LIBRARY 
 
 OF      THE 
 
 Theological   Seminary. 
 
 PRINCETON,    N.  J. 
 
 Case        ^CXL~      Division.. 
 
 Shelf     7"/*?^        Scc    .  ' 
 
 Book  , 
 
Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
 
 in  2011  with  funding  from 
 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary  Library 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/troyitsremainsnaOOschl 
 
o 
 
 m 
 
 04 
 
 > 
 
 fa 
 
 X 
 
 w 
 
 W 
 
 J 
 
 ,13 
 
 3 
 
 , 
 
 < 
 
 C/5 
 
 <! 
 
 B 
 
TROY 
 
 AND     ITS     REMAI  NS; 
 
 A  NARRATIVE  OF  RESEARCHES  AND  DISCOVERIES 
 
 MADE    ON    THE    SITE    OF    ILIUM, 
 
 AND    IN   THE   TROJAN   PLAIN. 
 / 
 
 By    DR.    HENRY    SCHLIEMANN. 
 
 Translated  with  the  Authors  Sanction. 
 EDITED 
 
 By   PHILIP    SMITH,   B.A., 
 
 AUTHOR    OF   THE    'HISTORY    OF   THE   ANCIENT   WORLD,'   AND   OF   THE 
 '  STUDENT'S   ANCIENT    HISTORY    OF    THE   EAST.' 
 
 WITH    MAP,    PLANS,    VIEWS,    AND   CUTS, 
 
 REPRESENTING  500  OBJECTS  OF  ANTIQUITY  DISCOVERED  ON  THE  SITE. 
 
 LONDON: 
 JOHN    MURRAY,   ALBEMARLE    STREET. 
 
 NEW    YORK: 
 SCRIBNER,  WELFORD,  AND  ARMSTRONG. 
 
 I875. 
 
PREFACE  BY  THE  EDITOR. 
 
 Dr.  Schliemann's  original  narrative  of  his  wonderful  dis- 
 coveries on  the  spot  marked  as  the  site  of  Homer's  Ilium 
 by  an  unbroken  tradition,  from  the  earliest  historic  age  of 
 Greece,  has  a  permanent  value  and  interest  which  can 
 scarcely  be  affected  by  the  final  verdict  of  criticism  on  the 
 result  of  his  discoveries.  If  he  has  indeed  found  the  fire- 
 scathed  ruins  of  the  city  whose  fate  inspired  the  immortal 
 first-fruits  of  Greek  poetry,  and  brought  to  light  many 
 thousands  of  objects  illustrating  the  race,  language,  and 
 religion  of  her  inhabitants,  their  wealth  and  civilization, 
 their  instruments  and  appliances  for  peaceful  life  and  war ; 
 and  if,  in  digging  out  these  remains,  he  has  supplied  the 
 missing  link,  long  testified  by  tradition  as  well  as  poetry, 
 between  the  famous  Greeks  of  history  and  their  kindred  in 
 the  East ;  no  words  can  describe  the  interest  which  must 
 ever  belong  to  the  first  birth  of  such  a  contribution  to  the 
 history  of  the  world.  Or  should  we,  on  the  other  hand, 
 in  the  face  of  all  that  has  been  revealed  on  the  very 
 spot  of  which  the  Greeks  themselves  believed  that  Homer 
 sang,  lean  to  the  scepticism  of  the  scholar  who  still  says  : — 
 "  I  know  as  yet  of  one  Ilion  only,  that  is,  the  Ilion  as  sung 
 by  Homer,  which  is  not  likely  to  be  found  in  the  trenches 
 of  Hissarlik,  but  rather  among  the  Muses  who  dwell  on 
 Olympus ;"  even  so  a  new  interest  of  historic  and  anti- 
 quarian curiosity  would  be  excited  by  "  the  splendid  ruins," 
 as  the    same    high    authority    rightly  calls    those    "which 
 
 a   i 
 
IV  PREFACE. 
 
 Dr.  Schliemann  has  brought  to  light  at  Hissarlik."  For 
 what,  in  that  case,  were  the  four  cities,  whose  successive 
 layers  of  ruins,  still  marked  by  the  fires  that  have  passed 
 over  them  in  turn,  are  piled  to  the  height  of  fifty  feet 
 above  the  old  summit  of  the  hill  ?  If  not  even  one  of 
 them  is  Troy,  what  is  the  story,  so  like  that  of  Troy, 
 which  belongs  to  them  ? 
 
 "  Trojag  renascens  alite  lugubri 
 Fortuna  tristi  clade  iterabitur." 
 
 What  is  the  light  that  is  struggling  to  break  forth  from 
 the  varied  mass  of  evidence,  and  the  half-deciphered  in- 
 scriptions, that  are  still  exercising  the  ingenuity  of  the 
 most  able  enquirers  ?  Whatever  may  be  the  true  and 
 final  answer  to  these  questions — and  we  have  had  to  put 
 on  record  a  signal  proof  that  the  most  sanguine  investi- 
 gators will  be  content  with  no  answer  short  of  the  truth*— 
 the  vivid  narrative  written  by  the  discoverer  on  the  spot 
 can  never  lose  that  charm  which  Renan  has  so  happily 
 described  as  "  la  charme  des  origines." 
 
 The  Editor  may  be  permitted  to  add,  what  the  Author 
 might  not  say,  that  the  work  derives  another  charm  from 
 the  spirit  that  prompted  the  labours  which  it  records. 
 It  is  the  work  of  an  enthusiast  in  a  cause  which,  in  our 
 "  practical "  age,  needs  all  the  zeal  of  its  remaining  devotees, 
 the  cause  of  learning  for  its  own  sake.  But,  in  this  case, 
 enthusiasm  has  gone  hand  in  hand  with  the  practical  spirit 
 in  its  best  form.  Dr.  Schliemann  judged  rightly  in  pre- 
 fixing to  his  first  work  the  simple  unaffected  record  of 
 that  discipline  in  adversity  and  self-reliance,  amidst  which 
 he  at  once  educated  himself  and  obtained  the  means  of 
 gratifying    his    ardent   desire   to   throw  new    light   on   the 
 
 *  See  the  Appendix,  pages  369,  370. 
 
PREFACE.  V 
 
 highest  problems  of  antiquity,  at  his  own  expense.  His 
 readers  ought  to  know  that,  besides  other  large  contri- 
 butions to  the  cause  of  learning,  the  cost  of  his  excavations 
 at  Hissarlik  alone  has  amounted  to  10,000/.  ;  and  this  is  in 
 no  sense  the  speculative  investment  of  an  explorer,  for  he 
 has  expressed  the  firm  resolution  to  give  azvay\\\s  collection, 
 and  not  to  sell  it. 
 
 Under  this  sense  of  the  high  and  lasting  value  of 
 Dr.  Schliemann's  work,  the  present  translation  has  been 
 undertaken,  with  the  object  of  laying  the  narrative  before 
 English  readers  in  a  form  considerably  improved  upon  the 
 original.  For  this  object  the  Editor  can  safely  say,  on 
 behalf  of  the  Publisher  and  himself,  that  no  pains  and  cost 
 have  been  spared ;  and  Dr.  Schliemann  has  contributed  new 
 materials  of  great  value. 
 
 The  original  work*  was  published,  at  the  beginning  of 
 this  year,  as  an  octavo  volume,  accompanied  by  a  large 
 quarto  "  Atlas "  of  217  photographic  plates,  containing  a 
 Map,  Plans,  and  Views  -of  the  Plain  of  Troy,  the  Hill  of 
 Hissarlik,  and  the  excavations,  with  representations  of  up- 
 wards of  4000  objects  selected  from  the  100,000  and  more 
 brought  to  light  by  Dr.  Schliemann,  which  were  elaborately 
 described  in  the  letter-press  pages  of  the  Atlas.  The 
 photographs  were  taken  for  the  most  part  from  drawings ; 
 and  Dr.  Schliemann  is  the  first  to  acknowledge  that  their 
 
 *  "  Trojanische  Alterthiimer.  Bericht  iibcr  die  Ausgrabungen  in 
 Troja,  von  Dr.  Heinrich  Schliemann.  Leipzig,  in  Commission  bei 
 F.  A.  Brockhaus,  1874."  It  may  be  convenient  to  state  here,  lest 
 the  reader  should  be  disappointed  at  finding  no  details  of  the  excava- 
 tions at  Hissarlik  in  the  first  year  (1870),  that  the  work  of  that  year 
 was  merely  preliminary  to  the  systematic  researches  of  187 1-3.  An 
 account  of  that  first  year's  work,  and  of  the  arguments  which  convinced 
 Dr.  Schliemann  that  he  must  search  for  Troy  at  Hissarlik  and  no 
 where  else,  will  be  found  in  his  earlier  work,  "  Ithaquc,  le  Pelopoiwhe, 
 <•/  Troie." 
 
VI  PREFACE. 
 
 execution  left  much  to  be  desired.  Many  of  his  original 
 plans  and  drawings  have  been  placed  at  our  disposal ;  and 
 an  especial  acknowledgment  is  due  both  to  Dr.  Schliemann 
 and  Monsieur  Emile  Burnouf,  the  Director  of  the  French 
 School  at  Athens,  for  the  use  of  the  admirable  drawings  of 
 the  terra-cotta  whorls  and  balls,  made  by  M.  Burnouf  and 
 his  accomplished  daughter.  A  selection  of  about  200 
 of  these  objects,  which  are  among  the  most  interesting  of 
 Dr.  Schliemann's  discoveries,  occupies  the  32  lithographic 
 plates  at  the  end  of  this  volume.  With  the  exception  of  the 
 first  three  Plates  (XXI. -XXI 1 1.),  which  are  copied  from 
 the  Atlas,  in  order  to  give  a  general  view  of  the  sections 
 of  the  whorls  and  the  chief  types  of  the  patterns  upon  them, 
 all  the  rest  are  engraved  from  M.  Burnouf's  drawings.  They 
 are  given  in  the  natural  size,  and  each  whorl  is  accom- 
 panied by  its  section.  The  depth  at  which  each  object  was 
 found  among  the  layers  of  debris  is  a  matter  of  such 
 moment  (as  will  be  seen  from  Dr.  Schliemann's  work)  that 
 the  Editor  felt  bound  to  undertake  the  great  labour  of 
 identifying  each  with  the  representation  of  the  same  object 
 in  the  Atlas,  where  the  depth  is  marked,  to  which,  un- 
 fortunately, the  drawings  gave  no  reference.  The  few 
 whorls  that  remain  unmarked  with  their  depth  have  either 
 escaped  this  repeated  search,  or  are  not  represented  in  the 
 Atlas.  The  elaborate  descriptions  of  the  material,  style 
 of  workmanship,  and  supposed  meanings  of  the  patterns, 
 which  M.  Burnouf  has  inscribed  on  most  of  his  drawings, 
 are  given  in  the  "  List  of  Illustrations."  The  explanations 
 of  the  patterns  are,  of  course,  offered  only  as  conjectures, 
 possessing  the  value  which  they  derive  from  M.  Burnouf's 
 profound  knowledge  of  Aryan  antiquities.  Some  of  the 
 explanations  of  the  patterns  are  Dr.  Schliemann's ;  and  the 
 Editor  has  added  a  few  descriptions,  based  on  a  careful 
 attempt  to  analyze  and  arrange  the  patterns  according  to 
 
PREFACE.  Vll 
 
 distinct    types.      Most    of  these    types    are    exhibited    on 
 Plates  XXII.  and  XXIII. 
 
 The  selection  of  the  300  illustrations  inserted  in  the 
 body  of  the  work  has  been  a  matter  of  no  ordinary  labour. 
 One  chief  point,  in  which  the  present  work  claims  to  be  an 
 improvement  on  the  original,  is  the  exhibition  of  the  most 
 interesting  objects  in  Dr.  Schliemann's  collection  in  their 
 proper  relation  to  the  descriptions  in  his  text.  The  work 
 of  selection  from  4000  objects,  great  as  was  the  care  it 
 required,  was  the  smallest  part  of  the  difficulty.  It  is  no 
 disparagement  to  Dr.  Schliemann  to  recognize  the  fact  that, 
 amidst  his  occupations  at  the  work  through  the  long  days 
 of  spring  and  summer,  and  with  little  competent  help  save 
 from  Madame  Schliemann's  enthusiasm  in  the  cause,  the 
 objects  thrown  on  his  hands  from  day  to  clay  could  only  be 
 arranged  and  depicted  very  imperfectly.  The  difficulty  was 
 greatly  enhanced  by  a  circumstance  which  should  be  noticed 
 in  following  the  order  of  Dr.  Schliemann's  work.  It  dif- 
 fered greatly  from  that  of  his  forerunners  in  the  modern 
 enterprise  of  penetrating  into  the  mounds  that  cover  the 
 primeval  cities  of  the  world.  When,  for  example,  we  follow 
 Layard  into  the  mound  of  Nimrud,  and  see  how  the  rooms 
 of  the  Assyrian  palaces  suddenly  burst  upon  him,  with 
 their  walls  lined  with  sculptured  and  inscribed  slabs,  We 
 seem  almost  to  be  reading  of  Aladdin's  descent  into  the 
 treasure-house  of  jewels.  But  Schliemann's  work  consisted 
 in  a  series  of  transverse  cuttings,  which  laid  open  sections 
 of  the  various  strata,  from  the  present  surface  of  the  hill  to 
 the  virgin  soil.  The  work  of  one  day  would  often  yield 
 objects  from  almost  all  the  strata ;  and  each  successive 
 trench  repeated  the  old  order,  more  or  less,  from  the  re- 
 mains of  Greek  Ilium  to  those  of  the  first  settlers  on  the 
 hill.  The  marvel  is  that  Dr.  Schliemann  should  have  been 
 able  to  preserve  any  order  at  all,  rather  than  that  he  was 
 
Vlll  PREFACE. 
 
 obliged  to  abandon  the  attempt  in  the  later  Plates  of  his 
 Atlas  (see  p.  225) ;  and  special  thanks  are  due  for  his  care 
 in  continuing  to  note  the  depths  of  all  the  objects  found. 
 This  has  often  given  the  clue  to  our  search,  amidst  the  mixed 
 objects  of  a  similar  nature  on  the  photographic  Plates,  for 
 those  which  he  describes  in  his  text,  where  the  figures 
 referred  to  by  Plate  and  Number  form  the  exception  rather 
 than  the  rule.  We  believe  that  the  cases  in  which  we  have 
 failed  to  find  objects  really  worth  representing,  or  in  which  an 
 object  named  in  the  text  may  have  been  wrongly  identified 
 in  the  Plates,  are  so  few  as  in  no  way  to  affect  the  value 
 of  the  work.  How  much,  on  the  other  hand,  its  value 
 is  increased  by  the  style  in  which  our  illustrations  have 
 been  engraved,  will  be  best  seen  by  a  comparison  with  the 
 photographic  Plates.  It  should  be  added  that  the  present 
 work  contains  all  the  illustrations  that  are  now  generally 
 accessible,  as  the  Atlas  is  out  of  print,  and  the  negatives 
 are  understood  to  be  past  further  use. 
 
 Twelve  of  the  views  (Plates  II.,  Ill,  IV,  V,  VI,  VII.  A 
 and  B,  IX,  X,  XI.  A  and  B,  and  XII,  besides  the  Great 
 Altar,  No.  188)  were  engraved  by  Mr.  Whymper ;  all  the 
 other  views  and  cuts  by  Mr.  James  D.  Cooper;  and  the 
 lithographed  map,  plans,  and  plates  of  whorls  and  balls  by 
 Messrs.  Cooper  and  Hodson.  In  the  description  appended 
 to  each  engraving  all  that  is  valuable  in  the  letter-press  to 
 the  Atlas  has  been  incorporated,  and  the  depth  at  which 
 the  object  was  found  is  added.  Some  further  descriptions 
 of  the  Plates  are  given  in  the  "  List  of  Illustrations." 
 
 The  text  of  Dr.  Schliemann's  work  has  been  translated 
 by  Miss  L.  Dora  Schmitz,  and  revised  throughout  by  the 
 Editor.  The  object  kept  in  view  has  been  a  faithful 
 rendering  of  the  Memoirs,  in  all  the  freshness  due  to  their 
 composition  on  the  spot  during  the  progress  of  the  work. 
 That  mode  of  composition,  it  is  true,  involved  not  a  few  of 
 
PREFACE.  IX 
 
 those  mistakes  and  contradictions  on  matters  of  opinion, 
 due  to  the  novelty  and  the  rapid  progress  of  the  discoveries, 
 which  Dr.  Schliemann  has  confessed  and  explained  at  the 
 opening  of  his  work  (see  p.  12).  To  have  attempted  a 
 systematic  correction  and  harmonizing  of  such  discre- 
 pancies would  have  deprived  the  work  of  all  its  freshness, 
 and  of  much  of  its  value  as  a  series  of  landmarks  in  the 
 history  of  Dr.  Schliemann's  researches,  from  his  first  firm 
 conviction  that  Troy  was  to  be  sought  in  the  Hill  of 
 Hissarlik,  to  his  discovery  of  the  "  Scaean  Gate "  and  the 
 "  Treasure  of  Priam."  The  Author's  final  conclusions  are 
 summed  up  by  himself  in  the  "  Introduction ;"  and  the 
 Editor  has  thought  it  enough  to  add  to  those  state- 
 ments, which  seemed  likely  to  mislead  the  reader  for  a 
 time,  references  to  the  places  where  the  correction  may  be 
 found.  On  one  point  he  has  ventured  a  little  further. 
 All  the  earlier  chapters  are  affected  by  the  opinion,  that 
 the  lowest  remains  on  the  native  rock  were  those  of  the 
 Homeric  Troy,  which  Dr.  Schliemann  afterwards  recog- 
 nized in  the  stratum  next  above.  To  avoid  perpetual 
 reference  to  this  change  of  opinion,  the  Editor  has  sometimes 
 omitted  or  toned  down  the  words  "  Troy  "  and  "  Trojan  "  as 
 applied  to  the  lowest  stratum,  and,  both  in  the  "  Contents  " 
 and  running  titles,  and  in  the  descriptions  of  the  Illus- 
 trations, he  has  throughout  applied  those  terms  to  the 
 discoveries  in  the  second  stratum,  in  accordance  with 
 Dr.  Schliemann's  ultimate  conclusion. 
 
 In  a  very  few  cases  the  Editor  has  ventured  to  correct 
 what  seemed  to  him  positive  errors.*  He  has  not  deemed 
 it  any  part  of  his  duty  to  discuss  the  Author's  opinions  or 
 to   review   his   conclusions.     He   has,  however,  taken  such 
 
 *  Several  misprints  and  wrong  references  in  the  original  have  been 
 corrected.  For  the  correction  respecting  the  debris  at  Jerusalem  (note 
 to  p.  218),  the  Editor  is  indebted  to  his  friend  Mr.  George  Grove. 
 
X  PREFACE. 
 
 opportunities  as  suggested  themselves,  to  set  Dr.Schliemann's 
 statements  in  a  clearer  light  by  a  few  illustrative  annota- 
 tions. Among  the  rest,  the  chief  passages  cited  from 
 Homer  are  quoted  in  full,  with  Lord  Derby's  translation, 
 and  others  have  been  added  (out  of  many  more  which 
 have  been  noted),  as  suggesting  remarkable  coincidences 
 with  the  objects  found  by  Dr.  Schliemann. 
 
 From  the  manner  in  which  the  work  was  composed, 
 and  the  great  importance  attached  by  Dr.  Schliemann  to 
 some  leading  points  of  his  argument,  it  was  inevitable  that 
 there  should  be  some  repetitions,  both  in  the  Memoirs 
 themselves,  and  between  them  and  the  Introduction. 
 These  the  Editor  has  rather  endeavoured  to  abridge  than 
 completelv  to  remove.  To  have  expunged  them  from 
 the  Memoirs  would  have  deprived  these  of  much  of  the 
 interest  resulting  from  the  discussions  which  arose  out  of 
 the  discoveries  in  their  first  freshness ;  to  have  omitted 
 them  from  the  Introduction  would  have  marred  the  com- 
 pleteness of  the  Author's  summary  of  his  results.  The 
 few  repetitions  left  standing  are  a  fair  measure  of  the 
 importance  which  the  Author  assigns  to  the  points  thus 
 insisted  on.  A  very  few  passages  have  been  omitted  for 
 reasons  that  would  be  evident  on  a  reference  to  the 
 original;  but  none  of  these  omissions  affect  a  single  point 
 in  Dr.  Schliemann's  discoveries. 
 
 The  measures,  which  Dr.  Schliemann  gives  with  the 
 minutest  care  throughout  his  work,  have  been  preserved 
 and  converted  from  the  French  metric  standard  into 
 English  measures.  This  has  been  done  with  great  care, 
 though  in  such  constant  conversion  some  errors  must  of 
 course  have  crept  in ;  and  approximate  numbers  have 
 often  been  given  to  avoid  the  awkwardness  of  fractions, 
 where  minute  accuracy  seemed  needless.  In  man}-  cases 
 both  the  French  and  English  measures  are  given,  not  only 
 
PREFACE.  XI 
 
 because  Dr.  Schliemann  gives  both  (as  he  often  does),  but 
 for  another  sufficient  reason.  A  chief  key  to  the  signifi- 
 cance of  the  discoveries  is  found  in  the  depths  of  the 
 successive  strata  of  remains,  which  are  exhibited  in  the 
 form  of  a  diagram  on  page  10.  The  numbers  which 
 express  these  in  Meters  *  are  so  constantly  used  by 
 Dr.  Schliemann,  and  are  so  much  simpler  than  the  English 
 equivalents,  that  they  have  been  kept  as  a  sort  of  "  memory 
 key "  to  the  strata  of  remains.  For  the  like  reason,  and 
 for  simplicity-sake,  the  depths  appended  to  the  Illustrations 
 are  given  in  meters  only.  The  Table  of  French  and 
 English  Measures  on  page  $6  will  enable  the  reader  to 
 check  our  conversions  and  to  make  his  own.  The  Editor 
 has  added  an  Appendix,  explaining  briefly  the  present  state 
 of  the  deeply  interesting  question  concerning  the  Inscrip- 
 tions which  have  been  traced  on  some  of  the  objects  found 
 by  Dr.  Schliemann. 
 
 With  these  explanations  the  Editor  might  be  content 
 to  leave  the  work  to  the  judgment  of  scholars  and  of  the 
 great  body  of  educated  persons,  who  have  happily  been 
 brought  up  in  the  knowledge  and  love  of  Homer's  glorious 
 poetry,  "  the  tale  of  Troy  divine,"  and  of 
 
 "  Immortal  Greece,  dear  land  of  glorious  lays." 
 
 Long  may  it  be  before  such  training  is  denied  to  the 
 imagination  of  the  young,  whether  on  the  low  utilitarian 
 ground,  or  on  the  more  specious  and  dangerous  plea  of 
 making  it  the  select  possession  of  the  few  who  can  acquire 
 it  "  thoroughly  "  : 
 
 N^ioi,   ovk   MKxcriv  ocra)  it\4ov  rjfXLcrv  ttcwtos- 
 
 To  attempt  a  discussion  of  the  results  of  Dr.  Schlie- 
 
 *  The  Anglicized  form  of  the  word  is  used  as  a  matter  of  common 
 sense  and  convenience.     Dr.  Schliemann  does  the  same  in  German. 
 
Xli  PREFACE. 
 
 mann's  discoveries  would  be  alike  beyond  the  province 
 of  an  Editor,  and  premature  in  the  present  state  of  the 
 investigation.  The  criticisms  called  forth  both  in  England 
 and  on  the  Continent,  during  the  one  year  that  has 
 elapsed  since  the  publication  of  the  work,  are  an  earnest 
 of  the  more  than  ten  years'  duration  of  that  new  War  of 
 Troy  for  which  it  has  given  the  signal.  The  English 
 reader  may  obtain  some  idea  of  the  points  that  have  been 
 brought  under  discussion  by  turning  over  the  file  of  the 
 "Academy"  for  the  year,  not  to  speak  of  many  reviews  of 
 Schliemann's  work  in  other  periodicals  and  papers.  With- 
 out plunging  into  these  varied  discussions,  it  may  be  well 
 to  indicate  briefly  certain  points  that  have  been  established, 
 some  lines  of  research  that  have  been  opened,  and  some 
 false  issues  that  need  to  be  avoided. 
 
 First  of  all,  the  integrity  of  Dr.  Schliemann  in  the 
 whole  matter — of  which  his  self-sacrificing  spirit  might 
 surely  have  been  a  sufficient  pledge — and  the  genuineness 
 of  his  discoveries,  are  beyond  all  suspicion.  We  have, 
 indeed,  never  seen  them  called  in  question,  except  in  what 
 appears  to  be  an  effusion  of  spite  from  a  Greek,  who  seems 
 to  envy  a  German  his  discoveries  on  the  Greek  ground 
 which  Greeks  have  neglected  for  fifteen  centuries.*  In 
 addition  to  the  consent  of  scholars,  the  genuineness  and 
 high  antiquity  of  the  objects  in  Dr.  Schliemann's  collection 
 have  been  specially  attested  by  so  competent  a  judge  as 
 Mr.  Charles  Newton,  of  the  British  Museum,  who  went 
 to  Athens   for   the  express   purpose  of  examining  them.f 
 
 *  See  the  Letter  of  Mr.  S.  Comnos  in  the  Athenceum  of  August  8th, 
 and  the  Answer  of  Dr.  Schliemann  in  the  Academy  of  November  7th. 
 
 [874. 
 
 t  See  Mr.  Newton's  Report,  and  the  discussion  thereupon,  in  the 
 Academy  of  February  14th,  1874,  and  in  the  '  Transactions  of  the  Society 
 of  Antiquaries.' 
 
