'^ \^ &, M»^' I f _5:- ' i BV 2100 .W^^^^oeVJxtt, ^ 1923 . ^ missxonary outlines ot OUTLINES OF MISSIONARY HISTORY ALFRED DeWITT MASON Galls Stsreo^apltic Pt-cjceaoo MAP OF THE PREVAILING RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD imMMMB mMmBEB CfflJlobcs ] ^BUDDHISTS _^ ^CHRISTIANS ' ' Protestants] f^f^ brahmins MOHAMMEDANS [!>;>- j HEATHENS 'Armeman EASTERN I CHURCH - SUposed Aia^rct.c Conthi (See table on page 366) Outlines of Missionary History By ALFRED DeWITT MASON, D. D. Lecturer on the History of Missions in the Union Missionary Training Institute, Brooklyn, New York. Revised Edition with Maps NEW ^^SfT YORK GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY Copyright, 1912, By GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY Copyright, 1916, By GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY Copyright, 1921, By GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO MY WIFE, ELIZABETH SWAIN MASON. WHOSE ZEAL AND FAITH HAVE INSPIRED MANY TO LABOR FOR THE EXTENSION OF GOD's KINGDOM, THIS BOOK IS AFFECTION- ATELY DEDICATED. INTRODUCTION The voices tbat are coining out of tlie East witK increasing frequency in these days are being lis- tened to more than formerly and with distinct ad- vantage to ourselves. They not only interpret to us the life and thought of other peoples, but they convey to us the careful observations of those who have gone out from amongst us upon the errands of God and of the Church and who have oast in their lot with those people. One of these latter has recently sent out with peculiar force an appeal to which this book is a distinct and somewhat unique response. The thought that thus comes to us and which should be given heed to with especial care at this time, is that, if the evangelization of the world is a truer conception of the duty of the Church than mere proselytism for its own sake, the con- ception of the Church's responsibility must deepen into something very much more than mere interest in foreign missions, and her efforts must be some- thing more than the purely superficial attempts to keep up that interest by the spectacular attrac- tions and displays which may momentarily arrest the eye, but can not so assuredly and permanently affect the heart. If missionary work has to de- pend upon the power of keeping up such an in- terest its day is past. It is not interest alone, vi INTRODUCTION but passion — ^tlie passion that oomes from full knowledge, deep living and liigli thinking that the Church needs. There is, of course, a right place for these things. But while the interest of the child is child- like, the mere interest of the adult is childish. Let us have interest in the Sunday school, but let us have passion in the Church, based upon some knowledge of its progress. We must expect from the Church more than interest in that work of re- demption for which Christ endured the agony of a Gethsemane and the heartbreak of a Calvary. ,The Master went to His death amidst apparent failure and defeat, content to foresee the result of that travail of His soul which should satisfy. The work which was thus initiated by the pas- sion of Christ can hardly be carried on only as it appeals to the interest of tiie Church. This book, which so well attains the object that the author sets himself, of presenting an outline of missionary history from the earliest times, cov- ering all the so-called missionary continents and islands, and including within its wide scope that same missionary work of the Church which is carried on at home is, in my judgment, a very distinct contribution to missionary literature in general, and in particular to the meeting of this special appeal that comes out of the mission field. There is another impression which a perusal of it can not but leave upon the mind of the reader. Ample illustration is afforded of the truth of Prof. Lindsay's profound observation: INTRODUCTION vii ** History knows nothing of revivals of moral liv- ing apart from some new religious impulse. The motive power needed has always come through leaders who have had communion with the Un- seen/' One, therefore, reads again with peculiar satisfaction, in the pages of this book, that in the great advances of the Christian Church God has raised up continually as leaders those *Hhat do know their God*' and have thus accomplished ** ex- ploits" in His name. By reason of the emphasis which the develop- ments of recent decades have placed upon the Far East, conspicuous names connected with those lands are more familiar to us. But it is with 8ome surprise and with deep interest that one is both reminded and informed of the splendid leadership which has been afforded to the Church in the history of its early progress in Europe, and of its later remarkable achievements in Africa and the Islands of the Sea. Thus the of t- repeated statement that missionary biography is one of the most fruitful means of deepening and mtaldng more abiding the interest in the missionary opera- tions of the Church is again strildngly illustrated in this book. It is with peculiar pleasure that I find myself associated in this very limited way with the author in the admirable purpose that lies behind this book and which he has carried out with so much suc- cess. William I. Chambeklaik, Corres'ponding Secretary^ Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America^ PREFACE This book has grown out of a necessity. For some years past it has been the annual privilege of the writer to conduct a class of students through a short course in the History of Mis- sions. His endeavor has been to acquaint them sufficiently with the topic to induce a further in- terest in it without burdening the memory with a mass of dates, names and incidents which might soon be forgotten. A text-book along these lines does not seem to be at present attainable. In this book the attempt has been made to so combine a reasonable fullness of detail with some vividness of description and with the personal touch which accompanies a biographical treatment of the topic, that not only the student but the general reader may be led to pursue the subject further as time and opportunity may permit. Grateful acknowledgment is mtade to the Eev. William I. Chamberlain, Ph.D., D. D., the Cor- responding Secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Eeformed Church in America, for his introductory word and his many helpful sug- gestions, and to the numerous authorities to whom reference has been made and whose words, in many instances, have been quoted in full so that they may thus give personal expression to their statements and views. ix X PEEFACE K what lias now been written shall conduce in any degree to awaken or deepen the reader ^s interest in the ** wonderful works'' which through His messengers Christ has wrought among the nations of the earth, the purpose of this book will have been attained. A. DeW. M. Brooklyn J N. Y., March, 1912. Note to Third Edition The adoption of these ''Outlines'' as a textbook by many missionary schools and training classes having created a steady demand for it, a revised edition was published in November, 1915, and now another edition is called for. Advantage has therefore been taken of this op- portunity to revise some portions of the book and to add to it a chapter (XVIII) on ''The Effect of the World War upon Missions." A set of ques- tions has also been provided for the use of leaders who may desire them ; the bibliography and statis- tics revised and a new, and it is believed, an orig- inal feature added in a series of charts showing the Expansion of Christianity. With these revisions and additions this book is again sent forth with a prayer of thanksgiving for its past usefulness and of petition for its con- tinued usefulness in the future. A. DeW. M. October, 1921. CONTENTS Chapthb. Page, Introduction, ----- y Preface, - - - - - ix I. Introductory, - - - - - - 3 II. Apostolic Missions, - - - - 14 III. Patristic or Early Church Missions, - 21 IV. Medieval Missions, - - - - 39 V. Missions in the Reformation Period, - 51 VI. India, 64 VII. China, 84 VIII. Japan and Korea, - - - - 107 IX. Mohammedanism, 133 X. Mohammedan Lands, - - - - 144 XI. Africa, 161 xi xii CONTENTS Chapteb, Page. XII. Islands of the Pacific, - - - 186 XIII. South America, - - - - 218 XIV. North America, - - - - 234* The Negro Problem. XV. North America, - _ _ - 251 The IifDiAN, Mountaineer, and MoaMON Pboblems. XVI. North America, - - - - 267 The Immigration Problem. XVII. The Home Base, - - - - 292 XVIII. Effect of World War upon Missions, 318 Questions for Leaders, - - _ 337 The Expansion OF Christianity, - - 351 Missionary Chronology, - - - 357 Prevailing Religions, - - - 3^5 Bibliography, ----- 357 Index, ------ 371 MAPS AND CHARTS Map of the Prevailing Religions of the World ------- Frontispiece Chart I. Apostolic Period, 33-100 A.D., - 351 Chart II. Patristic Period, 100-800 A.D., - 352 Chart III. Medieval Period, 800-1500 A.D., - 353 Chart IV. Reformation and Post-Reforma- tion Periods, 1517-1793 A.D., - 354 Chart V. Modern Period, 1793-to date, - 356 Outlines of Missionary History CHAPTEE I INTKODUCTOEY The History of Christian Missions is a topic of wide scope and large importance. It has to do with the motives and the deeds of those who, from the time of the Great Commission to the present day, have gone up and down the highways and the byways of earth proclaiming to all men, ^' ' The Kingdom of heaven is at hand ; repent ye and be- lieve the gospel." It is one of the great depart- ments of the records of human thonght and in- terests, and some knowledge of it is therefore essential not only to the student, but as well to the man of affairs who is interested in the origin and development of the greatest enterprise that has ever engaged the thought or action of man- kind. At the very beginning of such a study it is necessary to have some clear and brief definition of our topic, and the one that is suggested in the answer to the natural query, '^What is Chris- tian missions r' is this, ^^ Christian missions is the proclamation of the gospel to the unconverted according to the command of Christ." Let us dwell a moment on the important words of this definition. iMark 1:15. 4 MISSIONAEY HISTORY The root idea of the word ** mission" or ** mis- sions'' is to send (Latin, mitto). The missionary- is, therefore, one who is sent. He is simply a messenger. He goes not at his own initiative, nor to accomplish a purpose which he has orig- inated, but as the agent of the one who sends him and to do that for which he is commissioned ; and the more absolutely he succeeds in simply repre- senting the One who has sent him, and the more intelligently, faithfully and consecratedly he does his work, the more perfectly does he fulfill his mission. Another word of importance in this definition is ** proclamation," which literally means '*to shout out" a thing. And that is the fundamental thought of the missionary message. We are to **cry aloud and spare not." Our word is one of warning as well as of good news — ^^ Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish," and who would think of ever sounding an alarm in a gentle whisper or with soothing accents f The message thus proclaimed is **the gospel," the good news, the message of which Christ Him- self was the first messenger, ^^^Grod so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life ;" ^"The Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost." This **good news" includes all the blessings that ac- company and flow from the gospel. Civilization, 3 John 3:16. ^'Luke 19:20. INTEODUCTORY 5 ^ood order, progress, peace, liuinaiiity, liberty ;of life and thought and speech, — all that men deem ;worth living for, is the fruit of the gospel. Another vital term of this definition is *Hhe unconverted, '' signifying those either who through ignorance do not know or through willfulness or indifference neglect or reject the gospel. These are sometimes called ^* heathen," sometimes '^ pagan," sometimes ** unbelievers," sometimes ** non-Christian," but all are comprehended in the word *^ unconverted," — ^not turned to Christ. They are like those to whom the prophet cried, ^**Turn ye, turn ye, for why will ye die, house of Israel," and those others to whom the Saviour Himself said in sorrow, ^*^Ye will not come unto Me that ye might have life." These unconverted are found everywhere. Darkest Africa hides no sadder cases of sinful re- jection of the Christ than does enlightened Amer- ica. "We talk about foreign missions, or home mis- sions, or city missions; but all these terms are ©imply convenient designations of relative situ- ation, and no discrimination as to their worth or need, such 'as is often thoughtlessly made, should ever be expressed. In each case, and whether the sinner is such through excusable ignorance or in- excusable willfulness, the danger is the same, and the remedy is one, even as the drowning man must be rescued from his peril, whether his dan- ger has arisen from a reckless disregard or an *Ezek. 33:11. 6 John 6:40. 6 MISSIONARY HISTOEY ntter ignorance of tlie power of tlie mighty tide that is dragging him down to death. Finally, in our definition, we must recognize that the only right we have to go as messengers to the unconverted with the gospel of salvation through Christ is the fact that He has commanded us to do so. ^**Go ye, therefore, and disciple all nations" is not a polite request, not the mere ex- pression of a, wish, not a simple suggestion; but a short, sharp, direct, explicit, peremptory and permanent order from the Great Captain of our salvation to us, His soldiers, ^^Go." To be obedi- ent and faithful to Him, we must go in person or by substitute, with direct ^or indirect appeal, through our influence or by our gifts, and wher- ever we can reach the unconverted we must brin^ to them the one supreme message, ^*^The King- dom of heaven is at hand, repent ye and believe the gospel." *^ ^ Go ye into all the world and preach the gos- pel to every creature" was the final, the most imperative and the most inclusive command of the risen Christ. In it the Christian Church of every age should perceive her universal message and her most important duty. After the question, ^^What is meant by Chris- tian missions?" the next query naturally is, **What are the essential qualifications of the mis- sionary?" ^^What must be the spirit of him who would carry to his fellow-men this message of salvation?" The answer to this is threefold: 6Matt. 28:19, 7 Mark 1:15, SMark 16:15. INTEODUCTORY 7 1. He must have the spirit of Obedience. The^ basis of Ms work is the command of Christ, and to make that command an actuality, the spiril of obedience to it must be the great foundation principle of the missionary's life. ^"Ye have not chosen Me, but I have chosen you and ordained you, that ye should go and bring forth fruit,'* -were Christ's words to His early disciples, and the fact remains the same to-day. The missionary does not go from his own free choice in the human sense, — an obligation is laid upon his soul, and with Paul he exclaims, ^''^'Woe is me if I preach not the gospel." Thus driven by this inward sense of need, he goes forth to conquer the world for Christ, or to die in the attempt, his face toward the foe. 2. And he must also have the spirit of Love. Obedience may compel, but love will sustain him. ^^'' Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends. Ye are My friends, if ye do whatsoever I have commanded you." Obedience may be the foundation of the Christian's work, but love is the fair superstruc- ture which rises beautiful and enduring upon the rock of faith-filled obedience to the Master's Word. 3. But even obedience and love will not wholly fit the man for his work. He may add to these the qualities of an educated mind, a refined and consecrated intellect, a persuasive manner and the knowledge and use of the best methods of work, 9 John 15:16. loi. Cor. 9:16. "John 15:13, 14 S MISSIONARY HISTORY; and yet even all these are not wholly sufficient. Pne essential quality must be had — Power, that power which only the Holy Spirit can impart and without which the best meant efforts will be barren of results. The promise of Christ to His disciples was and still is, ^^^^Ye shall receive power after the Holy Ghost is come upon you, ' ' and then, and only then, can they be *' witnesses'' who shall testify with convicting and convincing force to the mercy of God in Christ Jesus, and to the love of that Saviour who came into the world that the world through Him might be saved. One other important question remains to be answered, ^^Wliat have been and what are the principal motives which have influenced the Chris- tian Church in the establishment and maintenance of missionary workf Five may be mentioned, of which the first is : The exaltation of Jesus Christ. This was prob- ably one of the first and strongest motives in the early Church. Jesus Christ, through the preach- ing of the gospel by the apostles and their suc- cessors, had claimed the allegiance of the world as their Saviour. But His claim was not only disputed, but ridiculed. He was ^^*^ despised'' as well as rejected of men. He was regarded as simply a condemned criminal, an offender against the Jewish law, who had been executed for the dreadful crime of blasphemy; or at best He was looked upon as "''beside Himself" with fanati- 12 Acts 1:8. I31sa. 53:3. i* Mark 3:21. INTEODUCTORY 9 cism and ambition. His divinity was neither accepted nor understood. His doctrines of love and mercy seemed a confession of weakness. His humility was translated into fear or coward- ice. In a word, Jesus Christ was considered as either a keen impostor or a harmful enthusiast and treated accordingly by the wise and the mighty of His day. It was, therefore^ the first duty and the first effort of His disciples to show His true nature, the justice of His claims, the righteousness of His demands, the beauty and holiness of His character, and the divinity of His person and His work. To this all their efforts and all their preaching were directed, and so effectu^ ally that before three hundred years had elapsed! after His birth the Eoman world, which had so despised and slandered Jesus of Nazareth, was, in form at least, acknowledging Him as the Christ of God. And the same motive must still be potent, because there are still many in the world who in reality, if not by outward act, despise Jesus as greatly as did those enemies who delivered Him to Pontius Pilate. In Japan, not sixty years ago, the religion of Jesus was forbidden as a pestilential thing, and the Christian converts, if found, were compelled to trample on the cross. In many other lands to-day Christianity is despised, and even in nominally Christian countries thousands and mil- lions are to be found who, by their attitude of contempt and hatred, ^^^^ crucify the Son of God «Heb. 6:6. 10 missionaey; histoey afresh and put Him to an open shame." It must still, therefore, be a strong motive of the Christian missionary, whether at home or abroad, to exalt Jesus, to show the loveliness of His character, the greatness of His mercy, the terribleness of His wrath, and the dignity and honor of His crown and throne. A second motive prominent in the history of missions is the desire for the salvation of men. This possibly takes precedence even of the first motive, and perhaps always has, for if any one is converted to Christ and his salvation has been thus secured, his honor and reverence for the Lord Jesus is of course assured. And to him who realizes the truth of the declaration, ^^** Neither is there salvation in any other, for there is n'one ptlier name under heaven given among men whereby we must be saved," this motive will surely be all powerful. It follows the course of a natural impulse. Men are in danger of eternal death. Without the knowledge of Christ as a Saviour they are lost. There is, then, but one supreme duty for the disciples of Christ, to go to every man with the message of salvation and to beseech them in ^^^^ Christ's name to be reconciled to God." A third motive is the uplift or betterment of bur fellow-men. There are those to whom even the material benefits of Christianity appear great enough to warrant the work of missions amid un- 16 Acts 4:12. "2 Cor. 6:20. INTEODUCTOEY 11 civilized peoples. The writer was once told by one who had been for years a very earnest and consecrated missionary in India, that he would consider his life and strength well spent if only be were able to lift up the common people of India to the enjoyment of some of the intellectual and material benefits of modem civilization. But it would seem as if this motive were hardly suffi- cient. We can not forget the divine word, ^^* * Seek ye first the Kingdom of God and His righteous- ness, and all these things shall be added unto you." Nevertheless it is true that we must consider that the material advantages of Chris- tianity are in themselves very great, and that when added to spiritual blessings they are of in- estimable value, even great enough to warrant one in giving much attention to them. "We need but to recall the examples of Livingstone in his antagonism to the African slave trade ; of Mackay, bf Uganda, in his training of the natives in the mechanical arts; of Dr. Parker, who opened the way for the gospel in China by his medical Work, and of Dr. Verbeck's educational work in Japan, to realize that the material gifts of Christianity to lands that have less of temporal blessings than have Christian nations, have been wonderful in their ultimate influence upon the spiritual life of such peoples. In the missionary work of the Christians of the period of the Middle Ages, we find another strong Ullfatt. 6:83. 12 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY motive arising from the gradual centralizing of Cliristian life and activity in the Church of Eome and from the conviction that the Church 's rule to be effective must be material and direct and co- equal, if not superior, in its authority to that of the State. Thus the motive of the supremacy of the visible Church and the extension of its rule, both as a spiritual and in many ways as a govern- mental power, took possession of the minds of the Christian Church, and for many centuries that motive dominated her relations to all those peo- ples with whom she came into contact. A last motive that has had great influence over tlie Church in her times of greatest power, has been the desire for the conquest of the world for Christ. Christ is our King, mankind His right- ful subjects; all who knowingly reject His rule are, therefore, rebels against the highest author^ ity in heaven or on earth, and the Church, as the expression of Christ's will on earth, must be His instrument in making known that will to all men, thus hastening the day ^^^'when every knee shall bow and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory of God the Father." It is no temporal rule that is thus proposed or sought, and in this respect it differs absolutely and es- sentially from the motive of the domination of the Church as a temporal power. It is rather a spiritual rule such as was voiced in the war- cry of the Cromwellians in England, ^^For wPhil. 2:10. INTRODIJCTOEY 13 Clirist's Crown and Covenant/' whereby not through external conformity alone, but through spiritual agreement with the will of Grod, there shall be realized on earth the vision of that heavenly condition in which all men shall acknowl- edge that ^°**One is their Master, even Christ, and all they are brethren/' These five motives then, viz. : The exaltation of Christ as Lord; the salvation of the souls of men ; the uplift of men by bettering their physical and moral condition; the elevation of the Church to the place of supreme control in the State, and the extension of the Kingdom of God over all the earth, have been for the most part the con- trolling influences in the establishment and de- velopment of the great missionary enterprises of the Christian Church from the time of her found- ing until the present day. Matt. 23:8. CHAPTEE n APOSTOLIC MISSIONS The history of mission's may be divided into sis periods, of which the first period, extending from the death of Christ to the death of John (33-100 A. D.) is called the Period of Apostolic Mis- sions. This period began with the earthly min- istry of our Lord. His life for more than three years was that of the itinerant missionary. Up and down, through the land of Palestine He went ^* teaching in their synagogues and preaching the gospel of the Kingdom and healing every sickness and all manner of disease among the people. ' ' He had His missionary training class. His spiritual clinic, in which He not only taught His disciples the principles of the gospel which was to form the subject of His scholars' work, but by mani- fold examples explained His teaching and en- forced His wonderful words by His equally won- derful works of mercy and compassion. And when the Lord's earthly work was brought to a close and the twelve leaders of ihe newly bom Church had received the enduement of the Holy Spirit, immediately the great missionary work of the Church began, and the Apostolic Period of Christian Missions was fully inaugurated. We must not, however, think of the apostles iMatt. 4:23. 14 APOSTOLIC MISSIONS 15 ais the only misisionaries of this period, nor of their work as the only important or even the most important missionary enterprise then carried on. This work was done by a multitude of Christians, for, as we read, ^'*they that were scattered abroad," by the persecution that arose after the martyrdom of Stephen, ** went everywhere preach- ing the Word/' It was therefore a time of in- dividual effort, of general consecration to the work of proclaiming the gospel; in a word, it was not a movement of the leaders, but of the common people, the ** laymen's missionary movement" of the first century. ^^** There was no widely extended missionary organization; there was scarcely even a Church as we understand that term. There was simply a constantly increas- ing number of individual believers who, wherever they went, whether on their regular business or driven by persecution, preached Christ, told the story of the Cross, bore witness to its value for themselves, and urged the acceptance of the Saviour on those with whom they came in con- tact. Of missionaries in the modem sense of the term there were not many ; of those who devoted their full time and strength to the work of preaching there were very few, but of those who made their trade, their profession, their every- day occupation, of whatever nature it was, the means of extending their faith, there was a mul- titude."/ Acts 8:4. « •• The Missionary Enterprise," p. 14. 16 MISSIONAEY HISTOET" And this metliod of the gospel propaganda was wonderfully efficient. Even so early in tlie his- tory of the Church as the Day of Pentecost, only forty days after Jesus' ascension, the list of the representatives of various nations, who, as visit- ors to Jerusalem, had heard the gospel message, is astonishingly large. And in a few years Paul is writing to the chief cities of Asia Minor and of Greece, and even to Eome itself, instruct- ing, ^admonilshing, and cheering the missionary Churches that had been established in these influ- ential national centers. Thus the apostolic period, though the most brief of all the divisions of the missionary work of the Church, was perhaps more fruitful than any period that has succeeded it, nor is it likely that at any time during the Church's history has her missionary work so completely absorbed her attention and effort. It was the well-nigh uni- versal occupation of the Church of the first cen- tury, (and with such vigor and faith was the work IDursued that ere the last apostle, whose sorrow- darkened eyes had seen his Master hanging on the cross of Calvary, had been translated to the glories of that heaven which the Master had promised His disciples, there were but few important dis- tricts of the great Roman world that had not at least heard of this new faith. It must not be thought, however, that this growth was attained without the severest oppo- sition. The execution of Stephen and the perse- APOSTOLIC MISSIONS 17 feutionis led by Saul were but the forerunners of la long and pitiless attempt to root out this *' pesti- lent superstition. ' ' Nations swarms of zeal- ous Irish missionaries had woven their ideas widely through the fabric," and the resultant was a form of faith which was not pleasing to Rome or wholly in accord with the theological or ec- clesiastical needs of the days. *^ Boniface proved the man for the hour. He converted, organized. 4 "Two Thousand Years Before Carey," p. 303. PATRISTIC OR EARLY CHURCH 31 land reorganized the German Cliurclies into tlie one .Church of Rome. The heathen Allemani, Hes- ei'ans, Bavarians, Saxons, and Franks of the vari- ous tribes heard the gospel from him and turned to Christ in great numbers." ^^^It is said that in the course of about twenty years he baptized about 100,000 of the pagan inhabitants of Ger- many. Although this number is probably much exaggerated and although such wholesale bap- tisms were not an unmixed good, yet it is evident that it was by his zeal, combined with a singular faculty for organization, that Germany became a professedly Christian land." In his old age he essayed once more to carry the gospel into Hol- land or Frisia, whence he had withdrawn in his early manhood, and set out with an expedition for that purpose. For a time they succeeded in their work, but soon the savage Frisians deter- mined to rid themselves of their intruders, and there on the shores of the Zuider Zee, at the age of seventy-five, Boniface pillowed his head on a volume of the Gospels and calmly received the sword-stroke that gave him the martyr's crown. "WHiile this work was going on in Central Europe, there were those who penetrated beyond the rivers and forests of France and Germany and Holland to the remoter regions of Denmark and Sweden and even to far-away Greenland. In Denmark and Sweden the pioneer missionary was Anskar (822). He was invited to Denmark by 6 " Medieval Missions," p 114. 32 MISSIONAEY. HISTORY King Harold of Jutland, who, in a visit to Louis the Pious, the successor of Charlemagne, had been converted to Christianity. Returning with this king, he established a Christian school, whose advantages, however, were so little appreciated that he had to get his scholars from among slave boys, who were compelled to attend Anskar's instructions. Nevertheless, some progress was made until King Harold, by a revolt of his people, was forced to abdicate his throne, and the work of the missionaries was for the time brought to a close. But while the door was thus shut in Denmark, it was opened in Sweden, *^ where,'' as says Neander in his Church History, * ' some seeds of Christianity had already been scattered. Com- merce had especially contributed to this event. Christian merchants had conveyed the knowledge of Christianity to Sweden, and merchants from Sweden, becoming acquainted with Christianity at Dorstede (or Dordrecht, in Holland, which in those days was the great entrepot of the Northern trade) had many of them no doubt embraced the faith. Thus the way was opened for Anskar to minister to the Christians already in Denmark and through them to reach their savage and still heathen countrjonen. He established his work at Hamburg, on the borders of Germany and Den- mark, and in spite of reverses and losses, suc- ceeded in establishing Christianity in both of these northern kingdoms." Similar work was done in Pomerania by Otto, PATEISTIC OE EARLY CHUECH 33 wlio astonislied tlie splendor-loving Eussians by tlie impressiveness of his services and the mag- nificence of the long line of his richly dressed retinue. It is said of this missionary that ^^he did little public preaching, but a great many Christlike deeds," which perhaps was not a bad example for his successors in other lands and ages. *^Lief the Lucky" was a son of the Norseman Eric the Eed, the reputed discoverer and colo- nizer of Greenland. Visiting the king of Norway, who was a Christian, Lief was easily led to em- brace the faith, and then determined to return to Greenland and Christianize the colonists from Iceland, who had settled there. On his way he was driven to the south by storms and is pre- sumed to have landed on the coast of New Eng- land. Thus, though for four hundred years no use was made of this discovery, ^^^the continent of North America was first visited by a Christian Viking bound on an errand from the king of Norway to win the people of Greenland to Christ." On reaching Greenland he established a Christian Church in his father's colony which continued for four hundred years or until the colony was finally abandoned. During 'all this time of missionary activity ton the part of the Western or Eoman Church, the Eastern Church or that portion of Christen- dom which acknowledged the Patriarch of Con- 8 " Winners of the World," pp. 5-7. 3 34 MISSIONARY HISTORY stantinople as their head, was not moved to any great display of missionary zeal. Perhaps their most noted achievement was in the mission of two Greek priests from Thessalonica, the brothers Cyril and Methodius, by name. Their special work was among the Bulgarians, and the story is that their savage king Bagoris was converted by see- ing a picture of the Last Judgment, which Metho- dius, who was skilled in painting, had depicted upon the wall of the palace. The brother mis- eionaries also did a work more lasting than the conversion of a barbaric king. "^^ * They found the Slavonic race without a written language and con- structed for it an alphabet based on the Greek. Having made letters for the Slavs, they gave them a literature. They translated the whole Bible into Slavonian and created a liturgy in that tongue. As Max Mtiller says, 'This is still the authorized version of the Bible for the Slavonic race and to the student of the Slavonic languages it is what Gothic is to the student of German.' '' But even a greater result of their work was that in thus enabling the Slavs to worship God and to read His Word in their own language, instead of in the Latin, they aroused the an- tagonism of the more bigoted of the Romish clergy, including the pope, and precipitated the final separation of the Church into its two great divisions of Roman and Greek. Such are a few examples of the early mis- 7 "Two Thousand Years Before Carey," p. 328. PATEISTIC OR EARLY CHURCH 35 sionaries and of the character of the work whereby they laid the foundation of the religion which in most of their mission fields has persisted to the present day. It may, however, be useful to gather up the suggestions of these facts into a somewhat general statement and to look at both sides of this work of missions in mediaeval and early times, noting very briefly its benefits and its defects. As to the latter, a recent writer says: ^'*The aim of these workers throughout this long period (the mediaeval) was to bring men under the power of the sacraments and to make them the subject of priestly intercession and manipulation. The missionaries wrouglit not to make disciples, but to induce men to suffer the clergy to save them through priestly services of magical value. *^The missionary strategy appears in the workers first getting a priestly hold over leaders, kings, nobles, etc., and subsequently prevailing on them to enforce the acceptance of the current Christianity on their subjects: in their attacks on heathen superstitions and gods and, coming off unhurt, arguing the victory of Christ over the god whose honor had been attacked, and in playing generally upon the ignorance and superstition of the people." This writer also instances the de- creasing use of the Scriptures in the vernacular and the increasing dependence upon false miracles and the modifying of the gospel to meet the special 8 " Introduction to Christian Missions," pp. 93,94. V 36 MISSIOXAEY HISTOEY tastes and customs of those to wliom they pre- 6 en ted it. Still, althougli all this and more is probably true, it must be remembered that however im- perfect from our twentieth century standpoint these mediaeval missions were as to spirit or method, yet they were infinitely superior to any other religious influence then in existence and that their standards of Christian thought and living were a power to raise those who accepted them far above their pre\dous convictions and actions. We are not ourselves as yet so far removed from all crudities and imperfections in the life of so- called Christian peoples, nor even in the methods and work of our missionary endeavors, as to look with entire disapproval upon the work of men, many of whom wrought so faithfully and with such passionate devotion to the light of truth as they saw it. The annals of patristic and mediaeval missions, as well as those of the Eomish Church of later generations, are full of examples of thq most splendid devotion to the cause of Christ as they understood that cause and its requirements in their day. The methods employed in the Mediaeval Age were essentially those of an earlier age, and it is interesting to note that the five methods still largely used by foreign missionary workers were well known to the workers of a thousand years ago — preaching the gospel, medical work, of which the monks were almost the sole practitioners, lit- PATRISTIC OR EARLY CHURCH 37 erary work, whereby the spark of learning was kept alive among the clergy when it had almost died out among the common people, and educa- tional work, for the monasteries and nunneries were the combined common school, high school, and university of the day, without whose efforts a greater ignorance even than that which did pre- vail would have been inevitable. And finally, the industrial method, so usefully employed to-day, is found at least in its genesis, for, as a writer says: ^^^A monastery was as a rule an institution competent to supply the temporal necessities of its members. Some of the brothers gave a meas- ure of attention to agriculture and dairying and stock-raising; some to the mechanical arts; some, but in rarer instances, to the fine arts and learn- ing. In the effort to support themselves and their work they became, by example, teachers of the communities around them in many of the arts of civilization and wrought for their material ad- vancement along many lines." One thing, however, especially marked the missions of this age, in that the ^4a}mien's move- ment" of the early Church, during which time, as we have seen, every Christian was a missionary, was replaced by a body of missionaries recruited almost wholly from the clergy. Such were Patrick and Columba, founders of the Irish and the Scot- tish Churches ; such were Columbanus and GTalbus, •United Editors* Encyclopedia — ^Article "Monasteries." 