — The predicate is sometimes introduced by the so-called Beth essential. Hos. 13 :g; Ex. 18:4; Ps. 54:6. § 17. — The Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns Ges. 135, 136; Dav. 1-6. 1. Ze, Zo and Zu are sometimes used, (1) As a relative. Ex. 13:8; 15:13. (2) As an adverb. Gen. 27:20, 21, 36; Num. 13:17. 2. The personal pronoun is sometimes used to em- phasize the pronominal suffix. (1) Possessive. Num. 14:32. (2) Objective. Gen. 4:26; 27:34. 39 3. The pronominal suffix is sometimes an indirect object or an objective genitive. Gen. 16:5; Ex. 20: 20 ; Deut. 25 -.7. 4. There is in Hebrew a so-called "ethical dative," which can but rarely be expressed in English. Gen. 21 :i6; 27:43; 22:5; Deut. 2:13; 1 7, 13, 40; 5:27. 5. The masculine pronoun is sometimes used when the noun to which it refers is feminine. Gen. 26:15; 31:9; 32; 16; 41:23. 6. When two nouns are in construction, the pro- nominal suffix is put with the second, even when it belongs to the first. Gen. 42:35; "Lev. 20:3. Rem. — The objective pronominal suffix sometimes refers back to the second of two nouns in construc- tion. Gen. 13:15. 7. The accusative of the personal pronoun is not seldom omitted, especially after verbs of saying, giv- ing and taking. Gen. 9:22; 18:7; 33:11. See sec. I3:9- 8. The pronominal suffix is often used pleonastic- ally, for the sake of emphasis. Gen. 2:19; Ex. 2:6. 9. The demonstrative pronoun is treated like an adjective. Deut. 3:24. But owing to its definite character, the article is sometimes omitted when the noun which it limits is definite. Gen. 19 :32 ; 24 :8. When the demonstrative and an adjective limit the same substantive, the order is noun, adjective, demon- strative. Deut. 1 135. 40 10. There is often found a change from singular to plural and vice versa. See sec. 9 13. 11. When a new noun is added as a subject addi- tional to the subject involved in the verb, or pro- nominal suffix, or to a substantive subject after some interval, the first subject is repeated in its appropriate personal pronoun for the sake of contrast with the second subject. Deut. 2:32; 3:1; 5:14; 6:2; 12:7; 12:18; Ewald 339 b. § 18. — The Relative. Ewald 331-335; Dav. 9, 10, 142, 144; Harper 13, 46; Mueller 155-160; Green 300-305; Ges. 138, 155. 1. The relative particle may denote relation simply, "the more distinct reference to the antecedent being denoted by the use of a special personal pronoun (or adverb), which is, as a rule, separated from the rela- tive by another member of the sentence." Gen. 1 :2i ; 13:3; 20:13; Deut. 8:9. 2. When the connection with what precedes is so clear, that the pronoun, or adverb, may be dispensed with, it is frequently left out (1) when the omitted pronoun would be the object in a verbal sentence. Deut. 13:7; Gen. 2:8; 6:7; 12:1 ; and (2) it is always omitted "when the relative sentence contains the rel- ative in the nominative and at the same time has a 41 finite verb, since the latter contains in itself the pro- noun of the person in question." Mueller, 157. Gen. 15 7; 19:5. (2) The relative, also, may be omitted when the antecedent is indefinite. Num. 24:6; Deut. 32:11, 17; Gen. 15:13; Ex. 15:17- (3) Even after a definite antecedent the relative may be omitted when the retrospective pronoun fol- lows a preposition or a noun in the construct. Ex. 18:20; Jer. 5:15. 3. The relative particle may contain in itself both antecedent and relative, i. e., may mean "he who," "him who," etc. Gen. 7:23; 38:10; 41:25; 43:15; 44:9; 49:1. Rem. — Even in the sense noted in three, the rela- tive may be omitted. Ex. 4:13; Num. 23:8. 4. With nouns denoting time or place the relative is frequently equivalent to "when," "where," "whence," "whither," etc. Gen. 3 =23 ; 13 :3 ; 45 :6 ; Deut. 4 :io. § 19. — Interrogative Sentences. Dav. 121-126; Ewald 324-326; Harper 12:2, 42; Mueller 93, 143-146; Green 298; Ges. 137, 150. 