txhvaxy of ti\e ti^eolojical ^emmarjp 
 
 PRINCETON • NEW JERSEY 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 Miss Anne a. Turnbnll 
 Miss Laura S. Turnbull 
 
t.dv«aaca oea-o U'c\Ac>rx\v\\ 
 
 M. h 
 
 WA 
 
 
 'rxjJxj' 
 
 CHBISTIAISr MISSIONS 
 
 EAST AND WEST, 
 
 IN CONNECTION WITH THE BAPTIST 
 MISSIONARY SOCIETY. 
 
 1792— 1873. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 YATES & ALEXANDER, CHANCERY LANE. 
 
 1873- 
 
The following pages are compiled chiefly from 
 the published documents of the Baptist Missionary 
 Society, and are intended to give a bird's-eye view 
 of the labours of eighty years. The writer has 
 confined his attention to work actually done. It has 
 been no part of his object to treat on the philosophy 
 of Missions, or to enter on those controversies 
 that have arisen in the course of the Society's 
 history. It has been his wish simply to give to 
 the friends of Missionary enterprise a compendious 
 view of the results of the earnest efforts, the Chris- 
 tian zeal, and the devout consecration of the many 
 good and great men, who, from time to time, in 
 connection with the Society, have been called of 
 God to undertake the noble task of " preaching to 
 the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ." 
 
 E. B. U. 
 
 Derwent Lodge, Hampstead, 
 March isl, 1873. 
 

 ' May prayerful hearts and holy hands, 
 At home uplifted, aid from time to time 
 To banish error, ignorance and crime ; 
 
 Till every tongue confess and bend each knee ; 
 And, in the words of prophecy sublime, 
 
 Even as the waters cover the wide sea, 
 Earth may itself be filled with knowledge, 
 Lord, of Thee." 
 
 Bernard Barton. 
 
" Go YE THEREFORE, AND TEACH ALL NATIONS, 
 BAPTIZING THEM IN THE NAME OF THE FATHER, 
 AND OF THE SON, AND OF THE HOLY GhOST ; 
 TEACHING THEM TO OBSERVE ALL THINGS WHAT- 
 SOEVER I HAVE COMMANDED YOU : AND, LO, I AM 
 WITH YOU ALWAY, EVEN UNTO THE END OF THE 
 
 WORLD. Amen." — Ma//Aew xxwiii. 19, 20. 
 
Tuesday, October 2nd, 1792, was the memorable 
 day on which the Baptist Missionary Society was 
 formed. The place was Kettering, Northampton- 
 shire, in the house of Mrs. Beeby Wallis, the widow 
 of a deacon whose ancestor had been the instru- 
 ment, in the hands of God, of establishing the 
 Baptist Church in that town a century before. The 
 ministers were twelve in number, all of them mem- 
 bers of the Northamptonshire Association, who on 
 that occasion withdrew together, after the public ser- 
 vices of the day were concluded, to discuss the plan 
 which, in obedience to a resolution of the Associa- 
 tion at the Nottingham meeting in the spring, had 
 been prepared. With perfect unanimity, after pro- 
 longed and prayerful deliberation, they embodied 
 their scheme in seven resolutions, and supplemented 
 it with an immediate contribution of ,^13 2s. 6d. 
 The name of the new Society, and the reasons for 
 its formation as a denominational institution, are 
 
T]ie Origin 
 
 given in the second resolution : — "As, in the present 
 divided state of Christendom, it seems that each 
 denomination, by exerting itself separately, is most 
 likely to accomplish the great end of a mission, it is 
 agreed that this Society be called The Particular 
 Baptist Society for Propagating the Gospel 
 AMONGST THE Heathen." Among the names of its 
 twelve founders stand conspicuous those of William 
 Carey, John Ryland, John Sutcliffe, Samuel Pearce, 
 Reynold Hogg as Treasurer, and Andrew Fuller as 
 Secretary. A Committee of five (to which Mr. 
 Pearce was subsequently added) was named to carry 
 into effect the purposes of the Society, and William 
 Carey immediately offered to embark for any country 
 that the Committee might select. 
 
 The subject of a Mission to the heathen was not 
 then broached among the ministers of the North- 
 amptonshire Association for the first time. Although 
 the Society was formally founded at this gathering, 
 its origin was of earlier date. " The origin of this 
 Society," s^'S Mr. Fuller, " will be found in the 
 workings of our brother Carey's mind, which, for 
 the last nine or ten years, has been directed to 
 this object with very little intermission. His heart 
 appears to have been set upon the conversion of the 
 heathen before he came to reside at Moulton, a.d, 
 1786." As early as 1784, on the suggestion of Mr. 
 Sutcliffe, the Association had urged upon the 
 
of the Society. 
 
 Churches a monthly meeting specially devoted to 
 prayer for the revival of religion, and for the ex- 
 tending of Christ's kingdom in the world.* Mr. 
 Fountain, writing from Bengal in 1796, refers to 
 its blessed eifects : — " We often," he says, " reflect, 
 and speak one to another with pleasure of what 
 great things have already been done since the year 
 1784, when, at the Nottingham Association, you first 
 proposed and adopted the monthly prayer meeting 
 for the revival of religion. I, for several years, 
 beheld a pleasing revival in England, granted in 
 answer to prayer ; and I bless God that, before I 
 left it, I beheld all denominations stirred up to 
 promote the common cause of Christ." The mis- 
 sionary spirit thus evoked was quickened by the 
 publication of Carey's " Inquiry into the Obligation 
 of Christians to use Means for the Conversion of 
 the Heathen," by the admirable sermons which had 
 been preached by Fuller, Sutcliffe, and Carey, at the 
 meetings of the Association, and by the manifest 
 inconsistency of prayer without corresponding action. 
 
 * The idea of a concert of prayer among Baptist churches, with the 
 above object, is, however, of earlier date. The Rev. J. Thomas 
 (Author of " A History of the Baptist Churches in Wales ") in a letter 
 addressed to the Rev. T. Thomas, of London, dated October, 1784, 
 referring to the resolution of the Northamptonshire Association, says, " I 
 remember several similar hours appointed. We had a weekly hoar 
 appointed in our Association about 1767." 
 
lo The Origin of the Society. 
 
 It was at Nottingham, at the annual meeting of the 
 Association, May 31st, 1792, that Carey preached 
 that " very animating discourse from Isaiah liv. z, 
 in which he pressed two things in particular, as ex- 
 pository of ' lengthening our cords and strengthening 
 our stakes,' viz. — (i) That we should expect great 
 things ; (2) that we should attempt great things." 
 Memorable words, which thenceforward became the 
 stirring and appropriate motto of the Society. " If," 
 said Dr. Ryland, "all the people had lifted up their 
 voice and wept, as the children of Israel did at 
 Bochim, I should not have wondered at the effect ; 
 it would only have seemed proportionate to the cause, 
 so clearly did Mr. Carey prove the criminality of our 
 supineness in the cause of God." As the fitting 
 sequel, an immediate resolution to proceed was 
 taken, and Carey saw his ardent desire bursting into 
 flower. The plan was not, however, well received 
 either by the general body of the denominations, or 
 by the Baptists themselves. By some it was deemed 
 unsuitable that an enterprise of such magnitude 
 should be launched by so small a section of the 
 Church of Christ. A gentleman of the midland 
 counties expostulated with Mr. Fuller, in a long and 
 querulous letter, upon the impropriety of making 
 such a work a denominational undertaking, and 
 especially seeing how much remained to be done at 
 home. The doctrinal views of many of the Baptist 
 
Its Necessity. 
 
 churches created prejudices which it took many years 
 to overcome, and even now are not entirely removed. 
 Some dreaded the responsibility. It was a new 
 experiment. Of all the London ministers only one 
 was bold enough to leave the ranks of his brethren 
 and approve the step. The proposal to form a 
 society was rejected by a great majority. Never- 
 theless the country ministers persisted in their 
 course, and the enterprise was inaugurated amid 
 many prayers. 
 
 The state of the world loudly summoned the Church 
 of Christ to missionary work. According to the most 
 authentic statements within his reach, Mr. Carey 
 showed that of the seven hundred and thirty-one 
 millions of inhabitants the world contained, forty- 
 four millions only were Protestants. Four hundred 
 and twenty millions, he said, were in Pagan darkness, 
 and a hundred and thirty millions were the followers 
 of the false prophet, Mohammed. These millions 
 had no means of knowing the true God, "except 
 what are afforded them by the works of nature." 
 They were utterly destitute of the knowledge of 
 Christ, or of any means of obtaining it. In many 
 countries there was no written language, and conse- 
 quently no Bible. Childish, not to say barbarous and 
 sanguinary, customs and traditions prevailed in many 
 lands. Even where a literature existed, as in India 
 and China, the Word of God formed no part of the 
 
12 The Impediments. 
 
 store. Christendom itself required a new Reforma- 
 tion. " The face of most Christian countries," said 
 Carey, " presents a dreadful scene of ignorance, 
 hypocrisy, and profligacy." 
 
 It may be interesting here to note the objections 
 to the missionary enterprise which presented them" 
 selves to these men of God, and which called forth 
 from Mr. Carey an elaborate reply. "The impedi- 
 ments in the way of carrying the Gospel among the 
 heathen," said Carey, " must arise, I think, from 
 one or other of the following things : — either their 
 distance from us, their barbarous and savage manner 
 of living, the danger of being killed by them, the 
 difficulty of procuring the necessaries of life, or the 
 unintelligibleness of their language." All these diffi- 
 culties, he was sure, could be — as, indeed, they have 
 been — surmounted. It was not anticipated that the 
 greatest trials of the missionary life would come from 
 men calling themselves Christians, whose lives, in the 
 presence of the heathen, are unworthy of the Gospel. 
 It was not supposed that governments, conducted 
 professedly by Christian men, would be anxious to 
 protect the people they governed from the purifying 
 and elevating influences of the Word of God. But 
 " none of these things " moved the resolution of the 
 heroic man, who was not only the first to recognise 
 the perils of the task, but was himself ready to 
 encounter them. Mr. Carey found, in Mr. John 
 
The Consecration. 13 
 
 Thomas, a colleague who, by his knowledge of the 
 language and his intercourse with the natives of 
 Bengal, had already pioneered the way. " From 
 Mr. Thomas's account, we saw," said Mr. Fuller, 
 "there was a gold mine in India, but it seemed al- 
 most as deep as the centre of the earth. Who will 
 venture to explore it ? 'I will go down,' said Mr. 
 Carey to his brethren ; ' but remember that you must 
 hold the ropes.' We solemnly engaged to do so ; 
 nor, while we live, shall we desert him." 
 
 A solemn day was spent at Leicester by the brethren, 
 on Wednesday, March 20th, 1793, when, in a " pecu- 
 liarly affecting service, the missionaries were separated 
 for the work whereunto the Lord had called them." 
 The forenoon was given to prayer. In the afternoon 
 and evening, sermons were preached by Mr. Thomas 
 and Mr. Hogg ; Mr. Fuller closing the service by an 
 address to the missionaries from John xx. 21. In 
 weighty, though brief words, he set before them the 
 example of their Master, spoke of the difficulties and 
 trials to be met with, of the promises that would 
 affect them, and of the glorious recompense at the 
 end. " I could go myself," he said, " without a tear — 
 so, at least, I think — and leave all my friends and 
 connections in such a glorious cause. The hope of 
 your undertakings being crowned with success, swal- 
 lows up all my sorrow." And in thrilling words, that 
 may be addressed to missionaries in every age, he 
 
14 The Departure. 
 
 eloquently urged upon them their noble task. " Go 
 then, after your Saviour's example, go in pursuit of the 
 lost sheep ; follow after them, search and find them 
 out, that they may be brought home to His fold., from 
 the dark mountains whither they have wandered, and 
 gathered from the dreary deserts whither they have 
 been scattered in the dark and cloudy day ; that they 
 may be delivered from the errors and abominations 
 of the heathen, and be brought to the knowledge 
 and enjoyment of God." 
 
 On Thursday, the 13th June, the first two mis- 
 sionaries of the Society sailed in a Danish Indiaman 
 for Bengal* Writing to a friend in London, at three 
 o'clock on the morning of their departure, one of 
 them well expressed the feelings with which they 
 broke away from the land of their birlh. " The ship 
 is come ; the signal made ; the guns are fired, and 
 we are going with a fine, fair wind. Farewell, my 
 dear brethren and sisters, farewell ! May the God 
 of Jacob be ours and yours, by sea and land, for 
 time and eternity ! Most affectionately, adieu !" 
 
 * Mr Carey stated to Mr. Potts, about the year 1790, that were he 
 to follow his inclination, the islands of the South Seas would be the sphere 
 he should select for his labours, and he would commence at Tahiti. The 
 recent voyages of Capt. Cook had awakened great interest in the inhabi- 
 tants of the Pacific. But the arrival in England of Mr. Thomas, who 
 had gone to Bengal as a surgeon on board a merchant ship a few years 
 before, seeking aid for a mission in India, determined the committee to 
 direct Mr. Carey's attention to that country. 
 
Afterthoughts. 1 5 
 
 " After their departure," says Mr. Fuller, "we had 
 time for reflection. In reviewing the events of a few 
 preceding months we were much impressed. We 
 could scarcely believe that such a number of impedi- 
 ments had, in so short a time, been removed. The 
 fear and trembling which had possessed us at the 
 outset, had insensibly given way to hope and joy. 
 Upborne by the magnitude of the object, and by the 
 encouraging promises of God, we had found difficulties 
 subside as we approached them, and ways opened 
 beyond all our expectations. A new bond of union 
 was furnished between distant ministers and churches. 
 Some who had backslidden from God were restored, 
 and others who had long been poring over their 
 unfruitfulness, and questioning the reality of their 
 personal religion, having their attention directed to 
 Christ and His kingdom, lost their fears, and found 
 that peace which in other pursuits they had sought in 
 vain. Christians of other denominations discovered 
 a common bond of affection ; and, instead of always 
 dwelling on things wherein they differed, found their 
 account in uniting in those wherein they agreed. In 
 short, our hearts were enlarged ; and if no other 
 good had arisen from the undertaking than the effect 
 produced on our own minds, and the minds of 
 Christians in our own country, it were more than 
 equal to the expense." 
 
 Such was the origin of the Society, and such were 
 
i6 
 
 The Origin of the Society. 
 
 the feelings which stirred the hearts of the eminent 
 men who began the work. Let us now briefly review, 
 in successive periods of a quarter of a century 
 each, what, through the blessing of God, has been 
 accomplished. 
 
FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 1792 to 1817. 
 
"Therefore they that were scattered 
 
 ARROAD went EVERYWHERE PREACHING THE 
 
 Word." — Ac/s viii. 4. 
 
CHAPTER 
 
 At the end of the first twenty-five years of the 
 Society's labours, the parent station at Serampore, in 
 Bengal, had branched out into numerous offshoots. 
 Carey and his companion landed in Calcutta on 
 Monday, November nth, 1793, and immediately, 
 by preaching and translations, began to unfold their 
 message of peace. Their reception was a very plea- 
 sant one. The people left their merchandise, crowded 
 a hovel to hear the Gospel, and listened for three 
 hours to their imperfect speech. One of their hearers 
 prepared them a dinner — a plaintain leaf taking the 
 place of plates, and their fingers being the substitute 
 for knives and forks. It was the entreaty of their 
 hearers that they would build a house, and live 
 amongst them. Their first years were, nevertheless, 
 passed amidst many trials, and it was not till the 
 year 1799 that they found a settled home at Seram- 
 pore, under the protection of the Danish crown. 
 Mr. Fountain joined these primary labourers in 1796, 
 B 2 
 
20 TJic Alissionarics. 
 
 and in 1799 Mr. Ward, IMr. Brunsdon, Mr. Grant, 
 and Dr. Marshman were added to their number. 
 Fountain and Brunsdon were soon called away to 
 their reward on high. Mr. Thomas only just lived 
 to see the firstlings of the flock gathered into the 
 fold of Christ, and the New Testament completed 
 in translation, and then, as in an excess of joy, his 
 spirit fled to the Saviour he so ardently loved. But 
 year after year others consecrated themselves to the 
 enterprise, until, in 1817, not less than twenty-six 
 brethren had gone from England, of whom may be 
 mentioned Mr. Eustace Carey and Dr. Yates, who 
 joined the mission in 181 3, and Mr. W. H. Pearce, 
 the founder of the Calcutta Mission Press, in 1817. 
 Thirteen others, born or previously resident in India 
 had also given themselves to the service of Christ. 
 Death laid several low ; a few were soon withdrawn 
 from the field ; but, at the end of the quarter of a 
 century, there remained nineteen actively pursuing 
 their evangelistic task. Twenty-eight natives and 
 East Indians had been raised up to assist them, 
 filling important spheres of usefulness in various 
 parts of the continent. 
 
 ]\Ir. Carey arrived in Serampore on the loth of 
 January, 1800, and this Danish Settlement thence- 
 forward became the centre of those vast missionary 
 labours which have rendered the name of Serampore 
 a household word among the Churches of Christ. 
 
Calcutta Occupied. 21 
 
 Various places of importance in the midst of dense 
 populations were rapidly occupied, from which, as 
 radiating points, the Gospel was preached to the 
 myriads of Hindustan. 
 
 It was not till the year 1803 that the missionaries 
 ventured to take decided steps to preach the Gospel 
 in Calcutta. In the month of January, Mr. Marsh- 
 man took a house for the purpose, at the rent of 
 ninety rupees a month. At the first service on Lord's- 
 day, January 23rd, only "two or three religious 
 friends " attended ; but in the evening about twenty 
 were present. In 1806, ground for a chapel was 
 purchased, and a neat shed erected, whence a native 
 brother might disperse Christian tracts and books 
 among the crowds that fill the streets of Calcutta. 
 The bamboo shed was thronged with natives. Some 
 loaded the missionaries with abuse ; this, however, 
 could easily be borne. It was from the English 
 Government that the first serious interruption came. 
 In August, the missionaries, whether natives or Euro- 
 peans, were forbidden to preach or to distribute 
 tracts, or to persuade the natives, by conversation or 
 otherwise, to embrace Christianity ; and the mission- 
 aries, Chater and Robinson, who had just landed, 
 were ordered to return to Europe. A more tolerant 
 spirit soon prevailed, and in June, 1807, ]Mr. Carey 
 received permission to erect a chapel on the ground 
 in Lai Bazaar. It was opened on New Year's Day, 
 
The First Convert. 
 
 1809, and Calcutta became a permanent sphere of 
 the Society's operations. 
 
 The stations in Hindustan were twenty in number, 
 extending from Orissa to Sirdhana, in tlic North- 
 West. Bombay and Surat, in Southern India, were 
 occupied. The cities of Rangoon and Ava, in 
 Burmah ; with Java and Amboyna, in the Archipelago ; 
 and the Island of Ceylon, received the messengers 
 of Christ. Bootan, at the foot of the Eastern Him- 
 alayas, was also visited at a very early period by Dr. 
 Carey, and subsequently by other missionaries. Mr. 
 Robinson attempted to form a permanent station 
 there, but it was soon relinquished for a more pro- 
 mising sphere. 
 
 Monday, December 29th, 1800, was a day of 
 "great joy." On that day the sacred waters of 
 Gunga were desecrated by the baptism of the first 
 Bengali convert. Dr. Carey's son Felix was baptized 
 at the same time. For seven years had the missionaries 
 patiently toiled. Many hopes had been disappointed. 
 But at length God rewarded their faith, and Krishna 
 Pal was led by the Spirit of God to confess Christ. 
 " The chain of caste is broken," Mr. Ward exultingly 
 exclaimed; " and who shall be able to mend it ? " 
 " Ye gods of stone and clay," cried another of 
 Christ's servants, "did ye not tremble when, in the 
 name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, one of 
 your votaries shook you as dust from his feet } " 
 
The Jamaica Mission Commenced. z}^ 
 
 Notwithstanding the tumult and excitement that 
 followed, several others, both men and women, 
 believed, and the first Native Church was formed. 
 
 Shortly after the commencement of the Society's 
 existence, an attempt was made to establish a Mission 
 in Sierra Leone. It soon failed, through the retire- 
 ment of the two missionaries employed, but not with- 
 out leaving behind traces of God's blessing which 
 remain to this day. A few years later, the sympathies 
 of the churches in this country were actively drawn to 
 the Island of Jamaica. For some years, correspon- 
 dence had disclosed the existence in the island of 
 a work of grace among the slaves, which owed its 
 origin to the feeble instrumentality of some pious 
 freedmen from America. At length Mr. John Rowe 
 was selected, in answer to the urgent entreaties of the 
 aged disciple, Moses Baker, for help. He entered on 
 the work in the year 1813. Mr. Rowe died, however, 
 in 1 816 ; and, on Mr. Coultart's arrival in the follow- 
 ing year, he found himself almost alone. 
 
