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CHURCH REFORM IN SPAIN 
 AND PORTUGAL. 
 
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 MAY 
 
 1 
 
 1973 
 
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 C 
 
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 CHURCH REFORM 
 
 IN 
 
 SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 
 
 A Short History of the Reformed Episcopal 
 
 Churches of Spain and Portugal, from 
 
 1 868 TO THE Present Time. 
 
 H. E. NOYES, D.D., 
 
 HON. CHAPLAIN TO HER MAJESTY'S EMBASSY, PARIS. 
 
 IVith hitroduction by the late, the Most Rev. Lord Plunket, Archbishop 
 
 of Dublin. 
 
 CASSELL AND COMPANY, Limited 
 
 LONDON, PARIS 6- MELBOURNE 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Preface. . . . ■ . ■ 
 
 Introduction bv Lord Plunket . 
 I, — Seville 
 
 II. — \'ILLAESCUSA I? 
 
 III.— Madrid 38 
 
 IV.— The Lambeth Conference and the Reformed 
 
 Churches 57 
 
 v.— The Consecration of Bishop Cabrera . . 88 
 
 VI.— The First Visitation of Bishop Cabrera . 100 
 
 VII.— The Lusitanian Church 117 
 
 VIII.— Other Cities also . . ■ • • .160 
 
 IX.— Appendix 1S3 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 The Synod of the Rrformed Spanish Church . 
 
 Church of the Ascension, Seville . . . . 
 
 The Right Rev. Juan B. Cabrera . . . . 
 
 Portraits of — 
 
 The Most Rev. Lord Plunket, The Right 
 Rev. Bishop Cabrera, The Right Rev 
 C. M. Stack, The Right Rev. C. Welland 
 Rev. H. E. Notes, D.D 
 
 Church of the Most Holy Trinity, Rio de Mouro 
 
 The Rev. Godfrey P. Pope, M.A. . 
 
 Girls' School, Villa Nova de Gaya, Oporto 
 
 Church at Rio de Mouro, near Lisbon 
 
 The New Church at Villa Nova de Gaya, 
 Oporto 
 
 The Parsonage, Villa Nova de Gaya 
 Church "of Jesus, Lisbon. 
 
 To face page g 
 15 
 90 
 
 93 
 118 
 121: 
 129 
 133 
 
 .139 
 139 
 158 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The need of some such historical sketch as the present 
 has often been felt by those who have sought to aid 
 the movement for Church Reform in Spain and 
 Portugal. It is difficult to supply an inquirer with all 
 the circumstances of the case, but a book like the 
 present may go some way to meet the necessity. I 
 have put together the simple facts connected with the 
 rise and progress of the Episcopal Reform movement, 
 avoiding as much as possible any of those controversial 
 questions which have arisen with respect to the con- 
 secration of a Bishop or the compilation of a Liturgy. 
 I may claim some qualifications for my task, having 
 several times visited Spain and Portugal and all the 
 congregations to which I refer. My close connection, 
 moreover, in the movement with his Grace the Arch- 
 bishop of Dublin — whom, indeed, it was my privileo-e 
 to first interest in the work, and who has since proved 
 such a warm friend of these struggling Churches— has 
 kept me in touch with the whole subject. 
 
 For fear of misunderstanding, I would emphasise the 
 fact that these pages contain, and only profess to 
 contain, some account of that body of Christians in 
 Spain and Portugal who from the first have desired to 
 retain what they regard as old and true in the doctrine 
 and practice of the early Church in those lands, and to 
 follow as far as possible the lines laid down by our own 
 Reformers in days gone by. 
 
viii Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 I have no intention to ignore the importance of 
 the good work done by other bodies of Christians, but 
 the contrary. 
 
 To write the history of Reform generally in Spain 
 and Portugal would require many volumes, and would 
 only involve the traversing of ground well worn by the 
 footsteps of others. Enough to mention works such as 
 Dr. McCrie's "Reformation in Spain," Stoughton's 
 " Memories of the Spanish Reformers," Canon Meyrick's 
 valuable book upon the Church in Spain, the " Bible 
 in Spain " by George Borrow, " The Dawn of the 
 Reformation in Spain," by the late Mrs. R. Peddie, and 
 many others. I may also remark that a comparison of 
 Murray's Handbook for Spain for the year 1868 with 
 that of the present year gives a striking and 
 somewhat unexpected testimony to the progress of 
 religious liberty in these countries. 
 
 These works cover the ground up to the year 1868, 
 when the story of the Reformed Episcopal Church 
 more properly begins, and should be read by all those 
 who desire to learn more of those heroes who, in the 
 midst of almost insuperable difficulties, had held aloft 
 the torch of religious liberty during the years that went 
 before. 
 
 H. E. NOYES, D.D. 
 5, Rue d' Aguesseaii, Paris. 
 
INTRODUCTION, 
 
 I HAVE been asked by the Rev. Dr. Noyes — the 
 writer of the following pages — to prefix an Introduction. 
 These pages require no introduction. They can stand upon 
 their own merits. But I must, notwithstanding, comply 
 with this request, for in regard to the movement which 
 he so graphically and so accurately describes I am 
 under a personal obligation to Dr. Noyes. It was 
 through his intervention that I first came to take any 
 real interest in it. 
 
 I well remember the day, now some eighteen years 
 ago, when I received an urgent letter from Dr. Noyes 
 to the effect that a Memorial from certain Reformers in 
 Spain and Portugal was about to be submitted to the 
 Irish Bishops. The Memorial, he said, contained a 
 request that the Irish Bishops would consent to 
 consecrate the Bishop-elect of their choice. This 
 communication took me not a little by surprise. I had 
 no doubt heard somewhat of tendencies towards Reform 
 in the Spanish Peninsula. About twenty years before, 
 in my early ministerial days, I had listened with deep 
 interest to an address from the Rev. Alexander Dallas 
 {clarujn et venerabile noineii) giving a touching account 
 of a visit paid by him to three Spanish Reformers who 
 were then suffering imprisonment in the cells of Granada 
 simply for the crime of possessing and circulating the 
 Holy Scriptures. I had since then occasionally received 
 
X Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 importunate circulars from the British Chaplain at 
 Seville asking for contributions towards helping the 
 work of Reform in that city. To some of these I had 
 responded, but most of them had found their way into 
 the waste-paper basket. I had, moreover, been present 
 at the Lambeth Conference of 1878, and was aware that 
 a formal request had been submitted to that Conference 
 from a body of Reformers in Spain and Portugal praying 
 for the consecration of a Bishop ; and I had heard the 
 Resolution of the Conference in which it expressed its 
 hearty sympathy with the Memorialists in their difficulty 
 and suggested that so soon as a Bishop should have been 
 consecrated by the American Episcopal Church for 
 the Reformers of Mexico he should be invited " to visit 
 Spain and Portugal and render such assistance at this 
 stage of the movement as may seem to him practicable 
 and advisable." I was, I believe, further aware at the 
 time that this Mexican Bishop was about to start for 
 Spain, having received a special letter of commendation 
 from the then Archbishop Tait of Canterbury. But all 
 these things had only presented themselves to me as 
 matters of distant interest, and it was not until I received 
 the letter from Dr. Noyes to which I have referred that 
 I felt for the first time that a duty had been cast in my 
 path, and that, as one of the Irish Episcopate, I could 
 not shrink from the responsibility of considering the 
 claims upon which it was based. 
 
 I need not detail all that subsequently took place : 
 how that Bishop Riley on his return from Spain and 
 Portugal submitted a most favourable report to the Irish 
 Bishops ; how that I myself was requested by my 
 brethren to visit the Peninsula and take to these Re- 
 formers a message of sympathy from the Irish Church ; 
 
Introduction. xi 
 
 how that the whole question was subsequently submitted 
 by the Irish Bishops to the Standing Committee of the 
 Lambeth Conference, and afterwards in the most formal 
 manner to the Lambeth Conference of 1888 itself; and 
 how ultimately permission was granted by the Irish 
 Bishops to any of their body who might be willing to act 
 as consecrators — the Irish Synod having expressed its 
 satisfaction that the decision should rest with the Irish 
 Episcopate. 
 
 All these details are now matters of history, and I 
 refer to them merely for the three following reasons. 
 
 First, That whatever may be thought of the action 
 of the Irish Bishops, no one who bears in mind the lono- 
 interval during which the question was under their 
 careful consideration, and the opportunities which in the 
 most formal manner they took to obtain the opinion of 
 the Anglican Communion on the subject, can say that 
 they acted in the matter with precipitancy. 
 
 Secondly, I have, I think, made it clear that this 
 work of Reform in Spain and Portugal, and this desire 
 on the part of the Reformers for the consecration of a 
 Bishop was not due in any sense whatsoever to 
 intervention on my part. I have shown how that the 
 whole question had been actually under the consideration 
 of the Lambeth Conference (of 1878), and had been 
 solemnly dealt with by a resolution before I had been 
 led to take any interest in the matter. I do not mean 
 that if I had taken an active part in these initial steps I 
 should have anything wherewith to reproach myself 
 But this at least is, I think, beyond question — the idea of 
 the consecration of a Bishop was not a " fad " of my 
 own conception. When the responsibility of aiding in 
 carrying out such an effort was evidently cast in my 
 
xii Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 way by God, I felt that I could not disobey the call. 
 But the duty was not one of my own seeking. 
 
 Thirdly, I am anxious to put on record the 
 obligation I am under to Dr. Noyes for having 
 interested me first in this good work, and to bear my 
 testimony to the invaluable services which he has since 
 rendered to the cause, as Hon. Secretary of the Spanish 
 and Portuguese Church-Aid Society and editor of the 
 periodical Light and Truth, which has so ably recorded 
 for the last sixteen years the progress of the work. 
 
 His last, and not least, great service to the movement 
 is this little book, to which at his request I am now pre- 
 fixing this Introduction. No more concise, accurate or 
 graphic history of the work has ever appeared. It is, 
 indeed, impossible to overestimate the importance of 
 such a summary of facts for reference at the present time. 
 Such a history of the work has been again and again 
 asked for. It fills an admitted blank, and could not 
 fill it better ! 
 
 More I could say, but as I have already observed, the 
 book speaks for itself. It tells its own tale. May God 
 prosper it on its way, and make it a blessing to all who 
 may read it, and to the great cause which it has at 
 heart ! 
 
 PLUNKET. 
 Dublin, March lyth, 1897. 
 
 [The above words were among the last written by His Grace, 
 who was called away a few days afterwards. His loss to the cause 
 of Church Reform in Spain is an irreparable one.] 
 
CHURCH REFORM IN SPAIN AND 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 THE STORY OF THE REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCHES 
 OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 
 
 Seville. 
 
 On Sunday, June nth, 1871, in the' fine old city of ^ 
 Seville, in the south of Spain, there might have been 
 seen a large number of people making their way to the 
 Church of San Basilio, in the Calle Relator. By the 
 time the service commenced there were about 1,200 
 persons present. Some (about 200) well understood the 
 purpose of the gathering, but the greater part had come 
 out of curiosity, for this was the first public service of 
 what is now known as " the Reformed Spanish Church," 
 and at least 1,000 Spaniards then heard for the first time 
 the Gospel of free pardon through the blood of Christ. 
 The service was liturgical, and on the lines of our own 
 Church of England. The opening sentences from our 
 morning prayer, the general confession and absolution, 
 the Venite, the Litany, the general thanksgiving, and a 
 few of the collects had been translated into Spanish, and 
 
2 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 formed part of the service. Two chapters from the 
 Bible were read, and four hymns sung. Among the 
 latter were, "Just as I am," and " How sweet the name 
 of Jesus sounds ! " both of which were heartily rendered 
 in Spanish music. 
 
 The sermon was preached by the Rev. Francisco 
 Palomares, an ex-priest of the Church of Rome, from 
 the words "God so loved the world" (John iii., i6). 
 The congregation was so struck by the word spoken 
 that the preacher was often interrupted by expressions 
 of approval such as, " That is the truth ' " " Good — very 
 good ! " " True, true ! " etc. etc. 
 
 This scene, v/hich everyone who knows Spain must 
 acknowledge to have been a remarkable one, was the 
 result of a combination of circumstances equally striking. 
 The church was opened in 1871, three years after religious 
 liberty had been declared in Spain. It was difficult 
 before that date for foreigners even to hold a service at 
 any seaport for their own countrymen ; and for Spaniards 
 to assemble for any religious purpose other than Roman 
 Catholic was an impossibility. However, in 1868, a 
 revolution took place under the patriot General Prim, one 
 result of which was, that a measure of religious liberty 
 was given to the people — a privilege ot" which many 
 were only too ready to avail themselves. 
 
 At this time there resided in Seville an English 
 clergyman, the Rev. L. S. Tugwell, who may be described 
 as the father of this Episcopal development of Reform. 
 Mr. Tugwell had gone to Seville for his health, having 
 been invalided home from the mission field in British 
 North America. The condition of things in Spain 
 just then maybe realised when we consider the difficulties 
 of Mr. Tugwell in ministering to a small congregation 
 
Se ville. 3 
 
 of English people. If responses were to be said, or 
 hymns sung, both doors and windows had to be 
 closed, every measure being taken to avoid publicity. 
 Mr. Tugwell watched closely the result of the revo- 
 lution, and soon felt that a long-wished-for day had 
 arrived, and that something should be done to aid 
 those Spaniards who had earnestly expressed to him 
 their desire for more in the way of spiritual food 
 than Rome had to offer. An appeal was made 
 to the English public, through the Church papers, 
 and the result was that sufficient money was received to 
 purchase the Church of San Basilio from the Spanish ' 
 Government. This church originally belonged to the 
 Friars of the Order of St. Basil ; but that Order having 
 been suppressed, the building had been offered for sale, 
 
 When the church was purchased there was no one 
 to occupy the pulpit. God, however, provided in a 
 remarkable and unexpected way for this difficulty. In 
 the report of the " Spanish Evangelical Mission,'^ as it 
 was then called, for 1871, we read how these reformers 
 secured for the Church of San l^asilio the services of 
 the Rev. Francisco Palomares, an ex-Roman Catholic 
 priest. The circumstances of his enlightenment are 
 deeply interesting. 
 
 Palomares was chaplain to a Spanish nobleman, 
 and, in the exercise of his duty, came to England in the 
 year 1869. Brought up, in common with most Spaniards, 
 to believe that Protestantism and infidelity were 
 synonymous terms, he was much struck by our English 
 Sunday, and the number of churches filled with de\out 
 worshippers. Being of an inquiring turn of mind, he 
 studied the subject, and eventually became acquainted 
 with the Rev^ J. A. Aston, then labouring in Kensington, 
 
4 Church R eform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 whose teaching and ministry were greatly blessed to 
 him. When Mr. Tugvvell was appealing through the 
 English press for funds to obtain the church and train 
 a Spanish clergyman, Mr. Aston wrote to say that 
 God had prepared the man, and that Senor Palomares 
 was ready to go back to Spain and preach the faith 
 which once he destroyed. 
 
 The matter was arranged, and from that day to the 
 present the Rev. F. Palomares has worked earnestly and 
 successfully at San Basilio, and his ministry has been 
 much prospered. Sunday by Sunday from the pulpit 
 of this church, within a few feet of the tomb of a former 
 Inquisitor, is the Gospel fully preached. Day and 
 Sunday schools are held, and a young men's society has 
 been formed, some of the members acting as evangelists 
 in the city and neighbourhood. So mightily has the 
 Word of God prevailed. 
 
 The Rev. F. Palomares has also obtained a University 
 degree as doctor, in order that while ministering to the 
 bodies of his poorer fellow-citizens he might gain 
 the opportunity of pointing them to the Great 
 Physician. Daily he is consulted by many, who 
 gladly listen to an explanation of the Gospel story. In 
 the Report for 1871 the following interesting account of 
 a service is given by Mr. Tugvvell: "When in Seville 
 last November I had the pleasure of being present with 
 the Bishop of Gibraltar (Dr. Harris), the Rev. W. A. 
 Campbell, and other friends at the first evening service 
 held in the Church of San Basilio (the gas having only 
 just been laid on). The congregation was large and 
 attentive, and an admirable sermon was preached by 
 Palomares, who afterwards administered the Lord's 
 Supper to thirty-seven Spanish Christians. It was a 
 
Seville. 5 
 
 solemn and blessed season. What a change has God in 
 His mercy wrought ! A church which was for so long 
 sunk in dark idolatry and superstition has been filled 
 with Christian light, and consecrated to the service of 
 the Lord Jesus and the simple ministration of His 
 (jospel. The altar of the Romish Mass has given place 
 to the Christian Communion-table, 'the Lord's board,' 
 as our Reformers called it, where the Holy Supper is 
 celebrated according to Christ's ordinance in all those 
 things that are of necessity requisite to the same. The 
 space over the table which had been occupied with the 
 image of the Virgin Mary, set there for adoration, but 
 which was carried away with other ornaments of the 
 church, will shortly be filled by the Creed, the Lord's 
 Prayer, and the Ten Commandments, one of which 
 proclaims with the authority of God, ' Thou shalt not 
 
 make unto thee any graven image ' The 
 
 blessed Gospel of the Grace of God is proclaimed from 
 the pulpit, and a small chapel, which once belonged to 
 an officer of the Inquisition, is now our Baptistery, where 
 already several little ones have been dedicated to God, 
 and sworn to contend manfully for the faith once 
 delivered to the saints." 
 
 Besides the work at San Basilio in Se\ille, there is 
 also that in connection with the Church of the Ascension. 
 This church, formerly called the Church of the 
 Assumption, is situated in one of the best squares of 
 Seville, just opposite the " Museo " (which contains a 
 large collection of Murillo's exquisite pictures), and is 
 commodious and handsome. 
 
 In the year 1872, this building, formerly a convent 
 church, was offered for public sale by the Spanish 
 Government, and purchased by Mr. C. H. Bousefield, a 
 
6 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 warm and generous friend of the Reformed Church. It 
 was bought with two objects in view ; first, for the 
 accommodation of the small English community in 
 Seville, and secondly, for the services of the Soanish 
 Reformed Church. Many difficulties, raised by the 
 authorities, prevented it being opened at once, but since 
 these were overcome until the present time, services have 
 been regularly held. From the position of the church 
 the congregation represents a better class than is the 
 case with some of our churches, where the people are for 
 the most part very poor. That English services are 
 held in a part of this building is a happy circumstance, 
 and British chaplains have again and again borne 
 testimony to the reality and promise of the work of the 
 Reformed Church in Seville. 
 
 The following account of the opening services, written 
 by an English clergyman who was present, will be 
 found interesting. " The church was solemnly opened 
 by a series of services, the first of which was held on 
 November 5th. The prayers were read by the Rev. F. 
 Palomares, and the sermon preached by Seiior Aguilera. 
 The church was filled, many students and soldiers being 
 amongst those present. The sermon was very powerful, 
 and was listened to with the greatest attention. The text 
 was taken from St. Matthew xxviii. 19-20. The services 
 were continued every evening up to Sunday November 
 1 2th, the Rev. F. Palomares and Aguilera preaching 
 alternately. The interest in the services increased daily 
 till it culminated on Sunday evening in a great crowd. 
 Every available space was occupied ; Seiior Aguilera was 
 again the preacher. His text was John vi. 56, and his 
 extraordinary eloquence and powerful discourse pro- 
 duced a great impression. Notwithstanding the number 
 
Sf.vii.le. 7 
 
 present, the greatest order prevailed. After the sermon 
 there was an administration of the Lord's Supper, at 
 which I assisted. The whole congregation remained in 
 church. 
 
 " There were one hundred communicants, fifty-three 
 women and forty-seven men, most of whom were 
 members of the Churches of San Basilic and Triana. 
 The service was of the most solemn character. 
 
 "Thus ended the dedicatory services in this new 
 church, it being the fourth place of worship that has *^ 
 passed from Romish to Protestant use in Seville. May 
 the pure Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ ever be pro- 
 claimed there ! May many be brought not only out of 
 Romanism, but also to accept the truth in Jesus ! May 
 many be truly born again, and as new creatures adorn 
 the blessed Gospel ! May Christians be edified and 
 built up in the doctrines of our Lord and Saviour ! 
 
 " I hope all Christians who read this will join in this 
 prayer on behalf of beautiful but down-trodden and 
 priest-ridden Spain." 
 
 The clergyman at present labouring at the 
 " Ascension " is the Rev. Valentin Baquero, an ex-priest 
 of the Church of Rome, an able and painstaking pastor. 
 Here is held a school during the week, for children of a 
 better class, and seed is being sown which, please God, 
 will one day bring a rich harvest. 
 
 Besides the two churches above named, another former 
 Roman Catholic church was purchased in an important 
 suburb of Seville, known as Triana. This building was 
 used at first only as a school, but afterwards services 
 were held in it with much success. The district is a 
 very poor one, and the difficulties of keeping up a 
 service have been great. Some years ago the building 
 
8 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 was in such a bad state of repair, and the funds of the 
 Society so low, that it was found necessary to dis- 
 continue the services. Schools are still held which are 
 attended by a number of poor children. The master 
 here is Sefior Manuel Cortes. It has been felt for some 
 time that it might be well to sell this building, which is 
 very old and much out of repair, and to use the money 
 in providing missions for other parts of the city. 
 
 In the Republican insurrections of 1873, the Church 
 of San Basilio was used as a place of refuge during the 
 bombardment of the city. The Pastor, Sefior Palomares, 
 thus describes the striking scene : — " We passed three 
 days of greater anguish than we had ever before ex- 
 perienced. A barricade was erected in front of the door 
 of San Basilio Church, and a cannon was placed by the 
 volunteers in the door of the school-room. On seeing 
 these preparations, I had the English flag and that of 
 the red cross or hospital flag hoisted on the church. I 
 invited the neighbours without distinction of religion or 
 politics to contribute bandages, medicines, and other 
 necessaries for the wounded. This they did most 
 willingly. A committee was formed to assist me in 
 conveying the wounded not only to our own hospital, 
 but also to those that were in the vicinity of the fighting. 
 
 " All this was done with great risk to our lives, but 
 our Lord Jesus Christ was with us on all occasions. At 
 the same time I occupied myself in gathering under the 
 roof of San Basilio the women and children and the sick 
 and aged. By this means, consolation and shelter were 
 offered to more than 1,500 persons during the three days 
 of danger, who left us with expressions of great 
 gratitude." It was a terrible experience, but good came 
 out of it, for many began to look with more favourable 
 
Seville. 9 
 
 eyes upon the Protestants, who showed such acts of 
 kindness to all without distinction during that trying 
 time in 1873. 
 
 In 1876 an institute for young men was founded in 
 Seville, with a Bible class and prayer meeting. This 
 has been continued to the present time, and has been 
 the means of much good among young Spaniards, 
 some of whom have been appointed from time to time to 
 take cottage services, and to speak at meetings. We 
 have good hopes of candidates for the ministry from this 
 source. 
 
 With the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in 
 1875, in the person of King Alfonso, fears were excited 
 lest the religious liberty granted in 1869 might be 
 withdrawn ; but happily these fears were allayed by a 
 declaration dated Jan. i6th 1875, that "Religious liberty 
 as it exists at present should not be curtailed." One of 
 the first acts of the new Government, however, was to 
 suppress the organ of the Reformed Church, La Ljiz, 
 a paper which had carefully avoided all political dis- 
 cussions. It was an indication that an Ultramontane 
 reaction had set in, and that the religious liberty allowed 
 was of a meagre character. There was, however, no 
 interference with the services, and the work continued to 
 make progress. The reports from Seville at this time 
 were most encouraging. At San Basilio a communicants' 
 class numbered 70, and 300 children were under in- 
 struction in the schools. 
 
 In March 1880, the first Synod of the Spanish 1/ 
 Episcopal Reformed Church was held in Seville, and 
 was attended by delegates from the congregations in 
 other cities. Bishop Riley of Mexico, who had visited 
 Spain in accordance with a resolution of the Lambeth 
 
lo Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Conference (see pp. J^^, ^4), presided on the occasion. 
 The Reformed Church was formally constituted, and the 
 Bishop-elect (the Rev. J. B. Cabrera) chosen. At the 
 request of the Synod Bishop Riley ordained as Deacon 
 the Rev. J. Dominguez as Pastor for Malaga, where he had 
 been labouring as lay minister for the past four years. 
 
 At the beginning of 1881, Lord Plunket paid his first 
 visit to Seville, and the Church was much encouraged. 
 It was, unfortunately, the time of a serious inundation 
 owing to the rising of the Gaudalquivir, and this fact 
 prevented many from attending the services. The 
 streets were mostly flooded, and people could not travel. 
 A service which was to have been held in the Church 
 of the Ascension had to be given up, as the doors were 
 barricaded to keep out the water. To view it Lord 
 Plunket had to go in a boat — indeed, this was the only 
 means of locomotion. However, a service was held in 
 San Basilio, and deputations waited upon the Bishop, 
 who conveyed to them a message of sympathy from 
 the Irish Church. The address which Lord Plunket 
 gave on that occasion has been published in LigJit and 
 Triitli for June, 1881. 
 
 This year the second Synod of the Reformed 
 Church was held in Seville, under the presidency of the 
 Rev. J. B. Cabrera, the Bishop-elect, and was largely 
 attended by delegates from all parts of Spain. Four 
 congregations presented petitions desiring union with 
 the Reformed Spanish Church — viz. : Monistrol, San 
 Vicente, Salamanca and Villaescusa — and after 
 careful inquiry they were formally admitted. The 
 Bishop-elect addressed the Synod, describing the 
 state of the Church, its hopes and fears ; he also 
 explained fully the progress that he had made in the 
 
Seville. ti 
 
 compilation of a liturgy. A fraternal salutation 
 of Christian love was sent to the Lusitanian Church. 
 
 In March, 1882, the Rev. J. B. Cabrera paid another 
 visit to Seville, and made a careful examination of 
 the churches. He reported that the work had steadily 
 increased in growth and importance, and had proved 
 itself to be, under God's gracious guidance and blessing, 
 a power in the land. " The Bible is becoming better! 
 known ; publications of a Scriptural character are nowj; 
 earnestly bought ; the young are being trained in thej 
 fear and knowledge of God, and there is a real and deeoj 
 desire to hear the oral preaching of the Gospel of Christ.'" 
 
 In the early part of 1887, the Right Rev. A. N. 
 Littlejohn, Bishop of Long Island, paid a visit to Seville, 
 and was cordially welcomed by Senor Palomares and 
 his congregation. The Bishop attended the Holy 
 Communion service, and gave an address. He 
 expressed his pleasure at seeing so good a congregation, 
 and at hearing the hymns, which were the same as those 
 used in the American Church. He also spoke in 
 commendation of the liturgy, with which he said he 
 was well acquainted in the English translation. Between 
 seventy and eighty partook of the Holy Communion. 
 After leaving Seville the Bishop addressed the following 
 letter to the congregation : — 
 
 " To the faithful in Jesus Christ in the Church 
 of San Basilio, Seville, Spain, greeting — the grace 
 and peace of God our Father, and of the Lord Jesus 
 Christ be with you all. Since I had the privilege 
 of being with you at Divine service, I have constantly 
 borne you in mind and in my prayers. God in his wise 
 providence has laid upon you the duty of showing by 
 teaching, service, and daily life, the Faith which He 
 
12 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Himself delivered to the saints, and the truth as it is in 
 Jesus, in the midst of a people sadly given over to error 
 and superstition. He who has called you into His 
 marvellous light has likewise charged you with the great 
 mission of witnessing in Seville on behalf of the order 
 and discipline of a Reformed branch of the Hoi)' Catholic 
 Apostolic Church. The task you have undertaken involves 
 many difficulties and much self-abnegation, and requires 
 on your part great patience and saintly perseverance — 
 even, may be, to martyrdom. May grace and strength be 
 given you in this holy work, and may God in his 
 goodness abundantly vouchsafe that you may come out 
 more than conquerors through Jesus. Ever remember- 
 ing you in my prayers, believe me to remain, your 
 faithful and affectionate brother and servant in 
 
 Jesus Christ. 
 
 " A. N. LiTTLEjoriN, 
 
 " Bishop of Long Island, U.S.A." 
 
 This welcome letter was received with gratitude 
 and enthusiasm by the Reformers of Seville, who sent 
 an affectionate reply. The Bishop also \vrotc an 
 interesting letter to the New York CJiurcJunan of 
 September 22nd, 1887, strongly commending the work, 
 and speaking in high terms of Mr. Caldwell, the 
 American consul who had acted as lay chaplain to the 
 Bishop during his visit. 
 
 The Rev. W. Preston, Vicar of Holy Trinity, 
 Runcorn, also visited Seville at this time, and bore 
 eloquent testimony to the good work being carried on 
 by Pastors Baquero and Palomares. 
 
 In March of the following year (1888) his Grace the 
 Archbishop of Dublin paid another visit to Seville. It 
 was the time of the annual festival of the day and 
 
Se ville. 1 3 
 
 Sunday schools, and there were 150 children, besides 
 over 200 adults, who had assembled to welcome his 
 Grace. On the following Sunday (17th) an ordination 
 service was held in San Basilio, when a deacon was 
 admitted to holy orders, and the same evening in the 
 Church of the Ascension a confirmation was held, at 
 which eighteen candidates were presented. The con- 
 gregation numbered over 200, and the address of the 
 Archbishop will not soon be forgotten. 
 
 As an illustration of the growing spiritual life of the 
 Church I may mention a Conference of Church workers 
 which was held at this time. All the Seville workers 
 were present, and several from the neighbouring towns, 
 besides colporteurs working in different parts of the 
 country. All met at eight o'clock every morning during 
 the Conference for the reading of the Bible and prayer. 
 The following subjects were carefully considered — 
 ia) the spiritual life of the colporteur ; (/;) the difficulties 
 of the work ; {c) the means of overcoming these ; 
 {d) and the results from the propagation of the Gospel. 
 
 It was a most successful re-union, and the unity, 
 sincerity, and good feeling manifested were very marked. 
 A stimulus was given to the work, and many young 
 men offered themselves for employment in the distribution 
 of Bibles and tracts, and for the general work of 
 evangelisation. 
 
 Passing on to October, 1894, the Rev. F. Palomares 
 recorded the following figures for San Basilio. Com- 
 municants, 132; children in schools, 150; gratuitous 
 medical visits, 205. 
 
 On Christmas Day this year the south of Spain was 
 visited by a serious earthquake. It was felt most 
 severely at Malaga, but Seville also suffered. At 
 
14 Church Reform av Spain and Portugal. 
 
 nine o'clock, just after the congregation had left the 
 Church of San Basilio, there was a severe shock, and the 
 okl church was sadly injured. One of the galleries was. 
 parted from the wall and was in danger of falling. 
 The tower was also badly shaken. A considerable sum 
 had to be expended upon repairs. 
 
 An interesting notice of the work at the Ascension 
 is given at this time, to the effect that Pastor Baquero 
 was conducting three services each week, the congrega- 
 tion being on an average ninety at each service. On 
 Sunday morning a sprinkling of strangers might generally 
 be seen, coming out of curiosity or real interest. The 
 opportunity presented by this church, situated, as it is, 
 in a fashionable quarter, and surrounded by mansions, 
 is full of hope. 
 
 Pastor Baquero has been successful as a teacher of 
 the young, and some children of the upper classes have 
 been under his instruction. He thinks much might 
 be done in this way, if funds could be obtained for a 
 more suitable building. 
 
 Of this work, Pastor Baquero wrote: "During the 
 past twelve months 200 children have passed through our 
 schools. We have an average of fifty present who work 
 hard to avail themselves of the educational privileges 
 offered. Many stay only six or eight months, and are 
 then taken away to workshops, or to labour in the fields. 
 They will not, however, soon forget their Catechism and 
 the instruction received at the Bible classes and at the 
 Sunday school. The good seed sown and prayerfully 
 watered will doubtless bear fruit in God's own time 
 
 and way." 
 
 An individual case of blessing received will be inter- 
 esting. A friend of Pastor Baquero desired to send his 
 
Se ville. 1 5 
 
 children to the school, but was warmly opposed b}- his 
 wife and mother. For the sake of peace it was agreed 
 that the two boys should attend, and that a little girl 
 should be left with her mother. At night the elder son 
 would speak to his mother and grandmother of what he 
 learned in the Bible class, though at times they opposed 
 him. But the boy had not only been taught the letter 
 of the Word, but had received the grace of God into his 
 heart, and in his simple way he explained the words of 
 our Lord, until at last they listened without opposition. 
 At length the grandmother desired to go and hear for 
 herself, but while arranging so to do she fell ill. She 
 expressed a desire to see Pastor Baquero, who went and 
 prayed with her. She recovered, and her first visit was 
 to the church to offer thanksgiving to God for her 
 renewed health. She is now a communicant member of 
 the congregation, and frequently tells others of the 
 change God wrought in her heart by the means of her 
 little grandson. 
 
 One of the most cheering features of the Reformed 
 Church work in Seville is that, while keeping strictly to 
 the law, there is an earnest missionary spirit amongst 
 the members prompting them to take every possibl'e 
 measure to evangelise others. The law enjoins that 
 there must be no public manifestation of religion except 
 on the part of the Roman Church. No advertisement 
 of services can be made in the press, or placards posted. 
 Still the reformers are not daunted, and their pastor 
 sends out from time to time neat little circulars, inviting 
 outsiders to come. I give a copy of one of these : — 
 
 " Evangelical Church of San Basilio, Calle Relator, 
 Seville. — You are invited to hear the Word of God, 
 according to the sacred Scriptures, in the above church. 
 
i6 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Sundays, at 12 in the morning, and 8 o'clock at night. 
 Wednesdays at 8 at night. The Young Men's Union 
 holds public meetings on Mondays at 8. 
 
 " Rev. Don Francisco Palomares, 
 
 " Pastor of the said Church." 
 
 It would be easy to fill many pages with the testi- 
 monies, very often unsolicited, to the good work being 
 done in this city, but I may not occupy more space. 
 
 Should any readers of this story visit Spain, I would 
 recommend them not to pass by Seville, where they will 
 receive a hearty welcome from the pastors, and can see 
 for themselves the good work which has been there 
 accomplished. 
 
17 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 VILI.AESCUSA. 
 
 At this village the Reformed Spanish Church has a 
 strong station, and as the story of the rise and progress 
 of the work there is especially interesting, I am giving it 
 at more length than space allows mc to do in other 
 cases. 
 
 Villaescusa is a town of about 300 families, situated 
 in the province of Zamora, between the converging lines 
 of the angle formed by the railways from Medina 
 del Campo to Zamora and Salamanca respectively. 
 All roads to the village are bad. During summer, 
 when the ground is dry, one may ride in a vehicle 
 strongly put together, but after the autumn rains 
 commence, the saturated clayey soil soon clogs, and the 
 journey can only be made on foot or on horseback. The 
 canipos around are destitute of trees, but the soil is 
 fertile, and, despite very primitive methods of agriculture, 
 yields plentiful crops of wheat, and of garbanzos and 
 other vegetables. 
 
 The appearance of Villaescusa closely resembles that of 
 many small towns found in old Castile, but the English 
 traveller coming direct from the Northern Railway for 
 the first time would probably be much surprised. The 
 streets are narrow and rough, the pedestrian having 
 to carefully pick his way to avoid stumbling. The 
 houses of one floor are generally built of adobe — that is. 
 of mud bricks mixed with straw, which have been dried 
 c 
 
1 8 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 in the sun. The narrow doors are so low that one has 
 to bow his head to enter. There is no inn, nor is there 
 a shop in the place, not even a butcher's or chemist's. 
 Every householder is a small landowner ; he lives in his 
 own dwelling, works his own fields, makes his own wine, 
 bakes his own bread, and has his own pigs and fowls. 
 Extras are supplied from the town of Fuentesauco once 
 a week. The parish church is a miserable, unsightly 
 edifice. The chief personages of the town are the priest, 
 the alcalde, doctor, schoolmaster and schoolmistress. 
 The people are descended from the ancient Goths, and 
 from time immemorial have led an almost patriarchal 
 existence, altogether undisturbed by the questions which 
 have wrought such changes in the world outside them. 
 There is not much that would attract the mere traveller 
 to Villaescusa, but to one interested in the spread of the 
 Everlasting Gospel, there is that to see and hear which 
 would more than compensate for the toils of the journey. 
 Here is a little congregation of Christians, who have 
 thrown off the errors of the Church of Rome, and who 
 flourish as an oasis amid the vast dry plains of Leon 
 and Castile. The following story will be found full of 
 interest to all who sympathise with those who are 
 strufTCTling out of darkness into light. 
 
 iTis well known that for many years our great Bible 
 and Tract Societies have been engaged in the distribution 
 of the Holy Scriptures and tracts in Spain. To their 
 work the beginnings of this movement are due. A 
 . young carpenter of Villaescusa, named Melquiades, m 
 one of his visits to Fuentesauco, purchased a portion of 
 the Bible He was induced to do so more on account 
 of its low price than anything else, for beyond the 
 name he knew very little about it. On returning home 
 
V/IJ.AF.SCUSA. l(J 
 
 he made no mention of his bargain — not for any 
 particular reason — but now and then he would devote a 
 portion of his time to its perusal. To his surprise, he 
 found a detailed account of certain events in the life of 
 Christ with which he w as already imperfectly acquainted, 
 and of others which were altogether new. After a while 
 he showed the book to his sister, read to her several 
 portions which afforded great delight, and from that 
 time they daily read the Word of God together. The 
 \'oung man regularly attended church when sermons 
 were preached, carefull)- noted texts referred to by the 
 priest, and on returning home he diligently studied 
 the texts cited. By and by he had another object in 
 view. He wished to compare the doctrines taught in 
 the- pulpit with those plainly set -forth in the Book. 
 This gradual but sure progress in knowledge confirmed 
 some points of his belief, taught him matters of faith of 
 which he had no previous conception, and opened up 
 new views regarding the love, mercy, and grace of 
 God revealed in Christ Jesus. At the same time it 
 weakened his hold of certain doctrines he had learned 
 in childhood, but of Which he could find no mention 
 in the inspired volume. 
 
 Whether he or his sister made the greater advance- 
 ment in Biblical study it is difficult to say, though each 
 says the other had the advantage. Filled with joy at 
 what they had read and learned, Melquiades and his 
 sister began to tell their neighbours of the treasure they 
 had found. The priest, hearing of this, called upon them 
 and asked to see the book. After turning over the 
 leaves he said, "This is not the real Bible. It is 
 published by heretics, and worth little, though you 
 obtained it for next to nothing. You must give it up to 
 c 2 
 
20 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 me. I positively forbid your reading it because of the 
 risk you run of becoming a Protestant. Besides, our holy 
 Mother Church forbids the reading of it." Upon hearing 
 these and similar remarks, Melquiades replied, " The 
 book cost me mone}-. It is mine and I shall keep it. 
 What I have read does not displease me. It has, the 
 rather, taught me to be a better Christian. The texts I 
 have heard you repeat in your sermons are here. Surely 
 I ma}' as well read them at home as hear them read 
 from the pulpit. I do not know what you mean b\^ 
 being a heretic and a Protestant. This I know : that 
 now I believe in Jesus Christ the Son of God with more 
 understanding and in a different and better way than I 
 used to do ; and as I owe all this to the study of the 
 book, I shall not cease to continue reading it." Failing 
 in the object of his visit, the priest withdrew. 
 
 The young man and his sister continued to read the 
 book, and to discuss it with friends, though the latter 
 responded with a measure of fear owing to the Cures 
 language. Sometime afterwards two friars sent by 
 the Bishop of Zamora came to Villaescusa to preach 
 a series of sermons upon the customary points of faith 
 and morals. Melquiades listened attentively to every 
 discourse, and on returning home compared the texts 
 and doctrines he had heard with the words of his Bible. 
 One day he was somewhat concerned to receive a notice 
 to the effect that one of these preachers desired an 
 interview with him. He did not hesitate, however, but 
 taking up his Bible, went to the house where the friars 
 were lodging. 
 
 It would occupy too much space to narrate all that 
 transpired, but the closing words of the ecclesiastic 
 were— "You may keep the book and read it if you 
 
ViLLAESCUSA. 21 
 
 choose. You appear to be well instructed in these 
 matters. Have faith, know what you read, and }'ou will 
 receive no harm. All I ask is — do not read the book to 
 anyone else." 
 