38 MISSIONARY HISTORY who labored in Gaul and Switzerland; such was Augustine of England; such were Willibrord in Holland and Boniface in Germany ; such were the apostles to Bulgaria, Cyril and Methodius, and such were the great missionary orders, the Do- minicans and Franciscans and Jesuits, whose chief work was the spread of the gospel and the ag- grandizement of that Church which to them rep- resented Christianity. Such, too, we may remark in passing, has been until very lately the general trend of even Protestant missions, and we may hail with gratitude and great hopefulness the re- vival of missionary knowledge and zeal among the laymen of the Protestant Church of to-day, as in a sense a return to those convictions and methods by means of which, for the first three or four cen- turies of the Christian era, the religion of the Christ swept on to victory. CHAPTEE IV MEDIEVAL. MISSIONS In the latter part of tlie eleventh century arose that remarkable series of events called the Cru- sades, which might almost be called the ** missions militant" of the Christian Chnrch, whose imme- diate purpose was to rescue the Holy Land and the tomb of Christ from the domination of the Moslems, and whose effects upon the religious, intellectual, and social life of Europe, and ulti- mately of the civilized World, were both powerful and widespread. There are usually reckoned in history seven crusades, extending over a period of about one hundred and seventy-five years (1095-1270). Their immediate cause was the oppressions and cruelties wrought by the more fanatical Moslems on Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land, as well as on Christian natives of Syria and surrounding lands. Pope Urban II preached a crusade to avenge the wrongs of these Christians and to rescue the tomb of Christ from the possession of the Moslems, and his exhortations aroused wide- spread enthusiasm. Thousands from all parts of Christendom enlisted for the Holy War. The war- cry of the advancing hosts was '*Deus VuU" (God 39 40 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY Wills It), and their armor, shields, and banners were emblazoned with the sign of the cross. The first expeditions consisted of undisciplined and useless material and were wholly unfitted to meet the difficulties they encountered. They never even reached Palestine. Each was overcome by the hardships of the journey or was attacked and cut to pieces by the Mohammedans. At last (1096) there set forth on their tre- mendous task six armies of disciplined and well- armed warriors, comprising over 600,000 men, the chivalry and military power of feudal Europe, led by chiefs of experience and renown. They ren- dezvoused at Constantinople, captured Nice in 1097, Antioch in 1098, and after incredible hard- ships and sufferings from disease and battle, achieved the great object of the expedition by the capture of Jerusalem in 1099. Godfrey of Bouil- lon was elected king of Jerusalem and a Christian kingdom erected which finally included all of Pal- estine, and which withstood the attacks of the sur- rounding Mohammedan nations for more than fifty years, until it fell before their persistent onslaughts. Eepeated attempts were made by the Moslems to recapture Syria and Palestine, and by the Christians to defend these possessions or to take once again those portions that fell before the valor of the Saracenic or Arabian hosts. These succeeding Crusades occurred in 1144, 1189, 1203, 1228, 1244, and 1270. The most holy priests of the Church preached these Crusades, and the MEDIEVAL MISSIONS 41 mightiest monarcbs of Europe and their peoples engaged in them, but little by little the religious fervor grew cool, the political and military re- wards of such expeditions became less tempting, and in 1270, with the return from Syria of Prince Edward, afterward Edward I, *'the last of the crusaders," the Holy Land and its adjacent ter- ritory was gradually repossessed by the Saracens and other Moslem peoples, under whose control it has ever since remained. As to the effect of the Crusades, while they were in no true sense a missionary movement, yet they spread the knowledge of Christianity among regions in which it had long been unkaown, ex- erted a strong influence upon the life of mediaeval and even of modern Europe, and did much in bringing together the East and the West in a way never before possible. As a writer on this sub- ject well says, "^ While we can not help deploring the enormous expenditure of human life which the Crusades occasioned, it is impossible to overlook the fact that they exercised a most beneficial in- fluence on modem society." Guizot, in his lec- tures on European civilization, endeavors to show the design and place of the Crusades in the destinies of Christendom. '*To the first chron- iclers," he says, ^'and consequently to the first Crusaders of whom they are but the expression, Mohammedans are objects only of hatred; it is evident that those who speak of them do not know lUnited Editors* Encyclopedia, Article "Crusades.** 42 MISSIONAEY HISTORY them. The historians of the later Crusades speak quite differently: it is clear that they look upon them no longer as monsters; that they have to a certain extent entered into their ideas ; that they have lived with them ; and that relations and even a sort of sympathy have been established between them.'' Thus the minds of both parties, particu- larly of the Crusaders, were partly delivered from those prejudices which are the offspring of igno- rance. ^'A step was taken toward the enfran- chisement of the human mind." Secondly, the Crusaders were brought into contact with two civ- ilizations richer and more advanced than their own, the Greek and the Saracenic; and it is be- yond all question that they were much impressed by the wealth and comparative refinement of the East. Thirdly, the close relationship between the chief laymen of the West and the Church, inspired by the Crusades, enabled the former to 'inspect more narrowly the policy and motives of the papal court. ' ' The result was very disastrous to that spirit of veneration and belief on which the Church lived, and in many cases an extraordinaiy freedom of judgment and hardihood of opinion were induced, such as Europe had never before dreamed of. Fourthly, great social changes were brought about. A commerce between the East and the West sprang up, and towns, the early homes of liberty in Europe, began to grow great and powerful. The Crusades indeed ^^gave maritime commerce the strongest impulse it had ever re- MEDIAEVAL MISSIONS 43 ceived." The united effect of these things again, in predisposing the minds of men to a reformation in religion, has been often noticed. Other causes undoubtedly co-operated and in a more direct and decisive manner, but the influence of the Crusades in procuring an audience for Luther can not be overlooked by the philosophic historian. Although the Crusades did very little directly for the evangelization of the Mohammedans there were those in that age and in the immediately sub- sequent centuries who ardently desired and en- deavored to carry the Christian faith to Moslem peoples. Among those who stand out prominently in these efforts were ^ John of Damascus (760) and Peter the Venerable (1115) who first studied this problem with an intelligent sympathy and advo- cated the employment of spiritual weapons only against the Moslem, and who prepared for this purpose translations of the Scriptures and other religious works; Raymond Lull (1275), the first to urge the supreme need of special training for the evangelization of Moslems, and who exempli- fied his contention by his own life of toil and mar- tyrdom; and Francis Xavier (1596) who lived at Lahore, India, while writing a book by which he purpose to prove to Moslems the superiority of Christianity to Mohammedanism. During the mediaeval period, moreover, several monastic orders were formed or specially flour- ished whose principal purpose was to defend and extend the Christian faith and which may, there- ^ See Chapter X on Mohammedan Lands. 4:4: MISSIONAEY HISTOEY fore, be riglitly called the missionary orders or missionary societies of the Romish Church. lAmong the best known of these were : The Bene- dictines, the Franciscans, the Dominicans, and, most famous of all, the Society of Jesus or the Jesuits. The earliest of these orders was the Bene- dictines, founded by the father of monasticism in the Western Church, Saint Benedict of Nursia. Its first monastery was established in 529 at Monte Cassino near Naples, and after the sixth century the order increased so rapidly that the Benedictines must be regarded as the main agents in the spread of Christian civilization and learning in the "West. They are said to have had at one time as many as 37,000 monasteries, and counted among their branches the great order of Cluny, and the still greater order of the Cistercians, and later still the more modem order of the Trappists. These were popularly known as *Hhe Black Monks," because of the long black gown and cowl that formed the dress of their order. They were particularly flourishing in France, although they had also many monasteries and much wealth in Germany, Spain, Italy, and England. They were chiefly noted as promoters of literature and edu- cation, and many eminent writers and translators are numbered in this brotherhood. To them is largely due the preservation of literature during the Dark Ages, and though their direct connection with missionary work was but small, yet by pro- MEDIEVAL MISSIONS 45 viding a literature wliicli Was of value to the spread of Cliristian civilization, they rendered a service of incalculable value to the development of the religious and literary life of the Middle Ages. The Franciscans, or Minorites, popularly called the ' ' Gray Friars, ' ' in distinction from the ** Black Monks'' or Benedictines, was an order founded by Saint Francis of Assisi, who is to be carefully distinguished from Saint Francis Xavier. Francis of Assisi was the son of an Italian merchant, who led at first a life of pleasure and worldliness, which he later renounced for the poverty and self-denial of a religious life. In 1208, with seven other companions, he formed a monastic community whose three chief rules were the vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience. The literal interpretation of the vow of poverty would have prohibited the ownership of any property by the order, and over this point many and serious contentions arose which gave rise to other affili- ated but less vigorously conducted branches of the order. A very important feature of the order of Franciscans was the enrollment of members who were not bound to live in the monasteries, but who continued to mingle with society without the rule of celibacy or the more stringent regulations of the order. These were called ^^Tertiaries" or members of the Third Order of St. Francis. They were bound to devote themselves to the works of Christian charity, to serve the sick, to instruct the ignorant, and in a word to practice as far aa 46 MISSIONARY HISTOEY possible, while living in the world, tlie virtues of the cloister. In this branch of the order were members of every rank from the throne to the cottage, and their influence counted largely on the religious and social life of their times. In time they e reached with the healing and purifying touch of Christianity. Empty-headed, frivolous, and lifeless as is the ordinary Hindu or Mohammedan woman, she is yet within reach of the motives which the mis- sionary thus brings to bear upon her and great have been the results in leading such as these to Christ. There are now estimated to be fifty thou- sand zenanas in India open to the visits of the Christian missionary, but there are yet forty mil- lions of women in zenanas who can be reached by no other agency." In education women's work is of supreme im- portance, and as the utmost care is taken that the secular side does not overshadow the religious, the Christian schools are the seed-l)eds of the native Church. In the primary schools and kin- dergartens the girls receive equal attention with the little boys, and in the high schools manual training courses are mingled with those purely literary. There are two Christian oolleges foi: •«LuxChri8U;'p.«03. 6 82 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY women, tlie oldest being tliat at Lucknow, under the care of the American Methodists, and the other the Sarah Tucker College, in Palamcotta, South India, under the Church Missionary So- ciety. The Government colleges are also opened to women, and in about thirty years (1870-1899) 1,306 women passed the entrance examination. As an example of the ^^ finished product '* of In- dian female education we need mention only Miss Lilavati Singh, of whom the late Ex-President Harrison said, at the World's Missionary Con- ference in 1900, ^^If I had given a million dollars to foreign missions, I should count it wisely in- vested if it led only to the conversion of that one woman.'' Mrs. Sarabji and her daughters, the well-known educators of Parsi women, and the world-renowned Pundita Eamabai are con- spicuous examples of the benefits of Christian education of Indian women. Miss Clara Swain, M. D., was sent out in 1869 as the first woman medical missionary to India. She formed a class of sixteen girls for the study of medicine, of which thirteen in due time became qualified practitioners. She also secured the erection of an adequate dispensary and hospital for women. The Nawab of E amp ore gave land worth $15,000 for this purpose, and the cost of the buildings was met by the Methodist Women's Society at home. Dispens-ary cards are dis- tributed bearing verses of Scripture, and Bible INDIA 83 women work among the patients while they wait their turn with the doctors. Certain forward movements in later years give promise of a rich fruitage from the labors of the past The spiritual unity of Christians has been emphasized by the formation of the South India United Church (1908), a union of all Christians of the Presbyterian and Congregational Missions in South India. A Women's Missionary College has been re- cently organized in Madras by the co-operation of no less than ten British and American Missionary Societies. A National Missionary Council, with Provincial Eepresentative Councils in each of the great provinces of India, has lately been consti- tuted to consider and co-operate in plans of mutual importance and interest. The life of India has also been deeply stirred of late by the awakening of its social conscience and its desire for social service. Two or three great issues have particularly held its attention — such as the education and elevation of women, the condition of the depressed classes and evils result- ing from the caste system. The need of education is particularly emphasized. In 1912-1913 the total increase of pupils in British India was nearly 400,000, yet only twenty-nine per cent of the boys and five per cent of the girls of school-going age are at school. All these and other similar movements are having a mighty influence upon the religious, social and political life of India. CHAPTEE Vn CHINA China, tlie oldest, the largest, and the most popu- lous of Asiatic countries, has been for centuries a missionary problem. Its authentic history dates back to the times contemporaneous with the rise of Greece and Rome, the fall of Troy, and the days of David and Solomon in Israel. The area of this great land covers one-third of the entire area of Asia, and equals that of the United States, plus the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada and all of Mexico, to a point beyond the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, or, roughly speaking, about 4,225,000 square miles. The area of China proper, however, is only about one-third of the whole empire. This portion is nearly the size of the United States east of the Rocky Moun- tains. Parts of this area are among the most thickly populated on the face of the globe, (and although an accurate census of the inhabitants of China has never yet been made, it is estimated at from ^360,000,000 to ^386,000,000, ^426,000,000, or even ^446,000,000. This is almost one-fourth of l"Rex Christiis,"p. 3. SWarneck, p. 334. 3 Editors* Encyclopedia. 4 Beach, "Geography of Protestant Missions," p. 262. Si CHINA 85 tlie total population of tlie globe. ^''TMs vast population lias as one of its most striking cliar- acteristics its homogeneity. A common written language, and uniform customs and religions, to- gether with their isolation for ages from sur- rounding nations, have made this people a prac- tical unit. A patriarchal government based in- telleotually upon a common literature which is the stepping-stone to all official emplo^anent, has welded them together with iron bands, so that to-day they present a united front to the powers of the West." The reliable history of Christian missions in this great countr}^ begins with the entrance of the Nestoriians, in 505 A. D., to which testimony is borne by the discovery of the famous Nestorian Tablet, which was found in Hsi-Ngan-Fu in 1625, by workmen engaged in digging for the founda- tions of a house. The date of this tablet is 781 A. D., which is generally accepted as authentic, and Nestorian Christians seem to have labored in China for upwards of 800 years. Eoman Catholic missions commenced with the work of John of Monte Corvino, an Italian monk, who went on a mission to the Tartars, reaching China about 1298. He built a church at Peking in the tower of which were three bells which were rung at all the canonical hours. He also bought one hundred and fifty slave boys, whom he taught Latin and Greek. He taught these boys to copy C" Geography of Protestant Missions," p. 263. 8Q MISSIONAEY HISTOEY manuscript, and especially to chant tlie services of tlie Ciiurcli, and lie tells us tliat the emperor of China used often to come and hear them sing and was greatly pleased with their performance. He also did an important work in translating the New Testament and Psalms into Chinese. In 1308 he was reinforced by three Franciscan monks, and they were followed by other faithful men. But on the fall of the Mongol dynasty, which had favored the Christians, the new rulers of the Ming dynasty put a stop to all communi- oation with foreign lands, and the Christians were persecuted and slain, so that for nearly two hundred years Christianity in China was prac- tically dead and forgotten. Then came the great Jesuit missionary St. Francis Xavier, who made desperate but unavailing attempts to obtain a permanent foothold in the empire (1553), and he was followed thirty years later by **one whose brilliant career in China perhaps has never been equaled by any other missionary in any land — Matteo Ricci. With another Jesuit named Rug- gereo, he effected an entrance into the province of Kuang-tung, in 1582, by concealing their pur- pose and adopting the garb of Buddhist priests. After many years of labor these men and their companions achieved much success and influence, particularly as educators and teachers of West- em science, literature, etc. But later they became involved in doctrinal difficulties among themselves and in political and other disputes with the CHINA 87 Chinese authorities, which early in the eighteenth! century, and even as late as 1747, led to violent persecutions which for a while ^almost annihilated Christianity in China. In common with other for- eign religions, the Catholic missions shared the benefits of the Treaty of Tient-sin (1858), and now; report over 1,100,000 members in China. Protestant missions to China began with the :work of Eobert Morrison. Like Carey, he was a shoemaker, or rather a shoe-last miaker, and studied while at work at this humble trade. He studied Latin, Hebrew, and theology with the minister of his home parish. New Castle, Eng- land, and after some years of preparatory work, in which was included the study of Chinese, he sailed for China, via New York (1807), being un^ able to go directly to China because of the oppo- sition of the East India Company to missionary work in the East. In this respect Morrison's early difficulties resembled those of Carey. The American ship in which Morrison sailed from New York was owned by Olyphant and Co., a firm of Christian merchants, who heartily as- sisted the purpose of the young missionary. He also obtained a letter from the Secretary of State at Washington to the American consul at Canton, where he lived for a year in the factory of some New York merchants. The difficulties and dan- gers of his position and of those natives whose assistance he needed in the study of the language, were so great that for a while he clothed himself 88 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY in CMnese dress and adopted Chinese methods of living. After a year, however, his health be- coming impaired, he was driven to Maoao, a Portuguese possession, but a little later (1809), on his marriage to the daughter of an English merchant residing in Canton, he was able to re- turn there and to accept the offer of a position with the East India Company as a translator of Chinese. This gave him an assured place and income and was of advantage to him in his work of translating the Bible and other books into Chinese. In 1813, the Eev. "William Milne and his wife were sent out by the London Missionary Society as associates to Morrison and proved themselves to be invaluable assistants, but later Milne re- moved to Malacca, where he founded an Anglo- Saxon College. Morrison continued his work, completing the translation of the New Testament into Chinese and compiling an Anglo-Chinese dic- tionary which was published by the East India Company at a cost of £15,000. In. 1814, seven years after his arrival in China, he baptized Tsai- A-Ko, the first Chinese convert to Christianity, and in 1818 the entire Bible was translated into Chinese, a part of this work being done by Dr. Milne. In 1824-26 Morrison revisited England and was received with honor by George IV, as well as by the Churches and religious * societies of the country. He returned to China in 1826, and died there in 1834, ^*^ After twenty-seven of as labori- 6 "Rex Christus," p. 34. CHINA 89 bus and fruitful efforts as were ever spent by any missionary that ever penetrated the Celestial Em- pire. ' ' **Dr. Morrison published more than thirty dif- ferent works, one of which was his monumental dictionary in six quarto volumes." As has been said, **Any ordinary man would have considered the production of the gigantic English-Chinese dictionary a more than full fifteen years ^ work. But Morrison had, single-handed, translated most of the Bible ; had sent forth tracts and pamphlets ; had founded a dispensary, and established a col- lege, besides other duties as translator for the Company, and preaching and teaching every day of his life.'' That he was able to do this for a long series of years gives one some idea of the indomitable courage and perseverance of the man, for as Dr. Milne himself said, ^'*to acquire the Chinese is a work for men with bodies of brass, lungs of steel, heads of oak, hands of spring-steel, eyes of eagles, hearts of the apostles, memories of angels, and livefs of Methusaleh." With Dr. Milne and Dr. Medhurst, Dr. Mor- rison formed a Chinese trio, equaling in efficiency and influence the great contemporary trio of In- dian missionaries, Carey, Marshman, and Ward. The earliest American missionaries to China were the Eevs. E. C. Bridgman, of the Congrega- tional Church, and David Abeel, of the Eeformed Butch Church, who were sent out by the Amer- 1 ** Missionary Enterprise." p. 279. 90 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY ican Board with wliicli both of these denomina- tions were then connected (1829). Bridgman was an editor and writer of great ability. He was the founder of the '^Chinese Re- pository//' which continued to be issued for over twenty years with good results. ^^ ^ His great work was that of translation, but he also did his full share of direct missionary work in preaching and distributing religious literature. He was of great assistance in the negotiations which went forward between China and the foreign powers. When the plenipotentiaries of the four great treaty pow- ers — England, France, Eussia, and the United States — ^were conducting their negotiations which resulted in the Tient-sin Treaty of 1858, he was consulted by them and frequently translated of- ficial documents for them. In his thirty-two years in China he was more intimately connected with and known by the foreign community at Shanghai and Canton than any other missionary, and by all was highly esteemed.'' David Abeel is more particularly noted as the one who first interested the Christian women of England and America in organized missionary work for their own sex. He went to China with Bridgman in 1829 as chaplain for the American Seamen's Friend Society, and in 1831 made a tour to Batavia and other Dutch East India posses- sions to examine the missionary conditions pre- vailing there. In 1833 he returned to America 8 " Encyclopedia of Missions," Article " Bridgman." CHINA 91 hj way of Holland, Switzerland, and England, speaking in behalf of missions and so arousing tlie 'Christian women of England by his appeals that, in 1834, they formed the ** Society for Promoting Female Education in the East," the pioneer of English women's missionary societies. Much later, through the influence of this English society and the growing needs of the work, the pioneer American society, **The "Women's Union Mission- ary Society," was formed in New York (1861), with Mrs. Thomas C. Doremus for its first presi- dent. In 1842, when the treaty ports in China were first opened, Mr. Abeel immediately repaired to Amoy and founded the Amoy Mission, which a few years later (1857) was transferred by the American Board to the care of the Eeformed Church in America, by which it has since been conducted. ^' ' This work was begun by Mr. Abeel in a hired house under an overshadowing banyan tree in the island of Kolongsu, in Amoy harbor. By his courtliness, affability, and mianly consecra- tion he won the favor of both the literary and official classes, as well as of the common people. His health, never vigorous, soon utterly failed, and returning to the United States, he died there in 1844." It was Dr. Peter Parker of whom it is said, *'he opened China on the point of his lancet," and while it is true that successful medical work was done in China before his time by Morrison and 9 " History of the Amoy Mission," p. 9. 92 MISSIONAEY HISTORY Dr. Colledge of the East India Company, it was Dr. Parker wlio first began a systematic and con- tinued line of work for tlie medical treatment of native Chinese. "He went to Canton as a mis- sionary of the American Board in 1834 and the next year opened a free Ophthalmic Hospital in that city **to disarm prejudice and spread the gospel.'' ^^**In twelve short weeks the success- ful cures from this hospital accomplished more in removing the hitherto impenetrable wall of Chinese prejudice and restrictive policy than could have been accomplished in years by the cus- tomary missionary work." Later the hospital was enlarged to include general practice. In 1838 he had four students, one of whom became an expert operator. His labors in ten years were abundant, notwithstanding many obstacles. Be- ginning with a solitary patient, he personally treated over 53,000 people. In 1840 wars in China compelled Dr. Parker to return to America. He spent the time in teU- ing of the medical work in China, and as a result some medical missionary societies were organized. While in Edinburgh, in 1841, he was also instru- mental in organizing the Edinburgh Medical Mis- sionary Society, whose work has been widespread and successful. He afterwards became United States Commissioner to China, and later returned home, where he died in 1888, at the age of eighty- three. The hospital which he started in Canton 10 " Opportunities," p. 48. U " Pioneer Missionaries," p. 142. CHINA 93 etill oontinues a vigorous work, and as it is the first institution of the kind in heathen lands that •had as its twofold aim, first, the alleviation of human suffering, and secondly, the extension of Cliristianity through the influence obtained by the medical treatment of non-Christians, it is entitled to its claim to be the originator of medical mis- sionary hospitals. Up to 1842 residence and work in China had been difficult for all foreigners because of the re- strictive laws of the Chinese Government, but in 1841 what is called the Opium "War broke out, oc- casioned by an attempt of English and French vessels to smuggle into the country a large quan- tity of this destructive drug. By this unrighteous "war the wicked traffic was fixed upon the Chinese people, but an indirect blessing resulted in the opening of five ports. Canton, Amoy, Fu-chan, Kingpo, and Shanghai, to British residence and trade, which privileges were soon extended to all foreigners. "With these fresh opportunities, mis- sionary work became still more active. The Amer- ican Presbyterians began work in Canton in 1842, followed two years later by the Southern Bap- tists. Two German missions, the Ehenish and the Basel, entered the Kuang-tung Province in 1847, and the Northern Baptists, the English Presby- terians, the Congregationalists, the Methodist, the Episcopal, and other bodies followed rajjidly with new missions and reinforcements. In 1848 the first Protestant Church edifice ever y4: MISSIONAEY HISTORY; erected in Cliina for a distinctively Chinese con- gregation was bnilt by the Eev. William Pohl- man, a missionary of the Reformed Dntch Church, working under the American Board at Amoy. Mr. Pohlman collected the money for this building ($3,000), superintended its erection, and was lost at sea on a voyage to Hong Kong to purchase furnishings for the recently completed structure. The building still stands in constant use as a me- morial of the first native Protestant Church gath- ered in China. Among the missionaries of tliis early day, Dr. William Ashmore, of the American Baptists, and Rev. William C. Bums, of the English Presby- terians, are noted for their evangelistic work. Mr. Bums was especially (useful as a translator of Christian hymns for the use of native congre- gations, and of these he prepared and published several collections. He also translated the *^ Pil- grim's Progress" and other useful additions to Chinese Christian literature. ^^In carrying out his ideas he followed two new departures in mis- sionary work. He lived more among the Chinese than any previous worker had done, dressing as a Chinaman and eating Chinese food, and he took the risk of itinerating widely beyond the stipu- lated limits of the treaty ports. Burns 's life, it has been said, was ''more powerful as an influence than as an agency." The T'ai P'in*? Rebellion broke out in China 12 " Missionary Expansion," p. 149. CHINA 95 in 1850, and was injurious not only to tlie peace of the country, but to the Christian religion, be- cause its leader, Hung-Hsiu-Chuan, claimed that he was a Messiah like Jesus Christ and incor- porated into his declarations some Christian tenets. Jhe movement, however, soon became fanat- ical and revolting in its excesses, and finally (1865) it was suppressed by the Government troops led by British and American officers, among whom the most conspicuous was the brave and able English Christian soldier, Charles G. Gordon, ** Chinese Gordon," so called because of his eminently successful services in this war as the commander of the Chinese Imperial Army. During the third period (1860-1895) into which the progress of Chinese missions is sometimes divided, the expansion of missions went on rap- idly. By the treaty of Peking (1860), following the close of the so-called ** Arrow'' war, the lib- erties and privileges of foreigners were enlarged and religious freedom was permitted to Chinese converts. China also began to see the benefits of Western life and knowledge and to welcome mod- em education and training. Among other names of those who came into the work about this time we may mention only those of Griffith John, W. A. P. Martin, J. Hudson Taylor, and James Gilmour, of Mongolia, as be- ing t3rpieal of the inauguration or development of certain specific lines of work. 96 MISSIONARY HISTORY; THe Eev. Griffith Jolm was a Welslunan, wEdi was sent out by the London Missionary Society in 1861, and assigned to pioneer work in the in- terior of China. He went about seven hundred miles up the Yang-tse River to Han-Kow, the largest commercial center of Middle China, where he established a station, noted as being the pioneer inland mission of the Protestant Church. His labors here were particularly successful and were the entering wedge for the work of a number of other societies. Dr. W. A. P. Martin, a missionary of the American Presbyterian Board, is noted not only as a missionary educator, but as having obtained a large influence among Chinese scholars. ^^**He went out in 1850, assisted in making the treaty between the United States and China in 1858, and was an authority in China on questions of inter- national law. He was professor in and president of Tung Wen College (1868-1898) and the presi. dent of the New Imperial University until 1900, when it was destroyed in the siege of Pekin. In 1902 he was appointed head of the vice-regal Uni- versity of "Wuchong. His influence in directing the rearrangement of higher education in China and in commending "Western and Christian edu- cation to Chinese scholars has been very marked. Dr. J. Hudson Taylor has been called **the Loyola of Protestant Missions," and will ever be remembered in the missionary history of China IS United Editors' Encyclopedia; also, Beach, "Geography and Atlaa," p. 300, ]] CHINA 97 as the founder of the China; Inland Mission (1866). ^*^* We must devote," as says Dr. Wameck, *^a somewhat fuller notice to this mission for this reason, that not merely the strong personality of its founder, but also his Christian and missionary principles have since exercised a great influence upon wide circles and have not inconsiderably altered the carrying on of missions. Two sorts of principles, which concern partly the missionary instruments and partly the missionary task, gave to this China mission its wholly peculiar cast. !