PREFACE.  Xlll 
 
 A  letter  by  Mr.  Frank  Calvert,  who  is  so  honourably 
 mentioned  in  the  work,  deserves  special  notice  for  the 
 implied  testimony  which  it  bears  to  Dr.  Schliemann's  good 
 faith,  while  strongly  criticising  some  of  his  statements.* 
 
 Among  the  false  issues  raised  in  the  discussion,  one 
 most  to  be  avoided  is  the  making  the  value  of  Dr.  Schlie- 
 mann's discoveries  dependent  on  the  question  of  the  site 
 of  Troy  as  determined  by  the  data  furnished  by  the  Iliad. 
 The  position  is  common  to  Schliemann  and  his  adverse 
 critics,  that  Homer  never  saw  the  city  of  whose  fate  he 
 sang; — because,  says  Schliemann,  it  had  long  been  buried 
 beneath  its  own  ashes  and  the  cities,  or  the  ruins  of  the 
 cities,  built  above  it ; — because,  say  the  objectors,  Homer 
 created  a  Troy  of  his  own  imagination.  The  former 
 existence  and  site  of  Troy  were  known  to  Homer — says 
 Schliemann — by  the  unbroken  tradition  belonging  to  the 
 spot  where  the  Greek  colonists  founded  the  city  which  they 
 called  by  the  same  name  as,  and  believed  to  be  the  true 
 successor  of,  the  Homeric  Ilium.  Of  this,  it  is  replied, 
 we  know  nothing,  and  we  have  no  other  guide  to  Homer  s 
 Troy  save  the  data  of  the  Iliad.  Be  it  so  ;  and  if  those  data 
 really  point  to  Hissarlik — as  was  the  universal  opinion  of 
 antiquity,  till  a  sceptical  grammarian  invented  another  site, 
 which  all  scholars  now  reject — as  was  also  the  opinion  of 
 modern  scholars,  till  the  new  site  of  Bunarbashi  was 
 invented  by  Lechevalier  to  suit  the  Iliad,  and  accepted  by 
 many  critics,  but  rejected  by  others,  including  the  high 
 authority  of  Grote  —  then  the  conclusion  is  irresistible, 
 that  Schliemann  has  found  the  Troy  of  which  Homer  had 
 heard  through  the  lasting  report  of  poetic  fame  :  'H/^ets  Se 
 
 *  The  Athenceum,  November  7th,  1874.  Some  of  Mr.  Calvert's 
 corrections  seem  of  importance,  but  we  have  not  felt  it  right  to  use  them 
 in  the  absence  of  the  reply  which  Dr.  Schliemann  will  doubtless  make, 
 as  he  has  done  to  his  other  critics. 
 
XIV  PREFACE. 
 
 kXco9  olov  cLKovojxev*  But  the  corresponding  negative  does 
 not  follow  ;  for,  if  Homer's  Troy  was  but  a  city  built  in  the 
 ethereal  region  of  his  fancy,  his  placing  it  at  Bunarbashi,  or 
 on  any  other  spot,  could  not  affect  the  lost  site  of  the  true 
 Troy,  if  such  a  city  ever  existed,  and  therefore  can  be  no 
 objection  to  the  argument,  that  the  discovery  of  an  ancient 
 city  on  the  traditional  site  of  the  heroic  Troy  confirms  the 
 truth  of  the  tradition  on  both  points — the  real  existence 
 of  the  city,  as  well  as  its  existence  on  this  site.  The 
 paradox— that  Troy  never  existed  and  that  Bunarbashi  was 
 its  site — was  so  far  confirmed  by  Schliemann  that  he  dug 
 at  Bunarbashi,  and  found  clear  evidence  that  the  idea  of  a 
 great  city  having  ever  stood  there  is  a  mere  imagination. 
 The  few  remains  of  walls,  that  were  found  there,  confirm 
 instead  of  weakening  the  negative  conclusion;  for  they 
 are  as  utterly  inadequate  to  be  the  remains  of  the  "  great, 
 sacred,  wealthy  Ilium,"  as  they  are  suitable  to  the  little 
 town  of  Gergis,  with  which  they  are  now  identified  by  an 
 inscription.  In  short,  that  the  real  city  of  Troy  could  not 
 have  stood  at  Bunarbashi,  is  one  of  the  most  certain  results 
 of  Schliemann's  researches. 
 
 The  same  sure  test  of  downright  digging  has  finally 
 disposed  of  all  the  other  suggested  sites,  leaving  by  the 
 "  method  of  exhaustion "  the  inevitable  conclusion,  that 
 the  only  great  city  (or  succession  of  cities),  that  we  know 
 to  have  existed  in  the  Troad  before  the  historic  Grecian 
 colony  of  Ilium,  rose  and  perished — as  the  Greeks  of  Ilium 
 always  said  it  did — on  the  ground  beneath  their  feet,  upon 
 
 *  Iliad,  II.  486.  See  the  full  quotation  at  p.  346.  Professor  Max 
 Muller  quotes  the  same  passage  in  favour  of  the  non-reality  of  Homer's 
 Troy  ;  but  surely  the  kAcos  aKovofxev  implies  a  positivet  tradition,  and 
 the  ou'Se  ti  I8fj.€v  confesses  ignorance  of  details  cnly.  Are  Homer's 
 Hellespont,  and  his  Plain  of  Troy,  watered  by  the  Scamander  and 
 Simoiis,  also  "  to  be  sought  rather  among  the  Muses  who  dwell  on 
 (  Mympus  than  "  about  "  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik  "  ? 
 
PREFACE.  XV 
 
 the  Hill  of  Hissarlik.  And  that  Homer,  or — if  you  please 
 — the  so-called  Homeric  bards,  familiar  with  the  Troad, 
 and  avowedly  following  tradition,  should  have  imagined  a 
 different  site,  would  be,  at  the  least,  very  surprising.  This 
 is  not  the  place  for  an  analysis  of  the  Homeric  local  evi- 
 dence ;  but,  coming  fresh  from  a  renewed  perusal  of  the 
 Iliad  with  a  view  to  this  very  question,  the  Editor  feels 
 bound  to  express  the  conviction  that  its  indications,  while 
 in  themselves  consistent  with  the  site  of  Hissarlik,  can  be 
 interpreted  in  no  other  way,  now  that  we  know  what  that 
 site  contains.* 
 
 Standing,  as  it  does,  at  the  very  point  of  junction  be- 
 tween the  East  and  West,  and  in  the  region  where  we  find 
 the  connecting  link  between  the  primitive  Greeks  of  Asia 
 and  Europe,f  tne  Hill  °f  Hissarlik  answers  at  once  to  the 
 primitive  type  of  a  Greek  city,  and  to  the  present  condition 
 of  the  primeval  capitals  of  the  East.  Like  so  many  of  the 
 first,  in  Greece,  Asia  Minor,  and  Italy,  the  old  city  was  a 
 hill-fort,  an  Acropolis  built  near  but  not  close  upon  the 
 sea,  in  a  situation  suited  at  once  for  defence  against  the 
 neighbouring  barbarians,  and  for  the  prosecution  of  that 
 commerce,  whether  by  its  own  maritime  enterprise,  or  by 
 intercourse  with  foreign  voyagers,-  of  which  the  copper, 
 ivory,  and   other    objects   from   the  ruins  furnish   decisive 
 
 *  The  excellent  dissertation  by  Dr.  Eckenbrecher,  to  which  Schlie- 
 mann  refers  at  page  46,  has  just  been  republished  in  a  revised  edition, 
 "  Die  Lage  des  Homerischen  Troja,  von  Dr.  Gustav  von  Ecken- 
 brecher." With  2  Maps  and  a  View  of  Hissarlik,  1875.  The  Author 
 has  purposely  kept  his  argument  in  favour  of  the  site  at  Hissarlik,  from 
 Homer  and  the  later  classical  writers,  distinct  from  what  he  distinctly 
 accepts  as  its  confirmation  by  Schliemann's  discoveries. 
 
 t  See  the  remarks  on  this  point  in  the  Appendix,  p.  364.  Lest  the 
 views  here  indicated  should  seem  to  be  at  variance  with  the  frequent 
 use  of  the  term  "  pre-Hellenic  "  throughout  this  work,  it  may  be  well  to 
 explain,  once  for  all,  that  "  pre-Hellenic  "  is  to  be  taken  as  signifying 
 nothing  else  than  "before  the  occupation  of  the  site  by  the  people  of 
 the  historical  Greek  Ilium." 
 
XVI  PREFACE. 
 
 proofs.*  This  type  is  as  conspicuously  wanting  at  Bunar- 
 bashi,  as  it  is  well  marked  by  the  site  of  Hissarlik. 
 
 Like  the  other  great  oriental  capitals  of  the  Old  World, 
 the  present  condition  of  Troy  is  that  of  a  mound,  such 
 as  those  in  the  plain  of  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  offering 
 for  ages  the  invitation  to  research,  which  has  only  been 
 accepted  and  rewarded  in  our  own  day.  The  resemblance 
 is  so  striking,  as  to  raise  a  strong  presumption  that,  as 
 the  mounds  of  Nimrud  and  Kouyunjik,  of  Khorsabad  and 
 Hillah,  have  been  found  to  contain  the  palaces  of  the 
 Assyrian  and  Babylonian  kings,  so  we  may  accept  the  ruins 
 found  in  the  mound  of  Hissarlik  as  those  of  the  capital  of 
 that  primeval  empire  in  Asia  Minor,  which  is  indicated  by 
 the  Homeric  tradition,  and  proved  to  have  been  a  reality 
 by  the  Egyptian  monuments.^ 
 
 This  parallel  seems  to  throw  some  light  on  a  question, 
 concerning  which  Dr.  Schliemann  is  forced  to  a  result 
 which  disappointed  himself,  and  does  not  appear  satis- 
 factory to  us — that  of  the  magnitude  of  Troy.  As  the 
 mounds  opened  by  Layard  and  his  fellow  labourers  con- 
 tained only  the  "royal  quarters,"  which  towered  above  the 
 rude  buildings  of  cities  the  magnitude  of  which  is  attested 
 by  abundant  proofs,  so  it  is  reasonable  to  believe  that  the 
 ruins  at  Hissarlik  are  those  of  the  royal  quarter,  the  only 
 
 *  The  Phrygians  (of  which  race  the  Trojans  were  a  branch)  are 
 among  the  nations  mentioned  as  having  held  in  succession  the  supre- 
 macy at  sea  {OaXacraoKparla). 
 
 t  The  evidence  of  the  Egyptian  monuments  to  the  power  of  Troy, 
 and  the  bearing  of  that  evidence  on  the  date  of  the  remains  at  Hissarlik, 
 are  among  the  subjects  which  we  must  refrain  from  discussing,  as  both 
 too  large  and  as  yet  too  imperfectly  investigated.  It  must  suffice  at 
 present  to  refer  to  the  letters  by  M.  Francois  Lenormaxt  in  the 
 Academy  for  March  21st  and  March  28th,  1874,  and  to  the  two  articles 
 in  the  Contemporary  Review  for  June  and  July,  1874,  which  it  is  under- 
 stood that  Mr.  Gladstone  is  about  to  republish  under  the  title  of 
 '■Homer  and  Egypt;  a  Contribution  towards  determining  the  Place 
 of  Homer  in  Chronology.' 
 
PREFACE  XVU 
 
 really  permanent  part  of  the  city,  built  on  the  hill  capping 
 the  lower  plateau  which  lifted  the  huts  of  the  common 
 people  above  the  marshes  and  inundations  of  the  Scaman- 
 der  and  the  Simois.  In  both  cases  the  fragile  dwellings  of 
 the  multitude  have  perished ;  and  the  pottery  and  other 
 remains,  which  were  left  on  the  surface  of  the  plateau  of 
 Ilium,  would  naturally  be  cleared  away  by  the  succeeding 
 settlers.  Instead,  therefore,  of  supposing  with  Schliemann, 
 that  Homer's  poetical  exaggeration  invented  the  "  Per- 
 gamus,"  we  would  rather  say  that  he  exalted  the  mean 
 dwellings  that  clustered  about  the  Pergamus  into  the  "well- 
 built  city"  with  her  "wide  streets." 
 
 We  cannot  sympathize  with  the  sentimental  objection 
 that,  in  proportion  as  the  conviction  grows  that  the  Troy 
 of  Homer  has  been  found,  his  poetry  is  brought  down 
 from  the  heights  of  pure  imagination.  Epic  Poetry,  the 
 very  essence  of  which  is  narrative,  has  always  achieved 
 its  noblest  triumphs  in  celebrating  events  which  were  at 
 least  believed  to  be  real,  not  in  the  invention  of  incidents 
 and  deeds  purely  imaginary.  The  most  resolute  deniers  of 
 any  historic  basis  for  the  story  of  Troy  will  admit  that 
 neither  the  scene  nor  the  chief  actors  were  invented  by 
 Homer,  or,  if  you  please,  the  Homeric  poets,  who  assuredly 
 believed  the  truth  of  the  traditions  to  which  the  Iliad 
 gave  an  immortal  form.  Any  discovery  which  verifies  that 
 belief  strengthens  the  foundation  without  impairing  the 
 superstructure,  and  adds  the  interest  of  truthfulness  to  those 
 poetic  beauties  which  remain  the  pure  creation  of  Homer. 
 
 Leaving  the  Homeric  bearings  of  the  question  to  the 
 discussion  of  which  no  speedy  end  can  be  anticipated,  all 
 are  agreed  that  Dr.  Schliemann's  discoveries  have  added 
 immensely  to  that  growing  mass  of  evidence  which  is  tend- 
 ing to  solve  one  of  the  most  interesting  problems  in  the 
 history  of  the  world,  the  connection  between  the  East  and 
 
 b 
 
XV1U  PREFACE. 
 
 West,  especially  with  regard  to  the  spread  of  Aryan  civi- 
 lization.* Two  points  are  becoming  clearer  every  day, 
 the  early  existence  of  members  of  the  Greek  race  on  the 
 shores  of  Asia,  and  the  essential  truth  of  those  traditions 
 about  the  Oriental  influence  on  Greek  civilization,  which, 
 within  our  own  remembrance,  have  passed  through  the 
 stages  of  uncritical  acceptance,  hypercritical  rejection,  and 
 discriminating  belief  founded  on  sure  evidence. 
 
 It  would  seem  as  if  Troy,  familiar  to  our  childhood  as  the 
 point  of  contact  in  poetry  between  the  East  and  West,  were 
 reappearing  in  the  science  of  archaeology  as  a  link  between 
 the  eastern  and  western  branches  of  the  antiquities  of  the 
 great  Aryan  family,  extending  its  influence  to  our  own 
 island  in  another  sense  than  the  legend  of  Brute  the  Trojan. 
 How  great  an  increase  of  light  may  soon  be  expected  from 
 the  deciphering  of  the  Inscriptions  found  at  Hissarlik  may 
 be  inferred,  in  part,  from  the  brief  account,  in  the  Appen- 
 dix, of  the  progress  thus  far  made.  In  fine,  few  dissentients 
 will  be  found  from  the  judgment  of  a  not  too  favourable 
 critic,  that  "  Dr.  Schliemann,  in  spite  of  his  over-great  en- 
 thusiasm,   has  done   the  world  an   incalculable 
 
 service.'"'  f 
 
 The  decipherment  of  the  inscriptions  will  probably  go 
 far  to  determine  the  curious  question  of  the  use  of  the 
 terra-cotta  whorls,  found  in  such  numbers  in  all  the  four 
 pre-Hellenic  strata  of  remains  at  Hissarlik.     That  they  had 
 
 *  Those  desirous  of  pursuing  this  study  from  its  fountain-head  may- 
 consult,  besides  the  works  quoted  by  Dr.  Schliemann,  Spiegel's  '  Iranian 
 Antiquities'  (Eranische  Alterthumskunde,  Vols.  I.  and  II.,  Leipzig,  187 1, 
 
 1873)- 
 
 t  Professor  Van  Benschoten's  '  Remarks  on  Dr.  Schliemann's  Dis- 
 coveries,' in  the  '  Proceedings  of  the  Sixth  Annual  Session  of  the 
 American  Philological  Association,  held  at  Hartford,  July  1874.'  We 
 have  been  pleased  to  find  this  testimony,  while  correcting  this  sheet  for 
 press,  in  the  Academy  for  January  9th.  1875. 
 
PREFACE.  XIX 
 
 some  practical  purpose  may  be  inferred  both  from  this 
 very  abundance,  and  from  the  occurrence  of  similar  objects 
 among  the  remains  of  various  early  races.  Besides  the 
 examples  given  by  Dr.  Schliemann,  they  have  been  found 
 in  various  parts  of  our  own  island,  and  especially  in  Scot- 
 land, but  always  (we  believe)  without  decorations.  On 
 the  other  hand,  the  Aryan  emblems  and  the  inscriptions  * 
 marked  upon  them  would  seem  to  show  that  they  were 
 applied  to,  if  not  originally  designed  for,  some  higher  use. 
 It  seems  quite  natural  for  a  simple  and  religious  race,  such 
 as  the  early  Aryans  certainly  were,  to  stamp  religious 
 emblems  and  sentences  on  objects  in  daily  use,  and  then 
 to  consecrate  them  as  ex  voto  offerings,  according  to  Dr. 
 Schliemann's  suggestion.  The  astronomical  significance, 
 which  Schliemann  finds  in  many  of  the  whorls,  is  unmis- 
 takeable  in  most  of  the  terra-cotta  balls  ;  and  this  seems  to 
 furnish  evidence  that  the  people  who  made  them  had  some 
 acquaintance,  at  least,  with  the  astronomical  science  of 
 Babylonia. 
 
 The  keen  discussion  provoked  by  Dr.  Schliemann's 
 novel  explanation  of  the  64a  yXavKcoms  'Adijvr)  might  be 
 left  "  a  pretty  quarrel  as  it  stands,"  f  did  there  not  appear 
 to  be  a  key  of  which  neither  party  has  made  sufficient  use. 
 The  symbolism,  which  embodied  divine  attributes  in  animal 
 forms,  belonged  unquestionably  to  an  early  form  of  the 
 Greek   religion,  as  well  as  to  the  Egyptian   and  Assyrian.^ 
 
 *  Had  the  first  conclusions  of  Haug  and  Gomperz  remained  good, 
 we  should  have  had  the  very  significant  evidence  that  all  the  inscriptions 
 were  in  the  nature  of  dedications  or  invocations  ;  but  of  course  this 
 question  must  now  be  held  in  suspense. 
 
 |  See  Max  Muller's  Review  of  Schliemann  in  the  Academy,  Jan. 
 ioth,  1874,  p.  39;  Schliemann's  Reply,  entitled  'Hera  Boopis  and 
 Athene'  Glaukopis,'  Ibid.  Nov.  21st,  1874,  p.  563,  and  Max  Muller's 
 Rejoinder,  Ibid.  Nov.  24th,  p.  585. 
 
 ±  On  the  whole  subject  of  this  symbolism  see  the  recent  work  of 
 Professor  Conze  on  the  '  Figures  of  Heroes  and  Gods '  {Heroen-  mid 
 
 b   1 
 
xx  PREFACE. 
 
 The  ram-headed  Amnion,  the  hawk-headed  Ra,  the  eagle- 
 headed  Nisroch,  form  exact  precedents  for  an  owl-headed 
 Athena,  a  personation  which  may  very  well  have  passed 
 into  the  slighter  forms  of  owl-faced,  owl-eyed,  bright-eyed. 
 Indeed,  we  see  no  other  explanation  of  the  constant  con- 
 nection of  the  owl  with  the  goddess,  which  survived  to  the 
 most  perfect  age  of  Greek  sculpture.  The  question  is  not 
 to  be  decided  by  an  etymological  analysis  of  the  sense  of 
 yXavKWTTLs  in  the  Greek  writers,  long  after  the  old  sym- 
 bolism had  been  forgotten,  nor  even  by  the  sense  which 
 Homer  may  have  attached  to  the  word  in  his  own  mind. 
 One  of  the  most  striking  characters  of  his  language  is  his 
 use  of  fixed  epithets  ;  and  he  might  very  well  have  inherited 
 the  title  of  the  tutelar  goddess  of  the  Ionian  race  with  the 
 rest  of  his  stock  of  traditions.  I f  ykavKonri^  were  merely 
 a  common  attributive,  signifying  "  bright-eyed,"  it  is  very 
 remarkable  that  Homer  should  never  apply  it  to  mortal 
 women,  or  to  any  goddess  save  Athena.  We  are  express- 
 ing no  opinion  upon  the  accuracy  of  Schliemann's  identi- 
 fication in  every  case  ;  but  the  rudeness  of  many  of  his 
 "  owl-faced  idols  "  is  no  stumbling-block,  for  the  oldest  and 
 rudest  sacred  images  were  held  in  lasting  and  peculiar  reve- 
 rence. The  Ephesian  image  of  Artemis,  "  which  fell  down 
 from  Jove,"  is  a  case  parallel  to  what  the  "  Palladium  "  of 
 Ilium  may  have  been. 
 
 The  ethnological  interpretation  of  the  four  strata  of 
 remains  at  Hissarlik  is  another  of  the  questions  which  it 
 would  be   premature  to   discuss ;    but   a  passing   reference 
 
 Gotter-Gestalteri),  He  shows  that  the  symbol  preceded  the  image,  two 
 things  which  have  been  confounded  in  the  discussion.  A  fuller  illustra- 
 tion may  be  obtained  from  the  use  of  animals  in  the  armorial  devices 
 of  the  Greeks,  which  has  been  recently  discussed  by  Professor  Curtius 
 in  a  paper  contributed  to  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Science.  He  believes 
 that  the  practice  came  originallv  from  Assyria,  so  that  Troy  would  be 
 on  the  route. 
 
PREFACE.  XXI 
 
 may  be  allowed  to  their  very  remarkable  correspondence 
 with  the  traditions  relating  to  the  site.  First,  Homer  re- 
 cognizes a  city  which  preceded  the  Ilium  of  Priam,  and 
 which  had  been  destroyed  by  Hercules ;  and  Schliemann 
 found  a  primeval  city,  of  considerable  civilization,  on  the 
 native  rock,  below  the  ruins  which  he  regards  as  the 
 Homeric  Troy.  Tradition  speaks  of  a  Phrygian  population, 
 of  which  the  Trojans  were  a  branch,  as  having  apparently 
 displaced,  and  driven  over  into  Europe,  the  kindred  Pelas- 
 gians.  Above  the  second  stratum  are  the  remains  of  a 
 third  city,  which,  in  the  type  and  patterns  of  its  terra- 
 cottas, instruments,  .and  ornaments,  shows  a  close  resem- 
 blance to  the  second;  and  the  link  of  connection  is  rivetted 
 by  the  inscriptions  in  the  same  character  in  both  strata. 
 And  so,  in  the  Homeric  poems,  every  reader  is  struck  with 
 the  common  bonds  of  genealogy  and  language,  traditions 
 and  mutual  intercourse,  religion  and  manners,  between  the 
 Greeks  who  assail  Troy  and  the  Trojans  who  defend  it.  If 
 the  legend  of  the  Trojan  War  preserves  the  tradition  of  a 
 real  conquest  of  the  city  by  a  kindred  race,  the  very  nature 
 of  the  case  forbids  us  to  accept  literally  the  story,  that  the 
 conquerors  simply  sailed  away  again.*  It  is  far  more  rea- 
 sonable to  regard  the  ten  years  of  the  War,  and  the  ten 
 years  of  the  Return  of  the  Chiefs  (NoVtoi)  as  cycles  of 
 ethnic  struggles,  the  details  of  which  had  been  sublimed 
 into  poetical  traditions.  The  fact,  that  Schliemann  traces 
 in  the  third  stratum  a  civilization  lower  than  in  the  second, 
 is  an  objection  only  from  the  point  of  view  of  our  classical 
 prepossessions.       There    are     not    wanting    indications    in 
 
 *  While  writing  this,  we  remember  (though  without  the  means  of 
 verification  at  hand)  that  Niebuhr  maintains  the  same  view  in  his 
 '  Lectures  on  Ancient  History ' ;  and  it  is  confirmed  by  the  tradition 
 among  the  yEolians  of  the  Troad,  that  Agamemnon  was  the  founder 
 of  their  colony  (ktutt,^). 
 
XXli  PREFACE. 
 
 Homer  (as  Curtius,  among  others,  has  pointed  out)  that 
 the  Trojans  were  more  civilized  and  wealthy  than  the 
 Greeks ;  and  in  the  much  earlier  age,  to  which  the  con- 
 flict— if  real  at  all — must  have  belonged,  we  may  be  sure 
 that  the  Asiatic  people  had  over  their  European  kindred 
 an  advantage  which  we  may  venture  to  symbolize  by  the 
 golden  arms  of  Glaucus  and  the  brazen  arms  of  Diomed 
 (Homer,  Iliad,  YL  13$,  2,36).  Xanthus,  the  old  historian 
 of  Lydia,  preserves  the  tradition  of  a  reflux  migration  of 
 Phrvgians  from  Europe  into  Asia,  after  the  Trojan  War, 
 and  says  that  they  conquered  Troy  and  settled  in  its 
 territory.  This  migration  is  ascribed  to  the  pressure  of 
 the  barbarian  Thracians ;  and  the  fourth  stratum,  with  its 
 traces  of  merely  wooden  buildings,  and  other  marks  of  a 
 lower  stage  of  civilization,  corresponds  to  that  conquest  of 
 the  Troad  by  those  same  barbarian  Thracians,  the  tradition 
 of  which  is  preserved  by  Herodotus  and  other  writers.  The 
 primitive  dwellings  of  those  races  in  Thrace  still  furnish 
 the  flint  implements,  which  are  most  abundant  in  the 
 fourth  stratum  at  Hissarlik. 
 