 On his way home the carpenter thoui^ht, " So I may 
 keep the Bible, but I must not read it to anyone else ! 
 Shall I who once was so ignorant, but am now through 
 God's mercy enlightened, keep this knowledge to myself, 
 and allow my fellow-townsmen to perish in darkness ? 
 Ah ! What they want is that we should have the blhid 
 faith they speak so much of in their sermons." 
 
 His sister welcomed him home, and in answer to 
 inquiries was told how the ecclesiastic had menaced 
 him with excommunication first, and condemnation 
 afterwards ; how they entered into controversy, and the 
 arguments adduced by his opponent, based upon the in- 
 fallibility of the Church and its indisputable authority ; 
 and how, when finally hemmed in by words of Scripture, 
 the friar had given the consent as already stated. 
 
 From that time the brother and sister began to 
 study Holy Scripture more earnestly than ever, and with 
 earnest prayer for heavenly wisdom. They spoke to 
 their neighbours and friends ; the people visited their 
 house and looked forward to the Bible readings with 
 gladness. As in all small places, nothing can remain 
 long a secret, and when the friar's injunction leaked out, 
 the Cure was greatly angered. 
 
 The priest was alarmed at the progress of the 
 movement, and in the pulpit solemnly declared his 
 intention to ask the Pope to excommunicate any and all 
 of his flock who should from this time meet to hear the 
 Bible read, or anyone who should himself read it. The 
 Cure's manner had the desired effect. Most who had 
 
22 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 visited the " Bible-house " kept away. Some, however, 
 wishing to show their contempt for the priest's threats, 
 and others animated with a sincere desire to know the 
 truth, continued to attend. 
 
 It was a time of sadness, for the position was critical. 
 What could such a few do when menaced by a priest 
 who had such power over the bulk of their townsmen ? 
 They knew nothing of sufferings endured for the 
 Gospel's sake in other lands, nor of the glorious roll of 
 Spanish martyrs who had laid down their lives rather 
 than deny the Lord who bought them. 
 
 But they knew what Christ had endured for their 
 sakes. They knew that He had laid down His life for 
 them, and that it is enough for the disciple that " he be 
 as his Lord." A deep sense of natural sinfulness and 
 weakness kept them humble, yet they rejoiced in Christ 
 Jesus and bore good fruit to the praise of His name, 
 praying meanwhile that their enemies might be led to 
 know Him and the power of His grace. " It is no use 
 inviting our townspeople to come to the readings," the 
 young man remarked to his friends : " so long as a 
 man's conscience is in the hands of a fellow-sinner he 
 will remain in slavery. If we cannot bring the truth to 
 their ears, let its effect be seen in our lives. Let us 
 strive to live to the glory of God. Let us abstain from 
 the lusts of the flesh, the world, and the devil, and seek 
 by God's grace to overcome those sins which often 
 waylay us to our fall, that men may take l^nowledge of 
 us that we have been with Jesus." This godly counsel 
 met with approval. The Lord's day was better ob- 
 served. Each sought to amend his life according to the 
 teaching of the Word, and God owned and blessed the 
 effort. 
 
VlLLAESCUSA. 23 
 
 They had to suffer many petty persecutions ; the 
 shafts of satire were often directed against them. Ikit 
 their forbearance was more potent than the arms of their 
 enemies, and they remembered the words, " Wait on the 
 Lord, be of good courage, and He shall strengtiien thine 
 heart." 
 
 Tlie leaders of the faithful {(i\\ procured a number of 
 Bibles from a distance and some tracts, and thus, with- 
 out an)' outside help, a congregation was formed. In 
 course of time a passing colporteur visited the town, and 
 subsequently an evangelist, and gave them much 
 encouragement. But for a long time they were without 
 a Pastor, without the administration of sacraments, 
 and without knowledge of or fellowship with any of the 
 congregations existing in Spain. The congregation at 
 Villaescusa was not formed by any Pastor or exangclist 
 sent by any society. The work spontaneously originated 
 through the reading of the Word of God. Indeed, l| 
 may say here, that both in Spain and Portugal theK 
 work has been mainly the same in its origin, and it is al 
 fact which should do much to strengthen our faith ini 
 the efficacy of the Word of God when carried home tol 
 the heart by the Holy Ghost, even where there is no 
 preacher. 
 
 When the brethren at Villaescusa learned that a 
 congregation of reformers had been formed at Sala- 
 manca, they sent a commission inviting the Pastor to 
 visit them. The Rev. Sehor Rodrigo acceded to their 
 request, saw the wondrous work of God among them, 
 preached the Word, and in accordance with the wishes of 
 all, undertook the spiritual oversight of the congregation. 
 In May, 1880, a room was hired as a capilla (chapel). 
 The services, which until now had been almost of 
 
24 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 a private character, were made public, and the Rev. Senor 
 Rodrigo attended periodically for the administration of 
 the Sacraments. In the absence of the Pastor, Mel- 
 quiades, who in all respects was the Father of the 
 Church, conducted the services. 
 
 When the congregation of Salamanca petitioned to 
 join the Spanish Church, another petition was presented 
 from Villaescusa, signed by forty-one communicants and 
 twenty-nine others. 
 
 Both were favourably received by the Synod, and 
 when Senor Rodrigo was removed to the care of the 
 Church at Malaga, Senor Garcia was appointed to 
 take charge of the congregations of Salamanca and 
 Villaescusa. 
 
 VISIT OF THE BISHOP-ELECT. 
 
 In the month of May, 1881, the Rev. J. B. Cabrera, 
 Bishop-elect, paid his first visit to this congregation, 
 accompanied by Revs. Garcia and Rodrigo. I cannot 
 do better than give the account of his interesting visit in 
 his own words. He writes, " We started at 10 a.m., and 
 at an inn outside the city walls (Salamanca) found a cart 
 ready for us. The vehicle was very strongly built, 
 without seats or an awning, but a thick mattress had 
 been stretched, so that we might sit down and be better 
 able to endure the jolting where the track was rough. 
 Not a cloud flecked the sky ; the sun shone in his strength, 
 and our only shade was from our hats. For an hour 
 we really had a dreadful shaking. The mules evidently 
 wanted to get over the ground as quickly as possible. 
 We held on to each other and clung to the upright 
 staves on either side, but for all that the violent jerking 
 and jolting almost threatened to break our bones. At 
 
ViLLAESCUSA. 2 5 
 
 eleven we rested under a {c\\ trees by the banks of a 
 stream. The shade was grateful, and drawing out the 
 treasures of our alforjas, we took breakfast. I do not 
 think I ever enjoyed a meal more in my life. When we 
 resumed our journey the heat was tremendous, not only 
 from the sun direct, but from the oven-like radiation 
 of the ground. Thus we plodded on till the evening, 
 our mouths parched with thirst and dry with dust, and 
 our limbs thoroughly tired. The poor mules seemed 
 quite worn out too, and scarcely able to drag along, and 
 even our guides were not exempt from suffering. But 
 the abstemious, hardy peasants of Leon and Castile have 
 astonishing recuperative powers, and a few hours' rest 
 enables them to rise refreshed and fit to undertake 
 another journey. We were cheered by hearing that 
 some scarcely distinguishable forms on a distant undula- 
 tion of the ground were probably brethren who had 
 come to meet us, and in a {qw minutes we were cordially 
 embraced by friends. For the time all our fatigues were 
 forgotten. ' I have been the Saul of this Church,' said 
 one. ' I was one of a party that went out to kill our 
 Pastor; but God led him another way. I sincerely trust 
 my grievous sin has been forgiven. May I be another 
 Paul in newness and holiness of life and fidelity to 
 Jesus ! ' I had some special words of comfort for this 
 man. ' Senor Obispo,' said another, ' the Protestants 
 say that the excommunications have arrived from 
 Rome, and that the Cure will read them in the synagogue 
 next Sunday.' I did not understand the allusion at the 
 time, but at Villaescusa it was explained to me that by 
 the ' synagogue ' was meant the parish church; for the 
 Romanists having called the brethren Protestants and 
 heretics, the latter had retorted in their own coin. The 
 
26 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 language is local and conventional, but it is not void of 
 popular philosophy. Shortly afterwards we were met 
 by a more numerous group, composed of old men, 
 women, and children who had come out to welcome us. 
 The conversation now became general, and the noise 
 and animation of all characterised the delight of our 
 escort. On arriving at the town we were conducted 
 to the capilla, and after many hand-shakings the 
 multitude dispersed. It was then six o'clock. Two of 
 the brethren invited us to their dwellings. At nine 
 o'clock, the hour when the agriculturists who come in 
 from their labours have supped, we went to the capilla. 
 On our way we overtook numerous women, each 
 carrying a stool, and some with children in arms or 
 leading others by the hand. 
 
 " In reply to inquiries I was told that these sisters 
 were all going to the service, and that as there were no 
 seats in the room, each carried a stool. Nearing the 
 capilla, and hearing the voices of children singing, my 
 host informed me that, having no bell, the older children 
 entered the room directly the door was opened and sang 
 until the service commenced. 
 
 " The capilla is an adobe hut roofed with tile. The 
 floor is composed of earth, and the windows have no 
 glass. The pulpit is made of bricks covered with paper. 
 The room will accommodate about sixty persons com- 
 fortably seated, but nearer 200 often manage to squeeze 
 in. On such occasions the women stand with their 
 stools poised upon the head, there being no other place 
 for them, and for a couple of hours they remain ap- 
 parently unconscious of their burden. The night I was 
 there the room was crammed to suftbcation, and the 
 heat and inconvenience experienced by all severe ; but 
 
V/LLAESCUSA. 27 
 
 when I looked at the mass of expectant upturned faces, 
 I forgot all the fatigues of the day, the wretchedness of 
 the place, and could only marvel at the gracious doings 
 of the Lord. 
 
 " The devotional portion of the service ended, Senors 
 Garcia and Rodrigo each spoke a few words, and then I 
 gave an address by way of preparing the congregation 
 for the administration of the Holy Communion on the 
 following day. It was past eleven when we separated, 
 and then a group of brethren accompanied us home, 
 and remained till midnight^ when I begged of them to 
 retire to rest. Next day I inquired into the condition 
 of the church, revised the Baptismal Register and other 
 books, and engaged in other duties proper to my office. 
 The Church is strict in discipline, no one being admitted 
 into membership until after months, or it may be 
 years, of probation ; and even then a second period is 
 required before admission is given to Holy Communion. 
 This explains the circumstance of a Church numbering 
 200 members having only fifty communicants. The 
 solidity of the work, however, commends the strictness 
 of the brethren. The service of the Tuesday evening 
 was equally well attended, and at the administration of 
 the Lord's Supper every member was present save one 
 who was sick. Wednesday was spent in receiving 
 and returning visits, and taking a walk outside the 
 town as far as the cemetery, which is the property 
 of the congregation. In the evening we had a 
 gathering of the Church to treat of matters connected 
 with the future and to bid farewell to the congregation. 
 My visit to Villaescusa has afforded me the greatest 
 satisfaction. It was only when I had seen the work of 
 God in this little town that I could fully enter into the 
 
28 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 exclamation of Senor Rodrigo : ' All the fatigues of the 
 journey are no more remembered in the joy of behold- 
 ing this evidence of God's saving grace. Blessed be the 
 Lord for the stormy day of snow and wind when the 
 brethren first came for me to go to Villaescusa ! ' 
 
 " I now wish " (writes Senor Cabrera) " to say a few 
 words regarding the future prospects of the Church and 
 some of the wants which we should try to meet. The 
 future of the congregation, of course, depends upon its 
 fidelity to the Word of a Covenant-keeping God. At the 
 present moment the Reformers form the greater part of 
 the inhabitants. The Bible is everywhere read, and our 
 hymns may be heard sung in the street, in the house, 
 and in the fields by persons who are not actually mem- 
 bers of the congregation. Our brethren form part of 
 the Ayiintamiento, or municipality, and the day is at 
 hand when they will constitute the majority, if not the 
 totality, of this body. Of the three wealthier people in 
 the town, one is a friend of the Cure, and the other two 
 are friends of the Reformation ; they are not yet en- 
 rolled among the members of the Church, but they 
 attend the services, and one of them presented the con- 
 gregation with the ground used as a cemetery. If the 
 same constancy and progress in faith and Christian life 
 be continued by the members of this congregation, 
 Villaescusa will soon be the first town in the Peninsula 
 which has wholly embraced the Reformation. The in- 
 fluence which such a fact would have upon the sur- 
 rounding towns would be very great, especially when we 
 remember that small groups of Reformers exist in every 
 one of them. But I think we ought to make a special 
 effort to bring about so desirable an event. There are 
 difficulties we may help to overcome. It will be under- 
 
ViLLAESCUSA. 29 
 
 Stood that where so many belong to the Church, there 
 are children to be educated. At present the Govern- 
 ment schools are in the hands of the Cure. What we 
 want, tlien, is a godly married man to do the work of 
 an evangelist, and undertake the education of the boj-s, 
 while his wife would devote herself to teaching the 
 girls. This would be a great boon. The duties of the 
 Pastor at Salamanca are almost too nnich for him ; and, 
 indeed, during certain seasons of the year, they cannot 
 possibl)- be fulfilled with due regularity owing to the 
 severity of the weather. Relieved of the oversight of 
 the Church at Villaescusa, he could \isit nearer towns 
 and villages, and thus comply with the reiterated request 
 of many who desire to hear what the Gospel of the grace 
 of God really is." 
 
 The Bishop-elect concludes the report of this visit 
 by an earnest appeal for a church building in which 
 to hold the services. It must not be supposed that a 
 work of this kind could go on without opposition and 
 even open persecution in a country like Spain. Very 
 soon afterwards we read that an outrage was committed 
 upon one of the Reformers who had accompanied 
 Pastor Garcia part of the way home after one of his 
 visits. On his way back and A\'hen not very far from 
 his house he was startled by a loud report and the whiz 
 of a bullet as it sped past him. Alive to the danger, he 
 clapped spurs to his horse, and hastened onwards as fast 
 as possible, three other shots being fired after him ; but, 
 thanks be to God, he reached home safely. Here he 
 found his wife and family in a state of terror and fear, 
 for during his absence no less than six shots had been 
 fired through the window.s, the walls opposite being 
 riddled with bullets. The report of the outrage 
 
30 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 appeared in El Globo, a Madrid paper, and fifteen 
 persons were arrested. But Rev. A. Garcia was also 
 attacked, though in a different wa}-. The Cure of 
 V^illaescusa, finding his people going away from him, 
 decided to leave the parish. He announced this 
 decision from the pulpit, and said that " before leaving 
 Villaescusa he hoped to deal a death-blow to the Pro- 
 testants." in the parish church there is an image 
 called the Virgcn del Oluio. In times gone by this 
 image was highly venerated by the people, and, indeed, 
 is at present by the devotees of the town and neigh- 
 bourhood. Early in April, 1883, this object of worship 
 was found to have lost its arms! Of course, there was 
 a terrible outcry, and no time was lost in giving notice 
 to the authorities, with the suggestion that the sac- 
 rilegious criminals must be Protestants. Acting upon 
 this information, the houses of several Protestants were 
 searched, when the sacristan denounced a Protestant 
 neighbour on the grounds of having overheard a child in 
 his house, about eleven years of age, admire the arms of 
 a baby she was nursing! Without more ado the judge 
 of Fuentesauco issued a warrant for his apprehension 
 and imprisonment, and at noon the poor man was seized 
 by civil guards, handcuffed and fettered, and conducted 
 through the middle of the town at an hour when many 
 of the country people were assembled, who, instigated 
 by others, cried " Burn him ! Assassinate him ! Crucify 
 him ! " At Fuentesauco he met with a similar frantic 
 reception, and it was only when lodged in gaol that he 
 felt safe from the menacing attitude of the infuriated 
 crowd. The prisoner was placed in solitary confinement 
 for eight days, and probably would have suffered a 
 longer period but for the fact of Pastor Garcia's 
 
VlU.AF.SCUSA. 3 1 
 
 appearance at Fucntesauco, who demanded the imme- 
 diate ces.sati(Mi of this form of punishment, which under 
 an}' circumstances can onl)' be inflicted for seventy-two 
 hours according- to the hiw. The child referred to, a 
 niece of the prisoner, was summoned to declare that the 
 arms of which she was heard to speak were, those 
 belonging to the mutilated image. On den)'ing the 
 accusation, threats were employed to force her to confess 
 according to the wishes of the prosecutors, and she was 
 informed that in case of obstinacy she would be thrown 
 into a dark and filthy dungeon, where terrible sufferings 
 would end her days. Notwithstanding her terror, the 
 child was sufficiently calm and firm to persist in her 
 first statement — viz. that the words she used simpl)- 
 referred to the baby's arms. On Senor Garcia's return 
 to Villaescusa he w^as met by two civil guards, who very 
 rudely demanded his passport. Finding the document 
 in form, they implied it must be a forgery ; " for 
 who," said they, " ever heard of a minister of religion 
 wearing a beard ! " The guards then censured Senor 
 Garcia for having separated from the Church of Rome, 
 and used many offensive expressions regarding the 
 congregation at Villaescusa. Eventually it leaked out 
 that the authorities in their inquiries for the authors of 
 the theft were known to have carefully searched the 
 house of an ex-sacristan of the church, going so far as to 
 dig up the yard adjoining his premises — but much secrecy 
 was observed. On Sunday, April 22nd, the blessing 
 of a new pair of wooden arms was made the occasion 
 of a great festival. Bands from the surrounding districts 
 marched in procession, with crowds of strangers, who 
 had been attracted by an exceptionally full programme 
 of amusements. The usual scenes of frenzied fanaticism 
 
32 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 and wild revelry were carried on to a late hour. What 
 was to be feared eventually occurred. In a paroxysm 
 of bigotry some persons shouted " Death to the Pro- 
 testants ! Knife them ! knife them ! " and for a time 
 there was no little danger of the threats being carried 
 out ; for it must be remembered that the town was filled 
 with thousands of excited people, and that the 
 authorities exhibited no disposition to shield the inno- 
 cent or maintain the rights of the Reformers. However, 
 thank God, there, was no actual violence. Throughout 
 the festival all the brethren kept within doors, so as to 
 avoid the slightest pretext for an onslaught. But the 
 civil guards (generally a very respectable class) and the 
 inhabitants of the surrounding towns and villages 
 continued to insult and persecute the Reformers. A 
 correspondent at the time wrote, " The brethren need 
 the utmost patience and prudence to avoid a serious 
 disaster. If they speak they are denounced ; when 
 attacked they dare not defend themsehcs ; and 
 though continually insulted, they must remain silent. 
 Our enemies know that practically there is no one to 
 whom we can appeal, while their own word is every- 
 thing with men whose position ought to guarantee 
 impartiality." 
 
 But notwithstanding all these difficulties the work 
 went on ; our numbers increased until it was impossible 
 to accommodate those who came to the services. But good 
 news was at hand. An English lady, Mrs. Forbes, 
 widow of the late Rev. E. Forbes, chaplain for many 
 years at the Embassy Church in Paris, had read the 
 accounts of the rise and progress of the movement in 
 this village and determined to help. She communicated 
 her desire to the Most Rev. Lord Pkmket, who had 
 
VlU.AESCUSA. 33 
 
 himself visited Villaescusa and was satisfied of the 
 rcahty of the work ; and his Grace wrote a letter which 
 could be used by her in making the appeal. Mrs. 
 Forbes determined to try and raise sufficient funds to 
 build a church, and eventually succeeded in doing so. 
 It was a noble act, and may well stimulate others 
 to do likewise. The report that a church was to be 
 built in the town caused considerable excitement both 
 among friends and foes. Towards the end of the year 
 1884 Pastor Garcia was arrested on a false charge of 
 having neglected to obtain permission for the burial of a 
 child, and put in prison. The full details of all that 
 happened would occupy too much space ; suffice it to say 
 that the pressure brought to bear upon the authorities 
 by Scnor Cabrera in Madrid soon secured his release, 
 and not only so, but also a reprimand for the judge 
 who had unjustly condemned him. It seems that the 
 whole affair was got up as a protest against the new 
 church. The Judge said to Pastor Garcia on this 
 occasion, "Let me give you this warning: I want to 
 extirpate heresy out of my district; I will not consent 
 to the building of the church in Villaescusa, and I will 
 endeavour to put away all Protestants from the town." 
 But " the more they were afflicted the more they grew," 
 and ere long the day dawned for the laying of the 
 foundation of the new church. This took place on 
 September 15th, 1885. The Bishop-elect had taken the 
 warmest interest in all matters connected with it, and 
 went down for the occasion. After inspecting the site a 
 spot was chosen where a box could be placed containing 
 a bottle enclosing a parchment document which was as 
 follows — "■ Villaescusa, in the province of Zamora, the 
 ancient Kingdom of Leon, on the 15th day in the month 
 
 D 
 
34 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 of September, 1885, Don Alfonso XII. being King of 
 Spain, and Don Francisco Martin del Cano the con- 
 stitutional Alcalde of this town. We, Don Juan Bautista 
 Cabrera, first Bishop-elect of the Reformed Spanish 
 Church, in the presence of the Minister of the con- 
 gregation in this town, Don Antonio Garcia Illana, of 
 the Minister of the Church at Salamanca, Don Leon 
 Moulet of Climent, of the authorities of the town, and of 
 a numerous public, have laid the first stone of this edifice 
 destined as a church under the invocation of the Holy 
 Ghost, to the honour and glory of God the Father 
 Almighty, and of our Lord and Redeemer Jesus Christ. 
 The building fund is provided by the members of this 
 Church, specially aided by our brethen of the British 
 Empire. All of which we record for future testimony. 
 I Tim. iii. 16." Here follow the signatures of the Bishop- 
 elect, the Pastors present, and various members of the 
 Church at Villaescusa. Bishop Cabrera thus describes 
 the laying of the stone : " Amid profound silence, and 
 while every head was uncovered, 1 invoked the name 
 of the most Holy Trinity, and lifted up to the Lord a 
 prayer of thanksgiving in that He had granted to us 
 the privilege of beginning the work of a material church 
 after so many years of labour in the building up of a 
 living and spiritual Church. Sehor Moulet then read 
 aloud the document mentioned which was to be placed 
 in the box 
 
 " I then deposited the box in its proper place, and 
 with a new trowel, presented to me by the master of 
 the works, spread the cement, and, assisted by Seiiors 
 Garcia and Moulet, covered the box with the stone. 
 
 " We then read the twentieth canticle in our prayer- 
 book (i Chron. xxix. io-iS\ and I gave a short address 
 
VlI.LAF.SCUSA. 35 
 
 to those assembled. I also praj'ed that the Lord might 
 bless the workmen engaged in the construction of the 
 building, and all those who had assisted us with their 
 gifts, not forgetting the name of that excellent Christian 
 lady, Mrs. Forbes, who had shown such zeal in the 
 collection of funds for this work ; and then pronouncing 
 the benediction, I dismissed the assembly." 
 
 This simple ceremony made a great impression on 
 all who attended. It was the first of the kind they had 
 ever taken part in. Rough field labourers wiped away 
 the tear, and mothers lifted up their children to see, in 
 the hope they would never forget, the spectacle. One 
 aged man of ninety, leaning upon his staff, said : " Senor 
 Obispo, let me have the pleasure of placing with my 
 own hand one little stone on the foundation — for this 
 will be a great comfort to me should the Lord call me 
 before the building is finished." One woman said 
 weeping : " How my father would have rejoiced to see 
 this day ! A year since he passed away, and with his 
 dying breath expressed the hope that the congregation 
 would increase, and that a church might be built." 
 The members of the Church gave either money, materials, 
 or personal labour. A bricklayer receiving his first 
 week's wages gave back ten reales, saying, " Take this 
 as the first-fruits which I offer to Jesus, that He may 
 have among us a material house." Another said : " I 
 will take no wages for the first week ; let it go towards 
 the church." Some brought timber, others lent their 
 carts to bring sand, and a poor gleaner sold her ears of 
 corn, and brought eight reales as her offering. 
 
 Thus the work grew apace ; at length the roof was 
 put on, and all was ready for the opening on 
 November ist, 1890. 
 D 2 
 
36 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 I'lie officiating clergyman was the Pastor Rev. 
 Antonio Garcia. Tlie congregation, which inckided the 
 Alcalde and the whole of the Town Council, numbered 
 about 400. Almost a hundred more had to content 
 themselves with looking in at the windows. The crush 
 was great. Senor Garcia took his te.xt, from i Peter 
 ii. 5, "A spiritual house." 
 
 It seemed as if there was a special outpouring of the 
 Holy Spirit, and there was scarcely a dry eye. Eighty- 
 eight partook of the Holy Communion. 
 
 This was Saturday ; the next day, November 2nd, 
 long before the hour of service, people were seen flocking 
 in from the neighbourhood, some on foot, others on 
 horses and mules. Rev. A. Garcia again preached, taking 
 his text from Zech. viii. 23, "We shall go with you, for 
 we have heard that God is with you." 
 
 Again there was an overflowing congregation, 
 numbers remaining outside. 
 
 After the service the people pressed forward to 
 shake hands with the Pastor, and many were the 
 expressions of sympathy and encouragement. The 
 child of Sefior Garcia was baptised at the morning 
 service. At evening service the crowd was equally 
 great, and there were both pleasure and surprise at 
 finding the church so well lighted. 
 
 And here we must take our leave of the congregation 
 and church at Villaescusa. Changes have taken place. 
 Some of the old members have died ; many others have 
 joined. Rev. A. Garcia has been removed to Madrid as 
 curate to the Bishop, but his name and work still live 
 in this little northern town. The Rev. Don Daniel 
 Regaliza is now the Pastor, anear nest, godly young 
 man. The writer will not soon forget the earnest 
 
VjLr.'iEscusA. 37 
 
 sermons he heard him preach to his congregation in 
 Villaescusa on more than one occasion. One hopes that 
 some day he may have a larger sphere, for he is very 
 eloquent as a preacher. Some time since he married 
 the daughter of Don Francisco Martin, formerly Alcalde 
 of the town. The record since the opening of the 
 church is of steady work both in the town and neigh- 
 bourhood, and we look forward to even " "freater things 
 than these" as the Gospel of Christ spreads among the 
 people. 
 
38 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE MADRI]^ CHURCH. 
 
 Soon after his Grace the Archbishop of Dubhii began 
 to take an interest in the Spanish Reformers, he became 
 convinced that a central buiicHng in Madrid, including 
 a church, a residence for the Bishop, a training college 
 for students, and schools for the young, was a press- 
 ing necessity. The event has shown how true to the 
 facts of the case this conviction was. The room in 
 which the services had been held was most unsuitable. 
 The street (the Madera Baja) was a side one, narrow and 
 of minor importance, and although it had become fairly 
 well known, it offered no attractions to any passers by 
 who were not impressed with the need of the Gospel. 
 The building was old — formerly a printer's shop — small, 
 and incommodious, and, being next door to a bathing 
 establishment, very damp. In summer the heat was 
 almost unbearable ; in winter the cold was so severe 
 that, as Senor Cabrera used to say, the preacher's hands 
 and feet were benumbed as he stood in the pulpit. 1'he 
 roof was so bad that in wet weather the water would 
 trickle down upon the heads of the worshippers. Yet 
 the rent of this miserable substitute for a church was 
 £i6o a year, and the proprietor refused to make repairs, 
 or to provide any means for heating it in winter. 
 In LigJit and Truth, the organ of the Spanish and 
 Portuguese Church Aid Society, for February, 1881, 
 Lord Plunket made his first appeal for funds to purchase 
 
The Madrid Church. 39 
 
 a site aiul to bjiild a church. ft was a great uiuler- 
 taking, for some ;i^3,ooo was required to purchase 
 the site alone. The efTort was, however, made in 
 prayer and faith, and all felt that, with the name and 
 influence of Lord Plunket, and, more than this, the 
 untirint^ perseverance which characterises any work of 
 the kind taken up by his Grace, there was L^ood hope 
 of success. The result has shown that such confidence 
 was not misplaced. 
 
 In the sprincj of the year i88r, the Archbishop 
 paid his Hrst \isit to Spain and Portugal to examine 
 for himself the details of the work, and was shown 
 by Sehor Cabrera a site which seemed specially 
 suited for the object in view. In giving an 
 account of this visit his Grace wrote : " On arriving 
 at an open s[)ace I w'as informed b)' Cabrera 
 that we were standing on one of the sites of the 
 aiitos da fc, which were held here in the days of the 
 Inquisition. Not many years have passed since a 
 cutting was niade through this part of Madrid for the 
 purpose of constructing a new road, and a ghastly 
 spectacle was disclosed. As the cxcaxations were being 
 made, alternate layers of dark ashes and light sand were 
 successively revealed to sight. The ashes were the 
 calcined remains of mart\'rs, who 300 years before had 
 been faithful unto death. The sand was the covering 
 strewn about the place of execution to hide the deed 
 of shame, or rather to prepare for the next tragedy thatj 
 v/as to follow\ Few of us can forget the words of thrill- 
 ing eloquence in which Castelar, the great Spanish 
 orator, referred at the time to this horrifying disclosure. 
 . . . It is a proof of the honourable revulsion of feel- 
 ing with which Spaniards now regard the intolerance of 
 
40 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 former days that the street which has been cut through 
 ftliis place of burnings has been named after Carranza, 
 'one of Spain's greatest reformers. . . . Here, let me 
 say, would be a noble site for a church in connection 
 with this new Reformation movement. One plot was, 
 indeed, offered here for sale not many months since, 
 which Sefior Cabrera was most anxious to secure for that 
 purpose. To have purchased such a site, or, indeed, any 
 suitable site in a city where building space is so excep- 
 tionally dear, it would have required a large sum — it 
 may be some ;!^2,ooo. But would it not have been worth 
 it ? A church built beside the ashes of the martyrs, 
 wherein might be preached the truths for which the 
 martyrs died, would have been a noble tribute to their 
 J faithfulness. . , . But it is now too late to secure 
 the particular piece of ground which Cabrera sought. 
 . . It has since been snatched up by another 
 purchaser, and I saw some other work of building in 
 progress upon it already. But it is not too late to pur- 
 chase some other equally suitable site. . . . Perhaps 
 someone who reads these words may be ready to say in 
 his heart, 'I will claim for myself this privilege, and my 
 freewill offering shall be a church — or at least a church- 
 site in Madrid — for the faithful band of reformers who, 
 with God's help, are now struggling to make known 
 among their fellow-countrymen that truth for which 
 their martyr forefathers nobly witnessed at the stake.' " 
 
 Although the importance of this work was fully 
 realised, friends of the Society felt that it could not be 
 pressed immediately. The Society seeking to aid the 
 Reformers was nearly crushed by a heavy debt, the 
 accumulation of former years, when more work had been 
 undertaken than was consistent with the funds at the 
 
The Madrid Church. 41 
 
 disposal of the committee. The first necessity was the 
 extinction of this debt, and noble sacrifices of time and 
 money were made by Lord Plunket and other friends to 
 this end. It was not, however, till 1 887 that it could be said 
 that this burden was lifted off. In the same number 
 of the periodical in which the glad news was announced 
 there appeared a fresh appeal from the Archbishop on 
 behalf of the Madrid Church, and in the beginning 
 of the following year an acknowledgment was made of a 
 generous promise of ^500 from Air. C. H. Bousfield, 
 who had already done so much for the Reformed Church 
 in Spain. Soon after a lady, encouraged by the example 
 of Mr. Bousfield, sent another ;/;^500. Smaller dona- 
 tions began then to flow in, and the prospect brightened. 
 The Archbishop put out another appeal in view of the 
 then approaching Lambeth Conference, and the total 
 was ere long ;^ 1,500. In January, 1889, a statement 
 was published, showing that only ^^ 150 was then required 
 towards the ^3,000 necessary for the site. To use Lord 
 Plunket's words on that occasion, we were " nearing 
 land." Shortl}^ afterwards a site was put up for auction 
 in Madrid by the War Department, which was in every 
 respect exceptionally suitable, and a bid for it was 
 made. After much suspense and an.xict)' — for there 
 was much opposition — the question was settled and the 
 site secured. What with legal and other expenses there 
 was, however, only about ;^200 left towards the building, 
 and the amount required was very large — over ^6,000 ! 
 What was to be done? It was felt that to attempt all 
 the necessary buildings at once would not be wise, and 
 so it was decided to first build the schools, then the 
 Pastor's house, and finally the church. " Let us rise 
 and build," wrote the indefatigable President of the 
 
42 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Society, " although \vc must needs go by easy stages.'" 
 Plans were drawn by an eminent architect in Madrid, 
 donations for the " Building Fund " began to come in, 
 and at the close of 1890 we were actually at work. The 
 following is an account of the laying of the foundation 
 stone, translated from El CJwistiano : — 
 
 "On the 19th of March [1891] we had the great 
 pleasure of being present at the laying of the foundation 
 stone of a beautiful Evangelical church, which the Con- 
 gregation of the Redeemer (Calle de la Madera Baja) 
 are going to build in Madrid. The ceremony was very 
 simple, but highly interesting. Very few persons were 
 present, as we did not wish to give our adversaries a 
 pretext for saying that we had broken the article of the 
 constitution forbidding public demonstrations on the 
 part of the Dissenting Church. We Protestants try to 
 set an example of respect to the law, as the authorities 
 could testify in all parts if they wished to speak 
 sincerely. Assembled, then, a little group, headed by 
 the Bishop-elect, round the place where the stone was to 
 be placed, prayers were offered to God, thanking Him 
 in the first place for allowing the believers in the pure 
 Gospel the privilege of seeing the beginning of His 
 work, putting it afterwards under His direction, and. 
 asking His blessing for all those who, directlyor indirectly, 
 have promoted, and who sustain and defray the costs of 
 the work. Immediately afterwards a bottle containing 
 the record of this ceremony was placed in the hollow, 
 and the Pastor of La Madera and some members of 
 his vestry, with other Pastors assisting, helped in the 
 placing of the stone, all hoping that the year will not 
 close before the prayers and praises of the Gospel will 
 have sounded in the place, and that the good news of 
 
The Madrid Church. 43 
 
 salvation by t^racc may there be preached. We after- 
 wards examined very carefully the plans of the new 
 building, and must say they pleased us very much. 
 The site is divided into three parts, the central being 
 intended for the church, the architecture being in the style 
 of the sixteenth century. One side is to be for the rectory 
 house and college for students, and the other for schools, 
 library, meeting-room for synod, etc. What has greatly 
 pleased us in the plan of the edifice is the excellent 
 light the church will have, surrounded by two large 
 courtyards, which might indeed be gardens ; and the 
 freedom that the schools for both sexes will have, such 
 as few in the capital enjoy. We congratulate the 
 Pastor and brethren of Madera Baja and ourselves, 
 and earnestly hope the building will be happily 
 finished." 
 
 This important event, however, was not to pass 
 without public notice. A gentleman well known in the 
 literary world of Spain was among the few invited to 
 witness the laying of the stone. He was not a 
 Reformer, but, like many of his fellow-countrymen, 
 strongly in favour of religious liberty. An editorial 
 article appeared a few days afterwards in El Eco 
 Nacional from his pen, entitled "An Era." At the 
 risk of my story becoming largely a compilation, 
 which, indeed, is well-nigh unavoidable, I will quote in 
 full this striking article, which itself indicates the 
 progress which liberty of conscience is making in Si)ain. 
 He writes : " The triumph of liberty of conscience has 
 become at last a clearly defined fact in our country. 
 On the afternoon of the 19th of March we were kindly 
 invited to attend the solemn ceremony of laying the first 
 stone of a building which an Evangelical or Protestant 
 
44 Church Reform i.\ Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Congregation is about to erect in the Calle de la 
 Beneficencia. For the first time in the capital of Spain, 
 in the capital of the nation called by antiphrasis, 
 Catholic, the nation which till very recently has been 
 one of the strongest bulwarks of all intransigent and 
 intolerant principles — for the first time, after centuries 
 of horrible persecutions, sacrifices, scaffolds, gags, and 
 saiiboiitos, the ministers and believers of a Noncon- 
 formist religion were gathered together, openly, in full 
 daylight, although professing a religious faith and 
 teaching which are not traditional in Spain, to lay the 
 first stone of a new temple, which after all they are 
 allowed to raise freely to the God of their emancipated 
 consciences. This ceremony carried out in full day- 
 light, and yet ' without causing the world to shake or 
 the universe to tremble,' means, we repeat, in our 
 country — once the country of Arbues and Torquemada 
 — the triumph of liberty of conscience, the most solemn 
 consecration of religious toleration — a liberty and tolera- 
 tion which may indeed seem to some quarrelsome and 
 atrabilious characters a clear token of decadence and 
 disintegration as regards the faith of our ancestors, but 
 which to well-tempered and trul)' religious souls cannot 
 mean anything else but a real victory of the true spirit 
 of Christianity, revived by the humanising ideas intro- 
 duced through the workings of civilisation in our 
 present age ! The peaceful co-existence of different 
 religious denominations has been taught by example 
 to those connected with the various Churches as the 
 practical lesson learnt by those nations which faced 
 boldly the crisis of the Reformation. In these nations 
 the mutual respect due to the rights of conscience 
 was soon recognised, and the continuance of social 
 
The Madrid Church. 45 
 
 intercourse rapidly smoothed away the asperities which 
 present themselves wherever an .exclusive and dogmatic 
 doctrine comes into contact with what are considered 
 rival opinions. 
 
 "As we were left behind in the march ofcixilisatioiijand 
 were pushed on by the mechanical force of political circum- 
 stances rather than by the virtue of national energy, we 
 have been towed, so to speak, into the general movement 
 of those countries which are at present in the van of pro- 
 gress. But we are in at last! This is a fact, and it must 
 not be understood that this tolerance and respect for the 
 belief of others is a mere concession to be regarded in the 
 light of a favour. Rather, it is a tribute paid to those 
 rights and privileges of ' conscience ' whereby alone we 
 can establish a reign of peace between those \arious 
 religious communities which as a fact, and in accord- 
 ance with law, are now established throughout Spain. 
 We have entitled our article 'An Era,^ because the 19th 
 of March, 1891, will be a memorable era in the history 
 of religious liberty in Spain. To understand better the 
 full significance of what then took place, let everyone 
 who entertains a sacred respect for conscience come back 
 with me three centuries, and let us try to recall one of 
 those scenes of savage intolerance — one of those solemn 
 aiitos da fc- — which for the sake of the splendour of 
 the church, and with a view to excite the religious feel- 
 ings of our forefathers, the ' holy ' tribunal of the In- 
 quisition deemed it necessary from time to time to hold. 
 Let us, in imagination, regard ourselves as assisting at 
 one of those public burnings instituted for ' the greater 
 glory of God,' for the strengthening of faith in ' pious-' 
 souls, and for the purifying with fire the pestilent atmo- 
 sphere of heresy. Let us recall, I say, this spectacle 
 
46 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 -SO edifying and so useful for cauterising with fire the 
 morbid cancer of doubt and unbelief. Yes, let us revive 
 in our memory to execrate it, to curse it, one of those 
 horrible scenes of fanaticism in which a man appears 
 burning another in the name of God — in the presence 
 of God — and (oh ! what a sarcasm !) praying to God for 
 him ! Ah, if it was thought necessary to destroy, to 
 utterly abolish, the power of consciences prone to 
 question the power of the Church, it was considered 
 necessary to limit the povv-er of thought always inclined 
 to deviate from the Church ; it was necessary, in a word, 
 to seal with a red-hot iron those heretic lips always 
 ready to say something the Church had not said ! And 
 no one dared to protest then even in thought, no, not 
 in the innermost recesses of the mind, nor in the most 
 sacred shrines of the heart. No one dared to protest, 
 not even in secret, in solitude, or in silence, because such 
 protest might reveal itself in a look, in a movement of 
 the face, in a respiration of the breath, in the print of a 
 foot, and be discovered by that odious tribunal, that 
 infamous power, which, having a spy to watch every 
 conscience, and an ear open to every secret, could 
 discern the rumour of thoughts and the noise of ideas, 
 holding its examination ' in darkness,' and executing its 
 sentence ' in the light,' with the executioner on one side 
 to kill, the fire on the other to extinguish, and the cross 
 above to blot out every responsibility ! Oh, my God ! 
 what a multitude of horrors, of infamous crimes, have 
 been committed in Thy Name, and under the shadow of 
 Thy Cross — that Cross that was once consecrated by the 
 most signal example of tolerance and pardon the world 
 has ever known ! There, on the Qiicmaderos (burning 
 places) the materials are being heaped up for a fire to be 
 
Thr Madrid Church. 47 
 
 lit in the Name of the God of Calvary for the purpose 
 of consuming; with infernal tortures the bodies of some 
 unfortunate persons who have been declared 'hcrejes' 
 (heretics) b)' the dark tribunal which in derision, no 
 doubt, of the most sacred rights of the conscience was 
 called ' hoi}'." Fools ! you can only burn bodies, but 
 not ideas ! When the flames go up, the ideas which 
 \-ou intend thereby to destroy go up also ! Never are 
 doctrines better propagated than immediately after a 
 martyrdom — after some sacrifice w'hereby the expansion 
 of those ideas can be more clearly manifested ! It 
 seems as though an invisible genius were scattering 
 abroad from conscience to conscience those thoughts 
 which ascend upwards when the parting sigh escapes 
 from the scaffold, together with the last sparks of the 
 heres\--destroying fire. Oh ! if flames will gain ground, 
 although the first spark which lit them may be extin- 
 guished, so surcl}' ideas are like unto fire. They will 
 multipl)' and extend themselves, although the head 
 which first engendered them may be reduced to powder. 
 Even in the hot ashes the spirit of the victim still re- 
 •mains — ' heretic ' more than ever, active and free more 
 than ever — to proclaim and to propagate far and wide 
 his thoughts ! And meanwhile the black smoke sur- 
 rounding the pile prevents the martyrs from uttering their 
 cries of supreme suffering, and their executioners from 
 uttering their horrible imprecations, all the more horrible 
 because of the pra}'ers they are offering for the heretic 
 souls! Let us shut our e}'cs upon these execrable scenes, 
 upon these saturnalia of intolerance, and let us con- 
 template with thankfulness this present age of blessed 
 liberty and true religious progress, when, in the Name 
 of God, we can only bless and not curse ; when, in the 
 
48 Chukch Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 name of religion, we can only love and forgive, not 
 burn, or erect scaffolds, or dress with sanbenitos, or fix 
 gags ! 
 