1. Questions are frequently asked without an inter- rogative particle. Gen. 3:1; 18:12; 27:24; Ex. 8:22 ("yes" expected). 42 2. The particle He is used with any kind of ques- tion, direct or indirect, whatever answer is expected. Gen. 8:8; 29:5, 6. Rem. 1. — He may be translated by "is it?" Gen. 27:36; compare Gen. 3:1. Rem. 2. — He followed by lo' expects the answer "yes." Gen. 4:7; Ex. 4:11. He followed by ayin is used with participles, or "when the existence of the subject is questioned." Jud. 14:3; 1 K. 22:7; 2 K. 3:11; Jer. 41:7; 2 Chr. 18:6. He followed by yesh leaves the answer in doubt. Gen. 44:19; Jud. 4:20; Gen. 24:23; Ex. 17:7; Num. 13 :20. Rem. 3. — 'Im or w'im introduces the second mem- ber of the double question. Gen. 17:17; 37:32. It may introduce an indirect question. 2 Ki. 1 :2. 3. The indirect question does not differ in form from the direct. Gen. 8:8; 21:26; 24:21. 4. The answer "no" is generally expressed by lo'; the answer "yes," by repeating the word empha- sized in the question. (Comp. in N. T., "thou has said.") Gen. 19:2; 29:, 6; 24:58. § 20. — Nominal and Verbal Sentences. Ges. 140-143; Davidson 103-106; Ewald 297-299; Driver 160 b. 1. A verbal sentence is one in which there is a verb preceding the subject. Gen. 1:1. 43 2. A nominal sentence is one in which the predicate is a noun, adjective, participle, or anything other than the perfect, or imperfect, or imperative, of the verb. Gen. 2:14; 2:4; 2:10; 2:9 (?); 2:11; 2:12; 2:18; 3:6; 37- 3. A compound nominal sentence is one which the principal subject of discourse is placed first and in which the predicate is (1) a verbal or (2) a nominal sentence. (1) Gen. 9:2,6; (2) Gen. 34:23; Ps. 18: 31. Its peculiar uses may be stated as follows: (1) It may emphasize a contrast between two sub- jects, (a) Both of which subjects may be in compound nominal sentences. Gen. 3:12, 13, 15; 13:12; 15:15, 16, 17 ; 19 :23. (b) The first of the two subjects may be in a ver- bal sentence, the second in a compound nominal sen- tence. Gen. 4 :3, 4 ; 4 :20, 22. (c) The contrast may be implied in the context, rather than expressed. Gen. 6:8; 33:3. (2) It may introduce a new subject — new, and hence contrasted in a measure with that which pre- cedes. Gen. 3:1; 13:14; 16:1; 19:1; 21 :i. (3) It may describe a condition, past, existing, or yet to be, of some person o thing just mentioned in the course of the narrative. Gen. 1:2; 2:6; 3:1; 7:19; 8:22; 15:12; 16:12; 18:18; 19:19. 44 (4) It serves to recall events which had happened before the present point in the narrative had been reached. Gen. 3:13; 8:5; 14:3, 12; 20:4, 5; 24:62; 31:19; 32:13. Rem. — Much of the vividness and beauty of He- brew poetry arises from the use of the compound nominal sentence. Comp. Gen. 2:5; 4:23; 49:19; Ex. 15 :4, 5, 6, 14, 18, 19, and see Isa. 35, and almost every chapter in the poetical books. § 21. — Substantive, Adjective and Adverbial Sentences. Ges. 140-167; Dav. 102-151. I. Sentences which take the place of a noun as sub- ject, object, genitive, appositive, predicate, etc., are called substantive sentences. Dav. 146; Mueller 129, 161, 162 ; Ewald 336 a. 1. Subject sentences are such as are logically sub- ject of the principal predicate. They are, (1) Introduced by ki and asher. Deut. 6:25; 2 Sam. 18:3; Ecc. 5:4; Ruth 2:22; or (2) by the In- finitive construct with or without Lomadh. Jer. 40:4; Gen. 2:18; or (3) the sentence may be a simple nom- inal or verbal sentence. 2 Sam. 14:32; Deut. 30:4. 2. Object sentences are such as are logically object of the pincipal verb. (1) They may be introduced by ki, or asher. Gen. 3:11; 6:5; 8:11; Deut. 1:31; 9:7; Ex. 11:7. 45 (2) They may be introduced by an Infinitive con- struct with Lomadh. 