 No records exist sufficiently accurate to inform us 
 of the number of persons baptized during the quarter 
 of a century. The Serampore brethren roughly esti- 
 mate the number of baptized converts in India at 
 upwards of five hundred, while in the West Indies 
 and Africa there had been admitted to the ordinances 
 of the Gospel some two hundred more. Over a few 
 of the churches which had been formed, native 
 
Translation of the Scriptures. 
 
 pastors were ordained ; but events were adverse to 
 the establishment of self-supporting and self-govern- 
 ing communities. 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 The translation of God's Word into the languages of 
 the East, begun by Dr. Carey on board ship, on his 
 way to Bengal, had been carried on with great success. 
 His printing press was first set up at Mudnabutty on 
 the i8th September, 1798. The natives who saw it 
 called it a halatle dhourga — i.e., an English idol. On 
 Dr. Carey's removal to Serampore, the press was made 
 ready for immediate use ; and, on the 17th INIarch, 
 1 800, the work so pregnant with eternal issues began. 
 " On this memorable day," says one of the mis- 
 sionaries, "the first page of the New Testament was 
 composed for printing in Bengali. Now, O Lord, let 
 the day break and the sun arise !" On the i6th May, 
 the first sheet, under the instructed and able super- 
 intendence of Mr. Ward, was put to press. It was 
 the work of nine months to bring it to completion. 
 The Old Testament was then taken in hand. On the 
 last Monday of June, 1809, d". Carey finished the 
 translation of the entire Bible, and in the last week 
 
Its Extent. 25 
 
 of September the final sheet came from the printers' 
 hands. The devout wish of our first missionary, ]\Ir. 
 Thomas, uttered thirteen years before, was accom- 
 plished. "I would give a million pounds sterling," 
 he said, " if I had it, to see a Bengali Bible. O 
 most merciful God, what an inestimable blessing 
 will it be to these millions ! The angels of heaven 
 will look down upon it to fill their mouths with new 
 praises and adoration." And now the work was 
 done, and the precious volume of divine revelation 
 was, for the first time, open to the idol-worshippers 
 of Bengal. 
 
 With assiduous, all-conquering toil. Dr. Carey 
 laboured to supply the people of Hindustan with 
 the Word of God. His colleague, Dr. Marshman, 
 devoted his energies to the Chinese. Both were 
 assisted by an able staff of pundits and others ac- 
 quainted with Eastern tongues. Mr. Ward's skill in 
 printing facilitated every operation. They created 
 founts of type ; they manufactured paper. By the 
 year 1816 the whole of the Scriptures had been 
 published in two of the Indian tongues ; the New 
 Testament, the Pentateuch, and the historical books, 
 in four ; the New Testament and the Pentateuch in 
 five ; the New Testament alone in six ; four of the 
 Gospels in eight, and three of them in twelve. The 
 missionaries add, that for twelve other languages the 
 types were prepared, and the Gospel of Matthew was 
 
26 The Serampore Press. 
 
 in the press. Of these versions, not fewer than 
 forty-seven thousand copies had left the press by the 
 end of the year 1817. This great result does not, 
 however, fully show the extent of the labours of 
 these devoted servants of Christ in this department 
 of Christian toil. Several translations were printed 
 for other Christian bodies — as, for example, the 
 Malay New Testament, for the Bible Society of 
 Calcutta ; the Hindustani, for the Rev. H. INIartin ; 
 also the Singhalese, Tamul, and Javanese New 
 Testament Scriptures, for the Bible Societies of 
 Ceylon and Southern India. 
 
 Nor must we omit to mention other works which 
 issued from the Serampore press, such as grammars 
 and dictionaries, in one or the other of the Bengali, 
 Mahratta, Punjabi, Sikh, Cashmire, and Sanscrit 
 languages ; also a translation of the great epic poem 
 of India, the " Ramayun," by Dr. Carey ; the works 
 of Confucius, and a key to the Chinese language, by 
 Dr. Marshman ; and the very valuable account, by 
 Mr. Ward, of the writings, religion, and manners of 
 the Hindus. The noble efforts of these eminent 
 men for a moment seemed utterly wrecked, in March, 
 1 81 2, by a calamitous fire, which burst out in the 
 printing office, destroying type, paper, manuscripts, 
 and books, of the greatest value. Happily, the matrices 
 of all the founts of type, and the presses, which had 
 been renewed only a few weeks before, were preserved. 
 
Schools Established. 
 
 On the catastrophe becoming known in England, so 
 great was the interest awakened, that in the space 
 of fifty days the entire sum required to rebuild the 
 office and to replace the materials was raised. The 
 gift of j^ 1 0,600 testified to the profound impression 
 made by the labours of the Serampore missionaries on 
 the Christian churches at home, and to the liberality 
 which hastened to their help ; for Christians of every 
 denomination pressed forward to express their sym- 
 pathy, and with remarkable promptitude gave their 
 generous aid. Said Mr. Fuller, " They are of so ready 
 a mind that we must even stop the contribution." 
 
 This review of the first quarter of a century of 
 labour cannot be closed without a brief reference to 
 the numerous schools which had been established. 
 They existed at almost every station, and contained 
 upwards of one thousand children. " May it not be 
 hoped," said Dr. Carey, " that in time this system of 
 education will sap the bulwarks of heathenism, and 
 introduce a change which will be highly important 
 in its consequences to the people of the East." 
 This anticipation is in process of rapid fulfilment, 
 and to the Serampore Missionaries is largely due the 
 inauguration of that era of enlightenment and change 
 which schools are bringing about in Hindustan. 
 
 It was during this period that the great battle with 
 the power of the East India Company was fought. 
 Throuffh the blessing of God on the sagacious coun- 
 
Decease of Mr. Fuller. 
 
 sels of Fuller, the Parliamentary eloquence of Wil- 
 berforce, and the support of their coadjutors in every 
 section of the Christian Church, a free entrance for 
 the Gospel into India was nobly won. It was the last 
 of the great services which Andrew Fuller rendered 
 to his generation. In IMay, 1815, he entered on his 
 rest, worn out with toil, to rejoin his beloved friends, 
 Pearce and Sutcliffe, with whom he had been so 
 closely united in the formation of the Society, and 
 the conduct of its affairs. 
 
SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 1818 to 1842. 
 
"And the hand of the Lord was with them : 
 and a great number believed, and turned unto 
 THE Lord." — Ac/s xi. 21. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Jubilee of the Mission was celebrated at Ketter- 
 ing, on the 31st May and the ist June, 1842, by 
 services of the deepest interest. Looking back over 
 the fifty years of the Society's existence, the Com- 
 mittee could affirm that, if the Society's labours had 
 been abundant, so also had been the perils through 
 which it had passed, from adversaries abroad, and 
 from divisions and financial embarrassments at home. 
 Nevertheless, the obstructions of early years had 
 been surmounted, and the extrication of the Society 
 from its difficulties had evidently proved that the 
 Lord of Hosts was with His servants, and that the 
 God of Jacob had been their refuge. 
 
 During the second period of twenty-five years, new 
 stations were opened in India and Ceylon, the Mis- 
 sion in Jamaica was largely extended, the Bahamas 
 were drawn within the circle of the Society's opera- 
 tions. Central America received the missionaries of 
 the Cross, and valuable assistance was rendered to the 
 
32 Extension of the Mission. 
 
 struggling cause of Christ in South Africa. To occupy 
 these numerous spheres of labour, one hundred and 
 three missionaries had gone forth, the larger part of 
 them during the last ten years of the period. But 
 Death had stricken down many ; among them the 
 learned and venerable Carey, the acute and able 
 Marshman, and the skilful and devoted Ward. A few 
 had left the Mission from impaired health and other 
 causes, so that of the hundred and thirty brethren 
 ■who had been sent out since the formation of the 
 Society, seventy-three only remained in the field. The 
 following personal reminiscences, by the Rev. George 
 Pearce, give a very interesting picture of Dr. Carey, 
 as he appeared to the younger missionary in the 
 later years of his long and laborious life. Mr. Pearce 
 entered the field in 1826. 
 
 " One of my earliest introductions," he says, " was 
 to the venerable Dr. Carey. He had then been a resi- 
 dent in India, without leaving it, for thirty-six years. 
 That long period was marked with a devotedness to 
 the Mission cause and industry in labour scarcely 
 ever surpassed. His forte was literary work. He 
 had translated the whole of the Bible into Bengali, 
 and revised it again and again ; also a portion of it 
 into Sanscrit ; the New Testament into Hindi and 
 Hindustani, and portions into several other languages. 
 He had compiled a Bengali dictionary of three 
 volumes quarto, and prepared grammars in the San- 
 
Dr. Carey in his Last Days. 33 
 
 scrit, Bengali, and Mahratta languages. But all this 
 was only a portion of his work. Botanical studies 
 were a favourite recreation with him. His garden 
 at Serampore was for many years an object of much 
 interest to the public. It need hardly be added that 
 he is the acknowledged founder of the Calcutta 
 Horticultural Society. In person, he was somewhat 
 under the middle size ; his dress neat but antiquated ; 
 the aspect of his countenance mild and benevolent. 
 There, was, however, nothing in his general appear- 
 ance to indicate to a stranger anything extraordinary 
 about him. It was only in conversation that the vast 
 stores of his mind became apparent. His marvel- 
 lous Mission history and his prodigious achievements 
 in literary work were not altogether unknown to me. 
 I could not, therefore, but gaze upon him with admira- 
 tion and love, and have ever since esteemed it no 
 small privilege to have been personally acquainted 
 with Dr. William Carey, the pioneer of Christian 
 Missions to this part of India." 
 
 It was during this period that the Society's labours 
 in Jamaica acquired such breadth and importance, 
 and that the horrible system of slavery was destroyed 
 throughout the Empire of Great Britain. 
 
 Many amongst us remember, with deep emotion, 
 the terrors and sanguinary executions of the insurrec- 
 tion of 1832; the imprisonment and wonderful 
 escape from the scaffold of Mr. Knibb, Mr. Burchell, 
 c 
 
34 The Abolition of Slavery. 
 
 and others ; the din and noise of the conflict by which 
 the fetters of the slave were broken ; the noble 
 and eloquent advocacy of the negroes' freedom 
 throughout Great Britain by ]Mr. Knibb, Mr. Burchell, 
 and their coadjutors ; the hot hatred of the planters, 
 in which many chapels were consumed ; and the 
 perils which beset the honoured men who defended 
 the cause of the slave. It needs only the briefest 
 reference to bring vividly before our minds the scenes 
 of anxiety through which the Society, its agents and 
 friends, then passed. The chapels and mission-houses 
 pulled down or burnt were valued at ;^i2,39o. Towards 
 the replacement, and the debts due on the chapels, 
 the British Government ofiered ;!^ii,705, to which the 
 sum of j^i4,ooo w-as added by the British public. 
 From the moneys thus placed at the command of the 
 Society, new chapels rapidly rose on the ruins of the 
 old, many of them, like the chapels at Falmouth and 
 Montego Bay, far larger and more commodious than 
 those that the planters in their mad revenge had 
 destroyed. The day of freedom, August ist, 1834, 
 when 800,000 slaves were emancipated by the 
 generous Act of the British Legislature, was an ample 
 compensation for all the perils and anxieties endured 
 in the attainment of it. How the day was welcomed 
 by one congregation is a picture of all. " On the 
 joyful morning," says the Rev. J. M. Phillippo, of 
 Spanish Town, "the apprentices were seen at an early 
 
The Day of Freedoju. 35 
 
 hour, clothed in clean and white attire, flocking from 
 all parts of the country into the town. Thousands 
 repaired to the different places of worship. At ten 
 o'clock my chapel was so crowded that I could scarcely 
 find my way into the pulpit. It seemed as though I 
 was in a new world, or surrounded by a new order of 
 beings. The downcast eye, the gloomy countenance, 
 and even the vacant, unintellectual physiognomy, had 
 vanished. Every face was lighted with smiles. I 
 called on several of my sable brethren to pray. Their 
 prayers were a mingled flow of supplication and grati- 
 tude, adoration and love. After the service, gifts 
 were distributed. At two o'clock, the children had 
 again assembled, clothed in their best attire. Medals, 
 bags, and books were given them. In the evening, 
 another overwhelming congregation assembled. 
 Every heart rejoiced. Every tongue was loosened, 
 and every countenance wore a smile. Everything 
 seemed to say that this was the dawn of brighter days, 
 the birthday of liberty, and the earnest of the speedy 
 and universal reign of righteousness and peace." If 
 these glowing anticipations have not all been realised, 
 the result has more than justified the righteousness 
 of the Act of Emancipation . That greatest of curses — 
 slavery — was abolished, and, to use the words of 
 Mr. Knibb, in his celebrated speech at Exeter Hall, 
 " ' Glory to God in the highest,' was inscribed upon 
 the British flag," 
 
 c 2 
 
36 Calabar College Founded. 
 
 The period was also remarkable for the multitudes 
 that sought admission to the churches, and for their 
 resolution, so well kept, to sustain their pastors, and 
 to aid, by contributions and personal devotion, to 
 carry the Gospel to the land of their fathers. It was 
 the fitting outcome of the gratitude they felt for the 
 freedom they had acquired, and for the Gospel by 
 which it had been secured. But it was needful to 
 anticipate the pastoral wants of these rapidly increas- 
 ing churches. To obtain a sufficient supply of pastors 
 from England was soon found to be impossible. The 
 duty became imperative of looking out for intelligent 
 and pious young men in the island itself, who might 
 be trained for the pastorate. The Calabar Theolo- 
 gical Institution was accordingly founded as "a 
 college or place of religious and moral instruction 
 for young men of piety and talent, desiring to prepare 
 for the work of the ministry in Jamaica or Africa." 
 In October, 1843, the institution was opened with 
 six students, under the care of the Rev. Joshua 
 Tinson. He lived to see nine of his students occupy- 
 ing an honourable position, and the Churches to 
 which they ministered prospering under their care. 
 
The East India Company. 3 7 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 If less striking to the eye, certainly not less impor- 
 tant in its far-reaching effects, was the progress of 
 missionary labour in India. Although the power of 
 preventing the entrance of missionaries into the 
 country had been wrested from the hands of the 
 East India Company, its jealousy of their exertions, 
 and its ill-will towards them, were long in being re- 
 moved. Leave to proceed to India was absolutely 
 refused to Mr. Yates in 1814 ; but, on his application, 
 was immediately granted by the Board of Control. 
 Subsequently a license could be obtained, but the 
 missionary societies were mulcted in considerable 
 sums for the bit of parchment which allowed Christ's 
 servants access to all parts of British Hindustan. 
 Arrived in Calcutta, the missionary must present 
 himself at the police office, and take an oath to 
 conduct himself peaceably. The change that after- 
 wards ensued in the attitude of the Company was 
 largely owing to the Christian character of Lord 
 William Bentinck, whose administration was marked 
 by many reforms, and the introduction of higher 
 principles of government than had hitherto actuated 
 the commercial rule of Leadenhall Street. 
 
38 Serampore College Founded. 
 
 In 1 8 18, Serampore College was founded, the first 
 of those great scholastic institutions which have at- 
 tained to their present powerful development and 
 utility, through the able advocacy and exertions of 
 Dr. Duff. Its object was stated to be the instruction of 
 " Asiatic Christian and other youth in Eastern Litera- 
 ture and European Science." Here the native evan- 
 gelist was to acquire such a knowledge of the truths 
 of Christianity, of the dogmas and arguments of 
 Hinduism, and of its sacred language, as to fit him 
 for the noble enterprise of propagating the Christian 
 faith among his countrymen. Students of every 
 class were to study English, " so as to enable them 
 to dive into the deepest recesses of European science, 
 and enrich their own language with its choicest 
 treasures." Even at this early stage in the process 
 of introducing the civilisation of the West and the 
 religion of Christ into India, the far-seeing founders 
 of Serampore College discerned the important part 
 which the knowledge of English would play in ac- 
 complishing it. It was their hope that in due time 
 the institution would also become a School of Divinity, 
 and the nursery of able teachers in the Christian 
 Church. A portion of the sum necessary for the 
 erection of the noble building which now stands on 
 the shores of the Hooghly, was raised by Mr. Ward 
 in England ; but by far the larger part of the cost, 
 some _^ 1 8,000, was the generous gift of the great 
 
Bengali Literature. 
 
 men who conceived the plan, and with unequalled 
 energy carried it into operation. 
 
 In 1809, Dr. Carey and his colleagues opened the 
 school in Calcutta, known as the Benevolent Institu- 
 tion — a more humble but not less worthy effort for the 
 benefit of the people of India. Its purpose was to 
 instruct the children of European fathers and native 
 mothers, chiefly of Portuguese extraction, who were 
 growing up in vice and ignorance, the effect of the 
 poverty and social depression of their parents. Its 
 most flourishing time was when it was placed under 
 the care of the Rev. Jas. Penney, who took charge of 
 it in 1 817. Many of his pupils became members of 
 Christian churches, and workers in the mission- 
 field. It was also his honour, in conjunction with 
 Mrs. Penney, to originate Sunday-schools in India. 
 
 Beyond these more direct efforts to awaken the 
 Hindu mind from the apathy of ages, popular litera- 
 ture received a great impulse by the publication at 
 Serampore of the first newspaper in the Bengali 
 tongue. Grammars and dictionaries of the Bengali, 
 Sanscrit, and other languages, proceeded from the 
 prolific pen of Dr. Carey. Chiefly through the 
 agitation of the question by the missionaries, sut- 
 teeism was abolished, and the evils flowing from the 
 connection of the Government with Juggernaut and 
 other idol temples of the land were exposed, and 
 set on the path of removal. The system of caste 
 
40 The Calcutta Mission Press. 
 
 had received a deadly wound ; the first native schools 
 for heathen childr^ in Northern India were orga- 
 nised ; female education began to evince its bene- 
 ficent influence on the domestic life of the people, 
 through the exertions of the noble band of brethren 
 in Calcutta ; and the Mission Press, founded by the 
 amiable Pearce, added its streams of sacred and 
 secular knowledge to those proceeding from Seram- 
 pore. Then came the first books printed in the lan- 
 guage of Bengal, and by these ardent men was laid 
 the foundation of a vernacular library for the people. 
 
 The Calcutta Mission Press became, in 1839, the 
 property of the Society, through the generous libe- 
 rality of Mr. W. H. Pearce and his self-denying 
 colleagues. The Widows' and Orphans' Fund has 
 been established from its profits, and it has contri- 
 buted scores of thousands of pounds to the work of 
 the Mission, under the efficient and successful super- 
 intendence of the late Rev. James Thomas, and the 
 Rev. C. B. Lewis, its present conductor. 
 
 The translations which so prominently character- 
 ised the first period of the Society's history were 
 continued. Dr. Yates was raised up to tread in the 
 steps of his eminent predecessor. Dr. Carey. In 
 forty-four languages or dialects of the East, spoken 
 by at least five hundred millions of people, including 
 the Chinese version of Dr. Marshman, had the whole 
 or a part of the Bible been translated by these 
 
Shr»in« Ui. 
 
 PRtVAILING BtLfCIOHS 
 
 1878. 
 
The Bible Translation Society. 41 
 
 eminent servants of Christ, and nearly half a million 
 of copies had been printed. No record has been 
 preserved of the myriads of religious tracts which 
 had been prepared and put in circulation, and which 
 have largely aided in the diffusion of a knowledge 
 of the Gospel. 
 
 To prevent this great work from falling through, 
 the Bible Translation Society was formed on the 
 24th March, 1840. From the origin of the British 
 and Foreign Bible Society in 1804, its Committee 
 assisted Dr. Carey and his coadjutors to print the 
 versions of the Holy Scriptures they had prepared. 
 Till the year 1827 this aid was freely and largely 
 given, when objections were raised by a few Paedo- 
 baptist missionaries in Calcutta, on the ground that 
 the translators construed into the languages of India 
 the Greek words in reference to baptism by terms 
 signifying immersion. Their objections were adopted 
 by the Committee of the British and Foreign Bible 
 Society, and, notwithstanding the most earnest re- 
 monstrances and appeals addressed to that Com- 
 mittee, by the Missionary Society in 1837, and again 
 in 1840 by the Baptist Union, in the teeth of their 
 own practice, and in the acknowledged absence of 
 any true or justifiable principle for the course pur- 
 sued, the Bible Society persisted in its rejection of 
 translations effected by Baptist missionaries. Through 
 the exertions of the Bible Translation Society, how- 
 
Increase vi the Churches. 
 
 ever, there has been no interruption in their labours. 
 Their versions have taken a high place, as being 
 among the most important and acceptable versions 
 of the Holy Scriptures in the languages in which 
 they have appeared. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 It is not possible to recover the number of converts 
 baptized during this period ; but at its close we find 
 that the native churches throughout the entire sphere 
 of the Society's labours had largely increased. In 
 the East Indies they contained 978 members, with 
 about 300 Europeans in separate fellowship. The 
 number of members in Jamaica was placed at 32,000, 
 and in the Bahamas at 1,176. Central America had 
 in fellowship 132. From among these converts 
 sprang an increasing number of native helpers, who, 
 as pastors or evangelists, laboured to maintain and 
 extend the kingdom of God. The East furnished 
 fifty-three, and other parts seventeen more. In the 
 West the foundation of an indigenous ministry was 
 laid. Nor was the instruction of the young neg- 
 lected. In the East there were ninety schools, with 
 2,700 children receiving instruction ; in the West 
 
Results. 43 
 
 there were sixty schools, with 6,700 children in daily 
 attendance. 
 