 The  extremely  interesting  concurrence  of  instruments 
 of  stone  with  those  of  copper  (or  bronze,  see  p.  361)  in  all 
 the  four  strata  at  Hissarlik,  may  be  illustrated  by  a  case 
 which  has  fallen  under  our  notice  while  dismissing  this 
 sheet  for  press.  A  mound  recently  opened  at  the  Bocenos, 
 near  Carnac  (in  the  Morbihan),  has  disclosed  the  remains 
 of  a  Gallic  house,  of  the  second  century  of  our  era,  in  which 
 flint  implements  were  found,  intermixed  with  pottery  of  va- 
 rious styles,  from  the  most  primitive  to  the  finest  examples 
 of  native  Gallic  art,  and  among  all  these  objects  was  a  terra- 
 cotta head  of  the    Venus  Anadyomene*       Such  facts  as 
 
 See  the  Academy,  Jan.  9th,  (875. 
 
PREFACE.  XX111 
 
 these  furnish  a  caution  against  the  too  hasty  application 
 of  the  theory  of  the  Ages  of  Stone,  Bronze,  and  Iron. 
 
 Another  illustration  is  worth  adding  of  the  persistence 
 of  the  forms  of  objects  in  common  use  in  the  same 
 region.  (See  p.  47.)  Mr.  Davis,  in  his  recently  published 
 travels  in  Asia  Minor,*  describes  a  wooden  vessel  for 
 carrying  water,  which  he  saw  at  Hierapolis,  in  Phrygia, 
 of  the  very  same  form  as  the  crown-handled  vase-covers  of 
 terra-cotta  found  in  such  numbers  by  Schliemann  (see 
 pp.  25,  48,  86,  95,  &c).  "They  are  made  of  a  section  of 
 the  pine  :  the  inside  is  hollowed  from  below,  and  the  bottom 
 is  closed  by  another  piece  of  wood  exactly  fitted  into  it." 
 The  two  drawings  given  by  Mr.  Davis  closely  resemble 
 our  cut,  No.  51,  p.  86. 
 
 Our  last  letter  from  Dr.  Schliemann  announced  the 
 approaching  termination  of  his  lawsuit  with  the  Turkish 
 Government,  arising  out  of  the  dispute  referred  to  in  the 
 'Introduction'  (p.  52).  The  collection  has  been  valued 
 by  two  experts ;  and  Dr.  Schliemann  satisfies  the  demand 
 of  the  Turkish  Government  by  a  payment  in  cash,  and  an 
 engagement  to  continue  the  excavations  in  Troy  for  three 
 or  four  months  for  the  benefit  of  the  Imperial  Museum  at 
 Constantinople.  We  rejoice  that  he  has  not  "  closed  the 
 excavations  at  Hissarlik  for  ever"  (see  p.  356),  and  wait  to 
 see  what  new  discoveries  may  equal  or  surpass  those  of  the 
 "Scaean  Gates,"  the  "Palace,"  and  the  "Treasure  of  Priam." 
 
 Meanwhile,  as  the  use  of  so  mythical  a  name  as  that 
 of  Troy's  last  king  has  furnished  a  special  butt  for  critical 
 scorn,  it  seems  due  to  Dr.  Schliemann  to  quote  his  reason 
 for  retaining  it: — f 
 
 *  •  Anatolica ;  or  the  Journal  of  a  Visit  to  some  of  the  ancient 
 Ruined  Cities  of  Caria,  Phrygia,  Lycia,  and  Pisidia.  By  the  Rev.  E.  J. 
 Davis,  H.B.M.'s  Consular  Chaplain,  Alexandria,  1874.'     Page  101. 
 
 t  The  Academy,  Nov.  7th,  1874. 
 
XXIV  PREFACE. 
 
 "  I  identify  with  the  Homeric  Ilion  the  city  second  in 
 succession  from  the  virgin  soil,  because  only  in  that  city 
 were  used  the  Great  Tower,  the  great  Circuit  Wall,  the 
 great  Double  Gate,  and  the  ancient  palace  of  the  chief  or 
 king,  whom  I  call  Priam,  because  he  is  called  so  by  the 
 tradition  of  which  Homer  is  the  echo ;  but  as  soon  as  it  is 
 proved  that  Homer  and  the  tradition  were  wrong,  and  that 
 Troy's  last  king  was  called  '  Smith,'  I  shall  at  once  call 
 him  so."  Those  who  believe  Troy  to  be  a  myth  and 
 Priam  a  shadow  as  unsubstantial  as  the  shape,  whose  head 
 
 "  The  likeness  of  a  kingly  crown  had  on," 
 
 need  not  grudge  Schliemann  the  satisfaction  of  giving  the 
 unappropriated  nominis  umbra  to  the  owner  of  his  very 
 substantial  Treasure.  The  name  of  Priam  may  possiblv 
 even  yet  be  read  on  the  inscriptions,  as  the  names  of  the 
 Assyrian  kings  have  been  read  on  theirs,  or  it  may  be  an 
 invention  of  the  bard's ;  but  the  name  of  Troy  can  no 
 longer  be  withheld  from  the  "  splendid  ruins "  of  the 
 great  and  wealthy  city  which  stood  upon  its  traditional 
 site — a  city  which  has  been  sacked  by  enemies  and  burnt 
 with  fire. 
 
 PHILIP  SMITH. 
 Hampstead, 
 
 Christmas  Eve,  1874. 
 
Terra-cotta  Tablets  from  the  Greek  Stratum  (1-2  M.). 
 
 TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 
 
 Editor's  Preface    .. 
 
 Autobiographical  Notice  of  Dr.  Henry  Schliemann.. 
 
 Diagram  showing  the  successive  Strata  of  Remains  on  the  Hill 
 
 of  Hissarlik 
 Introduction 
 Comparative  Table  of  French  Meters  and  English  Measures     .. 
 
 1 
 
 age 
 
 iii 
 1 
 
 ;> 
 
 10 
 
 >? 
 
 11 
 
 )> 
 
 56 
 
 WORK  AT  HISSARLIK  IN  1871. 
 CHAPTER    I. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  October  \%th,  1871. 
 
 The  site  of  Ilium  described —  Excavations  in  1870  :  the  City  Wall  of  Lysi- 
 machus  —  Purchase  of  the  site  and  grant  of  a. firman  — Arrival  of  Dr.  and 
 Madame  Schliemann  in  1871,  and  beginning  of  the  Excavations — The 
 Hill  of  Hissarlik,  the  Acropolis  of  the  Greek  Ilium  —  Search  for  its 
 limits  —  Difficulties  of  the  work  —  The  great  cutting  on  the  North  side  — 
 Greek  coins  found — Dangers  from  fever 57 
 
 CHAPTER    II. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  October  26th,  1871. 
 
 Number  of  workmen  —  Discoveries  at  2  to  4  meters  deep —  Greek  coins  ■ — 
 Remarkable  terra-cottas  with  small  stamps,  probably  Ex  votos  —  These 
 cease,  and  are  succeeded  by  the  whorls  —  Bones  of  sharks,  shells  of  mus- 
 sels and  oysters,  and  pottery  —  Three  Greek  Inscriptions  —  The  splendid 
 panoramic  view  from  Hissarlik  —  The  Plain  of  Troy  and  the  heroic  tumuli 
 —  Thymbria  :  Mr.  Frank  Calvert's  Museum  —  The  mound  of  Chana'i 
 Tepe  —  The  Scamander  and  its  ancient  bed  —  Valley  of  the  Simois,  and 
 Ruins  of  Ophrynium      64 
 
 CHAPTER    III. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  November  yd,  1871. 
 
 Puzzling  transitions   from   the  "Stone   Ago"  to  a  higher  civilization  —  The 
 stone  age  reappears  in  force,  mixed  with  pottery  of  tine  workmanship,  and 
 
XXVI  CONTENTS. 
 
 the  whorls  in  great  number  —  Conjectures  as  to  their  uses  :  probably 
 Ex  votos  —  Priapi  of  stone  and  terra-cotta  :  their  worship  brought  by 
 the  primitive  Aryans  from  Bactria  —  Vessels  with  the  owl's  face —  Boars' 
 tusks  —  Various  implements  and  weapons  of  stone  —  Hand  mill-stones  — 
 Models  of  canoes  in  terra-cotta  —  Whetstones  —  The  one  object  of  the 
 excavations,  to  find  Troy  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  Page  75 
 
 CHAPTER    IV. 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  November  iS///,  1871. 
 
 Another  passage  from  the  Stone  Age  to  copper  implements  mixed  with  stone 
 
 —  The  signs  of  a  higher  civilization  increase  with  the  depth  reached  — 
 All  the  implements  are  of  better  workmanship  —  Discovery  of  supposed 
 inscriptions  —  Further  discussion  of  the  use  of  the  whorls  —  Troy  still 
 to  be  reached  —  Fine  terra-cotta  vessels  of  remarkable  forms  —  Great 
 numbers  of  stone  weights  and  hand  mill-stones  —  Numerous  house-walls 
 
 —  Construction  of  the  great  cutting  —  Fever  and  quinine  —  Wounds 
 and  arnica   ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..        81 
 
 CHAPTER    V. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  November  24th,  1871. 
 
 Interruptions  from  Rain — Last  works  of  the  season,  1871  —  The  supposed 
 ruins  of  Troy  reached  —  Great  blocks  of  stone  —  Engineering  con- 
 trivances— -Excavations  at  the  "Village  of  the  Ilians  :"  no  traces  of 
 habitation,  and  none  of  hot  springs  —  Results  of  the  excavations  thus  far 
 
 —  Review  of  the  objects  found  at  various  depths  —  Structure  of  the 
 lowest  houses  yet  reached —  Difficulties  of  the  excavations  —  The  object 
 aimed  at  —  Growth  of  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik     ..  ..  ..  ..       90 
 
 WORK  AT  HISSARLIK  IN  1872. 
 CHAPTER    VI. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  April  $tA,  1872. 
 
 New  assistants  for  1872 — Cost  of  the  excavations  —  Digging  of  the  great 
 platform  on  the  North  —  Venomous  snakes  —  A  supporting  buttress  on 
 the  North  side  of  the  hill  —  Objects  discovered  :  little  idols  of  fine  marble 
 
 —  Whorls  engraved  with  the  suastika  eSs  and  p^  —  Significance  of  these 
 emblems  in  the  old  Aryan  religion  —  Their  occurrence  among  other 
 Aryan  nations  —  Mentioned  in  old  Indian  literature —  Illustrative  quota- 
 tion from  Emile  Burnouf ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..        98 
 
 CHAPTER    VII. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  April  2$th,  1872. 
 
 Smoking  at  work  forbidden,  and  a  mutiny  suppressed — Progress  of  the 
 great  platform  —  Traces  of  sacrifices  —  Colossal  blocks  of  stone  belonging 
 to  great  buildings  —  Funereal  and  other  huge  urns  —  Supposed  traces 
 of  Assyrian  art  —  Ancient  undisturbed  remains  —  Further  discoveries  of 
 stone  implements  and  owl-faced  idols  —  Meaning  of  the  epithet  "yXavKco- 
 7riy" —  Parallel  of  "Hpa  /3.>wrty,  and  expected  discovery  of  ox-headed  idols 
 .11    Myoenaj  —  Vases    of   remarkable   forms  —  Dangers    and    engineering 
 
CONTENTS.  XXVll 
 
 expedients — Georgios  Photidas — Extent  of  the  Pergamus  of  Troy  — 
 Poisonous  snakes,  and  the  snake-weed — The  whorls  with  the  central 
 sun,  stars,  the  suastika,  the  SSma,  or  Tree  of  Life,  and  sacrificial  altars 
 
 —  The  name  of  Mount  Ida,  probably  brought  from  Bactria  Page  107 
 
 CHAPTER    VIII. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of Hissarlik,  May  llth,  1872. 
 
 Hindrances  through  Greek  festivals  —  Thickness  of  the  layers  of  debris 
 above  the  native  rock —  Date  of  the  foundation  of  Troy —  Impossibility 
 of  the  Bunarbashi  theory — Homeric  epithets  suitable  to  Hissarlik  — 
 Etymology  of  "iXtos,  signifying  probably  the  "  fortress  of  the  Sun  "  —  The 
 Aruna  of  the  Egyptian  records  —  Progress  of  the  platform,  and  corre- 
 sponding excavation  on  the  south  — The  bulwark  of  Lysimachus  — ■ 
 Ruins  of  great  buildings  —  Marks  of  civilization  increasing  with  the 
 depth  —  Vases,  and  fragments  of  great  urns  —  A  remarkable  terra-cotta 
 
 —  A  whorl  with  the  appearance  of  an  inscription        ..  ..  ..      122 
 
 CHAPTER    IX. 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  May  2yd,  1872. 
 
 Superstition  of  the  Greeks  about  saints'  days  —  Further  engineering  works 
 
 —  Narrow  escape  of  six  men  —  Ancient  building  on  the  western  terrace — 
 The  ruins  under  this  house  —  Old  Trojan  mode  of  building —  Continued 
 marks  of  higher  civilization  —  Terra-cottas  engraved  with  Aryan  symbols  : 
 antelopes,  a  man  in  the  attitude  of  prayer,  flaming  altars,  hares  —  The 
 symbol  of  the  moon  —  Solar  emblems,  and  rotating  wheels  —  Remarks 
 on  former  supposed  inscriptions  —  Stone  moulds  for  casting  weapons 
 and  implements  —  Absence  of  cellars,  and  use  of  colossal  jars  in  their 
 stead  —  The  quarry  used  for  the  Trojan  buildings  —  "  Un  Medecin  malgre 
 lui." —  Blood-letting  priest-doctors  —  Efficacy  of  sea-baths  ■ — ■  Ingratitude 
 of  the  peasants  cured — Increasing  heat  ..  ..  ..  ..      131 
 
 CHAPTER    X. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  June  18///,  1872. 
 
 A  third  platform  dug  —  Traces  of  former  excavations  by  the  Turks  —  Block 
 of  triglyphs,  with  bas-relief  of  Apollo  —  Fall  of  an  earth-wall  —  Plan  of 
 a  trench  through  the  whole  hill  —  Admirable  remains  in  the  lowest 
 stratum  but  one  —  The  plain  and  engraved  whorls  — -  Objects  of  gold, 
 silver,  copper,  and  ivory  —  Remarkable  terra-cottas  —  The  pottery  of  the 
 lowest  stratum  quite  distinct  from  that  of  the  next  above  —  Its  resem- 
 blance to  the  Etruscan,  in  quality  only  —  Curious  funereal  urns  —  Skeleton 
 of  a  six  months'  embryo  —  Other  remains  in  the  lowest  stratum  —  Idols 
 of  tine  marble,  the  sole  exception  to  the  superior  workmanship  of  this 
 stratum  —  The  houses  and  palaces  of  the  lowest  stratum,  of  large  stones 
 joined  with  earth —  Disappearance  of  the  first  people  with  the  destruction 
 of  their  town. 
 
 The  second  settlers,  of  a  different  civilization  —  Their  buildings  of  unburnt 
 brick  on  stone  foundations  —  These  bricks  burnt  by  the  great  confla- 
 gration—  Destruction  of  the  walls  of  the   former  settlers  —  Live  toads 
 
XXVlii  CONTENTS. 
 
 coeval  with  Troy  !  —  Long  duration  of  the  second  settlers  —  Their  Aryan 
 descent  proved  by  Aryan  symbols  —  Various  forms  of  their  pottery  — 
 Vases  in  the  form  of  animals  —  The  whorls  of  this  stratum — Their 
 interesting  devices  —  Copper  weapons  and  implements,  and  moulds  for 
 casting  them  —  Terra-cotta  seals  —  Bracelets  and  ear-rings,  of  silver,  gold, 
 and  electrum  —  Pins,  &c,  of  ivory  and  bone  —  Fragments  of  a  lyre  —  Va- 
 rious objects. 
 
 The  ///  rd  stratum  :  the  remains  of  an  Aryan  race  —  Hardly  a  trace  of 
 metal  —  Structure  of  their  houses  —  Their  stone  implements  and  terra- 
 cottas coarser  —  Various  forms  of  pottery  —  Remarkable  terra-cotta  balls 
 with  astronomical  and  religious  symbols  —  Whorls  —  Stone  weapons  — 
 Whetstones  —  Hammers  and  instruments  of  diorite  —  A  well  belonging 
 to  this  people  —  This  third  town  destroyed  with  its  people. 
 
 The  fourth  settlers:  comparatively  savage,  but  still  of  Aryan  race  —  Whorls 
 with  like  emblems,  but  of  a  degenerate  form — Their  pottery  inferior,  but 
 with  some  curious  forms  —  Idols  of  Athena  —  Articles  of  copper — Few 
 stones  —  Charred  remains,  indicating  wooden  buildings  —  Stone  weights, 
 handmills,  and  knives  and  saws  of  flint — -With  this  people  the  pre- 
 Hellenic  ages  end  —  The  stone  buildings  and  painted  and  plain  terra- 
 cottas of  Greek  Ilium — Date  of  the  Greek  colony  —  Signs  that  the  old 
 inhabitants  were  not  extirpated  —  The  whorls  of  very  coarse  clay  and 
 patterns  —  Well,  and  jars  for  water  and  wine — Proofs  of  the  regular 
 succession  of  nations  on  the  hill—  Reply  to  the  arguments  of  M.  Niko- 
 lai'des  for  the  site  at  Bunarbashi  —  The  Simois,  Thymbrius,  and  Sca- 
 mander — The  tomb  of  Ajax  at  In-Tepe"  —  Remains  in  it  —  Temple  of 
 Ajax  and  town  of  Aianteum  —  Tomb  of  Achilles  and  town  of  Achilleum  — ■ 
 Tombs  of  Patroclus  and  Antilochus  —  The  Greek  camp  —  The  tomb  of 
 Batiea  or  Myrina  —  Further  discussion  of  the  site      ..  ..        Page  143 
 
 CHAPTER    XI. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  July  i$th,  1872. 
 
 Increase  of  men  and  machinery  and  cost  on  the  works  :  but  slow  progress 
 —  Continued  hurricane  on  "the  windy  Ilium "  ("iXios  7]vefi6eaaa) — The 
 great  platform  proves  too  high  —  New  cutting  —  Excavation  of  the 
 temple  —  Objects  found  —  Greek  statuettes  in  terra-cotta  —  Many  whorls 
 with  py  and  suns  —  Wheel-shaped  whorls  with  simple  patterns  in  the 
 lowest  strata  —  Terra-cotta  balls  with  suns  and  stars  —  Use  of  the 
 whorls  as  amulets  or  coins  discussed  —  Little  bowls,  probably  lamps 
 — -Other  articles  of  pottery — Funnels  —  A  terra-cotta  bell  —  Various 
 beautiful  terra-cottas  —  Attempts  at  forgery  by  the  workmen  ■ —  Mode  of 
 naming  the  men  —  The  springs  in  front  of  Ilium  —  Question  of  Homer's 
 hot  and  cold  spring  —  Course  of  the  Simois  —  The  tomb  of  Batiea  or 
 Myrina  identified  with  the  Pacha  Te"pe  —  Theatre  of  Lysimachus  —  Heat 
 and  wind — Plague  of  insects  and  scorpions — Konstantinos  Kolobos,  a 
 native  genius  without  feet  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..      184 
 
 CHAPTER    XII. 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  August  \th,  1872. 
 
 Discover)  of  an  ancient  wall  on  the  northern  slope —  Discovery  oi  a  Tower 
 
 on  the  south  side  —  Its  position  and  construction  —  It  js  Homer's  Great 
 
CONTENTS.  XXIX 
 
 Tower  of  Ilium —  Manner  of  building  with  stones  and  earth  —  A  Greek 
 inscription  —  Remarkable  medal  of  the  age  of  CoirTmodus  —  Whorls 
 found  just  below  the  surface  —  Terra-cottas  found  at  small  depths  — 
 Various  objects  found  at  the  various  depths  —  A  skeleton,  with  ornaments 
 of  gold,  which  have  been  exposed  to  a  great  heat  —  Paucity  of  human 
 remains,  as  the  Trojans  burnt  their  dead  —  No  trace  of  pillars  —  Naming 
 of  the  site  as  "  Ilium  "  and  the  "  Pergamus  of  Troy  " ..  ..        Page  200 
 
 CHAPTER    XIII. 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  August  \\th,  1872. 
 
 Intended  cessation  of  the  work  —  Further  excavation  of  the  Tower- — Layers 
 of  red  ashes  and  calcined  stones  —  Objects  found  on  the  Tower  — 
 Weapons,  implements,  and  ornaments  of  stone,  copper,  and  silver  — 
 Bones — ■  Pottery  and  vases  of  remarkable  forms  —  Objects  found  on  each 
 side  of  the  Tower  — ■  First  rain  for  four  months  —  Thanks  for  escape 
 from  the  constant  dangers — Results  of  the  excavations  —  The  site  of 
 Homer's  Troy  identified  with  that  of  Greek  Ilium  —  Error  of  the  Bunar- 
 bashi  theory  —  Area  of  the  Greek  city  —  Depth  of  the  accumulated  debris 
 unexampled  in  the  world  —  Multitude  of  interesting  objects  brought  to 
 light  —  Care  in  making  drawings  of  them  all  . .  . .  . .  . .      212 
 
 CHAPTER    XIV. 
 
 Athens,  September  2%t/i,  1872. 
 
 Return  to  Troy  to  take  plans  and  photographs  —  Damage  to  retaining 
 walls  —  The  unfaithfulness  of  the  watchman  —  Stones  carried  off  for  a 
 '  neighbouring  church  and  houses  —  Injury  by  rain  —  Works  for  security 
 during  the  winter  —  Opening  up  of  a  retaining  wall  on  the  side  of  the 
 hill,  probably  built  to  support  the  temple  of  Athena — Supposed  debris 
 of  that  temple  —  Drain  belonging  to  it  —  Doric  style  of  the  temple 
 proved  by  the  block  of  Triglyphs  —  Temple  of  Apollo  also  on  the 
 Pergamus     ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..220 
 
 WORK  AT  HISSARLIK  IN  1873. 
 CHAPTER    XV. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  February  12nd,  1873. 
 
 Return  to  Hissarlik  in  1873  —  Interruptions  by  holydays  and  weather  — 
 Strong  cold  north  winds  —  Importance  of  good  overseers  —  An  artist 
 taken  to  draw  the  objects  found  —  Want  of  workmen  —  Excavations  on 
 the  site  of  the  Temple  —  Blocks  of  Greek  sculptured  marble  —  Great 
 increase  of  the  hill  to  the  east  —  Further  portions  of  the  great  Trojan 
 wall  —  Traces  of  fire  —  A  terra-cotta  hippopotamus,  a  sign  of  intercourse 
 with  Egypt  —  Idols  and  owl-faced  vases  —  Vases  of  very  curious  forms  — 
 Whorls  —  Sling-bullets  of  copper  and  stone  —  Piece  of  ornamented  ivory 
 belonging  to  a  musical  instrument  —  New  cutting  from  S.E  to  N.W. — 
 Walls  close  below  the  surface  —  Wall  of  Lysimachus  —  Monograms  on 
 the  stones  —  An  inscription  in  honour  of  Caius  Caesar  —  Patronage 
 of  Ilium  by  the  Julii  as  the  descendants  of  Apneas  —  Good  wine  of  the 
 Troad  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..      224 
 
XXX  CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER    XVI. 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  March  ist,  1S73. 
 
 Increased  number  of  workmen  —  Further  uncovering  of  the  great  buttress 
 
 —  Traces  of  a  supposed  small  temple  —  Objects  found  on  its  site  — 
 Terra-cotta  serpents'  heads  :  great  importance   attached  to  the  serpent 
 
 —  Stone  implements  :  hammers  of  a  peculiar  form  —  Copper  imple- 
 ments :  a  sickle  —  Progress  of  the  works  at  the  south-east  corner  — 
 Remains  of  an  aqueduct  from  the  Thymbrius  —  Large  jars,  used  for 
 cellars —  Ruins  of  the  Greek  temple  of  Athena —  Two  important  inscrip- 
 tions discussed  —  Relations  of  the  Greek  Syrian  Kings  Antiochus  I.  and 
 III.  to  Ilium  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..        Page  233 
 
 CHAPTER    XVII. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  March  i$th,  1873. 
 
 Spring  weather  in  the  Plain  of  Troy  —  The  Greek  temple  of  Athena  — 
 Numerous  fragments  of  sculpture  —  Reservoir  of  the  temple  —  Excava- 
 tion of  the  Tower  —  Difficulties  of  the  work — Further  discoveries  of 
 walls  —  Stone  implements  at  small  depths — Important  distinction  be- 
 tween the  plain  and  decorated  whorls  —  Greek  and  Roman  coins  — 
 Absence  of  iron  —  Copper  nails  :  their  peculiar  forms  :  probably  dress 
 and  hair  pins  :  some  with  heads  and  beads  of  gold  and  electrum  — 
 Original  height  of  the  Tower — Discovery  of  a  Greek  house  —  Various 
 types  of  whorls  —  Further  remarks  on  the  Greek  bas-relief —  It  belonged 
 to  the  temple  of  Apollo  —  Stones  from  the  excavations  used  for  building 
 in  the  villages  around — Fever    ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..      248 
 
 CHAPTER    XVIII. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  March  22nd,  1873. 
 Weather  and  progress  of  the  work  —  The  lion-headed  handle  of  a  sceptre  — 
 Lions  formerly  in  the  Troad  —  Various  objects  found  —  Pottery  —  Imple- 
 ments of  stone  and  copper — Whorls  —  Balls  curiously  decorated- — ■ 
 Fragments  of  musical  instruments  —  Remains  of  house  walls  —  The 
 storks  of  the  Troad  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..      259 
 
 CHAPTER    XIX. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  March  29///,  1S73. 
 Splendid  vases  found  on  the  Tower —  Other  articles  —  Human  skull,  bones, 
 and  ashes,  found  in  an  urn  —  New  types  of  whorls  —  Greek  votive  discs 
 of  diorite  —  Moulds  of  mica-schist — The  smaller  quantity  of  copper 
 than  of  stone  implements  explained  —  Discussion  of  the  objection,  that 
 stone  implements  are  not  mentioned  by  Homer —  Reply  to  Mr.  Calvert's 
 article  —  Flint  knives  found  in  the  Acropolis  of  Athens  ■ —  A  narrow  escape 
 from  fire       . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .      266 
 
 CHAPTER    XX. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  Afril  $th,  1873. 
 