^'S to the former, they are the three following: (1) The acceptance of missionaries from all sec- tions of the Church, if only they personally pos- sess the old Scriptural faith. This made the new mission interdenominational. (2) To qualify for missionary service, spiritual preparation is es- sential, but not an educational training. Mission- aries from the universities are welcome, but equally so are such as have had the simplest schooling; it is imperative only that they have Bible knowledge and acquire the Chinese lan- guage. Also no difference is made as to sex. Women are as qualified for the service of missions, even for missionary preaching, as are men. And so at least half the missionaries of this society — if married women are included, almost two- thirds — are women, and since its foundation the number of women entering upon missionary serv- M" History of Protestant Missions," pp. 104, 105. 7 98 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY; ice has steadily increased. (3) No direct appeal is ever to be made for contributions to tbe ex- penses of tlie missions, nor are the missionaries to reckon npon a fixed salary, but must depend for their maintenance solely upon that which God Bupplies. In a specific sense, they are to be faith missionaries. *^Tlie second series of principles is virtually determined by the expectation of the approaching second advent of Jesus. They have in view the hastening of His coming by accomplishing the preaching of the gospel as speedily as possible through the whole world (Matt. 24:14). And so witness-bearing is regarded as the essence of the missionary task. Since the matter in hand is not Christianizing, but only that the gospel be heard in the whole world, the missionary commission is limited to evangelization. Planting stations, building up congregations, educational work, ex- tensive literar}^ work, etc., are not absolutely necessary. Itinerant preaching is the chief thing ; albeit practical good sense and experience have largely modified this principle, and stations have been organized almost everywhere. ** Again, in order to bring the gospel within the hearing of all nations, the largest possible hosts of evangelists must be sent out. On the basis of these theories, large bands of evangelists were sent out within a short time. Especially when, through the so-called * Cambridge Seven,' a very storm of enthusiasm for the China Inland Mis-. CHINA 99 sion was stirred in 1885, tlie sending out of mis- sionaries increased and that not alone from Eng- land, but also from Scandinavia, Germany, America, and Australia. Before 1900 the number of missionaries of this mission was given as 811, of whom 484 were women. However, only sev- enty-five of the 327 men were ordained. The in- come in that year was over £50,000 ($245,000). The number of its Chinese communicants scat- tered through fifteen provinces was about 8,500. '^The Boxer uprising of 1900 smote the work of the China Inland Mission most severely of all the Chinese missions. Almost all of their inland stations had to be abandoned, and of their workers fifty-eight (exclusive of children) were murdered. Since 1901 the work has been taken up with fresh energy and the number of workers has been raised to 898, including 542 women, while the number of communicants has risen to 19,049. '* MONGOLIA Besides China proper, of whose evangelization we have been speaking, there are several depend- encies included in the Chinese Empire, of which the most important are Manchuria, Mongolia, Chinese Turkestan, and Thibet. We can refer only to mission work in Mongolia as typified by the experience of James Gilmour, ^'Gilmour of Mongolia'' as he is called. He was a Scotchman, educated at Glasgow and the theological college of Cheshunt, near London, and sailed for China 100 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY in 1870, commissioned by the London Missionary- Society. The field which he attempted ahnost single-handed to evangelize, and in which only a few scattered traces of earlier Christian mission- aries could be found, is one-third as large in area as the United States with a roving population of about 2,500,000. ^^**It is a vast plain about 3,000 feet above the sea level, almost without wood or water, and has as its center and a third of its area the desert of Gobi, or Shamo — Hhe sand sea.' The very dry air and extreme elevation of this country give a climate so excessively cold that the mercury often remains frozen for several weeks. The winter lasts nine months, and during the short summer there are days of stifling heat usually followed by cold nights. The inhabitants are as a rule nomads, whose chief property is in horses, cattle, sheep and the double-humped or Bactrian camel. There are, however, many vil- lages and towns, and the country abounds in the lamasaries or monasteries of Lamaism, solidly built with brick or stone, adorned with carvings, sculpture, and paintings, well endowed and often having in residence a living Buddha who is wor- shipped as a divine incarnation." To this inhospitable and most difficult coun- try Gilmour devoted his life, living in the black tents of the natives, following them from place to place, enduring for weeks -and months their squalor and wretchedness, and ministering as a 15 "United Editors' Encyclopedia." " Mongolia," CHINA 101 lay physician to tlie physical and as a missionary to the spiritual wants of this fierce people. Gil- mour ^Iso labored for a while in the cities of Peking, Tien-tsin, and Shan-tung, but it was on the Mongolian plains that he loved most to wit- ness for his Master. Mrs. Gilmour was a genuine helpmeet to her husband, and her educational work among the women and children was far-reaching in its results. Gilmour was one of the best ex- amples of the itinerant missionary that we have in modem times, and his work, though hidden from the eyes of men, has done much to leaven the lump of Mongolian heathenism. EECENT EVENTS IN CHINA The last twenty years have been almost more productive of changes in the intellectual and social life of China, and in the relations of this great people to the other nations of the earth, than all the nearly four thousand years of its previous history. In 1894-5, the Chino-Japanese war broke out over the question of the suzerainty of Korea and the control of its commerce, which had long been in dispute between the two empires. The siege and fall of Port Arthur, the naval battle of Wei-Hai-Wei, and the quickly proven military superiority of the smaller and younger but more progressive nation to its gigantic but unready antagonist are matters of history. China however thus experienced a rude awakening, but learned too late that age and dignity are but slight de- 102 MISSIONARY HISTORY fenses against the aggression of ontward foes. Then commenced a fierce social and political strife, in which the more progressive elements in China, including even the yonthful emperor, sought to introduce western ideas and influences into the life of this ancient people ; while the reactionary, conservative element, with which the Dowager empress sympathized, strove to retain the ancient regime and practices. This agitation eventually culminated in the Boxer uprising of 1900, which was a fierce and unreasoning anti-foreign demon- stration, including in its cruel enmity not only all foreigners, but all native Christian converts, who were supposed to be especially under the influence of the hated foreigners. The most spectacular result of this popular fury was the siege of Pekin, in the foreign quarters of which city hundreds of British, French, Germans, Americans, Russians and others connected with the political or mission- ary activities of the city and its neighborhood took refuge, and were besieged by Chinese troops for two months during the summer of 1900 till relieved by an expeditionary force of allied Euro- pean and American troops. Though Pekin was the storm center of these disturbances, the anti- foreign violence was general throughout North China and cost the lives of over two hundred Christian missionaries, while thousands of native Christians likewise suffered martyrdom. The destruction also of missionary and foreign prop- erty was very great, as may be inferred from CHINA 103 the fact that the indemnity exacted from China as damages, by European and American govern- ments, amounted to no less than 450,000,000 taels, or $333,000,000. In the reaction however which set in, there is much of hope for China. The adoption of western thought and methods has been hastened by that which was intended to retard them. The century- old methods of education have been largely sup- planted by the science and literature of Europe and America. The army and navj, although far from adequate, have been reorganized on Euro- pean models. Transportation has been revolution- ized and, best of all, the advance of Christian mis- sions has been greatly stimulated so that in point both of numbers and of influence, Christianity is far ahead of its position before the Boxer out- break. It is however in the apparent success of the political revolution of 1913 that the greatest changes in China are manifested. Aroused by the insufficiency of the ancient methods to protect China from turmoil within or foreign aggression from without, many patriots among whom notably was Sun Yat-sen, worked for the rehabilitation of the Chinese government. Years of planning and preparation preceded the actual outbreak between the Manchu rulers and the progressive elements. At last, early in 1913, the revolutionary spirit blazed forth with irrepressible fury and after a period of disorder of only four months, the 104 MISSIONARY HISTOEY Mancliu dynasty, having proved its incompetence to deal with the new problems of old China, passed away, and was replaced by a Republic with a Na- tional Assembly, the outline at least of a Constitu- tion, and Sun Yat-sen as the Provisional President, which office he later voluntarily yielded to Yuan Shi-kai. The first election of a permanent presi- dent was held, according to the French system, by the National Assembly, in October, 1913, when Yuan Shi-kai was elected as permanent President and Li Yuan-hung as Vice-president. The effect of these changes is already seen in a wonderful quickening of the national consciousness and the opening of innumerable avenues of advancement. The ^ve striped flag of the new Republic, red for China proper, yellow for Manchuria, blue for Mongolia, white for Thibet and black for the Mohammedans, indicates a unity of purpose and power of the leading races to which China has heretofore been a stranger, but over all, though unrepresented in its national ensign, must float the banner of the Christ, if China would realize what is the true source of that uprightness of character and nobility of purpose and purity of faith which after all is the only hope of this great people and which can only be gotten by their willing obedience to the truth as it is in Jesus. As says the Rev. Dr. F. L. Hawkes Pott, Presi- dent of the Episcopal Mission University of St. John at Shanghai, and a man who is very close to CHINA 105 the progress of events in China, ^^^'The immensity of this task (the evangelization of China) is in- spiring. The Chinese are a great people: first, on account of their number, 400,000,000, to be won for Christ: second, on account of their splendid social characteristics. Tried by the rule of the survival of the fittest, they have survived and will survive. In the third place, they are great because of the greatness of their civilization, a civilization founded on universal principles and not on force, the highest in the world until three hundred years ago, and hoary in years compared with our own. Surely this unique people, preserved for so many centuries, must have a great part to play in the future. ' ' The criticalness of the time is inspiring. The old civilization is declining and with the influx of western ideas and principles there has come a period of transition. The danger is that they may accept only what is bad from us and reject what is good. Now is the time when they need to learn of the spiritual and saving power of the religion of Jesus Christ. ^^ China is awake. 'The biggest of all nations, the people with the greatest latent powers, the heirs of tomorrow, have started to school to learn all the ways and weapons and wisdom of the West.' The opportunity to influence them for good is almost incredible." The following comparison of the growth of "The Emergency in China.— F. L. Hawkes Pott.— P. 268. 106 MISSIONARY HISTORY Protestant Missions in China for the past fifty years (1865-1915) simply emphasizes the above words and points out the enormous work yet to be accomplished. The figures in parentheses are those for 1915. Population, 300,000,000 (400,000,000). Prov^ inces open to the Gospel, 7 (all 18). Societies at work in China, 25 (104). Number of native Chris- tians, 3,132 (356,209). Protestant missionaries, 112 (5,186). Chinese helpers, 206 (17,879). Chi- nese Churches, 3 (3,419). Money expended by Protestant missions, $50,000 ($3,000,000 estimated) CHAPTER VIII JAPAN AND KOKEA The invasion of Japan by tlie forces of Chris- tianity is one of tlie great events of the history of missions. Although doubtless of very ancient origin, and claiming historical annals from 660 B. C, yet the reliable records of this people date back to only about 552 A. D., when Buddhist mis- sionaries arrived from Korea and introduced their religion into the islands. The land, however, was unknown to Europeans, although mentioned by Marco Polo (1298), until in 1542 a Portuguese sailor, Mendez Pinto, driven north by stress of weather, sighted one of the Loo Choo Islands, and landing on its coast, brought back to Europe her first knowledge of these distant people. That knowledge was speedily acted upon, not only in the way of commerce and discovery, but by the missionaries of the Christian Church. St. Francis Xavier, the great Jesuit missionary, met in Malacca a young Japanese named Anjiro who, through Xavier 's influence, was converted to Christianity and after a time returned with the great missionary to his native land (1549) to at- tempt the introduction of the Christian faith. His efforts were favorably received and in about 107 108 MISSIONAEY HISTORY two and a half years lie organized several con- gregations in the neighborhood of Yamaguchi and Hirado, and visited and preached in the old cap- ital, Kyoto. He then left the work in the hands of his successors while he departed to engage in missionary work in China, but before he could put his latter purpose into execution his life was brought to a close by his death on an island near Canton in 1551. Xavier's example, however, was eagerly followed by other missionaries and with such success that ^*4n a very short time in the region of Kyoto alone there were seven strong churches ; and the island of Amakusa, the greater part of the Goto Islands and the provinces of Ounera and Yamaguchi had become Christian. In 1581 the churches had grown to two hundred and the number of Christians to 150,000. The con- verts were drawn from all classes of the people : Buddhist priests, scholars, and noblemen em- braced the new faith with as much readiness as did the lower classes. Two daimios accepted it, and even Nobunga, the minister of the Mikado, became a powerful supporter of the faith. He openly welcomed the foreign priests and gave them suitable grounds on which to build their churches, schools, and dwellings, and under his patronage the new religion grew apace." About 1591 the total number of native Christians in Japan was 600,000. l"The Gist of Japan," p. 148. JAPAN AND KOEEA 109 But tMs happy state of affairs did not last very long. With the death of Nobnnga and the advent of another minister, Hideyoshi, suspicion arose as to the ultimate design of the propagand- ists of the new faith, and they were accused of political designs. Persecutions at once began and grew more and more severe until, under a new minister, lyeyasu, an edict was issued absolutely prohibiting the profession or practice of Chris- tianity in Japan (1606). This was followed (1614) by an edict banishing the missionaries from Japan and the severity of the persecutions was redoubled. The native Christians bore their calamities with great patience and fortitude, but finally a portion of them, numbering about 30,000, re- belled and, seizing the old castle of Shima- bara, resolved to die rather than to submit. Such action, however, could have but one result. The castle was besieged by the Government troops and its defenders all miserably perished. There was no further power left to resist and so thoroughly was the remnant of Christianity swept away by the sword, fire, and banishment, that anti-Chris- tian writers have pointed to Japan as proof that Christianity can be wholly extirpated by the sword. However, when the country was reopened! in 1859, the Catholic missionaries found in and! around Nagasaki whole villages of Christians whv^ords in Hamlet, ^^ sound and fury, signifying nothing." Prayer to the Moslem is a very dif- ferent thing from the idea of Christian prayer. It must be offered at the proper hour, '*at dawn, just after high noon, two hours before sunset, at sunset, and two hours afterward." The one who prays must be prepared for it by legal purifica- tion, washing with water or sand, and must face toward the sacred shrine of Mecca. The prayers are the repetition of phrases and short chap- ters from the Koran. Private petitions are al- lowed after the liturgical prayers, but are not much used, and the whole tends to degenerate into formalism and vain repetitions. How could it be otherwise when a pious Moslem can repeat the same form of prayer seventy-five times a day! The month of fasting, or Eamazan, may have been borrowed from the Christian Lent. It is more of a fast in name than in deed, for though no drop of water or morsel of food may be taken Suring the daylight hours, an abundant recom- MOHAMMEDANISM 141 pense is made for this self-denial in the feasting, which sometimes lasts throughout the night. Almsgiving is generally observed by pious Mohammedans, but instead of the tithe of the Jews or the free liberality of the Christians, about one-fortieth of the total income is the usual rate The Pilgrimage to Mecca is one of the strong- est bonds of union in the whole system of Mo- hammedanism. It cements the fellowship of Mos- lemis of all nations and turns every pilgrim into a fanatical missionary of his creed. This pil- grimage is incumbent on every free Moslem, male or female, who is of age and can afford it. Many, however, unwilling to undergo the hardship of the journey, engage a substitute and thus purchase the merit for themselves. Arriving at Mecca, the ceremonies in which the pilgrim engages are of the most puerile character. He kisses the black stone, an aerolite of great antiquity, which was venerated even in pagan times. He then runs round the Kaaba, or temple, seven times; drinks water from the unspeakably filthy sacred well of Zemzem; stones three pillars of masonry known as the ^^ great devil," the ^* middle pillar," and the '^ first one," with seven small pebbles, and finally sacrifices a sheep or other animal. The whole pilgrimage, as some Moslems confess, is a fragment of incomprehensible heathenism taken up undigested into Islam. 142 MISSIONARY HISTORY A fact to be noted in the study of Mohamme- danism is that it is the fourth in point of numbers among the great religions of the earth, and also that with the single exception of Christianity it is the most widespread of any of the faiths of man- kind. The lands which it occupies ^* stretch across two continents and out into the islands of the sea like a vast horn or crescent. The horn's tip end is far out in the South Sea Islands, among the Moros in the Philippines and in the Dutch East Indies, where in Java alone there are 30,000,000 Moham- medans. Thence it curves through British Ma- laysia where there are some 2,000,000, past China where there are, it is estimated, not fewer than 10,000,000, to India where are gathered 67,000,000, the largest number under any one rule. Then come Afghanistan, exclusively Mohammedan, unknown numbers in Central Asia, part of Russia, Persia, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, European Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Arabia, solidly Moslem, Egypt, Libya, Tunis, Algeria, Morocco, until the great open end of the horn stretches westward from the Sudan across Africa, steadily engulfing the north- ernmost negro tribes.''^ *'The total population of this great Moslem world, according to a carefully prepared estimate made for ''The Moslem World;' ^ is 201,296,696. Of these 90,478,111 are under British rule or pro- tection and 76,596,299 under other Western or s The Kingdom and the Nations, p. 121, 8 The Moslem World, Vol. IV, pp. 145-146. MOHAMMEDANISM 143 Christian governments. This leaves only 34,222,- 366 Mohammedans not under Western Govern- ments, and of this number only 13,278,800 are under the Caliphate in the Ottoman Empire. Thus, while 83 per cent of the total Mohammedan popu- lation is under the control of Christian govern- ments, only 6y2 per cent is under Turkish rule and the remaining 10 >4 per cent under various non-Christian governments, of which the largest number are in China, Afghanistan and Persia. *' These facts undeniably throw upon the Chris- tian peoples of the earth a heavier responsibility than they have ever borne before for the economic, social, educational and religious welfare of almost three fourths of all the followers of Moslemism now living upon the earth. Moreover, not only because of its wide extent and high proportions but because of its effect upon the history of almost the entire Eastern Hemisphere, we are compelled to give unusual at- tention to the missionary characteristics of this great faith. From the Crusades of the Eleventh Century to the World War of the Twentieth Cen- tury the '* Mohammedan problem'' has projected itself into every question which has arisen con- cerning the political, social or religious welfare of vast numbers of the inhabitants of Asia, Africa. Southern Europe and the islands of the Sea. CHAPTEE X mohammedan- lands Aeabia No PAET of the non-Cliristian world has been so long and so widely neglected as Islam. ^**Even when the modern missionary revival began with Carey, the idea was to carry the gospel to the heathen, and the Mohammedans were neglected. The task has either appeared so formidable, the obstacles to its accomplishment have seemed so great, or faith has been so weak, that one might suppose that the Church thought her great com- mission to evangelize the world did not apply to Mohammedans. ' ' Yet even so, there were some who attempted the seemingly impossible task. John of Damascus (760) and Peter the Venerable (1115) both wrote polemical books with the thought of persuading Mohammedans of the truth of Christianity, but went no further in their efforts. It remained for Eaymond Lull (1235-1315) to be the first to go to the Moslems with the message of that gospel. ^'^He was bom in 1235 at Palma, on the island of Majorca, and when of age spent several years at the court of the King of Aragon 1 " The Moslem World," p. 138. 2 « Raymond Lull," p. 19, seq. 144 MOHAMMEDAN LANDS 145 as a court poet, a skilled musician, and a gay knight.'* Arrested in the midst of his profligate pleasure by a vision of Christ on His cross, he was smitten with agonized repentance, became converted, and resolved to forsake all, to follow his Master, and to send Christianity to the Mos- lems. ''He entered upon a thorough course of study, mastered the Arabic language, and began his life work at the age of forty. He devised a philosophical system to persuade Moslems of the truth of Christianity; he established missionary schools for the study of Oriental languages and the training of missionaries, and was a pioneer who reached high water miark in the scheme and scope of his work. A sentence of Lull's re- garding the preparation of missionary laborers is notable. Said he: '''The man unacquainted with geography is not only ignorant where he walks, but whither he leads. Whether he attempts the conversion of infidels or works for other in- terests of the Church, it is indispensable that he know the religions and the environments of all nations." This is a wonderful forecast of the conviction, on this point, of the great Livingstone himself, who said, *'The end of the geographical achievement is the beginning of the missionary enterprise.'* But with all his zeal and learning Lull was irnable to induce others to go in person to the Mohammedans, and so, at the age of fifty-six 3 " Raymond Lull," p. 67. 10 146 MISSIONARY HISTORY; (129iy, lie determined to go Mmself. Reaching Tunis in Africa, lie challenged the Moslem doctorss to an argument on the merits of their respective faiths. Lull prevailed in the argument. He was thereupon thrown into prison and narrowly es- caped death, but was finally liberated and returned to Europe. Baffled but not defeated, he waited for a while and then, in 1307, again went to Africa, where, at Bugia, he preached Christ to the Mos- lems and was imprisoned, this time for six months. Once more escaping, he returned seven years later to Africa (1315), only to meet a martyr's death, for, filled with fury at his perseverance and bold- ness, the populace dragged him out of the town and stoned him to death. In so doing the Moslems seem to have sinned against their own souls. For ^ye hundred years no human voice publicly pro- claimed Christianity to the Mohammedans. From the converted Spanish courtier to the saintly Henry Martyn is a long step, both in time and circumstances, but the two were strangely alike in the purpose and method of their work. It was in 1811 that this godly man left Cawnpur, India, where he had accomplished a wonderful work within a very brief time, and sailed from Calcutta for Shiraz, Persia. Here he revised his Persian and Arabic versions of the New Testa- ment and held frequent discussions with the Mo- hammedan ** mullahs,'^ who respected him and treated him kindly. He had prepared two splen- did copies of the Persian New Testament, one of MOHAMMEDAN LANDS 147 which he presented to the Shah of Persia ; but the exertions of body and mind compelled by his fre- quent journeys and earnest study proved too much for his weak frame, and on his way to Constanti- nople to present the other copy to the sultan he was forced to halt at Tokat, where he died of the plague, October 16, 1812, aged only thirty-two years. His character and zeal were such, how- ever, that the name of Henry Martyn still ranks high on the roll of the world ^s heroes and bene- factors. Ion Keith Falconer can not be omitted from the list of those pioneers who have labored for the conversion of the Moslem world. A Scottish nobleman, with all the advantages of rank, wealth, and a brilliant mind, trained at the University of Cambridge, he entered during his earlier years into missionary work among the needy in the homeland, and having determined to found a mis- sion to the Mohammedans, he began the study of Arabic. In 1885 he went to Aden, at the mouth of the Eed Sea, and decided to plant his mission at Sheik-Othman, only ten miles distant from Aden. In 1886 he began his work with great enthusiasm, but after less than two years ' service the deadly fever took his life and he passed away, having lived long enough, however, as he said, to *^call attention to Arabia," and to establish a work which is still successfully carried on by the United Free Church of Scotland. The American Arabian Mission was founded U8 MISSIONAEY HISTORY; "by a few students of the Theological Seminary of the Reformed (Dutch) Church in America at New Brunswick, N. J., in 1889. It was proposed as a mission field to the Foreign Mission Board of that Church, but financial stringency not permit- ting them to accept it, the originators determined to carry on an independent work as Providence might direct. The Rev. James Cantine was the first missionary to leave for the field. He sailed in October, 1889, and was followed by the Rev. Samuel M. Zwemer, in July, 1890. The first place to be occupied was Busrah, at the head of the Persian Gulf. In 1893 the second station, Bah- rein, was opened, and in 1894 Muscat was added to the list. At these three chief points a strong mission work has been established, with touring and medical work as the main methods employed, since even now it is not prudent to organize churches or preach publicly as in other lands. The work, however, has gone steadily forward. The well-equipped Mason Memorial Hospital at Bahrein, the Lansing Memorial Hospital at Bus- rah, dispensaries at Muscat and Kuweit, and edu- cational work at each station, with many trips into the interior and a steadily increasing sale of Scrip- tures and portions, betoken a healthful and vig- orous work. To the roll of martyrs, beginning with the far-off Raymond Lull and including the saintly Henry Martyn, the energetic Keith-Fal- coner, and the venerable Bishop French, must be added the names of Peter F. Zwemer, George E. MOHAMMEDAN LANDS 149 Stone, Mrs. Marian Thomas, Mrs. Jessie Vail Bennett, and Dr. Sharon J. Thorns, all of whom have been laid by the Arabian Mission upon the altar of its faith and sacrifice. The first woman to do systematic work among" the women of Eastern Arabia was Mrs. Amy W. Zwemer, who on her marriage to Dr. Samuel M. Zwemer, one of the pioneer missionaries of the '(American) Arabian Mission, took up mission work among the Arabian women under the direc- tion of the (Dntch) Eeformed Church (1896). Her work has been chiefly along medical and edu- cational lines, and the path which she marked out has since been followed with increasing success by the women missionaries of the Arabian mis- sion and others who have done valiant work for the long neglected women of Arabia. TuKKisH Dominions But if Arabia was the neglected country for so many centuries, other Mohammedan lands did not long precede it as the recipients of the knowl- edge of the gospel. The capture of Constantinople by the Turks (1453) and the decadence of the Greek or Byzantine Empire enthroned Moham- medanism firmly on the banks of the Bosporus, and the blight of Moslem rule held all intellectual and spiritual progress in check for three hundred and fifty years. This spiritual sleep was first broken by the advent of the two American mis- sionaries, Pliny Fiske and Levi Parsons, who, 150 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY in 1819-20, toured extensively throngli Palestine, Syria, and adjacent countries, and finally, after unsatisfactory attempts at permanent work in Jerusalem, opened a mission in Beirut. "^^'The' view before these pioneers was a challenge for the stoutest heart. The vast Turkish Empire, with 2,000,000 square miles of territory, then cov- ered almost every land named in Bible history. Beyond Palestine and Syria to the north and west lay the great tablelands of Asia Minor, which Paul traversed as he followed the highways of the Roman provinces. To the east and south stretched the wild deserts of Arabia, and norths ward again, Mesopotamia and Assyria to the Per- sian border. On the southern shore of the Medi- terranean were Egypt and the African provinces, on the northern side Greece and the Balkan prov- inces, then a constituent part of the empire. Here were 40,000,000 people crowded together and yet separated by irreconcilable differences of race and religion and embittered by years of controversy and warfare. Except in the coast cities, there were scarcely any educated men, while the womert were uniformly illiterate. There was no litera- ture, apparently no desire for it. Everywhere there was a stagnant barbarism, under the op- pressive hand of the Sultan Caliph at Constanti- nople. From one end of the empire to the other there was not a station permanently occupied, not even an established missionary to whom these 4 "The St cry of the American Board," pp. 80, 81. MOHAMMEDAN LANDS 151 pioneers conlcl go for counsel or with whom they could divide the land." Such is a description that well defines the external characteristics of all Turkish lands at the beginning of Protestant mis- sions among them, and so stubborn is the resist- ance to change of the Oriental nature and the un- yielding tenets of Mohammedanism that the spir- itual conditions then prevailing are much the same to-day. As says Edward A. Lawrence : ^^^ Three great religions with their variations and combinations occupy the field. Two of them are intensely Uni- tarian. One is the most exclusive, the oldest and least changed of any great religion. Another is ve- hemently and iconoclastically non-idolatrous. One alone is idolatrous, and that one is Christianity. These three have all sprung from the same root, and exhibit the three forms of false development. Judaism shows arrested development; Islamism shows perverted development ; Christianity shows corrupted development. All three are book re- ligions and are the only book religions. All three are personal religions, in that they go back to a personal founder, though only in Islam and Christianity are the founders the real bond of life and center of allegiance. Two of them, Islam and Christianity, are intensely missionary religions, there being only one other. Buddhism. Judaism, rigid and exclusive ; Islam, arrogantly and perse- cutingly tenacious ; Christianity defiantly and de- C" Modem Missions in the East," p. 113. 