 It is necessary to mention, but with great brevity 
 that this period saw both the commencement and 
 the close of those lamentable differences of opinion, 
 as to the management of the Indian Mission, between 
 the Serampore brethren and the Committee at home, 
 which led in 1827 to the separation of their stations 
 from the Society's control. In 1837 the breach was 
 happily healed, and the memory of it has wellnigh 
 faded away. 
 
 Glancing over these facts, and remembering that 
 many countries, but a few years before closed, had 
 been opened to the messengers of peace, the Com- 
 mittee could hopefully say, " Superstitions, which 
 once held so firm a grasp on the human heart, are 
 now in their dotage. It is unquestionably an enter- 
 prise of greater hope to assail the nations in this 
 their hour of weakness, than fifty years ago, when 
 magnificent and seductive systems of worship were 
 at the height of their energy and splendour. Many 
 abominations have been removed, and, though the 
 removal of them may not necessarily draw in the 
 chariot of the Gospel, it is impossible not to regard 
 it as the preparation of the way of the Lord." 
 
 Only one of the founders of the Society lived to 
 see its Jubilee. The first treasurer, bending beneath 
 the weight of ninety years, joined in the celebration. 
 
44 
 
 The jubilee of the Society. 
 
 It was a season of hallowed joy, of precious memo- 
 ries, of holy expectation, and of fervent prayer, when 
 the thousands of the Society's friends met in the 
 birthplace of the Mission and the place of residence 
 of Andrew Fuller, to pour out their thankofferings 
 before the Lord, and to glorify God for "the men 
 who originated a scheme that holds so eminent a 
 place in the annals of Christianity, and has given so 
 powerful an impulse to the energies of the Church." 
 
THIRD PERIOD. 
 
 1843— 1867. 
 
"The Lord hath made bare His holy arm 
 
 IN THE eyes of ALL THE NATIONS ; AND ALL THE 
 ENDS OF THE EARTH SHALL SEE THE SALVATION 
 
 OF OUR God." — Isaiah lii. lo. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 The noble contributions at the Jubilee, amounting 
 to ;^3 3,704, to the raising of which the Rev. Joshua 
 Russell gave his undivided services for a whole year, 
 enabled the Society not only to remove the heavy 
 debt which burdened it, and provide a suitable house 
 in Moorgate Street for the conduct of its business, 
 but to enlarge its operations, especially in Western 
 Africa, and to commence new missions in Trinidad 
 and Hayti. 
 
 To carry the tidings of redemption to the land of 
 their fathers was one of the earliest wishes of the 
 emancipated slaves of the West. Early after the day 
 of freedom, a black man of the name of Keith sold 
 all that he possessed, worked his passage to Africa, 
 and proclaimed, on the very spot whence he had been 
 stolen, the Gospel of Salvation. Many others offered 
 their services. To the suggestion that they might be 
 made slaves again, they answered, " We have been 
 made slaves for men, we can be made slaves for 
 Christ." On the 3rd June, 1840, the Committee, 
 following what appeared to be the clear indications 
 
48 The West African Mission Founded. 
 
 of Divine Providence, resolved to commence a mis- 
 sion to Western Africa. Two brethren, the Rev. John 
 Clarke and Dr. Prince, were sent to explore the coast, 
 especially near or on the banks of the Niger. Mr. 
 Clarke had long served Christ in Jamaica as a mis- 
 sionary ; Dr. Prince was a successful medical practi- 
 tioner there, but ready to make any temporal sacrifice 
 for the Gospel. Everywhere on the coast they met 
 with a cordial reception from the native inhabitants ; 
 but favourable circumstances led them to select, as 
 the seat of the mission, the island of Fernando Po — 
 an island near the equator, and immediately opposite 
 the mouth of the Cameroons river, with the unexplored 
 regions of the continent beyond. The island itself 
 presented an encouraging field for missionary enter- 
 prise among the aborigines of the interior, as well as 
 in the colony of Clarence, then much frequented by 
 traders on the coast, and by Her Majesty's cruisers 
 employed in the suppression of the slave-trade. The 
 chiefs on the banks of the Cameroons river also 
 gave them a hearty welcome. Here the explorers 
 actively entered on the great object of their mission, 
 and, before leaving for England, in February, 1842, 
 they had the pleasure of forming the nucleus of a 
 Christian church. Five of the coloured inhabitants 
 of Clarence were baptized. " The day," says 
 Dr. Prince, "had been anticipated with great in- 
 terest by all our hearers. A great many of them 
 
Its Progress. 49 
 
 passed the night in the tent, singing and praying ; 
 others did the like in their own houses." 
 
 Driven by stress of weather, their vessel dismasted 
 and shaken with a lightning, flash, Mr. Clarke and 
 Dr. Prince reached Jamaica. Their appeals and 
 narratives stirred the emancipated people, and many 
 offered themselves as candidates for the missionary 
 life. In England, meanwhile, arrangements were 
 being made, by the appointment of Mr. Sturgeon, to 
 carry on the work so auspiciously begun. The two 
 pioneers at length arrived in England on the 8th 
 September, 1842, accompanied by the gentle Merrick 
 and his wife. Mr. Merrick had resigned his charge 
 in Jamaica for the promotion of Christ's kingdom 
 in Africa. Their appeals deepened the interest of 
 British Christians in the negro race. The liberality 
 of the churches was abundant, and four missionaries 
 and eight teachers, with supplies of every kind of 
 useful articles, and a small vessel to convey them to 
 their destination, were speedily equipped. 
 
 Stations were soon formed in Fernando Po and on 
 the coast. The languages of the people were dili- 
 gently studied, and reduced to writing. Vocabularies 
 and school-books in various dialects were prepared, 
 and portions of Holy Scripture were translated and put 
 to press. But disease and death soon began to invade 
 the homes of the missionaries, and the prospects of 
 the mission became clouded with sorrow and strife. 
 
 D 
 
50 Ba7itshed frovi Fernando Po. 
 
 In 1843, •" 1846, and again in 1856, the Govern- 
 ment of Spain, in pursuance of its claim to the 
 sovereignty of Fernando Po, sent Jesuit priests to 
 stay the progress of heresy, and to present them- 
 selves as the only legitimate teachers of Christianity 
 and the true pastors of the people. In 1858, the 
 Spanish authorities proclaimed the religion of the 
 colony to be that of the Roman Catholic Church, al- 
 though there was not a single native adherent of that 
 Church on the island. All other forms of Christianity 
 were absolutely prohibited. The edict was read 
 before a scanty audience of the people, the lightning 
 and thunder of a tropical tornado giving a strange 
 awfulness to the scene. On the evening of the 27th 
 May, the people met for the last time in public 
 worship. Protests were in vain. Led by the Rev. 
 Alfred Saker, the bulk of the people determined to 
 seek freedom of conscience and liberty of worship 
 elsewhere ; and they found a new home on the wild, 
 forest-covered shores of Amboises Bay, at the foot of 
 the great mountain of Cameroons. Here the colony 
 of Victoria was established, and, amid many priva- 
 tions and hardships, a new temple was raised for the 
 worship of the Lord of Hosts. 
 
 At the end of the period under review, the mission 
 band had become much reduced in numbers by de- 
 partures and death. Of the eighteen brethren sent 
 from this country five only remained in the work. 
 
The Mission in Brittany. 51 
 
 Seven had laid down their lives, too early for the task 
 they had undertaken, while the rest, chiefly through 
 the fatal eflfects of the climate, had been driven from 
 the field. Not a few converts, however, had been 
 baptized. Churches of Christ had been formed at 
 Victoria and at two or three stations on the Came- 
 roons river, and much had been done to teach the 
 barbarous inhabitants the simpler arts of civilised life. 
 In 1843, the charge of the mission in Brittany was 
 assumed by the Society, at the request of the Welsh 
 churches. It had been established under the 
 auspices of the Glamorganshire Association, the cor- 
 respondence of language and race having awakened 
 an interest in Wales in the spiritual welfare of the 
 Breton people. The Rev. J. Jenkins actively entered 
 on the preparation of religious tracts and books in 
 the Breton tongue, and a revised version of the New 
 Testament. Three thousand copies of this transla- 
 tion of God's Word were printed in 1847, ^^ ^^ ^^st 
 of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and a 
 second edition of four thousand copies in 1857. Mr. 
 Jenkins made frequent visits to the towns and 
 villages of the country. Assisted by colporteurs, and 
 by schools a domicile, the knowledge of the Gospel 
 was widely spread. Notwithstanding the hostility of 
 the priests, chapels were erected in Morlaix and at 
 Tremel, and a considerable number of persons re- 
 ceived the truth. 
 
 D 2 
 
A Mission in China bcertn. 
 
 In 1859, the mission to China was entered upon. 
 It had often, in previous years, been the subject of 
 discussion and resolution ; but it was not till the 
 tidings reached this country of the treaty effected by 
 Lord Elgin with the Chinese Government that the 
 subject was taken up in earnest. Then, for the first 
 time, China itself became accessible to the messen- 
 gers of Christ. Hitherto, missionary efforts had 
 been confined to natives of China resident in the 
 Eastern Archipelago or in outlying places. The im- 
 pressive appeal of the venerable John Angell James 
 summoned all the churches to the enterprise ; and 
 the offer of service at the moment on the part of two 
 gentlemen, the Revs. H. Z. Kloekcrs and C. J. Hall, 
 both acquainted with the language, and for some 
 years labouring in China, led the Committee to regard 
 the time as propitious, and the proposal as a call 
 from God. The new port of Chefoo, in the northern 
 district of Shantung, was finally fixed upon as the 
 place of labour, and the arduous task began. By the 
 end of this period, a small native church of twenty 
 members had been gathered, and in two villages in 
 the country a permanent footing was gained. In the 
 surrounding villages also some interest in the Gospel 
 had been excited, the principal instrument in effecting 
 it being a converted idol-maker. At Hankhiau, the 
 first convert was a Buddhist, who for ten years had 
 worshipped daily a picture of the King of Hell, with 
 
Assista7ice to Various Missions. 53 
 
 the hope of securing a mitigation of the punishment 
 due to his sins. Soon after his conversion, he sent 
 the picture to Mr. Laughton, with the message that 
 Jesus had released him from the burden of his sins. 
 Persecution followed his confession of Christ, but he 
 remained steadfast in the truth. 
 
 Important assistance was rendered, in men and 
 money, to the Baptist Churches of Canada, both 
 English and French, and the Indians of North 
 America received aid from the Society's funds. In 
 1863, the services of Mr. Hiibert, a native of Norway, 
 were accepted. His humble but earnest labours 
 were greatly blessed. Although much opposed by 
 the State clergy, his preaching resulted in many 
 baptisms ; and in and around his home he was 
 honoured to lead many of his countrymen to the 
 Saviour. To the German Mission, under Mr. Oncken's 
 direction, occasional grants were also voted. Under the 
 auspices of the Society, a successful effort was made 
 to establish a Church of Christ in Madras, among the 
 East Indian population ; and a similar movement, in 
 combination with native work, was begun by the 
 lamented Cassidy, at Poona, on the Western side of 
 the Peninsula. Nor should we omit to mention that 
 the Society has been the medium through which the 
 number of brethren has been increased, who, both in 
 Australia and at the Cape of Good Hope, have ad- 
 vanced in new regions the kingdom of our Lord. 
 
54 The Jamaica Missioft. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Although not under the immediate direction of the 
 Society, the affairs of the Jamaica churches neces- 
 sarily received from the Committee unceasing atten- 
 tion. In the troublous periods of their history, the 
 churches of Great Britain have given large and 
 essential aid. If, to a great extent, the Jamaica 
 Mission is now independent of its control, the Society 
 cannot be unmindful of the claims this child of their 
 faith and prayers has upon their sympathy. It could 
 not refuse to render prompt support in those times of 
 conflict and suffering through which the emancipated 
 people and their pastors have had to pass. Thus, in 
 1845, in order to assist the churches in the removal 
 of the heavy debts on their chapels and mission 
 houses — incurred in nearly all cases previous to their 
 declaration of pecuniary independence — the Society 
 gave them ;^6,ooo, about one-third of the amount 
 of the debts requiring to be discharged. At the time 
 great privations had fallen on the people from a two 
 years' drought, and the decay of sugar cultivation. 
 In 1850, the island was desolated by cholera, followed 
 by the no less fatal small-pox. These frightful 
 diseases decimated the population. In addition to 
 the duty of comforting the sick, administering con- 
 
Aid given to Jamaica. 55 
 
 solation to the dying, and burying the dead, the 
 paucity of competent medical practitioners compelled 
 the missionary brethren in every way to supply the 
 need, and to risk their lives in the administration of 
 suitable medicine to the sufferers. The generous 
 response of the churches enabled the Society to 
 forward an ample store of suitable medicines, and to 
 meet the pressing wants both of the missionaries 
 and their flocks. Not less a sum than ^2^2,282 was 
 speedily placed in the hands of the Committee for 
 this purpose, and in 1853 a further sum of ^^635 was 
 given to aid such of the brethren as were inade- 
 quately supported by their people, or who might need 
 some temporary relaxation. 
 
 Again, in 1864 and 1865, the distress of the people 
 of Jamaica called forth the liberality of the churches. 
 Severe drought, year after year, destroying the crops, 
 desolating the provision grounds, and rendering 
 labour scarce, reduced large numbers of people to 
 absolute want. Nearly/'4,ooo were distributed among 
 the sufferers, and a large quantity of garments was 
 provided to clothe the destitute. To this distress, and 
 to the general decadence of agricultural and commer- 
 cial interests, was added the strife of political parties ; 
 still more embittered by the course taken by Governor 
 Eyre and the Island press, with regard to the letter 
 of Dr. Underbill to the Secretary of State for the 
 Colonies. The outbreak which followed in St. 
 
56 
 
 Disturbances in Jamaica. 
 
 Thomas's-in-the-East is now a matter of history, and 
 need not be detailed here. Goaded by years of wrong 
 from planter and from Government, refused justice 
 in the Courts, suffering want from the decay of culti- 
 vation, in an evil hour a few misguided men resented 
 the unjust decisions of the magistrates at Morant 
 Bay. Eighteen persons were killed on the spot, and 
 two others in the course of a few days' pillaging and 
 destruction of property which followed. The retalia- 
 tion was frightful. For many weeks the soldiers 
 revelled in the lawlessness which followed the pro- 
 clamation of so-called martial law. To use the sober 
 but terrible language of the Royal Commissioners, 
 concurred in by Her Majesty's Government, the 
 punishments inflicted were excessive. " The punish- 
 ment of death was unnecessarily frequent ;" " the 
 floggings were reckless, and, at Bath, positively 
 barbarous ;" " the burning of a thousand houses was 
 wanton and cruel." Four hundred and thirty persons 
 were shot or hung, some without even the form of 
 a trial, and many whose innocence was undoubted. 
 Not fewer than 600 persons were fiogged with the 
 greatest barbarity, some of whom were women. "At 
 Bath," say the Royal Commissioners, " wires were 
 twisted round the cords, and the different tails so 
 constituted were knotted." " It is painful," they add, 
 " to think that any man should have used such an 
 instrument for the torturing of his fellow creatures." 
 
The Frightful Revenge. 57 
 
 The arrest of Mr. Gordon is declared by the Lord 
 Chief Justice of England to have been altogether 
 "unlawful and unjustifiable," and the evidence 
 adduced against him as " morally and intrinsically 
 worthless." He was, nevertheless, condemned and 
 executed, admittedly innocent of the crime laid to 
 his charge, and for which he died. The investiga- 
 tions of the Royal Commissioners completely relieved 
 the missionaries, untruthfully blamed by Mr. Eyre in 
 his despatches, from all reproach. There was not 
 the shadow of an excuse for the calumnious and ob- 
 noxious charges made against them by the Governor. 
 The ordeal through which they passed left their 
 honour unstained, their integrity untouched, and 
 their Christian character undimmed. 
 
 These lamentable events, combined with the de- 
 pression of trade and agriculture, left painful effects 
 for a time on the churches ; but the dismissal of Mr. 
 Eyre from the Government, and the appointment of 
 an able administrator in the person of Sir J. P. 
 Grant, soon changed the aspect of affairs, and pre- 
 pared the way for a revival in all the material and 
 religious interests of the island. 
 
 In order to facilitate the arrangements rendered 
 necessary by the independence of the churches, the 
 Rev. Joseph Angus, the Secretary of the Society, 
 and the Rev. C. M. Birrell, of Liverpool, visited 
 Jamaica in 1846-7. By the generous liberality of 
 
58 Deputations to Jamaica. 
 
 Sir Morton Peto, they were able to relieve, to the 
 extent of ^2,000, many pecuniary embarrassments. 
 Their visit also removed much misapprehension, and 
 proved an extensive blessing to the churches. 
 
 Another deputation visited the Island in 1859-60, 
 at the earnest request of the missionaries, consisting 
 of the Secretary, Dr. Underhill, and the Rev. J. T. 
 Brown, of Northampton. The special object in 
 view was to investigate the religious and social con- 
 dition of the emancipated peasantry. It was broadly 
 affirmed that the negro was incorrigibly lazy ; his 
 elevation in the social scale was pronounced hope- 
 less, and his religiousness was affirmed to be mere 
 hypocrisy. The old and insolent doctrine was re- 
 vived, that the African is scarcely to be regarded, 
 much less to be treated, as a human being. 
 
 The results of this investigation may here be best 
 given in the language of the Committee of the 
 Society : — 
 
 "Without entering into any detailed statement 
 of the facts, it may suffice briefly to recapitulate 
 some of the conclusions to which the deputation 
 have been led. Their inquiries were limited to no 
 class of society. They sought information from all 
 parties, and were permitted to enjoy every privilege 
 for the acquisition of accurate information. It is 
 due from the Committee cordially to acknowledge 
 the hospitable and kind attention manifested to them 
 
Character of the People. 59 
 
 by the people, their ministers, the proprietors of 
 estates, and the authorities of the island. 
 
 " With some drawbacks, chiefly referable to habits 
 and notions acquired in the time of slavery, the 
 deputation report, that the character of the people 
 is such as to evidence the wide influence of religious 
 truth. In the churches, discipline is vigorously 
 maintained. The ministry of the Word is valued, 
 and a commendable zeal is often displayed for the 
 conversion of souls. The deputation visited nearly 
 the whole of the seventy-seven churches which have 
 originated with the agents of this Society. Over 
 these churches twenty-two European and fourteen 
 native ministers preside, having under their care 
 20,000 members, and upwards of 2,000 inquirers. 
 The contributions for all purposes amount to ^8,000 
 a-year, an average of 8s. 2|d. a-head for all the 
 members. The ministers are assisted by a body of 
 deacons and leaders about 700 in number, who mani- 
 fest a strong sense of duty, and a tenacious adhesion 
 to those great principles of scriptural truth main- 
 tained by our denomination. 
 
 " The progress of events has, however, scattered 
 the people more widely than was formerly the case, 
 while their improvement in knowledge, and their 
 habits of independence, render the necessity of 
 pastoral supervision the more imperative, but, at the 
 same time, more difiicult to accomplish. There is. 
 
6o Suggest iovs Adopted. 
 
 therefore, in the judgment of the deputation, an ab- 
 solute necessity for a larger supply of ministers, both 
 native and European, to reach the people in their 
 mountain abodes, to look after the wanderers and 
 the sick, to gather the young in Bible Classes, and 
 to extend the Gospel to districts becoming occupied 
 by an increasing population. Impressed with these 
 views, the Committee have given their assent to the 
 recommendations of the deputation, which, while 
 on the one hand comparatively inexpensive in 
 character, will not in the least degree trench on the 
 independence or scriptural rights of the Churches. 
 They will encourage in every way the improvement 
 and formation of an indigenous ministry, will assist 
 in the enlargement of the usefulness of the institu- 
 tion at Calabar, and encourage the settlement of a 
 few European brethren as pastors of the larger 
 churches, capable of supporting the ministers of the 
 Word from their own resources. The time has not 
 yet come for the withdrawment of the intelligence 
 and energy of the white man from the instruction 
 and oversight of these young communities. They 
 depend, and must for some years depend, for their 
 elevation, on the stimulus afforded by connection 
 with this country; and time must elapse for the 
 production of a class of native-born men, strong in 
 number and intelligence, by whom the civilisation 
 and religious instruction of the enfranchised negro 
 
Much Accomplished. 6i 
 
 may be carried to their highest point of develop- 
 ment. It was surprising to the deputation to find 
 how very large is the element still existing in the 
 population derived from slave times. Quite three- 
 fourths of the adults now living were once slaves. 
 The generation has not yet passed away which wore 
 the fetter and endured the scourge, and it still re- 
 tains to a certain extent the prejudices, superstitions, 
 and habitudes of that dread and debasing time. 
 More has, however, been accomplished than we had 
 any right to expect. Generally speaking, the Creoles 
 of Jamaica constitute a peasantry daily increasing in 
 intelligence ; deeply interested in religious truth ; 
 possessing a very considerable amount of property, 
 the gain of their own free labour ; pressing into the 
 culture of the staples of the island ; well clothed and 
 fairly housed ; and moved by a spirit of emulation to 
 acquire more of the arts and advantages of civilised 
 life. The slave of yesterday is even now a peasant 
 of whom no country need to be ashamed, and to 
 whom freedom has been a boon of unmixed blessed- 
 ness. To employ the language of the deputation, 
 ' Notwithstanding many causes of solicitude still ex- 
 isting, the Society, by its agents, and under the bless- 
 ing of God, has done a work in the island, both social 
 and religious, which demands manifold thanksgivings 
 to the Great Deliverer and Redeemer of men, and 
 inspires gladdening hopes for the future.' 
 