 Discovery  of  a  large  house  upon  the  Tower —  Marks  of  a  great  conflagration 
 
 —  Primitive  Altar:  its  very  remarkable  position  —  Ruins  of  the  temple 
 
CONTENTS.  XXXI 
 
 of  Athena  — ■  A  small  cellar  —  Skeletons  of  warriors  with  copper  helmets 
 and  a  lance  — ■  Structure  of  the  helmet-crests  —  Terra-cottas  —  A  crucible 
 with  copper  still  in  it — Other  objects  —  Extreme  fineness  of  the  engravings 
 on  the  whorls  —  Pottery  —  Stone  implements  —  Copper  pins  and  other 
 objects         ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..       Page  276 
 
 CHAPTER    XXI. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  April  i6t/i,  1873. 
 
 Discovery  of  a  street  in  the  Pergamus  —  Three  curious  stone  walls  of  different 
 periods  —  Successive  fortifications  of  the  hill  —  Remains  of  ancient  houses 
 under  the  temple  of  Athena,  that  have  suffered  a  great  conflagration  — 
 Older  house-walls  below  these,  and  a  wall  of  fortification  —  Store,  with 
 the  nine  colossal  jars  —  The  great  Altar  —  Objects  found  east  of  the 
 Tower  —  Pottery  with  Egyptian  hieroglyphics  —  Greek  and  other  terra- 
 cottas, &c.  —  Remarkable  owl-vase  —  Handle,  with  an  ox-head  —  Various 
 very  curious  objects  —  A  statue  of  one  Metrodorus  by  Pytheas  of  Argos, 
 with  an  inscription  —  Another  Greek  inscription,  in  honour  of  C.  Claudius 
 Nero  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..      287 
 
 CHAPTER    XXII. 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  May  loth,  1873. 
 
 Interruptions    through    festivals  —  Opening   of   the    tumulus    of    Batiea  — 
 
 —  Pottery  like  that  of  the  Trojan  stratum  at  Hissarlik,  and  nothing  else 
 
 —  No  trace  of  burial  —  Its  age  —  Further  discoveries  of  burnt  Trojan 
 houses  —  Proof  of  their  successive  ages  —  Their  construction  —  Discovery 
 of  a  double  gateway,  with  the  copper  bolts  of  the  gates  —  The  "  Sc^ean 
 Gate  "of  Homer  —  Tests  of  the  extent  of  ancient  Troy  —  The  place 
 where  Priam  sat  to  view  the  Greek  forces  —  Homer's  knowledge  of  the 
 Heroic  Troy  only  traditional  —  Description  of  the  gates,  the  walls,  and 
 the  "  Palace  of  Priam  "  —  Vases,  &c,  found  in  Priam's  house —  Copper, 
 ivory,  and  other  implements  —  The  SeVa  dfirpiKinreWa — Houses  dis- 
 covered on  the  north  platform  —  Further  excavations  of  the  city  walls  — 
 Statuettes  and  vessels  of  the  Greek  period  —  Top  of  the  Tower  of  Ilium 
 uncovered,  and  its  height  determined  —  A  curious  trench  in  it,  probably 
 for  the  archers  —  Further  excavations  at  Bunarbashi  :  only  a  few  frag- 
 ments of  Greek  pottery  —  The  site  of  Ilium  uninhabited  since  the  end  of 
 the  fourth  century  —  The  place  confused  with  Alexandria  Troas  —  No 
 Byzantine  remains  at  Hissarlik —  Freshness  of  the  Greek  sculptures     300 
 
 CHAPTER    XXIII. 
 
 Troy,  June  l'jth,  1873. 
 
 Further  discoveries  of  "fortifications  —  The  great  discovery  of  the  Treasure 
 on  the  city  wall — Expedient  for  its  preservation — The  articles  of  the 
 Treasure  described  —  The  Shield  —  The  Caldron  —  Bottle  and  Vases 
 of  Gold  —  The  golden  hliras  d/jLcfnKVTreXXov  —  Modes  of  working  the 
 gold  —  A  cup  of  electrum  —  Silver  plates,  probably  the  talents  of 
 Homer  —  Vessels  of  Silver —  Copper  lance-heads  :  their  peculiar  form  — 
 Copper   battle-axes  —  Copper    daggers  —  Metal    articles    fused    together 
 
xxxu 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 by  the  conflagration — A  knife  and  a  piece  of  a  sword  —  Signs  of  the 
 Treasure  having  been  packed  in  a  wooden  chest  —  The  key  found — The 
 Treasure  probably  left  behind  in  an  effort  to  escape — Other  articles 
 found  near  the  Treasure  —  The  thousands  of  gold  jewels  found  in  a  silver 
 vase  —  The  two  golden  diadems  —  The  car-rings,  bracelets,  and  finger- 
 rings  —  The  smaller  jewels  of  gold  —  Analysis  of  the  copper  articles  by 
 M.  Landerer  —  Discovery  of  another  room  in  the  palace  containing  an 
 inscribed  stone,  and  curious  terra-cottas  —  Silver  dishes  —  Greek  terra- 
 cotta figures  —  Great  abundance  of  the  owl-faced  vases  —  Limited  extent 
 of  Troy —  Its  walls  traced  —  Poetic  exaggerations  of  Homer —  The  one 
 great  point  of 'Troy's  reality  established —  It  was  as  large  as  the  primitive 
 Athens  and  Mycenae  —  The  wealth  and  power  of  Troy  —  Great  height 
 of  its  houses  —  Probable  population  —  Troy  known  to  Homer  only  by 
 tradition — -Question  of  a  temple  in  Homer's  time  —  Characteristics  of 
 the  Trojan  stratum  of  remains,  and  their  difference  from  those  of  the 
 lowest  stratum  —  The  former  opinion  on  this  point  recalled  —  Layer  of 
 metallic  scoria  through  the  whole  hill  —  Error  of  Strabo  about  the  utter 
 destruction  of  Troy  —  Part  of  the  real  Troy  unfortunately  destroyed  in 
 the  earlier  excavations  ;  but  many  Trojan  houses  brought  to  light  since 
 ■ —  The  stones  of  Troy  not  used  in  building  other  cities  —  Trojan  houses  of 
 sun-dried  bricks,  except  the  most  important  buildings,  which  are  of  stones 
 and  earth  —  Extent  and  results  of  the  excavations  —  Advice  to  future 
 explorers  —  Further  excavations  on  the  north  side  —  Very  curious  terra- 
 cotta vessels  —  Perforated  vases  —  A  terra-cotta  with  hieroglyphics  — 
 Heads  of  oxen  and  horses;  their  probable  significance — Idols  of  the 
 llian  Athena  —  Greek  and  Roman  medals  —  Greek  inscriptions  —  Final 
 close  of  the  excavations  ;  thanksgiving  for  freedom  from  serious  accidents 
 —  Commendations  of  Nicolaus  Saphyros  Jannakis,  and  other  assistants, 
 and  of  the  artist  Polychronios  Tempesis,  and  of  the  engineer  Adolphe 
 Laurent        ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..        Page  321 
 
 Note  A.  The  river  Dumbrek  is  not  the  Thymbrius,  but  the  Simoi's    ..      358 
 
 Note  B.  Table  of  terra-cotta  weights  found  at  Hissarlik  ..  ..      359 
 
 Note  C.  Analysis   by  M.   Damour  of  some   of  the  metallic  objects 
 
 found  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..361 
 
 Appendix  on  the  Inscriptions  found  at  Hissarlik     ..         ..     363 
 
 Index 375 
 
 Comparative  Table  of  the   Illustrations  in   Dr.  Schliemann's 
 
 Atlas  and  the  Translation  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..      386 
 
 Two  Inscribed  Whorls  (5  m,  and  7  m.). 
 
Terracotta  Tablets  from  the  Greek  Stratum  (2  M.). 
 
 LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 MAPS  AND  PLANS. 
 
 Map  of  the  Plain  of  Troy        ..  ..  ..  End  of  Volume 
 
 Plan  I.  Ilium,  the  Grecian  Colony    . .  . .  . .  ,, 
 
 Plan  II.  Ruins  of  Troy — General  Plan  of  Researches 
 made  by  Dr.  Schliemann  in   1870,   187 1,  1872,  and 
 
 1873 
 
 Plan  III.  The  Tower  of  Ilium  and  the  Soean  Gate  Page  306 
 
 Plan  IV.  Troy  at  the  Epoch  of  Priam,  according   to  Dr. 
 
 Schliemann's  Excavations       .  .          . .          .  .          .  .  .  .        347 
 
 PLATES  AND  CUTS. 
 
 Plate  I.  View  of  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  containing  the 
 Ruins  of  Troy,  from  the  North,  after  Dr.  Schlie- 
 mann's Excavations  in  1870,  187 1,  1872,  1873    . .      Frontispiece 
 The  excavation  to  the  left  is  on  the  site  of  the  Greek  Temple 
 of  Apollo,  where  the  splendid  metope'  of  the  Sun-God 
 was  found.     Then  follows  the  great  platform  and  the 
 great  trench  cut  through  the  whole  hill.     Still  further 
 to  the  right  is  the  cutting  of  April,  1870,  in  continuing 
 which,  in  June,  1873,  the  Treasure  was  discovered. 
 
 Three  Tablets  of  Terra-cotta,  from  the  Ruins  of  Greek   Ilium 
 
 (1-2  m.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . .  .  .  xv 
 
XXXIV  LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PACK 
 
 Two  Inscribed  Whorls       .  .  .  .  . .  .  .  . .  . .      xxxii 
 
 Three  Tablets  of  Terracotta  (2  m.)  ..  ..  ..  ..     xxxiii 
 
 No.  1.  Fragment  of  paint.  \l  Pottery,  from  the  lowest  stratum     .  .  15 
 
 No.  2.  Small  Trojan  Axes  of  Diorite  (8  m  )         .  .  . .  .  .  21 
 
 Plate  II.  General  View  of  the  Treasure  of  Priam.  .  To  face        22 
 No.  3.  Inscribed  Terra-cotta  Vase  from  the  Palace  (8  m.)         .  .  23 
 
 No.  4.  Inscribed  Terra-cotta  Seal  (7  m.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  24 
 
 No.  5.  Piece  of  Red  Slate,  perhaps  a  Whetstone,  with  an  In- 
 scription (7  m).  .  .  .  .  .  .  . .  .  .  .  .  24 
 
 No.  6.  Terra-cotta  Vase  Cover  (8  m.)      .  .  . .  .  .  .  .  25 
 
 No.  7.  Ornamented  Ivory  Tube,  probably  a  Trojan  Flute  (8  m.)  25 
 
 No.  8.  Piece  of  Ivory,  belonging  to  a  Trojan  Tyre  with  Four 
 
 Strings  (about  8  m.)..  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  25 
 
 No.  9.  Ornamented  Piece  of  Ivory  belonging  to  a  Trojan  Seven- 
 stringed  Lyre  (7  m.)        .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  27 
 
 Plate  III.  Block  of  Triglyphs,  with  Metope  of  the  Sun- 
 God.    From  the  Temple  of  Apollo  in  the  Ruins  of  Greek 
 Ilium      .  .         .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  To  face         32 
 
 Nos.   10,   n,   12.  Terra-cotta  Covers  of  Vases,  with  the   Owl's 
 
 Face  (2,  3,  and  7  m.)  . .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  34 
 
 No.  13.  Terra-cotta  Vase,  marked  with  an  Aryan  symbol  (6  m.)  35 
 
 Nos.  14-30.   Rude  Idols  found  in  the  various  Strata  (2  to  14  m.).         36 
 No.  31.  Remarkable  Trojan  Terra-cotta  Vase,  representing  the 
 
 llian  Athena  (9  m.)     .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  37 
 
 No.  32.  The  largest  of  the  Terra-cotta  Vases  found  in  the  Royal 
 
 Palace  of  Troy.     Height  20  inches  .  .  .  .  . .  .  .  48 
 
 No.  ^.  Inscribed  Trojan  Vase  of  Terra-cotta  (8^  m.)    .  .  .  .  50 
 
 No.  34.   Inscription  on  the  Vase  No.  33  .  .  .  .  .  .  50 
 
 No.  35.  Fragment  of  a  second  painted  Vase,  from  the  Trojan 
 
 Stratum.     (From  a  new  Drawing.)    .  .  . .  .  .  .  .  55 
 
 No.  36.  A  large    Trojan  Amphora  of  Terra-cotta  (8  m.).  .  .  63 
 
 Nos.  37-39.  Stamped  Terra-cottas  (1^-2  m.).      .  .  .  .  .  .  65 
 
 No.  40.  Stamped  Terra-cotta  (2  m.)         .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  65 
 
 Plate  IV.  View  of  the  Northern  Part  of  the  Plain  of 
 
 Troy,  from  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik      .  .  . .    To  face        70 
 
 With  the  ancient  bed  of  the  Scamandcr,  the  Tombs  of 
 Achilles  and  Patroclus,  Cape  Sigeum,  the  villages  of 
 Yetii-S/iehr  and  Kum-Kalch,  the  Hellespont  and  sEgeaji 
 Sea,  the  peninsula  oiGallipoli  and  the  islands  of  Imbrus 
 and  Samothrace.  The  Tumulus  of  s-Esyctcs  is  in  the 
 central  foreground,  in  front  of  the  wretched  little  village 
 of  Kum-koi. 
 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXXV 
 
 TAGR 
 
 Plate  V.  View  of  the  South-Eastern  Part  of  the  Plain 
 
 of  Troy,  from  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik             . .    To  face  70 
 
 The  foreground  shows  the  excavations  in  the  eastern  part 
 of  Troy,  the  foundations  of  the  Temple,  and  the  Altar 
 of  Athena ;  beyond  is  the  village  of  Chiplak ;  in  the 
 distance  the  chain  of  Mount  Ida,  capped  with  snow, 
 except  in  July  and  August. 
 
 No.  41.  A  great  mixing  Vessel  (fcpar^p)  of  Terra-cotta   (7  m.).  74 
 
 Nos.  42-44.  Terra-cotta  Whorls  (7-14  m.)           .  .          .  .          . .  80 
 
 No.   45.  Copper   Implements   and   Weapons   from    the  Trojan 
 
 stratum  (8  m.)  .  .          .  .          .  .          .  .          .  .          .  .          .  .  82 
 
 No.  46.  A  Mould  of  Mica-schist  for  casting  Copper  Implements 
 
 (8  M.) 82 
 
 Nos.  47,  48,  49,  50.  Stone  Instruments  from  the  Trojan  stratum 
 
 (8  m.) 83 
 
 Nos.  51,  52.  Trojan  Terra-cottas  (8  m.)  .  .          .  .          .  .          .  .  86 
 
 No.  53.  Small  Trojan  Vase  (9  m.)             .  .          .  .          .  .          .  .  87 
 
 Nos.  54,  55.  Trojan  Terra-cotta  Vases  (8  m.)      .  .          .  .          .  .  87 
 
 Nos.  56-61.  Stone  Implements  of  the  earliest  Settlers   ..          ..  94 
 
 No.  62.  Small  Trojan  Vase  of  Terra-cotta,  with  Decorations    ..  95 
 
 No.  63.  A  Trojan  Vase-cover  of  red  Terra-cotta  (7  m.)  .  .          .  .  95 
 
 No.  64.  A  stone  Implement  of  unknown  use  (2  m.)        .  .          .  .  97 
 
 No.  65.  A  strange  Vessel  of  Terra-cotta  (15  M.).  .          .  .          .  .  97 
 
 Nos.  66,  67,  68.  Trojan  Sling-bullets  of  Loadstone  (9  and  10  m.)  ioi 
 
 No.  69.  The  Foot-print  of  Buddha           .  .          .  .          . ,          .  .  103 
 
 No.  70.  Large  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  the  Symbols  of  the  Ilian 
 
 Goddess  (4  m.)            .  .          .  .   '       . .          . .          .  .          .  .  106 
 
 No.  71.  A  Mould  of  Mica-schist  for  casting  Ornaments  (14  m.)  ho 
 No.  72.  Fragment  of  a  large  Urn  of  Terrra-cotta  with  Assyrian  (?) 
 
 Decorations,  from  the  Lowest  Stratum  (14  m.)        ..          ..  no 
 
 No.  73.  Trojan  Plates  found  on  the  Tower  (8  m.)          .  .          .  .  114 
 
 No.  74.  Vase  Cover  with  a  human  face  (8  m.)    .  .          .  .          .  .  ne 
 
 No.  75.  A  Whorl,  with  three  animals  (3  M.)        .  .           .  .           .  .  i2t 
 
 No.  76.  Fragment  of  a  Vase   of  polished   black  Earthenware, 
 
 with  Pattern  inlaid  in  White  (14  M.) .  .           .  .           .  .           .  .  129 
 
 No.  77.  Fragment  of  Terra-cotta.  perhaps  part  of  a  box  (16  m.)  129 
 
 No.  78.  A  Trojan  Terra-cotta  Seal  (8  m.)             130 
 
 No.  78*  Terra-cottas  with  Aryan  Emblems  (4  m.  ;  3  m.  ;  5  m.).  .  130 
 
 c   2 
 
\XXV1 
 
 LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PACB 
 
 No.  79.    Fragment  of  a  brilliant  dark -grey  Vessel  (13  m.).          .  .  135 
 
 No.  80.  Whorl  with  pattern  of  a  moving  Wheel  (16  \i.)              ..  137 
 
 No.  81.  Whorl  with  Symbols  of  Lightning  (7  m.)  .  .  .  .  138 
 No.  82.  Two  fragments   of  a   great  Mould    of  Mica-schist  for 
 
 casting  Copper  Weapons  and  Ornaments  (14  M.)  .  .  . .  139 
 Plate  VI.  Trojan  Buildings  on  the  North  Side,  and  in  the 
 
 great  Trench  cut  through  the  whole  Hill  . .    To  face  143 
 
 Nos.  83-91.  Objects  of  Metal  from  the  Lowest  Stratum             .  .  150 
 
 Nos.  92-101.   Ivory  Pins,  Needles,  &c.  (11-15  M.)         .  .          .  .  150 
 
 Nos.  102,  103.   Hand  Millstones  of  Lava  (14-16  m.)      ..          ..  151 
 
 No.    104.  A  splendid  Vase  with  Suspension-rings  (15  m.)           . .  151 
 
 No.  105.  Singular  Double  Vase  (13-14  m.)        ..          ..          ..  152 
 
 No.  106.   Black  Vase  of  Terra-cotta  (14  or  15  m.)          .  .          .  .  152 
 
 No.  107.  Funereal  Urn  of  Stone,  found  on  the  Primary  Rock, 
 
 with  Human  Ashes  in  it  (15^  m.)      .  .          .  .          . .          .  .  153 
 
 No.  108.  a,  Hand  Millstone  of  Lava  (15  m.).     b,  Brilliant  black 
 
 Dish  with  side  Rings  for  hanging  it  up  (14  m.).     c,  c,  c,  c, 
 
 Small  decorated  Rings  of  Terra-cotta  (10-14  M-)    •  •          •  •  T55 
 
 No.  109.   Rude  Terra-cotta  Idol  (14  m.)  .  .          .  .          .  .          .  .  155 
 
 No.  no.  Fragment  of  Pottery,  with  the  Sttastika  (14  m.)  .  .  157 
 Nos.  in,  112.   Double-handled  Vases  of  Terra-cotta,  from  the 
 
 Trojan  Stratum  (9  m.)            ..          ..          ..          ..          ..  158 
 
 No.  113.  A  Trojan  Vase  in  Terra-cotta  of  a  very  remarkable 
 
 form  (8  m.)      ..          ..          ..          ..          ..          ..          ..  159 
 
 No.  114.  Engraved  Terra-cotta  Vessel  in  the  form  of  a  Pig  (or 
 
 Hedgehog?).     7  m.            ..          ..          ..          ..          ..  160 
 
 No.  115.  Inscribed  Whorl  (7  m.)  .  .          ..          ..          ..          ..  161 
 
 No.  116.  Terra-cotta  Seal  (1  m.)  .  .          . .          . .          . .          . .  162 
 
 No.  117.  A  Trojan  Hand  Millstone  of  Lava  (10  m.)      .  .          .  .  163 
 
 No.  118.  A  piece  of  Granite,  perhaps  used,  by  means  of  a  wooden 
 
 Handle,  as  an  upper  Millstone  (10  m.)          .  .          .  .          . .  163 
 
 No.  119.  A  massive  Hammer  of  Diorite  (10  m.)             .  .          .  .  163 
 
 No.  120.  Piece  of  Granite,  probably  used  as  a  Pestle.     From  the 
 
 Lowest  Stratum  (1 1-16  m.)    ..          ..          ..          ..          ..  163 
 
 No.  121.  Idol  of  Athena  (8  m.)     a.  Front  ;  b.   Back      .  .          . .  164 
 
 Nos.  122-124.  Balls  of  fine  red  Agate  (9  m.)       ..          ..          ..  165 
 
 No.  125.  A  curious  Terra-cotta  Cup  (4  m.)          .  .          .  .          . .  166 
 
 No.  126.  Terra-cotta  Pitcher  of  a  frequent  form  (6  m.)  .  .          .  .  166 
 
 No.  127.  A  small  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  two  Handles  and  three 
 
 feet  (6  m.)        .  .          .  .          .  .          .  .          .  .          .  .          .  .  167 
 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXXvii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 No.  128.  Terra-cotta  Vase  of  a  frequent  form  (6  m.)       ..  ..  167 
 
 No.  129.  Terra-cotta  Vase  of  a  form  frequent  at  the  depth  of 
 
 3-5  m.  169 
 
 No.  130.  Terra-cotta  Vessel  (4  m.)  ..  ..  ..  ..  170 
 
 No.  131.  A  small  Terra-cotta  Vase  with  two  Rings  for  suspen- 
 sion (2  m.)       ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..        170 
 
 Nos.   132,  133.   Owl-faced  Vase-covers  (3  m.)      ..  ..  ..  171 
 
 Nos.  134,  135.  Two-handled  Cups  from  the  upper  Stratum  (2  m.)  171 
 
 No.  136.  Terra-cotta  Vase  (2  m.)  ..  ..  ..  ..  171 
 
 No.  137.  Perforated  Terra-cotta  (2  m.)    ..  ..  ..  ..  171 
 
 Nos.  138,  139.  Deep  Plates  (faterce)  with  Rings  for  suspension, 
 
 placed  (a)  vertically  or  (b)  horizontally  (1  and  2  m.)  .  .        172 
 
 Nos.  140,  141.  Idols  of  the  Ilian  Athena  (3  m.)  .  .  .  .  .  .        172 
 
 No.  142.   Mould  in  Mica-schist  (2^  m.)    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .        173 
 
 Plate  VII.  A. — Mound  of  In-Tepe,  the  traditional  Tomb 
 
 of  Ajax  . .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  To  face       178 
 
 Upon  the  mound,  which  stands  about  one-third  of  a 
 mile  from  the  Hellespont,  are  seen  the  remains  of  a  little 
 temple,  which  was  restored  by  Hadrian.  Beneath  the 
 ruins  is  seen  a  vaulted  passage,  built  of  bricks,  nearly 
 4  feet  in  height  and  width. 
 B. — Mound  called  the  Tomb  of  Achilles. 
 
 Formerly  on  the  sea-shore,  from  which  it  is  now  divided 
 by  a  low  strip  of  sand. 
 
 No.  143.  Terra-cotta  Ball,  representing  apparently  the  climates 
 
 of  the  globe  (8  m.) 188 
 
 No.  144.  Small  Terra-cotta  Vessel  from  the  Lowest  Stratum,  with 
 
 four  perforated  feet,  and  one  foot  in  the  middle  (14  m.)      .  .  190 
 Nos.  145,  146.  Two  little  Funnels  of  Terra-cotta,  inscribed  with 
 
 Cyprian  Letters  (3  m.)  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  191 
 
 No.  147.  A  Trojan  Humming  top  (7  M.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  192 
 
 No.  148.  Terra-cotta  Bell,  or  Clapper,  or  Rattle  (5  m.)  .  .  . .  192 
 
 No.  149.  A  Trojan  decorated  Vase  of  Terra-cotta  (7  m.)  . .  199 
 
 Plate  VIII.  The  Great  Tower  of  Ilium,   from   the   S.E. 
 