2 Sam. 3:13; Ecc. 4:17. (3) Especially after verbs of saying and knowing, they may consist of a simple nominal or verbal sen- tence (1) without Wau, (2) with Wau. Gen. 30:27; 47:6; Num. 14:21; 9:2; Gen. 12:12, 13; 20:2, 13; 43:7; Ps. 9:21; Am. 5:12; Is. 48:8; Zech. 8:23; Job 19 :25. 3. A whole sentence may be in the genitive after a noun in the construct. See § 12 :3. 4. A sentence may be in apposition. Deut. 32 :6 ; 15, 17, 20. 5. A sentence may be a predicate of a compound nominal sentence. See § 20 :3 ; Mueller 129. 6. A sentence may be equivalent to an accusative of condition. Gen. 31 :40. II. Sentences which take the place of an adjective. They are commonly called relative sentences. See § 18 and § 14:3, and § 4; Rems. 3 and 5. III. Sentences which take the place of an adverb or adverbial accusative of time, cause, motive, man- ner or comparison, or which define the result or limi- tation of the actions of the verb or describe the cir- cumstances or conditions under which they occur. Compare § 13 :i. 1. Temporal clauses may 'be expressed, (1) By a conjunction with a finite verb. Gen. 2:5; 24 :22 ; 38 :9 ; 39 :5 ; 44 .24 ; Deut. 3 :20 ; 4 141 ; 24 -.4. 46 (2) By a preposition with the Infinitive construct. Gen. 39:18; 45:1. (Harper 47:5, Muellel 164 c; Davidson 145.) (3) By a sentence with or without Wau. Gen 7 :6; 1 Sam. 2:13. 2. Causal clauses may be expressed, (1) By a causal conjunction with the finite verb. Gen. 8:9; 30:18; Num. 11:20; Deut. 1:36; 31:17. (2) By a preposition with the Infinitive construct. Amos. 1 :3; 5:11. (3) By the conjunction Wau. Gen. 24:56; Ex. 15:2, 8: 23:9. (Muellen64 d; Ewald 353 a; David- son 147.) 3. A clause of purpose or result may be expressed, (1) By a conjunction with a finite verb. Gen. 3: 22; 11 7; 13 :i6; 40:15; Deut. 4:1, 10; 28:27. (2) By a preposition with the Infinitive construct. Gen. 4:15; 38:9. (3) By the conjunction Wau after an Imv. etc. (§ 3, IV, V.) Gen. 24:14; 29:21. (Mueller 164; Davidson 148; Harper 47:4.) 4. A clause of consequence, or a consecutive clause, may be introduced, (1) By the conjunction ki or asher with the finite verb. Num. 16:11; Deut. 28:35; Gen. 13:16; 22:14. (2) Often by means of the so-called Wau of sequence. Ex. 10:5; Num. 23:19; Is. 53:2; Hos. 14:10. Davidson 150; Mueller 164 a; Harper 47:4. 47 (3) Often by Wau conversive to express a logical consequence of that which immediately precedes. Gen. 39:2; 12:19; 31:27; Ex. 21:35. 5. A clause of comparison or manner may be ex- pressed, (1) By ka' asher in the first clause and ken in the second. Gen. 18:5; 41:13. Rem. — One or both of the conjunctions may be omitted. Is. 55:9; 62:5; Ps. 48:6. (2) By a preposition with the Infinitive construct. Ps. 48:11. Davidson 151; Ewald 359-362. (3) By the conjunction Wau, especially in pro- verbs. Prov. 11:16; 26:14. 6. An optative clause may be expressed, (1) By lu or 'im with the Perfect, Imperfect or Participle. Gen. 17:18; Num. 14:2; Ps. 81:14. (2) By mi or mi yitten. Ex. 16:3; Num. 11 -.4. (3) By a nominal sentence with or without a Par- ticiple as predicate. Gen. 3:14; 14:19; 27:13; 43:23. (4) By the imperfect alone. Sec. 3, III. David- son 133-135; Harper 43. 7. A concessive clause may be expressed, (1) By the conjunction 'im with the finite verb. 1 Sam. 15:17; Is. 53:9; (Ges. 160 c.) See Urwick and Martini on Is. 52:13-53.) (2) By conjunction Wau. Gen. 20:3; by gam with or without ft*. Is. 1:15; Ecc. 4:14; Is. 49:15; Jer. 36:25. 48 (3) By the preposition 'al followed by the Infini- tive construct. Job. 10:7; 16:17; Is. 53:9. Mueller 164 e. 8. The circumstantial or descriptive clause "is on£ which qualifies the main action by assigning the con- comitant conditions under which it took place." (Comp. § 13, 3: and § 4 II. Rem. 4). It corres- ponds to the accusative of condition. It may be : 1. A nominal sentence. ( 1 ) Without connective. Gen. 12 :8 ; Deut. 5 14. (2) With Wau. Gen. 18:12; Deut. 28:26. 