152 MISSIONARY HISTORY gradingly corriii)t — this is the field into which our evangelical missions have come.'' Following Messrs. Fiske and Parsons, the Rev. Jonas King came to Beirut in 1821, the Revs. Wil- liam Goodell and Isaac Bird in 1823, and Dr. Eli Smith in 1827, until the station was fully manned and educational, medical, and evangelistic work were thoroughly established. In 1870, on account of certain ecclesiastical changes at home and tinder conditions of perfect amity, the American Syrian Mission was handed over to the Presby- terian Church, North, by which it has since been conducted with ever increasing blessing and suc- cess. Two forms of work stand out most prominently in the history of this mission, its great printing establishment and its Christian colleges. From the first the use of religious literature had been recognized as one of the most powerful agencies for tlie extension of Christianity, and a press which did most valuable work was set up at Malta, under the protection of the British flag. In 1833 conditions permitted its removal to Beirut, and there, under the direction of Dr. Eli Smith, it was greatly prospered. Dr. Smith spent tliirty years in directing this agency, being admirably qualified for the work. ^'^'Ile was familiar with the ancient classics and with French, Italian, German, Turkish, and Arabic. He superintended the cutting and casting of the beautiful fonts of 6 " Presbyterian Foreign Missions " — Speer, p, 197. MOHAMMEDAN LANDS 163 Arabic type from the most perfect models of Arabic calligraphy, collected the philological li- brary for use in Bible translation, and prosecuted the work of translation and publication from 1849 until his death, in June, 1857. He had put into Arabic the entire New Testament, the Pentateuch, the historical books of the Old Testament, and many of the prophetical books." After Dr. Smith's death his work was taken up by Dr. C. V. S. Van Dyck, who finished the translation of the Arabic Bible, and whose other contributions to Christian Arabic literature have •been very numerous and valuable. When we think of the work of these men and of the mass of Chris- tian literature that has since been issued from this press, we may grasp the significance of the words of the report of this field made to the World Missionary Conference, where it is said, ^*^The Beirut press may be regarded as one of the most potent single missionary agents in this section of the Levant." The Syrian Protestant College at Beirut was opened in 1866. Dr. Daniel Bliss was its first president. A medical department was organized in 1867, a preparatory department in 1871, and a commercial course in 1900. Its enrollment in 1908-9 was over 850 students, mainly Syrian, but with also many Armenians, Greeks, Egyptians, and students of other nationalities. In the first thirty-seven years of its history it had graduated EWorld Missionary Conference Report, Vol. UI, p. 216. 154 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY over 2,700 students. These graduates occupy posi- tions of commanding influence as ci\T.l and mili- tary physicians and pharmacists, physicians of military and general hospitals, lawyers, judges, teachers, preachers, editors, authors, and mer- chants. The high schools of all the Protestant Missions in Asia Minor, Syria, and Egj^pt regard it as their imiversity and send to it their best scholars for the completion of their studies.'' Much the same record may be given of Eobert College, at Constantinople, founded about the same time (1863) as the college at Beirut, and wielding the same wonderful power for good among the Turkish peoples. Its influence has been exerted particularly upon the Bulgarian youth, and its power for mental enlightenment and the upbuilding of character has been such that it is a common saying, when referring to the political advancement of that people, ^^ Without Eobert College there would be no Bulgaria." Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, who had joined the Turkish mis- sion of the American Board, opened in 1840 a boys' boarding school at Bebek, just above Con- stantinople. *^The marvelous ability of this new missionary was shown in the energy and skill with which he built up out of almost nothing this training school of leaders in the face of de- termined opposition and under the very eyes of the Porte. The story of how he planned the school, overcame difficulties, readjusted it to changing circumstances, and through it brought a host of things to pass, reads like a romance. MOHAMMEDAN LANDS 155 Dr. Washburn, the late president of Robert Col- lege says of this topic in general: ^'^To sum up all that has been said, I believe that Christian schools and colleges in Moslem lands are not only good for the Christians, but are important agen- cies in making the Christ of the gospel known to Mohammedans, in bringing them under the influ- ence of the Holy Spirit, who alone can change men's hearts, in raising up men who in time may be leaders of their people, in building up a Chris- tian Church among them, and finally in leavening the whole community by aiding in the introduc- tion and acceptance in social life of the best fruits of Christian civilization. ' ' Palestine Mission work in Palestine, as we have seen, began with the work of Fiske and Parsons, of the American Board, in Jerusalem, but the history of Protestant Churches in the cradle land of Chris- tianity is generally included under that of the missions in Syria, of which Palestine is politically a part. ^^^ ^Within the limits of what may be desig- nated as *The Holy Land' Christian sentiment has led to the establishment of almost innumerable forms of work, sixteen different societies with thirty-seven mission stations manned by foreign :workers for a population of a million and a quarter, resulting, as missionary reports show, in an entanglement of interests, a foolish and 9 World Missionary Conference, Vol. Ill, p. 236. 10 World Missionary Conference, Vol. I, p. 179. 156 MISSIONAEY HISTORY iharmful overlapping of fields of work, rivalries and cross purposes, -wliicli, when joined to the complex situation resulting from the presence of the warring factions of the Oriental Churches, mate this field perhaps the most difficult in the world. It should be pointed out that the work of the Church Missionary Society is easily the most extensive and wisely planned. '^ This last named society began its work in 1857 and occupies the field from Acre to Hebron and Gaza, and from Mt. Hermon to Moab, east of the Jordan. It has stations at Jerusalem, Nablous, Jaffa, Gaza, Eamleh, Nazareth, Haifa, and other places. In 1899 education among women received special attention and medical missions have been fostered. Among other societies conducting work in Palestine are the London Jews' Society, the Established Church of Scotland, the Free Church of Scotland, the Society of Friends, the German Evangelical Missions, and many other mission so- cieties and private interests. Dr. Lawrence, how- ever, does not speak enthusiastically of missions in Palestine, especially those for the Jews. He says, ii^^My impressions of the work are not hopeful,^' and again, **So long as the Jews are ostracized, hated, persecuted, and expelled from their homes by Christians, and so long as Christians show to the Jews a religion divided and corrupt, there can be little hope of gaining more than a few excep- tional individuals to the cause of Christ." On the other hand, in the Report to the World Con- 11 "Modern Missions in the East," p. 117. MOHAMMEDAN LANDS 157 ference, we read, ^^**In the face of difficulties wliich seemed almost insuperable and limitations irksome beyond description, owing to Moslem mis- rule, tyranny, and intolerance, the Christian mis- sionary has bided his time, trusted in God, im- proved his opportunities, and laid a foundation for future work which must serve for all time as a supreme example of undiscourageable purpose.'' Egypt In Egypt, next to Palestine the most hallowed! of Bible lands, the Christian missionary faces not •only Mohammedanism, but some of the more cor- rupt forms of Christianity as represented by the Coptic and Abyssinian Churches. ^^*'A signifi- cant factor in the situation is the great Moham- mendan University Al Azhar at Cairo. With the ten thousand students gathered from all parts of Africa and even from distant countries in Asia, it may be regarded as constituting Cairo the in- tellectual capital of the Mohammedan world. Here is the fountain-head of its scholastic train- ing and, to a limited extent, of its propaganda." The American United Presbyterian Mission is the best established mission in Egypt. It began its work in 1854 and is still doing excellent service among the Copts and the Moslems. The prin- cipal stations at first were at Cairo and Alex- andria, but since then stations have been opened at various points along the Nile and on the Eed M " Modern Missions in the East," p. 380, 18 World Missionary Conference, Vol. I, p. 213. 158 MISSIONAEY HISTORY Sea and in tlie Sudan. It has always been an educational mission, and lias now almost 180 schools, of which thirty are for girls. These schools enroll more than 17,000 pupils, one-third being girls. There is also a college at Assuit, with some seven hundred students and three boarding schools of high grade for girls. Special attention is given to the training of teachers, and there is a theological school at Cairo. One of the leading educators in Syria, Dr. F. E. Hoskins, of Beirut College, writes thus of the aim in the edu- cation of women which will apply to all such work in that general field : "' ' Our aim for fifty years, which remains unchanged, is to educate as large a number as possible of girls who will make good Christian homes and be good Christian mothers, and at the same time to secure a smaller num- ber of the finest minds for teachers in our own and other schools of this country and Egj^pt. For more than forty years we have made special efforts to train the highest possible type of native teachers for the most responsible posts in educa- tional Work. Our graduates are found by the score in Egypt, Palestine, and all over Syria." LThe Church Missionary Society also has a strong mission to Moslems in Egypt. It occupies four stations, the chief one of which is in Cairo and another is at Khartum, hallowed by the sacri- fice of Major-General Gordon. A few other societies have entered this important field. i-* World Conference Report, Vol. Ill, p. 229. MOHAMMEDAN LANDS 159 Eecently (1913) Christian educational work has been much strengthened by the establishment at Cairo of a language study center for Christian students and the permanent locating of the Nile Mission Press, at the same city, whence it is send- ing out a constant stream of evangelical literature, under the direction of Dr. Samuel M. Zwemer and other prominent leaders in Moslem missions. The United Presbyterian Mission is making good prog- ress in its place for a Christian university at Cairo. A question is often raised as to the probability of the success of the Christian Missions to Mos- lems. While the task is admittedly difficult and the progress slow *^the outlook is as bright as the promises of God." Not so much in numerical accessions as in the increasing power of anti- Islamic influences in all parts of the world are we beginning to see the signs of a mighty upheaval amidst the millions of the followers of the false Prophet. As says one of the keenest and most experienced of missionaries to Moslems, Dr. E. M. Wherry of Ludhiana, India, *^If we examine the membership roll of many churches in India, Persia, Syria and Turkey, we thank God for those who have come out from Moslem circles to become members of the Christian Church. Again, when we read the roll of the ministry here in India, we are glad to recognize the many names indicating Moslem descent. Islam is contributing to the Christian community an annual increment, small 160 MISSIONAKY HISTORY indeed, but large enough to belie the claim that a Moslem can never become a Christian. When the Moslem peoples have secured religious freedom and have acquired that knowledge of the Koran which will enable them readily to compare its teaching with that of the Bible, we shall see a rapid defection from a faith which has held them in spiritual bondage for so long." Finally as to the timeliness for a bold advance against Mohammedanism by Christian Missions, we may quote Dr. Samuel M. Zwemer, when in an address ^^before the Student Volunteer Conven- tion at Kansas City in 1914 he gave the following ^ve reasons for a new and hopeful missionary interest in Mohammedan peoples : — 1. For the first time in history the whole of Christendom is face to face with the whole of Islam. 2. To-day we know the character and power of Islam as never before. 3. The political power of Islam has collapsed and almost all of the Moslem world is under Chris- tian government. 4. The social and intellectual status and stand- ards of Islam are changing. 5. There is a present-day spiritual crisis and opportunity in Islam. All these facts yield large encouragement for a steady and persistent effort to evangelize the Mohammedan world. 16 The Moslem World, January, 1915, CHAPTER XI AFRICA Africa is one of the mysteries, not only in the history of missions, but in the history of the hu- man race. Cradling in its northeastern corner one of the oldest civilizations known to man; occupied along its northern coast by races and nations that led the world in their day in art and science and literature and religion, and the site of some of the earliest and strongest of the Christian Churches, nevertheless, in less than two hundred years after Christ it dropped out of sight of the world and remained an almost unlmown continent until a date within the recollection of men now living. It is now known to be the second largest conti- nent on the globe. Its area is about 11,513,000 square miles, and its population is vaguely esti- mated at about 180,000,000, divided into a number of quite distinctive races, not all of them black or negritie, but with a strong intermingling of lighter hued races, betokening the varied sources of its people. Egypt, with its pyramids and sphinxes, with its treasure cities and palaces, with its arts and sciences, its philosophies and its marvelous re- 11 16] 162 MISSIONARY HISTOEY ligions, dominated for centuries the tliouglit and customs of the East, while her kings held sway over many subject nations. Carthage, with its mythological queen. Dido, and its very real gen- erals, Hanno and Hamilcar, with its navies and merchant fleets, was powerful in the politics and commerce of her age. Ethiopia, with her wealth and power and wisdom, as typified by the Queen of Sheba, was intimately connected with the early history of Christ. But these and a few other states and cities lying on the northern border of the continent, or stretching parallel with the Nile up to the point where it breaks forth from the rough uplands of its birth, comprised almost all of the great continent as it was known to the world till about two centuries ago. Its mysteries remained unsolved. It lay waiting for the touch of Christianity not only to give it moral and spir- itual life, but even to introduce it to the geo- graphical and commercial knowledge of the world. And yet Africa has been intimately connected not only with the early history of Christianity, but with the still earlier sources of that Christian faith. ^^^Next to Palestine it is the country most closely connected with the dawn of the history of the Hebrew race. A grievous famine caused Abraham and Sarah to go down into Egypt, and another famine compelled Jacob to send his sons for com into the same granary of the ancient world. It is in Egypt also that are laid the 1" Daybreak in the Dark Contiaent," p. 167. AFEICA 163 scenes of the exquisite stories of Joseph and Ben- jamin, and of the baby in the ark of bulrushes, and of the man Moses and his nearness to God. Here also occurred the wonderful incidents of the plagues, and the death of the first-born, and the presence of God in the fiery and cloudy pillar, and the crossing of the Eed Sea and the overthrow of Pharaoh. The Ethiopians also figure in Is- rael's later history. Under Shishak they invaded Palestine in the time of Eehoboam. Ambassadors came from Tirhakah, king of Ethiopia, offering to form an alliance with Hezekiah, and Sennacharib, king of Assyria, turned aside from the siege of Jerusalem to fight Tirhakah, the Ethiopian king." When the Light of the World was cradled in Bethlehem, it was to African Egypt that He was taken to save Him from the persecuting Herod. An African (Simon of Cyrene) was the first to bear the cross of Christ. ^* Dwellers in Egypt and the parts of Lybia about Cyrene" were pres- ent at Pentecost. Two Africans, Simeon Niger and Lucius of Cyrene, were foremost teachers and prophets in the first missionary Church. Apollos, *^ mighty in the Scriptures," was an Alexandrian, while the conversion by Philip of the treasurer of Queen Candace of Ethiopia may very easily have had much to do with the founding of the early Christia*n Church of Ethiopia. ^^^ Accord- ing to tradition, African Christianity warranted the labors of six of the apostles: Matthew and 8 "The Neglected Continent," p. 171. 164: MISSIONAEY HISTOSY Thomas in Ethiopia, Peter and James the Less in Eg^^pt, and Jude and Simon in Cyrene. Mark the Evangelist is said to have been a worker in Egypt and to have been the bishop of Alex- andria. Not a few of the early Christian fathers, embracing such famous names as Pantaenus, Origen, Clement, Tertullian, Cyprian, and Augus- tine, were Africans by birth or residence, and within two hundred years after Pentecost there were nine hundred churches in North Africa, the Mediterranean coast lands were evangelized, and the population of the cities from Figyipt westward were as much Christian as heathen." Yet with all this brilliant outlook for Chris- tianity in North Africa, its light instead of bright- ening gradually dwindled and darkened, and at last, smitten by the blasting fire of Mohammedan- ism, its life was almost wholly destroyed and oblit- erated. For more than fifteen hundred years Christianity in Africa, except as expressed by the corrupt Coptic and Abyssinian Churches, was al- mosit dead, and the ^^Dark Continent" throughout its enormous length and breadth remained silent in the shadow of death, waiting for the dawning of the new day. This began with the travels and reports of ex- plorers, which at first were yerj few and very vague. ^^'The older travelers and discoveries may be arranged in the following order. In the four- 8 United Editors' Encyclopedia. Article "Africa." AFEICA 165 teentli century the travels of tlie Arabian Ebu Batuta in the north of Africa; in the fifteenth century, the Portuguese discoveries of Madeira, Cape Blanco, Senegal, Guinea, and Cape of Good Hope, etc., and the na\dgation of the east coast by the Portuguese Corvillian, who first traveled in Abyssinia; in the sixteenth century, the travels of Leo Africanus through Barbary and the Sa- hara to Abyssinia; of the German, Eanwolf, in North Africa, and of Windham, an Englishman, who went to Guinea. In the seventeenth century English and French explorers penetrated many lof the coast regions, and the Dutch first occupied .Cape Colony (1652). In the eighteenth century a number of explorations were made chiefly by English and French, but it was not until the nine- teenth century that the real exploration of the continent was attempted on any large scale. In this century Du Chaillu, Mungo Park, Buckhardt, Speke, Grant, and Baker, and above all the mis- sionaries Kraff and Rebmann and Moffat and Livingstone and the explorer Stanley have added largely to our stock of knowledge of Africa and have laid bare almost all the secrets of this long- hidden land. The Roman Catholics, as everywhere, to their credit be it said, followed their explorers with the offer of Christianity to the peoples who were thus discovered. Soon after the Portuguese dis- covery of the Congo (in 1484), Dominicans and Jesuits hastened thither, but were unable to 166 MISSIONAEY HISTORY counteract successfully the exploitation of the na- tives by the Portuguese traders, and their con- verts gradually again became heathen in every- thing but name. Raymond Lull, in the fourteenth century, had indeed entered Africa, but he ham- mered at the gates of Mohammedanism and did not attempt to evangelize the pagan Africans. iThe Dutch and British colonists, one is ashamed to say, gave but slight heed to the spiritual needs of the natives around them, and even opposed those who would enter into this necessary work. The first systematic attempt, therefore, of the modem missionary movement in Africa was that of the Moravian, George Schmidt, who landed in Capetown in 1737. The Dutch farmers looked upon his labors with suspicion and hostility, and derided his efforts to bring Christianity to the Hottentots. ^'Hottentots and dogs are forbidden to enter'' was the notice over the door of a Boers' church. Nevertheless, after four years of patient teaching, Schmidt baptized the first native con- vert in 1742. A congregation of eighty-seven Hot- tentots was organized in the Zondereinde, and suc- cess seemed about to crown his work. But after a little longer time the Dutch hostility to him grew so strong that he was forced to return to Europe (1743), and the Dutch East India Com- pany never permitted him to resume his work. Five years later another Moravian, John Schwal- ber, went out at his own expense, toiled and suf- fered for the Hottentots, and in the eighth year AFEICA 167 ^f Ms work among tliem died. For tMrty-six years this mission was abandoned, and yet when it was reopened (in 1792) never again to be closed, evidences were not wanting of the fruitfnlness of those seemingly hard and barren years of labor. For geographical and historical purposes, Africa may be divided into ^ye great sections. North, East, South, West, and Central Africa. Each of these sections has its peculiarities of climate, natural conditions, races, and religions. The whole continent indeed is a vast commingling of tribes, religions, languages, and barbarisms, often at savage warfare with each other, and all combining to resist the advance of the strangers' civilization and customs. North Africa The story of North African missions is quite different from that of the other divisions of the country. Here Moslem intolerance renders Chris- tian work most difficult. It has been with much hesitation, therefore, that the few Protestant so- cieties operating in North Africa have undertaken their work. One of these established a mission in Egypt in 1825, another in 1854, and still another began work in Algeria in 1881. Comparatively little has been accomplished, except in Egypt, where the American Mission (United Presby- terian) has won such success that it serves as an example of the tj^ical mission for Coptic and Mohammedan Africa. It depends very largely 168 MISSIONARY HISTORYi upon educational work, of wliich the Assint Train- ing College is the center, and a large and increas- ing distribution of Christian literature. During its life of fifty years this mission has accumu- lated a constituency of 8,000 communicants and 25,000 adherents. Converts and constituents are mostly Copts, but there is no question but that if religious liberty were assured to Egypt, many converts could be gathered from among the Mo- hammedans of this land. As it is, mission work among Egyptian Mohammedans is as yet an al- most hopeless task. East Africa *** John Ludwig Krapf, the pioneer of the East Coast Mission, was the peer of the greatest mis- sionary characters. After several years' service under the Church Missionary Society in Abys- sinia, he settled in Mombasa in 1844. Standing beside the newly made grave of his wife and child a few months after his arrival at Mombasa, he sent this challenge to Christians at home : * There is now on the East African Coast a lonely mis- sionary grave. This is a sign that you have com- menced the struggle with this part of the world, and as the victories of the Church are gained by stepping over the graves of her members, you may be convinced that the hour is at hand when you are summoned to the conversion of Africa from its Eastern shore.' " Krapf was joined by 4 "Daybreak in the Dark Continent," p. 213. AFEICA 169 Jolm Eebmann in 1846, and with him began a series of explorations by which they discovered the mountains of Kilimanjero, Kitima, Njaro, and Kenia, and added much to the sum of knowledge regarding the geography of Africa. ^'*Krapf^s 'one great vision was an * Apostle Street/ com- posed of mission stations from east to west across the continent, and also one from north to south, with each station named after an apostle, thus tracing the figure of a cross upon the Dark Conti- nent. But it was not many years before he reconciled himself to hope deferred. ^The idea of a chain of missions will yet be taken up by suc- ceeding generations and carried out, for the idea is always conceived tens of years before it comes to pass,' said he. *This idea I bequeath to every missionary coming to East Africa.' 'Prophetic utterance,' says Eugene Stock, secretary of the Church Missionary Society. *We are but now (1899) carr^dng out the scheme which Krapf sug- gested.' Indeed, with the Congo missions ap- proaching those from the east and with the Mle missions almost meeting those from the south, a great cross is being roughly traced upon the heart of Africa that would thrill the rugged soul of Krapf with enthusiasm." We must not, however, leave the East African field without pointing out the wonderful group of missions like the Uganda, the Universities, the Blantyre, Livingstonia, and London Society Mis- 5 "Daybreak in the Dark Continent," p. 215. 170 MISSIONARY HISTOEY sions, which occupy the territory aroimd the great lakes and have drawn a line of Christian settle- ments from the Egyptian Sudan to Lake Shirwa on the borders of Portuguese East Africa. Among the workers in this great field stand out conspicuously Mackay of Uganda and John Mackensie. ^^^John Mackensie, the missionary statesman, and David Livingstone, the missionary explorer, in some respects reflect and complement each other. Each began his career under the London Missionary Society and about the same time (1840) among the Bechuanas of South Africa. Just as Livingstone did greater service by blaz- ing paths through unexplored regions than he possibly oould have performed in the usual work of a mission station, so Mackensie multiplied the missionary significance of his life by promoting the expansion of the British Empire over the regions Livingstone had explored. He thus saved native States from annihilation by the Boers and insured the best colonial rule in the world to vast stretches of Africa." He became Commissioner of Bechuanaland and was constant in his efforts to induce the English Government to obtain con- trol of South Africa in the interests of civilization and Christianity. His representations at first had but little efPect, but later he was to see the begin- ning of that imperial policy which is finally ful- filling the purpose of his earnest devotion as mis- 6 "Daybreak in the Dark Continent," p, 299. AFEICA ITl sionary, political agitator, educator, adminis- trator, and statesman. After Ms policy began to bear fruit, the Pall Mall Gazette spoke of Macken- sie as one *^wlio will live in tlie annals of an em- pire as the man who, at a grave crisis, saved Africa for England." Alexander Mackay, of the Church Missionary Society — ^^Mackay of Uganda" — ^is another name famous in the annals of East and Central African missions. The son of a Free Kirk Scottish min- ister, well educated and trained to the profession of engineering, he turned his back on all offers of honorable and lucrative employment and sailed for Africa in 1876. '^^His farewell speech before the Board of Directors of the mission is charac- teristic: *I want to remind the committee that within six months they will probably hear that one of us is dead. Is it probable that eight Eng- lishmen should start for Central Africa and all be alive six months after? One of us at least, it may be I, will surely fall before that. When that news comes do not be cast down, but send some one else immediately to take the vacant place." Within three months one of the eight was dead. Within a year two more had fallen, and within two years Mackay was the only one left in the field. He labored on for twelve years, using his great mechanical skill to benefit and attract the natives. He won the friendship of the native king of Uganda, Mtesa, but was persecuted by the new; 7** Daybreak in the Dark Continent," p. 234. 172 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY; 3dng, Mwanga, and through the hostility of Roman iCatholic priests and Arab traders, his converts iwere martyred and scattered and he himself finally driven out of the country, took refuge at the other end of Lake Victoria Nyanza and died **with his face to the foe," leaving a foundation upon which the splendid work of the Uganda mis- sion has since been built. ^^^ Stanley, 'the man who found Livingstone,' lias left the following splendid tribute to Mackay 's character and steadfastness: 'He has no time to fret and groan and weep, and God knows if ever man had reason to think of graves and worms and oblivion and to be doleful and lonely and sad, Mackay had when, after murdering his bishop and burning his pupils, strangling his converts and clubbing to death his dark friends, Mwanga turned his eye of death upon him. And yet this little man met it with calm blue eyes that never winked. To see one man of this kind working day after day for twelve years bravely and without a sylla- ble of complaint or a moan amid the wilderness, and to hear him lead his little flock ' ' to show forth God's loving kindness every morning and His faithfulness every night,'' is worth going a long journey for the moral courage and contentment one derives from it. ' " In 1913, a region which thirty-five years before knew nothing of Christianity, had a native Chris- tian Church of over 90^000 communicants and nearlj^ half a million adherents. 8 "Missionary Expansion," p. 194. AFRICA 1T3 South Africa Tlie history of South Africa is interwoven witH that of East and Central Africa because the first Christian pioneers worked north from South Africa, which they entered by the way of the Dutch isettlement of Cape Colony. The names which in- evitably recur to mind in connection with this northward trend of missionary effort in Africa are those of Eobert Moffat and David Livingstone, with the scarcely less famous one of Henry M. Stanley, who though not technically a missionary, did as much as any man to open Africa to the heralds of the cross and to plant civilization in the place of barbarism. Eobert Moffat, when but twenty-two years old, entered South Africa in 1817. He was at first refused permission to go into the interior and remained at the Cape, studying the Dutch lan- guage and observing conditions. At length he was allowed to proceed to Namaqualand in the Orange Eiver country, the home of the dreaded Africaner, a chief whose name was a terror to all that region. Moifat, however, found that the gos- pel had been carried to this savage warrior, and after some months of instruction and guidance Africaner accompanied Moffat to the coast, where he was received by the Government officials with incredulity and wonder. His conversion proved, however, to be permanent, and his example was of great benefit to subsequent missionary e:ffort. 174 MISSIONARY HISTOEY iMo:ffat returned to tlie interior and establisHed la mission at Kuruman, where lie labored for years. Mrs. Moffat, with rare faith, wrote in response ito the request of friends at home to name some ^ft that they might send her, *^Send us a com- munion servdce; we shall need it some day." There were then no native Christians at Kuruman, but two years after the letter was written and eight years after they had begun their work, Moffat and his wife organized their first native church with six members, and used the com- munion service, which had reached them just be- fore the day set for the first observance of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. It was a happy answer to the prayer of faith. For sixty-three years Moffat and his wife labored to lay the foundations of Christianity in Bechuanaland, gathering congregations, translat- ing the Scriptures into the native tongTies, and building up a Christian community. ^'When he entered upon his work he found the people mur- derous savages. When he died he left them with a written language of their own and able to appre- ciate and cultivate the habits of civilized life." He returned to England enfeebled by age and hardships in 1870, and after a few further years, spent as strength would permit in stirring the zeal of the home Churches, he died in 1883, at the venerable age of eighty-eight years. His wife died in 1871, the year after their final return to England. AFEICA 1T5 Wlien Moffat died lie left behind him a suc- cessor who proved more illustrious even than him- self, the world-famous missionar^^, David Li\dng- stone. The marvelous life of this man, who be- came one of the leading explorers and geographers of his century, was inspired throughout by the true missionar}^ spirit, for though much of his life was spent in laboriously penetrating the unknown regions of Central Africa, he did this work not simply to open up undiscovered territories, but, as he once wrote, ^^'to make way, above all, for the propagation of Christianity. ' ' Livingstone is the king of modern discoverers, but he sacrificed himself that he might open up the way for the redemption of the Africans. The victorious strug- gle against the African slave trade, the opening of the interior of Africa, and the abundance of new inland African missions, have been the work of Livingstone realized after his death. The life work of Livingstone commenced when, at the age of twenty-seven, he landed at Cap -^town (in 1840) on his way to the South African station of Kuruman, then occupied by Eobert Moffat. For two years he traversed the Bechuana country, and for six years more, after marrying Eobert Moffat's daughter Mary and locating a station at Mabotsa and later at Kolobeng, he was occupied with the ordinary labors of an aggressive mis- sionary. At length he was aroused by the great thought that if one were to penetrate the then 9 •'History of Protestant Missions," p. 259, 176 MISSIONARY HISTOEX tmexplored regions of Central Africa and tlius to throw it open to Christianity and trade, the detestable slave trade, at which his whole soul revolted, would receive its death-blow. Animated by this idea, and exclaiming, *^I shall open up a path to the interior or perish," he began his world-famous explorations, undertaking, in 1853, his first great journey from Linyanti on the Zam- besi Eiver to Saint Paola de Loanda on the West Coast. After recuperating here, he retraced his route to Linyanti and then pushed across the con- tinent, reaching Quilimane on the Indian Ocean in 1856. On this journey, accomplished in the face of incredible difficulties, he consumed nearly four years of time, traversed South Africa from ocean to ocean and traveled on foot over 11,000 miles. It was during this journey that Livingstone dis- covered the now famous Victoria Falls on the Zambesi, one of the greatest natural wonders of the world. He returned to England in 1856, was received with the greatest honors by scientists as well as Church people, and aroused intense interest in Africa from the mercantile and humane, as well as from the religious standpoint. Going back to Africa in 1858, as an agent of the British Govern- ment and of the Eoyal Geographical Society, he spent the remaining fifteen years of his life in explorations which often carried him far from ^communication jvith Ms friends and patrons. AFEICA 177 During these expeditions he discovered the sources of the Nile, the great lakes of East Cen- tral Africa, and the upper reaches of the greatest African river, the Congo. It was while on this journey, during which for some years he was lost sight of by the outside world, that he was sought by the famous expedition which was sent out by the New York Herald under the guidance of Henry M. Stanley. After a journey of eleven months, Stanley found the great explorer at Ujiji, on Lake Tanganika, in 1871. Although worn and sick from constant hardships and insufficient sup- plies, the brave old man, now fifty-eight years of age, refused to abandon his task, but resolutely sent Stanley home with the precious records of the work already accomplished, and turned away to finish alone his great undertaking. At last his strength utterly failed him, and at Ilala, in the country of Chitambo, on the shores of Lake Bangweolo, on May 1, 1873, he was found by his attendants in the attitude of prayer, with his head bowed in the last earthly petition that he was ever to offer. His heart was buried beneath a great tree, and his body, in spite of many diffi- culties, was carried by his faithful servants Susi and Chuma to Zanzibar. Thence it was taken to England and laid with reverence and honor among the greatest men of his nation in Westminster Abbey. A simple slab of stone covers his rest- ing place, but the sight of the inscription graven 12 178 MISSIONARY HISTOEY upon it never fails to awaken tlie attention and reverence of those who behold it. It reads thus : BROUGHT BY FAITHFUL HANDS OVER LAND AND SEA HERE RESTS DAVID LIVINGSTONE MISSIONARY, TRAVELER, PHILANTHROPIST BORN MARCH 19, 1813 AT BLANTYRE, LANARKSHIRE DIED MAY 4, 1873 AT CHITAMBO^S VILLAGE, ILALA For thirty years his life was spent in an unwearied effort to evangelize the native races, to explore the undiscovered secrets and abolish the desolating slave trade of Central Africa, and with his last words he wrote: " All I can say in my solitude is, may Heaven's richest blessing come down on every one — American, English, Mohammedan — who will help to heal this open sore of the world." West Africa The story of "West African missions is inti- mately connected with the horrors of the slave trade for it was in this portion of the continent that this detestable traffic was originally estab- lished. As Christian lands had been partners with crime in this accursed business, so it was that God finally overruled this evil by making it an efficient instrument in arousing the hearts and consciences of Christians to carry the gospel not only to the ^* slave coast,'' but to all other parts /of the Dark Continent. AFEICA I'i^ One of tlie earliest methods of attempting to Christianize West Africa was the establishment of two colonies, one by English philanthropists and the other by Americans as represented by the American Colonization Society. Sierra Leone, the British colony and protectorate (fonnded in 1787), and Liberia, the American enterprise (founded in 1820), lie side by side on the West Coast of Africa, and almost ^ve degrees north of the equator. To- gether they have an area of about 70,000 square miles and a population of more than 2,500,000. Their sea coast line is disproportionately long, their territory extending no more than one hun- dred miles inland at any point. The white popula- tion of either country is inconsiderable, but while Sierra Leone is protected and governed by the British, Liberia since 1847 has been recognized as a free Eepublic, governed entirety by its Negro citizens. These experiments in evangelizing Af- rica by civilized and emancipated Negroes have been only a partial success. Still they have given a foothold to Christian missions on the West Coast and have been an example of Christian civilization to the natives of the interior that has not been unfruitful. As typical missionaries, working inland from these points and others on the West Coast, we can only mention Melville B. Cox, whose brief min- istry of less than five months of actual service in Africa gave an inspiration for many who were stirred by his courageous example; Adolphus C. 180 MISSIONARY HISTORY; Good, who for twelve years labored in Gabun on the Congo, and Thomas J. Comber, whose ten years of work on the Congo were so filled witK ceaseless but purposeful work that the natives called him ^^Vianga Vianga/' ^^restless activity.'' ^°' ' But what shall I say more, for the time would fail me to tell of Wilson, the brave Southerner, in the Gabun ; the quaint and beloved Lindley and the saintly Tyler among the Zulus, Grenf ell and Rich- ards and Sims on the Congo, Waddell in Old Calabar, Bishop Steere in East Africa, and that grand old hero. Bishop William Taylor, who though devoted to what proved an extreme or pre- mature form of self-supporting missions, never- theless held Africa before his Church till he re- vived the enthusiasm that had followed the death of Cox. The women who have done what they could, and what men oould not do, for Africa form a noble band. ' ' We can not leave this subject without men- tioning two or three examples of the power of Christianity as shown in the result of African missions. Prominent among these is Bishop Samuel Adjai Crowther, whose career is thus briefly summarized. ^^^^Bom of the relatively in- ferior Yorubas, west of the River Niger, he was captured by Fulah slavers in 1821, traded for a horse, consigned to a Portuguese slave ship, lib- erated by an English man of war, placed in a 10 " Daybreak in the Dark Continent," p. 241. 