 To  face  200 
 
 No.  150.  Terra-cotta  Vase  (7  m.)  ..  ..  ..  ..  208 
 
 No.  151.  Terra-cotta  Vase  in  the  form  of  an  Animal  (10  m.)    .  .  208 
 
 No.  152.  Terra-cotta  Vessel  in  the  shape  of  a  Pig  (14  m.)  ..  209 
 
 No.  153.  Skull  of  a  Woman,  found  near  some  gold  ornaments  in 
 
 the  Lowest  Stratum  (13  m.)    . .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  209 
 
XXXV111  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAG3 
 
 No.  154.   Block  of  Limestone,  with  a  socket,  in  which  the  pivot 
 
 of  a  door  may  have  turned  (12  m.)    .  .  .  .  . .  .  .        211 
 
 No.  155.  A  Trojan  Terra-cotta  Vase,   with  an  Ornament  like 
 
 the  Greek  Lambda  (8  M.)       .  .  .  .  .  .  . .  .  .        214 
 
 No.  156.  Curious  Terra-cotta  Vessel  in  the  shape   of  a  Mole 
 
 (Tower:  7  or  8  M.)    ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  214 
 
 No.  157.  A  Trojan  Dish  with  side  Rings,  and  Plates  turned  by 
 
 the  Potter  (Tower  f  7  m)        .  .  . .  .  .  .  .  . .  215 
 
 No.  158.  A  curious  Trojan  Jug  of  Terra-cotta  (8  M.)     .  .  .  .  219 
 
 No.  159.-  Terra-cotta  Image  of  a  Hippopotamus  (7  m.)  .  .  . .  228 
 
 No.  160.  Remarkable   Terra-cotta   \ressel   in    the    shape    of    a 
 
 Bugle,  with  three  feet  (3  M.)  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  229 
 
 No.  161..  Terra-cotta  Vessel  with  three  feet,  a  handle,  and  two 
 
 ears  (5  M.)       . .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . .  .  .  .  .  229 
 
 No.  162.  Terra-cotta  Image    of  a  Pig,   curiously  marked  with 
 
 Stars  (4  m.)      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . .  . .  . .  232 
 
 No.  163.  One  of  the  largest  marble  Idols,  found  in  the  Trojan 
 
 Stratum  (8  M.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  234 
 
 No.  164.  Terra-cotta  Pot-lid,  with  symbolical  marks  (6  M.)        .  .  235 
 
 No.  165.  A  curious  Terra-cotta  Idol  of  the  Ilian  Athena  (7  m.)  235 
 
 No.  166.  Pretty  Terra-cotta  Jug,  with  the  neck  bent  back  (7  m.)  236 
 
 No.  167.   Remarkable  Trojan  Idol  of  Black  Stone  (7  M.)  .  .  236 
 
 Nos.  168,  169.  Heads  of  Horned  Serpents  (4  M.)  . .  . .  237 
 
 No.  170.  A  Serpent's  Head,  with  horns  on  both  sides,  and  very 
 
 large  eyes  (6  m.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  237 
 
 No.  171.  Head  of  an  Asp  in  Terra-cotta  (both  sides)  (4  m.)  .  .  238 
 No.  172.  A   Whorl,    with    rude   Symbols    of    the    Owl's    Face, 
 
 Suastika,  and  lightning  (3  m.)  ,  ,  .  ,  .  .  .  .  •      255 
 
 No.  173.  Splendid  Trojan  Vase  of  Terra-cotta,  representing  the 
 tutelary  Goddess  of  Ilium,  $ea  yXavKCcnris  'Adr/vy.  The  cover 
 forms  the  helmet  (8  M.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .        258 
 
 Plate  IX.  Upper  Part  of  the  Buildings  discovered  in  the 
 Depths  of  the  Temple  of  Athena.  In  the  background 
 are  seen  the  Altar  and  the  Reservoir  .  .  ,  .  To/ace       259 
 
 No.  174.  A  Lion-headed  Sceptre-handle  of  the  finest  crystal  ; 
 
 found  on  the  Tower  (8  m.)     .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . .        260 
 
 No.  175.   A    mould    of    Mica-schist,  for   casting   various    metal 
 
 Instruments  (Tower:  8  m.)         .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    261 
 
 No.  176.   A  curious  Instrument  of  Copper  (3  M.)  ..  ..        261 
 
 No.  177.  A  perforated  and  grooved  piece  of  Mica-schist,  pro- 
 bably for  supporting  a  Spit.     Found  on  the  Tower  (8  m.)  .  .        261 
 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXXIX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 No.  178.  A  large  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  two  large  Handles  and 
 
 two  small  Handles  or  Rings  (5  M.)   .  .  .  .  . .  .  .        262 
 
 No.  179.  A  remarkable  Terra-cotta  Ball  (6  m.)   .  .  .  .  .  .        264 
 
 No.  180.  A  finely  engraved  Ivory  Tube,  probably  part  of  a  Flute. 
 
 Found  on  the  Tower  (8  m.)..  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .        264 
 
 No.  181.   Knob  for  a  Stick,  of  fine  marble  (3  m.)  .  .  . .        265 
 
 No.  182.   Bone  handle  of  a  Trojan  Staffer  Sceptre  (7  m.)  .  .        265 
 
 No.  183.   A  brilliant  Black  Vase,  with  the  Symbols  of  the  Ilian 
 
 Athena,  from  the  Tower  (8  M.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .        267 
 
 No.  184.  Vase-cover  with  Handle  in  shape  of  a  Coronet  (8  m.)  268 
 
 No.  185.  Vase-cover  with  a  Human  Face  (Tower,  8  m.)  .  .        268 
 
 No.  186.   Flat  piece  of  Gold,  in   the   form  of  an   Arrow-head: 
 
 from  the  Tower  (8  m.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .        268 
 
 No.  187.   Prettily  decorated  Tube  of  Ivory  (Tower,  8  m.)  .  .        268 
 
 No.  188    Great  Altar  for  Sacrifices,  found  in  the  depths  of  the 
 
 Temple  of  Athena  (i-25th  of  the  real  size)  .  .  .  .  .  .        278 
 
 No.  189.   Copper  Lance  of  a  Trojan  Warrior,  found  beside  his 
 
 Skeleton  (7  m.)  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..        279 
 
 No.  190.  Skull  of  a  Trojan  Warrior,  belonging  to  one  of  the  two 
 
 Skeletons  found  in  the  House  on  the  Tower  (7  M.)  .  .        280 
 
 No.  191.   The  upper  and  lower  pieces  of  a  Trojan  Helmet-crest 
 
 (</>uA.os)  placed  together  (7  m.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .        280 
 
 No.  192.  Great  Copper  Ring,  found  near  the  Helmet-crest  (7  m.)  281 
 No.  193.  An  elegant  bright-red  Vase  of  Terra-cotta,  decorated 
 
 with    branches   and    signs   of  lightning,   with   holes    in   the 
 
 handles  and  lips,  for  cords  to  hang  it  up  by  (Tower,  8  m.)  .  .  282 
 No.  194.  Terra-cotta  Vase.     Found  on  the  Tower  (8  m.)  .  .        282 
 
 No.  195.   Profile   of   a   Vase-cover,  with   the    Owl's    Face   and 
 
 Helmet  of  Athena,  in  brilliant  red  Terra-cotta.     Found  in 
 
 an  urn  on  the  Tower  (8  m.)    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .        283 
 
 No.  196.  An  Earthenware  Crucible  on  four  feet,  still  containing 
 
 some  Copper.     Found  on  the  Tower  (7  M.)  .  .  .  .  .  .        283 
 
 No.  197.   Flower  Saucer:  the  flat  bottom  ornamented.     Found 
 
 on  the  Tower  (8  m.)    .  .  .  .  . .  .  .  .  .  . .        284 
 
 No.  198.  A  piece  of  Terra-cotta,  with  two  holes   slightly  sunk 
 
 in  front  like  eyes,  and  a  hole  perforated  from  side  to  side 
 
 (8  m.)   .  .  . .  285 
 
 No.  199.  A  remarkable  Terra-cotta  Vessel  on  three  long  feet, 
 
 with  a  handle  and  two  small  ears  (7  m.)        .  .  .  .  .  .        285 
 
 No.  200.  A  beautiful  bright-red  Terra-cotta  Box,  decorated  with 
 
 a  +  and  four  pjJ,  and  a  halo  of  solar  rays  (3  m.)    .  .  .  .        286 
 
 Nos.  201,  202.  Little  Decorated  Whorls,  of  a  remarkable  shape       286 
 
xl  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Plate  X.  The  Tower  of  Ilium,  Sc.ean  Gate,  and  Palace  of 
 Priam.    Looking  North  along  the  cutting  through  the  whole 
 
 Hill To  face       287 
 
 Plate  XI.  A. — The  Excavations  in  the  Temple  of  Athena. 
 
 From  the  East  .  .  .  .  .  .  . .  . .  To  face       290 
 
 In  front  is  seen  the  great  Reservoir  of  the  Temple,  then 
 the  sacrificial  Altar.     On   the  right,  a  stone  block  of 
 the  foundations  of  the  Temple  is  seen  projecting  out 
 of  the  wall  of  earth.     In  the  background,  underneath 
 where  the  man   stands,  is  the  position  of  the  double 
 Sccedn  Gate,  of  which,  however,  nothing  is  here  visible. 
 In  the  left-hand  corner  is  one  of  the  colossal  jars,  not 
 visible  in  the  next  Plate. 
 B. — The  Magazine,  with  its  colossal  Jars,  in  the  depths 
 of  the  Temple  of  Athena. 
 Of  the  nine  Jars,  six  are  visible ;  a  seventh  (to  the  right, 
 out  of  view)  is  broken.     The  two  largest  are  beyond 
 the  wall  of  the  Magazine,  and  one  of  these  is  seen  in 
 the  preceding  Plate. 
 No.  203.   Fragment  of  a  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  Egyptian  hiero- 
 glyphics, from  the  bottom  of  the  Greek  Stratum  (2  M.)       .  .        291 
 No.  204.  A  Greek  Lamp  on  a  tall  foot  (2  m.)      .  .  .  .  .  .        292 
 
 No.  205.  Fragment  of  a  two-horned  Serpent  (KepuoTqs),  in  Terra- 
 cotta (3  m.)      .  .  . .  .  .  .  .  . .  .  .  .  .        292 
 
 No.  206.  Terra-cotta    Cylinder,    ij   in.    long,    with    Symbolical 
 
 Signs  (5  m.) 293 
 
 No.  207.  Terra-cotta  Vase  with   helmeted  image   of  the  Ilian 
 
 Athena  (6  m.)  .  .  . .  . .  .  .  . .  .  .        294 
 
 No.  208.  Fragment  of  a  large  Cup-handle  in  black  Terra-cotta : 
 
 with  the  head  of  an  Ox  (6  m.)  .  .  .  .  . .  . .        294 
 
 No.  209.  A  finely  decorated  little  Vase  of  Terra-cotta  (6  m.)    .  .        294 
 No.  210.  Terra-cotta  Disc  stamped  with  a  Swan  and  an  Antelope 
 
 (6  m.).     Remarkable  for  the  depth   .  .  .  .  . .  .  .        295 
 
 .No.  211.  Terra-cotta  Disc  pierced  with  two  holes,  and  stamped 
 
 with  the  Head  of  a  Warrior  (8  m.)    ..  ..  ..  ..        295 
 
 No.  212.  A  piece  of  Bone,  curiously  engraved  (7  m.)     .  .  .  .        295 
 
 No.  213.  Fragment  of  a  Trojan  Idol  of  Terra-cotta  (6  m.)  .  .        296 
 
 Nos.  214,  215.  Terra-cotta  Cups  or  Scoops  (7  m.)  . .  .  .        296 
 
 No.  216.  Vase-cover  in  Terra-cotta  (8  m.)  .  .  .  .  .  .        296 
 
 No.  217.  Terra-cotta  Handle  of  a  Trojan  Brush,  with  the  holes 
 
 in  which  the  bristles  have  been  fixed  (10  m.)  . .  .  .        297 
 
 No.  218.  Copper  Bolts,  found  exactly  in  the  middle  of  the  first 
 
 and  of  the  second  Seaman  Gates  . .  . .  .  .  .  .        302 
 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.  xli 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Plate  XII.  The  Double  Sc.ean  Gate,  Palace  of  Priam,  and 
 Tower  of  Ilium,  with  the  Paved  Road  leading  from  the 
 Gate  to  the  Plain  from  the  North  West         .  .  .  .  To  face       303 
 
 Behind  the  Scaean  Gate  is  seen  the  Great  Tower  of  Ilium, 
 and  to  the  left  of  it  the  ruins  of  the  Palace  of  Priam, 
 beneath  a  mass  of  later,  but  still  pre-Hellenic,  buildings. 
 In  the  foreground,  to  the  right,  is  a  wall  of  rubbish, 
 which  remains  standing ;  and  at  the  foot  of  this,  where 
 the  Greek  stands,  is  the  great  enclosing  Wall  of  Troy, 
 running  in  a  north-westerly  direction  from  the  Scaean 
 Gate.  The  walls  to  the  left  belong  to  the  royal  palace, 
 and  over  this  part  there  are  no  buildings  of  the  post- 
 Trojan  time. 
 
 No.  219.  Wonderful  Vase    of  Terra-cotta  from   the   Palace   of 
 
 Priam  (8  m.)..  .  .  .  .  .  .  . .  .  .  .  .        307 
 
 No.  220.  Terra-cotta  Vase  from  the  House  of  Priam,  with  re- 
 markable Decorations  (9  m.)  .  .  .  .  . .  . .        308 
 
 No.  221.  A  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  two  little  Ears,  and  two  large 
 
 perforated  Handles,  marked  with  strange  characters  (5^  m.)       309 
 
 No.  222.  A  splendidly-decorated  Vase  of  Terra-cotta,  with  three 
 
 Feet  and  two  Ears.     From  the  Palace  (7^  m.)         .  .  . .        310 
 
 No.  223.  A  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  two  Ears  and  covered  with 
 
 dots.     From  the  Palace  (7  m.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .        310 
 
 No.  224.  Fine  decorated  Vase  of  Terra-cotta,  with  two  Handles 
 
 and  two  great  upright  Wings.     From  the  Palace  (7 J  m.)    .  .        311 
 
 No.  225.  Five  Copper  Dress  Pins,  molten  together  by  the  con- 
 flagration.    From  the  Palace  (8  m.)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .        312 
 
 No.  226.  Engraved  Cylinder  of  blue  Felspar  (Palace,  9  m.)       .  .        312 
 
 No.  227.  Terra-cotta,  engraved  with  ten  rude  Owls'  Faces  (8  m.)         312 
 
 No.  228.  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  a  curious  Decoration.     From 
 
 the  upper  and  later  House  above  the  Scsean  Gate  (6  m.)    .  .        315 
 
 No.  229.  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  four  Handles  and  a  Lid  (6  m.)  315 
 
 No.  230.  A  great  Jug,  with  Handle  and  two  Ears  (6  m.)  .  .        315 
 
 No.  231.  A  remarkable  Terra-cotta  Cup  (4  m.)  .  .  .  .  .  .        317 
 
 Nos.  232,  233.   Curious   Terra-cottas    from  the  Trojan    Stratum 
 
 (8  and  7  m.)    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . .        320 
 
 Plate  XIII.  The  Sc/ean  Gate  and  Paved  Road,  the  Tower 
 of  Ilium,  City  Walls,  Palace  of  Priam,  and  the  Walls 
 of  a  Tower  of  the  Greek  Age.     From  the  South  East 
 
 To  face       321 
 Here  we  see  again  the  road  leading  down  to  the  Plain, 
 paved  with  great  slabs  of  stone.     In  front  of  the  Gate 
 
Xlll  LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PACE 
 
 and  Road  is  seen  part  of  the  Great  Tower  of  Ilium,  and 
 
 to  the  right  hand,  next  to  and  behind  the  Gate,  the 
 ruins  of  the  Pa/ace  of  Priai/t,  partly  overladen  with  later 
 but  still  pre-Hellenic  walls,  and  partly  standing  free. 
 Behind,  the  Scsean  Gate  appears  again,  going  in  a 
 direction  W.N.W.,  then  the  great  City  Wall,  and  upon 
 it,  at  or  about  the  spot  marked  a,  the  Treasure  was 
 found.  In  the  background,  where  the  man  stands,  is 
 seen  a  wall  built  of  massive  hewn  stones,  belonging  to 
 a  Tower  of  the  Greek  age.  Behind  this  Tower-wall 
 appear  the  Plain  of  Troy,  the  Hellespont,  the  island 
 of  Imbros,  and  above  this  the  mountains  of  Samothrace. 
 At  the  right  extremity  of  the  picture,  also,  a  part  of  the 
 Plain  of  Troy  is  seen  through  the  great  cutting,  over 
 the  ruins  of  the  royal  House. 
 
 Plate  XIV.  The  Treasure  of  Priam   .  .  . .  . .  To  face      324 
 
 No.  234.  A  Copper  Shield  with  a  boss  (<icr7n.'s  o/x^aAo'eo-o-a). 
 No.  235.  Great  Copper  Caldron  (Ae/fys). 
 Plate  XV.  The  Treasure  of  Priam     . .  .  .  . .  To  face      325 
 
 No.  236.   Curious  Plate  of  Copper  (perhaps  a  Hasp  of  the 
 Chest),  with  Discs  fixed  on  one  end,  and  a  Silver  Vase 
 welded  to  the  other  by  the  conflagration. 
 No.  237.  Bottle  of  pure  Gold,  weighing  about  1  lb.  Troy. 
 No.  238.  Cup  of  pure  Gold,  pannelled,  weighing   7^  oz. 
 Troy. 
 Plate  XVI.    The   Treasure    of     Priam.     Remarkable    two- 
 handled  Cup  of  Pure  Gold  (^eVas  a^LKvu-eXkov) ,  weighing 
 about  1  lb.  6  oz.  Troy  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  To  face       326 
 
 No.  239.     Outside  View  of  the  Two-handled  Gold  Cup. 
 No.  240.   Inside  View  of  the  Two-handled  Gold  Cup. 
 No.  241.   Bronze  Cup  used  in  China  for  Libations  and  Drinking        327 
 Plate  XVII.  The  Treasure  of  Priam  . .  . .  To  face       328 
 
 No.  242.  Six  Blades  of  Silver  (Homeric  Talents  ?). 
 
 Nos.  243,  244.   Two  Silver  Vases,  with  caps  and  rings  for 
 
 suspending  by  cords. 
 No.  245.  A  Silver  Dish  (</>taA^),  with  a  boss  in  the  centre. 
 Xo.  246.  A  Silver  Cup,  3^  in.  high  and  nearly  4  in.  wide. 
 Plate  XVIII.  The  Treasure  of  Priam  . .  . .  To  face       329 
 
 No.  247.   A  small  Silver  Cover. 
 Xo.  248.  A  small  Cup  of  Electrum. 
 
 Xo.  249.   Large  Silver  Jug,  with  handle,  in  which  the  small 
 ( )rnaments  were  found. 
 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.  xliii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 No.  250.   Silver  Vase  with  part  of  another  Silver  Vase 
 
 welded  to  it  by  the  fire. 
 No.  251.  Silver  Vase  with  a  quantity  of  copper  fixed  to  its 
 
 bottom  by  the  fire. 
 
 Nos.  252-256.  Trojan  Lance-Heads  of  Copper. — Tr.     ..  ..        330 
 
 No.  256.   Copper  Lance  and  Battle-Axe  welded  together  by  the 
 
 conflagration.     The  Pin-hole  of  the  Lance  is  visible. — Tr.  330 
 
 Nos.  257-60.  Trojan  Battle-Axes  of  Copper. —Tr.         ..  ..        330 
 
 No.  261.  Trojan  Battle-Axe. — Tr.  ..  ..  ..  ..        331 
 
 Nos.  262-268.  Nos.  262,  263.  264,  266.  Trojan  Two-edged 
 Copper  Daggers,  with  hooked  Stems  that  have  been  fastened 
 into  Wooden  Handles.  No.  264  is  doubled  up  by  the 
 conflagration.  No.  265,  Weapons  molten  together.  No. 
 267,  a  Copper  Sword-Blade,  with  a  sharp  edge  at  the  end. 
 .No.  268,  a  Four-sided  Copper  Bar,  ending  in  a  sharp 
 edge.— Tr 332 
 
 No.  269.   Copper  Key,  supposed  to  have  belonged  to  the  Trea- 
 sure-chest.— Tr.  .  .  .  .  . .  .  .  .  .  .  .        333 
 
 Nos.  270,  271.   Cups  of  Electrum   and  Silver.     Found   in   the 
 
 Palace,  near  the  Treasure,  270  inside  271     .  .  .  .  .  .        334 
 
 Nos.  272-275.   Pieces  of  Helmet-crests  found  in  a  Room  of  the 
 
 Palace  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .        334 
 
 Plate  XTX.  The  Treasure  of  Priam  . .  . .  . .  To  face      335 
 
 Nos.  276,  277.  The   two  Golden    Diadems  (7rAeKTai  ara- 
 
 Secr/xat). 
 
 Plate  XX.  The  Treasure  of  Priam.  Jewels  of  Gold     To  face      336 
 No.  278.  Selection  from  the  small  Golden  Jewels  found 
 
 in  the  Silver  Jug. 
 No.  279.  Golden  Fillet  (a.fnrv£),  above  18  inches  long. 
 No.  280.   Four  Golden  Earrings,  or  Tassels  (Ova-avoi),  each 
 3$  inches  long. 
 No.  281.  Six    Golden    Bracelets   welded    together  by   the   con- 
 flagration.— [Tr.]        .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .        337 
 
 No.  282.  4610  Small  Jewels  of  Gold. — Tr.  .  .  .  .  .  .        339 
 
 No.  283.  Terra-cotta  Vessel  in  the  shape  of  a  Cask  (8  m.).        .  .        341 
 No.  284.   Large  Silver  Vase  found  in  the  House  of  Priam  (8  m.)         342 
 No.  285.  Splendid  Terra-cotta  Vase  from  the  Palace  of  Priam  .  .        350 
 No.  286.  Curious  double-necked  Jug  (8  m.)         ..  ..  ..        351 
 
 No.  287.  Terra-cotta  Vessel  consisting  of  three  Goblets  rising 
 
 out  of  a  tube  on  three  feet  (4  M.)       .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .        351 
 
 No.  288.  Terra-cotta  Vessel  in  the  form  of  a  Pig  (7  m.)  ...        352 
 
xllV  LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 I'AGE 
 
 353 
 363 
 
 No.  289.  A  Terra-cotta  stamped  with  Hieroglyphics  (ii  m.)      .  .        352 
 No.  290.  Fragment  of  a  Terra-cotta  Vessel,  in  the  shape  of  a 
 
 Horse's  Head  (4  M.)  . . 
 No.  291.  An  Inscribed  Trojan  Whorl  (8  m.) 
 Nos.  292,  293.  Two  Trojan  Whorls  from  the  same  depth  (7  m.) 
 
 with  an  identical  inscription  .  . 
 No.  294.  The  above  Inscription  developed  (7  m.) 
 No.  295.  Inscription  on  a  Trojan  Seal  (7  m.) 
 No.  296.  Inscription  on  a  Trojan  Whetstone  (7  m.) 
 No.  297.  Inscription  on  a  Trojan  Vase  from  the  Pal  ice 
 No.  298.  Trojan  Whorl,  with  an  Inscription  (10  m.) 
 No.  299.  The  Inscription  developed  (10  m.) 
 No.  300.  Terra-cotta  Ball,  with  an  Inscription  (4  m.) 
 
 367 
 
 368 
 
 ..        368 
 
 368 
 
 (8  m.)  369 
 
 369 
 369 
 372 
 
 PLATES  XXI.-LII.     LITHOGRAPHIC  PLATES  OF 
 TERRA-COTTA  WHORLS  AND  BALLS.* 
 
 {At  End  of  the  Volume.) 
 
 Plate  XXI.  Sections  of  Whorls. 
 
 Nos.  301-308.  Sections  of  Plain  Whorls  (see  p.  40)  (2-10  m.). 
 
 No.  309.  Piece  of  Terra-cotta,  of  unknown  use  (see  p.  219)  (10  m.). 
 
 Nos.  310-316.  Sections  of  Decorated  Whorls  (see  p.  60)  (3-1 1  m.). 
 
 Plate  XXII.  Typical  Patterns  of  Whorls.| 
 
 No.  317.  A  Cross,  with  4  nail-marks  (7  m.). 
 
 No.  318.         Do.     with  the  lines  double  and  oblique  (7  M.). 
 
 No.  319.         Do.     with  three  arms  (7  m.). 
 
 *  The  only  exceptions  to  this  description  are  the  two  terra-cottas,  PI.  XXI. 
 No.  309,  and  PI.  XLVIII.  No.  484,  and  the  one  on  PI.  XXIV.  No.  349,  which  links 
 the  whorls  with  the  round  terra-cottas  of  the  Greek  strata. 
 
 t  The  descriptions  of  the  patterns  are  partly  from  Dr.  Schliemann's  work,  and 
 partly  added  by  the  Editor ;  but  the  chief  part  are  from  M.  Burnouf's  descriptions 
 appended  to  the  original  drawings  by  himself  and  his  accomplished  daughter,  from 
 which  all,  from  Plate  XXIV.  and  onwards,  have  been  engraved.  These  descriptions 
 are  quoted  simply  for  what  they  may  be  worth,  as  the  speculations  of  so  eminent 
 an  orientalist.  We  have  omitted  some  of  them  as  too  speculative.  In  special  cases 
 the  initial  (B)  is  added.  The  material,  colour,  and  style  of  work  are  given  from 
 M.  Burnouf's  notes.  Those  on  Plates  XXI.,  XXII.,  XXIII.,  are  engraved  from  the 
 photographs  in  Schliemann's  .Atlas. 
 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.  xlv 
 
 No.  320.  Cross  with  triple  lines  ;  rows  of  triple  dots  on  arms  (see  p.  187) 
 
 (8  M.). 
 
 No.  321.  Six  quadruple  segments  round  the  edge  (called  by  Schliemann 
 
 Rising  Suns,   by  Burnouf  Stations    of    the  Sun),  alternately  with 
 
 6  Arrow-heads  yj^  (see  p.  133)  (6  m.). 
 No.  322.  Cross,  with  curved  arms  •  nail-marked  (7  m.) 
 No.  3 2 3D.*  Geometric  star-like  patterns  on  both  sides  (5  m.). 
 No.  324.  A  Wheel  with   13  spokes  (sun-rays?),  the  spaces  filled   with 
 
 dots  arranged  in  circles  (7  m.). 
 No.  325.  Two  zigzag  borders  round  the  central  Sun  (9  m.). 
 No.  326.  For  description,  see  pp.  84,  137  (8£  m.). 
 No.  327.  Five  Suns  round  the  central  Sun  (see  p.  136)  (7  m.). 
 No.  328.  Five  triple  "Rising  Suns"  (comp.  No.  321)   round  a  large 
 
 central  Sun  (N.B.   The  depth  14  M.). 
 No.  329.  Wheel  with  spokes  on  both  sides  :  very  small  (5  m.). 
 No.  330.  The  Rosa  Mystica  (Qu.,  or  an  Inscription  ?)  (4  m.). 
 No.  33 id.  Geometrical  Patterns  ;  Signs  of  Lightning  (?)  on  one  side 
 
 (8  M.). 
 