62 Revival of Religion. 
 
 "Shortly after the departure of the deputation, 
 meetings for prayer for a revival were held through- 
 out the churches, as agreed upon at the meeting of 
 the Jamaica Baptist Union, held in the month of 
 March. Towards the close of the year the results 
 became apparent in a very remarkable movement, 
 commencing at a Moravian station, and immediately 
 communicating itself to the churches in the parishes 
 of St. James, Hanover, and Westmoreland. Great 
 numbers were powerfully moved by the Spirit of God 
 to deep conviction of sin, and to its open confession 
 and abandonment. Unlawful gains were destroyed, 
 quarrels were healed, neglect of Divine worship was 
 changed for crowded assemblies ; and meetings were 
 prolonged through days and nights for prayer and 
 instruction. The most intense anxiety for salvation 
 burst forth in loud cries and tears. Many persons 
 were prostrated with emotion. Physical effects, 
 some of a painful character, followed ; while num- 
 bers arose from them filled with ecstatic joy or 
 heavenly peace. As the work extended, elements of 
 evil were developed. Ignorant people, still hardly 
 removed from the debasement of their former slave 
 condition, were imposed upon by fraudulent men 
 appealing to their native superstitions. Satan sought 
 to mar the good work by extravagances, and the 
 awaking of evil passions. These painful exhibitions 
 bear, however, but a small proportion to the mani- 
 
Its Effects, 63 
 
 fest good, and are rapidly subsiding. Thousands 
 have been added to the inquirers' classes. Additions 
 are being made to the churches, but only after much 
 scrutiny and deliberation. The general face of 
 society is undergoing a visible improvement ; and 
 for the present the prevalence of many common 
 vices is checked. The people in some quarters are 
 manifesting a more decided inclination to industrious 
 habits, and the planters are furnished with an abun- 
 dant supply of steady labour. Making ample allow- 
 ance for the evils referred to, the Committee cannot 
 but gratefully recognise the hand of God in this 
 wonderful movement. They prayerfully hope that 
 multitudes will be led to the reception of the truth 
 as it is in Jesus, and to a holy walk and conversation 
 in the world. The churches of the Jamaica Baptist 
 Union report this year an addition of nearly 700 
 members to their fellowship, not, however, the fruit 
 of the revival, but as the result of the ordinary means 
 of grace. The results of the revival will appear by 
 and bye in the enlargement of the churches from the 
 4,000 persons who have been admitted to the in- 
 quirers' classes." 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Great as were the changes effected in the West 
 Indies by the righteous Act of Emancipation, they 
 
64 Events in India. 
 
 sink into comparative insignificance by the side of 
 those momentous events in India which made the 
 year 1857 an epoch in the history of our country, 
 attracted the attention of all civilised nations, and 
 even stirred the apathetic minds of the impassive 
 peoples of Asia. Not less is the year 1857 an epoch 
 in the history of Christian missions in the East. 
 However much parties may differ as to the causes 
 of that fearful outbreak, which for the moment 
 threatened to involve our countrymen, our Eastern 
 Empire, and the hopes of the Christian church, in 
 one common ruin, we cannot err in the conclusion 
 that it was a revolt against the changes in the 
 national usages, institutions, and religions of Hindu- 
 stan, which British dominion and an evangelical 
 Christianity inevitably brought in their train. 
 
 For many months direct missionary work was 
 at a stand in the whole of the Bengal Presidency. 
 In Calcutta and its suburbs repeated panics, the 
 threatening aspect of the population, and the proxi- 
 mity of mutinous regiments at Barrackpore, put a 
 complete stop to the usual work. In Dacca, Jessore, 
 Barisaul, Dinagepore, and Chittagong, itineracies 
 were for a time suspended ; while in Jessore, Dacca, 
 and Chittagong, actual danger menaced the lives of 
 the missionaries in common with their countrymen, 
 but was mercifully averted by the good providence of 
 God. At Monghyr the missionaries were enabled 
 
Death of Mr. Mackay. 65 
 
 to remain at their posts, although conspiracies were 
 known to be rife around them. From Patna the 
 missionary was obliged to flee. h,\. Benares revolt 
 was nipped in the bud ; but the temper of the 
 people rendered missionary labour for a time im- 
 practicable. In the North-west Provinces the mis- 
 sionaries were fugitives. They and the native Chris- 
 tians, after escapes which signalise the merciful 
 protection of God, found a refuge in the fort at 
 Agra. One, alas ! the Rev. J. Mackay, fell a prey 
 to the thirst for English blood which everywhere 
 characterised the mutineers. Though but young in 
 the mission-field, and his residence in Delhi a short 
 one, he had exhibited some of the finest traits of the 
 missionary character. Vigorous in action, he was 
 prudent and wise in the adoption of plans. With 
 great perseverance he had rapidly mastered the 
 Urdu and Hindi, in which languages it was his duty 
 to preach to the people. With earnest piety he gave 
 himself to the work of the Lord ; and if now he 
 rests, as we might perhaps think prematurely, from 
 his labours, yet he had surely gained his Master's 
 approval, and won the afi'ection and esteem of all 
 who knew his worth. 
 
 Of the native Christians of Delhi who suffered for 
 their attachment to the cross, we must make brief 
 mention of the estimable evangelist, Walayat Ali. 
 Warned by a friend of the near approach of fifty 
 
 E 
 
66 Walayat A It and his Family. 
 
 rebel horsemen, he refused to flee. "This is no 
 time to flee," said he, " except to the Lord in 
 prayer." "My husband," adds his devoted wife, 
 " called us all to prayer, when, as far as I recollect, 
 he said, ' Lord, many of Thy people have been 
 slain before this by the sword, and burned in the 
 fire, for Thy name's sake. Thou didst give them 
 help to hold fast in the faith. Now, O Lord, we 
 have fallen into the fiery trial. Lord ! may it please 
 Thee to help us to suff"er with firmness. Let us not 
 fall nor faint in heart under this sore temptation. 
 Even to the death, oh ! help us to confess, and not 
 to deny Thee, our dear Lord. Oh ! help us to bear 
 this cross that we may, if we die, obtain the crown 
 of glory.' After we had prayers, my husband kissed 
 us all, and said, ' See that whatever comes, you do 
 not deny Christ ; for if you confide in Him, and 
 confess Him, you will be blessed, and have a crown 
 
 of glory Come what will, donU deny Christ? 
 
 Now I began to weep bitterly, when he said, ' Wife, 
 dear, I thought your faith was stronger in the 
 Saviour than mine. Why are you so troubled ? 
 Remember God's Word and be comforted. Know 
 that if you die, you go to Jesus. And if you are 
 spared, Christ is your keeper. I feel confident that 
 if any of our missionaries live, you will be taken care 
 of. And should they all perish, yet Christ lives for 
 ever. If the children are killed before your face, oh ! 
 
The Martyr's Faith. 67 
 
 then take care you do not deny Him who died for us. 
 This is my last charge, and God help you ! ' " 
 
 Their dwelling was pointed out to the rebellious 
 troopers by some faquirs. Urged to repeat the 
 Moslem confession of faith, Walayat Ali refused. 
 Shots were fired at him. Frightened, the children 
 flew for protection to the friendly shelter of the 
 house of one of the royal family of Delhi. This 
 prince was fond of hearing of the love of God 
 through Christ from this Christian's lips. Again 
 pressed to forsake his Lord, and questioned, Walayat 
 Ali replied, " I was at one time blind ; but now I see. 
 God mercifully opened my eyes, and I have found a 
 refuge in Christ. Yes, I am a Christian, and I am 
 resolved to live and die a Christian." For a short 
 time his doom was suspended, while the troopers 
 hasted to slaughter some flying Europeans. The 
 wife and mother, at her husband's urgent request, 
 made an attempt to escape, and her life was spared 
 through the interposition of the Delhi prince. Pre- 
 sently, however, she followed her husband, who had 
 gone to Mr. Mackay's house, to try to save him. 
 "On the way," to use her own simple words, "I 
 saw a crowd of the city Mohammedans, and my 
 husband in the midst of them. They were dragging 
 him about on the ground, beating him on the head 
 and in the face with their shoes ; some saying, ' Now 
 preach Christ to us. Now where is the Christ in 
 E 2 
 
68 The Alartyr's Eva. 
 
 whom you boast ? ' And others were asking him 
 to forsake Christianity and repeat the Kulma. My 
 husband said, * No ; I never will. My Saviour took 
 up His cross and went to God. I take up my life as 
 a cross, and will follow Him to heaven.' " Mockeries 
 and taunts assail the disciple of Christ, and he is 
 again and again solicited, often with threats, to 
 recant. Now a trooper came up, and asked what all 
 this was about. The Mussulmans said, " Here we 
 have a devil of a Christian who will not recant, so 
 do you kill him." At this the Sepoy aimed a blow 
 with his sword, which nearly cut oif his head. His 
 last words were, " Jesus, receive my soul ! " Thus, 
 before the eyes of his beloved partner and com- 
 panion in tribulation, did this heroic man yield up his 
 life, faithful unto death, testifying to the adversaries 
 of Christ in Delhi the grace and truth of the Gospel. 
 After many trials and severe personal suffering, her 
 children often the prey of fever and hunger, one ot 
 whom she deposited with her own hands in a desert 
 grave, the noble-hearted wife of Walayat Ali at 
 length escaped. Her touching narrative contains 
 one allusion which must not be omitted, revealing 
 as it does the distressing end of the family of the 
 departed missionary Thompson. " Before I left 
 Delhi," she says, " I went to Mrs. Thompson's 
 house, where I saw a sight which horrified me. Mrs 
 Thompson and her daughter lying dead on a bed, 
 
Death of Mrs. Thompson. 69 
 
 grasping each other, and the other on the floor by the 
 side of the bed. The heads were quite severed from 
 the trunks." It was a dark veil which for a while 
 hid the scene of our missionaries' labours in Delhi. 
 But Christian heroism, faithful testimony for Christ, 
 and unshrinking faith, lighted up its gloom. 
 
 Let Delhi be a sacred spot now and evermore to 
 the labourers of the Baptist Missionary Society. 
 May its missionaries long abide there to toil and 
 gather fruit unto life eternal from off soil thus fertil- 
 ised by martyrs' tears and blood ! 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 At the earnest request of the Committee, the Eastern 
 Missions of the Society were visited, in 1850, by the 
 Rev. Joshua Russell and the Rev. Dr. Leechman. 
 About a year was occupied in examining the stations 
 in Ceylon, Madras, Bengal, and the North-West Pro- 
 vinces of India. They returned to England in the month 
 of July in the following year. Much time was devoted 
 to an examination of the spiritual condition of the 
 native churches, and also of the individuals em- 
 ployed as helpers in the propagation of the Gospel. 
 The result was highly gratifying. Speaking of Ceylon, 
 Dr. Leechman says : " I saw enough to fill my heart 
 with gratitude, and to urge the Society onward in 
 
70 Deputation to India. 
 
 the work of the Lord. I was not prepared for the 
 gratifying scenes that burst upon me in my visit to 
 the jungle." Referring to the converts in India, 
 I\Ir. Russell says that their piety seemed devout, 
 sincere, and deep. Many instances of loss and 
 suffering for the Gospel's sake were met with, and 
 some interesting examples occurred of the concern 
 felt by the native churches for the purity of their 
 fellowship. The question of the independence of 
 European aid of these infant communities received 
 much attention. Great diversity of opinion prevailed 
 on this subject among missionaries of all denomina- 
 tions, but the general sentiment was opposed to any 
 attempt then to endeavour to effect it. The relation 
 of the College at Serampore to the Society, the 
 position of the Mission Press, and the consolidation 
 of the stations, were all fully reported upon by the 
 deputation, and led to long and prayerful deliberation 
 at home. 
 
 It soon became apparent to the Committee that 
 some one was required, with sufficient instructions 
 and powers, to carry into effect the plans resolved 
 upon. From want of personal acquaintance with the 
 stations, difficulty was felt in locating the brethren 
 sent out from time to time, and in making a suitable 
 distribution of the mission staff. A training institu- 
 tion was needed for teachers and native evangelists. 
 The Press at Calcutta required attention. It had 
 
Dr. Under hill sent out. 71 
 
 been created by the industry and self-denial of the 
 Calcutta missionaries, and presented as a gift to the 
 Society in their name by the Rev. W. H. Pearce, its 
 able superintendent, in the year 1839. But serious 
 doubts had arisen in many minds as to the propriety 
 of continuing it in the form in which it then existed. 
 It seemed to some desirable to contract its opera- 
 tions to purely missionary purposes, or perhaps to 
 realise the property for investment. Other matters 
 also relating to the general conduct of the mission 
 called for examination and consideration on the 
 spot. It was felt that these objects could not be 
 secured by correspondence, and the Committee re- 
 solved to request Mr. (now Dr.) Underbill, one of 
 their secretaries, to undertake the task. He complied 
 with the request, and spent nearly two years and a 
 half in conference with the brethren on the spot, and 
 in the execution of the duties devolved upon him. 
 
 In the course of his journeys he visited all the 
 Society's stations in Northern India and Ceylon, 
 made himself acquainted with the methods of other 
 bodies, and also examined the flourishing missions 
 of the American Baptists among the Karens and 
 natives of Burmah. The Society's Annual Report 
 for 1857 thus speaks of the results: "The Com- 
 mittee have great satisfaction in reporting that Mr. 
 Underbill has completed the work which he was 
 deputed to do. In the conferences which have been 
 
72 Report of the Connnittee. 
 
 held there have been concord and peace. Differences 
 of opinion, calmly stated and discussed, stirred up 
 no strife, but rather led to satisfactory conclusions. 
 Mr. Thomas, the superintendent of the Calcutta 
 Press, has facilitated to the utmost of his power 
 the arrangements proposed in regard to that estab- 
 lishment, and cordially agreed to transfer to Mr. 
 Lewis the duties of financial secretary of the Indian 
 Mission. The Committee have felt the sincerest 
 pleasure in transmitting to Mr. Thomas resolutions 
 expressing their deep sense of the ability, zeal, and 
 uprightness with which he had discharged the varied 
 and arduous duties devolving upon him. In the return 
 of Mr. Underbill, the Committee heartily rejoice. 
 They devoutly thank God for the goodness and 
 mercy shown to His servant. They congratulate him 
 on the successful termination of his arduous mission, 
 which he has fulfilled with honour to himself and 
 benefit to the Society. They trust that the knowledge 
 and experience gained by him, during his protracted 
 residence in India, will be found eminently beneficial 
 to the mission for many years to come." 
 
 Soon after Mr. Underbill's arrival in India, the 
 relations sustained by the Society to Serampore 
 College were brought under his consideration by Mr. 
 J. C. Marshman. Hitherto, with great and wonted 
 liberality, that gentleman had supplied all defici- 
 encies in the College funds. No longer a resident 
 
Serampore College adopted by the Society. 73 
 
 in India, a continuance of this support could not 
 be expected. Unless, therefore, the Society would 
 supply the funds necessary to sustain the College, 
 there appeared no alternative but to surrender the 
 charter, and with it the institution, to the Govern- 
 ment of India, by whom it would doubtless be carried 
 on with efficiency, but without any evangelical object. 
 The design of its eminent founders would thus be 
 frustrated. No one who retained any recollection 
 of the hallowed associations of Serampore, could 
 willingly consent to the secularisation of an institu- 
 tion which had been created by the noble-hearted 
 pioneers of our mission, for the diffusion of Divine 
 knowledge throughout India. The whole subject 
 was therefore submitted by circular to influential 
 friends throughout this country, and their replies 
 justified the resolve of the Committee to adopt the 
 recommendation of Mr. Underbill, thenceforward to 
 regard the College as an integral part of the Society's 
 operations. Thus, after many years of partial 
 estrangement, this institution was again brought into 
 close connection with the Society, and all traces of a 
 separation, which had always been deplored, com- 
 pletely disappeared. Serampore and the Baptist Mis- 
 sion will be known no longer as divided names, but 
 as ONE in a great and glorious work — united once 
 more, as the heart of one man, in the promotion of 
 the glory of God and the salvation of the heathen. 
 
74 Persecution in Barisal. 
 
 During Mr. Underhill's stay in Bengal an incident 
 occurred which led to considerable excitement, and 
 to public attention being fixed upon the untrust- 
 worthiness of the police, and the imperfect judicial 
 administration of Bengal. It also exhibited in a 
 clear light the social disadvantages under which mis- 
 sionaries then laboured, and the open lawlessness 
 of the landholders. It arose out of the persecution 
 of the Christians of the village of Baropakhya, in the 
 district of Backergunge. In July, 1855, twelve houses 
 of native Christians were surrounded by night, and 
 forcibly broken into by a band of armed men. 
 Fourteen of the inmates, men, women, and children, 
 were carried off. All their little property was stolen. 
 They were driven into boats, crushed beneath the 
 decks for concealment, and for six weeks hurried 
 about the country in separate parties, subject all the 
 time to cruelties and indignities too shameful to be 
 described. Mr. Page, the missionary, with the 
 authorities, took every possible means for their re- 
 covery. After a long search they were all found, 
 and brought before the magistrate of Barisal. They 
 were in a wretched condition, and their persons 
 terribly abused. Five of the ringleaders of the crime 
 were convicted ; but they appealed to the Judge's 
 Court. After six months' delay, the judge reversed 
 the magistrate's decision, released the prisoners, and 
 declared the charges fraudulent. With the assistance 
 
Missionaries sent out. 75 
 
 of Mr. Page, copies of the evidence and judgment 
 were obtained and translated, and published with 
 a commentary by Mr. Underbill. Although the 
 Sudder Court had no power to reverse the judgment, 
 they condemned it, and the judge received a repri- 
 mand from the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal. The 
 publication of the facts greatly moved public opinion 
 in India. The press took it up very warmly, and an 
 exciting but salutary discussion ensued. In the 
 result the violence of the persecutor was stayed, and 
 increased security for the peasant was obtained. No 
 similar attempt has since been made to obstruct the 
 progress of the Gospel among the humble cultivators 
 of the lowlands of Benaral. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 To occupy the various fields of labour, in addition to 
 those who were already in the field, one hundred 
 brethren were sent out. But of the entire number 
 sent forth from the beginning, two hundred and 
 twenty-nine in all, fifty-eight only remained in the 
 Missions directly under the charge of the Society at 
 the close of this period. To these should be added the 
 eleven brethren at their posts in Jamaica, several of 
 them worn and weary with the toil of many years ; 
 and the five or six in diff"erent parts of the world, 
 
76 Increase in the Churches. 
 
 who still clung to their work though the Society had 
 withdrawn its aid. Such were two brethren in 
 Canada, and others in Honduras and Sumatra. But 
 in Jamaica the Society had raised up, through the 
 blessing of God on the Calabar Institution, upwards 
 of twenty native brethren, nearly all of whom were 
 usefully employed as full pastors of churches. The 
 Society further sustained, in the various fields it 
 occupied, a largely increased band of native helpers, 
 above 300 in number, as evangelists and teachers. 
 The Missions directly under the charge of the Society 
 at the close of this period, were to be found in India, 
 Ceylon, China, Western Africa, Jamaica, Hayti, 
 Trinidad, the Bahama Islands, Brittany, and Norway. 
 We are unable to give the number of persons 
 baptized during this interval. The increase in the 
 churches had been, however, very considerable ; 
 thus in India the period began with a membership of 
 1,278 persons, it closed with a membership of 2,300, 
 after a deduction of the losses which death and other 
 causes had brought about. Excluding Jamaica, the 
 period began with 1,580 members in the West 
 Indies; it closed with 3,200. The entire roll of the 
 Mission Churches gave about 6,500 persons in fellow- 
 ship, who were surrounded by a mass of nominal 
 Christians calculated at 18,000, all of whom were 
 under the direct supervision and instruction of the 
 missionaries of the Society. 
 