2. Verbal sentence. (1) Without connective. Lev. 1:17; Gen. 44:4; Deut. 21 : 1. (2) With Wau. Lev. 5:8; Ps. 44:18; Job. 9:5. Compare sec. 4, Rem. 6. 3. A compound nominal sentence, (1) Without connective. Num. 14:3; Gen. 15:17. (2) With connective. Gen. 18:18; 24:56. Rem. 1. — In English, these circumstantial clauses may often be rendered by clauses beginning with "if," "when," "although," "as," "since," "seeing that," "after," having," "being," etc. (Comp. Gen. Abs., in Greek) ; or may be put in parenthesis. Rem. 2. — Circumstantial clauses may be introduced by prepositions with the verbal noun or adjective. Gen. 2:4; 12:14; 38:29; 39:18; 40:10; Num. 11 :i. 49 Rem. 3. — The circumstantial clause may precede the principal clause. (Driver, Art. 165.) Gen. 24: 15; 27:30; 42:35- Rem. . — For further light on the circumstantial clause, see Davidson 137-141; Mueller 151-154; Harper 45; Ewald 341; Driver 156-169; Green 309; and Gesenius 156. § 22. — Conditional Sentences. Driver 136-155; Davidson 129-131 ; Gesenius 159; Ewald 355-358; Harper 48; Green 306-308; Mueller 165-168. Of conditional, or hypothetical, sentences, the fol- lowing cases arise : I. Where the hypothetical particle is expressed. 1. a. Protasis, perfect; apodosis, perfect. Gen. 31: 42; 43:10; Num. 22:33. Prov. 9:12 (Stative per- fects). b. Protasis, perfect; apodosis, imperfect plus Wau conversive. Ps. 106:23 (apodosis precedes); Job 8:4 (?); Is. 48:18. 2. (1) Protasis, imperfect; apodosis, imperfect. Gen. 13:16; 18:28; 42:37 (apodosis first) ; Ex. 8:22; 20:25 a; 40:37; Num. 22:18. (2) Protasis, imperfect; apodosis, perfect plus Wau conversive. Gen. 18:26; 24:8, 41; 31:8. 50 (3) Protasis, imperfect; apodosis, a voluntative or imperative (a) with Wau conjunctive. Gen. 13: 9; 1 Sam. 20:21; (b) without Wau. Deut. 32:26, 27 ; Gen. 31 150. (4) Protasis, imperfect; apodosis, a perfect of certainty. Num. 32 :23. (5) Protasis, imperfect; apodosis, a nominal sen- tence. Gen. 4 7 ; 31 :5c Rem. — A second verb in the protasis will be in the perfect with Wau conversive. Deut. 12:20; 13:2. 3. (1) a. Protasis, perfect; apodosis, imperfect. "If I had seen him, I would tell him." Deut. 32:29; 2 Ki. 5:13. Rem. 1. — A second verb in the protasis will be in the imperfect with Wau conversive. Ps. 44:21. Rem. 2. — The apodosis may have the perfect with Wau conversive. Num. 21 :g. b. Protasis, perfect; apodosis, imperfect. "I have see him, I will tell him." Num. 30 :6. c. Protasis, perfect; apodosis, imperfect. "If I shall have seen him, I will tell him." Gen. 47:6; Deut. 32 -.4. Rem. — In b and c, a second verb in the protasis will have the imperfect with Wau conversive. Num. 5 :27. (2) Protasis, perfect; apodosis, perfect plus Wau conversive. Gen. 43 :g ; Num. 5 :20, 21 ; Job 31 :g (Jussive) ; Gen. 18 :3 (Jussive) ; Num. 35 :22-24. 51 Rem. — In (2), a second verb in the protasis will be in the perfect with Wau conversive. Gen. 43 :g ; iKi. 7 :4(?)- (3) Protasis, perfect; apodosis, imperative. Gen. 50:4; 47:16 (apodosis precedes). (4) Protasis, perfect ; apodosis, a nominal sentence. Prov. 24:14. 4. (1) Protasis, imperfect ; apodosis, perfect. "If I shall see him, he hath told me." Num. 16:29; 32: 23 ; 1 Sam. 6 :g ; 1 Ki. 22 .28. (2) Protasis, imperfect; apodosis, imperfect plus Wau conversive. Ps. 59:16 (?). 5. a. Protasis, a nominal clause; apodosis, imper- fect. Jud. 11:9; 2 Sam. 18:12; Lev. 3:1. b. Protasis, a nominal clause ; apodosis, imperative. Jud. 9:15; Gen. 24:49; 20:7; Ex. 32:32. Rem. — The apodosis with "behold" may be classed here. Ex. 8:17; 9:2. c. Protasis, a nominal clause; apodosis, a volunta- tive. 2 Sam. 12:8; Gen. 43:5 (?). d. Protasis, a nominal clause; apodosis, perfect plus Wau conversive. Deut. 5 :22 ; Gen. 38 :g. e. Protasis, a nominal clause; apodosis, a perfect. Hos. 12:12 (Vulgate). f. Protasis, a nominal sentence ; apodosis, a nominal sentence. Gen. 27:46; 30:1; 25:22. 