11 " Daybreak in the Dark Continent," p. 253. AFEICA 181 mission school at Freetown, Sierra Leone, taken to England to complete Ms education, sent as a missionar}^ to Ms own people along the Niger, consecrated Bishop of the Niger in Canterbury Cathedral in 1864, presented with a gold watch by the Royal Geographical Society for his travels and researches along the Niger, was the translator of the Book of Common Prayer and parts of the Bible into the Yoruba dialect, honored in Africa and in England for his ability, success, and hu- mility, died in 1891. Such in brief is the biog- raphy of an African slave and Christian freeman, one of the great missionary characters of the nine- teenth century.'' ^^Paul, the ^ ^Apostle of the Congo," was an- other of these ^^commonplace blacks." Before Ms conversion he did all he could to oppose the gospel, beating a drum and calling to dancing and wine drinking those whom he saw to be in- terested in the Christian services, and sometimes even trying to break up the meetings by violence and interruptions. But God's Spirit touched him, and he heard the heavenly voice under conditions so like the conversion of Saul that at his baptism he was given the name of Paul. Like his great namesake, this African Paul now thought of noth- ing else but to preach that gospel which once he had labored to destroy. He asked for the hardest place that could be given him and went to a people that would not even hear his message. For months he could gain no converts. Finally one 12 "Daybreak in the Dark Continent." pp 256-261. 182 MISSIONARY HISTORY, man dared to say '*! am a Christian," and wag immediately driven from liis home by his heathen; neighbors. He built a hut near that of Paul. Gradually the little Christian community grew. A chapel to accommodate three hundred people was built, and soon this feeble band, just rescued from paganism, was sending teachers to other towns and paying their expenses. Before Paul died (1902) his Church numbered six hundred con- verts, all converted under his personal evangelism. His people continue to carry the message across the Congo to their heathen neighbors, and its in- fluence is widening. Such also is the story of King Khama of Bechuanaland, whose successful fight against the greed of white ^ * Christians " who would have ruined his people by the introduction and sale of liquor won for him the title of the *^ South African Alfred the Great." ^^'^The years of state build- ing which have succeeded Khama 's accession to the chieftainship have resulted in the conversion of an entire savage tribe into a peaceful, agricul- tural. Christian people. Houses have displaced rude huts. The home thought has taken root. The Bechuanas are not all Christians, even as all Americans are not Christians; some of the tribe still cling to their pagan ideas, although pagan practices were long since abolished by law, but the life of the tribe as it is to-day is a demonstra- tion of the effect of Christian missions. To pass 13 " Daybreak in the Dark Continent," pp. 256-261. AFEICA 183 from Bechuanaland before Khama's reign toi Becliuanaland with Khama in power is like pass- ing from Dante's Inferno to liis Paradise." Madagascar The story of Madagascar missions properly belongs with that of Africa, although the greater part of the inhabitants are of the Malay rather than of the Negritic race. It is a story of de- voted and heroic missionary service which was at first notably successful so that between 1818, when the first missionaries reached the island, and 1831 at least 30,000 natives were brought nnder Christian influence, of whom 2,000 became professed Christians. Schools were opened and churches formed, and religion seemed to flourish. But in 1835, under the queen Eanavalona I, the successor of King Eadama, who had been friendly to Europeans and their religion, a bitter persecu- tion broke out and continued with short respites for no less than twenty-six years (1835 to 1861), during which the native Church was fearfully oppressed. Notwithstanding their sufferings, however, the Christians, many but recently con- verted from their heathen faith, stood firm, be- having with such heroism and trust in God that even the heathen officers would say of them, ^^Let us go and see how these Christians behave; they are not afraid to die." And the persecuting queen herself confessed: *^I have killed some; I have made some slaves till death; I have put 184 MISSIONAEY HISTORY some in long and lieavy fetters; and still yon continue praying. How is it that you can not give up thatr' At the death of the cruel queen, in 1861, she was succeeded by Eadama II, who at once pro- claimed religious liberty. The missionaries re- turned and were astonished to find that the little flock of the previous generation not only had not been rooted out, but had actually increased to over 40,000. In 1869, under another ruler, Ranavalona II, the royal idols were destroyed and Christianity commended to all the people. "Within fifty years, twenty-five of which had been spent in a determined effort to root out Chris- tianity, there had been gathered a native Church of 50,000 communicants, 150,000 adherents, thou- sands of scholars in the schools, and a population of 1,500,000 asking for Christian instruction. The later subjugation of the island by France, and still worse the opposition by the Jesuits and other servants of the Eomish Church, to the Prot- estant missionaries and their people is, however, one of the saddest chapters in the history of mis- sions. "While physical violence has been used in but few cases, much has been done to hamper and discourage Protestant missions. ^^It yet remains to be seen if the martyr spirit of their ancestors is in the present Malagasy, and whether they will remain as faithful under the persecution of a Christian nation as did their forefathers under that of a heathen queen." AFEICA 185 Finally, as voicing the conclnsion of one well qualified to judge of the results of African mis- sions in general, to which he has given close at- tention, the following words by Theodore Eoose- velt, written (1910) at the close of his travels in Africa, are worthy of record. He says: ^^ Those who complain of or rail at missionary work in Africa and who confine themselves to pointing out the undoubtedly too numerous errors of the mis- sionaries or shortcomings of their flocks would do well to consider that, even if the light which had been let in is but feeble and gray it has at least dispelled a worse than Stygian darkness. Where, as in Uganda, the people are intelligent and the missionaries unite disinterestedness and zeal with common sense, the result is astounding.'' CHAPTEE Xn THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC iThe Pacific Ocean is one of the great fields of the [world's adventure and romance. Its vast ex- panses encircle a full quarter of the earth's sur- face. Its myriad islands and the shores of the great continents that it washes are the abodes of a large proportion of the human race, and within its confines are found peoples and nations whose lives and conditions are so different from the rest of the world that they offer ever new and fascinating problems to the explorer or to him who seeks the betterment of his fellow-man. Indeed, those who first discovered the island world which is situated in the midst of this great ocean, or who gazed upon its dusky peoples with the thought of bringing to them a higher and a better life than they had ever known, must have felt, as Keats expresses it: " Like some lone watcher of the skies. When a new planet swims into his ken. Or like stout Cortez, when with eagle eyes He stared at the Pacific — and all his men Look'd at each other with a wild surmise, Silent, upon a peak in Darien." 186 THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 187 ^' * The island world may be separated into four divisions, Malaysia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Of these, Malaysia contains the most land and Micronesia the least. These groups may again be divided into two grand divisions, the Continental and the Oceanic. Continental islands are those which lie near and parallel to the con- tinents of Asia and Australia, such as Japan, the Philippines, the East Indies, and New Zealand; the oceanic islands include all the rest. Our studies have to do more strictly with the oceanic islands, which may be plotted as lying in a great ■semi-circle, beginning at Hawaii on the north- east, swinging through New Zealand as its most southern point, and terminating on the northwest at the Philippines." ^In these oceanic islands the inhabitants are of four races, the Polynesians, Papuans, Fijis, and Micronesians. The Polynesians are a brown race, the finest in physical development of the Pacific races. They are naturally of an amiable, affectionate, and happy temperament. Their origin has been traced to the Dravidians of India. Their lan- guage is mellifluous, consisting chiefly of vowels. Dwelling indolently and listlessly in the comforts of the tropics, they express their few, simple ideas by soft vowel sounds and abbreviated words. They thus so contract their words and drop their consonants that in Hawaii only twelve letters are needed to spell all the Hawaiian words. 1 " Christua Redemptor," p. 3. 2 " Islands of the Pacific," dd. 7. 8. 188 MISSIONARY HISTORY ^The Papuans occupy the New Hebrides and the adjacent islands on the southwest. They are a black, frizzly haired people, small in stature, and in every respect inferior to the Polynesians. The Fijis are a mixed race, partly Polynesian and partly Papuan, inferior to the Polynesians and superior to the Papuans. The Micronesians also are a mixed race, de- rived from the Japanese, Polynesian, and Papuan races. They are darker in complexion and smaller in stature than the Polynesians, but in the West- em Micronesian Islands they are of lighter com- plexion and more like the Japanese. In habits, customs, and religious practices all these islanders are very similar. The physical conditions under which they live conduce to an ease of living not surpassed elsewhere. *'They have but to throw the net into the still waters in- side their reefs to catch fish, and to reach out the hand to pluck the ripe plantain or breadfruit, and in the perennial mildness of their climate can live almost without clothing. With great skill they make dwellings, canoes, and household fabrics, by the use of stone adzes and knives of bones and shell, and beat out a poor kind of cloth- ing from the bark of trees ; but in their primitive appearance they are generally little better than herds of wild animals. The very profuseness of the gifts of nature degrades and demoralizes them. In their primitive condition they were indeed « " Islands of the Pacific," pp. 8,10. THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 189 savage. *Wars among tliem were almost incessant and most cruel. The Eev. John Williams visited Hervey Island and found that its population had been diminished by war from two thousand to sixty. In all these islands immorality was appall- ing and frightful crimes of frequent occurrence. Infanticide was so common that from one-fourth to two-thirds of the children were strangled or buried alive. The sick and the aged were so com- monly killed that few persons died natural deaths. Cannibalism was practiced in many islands. In Hawaii and in a few other islands it was unknown, but in the Marqueses and Fiji Islands it prevailed with horrors unsurpassed elsewhere in the world. Distressing superstition darkened all the lives of the natives and held them in iron bondage. ^^*In the long night of their isolation from enlightening influences, they had come to worship innumerable gods and demigods and demons with which they supposed the sea and the earth and the sky to swarm. With this worship were combined painful restrictions called tabu, divination, sor- cery, the use of charms to cure sickness, and black arts to employ evil spirits in destroying their ene- mies. Their worship was also accompanied with human sacrifices and wild carousals that have been described as like orgies of the infernal regions." Yet it must be said of these islanders that they are appreciative of friendly and helpful services rendered to them by others, and when not ren- 4 '■ Islands of the Pacific," pp. 9, 10. 5 " Islands of the Pacific," p. 10. 190 MISSIONARY HISTOEY dered suspicious or hostile by the unfriendly acts of those who come to live or trade with them, are capable of being greatly affected by Christian and civilizing influences and in turn transmitting these influences to others. ^'^The methods employed by the missionaries to bring these people into the light differ some- what from those emphasized in other fields. As most of the groups contain numerous islets, it has necessitated the occupancy of central islands as headquarters whence they go out on tours of visitation from time to time. Moreover, these centers of religious life are the places where natives are trained before scattering to their island parishes. Missionary ships are, therefore, an essential to every successful South Sea mis- sion. "With a succession of ships, such as the Day spring J Southern Cross , John Williams, Morn- ing Star, etc, it has been possible to keep up com- munication with the scattered churches of the various missions. Because communication is not easy and visits can not be frequent, meetings for counsel, held half-yearly in many missions, are a great aid in the work. On these occasions dele- gates from the native pastorate of an island or an entire group meet to consider the broader ques- tions affecting their general work. The decisions arrived at are regarded as morally binding, though in minor matters each pastor enjoys per- fect liberty. 6 " Geography and EBatory of Missions," p. 153. THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 191 *^Tlie native agency of Oceana is exceptionally effective. The reasons for this are suggested above, namely, the careful training given them, the independence which is strengthened by the missionaries' inability to always work beside them, with the consequent responsibility placed upon them, and the remarkable spirit of heroism which has repeatedly secured two or three times as many volunteers as were needed to take the place of martyrs who had met a most tragic fate. They make fine preachers and fine pastors, and in Hawaii are almost the equal of their American co-workers." ^* Scarcely less admirable is the native Church of these islands. "While it has defects, in that many of the converts show a lack of stamina and have but little strong spiritual feeling, yet their moral and religious life as a whole is most ad- mirable. The domestic, social, and moral life of nearly all these islands has been regenerated under missionary influence ; the forms of religion are widely observed; nearly all the people attend service on the Sabbath, so that the Fiji Islanders to-day present the remarkable spectacle of being the banner church-goers of the world. Family worship is almost universally observed. Nearly all the people are able to read and do read God's Holy Word, which they possess in their own lan- guage. ' ' Having had this general view of conditions in Oceana, we must now turn to examine the Hs- 192 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY; tory of mission work in a few typical places in this island world, selecting for this purpose the Society Islands, Fiji, the New Hebrides, Hawaii, and the Philippines. The Society Islands ^*'0n November 4, 1794, a company of min- isters of various denominations united in London in issuing a call for a convention of delegates from their Churches to meet in London on the 22d, 23d, and 24th of December, 1794, to consider the project of forming an undenominational mis- sionary society. At the time appointed great multitudes assembled and *^ Christians of all denominations for the first time met together in the same place, using the same hymns and prayers and feeling themselves to be one.'^ The London Missionary Society was then formed, composed of Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Independents. The attention of the Society was drawn to the islands of the Pacific Ocean as a promising field for missions, and although their knowledge of the island world was very scant, and even what they knew proved to be very er- roneous, they resolved without delay to commence a mission to the South Sea Islands. A ship, The Duff, was purchased and equipped, a con- verted sea captain. Captain Wilson, was placed in command, and a band of twenty chosen mis- sionaries, including six women and two children, 7 " Islands of the Pacific," p. 56. THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 193 embarked at Portsmouth, September 23, 1796, and after a long and weary voyage of seven months dropped anchor in the harbor of Tahiti. This island is one of a group of thirteen islands, named by Captain Cook the ** Society Islands" after the Eoyal Geographical Society. Tahiti is the largest of the group and presents an entrancing scene of towering mountains, fer- tile valleys, and smiling seas. ^The inhabitants are a brown race, var^'ing in color from a light olive to a swarthy brown. Their hair is usually raven black and straight, wavy, or curly; their eyes are black and expressive ; their noses rather wide ; their foreheads fairly high and rather nar- row. Their women rank with the most beautiful in the Pacific. In disposition the Tahitians are affable, light-hearted, and generous, but fickle and under provocation deceitful, irritable, and brutal. Their moral and religious character was marvel- ously bad. Immorality, polygamy, and infanticide prevailed to an incredible extent. Wars were al- most incessant and were most cruel and destruc- tive, and as one of the early missionaries, the Rev. William Ellis, remarked, ^*No portion of the human race was ever perhaps sunk lower in brutal licentiousness and mental degradation than this isolated people." Such were the islands and such the people to whom The Duff bore the first missionaries sent by a Christian nation to the South Seas. When 8 "Islands of the Pacific/'.p. 65. 13 194 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY; clie ship came to anclior in tlie liarbor tlie natives swarmed around lier, carried the visitors ashore and brought them to their king, who received them kindly, assigned them a district for residence, and gave them a large house to dwell in. Then The Duff sailed away, leaving a portion of her mis- sionary passengers at Tahiti and taking others to the Tonga and the Marquesas Islands. Finding a Swede who had been shipwrecked on Tahiti, they employed him as an interpreter, and at first seemed to be gaining the confidence of the natives, but with the inconsistency of savages, the natives often rejected the truth which at first they seemed inclined to receive, and at times even maltreated and so terrified the missionaries that after three years only five missionaries remained on the island. They persevered, however, in the work, and in 1800 the first chapel erected for Christian worship in the Pacific was dedicated. King Pomare I, who had ruled when the missionaries came, died in 1804, and his son, Pomare 11, seemed inclined to follow in the footsteps of his cruel and brutal father. The courage and patience of the missionaries almost failed, several of them re- moved to another island, and but two remained to carry on the work. But this darkest hour was just before the dawn. King Pomare 's heart was turned toward the truth, he renounced idolatry, broke the superstition of the tabu by eating a sacred turtle, and began to favor the missionaries and to listen attentively to their teachings. THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 195 Sliortly after this Pomare invited the missionaries who had fled from his persecutions to return to Tahiti. He destroyed idolatry, giving the royal idols to the London Missionary Society. He sent for a printing press so that Bibles and hymn- books might be prepared for his people, and out of his own funds paid for the building of a great native church 712 feet long. This unique church building had 123 windows and 29 doors, and in it were three pulpits 260 feet apart. Through it ran a stream of living water on its way from the mountains to the sea. In this church the king was baptized in the presence of four thousand of his subjects. The work of evangelizing the islands steadily progressed from this time until, in 1839, less than forty-five years from the coming of the first mis- 'sionaries, the captain of a whale ship could say: ' ' Tahiti is the most civilized place I have been to in the South Seas. They have a good code of liaws and no liquors are allowed to be landed on the island. It is one of the most gratifying sights that the eye can witness to see these people on Sunday in their church, which holds about four thousand, the queen near the pulpit, with all her subjects about her, decently clad and seemingly in pure devotion. ' ' It is distressing to write that not long after this date the French established a protectorate over these islands, introduced liquor and vice, broke up as far as possible the Protestant mis- 196 MISSIONARY HISTOEY sions, and tried to establisli the Eoman Catholic faith among the natives. The London Missionary- Society had to withdraw and pass their mission over to the Evangelical Society of France, and the work, though not destroyed, was severely checked. Yet the truth made headway and the Tahitian Church became a seed plot from which, under the guidance of the English missionaries, and especially of John Williams and William Ellis, Tahitian Christians sowed the seed of the gospel far and wide over Oceania. The Fiji Islands The Fiji Islands are situated in the Pacific Ocean about one thousand miles north of New Zealand and three hundred miles southwest of the Samoan Islands. Their natural characteristics are much like those of the other South Pacific Islands. The name ^^^Fiji was formerly synony- mous with every cruelty and abomination that savages are capable of. Cannibalism was indulged in, sick and aged relations were killed, widows were not allowed to survive the death of their husbands, and slaves were slain to accompany their dead masters, yet strangely enough hospi- tality and politeness characterized this savage race in a remarkable degree." Fiji also presents a wonderful illustration of the power of the gospel to transform the lives 8 Encyclopedia of Missions, "Fiji Islands." THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 197 of the most degraded and to turn an entire people to tlie worship and service of the living God. Its evangelization resulted in a most marvelous way from that of Tahiti. A frightful epidemic, such as often ravaged these islands, visited a little island called Ono in the year 1835. All the efforts of the natives to obtain help from their gods were in vain, and just then one of their chiefs visited a neighboring island called Lakemba, where he met a Fiji chief who had been in Tahiti ■and there learned that the only true God was Jehovah and that one day in seven was to be ob- served in His worship. With this slender knowl- edge the chief returned to his people and they decided to worship this new God. At first a na- tive Christian from the neighboring Tonga Islands instructed them, later the Rev. John Calvert went from Lakemba to the Fiji Islands, and was soon followed by two Wesleyan missionaries, the Revs. William Cross and David Cargill. Enduring many hardships and perils, they finally succeeded in forming a native Church and in extending the news of the gospel to other islands of the group, but were often horrified and depressed by the terrible conditions of cannibalism and barbarism which abounded in these islands. Landing on one island, they were just in time to see the strangling of sixteen women, wives of the king's son who had been drowned, and to witness a cannibal feast on eleven bodies of men killed in war. While their husbands were away, two wives of mission- 198 MISSIONAEY HISTORY aries, hearing that fourteen native women had been seized and were to be eaten on a neighboring island, hastened to the place in a canoe, rushed through the crowd and into the king's presence at the peril of their own lives and demanded the release of the wretched victims. Gradually the work told, the children were gathered into schools and the people into the chapel. ^°'' Finally a mighty revival of religion broke out. Hundreds were received into the churches, among them some of the most savage chiefs. Heathenism was universally renounced, the awful horrors of cannibalism ceased, churches were everywhere organized and the forms of Christian civilization adopted. On the island of Uban a great stone, on which it had been the custom to slaughter victims for cannibal feasts, was conveyed by the natives to a church, hollowed out and made into a baptismal font, ^a fit emblem of the people who had been transformed from pagan barbarism into Christian characters.' '' ii<< Among the missionaries who wrought most successfully in bringing about this change was the Eev. James Calvert, an English Methodist. He was an artisan, teacher, statesman, friend, and minister in one, and had the further gift of a superb physique that no hardships could over- come. He labored in Fiji from 1838 to 1865, and then returned to England, where he lived till 1892.'' When seventy- two years old, in 1886, it 10 " Islands of the Pacific," p. 305. H " Christus Redemptor," p. 150. THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 199 was his privilege to revisit tlie scenes of his strug- gles and achievements. His observations nuade during this trip read like the stories of miracles. In 1835 there was not a single Christian, and in 1886 there was not an avowed heathen in the eighty inhabited islands. He found 1,322 churches, 1,824 schools, 2,610 teachers, and out of a population of 116,000 there were 104,585 at- tendants on public worship. The New Hebkides These islands belong to Melanesia, and lie about one thousand miles north of New Zealand. They are inhabited by mixed peoples, belonging in general, however, to the Papuan race, and num- bering about 50,000 to 60,000. They are rather below a medium height, fairer than the typical Papuan, with low, receding foreheads, broad faces, and flat noses. Although the inhabited islands number only about thirty, with an area of perhaps 5,000 square miles, yet not less than twenty lan- guages are spoken by the various tribes, two or three sometimes being used in different parts of the same small island and so dissimilar that books prepared in one dialect can not be used in another. The names which shine out conspicuously in the missionary history of these islands are those of John "Williams, John Geddie, and John G. Paton, the ^^ three epistles of John," as they might well be called. ^^John Williams was bom at Tottenham, near 12 Encyclopedia of Missions. 200 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY London, in 1796, and at tlie age of twenty (1816)] offered himself as a missionary to the London Missionary Society, and with his wife was sent to the South Sea Islands. He was first stationed at Eimeo, one of the Society Islands, where he isoon acquired a knowledge of the native language and later removed to Raiatea, another island of the same group, which was for a long time his permanent headquarters. In 1820 he visited the Hervey Islands and settled at Earatonga, which became a center of Christian influence for the en- tire group. Unaided by other than native helpers, he built himself a vessel which he called The Mes- senger of Peace and in which he explored many groups of the South Sea Islands, going even as far as Samoa, two thousand miles from his cen- tral station. In 1833 he revisited England, where, among other things, he supervised the printing of the Earatongan New Testament. In 1838 he re- turned to the South Seas with ten other mission- aries, and a little later, while attempting to land at the island of Erromanga, he was set upon by the infuriated savages and with his companion, Mr. Harris, was killed. The falling banner was caught from this pioneer's hands not by his own countrymen, but by Christian islanders. Native Samoans them- selves, just lifted out of the depths of pagan degra- dation, volunteered to carry the gospel to the New Hebrides in the place of the martyred Williams. But the warfare was to be long and difficult In: THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 201 1840 two native Christian Samoans landed at Erromanga, but were badly treated and at tbe end of a year were forced to withdraw. In 1842 two English missionaries, Messrs. Turner and Nesbit, with their wives, settled in Tanna, the first white missionaries to permanently locate in the New Hebrides, but in two years they also were forced to flee to Samoa. In 1848 John Geddie, *Hhe father of Presbyterian Missions in the South Seas,'' arrived at Aneityum, and in 1858 John G. Paton began his memorable work on Tanna and Aniwa. ** Little Johnny Geddie," as he was called in his Nova Scotia home, was so much in earnest to enter upon missionary work that by constant visit- ing and preaching in his native town and vicinity he raised the funds for his own outfit and sup- port. After studying medicine and many of the mechanical arts, he finally sailed for the South Seas and at last began his chosen work on the island of Aneityum in 1848. Here he built a house and began to learn the language, offering the natives a biscuit for each new word which he learned from them. After a little he explored the island and established regular preaching places and services. The work required great patience and caution. Any disaster that hap- pened, such as sickness or tempest, was attributed to the *^new religion'' which Geddie taught. He unwittingly built a fence across a path which the natives said was used by their demons on their 202 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY way from the mountains to the sea, and thus aroused their anger, but little by little the mis- sionary won the confidence of the natives, ob- tained their acceptance of Christianity, and brought about a wonderful transformation in the lives and the habits of the people. Christianity became the prevailing religion. Immorality and heathen practices were abandoned; deeds of be- nevolence took the place of deeds of cruelty ; $5,000 was contributed for the translation of the Bible, and the product of their coeoanut trees for six months, amounting to twenty-six tons of copra, valued at $575, was given for the roofing of two churches with corrugated iron. Fifty natives went forth from this island as evangelists to other lands. Mr. Geddie died in 1872, after twenty-four years of missionary toil. On a simple wooden tablet in the church at Anelcanlut in the island of Aneityum is this glorious epitaph: '^When he landed in 1848, there were no Christians here ; and when he left, in 1872, there were no heathen. ^ ' In the life of John G. Paton we have a story of wonderful pathos and power. The record reads like a romance, for even the human imagination can not conceive of that which is more stirring than actual facts. We can not here tell the story of Paton 's long labors on Aniwa and on Tanna. The popular name of Tanna, the *' lighthouse of the Pacific," taken from its flaming volcano, is an excellent designation for the influence of this once dark but now enlightened land, as it sends its THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC ' 203 spiritiial light far and wide over the waters of the Pacific. By school and Church, by book and work, by the charm of music and by the arts of civilized life, so common to us, so mysterious to the simple natives, Paton gradually gained the confidence and then even the love of these savage people and slowly led them out from the bondage and degradation of heathenism into the glorious liberty of the children of God. These people, once bloodstained savages, have become brothers in Christ Jesus and are themselves preaching to oth- ers that faith which they once labored to destroy. Wlioever saw this ^^ grand old man" of the Pacific tstanding by the side of the aged but erect form of Dr. Jacob Chamberlain, and clasping hands with the veteran missionary to India, as together they faced an immense audience in Carnegie Hall, New York City, during the Ecumenical Confer- ence of 1900, must have felt that through men like these were coming true the words of the Psalmist, ^"^ ^ Thy way shall be known upon earth, Thy saving health unto all nations. Then shall the earth yield her increase, and God, even our own God, shall bless us. God shall bless us and all the ends of the earth shall fear Him." Hawah The story of the Christianization of Hawaii and of the recently opened work in the Philip- pines is not only attractive in itself, but is of iSPs. 67:1, 2, 7. 