 No.  ^2.  Four  strange  characters  (Qu.,  an  Inscription  ?)  (9  m.). 
 
 Plate  XXIII.  Typical  Patterns  of  Whorls. 
 
 No.  333.  A  Wheel  in  motion  (9  M.). 
 
 No.  334.  An  Inscription  (9  m.). 
 
 No.  335.  A  Flower  with  10  petals  (3  m.). 
 
 No.  336.  Five  Signs,  curiously  like  Roman  numerals  (8  m.). 
 
 No.  337 d.  A  double  moving  Wheel,  see  p.  38  (6  m.). 
 
 No.  338D   Obv.  Three  "flaming  Altars"  (Schl.)  and  a  group  of  Stars. 
 Rev.,  3  flaming  Altars  and  a  pj-J  (see  p.  162)  (6  m.). 
 
 No.  339.  The  Rosa  Mystica  (see  p.  160)  (8  m.). 
 Nos.  340-341.  Wheels  in  rapid  rotation  (see  p.  38)  (9  and  10  m.). 
 No.  342.  A  series  of  Strokes  (7  m.). 
 
 No.  343.  Various  marks.     The  dots  are  perhaps  for  stars  (10  m.). 
 No.  344.  Geometric  Pattern,  like  a  Gothic  quatrefoil  (7  m.). 
 No.  345.  Concentric  Circles,  and  4  wave-like  sets  of  Lines  (3?  m.). 
 No.  346.  Three  curious  Signs  (Qu.,  letters?)  (7  m.). 
 No.  347.  A  cable-like  Wreath  (6  M.) 
 
 No.  348.   Four   concentric    Circles    and    6    quadruple    "  Rising    Suns " 
 (8  it). 
 
 *   i>  for  double,  denotes  a  whorl  decorated  on  both  sides. 
 
xlvi  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Plate  XXIV.  Whorls  with  Suastikas,  &c. 
 
 No.  349.  One  of  the  thin  round  Terra-cottas,  with  2  holes,  found 
 chiefly  in  the  Greek  Stratum  (see  p.  65).  The  ^U  0n  this  example  * 
 forms  a  link  with  the  Whorls  of  'the  lower  strata.  Of  impure 
 yellow  earth  (2  M.). 
 
 No.  350.  Three  curved  p|4     Grey  earth  (4  m.). 
 
 No.  351.  Four  p[-J  in  a  zigzag  Border.     "The  4  sacrifices  of  the  month 
 
 or  of  the  year." — B.  Fine  yellow  earth  ;  polished;  good  work.t 
 No.  352.  Three  curved  pj-J.     Grey;  polished;  good  work  (4  m.). 
 No.  353.  An  Inscription.     Dull  brown  ;  polished;  very  coarse  (9  M.). 
 
 No.  354.  Three  Rising  Suns,  and  a  Sign  like  a  letter  (?).  Brown  : 
 polished  ;  the  lines  white  (5  m.). 
 
 No.  355.  Three  f\A     "  The  3  sacrifices."— B.  (    m.). 
 
 Plate  XXV.  Whorls  with  pj-J  and  Inscriptions. 
 
 No.  356.  Four  pi-|  of  peculiar  form.  "The  4  sacrifices  of  the  month 
 or  of  the  year."— B.    Dark  grey;  polished;  beautiful  work  (7  m.). 
 
 No.  357.  Apparently  an  Inscription.  Blackish  earth;  burnt;  badly 
 kneaded). 
 
 No.  358.  Two   j-4-'   and    2    Crosses.     Grey ;   very   rude    material   and 
 
 work  (7  m.). 
 No.  359.  Six  pj-J.     Black  ;  polished ;  lines  white). 
 No.  360.  An  Inscription  (4  m.). 
 
 Plate  XXVI.  Astronomical  Signs  and  pU. 
 
 No.  361.  Three  triple  "  Rising  Suns,"  a  p]-!,  and  2  round  Spots,  viz. 
 "  The  sun  and  full  moon,  or  the  day  of  the  full  moon." — B.  Fine 
 brown  earth  (3^  M.). 
 
 No.  362.  "The  6  bi-monthly  sacrifices." — B.  (comp.  p.  187).  Fine 
 yellow  earth  (7  m.). 
 
 No.  363.  "The  morning  and  evening  sacrifices:  the  3  stations  of  the 
 Sun." — B.     Yellowish  ;  very  coarse  (5  m.). 
 
 No.  364.  "  The  4  epochs  (quarters)  of  the  month  or  of  the  year,  and 
 the  holy  sacrifice." — B.  Grey  :  polished  ;  coarsely  kneaded.  Worn 
 a  little  on  the  rim. 
 
 *  In  M.  Burnouf s  descriptions  the  rf  is  called  " le  sacrifice,'''  or  "le  saint  sacrifice. 
 f   Where  the  depth  is  not  given,  we  have  been  unable  to  discover  the  objects  in 
 the  Atlas  ;  neither  the  numbers  nor  the  depths  being  given  on  the  drawings. 
 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.  xlvii 
 
 Plate  XXVII.  Aryan  Emblems  and  an  Inscription. 
 
 No.  365.  Three  triple  "  Rising  Suns  "  and  a  p|-j.  Fine  black  earth  ; 
 polished  ;   beautiful  work  (6  M.). 
 
 No.  366.   Similar  design.     Greyish  yellow  (6  m.). 
 
 No.  367.  Four  Hares,  representing  the  4  weeks  of  the  month,  or  the 
 4  quarters  of  the  year  (see  p.  136).     Fine  black  earth  (6  m.). 
 
 No.  368.  Four  curved  Crosses  round  the  rim.  "  The  4  sacrifices  of 
 the  month  or  year." — B.  Black  ;  polished  ;  good  work  ;  lines  white 
 (3i  m.) 
 
 No.  369.  An  Inscription  from  the  Trojan  Stratum.  Dark  grey ;  very 
 coarse  (10  M.).     (See  Appendix,  p.  369.) 
 
 No.  370.  Divided  into  2  fields  by  a  line  through  the  centre.  In  the 
 left  is  a  pi-j  with  2  spots  ("  the  sun  and  full  moon." — B.)  and  dots 
 (stars? — '  the  7  at  the  top  being  the  Great  Bear." — B.).  In  the 
 right  M.  Burnouf  finds  28  strokes  for  the  days  of  the  month.  Black  ; 
 polished;  lines  white.  N.B.  Much  worn  by  rubbing,  especially  on 
 the  under  side  (10  m.). 
 
 No.  371.  "At  top,  4  Crosses  for  the  4  weeks,  with  a  pP,  or  sacrifice, 
 set  on  fire  by  a  flash  of  lightning ;  below,  the  4  great  Sacrifices." — 
 B.     Greyish  yellow ;  polished  (4  m.). 
 
 Plate  XXVIII.  Religious  and  Astronomical  Emblems. 
 
 No.  372.  Three  pj-J  (2  of  a  curious  form),  and  3  "flaming  Altars" 
 (Schl.).     Grey;  polished;  lines  white  (6  m.). 
 
 No.  373.  "  The  3  stations  of  the  Sun,  or  3  mountains,  with  the  4  sacri- 
 fices of  the  year  or  the  month  round  the  circle  of  the  Sun." — B. 
 Yellow ;  polished ;  rudely  kneaded  ;  the  lines  scratched  in  with  a 
 fine  point. 
 
 No.  374.  "  Divided  into  2  fields  by  2  points.  Left:  the  mountain  of 
 the  E.,  the  Sun,  and  pj-J.  Right:  the  mountains  of  the  N.  and 
 W.  and  the  full  moon.  The  ring  is  the  circle  of  the  year." — B. 
 Grey;  polished.     Worn  all  round  by  circular  friction  (7  m.). 
 
 No.  375.  Various  Symbols.  Blackish  yellow  ;  very  coarse.  Worn  all 
 round  and  on  the  under  side. 
 
 No.  376.  The  Soma  Tree,  or  Tree  of  Life,  a  7\-\  with  Strokes  indi- 
 cating numbers  2,  4,  and  8.     Yellow. 
 
 No.  377.  Four  Hares  (the  4  quarters  of  the  moon)  round  a  Ring  (the 
 circle  of  the  year).     Iron  grey;  polished  (see  p.  136)  (10  m.). 
 
 No.  378D.  Oh:,  an  Inscription  (?).  Rev.,  a  sort  of  Wheel.  Part  of 
 the  edge  worn  down  to  a  straight  line  (9  m.). 
 
xlviii  LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Plate  XXIX.  Animals  and  other  Symbols. 
 
 No.  379D.  Obv.,  three  Crosses  (one  with  4  nail-marks  -rh-).  Rev.  (see 
 the  developed  pattern)  :  "a.  3  Antelopes  with  dots  (stars) ;  b.  The 
 Great  Bear  ;  c.  Lightning,  or  Water  ;  d.  Five  p|-J " — (B.)  Grey  ; 
 polished  (see  p.  136)  (4  m.). 
 
 No.  380.  "  Two  Antelopes,  the  halves  of  the  month  (quinzaines),  round 
 the  circle  of  the  year.'; — B.     Black  ;  polished  (see  p.  135)  (6  m.) 
 
 Plate  XXX.  Animals  and  the  Praying  Man. 
 
 No.  381.  A  Hare  and  2  Antelopes  (/.  e.  the  moon  and  the  2  winds  pre- 
 vailing in  the  2  half-months)  round  the  circle  of  the  year.  Grey. 
 (7  M.). 
 
 No.  382.  The  same  subject  (see  p.  120).  Grey ;  polished  (3  m.). 
 {Observe  the  different  depths). 
 
 No.  383.  Three  Animals,  with  a  Man  in  the  attitude  of  Prayer ;  "the 
 holy  sacrifice  of  the  full  moon  "  (B.) ;  but  see  Schliemann's  ex- 
 planation pp.  135,  137  (7  M.). 
 
 No.  384.  The  same  subject  as  Nos.  381  and  382.  Black  :  polish  lost. 
 Part  of  the  edge  worn  flat  (7  m.). 
 
 Plate  XXXI.  Animals  and  other  Symbols. 
 
 No.  385.  Same  subject  as  Nos.  381,  382,  384,  but  still  ruder.     Grey; 
 
 polished;  very  coarse  (8  m.). 
 No.  386.  Same  subject.     Yellow  ;  polished ;  rude  work  (7  u.). 
 No.  387.  Scroll  Pattern  round   large,   deep-sunk   centre.     Dark   grey ; 
 
 polished  (10  m.). 
 
 No.  388.  Six  ~  alternately  with  six  |  J  | ,  having,  perhaps,  some 
 numerical  meaning.  The  lines  and  dots  filled  in  with  white  on  a 
 polished  black  ground  (8  m.). 
 
 No.  389.  Four  wave  lines  (j\G)  round  the  centre.  Grey ;  polished  ; 
 worn  (3  m.). 
 
 No.  390.  Similar  Pattern  round  the  edge  of  a  Whorl  remarkable  for  its 
 small  size.  Black  ;  polished  ;  lines  white.  The  space  between  the 
 hole  and  the  inner  ring  is  filled  with  yellow  ochre. 
 
 Plate  XXXII.  Geometrical  and  other  Patterns. 
 
 No.  391.  Rings  of  dots,  which  M.  Burnouf  attempts  to  explain  as 
 relating  to  the  Astronomical  Calendar.     Black ;  rude  work  (9  m.). 
 
 No.  392.  Eleven  Radii  divide  the  field  into  spaces  filled  with  cuneiform 
 characters  (where  the  question  of  true  writing  is  still  to  be  investi- 
 gated).     Black  ;  polished  ;  rude  work  (10  m.). 
 
LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS.  xllX 
 
 No.  393.  Six  triple  Rising  Suns,  with  dots  (5,  6,  or  7)  in  the  middle 
 
 space.     Yellow;  polished;  pattern  white  (9  m.). 
 No.  394.  Three  pM  (one  with   2   dots),   and  a  Sign   (like  a  letter  or 
 
 letters  ?).     Yellow  ;  polished  ;   pattern  white. 
 No.  395.  An  ornamental  Quatrefoil.     Brown;  polished;  pattern  white, 
 
 good  work  (4^  m.). 
 No.  396D.  A  Geometrical  Pattern,  composed  of  triple  segments,  slightly 
 
 varied  on  two  sides.     Yellow;  polished  ;  patterns  white  (8  m.). 
 
 Plate  XXXIII.  The  Soma  Tree  and  other  Symbols. 
 
 No.  397.  A  sort  of  5-armed  Star,  or  5  triple  "  mountains  (B.),"  alter- 
 nately with  5  triple  Signs  of  Lightning.  The  ring  of  beads  round 
 the  centre  is  remarkable.  Black  ;  pattern  white  ;  fine  work.  Worn 
 all  over  by  rubbing. 
 
 No.  398.  Three  triple  Rising  Suns  and  a  Soma  Tree  (see  p.  119).  Black  ; 
 polished.     The  hole  is  conical  (9  m.). 
 
 No.  399.   Five  Soma  Trees  and  a  triple  Rising  Sun. 
 
 No.  400.  Three  Soma  Trees  and  2  other  Signs.  Dark  brown  ;  polished. 
 Has  been  used  (5  m.). 
 
 No.  401.  Four  Soma  Trees  forming  a  Cross  (see  p.  119).  Black; 
 polished  ;  pattern  white.     Slightly  worn. 
 
 No.  402D  Obv.  Eight  irregular  Rising  Suns  (double  or  quadruple).* 
 Rev.  Twelve  Soma  Trees  radiating  from  the  centre  (see  p.  187). 
 Greyish  yellow ;  highly  polished  ;  rude  work.  The  tip  of  the  back 
 worn  by  rubbing  (10  m.). 
 
 Plate  XXXIV.  Soma  Trees,  Flaming  Altars,  etc. 
 
 No.  403.  A  Soma  Tree  and  4  Rising  Suns  (3  triple  and   1   double). 
 
 Grey  ;  polished.     Worn  all  over  (see  p.  187)  (5  m.) 
 No.  404.  Six  Soma  Trees,  pointing  alternately  to  and  from  the  centre 
 
 (seep.  269).     Black;  polished;  lines  white;  rude  (7  m.). 
 
 No.  405.  Five   pj-|   and   an    Altar   with    3    flames  (?).     Hole   conical. 
 
 Yellowish  ;  polished.     Worn  on  under  side  (5-5-  m.). 
 No.  406.   Four    Rising   Suns   and    a   flaming   Altar.     Grey ;    polished. 
 
 Worn  on  under  side  (5  m.). 
 No.  407.  Four  Rising  Suns  and  2  Altars.     Hole  conical.     Small  size. 
 
 Black  ;  polished;  lines  white.     Worn  on  under  side  (8  m.). 
 No.  408.  Three  Rising  Suns   and  an  Altar.     Small  size.     Very  black 
 
 earth,  like  trachyte ;  lines  white.     Worn  (5  m.). 
 No.  409.  Similar  Pattern  on  a  larger  Whorl.     Grey.     Hole  conical. 
 
 *  One  of  numerous  examples  showing  the  workman's  free  hand;   he  has  not 
 measured  his  spaces  with  any  exactness. 
 
1  LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Plate  XXXV.   Flaming  Altars  and  Soma  Treks. 
 
 No.  410.   Four  Soma  Trees,  forming  a  Cross  (see  p.  119).     Ashy  grey  ; 
 unpolished  ;  coarse  (9  m.). 
 
 No.  411.  Three  Altars  and  3  irregular  pj-l     Brownish  grey;  polished; 
 pattern  yellow  (6  m.). 
 
 No.  412.  Four  Altars  (?)  arranged  in  a  Cross,  with  dots  (stars?).     Dark 
 
 grey  ;  very  coarse. 
 No.  413.  Six  flaming  Altars.     Black;  polished;  lines  white ;  good  work 
 
 (7  m.). 
 No.  414.  Four  Altars  forming  a  Cross  (see  p.  121).     Yellow:  polished 
 
 (8  M.). 
 
 No.  415.   Five  Altars.     Small  size.     Black;  pattern  white ;  work  good. 
 
 Plate  XXXVI.  Various  Patterns. 
 No.  416.  Three  flaming  Altars.     Grey;  pattern  white;  good  (8  M.). 
 No.  417.  A   double  Circle,  with    5    broad   arms;    on    each  a  Sign  of 
 
 Lightning.     Brownish  yellow  ;  slightly  polished  ;  well  made.   Hole 
 
 conical  (4  m.). 
 No.  418.  Five  Signs  (Qu.,  letters?).     Brown. 
 No.  419.  A   five-armed   irregular   Cross,    with    2  pj-J  an<J    2    Signs   of 
 
 Lightning.     Yellowish ;  coarsely  kneaded  (7  m.). 
 No.  420.  Two  triple  Rising  Suns  and  a  double  zigzag  (lightning)  round 
 
 more  than  half  the  circumference.     A  beautiful  black ;  polished  ; 
 
 lines  white.     A  little  worn  on  under  side. 
 No.  42  id.    Obv.  Irregular  cross  with   zigzags   (Signs  of  Lightning)   on 
 
 arms.     Rev.  A  curious  Geometric  Pattern  (7  m.). 
 
 Plate  XXXVII.  Geometric  and  other  Patterns. 
 
 No.  42  2D.  A  triangular  Pattern  on  both  sides  (8  M.J. 
 
 No.  423.  A  six-armed  cross  with  Signs  of  Lightning  on  the  arms.     Fine 
 
 yellow  earth  ;  polished  ;  white  pattern  (9  M.). 
 No.  424.  Four  triple  Rising  Suns  (one  broken  off)  and  a  flaming  Altar. 
 
 Black  ;  polished  ;  coarse  (8  m.). 
 No.  425.   Four  Segmental  Curves,  with  dots  (see  Plate).     Much  worn. 
 
 Brownish  yellow  (10  M.). 
 
 No.  426.   Irregular   marks,   -4^,    zigzags,  &c.     Brown  ;  polished  ;  work 
 bad. 
 
 Plate  XXXVIII.  Various  Patterns. 
 No.  427.   (See  the  Plate.)     Yellow;  polished  ;  pattern  white  (8  m.). 
 No.  428.  A  double  Rising  Sun  and  3  Owls'  Faces  (?).     Yellow  ;  pattern 
 white  (2  m.). 
 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.  H 
 
 No.  429.  Very  irregular  Star  with  numerous  dots.     Red  earth;  coarse  ; 
 
 very  bad  work. 
 No.  430.  Two  Spots  between  2  large  double  Arcs.     Yellow ;  polished 
 
 (8  M.). 
 No.  431.   (See  the  Plate.)     Brownish  yellow;  pattern  white  (5  m.) 
 No.  432.  Zigzag  Pattern   round   edge   (see  the   Plate).     Brown  ;    very 
 
 good. 
 
 Plate  XXXIX.  Inscription,  and  other  Patterns. 
 No.  433.  Fine  six-pointed  Star.     Yellow ;  polished  ;  pattern  white. 
 No.  434.  Three  curious  Figures  round  margin.    (See  the  Plate.)   Greyish 
 
 yellow  ;  fair  work  (7  M.). 
 No.  435.  An  Inscription.      Brown  ;  very  coarse  (5  m.). 
 No.  436.  Three  double  Rising  Suns  and  an  Altar  (?).     Coarse. 
 No.  437.  Three    |'s  alternately  with  3   V's.     Much  worn  all    round'"' 
 
 (5  m.). 
 No.  438.  Looks  like  an  Inscription.     Brown.     Worn  at  the  ends. 
 
 Plate  XL.  Various  Patterns. 
 No.  439.   Four  triple  Rising  Suns  and  an  Altar  (?)  (5  m.). 
 No.  440.  A  fine  double  Polygonal  Star,  with  dots  in  the  space  between. 
 
 Brown;  pattern  white  (10  m.). 
 No.  441.  Three   triple    Rising  Suns    and   an  Arrow-head   \J/.      Light 
 
 brown ;  polished  (7  m.). 
 No.  442.  Signs  like  Figures  round  a  broad,  deep  centre. 
 No.  443.  Two    double    Rising   Suns    and    5    large   Spots  (Q/t.,  the    5 
 
 planets  ?)     Dark  brown  ;  fine  ;  polished. 
 No.  444.  A  plain  Whorl,  modelled  into  a  sort  of  seven-pointed  Star. 
 
 Brownish  black  (8  m.). 
 No.  445D.  A  very  curious  Pattern  on  both  sides  (see  the  Plate).    Black  ; 
 
 polished  ;  good  work. 
 
 Plate  XLI.  Various  irregular  Patterns. 
 
 No.  446.  Sun  with   rays,  Altar,  pLJ  through  a  sun  or  moon  (?),   &c. 
 
 M.  Burnouf  explains  the  3  dots  I  •  I  as  denoting  "  royal  majesty " 
 No.  447.    Curious    composition    of  7\\    long  lines,    and    short    lines. 
 
 Yellowish  earth;  badly  modelled  (9  m.). 
 No.  448D.  Curious  Pattern  on  both  sides  (see  Plate).    Brown ;  polished 
 
 (9  M.). 
 
 *  This  is  rather  .suggestive  of  a  teetotum. 
 
 d    1 
 
hi  LIST  OK   ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 No.  449D.  Obv.  Eleven  straight  Rays,  with  rows  of  dots  between, 
 and  1  zigzag  Ray.  Rev.  2  Rising  Suns  and  a  Pj-L  Grey ;  not 
 polished.  N.B.  "The  edge  cut  all  round  by  the  friction  of  thread, 
 like  the  kerbstone  of  a  well  by  the  cord" — (B.)  (8  m.). 
 
 No.  450D.  Obv.  3  double  Rising  Suns  and  2  curious  signs  ~j~.  Rev. 
 3  concentric  Circles,  with  short  Rays  between  the  first  and  second. 
 Grey  ;  polished  ;  good  work. 
 
 Plate  XLII.  Various  remarkable  Patterns. 
 
 No.  45 id.  Obv.  Pentagonal  Star,  with  Spots  0,  and  dots,  and  raised 
 rim  with  dots  round  the  hole.  Rev.  Sun,  with  5  hooked  rays  (?)  and 
 3  Spots  0.     Yellow  earth;  badly  kneaded  ;  not  polished. 
 
 No.  452.  A  pair  of  j's  and  a  pair  of  /\  round  a  deep  broad  centre. 
 
 Reddish  earth,  very  badly  kneaded  ;  polished. 
 No.  453.  Two  small  Segmental  Curves,  filled  with  dots,  and   2  Signs 
 
 like  ladders.     Brown  j  polished  (6  m.). 
 No.  454.  Two  quadruple  Rising  Suns,  a  -f-  with  curved  arms,  several 
 
 dots,  and  a  curious  cruciform  Sign.     Fine  brown  earth  (4  m.). 
 
 Plate  XLIII.  Various  Patterns. 
 
 No.  45 5D.  Four  Triangles  on  each  side.      Fine  black  earth  ;  polished 
 
 (6  M.). 
 No.  456.  Six  groups  of  Stars   (?).     A  dirty  yellowish  brown  ;   rudely 
 
 kneaded.     Wheel-shaped,  with  lines  on  the  broad  flat  edge. 
 No.  457.  Dots  and  strange  Characters  (Qu.,  letters?).     Blackish  earth  ; 
 
 burnt ;   pattern  white  (?). 
 
 No.  458.  Four  Arrow-heads  -^  alternately  with  4  Spots  ©.  Brown- 
 black  ;  polished  (7  m.). 
 
 No.  459.  Wheel-shaped,  with  Pattern  on  the  broad  flat  edge  (see  Plate). 
 Reddish  earth. 
 
 No.  460.  Three  double  Rising  Suns  and  a  Sign  of  3  Strokes  (Qu.,  a 
 letter?).     Black;  polished;  pattern  white  (5  M.). 
 
 Plate  XLIV.  Various  Patterns. 
 
 No.  461.  Covered  with  strange  Characters  (Qu.,  letters?).  Coarse 
 brown  earth  ;  very  badly  modelled. 
 
 No.  462.  Strange  Characters  looking  like  letters.  Reddish  earth ; 
 polished ;  very  coarse. 
 
 No.  463.  Strange  rude  Marks.     Black  ;  very  coarse. 
 
 No.  4641).  Obv.  Four  Quatrefoils.  Rev.  (see  Plate).  Red  earth  ; 
 burnt  on  one  side.     Much  worn  at  both  ends  (9  u.). 
 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.  liii 
 
 No.  465D.  Obv.  Two  very  rude  Quadrupeds.*  Rev.  Three  Signs 
 (Qu.,  letters?).    Coarse  grey  earth  ;  very  bad  work.    Worn  (3^  m.). 
 
 Plate  XLV.  Various  Patterns. 
 No.  466.  Six  irregular  V-shaped  Signs.     Bright  brown  (8  m.). 
 
 No.  467.  Three  Characters  (Qu.,  letters?)  and  5  Spots  0.  Yellowish; 
 polished  ;  rude  (5  M.). 
 
 No.  468.  Five  rude  Birds,  perhaps  the  Falcon  of  the  Aryan  mythology 
 (see  pp.  120,  135).     Reddish  yellow;  burnt. 
 
 No.  469.  Three  strange  Characters  (Qu.,  letters  ?)  with  Spots  (stars  ?). 
 Brown  ;  polished ;   badly  kneaded.     Hole  badly  made. 
 