52 GENERAL REMARKS. i. (i) Sometimes the apodosis is suppressed in whole or in part. Gen. 30:27; 38:17; Ex. 32:32; Gen. 4:24. (2) Sometimes, the protasis is to be supplemented from the context. Gen. 13 :o ; 24 149. 2. A protasis is frequently introduced by a tem- poral or other particle. Ex. 21:36; Lev. 4:22; 25: 20; Deut. 11:27; 14:24; Num. 14:16. 3. When lu introduces the protasis, it indicates that in the view of the speaker, or writer, the condi- tion has not been fulfilled. Deut. 32:29; Gen. 50:15. 4. The Infinitive construct with a preposition may form the protasis of a conditional sentence, the apo- dosis being (1) An imperfect. Ex. 34:34. (2) A jussive. Deut. 32:8. (3) A perfect with Wau. Gen. 44:30; Deut. 16:6. II. By simple juxtaposition, without the aid of hypo- thetical particles, almost every possible combination of verbal, or nominal sentence, in protasis and apo- dosis, may be found in Hebrew. In all cases, it is the part of the reader to seek to give to each form of expression an appropriate meaning. The following cases arise : 1. a. Protasis, perfect; apodosis, perfect. This kind of conditional sentence represent the condition 53 as fulfilled, and the consequence as an accomplished fact. Prov. 18:22; 24:10; 25:4 (?); 25:16; 26:12; 29 :20. b. Protasis, perfect; apodosis, Imperfect with Wau conversive. Ex. 9:21; 20:25; Prov. 11:2; 23:13 b; 29:11. c. Protasis, perfect; apodosis, Imperfect. Job. 19: 4; 23:10; 7:20; 21:31; Num. 12:14 (Interrogative sentence). Ex. 21:36 (perfect in protasis to be translated as "may have" or "shall have." It is fol- lowed in the protasis by an imperfect). d. Protasis, perfect; apodosis, Imperative. Prov. 25:16. e. Protasis, perfect ; apodosis, a nominal sentence. Prov. 26:12; 29:20; Lev. 15:3. f. Protasis, imperfect with Wau conversive ; apo- Josis, a nominal sentence. Ps. 139:11. 2. a. Protasis, imperfect; apodosis, imperfect. Jos. 22:18 b; Neh. 1:8. b. Protasis, jussive; apodosis, jussive. Ps. 104: 20; 146:4 (?) ; Job. 22:28; 11 :iy, Num. 22:6 (?). c. Protasis, jussive; apodosis, imperative. Gen. 20:7; Job 15:17; Ps. 4S:i2 (?). d. Protasis, imperative; apodosis, jussive. Ex. 7:9; 18:19; Prov. 3 7; 3:9; 20:22; Gen. 30:28; 34:12. e. Protasis, imperative ; apodosis, imperative. Gen. 42:18; Prov. 3:3; 20:13; Job 40:32. 54 f. Protasis, perfect plus Wau conversive ; apodosis perfect plus Wau conversive. Gen. 37:13; 42:38; 44:22, 29; Ex. 4:14; 12:13; 16:21 b;33:io 534:35 (?). g. Protasis, imperfect; apodosis, perfect plus Wau conversive. Ex. 33:5; Gen. 47:25 (?); Deut. 25:3. Rem. — Equivalent to this is the relative in the pro- tasis with thelmperfect. Jud. 1 :i2. h. Protasis, imperfect; apodosis, perfect. Is. 26 10; Hos. 8:12. i. Protasis, imperfect cohortative; apodosis per- fect. Ps. do:6. j. Protasis, imperfect cohortative; apodosis im- perfect plus Wau conversive. Job 19:18. k. Protasis, perfect plus Wau conversive; apodosis, imperfect. Num. 23:20; Lev. 19:19 (interrogative); Ex. 3:13 (?). 1. Protasis, perfect plus Wau conversive; apodosis, a nominal sentence. Ps. 37:10. 3. (1) Protasis, a nominal clause; apodosis a per- fect. Jud. 6:13 (question). (2) Protasis, a nominal clause ; apodosis, an im- perfect or imperative. Is. 48:13; 2 K. 10:15; 2 Sam. 19:8. (3) Protasis, a nominal clause; apodosis, perfect plus Wau conversive. 2 K. 7 :g. Rem. 1. — An adverbial accusative may constitute a protasis. Ex. 16:6; 17:4. 55 Rem. 2. — Instead of the nominal sentence, there may be a participle placed absolutely as a protasis. The participle may have the relative article, as in 2 Sam. 14:10; Ex. 9:20, or it may be in construction with a following noun as in Ex. 21 :i2; or it may be preceded by kol and take the article, as in Num. 21 :8; or preceded by kol and be in construction with an indefinite noun as in Num. 35 :3c With such protasis, the apodosis may be, 1. An imperfect. Gen. 4:15; 9:6; Ex. 3:13 (?); 21:12, 15, 16; Num. 35:30. 