204 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY special interest as concerned with lands and peo- ples now so intimately connected with the United States. It would seem almost incredible that a country like the Hawaiian Islands, which about ninety years ago was an almost unknown and savage land, should now be a territory of the [United States, civilized, prosperous, and well- governed, and quickly ripening for its place in the great sisterhood of the United States. And the transforming power which has brought about such a change is simply the power of the gospel. The early history of these islands is of rare interest, but we must begin with an incident which directed the attention of Christian Americans to this f ar-oif group of islands. From the time when (1778) Captain Cook discovered Hawaii, or the Sandwich Islands as he called them, they were >dsited by explorers and traders, few of whom exhibited any of the qualities of Christians in their intercourse with the natives. Many native boys Tv^ere carried away on the ships, and in this way several were landed in the United States. One of these boys, Oobookiah by name, was found cry- ing on the steps of Yale College, and inquiry brought out his desire that missionaries should be sent to his native land. This request, seconded by other Hawaiian youths, aroused great interest, and in October, 1819, the first delegation of mis- sionaries sailed for Honolulu, among them Hiram Bingham, who became the leader of his co-workers and apostle to the islanders. When these men THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 205 arrived at tlie islands, on March 30, 1820, the astonishing news reached them that, through the abolition of idolatry in Tahiti, the Hawaiian Islands themselves by a strange providence had been led to destroy their idols and to break the sacred custom of the ^*^^tabu." This religious revolution, however, had not changed their nature nor their inclinations, and the missionaries had a none the less arduous task before them. ^^*^The first steps in this missionary work were even less pretentious than primary schools or preaching short sermons in broken speech. Before all it was necessary to create a desire for better things. Here again the value of the missionary family was evident with its example of a Christian home and the manners of a Christian civiliza- tion. Mr. Bingham has described a mission- ary's wife cutting and fitting a dress for the queen, who would hardly stop from her gam- bling long enough to try it on, and then would reject it with a curt, ^^Too tight! Off with it! Do it over!'' And while the poor missionary was trying to show the queen's sewing woman how 14 Tahi was a system of prohibitions, both religious and political, of the most strenuous sort. The temples, idols and persons of the great chiefs were always tabu and not to be touched. Any place or object might be declared tabu by proclamation or by fastening to it some emblem. The choicest hunting grounds, the best fishing places, the most fertile lands were tabu to all except the chiefs and priests, and they always managed to keep the best for themselves. Sometimes a special season of tabu was ordained. The chiefs and priests united to deny to commoners the privileges they wished for themselves. The men used the tabu to keep from the use of the women most of the good things in life. And whether it was a person or place or thing that was tabued, whether it was so made sacred for a time only or permanently, the slightest iofraction of the rule was punished by death. (Christua Redemptor, p. 97.) 16 " History of the American Board," p. 61. 206 MISSIONARY HISTORY to make her dresses, a pet hog ^as burrowing in the cloth like a puppy. Such ministry seems very humble and petty, but it was necessary if any progress was to be made, and it was undertaken without a murmur. Soon the language was reduced to writing, Bibles and other books were printed, and as the natives were fond of reading the schools and classes were popular. On the death of the king and queen who were in power at the arrival of the missionaries, a Christian queen, Kamehamena I, became regent, and several leading chiefs pro- fessed Christianity. The work was enlarged, new stations were opened, and by the end of 1824 not less than fifty natives were employed as teachers on the vaiious islands and 2,000 pupils had al- ready learned to read. Sad to say, while of course not all of the natives yielded to the new order of things, yet the greatest obstacle Christianity had to contend with in the Hawaiian Islands arose from the lust and vice of so-called * ^ Christians " from other lands. For not only did the excesses and \aces of the Americans and Europeans who began to come to the islands exert an influence which tended to coun- teract the good example and instructions of the missionaries; but these defamers of Christianity did not hesitate to try to break through the restric- tions and safeguards which had been enacted for the protection of the morals of the natives. In- deed, some of these dangers came from the most THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 207 unexpected sources, and it was only by the most strenuous efforts that the excesses of such unwel- come visitors were finally restrained and a meas- ure of the former moral safety of the natives re- stored. Such episodes, alas, have been only too frequent in the experience of Christian missions in other lands and have been among the greatest of hindrances to the acceptance and permanence of Christianity among non-Christian peoples. In 1835-6, a fresh impulse was given to the work by the addition of several new missionaries, among them the Rev. Titus Coan, whose name has become so famous in the history of Hawaiian mis- sions. By 1837, there were seventeen stations occupied by seventeen churches and twenty-seven ordained missionaries, the whole missionary force number- ing sixty. Soon there came what has since been called ^^The Great Awakening." A new spiritual life stirred in the native churches, the standard of piety was raised, inquirers and then new converts appeared. Congregations increased until in some stations 2,000, sometimes even 4,000 or 5,000 peo- ple were assembled. During the year 1839-41, the accessions to the seventeen churches were 22,297, and this with the greatest care in sifting candi- dates. Careful lists of converts were kept; they were assigned to the special care of missionaries or their native helpers, were visited, examined and re-examined, enrolled in training classes, put on probation, and then held back for months and even 208 MISSIONARY HISTORY years before admitted. But notwithstanding all this, the converts multiplied so rapidly that the scene at some of the services rivalled those of Pentecost. On one of these memorable days, the first Sabbath of July, 1838, no less than 1,705 persons were baptized and received into the com- munion of the Church by Mr. Coan, whose descrip- tion of this marvellous experience is one of the classic passages of missionary literature. Lack of space forbids us to dwell upon the growth of the native Church or the noble char- acters trained up in it. Indicative of such char- acters was the answer of one of the native teach- ers to one who was trjdng to dissuade him from undertaking a dangerous mission to a neighbor- ing island, whose savage inhabitants had not yet been evangelized. ** There are alligators on Mur- ray Island," said the teacher's friend, *'and snakes and centipedes." *^Hold," said the teacher, **are there men there?" *^0, yes," was the reply, *^but they are such dreadful savages that there is no use of your thinking of living among them." ^^That will do," said the intrepid Christian, ^^ wherever there are men, missionaries are bound to go." The story of Kapiolani, the Christian queen, who by throwing the sacred berries into the flam- ing crater braved the wrath of Pele, the goddess' of the great volcano of Kilauea, is also one long to be remembered, and many noble and Christian acts were done by others. And so the work went THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 209 on, unhindered by tlie opposition of evil men or even by the persecution of ^^ Christian'' gov- ernments, until in 1840 and again in 1850, the American Board seriously considered the pro- priety of withdrawing from the islands and leav- ing their further evangelization to the efforts of the native Church. Finally, in 1860 that step was taken, the native Church assumed its independ- ence, and Christianity was firmly planted in these islands at the cost of less than forty years of work and the expenditure of somewhat more than $1,000,000. Such a result at such a small cost of time and expense had never before been achieved in the history of Christian missions. Hawaii was organized as a Eepublic in 1894, was formally annexed to the United States in 1898, and in 1900 was organized as a Territory, with Sanford B. Dole as territorial governor. ^^' ^ As a final testimony to the success and value of mission work among the South Seas, the words of the eminent scientist, Charles Darwin, are worthy of note. He says: *'The critics of this work forget or will not remember that human sacrifices and the power of an idolatrous priest- hood, va system of profligacy unparalleled in any other part of the world, infanticide, a consequence of that system, bloody wars where the conquerors spared neither women nor children — that all these have been abolished and that dishonesty, intem- perance, and licentiousness have been greatly re- 18 " Missionary'Expansion," p. 209. 210 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY duced tlirougli the introduction of Cliristianity. In a voyager to forget these things would be base ingratitude, for should he chance to be on the point of shipwreck on some unknown coast, he will most devoutly pray that the lesson of the missionary may have extended thus far. The Philippines The Philippines were discovered in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese sailor and ex- plorer, and named by him San Lazaro Has, a designation which was changed by later explorers to Las Has Filipinas, after the then reigning prince, Philip of Spain. The islands thus claimed by Spain remained under her rule for nearly 375 years, until her New World supremacy was finally and forever ended by the American battleships under command of Admiral Dewey in the victory of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898. These islands form a great archipelago, lying parallel with the coast of Cochin-China, from which they are about 575 miles distant. There are about sixteen hundred of them, many being very small, but two or three of great size, the total land area equaling almost 128,000 square miles, or about the combined area of the New England States, together with New York and New Jersey. The islands lie wholly within the tropics and are inhabited by a much mixed race, com- posed of representatives of various Negritic and Malaysian types, intermingled with Chinese and THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 211 Japanese blood, and having also no little admix- ture of the Spanish and Portuguese, the whole forming a population of about 8,368,000. Roman Catholicism of the Spanish type has accomplished the semi-civilization of the masses of this people, but left them with only a thin veneer of civilization and Christianity superimposed upon their native savagery and heathenism. ^^The ^^Christianization'' of the Filipinos be- gan with **the friars who came with Magellan (1521) and soon succeeded in baptizing the king of Cebu and several of his subjects. This pre- liminary missionary work was given permanence by Andres de Urdaneta, who, with five Augus- tinian friars, accompanied Legaspi's expedition in 1564 and who toiled with indefatigable zeal and great success in the effort to establish Chris- tianity in Spain's new possessions. The Spanish governors and generals had no scruples about supporting the Church, not only personally, but jofficially. Backed by their authority and active co-operation, and with a free use of the methods of persuasion which Spanish ecclesiastics have ever known how to use to advantage in conjunc- tion with the temporal power of the Church, Eoman Catholicism became ere long the estab- lished religion of the greater part of the archi- pelago. When the United States took possession of the islands the Eomish Church held undis- puted sway over the civil as well as the religious 19 "New Era in the Philippines," p. 124. 212 MISSIONARY HISTORY concerns of the people, enrolling in its parishes the entire population, some six and a half mil- lion souls, with the exception of the Mohammedan Moros and the scattered wild tribes of the moun- tain fastnesses. To quote from the report of the Taft Commission, ^^^^The friars, priests, and bishops constituted a solid, powerful, permanent, well-organized political force in the islands which dominated policies." Nor were the priests and friars less influential, and that often for evil, in the social and moral life of the natives. As the Commission again says: ** After careful investi- gation it was found that the evidence on this point is so strong that it seems clearly to establish that there were enough instances of immorality (on the part of the clergy) in each province to give considerable ground for the general report. It is not strange that it should have been so. There are, of course, many educated gentlemen of high moral standards among the friars, but there were others, whose training and education did not enable them to resist temptation, which, under the peculiar conditions, were exceptionally powerful." This political oppression and social immoral- ity on the part of the Catholic friars, joined with the unprogressive temper that had marked all pub- lic affairs during the long period of Spanish rule, made it the more easy for the Protestant mission- aries to find entrance into the Philippines when ao«TheNewEra,"p. 127. THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 213 external restraints were removed. In May, 1898, Commodore Dewey unlocked the long slmt door, and before the end of June, Dr. Arthur H. Brown, secretary of the Foreign Mission Board of the Presbyterian Church (North), had addressed a circular letter to the Foreign Mission Boards of Canada and the United States asking for a con- ference to determine how they could enter into co-operative work in the Philippines. In Novem- ber, 1898, the Presbyterian Board, after consult- ing the Boards of other Churches, voted to begin work at once in the islands. On April 21, 1899, their first missionaries, the Eev. and Mrs. James B. Eodgers, who had been transferred from the Southern Brazil Mission, arrived at Manila and on the first Sunday in May, the first anniversary of the battle of Manila, Mr. Eodgers preached the first Protestant sermon in the Spanish language ever heard in that place. In May, Mr. and Mrs. Eodgers were joined by Mr. and Mrs. David S. Hibbard, and in December, 1899, seven months after the arrival of these missionaries, the Philip- pine mission of the Presbyterian Church was constituted with an organized native Church of nine members, regular semi-weekly services in Spanish at four different points in the city, serv- ices for the English-speaking people, etc. Fol- lowing the Presbyterian occupation came that of the Methodist Episcopal, Baptist, United Breth- ren, and Protestant Episcopal Churches, together with certain evangelical societies, such as the 214 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY Christian and Missionary Alliance, the British and Foreign Bible Society, the American Bible So- ciety, and others. To avoid the danger of con- flicting and overlapping efforts, the above named bodies, with the exception of the Protestant Epis- copal Church, formed an evangelical union which assigned areas for work to the several missions, and made other arrangements looking toward the substantial unity and co-operation of the various Churches. Wliile this has not been successful in all points, there is no question of its happy in- fluence upon the work, and its effect upon the natives, who thus are led to see the oneness of purpose and desire among the American mission- aries. As the years have gone on the work of the Churches has increased in depth and solidity and extension until, by public education and evangel- ical preaching, the seed of the Word seems to be in a fair way to be sown widecast among this people. Eight years ago (1904) the missionaries of the Evangelical Union declared, -'''The next few years are to definitely ^x the religious status of the Filipino people, and within the next decade, with liberal support, there can be accomplished that which it will be impossible to accomplish in a century if we neglect the wide-open door God has set for us.'' Mrs. Montgomery, in her book, ''Christus Eedemptor,'' says: ^^''It must be the Philippines for the Filipinos, not the Philip- pines for the Americans. To bring to them the 21 " The New Era," p. 209. 22 « Christus Redemptor," p. 207. THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 215 gift of free institutions, of a great unifying lan- guage that shall make their dream of nationality possible, of an open Bible and an ennobling faith, these are the high privileges into which we may enter if we will/' It must be said, however, that the work so far attempted has been almost entirely among the Eoman Catholic (Filipino) population of the islands. Besides these are thousands of non-Christian natives, such as the Igorrotes, the Moros, the Chinese, and the pagan tribes of the Moro Province, with others who as yet have scarcely been touched. With them, as with the Filipinos, the time for Christian influences is the present, and every year of neglect makes the task of reaching them more difficult and doubtful. Inquiry may be made as to the success of these efforts for the moral and spiritual reformation of the Filipino, and on this point we quote the encourr aging words of the Eev. Arthur J. Brown, D.D., Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, who says: ^^^The rapid growth of Prot- estant missions in the Philippine Islands will appear the more remarkable when it is contrasted with the slow beginnings in other Asiatic lands. In Tripoli, Syria, the missionaries toiled six years before they saw the first convert, and nine years more before they saw the second. In Japan, seven years passed before one convert was enrolled. The missionaries in Korea were greatly encouraged 23 "New Era in the Philippines," A. J. Brown. 216 MISSIONAEY HISTORY because after seven years of hard work, twenty- three Koreans partook of the Lord's Supper, and because the end of the first decade saw one hun- dred converts. Carey in India waited seven years for his first convert. Tyler labored fifteen years before a single Zulu accepted Christ. Gilmour in Manchuria was visibly rewarded with only one convert in twenty years, and fifteen years passed before Morrison's heart was gladdened by the sight of a Chinese convert. But in the Presbyterian work at the Manila Station alone, nine were converted the first year, twenty-seven the second year, two hundred the third year, and four hundred and ten the fourth year. In Cebu, where the opposition of the priests was unusually vehement, more than a score were received within a year after the station was opened. The increase in other stations and of other denominations has been by leaps and bounds. There were over two thousand adult Protestant Christians in the Philippine Islands within five years after the landing of the first Protestant mis- sionary, and the number is increasing so rapidly that the Philippine missions give every prospect of becoming one of the most fruitful fields in the history of Protestant missions in Asia. ' ' ^'What a wonderful thing it would be," con- cludes Dr. Brown, ^^ if our country should signalize its emergence as a world power by the spiritual as well as by the material regeneration of this oppressed people! The cruel Spaniard and the THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 217 profligate priest have long ago cursed that beauti- ful but unhappy archipelago. Now, to adapt the lines of Edward Everett Hale, an angel again says to men, ''The sheet you use is black and rough with smears and tears, Of sweat and grime, and fraud and blood, Cursed with the story of men's sins and fears, Of battle and of famine all these years. When all God's children have forgot their birth. And drudged and fought and died like beasts of earth. Give me white paper, . . . For all mankind the unstained page unfurl, Where God may write anew the story of the world.'' And so, as a writer in The Interior said, when the Philippines were a new possession of the United States, and in words which are as true now as when they were first penned, ''The possession by the United States of the Philippines has sig- nalled the hour for a new alignment of the Chris- tian forces of our country. The character of its churches and other Christian organizations is be- ing tested as never before. The issues of war have opened a new field for missions and Christian education of the most inspiring opportunity.'' CHAPTEE Xin SOUTH AMEKICA A FEW years ago Miss Gniness, writing on Sonth America, aptly termed it *^Tlie Neglected Con- tinent. ' ' Later, returning from an extensive tonr among its principal countries. Dr. Francis E. Clark gave it a more hopeful name, *^Tlie Con- tinent of Opportunity.'^ Both titles convey an important truth. Viewed from the religious and moral standpoint, no great land of the world gives more induhitable evidence of having been almost forgotten by the Church's messengers, and yet nowhere can be found more encouraging responses to those who are striving for the spiritual up- lift of their fellow-men. That the apathy of the Protestant Church regarding the religious welfare of this continent should have been so profound and so long continued is the more remarkable when we note that, geographically, Central and South America are next door neighbors to the two great evangelizing peoples of the United States and Canada. But the wonder is some- what mitigated when we reflect that almost all South America is even yet much less accessible than that of many lands geographically far more distant; that the governments and religion of 218 SOUTH :iMEEICA 219 Latin America liave made it most difficult for tliose not in full s^Tnpatliy with them to come into touch with their people, and that the trend of missionary movements, as that of exploration and of commerce, is usually eastward and westward, rarely northward and southward. But neither these nor other considerations can excuse the Christian Churches, especially those of North America, from the duty which lies so patent and so close at hand. Especially does this obli- gation press upon the United States. Writing on this subject, Dr. Eobert E. Speer recently said: ^**This assumption of political responsibility (the Monroe Doctrine), as the tutelary power of this hemisphere, we have at no small pains maintained. But by it we have made ourselves responsible for much more than the independence of the American Eepublics from European invasion. We have charged ourselves publicly with the obli- gation of giving to these neighbors the only secret of stability and strength for free nations. This at least the Christian man can not refrain from reading into the Monroe Doctrine as in its highest sense a missionary declaration. If there are any special duties in this world, our duty to evan- gelize South America is one of them." There are among the ^50,000,000 population of South America at least 5,000,000 Indians or na- tive races, for which even the Eoman Catholic Church is doing nothing, or very little, in the way 1 " Presbyterian Foreign Missions," p. 265. 2 « South America," Neely, pp. 6-29. 220 MISSIONARY HISTORY" of religions culture, and these alone would foml no small field for the evangelizing forces of their Christian neighbors. As to the remaining mil- lions, who are nominally under the guidance of the Romish Church, the argument is raised that these are Christian in name and in fact, and that to spend time and effort in carrjdng the gospel to them, when there are still so many absolutely non-Christian peoples to be reached, is unwise. But the evidence is strong that Latin Romanists as a mass are but one degree removed from heathenism and need the gospel both for their moral and spiritual uplift. Even Dr. Clark, with his large-hearted and irenic spirit, after n careful study of South American conditions, writes: ^^^I am not one of those who would berate and deride Roman Catholicism. I recognize the true Chris- tianity and spotless character of many in the Church of Rome and the heroism of her pioneers, especially the early Jesuits, whose self-sacrificing piety has never been surpassed in the annals of Christian missions. Yet while it is admitted that there were such heroes in the early days of the Catholic Church of South America, and that there are still pure and earnest souls both among the laity and the priesthood, it is also admitted by all, even by intelligent Catholics themselves, that in South America the Roman Catholic Church is decadent and corrupt. It is as different from the same Church in North America as Spain is dif- 8 "The Continent of Opportunity," p. 312. SOUTH AMEEICA 221 f erent from New England. '' After instancing ex- amples of the immorality of tlie priesthood and the ignorance and superstition of the people, lie adds, **If Protestantism never made one convert from Catholicism, still it is needed in South America to show what pure, unadulterated re- ligion really is. ' ' And he further very pertinently says : *^ * If any further reasons are demanded for the peaceful invasion of South America by Prot- estantism, it is found in the fact that Catholics do not hesitate to send their missionaries to every Protestant country. America, England, Holland, even Sweden and Norway, so overwhelmingly Protestant, are full of them, and it is only right that on a fair field and without favor from gov- ernmental authorities both religions should have a chance to prove which is better fitted to the needs of the twentieth century." If still further testimony is desired, let it be that of an author who, writing merely from the standpoint of an observant traveler, and without any undue preju- dice toward evangelism, says: ^^^Only satire would call Central America Christian to-day. Once it was Christian, but now its masses are lapsing into paganism, even as the Haitian Ne- groes have lapsed into African voodooism. The history of the Catholic Church here is broadly its history in the Philippines and other Spanish- American countries." And he voices his percep- 4 "The Continent of Opportunity," p. 316. 6 " Central America and Its Problems," p. 269. 222 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY tion of tlie need of gospel teacliing wlien lie says, *^ Meanwhile, tlie missionaries look past tlie fields thick with ignorance and nnbelief, to China and India and Africa, where the missionary teaches everything from hygiene to morals — everything that Central America lacks.'' The missionary history of this great continent may be divided into two periods: first, that of the missions to the natives by the Spanish priests, and secondly, the period during which Protestant- ism has carried its message, first to the non-Chris- tian tribes, and still later to the Catholic peoples, 3;vhose need of snch teachings we have just seen. EoMAN Catholic Missions The early history of the discovery and settle- ment of South America by the Spaniards is un- fortunately one of cruelty, bloodshed, and robbery, for the chief motive in all the early expeditions was to seize upon the wealth of the simple In- dians, whose stores of gold and precious stones ^vere in reality very great and were magnified a thousand-fold by the excited imaginations of the earlier explorers. But along with the soldier and the adventurer also came the missionary and the priest of Eome, who brought with them a re- ligion which, however debased it may have since become, was the best that they then knew and was given to the native peoples, often indeed by indefensible methods of cruelty and bigotry, but SOUTH AMEEICA 223 not infrequently by the exercise of some of tlie noblest traits of self-denial and consecration. In fact, tlie story of the Jesnit occupation of South America, as well as of North America, abounds in heroic incidents. There is scarcely a nobler figure in history than tliat of Padre Jose de Anchieta, a follower of Francis Xavier, and a man of like spirit, who established himself in Sao Paulo and as one of its founders did much to make that the most progressive state in Brazil. ^A fragment from his own story best tells his character. He says: '^Here we are, sometimes more than twenty of us together, in a little hut tof mud and wicker, roofed with straw, fourteen paces long and ten wide. This is at once the school, the infirmary, dormitory, refectory, kitchen, and store room. Yet we covet not the more spacious dwellings which our brethren have in other parts. Our Lord Jesus Christ was in a far straiter place when it was His pleasure to be born among beasts in a manger, and in a still straiter when He deigned to die upon the cross." ^Some of the methods employed by these early Catholic missionaries were also singularly like those employed by Protestant missionaries of our own day. Pedro Gante, one of the best of the missionaries, who wrote from Mexico in 1529, gives some interesting facts on this. **My occu- pation during the day is reduced to teaching how 6 " The Continent of Opportunity," Clark, p. 312. J * Latin A neri-a," Brown, pp. 92, 93. 224 MTSSIONAKY TTTS^rOT^Y to roatl, wriio, and sini*', mul at iiii^lit I catocliize and prcacOi. As tliis eouniry is so })()i)iil()iis and tliore aro baroly ononi>']i laborers to instruct so many people, wc have ^-atluM-ed into scMninaries the sons of the princi[)al i'aniilies to instrnc^t them in relii>'ion in order that afterwards they may teach their parents. In the sc^ninary ini(l(M* my charge there are already six hundred pupils wlio know how to read, write, sing, and lielp in tlie divine office (celebration of the mass). Among them I luive chosen fifty who sec^TU to have the best dispositions. I luive tlu^se h^nrn a sermon each week and then they go out on Sunday to preach it in the neighboring towns, which is of great utility, for it inclines the i)eople to receive baptism. They always go with ns when we set out to destroy the idols and set up in thcMr places our churches in honor of the true Cod. Thus it is we employ our time, passing dny and night for the conversion of this poor people.'' 33ut though there were many of these nobler spirits among the (\arly missionaries, yet the pre- vailing d(^l(vrminnii()n and effort was not so muc-li to give the gospel to the people, as to impose upon them, with evcuy conceivable forni of harsh- ness and cruelty, the domination oT the S[)aniar(l and the Pope. So thoroughly did they do their work that the whole continent was ultimately at their mercy, and Ihe wealth and gi-andeur and civilization oT the early pe()[)les live now only on the glowing pages of Prescott and other his-! SOUTH AMEEICA 225 torians of tlieir lamentable downfall. The Eomisli Church followed with equal jkkm^ the enfj^iilfing advance of the Spanish and Portuguese con- querors, and before many generations the whole country, so far as occupied, became nominally Christian. Even so, there are yet and always have been vast areas in the interior that Iiave never been ** Christianized'* or *' civilized'' even according to tlie Roman Catholic standards and that i)resent almost virgin soil for tlie spiritual tillage of God's husbandmen. Protestant Missions Although Protestantism was an early visitor to this great Southern continent, yet the history of its first efforts was one similar to that of the natives in their struggle with the bigotry and power of Eome, and its primary attempts to carry the gospel to these lands or to settle therein were frustrated by oppression and bloodshed. As early as within twenty years after the founding of Lima by Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru, a French Huguenot expedition was fitted out under the powerful patronage of Admiral Coligny and sailed under the leadership of Nicolas Durand, Seignc^ir de Villegagnon, to found a colony in South America which would be a refuge for distressed Protestants and a basis of missionary operations for the conversion of the native Indians. The expedition landed in the summer of 1555 on a small island in the bay of 15 226 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY Eio de Janeiro, wliich at first was called **Coligny/' but wliicli later was given the name of the leader of the expedition, '^Villegagnon." A second expedition was fitted out by Calvin and the Genevan clergy, and no less than three hun- dred persons were added to the number of the colonists, who thus sought and, alas! failed to find in South America that * ^freedom to worship God" which fifty-two years later was secured by the settlers at Jamestown, Virginia, and nearly seventy years afterward by the Pilgrim Fathers on the rocky shores of Pljonouth, Massachusetts. But Villegagnon proved a traitor to his cause, abjured the Protestant faith, persecuted his fel- low colonists, discouraged the large accessions that were ready to come to them from France, and finally abandoned the colony, which was speedily attacked by the Portuguese, destroyed and scattered. For his treacherous desertion of the cause which he had first espoused, Villegag- non is sometimes called the **Cain of America." Southey remarks : '^ Never was a war in which so little exertion had been made, and so little force employed on either side, attended by consequences so important. The French court was too busy in burning and massacring Huguenots to think of Brazil." A few survivors of this ill-fated colony fled into the wilderness of Brazil, and one Jean de Boileau, with two companions, began missionary :work among the Indians. Unfortunately, his ef-- SOUTH AMEEICA 227 forts attracted the attention of tlie Jesuits and the natural sequence of his capture and martyr- dom speedily followed. After the French, we next find the Dutch try- ing to establish themselves in South America, both for commercial and missionary purposes. In the beginning of 1624 they captured Bahia, and later Pernambuco, and other parts of the coast of Brazil. One of their earliest acts was to proclaim the free enjo^nnent of religion to all who would submit to their government, and dur- ing the thirty years that they were in control (1624-1655) not only was religious liberty main- tained, but many of the Dutch ministers worked with great success to give the gospel to the pagan or Eomish natives. But the Dutch West India Company failed to appreciate the great possi- bilities of this Dutch occupation and recalled Maurice of Nassau before he could carry out his plans and firmly consolidate his work. Then the Portuguese attempted to recapture this territory and after thirty years were successful in driving out the Dutch. Thus little resulted from the Dutch occupation. * ' In those days Portugal was wont to make thorough work with heresy and heretics, and no vestige of these thirty years of missionary work remains." Of the early Moravian work in British and Dutch Guiana we can only say that it was begun about 1735 and was carried on with the accus- tomed zeal of this devoted missionary Church. 