 " Everything tends to show that the time of religious 
 wars and persecutions is gone for ever. The present 
 generation does not mark with the stigma of ' reprobate ' 
 those who differ from the dogmas and beliefs of the 
 traditional religion. The Catholic of to-day, no longer 
 fanatical and irreconcilable as before, stretches forth 
 his hand with kindness to the Protestant as well as to 
 the Freethinker, the Rationalist and the unbeliever, and 
 instead of insulting them by word and deed, as if 
 conviction could be enforced by dictation or torture, 
 tries to persuade them with the truth and the holiness 
 of his faith. The ardent believer of to-day, instead of 
 taking part, full of self-satisfaction and religious unction, 
 in the burning of heretics, attends, on the afternoon of 
 the 19th of March, the ceremony of laying the first 
 stone of the new building which is being erected to God 
 by the descendants of those who were burned with so 
 much fruition by our parents in the sixteenth century. 
 
 " Yes, the Catholic and the fervent believer of to-day, 
 instead of fleeing from the intercourse of the heretic, as 
 he would have done yesterday, comes on the 19th of 
 March bareheaded, and, together with the ministers and 
 believers of a religion which is not his, prays from the 
 bottom of his heart to the Heavenly Father of all beings 
 for such a blessing on the works of the new temple 
 about to be erected in His name as may ensure for it 
 at the last a safe completion ! 
 
 " What a beautiful contrast ! What a magnificent 
 picture of love and tolerance ! Yesterday the heretic 
 was burnt ; to-day one prays with him. Yesterday he 
 
The Madrid Church. 49 
 
 was hated ; to-da}' liis hand is grasped with kindness. 
 Yesterday it was cursing ; to-day it is blessing. Glory 
 to progress 1 — the religious frontiers have disappeared." 
 
 These are remarkable words from one who is 
 nominally a Roman Catholic, and it is a striking feature | 
 of the times that such an article was allowed to appear^ 
 in the daily press of Spain. 
 
 To give in detail all the incidents marking the 
 collection of the necessary funds would require too 
 much space; suffice it that, owing to many sacrifices 
 by rich and poor, the money was raised, and that 
 the work was never stayed for lack of funds from the 
 laying of the foundation stone until the whole edifice 
 was completed. It is a simple record of Christian 
 generosity and devoted work on the part of those who 
 had the welfare of the Reformers at heart. On the 27th 
 of September, the same year, part of the building was 
 ready, and it was decided to remove the service from 
 the Madera Baja to the new building. The Sunday 
 previously, September 20thj the last service was held in 
 the old place. It will be readily understood that it was 
 a very solemn and moving occasion, as that building is 
 connected with so man)/ memories both of the Re- 
 formers in Madrid, and, indeed, of all Spain. How 
 man\' had there heard the good news of the Gospel ! 
 How many times from that pulpit the truth of the 
 Gospel, and the necessity of a consistent life had been 
 preached ! There for a long time the voices of Ruet, 
 Carrasco, Astray, Alonso, Castro, Cruellas, and Cabrera 
 had been heard. Most of these have passed away, but 
 their names will never be forgotten by Spanish 
 Christians. Many who are now at work in the wider 
 field have been there instructed, and there many 
 1: 
 
50 Church Reform in Spaix and Portugal. 
 
 once sat who desired to see this day and did not see it. 
 No, the place will never be forgotten. The Bishop-elect 
 was much moved as he related these facts in his last 
 sermon. He was speaking, he said, to some who, having 
 heard and accepted the Gospel twenty-two years before, 
 had attended the services ever since ; to young people 
 who had been baptised and educated there ; to some 
 who had been married there ; and he had in remem- 
 brance not a few " who had gone to be with Jesus." 
 
 But in spite of these holy memories, no one regretted 
 to leave the place, for every heart was filled with hope 
 that the new building would bring a fresh blessing both to 
 its own congregation and to many as yet holding aloof 
 
 The first service in the new building on the follow- 
 ing Sunday was a happy occasion. It was a date to be 
 remembered. All those who were present showed in 
 their faces a glowing satisfaction as they realised to 
 some extent the long-cherished hope of the congre- 
 gation. Hearty were the prayers and thanksgivings, 
 and loud were the responses and earnest the words 
 spoken by the preacher. The church was not yet built, 
 and for some time the services were held in what is now 
 the Synod Hall, a commodious room, and one well suited 
 and arranged for tcmporar)- occupation on Sunda}'s. 
 
 In November of the following year (1892), notice 
 was given to the Society in London that the church 
 building was completed and ready for the opening, and 
 Lord Plunket decided to visit Madrid for the conse- 
 cration. I was privileged to act on that occasion as 
 his Grace's chaplain, and as I then wrote the accounts 
 of what happened, I shall give here the copy of what I 
 sent to the press. 
 
 " In the middle of the night of November 30th, 
 
The Madrid Cin-Rm. 51 
 
 at the important junction Medina del Campo in 
 Spain, there was a remarkable and somewhat unique 
 gathering of many who for a long time have been 
 working on behalf of a Reformed faith in Roman Catholic 
 countries. Some had never met before, and after the 
 purpose of this meeting is accomplished may never meet 
 again. I had travelled from the frontier station with Fere 
 Hyacinthe Loyson, Count Enrico Campcllo, the Rev. 
 Ugo Janni (San Remo), Mr. and Mrs. W. McCall, and 
 Mr. W. Smith, engineer from Oporto. At ^Medina del 
 Campo, on looking out, I saw the well-known form of 
 Lord Plunket, and with him the Bishop of Clogher, 
 the Rev. J. B. Cabrera, Canon Meyrick, and the Rev. A. 
 Robertson (Venice). The meeting was most cordial, and 
 if the night's wind blew coldly, hearts were warm, and 
 warm were the greetings of brothers long separated. 
 The difficulties of languages were great, but it was 
 remarkable to see how they were overcome It seemed 
 as if, indeed, we had a Pentecostal blessing, for in 
 different tongues each was telling to the other of the 
 blessings of God upon his work. I learned from Lord 
 Plunket of very interesting visits paid by him and the 
 Bishop of Clogher to Villacscusa, Salamanca, and 
 Valladolid. At the former place, quite 400 people 
 gathered to the service, and forty of the young people 
 were confirmed. At Salamanca 125 people had been 
 present at the .service in the evening. At the 
 Holy Communion service in the morning there were 
 twenty-five who partook. h\. Valladolid there were 
 1 20 people present at an evening .service, and fourteen 
 young people were confirmed. I give these statistics 
 because some very erroneous statements have gone 
 forth as to the attendance in these places. 
 
52 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 "The afternoon of the next day I attended the meeting 
 of the Synod of the Reformed Church, presided over by the 
 Rev. J. B. Cabrera, Bishop-elect. The meeting was held 
 for the first time in the New Synod Hall, a commodious 
 room, and nicely arranged. Round the walls are copies of 
 the famous pictures by Ribcra of the twelve Apostles, 
 painted by a daughter of the Rev. J. B. Cabrera. There 
 were twenty-three pastors and delegates present from 
 different parts of Spain. The visitors occupied seats on 
 the platform, and at the close of the preliminary business 
 Lord Plunket and the Bishop of Clogher both addressed 
 the Synod, a translation of their words being given by 
 Senor Cabrera. Pere Hyacinthe also gave an eloquent 
 address, which was received with much enthusiasm. 
 
 " On Saturday (3rd) we heard rumours of some tech- 
 nical difficulty that had arisen with the authorities, and 
 great was our anxiety, which, as the next day proved, 
 was net without cause." 
 
 On Sunday evening (4th) I communicated to the 
 Record, and other English and Irish papers, the following 
 account of what had happened : " We have had a very 
 exciting day, and one that will be marked in the history 
 of the Reformed Church. Owing to political disturb- 
 ance, and the resignation of the Alcalde, it was im- 
 possible to obtain legal permission to open the church, 
 and the idea had to be given up. 
 
 " It was decided, however, to hold the Ordination 
 and Confirmation services in the Synod Hall, which had 
 been used for the past fourteen months. The hour 
 fixed was 11 o'clock. I left the hotel at 10.30 with 
 Pere Hyacinthe, Count Campello, and other friends, for 
 the church. When we got to the corner of the Calle 
 Beneficencia, we were astonished to see a large crowd 
 
The Madrid Church. 53 
 
 of people gathered in front of the church, and a number 
 of the civil guards at the door. 
 
 "We found, to our disinay, that an order had come 
 from the Government that no service was to be held in 
 any part of the buildings, and no one was allowed to 
 pass into them. What was more inexplicable than all 
 was the order that no one was to enter the private 
 house of Senor Cabrera, and that no one could come 
 out and re-enter. Thus the Archbishop of Dublin, the 
 Bishop of Clogher, and Canon Meyrick, who were the 
 guests of Senor Cabrera, were practically prisoners in 
 the house. I shall not soon forget the Archbishop 
 opening the window, and calling to me that he was to 
 all intents a prisoner, and sending me with a message to 
 the British Ambassador, asking for an interview. Great 
 indignation was expressed by the crowd at this invasion 
 of the rights of the citizen, and this violation of the sacred- 
 ness of a private house, which is happily rare, even in 
 Spain. One continually heard someone in the crowd sa}% , 
 ' It appears as if the Inquisition had come back again.' i 
 
 " In order to see the Ambassador, as requested, 
 Lord Plunket packed his luggage and left the house, 
 coming to my hotel. It was arranged eventually, after 
 much consultation, that the Ordination service should 
 be held in a building kindly lent for the purpose by 
 Mr. Jameson, agent of the British and Foreign Bible 
 Society, and the hour fixed was three o'clock. I need 
 hardly say that this quite unexpected difficulty has been 
 sorely felt by the congregation of Reformers, but the 
 wise words of the Archbishop kept a storm from rising. 
 Senor Cabrera was much affected by the occurrence. 
 
 " At three o'clock, in the Calle Leganitos, the scattered 
 congregation re-assembled, and notwithstanding the 
 
54 Church Reform av Spain amd Portugal. 
 
 difficulty, one was glad to see some 200 people had 
 braved the matter and gathered for the service. The 
 clergy present, who were all robed, consisted of the 
 Archbishop of Dublin, the Bishop of Clogher, Canon 
 Meyrick, Dr. Noyes, Pere H}'acinthe, Count Campello, 
 the Revs. Ugo Janni, A. Robertson, J. B. Cabrera, F. 
 Palomares, V. Baquero, J. Vila, J. J. Riall, E. Martinez, 
 D. Regaliza. The clergyman to be admitted to the 
 priesthood was the Rev. D. Regaliza, pastor at Villa- 
 escusa.. who wore the white stole crossed, white being the 
 colour adopted by the Reformed Church, after the 
 ancient Mosarabic rite. The Rev. V. Baqueto read the 
 first part of the Ordination service, the Rev. J. Vila the 
 gospel, and the candidate was presented by the Rev. F. 
 Palomares. The service was of a most solemn character, 
 and many present were moved to tears. The Arch- 
 bishop of Dublin gave the address, in which he said : 
 ' Dear brethren in the Lord, before we proceed to invoke 
 the aid of the Holy Spirit in that ancient hymn which 
 has come down to us from primitive times, and Ijcfore I 
 proceed to the solemn rite which we are to celebrate 
 to-day, I desire to say a few words with regard to the 
 position I occupy to-da}'. I wish it to be clearly 
 understood that I claim no jurisdiction or authority 
 in this Reformed Church beyond that which this 
 Church has invited me to assume. Nor do I come here 
 to obtrude my services upon you contrary to the canons 
 of the ancient Catholic Church. According to those 
 canons a bishop, before undertaking duties outside of 
 liis diocese, is bound to consult the bishops of his pro- 
 vince, and to act in accordance with them. I have 
 consulted with the bishops of the Church to which I 
 belong, and 1 am to-day acting with their sanction. 
 
The Madrid Cui'R(Ii. 55 
 
 "' These canons also require a l^ishop not to under- 
 take such duties without request havini^^ been made to him. 
 I come to you to-day at the earnest invitation of your 
 Church, to undertake the duties which you cannot at 
 present carry out for yourselves. I did not think it neces- 
 sary to consult the bishop of the territorial diocese of 
 Madrid, for I would not do .so much injustice to his 
 Christian charity and his common-sense as to suppo.se 
 that he would claim jurisdiction over those who are 
 practically excommunicate from his fold. In the cause, 
 then, of religious liberty and of Christian charity, and 
 at the request of the Reformed Church, I am here to 
 perform this office. 
 
 " ' I also wish to say that I do not desire to do 
 anything contrary to the laws of this countr\-. I am 
 thankful for the measure of toleration which now exists, 
 and if difficulties have appeared, I feel convinced that 
 they have been caused by some misunderstanding, and 
 that the authorities, when they find that they have been 
 under a mistake, will desire at once to set matters 
 right. Our brother who is to be atlmitted to the priest- 
 hood to-day will be ordained under e.\;cei)tional circum- 
 stances. Upon his head will be laid the hands of 
 representatives of different Churches and of many races, 
 who thus manifest their unity in Christ.' 
 
 " The ordination service was then held, during which 
 about ninety persons partook of the Holy Communion, 
 and sixteen were confirmed." 
 
 It was a significant fact that the well-known Senor 
 Emilio Castclar called at the hotel the following morning 
 and remained to breakfast. 
 
 The next day El Globo, a leading Liberal journal 
 had an editorial article upon the subject, in which the 
 
56 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 writer said : " It is disgraceful that the Archbishop of 
 Dubhn should return to his country, and there bear 
 witness to the intolerance which rules here. But it is, 
 above all, unjust and illegal to ignore a sacred right 
 which the Protestants invoke in order freely to hold 
 their religious services under the shelter of the constitu- 
 tion." 
 
 Thus the consecration of the church was postponed. 
 Great was the disappointment to the Reformers, and yet 
 there was something to encourage them. The facts 
 above related called public attention to their work, and, 
 no doubt, greatly stimulated its progress. For nearly 
 twelve months the dedication was necessarily delayed, 
 but the day came when not only was their church con- 
 secrated but their Bishop also, and that without let or 
 hindrance. The account of this is given in another 
 chapter. One vexatious order still remains unrescinded. 
 j The main door at the west of the church opening upon 
 I the street is not allowed to be opened ; the congregation 
 I must enter by a side door. Let us hope that this 
 restriction will soon be taken away. Thank God, all 
 is finished now and paid for, and this beautiful block of 
 buildings raised to the glory of God will doubtless 
 be, for many a year to come, a centre of strength to the 
 Reformers in Madrid, and in other parts of Spain. Too 
 much cannot be said of the self-sacrifice of his Grace 
 the Archbishop of Dublin, who by his perseverance and 
 generosity secured the necessary funds. The church 
 and site is being transferred to a company formed in 
 London, with power to hold property in Spain for the 
 use of the Reformed Church. 
 
^7 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE LAMBETH CONFERENCES AND THE REFORMED 
 CnURCHKS. 
 
 It may be well, before proceeding further with our 
 narrative, to review briefly the steps taken from the 
 first for obtaining" the transmission of the episcopate to 
 the Reformed Churches of Spain and Portugal. 
 
 The difflculty of obtaining the services of any 
 Bishop of the Anglican Communion for ordinations and 
 confirmations was keenly felt by the Reformers at the 
 very earliest stage of their movement. Accordingly, 
 when the press gave notice of the first Lambeth 
 Conference of Bishops as about to meet in July, 1878, 
 it was resolved that this was a fitting opportunity to 
 make known the need and press the case, and a 
 Memorial was drawn up by the nine congregations, 
 which then formed the combined organisation of the 
 two Churches, in the following terms and duly presented 
 to the Conference : — 
 
 " Memorial from Reformed Congregations in 
 Spain and Portugal to the Bishops of the Church of 
 England. 
 
 " To the Right Reverend the Archbishops and 
 Bishops of the Church of England. 
 
 " We, the undersigned members of the Spanish and 
 Portuguese Reformed Episcopal Church, venture to 
 address your Lordships on a matter of grave importance 
 
58 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 to the well-being of our Church, and, as we believe, to 
 the cause of religious reformation in the Peninsula. 
 Though terming ourselves Episcopal, we are so as yet 
 only in name and principle, and we would therefore 
 earnestly request your Lordships to consecrate a Bishop 
 for us — the first Bishop of an independent Peninsular 
 Church. 
 
 " Our reasons for venturing to hope that you will 
 take this request into your favourable consideration are 
 as follows : — 
 
 "Convinced that an ah intra reformation of the 
 Roman Catholic Church in the Peninsula is impossible, 
 we have formed a separate Church, and are working 
 under a Society — the Spanish and Portuguese Church 
 Missions, which has as its patrons two of the Bishops of 
 your Church. 
 
 " Convinced, too, that you sympathise with the work 
 of reformation in the Peninsula, we would urge upon 
 you most earnestly our belief that a church framed as 
 regards both doctrine and discipline upon the model 
 of the Church of England is the best fitted and most 
 likely to meet with wide and permanent success. 
 
 " A (so-called) episcopal work having now been in 
 existence both in Spain and Portugal for ten years, 
 there is a great and urgent necessity that we should 
 have a Bishop at our head to ordain our candidates 
 for the ministry, to confirm our children, to assist and 
 direct us in the work of organisation, to unite us more 
 closely together, and to encourage both our workers and 
 our congregations generally by Christian counsel and 
 supervision. 
 
 " Some of our candidates for the ministry have been 
 awaiting ordination for years, and have as la}'men 
 
The LambI'.tii Co.m'erencEs. 59 
 
 ministered during that time to congregations who have 
 been dei^endent for the sacraments upon the occasional 
 visits of an episcoi)all)' ordained minister. 
 
 " We beheve that the possession of the episcopate 
 would give us a far better position in our contest with 
 the Roman Catholic Church, and woukl draw into our 
 ranks many who, while alive to the corruptions of Rome, 
 feel a strong objection to uniting themselves with a 
 Church which is not episcopal. 
 
 " Wc would respectfully call your Lordships' attention 
 to the following declaration of our principles, which, with 
 the exception of some necessary alterations, is the same 
 as that of the Church of Ireland. 
 
 " (a) The Spanish and Portuguese Reformed Epis- 
 copal Church accepts and unfeignedly believes all the 
 Canonical Scriptures of the Old and New Testament as 
 given by inspiration of God, and containing all things 
 necessary to salvation, and desires ever to hold the faith 
 of Christ as professed by the Primitive Church. 
 
 " (3) The Spanish and Portuguese Reformed Epis- 
 copal Church will continue to minister the doctrine and 
 sacraments and the discipline of Christ, as the Lord 
 hath commanded, and will maintain inviolate the three 
 orders of Bishops, Priests, Deacons, in the sacred 
 ministry. 
 
 " (7) This Church as a Protestant Church affirms its 
 constant witness against all these innovations in doctrine 
 and worship whereby the primitive faith has been from 
 time to time defaced and overlaid. 
 
 " (S) This Church retains and approves the Book of 
 the Articles of Religion, common!}' called the Thirty- 
 nine Articles, together with the Book of Common Prayer 
 and administration of the sacraments, and other rites 
 
6o Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 and ceremonies of the Church, and the form and manner 
 of making, ordaining and consecrating of Bishops, Priests, 
 and Deacons, according to the use of the Church of 
 England, and this Church will continue to use the same, 
 subject to such alterations as may be made therein from 
 time to time by the lawful authority of the Church. 
 
 " (e) This Church will maintain communion with the 
 Church of England, and with all other Christian 
 Churches agreeing in the principles of this declaration, 
 and will set forward, so far as in it lieth, quietness and 
 peace and love among all Christian people. 
 
 " (77) This Church as regards organisation hopes to 
 constitute itself as far as possible upon the model of the 
 Anglican Churches, differing from them only in such 
 matters as the circumstances of the Peninsula may 
 render advisable. 
 
 " We would further urge upon your Lordships that it 
 is important, both for other reasons and to draw closer 
 the bonds of union between ourselves and the Anglican 
 Communion, that our first Bishop should be a clergyman 
 of the Church of England, and we would suggest the 
 extreme advisability that he should be one who is 
 acquainted with the character of the people of the 
 Peninsula, and able to speak both Spanish and Portu- 
 guese. Should your Lordships feel enabled to consecrate 
 a Bishop for us, we would wish to leave the nomination 
 of our first Bishop in the hands of his Grace the Lord 
 Archbishop of Canterbury and the Right Rev. the Lord 
 Bishop of London. Should your Lordships, on the 
 contrary, feel unable to consecrate for us, we venture to 
 beg you in that case to kindly take such steps as may 
 enable us to procure the episcopate from the Church of 
 Ireland, and under these circumstances we should desire 
 
The Lambeth Coneenences. 6\ 
 
 to leave the nomination of our first Bishop in the hands 
 of the Irish Primate, the Lord Bishop of Armagh. 
 
 " Should your Lordships bestow upon us the epis- 
 copate, you will do us an act of brotherly kindness for 
 which we shall be for ever grateful, and we believe that 
 you will do very much to bring about unity of action 
 and sentiment in reformation work in the Peninsula, as 
 well as to give a powerful impetus to that work itself 
 
 " Awaiting your reply, which the Director of the 
 Spanish and Portuguese Church Missions, the Rev, 
 L. S. Tugwell, will kindly receive for us, praying that 
 the God of all grace will bless you and enable you to 
 help us in this very important matter, and asking for 
 your Christian sympathy and prayers, we are, with much 
 respect, your Lordships' obedient, humble servants : — " 
 
 (Here follow the signatures of native Spanish and 
 Portuguese missionaries and churchwardens of nine 
 congregations.) 
 
 This memorial was laid before a Committee of 
 Bishops at the Lambeth Conference (1878) and con- 
 sidered by them. The following resolution was 
 unanimously adopted: "That your Committee, having 
 carefully considered a memorial addressed to the Arch- 
 bishops and Bishops of the Church of England by four 
 priests and certain other members of the Spanish and 
 Portuguese Reformed P2piscopal Church, praying for the 
 consecration of a Bishop, cannot but express their hearty 
 sympathy with the memorialists in the difficulties of 
 their position, and having heard a statement on the 
 subject of the proposed extension of the episcopate to 
 Mexico by the American Church, they venture to 
 suggest that, when a Bishop shall have been consecrated 
 by the American Church for Mexico, he might be 
 
62 Church Reform /.v Spaix and Portccal. 
 
 induced to visit Spain and Portugal and render such 
 assistance at this stage of the movement as may seem to 
 him practicable and advisable." 
 
 Acting upon this resolution, the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury (Tait) sent the following communication — 
 
 " Now we, Archibald Campbell, by Divine Providence 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, having taken into consider- 
 ation the foregoing resolutions, and having likewise been 
 informed that the Right Rev. Henry Chauncey Riley, 
 D.D., consecrated to be Bishop of the Valley of Mexico, 
 is ready to visit Spain and Portugal for the purpose of 
 advising and otherwise assisting the members of the 
 aforesaid Spanish and Portuguese Reformed Episcopal 
 Church, do hereby commend the said Right Rev. Henry 
 Chauncey Riley, D.D., to the sympathy and goodwill of 
 the faithful in Christ Jesus. Given at Lambeth under 
 our hand and Archiepiscopal seal, this nineteenth day of 
 December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight 
 hundred and seventy-nine, and in the eleventh year of 
 our translation. 
 
 " (Signed) A. C. Cantuar." 
 
 Bishop Riley having received the foregoing letter of 
 commendation, wrote on the 29th of December to the 
 Rev. L. S. Tugwell, stating that he proposed to visit the 
 Peninsula in the spring of the following year. Bishop 
 Riley had also received a letter of encouragement and 
 sympathy from the Most Rev. Lord Plunket, Bishop of 
 Meath. 
 
 Accordingly, in February, 1880, we find Bishop 
 Riley in Madrid, where he received a hearty welcome 
 from the congregation attending the ministry of the Rev. 
 Juan B. Cabrera. The Bishop attended a large gathering 
 
The Lambeth Coseerences. 6i 
 
 on February 24th, when it was decided definitely to join 
 with the congregations in Seville and Malaga for the 
 purpose of constituting a Spanish Reformed Church. 
 The congregation present accepted without a dissentient 
 voice the general bases of discipline which had been 
 proposed, and named a parish junt(X for the >'ear, giving 
 to it the faculty of electing a delegate to the General 
 Synod about to be held. 
 
 At the beginning of March, the first General Synod ^ 
 of the Spanish Church was held in Seville, and was 
 attended by clergy and delegates from the churches of 
 Madrid, Seville, and Malaga. The Bishop of the Valley 
 of Mexico presided. The general bases of discipline 
 which had been previously accepted by the congregations 
 were received and adopted, the Spanish Episcopal 
 Church was formally constituted, and the Rev. Juan 
 B. Cabrera was unanimously elected as Bishop-elect for 
 the Reformed Church. Until the Bishop-elect should 
 be consecrated. Bishop Riley was asked to exercise his 
 episcopal functions in the church. In this capacity he 
 ordained as Deacon and subsequently as Presbyter, Don 
 J. Domingucz, the Pastor at Malaga. Schor Dominguez 
 had been educated in England for five years, and since 
 his return to Spain, four years previously, had worked in 
 Malaga, and given them full proof of his aptness for the 
 ministry. 
 
 The following month a communication was sent from 
 the Synod of the Spanish Church to the Standing Com- 
 mittee of the Lambeth Conference. The following 
 extracts from this document will be of interest : — 
 
 " The Spanish Church declares herself to be the 
 faithful guardian and teacher of the Moly Scriptures, the 
 only rule of faith and life, and to maintain and tcacli the 
 
64 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 faith once delivered to the saints. She preserves and 
 administers the two sacraments of Baptism and the Holy 
 Communion, maintains the orders of Bishops, Presbyters, 
 and Deacons of the Primitive Church, and recognises, as 
 her Governor and Head, the Lord and Redeemer Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
 "The Spanish Church has its basis of general discipline. 
 Its first Diocesan Synod and its first General Synod 
 were held in Seville during the month of March this 
 year, when both were attended by the much-valued 
 presence of the Right Rev. H. C. Riley, D.D., to whose 
 wise counsels it is largely and gratefully indebted. The 
 Spanish Church in its national character is now forming 
 a liturgy based on the ancient Mozarabic rite, * and 
 necessary steps have been taken that in accord with the 
 Church of Mexico, and with its valuable co-operation, 
 results may be expected which shall fully satisfy the 
 desire of possessing a liturgy which may be used in 
 every country where the Spanish language is spoken, 
 and serve as a bond of union among the Hispanian 
 Churches. We believe in Christian unity. We believe 
 in the Communion of Saints, and are convinced that 
 this fellowship is formed by the bonds of faith, made 
 fast by those of love. In this assurance we apply to 
 you, asking your fellowship, friendship, and sympathies. 
 Pray for us, enlighten us with your mature counsel, and 
 
 * By the term Mozarabic Liturgy is meant the liturgy in general use in 
 the Spanish Church from the time of St. Isidore of Seville, who, about the 
 beginning of the 7th century, arranged it in its present form, until the nth 
 century, when it was set aside (except in one or two places) through Romish 
 influence. As to the name Mozarabic, Neale says: "The real derivation 
 is simple enough : Arab, Arabe signifying an Arab by descent (like 
 Hebrew of the Hebrews) : Arab, Most Arabe, an Arab by adoption, the 
 latter term having been gradually softened and applied to the liturgy," 
 
The Lamdetu Conferences. 65 
 
 strengthen our hands with a little out of the abundance 
 of those good things wherewith the Lord in His loving 
 kindness has blessed you. It is a great privilege to 
 have brethren unto whom we may turn, and surely it is 
 no less a privilege to be able to succour and defend the 
 feeble, and those who are in want. The Spanish Church 
 looks to you for assistance, and asks you to receive her 
 friendship, love, and profound gratitude. . 
 
 " We venture to indicate some of our pressing neces- ^ 
 sities. It is indispensable that a theological seminary be 
 established as soon as possible, unless our Church has 
 to be indefinitely confined within its present circum- 
 scribed limits. Our anxiety on this point is very great. 
 
 "We also desire a church in Madrid. The largest 
 Spanish congregation is unquestionably that of El 
 Redentor, in this city. 
 
 " The building in which its services are held is an old 
 ruinous house quite inadequate to meet the demands 
 made upon it, while its annual rent is £\6o, a sum 
 kindly provided by some good brethren in Holland. 
 The architects advise us to leave the house on account 
 of its dilapidated state, but hitherto no opportunity has 
 occurred for doing so. We are anxious that when a 
 change is made the congregation should have a church 
 purposely built upon a site of historic associations. 
 During the year 1869, when the question of religious / 
 liberty was discussed in the Spanish Parliament, by a 
 coincidence, the works for extending the boundaries of 
 Madrid were being carried on at the same time. In 
 these works the line of a street passed through the 
 centre of a site called the ' Qiieniaderol where the 
 horrible aiitos de fe were anciently celebrated. Ashes 
 of the martyrs were discovered, and many had the 
 
 K 
 
66 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 privilege of finding precious relics. To the said street had 
 been given the significant name of Carranza. Upon the 
 Ouemadero, the actual spot of the aiitos de fc — upon 
 this land bedewed by the blood of martyrs, if it be 
 possible to buy it — we desire to raise a church, suitable 
 buildings for schools, and a theological seminary, and 
 are confident that with your aid this may be speedily 
 accomplished. A good church upon this spot would 
 not only supply a great want felt in Madrid, but would 
 also be a permanent protest against the intolerance and 
 barbarity of Romanism, the triumph of truth over error, 
 and the most appropriate resting-place for the ashes of 
 the victims of the Inquisition. But whether on this spot 
 or elsewhere, the Spanish Church requires a place of 
 worship and seminary which shall form the centre of its 
 
 work throughout the country Apprising 
 
 you that we have conferred full powers of representation 
 upon the Right Rev. H. C. Riley, D.D., and the Rev. 
 L. S. Tugwell, from whom full information may be 
 obtained, we conclude, praying to the Lord for your 
 spiritual and temporal welfare, and by offering you the 
 dutiful homage of our Christian love and gratitude. In 
 name and by charge of the General Synod of the Spanish 
 Church. 
 
 ''{Signed) Juan B. Caimulka, Bishop-EIcct. 
 Andres Sauchez del Real, 
 
 Secj-etcDj. 
 ''Madrid, April ^rd, 1880." 
 
 We have given in another chapter the account of the 
 rise and progress of the Portuguese (or Lusitanian) 
 Reformed Church, and have referred to the fact that 
 representatives from Portugal joined with those of Spain 
 in the original petition to tlie Lambeth Conference. In 
 
The Lambeth Conferences. 67 
 
 accordance with the resolution of that Conference, 
 Bishop Riley paid a visit to Portugal and explained 
 to the congregations there how the question stood. 
 After this visit the Lusitanian Church gathered in 
 S>'nod and addressed a communication to the Standing 
 Committee of the Conference, some extracts from which 
 we will now give, omitting those portions which arc 
 common to the Spanish letter quoted above. After 
 expressing gratitude for the warm sympathy manifested 
 by the Conference, and referring to the visit of Dr. 
 Riley in pursuance of the resolution then passed, the 
 Synod said : — 
 
 " At the time of the Bishop's visit, our Church was 
 composed of three congregations. Since that time two 
 other congregations have decided to join us, and we are 
 now taking the necessary measures to complete the 
 union, and bring them within our organisation. Our 
 Church therefore consists at present' of five congre- 
 gations, each of which has its school attached. Each 
 cono-ref^ation has a minister at its head. Of these 
 ministers, four are in priest's orders ; the fifth is a 
 layman. 
 
 " Believing that a reformation from within the Church 
 of Rome is impossible, we have accordingly separated 
 from her, and formed our present Church, which, instead 
 of being Roman and foreign, is national and Portu- 
 guese, and seeks to give to every dweller in this 
 kingdom the pure Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. 
 
 "As regards our faith, liturgy, and government, 
 we have bound ourselves )iot to teach any doctrine 
 contrary to the Thirty-nine Articles of faith of the) 
 Anglican Communion. 
 
 "We omit the thirty-fifth Article as the Homilies 
 
 F 2 
 
68 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 do not exist in Portuguese. We also omit the local 
 allusions in the other Articles, and the clause which 
 permits capital punishment, inasmuch as this penalty 
 has been abolished in this kingdom. We have al\va}'s 
 used the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of 
 England, and we have now solemnly adopted it, subject 
 only to such alterations as the supreme authority in our 
 Church may deem fit to make in it, in order to adapt it 
 to the circumstances of this country. And as regards 
 Church government, we desire to retain the episcopal 
 form, because we deem it to be most conformable to the 
 teaching of the sacred Scriptures and the practice of the 
 Primitive Church. In fine, we have thus always sought 
 to maintain Evangelical truth and Apostolical order. 
 
 " We accept the Bible as the only rule of faith ; we 
 uphold the great Catholic doctrines of the Unity in 
 Trinity and the Trinity in Unity, of the divinity and all- 
 sufficient atonement of the Saviour, of justification by 
 faith, and sanctification by the blessed Spirit of God. 
 Following the Primitive Church, we admit two sacra- 
 ments only — Baptism and the Supper of the Lord ; and 
 desiring in all things to conform to the primitive model, 
 we have adopted episcopal regimen and a liturgical 
 service. 
 
 " Such, then, are our principles ; you cannot fail to 
 sympathise with us, and if you sympathise with our 
 principles, we are sure you will also sympathise with our 
 wants. We need your sympathy, your prayers, and 
 your help. Our people are poor, and are face to face 
 with a dominant and hostile Church ; they cannot as yet 
 maintain their Church. Like the woman at Bethany^ 
 they have done what they could for the Lord, and each 
 year they endeavour to do morej but it is almost certain 
 
The Lambeth Coxfekexces. 69 
 
 that for a good many )'ears )'ct to come, this incipiL-nt 
 Reformed Church will have to lean in a great measure 
 upon foreign help. We need a training college for our 
 ministers and teachers. We need churches. At present 
 we have not one church building in the capital. 
 
 " Our congregations meet in private houses, and we 
 are convinced that as long as wc do not possess edifices 
 consecrated to and dul\- fitted up for the worship of God, 
 it will be difficult to attract the wealthier classes to our 
 services. We desire to thank you very cordially for the 
 kindness which you have shown us in time past, and we 
 pray to God, the Giver of all good and perfect gifts, to 
 bless you abundantly, through Jesus Christ our Lord. 
 We are, with the deepest respect, 
 
 " T. Godfrey P. Pope, President of tJie Synod. 
 J. J. DA Costa Almeida, Rio de Monro. 
 
 RODRIQUES LOBO, „ „ 
 
 J. M. Chaves, ^ 67/// ;r/^ of fesns, Lisbon. 
 
 JcsE G. Bandoin „ 
 
 Candido De Souza, Secretary and Minister 
 
 of St. PanPs, Lisbon. 
 J. G. D'Arango Velloso „ „ „ 
 
 '' Lisbon, fnly i()t//, 1880." 
 
 For the next eight years, until the meeting of the 
 Conference at Lambeth in 1888, the questions of the 
 consecration of Bishops for these churches was in 
 abeyance. The reports, however, show that the work 
 of evangelisation and organisation went on vigorously, 
 with a steady increase both of congregations and 
 members. The publication of the liturgy and its hearty 
 use in all the congregations formed a new and happy bond 
 
70 Church Reform /.v Spain and Portugal. 
 
 of union, and a report most gratifying to all concerned 
 was presented to the Lambeth Conference of 1888. Much 
 anxiety was felt by all friends of reform in Spain and 
 Portugal as the time drew near, but all felt that the 
 cause being represented there by his Grace the Arch- 
 bishop of Dublin — so warm and tried a friend, and one so 
 well acquainted with all the details of the movement — 
 everything possible would be done, so that there might 
 be no further delay. It will be remembered that no 
 report of speeches made in the Conference is made 
 public ; only the conclusions arrived at are given. With 
 regard to this special question, the following resolutions 
 .were passed nein. con. : — • 
 
 "(i) That with regard to the Reformers in Italy 
 France, Spain, and Portugal, struggling to free them- 
 selves from the burden of unlawful terms of communion 
 we trust they may be enabled to adopt such sound 
 forms of doctrine and discipline, and to secure such 
 Catholic organisation, as will permit us to give them a 
 fuller recognition. . 
 
 "(2) That without desiring to interfere with the rights 
 of Bishops of the Catholic Church to interfere in cases 
 of extreme necessity, we deprecate any action that 
 does not regard primitive and established principles 01 
 jurisdiction and the interests of the whole Anglican 
 Communion." 
 
 Now arose the question as to the meaning of the 
 resolutions. It seemed quite clear to the friends of the 
 Reformers that the Bishops of the Anglican Communion 
 had re-affirmed their offer of help to those who are 
 endeavouring to free themselves from the yoke of error 
 and superstition, and moreover that they had repudiated 
 the idea that those who for conscience' sake resist the 
 
The Lambeth Conferences. 71 
 
 novel doctrines of the Roman Church arc to be rcc^ardcd 
 as schismatics. 
 
 It was equally manifest that the Bishops had ex- 
 pressed the hope that these Reformers might be enabled 
 to secure such Catholic organisation as would permit 
 them to give on some future occasion a " fuller re- 
 cognition." By no means did it seem possible to gather 
 that it had been the intention of the Conference to put 
 any bar in the way of the consecration of a Bishop. It 
 was only necessary that any who might be called to act 
 in the matter should satisfy themselves as to the need, 
 and proceed with the caution demanded by the im- 
 portance of the action, and carefully guarding against 
 the use of any territorial title such as might imply an 
 infringement of the rights of any other Bishop, or that 
 the new Bishop desired to claim jurisdiction over any 
 but those of his own communion. For this all friends of 
 reform were deeply thankful, and hopes were raised high 
 that ere long the reproach of an imperfect organisation 
 might be removed. But the one most competent to 
 speak and explain the mind of the Conference was the 
 Archbishop of Dublin himself, and his statement was 
 anxiously awaited. 
 