2. An imperfect plus Wau conjunctive. Prov. 23:24 (?). 3. A perfect plus Wau conversive. Ex. 12:15; Num. 21 :8; Isa. 2 -.13. Rem. 3. — The relative, or interrogative, pronoun, or both combined, may constitute a protasis of a conditional sentence. (1) Judge 1:12; (2) Ex. 24: 14; Deut. 20:5, 6, 7; (3) Ex. 32:33; 2 Sam. 20:11. Rem. 4. — Wau followed by the negative lo' may serve as a protasis. 2 Sam. 13:26; 2 K. 5:17. § 23. — Order of Words in Sentences. Ewald 306-315; Mueller 130-132; Davidson no, in; Driver 208, 135; Harper 38; Ges. 142. I. Order of words in the nominal sentence. 1. Commonly in all kinds of nominal sentences, and always in circumstantial sentences, the order is 66 Subject — Predicate. This is true, whether the pred- icate be a noun (Gen. 13:10) ; an adjective (Gen. 2: 12); a participle (Gen. 1:2); an adverb (Num. 14: 43) ; a prepositional clause (Gen. 12:6) ; an infinitive construct (Is. 307); or a pronoun (Gen. 27:21; Deut. 12:8). Rem. 1. — The predicate must precede, when it is emphatic. Ju. 18:29; Ex. 2:2; 3:6; Gen. 45:6; 18:14. Rem. 2. — The predicate must precede, when it is an interrogative pronoun or an interrogative adverb. Gen. 4:9; 24 :65. Rem. 3. — The predicate may precede. (1) When the subject is a pronoun. Gen. 3:19; Ex. 2:2; Gen. 30:1 ; 44:10; 26:24. (2) When the subject consists of several words. Ex. 6:14, 15; 2 Ki. 20:19; Deut. 28:4; Num. 13:22; 33=9- (3) In questions. 1 Sam. 16:4; Nnm. 14:3; 2 Sam. 10:3; Gen. 31:14. Rem. 4. — In relative sentences, adverbs and pre- positional phrases may precede, in which case they are commonly joined with the relative by means of Makkeph. Gen. 2:11; 1:29. 2. I* the sentence has several subjects or predi- cates, they generally stand together (Gen. 10:2, 3; T 3 ^3) \ though there are cases, especially in poetry, where several subjects inclose the predicate, or where 57 several predicates inclose the subject. Amos. 5:20; Prov. 8:18; Ps. 147:5, 6. 3. In poetry, the order of words is freer. Especi- ally favored is the chiastic order, according to which the predicate precedes the subject in one clause of the parallelism and follows it in the order. Gen. 49 : 5, 7, 8, 9, 14, 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 32. (For the best treatment of the order of words in the nominal sen- tence, see the article by C. Albrecht in the Zeitschrift fuer alt — testamentliche Wissenschaft. Vol. VII., pp. 218-224.) II. Order of words in the verbal sentence. 1. V (verb) S. O. Gen. 1 :i. This is the usual order. 2. V. O. S. Gen. 21:7; Num. 5:23; 19:7. Ac- cording to Ewald, this emphasizes the subject, but seldom occurs. 3. O. V. S. Gen. 14:21 ; 21 :6; 30:40. This empha- sizes the object. III. Order of words in the compound nominal sen- tence. 1. S. V. O. Subject is emphatic according to § 20 -.3. Gen. 1 :2 ; 24 :56 ; 44 '.4. 2. S. O. V. Subject new or antithetic, according to 20:3 (1), (2) and object emphatic as in 3 above. Gen. 17:9; 23:6; Lev. 21:10, 13; 26:8. 58 3. O. S. V. Is. 5:17; 28:17; Jer. 34:5. This em- phasizes the object and contrasts the subject accord- ing to 20:3 (1), (2). § 24. — Connection of Sentences and Paragraphs. Driver 66-85, 105-129; Davidson 46-57; Harper 24, 25; Mueller 16-28; Ewald 230-238, 342-344; Ges- enius in, 112. A narrative, or a new step in a narrative, or a quotation, begins : 1. With a perfect; in which case, it is continued by imperfects with Wau conversive. Gen. 1:1; 3:1; 4:1; 5:2; 6:9; 10:9, 15; 11:27; I5:i- Rem. 1. — The first of two imperfects with Wau conversive serves as an adverbial clause to the sec- ond. Gen. 28:8; 37:21. Rem .2. — The second of two imperfects with Wau conversive is sometimes explicative of the first. Ex. 2:10. Rem. 3. — If a subordinate clause begins with a perfect, it is continued with imperfects with Wau conversive. Gen. 17:1; Deut. 4:37. Rem. 4. — A perfect may be followed by a perfect with Wau conversive, the latter being used in a figu- rative sense. Gen. 17:3; Num. 11:8; or even to de- note result. Gen. 26:10. 