 No.  470.  Cross  of  a  curious  form.  Rose-coloured  earth ;  good.  Looks 
 new,  though  from  the  lowest  Stratum  (12  m.). 
 
 No.  471.  Four  triple  Rising  Suns,  and  a  -f-  with  a  Spot  0.  Black; 
 pattern  white  ;  good  (7  m.). 
 
 Plate  XLVI.  Various  remarkable  Patterns. 
 
 No.  472.  An  Inscription.  Greyish;  polished;  letters  white;  course 
 (6  M.). 
 
 No.  473.  Two  Circles  of  Strokes  and  Dots.  Reddish  yellow;  very 
 coarse  (4  m.). 
 
 No.  474.  Five  strange  Characters.  Brown-black  ;  polish  gone.  Irregu- 
 larly worn  all  round  (4  M.). 
 
 No.  475.   (See  the  Plate.)     Black;  polished;  bad  work  (8  m.). 
 
 No.  476.  Four  double  Rising  Suns  and  a  Sign  (Qu.,  letter?).  Black; 
 polished;  pattern  white  (7  m.). 
 
 Plate  XLVII.  Geometric  and  other  Patterns. 
 
 No.  47 7D.  Obv.  A  six-pointed  Star,  with  circle  in  middle  andvtriple 
 edges  (or  6  such  figures  as  Burnouf  calls  mountains  in  other  cases). t 
 Rev.  A  Circle  with  8  rays,  alternately  double  and  triple.     Black. 
 
 No.  478.  The  Rosa  Mystica,  as  a  cinquefoil,  with  rows  of  triple  dots 
 along  each  petal  (see  p.  160).  Dark  grey;  polished;  good. 
 N.B.   Completely  worn  by  circular  friction  (7  m.). 
 
 No.  479.  Six  Spots  round  the  centre,  enclosed  by  a  Circle  with  crooked 
 rays  (Qu.,  the  moon  and  5  planets  within  the  revolving  sphere  of 
 heaven  ?).     Grey ;  coarse. 
 
 *  An  example  of  one  of  the  rudest  attempts  at  drawing  from  the  latest  pre-Hellenic 
 stratum  ;  some  equally  rude  figures  are  scratched  on  a  wall  at  Pompeii. 
 
 t  This  is  an  example  of  many  cases,  in  which  the  pattern  may  be  viewed  quite 
 differently,  according  as  we  start  from  the  centre  or  from  the  circumference. 
 
Hv  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 No.  480.  Four  quadruple  Zigzags  (Signs  of  Lightning),  arranged  as  a 
 Cross  (see  p.  160).  Very  beautiful  black  ;  polished;  pattern  very 
 white  ;  angles  very  sharp ;  very  hard.  One  of  the  finest  Trojan 
 Whorls  (10  M.). 
 
 No.  48 id.  Five  parallel  Circles  of  quadruple  lines  on  the  edge  and 
 both  faces,  probably  meant  for  a  wheel  in  rapid  motion  (comp. 
 Plate  XXIII.  No.  340).  "  The  exactly  parallel  circular  lines  were 
 marked  on  the  moist  clay  with  a  comb,  as  is  proved  by  the  way  in 
 which  their  extremities  cross  at  the  point  of  junction." — B. 
 
 Plate  XL VIII.  Various  Patterns. 
 
 No.  482.  Three  Pj-|  (Sacrifices)  and  2  obscure  Signs. — B.  (Comp. 
 Plate  XXII.  No.  326,  and  Schliemann's  desciiption,  pp.  84  and 
 137.)  Reddish  ;  very  rude  ;  kneaded.  The  axes  of  the  Whorl  and 
 the  hole  do  not  coincide  (8^  m.). 
 
 No.  483.  A  pM  and  rude  Figures  (Qu.,  animals  or  letters?).  Grey; 
 polished  ;  very  coarse  (4  m.) 
 
 No.  484.  A  Terra-cotta  Tripod.  The  top  (in  the  upper  figure)  shews 
 the  Tree  of  Life  (in  the  middle)  attacked  by  the  Caterpillar  (on 
 the  right),  the  symbol  of  the  Powers  of  Mischief.  On  the  left  is  a 
 Pj-J  and  other  Marks.     Grey  ;  polished  ;  work  rude  (3  m.). 
 
 No.  485.  Three  concentric  rows  of  Dots  :  12  in  the  inner,  14  in 
 the  next,  and  17  in  the  outer  border,  which  is  marked  by  a  Circle 
 and  divided  by  straight  lines.  M.  Burnouf  explains  the  inner  ring 
 of  dots  as  the  12  months  of  the  year,  and  the  2  outer  as  referring  to 
 the  days  and  lunations  (8  m.). 
 
 Plate  XLIX.  A  Ball  and  Whorls. 
 
 No.  486.  A  Celestial  Sphere,  with  lines  marking  the  Zones  and  the 
 Ecliptic.  (The  Ecliptic  is  not  continued  across  the  S.  hemisphere, 
 but  ends  at  the  extremities  of  a  hole  pierced  through  the  middle  of 
 the  Ball,  possibly  signifying  the  ancient  belief  that  the  nocturnal 
 course  of  the  Sun  was  subterranean.)     Black;  unpolished  (8  m.). 
 
 No.  487.  Three  quintuple  Rising  Suns,  with  a  Sun  crossed  by  a  py. 
 Grey  ;  polished  ;   very  regular  (7  m.). 
 
 No.  488.  Three  Arcs,  enclosing  clots,  and  2  pj-|.  "  The  3  stations  of 
 the  Sun.  The  Morning  and  Evening  Sacrifices,  with  their  priests  : 
 the  Noon  has  3  priests." — B.     Grey.     Worn  by  circular  friction. 
 
 No.  489.  Four  triple  Arcs  (Rising  Suns)  and  a  J3-1  "  The  4  quarters 
 of  the  month  or  of  the  year,  with  the  Holy  Sacrifice." — B.  Fine 
 black  earth  (10  m.). 
 
 No.  490D.  Obv.  Three  Suns  and  3  pU  alternately.  "  The  3  stations  of 
 the  Sun  and  the  3  Sacrifices."  Rev.  Three  triple  Radii.  Fine 
 black  earth  ;  polished  (4  M.). 
 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.  Jv 
 
 Plate  L.  Remarkable  Ball  and  Whorl. 
 
 No.  491.  Six  faces  of  a  Terra-cotta  Ball,  with  Celestial  Emblems,  fully 
 described  at  p.  168.  "One  of  the  most  interesting  objects  in  the 
 whole  collection  "  (Schl.)     Yellowish  earth  (5  m.) 
 
 No.  492.  A  Whorl,  so  nearly  globular  as  to  form  a  transition  to  the 
 Balls.  Triple  lines  and  rows  of  dots  round  the  border ;  curious 
 characters  (Qu.,  letters?)  round  the  whole.  Reddish  yellow;  badly 
 kneaded  ;  not  polished. 
 
 Plate  LI.  A  Ball  and  Inscribed  Whorls. 
 
 No.  493.  A  Ball,  with  its  8  segments  developed,  fully  described  at 
 pp.  167-8.     Black  earth;  polished;  patterns  white  (5  m.). 
 
 No.  494.  Whorl  with  an  Inscription.  Blackish  earth  ;  badly  kneaded. 
 (M.  Burnouf  pronounces  this  and  No.  496  to  be  by  the  same 
 workman  as  the  Whorl  with  the  developed  pattern  (Plate  XXV. 
 No.  357)  and  the  two  Inscribed  Vases,  No.  3,  p.  23,  and  No.  ^^, 
 p.  50)  (7  M.) 
 
 No.  495D.  A  small  Whorl,  with  cruciform  Pattern  on  both  sides  (see 
 Plate).     Light  brown  (    m.). 
 
 No.  496.  Very  important  Inscribed  Whorl.  The  Inscription  is  the  same 
 as  that  shown  in  No.  115,  p.  161.  (See  Appendix,  pp.  366-368.) 
 Red  coarse  earth  ;  not  polished  ;  work  very  coarse  (7  m.). 
 
 Plate  LII.  Two  Remarkable  Trojan  Balls. 
 
 No.  497.  Ball  with  an  Inscription;  showing  3  Faces  and  the  Pattern 
 developed.     Brownish  grey  ;  polished  ;   pattern  white  (8  m.). 
 
 No.  498.  Ball,  with  its  8  segments  developed,  representing  the  starry 
 heavens,  with  a  pj-J  and  the  Tree  of  Life.  Yellow  earth ;  badly 
 modelled  (8  m.).  (Dr.  Schliemann  has  25  Terra-cotta  Balls,  most  of 
 them  covered  with  dots,  and  representing  stars,  with  or  without  lines 
 denoting  the  equator,  the  colures,  the  zones,  and  the  ecliptic.) 
 
 [J'JJ  Piece  of  a  Terra-cotta  Dish,  with  the  Owl's  Face.     (14  M. 
 
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL  NOTICE 
 
 DR.    HENRY     SCHLIEMANN. 
 
 FROM    THE    PREFACE    TO    HIS 
 
 'ITHACA,  THE  PELOPONNESUS,  AND  TROY.' 
 
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL    NOTICE. 
 
 When,  in  the  year  1832,  at  Kalkhorst,  a  village  in  Mecklen- 
 burg-Schwerin,  at  the  age  of  ten,  I  presented  my  father,  as  a 
 Christmas  gift,  with  a  badly  written  Latin  essay  upon  the 
 principal  events  of  the  Trojan  war  and  the  adventures  of 
 Ulysses  and  Agamemnon,  little  did  I  think  that,  six-and- 
 thirty  years  later,  I  should  offer  the  public  a  work  on  the 
 same  subject,  after  having  had  the  good  fortune  to  see  with 
 my  own  eyes  the  scene  of  that  war,  and  the  country  of  the 
 heroes  whose  names  have  been  immortalized  by  Homer. 
 
 As  soon  as  I  had  learnt  to  speak,  my  father  related  to 
 me  the  great  deeds  of  the  Homeric  heroes.  I  loved  these 
 stories  ;  they  enchanted  me  and  transported  me  with  the 
 highest  enthusiasm.  The  first  impressions  which  a  child  receives 
 abide  with  him  during  his  whole  life  ;  and,  though  it  was  my 
 lot,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  to  be  apprenticed  in  the  ware- 
 house of  E.  Ludvvig  Holtz  in  the  small  town  of  Ftirstenberg, 
 in  Mecklenburg,  instead  of  following  the  scientific  career  for 
 which  I  felt  an  extraordinary  predisposition,  I  always  retained 
 the  same  love  for  the  famous  men  of  antiquity  which  I  had 
 conceived  for  them  in  my  first  childhood. 
 
 In  the  small  shop  where  I  was  employed  for  five  years 
 and  a  half,  first  by  Mr.  Holtz  and  then  by  his  successor,  the 
 excellent  Mr.  Th.  Huckstadt,  my  occupation  consisted  in 
 retailing  herrings,  butter,  brandy,  milk  and  salt,  grinding 
 potatoes  for  the  still,  sweeping  the  shop,  and  so  forth.  I 
 only  came  into  contact  with  the  lower  classes  of  society. 
 
 From  five  in  the  morning  to  eleven  at  night  I  was  engaged 
 in  this  work,  and  had  not  a  moment  free  for  study.  Moreover 
 I  rapidly  forgot  the  little  that  I  had  learnt  in  my  childhood, 
 but  I  did  not  lose  the  love  of  learning  ;  indeed  I  never  lost  it, 
 
 B    1 
 
4  AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL  NOTICE 
 
 and,  as  long  as  I  live,  I  shall  never  forget  the  evening  when  a 
 drunken  miller  came  into  the  shop.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
 Protestant  clergyman  in  a  village  near  Teterow,  and  had 
 almost  concluded  his  studies  at  the  Gymnasium  when  he  was 
 expelled  on  account  of  his  bad  conduct.  To  punish  him  for 
 this,  his  father  made  him  learn  the  trade  of  a  miller.  Dis- 
 satisfied with  his  lot,  the  young  man  gave  himself  up  to  drink, 
 which  however  had  not  made  him  forget  his  Homer  ;  for  he 
 recited  to  us  about  one  hundred  lines  of  the  poet,  observing  the 
 rhythmic  cadence.  Although  I  did  not  understand  a  word, 
 the  melodious  speech  made  a  deep  impression  upon  me,  and 
 I  wept  bitter  tears  for  my  unhappy  fate.  Thrice  I  got  him  to 
 repeat  to  me  those  god-like  verses,  paying  him  with  three 
 glasses  of  brandy,  which  I  bought  with  the  few  pence  that 
 made  up  my  whole  fortune.  From  that  moment  I  never 
 ceased  to  pray  God  that  by  His  grace  I  might  yet  have  the 
 happiness  to  learn  Greek. 
 
 There  seemed,  however,  no  hope  of  my  escaping  from  the 
 sad  and  low  position  in  which  I  found  myself.  And  yet  I 
 was  released  from  it  as  if  by  a  miracle.  In  lifting  a  cask  too 
 heavy  for  me,  I  hurt  my  chest ;  I  spat  blood  and  was  no 
 longer  able  to  work.  In  despair  I  went  to  Hamburg,  where  I 
 succeeded  in  obtaining  a  situation  as  cabin-boy  on  board  of  a 
 ship  bound  for  La  Guayra  in  Venezuela.* 
 
 On  the  28th  of  November,  1841,  we  left  Hamburg,  but  on 
 the  1 2th  of  December  we  were  shipwrecked  in  a  fearful  storm 
 off  the  island  of  Texel.  After  innumerable  dangers,  the  crew 
 were  saved.  I  regarded  it  as  my  destiny  to  remain  in  Holland, 
 and  resolved  to  go  to  Amsterdam  and  enlist  as  a  soldier. 
 But  this  could  not  be  done  as  quickly  as  I  had  imagined, 
 and  the  few  florins,  which  I  had  collected  as  alms  on  the 
 island  of  Texel  and  in  Enkhuyzen,  were  soon  spent  in  Am- 
 sterdam. As  my  means  of  living  were  entirely  exhausted, 
 I  feigned  illness  and  was  taken  into  the  hospital.  From  this 
 terrible  situation  I  was  released  by  the  kind  ship-broker 
 J.  F.  Wendt  of  Hamburg,  who  heard  of  my  misfortune  and 
 sent  me  the  proceeds  of  a  small  subscription  which  had  been 
 raised  for  me.     He  at  the  same  time  recommended  me  to  the 
 
 *  Dr.    Schliemann  desires  us    to   add   that   this   ship   was    the    "Dorothea" 
 (Captain  Simonsen),  owned  by  the  merchants  Wachsmuth  and  Kroog. — [Ed.] 
 
OF  DR.  HENRY  SCHLIEMANN.  5 
 
 excellent  Consul-General  of  the  North  German  Confederation 
 in  Amsterdam,  Mr.  W.  Hepner,  who  procured  me  a  situation 
 in  the  office  of  Mr.  F.  C.  Ouien. 
 
 In  my  new  situation  my  work  consisted  in  stamping  bills 
 of  exchange  and  getting  them  cashed  in  the  town,  and  in 
 carrying  letters  to  and  from  the  post-office.  This  mechanical 
 occupation  suited  me,  for  it  left  me  time  to  think  of  my 
 neglected  education. 
 
 First  of  all  I  took  pains  to  learn  to  write  legibly,  and 
 then,  in  order  to  improve  my  position,  I  went  on  to  the  study 
 of  the  modern  languages.  My  annual  salary  amounted  only 
 to  800  francs  (32/.),  half  of  which  I  spent  upon  my  studies  ; 
 on  the  other  half  I  lived,  miserably  enough  to  be  sure.  My 
 lodging,  which  cost  8  francs  a  month,  was  a  wretched  garret 
 without  a  fire,  where  I  shivered  with  cold  in  winter  and  was 
 scorched  with  the  heat  in  summer  ;  my  breakfast  consisted 
 of  rye-meal  porridge,  and  my  dinner  never  cost  more  than 
 a  penny  farthing.  But  nothing  spurs  one  on  more  to  study 
 than  misery  and  the  certain  prospect  of  being  able  to  release 
 oneself  from  it  by  unremitting  work.  I  applied  myself  with 
 extraordinary  diligence  to  the  study  of  English.  Necessity 
 showed  me  a  method  which  greatly  facilitates  the  study  of  a 
 language.  This  method  consists  in  reading  a  great  deal 
 aloud,  without  making  a  translation  ;  devoting  one  hour  every 
 day  to  writing  essays  upon  subjects  that  interest  one,  correct- 
 ing these  under  a  teacher's  supervision,  learning  them  by 
 heart,  and  repeating  in  the  next  lesson  what  was  corrected 
 on  the  previous  day.  My  memory  was  bad,  since  from  my 
 childhood  it  had  not  been  exercised  upon  any  object ;  but  I 
 made  use  of  every  moment,  and  even  stole  time  for  study.  I 
 never  went  on  my  errands,  even  in  the  rain,  without  having 
 my  book  in  my  hand  and  learning  something  by  heart ;  and 
 I  never  waited  at  the  post-office  without  reading.  By  such 
 means  I  gradually  strengthened  my  memory,  and  in  half  a 
 year  I  had  succeeded  in  acquiring  a  thorough  knowledge 
 of  the  English  language.  I  then  applied  the  same  method 
 to  the  study  of  French,  the  difficulties  of  which  I  overcame 
 likewise  in  another  six  months.  These  persevering  and  ex- 
 cessive studies  had  in  the  course  of  one  year  strengthened  my 
 memory  to  such  a  degree  that  the  study  of  Dutch,  Spanish, 
 Italian,  and  Portuguese  appeared  very  easy,  and  it  did  not 
 
6  AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL   NOTICE 
 
 take  me  more  than  six  weeks  to  write  each  of  these  languages 
 and  to  speak  them  fluently.  But  my  passion  for  study  caused 
 me  to  neglect  my  mechanical  occupation  in  the  office,  espe- 
 cially when  I  began  to  consider  it  beneath  me.  My  principals 
 would  give  me  no  promotion  ;  they  probably  thought  that  a 
 person  who  shows  his  incapacity  for  the  business  of  a  servant 
 in  an  office  is  therefore  quite  worthless  for  any  higher  duties. 
 
 At  last,  through  the  intercession  of  my  worthy  friends, 
 L.  Stoll  of  Mannheim  and  Ballauff  of  Bremen,  I  had  the 
 good  fortune  to  obtain  a  situation  as  correspondent  and  book- 
 keeper in  the  office  of  Messrs.  B.  H.  Schroder  and  Co.  in 
 Amsterdam,  who  engaged  me  at  a  salary  of  1200  francs  (48/.)  ; 
 but  when  they  saw  my  zeal,  they  paid  me  2000  francs  as  an 
 encouragement.  This  generosity,  for  which  I  shall  ever  be 
 grateful  to  them,  was  in  fact  the  foundation  of  my  prosperity  ; 
 for,  as  I  thought  that  I  could  make  myself  still  more  useful 
 by  a  knowledge  of  Russian,  I  set  to  work  to  learn  that 
 language  also.  But  the  only  Russian  books  that  I  could 
 procure  were  an  old  grammar,  a  lexicon,  and  a  bad  translation 
 of  Telemachus.  In  spite  of  all  my  inquiries  I  could  not  find 
 a  teacher  of  Russian,  for  no  one  in  Amsterdam  understood  a 
 word  of  the  language  :  so  I  betook  myself  to  study  without 
 a  master,  and,  with  the  help  of  the  grammar,  I  learnt  the 
 Russian  letters  and  their  pronunciation  in  a  few  days.  Then, 
 following  my  old  method,  I  began  to  write  short  stories  of  my 
 own  composition  and  to  learn  them  off  by  heart.  As  I  had 
 no  one  to  correct  my  work,  it  was,  no  doubt,  very  bad  indeed, 
 but  I  tried  at  the  same  time  to  correct  my  faults  by  the 
 practical  exercise  of  learning  Telemachus  by  heart.  It  oc- 
 curred to  me  that  I  should  make  more  progress  if  I  had  some 
 one  to  whom  I  could  relate  the  adventures  of  Telemachus  ; 
 so  I  hired  a  poor  Jew  for  4  francs  a  week,  who  had  to  come 
 every  evening  for  two  hours  to  listen  to  my  Russian  recitations, 
 of  which  he  did  not  understand  a  syllable. 
 
 As  the  ceilings  of  the  rooms  in  Holland  consist  of  single 
 boards,  people  on  the  ground-floor  can  hear  what  is  said  in 
 the  third  storey.  My  recitations  therefore,  delivered  in  a  loud 
 voice,  annoyed  the  other  tenants,  who  complained  to  the 
 landlord,  and  twice  during  my  study  of  the  Russian  language 
 I  was  forced  to  change  my  lodgings.  But  these  inconve- 
 niences did   not  diminish  my  zeal,  and  in  the  course  of  six 
 
OF  DR.  HENRY  SCHLIEMANN.  7 
 
 weeks  I  wrote  my  first  Russian  letter  to  a  Russian  in  London, 
 and  I  was  able  to  converse  fluently  in  this  language  with 
 the  Russian  merchants  who  had  come  to  Amsterdam  for  the 
 indigo  auctions. 
 
 After  I  had  concluded  my  study  of  the  Russian  language, 
 I  began  to  occupy  myself  seriously  with  the  literatures  of  the 
 languages  which  I  had  learnt. 
 
 In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1846,  my  worthy  principals 
 sent  me  as  their  agent  to  St.  Petersburg,  where  a  year  later 
 I  established  a  mercantile  house  on  my  own  account  ;  but, 
 during  the  first  eight  or  nine  years  that  I  spent  in  Russia, 
 I  was  so  overwhelmed  with  work  that  I  could  not  continue 
 my  linguistic  studies,  and  it  was  not  till  the  year  1854 
 that  I  found  it  possible  to  acquire  the  Swedish  and  Polish 
 languages. 
 
 Great  as  was  my  wish  to  learn  Greek,  I  did  not  venture 
 upon  its  study  till  I  had  acquired  a  moderate  fortune  ;  for  I  was 
 afraid  that  this  language  would  exercise  too  great  a  fascina- 
 tion upon  me  and  estrange  me  from  my  commercial  business. 
 When,  however,  I  could  no  longer  restrain  my  desire  for 
 learning,  I  at  last  set  vigorously  to  work  at  Greek  in  January 
 1856;  first  with  Mr.  N.  Pappadakes,  and  then  with  Mr.  Th. 
 Vimpos  of  Athens,  always  following  my  old  method.  It  did 
 not  take  me  more  than  six  weeks  to  master  the  difficulties 
 of  modern  Greek,  and  I  then  applied  myself  to  the  ancient 
 language,  of  which  in  three  months  I  learned  sufficient  to 
 understand  some  of  the  ancient  authors,  and  especially  Homer, 
 whom  I  read  and  re-read  with  the  most  lively  enthusiasm. 
 
 I  then  occupied  myself  for  two  years  exclusively  with  the 
 ancient  Greek  literature  ;  and  during  this  time  I  read  almost 
 all  the  old  authors  cursorily,  and  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey 
 several  times. 
 
 In  the  year  1858  I  travelled  to  Sweden,  Denmark,  Germany, 
 Italy  and  Egypt,  where  I  sailed  up  the  Nile  as  far  as  the 
 second  cataract  in  Nubia.  I  availed  myself  of  this  oppor- 
 tunity to  learn  Arabic,  and  I  afterwards  travelled  across  the 
 desert  from  Cairo  to  Jerusalem.  I  visited  Petra,  traversed 
 the  whole  of  Syria,  and  in  this  manner  I  had  abundant  op- 
 portunity of  acquiring  a  practical  knowledge  of  Arabic,  the 
 deeper  study  of  which  I  afterwards  continued  in  St.  Peters- 
 burg.    After  leaving  Syria,  I  visited  Athens  in  the  summer 
 
8  AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL  NOTICE. 
 
 of  1859,  and  I  was  on  the  point  of  starting  for  the  island  of 
 Ithaca  when  I  was  seized  with  an  illness  which  obliged  me  to 
 return  to  St.  Petersburg. 
 
 Heaven  had  blessed  my  mercantile  undertakings  in  a 
 wonderful  manner,  so  that  at  the  end  of  1863  I  found  myself 
 in  possession  of  a  fortune  such  as  my  ambition  had  never 
 ventured  to  aspire  to.  I  therefore  retired  from  business,  in 
 order  to  devote  myself  exclusively  to  the  studies  which  have 
 the  greatest  fascination  for  me. 
 
 In  the  year  1864  I  was  on  the  road  to  visit  the  native 
 island  of  Ulysses  and  the  Plain  of  Troy,  when  I  allowed 
 myself  to  be  persuaded  to  visit  India,  China  and  Japan,  and 
 to  travel  round  the  world.  I  spent  two  years  on  this  journey, 
 and  on  my  return  in  1866  I  settled  in  Paris,  with  the  purpose 
 of  devoting  the  rest  of  my  life  to  study,  and  especially  to 
 archaeology,  which  has  the  greatest  charm  for  me. 
 
 At  last  I  was  able  to  realize  the  dream  of  my  whole  life, 
 and  to  visit  at  my  leisure  the  scene  of  those  events  which  had 
 such  an  intense  interest  for  me,  and  the  country  of  the  heroes 
 whose  adventures  had  delighted  and  comforted  my  childhood. 
 I  started,  therefore,  last  summer,  and  visited  in  succession  the 
 places  which  still  possess  such  living  poetic  memorials  of 
 antiquity. 
 
 I  had  not,  however,  the  ambition  of  publishing  a  work  on 
 the  subject ;  this  I  only  decided  upon  doing  when  I  found 
 what  errors  almost  all  archaeologists  had  spread  about  the  site 
 once  occupied  by  the  Homeric  capital  of  Ithaca,  about  the 
 stables  of  Eumaeus,  the  Island  of  Asteris,  ancient  Troy,  the 
 sepulchral  mounds  of  Batiea  and  of  ^Esyetes,  the  tomb  of 
 Hector,  and  so  forth. 
 