 It so happened that the annual meeting of the Society 
 was held a few days after the close of the Conference, 
 when the looked-for statement was made. His Grace 
 said : " But there is another lesson to be learned from 
 this Conference and from the Report which it has just 
 issued. Coincidently with this uprising of the Anglican 
 Communion in its new strength [of which he had just 
 spoken] we find among the lapsed Churches of the 
 Roman Communion throughout the world a widespread 
 craving for reform upon the primitive model ; and they 
 
J 2 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 who are thus returning to the old paths seem all to 
 regard the Anglican Communion as the one centre to 
 which to look for sympathy and help in the hour of 
 their perplexit}' and need. Let us see, then, how this 
 remarkable coincidence affects our own position in con- 
 nection with the Reformation work in Spain. In the 
 first place it reminds us that this work is not an isolated 
 movement, due to some local, spasmodic, transitory cause, 
 but that it is part of a larger movement — a movement 
 so general and so real that we can trace it to nothing 
 else than the operations of that Spirit by whom the 
 whole body of the Church is governed and sanctified. 
 We cannot but feel, as we contemplate it, somewhat of 
 the awe which the prophet experienced when in vision 
 he saw the shaking amidst the dry bones. We see the 
 fig-tree and all the trees putting forth, as it were, 
 their leaves, and we know that the redemption of these 
 nations is drawing nigh. 
 
 " Once more, not only do we behold these Re- 
 formers turning toward the Anglican Communion with 
 a cry for help, but in this Report of the Lambeth Con- 
 ference which I hold in my hand we find a ready 
 response to their appeal. We find the Committee 
 to whom these questions were referred repudiating the 
 notion that those who have been excommunicated from 
 the Roman Church are necessarily to be considered as 
 schismatics from the Catholic Church of Christ. We 
 find them reaffirming the offer of help and sympathy 
 made by the Conference of 1878 to those who were 
 endeavouring to free themselves from the yoke of error 
 and superstition ; in other words, we find that by the 
 imprimatur of this Conference the very course which 
 has been adopted by this Society is now described as 
 
The Lambeth CoyEEREXcEs. 73 
 
 the course that ought to be followed by the Church at 
 large. But there is another feature in the Report of 
 the Conference which has a special interest in our eyes. 
 Man\' of us have been looking forward with no little 
 anxiety to the possible result of this Conference in 
 relation to the proposed consecration of a Bishop for 
 the Reformed Church of Spain, and there have been 
 fears lest some utterance might be made which would 
 close the door against the accomplishment of this object. 
 Such fears, as we now learn, were groundless. The 
 Conference has not, indeed, recommended that a Bishop 
 should be so consecrated ; but this was neither cx[)ected 
 nor (as I, who brought the subject before the Con- 
 ference, can testify) was it asked. And for this simple 
 reason : before definitely recommending such a step, 
 it would have been necessary for the Conference to 
 satisfy itself upon several points into which it was 
 impossible for it, in the time at its disposal, to enter. 
 The Bishops would have had to prosecute inquiries as 
 to the reality and extent of the movement, the sound- 
 ness of faith of those engaged in it, and the fitness of 
 the person on whose behalf consecration was sought. 
 This was manifestly out of their power. But let us 
 see what the Report of the Conference does say upon 
 the subject. It has expressed its sympathy with the 
 ' brave and earnest men ' who are seeking ' to free 
 themselves from the burden of unlawful terms of 
 communion.' It trusts they may be enabled to secure 
 such ' Catholic organisation ' — in other words, such an 
 episcopate of their own — as may permit of a fuller 
 recognition of their position. It enjoins caution in the 
 taking of so grave a step, but it admits the rights of 
 Bishops of the Catholic Church to interfere in cases of 
 
74 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 ' extreme necessity,' merely deprecating any action that 
 does not regard ' primitive and established principles of 
 jurisdiction.' 
 
 " Such, briefly, is the pronouncement of the Con- 
 ference. It remains to ask what is meant by this 
 reference to S^aQ. principles of primitive jurisdiction. One 
 thing it clearly cannot mean. It cannot mean that a 
 Bishop has no right, under any circumstances, to exer- 
 cise his episcopal ofifice within the diocese (geographic- 
 ally defined) of another Bishop unles:. with that Bishop's 
 consent. Such a pronouncement would involve a con- 
 demnation of the old Catholic Church of Holland, 
 whose Archbishop did this very thing when conse 
 crating Bishop Reinkens, and whose ' dignified and 
 independent ' position is in this very Report recognised 
 with thankfulness. Such a prohibition would also con- 
 demn the whole body of the American Bishops who 
 recently signed a declaration asserting not only their right 
 but their duty under certain circumstances to adopt such 
 a course ; and who, in the case of Mexico and Hayti, 
 have put that assertion into practice. 
 
 " It would also condemn the Church of England for 
 authorising a Bishop of Gibraltar to exercise his epis- 
 copal office in dioceses under the jurisdiction of Roman 
 Catholic Bishops, whose permission for so doing he is 
 not expected to obtain. 
 
 " What, then, do these words mean 1 Simply this : 
 that in the event of a Bishop being consecrated for one 
 of these Reformed communities, he ought not to claim 
 jurisdiction over any flock save his own, or to assume 
 any territorial title wherefrom such a claim might be 
 inferred. Such a condition was observed in the case of 
 Bishop Reinkens, whose conduct in this respect is 
 
The Lambeth Conferences. 75 
 
 praised elsewhere in the Report. To follow this ex- 
 ample would seem reasonable. But that a Bishop 
 should be precluded from ministering to the needs of 
 those who, having been excommunicated and disowned 
 by the Church of Rome, no longer belong to her flock, 
 is an assertion which would be altogether inconsistent 
 with the spirit of ancient usage, and which, as I have 
 shown, could not have been intended by those who 
 framed the resolution in which these words are found. 
 Let me add that when in our sub-committee it was 
 proposed to insert these words in the Report, I asked 
 for a definite explanation of their meaning, and it was 
 only on receiving an assurance that the interpretation I 
 have put on them was a legitimate one that I consented 
 to their being made a part of our Report. 
 
 " The result of the whole matter is that it remains 
 perfectly open to any Bishops of the Anglican Com- 
 munion to consecrate a Bishop for the Reformed Church 
 of Spain without thereby running counter to the 
 pronouncements of the Lambeth Conference, provided 
 only that they proceed with the caution demanded by 
 the gravity of such a step, and take special care that 
 there shall not be conveyed to the Bishop so consecrated 
 any such territorial title as would 'imply a claim on his 
 part to jurisdiction over others not belonging to his 
 own flock." 
 
 This explanation gave great satisfaction to all who 
 heard it, and through the press to the thousands of 
 Church people in England and Ireland who liad been 
 anxiously awaiting it. But, alas ! from this time there 
 sprung up an agitation in England with regard to the 
 question which caused a serious delay. The extreme 
 party — more, it is to be feared, in s}-mpathy with Rome 
 
76 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 than with the Reformers — raised objections on various 
 grounds : some on the subject of jurisdiction, and others 
 on some supposed defects in the Hturgy ; and the war 
 waged hotly in the Church press for many weeks. 
 
 Many of the objections arose from lack of full 
 information of the facts, and were completely answered 
 by Lord Plunket and others, who did all that was 
 possible to give explanations and facts, and to remove 
 false impressions. Questions were asked in Convo- 
 cations, gravamens put forth, and petitions presented 
 on both sides. All this had its effect. Some few 
 wavering in their allegiance to the work were influenced 
 to stay their hand, but old friends were firmer than ever, 
 and many new friends were found who had only become 
 fully acquainted with the work through the agitation 
 about this question of the consecration. 
 
 Much anxiety was felt about the meeting of the Irish 
 Bench of Bishops which was to be held in the early part 
 of 1889, and the worst fears were realised when the 
 following resolutions were made public, adopted at a 
 meeting of the Bishops on February 19th of that year. 
 
 " (i) That in reply to the memorials presented to us by 
 the Reformed Episcopal Churches of Spain and Portugal, 
 a message be sent to the following effect : — That we, the 
 Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of Ireland, 
 continue to watch with unabated interest the efforts in 
 which the memorialists are engaged, and cordially 
 appreciate their desire for that further episcopal 
 organisation without which their work of Church Reform 
 must remain incomplete. But while willing to aid them 
 so far as we legitimately can in securing the object 
 which they have in view, we cannot shut our eyes to the 
 wide difference of opinion which exists among the 
 
The Lambeth Conferences. jj 
 
 members of the Anglican Communion gencrall}', and 
 even among ourselves, concerning many questions, some 
 of principle, to which the prayer of the memorialists has 
 given rise ; and more particularly as to how far a 
 compliance b)- the Irish Episcopate with that praj'cr 
 would be in accord with the resolutions of the Lambeth 
 Conference, to which body this matter was formally 
 submitted at our instance. Nor can we ignore the 
 doubts entertained by some as to whether the con- 
 secration by us of a Bishop for a foreign Church, and 
 the use for such a purpose of a service differing from 
 that prescribed in our own ordinal, is within our 
 competence. 
 
 " Under these circumstances, we are compelled, in 
 the interests of unity and peace throughout our own 
 Church, and the Anglican Communion at large, to in- 
 form the memorialists that we cannot see our way to 
 comply with their prayer. But, while so saying, we 
 would express our hope that they may before long 
 succeed in obtaining the aid for which they seek, from 
 some source where the difficulties which embarrass us do 
 not exist ; and sincerely do we trust that they may 
 secure thereby even a larger measure of sympathy and 
 support than, in the event of our compliance, they might 
 have reason to expect. 
 
 "(2) The Archbishop of Dublin having intimated to 
 us his intention of shortly visiting Spain and Portugal, 
 we hereby request him to convey to the memorialists 
 the message contained in the foregoing resolution." 
 
 It was a great disappointment to all concerned, and 
 one began to fear a very long delay before the accom- 
 plishment of our hopes. Especially must it have been 
 a disappointment to the Archbishop of Dublin. But 
 
78 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 instead of angrily resisting the judgment of his brethren, 
 his Grace gave up for the time his cherished desire, 
 while he retained his resolution to help his Spanish 
 brethren, as he felt they so sorely needed. " A man of 
 less even temper, we might say of less spiritual mind, 
 might easily have been led to wash his hands of the 
 matter and to throw upon his opponents . . . the 
 responsibility of letting things in the Peninsula run their 
 course and of seeing the disappointed aspirants to 
 government by Bishops absorbed by Presbyterianism or 
 inorganic Protestantism." 
 
 Very soon after this decision Lord Plunket paid his 
 third visit to Spain, to convey the message of the Irish 
 Bishops and to consult with the Reformers as to the 
 next step. Following upon this visit, his Grace paid a 
 visit to Germany, and made formal application to 
 Bishop Reinkens, of the Old Catholic Church, and 
 through him to Bishop Hertzog, of the Old Catholic 
 Church in Switzerland, as to whether they could take 
 part in the proposed consecration. But here unexpected 
 difficulties arose and the negotiation fell through. A 
 visit was also arranged to America for consultation with 
 the American Church, but this was prevented by the 
 serious illness and death of Lady Plunket. 
 
 We pass on now to notice an agitation that arose on 
 jjaccount of the action of his Grace in ordaining Mr. 
 lAndrew Cassels, of Oporto, to the deaconate, as it forms 
 an important link in our story. Lord Plunket had 
 promised to perform episcopal functions for these 
 Reformed Churches at their request, until they should 
 obtain a Bishop of their own, and in the year 189 1 
 ordained Mr. Andrew Cassels — long tried in the work — 
 to minister to the congregation at Candal, a suburb of 
 
The Lambeth Coneehences. 79 
 
 Oporto. This action of his Grace caused an unwarrant- 
 able amount of criticism, and grav^anicns were introduced 
 into the lower Houses of Convocation, both in the 
 northern and southern provinces, in which an attempt 
 w^as made to censure the iXrchbishop. But good arose 
 out of this, for it caused considerable irritation in 
 the Irish Church, which, occupying as it does an in- 
 dependent position, did not consider itself amenable to 
 such animadversions. The natural result was the strength- 
 ening of the Archbi.shop's hands, and the issue of the 
 following declaration from the Irish Bench of Bishops : — 
 
 " (i) That we express hereby our sympathy with the 
 Reformers in Spain and Portugal, who, under many 
 c.KCcptional difficulties, are struggling to free themselves 
 from the burden of unlawful terms of communion. 
 
 " (2) That, regarding their case as having become 
 one of extreme necessit)% and recognising the rights of 
 Bishops of the Catholic Church to interpose in such cases, 
 we do not feel called upon to protest against the action 
 contemplated by his Grace the Archbishop of Dublin, 
 who has announced his purpose of holding ordinations 
 on behalf of the Reformers in Spain and Portugal in the 
 course of the ensuing year. 
 
 " (3) That we have received with satisfaction his 
 Grace's assurance that, when carr}-ing that puri)ose into 
 effect, he will confine his ministrations within the limits 
 of those countries, and use during the laying on of hands 
 the words enjoined in the service of our own Church. 
 C. P. Meath, C. Limerick, 
 
 Al. F. Ca.siiel, R. S. Cork, 
 
 W. P. OSSORV, W. B. KiLLALOE, 
 
 S. KlLMC^RE, C. M. Clogher, 
 
 J. TUAM." 
 
8o Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 This answer to the gravamen was most gratifying, 
 showing that in the opinion of the Irish Bishops at least 
 that gravamen was unwarranted, and that, to their mind, 
 the doctrines of the Reformers did not differ in any 
 essential respect from those of their own Prayer-book. 
 The excitement drew forth a declaration of sympathy 
 from the clergy of the United Kingdom, which was 
 very largely signed. Indeed, petitions and counter- 
 petitions mark the controversy at this period, but the 
 climax was drawing near. 
 
 On February 2ist, 1894, a meeting of the Bishops 
 and Archbishops of the Irish Church was held at the 
 office of the representative body, Dublin. The Arch- 
 bishop of Dublin read the following communication to 
 the Most Rev. the Lord Primate, from the Most Rev. 
 the Lord Archbishop of Dublin, the Right Rev. the 
 Lord Bishop of Clogher, and the Right Rev. the Lord 
 Bishop of Down : — 
 
 " Most Reverend and Dear Brother in the Lord, we 
 desire to approach your Grace, and through you our 
 other brethren of the Irish episcopate, in relation to a 
 matter which has much exercised our minds of late, and 
 which we deem of great importance to the interests not 
 only of the Church of Ireland, but of the Church of 
 Christ at large. We refer to the resolutions adopted by 
 the Synods of the Spanish and Portuguese Churches 
 respectively towards the close of 1892, and made known 
 to the Irish Bishops at their meeting on the i6th of 
 March, 1893. In these resolutions, as your Grace will 
 remember, the Reformers of Spain and Portugal 
 described the great straits to which they were reduced 
 from the lack of a native episcopate, and prayed the 
 Irish Bishops under the altered circumstances of the 
 
The Lambeth Conferences. 8i 
 
 present time to reconsider the decision whicli they 
 formed when presented with similar memorials in the 
 year 1889. Upon a careful consideration of the whole 
 question, and in the lij^ht of the deliberations that have 
 since been held among ourselves upon the subject, we 
 venture to submit to our brethren the conclusion at which 
 we have felt it our duty in the sight of God to arrive. 
 It is clear to us, in the first place, that the reason given 
 by our episcopate collectively for the adoption of the 
 resolutions of 1889 was not any objection on the ground 
 of principle to a compliance with the prayer of the 
 memorialists. That decision was evidently based on 
 two principal grounds — first, 'a difference of opinion' 
 which then prevailed to such an extent as to render it 
 inexpedient, 'in the interests of unity and peace' that 
 the Irish Bishops should take such a step themselves ; 
 and secondly, a hope which was then entertained that 
 the memorialists might 'before long' succeed in obtaining 
 the aid for which they sought from some other source. 
 It has, we think, been made sufficiently plain that this 
 'difference of opinion' has undergone considerable 
 modification, especially within our own Church. It has 
 also become clear that the hopes which were entertained 
 six years ago concerning the transmission of the epis- 
 copate to these Reformers from other legitimate sources 
 have been unfortunately and hopelessly disappointed. 
 Upon these grounds alone we are of opinion that the 
 altered circumstances of the present time are such as 
 fully to justify a reconsideration of the decision arri\cd 
 at in 1889. But there is another reason for providing 
 these Reformers with a native episcopate, which touches 
 closely our relations with the sister Church of England, 
 and which has recently obtained a special prominence, 
 
 G 
 
82 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 In a resolution passed by the Lower House of the 
 Canterbury Convocation, when dealing with a kindred 
 question, complaint was made that candidates ordained 
 by an Irish Bishop for the Churches of Spain and 
 Portugal would thereby be placed on a par with clergy- 
 men ordained at home, and if appointed to home 
 benefices, might claim institution at a Bishop's hands. 
 For our own part, we deem this to be only one of the 
 many disadvantages entailed by the continuous inter- 
 vention of a Bishop from our own Church in the affairs 
 of a foreign community. That such intervention is 
 necessary and justifiable as a provisional expedient we 
 firmly hold. But believing that it prolongs friction at 
 home, and gives a handle to the enemies of Reform 
 abroad, we are strongly of opinion that the sooner the 
 present period of suspense and dissatisfaction is brought 
 to an end by the transmission of a native episcopate to 
 these Reformers, the better for the very ' interests of 
 unity and peace ' that prompted our former decision. 
 
 " Nor can we shut our eyes to the fact that in other 
 respects the lapse of time has materially strengthened 
 the claims of these memorialists. It is now almost 
 fifteen years since these Reformers first approached the 
 Irish Bishops with the same request which they are 
 making at the present time. 
 
 " During that interval they have met with sore dis- 
 couragements. They have encountered the bitter hostility 
 of open enemies ; they have been treated with apathy, 
 sometimes with obloquy, by those whom they had 
 expected to be their friends. And yet in spite of every 
 inducement to obtain the episcopate through some 
 irregular channel, or to throw in their lot with the 
 various unepiscopal denominations by which they are 
 
The Lambeth Coneerences. 83 
 
 surrounded, they have nevertheless adhered with 
 singular patience and steadfastness to the resolve that, 
 come what will, their Church shall be organised after the 
 primitive model. Each passing year has thus borne fresh 
 witness to their constancy. But in the interests of 
 justice and of church order alike, the time, we think, 
 has come when the fidelity of these Reformers should be 
 no longer subjected to so severe a strain. Meanwhile 
 the movement which they represent has been deepening 
 and spreading. As regards the organisation of their 
 several congregations, the conducting of their services, 
 the increase of their church offerings, and the intelligent 
 and reverent use of their liturgy, a marked improvement 
 is everywhere manifest. And \vhat is better still, the 
 evidence of spiritual life continues to abound on all sides. 
 Nor is it of little moment to note that they are at unity 
 among themselves, and exhibit towards their leaders — 
 their Bishop-elect in Spain, and the President of their 
 Synod in Portugal — a loyal attachment which betokens 
 their fitness for an episcopate of their own. Lastly, the 
 number of those at home who take an interest in these 
 Reformers is daily increasing, and the society through 
 which they receive aid occupies at present a position of 
 greater stability than has ever been reached in. the past. 
 In view of all these circumstances, we now submit to 
 your Grace the intention which — not lightly — we hope, 
 we desire, God helping us, to carry into effect. Unless,' 
 as we trust may not be the case, we be met by a formal 
 protest in the shape of a resolution passed by the Bench 
 of Bishops, or by the General Synod of our Church, it is 
 our purpose — God willing — under the further conditions 
 specified below, to visit Spain and Portugal, and there to 
 consecrate for each of these two Churches a Bishop who 
 G 2 
 
84 Church Reform /.v Sp.^/.v axd Portugal. 
 
 I shall have been chosen by the Synod of that Church, and 
 
 lof whose fitness we ourselves, after due investigation, 
 
 shall be fully satisfied. It remains for us to say that, 
 
 i while so far prepared to comply with the request of 
 
 the memorialists, we can only do so on the following 
 
 conditions : — 
 
 " I. In the first place we shall require an affirm- 
 ation by the Synods of these Churches of guarantees 
 similar to those which, of their own accord, they offered 
 in the year 1883, and which were to the following 
 effect : — 
 
 "(i.) That until they shall have in each case three 
 Bishops of their own, there shall be associated with their 
 own Bishop or Bishops a Provisional Council consisting 
 of two or three Bishops of the Church of Ireland. 
 
 " (2.) That during the same interval the Synod of 
 each Church shall be pledged, (a) not to permit the 
 election or consecration of any Bishop for the said 
 Church without the written consent of the Provisional 
 Council of Bishops ; [b) not to alter or add to the 
 doctrines, formularies^ or discipline of the said Church 
 without the previous approval of the Provisional Council ; 
 {c) to submit for the examination and sanction of the 
 Provisional Council every resolution of a fundamental 
 character that may be proposed for adoption by a future 
 Synod. 
 
 "11. But secondly, we shall require that an endowment 
 fund of at least iJ"5.ooo shall be guaranteed by those 
 friends at home who may be willing to help in the 
 accomplishment of this good work. We are willing that 
 the guarantors, if they desire it, should pay in their con- 
 tributions by annual instalments, spreading over five 
 years, providing that the guarantee be made at once. 
 
The Lambeth Coseekences. 85 
 
 Wc shall also require that this endowment fund shall be 
 invested, and allowed to accumulate at compound 
 interest, and that until by this means (or by further con- 
 tributions) it shall have reached the sum of i^ 10,000 
 the Spanish and Portuguese Church Aid Society shall 
 engage to make the yearly stipend of at least ^300 a 
 year to each Bishop a first charge upon their funds. 
 Such are the conditions with which we are prepared, with 
 God's help, to enter upon a work which, as we believe, 
 He has given us to do. It is not a work of our own 
 seeking. The doing of it, we are aware, involves a very 
 grave responsibility, but in the face of such an appeal as 
 that which has reached us from these Reformers in theit 
 hour of need, we dread far more the greater responsi- 
 bility of leaving that work undone. We remain your 
 faithful brethren in the Lord, 
 
 "Plunket, Dublin. 
 Charles M. Clogiier, 
 Thomas J. Down. 
 " February 20th, 1 894." 
 
 The foregoing communication having been considered 
 by the Bishops, the following Resolution was proposed | 
 by the Bishop of Derry, and seconded by the Bishop j <^ 
 of Cork: "That the Archbishops and Bishops do not 
 see sufficient reason for departing from the spirit of 
 their resolution of P^ebruary 19th, 1889." 
 
 This Resolution was lost, and the following Resolution' 
 was then proposed' by the Bishop of Killaloe, seconded 
 by the Bishop of Meath, and passed, the Bishops of 
 Derry and Cork not voting : 
 
 " That considering the length of time during which 
 the applications of the Spanish and Portuguese Reformers 
 for the consecration of Bishops have been before us, the 
 
 Kx.-- 
 
86 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 difficulties under which they have laboured, and the 
 progress made during that time in numbers, in the adop- 
 tion of liturgical services, in the building of churches and 
 in the forming of congregations, they would not regard 
 it as an indefensible exercise of the powers entrusted to 
 the episcopate if, at the request of such congregations, the 
 Archbishop of Dublin, who is intimately acquainted with 
 the history of the movement, and with the characters of 
 those who are carrying it on, acting in concert with two 
 other Bishops, who may be willing to act with him, either 
 of the Church of Ireland or of a Church in commu- 
 nion with the Church of Ireland, should, if he should 
 so deem fit, proceed to Spain and Portugal, and 
 there confer episcopal orders upon the two clergymen 
 chosen in those two countries respectively, by the re- 
 presentatives of the said congregations, and of whose 
 personal fitness the consecrating Bishops shall be fully 
 satisfied." 
 
 This resolution practically settled the matter. The 
 consecration was to take place, the necessary guarantees 
 being given to the consecrating Bishops. There was, 
 however, a feeling in the Irish Church — not general, but 
 with some — that before the matter went further the 
 General Synod of the Irish Church should have an 
 opportunity oi discussing the question. On the 
 other hand, there were some who feared that an 
 adverse opinion might be there expressed and cause 
 further delay. 
 
 The more courageous course was taken, and the 
 matter was formally brought before the Synod which 
 met in April, 1894. The debate was a most inter- 
 esting one, and resulted in a Resolution leaving the 
 matter entirely in the hands of the Bishops. This 
 
Thr Lambeth Com-ekj-xces. 87 
 
 resolution I have already quoted in another chapter 
 
 (p. 58). 
 
 The outcome was received b}- all friends of the 
 Reformed Churches with great thankfulness to Almi^^hty 
 God, who had after so lonij waiting removed the 
 obstacles which at one time seemed insurmountable. 
 
88 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE CONSECRATION OF BISHOP CABRERA, FIRST 
 
 BISHOP OF THE REFORMED CHURCH IN SPAIN, 
 
 AND OF THE NEW CHURCH IN THE CALLE 
 BENEFECENCIA, MADRID. 
 
 But a few years ago such an event as that which took 
 place in the Church of the Redeemer, Calle Benefecencia, 
 Madrid, on Sunday, September 23rd, 1894, would have 
 been deemed an impossibility. Indeed, as one thinks 
 over the history of this movement, with its struggles, its 
 poverty and its persecutions, and then considers the 
 state of things to-day — a church fully organised on the 
 primitive model, a fixed liturgy loved by the members, 
 church buildings and schools springing up in different 
 parts of the land, and a band of men preaching the pure 
 Word of God and administering the Sacraments " accord- 
 ing to Christ's ordinance," one can but exclaim, " What 
 hath God wrought ! '' 
 
 A short account of the consecration, and of some of 
 the steps leading up to it, will be of interest. It may be 
 truly said the event was the making of history. 
 
 The oft-expressed desires of the Spanish Reformers 
 to be fully organised and to have the Bishop of their 
 choice consecrated are given elsewhere. Suffice it to now 
 say that for more than twenty years, amid many 
 difficulties and disappointments, the Church had strictly 
 adhered to its purpose. The expression of sympathy 
 
Thi: Cos'siiCRATiox OF B/s/iop Cabki.ra. 89 
 
 from the Lambeth Conference in 1878 had raised high 
 hopes. This amounted to expectation when the following 
 resolution was passed by the Conference in 1888, neni. 
 con. : " That with regard to the Reformers in Italy, 
 France, Spain, and Portugal, struggling to free themselves 
 from the burden of unlawful terms of communion, we 
 trust that they may be able to adopt such forms of 
 doctrine and discipline, and to secure such Catholic 
 organisation, as to permit us to give them a fuller 
 recognition." We have referred in another {)lace to the 
 keen controversy this resolution caused throughout the 
 English and other Churches and the different ex- 
 planations that were given of it. 
 
 The question had been referred to the liishops of the 
 Irish Church, who passed an important resolution, given 
 in another chapter. It had also been submitted to the 
 General Synod of the Irish Church, and a resolution 
 was passed at a meeting of that body on April 5th, 
 1894, as follows: "That, seeing that memorials have 
 been presented to the Archbishops and Bishops of the 
 Church of Ireland by two organised bodies of Reformers 
 in Spain and Portugal respectively, and that the Arch- 
 bishops and Bishops, after full consideration of these 
 memorials, have passed a resolution which interposes 
 no obstacles to a compliance with this request, and that 
 the Archbishop of Dublin, the Bishop of Clogher, and 
 the Bishop of Down have expressed their readiness^ 
 under certain conditions, to discharge the episcopal 
 duties for which the memorialists have sought, this 
 Synod, believing that such action belongs entirely to 
 the Archbishops and Bishops themselves, in the exer- 
 cise of their episcopal powers, subject only to the laws 
 and canons of the Church of Ireland, is satisfied, without 
 
90 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 expressing any opinion^ to leave the matter entirely in 
 their hands." 
 
 The way was now clear, and his Grace the Arch- 
 bishop of Dublin, the Right Rev. the Bishop of Down 
 and Connor, and the Right Rev. the Bishop of Clogher 
 — the Bishops forming the Provisional Council of the 
 Spanish Reformed Church — decided that, no obstacle 
 being placed in the way by the Spanish authorities, 
 they would proceed to Madrid for the consecration of 
 Seiior J. B. Cabrera, the Bishop-elect of the Reformed 
 Church in Spain. Upon the Tuesday evening the 
 Bishops met in Paris at the house of the Rev. H. E. 
 Noyes, D.D., British Chaplain, and after prayer and 
 consultation, the journey to Madrid was commenced on 
 Wednesday evening. Friday and Saturday in Madrid 
 were fully occupied with a meeting of the Synod of the 
 Reformed Spanish Church, which had been summoned 
 for the occasion, and with two formal meetings of the 
 consecrating Bishops in council. 
 
 The following conditions were laid down by the 
 Bishops, and formally accepted by the Synod: (i) "That 
 until these Churches shall have in each case (of Spain 
 and Portugal) three Bishops of their own, there shall be 
 associated with their own Bishop or Bishops a Pro- 
 visional Council consisting of two or three Bishops of the 
 Church of Ireland, or of some Church in communion 
 therewith ; (2) That during the same interval the Synod 
 of each Church shall be pledged {a) Not to permit the 
 election or consecration of any Bishop for the said 
 Church without the written consent of the Provisional 
 Council of Bishops ; {b) Not to alter or add to the 
 doctrines, formularies, or discipline of the said Church 
 without the previous approval of the Provisional Council; 
 
THK KUIHT KEV. JUAN K. CAliKEkA. 
 First Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Chkrch in Spain. 
 
The Coxsecration of Bishop Cabrera. 91 
 
 c) To submit for the examination and sanction of the 
 Provisional Council every resolution of a fundamental 
 character that may be proposed for adoption by a future 
 Synod." ' The above conditions had already been 
 before the Reformers so far back as the year 1883, but 
 were now solemnly accepted and ratified. The Bishops, 
 however, required a further condition, which was accepted 
 by the Synod — viz. "That no Bishop con.secrated .should , 
 have power to consecrate for another Church without the 
 consent of the other Bishops forming the Council." 
 
 The preparation of all the necessary documents and 
 the arrangements for the solemn service on Sunday kept 
 all engaged until a late hour on the Saturday night. 
 Great anxiety was noticeable on the faces of all. The 
 Government had said that if no public manifestation 
 were made, and no notice put in the papers, they would 
 not interfere, and the fear was lest some one unfriendly 
 to the cause of the Reformed Church should insert some 
 notice in the press, and give a pretext for interference ; 
 and it could not be forgotten by many present that on 
 a former occasion it was on the Sunday morning that 
 the authorities closed the building. 
 
 However, on this occasion all passed off without any 
 hostile demonstration, and much credit is due to the 
 Spanish authorities for their having protected the Re- 
 formers in the exercise of their dearly-bought liberties 
 at this important crisis. The service was fixed for ten 
 o'clock, an hour earlier than usual, owing to the neces- 
 sarily unusual length of the service. Punctually at the 
 hour appointed, the three Bishops, robed, with Dr. 
 Noyes acting as chaplain to his Grace the Archbishop 
 of Dublin, proceeded to the vestry of the church, 
 where they were met by the Pastors of the several 
 
92 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 congregations in Spain, who had come to Madrid for the 
 purpose, and also the members of the vestry. The 
 Pastors, with the Rev. J. B. Cabrera, passed down the 
 church to the west door (which was kept closed by the 
 authorities), on one side of the church ; the Archbishop, 
 Bishops, and Chaplain proceeding down the other aisle 
 to meet the Spanish clergy. After the reading of the 
 petition for the consecration of the church, all proceeded 
 to the chancel, the choir and congregation singing the 
 twenty-fourth Psalm. Then followed the "Service for 
 the Consecration of a Church," and, the deed having been 
 signed, the service for the Holy Communion commenced. 
 This service in the Spanish prayer-book is peculiarly 
 rich and beautiful, and the parts to be sung were heartily 
 joined in by the choir and congregation. The choir had 
 been carefully trained by Miss Cabrera, who also pre- 
 sided at the harmonium. 
 
 The epistle was read by the Right Rev. the 
 Bishop of Clogher, and the gospel by the Right Rev. 
 the Bishop of Down. After the Nicene Creed, a short 
 sermon was preached by the Rev. Francisco Palomares 
 from San Basilio, Seville, who took as his text St. 
 Matthew v. 14, "Ye are the Light of the World : a city 
 that is set on a hill cannot be hid." At the close of 
 his address the preacher said some earnest words to the 
 Bishop-elect. Senor Palomares is the oldest Pastor in 
 the Spanish Reformed Church, and is much respected. 
 
 At the close of the sermon the Bishop-elect was 
 presented to the Archbishop by the Right Rev. the 
 Bishops of Down and Clogher, and the account of the 
 election of Rev. J. B. Cabrera to the solemn office by 
 the Synod was read by one of the Pastors. The litany 
 was said by the Rev. Antonio Garcia, the assistant 
 
Till-: CoxsEc RATION or Bishop Cabrera. 93 
 
 clergyman in Madrid, and at its close the Archbishop 
 took the chair at the chancel steps and put the solemn 
 questions from the service to the Bishop-elect. These 
 questions were put in English and Spanish, and answered 
 by the Rev. J. B. Cabrera in a loud voice. After the 
 Bishop-elect had been robed in surplice, purple and 
 white cope, and purple stole, all having been prepared 
 from an ancient Spanish model, the three Bishops laid 
 their hands upon the head of the Bishop-elect, and the 
 first Bishop of a Reformed Church in Spain was duly 
 admitted to his sacred office. 
 
 It was a solemn moment, one which will ne\^er be 
 forgotten by those who witnessed it. The new Bishop 
 then proceeded with the Communion service, standing 
 behind the holy table, and facing the congregation ^ 
 according to the ancient Mozarabic use. There were 134 
 communicants, a large proportion of whom were men. At 
 the conclusion of the service the scene in the vestry was 
 most touching, and there were few dry eyes. .Ml the 
 Pastors embraced their tried friend and first Bishop in 
 true Spanish fashion, and wished him many years of life 
 in which to exercise his holy office. The members of the 
 junta (the vestry) crowded in, and there could be no doubt 
 as to the sincerity of the congratulations. It was the 
 realisation of a long-cherished hope and the consecration 
 of the one man who was the Bishop of their deliberate 
 choice. When we returned to the house the Arch- 
 bishop took my hand, saying — " Well, Noyes, we 
 have reason to thank God for this day." We were 
 both overcome, and I shall never forget the impression 
 of that hour. I have had many opportunities 
 of intercourse with Bishop Cabrera, and my growing 
 conviction is that he has been raised up by 
 
// 
 
 94 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 God for this important position, and has been given 
 rare powers of organisation. The next day we were 
 all photographed in the patio, a copy of which is 
 printed with this chapter. A medal was struck by order 
 of the Synod to commemorate the event : four in 
 silver — three for the consecrating Bishops and one for 
 myself — and a number in brass for members of the 
 Society and friends in England. 
 
 It must not be supposed that such an event could 
 take place without hostility in Spain and criticism in 
 England. A perfect storm of abuse was hurled at the 
 Reformers by the Ultramontane press in Madrid, and 
 the most calumnious charges were made against both 
 the public and private life of the Bishop. But this did 
 little harm. After a few weeks the inevitable was 
 accepted, and this form of persecution ceased. It would 
 hardly serve any good purpose now to quote the absurd 
 and scurrilous matter which the extreme papers pub- 
 lished .shortly after the consecration. The Liberal press 
 was, however, entirely favourable, and in not a few 
 instances rejoiced at the progress of religious liberty 
 in Spain. The criticism in England was of a more 
 serious nature, arising chiefly from a misapprehension as 
 to the meaning of the resolutions of the Lambeth Con- 
 ference (of which we have spoken in another chapter), and 
 on the part of some from a morbid sympathy with the 
 Church of Rome. Part of the controversy has had al- 
 ready very far-reaching effects, owing to the discussion 
 about " Union with Rome " which for the most part 
 arose out of it. 
 
 This was started by a correspondence between Lord 
 Halifax, President of the Engli.sh Church Union, the 
 Archbishop of Toledo, and Cardinal Vaughan. My 
 
The Cgnsecratiox of Bishop Cabrera. 95 
 
 story would hardly be complete without the record of 
 this correspondence. The first letter, published in the 
 Guardiau, dated from the office of the English Church 
 Union, October 8th, 1894, was as follows : — 
 
 "To the Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord 
 Autolius Monescillo, Cardinal of the Holy Roman 
 Church, Archbishop of Toledo. 
 
 " Your Eminence, 
 
 " I venture to approach j-our Eminence in order 
 to express, on behalf of the English Church Union, a 
 Society consisting of man)' thousands of members of the 
 Church of England, the profound distress which has 
 been caused to us by the recent action of the Archbishop 
 of Dublin in having presumed without the sanction of your 
 Eminence and of the Bishops of }'our province of Toledo, 
 to consecrate a certain schismatic named Cabrera at 
 Madrid to the episcopate. We desire absolutely to dis- 
 claim any complicity with such action, believing it to be a 
 most grievous violation of well-established and univers- 
 ally recognised principles of ecclesiastical jurisdiction 
 and of Catholic order. We are also apprehensive lest 
 it might be supposed by any members of the illustrious 
 Church of Spain that the ancient Church of England, of 
 whose honour we, as her loyal members, are most dutiful 
 jealous, is in any way responsible for this action which 
 we so earnestly deplore. We therefore would say — first, 
 that the provinces of Canterbury and York, which 
 constitute the Church of England, are ecclesiastically 
 independent of and can in no w^ay control those which 
 constitute the Church of Ireland ; secondly, that in the 
 last session of the Provincial Synod of Canterbury, held 
 in the present year, the Primate of all England and the 
 Bishops of his province repudiated all responsibility for 
 
g6 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 the step contemplated by the Archbishop of Dublin. 
 The Church of England has thus entirely disclaimed any 
 responsibility for an act which is and remains simply 
 the private act of the Archbishop of Dublin and the two 
 Irish Bishops who assisted him. Nevertheless we, on 
 our own behalf, believe it to be right, as members of the 
 Catholic Church, which is the mothe r of us all, and as 
 members of the Church of England in particular, thus 
 solemnly to assure your Eminence, and the Bishops, 
 clergy, and faithful of the ancient and illustrious Church 
 of Spain, of our repudiation of the encouragement which 
 the. action we deplore has given to those who have with- 
 drawn themselves from the communion and authority of 
 their lawful pastors. 
 
 " I have the honour to remain, with the expression of 
 my most profound respect, 
 
 " Your Eminence's most humble and obedient servant, 
 
 " Halifax, 
 " President of the Union." 
 
 We can well imagine the perplexity of the Cardinal 
 on reading such a document. But that perplexity was 
 not lessened when a few days afterwards he received 
 the following letter from Cardinal Vaughan, published 
 in the El Corrco Espanol of October 19th, 1894. 
 
 " Most Excellent and Most Reverend Sir, 
 
 " The considerations which I am about briefly 
 and promptly to place before your Eminence upon a 
 matter of the greatest urgency (as may be gathered 
 from the contents) will explain the reason for my 
 sending to you the telegram of this day's date, (i) The 
 English newspapers have just published a letter by Lord 
 Halifax with regard to the consecration of Seiior 
 
The Coxsf.cratiox of Bishop CAnRF.RA. 97 
 
 Cabrera. (2) This nobleman is not and never was a 
 Catholic, but the chief of one of the sects of the Anglican 
 Church, which claims for itself without the smallest 
 foundation the name of the True Catholic Church. (3) 
 In taking such a name this sect has acted with a view 
 to be regarded in Catholic countries as the National 
 Catholic English Church. It is supremely important 
 that your Eminence should be possessed of these facts 
 in order that you may treat Lord Halifax and the sect 
 over which he presides with prudence, not dealing with 
 it as if it were a member or a part of the Catholic 
 Church, but as a member or part of the Anglican Pro- 
 testant Church, subject to the civil power. (4) The 
 Viscount's letter is written with the object of astutely 
 deceiving the Catholic Bishops who may not be as well 
 informed as your Eminence. (5) Many persons of this 
 sect when travelling in Catholic countries are accustomed 
 audaciously and sacrilegiously to communicate in the 
 Catholic churches. (6) This sect speaks of us English 
 Catholics as .schismatics, and the Catholic Church of 
 England as an Italian Mission. 
 