2. With an imperfect with Wau conversive ; in which case, it is continued: 59 (i) By imperfects with Wau conversive. Gen. 11:16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26; 12:1; 14:1; Esther 1:1; Neh. 1 :i. (2) By Wau separated from the perfect. Gen. 7 :io; 15 :i2 (?) ; 22:1 ; 21 :22. (3) By a perfect without Wau. Gen. 8:13; 14: 1, 2. (4) By a perfect with Wau conversive, the latter being used in a frequentative sense, or to denote pur- pose. Ex. 18:26; 39:3; 2 Sam. 16:13. (5) By a nominal sentence without Wau. Gen. 41:1. 3. With an imperfect; in which case, it is con- tinued by perfects with Wau conversive. Gen. 6:14; 12:3; 40:13- Note. — To the rule, that in the perfect with Wau conversive, the accent is thrown from the penult to the ultimate (Ex. 13:10; 18:25; Num. 11 :i; 17; Deut. 27:3) there are the following exceptions. (See Driver no; Ges. 49:3) ; 1. The first plural of all verbs. Gen. 34:16, 17; 44 :26. 2. Generally, the Kal of verbs Lomadh-Aleph and Lomadh-He; except when followed by Aleph or Ayin. Gen. 18:26; Ex. 21:7; Lev. 26:9; Deut. 4:9; but 1 Sam. 10:2; Ecc. 2:17; and before Aleph and Ayin, Ex. 3:18; Lev. 24:5; 2 Sam. 15:33. 60 3. Often the third feminine singular and the third plural of the Kal and Niphal of Ayin Wau and Ayin Ayin verbs. Gen. 41:30; Ex. 13:17; Lev. 25:35; but Lev. 22:13. 4. A perfect, without a disjunctive accent, followed by a tone syllable in the following word. Deut. 17: 14; 23:13; but 21 :n ; 24:19. 5. In pause. Deut. 11:16; 2:28. (See on this subject, Driver no; Green 100:2; Ges. 49:3.) Rem. 1. — Instead of the imperfect, there may be a prophetic perfect. Gen. 9:13; 17:20; Nnm. 24:17; Deut. 15 :6. A prophetic perfect may also be fol- lowed by Wau conversive with the imperfect. Is. 9:5; 5:25. Rem. 2. — Instead of an imperfect, there may be an imperative, jussive, or cohortative; or an infinitive absolute used for the imperfect or imperative. Lev. 2:6; Num. 25:17; Deut. 1:16; Lev. 6:7; Gen. 8:17; 6:14; 1:14; Ex. 5:7. Rem. 3. — An imperfect with the frequentative sense may be followed by an imperfect with Wau conversive summing up the completed acts. Deut. 32:13, 18; Num. 9:23. Rem. 4. — In subordinate clauses, also, an imperfect, is followed by the perfect with Wau conversive. Gen. 32:12; Deut. 19:10; 6:15. 61 4. With a compound nominal sentence; in which case, (i) where the sentence states a fact that has occurred, the second and following verbs are in the imperfect with Wau conversive. Gen. 16:1; 11:12. (2) Where the sentence refers to something in- definite, the second and following verbs are perfect with Wau conversive. Gen. 16:17; 18:18. 5. With a simple nominal sentence; in which case (1) If the sentence refers to an actual event, it is continued by the imperfect with Wau conversive. Gen. 41:1-3; Num. 22:11. (2) If the sentence refers to something "indefinite or undetermined," or future, it is continued by per- fects with Wau conversive. Gen. 7:4; 16:11; 24:43 seq. ; 48:4; Deut. 32:35- Rem. 1. — Sometimes the mere statement of a fact is followed by perfects with Wau conversive. Gen. 17:4; Ex. 6:6; Num. 4:4; Deut. 6:5. Rem. 2. — The noun absolute (see § n) may be followed by Wau conversive with the imperfect. Gen. 22 :24 ; Ex. 38 :24 ; Num. 14 :^6. So also by Wau conversive with the perfect. Gen. 17:14. Rem. 3. — An infinitive construct with a preposi- tion may be followed by the perfect with Wau con- versive. Gen. 18:25; 27:45. Less frequently it is followed by an imperfect with Wau conversive. Is. 30:12; Jer. 10:13. 