Translations. 7 7 
 
 In Jamaica, the number of Church members was 
 somewhat less than at the beginning of the period 
 under review, when the Churches were reckoned to 
 contain from 25,000 to 30,000 communicants. Past 
 events sufficiently account for the diminution. 
 One-tenth was lost by the ravages of cholera and 
 small-pox. Defections from vicious habits were 
 numerous ; and years must elapse before this once 
 slave population can be entirely leavened with the 
 pure and elevating truths of the Gospel. Never- 
 theless, the Churches still embraced from 20,000 to 
 25,000 members. 
 
 On the whole, there was progress everywhere ; 
 not, indeed, of so rapid a kind as to satisfy Christian 
 desire and hope, but sufficient to assure us of the 
 final fulfilment of the Divine promise, " In due 
 season we shall reap, if we faint not." 
 
 The labours of the brethren engaged in the work 
 of translating and printing the Holy Scriptures, went 
 on with unflagging assiduity and zeal. To the Indian 
 translations were added others in Fernandian, Dualla, 
 and Isubu — West African tongues ; also the New 
 Testament, and parts of the Old, in Singhalese. 
 Grammars and aids to the acquisition of these 
 languages were completed, besides many other works 
 of a religious, educational, and instructive character. 
 Especial attention was paid to the distribution of the 
 Scriptures in the numerous villages of Bengal, in 
 
78 The Schools. 
 
 addition to the usual circulation at melas and other 
 crowded assemblies of the people. Schools were 
 largely multiplied, and have contributed their full 
 share to the general enlightenment, and to the 
 acquaintance of the people with the truths of the 
 Bible. The scholars in the day schools, both 
 in the East and West, not including Jamaica, 
 numbered about 3,000 children of both sexes. The 
 excellent Government schools of the Bahamas 
 rendered Mission day-schools unnecessary there ; 
 but the Sunday-schools contained upwards of 2,200 
 children, which number, added to those connected 
 with the Mission schools throughout the entire field 
 of the Society's operations, made a total of about 
 2,700 Sunday scholars. In Jamaica the day scholars 
 were 2,451, and the Sunday scholars over 10,000. 
 
FOURTH PERIOD. 
 
 1868 to 1873. 
 
"And let us not be weary in well-doing; 
 
 FOR IN due season WE SHALL REAP, IF WE FAINT 
 
 NOT." — Galatians vi. 9. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 In the six years to which our review is now confined, 
 the China Mission had to pass through a time of 
 severe trial. The death or removal of all the early 
 labourers, and the frightful massacre of French 
 Roman Catholic missionaries at Tientsin, for a while 
 put a stop to all evangelistic operations. Much 
 uncertainty existed as to the action of the Chinese 
 Government, and for some time it seemed probable 
 that Missionary labour must be confined to the 
 Treaty Ports. The apparent resolution of the Chinese 
 authorities at Pekin rigidly to exclude foreigners from 
 the interior of the country, it must be admitted, is 
 not without some justification. Foreigners in China 
 are under the jurisdiction of the Governments to 
 which they belong. Taking advantage of a clause 
 in the treaty made with the French Government, but 
 said to have been surreptitiously introduced, Roman 
 Catholic missionaries throughout the country — and 
 they are somewhat numerous in the interior — claimed 
 for their converts exemption from the control of the 
 local authorities. Some of the priests even assumed 
 
 F 
 
Missions in China. 
 
 the titles, the dress, and the authority of mandarins, 
 resisted the legal right of the Chinese Government 
 to judge native Chinese proselytes, and claimed the 
 restoration of property belonging to the Jesuits con- 
 fiscated centuries ago. In consequence, the advisers 
 of the Emperor of China endeavoured to limit the 
 liberties secured by treaty to other foreigners and 
 missionaries, and for a time it appeared as if all 
 intercourse with the interior would be permanently 
 stopped. As the excitement consequent on the mas- 
 sacre of Tientsin quieted, missionary journeys were 
 resumed, and Mr. Richard was able to penetrate 
 into the remote region of Mantchouria, and without 
 obstruction preach and distribute the Word of God. 
 Important and valuable as may be the protection 
 to life and property enjoyed by foreign missionaries, 
 under the treaties their respective Governments have 
 secured, it may well be doubted whether it is of any 
 real service in the promotion of the Kingdom of 
 God. Protestant missionaries, possessing treaty ad- 
 vantages, have often to share with Romish priests 
 the hatred and active hostility of the Chinese autho- 
 rities, and are not unfrequently confounded with 
 them as professing alike the one religion of the 
 Lord of Heaven ; yet in no case do Protestant 
 missionaries claim for their converts immunity in 
 wrongdoing or exemption from the laws of the land, 
 much less do they teach them to disobey such wise 
 
A Medical Mission in China. 83 
 
 and just regulations as the Chinese Government is 
 entitled to impose. Indications are not wanting 
 that the ministers of the Empire are both able and 
 anxious to distinguish between the lawless and 
 arrogant demands of Romish priests, and the labours 
 of Protestant missionaries, who carry out the true 
 principles of the Gospel, or, to use the words of the 
 treaties, who sincerely preach the Christian religion 
 which " inculcates the practice of virtue, and teaches 
 men to do as they would be done by." 
 
 An interesting feature was introduced into this 
 mission in the year 1870, by the appointment of Dr. 
 Brown as a medical missionary. It is hoped that 
 the preaching of the Gospel, combined with the 
 exercise of medical skill, may contribute to lead the 
 hearts of the afflicted to the Saviour. A native 
 church of forty -five members, residing partly in 
 Chefoo and partly in two villages at a distance, with 
 its pastor and three native evangelists, one of them 
 supported by the native church, constitutes the first- 
 fruits of this, on the whole, encouraging effort by the 
 Society to introduce the Gospel into China. One of 
 the reasons given, in 1815, by the great men at 
 Serampore, why the Scriptures should be printed 
 there was, that Serampore was " a place secure from 
 all interruption from Chinese edicts and mandates." 
 Now the distributors of the Sacred Volume can 
 readily penetrate into' the very heart of the Chinese 
 F 2 
 
84 The Mission in Ceylon. 
 
 Empire, and there freely disperse the volumes which 
 contain the message of eternal love. 
 
 Steady progress continues to characterise the 
 Mission in Ceylon. Year by year a considerable 
 number of converts from Buddhism have been added 
 to the churches, and the labours of the missionaries 
 and their helpers are extended to new places. In 
 the two districts, into which the Mission is divided, 
 there exist, in connection with the Society, nineteen 
 Christian churches, having a total membership of 
 643 persons. The smallest church has four persons 
 in its fellowship, the largest 109.. Nine of the entire 
 number contain more than twenty-five persons in 
 each. Three missionaries, with eighteen native as- 
 sistants, watch over the progress of these Christian 
 communities, and instruct them in the will of God. 
 In eighty-two towns and villages, the brethren con- 
 stantly preach the Word, and, with general accept- 
 ance, explain, in opposition to Romish and Buddhist 
 superstitions, the truths of the Gospel. Many hun- 
 dreds of heathen hear the Gospel in places of which 
 no mention is made in the reports ; and not without 
 gratifying proofs that the power of the Spirit of God 
 is present with His servants. "Like a vinedresser 
 working in a fruitful vineyard," says one of the 
 native brethren, do they joyfully and hopefully pro- 
 ceed with their work. " What made you give up 
 Buddhism }" was the question put by four priests, at 
 
No Salvation in Buddhism. 85 
 
 the Gain temple, to a recent convert. " A few years 
 ago," was the reply, " I felt that I was a sinner, and 
 sought salvation in Buddhism, but did not succeed. 
 I sought it in Christianity, and there I found it, to 
 my satisfaction, and surrendered my heart to Jesus 
 Christ, and am now enjoying that ' peace of God, 
 which passeth all understanding.' " In the Central 
 Province, of which Kandy is the chief town, several 
 prolonged discussions have been held with the 
 priests of the Buddhist faith, at which hundreds of 
 people were present. It is one of the cheering 
 signs of progress, that the adherents of Buddha no 
 longer look on the efforts of the missionaries with 
 apathy and contempt, but are compelled to enter the 
 arena of discussion. They endeavour in vain to 
 stay the people in their search for Christian know- 
 ledge. 
 
 During the progress of the Mission, twenty-four 
 chapels have been erected, and, for the most part, by 
 the willing hands and self-denying liberality of the 
 people themselves. New chapels are in course of 
 erection, or are contemplated, at Heneratgodde, at a 
 cost of £']i ; at Grand Pass, the original seat of 
 the Mission ; and at Gonawelle, where the present 
 building is found too small for the congregation. 
 Towards the latter object two of the members have 
 given £zi each, while the Church has engaged to 
 raise, immediately, /^ 100. Similar advance has been 
 
86 Chapels and Schools. 
 
 made in the matter of school-houses. Twenty-four 
 have been built, and others are in course of erection. 
 The chapels are also used as school-houses. There 
 are no less than 1,470 children in the thirty-two day- 
 schools, carried on under the auspices of the Mission. 
 The Christian value of these institutions may be under- 
 stood from a fact, mentioned by the Rev. F. D. 
 Waldock, that not fewer than seventy scholars have 
 joined the Church from the Gonawelle school alone. 
 The Christian instruction, given in the day-schools, 
 is still further enforced in the Sunday-schools, which 
 meet at nearly all the stations. They are twenty-four 
 in number, and contain 640 children ; fifty-one 
 Christian persons cheerfully and voluntarily giving a 
 portion of their Sabbaths to conduct them. Some 
 efforts have been put forth to encourage the Churches 
 to assume a position of independence of the Society's 
 funds. The Singhalese Church in Kandy has for 
 some years sustained itself, though with difficulty. 
 The Church at Grand Pass, in Colombo, the parent 
 Church of the Mission, has for eight years zealously 
 provided for itself the means of grace. It consists 
 of ninety-six members. Besides the regular services 
 at the chapel, many others are held in various parts 
 of the town, at which the way of salvation is made 
 known by the pastor, assisted by members of the 
 Church. 
 
 It is due to Mr. Waldock to remark, that his 
 
The Singhalese Scriptures. 87 
 
 practical knowledge of architecture has been of 
 the greatest service in the erection of the various 
 structures which the progress of the Mission has 
 called for. He and his colleague, the Rev. H. 
 Pigott, labour indefatigably and harmoniously in the 
 promotion of every good cause, and it is their happi- 
 ness to enjoy visible proof that the work of the Lord 
 is prospering in their hands. In addition to the 
 usual labours of the missionary, the Rev. C. Carter 
 is busily engaged in a revision of his translation of 
 the Old Testament. Some delay in putting it to 
 press has taken place, from a desire to secure the 
 co-operation of other Christian bodies. There is, 
 however, every prospect that a portion of the work 
 will shortly be printed ; as much- haste being made 
 as is compatible with accuracy. The version of the 
 New Testament, completed some seven or eight 
 years ago, is held in high estimation, and is widely 
 circulated among the people. Mr. Carter has also 
 been engaged on a new hymn-book in Singhalese, 
 which promises to be of great value to the Churches 
 in their worship of God, both in private and in public. 
 It is the happiness of our brethren, during their 
 absence among the jungle Churches, to be assisted 
 in some portion of their labours by gentlemen, 
 members of the Pettah Church, who often gratui- 
 tously supply the pulpit. The Ceylon Mission is a 
 busy scene of well-directed labour, on which the 
 
The Bahamas Mission. 
 
 blessing of God manifestly rests. Order prevails in 
 all the arrangements, and difficulties are surmounted 
 with a wisdom that is sustained by faith and prayer. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 In the Northern and Central districts of the Bahamas, 
 there has been a steady and continuous growth of 
 additions to the numerous little churches which stud 
 these coral islands. In the Turks' Islands district, 
 however, the work has been checked, if not perma- 
 nently injured, by the sufferings of the inhabitants 
 arising out of the destruction of their staple trade in 
 salt by the American war. Many have died from the 
 want of the necessaries of life. Others have 
 emigrated to more favoured spots. This has led to 
 a transference of the seat of the Mission to Puerto 
 Plata in San Domingo, whence the missionary will 
 visit the islands and continue to superintend the 
 churches which remain. At the same time a large 
 and open field is before him in San Domingo, an 
 island of large size and great advantages, but where 
 flagrant wickedness and the most baneful supersti- 
 tions abound. Few missionary efforts have hitherto 
 been made among the inhabitants. 
 
 In Trinidad the progress of the Mission has been 
 very encouraging. Considerable numbers of persons 
 
Trinidad and Hayti. 89 
 
 have been brought into the fold of Christ. In the 
 Bahamas the Established Church has been deprived of 
 its emoluments, and placed on the same basis as the 
 Nonconformist Churches ; but in Trinidad a system 
 of concurrent endowment has been established, the 
 Baptist and Presbyterians alone refusing to share in 
 the grants allotted to them in common with the 
 Church of England, the Roman Catholic Church, 
 and the Wesleyans. It is already evident that this 
 plan will not be productive of harmony or peace 
 among the various denominations, and that jealousies 
 and envy of the most painful kind are likely to 
 result from its adoption. During the six years under 
 review, more than a thousand persons have been 
 added to the churches in these islands of the West, 
 and the number in fellowship amounts to three 
 thousand seven hundred and eighty-six. 
 
 Hayti has been the scene of confusion and 
 anarchy, which for more than two years interrupted 
 all missionary labour. By the privations thus en- 
 tailed, the reaper Death gathered into his arms several 
 of the members of the Church in Jacmel. One mis- 
 sionary, Mr. Bauman, died from fever, rendered fatal 
 by the perils that surrounded him ; and for many 
 months no tidings could be obtained, either of the 
 manner of his departure, or of the existence of his 
 bereaved wife. The senior missionary, Mr. Webley, 
 worn out with long years of devoted service, also 
 
go The Mission in Norway. 
 
 fell asleep at Kingston, Jamaica, on his way home 
 for change of climate. Thus for two years no 
 missionary was in the country, the flock of Christ 
 was scattered, and miseries of every kind followed 
 in the wake of civil war and the revived barbarism 
 of the people. As soon as Jacmel was freed from 
 its assailants, and the country was again at rest 
 from its feuds, another missionary was accepted for 
 the work, and in 1871 Mr. Hawkes proceeded to 
 this scene of wretchedness and gloom. The rem- 
 nant of the little band of Christians, steadfast to 
 Christ through all the sufferings of the past years 
 of anarchy, joyfully welcomed him, and the work 
 of evangelisation has been again begun with very 
 cheering prospects of success. 
 
 The interesting work in Norway has continued to 
 enjoy in large measure the Divine blessing. In the 
 year 1872 not fewer than sixty-two persons made a 
 profession of faith in Christ ; three hundred and 
 thirty believers are in the fellowship of the several 
 churches that have been formed. The Church at 
 Tromsoe, the nearest Christian Church in Europe to 
 the line of perpetual snow, numbers ninety-eight 
 members in its communion. Five brethren, Nor- 
 wegians or Swedes, are supported by the Society for 
 this field of labour, and four others give their volun- 
 tary aid. 
 
 The work in Brittany was much interrupted by the 
 
The Gospel in Brittany. gi 
 
 Franco-German War, and has lately been called to 
 suffer the loss of the senior missionary, the Rev. J. 
 Jenkins, after a devoted service of thirty-seven years. 
 The Mission can scarcely be deemed an encouraging 
 one, though a Breton church has been formed of 
 some forty members, and two chapels erected. The 
 state of France is by no means such as to excite 
 sanguine expectations of large and permanent good. 
 Yet in the dearth of evangelic labourers, and the 
 famine of the Word of God, through the hostile 
 attitude of the priests of Rome, to withdraw the 
 little light there is cannot be justified. We would 
 fain hope almost against hope that there may yet be 
 a brighter day for this unhappy country, the prey of 
 superstition on the one handi and of ungodliness and 
 infidelity on the other. Mr. Alfred Jenkins has suc- 
 ceeded his father in charge of the station at Morlaix, 
 while Mr. Bouhon and Mr. Lecoat continue their 
 earnest labours at St. Brieuc and Tremel. 
 
 In the year 1871, the Committee accepted the 
 services of the Rev. James Wall, with the special 
 object of establishing in Rome, the centre of papal 
 superstition and error, an evangelical mission. 
 Mr. Wall had for some years been successfully 
 engaged as a Christian evangelist in Bologna, and in 
 other parts of Italy. He was among the first to 
 enter Rome on the destruction of the Pope's temporal 
 sovereignty. His ministrations at once assumed 
 
92 The Missionary in Rome. 
 
 importance, and received remarkable attestations of 
 the Divine presence and power. The rooms opened 
 for worship and instruction were crowded with 
 hearers, notwithstanding that attempts were made to 
 injure his person. More than once or twice he was 
 deprived, by the machinations of the priests, of the 
 houses he had rented. The Church which has been 
 constituted embraces about sixty members ; while in 
 several towns within easy distance from Rome there 
 are knots of Scripture-reading and praying people, 
 seeking Him who is the true and living way. It is 
 greatly to be desired that there should soon be found 
 a permanent place of worship for the numbers who 
 press to hear the truths of the Gospel from the lips of 
 Mr. Wall. Again is heard in Rome the Gospel of the 
 Apostle of the Gentiles, " the preaching of Jesus 
 Christ." 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 Terrible as was the crisis through which Jamaica 
 passed in 1865, it has not in the result been without 
 a large compensation. The present governor, Sir 
 John Peter Grant, appointed to administer the new 
 constitution ordained by the Queen in Council, 
 speedily gave a turn to its affairs. He found the island 
 in^a disorganised condition, partly the result of the 
 
The State of Jamaica. 93 
 
 recent disturbances, but chiefly the natural effect of 
 the misgovernment of former years. Every class of 
 the community was suffering. The revenue was in 
 arrears, and was collected with difficulty. Constantly 
 increasing deficits were added to a debt already most 
 burdensome. The laws were partial, and wretchedly 
 administered by magistrates prejudiced against the 
 negro, and selfishly pursuing their own interests to 
 the damage of all others. By mingled wisdom, 
 firmness, and, above all, by a just and impartial 
 administration of the laws, a more hopeful spirit was 
 soon evoked. Trade revived. The cultivation of 
 the chief staples increased. The resources of the 
 island were developed. New tribunals were estab- 
 lished by the Government, and taxation was fairly 
 distributed. The revenue showed an elasticity new 
 in the history of Jamaica, and for the first time for 
 many years a surplus of receipts over expenditure 
 was obtained. With peace and contentment diffused 
 throughout the population, crime diminished. 
 Economy in all departments of the State was 
 secured, and abuses were removed. 
 
 Two most important measures have further signal- 
 ised the successful government of Sir John Grant. A 
 system of general and primary education has been 
 established, so wisely framed as to meet the views of 
 all parties, and capable of as wide an extension as the 
 need of the people. All sections of the community 
 
94 -^ Revival in the Churches. 
 
 may participate in its advantages, without trenching 
 on the sacred rights of conscience or religion. 
 
 The connection of the Church of England in 
 Jamaica with the State has also been broken. From 
 ^30,000 to ;i^5o,ooo a-year were required from the 
 annual revenue of the island to pay the stipends of 
 the clergy, the expenses of Divine worship, for the 
 erection and repair of churches, and to provide 
 glebes for their ministers. The last three of these 
 drafts on the resources of the State have entirely 
 ceased, and the stipends of the clergy will be discon- 
 tinued as the present incumbents fail. It is gratifying 
 to learn that this righteous measure was accomplished 
 without difficulty, and is already bearing good fruit 
 in the approach to unanimity among all classes in 
 matters of general policy, and in the increase of 
 Christian intercourse among the ministers of all 
 denominations. 
 
 The change has been not less fertile in happy 
 results among the churches. Everywhere a revived 
 interest in Divine truth is apparent. The sanctuaries 
 of God are more largely frequented, and the contri- 
 butions of the people for the support of the ministry 
 and the spread of the Gospel show a most gratifying 
 increase. The seventy-six Churches existing in 
 1866, with a membership of 17,815 persons, have 
 multiplied in February, 1873, to one hundred and 
 three, with 23,367 persons in communion. The 
 
Removal of Calabar College. 95 
 
 inquirers at the earlier date were 1,160 ; at the latter, 
 3,008. The baptisms during the six years 1868-73, 
 were 5,471. A large increase has also taken place 
 in the number of the day and Sunday-schools, and 
 in the attendance thereat. In the last seven years, 
 the number of schools, teachers, and scholars has 
 been doubled. There now exist 1 32 day-schools, with 
 about 8,000 scholars on the registers, and 5,000 in 
 daily attendance. These day-schools participated 
 the year before last in the Government grant to the 
 extent of £i,3JS ', the children's fees amounted to 
 ;!^95o. In the seventy-eight Sunday-schools there 
 may be found in attendance, from week to week, 
 between eleven and twelve thousand of the children 
 of the emancipated negroes. They furnish some 
 two or three hundred youths every year as candidates 
 for the fellowship of the Church. 
 