 " With regard to Sefior Cabrera, who has received the 
 episcopal pseudo-consecration, I have to call the at- 
 tention of your Eminence to the following:— 
 
 "The Bishops and clergy of the English and Irish 
 Protestant Church do not possess valid orders. The 
 formula of ordination composed by Cranmer in the 
 time of the Reformation was made with the object of 
 excluding all notion of that sacerdotal power (sacerdocio) 
 which pertains to ministers who offer sacrifice. On this 
 point I transmit herewith to your Eminence a letter 
 which I have published in the English newspapers, in 
 which I explain briefly the reasons which make it 
 
98 Church Rei-okm in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 impossible to recognise the validity of the Orders of 
 the Anglican Church. With regard to the manner in 
 which the pseudo-consecration of Senor Cabrera should 
 be treated, whether by your Eminence or by anyone 
 else who may concern himself about the matter, it would 
 be convenient not to insist solely upon the sacrilege that 
 has been committed, but more especially upon the fact 
 that the validity of Orders of the /\nglican Church has 
 never been recognised by the Holy See, nor by the 
 Catholic world, and that as regards true Orders under- 
 stood in a Catholic sense, neither the Protestant Arch- 
 bishop of Dublin nor the Bishops and clergy of the 
 Protestant Church, whether Anglican or Irish, should be 
 considered more than as so many laymen. With the 
 object of defending the truth, I write this letter to your 
 Eminence, submitting myself to your benignity and 
 paternal affection, and humbly kissing your hands. 
 Your Excellency's humble and most devoted servant, 
 " Henry (Cardinal) Vaugijan, 
 
 ''Archbishop of Westminster^ 
 
 One cannot help feeling that this letter must have 
 caused something more than perplexity to the President 
 of the English Church Union ; indeed, the controversy 
 which has taken place as to the validity of Anglican 
 Orders, shows that it did so. It is only right to say here 
 that in a subsequent letter written by Cardinal Vaughan 
 the sev^erity of paragraph four in the above letter was 
 considerably toned down. 
 
 With these letters I will close the chapter. On the 
 controversy which was carried on for some time after 
 with regard to the interpretation of the resolution of the 
 Lambeth Conference, we have spoken in another chapter. 
 
The Coxsecr.1t/o.-v of Bishop Cabker.\. 99 
 
 Indications arc not wanting that many of the objections 
 raised were owing to a misconception as to the facts of 
 the case ; and many moderate-minded Churchmen have 
 come to see that had the Irish Bishops adopted any 
 other course, these Reformers might have been thereby 
 driven into some form of dissent. 
 
lOO 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE FIRST VISITATION OF BISHOP CABRERA. 
 
 I KNOW not how I can more fitly close this short 
 summary of Reformation work in Spain and Portugal 
 than by quoting at length the deeply interesting report 
 which Bishop Cabrera has lately furnished of his first 
 visitation tour. Considering that the English is the 
 Bishop's own, it will, I think, be admitted that as a 
 Spaniard he has expressed himself remarkably well in a 
 foreign tongue. 
 
 Monistrol. — At the beginning of February, 1895, 
 I went to Monistrol. There on the Feast of the 
 Epiphany (Sunday, the 6th) I had a devotional meeting 
 in the morning and a service in the evening. This 
 service was so well attended that I counted more than 
 100 people — in fact, the little church was packed. 
 After the service I held the rite of Confirmation, and 
 confirmed two girls of about fourteen years of age. 
 1 his was my first episcopal function performed in the 
 Spanish Church. There, on March 2nd, 1884, Lord 
 riunket held his first Confirmation in Spain, and among 
 the young people confirmed was a son of Estruch, the 
 young man who is with me in Madrid, and there now. 
 Of the two girls confirmed by me one was a daughter 
 of Estruch. This is a godly family, giving always and 
 everywhere a good testimony of their sincere faith and 
 Christian life ! Oh that we had many Estruchs in this 
 country ! The Ultramontanes, who succeeded in dis- 
 banding the little Church of San Vicente, are doing 
 
Thf. First Visitation of Bishop Cabrera, ioi 
 
 now all they can to disperse and trouble the Church of 
 Monistrol, specially since they have learned that \vc 
 intend to build a chapel there. Our boys' school has 
 been for years a good hclj) for the work. There 
 was only another school in the town, conducted b}' 
 an ignorant teacher, and so the boys came freely and 
 gladly to our school. Now there are four schools for 
 boys in the town, two of them with very good masters ; 
 and consequently very few bo)'s were coming to our 
 school. I found only five boys in attendance. I thought 
 it convenient to close the school, because there was no 
 prospect of increasing the number. I\Iy plan is to open 
 a school for girls as soon as we have a good mistress. 
 There is only one girls' school in the town, and we have 
 every reason to believe that many will come to our 
 school — at least, until the Ultramontanes make us a 
 competition by establishing other schools. The late 
 boys' teacher dismissed has gone to the Romish Church, 
 and this has created a little noise in the town, which will 
 soon vanish away. The teacher himself is actually 
 wishing to be received into our Church again. Senor 
 Rial conducts now a nice school for women, and I 
 understand some eight or ten are attending. 
 
 Barcelona. — I hastened on to Barcelona, where I 
 stayed for two days, attending in the evenings to the 
 united prayer meetings, that being the week of prayer- 
 I was rather anxious to attend those meetings, because 
 they would give me an opportunity of seeing the 
 numbers of the evangelicals gathered together in 
 Barcelona. Our Spanish movement seems to be well 
 regarded in Barcelona, and, judging by what I heard,! 
 our work will probably have a success in that town. 1 1 
 feel convinced that when we have a man fit for the place 
 
I02 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 \vc must commence work in liarcelona. You surely 
 know that it is the second town in Spain, and even in 
 some respects the first. So we ought to take hold of it. 
 
 Valencia. — On my return from Barcelona I passed 
 through Valencia, where I stopped for two days. One 
 of these being a Sunday, I went to a little Baptist 
 chapel, the only Gospel work existent in that town. At 
 the invitation of the evangelist presiding, I addressed the 
 congregation, composed of about thirt}' persons. I left 
 Valencia on the Monday, accompanied by many friends 
 to the station, and reached Madrid the next Tuesday. 
 The public papers of Valencia, both Liberal and Ultra- 
 montane, gave the notice this same day that I had been 
 there for a short visit, adding that I would go again to 
 give some coiifercncias. God willing, I intend to keep 
 my promise at the first opportunity, for Valencia is the 
 third town in the country, and there is plenty of room 
 for our work there. 
 
 Seville.— 0\\ February 8th I left Madrid for Seville. 
 On the Sunday we had a morning service in 
 San Basilio, which w^as followed by the office for Con- 
 firmation. Twenty-four persons were confirmed — 
 seventeen from San Basilio and seven from the 
 Ascension. In the evening I preached at the Ascension. 
 We had also evening services — Wednesday in San 
 Basilio, and Thursday in the Ascension. I took the 
 preaching in all these services. _ Although the weather 
 was very wet, raining every day and every hour, we had 
 the churches pretty well filled at all the services. On 
 Tuesday and Wednesday I visited the schools. In San 
 Basilio I counted 144 children present. Many of them 
 were examined by me, and I was quite satisfied with 
 their progress. In the High School, conducted by 
 
The First Visitation of Bishop Cabrera. 103 
 
 Senor Baqucro in hi.s own rooms at the Ascension 
 there were only thirteen pupils present that wet 
 morning^ ; and in Triana School I was told the average 
 of boys was about forty. I was not able to visit Triana 
 on account of the continuous heavy rain. The work in 
 Seville is sound and in good order, especially at San 
 Basilio. But I must make an observation about this 
 building. San Basilio is part of an old fabric, too old 
 and not very safe. Repairs have to be made in it 
 continually, but to no permanent effect. The portion 
 containing the apartment for Senor Palomares is so 
 ruinous, and it is in so imminent danger of falling down, 
 that any day a catastrophe may happen. I give this 
 sound of alarm for the knowledge of the Society, and to 
 free myself of all responsibility. Palomares seems 
 blind to the danger, and in my opinion he trusts too 
 much in Providence! While at Seville I was visited and 
 congratulated by several of my old acquaintances, and 
 for three times small music bands came to honour 
 me with a serenata. The papers wrote in favour of and 
 against my presence and work in Seville, and telegrams 
 went to Madrid daily, and were published by some 
 of the Madrid papers. It was my intention to visit 
 Osuna, but as the meetings there are held in private 
 houses, and my presence would have caused large 
 gatherings, which is against the Spanish law if a per- 
 mission is not given beforehand by the civil authorities, 
 I felt compelled to abstain from the visit until we have 
 there a permanent hall devoted exclusively to the 
 mission work. The eyes of the Ultramontanes are 
 constantly vigilant over me, and I must avoid even the 
 appearance of a transgression of the law. They would 
 be too glad if they could take me in any fault, and put 
 
I04 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 me in prison. It was with deep emotion that I left 
 Seville for Malaga on Friday, February 15th. Seville 
 was the first field of my labour, and I find there still 
 faithful friends who accepted the Gospel through my 
 instrumentality ; and this brings to my mind recollec- 
 tions of twenty-six years ago. 
 
 Malaga. — On reaching Malaga I was received at the 
 station by a commission of members of our Church, 
 presided over by the pastor, Sefior Vila, and by another 
 group of private friends, who had come to welcome 
 my arrival. The morning papers of that day had given 
 the news of my going. Sunday morning, the 17th, wc 
 had the Confirmation service, when fifty-three persons 
 were confirmed. I preached also in the evening service 
 to a congregation which filled the chapel, the vestry, the 
 corridor, the staircase, and the entrance of the house. 
 In the cathedral one of the canons had been preaching 
 against our Church and against me, just at the time I 
 was administering the rite of Confirmation in the 
 morning. Probably this was a good advertisement of 
 our services, and it may account for the multitude 
 flocking to our chapel. On Tuesday we had an extra- 
 ordinary evening service, and the attendance was more 
 packed even than on Sunday. I also preached that 
 evening, for in these visitations I preach at all the 
 services. When the service was over, and the congrega- 
 tion still remaining, I baptised a girl of ten years old. 
 This girl has been brought up in our school. Her father, 
 being a Freethinker, left her unbaptised. She, learning 
 the Catechism and receiving Bible instruction, urged 
 her mother to attend the church, and lately asked her 
 father's permission to be baptised. Senor Vila refused 
 to perform the ceremony, and referred them to me, on 
 
The First Visitation of Bishop Cabrera. 105 
 
 the ground that her father was not Christian and the 
 girl was not of age. The man came and had an inter- 
 view with me. He is one of those many Roman 
 CathoHcs who in this country have become first in- 
 difterent and then infidels. He told me that, although 
 he did not care personally about religion, he was 
 convinced that his conscientious duty was not to oppose 
 his wife's desire of being a member of our Church, nor 
 his daughter's wish of being baptised. The result was 
 that the wife was received in the Church, and the 
 daughter was baptised in the presence and with the 
 express wish of the father before the congregation 
 filling the chapel. The baptism service ended, I was 
 invited by the man to go with some friends to his 
 house, where we had a cup of coffee and some biscuits, 
 and enjoyed the happiness of that family. At the end 
 of that short visit the man said to me, " When my 
 other two children know the Christian doctrine, and 
 wish to be baptised, I will readily consent." And the 
 wife said, " I will see to that." I believe the man 
 is not far from the kingdom of God. The schools, it 
 being such a wet time, were not much crowded. I only 
 counted fifty-four boys and girls present ; but on 
 examining them I found them well taught and trained. 
 Two things are sorely needed in Malaga — a larger place 
 for church and schools and an assistant evangelist for 
 Seiior Vila. 
 
 Madrid. — On my returning to Madrid I had the 
 intention of going to Salamanca, Villaescusa, and 
 Valladolid ; but the season was so rainy that I thought 
 it best to delay the visitation for after Easter. Here, 
 in Madrid, and during the Passion Week, we had so 
 crowded services that the church was too small. In the 
 
io6 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 evenings speciall}' more than 500 people were present. 
 Of conrse many were standing, for there are only seats 
 for about 400. On Easter Sunday, after morning 
 service, \\<t had the rite of Confirmation, and forty- 
 four persons were confirmed, some being members of 
 this Church and some of the Trinity Mission. 
 
 Villaesaisa.— Ow May loth I left Madrid for Villa- 
 escusa, where I arrived next day, Saturday. On arriving 
 to Paradas, the nearest village in the way to Villaescusa, 
 we found Sehor Regaliza, who had come riding to meet 
 us. There we met a number of boys and girls, the new 
 generation in the Church, who were granted a holiday 
 by the schoolmaster (a Roman Catholic), who advised 
 them to go out and meet their Bishop. Then we found 
 a group of people, men and women, in the number of 
 about thirty ; and, lastly, near Villaescusa, we were 
 welcomed by the old people, some of them eighty years 
 of age. Thus we entered the town surrounded by more 
 than 100 people, which was a sufficiently public mani- 
 festation of my arrival. We were lodged at Don 
 Francisco's, the father-in-law of Sehor Regaliza. That 
 afternoon I spent in receiving and paying some visits, 
 and in the evening I had an examination class and a 
 short prayer meeting with the }'Oung people who were 
 to be confirmed on the next day. Sunday, the I2th, 
 was unfortunately the day for the municipal elections, 
 which always take place on a Sunday, according to 
 Spanish law. Our people were much concerned in 
 those elections, as you may well suppose. The muni- 
 cipal council there consists of nine members, and the 
 result was that five Protestants and four Roman 
 Catholics were elected. By common agreement the 
 new Alcalde is one from the Roman Catholics, our 
 
The First Visitation of Bishop Cabrrra. 107 
 
 people believing- it prudent to consent to that, as the 
 twi) late Alcaldes had been from the Protestants ; still | 
 our friends have a niajorit\- in the Council. I'or this 
 reason the morning service was not so fully attended 
 as it would have been otherwise. We had plenty ot 
 wonien, few men, and many children ; Init still we had 
 a very nice short service, and after it I administered the 
 rite of Confirmation to seven young people. In the 
 exening the scene changed ; half an hour before the 
 appointed time the church was full. Not only our 
 people, but a great many of the Roman Catholics of the 
 place, and some strangers from the surrounding- villages, 
 attended. Sehor Regaliza conducted the prayers, and 1 
 read the lesson and preached. My sermon lasted more 
 than one hour, and I think I was more tired in preaching 
 than the people were in hearing, although the greatest 
 part of them were standing during the whole service. 
 You know how loudly do these people say the responses 
 of the Prayer-book, and how heartily, though not very 
 harmoniously, they sing the hymns. It is always 
 refreshing to be amongst these simple and faithful 
 worshippers. After the service was over I was accom- 
 panied by half the congregation, many of them remaining 
 with me until midnight, talking about Church matters. 
 The whole Monday and the morning of Tuesday I 
 devoted to paying some .special visits to sick persons, 
 to confer with the pastor and the vestry about some 
 affairs of the congregation, and to give friendly advice 
 as to Sunday school and Mission work. The state of 
 the Church was good in general, although there were 
 some little things which are being improved. The thing 
 which is sorely wanted there is a day school, for many 
 children of our congregation are obliged to attend to 
 
io8 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 tlie only school in the place, which is Roman Catholic 
 and under the control of the parish priest. This is not 
 good for our young people. 
 
 Salamanca. — On Tuesday afternoon I journeyed to 
 Salamanca. The new building, which I saw then for 
 the first time, is a nice, small house in a corner of two 
 streets, outside the old town, in a district where new 
 houses arc being built, and the people will surely 
 increase, although at present rather scanty. The 
 building has not a very churchy appearance, and 
 contains only rooms on the ground floor ; one side of 
 the house is a hall, which is used as a chapel. The hall 
 is plain, painted with one colour, without any ornament- 
 ation, inscription, or even a single line. In one end of 
 the hall there is a wooden platform about one foot high, 
 and over it there are a table and a chair, a lectern, and 
 a pulpit. These and the pews constitute the furniture 
 of the chapel. It is my opinion that, with a little more 
 money and a little more taste, the hall could have been 
 more properly arranged for a nice church. Yet, with all 
 its want of ecclesiastical appearance, it can contain 
 about 200 people, and we must be thankful for having 
 this property. At the side of the house there is plenty 
 of ground where a church can be erected in case it is 
 needed at some future time, and then the present chapel 
 can be used as a magnificent room for a school. As it 
 is very difficult to have week services in Salamanca, for 
 all the members are working in the fields, we arranged 
 for only one service on the evening of Thursday, the 
 1 6th. The Rev. Senor Regaliza baptised a child, and I 
 preached and confirmed four young people. About 100 
 persons attended the service. Miss Forrest played at 
 the harmonium for the singing of hymns. Mr. Forrest, 
 
The First Visitation of Bishop Cabrera. 109 
 
 who was also present, seemed much cleh<:^htcd with the 
 service, and he told me so on the next day when I was 
 invited for tea at his house. Whilst I was in Salamanca 
 the public papers gave notice of my visits, the Liberal 
 ones with seriousness, and the Ultramontanes with 
 angry bitterness. This is the case everywhere. Thej] 
 clericals cannot forget the offence (they say) that was | 
 made to the Holy Church with my consecration. 
 
 Valladolid. — On Friday night I started for Valla- 
 dolid, where I arrived at two in the morning. A prayer 
 meeting was held on Saturday evening, when I 
 addressed the congregation, and spoke some kind and 
 instructive words to the Confirmation candidates. On 
 Sunday, the 19th, after the morning service, I confirmed 
 four young people, in the presence of about fifty persons. 
 In the evening service the congregation increased to 
 about eighty. As the chapel is small, it was nearly 
 full. I preached morning and evening. The congrega- 
 tion was very attentive ; they all took part in the 
 responses, and sang the hymns with fervour, although 
 not very masterly. Some members of the mission at 
 Cigales came to attend the morning service, and invited 
 me to pay them a visit. This I did on the following 
 Monday. On Tuesday I visited the school ; there I 
 counted thirty-eight boys and girls. I examined them 
 in reading, writing, grammar, arithmetic, and a little 
 of geography, and particularly in Catechism and Bible 
 instruction, and found them sufficiently well taught for 
 their age. I think the work in Valladolid would inipro\e 
 very much if we had a better and more central house. 
 
 Cigales. — On Monday, the 20th, I went to Cigales, 
 about eight miles from Valladolid — a nice village, where 
 there are a group of Christians, under the care of Senor 
 
no Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Martinez, who visits them twice a month. This mission 
 
 was represented in the last Synod by Don Mariano 
 
 Simon. He and Don Francisco Velasco are the 
 
 principal men in the group. Senor Simon is a large 
 
 proprietor in the place, and Scnor Velasco is the 
 
 Secretary of the Municipal Council, or Ayuntamicnto. 
 
 But the really spiritual man, who conducts the religious 
 
 services in his own house, and is considered by all 
 
 as the head of the group, is Senor Velasco. Among 
 
 I the properties of Senor Simon there is a house with a 
 
 site at its side. Simon desired to give this site to our 
 
 : Church, in order that a chapel might be built on it for 
 
 i the mission services. So he made his brethren aware 
 
 I of his desire, and wrote me about the subject. On 
 
 \ hearing this, Senor Velasco consulted with his own 
 
 I wife, and then went to Simon and made him the 
 
 following proposition : — " I also want to give something 
 
 j to the Church. Consequently, if you hand over to the 
 
 ! Church not only the site, but also the house adjoining 
 
 to it, I will give you my own house." Simon accepted, 
 
 I and the bargain was prepared. During my visit we 
 
 went to the public notary, and the deeds of the property 
 
 were legally made. Simon transferred the house and 
 
 the site to the society as a freehold property, and 
 
 Velasco transferred his house to Simon. Thus we have 
 
 at Cigalcs a house which can be used at some future 
 
 time for a pastor's residence and school, and adjoining 
 
 it a site to build chapel on. But as I saw that Velasco 
 
 was not a well-off man, and his house was the only 
 
 property he had, I thought it right and charitable that 
 
 he should have the use of the Societ)''s house during 
 
 his own and his wife's life. They are advanced in years, 
 
 have no children, and have made this offering of love 
 
The First Vis/ tat/ox of Bishop Cabrf.ra. iii 
 
 to their Master ; so I think the Society will fully approve 
 of my granting them the use of the house. The brethren 
 have already gathered a sum of ^20 towards the 
 building of the chapel. This tells very much in favour 
 of the faith and self-sacrifice of the members of the 
 mission in Cigales, and I hope that, with God's help, 
 we will soon have there a nice little church and a fjood 
 congregation. When v/e had finished our business 
 with the notar}', we had a family service at Vclasco's, 
 where about thirty persons were gathered. One feature 
 of the service was that the singing of the hymns was 
 accompanied by two guitars, and ver}' nicely indeed. 
 We gave thanks to the Lord for all things done at 
 Cigales, and asked His blessing upon the new enterprise. 
 The thing has been done in faith, and I am sure the 
 Lord will prosper it in His own cause. Early in the 
 morning of Wednesday I returned to Madrid. 
 
 The persons confirmed by me in Spain during my 
 first visitation have numbered 138 — viz., two in Monis- 
 trol, twenty-four in Seville, fifty-three in I\Lilaga, forty 
 four in Madrid, seven in Villacscusa, four in Salamanca 
 and four in Valladolid. 
 
 Portugal. — Now about Portugal. At the end of 
 May I received a communication from the Standing 
 Committee of the Lusitanian Church inviting me to - 
 go to Portugal to confer holy orders and administer 
 the rite of Confirmation in that sister Church, where- 
 upon I started for Lisbon on P^riday, June 7th, reaching 
 the town next morning, and being the guest of Canon 
 Pope. On Sunday, the 9th, I preached at the Church of 
 San Paolo in the morning, at the Church of Jesus in the 
 afternoon, and at the Church of San Pedro in the 
 evening. The services were well attended, especially 
 
112 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 at San Pedro's, where the church was crowded. Of 
 course I always spoke in Spanish. On Monday, 
 accompanied by the Rev. Senor Torres, I went to Rio 
 de Mouro to visit the old pastor — the Rev. Sefior Costa. 
 I lunched there, saw the school, and enjoyed a ^q.\n 
 pleasant hours with that good family. Senor Costa is 
 now in his seventieth year, but is full of spirits, and 
 cheerful. On Tuesday evening I started with Canon 
 Pope for Villa Nova de Gaya, where we reached 
 Wednesday morning. We were met at the station by 
 the brothers Cassels, and I went to be the guest of 
 the Rev. Andrew B. Cassels. Wednesday evening I 
 preached in the Church of 13om Pastor, under the 
 ministry of Andrew Cassels. Thursday, the 13th, in 
 the same church at Bom Pastor, we had in the morning 
 the ordination service, in which the deacon, Andrew B. 
 Cassels, was ordained a presbyter. In the performance 
 of the sacred rite I was accompanied by the presbyters 
 Pope, James Cassels, and Torres. This last delivered 
 the sermon on the occasion. In the evening of the 
 same day we held a Confirmation service in the Church 
 of St. John the Evangelist, where the Rev. James Cassels 
 is the minister. I preached and confirmed thirteen 
 young people. Friday was for me a free day. Saturday, 
 at midday, I went with Andrew Cassels to a factory, 
 where we had a Gospel meeting with about 100 women 
 and girls. They heard the Bible reading, sang some 
 hymns, and I made a short and simple address. In the 
 evening we had a cottage service in a mission hall for 
 working men. They were a set of rough people, but 
 all were very attentive at the preaching, and took part 
 very heartily in the singing. Sunday, the i6th, after the 
 morning service, we had the Confirmation service in the 
 
The First Visitation op Bishop Cabrera. 113 
 
 Church of Bom Pastor, when I preached and confirmed 
 ele\cn young people. In the afternoon I preached 
 at St. John the Evangehst'.s, where we celebrated the 
 Hol\- Commimion, and in the evening I went to Oporto, 
 and preached in the Church of the Redeemer. On 
 Monda\" evening the Christian Young Men's Association 
 of Oporto prepared a public meeting in the Wesle) an 
 chapel, where I was invited by Mr. Herbert Cassels to 
 attend and give an address. All the services in Lisbon, 
 \'illa Nova, and Oporto were very well attended, and 
 the people seemed to understand me quite well in 
 my Spanish tongue. I had also the opportunity of 
 seeing the schools at all the stations, and was completely 
 satisfied with my visit. 
 
 This is a bare index of my work done in Portugal 
 during my short visit, and I omit all kinds of 
 commentaries, for it would be a long task for me 
 to relate them. I feel very glad for having seen once 
 more the Lord's work in the sister countr}% and pray 
 and hope that He will bless and prosper the little help 
 I have been enabled to give in His name and for his 
 glory. On Tuesday morning, the 18th, I left Oporto 
 on my way back to Madrid via Salamanca and Medina, 
 and reached home on Wednesday in perfect health, 
 although somewhat tired. 
 
 Ordination in Madrid. — On the 22nd of the present 
 month, December, 1895, the fourth Sunday in if\dvent, 
 I held my first ordination in our church. The candidates 
 were Don Romualdo Jimenez and Don Antonio Estruch. 
 Senor Jimenez has been for several years labouring in 
 the Church of Salamanca as lay pastor in charge, under 
 the immediate supervision and with the help of the 
 Rev, Sehor Regaliza, of Villaescusa. He has served 
 I 
 
114 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 in the army the ordinary term according to the Spanish 
 law. On his leave he was in San Sebastian, where he 
 married a pious Christian lady, and then came to 
 Salamanca, Senor Garcia being at that time the pastor 
 in this town. When Senor Garcia was removed to 
 Madrid, he, with my consent, appointed Senor Jimenez 
 as an evangelist, to lead the congregation and preach. 
 Senor Estruch, a native of Monistrol, has been brought 
 up in our Church there. He was confirmed by Lord 
 Plunket, when Bishop of Meath, on his first visit to 
 Spain. He helped in the day and Sunday school until 
 he was called to the army. At the expiration of his 
 military service I summoned him to Madrid, and he 
 has been there three years, constantly under my super- 
 vision and teaching, so much S3 that I consider him 
 as one of my sons and part of my family. The 
 Standing Committee of our Synod was consulted about 
 the matter, and they agreed unanimously to the 
 intended ordination. Public notice was given for two 
 weeks in the churches of Salamanca and Madrid, and 
 the written answers of both vestries were favourable to 
 the candidates. Senor Garcia and Regaliza formed with 
 myself the Examining Committee, where Jimenez and 
 Estruch were examined and approved. Then they 
 signed a declaration. All things ready, on Sunday 
 morning, the 22nd, we had the ordination service, when 
 the Rev. Senor Regaliza presented the candidates, the 
 Rev. Senor Garcia preached the sermon for the occasion, 
 and I laid on them my hands, receiving them in the 
 ministry of our Church with the order of deacon. 
 There was a large congregation for that service, 
 amongst whom I saw the Rev. R. Stewart, a Presby- 
 terian minister, the agent here of the British and P'oreign 
 
The First Visitation of B/ shop Cabrera. 115 
 
 Bible Society. Those who approached the Lord's Table 
 to partake of the Holy Coniimiiiion were more than 
 si.xt}-. That was a da)- of s[)ccial ji)\- and thanksL;i\inL; 
 in our Madrid Church, more so because Schor l^struch| 
 is the first young man born and baptised in our Church 
 that has entered the sacred ministry. May he be, as 
 the first-fruity followed by many more. Sehor Jimenez 
 -went back next da}- to his post in Salamanca, to 
 continue under the supervision of the Rcv^ Schor 
 Regaliza ; and Scnor Estruch still remains with mc. My 
 plans about Estruch are to send him to Monistrol, if 
 possible, next month. He, being a young man of 
 common-sense, of good conduct, with the Lord's work 
 at heart, knowing the country dialect as a native of the 
 place, and aware of every circumstance regarding that 
 Church, can be a good help to Senor Rial, taking part 
 in the pastoral work, and especially in the house-to- 
 house visitation. At the same time Senor Rial can I 
 give to him a course of instruction on the Thirty-nine ( 
 Articles of doctrine, preparing him for the priest orders ; J 
 then, in God's providence, he may remain there as 
 a minister of the Church, when Sehor Rial can be 
 removed to Andalusia, his own country, probably to 
 Osuna, to work in the mission there, under the counsel 
 and help of Senor Palomarcs. 
 
 Anxious Inquirers. — Our general work at present 
 is increasing slowly, as well in Madrid as the other 
 stations. This is a very bad time for us ; clerical re- 
 action is exceedingly strong all over the country ; the 
 Cuban War is felt in every town and in every home ; 
 distress and poverty are general ; and our congregations 
 partake of this sad state of things. Yet, in spite of the] 
 present clerical reaction, now and then some pi 
 I 2 
 
 )f the/ 
 )riests/ 
 
ii6 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 f write or come personally to see me, all wishing to join 
 jour Church. I cannot say that they arc converted men ; 
 rather they seem displeased with the Romish things ; 
 but they all show some vague ideas and earnest aspira- 
 tions for something better and more noble and spiritual 
 than what they actually have. The only thing I can 
 do for them is to give them some tracts for their instruc- 
 tion. When I am in a position to put it in their hands 
 my pastoral letter and some Spanish book on divinity, 
 this will do more for their religious instruction and 
 spiritual welfare than the actual tracts which can be got 
 V in Spanish. At the present a young priest seems most 
 I decided to come to us, and in fact he has come already, 
 ; for in September last he left the Church of Rome, and 
 i having found a humble situation in Madrid to support 
 j himself, though with difficulty, he attended our church 
 constantly. I will have him under supervision for a 
 time, and after E.struch's removal to Monistrol I will 
 take him under my supervision and trial, in order to fit 
 him for the work. He has been an Escolapio, and his 
 name is Antonio Torres. 
 
 JUAN B. CABRERA, Bishop. 
 Madrid, December '^\st, 1895. 
 
ii: 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE LUSITANIAN CHURCH. 
 
 I HAVE SO far described the work of the Reformed 
 Spanish Church in its principal centres, and have traced 
 the events which culminated in the consecration of its 
 first Bishop. I hope presently to give further interesting 
 information respecting the work of the Spanish Reformers 
 in other parts of Spain. But before so doing I deem it 
 well to change the scene from Spain, and tell somewhat 
 as to the scarcely less remarkable movement which has 
 taken place of late years in Portugal. 
 
 In the }-ear 1875 a desire was manifested on the part 
 of certain Reformed Christians in Portugal to join the 
 movement in Spain. The facts, briefly told, arc these. 
 There had been in Lisbon for some years previously, a 
 Spanish Evangelical Church. It was established under 
 the following circumstances. In 1867 Lisbon was 
 visited by the Rev. Angel Herreros de Mora, an ex- 
 priest of Spain, a Reformer of twenty years' standing, 
 who had some time previously been received into the 
 American Epi.scopal Church. He was a man of talent and 
 piety, and his name still lives in the Lusitanian Church. 
 
 Upon his arrival Senor Mora began to preach the 
 Gospel to the Portuguese, whenever opportunity offered, 
 and his teaching met with acceptance from many. 
 
 Friends gathered round him, and at length, after 
 some persecution, and even mob violence, a large room 
 or store was rented in a suitable part of the town and 
 Divine service commenced. In the year 1870 ?i portaria 
 
ii8 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 \or decree was issued by the Portuguese Government 
 recognising the existence and sanctioning the continu- 
 ance of this Spanish Evangehcal Church. It was called 
 Spanish because Sehor Mora being a Spaniard, his 
 sermons were in Spanish, and part of the service was read 
 in Spanish. The church, while open to all, was, in fact, 
 supposed to be intended especially for the Spanish resi- 
 dents in Lisbon. Accordingly the then Spanish Minister 
 at the Court of Lisbon took the Church under his protec- 
 tion, and the result was the "portaria" referred to above. 
 Marriages solemnised at this church were recognised 
 by law, and its ministers were allowed to read our burial 
 service over the dead in the Portuguese Public Cemetery 
 at Lisbon. Divine service was held in the room before 
 mentioned twice on Sundays, and on Thursday evening. 
 Night schools and Sunday schools were opened and 
 well attended. A small school was also organised, and 
 service held every Sunday at Rio de Mouro, a village 
 twelve miles from Lisbon. At this time the movement 
 [was considerable, the members numbering nearly five 
 'hundred, including six priests. Of the latter the three 
 ,who first joined naturalised themselves as Spaniards 
 / before doing so. They took this step because while the 
 (; National Charter permits every Portuguese subject to pro- 
 j fess any religion he pleases as long as he does not speak 
 evil of the State religion, a clause in the penal code 
 ^declares that every Portuguese priest who abandons 
 the Roman Church shall be banished. Of these six priests 
 one took up his abode at Rio de Mouro and conducted 
 the services there. This priest had been formerly curate 
 of the parish, and was much respected by the people. 
 
 The congregation at Lisbon was at this time large, 
 and the room being too small, application was made for 
 
CHURCH OF THE MOST HOLY TRINITY, RIO DE MOURO. 
 
The Lusitanian Church. i 19 
 
 the use of the reading-room for English sailors, which 
 was readily granted. 
 
 The doctrines taught by the leaders of this little 
 Church were on the lines of the Church of England. 
 They accepted our Thirty-nine Articles, and a translation 
 of our liturgy was used in all their services. They were 
 strongly attached to the idea of an episcopal Ciiurch, 
 feeling that a national reformation could only be brought 
 about by adhesion to the same j)rinciplcs as those laid 
 down by our own English Reformers. The temporal 
 affairs of the Church were managed at this time by a 
 Committee elected b}- themselves, and vigorous efforts 
 were made at self-support, but the difficulties were great, 
 as the congregation was chiefly composed of small shop- 
 keepers, soldiers, and water-carriers, whose means were 
 very scanty. 
 
 This movement had been closely watched by the 
 Rev. Godfrey P, Pope, British chaplain at Lisbon, and / 
 believing that the time had come, he wrote to Mr. 
 Tugwell suggesting that it should be fostered by the 
 Society which was then aiding the work of reform in 
 Spain. Mr. Pope writes : — " These people are not yet able 
 to walk alone, and until they become so, English help 
 and guidance will be most valuable. The present is an 
 excellent opportunity for us to show them our good-will. 
 They are now in a most critical position, and upon the 
 steps now taken the success or failure of the movement 
 \\'\\\ greatly depend. ... I ought not to conclude 
 without mentioning that in May last the Committee of 
 this Church in Lisbon, feeling the need of a head, and of 
 showing publicly that they desired to follow our Church 
 not only in her doctrine, but also in her form of Govern- 
 ment, held a meeting and unanimously chose Senor Mora 
 as their Bishop-elect. They held the election, being at 
 
120 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 the time quite aware that years might elapse before the 
 actual consecration. I may mention that when con- 
 sulted by them as to the expediency of such a step, I 
 strongly advised them against it, as I consider the time 
 has not come for such a step. 
 
 " Sefior Mora is now becoming old, and it is time 
 he were freed from the parochial work he has so long 
 carried on, and be enabled to devote himself to the 
 quiet teaching and training of others, who in their turn 
 will preach the unsearchable riches of the Gospel of 
 Christ. He has begun the work : he has opened the 
 way ; he has in various places inquirers among priests 
 and laity who correspond with him. Let your Society 
 take up this good work thus commenced, and help to 
 spread the knowledge of the Saviour through the length 
 and breadth of benighted Portugal." 
 
 At the earnest request of Mr. Pope, the Rev. L. S. 
 Tugwell, at the end of this year (1875), paid a visit to 
 Portugal to see for himself the reality of this movement, 
 and in the report which he subsequently published, he 
 says, " After a few days' residence in Lisbon I was more 
 than convinced of the truth of the statement in Mr. 
 Pope's letter to me, dated October 27th, 1875." After 
 much prayer and consideration it was determined to 
 (employ four reformed Portuguese priests who for a 
 considerable time had been personally known to Mr. 
 Pope and his friends as missionary clergymen. Three 
 of them were appointed to work in Portugal, and the 
 fourth, the Rev. Henrique Riberio, to Seville, to take 
 charge of the Church of the Ascension in that city. 
 
 Thus the work was placed on a firmer footing in 
 Portugal, and the Society in London promised to give 
 it all the aid in its power. For the next year or two 
 the progress was very marked, and much blessing 
 
THE REV. GODFREY P. POPE, M.A. 
 PkF'Sidknt ok the Lusitanian Church Synod. 
 
The Lusitanian Church. i3i 
 
 attended the ministry of the Word. Soon the attention 
 of the authorities was called to the movement, and 
 articles appeared in the public press — some favourable, 
 but many the reverse. As an important testimony of 
 the reality and progress of the movement at this time, 
 I will give the translation of an article from the 
 Cotnniercio do Porto, written by a member of the 
 Cortes, in April, 1876. He writes: "One of the ques- 
 tions which should most occupy the attention of our 
 public men, and which demands the special study of 
 the Opposition, which is preparing shortly to set forth 
 its programme of ideas, principles, and doctrines, is 
 without doubt the religious question. The question is 
 in these days the universal question which is debated in 
 all countries, and which will disturb those unthinking 
 and unprepared Governments which have not remem- 
 bered in time that a day must come in which the 
 principle of liberty of conscience will be the motto of 
 all advanced parties. The day has now come, and do 
 what they will, the principle must surely triumph. 
 Those in authority now, and for the future, must take 
 all possible care to direct matters in suchwise that this 
 triumph may not be at the expense of disturbances 
 and contests. A remarkable thing is going on among 
 us, which is, however, little known because the press 
 generally has not taken it up. I allude to the progress 
 which the propaganda of the Reformed Church is 
 making. Until the proclamation of the Republic in 
 Spain it might be said that there were no Portuguese 
 Protestants in Portugal. Now it is no longer so. At 
 the present time there are several churches of this 
 religion in Lisbon, the congregations are increasing 
 every day, the services are well attended, and the 
 number of the scholars in the day and night schools 
 
122 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 increases. We have here in the capital the Spanish 
 EvangeHcal Church in the Rua da Conceicuo, in the 
 Placa da Flores, the minister for which is the Rev. A. H. 
 de Mora, American subject. This Church has a mixed 
 congregation of Portuguese and Spaniards. There are 
 also schools. It was into this Church, established by 
 the Rev. J. J. da Costa D'Almeida, that the Rev. H. 
 Ribeiro and A. F. de Miranda were received on their 
 leaving the Church of Rome, who, as well as the Rev, 
 J. J. Costa, are naturalised Spaniards. The first priest 
 who made his renunciation there, without giving up his 
 nationality, was the Rev. M. A. Pereira, of Villa do 
 Conde. This distinguished, priest established the Evan- 
 gelical Church in the Beceo das Campainhas, near the 
 Mint. This Church, known as that of S. Paulo, is the 
 only thoroughly Portuguese one, its head having retained 
 his nationality. This Church has a free day school for 
 boys and girls, attended by sixty scholars ; also night 
 schools for adults. Nearly forty have entered. On 
 Sundays two services are held — one at eleven and the 
 other at seven ; and on Thursdays an evening service at 
 seven. The place of worship is a large room capable of 
 containing 500 people. At one end of the room is a 
 kind of altar covered with red velvet, in the front of 
 the altar two desks and kneel ing-stools, and on one side 
 the pulpit. Joining this room are the school-rooms, 
 quite big enough even for the large number of scholars 
 which, although the school has been only open three 
 months, belong to it. In St. Jose de Ribamur (suburbs 
 of Lisbon), in the Ouinta da Piedade, there is another 
 Reformed Church, the minister of which is the Rev. A. F. 
 Miranda, a naturalised Spaniard. Here are also schools 
 for both sexes : the day school attended by upwards of 
 forty children, and the night schools by fifty adults, who 
 
The LusiTANiAN Church. 123 
 
 come there to be taught from neighbouring villages. 
 This church has two services on Sundays and one on 
 Thursdays. At Rio de Monro, on the Cintra Road, 
 there is another Reformed Church, of which the Rev. 
 Padre Costa is minister. There are seventy children in 
 the school. It should be observed that these three 
 churches were opened in January of this year, and that 
 notwithstanding the fact that the last two are under the 
 care of clergymen who have naturalised themselves as 
 Spaniards, they bear the national character, and may be 
 considered, in spite of their independence, sisters of the 
 Church of St. Paulo (which is under the care of the 
 Rev. A. Pereira), the form of worship, the doctrine, antl 
 the discipline of which they adopt and follow. On the 
 2nd of this month the priest, J. M. Chaves, was received 
 into the Church of St. Paulo ; he was formerly Chaplain 
 of the Lorctto Church. He also did not change his 
 nationality. Another church is shortly to be opened, of 
 which the same Rev. J. Chaves is to be minister. This will 
 also have day and night schools for children and adults. 
 