228 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY Henry Martyn, on his way to India, tonclied at Baliia and is said to liave been so moved at the contrast between the many evidences of Eomish occupation in the roadside crucifixes and crosses, and the equally evident moral and spiritual deg- radation of the people, that he cried out, *' Crosses there are in abundance, but when shall the doc- trines of the cross be lifted upT' and to have quoted as a prayer that grand old Welsh mis- sionary hymn of William Williams: " O'er the gloomy hills of darkness Look my soul! Be still, and gaze. See the promises advancing To a glorious day of grace. Blessed Jubilee! Let the glorious morning dawn." One of the heroic figures of South American missions is Captain Allen Gardiner, the fearless pioneer to a people then particularly degraded, fierce, and difficult to approach, the savage in- habitants of Tierra del Fuego, the *^Land of Fire," an island off the extreme southern point of the great continent. Captain Gardiner was an English naval officer of deep piety from early childhood, and who in his early manhood had been engaged in several missionary enterprises. A remark of Charles Darwin, the scientist, that the Tierra del Fuegians were so degraded and savage that he did not believe that they could ever be made Christians, SOUTH AMEEICA 229 stirred Gardiner to take up the cliallenge (1850) and prove that the grace of God was sufficient to convert any man. After the partial success of the mission, Mr. Darwin became a subscriber to the work and wrote to the society, **The results of the Tierra del Fuego mission are perfectly marvelous, and surprise me the more that I had prophesied for it complete failure. ' ' Among the earlier missionaries to SoutK America was Mr. James Thomson, an agent both of the British Bible Society and of the British and Foreign School Society. He traveled exten- sively, establishing Lancastrian Schools as they were called in those days — the principal distinc- tion of which was that as soon as pupils were sufficiently advanced in any study they were em- ployed to teach others less competent in the same branch, so that the schools could be carried on much less expensively than by the ordinary methods. Mr. Thomson and his helpers estab- lished many such schools in Buenos Ayres, Chile, Peru, and Colombia, and introduced into them the Bible and portions of Scripture. For a consid- erable time he obtained the indulgence and the co-operation of the governments of the several countries, and strange to say, even of the priest- hood, but later, on the continued success of the work, pressure from Eome was brought to bear upon the local ecclesiastics and their welcome was changed into threats and persecutions. Indeed, the circulation of the Bible has always 230 MISSIONARY HISTOEY been one of the most successful agencies for tE€> evangelization of South America, and has been so extensively employed that ^^we are safe in saying that, within the last fifty or sixty years over two million copies of the "Word have been placed in the hands of Spanish and Portuguese America.'' When we add to these the thousands upon thousands of copies of Protestant tracts, books, papers, and other such literature that have been circulated, their effect upon the lives of the people can be readily perceived. The free dis- tribution of evangelical literature, the education! of the children, and the preaching of the Word are the three great factors by which SoutH America must be redeemed from her spiritual and moral degradation. That such redemption is at once as necessary and as possible as in any of the other great mis- sionary fields of the world, we have among that of many other keen observers, the testimony given by the Eev. Thomas B. Wood, LL.D., for thirty- one years a missionary in South America, who thus speaks of the needs and the possibilities of the evangelization of this great continent. ^^^ South America suffers beyond all other lands from the following drawbacks to moral im- provement. *'l. Priestcraft — This was forced upon it at the point of the sword and maintained by the fires of the Inquisition with no Protestantism to protest 1 "Protestant Missions in South America," pp. 149, 150. SOUTH AMEEICA 231 against it nearer than tlie other side of the world. Prelates and priests, monks and nuns, exert an influence that is all-pervading. The ethics of Jesuitism dominate and vitiate every sphere of human activity in South America. Were it not for this drawback, reformatory movements in Church and State and all society would be swift and sweeping, regenerating the South American peoples. With this drawback such movements are impossible, save as they are forced upon them from without. ^^2. Swordcraft — Armed revolutions are in- separable from the politics of these republics. Taking the continent at large, it is never free from such wars, often having two or three going on at the same time. They began amid the struggles for independence from European domination, and have never ceased — and never will cease till the masses of the people are evangelized. ' ' 3. Peculiar forms of Demoralization — Under these Dr. Wood emphasizes the constant recur- rence of civil wars, with the resultant perversion of patriotism and the development of despotism. As he forcibly puts it, '^ Peace without patriotism or xoublic conscience develops despotism or lapses into anarchy. Anarchy has no remedy but usurpa- tion and despotism. Despotism provokes revolu- tion, and justifies violence and disorder. Peace supervenes through weakness of disorder, but without reviving patriotism or public conscience. Thus the dreary round repeats itself." 232 MISSIONAEY HISTORY Other remedies have been tried for this sad condition of this great continent. Her best and most loyal citizens have endeavored to redeem her, but in vain. Good constitutions, modeled after the best in Europe and North America: good laws: good schools; modern inventions and luxuries of all kinds ; even the infusion of new blood by immi- gration — all these have been tried and all have failed. ^ ^ Without the one thing needful, they have no uplifting power." Among these people, as in all the world, the Gospel and the Gospel only is the power of God unto Salvation. Exclude that and ^ ^ there is none other name under heaven given among men whereby they can be saved. ' ' And so South America is most properly a mis- sion field exactly as are other lands where the Gospel of Christ is unknown or imperfectly and insufficiently apprehended. Indeed, as says Dr. Wood, ^' South America is properly speaking a pagan field. Its image worship is idolatry: its invocation of saints is practical polytheism. The religion of the masses all over the continent alien- ates them from God, exactly as in ancient and modern heathenism. ^^But South America is worse off than any other great pagan field, in that it is dominated by a single mighty hierarchy — ^the mightiest known in history — which augments its might by monopoliz- ing the Gospel, not in order to evangelize the masses, but to dominate them and make their evangelization impossible. If the dominant priest- SOUTH AMEKICA 233 hood could be reformed from witlim, then a mighty reformation would follow and South America would evangelize herself; buti that is hopeless under present conditions. ' ' Hence the regeneration of South America can- not arise from within but must be introduced by propaganda from without, and calls for the most energetic action known to modem missionary enterprise." ^ ^ ^ Enough has been said to show the conditions of moral and religious life in Latin America. De- structive standards of personal ethics, the igno- rance and unhappiness of the masses, the concen- tration of wealth and power in the hands of the few make the charting of the future difficult. Will these conditions increase or be gradually eradi- cated? What forces are there to afford the needed guidance? Every one of these issues — because of the hero worship of the Latin — comes back to the question of the character, the moral fibre of the present and future leaders of Latin America. And here, as in the Near East, as anywhere, the su- preme force for the making of character is per- sonal devotion to Jesus Christ." ^ The Kingdom and the Nations, p. 166. CHAPTER Xiy NOETH AMERICA TsE Negeo Peoblem The missionary story of North America is tlie most marvelous of the many wonderful achieve- ments of conquering Christianity. It is also un- like that of any other continent, in that when the Christian Church came to this land it brought not only its faith, but its worshipers, with it. Its history in North America is, therefore, largely a record of efforts to keep pace with the demand for its ministrations rather than, as in other lands, to supplant false religions already established. The original inhabitants of America, the so- called Indians, were indeed in many instances savages of the lowest type, but they were so few and so far separated that, after the period of the earliest colonization, their demands upon the evangelizing efforts of the Christian Church were not great. God in many ways seems to have indicated North American Christianity as His chosen medium of reseeding the world with the seed of gospel truth, but perhaps none of these indica- tions is more significant than the fact that, until :within the last two generations the Christian 234 NOETH AMEEICA 235 Church of America has been to a large extent free to become one of the most influential factors in the great work of world-wide missions. In a former chapter (YI) some account has been given of early missions to the Indians of the St. Lawrence and Mississippi Valleys by the Eoman Catholic missionaries of New France, and the efforts of various Protestant communions to reach the natives of the Atlantic Coast as far inland as the Allegheny range. The white settlers of these two great bases, from which the occu- pation of the continent has proceeded, were them- selves in need of the ministrations of religion, but not of its introduction in the missionary sense of the word. ^As a writer says, *' Perhaps no other nation in history, unless it were God's chosen people, was ever more distinctly religious and missionary in the character of its early set- tlers." Governor Bradford, in his histoiy of the Plymouth Colony, declares that the colonists ^'had a great hope and inward zeal of laying some good foundations for propagating and advancing the gospel of the Kingdom of Christ in these remote parts of the world; yea," he adds, ^Hhough it should be as stepping stones unto others." The Dutch of New York were children of the Eeformation, and however eager for trade, brought their religion with them, and organized at New Amsterdam (1628) the first ^Church in America of the Eeformed faith and Presbyterian 1 " Leavening the Nation," p. 16. » "Corwin's Manual," p. 19. 236 MISSIONAEY HISTOET order, which has had a continuous existence froni that date to the present. Delaware, another of the original colonies, was known as New Sweden, because settled by Chris- tian Swedes sent out by Gustavus Adolphus, their Christian king, who declared his purpose of mak- ing the new colony **a blessing to the common man as well as to the whole Protestant world. '^ The very name of William Penn suggests the* broad, earnest, and Christian humanity in which! the beginnings of Pennsylvania were laid. Even yirginia, which we are not apt to regard as a distinctly religious colony, urged upon its first governor *Hhe using of all possible means to bring over the natives to a love of civilization and toi a love of God and of His true religion." Maryland began as a Eoman Catholic colony, but the tolerant spirit of Lord Baltimore and his son and the rapid immigration of Episco- palians, Presbyterians, and Baptists soon trans- ferred the political control into Protestant hands. The early settlers of North and South Caro- lina declared themselves to be actuated by a * laudable zeal for the propagation of the gos- pel," while Georgia, the last of the colonies to be settled, was a philanthropic enterprise from the start, dominated by godly Moravians from Germany and Presbyterians from the highlands of Scotland. Was there ever in history such a sifting of seed for the planting of a nation — ^Pilgrims and NORTH AMERICA 237 Puritans, Moravians and Huguenots, Covenant- ers and Cliurclimen, Presbyterians and Baptists, Lutherans and Quakers, displaying many banners, but on them all the One Name ; seeking many goods but holding one good supreme — ^freedom to wor- ship God as the Spirit taught and as conscience interpreted. Rightly did Bancroft the historian bear this testimony to the facts when he said: ^* ' Our fathers were not only Christians, but almost imanimously they were Protestants. The school that bows to the senses as the sole interpreter of truth, had little share in colonizing our America. The Colonists from Maine to Carolina, the adventurous companions of Smith, the Puri- tan felons that freighted the fleet of Winthrop, the Quaker outlaws that fled from jails with a Newgate prisoner as their sovereign, all had faith in God and in the soul.'' And the convictions thus transplanted from the Old World to the New flourished and grew strong in their new surroundings. Civil liberty fostered religious freedom; religious freedom strengthened and purified the love of civil liberty, and the determination to call no man master re- •sulted, under God, in the birth of a new nation and the coronation of human freedom as the ideal of the nobler spirits of all the world. Thus it was that, save in the sense of tHd sending forth preachers and educators from the> more settled colonies and States to the inde^ • •' Leaveninglthe Nation," Clark, p. 19. 238 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY finable West, tliat ever recedes before tbe foot- steps of those who pursue it, there was for many generations but little real *^honie missions." The ministers and teachers from the seacoast States found communities ready and eager to receive them. Indeed, it was often but the reuniting of ties formed in the old home town, and as the Northwest Territory developed, or the Louisiana Purchase was opened and settled, the Church and school life of the older States were bodily trans- planted to the new homes of the pioneers, and amid the forests and lakes of Ohio and Michigan and Illinois, or the prairies and the rivers of Kansas and Nebraska, the same forms and spirit of religious and educational life were founded as had been familiar to the settlers in their old homes in the New England and Middle States. It was not until about 1830 to 1850 that the real missionary problems began to arise, and then they rapidly assumed the forms which they have held ever since, and by their rapid growth, constantly taxed the religious resources and wis- dom of the nation. The earliest of these obstacles to the Christian progress of the nation were the Negro question, the Mormon menace, and the immigration prob- lem. To these later years have added other racial and sociological problems with their hydra- headed questionings, and many other perplexing conditions which inevitably accompany our rap- idly expanding and complicated modern life. NOETH AMEEICA 239 The Negeo Question* The Negro question entered the country witE the first importation of slaves, which were brought, it is said, by the Dutch to Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. The trade grew and was at first recognized and authorized by the laws of the leading colonies, but a generation later efforts [were commenced to prohibit the trade. It per- sisted, however, under various restrictions until 1807, when an act was passed by the Govern- ment of the United States abolishing the traffic and rendering it imlawful. England likewise abolished the trade in the same year and other nations followed, and the subject of the repres- sion of the trade and the policing of the African slave coast became a topic of treaty and agree- ment between almost all the leading powers. Yet it was not until the close of the Civil War (1865) that the importation of slaves finally ceased, by which time the number of Negroes in the United States was nearly 4,500,000. The census of 1900 showed a Negro population in continental United States of 8,834,000, and it is estimated that the figures now would equal at least 10,500,000. As the total population of the United States is now nearly 100,000,000 (98,721,334, census of 1914), we have in the Negro question the needs and perils of a race which composes nearly one-ninth of our entire population, and which by color, ances- tral conditions, and racial peculiarities, presents 240 MISSIONAEY HISTOET a problem, social, political, industrial, and re- ligions, such as few nations in the world's history have had to face. The various factors of this problem are so interconnected that from the missionary stand- point they must be considered and dealt with, not as separate items, but as one question. The solving of the social relations of this people to the white people among whom they live; the de- veloping among them of those industrial condi- tions for which they are fitted and in which they can engage; the prevention of their abuse of the political power with which they were unfortu- nately entrusted long before as a race they were fitted to exercise it; and the replacing of crude and injurious forms and doctrines of religion reverting, in some cases, to almost unadulterated African idolatry and f etichism, with a simple and pure gospel faith fitted in its expression to the immaturity of the race — all this makes up a duty which it is as difficult as it is imperative to dis- charge. Missionary work among the Negroes of America has proceeded for the most part along three chief lines, that of intellectual education, industrial training, and direct religious instruc- tion and nurture. In the early days of slave holding all these were done, as a rule, by the masters and mistresses of the slaves. It is un- doubtedly true that there were those — and many bf them^ — ^who looked upon the slaves purely as NOETH AMEEICA 241 tlieir property and chattels and took no interest in tlieir condition save to tlie degree that might fit them for their work. But the fact is just as indisputable that very many, probably the ma- jority of Southern slave-holders, even at the height of the system, were men and women who did all in their power for the physical comfort, mental culture, industrial training and moral and religious instruction of their slaves. Indeed, it is to be seriously doubted whether, as a race, the Southern Negro to-day is as well cared for in any of these respects as he was in the days of slavery. Nevertheless, this one essential and vital differ- ence is to be noted, that whereas the race imder slavery was deprived of those inalienable rights of every human being, **life, liberty, and the pur- suit of happiness, ' ' they now are free, at least in theory, to work out their own salvation as a race under the protection of equal laws and the boon of equal opportunities. That theory and reality do not yet wholly coincide is to the credit neither of the colored nor of the white citizens of America. It is in this upward struggle of the Negro that the gospel helps him the most. The statis- tical history of the religious life of the race can not well be recounted here with any fullness, but it is a well-known fact that the naturally religious nature of the Negro has always responded readily, and sometimes too enthusiastically, to the influ- ences of religious leaders of every class. The prey of ignorant or unscrupulous and designing 13 242 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY ' * preachers ' ' who followed the evil principle, that *^gain is godliness/' they have been led aside into all manner of foolish and hurtful lusts under the guise of religion. Into this sad history we can not follow them, but it is cheering to know that in spite of these evil influences the true gospel has for the most part been carried in sincerity to our *' brothers in black/' ^The first organized effort to give gospel in- struction to Negroes in the American colonies was made in 1701 by the Society for the Propa- gation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, which was the same society that later helped Brainerd in his work among the Indians. After the separa- tion of the colonies from the mother country, the Protestant Episcopal Church took up this work with zeal and did efficient service in South Caro- lina and Virginia. The Presbyterians began iheir distinctive work for the Negroes at Hanover, Virginia, in 1747. The Baptists gathered large numbers into their churches as the result of the revivals of 1785 and 1790, and by 1841 there were more colored Baptists than those of any other denomination. In 1860 their number was estimated at 400,000, and in 1906 the Colored Baptist Churches re- ported a membership of 2,038,427, with 16,080 ministers and church property valued at $12,- 200,000. The Methodist Church also early began work * " The Upward Path," pp. 224, 225. NOETH AMERICA 243 among the colored people, and as early as 1797 there were over 12,000 colored members. In 1861 the colored membership of the Methodist Episco- pal Church, South, was 207,000, and after the sep- aration of that body from the Northern Meth- odist Episcopal Church its work among the colored people was greatly enlarged. The report of 1906 places the colored Methodist members at 1,863,258, with 14,844 regular preachers and 30,725 local preachers, and property valued at $22,267,298. Besides these, there are large numbers of col- ored members in the Presbyterian Church ( North and South), Reformed Presbyterian, Protestant Episcopal, Congregational, Lutheran, Roman Catholic, and other bodies. At a safe estimate, there are now at least 4,500,000 Negroes enrolled as Church members, and in addition probably 8,000,000 adherents, so that more than two-thirds of the entire Negro population are related to some Church. It must, however, be remembered that though the leaders in these colored denomina- tions, and often in the local churches, are persons of intelligence and true godliness, yet a large per- centage of the masses are ignorant and super- stitious and still need much and careful instruc- :tion and guidance in the gospel life. In speaking of missionaries to the Negro race in America, we can not, however, confine our mention to those who have interested themselves directly in giving to their people religious instruc- tion. The roll of those who were the champions 244 MISSIONARY HISTOEY of the oppressed race in tlie bitter struggle to free them from the bonds of slavery is long and honorable. ^^' William Goodell, with his Investi- gator in Rhode Island, and Benjamin Lundy, with his Genius of Universal E mancipation , established in 1821, began an anti-slavery press. John Rankin formed an abolition society in Kentucky, and William Lloyd Garrison, supported by Arthur and Lewis Tappan, established The Liberator at Boston in 1831. ' ' The New England Anti-Slavery Society (1832), with the New York City and the American Anti-Slavery Societies, founded in 1833, were organized to free the slaves. Garrison, Love- joy, Wendell Phillips, Gerrit Smith, John Brown, Hutchinson, Storrs, and Birney became leaders. Channing, Emerson, Bryant, Wliittier, Lowell, Longfellow, Henry Ward Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lucretia Mott, Theodore Parker, and other men and women noted for their literary skill and public influence, gave ardent support to the movement, and in the national life the ques- tion loomed more and more gigantic and por- tentous, till the famous Emancipation Proclama- tion of President Lincoln, issued as a war meas- ure, January 1, 1863, completed the reform so long and so assiduously sought by the friends of the Negro.'' But when this had been attained, and the American Negro stood relieved by law from all the political disabilities which had been imme- *New International Encyclopedia. Article, "Slavery." NORTH AMEEICA 245 morially liis by reason of Ms *^race, color, and previous condition of servitude," then the real struggle of tlie race with its environment began, and it has taken all the manhood of the Negro, added to all the helpfulness of his white friends, to make any headway under the terrific handicap of his racial history. In this struggle leaders have arisen both from the colored and the white races, of whom we can mention only a few. The first thing that the Negro needed to make his legal emancipation a real one was education, and the first man who sought to provide an education above the primary grade, particularly suited to the Negro in his new condition, was General Samuel C. Armstrong. He was the son of an American missionary, bom in Hawaii. He served in the Union Army from 1863-65, was for a part of the time colonel of a colored regiment, and at its close was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. He was a superintendent in Vir- ginia for the Freedmen's Bureau, and in 1868 he founded the famous ^^ Hampton Institute," of which he was the first principal, under the auspices of the American Missionary Association. This institute has become the model for all sim- ilar institutions for the higher education of the Negro and the Indian. Those who have visited its beautiful campus, filled with buildings de- voted to the training of those alien races, can never forget the neatness, attractiveness, and evi- 246 missionary; history, dent adaptability to its work displayed by tbe plant of this well-known scliool. Instruction is given in academic, trade, agri- cultural, domestic science, and normal courses. Tlie moral and religious influences are of the highest. Over a thousand pupils are usually in attendance, nine-tenths of them being Negroes. Over twelve hundred students have been gradu- ated, and at least seven thousand undergraduates have gone out from the school well equipped to take up life in a way creditable to themselves and honorable to their race and their country. All this is the outgrowth of the vision and zeal of General Armstrong, and his success in thus working for the Negro well illustrates the motto of his life, which was found among his papers after he had passed away, **It pays to follow one's best light — ^to put God and country first — ourselves afterward." Nor must we forget two leaders of these peo- ple of their own color, whose ministrations to their race have been influential in lifting the Negro from slavery to freedom of mind and soul — Booker T. Washington and Paul Dunbar. Dr. "Washington is a graduate of Hampton, whose best features he has reproduced in the Tuskegee Normal Institute, at Tuskegee, Ala- bama, opened July 4, 1881. The object of this institute is to furnish its students, through moral, literary, and industrial training, with an edu- cation fitting them to become real leaders and NORTH AMERICA 247 thus to bring about healthier moral and material conditions among the people of their race. The attendance at this school is over fifteen hundred, with over one hundred instructors. Its endowment is over $1,000,000, and its school plant and farm land is valued at $635,000 more. Its effect upon the welfare of the race it was founded to help is very great, and with Hampton Institute, it has had an undoubted influence for good upon many thousands of colored people who have received its instructions only as transmitted to them through others. Dr. "Washington himself is a most notable example of the power of Christian education to lift the Negro from slavery of body and mind and soul to the plane of an American citizen of the highest type. Some years after he became president of Tuskegee, a most surprising recog- nition of his work came in the bestowment upon him of an honorary degree of Master of Arts — surprising because this was the first instance where a New England College had conferred an honorary degree upon a black man. It was the more astonishing that it should have been given to Mr. Washington by that most aristocratic and conservative of institutions, Harvard University, the pride of New England and of the city of Boston, a city which scarcely half a century before had dragged through her streets William Lloyd Garrison, one of her own most brilliant sons, because of his advocacy of the freedom of the slave, and had called out the State militia and 24.S MISSIONAEY HISTOEY tlie Federal troops that one defenseless escaped slave, Antony Burns, might be returned to Ms master. In his response at the Harvard Com- mencement, Dr. "Washington said this, which marks the high standard of his purpose for the betterment of his race: ^^'In the economy of God, there is but one standard by which an in- dividual can succeed, there is but one for a race. This country demands that every race shall meas- ure itself by the American standard. By it a race must rise or fall, succeed or fail, and in the last analysis sentiment counts for little. Dur- ing the next half century or more my race must continue passing through the severe American crucible. "We are to be tested in our patience, our forbearance, our perseverance, our power to endure wrong, to withstand temptation, to econo- mize, to acquire and to use sldll; in our ability to compete, to succeed in commerce, to disregard the superficial for the real, the appearance for the substance; to be great and yet small, learned and yet simple, high and yet the servant of all." And his aim in his educational work was thus expressed by him: ^^^The millions of colored people in the South can not be reached directly by any missionary agent, but they can be reached by sending out among them strong selected young men and women, fitted by a suitable training of head and hand and heart, to live among them and to show them how to lift themselves np." 6 " Up from Slavery," p. 300. 7 " Under Our Flag," p. 24. NOETH AMEEICA 249 And that they can thus lift themselves up is an accomplished fact. The Eev. B. F. Eiley, D. D., of Birmingham, Alabama, in a recent work, thus summarizes something of what has been ac- complished: ^'^Booker Washington began at Tuskegee in a chicken-house for a schoolroom, with a blind mule, and one hoe and a few acres of land, and that poor, at a time when prejudice against the Negro was supreme, and evolved from contemptible conditions like these the greatest Negro industrial institution in the world, with its more than a hundred buildings of architec- tural attractiveness, all built with materials manu- factured by the students themselves and erected by these same students, and with its halls yearly thronged by from 1,400 to 1,500 students. Boyd, assuming to establish a publishing plant in Nash- ville, without a cent of capital, and yet succeed- ing in the erection of a plant within a few years, liaving a capital stock of more than $40,000, with authorized stock of $100,000, and with deposits of $132,000 ; Groves, working at forty cents a day on a potato farm in Kansas, and now worth $100,000, and the acknowledged potato king of Kansas; Preston Taylor, the preacher-financier of Nashville, originally a slave lad from Louisi- ana, now worth $250,000; E. F. Boyd, a country lad reared on a farm in Giles County, Tennessee, now one of the most skillful surgeons in Nash- ville, irrespective of color, and a man who has 8 "The White Man's Burden" — B. F. Riley. 250 MISSIONAEY HISTORY amassed a fortune; Harry Todd, of Darien, Georgia, once a slave, but now worth $600,000, tlie wealthiest Negro in Georgia, and hundreds of others that might be named, are illustrations of what the Negro has accomplished. Yet a little more than a generation ago some of those whose names and successes are here recorded were slaves in cramped quarters on Southern planta- tions. Each has met every adverse condition raised in his way, has conquered it, and has be- come an accomplished success. '^ And Paul Laurence Dunbar, a Negro leader with the poet's vision in his soul, has thus voiced the aspiration of all the leaders of his race for those whom they are slowly leading out of the darkness and degradation of the past into the light toward which they are so painfully toiling. Listen to him as he sings : " Slow moves the pageant of a climbing race; Their footsteps drag far, far below the height, And, unprevailing by their utmost might. Seem ialtering downward from each hard won place. No strange, swift-sprung exception, we; we trace A devious way through dim, uncertain light; Our hope, through the long vistaed years, a sight Of that our Captain's soul sees face to face. Who,' faithless, faltering that the road is steep. Now raiseth up his drear, insistent cry? Who stoppeth here to spend a while in sleep. Or curses that the storm obscures the sky? Heed not the darkness round you, dull and deep. The clouds grow thickest when the summit 's nigh.