 For some time the missionaries of the island had 
 contemplated the necessity of removing the Calabar 
 Institution from Rio Bueno to a more central and 
 convenient position. Events opened the way for 
 the utilisation of the fine premises belonging to the 
 Society in Kingston. Being the chief city of the 
 island, the centre of its commerce and activity, and 
 about to become the seat of Government, a more 
 admirable site could not be found. The opportunity 
 was embraced, and in 1869 the removal was effected. 
 The sum requisite to cover the cost was raised by the 
 
96 The Work of the College. 
 
 President, the Rev. D. J. East, during a visit to this 
 country. At the same time, Mr. East was chosen 
 pastor of the church in East Queen Street, and thus 
 associated with the duties of the Institution the 
 ministry of the Word in the large and commodious 
 chapel which forms part of the premises, where the 
 College buildings are placed. The sanguine expec- 
 tations of the Society and its friends have been more 
 than fulfilled. Year by year, the beneficial influence of 
 the Institution increases among the Churches which 
 it seeks to supply with well-trained ministers of the 
 Gospel and schoolmasters. Usually from eight to 
 ten students are found in the theological department, 
 and from fourteen to twenty in the Normal school 
 section. Connected with the College, there is also 
 a high school with fifty- six scholars, drawn from the 
 more respectable classes of the community, and a 
 well -attended day-school, in which the embryo 
 schoolmasters exercise themselves in the art and 
 practice of instruction. The skilful and devoted 
 labours of the Rev. J. S. Roberts have resulted in a 
 most efficient institution, which, to use the language 
 of the Rev. William Murray, of the Presbyterian 
 Church, by whom the schools were examined, "will 
 bear honourable comparison with kindred institu- 
 tions, either in Great Britain or in America." 
 
 Equal blessing has followed the labours of Mr. 
 East in the pastorate of the churches in East Queen 
 
Morant Bay Mission. 97 
 
 Street and at three stations outside the city. At 
 East Queen Street, he found 80 members ; there are 
 now 340. At Mount Charles, scarcely 40 members 
 could be mustered when he began ; there are now 
 185. The other two churches contain 57 members. 
 The congregations are large, and every department of 
 Christian work has been revived, earnestly pursued, 
 and, by God's blessing, successfully carried on. 
 
 Not less encouraging has been the attempt to 
 establish a Mission in the district of Morant Bay, 
 in the midst of scenes rendered memorable by the 
 carnival of slaughter which followed the Distur- 
 bances of 1865. Aided by some Liverpool friends, 
 and the liberality of the Directors of the London 
 Missionary Society, a good chapel was obtained and 
 repaired in Morant Bay, to be known henceforth as 
 Gordon chapel, in memory of the good man whose 
 life was so unjustly sacrificed by Mr. Eyre. Another 
 chapel has been erected at Monklands. In the three 
 churches constituted by the blessing of God on the 
 efforts of the Rev. W. Teall, there are to be found 
 665 members, with 180 inquirers. By the Church in 
 Morant Bay, a student from Calabar College has been 
 called to the pastorate, while two other churches are 
 in process of formation in another part of the district. 
 
 An effort to carry the Gospel to some neglected 
 districts of the island, has also enjoyed large blessing 
 from God. The two young missionaries sent out 
 
 G 
 
98 The Mission in West Africa. 
 
 and supported by the fund raised for the purpose in 
 this country in 1 870-1, have zealously prosecuted 
 their task. A new chapel is in process of erection 
 in the Santa Cruz mountains, and the churches 
 revived and gathered already embrace a membership 
 of 253 persons. 
 
 Thus breaches have been repaired, wounds healed, 
 the Word of Life has had free course and is glorified, 
 and the miseries of the past are being effaced by the 
 merciful providence of God. "The flowers appear 
 on the earth, the time of singing of birds is come, 
 and the voice of the turtle is heard in the land." We 
 will thus far bless and magnify His Name. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 In Western Africa, since the exclusion of the mis- 
 sionaries from Fernando Po by the Spanish Govern- 
 ment, the operations of the Society have been 
 confined to the continent. Nearly opposite to that 
 island, the Cameroons river pours its waters into the 
 sea. After passing the mangrove swamps which line 
 its mouth, the banks are found to be thinly inhabited 
 by the Dualla tribe of negroes, for the most part 
 living in the lowest depths of barbarism, ignorance, 
 and degradation. During the time when the slave- 
 
State of the People. 99 
 
 trade was rife, the population was greatly diminished. 
 Entire districts of the country were devastated, and 
 the towns and villages demolished, to supply the 
 accursed traffic. Since the abolition of the trade, the 
 tribes are again increasing in numbers, and villages 
 are being planted on the desolated spots. 
 
 About twenty miles from the mouth of the river' 
 we come to the Mission settlements. The first 
 station occupied was at King A' Kw^a's Town. No 
 European had settled among the tribes of the 
 Cameroons, till Mr. and Mrs. Saker, about twenty- 
 five years ago, came to them to preach the everlasting 
 Gospel. 
 
 "I cannot describe to you," says Mr. Saker, "the 
 condition in which I found this whole people. A book 
 they had not seen ; the commonest implements of 
 husbandry, and tools of all kinds, were unknown. 
 
 " I brought with me tools to make my own dwelling. 
 These attracted immediate attention, and soon several 
 youths learned to use the saw, the plane, and the 
 adze. The want of tools was felt by numbers, and I 
 gave away much to meet that want. Implements of 
 husbandry, the spade and the hoe, were introduced. 
 Then I taught them to cut the large timber-trees, 
 and supplied the crosscut and the pit-saw, and aided 
 them in sawing till they could do it alone. I taught 
 them better modes of culture, and planted ground as 
 an example. I introduced seeds from other parts of 
 
 G 2 
 
loo Efforts at Ct'viltsatt'cn. 
 
 the coast at a considerable charge, until the country 
 was stocked with the sweet potato, and I had the 
 pleasure of seeing a gradual extension of cultivation, 
 with much less suffering from want. At our first 
 settlement here, the total produce from the land did 
 not exceed three months' consumption for the year, 
 and there followed months of semi-starvation, and 
 a running to distant places to purchase food at great 
 expense. In the course of years we so improved, 
 that in some things there is now a redundance. 
 
 " In teaching these men various handicrafts and 
 husbandry, many wants were created, and, except 
 from me, there was no means of meeting those wants. 
 Hence 1 had to lend them tools, and nails, hinges, 
 screws, locks, &c., &c., and this lending was, for a 
 long time, no better than giving. In the course of 
 time, and when the people were able to do it, I 
 demanded a payment in produce, and accepted such 
 a price as each was able to render. This state of 
 things gradually passed away, and now, for a long 
 time, I have exacted (except in needy cases) the full 
 value of tools and other goods supplied ; and as we 
 live chiefly by barter, we oft maintain our large 
 family of native children by the use of nails, screws, 
 hinges, &c. 
 
 " In all such expenditure you will readily see that 
 Mission funds were not available, and the attempt 
 to supply the want was a heavy drain for years ; 
 
The Missionary's Home. loi 
 
 indeed, my circumstances were for a long time on a 
 level with the natives ; our food was nearly the same ; 
 but we were clothed, and they were not." 
 
 The missionary's first home was a native hut, 
 without windows, built of split bamboo, and thatched 
 with twisted palm-leaf. An improved dwelling was 
 required for health, as well as for the conduct of the 
 work itself. Mr. Salter's first attempt at building 
 was a framed timber house. By-and-bye, it was 
 found practicable to make bricks, and by slow 
 degrees he succeeded in building of brick a large, 
 well-constructed Mission-house, a chapel, and a 
 school-house ; to a great extent, safe against the 
 ravages of insects, and the terrible tornadoes which 
 frequently sweep across the country. Strenuous 
 efforts were made to acquire the language. Mr. Saker 
 found no books existing to assist him in the study. 
 He had to acquire a knowledge of the words and of 
 the elementary forms of the native tongue from the 
 lips of the people. Savages are always suspicious ; 
 and thinking that Mr. Saker must have some mis- 
 chievous object in view, they often gave him wrong 
 words and wrong meanings of words. A good 
 beginning was at last made by listening to the talk 
 of boys at play. Step by step, a vocabulary was 
 formed ; then came a grammar ; then easy school- 
 books ; and, last of all, the Word of God. As the 
 missionaries acquired fluency of speech, they used 
 
I02 Learning the Language. 
 
 their gift to preach the truth to the people. Then 
 Mr. Saker bent his energies to the translation of the 
 Scriptures into the language. This great task is now 
 completed ; and the entire Bible in Dualla has left 
 the press. In the printing, Mr. Saker had the 
 assistance of his daughter, and of natives to whom 
 he had taught the art. 
 
 The preaching was not without fruit ; one after 
 another came forward to confess the name of Christ, 
 amid much persecution. In a few cases the lives of 
 the converts were sacrificed to the wicked supersti- 
 tions and cruel passions of the people. At length a 
 Church was formed, which now consists of about 
 seventy members, most of whom walk according to 
 the Gospel. They have a native pastor, by name 
 George N' Kwe, a pious, humble man, regarded as 
 a slave by the tribe, but who is really free to serve 
 God and to guide His people in the way of life. 
 
 It must not be supposed that all this was done 
 without much suffering on the part of the mission- 
 aries. Their lives were often threatened, attempts 
 were made to poison them, and the practices of 
 witchcraft were indulged in to remove them from 
 the spot. But God was their shield, and no harm 
 befell them. Then much suffering was endured 
 from insufficient food, from the plundering habits of 
 the natives, from the torrid heat of the climate, 
 from weakening fevers. But through all the mis- 
 
Effects of the Gospel. 1 03 
 
 sionaries have persevered, and it has pleased God to 
 crown their labours with success. 
 
 The effects of the Gospel are not limited to the 
 Church which has been gathered, or to the education 
 which many have received in the houses of the 
 missionaries and in the schools. They are seen in 
 the town itself. Old sanguinary customs have been 
 abolished. Witchcraft hides itself in the recesses 
 of the forests, which stretch away for many miles 
 behind the town. The fetish superstition of the 
 people is derided by old and young, and scarcely a 
 trace of it can be seen about their dwellings. Here 
 and there are springing up well-built brick or timber 
 houses, chiefly the work of men taught in the 
 Mission, the chiefs and others of the people availing 
 themselves of their skill. Dress is become an article 
 of necessity among the Christian community, and 
 many are slowly gathering around them the comforts 
 of civilised life. 
 
 A similar work has been begun at King Bell's Town. 
 The king was, on the whole, favourable to the Gospel, 
 sometimes attending Divine worship with a few of 
 his numerous wives. He has rendered aid to the 
 missionary, the Rev. Q. W. Thomson, in his endea- 
 vours to enlighten his people, and has frequently 
 resorted to him for advice in critical moments. It 
 is, indeed, interesting to witness the influence of the 
 missionaries in allaying strife, in preventing wars, in 
 
I04 The Colony in Ambotses Bay. 
 
 reconciling the tribes, and bringing quarrels to an 
 amicable close. 
 
 At Dido Town, and at Mortonville, on the oppo- 
 site bank of the river, the foundations of churches 
 have been laid. Mr. Thomson has recently left 
 Bell's Town to establish a new centre of Christian 
 light oh the skirts of the huge Cameroons mountain. 
 IMr. Smith also is seeking an entrance for the Gospel 
 in the country beyond Amboises Bay. 
 
 The colony of Victoria, on the shores of Amboises 
 Bay, consists of about 200 persons, all of whom are 
 in the habit of attending the house of God. Many 
 of the older people came from Fernando Po, when 
 the missionaries were banished by the Spaniards in 
 1859, and were members of the Church at Clarence. 
 Here in the forest they founded a house for the 
 worship of God and freedom of conscience. By 
 degrees sufficient laud has been cleared for the sus- 
 tenance of the colonists, and a considerable trade 
 in yams and other produce is carried on with Fer- 
 nando Po, and the towns in the vicinity. The Rev. J. 
 Pinnock acts not only as minister and pastor, but 
 also as the schoolmaster of the colony. The entire 
 population is being trained in the way of holiness, 
 and education is given to every age. The Church 
 numbers about forty persons. The most perfect 
 confidence exists between Mr. Pinnock and his flock, 
 to whom his ministrations are most acceptable, and 
 
Visit of Deputation. 1 05 
 
 by whom they are highly valued. The wild people 
 of the islands in the bay, and of the great mountain 
 which overshadows the town, have also his attention, 
 and are from time to time visited for religious in- 
 struction. A few have settled in the town. Some 
 of the islanders have formed a new settlement on the 
 sea-coast, called Fish Town, about a mile from Vic- 
 toria, where they are visited by Mr. Pinnock and by 
 membersof theChurch. Aschool isestablished among 
 them, and a native teacher resides in their midst. 
 
 Owing to complications which had arisen in the 
 conduct of the Mission, and which for some years 
 had given much uneasiness to the Committee of the 
 Society, Dr. Underbill, at their request, visited the 
 stations at the close of 1869. It may be permitted 
 us to quote from the Report of the Society in 1870, 
 the reference to an occurrence which cast a gloom 
 over the Mission at Cameroons, and deeply dis- 
 tressed a very large number of friends at home. 
 
 " Mrs. Underbill, who accompanied her husband in 
 this, as in his previous visits to the Society's stations 
 in the East and West Indies, died suddenly within 
 three weeks of her arrival at Cameroons. The 
 event was wholly unexpected. It came without any 
 premonition, and was as unlooked for as it was 
 calamitous. The Committee say nothing of this 
 trial in so far as the chief sufferer is concerned, 
 except to give utterance publicly to what they have 
 
io6 Death of Mrs. Under hill. 
 
 done in other forms, their deepest sympathy with 
 him in his great sorrow, and thus mtngle their 
 expressions of condolence with those which have 
 come from all parts of the country, and from the 
 mission-field. But in regard to her who has been 
 thus suddenly taken from us, the Committee cannot 
 refrain from bearing testimony to her great excel- 
 lence and worth — to her intense attachment to the 
 Mission — to her uniform kindness shown to the 
 missionaries, and their wives and children, when 
 visiting this country, as well as in her correspondence 
 with them. The Society has sustained in her death 
 a loss of no common order ; yet, while lamenting 
 her sudden decease, they cannot but rejoice in the 
 lifelong usefulness of their departed friend. It is 
 some alleviation of the grief caused by this event, 
 that Mrs. Underbill's death was not merely the 
 effect of an injurious climate, and that her own 
 desire to visit Africa was so strong as to prevail 
 over the hesitancy and doubt of her nearest and 
 dearest friends. May the heavy losses which the 
 Society has suffered, ' by reason of death,' kindle in 
 the hearts of all who love it, a desire for the salva- 
 tion of souls so intense as to compel them to offer 
 unceasing prayer to ' the Lord of the harvest, that 
 He would send more labourers into His harvest.'" 
 
The Sonthal Mission. 107 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 In the period now under review, the progress of the 
 ]\Iission in India was comparatively uneventful ; yet 
 it has been marked by a steady increase in the mem- 
 bership of the churches, and the wider spread of the 
 Gospel. The Sonthal tribes, inhabiting the mountain 
 ranges to the west of Bengal, have exhibited a very 
 remarkable readiness to receive the message of 
 peace. Many years ago, these " hill people," as 
 they are called, were visited from Monghyr by the 
 late I\Ir. Leslie ; but it was not till about 1865 that 
 any persistent attempt to reach them was made by 
 the missionaries of the Society. Four years before, 
 the Rev. R. J. Ellis, then at Sewry, commenced the 
 study of the language ; but a residence in Son- 
 thalistan was not effected till Mr. Johnson, in the 
 above-mentioned year, erected a bungalow, and 
 began regular work in their midst. He was subse- 
 quently joined by Mr. Skrefsrad, a Norwegian, and 
 Mr. Boerresen, a Dane. Mr. Johnson soon left for 
 England, owing to a frightful injury received in a 
 bold attempt to kill a tiger which was ravaging the 
 herds of the villagers, and occasionally destroying 
 human life. Other brethren, at various times, came 
 to the help of those who were left in the field, and 
 the enlarged operations entered upon were sustained 
 
io8 Female Education in India. 
 
 by the Indian " Home Mission," a Society formed 
 in India for the purpose. God has greatly blessed 
 the self-denying toil of the missionaries, and large 
 numbers of the Sonthals are pressing into the fold. 
 These return to their villages and actively exert 
 themselves in inviting their countrymen to Christ. 
 They are now engaged in erecting their own places 
 for worship and instruction. In the last two years 
 more than 200 persons have been baptized, and 
 prospects of the most cheering nature call forth the 
 gratitude and the joy of the followers of Christ. 
 
 Female education has, within these last years, 
 received an extraordinary impulse among the Hindus. 
 It was hardly possible, at an earlier period, to gain 
 access to the female inmates of a Hindu gentleman's 
 house for the purposes of instruction, or even to 
 obtain the attendance of girls at schools specially 
 opened for them. But now there are many hundreds 
 of houses in Calcutta, and in other large towns of 
 Northern India, open to the Christian teacher. In 
 connection with the Society, an association has been 
 formed for the purpose of promoting this important 
 object. Many of the wives of the missionaries 
 devote much time to it, and are assisted by several 
 ladies, both European and native, supported from 
 the funds of the association. 
 
 Aided by the liberal grants of the Bible Translation 
 Society, the missionaries have given increased atten- 
 
DistrihuHon of the Scriptures. 109 
 
 tion to the distribution of the Word of God. Their 
 itineracies have led them into all parts of the country 
 lying within the range of their stations. By water 
 or by land they have diligently gone everywhere 
 preaching the Word, leaving behind them numerous 
 copies of the Sacred Volume, either as gifts, or 
 purchased by their hearers. The Rev. John Page 
 has penetrated the country of the Sikkim Rajah, 
 in the region of the Himalayas, and found a cordial 
 reception from the lamas, or Buddhist priests, and 
 their numerous adherents. The result of these ever- 
 widening and indefatigable labours may be stated 
 in the words of Lord Napier, Lieutenant-Governor 
 of Madras, which, though primarily spoken of the 
 southern part of the Peninsula, are yet more em- 
 phatically true of Northern India : " The progress 
 of Christianity is slow, but it is undeniable. Every 
 year sees the area and the number of Christians 
 slightly increase. The Gospel is brought more and 
 more to the doors of the poorest and most ignorant 
 outcast people. I cannot but believe that the time 
 may come when these classes who have no real 
 religious belief, and no place in the social hierarchy 
 of their own country, will be attracted in great 
 numbers by the truths, the consolations, and the 
 benefits of the Christian faith. The present period 
 is one of moderate progression, but it does not exclude 
 the expectation of rapid and contagious expansions, 
 
no Progress of Translations. 
 
 such as were witnessed in the sixteenth century in 
 Malabar and Madura, in the last century in Tanjore, 
 and more recently among the Shanars of the South." 
 
 The progress of the translations of the Scriptures 
 has been most satisfactory. After more than twenty 
 years' labour, Dr. Wenger has completed his great 
 task of giving to the learned men of India a version 
 of the entire Bible in their sacred and revered 
 tongue — the Sanscrit. He has also carried through 
 the press a revised edition of the Bengali Bible, and 
 has issued an annotated edition of the four Gospels, 
 with marginal references and alternative readings. 
 Not long before his decease, the late Rev. John 
 Parsons finished at press his admirable version of 
 the New Testament in Hindi, besides a volume of 
 hymns, and the " Pilgrim's Progress." Mr. Skrefsrad 
 is preparing, by the collection of a vocabulary and 
 the formation of a grammar, in due time to convey to 
 the Sonthals, in their own language, the knowledge 
 of the Divine Word. Other brethren have published 
 grammars and lexicons for the use of students, in the 
 various dialects of Northern Hindustan, aiding in 
 every way the growth of learning and the awaking of 
 the Hindu mind from the sleep of ages. 
 
 In the last six years to which we confine our 
 present reference, there have been baptized, in the 
 various Missions of the Society 3,269 persons. In 
 Jamaica, a further number of 5,471 individuals have 
 
General Results. 1 1 1 
 
 put on Christ — a total of 8,740. In the year 1868, 
 the entire membership of all the churches in con- 
 nection with the Society was 22,744 persons; in 
 1873, it had become 31,357. The Word of God has 
 had free course, and is glorified. 
 
 Not without difficulty, however, has the Society 
 sustained its staff" of missionaries. During the past 
 six years, twenty-eight brethren have devoted them- 
 selves to the service of Christ, but death has sum- 
 moned ten from the field — seven of them after a 
 service varying from twenty to forty years — and nine 
 others have, from various causes, given up the work. 
 