 " From v/hat has been said it will be seen that the 
 propaganda of the Reformed Church in Portugal is 
 making notable progress, and the public authorities of 
 our country ought to be ready for the consequences 
 which this new state of things must necessarily produce 
 in families. Some marriages have already been made 
 in this new religion, and if there is no difficult}- in the 
 question of inheritance for the children of naturalised 
 parents because they are subject to the laws of the 
 countries to which they belong, the same is not the case 
 with the children of parents who do not belong to tlie 
 Catholic Apostolic Roman religion, which is the religion 
 of the State." 
 
 Surely this is remarkable testimony from an outsider. 
 
124 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 and most useful as an evidence of the importance of the 
 movement even at this early stage. 
 
 Soon after this Senor Mora had an attack of 
 paralysis which somewhat impaired his mind, though it 
 was little thought that his labours were nearly ended. But, 
 alas ! it proved to be so, for he got an attack of in- 
 flammation of the lungs which ended fatally. He was 
 much respected in Lisbon. The Rev. G. Pope wrote of his 
 funeral, "We all went to it ; there were about 250 people 
 present, and much real grief was shown. I never saw 
 such feeling at a Portuguese funeral before." 
 
 Senhor Mello, an ex-priest, who was Senor Mora's 
 assistant, was appointed to take charge of the con- 
 gregation. 
 
 In March, 1876, Senhor Chaves, who was assistant 
 priest in the Loretto Church in Lisbon, gave notice of 
 his intention to join the Reformers. He had been a 
 diligent Bible student, and from his reading had become 
 convinced of the errors of the Church of Rome. His 
 father was a good man, a doctor in Algarve, who was 
 assassinated. The last remembrance Chaves had of him 
 was sitting on his knee one day after dinner and hearing 
 him say with reference to the then Miguelite trouble. 
 " Take no thought for your life," etc. An hour after a 
 horde of Miguelites broke into the house, and, to the cry 
 of " Viva a nossa santa religino !" assassinated the 
 father. Mr. Pope gives the following account of Senhor 
 Chaves' reception of the truth at a Conference held at 
 the house of Mr. Pope, where the subject was good works 
 and justification, and on which occasion he seemed first 
 to really grasp the meaning of the Gospel plan. 
 
 " The thought of God's simple way of salvation 
 appeared to give him quite a start " (wrote Mr. Pope), 
 " and as I showed him Scripture after Scripture the poor 
 
The L us/tan/ an Church. 125 
 
 fellow burst into tears, and kept repeating, ' Yes, yes, I 
 see it now. How good is God ! How undeserved is such 
 mere)- from the Saviour to me a poor sinner ! ' As far 
 as I can judge he really left the Church of Rome because 
 he could find no rest for his soul in it. Since he realised 
 the doctrine of justification by faith, all his questions 
 and talk continually converge to the sinner's need of a 
 Saviour, personal acceptance and comfort in believing." 
 
 On a Sunday in April following, Scnhor Chaves was 
 admitted into the Reformed Church. There was 
 morning prayer and litany, then a hymn ; then Senhor 
 Pereira standing at one side of the Communion table, 
 and Senhor de Costa at the other, Senhor Chaves 
 was presented at the rails. Senhor Pereira put to him 
 the several questions, and he replied, reading his 
 renunciation of the errors of the Church of Rome very 
 clearly and solemnly. Prayer was then offered for him, 
 and after a hymn Senhor Pereira preached a sermon 
 .suitable to the occasion. 
 
 There were ninety-seven persons present at thej 
 service, amongst whom were three members of thej 
 Cortes and a Portuguese Count. 
 
 This year a threatened prosecution greatly agitatedj 
 the little band of Reformers at Rio de Mouro. The| 
 general congregation there was between sixty and 
 seventy at this time. The parish priest was the mover 
 in the matter, desiring to close the school and stop the 
 work. An advocate at C intra, not very far from 
 Rio de Mouro, got to know that the idea of prosecuting 
 Costa and his wife was being pushed on ; and that 
 the Cintra Ddcgado, or public prosecutor, had gone up 
 to Lisbon for an order for a detachment of troops to 
 march from Cintra on the Tuesday, surround Costa's 
 house in the night, seize him and his wife the next 
 
126 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 morning, and march them on foot to Cintra in the 
 middle of the soldiers, where they would be put into 
 prison without the option of bail. Knowing this the 
 advocate friend sent word privately of the danger telling 
 Costa to come up to Lisbon at once, " as an hour's 
 delay might be fatal." They did so, and for the moment 
 the danger was past. Rev. G. Pope and a doctor who 
 was friendly, went to the judge at Cintra, and after a 
 great deal of trouble arranged the matter for the present. 
 This is, however, but one of many trials and persecutions 
 that Costa and his devoted wife had to undergo for 
 the Gospel's sake. When they went back to Rio de 
 j Mouro, the people gave them quite a triumphal welcome, 
 waving their hands and calling out, " Welcome back ! we 
 will send our children to the school to-morrow." It 
 turned out that when the Regedor of Rio de Mouro 
 was first ordered to arrest Costa, he replied, " He is so 
 popular that I cannot promise that my policemen will 
 arrest him ; you must do so yourselves." It was then the 
 order was procured for troops. 
 
 The work in Portugal at the end of 1876 con- 
 sisted of the two churches in Lisbon and the one in 
 Rio de Mouro, as follows : — 
 
 San Paulo : Rev. M. A. Pereira. \ 
 
 c T\/r 1 13 T i\/r r-i / All of these ex- 
 
 San Marcal : Rev. J. M. Chaves. ( 
 
 i3-jT\/r D ^ A n ^ ) Roman Catholic 
 
 Rio de Mouro : Rev. J. de Costa \ 
 
 A 1 • I I pi'iests. 
 
 Almeida. / ^ 
 
 There were six persons besides employed in the 
 schools, as masters and mistresses. 
 
 The Rev. Godfrey Pope received applications from 
 several priests to join the movement, but was unable to 
 entertain them owing to lack of funds. An English 
 lady, Mrs. Portugal, at this time gave great assistance 
 
The Lusitanian Church. 127 
 
 in the work. Having lived many years in the counti}-, 
 and being able to speak the language fluently, she held 
 Bible classes and visited much among the poor. Her 
 name and work are not forgotten. 
 
 As an instance of the care taken in receiving those 
 who wished to join the Reformers, I may mention here 
 the precautions used. Two register books were kept in \ 
 each congregation, the one for intpiircrs, the other for 
 Church members. When a person evinced a desire to 
 join, the minister noted his name, address, etc., in the 
 inquirers' book and then met him as often as he deemed 
 necessary, for instruction in the Scriptures. After three 
 months' probation, the minister, if satisfied with the 
 knowledge and life of the inquirer, entered his name in 
 the register book, and thenceforward he was admitted to 
 the Holy Communion. Provision was made for the 
 rejection of unworthy communicants. 
 
 All — rich and poor, those who had subscribed or who 
 had not — could become Church members. In every 
 way the work was becoming more consolidated ; the 
 power of the Holy Ghost was amongst them, and hopes 
 were cherished for a widespread reform. 
 
 The next important event was the petition to the 
 Lambeth Conference of 1878, of which we have spoken 
 elsewhere. 
 
 The ex-priest, the Rev. J. J. Costa Almeida, gave this 
 year a free gift of a piece of land for a school church at 
 Rio de Mouro. A building was erected upon it and in 
 front above the door was placed an inscription over an 
 open Bible, " Search the Scriptures." The church was 
 quite full at the opening service. The work at Rio de 
 Mouro costs the Society very little, as Senhor Almeida 
 has private means which he devotes to the cause. 
 
128 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 An important step was taken in Portugal in 
 1879 in the direction of religious liberty. For more 
 than twelve years the civil registration of the births, 
 marriages, and deaths of Protestants was the law 
 of the land, but, as no officials had ever been ap- 
 pointed to carry out this law, Protestants were obWged 
 to be married in their own churches alone, and used 
 then to register the act before a public notary. From 
 January ist, 1879, however, this was altered. The 
 proper officials were appointed, and now Protestants 
 all over the kingdom find duly-appointed Government 
 officials to register their births and deaths, and perform 
 civil marriage for them. As regards education, too, the 
 law provided that " those children who belong to a 
 different religion shall not be required to attend the 
 exercises in Christian (viz. Roman Catholic) doctrine." 
 
 The Military Code, moreover, allowed a soldier 
 condemned to death to be attended by the " ministers 
 of his religion," whoever they might be. No Portuguese 
 (the Constitutional Charter states) may be persecuted on 
 account of his religion — a law difficult to get enforced 
 in country places. With large liberty to the press, it 
 will be seen that Portugal was at this time in advance 
 of Spain in the direction of full religious liberty. 
 
 Upon the visit of Bishop Riley, in pursuance of 
 the resolution of the Lambeth Conference of 1878, the 
 three existing congregations adopted a set of regulations 
 as a basis for the future organisation of the Church. 
 The body of Reformers henceforth took the name 
 of the " Lusitanian Church " ; regulations for a General 
 Synod, a Standing Committee, and a Diocesan Synod 
 were passed. Bishop Riley ordained Senhor Candido 
 Joaquim de Souza as deacon during his visit. 
 
The Lusitaniax Church. 129 
 
 At the end of the year 1880 two eonii^regations, 
 with their schools, applied to be received into the 
 Lusitanian Church, one of the most i^ratifyinij;^ fea- 
 tures of this movement being that it was quite spon- j 
 taneous, and in no way suggested or urged by the 
 Episcopal Reformers themselves. One of these, known 
 as the Pra;a das Flores Church, was formerly under the 
 direction of Scnor Mora. The congregation had alwa3's 
 been episcopal and liturgical, and though considering 
 itself one with the Lusitanian Church, had not hitherto 
 come under its rules. This congregation then numbered 
 212 registered members, and had fifty-six children on 
 the books of its school. 
 
 The other congregation that joined was founded by 
 the excellent Wesleyan mission at Oporto, in' a suburb 
 of that town — Villa Nova de Gaya. The congregation 
 met in a public meeting, and, with only one dissentient 
 voice, voted for joining with the Lusitanian Church. 
 This congregation was under the care of Mr. James 
 Cassels, an English merchant, who has since become 
 naturalised as a Portuguese, and it was by his gener- 
 osity and exertion that a small church and school- 
 room had been built. The children in the .schools at 
 this time numbered 120 in daily attendance, and there 
 were between sixty and seventy communicants, mostly 
 men. A shortened form of prayer from our Prayer- 
 book had always been used in the services of this 
 congregation, which now definitely joined the Lusi- 
 tanian Church. 
 
 The Lusitanian Church thus numbered five con sjrep-a- J 
 tions — three in Lisbon ; one at Oporto, and one at Rio de 
 Mouro— and became the largest Protestant body in Portu- 
 gal. The accession of the Villa Nova congregation was 
 J 
 
I30 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 most important, the work being a very flourishing one, 
 but at present the minister (Mr. Cassels) was a layman, 
 and it was necessary to send a clergyman from Lisbon 
 from time to time to administer the sacraments, at 
 no little inconvenience and expense. It was my 
 privilege to celebrate the Holy Communion at Villa 
 Nova during this time, and I shall not soon forget the 
 difficulty in making up sufficient Portuguese on the 
 previous days to enable me to do so, or the kindness 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Cassels in enabling me to read up the 
 .service. 
 
 The Rev. G. Pope writes, in February, iSSi, of the 
 work in Villa Nova. He says : " Divine service is held 
 here twice on Sundays and once each Tuesday evening^ 
 and the number attending is very good. The total 
 number of the congregation may be calculated at 200 
 persons. Three classes are held each week for the 
 study of the Bible, mutual edification, and prayer. . . . 
 These classes are attended by the majority of the 
 members of the Church." 
 
 In 1882 there was again an important extension of 
 the work to the City of Oporto itself It came about 
 under the following circumstances. The Rev. Senor D. 
 Diaz, an ex-Roman Catholic priest, had for the pre- 
 vious six years been working in connection with the 
 Wesleyan mission in Oporto, but now resigned his 
 position in order to apply for admission to the Lusi- 
 tanian Church. He stated that he took this step of his 
 own free and independent will, and for the reason that 
 ever since the Church had been formed, he had felt the 
 strongest sympathy with it. His application came 
 before the Standing Committee, and he was unanimously 
 admitted. 
 
The LusiTANiAN Church. 131 
 
 Senor Diaz was well known in the north of Spain 
 as an earnest, eloquent man, with a full and accurate 
 knowledge of the holy Scriptures. He is the author of 
 several small works, and, at the time of which I speak, 
 editor of a little fortnightl\' paper, the Reformer. His 
 advent, as an ordained man, sup[)lietl a want in the 
 work, and while no word would have been said to 
 influence him, he was heartily welcomed when he had 
 made the decision. 
 
 Thus the little Church was making progress, and was 
 full of hope for the future. There were drawbacks in 
 the failure of friends and opposition of foes — it was ever 
 thus. The history of the Primitive Church is constantly 
 repeated in the march of the ages. The little Church at 
 Rio de Monro was especially singled out for attack. 
 The clergyman there, the Rev. J. Costa Almeida, had been 
 three times formally excommunicated ; two actions had 
 been brought against him in the civil courts ; and now he 
 was excommunicated for the fourth time, and yet he 
 survives ! It may interest my readers to give a 
 translation of this last excommunication. 
 
 " Don Antonio Jose de Feritas Honorato, by the 
 grace of God, and of the Holy Apostolic See, Arch- 
 bishop of Mitylene, Doctor in Sacred Theology in the 
 University of Coimbra, member of the council of his 
 most faithful Majesty, President of the Relaco and Curia 
 Patriarchal, Provisor and Vicar-General of the Most 
 Eminent and Most Reverend Senhor Cardinal Patriarch 
 of Lisbon, and failing his Eminence, the Most Reverend 
 Governor of the patriarchate. To the clergy and faithful 
 of the patriarchate, health and peace in Jesus Christ our 
 Saviour. 
 
 " We make known that by the sentence below 
 J 2 
 
T32 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 transcribed, passed by the ecclesiastical court of this 
 patriarchate on the 29th day of August last, the Presbyter 
 Joas Joaquim da Costa Almeida and his pretended wife, 
 Maria do Rosario, both residing in the place and parish 
 of Rio de Mouro, in the district of Cintra, of this 
 patriarchate, were solemnly declared heretics, and as 
 such condemned with the legal formalities. The crime 
 of these unhappy persons is horrible ; as the sentence 
 says : — ' It is the awful sin of public heresy, manifested 
 externally, with all the anti-Catholic demonstrations 
 which the ferocious fanaticism of error can inspire against 
 the truth ; the public teaching of Protestantism, carried 
 on by the heretical school founded in Rio de Mouro, at 
 the expense of the dreadful Protestant propaganda ; the 
 circulation of Bibles and pamphlets, where attacks are 
 made upon Catholic dogma, upon the worship {adto) of 
 the sacred images, not to mention the pious homage 
 which we pay to the Mother of God and our Lady, the 
 lofty patroness of the Portuguese, the denial of the 
 various sacraments, and the scandalous imitation of the 
 most venerable rites of our holy faith. All that the 
 Catholic loves, believes, and respects, and the Holy 
 Church by its sacred canons bids us venerate, has been 
 the object of the ridicule of these two unhappy in- 
 struments of the Devil, the common enemy of God and 
 man. But what above measure aggravates the situation 
 of these unhappy persons is the consideration that they 
 have abjured our faith, renounced the promises they 
 made at baptism in order to throw themselves into the 
 abyss of error, flying from Catholic truth to the heresy 
 of Protestantism. 
 
 " Concupiscence blinded them, and hurried along by 
 it; the male criminal forgets that he has been baptised 
 
The Lus/tanian Church. 133 
 
 and anointed as a minister and priest of the New 
 Covenant, apostatising as he does from religion and from 
 the priesthood of the Church, which had constituted him 
 a fellow-worker with Christ in the great work of the 
 salvation of souls, His ambassador before the greatest 
 potentates of the earth ; and more to be lamented than 
 Esau, he sells for disgrace (filth) the most precious 
 jewels of grace to serve Satan in the work of the 
 per\ersion of our beloved Portugal. The crime, there- 
 fore, committed by the apostate priest Jo.ls Joaquim da 
 Costa Almeida, And by his female accomplice in the sin 
 of concupiscence and in the propagation of Protestantism 
 in Rio de Monro, is very great. That crime could not 
 remain unpunished. The Holy Church fulminates it 
 with the penalty of anathema, or greater excommuni- 
 cation. And therefore the sentence has done no more 
 than inflict that penalty upon him, after all the circum- 
 stances of aggravation in the case of the condemned 
 criminals had been proved. Fly from them, Christians ! 
 You must avoid them as persons struck with pestilence, 
 because the Gospel and the Church command you to 
 do so. 
 
 " Hold no intercourse of any kind with them ; you may 
 only approach them in case of extreme spiritual or 
 bodily need. More than this is not permitted, because 
 they are excommunicated persons to be avoided. Despise 
 them in public, but pra}- for them in private, that they 
 may be converted, and, like the prodigal son, may return 
 to the house of God, to the Hoi}- Church which they are 
 now attacking and ridiculing. 
 
 "At present there [)rcsses upon them the justice of 
 God, who punishes them with the thunderbolts of the 
 anathema. Afterwards light will come and enlighten 
 
134 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 these blind persons so that they may see that which at 
 present they do not wish to see : Protestantism decom- 
 posing, becoming reduced to the filth of error, and all its 
 members in whom a sincere desire to know the truth 
 exists reconciling themselves to the Church of Rome, 
 and sheltering under the shadow of that portentous 
 moral force which governs the world. Let this our 
 provision, with the sentence below transcribed, after 
 being registered in the ' Camara Patriarchal,' be sent to 
 all the reverend parish priests of the patriarchate, to be 
 read at the time of High Mass, on the first feast day 
 which may occur after it has been received. Given in 
 Sao Vicente de Forn, under our seal, and the stamp of 
 the arms of his Eminence on the 23rd of November, 1882. 
 
 "Antonio 
 " A rchbishop of Milylene." 
 
 Then follows the lengthy sentence. 
 
 It is curious reading this at the close of the nineteenth 
 century! And yet the Rev. J. J. Costa Almeida still 
 lives and his work prospers ! 
 
 Some of the more ignorant thought that some 
 
 (calamity would immediately follow — e.g. it was said by 
 some they would turn black ! But when it was found 
 that nothing followed, and the work still prospered, they 
 changed their mind about the whole circumstance, and 
 I more good than harm was the result. 
 
 Sunday, April 14th, 1883, marks an important epoch 
 in the history of reform in Portugal, as on this day 
 a new church was opened in the flourishing city of 
 Oporto. The church is built a few yards off the Rua do 
 Heroisma, one of the largest and broadest streets in the 
 city, and one that forms the artery between the centre 
 
The Lls/tama.v CiirRcii. i35 
 
 of the town and the termini for the new railways. The 
 new church is a neat little building of oblong form, 
 capable of holding about 300 people. 
 
 At the cast end stands the holy table on a raised 
 platform, with rails in front. The pulpit and reading- 
 desk are on either side. Against the wall is printed the 
 Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and the Ten Commandments. 
 At the west end is a sinall vestry and cloak-room ; the 
 pews are plain, comfortable seats, and the whole interior 
 has a decent, airy, and not too severely plain appearance, 
 and will suit both people and climate wx>ll. For the 
 opening services the building was literally crammed full. 
 The Rev. G. Diaz, who took charge of the congregation, 
 wrote thus of the services," Both at morning and evening 
 pra>er the congregation was extraordinarily large. All 
 the seats were occupied, and almost as many persons 
 remained standing in the aisles and near the entrance. 
 All behaved in the most orderly manner, and showed 
 the most devout respect. At the morning service the 
 congregation was composed of the better classes, and 
 there were present journalists, lawyers, merchants, and 
 even some members of the Catholic Association, and a 
 Roman priest. May God our Father be pleased to 
 sanctify that new church, and may He grant that when- 
 ever His people meet there they may, feel the truth of 
 His promise, ' Lo ! I am with }-ou always, even to the 
 end of the world.' " 
 
 The next day an Oporto paper, ha\'ing the curious 
 name The Tenth of March, had an article about the 
 opening, by no means unfriendly. After a full description 
 of the building, and of the pastor, the Rev. G. Diaz, the 
 writer says, " We were profoundly impressed b>- the fact 
 that all the faithful, adults and children of both sexes, 
 
136 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 chanted the canticles, etc., out of their own proper books, 
 and found out the prayers and verses which the pastor 
 gave out in a clear voice. When the psalms, hymns, etc., 
 of the first portion of the service were concluded, the 
 Rev. G. Diaz ascended the pulpit and preached an 
 excellent sermon upon the text of the Gospel ' Go ye 
 into all the world,' etc. The temple was literally full. 
 The opening of the chapel was simple without any 
 ostentation of ornament." 
 
 The building was named " The Church of the 
 Redeemer at St. Lazaro," the quarter of the city where 
 it stands. 
 
 In striking contrast to this, two days afterwards 
 there appeared in another paper an account of an 
 extraordinary act of bigotry. The curate of the parish 
 of Bomfein, in the city of Oporto, refusing to pass the 
 new Evangelical Lusitanian Chapel with the consecrated 
 Host, was the cause of a tumult which brought him into 
 considerable danger. The case was as follows. The 
 priest had been called to a sick person in a certain street, 
 and went with the Holy Wafer in a procession. There 
 is a superstition in Portugal against returning by the 
 same route, as then it is thought the sick one will surely 
 die. But the only other route would pass the Lusitanian 
 Church. The curate refused to go, and hence a great 
 tumult, and he was with difficulty rescued by the police 
 from the fury of the mob. The article concluded in 
 these words. " How many followers may not the 
 Lusitanian Church have gained yesterday !- By the 
 gross misconduct of the Roman Catholic priests she is 
 being assisted in her propaganda." 
 
 It was about this time that Mr. James Casscls, 
 the devoted and valued lay minister at Villa Nova 
 
The LusiTANiAN Church. 137 
 
 de Gaya, finally decided to offer himself as a 
 candidate for deacon's orders in the Lusitanian 
 Church. 
 
 All the necessary steps were taken, the documents 
 laid before the Synod, and solemnly approved. The 
 Synod could, of course, proceed no further than this, but 
 the earnest hope was expressed that one who had been 
 so devoted and self-sacrificing in the cause of the 
 Church, would ere long be ordained. It should be 
 mentioned that, besides his lay-ministerial work, Mr. 
 Cassels has been most energetic in the matter of 
 education, and children from the schools under his 
 superintendence had passed the Government examina- 
 tions with much credit. 
 
 At length, on a date well remembered in Oporto — 
 March 9th, 1884 — the Most Rev. Lord Plunket, then ^ 
 Bishop of Meath, went on a visit to the city for the 
 purpose of performing there episcopal functions which 
 at present the Reformers were unable to do for them- 
 selves. Lord Plunket was accompanied by Rev. J. B. 
 Cabrera, Bishop-elect, and the first confirmation and | 
 first ordination were held in this part of the Peninsula. 
 It was a day of great spiritual joy. The font, pulpit, 
 and desk of the little church at Villa Nova were simpl\' 
 and tastefuU}' decorated with white camellias in honour 
 of the occasion. 
 
 The confirmation service was held at 9.30 in the 
 morning. The Bishop gave an address explanatory of 
 the rite, which was interpreted by Rev. J. B. Cabrera. 
 Then the candidates, fourteen boys and girls, made 
 their public profession of faith before God, and a large 
 congregation ; and answered all the questions put to 
 them according to the ritual of the Lusitanian Church, 
 
138 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 after which the Bishop solemnly administered the rite 
 of confirmation. 
 
 Subsequently the ordination service was held. It 
 was a wet day — the rain fell in torrents — but notwith- 
 standing, the church was crowded, and many were glad 
 to stand in the adjoining school-room, where they were 
 able to hear. The congregation consisted of members 
 and occasional attendants. The service was read by the 
 Rev. G. Diaz, and the sermon preached by the Rev. 
 J. B. Cabrera. He concluded by addressing some earnest 
 words to Mr. Cassels, about to be ordained. Then 
 followed the ordination, and afterwards the Holy Com- 
 munion services, the number approaching the hoi)- table 
 being over seventy. 
 
 On the following Thursday Lord Plunket consecrated 
 the new Church of St. Lazaro, in the city of Oporto. 
 The church was crowded to excess. The greater part 
 of the congregation on this occasion were Romanists, 
 who had come to see and hear. An attempt was made 
 to disturb the service by some students, but they soon 
 left. The Bishop-elect preached the sermon, and 
 although in Spanish, was perfectly understood by the 
 majority of the congregation. Most of the daily papers 
 mentioned the visit of the Bishop, and some spoke 
 favourably of the services. The Church was much 
 strengthened and encouraged by this visit of sympathy, 
 and the advantage was great to the Villa Nova congre- 
 gation, who had now the pastor of their choice in holy 
 orders. It may be repeated here that Mr. Cassels, 
 though of English descent, was born in Portugal, and 
 has become naturalised as a Portuguese, so as to be in 
 full sympathy with the Church in which he ministers. 
 He speaks the language fluently. 
 
illb NEW CHURCH AT VILLA NOVA DE CAVA, NEAR OPORTO. 
 
 ■^^^'^'^^^^^ 
 
 THE PARSONAGE, VILLA NOVA DE GAYA. 
 
The LusiTANiAN Church. 139 
 
 Towards tlic end of August, 1884, a new chapel 
 was opened at the village of Candal, about two miles 
 distant from Villa Nova, by Mr. Andrew Cassels (a 
 brother of Mr. James Cassels). He had, at his own 
 expense, provided the buildings, which consisted of two 
 large rooms, one a girls' school-room and chapel, and 
 the other a boys' school. Divine service was held 
 ever}' Sunday, and on Wednesday evenings. Mr. Cassels 
 and his wife (since taken to her rest) were devoted in 
 their work amongst the poor. Mr. Cassels ministered 
 as lay evangelist to the congregation. Several of the 
 daily papers noticed the opening of these school-rooms. 
 I will give one extract from the Diario Portucnsa : — 
 " Some days ago two schools were opened at Candal, 
 one for boys, the other for girls, which were greatly 
 needed, so as to curb the children who wandered about 
 the streets there, given up to ignorance, and who, with- 
 out this restraint, would turn out in the future to be 
 monsters. These schools, which are superintended by 
 two competent masters, are already attended by 1 50 
 children. The school-rooms are very large and \\q\\ 
 ventilated, but without ornamentation or needless show. 
 Adjoining is the dwelling-house of the porter, and a 
 large yard for a playground — all this done at the 
 expense of Mr. A. Cassels, a merchant who has resided 
 for years at Candal. All praise to this supporter of 
 popular instruction ! " At present this work was entirely 
 under the direction of Mr. A. Cassels, and not definitely 
 connected with the Lusitanian Church. 
 
 I referred above to the interest that Mr. James 
 Cassels has always taken in elementary education in his 
 neighbourhood. So successful has he been that his 
 services have received on several occasions public 
 
140 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 recognition. At the end of the year 1884 a series of 
 conferences of Government and other schoolmasters was 
 held in Oporto. They were largely attended, and dis- 
 cussion took place which proved of great utility. The 
 recognition of Mr. J. Cassels and his work is given in 
 the report published in the Counncrcio do Porto of 
 October 9th, 1884. It is as follows: — "Mr. James 
 Cassels eulogised the Government primary schoolmasters, 
 both on account of the services which they had rendered 
 to society, and also on account of the progress they had 
 lately made — a progress which he was enabled to 
 realise and appreciate at the conferences held this year. 
 He declared himself in favour of the study of choro- 
 graphy, even in elementary schools, and mentioned that 
 he had established in the Gaya district a school for 
 infants from three to six years old, managed, not by a 
 properly certificated teacher, since that was impossible, 
 but by a good, sensible woman, who taught the children 
 the first rudiments. 
 
 " The President said he had much pleasure in intro- 
 ducing to the conference Mr. James Cassels, who had 
 rendered valuable service to the cause of education, and 
 maintained in the Gaya district a primary school for 
 boys and girls, a night school for adults, and infant 
 school. After speaking of Mr. Cassels in terms of just 
 and high eulogy for his eminent ser\ices to the cause 
 of education, the President proposed that a vote of 
 profound gratitude to this excellent gentleman should 
 be recorded in the minutes of the meeting. The 
 proposal was voted unanimously. Mr. Cassels in 
 repl)' thanked the meeting for this manifestation 
 of feeling, and begged that the vote should not be 
 recorded. The meeting, however, decided that their 
 
Titr-: Lus/T.iNfAN Church. 141 
 
 gratitude to Mr. Cassels should be recorded in the 
 minutes." 
 
 On the same evening a banquet was given to Sehor 
 A. S. Lopez, the Government Inspector. Sixty-eight 
 were present, and the health of Mr. Cassels was 
 drunk in recognition of his services in the cause of 
 education. A Roman Catholic priest who was present 
 also spoke highl\- of Mr. Cassels' work. Next day a 
 very favourable article appeared in the Coiniiierdo, 
 giving an account of the meeting. This incident is an 
 example of the way in which the Lusitanian Church 
 was advancing in public favour, and thus gaining oppor- 
 tunities for the propagation of the truth. The records 
 of those who came seeking information at this time, and 
 the details of work done are deeply interesting. They 
 have been published in Light and Truth, the organ of 
 the Spanish and Portuguese Church-Aid Society. 
 
 The next two years mark a very important progress 
 in the work in Lisbon. The work had grown, and there 
 had been many tokens of spiritual blessing. This had 
 been viewed with great interest and gratitude by all 
 concerned. Among others an English resident in Lis- 
 bon, Mr. John Cleife, had taken notice of it, and had 
 determined to encourage it by providing a church in 
 Lisbon. This want had been long felt, and Sunday, 
 January 10th, 1886, was a day of great rejoicing, when 
 the opening services were held. The Rev. Godfrey 
 Pope gave the following account of this generous gift 
 and of the opening : " A little more than two years ago 
 I received a note from Mr. Cleife asking me to call at 
 his house. I did so, not knowing the reason why he 
 wished to see me ; and he then said he had watched 
 with much interest the progress of the congregations — 
 
142 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 of one, that of St. Peter, especially — and desired to 
 build a church for it. He asked me what amount I 
 thought was needed to buy ground and build a good, 
 well-finished, church-like church. I said I thought we 
 could do it with ease for from ^i,ooo to £ i,200. ' The 
 money is yours,' he said, ' and if you need more I will 
 gladly give it.' Upon my thanking him heartily he said, 
 ' I am only doing what is my duty. God has prospered 
 me, and it is my duty and my pleasure to do what I can 
 for the spread of the Gospel.' 
 
 " We at once began to look out for ground in a 
 suitable situation, and for nearly a year and a half found 
 none. I was determined not to spend more than ^500 
 on a site. All our Portuguese friends said, ' You will 
 never get a site for that money ' ; but I knew we should 
 if we waited, and wait we did, until at last an admirable 
 site was found and purchased. The building, the plan 
 of which had previously been submitted to the Muni- 
 cipal Chamber of Lisbon for approval, was commenced 
 last April and was concluded during the first week of 
 January of the present year. 
 
 " On the piece of ground are constructed the church, 
 a' vestry adjoining, and a house for the guard. The 
 west end of the church faces the street, and the rest of 
 the ground is enclosed by a battlemented wall with 
 three doors : one leads from the street to the guard's 
 house and vestry, the other two into a yard adjoining 
 the church. In the yard stands the church porch, 
 through which the congregation enter the building. 
 The edifice itself is oblong in shape and lighted by six 
 windows — three at the east and three at the west end. 
 
 " A small chancel occupies the whole width of the 
 building at the east end, and is separated from the body 
 
The Lusitanian Church. 143 
 
 of tlic church by three arches — a large central one and 
 two smaller ones, one on each side of the large one. 
 A series of plaster mouldings, of Gothic design, runs 
 round the whole building. These are white, and the 
 interxals between them are in coloured green in the 
 chancel and red in the body of the church. 0\'cr the 
 chancel arch is an illuminated text, 'Thou art Teter, and 
 on this Rock 1 will build my Church' ; while along both 
 sides of the building runs an ornamented ribbon, having 
 in coloured letters the two following verses, — ' There is 
 one God, and one Mediator between God and man, the 
 Man Christ Jesus ' ; and ' By grace ye are saved, through 
 faith, and that not of yourselves ; it is the gift of God.' 
 The furniture is all of varnished pine wood. The Lord's 
 table is placed well forward from the east wall so that 
 the minister who celebrates the Lord's Supper may, in 
 accordance with old Catholic custom, stand between the 
 table and the wall, thus facing the people during the 
 Communion service. 
 
 " As the Lusitanian Church does not possess a Bishop 
 of her own, we could not, of course, have a consecration 
 service at the opening of the new building ; but the 
 Archbishop of Dublin, whose services to the Reformation 
 in the Peninsula have been of priceless value, was kind 
 enough, in his capacity as senior member of our House 
 of Bi.shops, to authorise me (Rev. G. Pope), as chairman 
 of the local Synod, to read a service of Benediction on 
 the occasion. A meeting of the Synod was held. Rev. 
 Candido de Souza, the minister of the old church, was 
 formally appointed incumbent of the new chapel ; a 
 Benediction service, previously drawn up, was sanctioned 
 and ordered to be printed ; and I formall)', in S}'nod, 
 named Senhor Candido to direct the service in question. 
 
144 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 " The service was printed, January loth fixed for the 
 opening day, and duly advertised. The Rev. G. Diaz came 
 down from Porto to preach the inaugural sermons. The 
 Rev. J. Costa and Mrs. Costa came up from Rio de Monro 
 with a waggon-load of their school children ; and at noon 
 on the appointed day the service commenced. The 
 building, which easily holds 300 people, was crammed ; 
 the aisles filled with people who could find no sitting 
 room ; and numbers had to go away, being quite unable 
 to get in at all. 
 
 The Revs. Candido, Chaves, Costa, and Diaz took 
 part in the service, assisted by Senor Torres, our duly 
 licensed lay preacher. The utmost order prevailed, and 
 the respect shown, as well as the quietness in so crowded 
 an assembly, were really wonderful. 
 
 In the evening, when the usual service was read, the 
 church was equally full, and the respect and interest 
 equally remarkable. Sehor Diaz preached two admir- 
 able sermons, and put Christ before the large congre- 
 gation very plainly and eloquently as the one and only 
 Saviour. The singing was thoroughly congregational, 
 and, as at the opening service, all present had copies of the 
 zv/io/c service handed to them on entrance. The responses 
 were very hearty and general. The newspapers — although 
 we had taken no pains to secure their goodwill, not having 
 invited the representatives of the press — were yet very 
 kind and civil in their accounts of the opening." 
 
 The congregation at St. Peter's Church has continued 
 very good, and the church is often crowded. Nor are the 
 audiences confined to the poor. People of all classes come 
 — lawyers, doctors, merchants, officers, and even some of 
 the nobility have been present, a most important and 
 encouraging fact. 
 
The Lusitanian Church. 145 
 
 The reports received at this time from the other 
 congregations in Portugal were most encouraging. 
 There was, indeed, opposition and some intolerance, 
 especially in the country places, but on the whole 
 steady progress. One feature — which always indicates 
 health in any Church — was the regular increase in self- 
 support. The whole grants to the Lusitanian Church 
 for the year 1886-87 ^^cc less than £600 \ and the 
 congregation in Oporto had collected money to build a 
 small school-house on the ground belonging to the 
 Church, "and it is now being built." 
 
 At Villa Nova de Gaya sermons were preached for 
 the Tract Society and for foreign missions in the same 
 year ; and although the collections were not large, the 
 number of coins received showed that most, if not all, 
 of the congregation had given something. It is surely 
 encouraging to find these struggling Christians interesting 
 themselves in work in other lands. A large amount of 
 evangelistic work has always been done in the neigh- 
 bourhood of these churches which will doubtless bear 
 fruit in the future. The testimony of the Rev. G. Pope, 
 in his Report for the year, is very important. He 
 writes : " It is by no means easy to give the friends 
 ot our Society a detailed account of the work of our 
 little Lusitanian Church, and the reason is a twofold 
 one. In the first place, since the definite organisation 
 of this little body, its work has tended more and more 
 to assume a regular shape, and the work of each 
 congregation much resembles that of one of our own 
 parishes at home, the minister having to deal with the 
 spiritual needs of his own people, and having, in 
 addition, to be ever on the watch, seeking for new 
 openings where the good seed of the Word may be 
 
146 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 sown. In fact the machine, so to speak, has now be- 
 come self-working, and its various parts are thus system- 
 atically doing each its own appointed task. There is 
 not thus the same need of constant supervision by me 
 as was formerly the case, and I therefore am necessarily 
 unable to give your readers those interesting special 
 cases, which do so much to stir up, at home, sympathy 
 for a work like this .... but my inability during 
 the past two years to take the same active part in the 
 superintendence as formerly has served to bring out into 
 brighter and clearer light the real prudence and trust- 
 worthiness of the native workers, whom, when I unex- 
 pectedly drop in upon them, I always find conscientiously 
 active, and ready and eager to do service to Christ. 
 The various vestries duly meet in the different congre- 
 gations, and I am thankful to say that perfect harmony 
 appears to exist between them and their ministers." 
 
 Passing on to the year 1889, we find the Lusitanian 
 Church passing through a fiery trial. One of several 
 works published by the Rev. Senor Diaz is entitled 
 " What is the Mass ? " a little book which is very bold 
 and uncompromising in its assertion of evangelical 
 truth, and which attacks the doctrine of the Church of 
 Rome on her tenderest point. It had been published 
 some eight months, when " The Catholic Association " 
 called a meeting to discuss it, and decided to prosecute 
 Senor Diaz. 
 
 I A storm was raised in the press, the Liberal papers 
 condemning the " Association " for their action. A 
 leading lawyer called upon the Pastor and offered to 
 defend him without cost ; and letters of sympathy were 
 received from friends and strangers, Roman Catholics 
 and Reformers in all parts of the country. A leading 
 
The Lus/ tax/ i.\ Chur< h. 147 
 
 Portuguese paper took up the question and wrote as 
 follows — the Deniocracia Cojiiniercial, of March i8th, 
 1889: "The religious question is coming more and 
 more prominently to the front. For our part we are 
 resolved to maintain that the Roman Church is heretical 
 in the face of Christianity and false in the face of the 
 Gospels and the teaching of the Apostles. Following 
 the example of some of the Bishops, the Catholic Asso- 
 ciation in this city has risen up in wrath against the 
 book 'What is the I\Iass.^' of the ex-priest G. Diaz, 
 heaping the greatest insults upon him, and accusing the 
 book of containing heretical matter. Now this book 
 contains matter which is thoroughly Christian, as it is 
 found in the canonical books of the New Testament. 
 Are the Bishops and the Catholic Association (who say 
 they are founded on Christ) consistent when they attack 
 a work which they ought to applaud as genuinely Chris- 
 tian, and at the same time do nothing against works 
 which arc being circulated, and are saturated with 
 materialism and atheism ? ' He who is not with Me is 
 against Me,' said Christ, and therefore the Bishops and 
 the Catholic Association, in attacking a book which is 
 
 founded on Christ, are against Christ The 
 
 only thing of Christ's they possess is His cloak, and 
 this they use to deceive the people who believe in their 
 good faith. And as Christ is a whip which lashes them 
 both, the}- rise up in a rage against all that is of Christ. 
 And really the book ' What is the Mass } ' has the 
 great merit of deserving their wrath, for it is a Christian 
 book." This extract shows that the opinion was not all 
 one-sided, and that the " Association " had raised a 
 storm which was not easy to allay. We are not sur- 
 prised to find that under the circumstances the tactics 
 K 2 
 
148 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 were changed, and, after a complaint to the Public 
 Prosecutor, the matter was dropped. 
 
 A parting shot, however, was given in the following 
 circular, which was scattered by thousands : — " Protestant 
 Bibles. We warn all members of the Holy Roman 
 Church neither to read or accept any Protestant books, 
 the reading of which is prohibited and condemned by 
 the Church. These books are a genuine moral pestilence, 
 which the people ought to avoid. And let them not buy 
 or accept any of the improper books of the apostate 
 Priest, G. Diaz, whose soul, long since sold to Satan, is 
 already burning in hell." 
 