62 Note. — A preposition with a noun may take the place of an infinitive. Deut. 4 .30. Rem. 4. — After various expressions for time, Wau conversive is employed (1) with the imperfect. Gen. 22:4; 27:34. (2) With the perfect to denote something future. Deut. 4:30; Joel 4:1, 2. § 25. — Notes of Relation or Connection. Ges. 15; Green 28-42; Duin 86-104. The relation existing between the words of a sen- tence, is in Hebrew denoted by certain signs, called accents. See the grammars under the articles on ac- cents, especially Ewald 364-366 and "Outlines of Hebrew Accentuation," by Dr. A. B. Davidson. APPENDIX. Force of the Different Stems. Ges. 43, 51-54; Green 76-80. 1. (1) The Kal in a' is usually transitive. Gen. 1:1; 4:25. (2) But sometimes is intransitive. Gen. 18:11; 26:13. (3) The Kal in e and 6 is always intransitive. Gen. 27:1; Lev. 11:25; Gen. 45:1. (4) The Kal is used, also, to form denominatives. Ex. 2:3; Lev. 2:13. 63 2. The Niphal has the following significations: (i) Reflexive. Gen. 24:6; Num. 5:13. (2) Reciprocal. Mai. 3:16; 1 Chr. 30:23. (3) Like the Greek middle it involves in itself the meaning of Kal plus "for oneself." 1 Sam. 20:6. (4) Passive of Kal. Deut. 10:6; Gen. 21:3. (5) In intransitive verbs, or where the Kal does not occur the Niphal is used as the passive of the Hiphil and Piel. Ex. 14:4; 9:15. 3. The Peil. (1) Gives intensity to the meaning of the Kal, both (a) as an intransitive, Gen. 39:17; Is. 51:13; Ecc 12 3, and (b) as a transitive. Num. 33:4; Is. 10:1; Ps. 109:10 Prov. 13 :2i. (2) Is used as a transitive of an intransitive Kal. Gen. 7:3; Num. 33:52; Deut. 4:5. (3) May sometimes in the same root have an in- transitive meaning at one time and a transitive accu- sative at another, Gen. 13:10; Ex. 32:7; Ezek. 36:8; Is. 46:13- (4) Often declares or deems a thing to be that which the simple stem denotes. Deut. S3 -6 '> Ex. 20 : 7! Job 33:32 (Vulg. te apparere justum). (5) Denominatives are frequently formed by this root in the sense (a) Of forming or making use of the thing de- noted by the noun. Ps. 104:17; Gen. 9:14; Deut. I9:3- 64 (b) Or of taking away, or injuring, the thing de- noted by the noun (the privative sense). Is. 5:2; Nu. 24:8; Ps. 51 :8; 52:7. (See Wright: Arabic Grammar. Vol. II., p. 32.) 4. The Hiphil. (1) Is used as a transitive or causative of an in- transitive Kal. Num. 3:13; Gen. 14:18. (2) As the causative of a transitive Kal. Gen. 29:10; 41 :28. (3) It declares or represents a thing to be that which the verb denotes. (See Wright: Arabic Grammar, Vol. I, §§ 36-72.) Deut. 25:1; Ex. 22:8. (4) It expresses the obtaining or receiving of an abstract quality, such as length, sweetness, color, etc. Deut. 25:15; Ps. 35:i5; Is. 1:18. (5) It declares that the subject acts as one pos- sessed of the abstract quality denoted by the root. Deut. 29 :8 ; 4 -.2$. (6) It expresses the entering into or being in a certain condition. Is. 57:20; Gen. 35:17; Neh. 3: 20 (?). (7) It forms denominatives, (a) In the sense of bearing, getting, producing, or becoming that which is denoted by the noun. Ps. 69:30; Gen. 1:11; Neh. 9:25; Job 5:3. (b) In certain unclassified uses. Gen. 13:9; Deut. 1:45; Prov. 30:10; Gen. 19:2; 1 Sam. 17:16. 65 5. The Hithpael is used : (i) As reflexive of the transitive meaning of the Piel. Lev. 11:44; Gen. 44:16; Deut. 29:18; Is. 65: 16; Jer. 4:2 (?). (2) As reflexive of the Kal, often not to be dis- tinguished in meaning from the Kal. Gen. 37 134. Compare Amos 8:8. (3) To show or make or deem oneself to be that which is denoted by the Piel stem. Num. 16:13; Ezek. 38:23; Est. 8:17. (4) To express reciprocal actions. Gen. 42:1; 2 Chr. 24:25. (5) Like the Greek Middle, to express an action performed for one's own advantage. Ex. 32 :3 ; Jos. 9:12; Is. 1 :i5. (6) In a few instances as a passive. Ecc. 8:10; 1 Sam. 3:14; Job 15:28; Gen. 22:18 (?); 26:4 (?); Ps. 72:17.