 Of the 257 Europeans who have been borne upon 
 the funds of the Society during the eighty-one years 
 of its existence, seventy-six (including the Jamaica 
 missionaries) now remain, diligently serving the 
 Master to whom their lives have been given, reaping 
 blessed fruits from their own labours, as well as 
 from the past exertions of those who have entered 
 into their rest. A few others continue in the Lord's 
 service in other parts of the world — in Canada, 
 Honduras, and Australia. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 In closing this brief account of the Society's opera- 
 tions, it will not be thought unfitting to recall what 
 India was when the missionaries entered on their 
 
1 1 2 The Past atid the Future. 
 
 labours, and what it now is after eighty years of 
 expenditure of piety, mind, and treasure upon its 
 evangelisation. Such a comparison may furnish 
 materials by which to estimate the probable results 
 of labours having the present as their starting-point. 
 Our fathers laboured, and we have entered into their 
 labours ; let us see whether the circumstances in 
 which we find ourselves encourage devotion and zeal 
 like theirs. 
 
 When Carey first pondered over the religious con- 
 dition of the heathen world, idolatry reigned 
 throughout Hindustan, limited only in its sway by 
 the hostile monotheism of the prophet of Mecca. 
 With the exception of six or seven most estimable 
 Danish and German missionaries in the Peninsula, 
 Hindustan was one wide desert of frightful spiritual 
 desolation. The missionary of the cross was nowhere 
 to be met with in Northern India beyond the City of 
 Calcutta. The Word of God was altogether un- 
 known among the native population, and but the 
 rarest facilities existed for the acquirement of the 
 vernacular languages of the country. Caste bound 
 the people with an unbroken chain. The priesthood 
 dominated over every class of society. The Sudra 
 was the slave of the Brahmin. Legal or social 
 rights there were none but for the twice-born. The 
 cruellest and vilest rites were practised in the 
 temples and at the festivals of the gods. Infanticide 
 
India as it Was. 1 1 3 
 
 abounded. A thousand suttees annually burnt on 
 the pyre of their husbands in Bengal alone. Slavery 
 existed in many parts of the country. The ravages 
 of the Mahrattas and the Pindarries had scarcely 
 ceased with the establishment of the British power, 
 and they had left behind fearful traces of their 
 wasting inroads in ruined cities, pillaged homesteads, 
 and jungle-covered fields. Roads there were none. 
 The country was fast falling into utter anarchy and 
 barbarism. What learning there was, was the pro- 
 perty of the pundits ; and the sacred Vedas were 
 carefully secluded from the eye of the common 
 people. 
 
 On the suppression of internal strife, the over- 
 throw of the empire of the Moslem, and the rise of 
 the English dominion, idol worship enjoyed a re- 
 vival. The occasion favoured it. The presence of 
 the British power ensured toleration for every form 
 of native superstition. The temples were again 
 thronged. Places of pilgrimage, made safely acces- 
 sible by the introduction of order and law, were 
 visited by vast multitudes, and the horrors of Jug- 
 gernauth were repeated at Gya, Benares, Allahabad, 
 and Hurdwar. Yogis and faquirs roamed the country 
 in large bands, voraciously feeding upon the pos- 
 sessions of the poor, and committing unmention- 
 able atrocities. English authority had even become 
 a party to the maintenance and extension of this 
 
 H 
 
1 1 4 The English Pozver in India. 
 
 system of evil. Alienated lands were restored to 
 the priests. The endowments of mosques and 
 temples were carefully husbanded, and placed under 
 the control of the fiscal officers of the Government. 
 Temples were built and repaired by funds supplied 
 from the State treasuries. Roads to sacred places 
 were made, the pilgrims taxed, and the revenues of 
 the country profited by the superstitions of the 
 people. Schools there were none, except a few for 
 the study of the Koran and Shastre, or for the 
 purpose of imparting to the trading classes the 
 merest rudiments of writing and arithmetic. The 
 people literally perished for lack of knowledge. 
 
 What is the scene now .•' If all has not been done 
 that it would be desirable to do, or much as compared 
 with the necessities of the case, yet great and incon- 
 testible changes have taken place, more than sufficient 
 to cheer the church of Christ in its arduous warfare. 
 From the lone wanderer in the Sunderbunds of 
 Bengal, and the six or seven faithful men on the 
 coast of Tranquebar, the missionary band has multi- 
 plied to more than five hundred men, the chosen 
 messengers of Christ from all the churches of 
 Christendom. A thousand converts assist them in 
 preaching Christ crucified, and in distributing the 
 bread of life to their perishing fellow-countrymen. 
 In lands where only the revelry of idol worship, or 
 the hoarse fanaticism of the followers of the false 
 
Missionary Results. \ 1 5 
 
 prophet, insulted the God of heaven, there now 
 gather round the table of the Lord some 40,000 
 persons, who have learnt to sing the songs of Zion. 
 Two hundred and twenty thousand more are re- 
 leased from the chains of caste, and worship at the 
 footstool of the Most High ; and many who have 
 passed from this scene of earthly conflict, stand 
 perfected before the throne of God and the Lamb. 
 The jungles of Burmah have given to Christ's 
 Church an accession of many thousand souls, their 
 conversion almost answering the prophet's question 
 " Shall a nation be born at once ? " Within the 
 circuit of the British Empire in the East, the 
 existence of more than six hundred Christian 
 Churches testifies that Christ's servants have not 
 laboured in vain. 
 
 Besides this brief summary of work done, it must 
 not be forgotten that the missionaries have traversed 
 the country in all directions, and have communicated 
 to myriads some knowledge of the way of salvation. 
 The impression is prevalent in the minds of the 
 population generally, that the reign of Hinduism is 
 drawing to its close. The festivals of the gods are 
 celebrated with less pomp and circumstance, pil- 
 grimage is on the decrease, fewer temples are 
 annually erected, Brahmins complain of the diminu- 
 tion of their gains, devotees have diminished in 
 number and are held in less esteem, and indecencies 
 H 2 
 
1 1 6 General Results. 
 
 are, to a great degree, withdrawn to the dark pre- 
 cincts of the temple courts, especially in localities 
 where Europeans reside. Nowhere is idolatry so 
 defiant as it was in the early days of the evangelists' 
 toil. Evidence yearly accumulates to establish the 
 fact that numbers serve, in secret, the Lord of Hosts, 
 though fear, or other motives, at present restrain 
 them from the confession of their changed belief. 
 In some places there have appeared popular move- 
 ments in favour of Christianity, which may fairly be 
 regarded as preliminary to a wider acceptance of 
 the Gospel. Such have been the movements in the 
 villages south of Calcutta, in the districts of Jessore, 
 Barisaul, and Krishnaghur, in Sonthalistan, among 
 the Shanars of Southern India, and the indigenous 
 inhabitants of the hills ofChota Nagpore. If some, 
 with little knowledge, have cast off the trammels of 
 heathenism, yet is there a blessing even in the 
 lowest measure of departure from its superstitions 
 and abominations ; others, in considerable numbers, 
 have vindicated their claim to be regarded as genuine 
 converts to the religion of Christ. 
 
 The missionaries have wielded the power of the 
 press with the most important results. They were 
 the first to apply it to the preparation and issue of 
 books and newspapers in the languages of the 
 common people. By them the vernaculars have 
 been cultivated, and elevated from a rude patois into 
 
The Power of the Press. 1 1 ; 
 
 forms fitted for the expression of the highest truths. 
 The Word of God has been translated, in whole or 
 in part, into the principal dialects of the country. 
 The rude inhabitants of the hills have had their 
 native tongues reduced to writing, and portions of 
 the Scriptures and other books have been prepared 
 for their instruction. Nearly two millions of parts 
 or volumes of the sacred writings of our faith have 
 issued from the Mission presses. The learned 
 pundits of the country have received, complete, the 
 whole Bible in the Sanscrit tongue, through the 
 diligent and arduous study of Carey, Yates, and 
 Wenger. Tracts, in uncounted numbers, have spread 
 through the length and breadth of the land the good 
 tidings of peace, and more than two millions of school 
 books have contributed to the instruction and en- 
 lightenment of the present generation. 
 
 In all this we have great results actually gained. 
 They are the direct product of missionary exertion. 
 They are incontestible evidence that the Lord's 
 servants have not laboured in vain. Changes to be 
 presently referred to may, or may not, be owing to 
 the same diligent workmanship ; the facts given 
 above are indubitable proofs of God's approval of 
 the well-directed labours of the missionary band. 
 But for their sanctified exertions these facts could 
 have had no existence. They are the first fruits unto 
 God of the consecration of His Church in these 
 
1 1 8 The First Fruits. 
 
 latter days to the extension of His praise, and to 
 Him shall be the glory. His blessing puts to shame 
 the scoffs of adversaries. In these noble deeds we 
 have God's answer to the mocking question, put less 
 than fifty years ago, What can " this nest of conse- 
 crated cobblers " do ? 
 
 But we are less concerned at the present moment 
 to regard these facts as proofs of the success of 
 missionaries, than as vantage ground gained for future 
 operations. We have seen what India was when our 
 fathers entered on the work eighty years ago. Let 
 us attempt to realise the position of affairs now, as if 
 we were about to begin anew. Our predecessors 
 started on untrodden paths, amidst uncertainties, 
 shadows of evil hovering around them, with only 
 faith in the promises of God to sustain them, and 
 hope of His blessing to cheer them. How do we 
 start at this present time, to give to the Gentiles of 
 Hindustan the unsearchable riches of Christ ? 
 
 Here are missionaries in considerable numbers on 
 the spot, acclimatised, familiar with the language, 
 the habits, and institutions of the people. They 
 have a nucleus of crystallisation, so to speak, in the 
 churches and congregations already formed, and 
 efficient helpers in the numerous converts devoted 
 to the ministry of the Word. About two thousand 
 men, European and natives, are daily occupied in 
 the communication of Christ's Gospel. The schools 
 
The Present Vantage Ground. 1 1 9 
 
 in the hands of the missionaries contain 120,000 
 children. Their presses are daily throwing off count- 
 less pages of religious and instructive reading, while 
 Bible Societies, Tract Societies, Educational So- 
 cieties, Colleges, High Schools, and Female Schools 
 exist, to sustain, direct, and enlarge the influences 
 brought to bear on the minds of the people. 
 
 But this brief statement far from exhausts the 
 advantage with which the Churches of Christ enter 
 on the work at the present day. 
 
 The English Government is no longer hostile to 
 the operations of missionary societies. Christian 
 preachers and teachers have the freest and safest 
 access to all classes of the native community, except 
 so far as their social usages create an obstacle. The 
 policy of the Government has undergone a gradual 
 and beneficial change. Its servants have lost that 
 admiration for idolatry which many of them once 
 professed, and they now largely aid the missionary 
 in his work. 
 
 The legislation of the Government is, on the whole, 
 favourable to the missionary's object. Suttee has 
 been put down ; infanticide declared a criminal act ; 
 cruel rites have been limited or forbidden ; the 
 temples and mosques have ceased to be objects of 
 Government solicitude and care, and are left to the 
 support of their own worshippers ; the pilgrim tax 
 has been relinquished, and with it has ceased the 
 
I20 The Attitude of the Governvient. 
 
 encouragement its existence gave to the pernicious 
 evils of pilgrimage. The increase of the means of 
 communication, by improved roads, canals, river 
 navigation, the post office, the railroads, and tele- 
 graph — all contribute their aid to the missionary. 
 The banishment of the Koran and the laws of Menu 
 from the Courts of Judicature, the legal validity of 
 widow marriage, and the enjoyment of liberty of 
 conscience by all classes, contribute powerfully to 
 the overthrow of many of the most cherished insti- 
 tutions w^hich have remained unchanged for ages. 
 Among Europeans there is more piety, the Lord's 
 day is more generally observed, the public works 
 of Government are discontinued on that holy day, 
 churches and chapels are found in nearly all the 
 stations where Englishmen reside, and missionaries 
 have not to complain to so great an extent as for- 
 merly of the ungodly example of their countrymen. 
 
 Changes, of no slight importance, have begun to 
 manifest themselves in the bosom of native society. 
 Forty-five years ago Ram Mohun Roy stood almost 
 alone among the Hindus as the advocate of a pure 
 monotheism. Now the Vedantist sect, or Brahmists, 
 as they are usually called, is said to number some 
 eight thousand persons among the educated sections 
 of native society. In this class are found active and 
 intelligent advocates of widow re-marriage, and the 
 abolition of Kulin polygamy. Female education is 
 
Changes in Native Society, 121 
 
 highly approved by them, and numerous Zenanas in 
 all the chief cities are open for instruction. No incon- 
 siderable division of the party, under Keshub Chunder 
 Sen, openly proclaims its rejection of the authority of 
 the Vedas, and that it is seeking for a purer faith. It ac- 
 knowledges, in some sort, the supremacy of the Chris- 
 tian Scriptures as the highest source of Divine truth. 
 
 The Bramho Somaj does not stand alone in this 
 movement. Various clubs are from time to time 
 formed in Calcutta and in other large cities for the 
 discussion of social and religious reforms. If not 
 always Christian in their tendency, yet are they in- 
 dicative of the revival of the intellectual vigour and 
 life which has resulted from the introduction of 
 European science and knowledge. 
 
 Education, especially in English, is eagerly sought 
 after, particularly in large towns, the centres of pro- 
 gress and speculation. Many thousands of youth 
 have learnt in Government institutions, as well as in 
 missionary schools, to despise the puerilities of the 
 Shastres, and the falsehood of a system of belief 
 and worship which practically ignores or denies the 
 existence of the Creator, the Lord of heaven and 
 earth. They openly proclaim their theistic ten- 
 dencies and faith. Native gentlemen in Calcutta, 
 Benares, and other important cities, establish 
 schools at their own cost, secure instruction in 
 English literature, and foster that activity of mind 
 
1 2 2 Spread of Education. 
 
 which so peculiarly characterises, at the present 
 time, the instructed classes of Hindu society. Over 
 these individuals caste has lost its influence. Multi- 
 tudes live in daily breach of its rules. Conventional 
 usages relative to food and marriage alone preser\'e 
 it from utter contempt among the educated youth of 
 Bengal and of the presidency towns. 
 
 Nor must we overlook the wonderful increase of 
 the productions of the press. In the first twenty 
 years of the century the number of books issued 
 from the native press of Bengal was only 270, chiefly 
 idolatrous legends. In the year 1853-4, Calcutta 
 alone had forty-six printing offices engaged in print- 
 ing Bengali works. In that one year 252 books and 
 pamphlets left the press, the total number of copies 
 printed being 418,275. In the four years ending 
 December, 1 871, the number of works published was 
 3,397, of which 847 were in English. Besides this 
 vast amount of literary information, there are nine- 
 teen Bengali newspapers and periodicals published 
 in Calcutta, whose annual circulation reaches 8,100 
 copies. School books issue by the hundred thou- 
 sand. Several of the country districts of Bengal 
 have also their native press. A similar expansion of 
 native literature has commenced in the North-West 
 Provinces, and the presidencies of the South. Who 
 can estimate the influence of this vast stream of 
 information and instruction } If much of it is 
 
Growth of Literature, 123 
 
 drawn from the polluted sources of the religion of 
 the people, from the Puranas and filthy Tuntras, yet 
 the fact that the jealously guarded writings of the 
 Shastres are submitted to the vulgar eye, is a mighty 
 inroad on the exclusive knowledge of the Brahmin, 
 and must inevitably lead to the rejection of the base- 
 less tales and foul precepts and examples by which 
 the people have so long been deceived and led 
 astray. It is satisfactory to know that every year the 
 quantity of healthy matter printed is on the increase, 
 and that instructed Bengalis are actively engaged in 
 transferring into their native tongue the wisdom, the 
 science, and the pure thought of Christian lands. 
 
 We cannot for a moment conceive that one step 
 of the advance which has been made will be lost. 
 The minds of the people cannot go back to their 
 former state of apathy and blindness. Missionaries, 
 with God's blessing, will not preach with less zeal or 
 urgency. Bibles and tracts will be more freely circu- 
 lated than ever. Schools will work with the same 
 imperceptible, yet certain force. The press will not 
 be restrained from pouring out its flood of know- 
 ledge. In the firm establishment of British power, 
 Christendom possesses a guarantee that what has 
 been gained will never be overthrown. 
 
 The suppression of the mutiny — the last national 
 protest against innovation — in relation to the exist- 
 ence of Hinduism and Mohammedanism, has proved 
 
124 Retrogression Impossible. 
 
 very discouraging. The advocates of these systems 
 of error admit their failure, and prognosticate their 
 final defeat. Caste in all its political relations has 
 received its death-blow. A high-caste army, the 
 citadel of Brahminism and Islam, is henceforth im- 
 possible. A fairer spirit is exhibited towards native 
 Christians, while the heart of the missionary has been 
 cheered by the steadfastness with which they adhered 
 to, and suffered for, their profession of Christ. 
 
 It now only remains to inquire, What should be the 
 result of these great events on the churches at home .-^ 
 Doubtless great interest has been awakened with 
 respect to all questions affecting India. We have 
 seen for a brief space the ark of Jehovah in apparent 
 peril. We have seen the grandest empire the world 
 has ever known shaken to its very foundations. We 
 have seen our cherished expectations on the very 
 verge of extinction. We have seen the tide of 
 rebellion turned back by the wisdom and prowess of 
 Christian men, by our Lawrences, Edwardes, Mont- 
 gomerys, Havelocks, and Freres, fighting, as one of 
 the noblest of them said, for the glory of Almighty 
 God and the cause of humanity and order ; God, as it 
 were, especially selecting such men for this purpose, 
 thereby to rebuke the folly of those who professed to 
 see in the progress of the Gospel the sure ruin of 
 our Eastern empire. We have seen the magnificent 
 regions of Hindustan restored to England's sove- 
 
Shall we he wanting in our Duty ? 125 
 
 reignty, by the favour of the Almighty Ruler of 
 the nations. We have seen how the leaven of the 
 Gospel has been working in the dense mass of im- 
 purity and superstition, bursting out here and there, 
 effecting the salvation of thousands, and destroying 
 the apathy of ages. We have seen how great are 
 the advantages which the present places within our 
 reach, over that past which discovered, as the great 
 Andrew Fuller said, a mine of gold, but which was 
 then wholly unexplored and unwrought. And now 
 that the dark passages of the mine have been worked, 
 many a rich vein of heavenly ore penetrated, nume- 
 rous souls more precious than gold that perisheth 
 rescued and stored in the treasury above — men like 
 Krishna Pal, the first convert of Serampore ; Nain- 
 sukh, the evangelist of Monghyr, and the martyr of 
 Delhi — fair examples of that precious band whom 
 God has raised up to be messengers of salvation to 
 their fellow-countrymen — shall we be backward to 
 avail ourselves of advantages our predecessors did 
 not enjoy, but which, through their devotedness, are 
 at our command ? Shall we fail to advance in this 
 day of the Lord's summons, and decline that post of 
 honour we have so long held ? First in the field, 
 shall we be last in reaping the harvest our forefathers 
 have sown in tears and conflict ? Surely not. Who 
 will not hasten to build up the waste places, and to 
 declare to the wretched, deluded worshippers of 
 
126 
 
 India's Need of the Gospel, 
 
 Krishna and Shiva, to the fierce and fanatic Moslem, 
 the compassions of our God ? The Gospel alone can 
 secure for India, order, good government, and peace. 
 It alone can destroy the dark superstitions of the 
 land, and place the British power on an unassailable 
 and righteous foundation. Above all, it is the Gospel 
 that will alone disperse the deathly shadows which 
 cover this great country, utterly overthrow its idols 
 and the abominations attendant on their worship, 
 and assure to its innumerable hosts a more peaceful 
 reign than that of any earthly monarch can be. On 
 the reception of Christ as their King and Saviour 
 depends the everlasting welfare of the myriads of 
 Hindustan, and this Gospel we are charged to preach 
 unto them. May we be faithful to the trust, and in 
 this day of the Lord be ready to go on, and in His 
 name take possession of the land ! 
 
RESOURCES. 
 
 1792 to 1873. 
 
, " The silver is mine, and the gold is mine, 
 SAITH THE Lord of Hosts." — Haggai ii. 8. 
 " Thine, O Lord, is the greatness, and the 
 
 POWER, and the glory, AND THE VICTORY, AND 
 the MAJESTY : FOR ALL THAT IS IN THE HEAVEN 
 AND IN THE EARTH IS ThINE : . . . ALL THINGS 
 COME OF ThEE, and OF ThINE OWN HAVE WE 
 
 GIVEN Thee." — i Chronicles xxix. ii — 14. 
 
A FEW words relative to the pecuniary resources 
 which this great work has called forth, may well 
 close this necessarily brief and imperfect review of 
 eighty years of earnest and prayerful endeavour to 
 propagate the Gospel of Christ. 
 
 The first collection for the Society's object, made 
 by the founders themselves, amounted to the sum of 
 ^13 2S. 6d. The first addition to the store was the 
 sum of £10, sent by the first Auxiliary formed, at 
 Birmingham, by the Rev. Samuel Pearce, and col- 
 lected in the interval of four weeks which elapsed 
 before the second meeting of the Committee. At 
 this meeting a few personal subscriptions were also 
 announced, and the entire sum was committed to a 
 banker's care. 
 