 This year his Grace the Archbishop of Dublin paid 
 another visit to the Churches to convey to them certain 
 resolutions passed by the Irish episcopate with reference 
 to their request for the consecration of a Bishop. It was 
 on this occasion that in the chapel of San Pedro, Lisbon, 
 the Rev. A. F. Torres, who had hitherto been a licensed 
 Evangelist, received the order of Deacon. His Grace 
 brought back a good report of the Lusitanian Church, as 
 continuing to make progress. A gratifying feature of 
 that progress was the increase in self-support. Some 
 figures this year are worth quoting. The contributions 
 from four churches in Lisbon and Oporto for the 
 church expenses and poor, were — St. Paulo, Lisbon, 
 ^20 I2s. od. ; Church of Jesus, Lisbon, £1^] 15s. od. ; 
 San Pedro, Lisbon, ^96 6s. /d. ; and Villa Nova de 
 Gaya, iJ'go los. 5d. — a gratifying record for this infant 
 Church. 
 
 The beginning of the year 1890 marks another and 
 important addition to the congregations of the Lusi- 
 tanian Church, viz. that of the Good Shepherd at Candal, 
 near Oporto. A short history of this congregation is 
 
The Lusitanian Church. 149 
 
 necessary for the completeness of our storw \w the \car 
 1S82, Mr. Andrew Cassels, a Christian merchant in 
 Oporto, and brother of the clergyman at Vilhi Nova^ 
 felt himself called of God to undertake spiritual work 
 among the large population resident at Caudal. Accord- 
 ingly, assisted by some friends, he opened a Sunda\- and 
 day school there for children of both sexes, and also 
 cominenced holding .services on Sundajs and Wednes- 
 days. The attendance proved so encouraging that in a 
 very short time Mr. Cassels decided to have two schools, 
 one for boys and one for girls. In the year 1884, Mr. 
 Cassels purchased a large and well-situated piece of 
 ground, and built upon it two school-houses. These 
 schools, from the time of their opening, were called the 
 " Schools of the Good Shepherd," and Sunday and 
 week-day services were held there from 18S4 to 1888. 
 The church in which the congregation now meets \\ as 
 opened for divine service on Januar)' 6th, 1889. I visited 
 the church some }-ears after, and found a building with 
 an ecclesiastical appearance, nicely arranged, and capable 
 of holding 200 to 250 people. Ever since the opening, 
 the services have been well attended and the Gospel has 
 been faithfully preached to a large number of inquirers, 
 not a few of whom haye, by the mercy of God, been 
 brought to a real faith in Christ. Mr. Andrew Cassels, 
 who up to the time of which I speak had acted as lax- 
 minister, was now duly licensed, and he and his 
 lay representatives admitted as members of the S}'nod. 
 Since the schools have been opened, over 1,300 
 children have been educated in them. These schools 
 had, up to this time, been maintained by the generosity 
 of Mr. Cassels and his friends, and the children, besides 
 receiving the usual secular education, had been careful!}- 
 
150 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 taught in the holy Scriptures. But this congregation 
 had from the beginning been independent, so that 
 b}^ its adhesion to the Lusitanian Church, after 
 mature dehberation, no other body was deprived of a 
 congregation — an important fact, as the Reformers seek 
 to carry the Gospel to their countrymen rather than to 
 proselytise from other bodies of Protestant Christians. 
 
 I must not omit to mention a very important work 
 commenced by Mr. Herbert Cassels, the third of 
 this noble band of brothers who have done so much 
 for their adopted country. I refer to the illustrated 
 Bible in Portuguese, which at the time I write is com- 
 pleted and on sale. The idea was suggested by the 
 success of an illustrated Bible in .Italy. It was thought 
 wise, in view of the great prejudice against the people 
 reading the Scriptures, to publish an " authorised 
 Portuguese text," with the Latin or Vulgate printed 
 below. Published in numbers at a cheap rate, it met 
 with a ready sale. The Ultramontanes, of course, 
 opposed it, and in the clerical paper Palavra, spoke of 
 it as a "trick " on the part of Mr. H. Cassels, whom they 
 called a wolf in sheep's clothing. The people were 
 urged not to subscribe, but the work has gone on and 
 prospered, and a beautiful family Bible is now to be 
 found in many a Portuguese home. 
 
 In 1 89 1, the new congregation at Candal was much 
 
 cheered by the news that his Grace the Archbishop of 
 
 Dublin, discharging episcopal functions for the Reformed 
 
 ,' Churches, had admitted in Ireland the Rev. Andrew 
 
 Cassels to the holy office of a Deacon. Two of the 
 
 brothers were, therefore, now in holy orders. 
 
 . The ordination being held in Ireland raised some 
 
 (opposition from extreme men. A long controversy 
 
The Lusitanian Church. 151 
 
 ensued in the Church papers, and " c^ravamcna " were 
 even introthicctl \\\U^ tlic Lower Houses of Convocation 
 in botli provinces. The present Dean (Farrar) of 
 Cantcrbur}' defended h.is Grace in the Review of the 
 Churches in the following words : " In the Southern 
 House, regardiiij^ the resolution as til/ra 7'ires and ;////vr 
 crepidani, I did my best to oppose it. The Dean of 
 Windsor moved, and I seconded, as an amendment 'the 
 previous question,' and the same amendment was moved 
 in the Northern House by Canon Tristram and the 
 Bishop of Hull. 
 
 " This, as might have been expected beforehand, was 
 defeated in both Houses. In the Southern House, 
 however, the gravamen, which was really due, as the 
 debate proved, to dislike of the Reformers, was reduced 
 to very small and comparatively innocuous proportions. 
 It appealed to the Upper House to protect the Church 
 of England from the wholly imaginary, and in any 
 case entirely microscopical and infinitesimal danger of 
 some Spanish Reformer being admitted to an English 
 benefice. The mountain laboured, and there came forth 
 this ridiculous little mouse. It is difficult to conceive 
 that anyone who voted for this eviscerated gravamen 
 really supposed that any such danger was imminent. 
 
 " In the first place, it is most doubtful whether the 
 ordination of a Deacon /;/ and for the Spanish Church, 
 could be regarded as valid for admission into an English 
 benefice. But even if it were, no English Bishop would 
 or could introduce such a Spanish Deacon unless he 
 gave satisfactory proofs that his ordination was perfectly 
 regular and his views were those of the English Church. 
 The insinuation of the gravamen in the Northern House, 
 that the Archbishop had not been loyal to the decision 
 
152 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 of the Lambeth Conference, was entirely baseless, as was 
 the assertion, so completely disproved in the Southern 
 House, that the Spanish Reformers ' had not shown 
 themselves to be in accord with certain Catholic 
 doctrines dear to the Church of England.' In the 
 Canterbury Convocation, at any rate, some sympathy 
 was shown with these poor Reformers, who have faced 
 social ostracism and bitter persecution in order to obey 
 their consciences and to shake themselves free from the 
 trammels of the most stagnant Church in the world. 
 
 " These poor and persecuted Reformers, who in 
 obedience to their consciences have done exactly what 
 we and our fathers have done in refusing allegiance to 
 what our article calls' blasphemous fables and dangerous 
 deceits,' ought not to be treated as heretical schismatics. 
 
 " The attitude taken to the Archbishop of Dublin by 
 the advanced High Church party in both houses will do 
 him no sort of harm. It was a gratuitious interference 
 with the action of a large-minded and loving prelate, 
 against whom neither Bishop nor Synod in his own 
 Church has breathed one word of censure. It has caused 
 excusable irritation in the Irish Church, which is not in 
 the least amenable to any fault-fmding or heresy-hunting 
 censures of English presbyters. It has, indeed, had the 
 natural result of strengthening the Archbishop's hands, 
 for it has evoked the following declaration signed by 
 the large majority of the Irish Bishops. 
 
 " ' (i) That we express hereby our sympathy with the 
 Reformers of Spain and Portugal, who, under many 
 exceptional difficulties, are struggling to free themselves 
 from the burden of unlawful terms of communion. 
 
 '"(2) That regarding their case as having become one 
 of extreme necessity, and recognising the rights of 
 
Tin-: L i 'si ta nia v Cii ur ( //. 1 5 3 
 
 Bishops of the Catholic Church to interpose in such 
 cases, we clo not feci caUeti upon to protest ai;ainst i\\v 
 action contemplated by his Grace the Archbishop of 
 Dublin, who has announced his purpose of holdinij^ 
 ordinations on behalf of the Reformers of Spain and 
 Portugal in the course of the ensuing )'ear. 
 
 " ' (3) I'hat we have received with satisfaction his 
 Grace's assurance that, when carrj-ing that purj)osc into 
 effect he will confine his ministration witliin the limits ol 
 those countries, and use during the laying on of hands 
 the words enjoined in the services of our own Church. 
 
 '"C P. Meatii ; C. Limerick; M. F. Cashel ; 
 R. S. Cork ; \V. P. Ossorv ; W. B. Killaloe ; 
 S. KiLMORE ; C. M. Clogiier ; J. Tuam.' 
 
 " The needless gravamen has thus defeated itself in 
 two ways. It has given the Archbishop the sympathy 
 and support which was most grateful to his heart, and it 
 has led to the conclusive proof that the Spanish 
 Reformers not onl)' accept the three Catholic Creeds of 
 Christendom, and our own Thirt)'-nine Articles, but that 
 their doctrines do not differ in an)- demonstrable effect 
 from those maintained in the P'nglish Prayer-book." 
 
 The remarkable way in which the Bible has been I 
 used both in Spain and Portugal without the aid of a 
 living teacher is illustrated by the case of a working man i 
 who at this time was admitted as a member of the 
 Lusitanian Church. He gave the following account 
 of the way in which he learned the truth : " Six 
 months ago I found on the ground of the wine-store 
 where I am employed this little book — the Gospel 
 according to St. Matthew. I picked it up, and asked 
 my mates to \\liom it belonged, but none of them 
 claimed it, and several said they would not dare to have 
 
154 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 it in their possession, as it was a false book and attacked 
 the doctrines of the true Church. As nobody claimed 
 the little book, the foreman said I might have it if I 
 liked ; but advised me to tear it up and burn it, as it 
 was a bad Protestant book. In the dinner-hour I began 
 reading it, and the following- Sunday I stayed at home 
 the whole day reading it, and, much to my delight, found 
 it was a narrative of the life and death of our Lord 
 Jesus Christ. I knew it was true, the reading gave 
 comfort to my soul ; I had at length found what I had 
 been seeking for, and I would not part with this little 
 book for anything in the world. Three or four months 
 ago I summoned up courage to attend divine service at 
 the Evangelical Church in- Villa Nova, and then found 
 that what I had been told of its teaching was most 
 incorrect, and from that day I have regularly attended 
 the services." 
 
 I mentioned above that Mr. Herbert Cassels was at 
 this time engaged in the publication of his illustrated 
 Bible, and as an illustration of the unscrupulous opposi- 
 tion to this work, although the Vulgate was printed with 
 it, I will give here an extract from the Ordem, a clerical 
 newspaper published in the University town of Coimbra. 
 The writer says : " The Biblia Sagrada Illustrada is a 
 Protestant edition for the reasons already adduced 
 notwithstanding the bravadoes of the sect, and, as Pro- 
 testant, is false, is lying, is condemned by the Church, 
 and cannot be read by the faithful without incurring 
 grave penalties, because Protestantism is the most 
 nefarious, the most false, the most lying of all the sects 
 that hell has vomited forth for the scourge of humanity " ! 
 Comment is needless upon such an article. 
 
 The Church at Caudal this year (1892) suffered an 
 
The Lusitanian Church. 155 
 
 almost irreparable loss in the death of Mrs. Andrew 
 Casscls, the wife of the devoted pastor. Eternity alone 
 will show all that was done by the instrumentalit)' of 
 this L,^(-)od woman, who for ten years had been a devoted 
 worker in this part of the Lord's vineyard. It was 
 chiefly b)' her encouragement that her hiisl)and was led 
 to take up the work, and her kind visits and earnest 
 testimony had been the means of winning many to the 
 knowledge of Christ. It may truly be said she died in 
 harness, working up to the very last. The members of 
 the congregation, wishing to show their regard for her, 
 subscribed and placed in the church a handsome marble 
 font with a silver plate affixed — a loving token of their 
 appreciation of her work. 
 
 Another pleasing testimony of goodwill, though 
 happily in this case to a living worker, was given at this 
 time. We have already spoken of Rev. J. J. da Costa 
 Almeida and his work in Rio de Monro. This year (1892) 
 a factor)- in the parish was sold owing to the death of 
 its owner, and purchased by two Portuguese gentlemen, 
 Roman Catholics, who inaugurated the new regime by a 
 lunch, and festivities at the factory. Senor Almeida 
 was invited and given a place of honour. The Comniercio 
 de Portugal gave an account of the proceedings in a 
 long article, the closing words of which are as follows : — 
 " We cannot deny ourselves the pleasure of publishing 
 the name of a meritorious and ignored man, the Rev. 
 J. J. da Costa Almeida, who for twenty-two years has 
 given gratuitous instruction to a large number of 
 children who attend the school at Rio de Mouro to 
 which wc have lately referred, and who has by his 
 influence obtained contributions towards the mainten- 
 ance of the school which gives to the pupils, whom this 
 
156 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 venerable ancient calls 'his children,' all that is requisite 
 for their education. The Rev. Costa Ahneida acknow- 
 ledged with deep feeling the very appropriate terms in 
 which Sehor Nogueira Pinto, one of the new owners, 
 proposed his health, and begged the new proprietors of 
 the factory to extend their goodwill to his school, 
 ' his one joy during the remainder of his days, his 
 one engrossing interest till his death,' for thus he 
 expressed himself." The Seailo, a daily paper with 
 a very large circulation, also gave a very favourable 
 report. 
 
 I have referred several times to the good work beine 
 done at Villa Nova Church, Oporto, under the ministry 
 of the Rev. James Cassels ; indeed, the history of this 
 congregation is that of a steady progress. In the early 
 part of 1893 it was found that the church was getting 
 altogether too small for the congregation. The ac- 
 commodation was for 200, and the register now showed 
 250, and 200 children in addition. Mr. Cassels deter- 
 mined to try and meet the difficulty, and purchased a 
 piece of land adjoining the existing church at a cost of 
 i^200. With some help from the Society in London, a 
 handsome church and schools have been built, w^hich at 
 present quite meet the needs of the congregation. Much 
 is due to the energy and generosity of the Rev. James 
 Cassels, of whose work in this congregation too much 
 can hardly be said. 
 
 The next year (1894) marked progress in the city 
 of Oporto itself. A new school for girls was opened in 
 connection with the Chapel of St. Lazaro. On the 
 opening day twenty-three attended, and before the 
 week closed the number was thirty-six. The boys' 
 school had already an attendance of seventy. Sunday 
 
Tim LusiTAxiAN CiiUKCH. 157 
 
 schools were also started, which from the first were 
 largely attended. 
 
 On the 15th of April this year the new Church (built 
 by Mr. J. Cassels) of St. John the Ivvangelist was opened 
 at Villa Nova de Ga}'^a. The weather was stormy, and 
 the political elections were in progress, but, notwith- 
 standing, the attendance was very large both morning 
 and evening. The chapel, with pulpit, font, benches, 
 and reredos, was made according to plans kindly drawn 
 up by the Rev. G. Pope, President of the Synod. The 
 accommodation is for 400 persons. A special form of 
 prayer was used at the opening services asking the bless- 
 ing of God upon all those who would receive baptism, 
 confirmation, the Lord's Supper, or be joined in holy 
 matrimony in this place, and also upon the preaching of 
 God's holy Word. Several favourable notices appeared 
 in the daily papers. Shortly afterwards a harvest 
 thanksgiving service was held, and over 400 persons 
 were present. 
 
 As an instance of the growing toleration in Portugal, 
 I may mention that the Corporation of Villa Nova 
 set apart a portion of the public cemetery for the 
 burial of non-Romanists, and that the clergy of the 
 Reformed Church were permitted to read the service 
 from the Lusitanian Prayer-book. 
 
 I cannot do better than close this chapter by a short 
 general statement of the present condition of the Lusi- 
 tanian Church in 1896, gathered from the General 
 Report of the Rev. G. Pope : — 
 
 " The devoted workers at Rio de Mouro, the Rev. J.J. 
 da Costa and his wife, are as earnest as ever, full of 
 zeal and faith and joy, and anxious only, now that 
 increasing age presses upon them, that someone may 
 
158 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 in due time be forthcoming to take up their work 
 when they are called to rest. Our two clergy in Lisbon 
 have their hands full, having the charge of three con- 
 gregations, and also of the one at Setubal, and while 
 one manages the editorial work of the Evangelista (the 
 organ of the Lusitanian Church), the other attends to 
 the financial part — the collecting of subscriptions, etc. 
 In Oporto the Rev. James Cassels is now building, at 
 his own expense, upon ground belonging to his church, 
 a nice parsonage house for the use of the incumbent. 
 Into this he intends himself to move, so as to be always 
 close to the church and schools. It is only another 
 evidence of his zeal for the Gospel. The girls' new 
 school-house at the Church of the Redeemer, in Oporto, 
 is now completed, and the attendance is very good. 
 But Mr. Flower, our most earnest lay minister, states 
 that while the contractor has been paid in full, a debt is 
 still due to friends who advanced money — a debt which 
 it is hoped will soon be paid off. At Candal the Rev. 
 Andrew Cassels has been extending his work, services 
 now being held not only at his church and at the Mario, 
 where he has bought ground for a chapel in the future, 
 but also in another direction, near the suspension bridge 
 over the river. All these are well attended, and the 
 services at the new place near the suspension brfdge 
 have been especially so. Altogether we have seven 
 organised congregations, three missions, three boys' 
 schools, three girls' schools, three mixed schools, and 
 three infant schools. There are five ordained clergy, one 
 lay minister, and one licensed preacher. We have four 
 school-masters and ten school-mistresses ; and altogether 
 our children in the schools number over 700." 
 
 The school work is a prominent feature in the 
 
\ 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 E 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 
The Lusitanian Church. 159 
 
 Reformed Lusitanian Church, and one that gives great 
 promise for the future. As one thinks of the short 
 time this work has been in existence, and of the diffi- 
 culties that have been encountered, one may indeed 
 thankfull)' say, "What hatli God wrought !" 
 
i6o 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 OTHER CITIES ALSO. 
 
 Having now put on record the doings of the 
 Episcopal Reformers of Spain and Portugal in their 
 more central stations, I cannot conclude without re- 
 ferring briefly to the work— of less magnitude, perhaps, 
 but not of less interest — which they are carrying on in 
 other quarters of the Peninsula at the present time. 
 
 OSUNA {Spain). — The congregatfon in this town 
 affords an illustration of how the Reform work has spread 
 by the migration of members from one city to another. 
 Previous to 1889 a few members of the congregation 
 of San Basilio, in Seville, went to live at Osuna, 
 fourteen leagues distant, and one of the most ancient 
 towns in Spain. They remained faithful to the teaching 
 they had received, and often spoke of the Reformed 
 Church and its hopes. 
 
 A converted Jew, named Marcos Bothel, also edu- 
 cated in Seville, frequently circulated tracts, but no 
 meetings were held. At length a desire to meet to- 
 gether sprung up, and Senor M. Bothel was approached 
 on the subject. He consented, and at the first gathering 
 eighty persons were present to hear the Word of God 
 read. Two women who had come to reside in 
 Osuna were specially active in bringing about this 
 result. Ultimately Senor Palomares was invited to 
 visit the town. This took place at the close of 1889. 
 
 Mr. Caldwell, the United States consul at Seville, 
 
Oihi:r Cities Also. i6i 
 
 accompanied Palomarcs and the)- found the ground well 
 prepared. Visits were paid to several families known to 
 be in s}'mpathy, and a meeting was arranged for the 
 evening. About thirty persons came, and the pastor 
 found to his surprise a 13ible, liturgy, and hymn-book 
 laid upon the table. The attention to the service and 
 sermon was most marked, and all felt that blessing had 
 been received. The next day Senor Palomares, who is 
 also a doctor, was called to visit one of the congregation 
 who was sick and unable to attend the service, who 
 gratefully received both the spiritual and medical aid. 
 
 The most diligent worker in Osuna is Dona Juana 
 Lobos (one of the women already referred to), who was 
 brought up in Seville, and learned the truth at San 
 Basilio. She has been most active in l^iblc and tract 
 distribution, and in inviting others to the meetings. On 
 this account she has received a great deal of persecution, 
 but undismayed, she still carries on her work. One day 
 the wife of the z'\lcalde and another lady called upon her 
 urging her to go to confession. She replied, "This 1 
 frequently do, and confess all my sins to One Who has 
 power to forgive them." She then opened her Bible 
 and pointed to the passages which warranted her position. 
 The neighbours, wondering at the visit of the ladies, had 
 gathered in and listened attentively to the conversation. 
 Her visitors accepted several tracts. 
 
 Palomares has since paid frequent visits to Osuna, 
 and has met with ever-increasing success. He goes 
 with a packet of Bible portions and tracts, and has 
 has been admitted to the prison and other institutions 
 with them. A building has been hired, and weekly 
 gatherings arranged for Bible reading, prayer, and praise. 
 The usual form of persecution has been tried, and many 
 I. 
 
1 62 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 have lost their situations on account of their being 
 members of the Reformed Church. 
 
 The regular congregation has now reached over fifty- 
 persons, who are earnestly desirous of having a settled 
 pastor in their midst. A generous friend in England 
 has offered to supply the fund necessary for a pastor's 
 stipend for a period of three years. We expect to 
 hear soon that this congregation has been received by 
 the Synod as an organised body in connection with the 
 Reformed Church. 
 
 Valladolid {Spain). — This city, where an interest- 
 ing work is being carried on under the care of the Rev. 
 Emilio Martinez, was formerly one of the most famous 
 cities of Spain. Here Philip II. was born, and here the 
 great discoverer Christopher Columbus died. I shall not 
 soon forget standing in the lowly chamber where this 
 truly great man breathed his last. Here Ferdinand and 
 Isabella were married in 1469. Valladolid was the 
 residence of the kings of Castile, and the seat of the 
 Court until Philip II. made Madrid the capital. For 
 these and many other reasons the visitor to Spain should 
 I not pass it by. It was here that Dr. Augustus Cazalla, 
 the first Reformed Spanish pastor, was strangled, and 
 [afterwards burnt to ashes in the fires of the Inquisition. 
 It was, inciecd, the scene of many martyrdoms, and the 
 present little church has adopted the name Iglcsia de 
 los Martires— the Church of the Martyrs. 
 
 It was at the close of the year 1885 that the Rev. 
 Pedro de Castro, commissioned by Sehor Cabrera, went 
 to visit different groups of Reformers in the north of 
 Spain. At Valladolid he found a group of Christians 
 under the direction of a junta, or vestry, who met 
 together pcriodicall}' to pray, sing hymns, and read the 
 
riu-.R CiT/F.s A /.so. 163 
 
 holy Scriptures. They were maintaining at their own 
 chartjes a small room ca})ablc of holding about fifty 
 persons. It was poorly furnished, but a spot very dear 
 to those who gathered together for worship. They had 
 no pastor, and were without the sacraments, although 
 earnestly desiring them. Scnor Castro communicated 
 with the Bishop-elect, and upon his advice put them in 
 communication with Madrid, and they were eventually 
 accepted as a congregation of the Reformed Spanish 
 Church. At the beginning of the following year the 
 Bishop-elect, accompanied by the Rev. S. Crucllas, 
 visited the city, and services and Bible classes were held 
 which were much enjoyed. Thirty-one partook of the 
 Holy Communion. The hopes of the congregation 
 were raised that ere long a regularly appointed pastor 
 might be sent to labour amongst them. 
 
 Two years subsequently, Mr. S. B. Caldwell, 
 American Consul at Seville, paid a visit, and wrote of 
 the devotion and growth of the congregation. At 
 length a pastor was found in the Rev E. Martinez. His 
 conversion was due to the granting of religious liberty 
 in 1868. He then for the first time heard the pure 
 Gospel in Madrid, and was filled with a desire to make 
 it known to his countrymen. As a preliminary step, he 
 took up the work of a colporteur, and subsequently 
 studied theology under Dr. Napp. His first work as a 
 lay minister was at Monistrol, near Barcelona, for which 
 he was ordained by the Archbishop of Dublin. He was 
 removed to Valladolid in 1890. In 1893 a visit was 
 paid by Lord Plunket, in company with the Bisliop 
 of Clogher and Canon Meyrick. A confirmation 
 service was held, when over 120 people were present. 
 Canon Meyrick writes of this visit, " It was a relief after 
 L 2 
 
164 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 visiting Roman Churches (which, for aught visible to the 
 contrary, might have been Pagan temples) to enter the 
 chapel of this congregation, and to see above the pulpit 
 this text, ' God is love,' and on the walls, ' Behold the 
 Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the world,' 
 etc. . . . Their liturgy is exceedingly beautiful, and 
 at once appeals to the nation's heart, as it embodies in a 
 large measure the old Mozarabic liturg)', which was in 
 use among the early Christians of Spain, and goes back 
 almost to Apostolic times." Thirteen young persons 
 were confirmed on this occasion, and an address given 
 by the Archbishop interpreted by Seiior Cabrera. 
 Canon Meyrick adds to his interesting report of the 
 visit, " We left Valladolid impressed with a sense of the 
 reality and importance of the Spanish reform work there 
 going on." 
 
 The Rev. E. Martinez is an earnest worker and a 
 diligent student. Articles from his pen are frequently 
 found in La Ltia, the organ of the Spanish Reformed 
 Church. He much desires a better church and schools, 
 but it is not easy to procure the funds. 
 
 Setubal [Portugal). — The mission in this town — 
 which claims to be the third largest town in Portugal — 
 forms one of our most hopeful stations, and will, we 
 hope, ere long be fully organised under a resident pastor. 
 The work here dates from 1883. A member of the 
 congregation of San Pedro, Lisbon, had left that city 
 with his wife to reside in Setubal, and this year she died. 
 Her husband telegraphed to the Rev. Senor Candido 
 asking him to go there for the funeral. It was the first 
 Protestant funeral ever seen in the town, and attracted 
 great attention. From the house to the cemetery the 
 people formed two dense lines along both sides of the 
 
Other Cities Also. 165 
 
 streets, and the cemetery was full. With one exception 
 the crowd reverently listened to the burial service. 
 A would-be disturber cried out, " The Protestants 
 are heretics, and ought to be burnt ! " Ikit no one 
 took notice of him. 
 
 At funerals in Portugal the Roman priests generally 
 accompaii}' the coffin to the cemetery robed. Senor 
 Candido thought it right to follow the custom thus far, 
 and attended in surplice and stole. The husband was 
 much respected. He always kept the Sunday, refusing 
 to undertake any business, and tried in every way to 
 spread a purer Gospel among the people. Many s}-m- 
 pathised v.ith him in his work, and at length Senor 
 Carvalho, an excellent man, began to hold meetings. 
 But the people in sympathy with the Lusitanian Church 
 became very anxious to have liturgical services, and in 
 the autumn of 1893 it was decided to commence definite 
 work in the town. A small house was rented, and a 
 school-mistress appointed. The Lisbon clergy under- 
 took to hold services on each alternate Sunday evening, 
 and these have been continued, with a steadily increasing 
 attendance. A Sunday morning service was much de- 
 sired, but at present this is impossible, as the clergy 
 are fully occupied on that day. Naturally there has 
 been opposition, and pressure was brought to bear upon 
 the owners of some factories in the place to refuse em-j 
 ployment to any who sent their children to the schools, | 
 to which, alas! they yielded ; and attendance fell off for 
 a time. There was also persecution of a more violent] 
 type, and the mistress and some children were! 
 stoned in the streets. Senor Candido, who on one 
 occasion w^itnessed this, threatened to appeal to the 
 police, and the warning had a good effect. The 
 
1 66 Church Reform is Spain and Portugal. 
 
 congregation is enthusiastic, and full of missionary zeal ; 
 as an instance of this I may mention that a young 
 man succeeded in selling 250 copies of the Evangelista, 
 the paper of the Reformed Church, in a very short 
 time, and obtained a good many new subscribers. As 
 an evidence of the goodwill of the people towards the 
 Reformers, the following is an interesting fact. Last 
 winter a Portuguese family took a large house next 
 door to the mission. They frequently had dances, and 
 the noise was often very disturbing during service. In 
 a short time some of the family dropped in to hear, and 
 by degrees came more frequently. Now there is no 
 music or dancing during service hours. On the occasion 
 of the carnival, when a service had been arranged, there 
 was to have been a ball, but before the service the 
 people of the house, with their guests, all went 
 out, and strolled about the town until service 
 was over, and tiien returned to conclude the ball. 
 The work seems so hopeful in Setubal that it is at 
 present under consideration whether the congregation 
 shall be formally admitted to the Lusitanian Church, 
 with vestry and treasurer of its own, and a representative 
 in the Synod. 
 
 MONISTROL AND San Vicente {Spain).— 0\\ the 
 morning of May 22nd, 1870, two men and a }'outh 
 might have been seen setting up a tent and unpacking 
 a couple of large cases in the great square of the 
 town of Manresa — a large town not far from Monistrol. 
 The cases contained Bibles, which were about to be 
 offered to the people. While the books were being 
 dusted and set in order the colporteurs handed copies 
 to the bystanders for examinations. " The I^ible ! " 
 " The holy Gospels ! " exclaimed one and another in 
 
Oi'HER Cities Also. 167 
 
 astonishment. In a sliort time many copies were sold. 
 But by and by several shouted, " You have deceived us, 
 false thieves I " And throwing their books into a heap, 
 the flames of a bonfire leaped into the air. Distressed, the 
 colporteurs called out, " Return the books and take back 
 }'our money I \Vc have given you the holy Scrip- 
 tures." "It is false!" Avas the response; "our priests 
 sa)- so." It was a striking scene. Over 2,000 peojilc 
 gathered, and cries were heard, " Death to the Pro- 
 testants ! " Someone set fire to the tent, and but for 
 the timely arrival of the Alcalde (Mayor), the three 
 colporteurs would ha\-c hardly escaped with their lives. 
 
 From this scene of excitement we may date the 
 commencement of the work in Monistrol. The two 
 colporteurs had made their way to that town, and 
 were on the bridge that spans its river when they 
 were startled by the approach of a stalwart man, who 
 said, " How now, comrades, have you recovered from your 
 fright at Manrcsa 1 " and invited them to supper. They 
 thought it wiser to refuse, not quite sure if he were 
 a friend or no. On the morrow they commenced work 
 again, and met with more success. The persecution had 
 aroused inquiry, and they sold their whole stock of books 
 that day. They subsequently discovered that the man 
 who had spoken to them upon the bridge was a Senor 
 Manuel Estruc, of Monistrol, who was himself an in- 
 quirer, though as yet knowing little of the saving truth 
 of the Gospel. His story is deeply interesting, and 
 illustrative of others who have for conscientious reasons 
 left the Church of Rome. As a boy he was an acolyte 
 in the parish church. He venerated everything about 
 the church, and looked upon the images with a super- 
 stitious awe. One of these had become old and worm- 
 
6S Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 eaten. One day the Cura said to him, "When you 
 come to-morrow bring a hatchet and cut up this image 
 for firewood." He was filled with horror, and this 
 incident set him thinking, and led him eventually to 
 leave the Roman Church. He would have become an 
 infidel but that he had met the colporteurs, and found 
 |in their teaching what his soul yearned for. He invited 
 the colporteurs to remain, and opened his house for 
 meetings, which were largely attended. This went on 
 for some time, until at length one of the colporteurs, 
 Sefior E. Martinez, was appointed as the minister of 
 the congregation. The son of Sehor Estruc, who had 
 been confirmed by Lord Plunket at Monistrol, 
 desired to enter the ministry, and after some years' 
 training — latterly in Madrid, under Bishop Cabrera — has 
 been ordained, and has gone back to his native parish 
 to help the present clergyman (the Rev. J. J. Riall) in his 
 work. At the beginning of the year 1885 there were 
 lOi registered Church members, fifty of whom are 
 communicants. The Church has been visited several 
 times by Bishop Cabrera, and has been formally 
 admitted as a part of the Reformed Spanish Church. 
 
 The position of this Church is interesting, and gives 
 opportunity for mission work of a peculiar kind. 
 Monistrol lies at the foot of a well-known mountain 
 of Montserrat. Upon the summit of this mountain 
 there is a famous monastery about 3,300 feet above the 
 level of the sea. It is said that in early times heathen 
 worship was practised upon its summit, and that a 
 temple was erected to Venus in a.d. 197. However 
 that may be, it is at present the centre for an idolatrous 
 worship of a certain black image called the Virgin of 
 Montserrat. The image represents a female figure 
 
0th i:r C/t/fs Also. 169 
 
 seated, holdin<4 a ball in her right hand, and a child 
 on lier laj), the latter with its ric;"ht hand ui)raised and a 
 pine in its left. Many pilgrimages arc made to the 
 image every year, and grim stories are told of the 
 orgies carried on. The little caf^illa of Monistrol is 
 at the foot of the mountain, on the road which the 
 pilgrims pass ; and often thej' turn in to listen to the 
 service, and carr\' away tracts which are freely given. 
 It is hard to estimate the amount of good done in this 
 wa\'. 
 
 San Vicente de Castellet is a small town half-way 
 between Monistrol and Manresa, of about 400 families. 
 A work was commenced here by a man who had heard 
 and received the Gospel in Manresa. He offered his 
 house to the colporteur, and meetings were held. In 
 1878 the work was connected with that of Monistrol, 
 and Senor Martinez took charge of it. The congrega- 
 tion petitioned the Synod at the same time as the 
 church at Monistrol, and was received as a part of the 
 Reformed Church. The congregation numbered twenty- 
 five and the scholars thirty-two. The Rev. D. Regaliza, 
 the valued pastor at Villaescusa, worked here for some 
 time. Persecution, of late years, and the discharging 
 of the Reformers from employment has reduced the 
 numbers. A like cause has injured to some extent 
 the work at Monistrol. In 1885 there was a visitation 
 of cholera and much distress, but none of the Reformers 
 died, a fact which caused a good deal of comment. At 
 the end of the same year a new chapel was opened at 
 San Vicente, a very decent and church-like room, 
 which impressed me much when I visited the town some 
 years ago. There is accommodation for about 100, 
 and one hopes it may yet be filled. In 1889 the Rev. E. 
 
I/O Church Reform in Spain and Portugal 
 
 Martinez was moved to ValladoUd, and the Rev. J. J. Riall 
 appointed to the work in Monistrol and San Vicente. 
 Senor Riall holds services in each place every Sunday, 
 and also occasionally in the neighbouring towns and 
 villages. Sefior Riall has done much to improve the 
 little church in Monistrol, and has started a fund to 
 build an altogether new one. Negotiations arc in prr,- 
 gress as I write for the purchase of a suitable site for 
 the purpose. The cost of a harmonium was defrayed 
 by Miss C. Griffith, of Kingstown, Ireland, for many 
 }'ears an active friend of the work. In the year 1892 
 there was a sudden increase in the congregation. A 
 railway was commenced to the monastery on Montserrat, 
 and some 900 workmen were lodged in the neighbour- 
 ihood, and the pastor felt a responsibility towards them. 
 He commenced by visiting them at their inns, and 
 invited them to come to the service, and then distributed 
 tracts and portions among them. The result was that 
 for many weeks the church was so crowded that two 
 services were obliged to be held to accommodate all 
 who came. The above will give an idea of the character 
 of the work done in this neighbourhood. It is a 
 "casting of bread upon the waters'" to a large extent. 
 One can only hope and pray that the many days before 
 the harvest are nearly passed. The record for the past 
 few years is that of steady, earnest work under the care 
 of Rev. J. J. Riall and his recently-appointed fellow- 
 labourer, Rev. M. Estruc. 
 
 Malaga {Spain). — The work here is of a most 
 interesting character. I sliall not soon forget the visit 
 I paid to this church and the neighbouring mission at 
 Puerto de la Torre, by which I was most favourably 
 impressed. The history of the movement can only 
 
Other Crr/ES A /.so. 171 
 
 be briefly told for want of space. Between the years 
 1858 and i860 several persons from reading the holy 
 Scriptures were led to seek a purer form of faith. 
 Among these may be mentioned Matamoros, Carrasco, 
 and Sehor Pablo Sanchez. During the banishment of 
 the princijial Reformers, .some of whom had suffered 
 imprisonment both in Granada and Malaga, the brethren 
 met occasionally in secret. This continued to the \ear 
 1868, the year of the Revolution under General Prim. 
 It was a time also of work, for an edition of the New 
 Testament was printed in Spanish and privately 
 circulated. This edition bears upon the title-page the 
 letters I. R. M. (Iglesia Reformada de Malaga). Thus 
 the ground was prepared ; and upon the declaration of 
 a measure of religious libert}' the public preaching of 
 the Word was commenced. The Rev. Pablo Sanchez 
 was then entrusted with the work of evangelisation, 
 under the auspices of the Spanish Evangelisation Society 
 of Edinburgh. At first the numbers attending his 
 services were very large, but eventually they declined, 
 and Sanchez was removed to Huelva and the capilla 
 (chapel) closed. Many of those who had professed 
 better things in secret failed to confess Christ before 
 men. In the year 1877 an appeal was sent to the 
 Spanish and Portuguese Church-Aid Societ}' to under- 
 take work ; and the Rev. Spriggs-Smith was sent out. 
 He was heartily welcomed by a small body of about 
 fifty who had remained faithful. The Rev. T. J. Scott 
 (British Chaplain), the Consul, and the P2nglish doctor 
 gave him great encouragement, and the congregation 
 soon grew to 130 persons. The Chaplain wrote: "You 
 will be glad to hear that I can give a good report 
 of the work here. ... I administered the Holv 
 
1/2 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Communion on the first Sunday of the month to thirty 
 members, all most devout. The Bible and controversial 
 classes are well attended." 
 
 Mr. Smith was a divinity student at this time, and at 
 the end of 1878 was obliged to return to England to 
 prepare for ordination. He was succeeded in Malaga 
 by Senor Joaquim Dominguez, an earnest young 
 Spaniard. He was educated partly in England, and is 
 now working in connection with the South American 
 Missionary Society. Senor Dominguez remained with 
 the congregation in Malaga until it was received as part 
 of the Reformed Episcopal Church, and was then 
 removed to Seville. The Rev. Benito Rodrigo was 
 duly appointed to Malaga, the Synod regarding him 
 at the time as specially fitted for the post. 
 
 Steady work with good results continued until the 
 end of the year 1884, when the south of Spain was 
 visited by a terrible earthquake. An extract from a 
 letter written by the Rev. B. Rodrigo at the time will 
 give some idea of the calamity : "I was enabled to preach 
 on Christmas Day to an exceptionally large and 
 appreciative congregation. A {&\\ minutes after divine 
 service was over, while sitting with my wife, who is 
 blind, we suddenly felt the house rocking to and fro. 
 It was indeed an anxious moment, and the words 
 sprang to our lips, ' Lord save us or we perish.' The 
 massive walls of our dwelling threatened to collapse and 
 bury us beneath their ponderous weight. The creaking 
 of beams and floors above and below, the rattle of tiles, 
 and the crashing of church furniture in the capilla 
 overhead, together with a muffled, though awful, 
 reverberating sound outside, inspired such a sickening 
 sense of insecurity and dread that we verily believed 
 
Other Cities Also. 173 
 
 the end of the world had come. With the shrieks and 
 cries of a terrified population, our situation may be 
 better imagined than described. The capilla and 
 schools have suffered considerably, but we thank God 
 that we have escaped with life, and that this visi- 
 tation has been overruled for good and the people 
 seem more ready to accept the consolations of the 
 Gospel." 
 