** CHAPTER XY NOKTH AMERICA The IlTDIAK, MOTTNTAINEEE, AND MoRMON PROBLEMS Something lias been already said (Chapter VI)' as to the early history of Christian missions to the American Indians. The work of the Jesuit and the Dominican missionaries in Canada, of the pastors of the Churches of New England, New Amsterdam, the Jerseys, and Virginia, witK the self-sacrificing efforts of Brainerd, Eliot, Ed- wards, the Mayhews, and others, have been briefly* described. As white settlements multiplied and the wilderness was pushed farther and farther back from the Atlantic Coast, the Eed Man sul- lenly retreated, not without fierce struggles to hold what he naturally deemed his own. But while the skill and the overwhelming numbers of the colonists could have but one result, the atti- tude of enemies into which both races were forced could not but lessen the sense of responsibility on the part of the white man for the spiritual welfare of the Indian. Yet the fact that the first Bible and one of the earliest books printed in America (Eliot's Indian Bible, 1661) was printed in an Indian dialect will never lose its interest or significance. The relation of the United States Government 251 252 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY to the Indian lias been divided into three periods, ithe Colonial, the National, and the Modem. ^The Colonial period was characterized by con- stant war, bloodshed, and rapine, the clashing of the two forms of life, the barbaric and the civi- lized, producing disturbances that could have been avoided only by the withdrawal of the white man from the new continent which he had just dis- covered. Yet it is to be said that many of the worst so-called Indian wars were the result of the mutual jealousy and hatred of the white men of different nations as they strove for supremacy in the magnificent arena of the New "World. The National period of the Government re- lation to the Indian has been called a ** century of dishonor." Peace with the Indian was im- possible because of the insatiate greed of the settler for the Indian's land. Treaties were made, promising their lands to the Indians *^ while water ran and grass grew," but the ink with which the treaties were written was scarcely dry before the imrestrained and unrestrainable settlers would proceed to violate their terms. This invariably led to acts of revenge on the part of the Indians, and then followed war. The Modem period of our relations with the Indians began with the first term of General Grant as President. The great soldier was the first to inaugurate a ''Peace Policy" with the Indians (1870). He advocated their civilization, the edu- l"The Frontier," p. 194. NOETH AMEEICA 253 €a U%^/' Egypt Jerusalem Africa Arabia Eih lopia Chart. I. Apostolic Period, 33-100 A. D. In the first of the periods into which the History of Missions is usually divided, — the Apostolic Period (A.D. 33-100)— we see that the work of Christian Evangelization was practically confined to the lands bordering on the Mediterranean Sea. 351 352 MISSIONARY HISTOEY Chart II. Patristic Period, 100-800 A. D. During the second or Patristic Period (A.D. 100- 800) Rome became the religious as well as the ci-vdl capital of the Roman Empire (A.D. 312) from which the Christian missionaries pressed north and west un- til they had carried their message into many of the countries of Western Europe to the British Isles, to the cities of North Africa, Egypt, Asia Minor and Armenia, and even into far off India and China. The third or Medieval Period (A.D. 800-1500) saw "the banners of the King" advanced still further north into the lands of the Scandinavian peoples, the far off tribes of Iceland and Greenland, and to parts of the Near East, China, India and Central Africa EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY 353 — sx Chart III. Medieval Period, 800-1500 A. D. hitherto unvisited. This also was the period during which the Crusades brought Christianity for the first time into contact with Mohammedanism and Christian ci^nhzation into contrast with the rehgious and intt.l- lectual hfe of the Saracenic peoples. In 1492 Columbus added a new hemisphere to the world's geography and during the fourth or Reforma- tion and Post-Reformation periods of Missionary His- tory (A.D. 1500-1793) through further discovery, ex- ploration, conquest and colonization of North and 354 i EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY 355 South America, the message of the Christ was taken to regions hitherto unknown, and new centers of Christian influence were planted in the wilderness of Canada, along the eastern coast of the English Colo- nies, in the valleys of the great central rivers of North America, and in the few Spanish outposts of Southern California. Mexico, Central America, South America and great areas of Asia, and the Farther East also first heard, during this period, the message of the Christian faith. The fifth and last period — that of Modern Missions (A.D. 1793-to date) brought into this great adventure a new element in the zeal of the Protestant Churches of every creed, who from the British Isles, France, Ger- many, and the United States sent forth the heralds of the Cross, until not only the great continents both East and West, but the islands of Oceanica and the moun- tains and plains of both hemispheres were crossed and recrossed by the paths worn by the feet of those who published the tidings of peace. During the earlier periods Jerusalem and the churches of Asia Minor and North Africa were the chief centers from which the Christian missionaries were sent out. After the year 300 A.D. Rome, for 1300 years, was the starting point of missionary en- deavor. Since then London and New York may be regarded as the chief points of distribution of Christian doctrine. In studying the charts it should be remembered that no attempt has been made to show in detail the variety and extent of the Expansion of ChHstianity. To do this on these small maps would be impossible. Only the pioneer or sometimes the most important ef- 356 MISSIONARY HISTORY forts to evangelize the various peoples of the earth have been indicated. No attempt has been made to show the exact points from which or to which the mis- sionaries have gone or the routes which they have taken. The arrows with their longer or shorter lines simply indicate the lands from which and to which the message has been carried. No one chart, moreover, shows all these lines because, to avoid confusion and duplication, the lines indicating the work of any par- ticular period are not repeated upon the charts of the succeeding periods. Thus, for example, to trace on these charts the efforts for the evangelization of China or India each of the five charts should be consulted in its proper chronological sequence. In the last two charts the work of the three great branches of the Christian Church is indicated by a different kind of line, Protestant mission move- ments being shown by an unbroken line; those of the Romish Church by a broken line, and those of the Greek Church by a dotted line. Before the Reforma- tion, however (1517), there was no distinctive Protes- tant Church, and the Greek Church did but little mis- sionary work save its expansion in Asia Minor and Russia. Only one pattern of line is therefore used in the first three charts. With these explanations it is hoped that a study of these charts will convey some impression of the mighty sweep of the spiritual forces which for 1900 years have been surging over the world, fulfilling in their progress and influence the prophetic promise of the Psalmist (Ps. 19:4), "Tlieir line is gone out through all the earth and their words unto the end of the world." MISSIONARY CHRONOLOGY Showing a few of the more important dates in the History of Missions. APOSTOLIC PERIOD. (33-100 A. D.) (Many dates in the Apostolic and Patristic Periods are only approximate.) A. D. 30. Jesus begins His public ministry. 33. The Great Commission. 33. Pentecost. 35. The Gospel enters Africa (Ethiopia), through Candace's treasurer. 38. Greeks in Antioch evangelized. 47. Asia Minor entered by Paul and Barnabas. 60. Rome entered by Paul. 64. First of the Ten Great Persecutions (Nero). 66. Spain entered by Paul. 95. Completion of New Testament Canon by John's Gospel. 95 Second Great Persecution (Domitian). PERIOD OF PATRISTIC OR EARLY CHURCH. (100-800 A. D.) A. D. 107. Third Great Persecution (Trajan). 125. Fourth Great Persecution (Hadrian). 150. France evangelized from Asia Minor. 163. Death of Justin Martyr in Fifth Great Persecu- tion (Marcus Aurelius). 165. Martyrdom of Poly carp. 185. India entered by Pantenus. 357 358 MISSIONAEY HISTOEYl A. D. 200. North Africa entered. 200. Britain entered. 202. Sixth Great Persecution (Septimius Severus), 210. Origen in Arabia. 230. Statue of Jesus erected in Rome by the Emperor, Alexander Severus. 235. Seventh Great Persecution (Maximius). 249. Eighth Great Persecution (Decius). *' Q57. Ninth Great Persecution (Valerianus). 300. Persia entered. 300. Rome largely evangelized. 303. Tenth Great Persecution (Diocletian). 312. Christianity proclaimed as State religion by Con- stantine. 325. First Ecumenical Council at Nice. 341. Ulfilas, apostle to the Goths. 397. Gauls evangelized by Martin of Tours. 493. Ireland evangelized by St. Patrick. 500. Fridolin, missionary to Franks. 505. China entered by Nestorians. 529. Benedictine Order organized by Benedict of Nursia. 563. Columba, pioneer to Scotland. 570. Birth of Mohammed. 590. Columbanus, pioneer to France. 596. St. Augustine, pioneer to England. 610. Galbus, pioneer to Swiss. 622. Hegira of Mohammed. 632. Death of Mohammed. 700. Willibrord, pioneer to Holland and Denmark. 732. Battle of Poitiers. Repulse of Mohammedans from Central Europe. 755. Boniface, pioneer to Germany. 760. John, of Damascus. MISSIONAEY CHRONOLOGY 359 MEDIEVAL PERIOD. (800-1500) A. D. 861. Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria. 988. Russia evangelized. Vladimir, first Christian king, baptized. 1000. Greenland entered by Icelandic Christians. 1095-1270.' The Crusades. 1099. Capture of Jerusalem. 1150. Palestine recaptured by the Turks. 1204. Division of Church into Eastern and Western, or Greek and Roman Churches. 1208. Franciscan Order founded by St. Francis of Assissi. 1216. Dominican Order founded by Dominic de Guzman. 1219. Francis of Assisi enters Egypt. 1291. Raymond Lull, missionary to the Mohammedans. 1298. Monte Corvino, missionary to China. 1324. Wyclif, reformer in England. 1339. Huss and Jerome, reformers in Bohemia. 1400. First modern European knowledge of Africa. 1455. Reuchlin, reformer in Germany. 1465. Erasmus, reformer in Holland. 1492. Columbus discovers America. REFORMATION PERIOD (1500-1650) A. D. 1502. Las Casas, missionary to West Indies. 1517. Luther posts theses, Oct. 31, 1517. 1519. Zwingli, reformer in Switzerland. 1521. Magellan discovers the Philippines. 1530. Calvin, reformer in France. 1534. Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola. 1542. Mendez Pinto discovers Japan. 1543. Xavier begins missionary work in India. 360 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY; A D. 1549. Brazil entered by Jesuits, 1549. Xavier enters Japan. 1553. Xavier enters China. 1555. Villegagnon establishes Protestant colony at Rio de Janeiro. 1560. Knox, reformer in Scotland. 1566. Florida entered by Jesuits. 1582. Matteo Ricci, Jesuit missionary to China. 1600. Romanist missionaries in Korea. 1614. Edicts of persecution and banishment against Romanists in Japan. 1615. Canada entered by Jesuits. 1618. New York colonized by the Dutch. 1619. First negro slaves brought to North America. 1622. Romanist missionary order " Propaganda de Fide " organized at Rome. 1624. Dutch missions at Bahia and Pernambuco, South America. 1631. Roger Williams settles Rhode Island. 1641. May hews begin mission to the Indians of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. 1646. John Eliot, Apostle to the North American Indians. 1649. "Society for the Propagation of the Gospel," or "New England Company," organized in England. Earliest Protestant Missionary Society. POST-REFORMATION PERIOD (1650-1793) A. D. 1664. Von Welz appeals to Church for missionary activity. 1701. First missionary efforts for American negro slaves, 1708. "Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge" organized in Scotland. MISSIONARY CHEONOLOGY 361 A. D. 1721. Hans Egede, Apostle to Greenland. 1730. Count Zinzendorf, leader of the Moravians. 1735. Moravians in British and Dutch Guinea, Africa. 1747. David Brainerd, missionary to Indians in New York and New Jersey. 1750. Christian Frederick Schwartz in India. 1784. George Schmidt in Africa. 1787. Sierra Leone founded as an African Christian State by colonization. 1792. English "Baptist Missionary Society" founded. Earliest volunteer society. PERIOD OF MODERN MISSIONS (1793 to date) A. D. 1793. William Carey sails for India. Era of Modem Missions begins. 1795. "London Missionary Society" organized. 1796. "New York Missionary Society" formed; ear- liest in America. 1796. First missionaries to the Sandwich Islands. 1797. "Netherlands Missionary Society" formed. 1799. "Church Missionary Society" organized. 1800. Earliest work for women in India, begun by Mrs. Marshman. 1804. "British Foreign and Bible Society" organized. 1807. Robert Morrison, missionary to China. 1810. "American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions" formed. Oldest permanent Ameri- can Missionary Society. -1812. Henry Martyn, missionary to Persia and Arabia. 1812. Adoniram Judson and associates sail for Burmah. 1814. "American Baptist Missionary Society" formed. 1816. John WilUams, first missionary to Society Islands. 21 362 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY A. D. 1816. "American Bible Society" organized. 1817. Robert Moffat, pioneer to South Africa. 1818. First missionaries to Madagascar. 1819. Dr. John Scudder, pioneer medical missionary to India. 1819-20. Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons, pioneers in Syria. 1820. First unmarried woman missionary to India, Miss M. A. Cooke. 1820. Hiram Bingham and others, pioneers to Hawaii. 1820. Liberia established as a free native colony by the American Colonization Society. 1820. Large immigration to United States commences. 1823. Reginald Heber elected Bishop of Calcutta. 1827. "Book of Mormon" revealed to Joseph Smith. 1829. Alexander Duff sails for India. 1829. David Abeel and E. C. Bridgman, first American missionaries to China. 1830. Dr. Eli Smith begins work in Turkey. 1832. "New England Anti-Slavery Society" formed. 1834. Death of Robert Morrison. 1834. Death of WilUam Carey. 1834. First woman foreign missionary society ("The Society for Promoting Female Education in the East"), formed in London. 1834. Dr. Peter Parker, earliest medical missionary to China. 1835. Fiji first visited by missionaries. 1835. Beginning of thirty-five years of persecution in Madagascar. 1836. Marcus Whitman goes as a missionary to Oregon Indians. 1836. Titus Coan begins his work in Hawaii. 1836. James Calvert, pioneer missionary to the Fiji Islands. MISSIONARY CHRONOLOGY 363 A. D, 1839. Evangelization of Tahiti completed. 1839-41. "The Great Awakening" in Hawaii. 1840. David Livingstone begins his work in South Africa. 1842. First treaty ports opened in China. 1843. Whitman's famous journey "to save Oregon.'* 1844. John Ludwig Krapf, pioneer of East Coast African Missions. 1847. Mormons under Brigham Young colonize Great Salt Lake. 1848. John Geddie, "apostle to the South Seas," ar- rives at Aneityum. 1848. First Protestant Church building for native Chris- tians erected at Amoy, China. 1850. Allan Gardiner at Tierra del Fuego. 1850. T'ai P'ing Rebellion in China. 1853. Japan opened to America and Europe by Com- modore Perry. 1854. United Presbyterian mission; pioneer in Egypt. 1856. William Butler in India. 1858. John G. Paton at Aniwa, New Hebrides. 1859. Japan entered by first Protestant missionaries. 1859. Samuel R. Brown and Guido F. Verbeck begin first educational work in Japan. 1859. Dr. James C. Hepburn begins first medical work in Japan. 1860. John Mackensie, missionary to Bechuanaland, Central Africa. 1860. Treaty of Pekin; religious liberty secured to Chinese converts. 1860. Withdrawal of American missionaries from Hawaii. Islands fully evangelized. 1861. First American woman's foreign missionary so- ciety ("The Woman's Union Missionary So- ciety"), formed in New York. 364 MISSIONAEY HISTOEY A. D. 1863. Slavery in United States abolished by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. 1863. Robert College founded at Constantinople. 1864. Romanism in Korea almost exterminated. 1864. Samuel Adjai Crowther, a converted African, consecrated first Bishop of the Niger. 1866. Syrian Protestant College at Beirut opened. 1866. China Inland Mission founded by J. Hudson Taylor. 1868. Hampton Institute for Indians and Negroes founded by Samuel M. Armstrong. 1868. Triumph of Mikado's party and beginning of New Japan. 1869. Madagascar fully evangelized. 1869. First woman medical missionary to India; Miss Clara Swain, M. D. 1870. James Gilmour, pioneer to the Mongols. 1870. President Grant's "Peace Policy" for Indians put into operation. 1872. First native Christian Church in Japan organized at Yokohama by James H. Ballagh. 1874. Joseph Hardy Neesima returns to Japan as a missionary to his people, and opens the Dosh- isha School. 1875. First Protestant missionaries enter Korea. 1876. Alexander Mackay, "Mackay of Uganda," sails for Africa. 1879. Early missions to the people of the Apallachian Mountains. 1881. Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor organized by Francis E. Clark. 1881. Tuskegee Institute for Negroes founded by Booker T. Washington. MISSIONARY CHRONOLOGY 365 A. D 1885. First permanent missionary work begun in Korea by N. H. Allen, M. D. 1885. Ion Keith Falconer establishes first Protestant Mission in Arabia, at Aden. 1886. First college student missionary conference at Northfield; origin of the "Student Volunteer Movement." 1888. Centenary Conference of Protestant missions of the world, at London. 1889. The American Arabian mission founded. First station at Busrah. 1890. Religious freedom proclaimed in Japan. 1894-5. China- Japanese War. 1898. Battle of Manila Bay. Philippines ceded by Spain to United States. 1898. American Presbyterian Church begins work in the Philippines. 1899. Other Churches follow in missionary occupation of Philippines. 1900. Hawaii admitted as a territory of the United States. 1900. Boxer Uprising in China. 1900. Ecumenical Missionary Conference in New York. 1901. "Young People's Missionary Movement*' formed. 1905. First "Missionary Conference on behalf of the Mohammedan World," held at Cairo. 1906. Inception of the "Laymen's Missionary Move- ment." 1908. China Centenary Conference at Shanghai. 1910. World Missionary Conference at Edinburgh. 1916. Panama Latin-American Conference. 1919. Interchurch World Movement organized. PREVAILING RELIGIONS See Map, Frontispiece Showing countries in which the several religions are chiefly found and the approximate total number of members and adherents throughout the world. Statistics based on Whitaker's Almanac. Protestants: 171,650,000 United States, Canada, Iceland, Scandinavia, England, Scotland, Holland, Germany, Australia, South Africa. Romanists: 272,650,000 Mexico, Central America, South America, France, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Austria, Philippines, Eastern Church: 120,000,000 (Greek Church, Abyssinian, Nestorian, Jacobite, Coptic and Armenian Churches) Russian Empire, Greece, Syria, Asia Minor, Egypt, Abyssinia, Total Christian Churches Number About 564,510,000 Hebrews: 12,205,000 The Hebrew religionists cannot be localized. They are found in every land, but predominate in none. Mohammedans: 201,296,696 Turkish Dominions, Persia, China, India, Arabia, North Africa, Malaysia, Oceanica. Confucianism and Taoism: 300,830,000 China, Thibet, Mongolia, Farther India. Buddhism: 138,031,000 China, Japan, Thibet, Mongolia, India, Malaysia. Hinduism : 210,540,000 India, Burma, portions of Malaysia. Shintoism: 25,000,000 Principally in Japan. Heathenism (Animism) : 157,270,000 Alaska, North America, South America, Siberia, South Africa, Australia, Malaysia, Oceanica. Summary Christians 564,510,000 Animists 157,270,000 Confucians 300,830,000 Buddhists 138,031,000 Hinduism 210,540,000 Shintoism 25,000,000 Moslems 201,296,696 Hebrews 12,205,000 Unclassified, 15,280,000 Total Population of World, 1,646,491,000 366 BIBLIOGRAPHY Aliens or Americans, H. P. Grose, 1906, Young Peo- ple's Missionary Movement. American Social and Religious Conditions, Charles Stelzle, 1912, Revell. Apostles of Medieval Europe, G. F. Maclean, 1888, Macmillan Co. Central America and Its Problems, Frederick Palmer, MofFat, Yard & Co, Century of Missions in the Reformed Church, H. N. Cobb, Board Publication, Ref'd Ch. in America. Christianity and the Nations, Robert E. Speer, 1910, Revell. Christus Red emptor, Helen B. Montgomery, 1906, Macmillan Co. Church's Task Under the Roman Empire, Charles Bigg, 1913, Clarendon Press. Continent of Opportunity, Francis E. Clark, 1909, Revell. Daybreak in the Dark Continent, W. S. Naylor, 1905, Young People's Missionary Movement. Decisive Hour of Christian Missions, Jolin R. Mott, 1910, Student Volunteer Movement. Disintegration of Islam, S. M. Zwemer, 1916, Revell. Encyclopedia of Missions, E. M. Bliss, 1904, Funk & Wagnalls. 367 368 MISSIONAEY HISTORY Foreign Missions Year Book of North America (latest issue). Geography and History of Protestant Missions, H. P. Beach, 1901, Student Volunteer Movement. Gist of Japan, R. B. Peery, 1898, Revell. History of the Amoy Mission, John G. Fagg, Board Publication, R. C. A. History of Christian Missions, Charles Henry Robin- son, 1915, International Theological Library. History of Protestant Missions, Gustav Warneck, 1906, Revell. Home Missions in Action, Edith H. Allen, 1915, Revell. Immigration Problem, J. W. Jenks and W. Jett Lauck, 1913, Funk & Wagnalls. In the Footsteps of St. Paul, F. E. Clark, 1917, Put- nam. In Camp and Tepee, Elizabeth R. Page, 1914, Revell. Introduction to Christian Missions, T. C. Johnston, Presbyterian Committee Publication. Islands of the Pacific, J. M. Alexander, 1909, American Tract Society. Jesuits in North America, Francis Parkman, 1874, Little, Brown & Co. Leadership of the New America, Archibald McClure, 1916, Doran. Leavening the Nation, Joseph B. Clark, 1903, Baker & Taylor Co. Life in Hawaii, Titus Coan, 1882, Randolph. Lux Christi, Caroline A. Mason, 1902, Macmillan Co. Kingdom and the Nations, Eric M. North, 1921, Comm. of Woman's Foreign Mission Boards. Maker of the New Orient, W. E. Griffis, 1902, Revell. Mary Slessor of Calabar, Livingstone, 1916, Doran. BIBLIOGRAPHY 369 Missionary Enterprise, E. M. Bliss, 1908, Revell. Missionary Expansion Since the Reformation, J. A. Graham, 1900, Revell. Missionary Outlook in Light of War, 1920, Associa- tion Press. Missions and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries, Adolf Hamack, 1908, Putnam. Mormonism the Islam of America, Bruce Kinney, 1912, Revell. Moslem World, Samuel M. Zwemer, 1908, Young Peo- ple's Missionary Movement. My Life and Times, Cyrus Hamlin, 1893, Revell. Negro Faces America, Seligman, 1920, Harpers. New Acts of the Apostles, A. T. Pierson, 1894, Baker, Taylor & Co. New Era in the Philippines, A. J. Brown, 1903, Student Volunteer Movement. Opportunities in the Path of the Great Physician, V. F. Penrose, 1902, Presbyterian Board Publication. Our Peoples of Foreign Speech, Samuel McLanahan, 1904, Presbyterian Board Home Missions. Outline of a History of Protestant Missions, George Wameck, 1906, Revell. Pioneer Missionaries of the Church, Charles C. Cree- gan, 1903, American Tract Society. Presbyterian Foreign Missions, Robert E. Speer, 1907,, Presbyterian Board. Protestant Missions in South America, H. P. Beach, 1907, Student Volunteer Movement. Raymond Lull, S. M. Zwemer, 1902, Funk & Wagnalls. Religious Forces of the United States, H. K. Carroll, 1912, Charles Scribner's Sons. Report Foreign Missions Conference (latest issue). 370 MISSIONARY HISTOEY Rex Christus, Arthur H. Smith, 1903, Macmillan Co. Riddle of Nearer Asia, Basil Matthews, 1919, Doran. South America, Thomas B. Neely, 1909, Young Peo- ple's Missionary Movement. Story of the American Board, W. E. Strong, 1910, Pilgrim Press. Studies in Missionary Leadership, Robert E. Speer, 1914, Westminster Press. Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom, J. H. DeForest, 1909, Young People's Missionary Movement. The Frontier, Ward Piatt, Young People's Missionary Movement. Two Thousand Years Before Carey, L. C. Barnes, 1900, Christian College Press. Up from Slavery, Booker T. Washington, 1900, Doubleday, Page & Co. Upward Path, Mary T. Helm, 1909, Young People's Missionary Movement. Verbeck of Japan, W. E. Griffis, 1900, Revell. West and East, Moore, 1920, Scribner's. Western Hemisphere in the World of Tomorrow, Frank- lin Henry Giddings, 1915, Revell. World Atlas of Christian Missions, James S. Dennis, 1911, Student Volunteer Movement. World Facts and America's Responsibilities, Patton, 1919, Association Press. World Missionary Conference Report, 9 Vols., 1910, Revell. INDEX PAGE Abeel, David; China 89 Abolitionists; early 244 Africa; area and population. . . 161 " early history of 162 ** early explorers 165 " early missionaries 166 Allen, Edith H.; immigration.. 280 Allen, Dr. N. N.; Korea 131 American Board 306 American Colonization Society. 179 American Indians 251 American Syrian Mission 149 Anchieta, Padre Jose de 223 Anskar, Apostle to Denmark and Sweden 31 Apostolic Missions; simplicity of 15 Appalachian Mountaineers. . . . 258 Arabian Mission 147 Arcot Mission; India 77 Armstrong, General Samuel C. 245 "Arrow" War; China 95 Ashmore, Dr. William; China. 94 Assisi, St. Francis of 45 "As the Waters Cover the Sea" (poem) 315 Augustine; Apostle to England. 38 Bancroft, on religion of early colonists 237 Baptist Missionary Union. . . . 306 Baptist Society for Propagating Gospel 301 Baptist Churches among Ne- groes 242 Beirut; Syrian Protestant Col- lege 153 Benedict of Nursia 44 Benedictines or "Black Monks" 44 PAGE Bible Colporteurs in South America 229 Bible and Tract Societies 307 Bingham, Hiram; Sandwich Is- lands 204 Book of Armagh 25 Boniface or Winfrid; Apostle to Germany 30 Boxer Uprising; China 102 Brainerd, David 60 Brazil, Dutch Colony in 227 " French Colony in 225 Bridgman, E. C; China 89 Brown, Samuel R.; Japan. ... 117 Bucer, Martin, on missions. ... 54 Bulgaria, evangelized by Cyril and Methodius 34 Burns, William C; China 94 Butler, William; India 78 Calvert, James; Fiji Islands... 198 Calvin's Opinion as to Mis- sions 55 Cannibalism in the Fiji Is- lands 197 Carey, William; India 65 " " his sermon. . . 65 " " his work in India 67 Character and purpose of early and medieval missions 35 China; area and population. . . 84 China; Boxer Uprising 102 China Inland Mission 97 China-Japanese War 101 China; new flag of 104 Revolution of 1913 103 Chinese Church; first native.. 94 Christians extirpated in China. 86 Christians extirpated in Japan. 110 371 372 INDEX PAGE Chronology of Missionary His- tory .. 317 Church Missionary Society in Palestine 158 Church Missionary Society in Egypt.... 160 Church Missionary Society or- ganized 303 Church Missions to Indians . . . 253 City Mission Societies 286 Clark, Dr. F. E.; on South America 220 Clough, Dr. John E.; India. . . 78 Coan, Titus; Hawaii 208 Colleges, Christian; influence in Turkey 157 Colonists; Character of early. . 235 Columba, Apostle to Scotland.. 26 Columbanus, Apostle to the Swiss 28 Command, Christ's Missionary 6 Conquest of the World for Christ.^ 12 Constantine; proclaims Chris- tianity as the State religion. . 19 Contributions of Protestant Churches 327 Cooke, Miss M. A.; India 80 Crowther, Samuel; Africa. . . . 180 Crusades, number and dates . . 40 " effect of, on Europe and the East 41 Cyril and Methodius, Apostles to the Bulgarians 34 Darwin, Charles; on Missions. 229 Decadence of Non-Ciiristian Religions 329 Definition of Chr. Missions 3 Denmark and Sweden, evan- gelized by Anskar 32 Denominational Missionary So- cieties; when organized 306 Denominational Young Peo- ple's Missionary Work 313 Doctrines of the Reformation. . 52 Dominicans; or "Preaching Friars" 46 Doshisha College established by Neesima 128 Duff, Alexander 68 PAGE Dr. Duff's educational princi- ples 69 Dufferin, Countess of; medical fund 83 Dunbar, Paul Laurence 250 Dutch in Japan Ill Early Church missionaries .... 294 Edward I, last of Crusaders. . . 41 Egede, Hans; Greenland 58 Egypt; Missions in 159 Eliot, John; American Indians. 58 Indian Bible 59 Ellis Island; missionaries at. . . 281 Emancipation Proclamation. . . 244 England evangelized by Augus- tine 27 Ethelbert; conversion of 27 Exaltation of Christ in missions 8 Excesses of whites in Hawaii . . 207 Expansion of Christianity; charts and explanation .... 351 Fasting; Mohammedan 140 Falconer, Ion Keith; Arabia.. 147 Fiji Islands; missions in 196 Fiske, Pliny; Syria 149 Franciscans, or Gray Friars.. 45 Fridolt or Fridolin; Germany. 28 Foreign Missionary Societies ; functions of 308 Gante, Pedro; in South Amer- ica 223 Gardiner, Capt. Allen 228 Gauls evangelized by Martin of Tours 23 Geddie, John; New Hebrides. 201 Germany evangelized by Frid- olin 28 German Churches reformed by Boniface 30 "Gilmour of Mongolia" 99 Godfrey of Bouillon; King of Jerusalem 40 Goths evangelized by Ulfilas.. 21 Gray Friars, or Franciscans ... 45 Greenland evangelized by Lief the Lucky 33 Great Awakening in Hawaii. . . 207 Griffis, William Elliot 120 INDEX 373 PAGE Guizot, comments on effects of Crusades 41 Guzman, Dominic de; forms order of Dominicans 46 Hamlin, Cyrus; Turkey 154 Hampton Institute 245 Harris, Townsend; forms treaty with Japan Ill Hawaii; Missions in 204 Hawkes-Pott, Dr., on Evan- gelization of China 104 Haystack Band 305 Heber, Bishop; India 72 Hegira, Mohammed's 134 Hepburn, James C. ; Japan... 115 Heroism of missionaries 325 Holland; Willibrord in 29 Home Missions, influence on World's evangelization 209 Immigration; by races 268 Immigrants; characteristics of. 272 " church work for. . 283 distribution of. .. 270 ** education of 275 in cities 271 ** methods of reach- ing 281 " number of. . . . . . 268 ** religious statistics 278 ** societies working for 284 India; early missions to 64 " union movements 83 Indian problem in America. ... 251 lona; medieval missionary school 26 Ireland evangelized by St. Pat- rick 24 Japan; discovery of 107 " early Protestant mis- sions in 112 " edict against Chris- tians 110 " exclusion of foreigners from 109 " first Christian Church. 113 " Romish Church in ... . 107 " strength of Church in. . 114 PAGE Jerusalem captured by Cru- saders 40 Jesuits 47 Jesuit missions in Europe and America 49 John, Griffith; China 96 Judson, Adoniram; Burma. ... 73 Judson's wives; their place in India missions 74 Kapiolani 210 Khama, King of Bechuanaland. 182 Knox's opinion as to missions. . 55 Koran ;•.•••• l^^ Korea; evangelizing spirit of Christians in 131 Krapf, John Ludwig 168 Lancastrian Schools 229 "Land of Approximate Time" (poem) . . .• 119 Lawrence, Edward L.; on Turkish missions 151, 158 Laymen's Missionary Move- ment 313 Laymen's Missionary Move- ment in apostolic times 15 Liberia 179 Lief, the Lucky; Pioneer to Greenland 33 Livingstone, David; Africa... 175 London Missionary Society. . . 192 "Lone Star Mission"; India.. . 77 Love; Spirit of, in missionaries . 7 Loyola, Ignatius; founder of Jesuits 47 Lull, Raymond 144 Luther's opinion as to Missions 54 Mackay, Alexander; Africa. . . 171 Mackenzie, John; Africa 170 Madagascar 183 Marco Polo 107 Marshman, Joshua; India. ... 66 Martha's Vineyard; missions in 61 Martin of Tours; apostle to the Franks 24 Martin, W. A. P.; China 96 Martyn, Henry; in Brazil 228 in India 71 374 INDEX PAGE Martyr, Justin 18 Mayhew family 61 Medical missions in India. ... 83 Mecca, pilgrimage to 141 Methodius, Apostle to Bul- garians 34 Methods of work in early and mediaeval missions 36 Milne, William; China 89 Minorites or Franciscans 45 Missionary, Definition of 4 " work, early meth- ods of 36, 295 Missionary Education Move- ment 312 Missionary giving in Romish Church 299 Missionary Societies, Romish.. 296 Missionary Societies, Protes- tant 299 Missionary ships 190 Missionary Training of Apos- tles 14 Missions in Early Reformed Church 53 Moffat, Robert; Africa 173 Mohammed; life and character of 133 Mohammed; names of 136 Mohammedan lands; Missions in 144 Mohammedan articles of faith. 137 creed 137 " religious duties. 140 Mohammedanism, Judaism, and Christianity compared. . 138 Monasteries in mediaeval Eu- rope 37 Monroe Doctrine, missionary obligations of 219 Monte Corvino, John of 85 Moravian Church and missions 57 Moslems, population 142 success of missions to 159 " timeliness of 230 Mongoha 99 Mormon missionaries 264 Mormonism, character of 264 Mormons, missions to 265, 266 Morrison, Robert; China 87 Motives of missionary work. . . 8 PAGE Mountaineers, the Appalachian 258 Mountaineers, Missions to ... . 260 Neesima, Joseph Hardy 126 Negro Question in United States 239 Negroes, missions to 240 Negroes; successful in United States.. 249 Nestorians in China 85 Netherlands Missionary So- ciety 303 New England Comppjiy 299 New Hebrides 199 New York Missionary Society . 304 Northern Missionary Society . . 304 Obedience; spirit of, in mis- sionary 6 Oceania; character of natives. . 188 " divisions of 187 " first missionaries to. . 193 " native Church 191 Oeuvre de Propagation de la Foi * 298 Oobookiah 204 Opinions of Reformers as to missions 54 Opium War in China 93 Orders of Monks in Romish Church 44 Oregon; Whitman's ride 254 Otto; early missionary to Pom- eranians 22 Palestine; missions in 157 Pantenus of Alexandria 64 Parker, Dr. Peter; China 91 Paton, John G.; New Hebrides 202 Patrick, Apostle to Ireland. ... 24 Patristic Missions 21 Paul, Apostle of the Congo. . . . 181 Peace policy for Indians; Gen. Grant's 252 Periods in Indian policies 252 Perry, Commodore; opens Japan Ill Phelps, Professor Austin 288 Philippines; Catholic Missions in 212 I INDEX 375 PAGE Philippines; growth of Protes- tant Missions in 215 Pietism, its effect on missions.. 56 Pilgrimage; Mohammedan.... 141 Pinto, Mendez; discovers Japan 107 Pohlman, William; China 94 Polycarp; martyrdom of 17 Pomare I; King of Tahiti 194 Portiers (or Tours), battle of. . 143 Power, spiritual; in the mis- sionary 8 "Preaching Friars" or Domini- cans 46 Predestination; Mohammedan. 139 Prevailing Religions, map of. . . Frontispiece statistics. 327 Protestant missionary statistics 326 Propaganda de Fide 297 Prophets; Mohammedan doc- trine of 139 Qualifications of the Mission- ary 6 Questions for Classes 337 Races in the Island World 187 Ramabai, Pundita 82 Ramazan; Moslem fast 140 Ranavalona 1 183 Reformers before the Reforma- tion 51 Ricci, Matteo; China 86 Robert College ; Constantino- ple 156 Romish Church in Philippines 213 Romish Missionary Societies. 296 Roosevelt, Theodore; on Afri- can missions 185 Salvation of Souls; a mission- ary motive 10 Schmitt, George; Africa 166 Schwartz, Christian Frederick; India 57 Scotland evangelized by Co- lumba 26 Scudder, John, M. D.; India. . 75 Seminaire du Missions 298 Serampore Triad; India 67 PAGE Sierra Leone 179 Silva, Emilio 232 "Silver Bible" 22 Singh, Lilavati " 82 Slavery, conditions of Negro . . 241 Slaves; number of in United States 239 Smith, Eli; Syria 152 Social character of Pacific Is- landers 189 Society Island 192 Society for Promoting Chris- tian Knowledge 300 Society for Promoting Female Education in the East 307 Society for Propagation of Gos- pel in Foreign Parts 300 South America, Romanism in. . 220 Protestant missions. . . . 225 Dutch colonies 227 " " French colo- nies 225 drawbacks in. . 230 Latin - A m e r- ican C o n- f erence 232 South India United Church ... 83 St. Francis of Assisi 45 St. Martin of Tours' motto 23 Stanley, Henry M.; Africa. 172-177 Statistics of Protestant Mis- sions 326 Stelzle, Charles 279 Storrs, Dr. Richard S 288 Student Volunteer Movement. , 311 Sun Yat-sen 104 Supremacy of Visible Church.. 12 "Suttee" abolished in India. . . 68 Swain, Clara, M. D 82 Switzerland evangelized by Co- lumbanus 28 Syrian Protestant College, Bei- rut 153 Tabu 205 Taft Commission in Philip- pines 214 Tahiti; mission to 192 T'ai Ping Rebellion; China. . . 94 Taylor, J. Hudson; China 96 376 INDEX PAGE Tertullian; on growth of early Church 18 Three Great Missionary Re- ligions 151 Thompson, Dr. Charles L. . . . 390 Thomson, John; South Amer- ica 229 Trappist Monks 44 Turkish Dominions; extent of. 150 Tuskegee Normal Institute. . . 246 Ulfilas, Apostle to the Goths . . 21 "Unconverted"; meaning of.. 5 Underwood, Horace E.; Korea 131 United Presbyterian mission in Egypt 159 United Presbyterian mission in Korea 130 United Society of Christian Endeavor 310 United States; Home Mission- ary Work in 279 Uplift of men by missions 10 Urdanata, Andres de 213 Van Dyck, C. V. S 153 Verbeck, Guido F.; Japan. . . . 121 Villegagnon ; South America . . 226 Von Welz, Baron 53 Ward, William 66 Warneck, on China Inland Mis- sion „ 97 Washington, Booker T 246 on uplift of Negro 248 West African missionaries... 180 Western Church; divisions of. 52 PAGE Wherry, Dr. E. M 159 Whitman, Marcus ; Oregon . . . 254 Willibrord ; Apostle to Holland 29 Williams, John; New Hebrides 199 Williams, Roger 58 Winifrid or Boniface 30 World War and German mis- sions 319 World War and Oriental lands 327 " " and Crusades 333 Woman's Union Missionary Society *. 307 Women of India; education of 81 " " their degrada- tion 79 Women's Missionary Socie- ties 91, 306 Xavier, St. Francis, in China. . 86 in India.. 64 " in Japan.. 108 Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. in missions 309 Young People's Missionary Movement 312 Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor 310 Young, Edgerton R 257 Yuan-Shi-Kai 104 Zangwill, Israel 291 Zenana work in India 80 Zinzendorf, Count; the Mora- \dan leader 57 Zwemer, Amy W 149 Zwemer, Samuel M 148, 160 Date Due «c«tii_^ s^ Jal3'41 ^1 .iir-iMfilHftfliri mmm Apl4% ,^ 2 8 '41 'ft J b '41 ::22'B2 - ^, .. ^ _ __ — ■***^ sf'-