 The resolution of thanks to the Birmingham 
 Churches, expressed the hope that the Auxiliary 
 plan would meet with the general and increasing 
 approbation of the Baptist Churches, and that a 
 number of corresponding societies would be formed 
 in different parts of the kingdom. The Mission, 
 however, met with very scanty support among the 
 churches. The response made to the earnest appeals 
 
 I 
 
130 Contributimis frovi the Churches. 
 
 of the first Secretary, Mr. Fuller, came chiefly from 
 other sources — from individual gifts, and from 
 sympathising friends of other communions. In 
 1 817, collections for the Mission were made in many 
 Independent and Presbyterian chapels, as well as, 
 in a few instances, in churches of the Establishment. 
 At the close of the first quarter of a century, contri- 
 butions were acknowledged from only ninety-five 
 Baptist churches, and forty-five Auxiliaries. As 
 these Auxiliaries were sometimes formed of several 
 churches, it is probable that the entire roll of con- 
 tributing churches may have numbered, but did not 
 exceed, one hundred and eighty. 
 
 During the second period, the spread of the Mis- 
 sionary spirit among the churches was very satis- 
 factory. There was a large increase in the number 
 of Baptist Churches in the land, through the expan- 
 sion of the denomination — particularly in Wales. 
 The Report of 1842 states that contributions had 
 come from 848 places ; but only 450 Churches, 
 systematically, year by year, Collected for the object. 
 There is reason to think that the number of contri- 
 buting churches was about 750. 
 
 In 1867, the Report gives 1,217 churches in Great 
 Britain, as having collected for the Society, besides 
 seventy-seven places in which either a Baptist Church 
 does not exist, or the gifts come from friends not in 
 communion with one. 
 
The Churches Contributing, 131 
 
 In the year 1872 the number of contributing 
 churches increased to 1,253 ! besides which subscrip- 
 tions or donations came from 116 places, in some of 
 which there is not a Baptist congregation. The 
 proportion of contributing churches in the United 
 Kingdom is as follows: — England, 856 churches; 
 Wales, 348 ; Scotland, 40 ; Ireland, 9 ; they con- 
 tain rather more than 150,000 members. The mis- 
 sionary zeal of the churches appears to show a con- 
 stant increase ; but, measured by the slow growth of 
 the Society's income, it cannot be considered as per- 
 fectly satisfactory in its results. 
 
 Till the year 1820, the annual services of the Society 
 were held in the country. The last took place at Cam- 
 bridge in 18 19, when it was resolved to carry on the 
 operations of the Mission from the metropolis. In 1 837 
 it became the practice of the Metropolitan Churches 
 to collect simultaneously on the Lord's-day preceding 
 the annual meeting. Forty-five Churches, in the first 
 year, joined in this act of liberality; but in 1842, 
 forty-one only consented to do so. The number has 
 since very considerably increased. In 1866, eighty- 
 four Churches had sermons and collections ; in 1867, 
 owing to the change of day, the number was some- 
 what less, being seventy-four; in 1872, there were 
 101 Churches which gave collections to the Society 
 on its anniversary. 
 
 From all sources that have contributed to the 
 I 2 
 
1.^2 
 
 Tlie Income of the Society. 
 
 income of the Society, among which the INIission 
 Press of Calcutta and the Bible Translation Society 
 hold a very honourable place, the entire sum re- 
 ceived is as follows : — 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 98,549 6 2 
 
 372,585 14 10 
 
 33,704 o 7 
 
 632,410 II 3 
 
 210,022 13 2 
 
 1792 to 181 7 ... 
 1 81 8 to 1842 ... 
 Jubilee Fund (1842) 
 1843 to 1867 ... 
 1868 to 1873 .. 
 
 £ 
 
 Average 3,941 
 
 .. 14.903 
 
 s. 
 
 19 
 8 
 
 d. 
 6 
 7 
 
 „ 25,296 
 ,. 35.003 
 
 8 
 '5 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 Total ... £1,347,272 6 o 
 
 It may give a still clearer idea of the growth of 
 the Society's income, if we present a table contain- 
 ing a more detailed statement of the gross income 
 in various years : — 
 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1792 •• 
 
 13 2 6 
 
 1842 . 
 
 . 22,517 12 
 
 5 
 
 1802 .. 
 
 2,479 '6 10 
 
 1852 . 
 
 19,116 II 
 
 9 
 
 l8l2 . 
 
 . 4,856 14 9 
 
 1862 . 
 
 • 33.151 4 
 
 10 
 
 1822 . 
 
 . 12,291 II 4 
 
 1872 . 
 
 • 3 '.834 14 
 
 4 
 
 1832 , 
 
 • 12,740 7 8 
 
 1873 . 
 
 . 38,611 2 
 
 1 1 
 
 This instructive table exhibits a very fluctuating 
 series of figures. Between 1832 and 1842 the annual 
 income rapidly increased, partly owing to the acces- 
 sion of the entire staff of the Serampore Mission, on 
 its reunion with the Society in 1838. The abolition 
 of slavery, and the share taken in its accomplishment 
 by the Society's missionaries, also greatly deepened 
 the interest of the Churches. 
 
Contributions at the Stations. 133 
 
 The income of the year 1862 was the largest re- 
 ceived up to that date, the Jubilee Year excepted. 
 But it contained the exceptional payment of /^i, 500 
 by the Spanish Government for the premises in Fer- 
 nando Po, from which island the Spaniards had 
 driven the missionaries away ; and two donations, 
 one of ^1,000 and the other of/^2,000, from a friend 
 now deceased. The legacies of that year were also 
 very productive. The year 1870, however, con- 
 siderably exceeded 1862, owing to a generons dona- 
 tion of j^2,ooo from the Society's fast friend, the 
 late H. Kelsall, Esq., and ^^8,224 from legacies — a 
 sum far exceeding that of any previous year in the 
 history of the Society. The total received was 
 ;^39>339 8s. 6d. Still, in the face of these fluctua- 
 tions, neither to be avoided nor forecast, the course 
 of years has seen the Society's income enlarged, 
 its means of usefulness increased, and its agencies 
 multiplied in many parts of the globe. 
 
 The sums here mentioned do not; however, re- 
 present the entire amount expended on the various 
 missions of the Society. Considerable contributions 
 are gathered at all the missionary stations ; but as 
 they are spent on the spot, and do not come into 
 the hands of the Treasurer, they are not comprised 
 in the balance sheet. Including the collections of 
 the Churches in Jamaica, for the support of their 
 ministers and the ordinances of the Gospel, an addi- 
 
134 Erection of a Mission House. 
 
 tion probably exceeding ^^20,000 a year should be 
 made to the sums above specified. 
 
 It may briefly be mentioned here that the IMission 
 House in Moorgate Street was erected in 1843, at a 
 cost of/' 1 0,300, from moneys provided by the Jubilee 
 Fund. As the place had become very inconvenient, 
 and too narrow for the increasing demands of the 
 Denomination, it was sold in 1865 for p^i 9,500. In 
 1 870 the present commodious and handsome Mission 
 House in Castle Street, Holborn, was erected with 
 the proceeds. The entire cost of the building, in- 
 cluding the purchase of the freehold, both of the 
 Mission premises and the houses adjoining, was about 
 /"i 7,500. The rent of the houses is amply sufficient 
 to keep the entire premises in repair. 
 
 It is our hope that, in the years to come, a greatly 
 increased appreciation of the work to be accom- 
 plished will be secured, a large addition be made to 
 the means of usefulness the Society now enjoys, 
 and, above all, in answer to fervent prayer, a mighty 
 outpouring of the Spirit of God may be given, 
 quickening the seed so plentifully sown, and hasten- 
 ing the day of man's redemption from idolatry, 
 superstition, and sin. 
 
 We cannot better close our brief review than with 
 the striking yet ever true words of Dr. Carey, written 
 in 1 791 : — "The Scriptures teach us that the enjoy- 
 ments of the life to come bear a near relation to 
 
Aspiration and Hope. 
 
 135 
 
 that which now is, a relation similar to that of the 
 harvest and the seed. It is true all the reward is of 
 mere grace, but it is nevertheless encouraging. What 
 a treasure, what a harvest must await such characters 
 as Paul, and Elliot, and Brainerd, and others [Carey, 
 Marshman, Ward, Knibb, Burchell, Pearce, and their 
 colleagues !] who have given themselves to the work 
 of the Lord. What a heaven it will be to see the 
 many myriads of the poor heathens, of Britons 
 among the rest, who by their labours have been 
 brought to God. Surely a crown of rejoicing like 
 this is worth aspiring to. Surely it is worth while to 
 lay ourselves out with all our might, in promoting 
 the cause and kingdom of Christ." 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 A. 
 
 TREASURERS AND SECRETARIES OF THE 
 SOCIETY. 
 
 FROM 1792 TO 1873. 
 1792 Rev. Reynold Hogg Rev. Andrew Fuller. 
 
 1795 Thomas King, Esq. 
 gj ( Rev. Dr. Ryland. 
 
 ^ ( Rev. James Hinton. 
 
 g ( Rev. Dr. Ryland 
 
 ' ( Rev. John Dyer 
 
 - [ Thomas King, Esq. 
 »«'9 I William Burls, Esq. 
 
 I 821 Benjamin Shaw, Esq. 
 
 1825 Rev. John Dyer 
 
 1826 John Broadley Wilson, Esq. 
 1835 William BrodieGurney, Esq. 
 
 j Rev. John Dyer 
 ^^+° ( Rev. J. Angus, M.A. 
 
 1 842 Rev. Joseph AnguSjM. A. 
 
 _ , fWilliamBrodieGurney.Esq. 
 '^ \ Samuel Morton Peto, Esq. 
 
 ( Rev. Frederick Trestrail 
 ' ^+9 j Edward Bean Underhill 
 
 1855 Sir Samuel Morton P&tQjBart. 
 
 1867 Joseph Tritton, Esq. 
 
 ( Edward Bean Underhill, 
 ^^70 -j LLJ3. 
 

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c. 
 
 Summary of Mernhers and Baptisms in the Mission 
 Churches — 1868 to 1873. 
 
 MEMBERS. 
 
 
 1868. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1871. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1873. 
 
 India .... 
 Ceylon . , . 
 China .... 
 West Indies . 
 Africa . . . 
 Europe . . . 
 Jamaica . . . 
 
 2,374 
 
 538 
 
 30 
 
 3,322 
 
 127 
 
 184 
 
 16,169 
 
 2,380 
 
 557 
 
 35 
 
 3,414 
 
 117 
 
 179 
 
 17,607 
 
 2,415 
 
 601 
 
 38 
 
 3,225 
 
 117 
 
 216 
 
 18,640 
 
 2,490 
 
 655 
 
 41 
 
 3,420 
 
 127 
 
 294 
 
 20,599 
 
 2,459 
 
 647 
 
 47 
 
 3,611 
 
 122 
 
 383 
 
 21,765 
 
 2,837 
 
 643 
 
 48 
 
 3,934 
 
 116 
 
 412 
 
 23,367 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 22,744 
 
 24,289 
 
 25,252 
 
 27,626 
 
 29,034 
 
 31,357 
 
 BAPTISM.S. 
 
 India . . . 
 
 Ceylon . . 
 
 China , . . 
 West Indies 
 
 Africa . , 
 
 Europe . . 
 
 Jamaica . . 
 
 Total 
 
 1868. 
 
 18G9. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1871. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1873. 
 
 209 
 
 195 
 
 120 
 
 212 
 
 159 
 
 432 
 
 79 
 
 63 
 
 71 
 
 57 
 
 41 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 .. 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 296 
 
 118 
 
 190 
 
 183 
 
 182 
 
 280 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 84 
 
 71 
 
 73 
 
 406 
 
 064 
 
 979 
 
 1,131 
 
 1,068 
 
 1,223 
 
 1,037 
 
 1,045 
 
 1,395 
 
 1,678 
 
 1,649 
 
 2,036 
 
 1,327 
 
 325 
 
 32 
 
 1,255 
 
 46 
 
 284 
 
 5,471 
 
 8,740 
 
Appendix. 139 
 
 
 
 D. 
 
 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE 
 
 
 FROAI 
 
 1868 TO 1873. 
 
 
 Income. Expenditure. 
 
 1868 ... 
 
 ••;^36,894 
 
 15 II ^33,888 3 2 
 
 1869 ... 
 
 •• 30,556 
 
 30,10c 10 10 
 
 J 1870 ... 
 
 •. 39,339 
 
 8 6* 33,644 3 I 
 
 1871 ... 
 
 .. 32,786 
 
 9 6t 32,528 I 
 
 1872 ... 
 
 •• 31,834 
 
 14 4+ 02,212 5 6 
 
 1873 ••• 
 
 .. 38,611 
 
 2 ii§ 37,438 8 
 
 * i:5.o63 
 
 12^. 7^. were invested on account of Legacy 
 
 Fund. 
 
 
 t ;^2,2I2 
 
 lis. id. were invested on the same account. 
 
 t ;^278 \zs. 6d. were 
 
 mvested on the same account. 
 
 § £,zmz 
 
 1 3 J. ']d. were invested on the same account. 
 
1 40 Appendix. 
 
 The most recent intelligence as to the progress of 
 Christian missions in India, is contained in the 
 following extract from the Times newspaper of 
 February 3r4, 1873 : — 
 
 " The Protestant^ missionaries of India, who have 
 recently closed their most successful Conference at 
 Allahabad, took their usual decennial census of the 
 native Christian community under their care at the 
 end of 1 871. The detailed results are about to be 
 published, but Mr. Sherring submitted the general 
 figures to the Conference. In the ten years ending 
 1 87 1 the number of native Christians in India proper, 
 Burmah, and Ceylon has increased 61 per cent., or 
 from 138,731 to 224,161, or say a quarter of a million. 
 This rate of progress is from within, of course, to 
 some extent, but much more from without, chiefly by 
 additions from the aboriginal tribes and low castes. 
 The rate of increase in the previous decade was 53 
 per cent. The most satisfactory point in the statis- 
 tics is the development of a purely native agency. 
 There has been in the ten years an actual falling off 
 
Appendix. 1 4 1 
 
 in the number of agents of the five principal societies 
 of England. The Church, Propagation, London, 
 Baptist, and Wesleyan Societies had 262 missionaries 
 in India in 1861 ; they had only 234, or 28 fewer, in 
 1 871. The American Presbyterians, however, have 
 32 missionaries where they had only 23. The total 
 number of foreign-ordained missionaries has only 
 risen in the decade from 478 to 486, although the 
 progress of enlightenment in the native States has 
 virtually opened out nearly 50 millions of people in 
 that time. But if England shows less interest in 
 missions, in spite of its growing wealth, the Indian 
 Church manifests more life so far as money can 
 gauge that. In the one year 187 1 it subscribed 
 j^8,5i2 for missionary objects, against £g,S^S i^ the 
 whole of the ten years ending 1861, while the number 
 of ordained native missionaries rose from 97 to 226. 
 The figures showing the work done in education and 
 literature by the foreign missionaries are striking. 
 The 75,975 pupils of 1861 had risen to 122,372 in 
 1871, and of these 26,611 were girls. The colleges 
 of the Free and Established Churches of Scotland 
 passed as many graduates through the Universities 
 as all the other societies united, a striking testimony 
 to Dr. Duffs work. The 24 mission presses published 
 12^ millions of books and tracts in the decade in 33 
 languages and dialects. Of these 28,000 were copies 
 of the whole Bible, 1,164,003 copies of portions of 
 
142 
 
 Appendix, 
 
 if, 2,842,495 copies of Christian books, 5,707,355 
 Christian tracts, 2,375,040 schoolbooks, and 20,279 
 other books." 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 THE ORIGIN". 
 
 The Origin of the Society, 8— Its Necessity, 11 — The Impediments, 
 12 — The Consecration, 13 — The Departure, 14 — Afterthoughts, 
 15. 
 
 riEST PERIOD. 
 
 Chapter I. Arrival in India, 19— The Missionaries, 20 — Calcutta 
 Occupied, 21 — The First Convert, 22— The Jamaica Mission 
 Commenced, 23 — Number of Converts, 23. 
 
 Chapter II. Translation of the Scriptures, 24 — Its Extent, 2o — 
 The Serampore Press Destroyed by Fire, 26 — Schools Esta- 
 blished, 27— Decease of Mr. Fuller, "28. 
 
 SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 Chapter I. Jubilee of the Mission, 31 — Extension of the Mis- 
 sion, 32 — Dr. Carey in his Last Days, 33 — The Abolition of 
 Slavery, 34 — The Day of Freedom, 35 — Calabar College 
 Founded, 36. 
 
 Chapter II. The East India Company, 37 — Serampore College 
 Founded, 38 — The Benevolent Institution, 39— Bengali Litera- 
 ture, 39— The Calcutta Mission Press, 40— The Bible Transla- 
 tion Society, 41. 
 
 Chapter III. Increase in the Churches, 42 — Results, 43— The 
 Jubilee of the Society, 44. 
 
 THIRD PERIOD. 
 
 Chapter I. The "West African Mission Founded, 48 — Its Pro- 
 gress, 49 — Banished from Fernando Po, 50 — The Mission in 
 Brittany, 51 — A Mission in China begun, 52 — Assistance to 
 various Missions, 53. 
 
 Chapter II. The Jamaica Mission, 54 — Aid given to Jamaica, 55 
 — Disturbances in Jamaica, 56 — The Frightful Revenge, 57 — 
 Deputations to Jamaica, 58 — Character of the People, 59 — 
 Suggestions Adopted, 60— Much Accomplished, 61 — Revival of 
 Religion, 62— Its Effects, 63. 
 
 Chapter III. Events in India, 64 — The Mutiny, 64 — Death of 
 Mr. Mackay, 65— "Walayat Ali and his Family, 66 — The 
 Martyr's Faith, 67— The Martyr's End, 68— Death of Mrs. 
 Thompson, 69. 
 
 Chapter IV. Deputation to India, 69 — Dr. Uuderhill Sent Out, 
 71 — Report of the Committee, 72 — Serampore College adopted 
 by the Society, 73 — Persecution in Barisal, 74. 
 
 Chapter V. Missionaries Sent Out, 75 — Increase in the Churches, 
 76— Translations, 77— The Schools, 78. 
 
FOURTH PERIOD. 
 
 Chapter I. Missions in China, 81 — A Medical Mission in China, 
 83 — The Mission in Ceylon, 84 — No Salvation in Buddhism, 85 
 • — Cha])cls and Schools, 86 — The Singhalese Scriptures, 87. 
 
 Chapteii 1 1. The Bahamas Mission, 88— Trinidad and Hayti, 89 — 
 The Mission in Norway, 90 — The Gospel in Brittany, 91 — The 
 Missionary in Rome, 92. 
 
 Chapter III. The State of Jamaica, 93— A Revival in the 
 Churches, 94— Uemoval of Calabar College, 96— The Work of 
 tho Collcpre, 96 — Morant Bay Mission, 97 — Evangelistic 
 Labours, 98. 
 
 Chapter IV. The Mission in West Africa, 98 — State of the People, 
 99 — Etforts at Civilisation, 100 — The Missionary's Home, 101 
 — Learning the Language, 102 — Effects of the" Gospel, 103 — 
 The Colony in Aniboises Bay, 104 — Visit of Deputation, 105- 
 Death of Mrs. Underbill, 106. 
 
 Chapter V. The Sonthal Mission, 107 — Female Education in 
 India, 108 — Distribution of the Scriptures, 109 — The Progress 
 of Christianity, 109 — Progress of Translations, 110— General 
 Results, 111. 
 
 Chapter VI. The Past and the Future, 112 — India as it was, 113 — 
 The English Power in India, 114 — Missionary Results, 115 — 
 General Results, 116— The Power of the Press, 117— The First 
 Fruits, 118 — The present Vantage Ground, 119 — The Attitude 
 of the Government, 120 — Changes in Native Society, 121 — 
 Spread of Education, 122 — Growth of Literature, 123 — Retro- 
 grf'ssion Impossible, 124 — Shall we be Wanting in our Duty, 
 125— India's Need of the Gospel, 126. 
 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 The First Collection, 129 — Contributions from the Churches, 130— 
 Tho Churches Contributing, 131 — Annual Services, 131 — The 
 Income of the Society, 132 — Contributions at the Stations, 133 
 — Erection of a Mission House, 134 — Aspiration and Hope, 135. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Treasurers and Secretaries of the Society, 136 — Summary of Mis- 
 sions, 137 — Members and Baptisms, 138 — Income and Ex- 
 penditure, 139 — Statistics of Missions in India, 140. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 A Bengali Doctor, 16 — Women carrying Paddy from the Field, 28 
 — Cleaning Rice, 44 — Native Postman, 78 — Hindu Boatman 
 126 — Elephant prepared for a Jotirney, 135 — A Budgerow, 142. 
 
 London : Yates & Alexanues, Printers, Chancery-lane. 
 

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