 The chapel and schools were found to be so far 
 destroyed that work had to be suspended until repairs 
 were done; both were re-opened in 1885, and with an 
 increased attendance. The following year the Synod 
 decided to send the Rev. Jose M. Vila to take up the work 
 in Malaga. Senor Vila is an ex-Roman Catholic priest, 
 a learned, earnest, and eloquent man, and much 
 respected in the city. He introduced the liturgy to the 
 congregation, who gladly received it, the want of a 
 liturgical service having been sorely felt. Soon after, he 
 wTOte, " Our Episcopal Church has a special attraction. 
 By the severity and at the same time the sweetness of 
 its liturgy it gently draws a people who, accustomed to 
 the pompous liturgy of the Romish Church, are unable 
 to suffer the violent change of passing from a service of 
 high ritual to another destitute of all liturgical order." 
 The mission stations in the neighbourhood of Malaga 
 are visited from time to time by Senor Vila, and many 
 of them — e.g. Puerto de la Torre, contain a number of 
 people in sympathy with the Reformed Church. At a 
 service in the latter place at the time of my visit lOO 
 persons attended, joining in the liturgy, and earnestly 
 attentive to the message of the pastor. This town had 
 been much neglected by the Roman Church, but so 
 soon as it was known that Senor Vila was visitinsf it a 
 
174 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 vigorous effort was made to prevent the people 
 attending the services. The following characteristic 
 message was sent to the priest by the Reformers, " Senor 
 Cura, you have never visited us ; we were abandoned. 
 Had you sought our welfare before the 
 Evangelicos came, we, being ignorant of the Gospel, 
 would probably have followed you to a man. But the 
 Evangelicos have opened our eyes ; they teach us the 
 truth, and do us good. Protestants we are, and Pro- 
 testants we intend to remain, and all your menaces 
 respecting ourselves and our children will in no wise 
 affect our decision." The Rev. H. J. Huntingdon, 
 British chaplain at Malaga, wrote at this time to the 
 Society, warmly commending Senor Vila and his work ; 
 and speaking of a week-day visit he had paid to Puerto 
 de la Torre with Senor Vila, he says, " It was delightful 
 to see the warm welcome he received. In the evening 
 the room was crowded : the women seated, the men 
 standing up. There were at least 200 outside who could 
 not gain admittance, but who eagerly listened at the 
 open door and windows. About fifty people escorted 
 us back to Malaga." 
 
 I The opposition to the work here reached a climax 
 on March 25th, 1887. A fete was arranged, at wliicli 
 the Reformers were to be converted en masse and heresy 
 for ever exterminated. An image of "our Lady of 
 Sorrows " was brought to within half a mile of the town, 
 and a procession arranged. Soldiers were provided, as 
 there was some doubt how the fete would be received 
 by the people. A detachment of cavalry acted as a 
 vanguard, followed by a number of beatas from Malaga 
 carrying lighted tapers, after which came the image 
 accompanied by a strong escort of clergy, alcaldes, civil 
 
OriiF.R Cities Also. 175 
 
 and municipal j^uards, and a band of music bclun-ini; Uj 
 a regiment of artillery. A violent discourse was 
 preaclied by a Jesuit priest, in which he frequently used 
 the expression " Death to the Protestants ! " and he so 
 worked upon his hearers that it was feared a serious 
 disturbance would take place. At length, however, the 
 Bishop appeared on the balcony, and so spoke to the 
 people that a calamity was prevented. The effect, | 
 however, was contrar}- to wliat has been desired, andi 
 subsequent visits by Senor Vila were attended by even/ 
 larger numbers than before. The matter, however, did 
 not rest here. Senor Vila published a pamphlet ex- 
 plaining his position, and speaking strongly of the errors 
 of the Church of Rome. This was considered an offence 
 against the State Church, and Senor Vila was summoned 
 to appear before the courts to answer the charge. An 
 order had been issued for his arrest, but bail to the 
 amount of 2,000 pesetas (^80) was allowed. The 
 few remaining copies of his pamphlets were seized 
 by the authorities, and a day was fixed for oral judg- 
 ment. 
 
 It was, by a curious coincidence, the anniversary of 
 the fete at Puerto de la Torre. The Public Prosecutor 
 spoke for an hour, and concluded by finding three counts 
 against Senor Vila's pamphlets— (i) contempt of the 
 doctrines and ceremonies of the (Roman) Catholic 
 Church ; (2) outraging the ministers of the said Church ; 
 (3) profanation of sacred images. A well-known 
 counsellor had been engaged to defend Senor Vila, 
 Don Domingo Merida, who took up the points seriatim, 
 showing from the Bible (from which he frequently 
 quoted) that Senor Vila had stated nothing opposed to 
 Scriptural doctrine in his pamphlets. 
 
1/6 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 A da}' was appointed, for Senor Vila to make his 
 defence — a day that will never be forgotten in Malaga. 
 An English merchant who was present said to me that it 
 seemed as if Senor Vila was inspired for that hour. His 
 words were listened to amid profound silence by some 
 2,000 persons. A dense crowd followed him from the 
 court, and he was carried in triumph round the public 
 square on the shoulders of the crowd. The court never- 
 theless pronounced judgment against him, and the 
 sentence was two years', four months', and one day's im- 
 prisonment, 250 pesetas fine, and the paj'ment of the 
 costs. The only thing that could be done was to appeal 
 from this court to the Supreme Tribunal in Madrid. This 
 was done ; and Bishop Cabrera brought all the influence 
 possible to bear upon the authorities. Happily this 
 was successful so far that pending the final decision 
 Senor Vila was allowed to retain his liberty, though a 
 large fine had to be paid. But this persecution only 
 tended to the furtherance of the Gospel ; the services 
 in Malaga were attended by increasing numbers, and 
 the communicants went up from 146 to 204. There 
 was not room even at the weekday services for those 
 desirous to attend. 
 
 Soon there came another difiiculty : the house in 
 which the services was held was sold. A large price 
 was given by the purchaser, who did not conceal his 
 intention of turning the Reformers out. Providentially, 
 another house was obtained, and opened in December, 
 1888. The mission at Puerto de la Torre continued 
 to succeed ; and on one occasion, at the close of 
 that year over 300 persons were present at one of the 
 services. 
 
 On January 23rd, 1889, a general amnesty was 
 
Other Cities Also. 177 
 
 proclaimed by the Queen-regent for all offences 
 connected with the Press ; and this proclamation set 
 Senor Vila entirely free to pursue his work. Services 
 of thanksgiving were held in Malaga and at the mission 
 stations to celebrate the event. 
 
 The statistics of the Church on December ^ibt, 
 1890, were as follows :— Malaga : Communicants on 
 roll, 257 ; children in schools, 153. Puerto de la Torre : 
 Communicants, 'J2-, children, 51. The congregation in 
 Malaga contributed during the year 1,471 jiesetas (i^SQ), 
 for organist, lighting, cleaning, repairs, etc. I ma}- 
 mention here that collections are made in all the 
 congregations throughout Spain and Portugal for 
 similar objects, and that the society seeking to aid 
 the Reformers only provides help towards the stipends 
 of the pastors, school-teachers, and evangelists until the 
 church may become self-supporting. The latest report 
 from Malaga states that the number of communicants 
 in Malaga has ri.sen to 327— a most sure indication in 
 Spain (as indeed everywhere) of a deepening spiritual 
 life. There has been an amount of petty persecution, 
 such as the dismissal of servants and workpeople from' 
 employment because of their attachment to the Church ; 
 and again the Reformers have been evicted from their 
 place of worship and obliged to seek for another in 
 its stead. 
 
 But notwithstanding these difficulties, there is every 
 reason to thank God and take courage. Malaga is a 
 very good centre for mission work, and there are many 
 groups of Reformers in the villages round. We may 
 fully expect a development of the work in this neigh- 
 bourhood. 
 
 CiGALES {near Valladolid, Spain).~\n the year 1894 
 
178 Chvkch Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 it was found that a group of Reformers residing in this 
 town desired the advice of a pastor to help them in the 
 organisation of a congregation. The Rev. E. Martinez, 
 from Valladolid, paid several visits, and found a very 
 remarkable work going on. The deeply interesting 
 account of this recent development of the Reformed 
 Church will be found in the " First Visitation of Bishop 
 Cabrera." (See p. 100.) 
 
 Salamanca {Spain). — This city is the capital of a 
 province in Spain, and is famous for its University. It has 
 about 16,000 inhabitants, a few manufactures, and some 
 commercial industry. It is a city of churches, for 
 besides the two cathedrals, the old and the new, it 
 has twenty-five parish churches, twenty- five churches 
 belonging to monasteries, and twenty-five attached to 
 convents for females. The number of resident ecclesi- 
 astics in Salamanca is said to be about 500. There 
 is an Irish college here, in which about twelve young 
 Irishmen are yearly prepared for the priesthood. 
 In the year 1879 ^^^ ^^^- Benito Rodrigo commenced 
 mission v/ork in the city ; and, meeting with some 
 acceptance, a little capilla was opened in the month 
 of June that year. At first there were only eleven 
 communicants, and great was the ridicule poured upon 
 this insignificant body; but they grew, and in 
 December, 1880, the congregation sought to be joined 
 to the Spanish Reformed Church. The petition was 
 signed by the pastor and forty-nine members, twenty- 
 three of whom were communicants. 
 
 On March ist, 1881, the congregation was pro- 
 visionally admitted into union, and at the Synod 
 held in Seville a few days afterwards was formally 
 received into the Spanish Church. Senor Rodrigo was 
 
Other Cities Also. 179 
 
 subsequently removed to Malaga to take charge of the 
 work there, and the Rev. Antonio Garcia, who had been 
 brought up in Madrid, was appointed to succeed him. 
 Senor Garcia was thought to be the right man for such 
 a post, having worked for some time as an evangelist 
 and colporteur ; and the event showed the wisdom of 
 the choice. His work in Salamanca was singularly 
 blessed. The Bishop-elect visited the town in May, 
 1 88 1, and examined carefully into all matters connected 
 with the church. Services were held, but the available 
 space was found quite inadequate, the crowd filling the 
 porch and blocking parts of the street. Thirty partook 
 of the Holy Communion, and two boys were baptised 
 by^Senor Cabrera. The pressing need at this time was 
 a building for church purposes. Two deputations from 
 neighbouring villages came to see the Bishop-elect 
 asking for a pastor to visit them, and it was felt that 
 Salamanca might become a centre for mission work. 
 In June the same year Sehor Garcia visited the neigh- 
 bouring town of Topas, and was well received by a 
 large number of the people. Visits were also paid the 
 following January to Pedrosillo el Ralo Gomecillo, 
 Pajares, and Castellanos with much success. 
 
 In February, 1883, another visit was paid by the 
 Bishop-elect, as the members greatly desired to receive 
 the Holy Communion. It proved a most interesting 
 event. On the Sunday numbers attended from the 
 neighbouring towns, and the chapel was filled to over- 
 flowing. The Bishop-elect preached a sermon upon the 
 necessity of church reform, and " curiosit)', interest, 
 approbation, and surprise were depicted upon the 
 upturned faces." It was clear that to some the mes- 
 sage of salvation was perfectly new. About thirty 
 .M 2 
 
i8o Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 partook of the Holy Communion. Among the new 
 adherents at this time was an elderly man who had 
 attended the services for some two years. He was a 
 sculptor, a clever workman, his specialty being the 
 " Virgin of Sorrows." He decided to give up his work, 
 and his invariable reply to those who sought a new 
 image was, " I have forsaken my craft, and do not wish 
 to encourage idolatry." Fortunately he had good 
 means. Senor Garcia was much encouraged, too, on 
 being sent for by a sick lady to find she had been 
 reading her Bible, though secretly, and was already a 
 true believer in Christ. Much opposition and even 
 persecution were manifested at this time by the priests, 
 but Senor Garcia steadily won his way with the 
 authorities, and was successful in encouraging a more 
 tolerant spirit towards the Reformers. A difficulty 
 arose about the cemetery, the bodies of the Reformers 
 being refused admittance, although the law distinctl}- 
 provided for the case, but this prohibition x\ as cxentualh- 
 removed by the tact of the pastor. 
 
 The Synod made at this time a change in the 
 pastorate of Salamanca, and Senor Garcia was sent to 
 the important village of Villaescusa, the Rev. J. Canellas 
 being appointed to the former charge. 
 
 The congregation had long been praying that a new 
 building might be found, the one in use being most 
 unsuitable. At length the answer came, and new 
 premises were obtained at the end of 1884 on a five 
 years' lease. The improvement was great, although 
 there was a drawback in the fact that it was next door 
 to the Lyceum Theatre. The capilla was fifty-seven 
 feet long by fifteen feet wide, and held man}^ more 
 than the old buildinp". 
 
0th lik CiTihs Also. i^^t 
 
 The Goiii;rcgafion had by this time grown to i(jit\- 
 twc) comniunicants and thirty-nine probationers, with 
 every prospect of increase. But, alas ! persecution 
 increased. The Bishop and some friends bought the 
 house rented by the pastor, broke the contract, and 
 turned his family into the street. However, a new 
 building was at length found, and the work continued to 
 progress. 
 
 In 1889 the congregation commenced a fund to 
 provide themselves with an entirely new church build- 
 ing, the present plan of renting a house being found 
 unsatisfactory and insecure. In the meantime the build- 
 ing in use was re-decorated and re-furnished to give it 
 a more church-like appearance. Miss Forrest gave a 
 service of plate for the Holy Communion. The 
 Committee of the Spanish and Portuguese Church-Aid 
 Societ)- having heard of the local effort, decided to 
 make a grant towards the new church. Mr. J. 
 Forrest, C.E., who had already taken a warm interest in 
 the work, drew out a plan, and kindly offered to super- 
 intend the work. A site was at length found, and the 
 foundation stone laid in pra}'er and hope. Through the 
 energy of Mr. Forrest the work was quickly carried out, 
 and at the end of 1894 the church was completed and 
 opened for divine service. The Rev. Romaldo Jimenez, 
 a long-tried lay vv'orker, was appointed to minister to 
 the congregation. He is now in full orders, and carr}- 
 ing on an earnest work. His report for the year 1895, 
 attested by Mr. Forrest, is most encouraging, and gives 
 most interesting accounts of new members who have 
 joined the Church. A school has been opened, and 
 there are thirt\'-fi\e children on the roll. It is hoped 
 that a school-house ma\- soon be added to the church, 
 
1 82 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 the pastor's residence being now used for the purpose at 
 much incon\'enience. We can sincere!}' re-echo the 
 words of Sehor Jimenez, " How good the Lord has been 
 to this portion of His Church ! "* 
 
 Visitors to Salamanca should not omit to examine 
 
 the two cathedrals ; for an important object-lesson is to 
 
 h be gained there. From the arrangements of the two 
 
 |l buildings (especially as regards the position of the 
 
 la Holy Table) the difference between the old Church of 
 
 Spain and modern Romanism is clearly marked, and an 
 
 illustration found of the fact that the Reformers desire 
 
 to return to the " old paths." 
 
 * While tliese pages were passing through the press, Mr. Forrest 
 (to whom the Church in Salamanca owes so much) has been taken, at a 
 ripe old age, to his rest. To him to die was gain, but to the Reformers 
 of Salamanca the loss can scarce be repaired. 
 
183 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 TESTIMONIES TO THE REALITY OF THE WORK. 
 
 I ii.W'E tliought it well to gather together in this chapter some few 
 of the testimonies which have been given by eminent and competent 
 persons during the progress of the work. Most of them were 
 entirely unsolicited, and are given, as will be seen, either by those 
 who, by reading the reports, have been convinced of the excellence 
 of the principles upon which the work has been carried on ; or by 
 travellers who, having seen the reality of the work, have felt com- 
 pelled tq bear their testimony to it. At one of the earliest meetings 
 on behalf of the Society which seeks to aid the Reformers, so far 
 back as 1871, the late Earl of Shafiksi'.urv said, speaking on 
 the weighty issues involved in this movement, " that one of the 
 most important men in Europe had lately said, ' Of all dangers by 
 far the greatest is the progress of the Papal power.' It was, then, 
 for us to go on and carry out this magnificent campaign against all 
 the powers of darkness, superstition, and error." 
 
 Miss E. J. Wha'I'ELV, daughter of the late Archbishop of 
 Dublin, wrote in 1872 to the Colonial and Continental Society : - 
 " Mr. Tugwell first took advantage of the newly-acquired freedom 
 to open a school for residents — English children, and those of 
 mixed parentage — but the Spaniards, to some of whom he had 
 privately ministered in the times of persecution, eagerly sought a 
 share of the privilege. \'ery interesting is the school held in the 
 quarter called Triana, a very poor district." 
 
 This year, in the Annual Report of the COLONIAI, and Conti- 
 nental Society, the work was referred to, and specially com- 
 mended to the friends of the Society. 
 
 Rev. Talbot Greavks, and Dr. Davls, of the Religious 
 Tract Society, also wrote commending the work at this time. The 
 latter said : — "A distinctive feature of this agency is that alone in 
 Spain it is an Evangelical Church of England work, and as such 
 should be widely known and well supported." 
 
 In 1875 ^" interesting letter was written to the Record by Rev. 
 T. Turner, editor of the C/noch Sunday-School Magazine^ 
 giving an account of a visit to Spain. He said, " At Seville we were 
 much pleased with all we saw. We found a fine church (San 
 Basilioj has been secured in the centre of the city. It was a 
 goodly sight to see the flock on the Sunday. . . . We found, 
 to our surprise, schools in a highly efficient state." 
 
1 84 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 In the Report for 1875-1876 we find an extract from a paper by 
 a Nonconformist Minister, quoted for the purpose of showing 
 that a liturg-ical service is valued by the Spaniards : — " At San 
 Basilio, which belongs to Mr. Tugwell's Mission, the Prayer-Book, 
 translated into Spanish, is in constant use, and the people seem to 
 take their part in the service with intelligent interest. What 
 struck me as most singular was to see the minister, Senor Palo- 
 mares, habited in a white surplice, and standing in the pulpit. An 
 ex-priest from Portugal read the prayers and lessons It is a 
 question whether a liturgical service, conducted with some regard 
 to form and ceremony, may not be better suited to a people like 
 the Spaniards than the free prayer and simple forms of other 
 modes of worship." 
 
 On July I2lh, 1876, Captain Aylmer Somerset wrote : — " In 
 the evening of 21st of May I attended a Spanish service, the basis 
 of which was our Book of Common Prayer. I was surpr sed at the 
 numbers present — some 200 in church. I have much pleasure in 
 bearing my testimony to the active and zealous manner in which 
 the work of this mission is being carried out, and to the excellence 
 of the education." 
 
 Dated January 29th, 1877, Rev. W. N. Guiness, Vicar of 
 Christ Church, South Yarra, Melbourne, writes : — ' On last even- 
 ing I attended the Spanish services in Seville at seven o'clock. 
 San Basilio was again crowded. Seilor Aguilera preached. Senor 
 Palomares using a liturgy translated from our English Prayer- 
 Book. There were 104 communicants. Subsequently an infant 
 was baptised, a translation of the English rite being used." 
 
 Rev. F. J. C. MoRAN, Secretary of the Colonial and Conti- 
 nental Church Society, paid a visit to Seville in 1878, and reported : 
 " On the following Sunday evening we joined in evening service 
 (San Basilio). Selections from our own Book of Common Prayer, 
 with cheerful hymns and chants, made us feel at home, though the 
 tongues were strange. Forty-eight partook of the Holy Com- 
 munion. Surely this work is blessed by God, and deserves all 
 support." 
 
 In 1879 the Rev. T. J. SCuTT, British Chaplain at Malaga, 
 visited Lisbon, and wrote as follows of the work there : — " I think 
 it may be a satisfaction to you to hear of a visit I paid to one of 
 the Reformed Episcopal Churches here last Sunday evening It 
 is where Senhor Chaves, the ex- Roman Catholic priest, ministers. 
 The first thing that struck me on entering was the cleanliness and 
 order which seemed to pervade the whole room, every bench in a 
 straight line, and every book in its place. As to the service itself, 
 it was wonderfully well conducted. The manner in which the 
 people responded, knelt down, and stood up at the right places, 
 and altogether the air of reverence spread over the whole thing, 
 was both s'riking and edifying. It was a grand thing to hear the 
 services of our Prayer-Book read in the language of this country : 
 
Arpi.xDix. 185 
 
 and not only thaf, but to hear the canticles, glorias, hymns, &c., 
 chanted and sung to the old tunes which one remembers from the 
 earliest times of one's infancy.'' 
 
 At an important meeting on behalf of the cause in December, 
 1880, at the house of Lord Plunket, the late Archbishop of 
 DuisLiN (Trench) said "that the good news they had heard was 
 indeed welcome, for there was no sadder history than the record of 
 those fair hopes of reformation in Spain which had been blasted in 
 the past. 
 
 "When in the i6th century the breath of a general awakening 
 passed over many a held of dry bones in Christendom, and when 
 in one after another of the nations these dry bones seemed to stand 
 up and live, it did seem for a time as if Spain was about to take its 
 part in the great movement. 
 
 "But the work of reform in Spain wanted a popular basis ; it 
 was confined mainly to the learned and the great, and it was • 
 crushed out. Many suffered e.xile and imprisonment, some died a 
 cruel death, but never did crime meet more signally with its retri- 
 bution. Spain, which had held the foremost place in Christendom, 
 became the last among the nations. But there had now succeeded 
 a happier time, and he welcomed with thanksgiving a meeting such 
 as the present that had been gathered for the purpose of helping 
 forward a new effort after Church Reform. From what he had 
 heard, he had little doubt that the work now begun would go 
 forward, and that small as was its beginning, the 'little one' 
 would become a thousand. It would be a sad and humiliating 
 thing if hereafter, when this happy result had taken place, it could 
 be said that we had been asked to take part in bringing it about 
 and had refused ; that we had looked on with languid curiosity at 
 these struggling churches in the hour of their weakness, but had 
 lent them no help." 
 
 At the Annual Meeting in 1S82, the Earl ok Shaftesbury 
 said, "I have a very deep and very earnest sympathy with this 
 question." Mr. Sydney Gedge, M.P., who had- lately visited 
 Spain, at the same meeting bore testimony to the reality of the 
 work. This year the (late) Bishop of Down spoke heartily in 
 favour of the work at a meeting in Belfast ; the Bishop of 
 Cashel in Waterford, the Bishop of Derry (Alexander) in 
 Derry, and the Bishop (Ryle) in Liverpool. 
 
 In 1886 the sister of the late Frances Ridley Havergal 
 wrote : " Lately I found memoranda of my dear sister's sub- 
 scriptions to the Spanish and Portuguese Church-Aid Society. 
 I know how scanty her pocket-money was at that time, but she 
 always faithfully set apart a portion every Sunday morning for the 
 Lord's work. 1 remember also the deep interest with which she 
 read the reports of your society — reports, the result of much 
 thought, and splendidly composed. She rejoiced in the good work 
 done by the society," 
 
1 86 Church Reform in Spaix and Portugal. 
 
 In the same year Rev. H. J. Huntingdon, ]>ritish Chaplain at 
 Malaga, wrote of the work there. " I have frequently attended 
 Senor Vila's ministrations, and can testify to the ability and 
 earnestness with which they are carried on. His sermons are of 
 a high order, eloquent, affectionate, and full of real teaching. His 
 church is filled with the poor to whom the Gospel is preached. It 
 is good to hear them join in the singing and shout out the responses 
 of the Liturgy." 
 
 In 1887 the Bishop of Long Island, Rev. A. N. Littlejohn, 
 paid a visit to Seville and to the Church of San Basilio. After- 
 wards he wrote to the New ] 'oi'k Cliurchinan : — " I was deeply 
 impressed by what I saw and heard, and especially by the absorbing 
 interest with which the congregation listened to my message of 
 sympathy and encouragement from the American Episcopal Church. 
 They are a simple but a warm-heated and devoted people, and 
 have great difficulty in keeping up their organisation under the 
 indirect but irritating persecution of the ignorant and superstitious 
 jDopulation around them." 
 
 The late Archbishop of York (Dr. Thomson) after hearing 
 a statement, said : " There was great cause for encouragement in 
 the statements they had just heard. He thought that the reformers 
 in Spain and Portugal were exceedingly fortunate in having gained 
 the advocacy of Lord Plunket. He had no doubt that the work so 
 begun, and so manifestly under the Divine will, would go on and 
 prosper." 
 
 The Right Rev. Bishop Coxe wrote : — " I have felt a very 
 deep interest in the Spanish and Portuguese matter. I trust the 
 case may be met." 
 
 The Bishop of Liverpool : " I think I ought to appeal to all 
 Christian philanthropists to see what the work is which is put 
 before them by the Spanish and Portuguese Church. You have a 
 grand vista of work, if the work brought before you to-day is 
 allowed to go forth and prosper, by which the Gospel shall be 
 allowed to l^e carried to generations yet unborn.'' 
 
 The late Priivius of the Scotch Episcopal Church : "Evangelic 
 truth and Apostolic order appears to me to be your watchword, 
 and in your struggle to maintain this you will, I trust, obtain 
 sympathy and substantial support from every branch of the Angli- 
 can communion." 
 
 In the same year Rev. H. L. Djxon, Chaplain at Seville, 
 referring to the re-opening of San Basilio after repairs, wrote : — 
 " It was my privilege as British Chaplain at .Seville to address a 
 few words to a full congregation at the opening service, and at a 
 later date to speak to about a hundred children belonging to Mrs. 
 Palomares' schools, at their annual Jcte. Did Englishmen realise 
 the greatness of the work being done, there would be more liberal 
 support accorded to the struggling Spanish Protestant churches." 
 Rev. W. Preston, M.A., Vicar of Holy Trinity, Runcorn, and 
 
Arri-NDix. 1S7 
 
 the Rev. C. H. BANXiXf., Vicar of Slrood, both visited Spain at 
 this time and wrote long and favourable accounts of the work. 
 
 The Rev. (ii:OR(;K \'K.\rES was British Chaplain at Seville in 
 1890, and during his visit wrote a letter to Lord i'lunket, giving his 
 impressions. He said :— " The two clergymen who serve the 
 Reformed Churches here are Senors I'alomares and liaquero, 
 formeily priests of the Church of Rome. . . . They seem both 
 to be earnest, zealous men, and have surrounded themselves with 
 a goodly number of adherents. There are about eighty communi- 
 cants attached to one of these churches, and about sixty-five to the 
 other. These figures, however, do not represent the number of 
 Protestants in the town, as a very large number of them are in 
 (Government employments, and at present are afraid of incurring 
 persecution if they make any outward demonstration of their faith. 
 A large number of them also live in the locality of one of liiese 
 churches (the Triana), which has been closed for the last two years 
 as not considered safe. The only opportunity we have had of 
 attending service in the two churches open has been on the week- 
 day evenmgs . . . and at these we have been much pleased to see 
 the large attendance comparatively, the heartiness of the service, 
 and the intelligent earnestness of those present. The average 
 attendance at these services is forty-five at one, and seventy at the 
 other." 
 
 In the years 1S94-1S95 a series of letters with regard to the 
 work in Madrid appeared in the organ of the Society, from the pen 
 of Mr. W. Hi.MF.LV, who had gone to Seville 10 take a medical 
 degree. He spoke Spanish fluently, and regularly attended the 
 services, and his testimony is of great value as to the reality of the 
 work. 
 
 In the early part of 1894 the Right Rev. the Bi.shop OF Iowa 
 (Dr. Perry) paid a visit to Spain, and took the opportunity of 
 examining the work. He embodied his impressions in the follow- 
 ing letter to the Archbishop of Dublin :— 
 
 " Mv DEAR Lord Archiushop, 
 
 " It is with great pleasure that I hasten to comply with 
 your Grace's request to give in writing my impressions of the 
 reformed movement in Spain, so far as it came under my notice 
 during my recent hurried visit to that country. 
 
 " It must be borne in mind that I was unable to see all the 
 stations where work was being done, in consequence of the limited 
 time at my disposal. Still I saw enough to convince me that the 
 representations which have been made as to the extent and promise 
 of this reformation work have not been exaggerated. It is possible 
 that my testimony may be the more worthy of consideration, in 
 view of the fact that I went to Spain deeply prejudiced against 
 this movement, and quite disposed to judge it with disfavour. I 
 had read the serious attacks made in the English and American 
 Church newspapers, all adversely criticising the importance of the 
 
1 88 Church Rrform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 movement, the churchmanship of these reformers, the numbers 
 and social position of their adherents, and especially the offices of 
 their Book of Common Prayer. The opportunity offering, I felt 
 bound to investigate for myself this Spanish reform movement, 
 and judge as impartially as I could with reference to its nature, its 
 extent, and its prospects. 
 
 " My stay at Barcelona was too brief to permit a personal 
 examination of the reform work in the vicinity of that city. But 
 the replies I received to the inquiries I addressed to persons resi- 
 dent on the spot, and claiming to be familiar with this mission, and 
 the personal interviews I had at a later date with one of its 
 members, were in every way satisfactory. It was not till we 
 reached Seville that I came in direct contact with the movement 
 for reform. Here I met the excellent and accomplished priest in 
 charge of this station, and learned from him, and from an American 
 resident holding the Bishop of Gibraltar's license as a lay-reader, 
 definite particulars of the work. Here are two churches with their 
 parochial schools and their mission appliances, reaching a large 
 number of adults, and certainly several hundreds of children. The 
 latter are taught definite Church teaching. Both the Bible and 
 the Catechism of the Church form a part of their daily study ; and 
 the Bishop of North Dakota, who was my fellow traveller, and 
 who personally inspected the larger church and school, was 
 especially impressed with the devotion of the priest, the faithful- 
 ness of the teachers, and the evident interest of the people ; while 
 the children by their numbers, their recitations, their singing, and 
 their attention to their instructors, gave the fullest possible promise 
 for the future of this noteworthy and growing work. The priest in 
 charge at this parish, originally ordained in the Roman Com- 
 munion, had successfully passed his examination for a medical 
 degree at the University with a view of increasing his means of 
 usefulness, and was thus able to minister to the bodies as well as 
 the souls of his people. This good man had favourably impressed 
 the Bishop of Long Island when visiting Seville some years ago. 
 Bishop Littlejobn, I was assured, attended the services of these 
 reformers, received the sacrament at the hands of the priest, and 
 had expressed himself in words and deeds as deeply interested in 
 the prospects and promise of this movement. 
 
 " We were at Madrid on the Feast of the Ascension. The popu- 
 lace of the capital thronged the streets, the squares and parks, and the 
 bull-ring. But in the noble church school and residence buildings, 
 which occupy a sightly and prominent position in the very heart of 
 the city, 155 individuals, of whom perhaps half a-dozen were little 
 children, and a third of their number at least were men, gathered 
 to the services of the Reformed Spanish Church. The visiting 
 Bishops from the United States occupied seats in the chancel. 
 The service— that for the day — as found in the Spanish I'rayer- 
 Book, and largely compiled from Mozarabic sources, as the lauds 
 
Appexd/x. 189 
 
 and antiphons specially indicated, was engaged in with the closest 
 attention and fervour by nearly every one in attendance. The 
 responses were full and clear. It was evident from the readiness 
 with which the worshippers tendered ther part of the service that 
 the majority of those i)resent were perfectly familiar with the 
 ot'fices of their Church and accustomed to their public use. The 
 .Spanish clergy v.-ore the sur|)lice and white stoles ovet their 
 cassocks. The priest in charge— the Rev. J. B. Cabrera— read 
 with great earnestness and simplicity the Psalms, the lessons, and 
 the prayers. His assistant preached an eloquent sermon, which 
 was listened to with almost breathless attention. Senor Cabrera, 
 towards the close of the service, introduced the American- Bishops, 
 who wore the usual Anglican episcopal habit. The Bishop of 
 North Dakota gave an earnest practical discourse, impressing upon 
 his hearers the lessons of the day. This was interpreted to the 
 congregation by Senor Cabrera, who speaks English fluently. I 
 then told the people of the interest wliich, as an American and a 
 Bishop of the Catholic — but not the Roman — Church, I felt in their 
 worship and their work, and assured them that I could not fail to 
 bear willing testimony to the reality of the devotion they had 
 manifested, and the interest they had displayed in the services in 
 which we had just participated. At the close of a prolonged 
 service, I conversed individually with a number of the leading men 
 connected with the movement, and heard from them in their own 
 tongue or in broken English of their hopes and desires. 
 
 " I should have mentioned that the service was largely musical, 
 and was rendered by the choir and congregation with great fervour 
 and with excellent taste. There was no attempt to copy Anglican 
 styles, but the music was distinctly Spanish in its composition and 
 character. The church, which was commodious, neat, and even 
 beautiful in its design and finish, was thoroughly 'churchly' in its 
 arrangements and appointments. The altar was placecl in the 
 middle of the sanctuary, as is usual in the Basilica type of churches, 
 and a large cross, gilded and properly proportioned, was embossed 
 upon the wall of the chancel apse. There had been another cross 
 about four feet in length placed outside on the front of the church 
 building, but the municipal authorities, at the instigation of the 
 I'ltramontane party, had ordered it to be taken down. It is now 
 in the robing-room, awaiting replacement on a better day. 
 
 " We were not permitted, in consecjuence of the same Ultra- 
 montane opposi'ion, to enter the church by the front doors. These 
 had been closed by order of the local authorities at the instigation 
 of the Roman priests, and the clergy and congregation were com- 
 pelled to enter through the side buildings — the one devoted to 
 school purposes, the other to the residence of the priest in charge 
 and his family. I examined the school-rooms — those for the girls' 
 school, the boys' school, and for the students in theology, each of 
 these classes of scholars being provided with commodious rooms 
 
igo Church Reform ix Spain and Portugal. 
 
 in this fine group of buildings on Beneficencia Street, not far from 
 the last auto da Je in the Spanish capital. In these schools 
 instruction is given to upwards of a hundred children. 
 
 " The school furniture is of the best. Libraries are within the 
 students' reach, and there is no lack of pupils seeking the religious 
 and culturing advantages here abundantly offered. 
 
 " I had expected to see only poor, and possibly degraded 
 people, as forming the congregation. I should not have been 
 repelled had my expectations been realised. ' Not many rich ' are 
 called, and in a movement like this, against which are arrayed the 
 wealthy, the noble, the powerful, and the priestly classes, it was 
 evident that the reformers must, at least at the first, find their 
 adherents among the poor, who are rich alone in faith. Great was 
 my surprise to see so intelligent, so well-clad, and so well-appearing 
 a congregation before me, quite equalling, so far as one could judge 
 by the appearance, the average worshippers in our English, Irish, 
 or American churches. 
 
 " There were, indeed, one or two workmen present in their 
 frocks, who had evidently come from their daily toil, and were 
 probably intending to return to work when the service was through. 
 There were women in the assembly, whose attire told of their daily 
 labour, but these were the exceptions. 
 
 " The majority of the congregation were evidently well-to-do, 
 if one could judge by their dress and general appearance. I 
 learned later, by conversation with the vestrymen and others of 
 the attendants at service, that among those present on this festival 
 occasion were representatives of the press, of the local writers of 
 the day, of the civic officials of the lower grades, and of men of 
 some standing and influence in the community, while tradesmen 
 and artificers, clerks and bookkeepers, made up the rest. It was 
 of interest in this land of an imperfect civilisation — -witness the 
 thousands thronging the bull-fight this very day — and an im- 
 perfect Christianity as well, to catch glimpses, as we were privileged 
 to do. of the home life of Palomares and of Cabrera, which of itself 
 alone would, by its exhibition of a domestic felicity and attractive- 
 ness such as an Anglican Communion can alone produce, prove a 
 regenerating influence in a land, and among a people, where the 
 home idea is so little understood. The examples of a Christian 
 household, such as we saw both in Madrid and Seville, clustering 
 respectively around the married priests of this reform movement, 
 will, I am confident, afford an invaluable argument for the reform 
 work itself From Christian homes such as these the Church will 
 be built up in numbers, and in every grace, for the home and the 
 Church are each of God, and the influences of each are faithward 
 and Godward. I learned with no little satisfaction that the matter 
 of valid and indisputable ' orders ' is most carefully considered by 
 these Spanish reformers. Senor Cabrera showed me the originals 
 of his letters of orders, received from the Archbishop of Valencia, 
 
Appendix. 191 
 
 and in every respect and particular conclusive of his full and 
 canonical reception of the priestly office. In the Synod book of 
 the Reformed Spanish Church the text of the letters of orders of each 
 priest connected with the reform mo\ement is entered in full and 
 duly attested, everyone being either of Roman or Anglican ordina- 
 tion. Something may be said in passing as to the offices of the 
 Spanish Prayer- Book. I have examined this liturgical work 
 critically, both in its original and in the authorised translation, 
 with its marginal references to the sources — Mozarabic, Latin, 
 English, Irish, American — whence each portion is derived, and I 
 can contidently say that these offices are far more 'Catholic' in 
 their tone and teaching, and more doctrinally and liturgically 
 correct and orthodox than those of 'the Proposed Book' adopted 
 by the (American) 'churches in the Middle and Southern States' 
 in 1785, when without a bishop, it was on the submission of this 
 very imperfect and uncatholic book to the English arciibishops 
 and bishops in 1786-S7, that with the requirement of but trilling 
 changes, and even these left in a measure discretionary, tlie 
 English hierarchy communicated to White and Provoost the apos- 
 tolic succession in the English line. As a result of this venture of 
 faith in completing the episcopal polity of the American churches, 
 'the Proposed Book' was superseded by general consent as soon 
 as it had its bishops at the helm, and the closer following of the 
 English Piayer-Book was at once secured. It was thus by the 
 conservative influence of the episcopal order that the churchmanship 
 of the American Church was developed, and it has been growing more 
 and more ' Catholic,' in the truest sense of that much abused word, 
 from that day to this. If the Spanish offices are as yet not all that 
 one could wish, I cannot but submit, in view of the experience of 
 the American Church, that the surest way to improve the church- 
 manship of this reform movement, and to make its Prayer-Book 
 truly and in every particular ' Catholic,' is to place Bishops at the 
 helm. The presence of two American Bishops in Madrid, and 
 their participation in a public service of the Reformed Sjjanish 
 Church occurred at the very time when attention had been called 
 to the purpose of the Irish Bishops to consecrate a Bishop for 
 Spain by an Ultramontane nobleman in the Spanish Cortes. So 
 far from arousing any apparent excitement, or feeling of irritation, 
 the visit of the American Bishops was referred to by the Liberal 
 press, as showing how intolerant and absurd the attitude of the 
 Ultramontane party in opposing this reform movement appeared 
 to the public generally. The Ultramontanes were reminded that 
 it was within the power of those visiting American Bishops to take 
 the step, if they chose, that Lord Plunket and his brother Bishops 
 had;in mind. The question was publicly and pertinently pressed, 
 ' Who could properly, and in view of the constitutional guarantee 
 of religious toleration, object to such an act ? ' So far from 
 arousing any ill feeling, or exciting any disturbance or awakening 
 
192 Church Reform in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 any display of fanatical opposition on the part of tie ptiests or 
 people, we were most courteously treated and moit respectfully 
 received everywhere, and by all classes and conditions of men with 
 whom we came in contact. There was never occasion even for an 
 apprehension of disturbance or danger. It seemed alone necessary 
 to make it clear that the plan proposed was not to 'intrude' the 
 English or Irish Church into Spain, but to revive and foster a 
 Spanish national movement for reform on primitive and Catholic 
 principles, having the Apostolic ministry and succession, and 
 possessing a Spanish liturgy, chiefly, or in large part, gathered 
 from Spanish sources. With this as the purpose m view, I was 
 assured by persons on the ground that the various elements in 
 Spain impatient of the Roman yoke would gladly unite in the 
 effort to build up anew that which for centuries e.xisted in Spain 
 independent of Rome — a Catholic Independent National Church 
 of Spain, free from state control, concerned alone with spiritual 
 things. 
 
 "With this brief statement of the impressions I received on my 
 late visit in Spain, I am, my dear Lord Plunket, faithfully and 
 most truly, your Grace's affectionate friend and brother, 
 "WiLLiAiNi Stevens Perry, 
 
 " Bishop of Iowa. 
 " London, July 14th, 1894." 
 
 Very many other testimonies might be given, such as those of 
 His Grace the Archbishop of Dublin, Canon Meyrick, Professor 
 Mayor, Rev. Storer Clarke, and many other friends, who have 
 examined into the reality of the movement, but I must bring this 
 chapter to a close. I will only add that I know the Committee in 
 London desire the fullest investigation, being convinced that every 
 honest inquirer will be fully satisfied as to the promise of the work 
 and the correctness of the statements published with regard to it. 
 
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 Stories of the Oldea Time. 
 
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