 Apart  from  the  hope  of  correcting  opinions  which  I  hold 
 to  be  erroneous,  I  should  consider  myself  fortunate  could  I 
 aid  in  diffusing  among  the  intelligent  public  a  taste  for  the 
 beautiful  and  noble  studies  which  have  sustained  my  courage 
 during  the  hard  trials  of  my  life,  and  which  will  sweeten  the 
 days  yet  left  me  to  live. 
 
 Henry  Schliemann. 
 
 6,  Place  St.-Michel,  Paris, 
 Dec.  3 1 st,  186S. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
D  I  A  G  R  A  M 
 
 SHEWING  THE  SUCCESSIVE  STRATA  OF  REMAINS  ON  THE 
 HILL  OF  HISSARLIK. 
 
 Meiers.         Feet  {abt.)  Surface. 
 
 Remains  of  Greek  Ilium. 
 
 4th  Stratum. 
 
 13 
 
 -5 
 
 33 
 
 ;rd  Stratum. 
 
 2nd  Stratum.     The  Troy  of  Homer,  according 
 to  Schliemann. 
 
 1  st  Stratum. 
 
 46  . 
 
 to 
 
 52! 
 
 Native  rock. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Form  of  the  Work  —  Changing  and  progressive  opinions  due  to  the 
 Novelty  of  the  Discoveries  —  Chronology  —  Duration  of  the  Greek 
 Ilium  —  Four  successive  strata  of  remains  beneath  its  ruins  on  the 
 hill  of  Hissarlik  —  Remains  of  the  Earliest  Settlers,  who  were  of  the 
 Aryan  race  —  Symbols  on  their  terra-cottas  —  The  Second  Settlers, 
 the  Trojans  of  Homer  —  The  Tower  of  Ilium,  Scasan  Gate,  and 
 City  Walls,  covered  with  the  ashes  of  a  conflagration  —  Skeletons 
 denoting  a  bloody  war  —  The  Royal  Treasure  —  Small  extent  of 
 Troy  :  not  beyond  the  hill  of  Hissarlik  —  Poetical  exaggerations 
 of  Homer,  who  only  knew  it  by  tradition  —  The  city  was  wealthy 
 and  powerful,  though  small  —  Stone  weapons  and  implements,  not 
 denoting  the  "  Stone  Age  "  —  Contemporaneous  use  of  copper, 
 silver,  and  gold,  for  tools,  weapons,  vases,  and  ornaments  — 
 Inscriptions  proving  the  use  of  a  written  language  —  Splendid 
 remains  of  pottery  —  Symbols  proving  that  the  Trojans  were  an 
 Aryan  race  —  Their  buildings  of  stone  and  wood  —  Antiquity  of  the 
 City  —  The  Third  Settlers,  also  of  the  Aryan  race  —  Their  pottery 
 coarser  —  Musical  instruments  —  Their  mode  of  building  —  Fewer 
 implements  of  copper,  but  those  of  stone  abundant  —  The  Fourth 
 Settlers,  of  the  Aryan  race,  built  the  Wooden  Ilium — Their  progressive 
 decline  in  civilization  —  Some  copper  implements,  with  tools  and 
 weapons  of  stone  —  The  Greek  Ilium  built  about  B.C.  700  :  ceased  to 
 exist  in  the  fourth  century  after  Christ  ■ — Evidence  of  Coins  —  No 
 Byzantine  remains  —  The  Walls  of  Lysimachus  —  Metals  found  in 
 the  various  strata  :  copper  and  bronze,  silver,  gold,  lead  :  no  iron 
 or  tin  —  Sculptures  of  the  Greek  age  —  Metope'  of  the  Sun-God  — 
 Images  of  the  owl-faced  Athena  common  to  all  the  pre-Hellenic 
 strata :  their  various  forms  —  The  perforated  whorls  of  terra- 
 cotta, with  Aryan  symbols  —  The  sign  of  the  Suastika  pM — The 
 •  plain  whorls  —  Discussion  of  the  site  of  Troy  —  Traditionally 
 placed  on  that  of  the  Greek  Ilium  —  View  of  Demetrius  and 
 Strabo  refuted  —  Opinion  of  Lechevalier  for  Bunarbashi,  generally 
 accepted,  but  erroneous  —  No  remains  of  a  great  city  there  —  The 
 site  really  that  of  Gergis  —  Fragments  of  Hellenic  pottery  only  — 
 
12  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 The  three  so-called  tombs  of  heroes  also  Greek  —  Proposed  sites 
 at  Chiplak  and  Akshi-Koi  refuted  by  the  absence  of  remains  — 
 Modern  authorities  in  favour  of  Hissarlik  —  Ancient  types  of  pottery 
 still  made  in  the  Troad  —  Covers  with  owl-faces,  and  vases  with 
 uplifted  wings  —  Colouring  materials  of  the  pottery  —  The  inscrip- 
 tions —  The  author's  relations  with  the  Turkish  Government  — 
 Professor  Max  Midler  on  the  owl-headed  goddess  —  Some  probable 
 traces  of  another  settlement  between  the  fourth  pre-Hel!enic  people 
 and  the  Greek  colonists. 
 
 The  present  book  is  a  sort  of  Diary  of  my  excavations  at 
 Troy,  for  all  the  memoirs  of  which  it  consists  were,  as  the 
 vividness  of  the  descriptions  will  prove,  written  down  by  me 
 on  the  spot  while  proceeding  with  my  works.* 
 
 If  my  memoirs  now  and  then  contain  contradictions,  I 
 hope  that  these  may  be  pardoned  when  it  is  considered  that 
 I  have  here  revealed  a  new  world  for  archaeology,  that  the 
 objects  which  I  have  brought  to  light  by  thousands  are  of 
 a  kind  hitherto  never  or  but  very  rarely  found,  and  that 
 consequently  everything  appeared  strange  and  mysterious 
 to  me.  Hence  I  frequently  ventured  upon  conjectures 
 which  I  was  obliged  to  give  up  on  mature  consideration, 
 till  I  at  last  acquired  a  thorough  insight,  and  could  draw 
 well-founded  conclusions  from  many  actual  proofs. 
 
 One  of  my  greatest  difficulties  has  been  to  make  the 
 enormous  accumulation  of  debris  at  Troy  agree  with  chron- 
 ology; and  in  this — in  spite  of  long-searching  and  pondering 
 — I  have  only  partially  succeeded.  According  to  Herodotus 
 (VII.  43) :  "  Xerxes  in  his  march  through  the  Troad,  before 
 invading  Greece  (b.c  480)  arrived  at  the  Scamander  and 
 went  up  to  Priam's  Pergamus,  as  he  wished  to  see  that 
 citadel ;  and,  after  having  seen  it,  and  inquired  into  its  past 
 fortunes,  he  sacrificed  1000  oxen  to  the  Ilian  Athena,  and 
 the  Magi  poured  libations  to  the  manes  of  the  heroes." 
 
 This  passage  tacitly  implies  that  at  that  time  a  Greek 
 colony  had  long  since  held  possession  of  the  town,  and, 
 according  to  Strabo's  testimony  (XIII.  i.  42),  such  a  colony 
 
 *  Each  of  these  Memoirs  forms  a  chapter  of  the  Translation. 
 
INTRODUCTION.  1 3 
 
 built  Ilium  during  the  dominion  of  the  Lydians.  Now,  as 
 the  commencement  of  the  Lydian  dominion  dates  from  the 
 year  797  B.C.,  and  as  the  Uians  seem  to  have  been  com- 
 pletely established  there  long  before  the  arrival  of  Xerxes 
 in  480  b.c,  we  may  fairly  assume  that  their  first  settlement 
 in  Troy  took  place  about  700  b.c.  The  house-walls  of 
 Hellenic  architecture,  consisting  of  large  stones  without 
 cement,  as  well  as  the  remains  of  Greek  household  utensils, 
 do  not,  however,  extend  in  any  case  to  a  depth  of  more 
 than  two  meters  (6h  feet)  in  the  excavations  on  the  flat 
 surface  of  the  hill. 
 
 As  I  find  in  Ilium  no  inscriptions  later  than  those 
 belonging  to  the  second  century  after  Christ,  and  no  coins 
 of  a  later  date  than  Constans  II.  and  Constantine  II.,  but 
 very  many  belonging  to  these  two  emperors,  as  well  as  to 
 Constantine  the  Great,  it  may  be  regarded  as  certain  that  the 
 town  began  to  decay  even  before  the  time  of  Constantine 
 the  Great,  who,  as  is  well  known,  at  first  intended  to  build 
 Constantinople  on  that  site ;  but  that  it  remained  an  in- 
 habited place  till  about  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Constans  II., 
 that  is  till  about  a.d.  361.  But  the  accumulation  of  debris 
 during  this  long  period  of  1061  years  amounts  only  to  two 
 meters  or  6k  feet,  whereas  we  have  still  to  dig  to  a  depth  of 
 12  meters  or  40  feet,  and  in  many  places  even  to  14  meters 
 or  46^  feet,  below  this,  before  reaching  the  native  ground 
 which  consists  of  shelly  limestone  (Muschelkalk).  This 
 immense  layer  of  debris  from  40  to  46^  feet  thick,  which  has 
 been  left  by  the  four  different  nations  that  successively  in- 
 habited the  hill  before  the  arrival  of  the  Greek  colony,  that  is 
 before  700  b.c,  is  an  immensely  rich  cornucopia  of  the  most 
 remarkable  terra-cottas,  such  as  have  never  been  seen  before, 
 and  of  other  objects  which  have  not  the  most  distant  resem- 
 blance to  the  productions  of  Hellenic  art.  The  question 
 now  forces  itself  upon  us : — Whether  this  enormous  mass 
 of  ruins  may  not  have  been  brought  from  another  place  to 
 increase  the  height  of  the  hill  ?   Such  an  hypothesis,  as  every 
 
14  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 visitor  to  my  excavations  may  convince  himself  at  the  first 
 glance,  is  perfectly  impossible  ;  because  in  all  the  strata  of 
 dSrzs,from  the  native  rock,  at  a  depth  of  from  14  to  16  meters 
 (46  to  52^  feet)  up  to  4  meters  (13  feet)  below  the  surface,  we 
 continually  see  remains  of  masonry,  which  rest  upon  strong 
 foundations,  and  are  the  ruins  of  real  houses  ;  and,  moreover, 
 because  all  the  numerous  large  wine,  water,  and  funereal  urns 
 that  are  met  with  are  found  in  an  upright  position.  The  next 
 question  is  : — But  how  many  centuries  have  been  required 
 to  form  a  layer  of  dSris,  40  and  even  46V  feet  thick,  from 
 the  ruins  of  pre-Hellenic  houses,  if  the  formation  of  the 
 uppermost  one,  the  Greek  layer  of  6^  feet  thick,  required 
 1 06 1  years?  During  my  three  years'  excavations  in  the  depths 
 of  Troy,  I  have  had  daily  and  hourly  opportunities  of  con- 
 vincing myself  that,  from  the  standard  of  our  own  or  of  the 
 ancient  Greek  mode  of  life,  we  can  form  no  idea  of  the  life 
 and  doings  of  the  four  nations  which  successively  inhabited 
 this  hill  before  the  time  of  the  Greek  settlement.  They 
 must  have  had  a  terrible  time  of  it,  otherwise  we  should 
 not  find  the  walls  of  one  house  upon  the  ruined  remains  of 
 another,  in  continuous  but  irregular  succession ;  and  it  is 
 just  because  we  can  form  no  idea  of  the  way  in  which  these 
 nations  lived  and  what  calamities  they  had  to  endure,  that 
 it  is  impossible  to  calculate  the  duration  of  their  existence, 
 even  approximately,  from  the  thickness  of  their  ruins.  It  is 
 extremely  remarkable,  but  perfectly  intelligible  from  the  con- 
 tinual calamities  which  befel  the  town,  that  the  civilization 
 of  all  the  four  nations  constantly  declined  ;  the  terra-cottas, 
 which  show  continuous  decadence,  leave  no  doubt  of  this. 
 
 The  first  settlement  on  this  hill  of  Hissarlik  seems,  how- 
 ever, to  have  been  of  the  longest  duration,  for  its  ruins  cover 
 the  rock  to  a  height  of  from  4  to  6  meters  (13  to  20  feet). 
 Its  houses  and  walls  of  fortification  were  built  of  stones,  large 
 and  small,  joined  with  earth,  and  manifold  remains  of  these 
 may  be  seen  in  my  excavations.  I  thought  last  year  that 
 these   settlers   were   identical   with    the    Trojans    of  whom 
 
INTRODUCTION.  15 
 
 Homer  sings,  because  I  imagined  that  I  had  found  among 
 their  ruins  fragments  of  the  double  cup,  the  Homeric  "SeVa.9 
 djx(j)iKV7reXXoi'."  From  closer  examination,  however,  it  has 
 become  evident  that  these  fragments  were  the  remains  of 
 simple  cups  with  a  hollow  stem,  which  can  never  have  been 
 used  as  a  second  cup.  Moreover,  I  believe  that  in  my 
 memoirs  of  this  year  (1873)  I  have  sufficiently  proved  that 
 Aristotle  {Hist.  Anim.,  IX.  40)  is  wrong  in  assigning  to 
 the  Homeric  "  SeVa?  aixfyiKvrrekkov  "  the  form  of  a  bee's  cell, 
 whence  this  cup  has  ever  since  been  erroneously  interpreted 
 as  a  double  cup,  and  that  it  can  mean  nothing  but  a  cup 
 with  a  handle  on  either  side.  Cups  of  such  a  form  are  never 
 met  with  in  the  debris  of  the  first  settlement  of  this  hill ; 
 but  they  frequently  occur,  and  in  great  quantities,  among 
 those  of  the  succeeding  people,  and  also  among  those  of 
 the  two  later  nations  which  preceded  the  Greek  colony  on 
 the  spot.  The  large  golden  cup  with  two  handles,  weighing 
 600  grammes  (a  pound  and  a  half),  which  I  found  in  the 
 royal  treasure  at  the  depth  of  28  feet 
 in  the  debris  of  the  second  people, 
 leaves  no  doubt  of  this  fact.* 
 
 The  terra-cottas  which  I  found 
 on  the  native  rock,  at  a  depth  of  14 
 meters  (46  feet),  are  all  of  a  more 
 excellent  quality  than  any  met  with 
 in  the  upper  strata.  They  are  of  a 
 brilliant  black,  red,  or  brown  colour, 
 ornamented   with   patterns  cut    and 
 
 filled      With      a     White      Substance;       the       Fragment   of  painted    pottery    from 
 
 the  lowest  stratum  (16  M.). 
 
 flat    cups   have  horizontal   rings   on 
 
 two  sides,  the  vases  have  generally  two  perpendicular  rings 
 on  each  side  for  hanging  them  up  with  cords.  Of  painted 
 terra-cottas  I  found  only  one  fragment.f 
 
 *  For  this  remarkable  vessel  see  Chapter  XXIII.  and  Plate  XVII. 
 t  But  a  second  was  found  in  the  stratum  above  (see  the  Illustration, 
 No.  35,  at  the  end  of  the  Introduction). 
 
I  6  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 All  that  can  be  said  of  the  first  settlers  is  that  they 
 belonged  to  the  Aryan  race,  as  is  sufficiently  proved  by  the 
 Aryan  religious  symbols  met  with  in  the  strata  of  their  ruins 
 (among  which  we  rind  the  Suastika  p|-l  ),  both  upon  the 
 pieces  of  pottery  and  upon  the  small  curious  terra-cottas 
 with  a  hole  in  the  centre,  which  have  the  form  of  the  crater 
 of  a  volcano  or  of  a  carrousel  (i.  e.  a  top).* 
 
 The  excavations  made  this  year  (1873)  have  sufficiently 
 proved  that  the  second  nation  which  built  a  town  on  this 
 hill,  upon  the  cUbris  of  the  first  settlers  (which  is  from 
 13  to  20  feet  deep),  are  the  Trojans  of  whom  Homer 
 sings.  Their  debris  lies  from  7  to  10  meters,  or  23  to 
 ^2,  feet,  below  the  surface.  This  Trojan  stratum,  which, 
 without  exception,  bears  marks  of  great  heat,  consists 
 mainly  of  red  ashes  of  wood,  which  rise  from  5  to  10  feet 
 above  the  Great  Tower  of  Ilium,  the  double  Scaean  Gate, 
 and  the  great  enclosing  Wall,  the  construction  of  which 
 Homer  ascribes  to  Poseidon  and  Apollo  ;  and  they  show 
 that  the  town  was  destroyed  by  a  fearful  conflagration. 
 How  great  the  heat  must  have  been  is  clear  also  from  the 
 large  slabs  of  stone  upon  the  road  leading  from  the  double 
 Scaean  Gate  down  to  the  Plain  :  for  when  I  laid  this  road 
 open  a  few  months  ago,  all  the  slabs  appeared  as  unin- 
 jured as  if  they  had  been  put  down  quite  recently ;  but 
 after  they  had  been  exposed  to  the  air  for  a  few  days,  the 
 slabs  of  the  upper  part  of  the  road,  to  the  extent  of  some 
 
 *  The  word  by  which  Dr.  Schliemann  usually  denotes  these  curious 
 objects  is  carrousels,  as  a  translation  of  fusaioli,  the  term  applied  by  the 
 Italian  antiquaries  to  the  similar  objects  found  in  the  marshes  about 
 Modena.  It  is  difficult  to  choose  an  English  word,  without  assuming  their 
 use  on  the  one  hand,  or  not  being  specific  enough  on  the  other.  Top 
 and  teetotum  are  objectionable  on  the  former  grounds,  and  wheel  is 
 objectionable  on  both.  On  the  whole,  whorl  seems  most  convenient, 
 and  Dr.  Schliemann  gives  his  approval  to  this  term.  Their  various 
 shapes  are  shown  in  the  Plates  at  die  end  of  die  volume.  Those  in  the 
 form  of  single  cones,  with  flat  bases,  seem  to  he  what  Dr.  Schliemann 
 calls  volcanoes  (Vulkans),  the  hole  representing  the  crater. — [Ed.] 
 
INTRODUCTION.  17 
 
 10  feet,  which  had  been  exposed  to  the  heat,  began  to 
 crumble  away,  and  they  have  now  almost  disappeared,  while 
 those  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  road,  which  had  not  been 
 touched  by  the  fire,  have  remained  uninjured,  and  seem  to 
 be  indestructible.  A  further  proof  of  the  terrible  cata- 
 strophe is  furnished  by  a  stratum  of  scoriae  of  melted  lead 
 and  copper,  from  I  to  1^  of  an  inch  thick,  which  extends 
 nearly  through  the  whole  hill  at  a  depth  of  from  28  to 
 29  •?  feet.  That  Troy  was  destroyed  by  enemies  after  a 
 bloody  war  is  further  attested  by  the  many  human  bones 
 which  I  found  in  these  heaps  of  dSri's,  and  above  all  by 
 the  skeletons  with  helmets,  found  in  the  depths  of  the 
 temple  of  Athena  ;*  for,  as  we  know  from  Homer,  all  corpses 
 were  burnt  and  the  ashes  were  preserved  in  urns.  Of  such 
 urns  I  have  found  an  immense  number  in  all  the  pre- 
 Hellenic  strata  on  the  hill.  Lastly,  the  Treasure,  which 
 some  member  of  the  royal  family  had  probably  endeavoured 
 to  save  during  the  destruction  of  the  city,  but  was  forced 
 to  abandon,  leaves  no  doubt  that  the  city  was  destroyed 
 by  the  hands  of  enemies.  I  found  this  Treasure  on  the 
 large  enclosing  wall  by  the  side  of  the  royal  palace,  at  a 
 depth  of  27^  feet,  and  covered  with  red  Trojan  ashes  from 
 5  to  6h  feet  in  depth,  above  which  was  a  post-Trojan  wall 
 of  fortification  igh  feet  high. 
 
 Trusting  to  the  data  of  the  Iliad,  the  exactness  of  which 
 I  used  to  believe  in  as  in  the  Gospel  itself,  I  imagined  that 
 Hissarlik)  the  hill  which  I  have  ransacked  for  threeyears,  was 
 the  Pergamus  of  the  city,  that  Troy  must  have  had  50,000 
 inhabitants,  and  that  its  area  must  have  extended  over  the 
 whole  space  occupied  by  the  Greek  colony  of  Ilium.f 
 
 Notwithstanding  this,  I  was  determined  to  investigate 
 the  matter  accurately,  and  I  thought  that  I  could  not  do 
 so  in  any  better  way  than  by  making  borings.  I  accord- 
 ingly began  cautiously  to  dig  at  the  extreme  ends  of   the 
 
 *  See  p.  280.  \  See  the  Plan  of  Greek  Ilium  (Plan  I.). 
 
 C 
 
I  8  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 Greek  Ilium  :  but  these  borings  down  to  the  native  rock 
 brought  to  light  only  walls  of  houses,  and  fragments  of 
 pottery  belonging  to  the  Greek  period, — not  a  trace  of 
 the  remains  of  the  preceding  occupants.  In  making  these 
 borings,  therefore,  I  gradually  came  nearer  to  the  fancied 
 Pergamus,  but  without  any  better  success  ;  till  at  last  as 
 many  as  seven  shafts,  which  I  dug  at  the  very  foot  of 
 the  hill  down  to  the  rock,  produced  only  Greek  masonry 
 and  fragments  of  Greek  pottery.  I  now  therefore  assert 
 most  positively  that  Troy  was  limited  to  the  small  surface 
 of  this  hill ;  that  its  area  is  accurately  marked  by  its  great 
 surrounding  wall,  laid  open  by  me  in  many  places  ;  that 
 the  city  had  no  Acropolis,  and  that  the  Pergamus  is  a 
 pure  invention  of  Homer  ;  and  further  that  the  area  of 
 Troy  in  post-Trojan  times  down  to  the  Greek  settlement 
 was  only  increased  so  far  as  the  hill  was  enlarged  by  the 
 debris  that  was  thrown  down,  but  that  the  Ilium  of  the 
 Greek  colony  had  a  much  larger  extent  at  the  time  of  its 
 foundation.* 
 
 Though,  however,  we  find  on  the  one  hand  that  we 
 have  been  deceived  in  regard  to  the  size  of  Troy,  yet  on 
 the  other  we  must  feel  great  satisfaction  in  the  certainty, 
 now  at  length  ascertained,  that  Troy  really  existed,  that  the 
 greater  portion  of  this  Troy  has  been  brought  to  light  by 
 me,  and  that  the  Iliad — although  on  an  exaggerated  scale — 
 sings  of  this  city  and  of  the  fact  of  its  tragic  end.  Homer, 
 however,  is  no  historian,  but  an  epic  poet,  and  hence  we 
 must  excuse  his  exaggerations. 
 
 As  Homer  is  so  well  informed  about  the  topography 
 and  the  climatic  conditions  of  the  Troad,  there  can  surely  be 
 no  doubt  that  he  had  himself  visited  Troy.  But,  as  he  was 
 there  long  after  its  destruction,  and  its  site  had  moreover 
 been  buried  deep  in  the  dtbris  of  the  ruined  town,  and  had 
 for  centuries  been  built  over  by  a  new  town,  Homer  could 
 
 Sec  the  Plan  of  Dr.  Schliemann's  Researches  (Plan  II.). 
 
INTRODUCTION.  19 
 
 neither  have  seen  the  Great  Tower  of  Ilium  nor  the  Scaean 
 Gate,  nor  the  great  enclosing  Wall,  nor  the  palace  of  Priam  ; 
 for,  as  every  visitor  to  the  Troad  may  convince  himself  by 
 my  excavations,  the  ruins  and  red  ashes  of  Troy  alone — 
 forming  a  layer  of  from  five  to  ten  feet  thick — covered  all 
 these  remains  of  immortal  fame ;  and  this  accumulation  of 
 dcbi'is  must  have  been  much  more  considerable  at  the  time 
 of  Homer's  visit.  Homer  made  no  excavations  so  as  to  bring 
 those  remains  to  light,  but  he  knew  of  them  from  tradition  ; 
 for  the  tragic  fate  of  Troy  had  for  centuries  been  in  the 
 mouths  of  all  minstrels,  and  the  interest  attached  to  it  was 
 so  great  that,  as  my  excavations  have  proved,  tradition 
 itself  gave  the  exact  truth  in  many  details.  Such,  for  in- 
 stance, is  the  memory  of  the  Scaean  Gate  in  the  Great  Tower 
 of  Ilium,  and  the  constant  use  of  the  name  Scaean  Gate  in 
 the  plural,  because  it  had  to  be  described  as  double,*  and 
 in  fact  it  has  been  proved  to  be  a  double  gate.  According 
 to  the  lines  in  the  Iliad  (XX.  307,  308),  it  now  seems  to  me 
 extremely  probable  that,  at  the  time  of  Homer's  visit,  the 
 King  of  Troy  declared  that  his  race  was  descended  in  a 
 direct  line  from  yEneas/j" 
 
 Now  as  Homer  never  saw  Ilium's  Great  Tower,  nor  the 
 Scaean  Gate,  and  could  not  imagine  that  these  buildings 
 lay  buried  deep  beneath  his  feet,  and  as  he  probably 
 imagined  Troy  to  have  been  very  large — according  to  the 
 then    existing    poetical    legends — and    perhaps    wished    to 
 
 *  The  double  form  of  an  outer  and  inner  gate,  and  the  use  of  irvXat 
 in  the  plural  for  a  city  gate,  are  both  far  too  frequent  to  justify  our 
 founding  an  argument  merely  on  the  plural  form  of  the  2/catai  jruAat. — 
 [Ed.] 
 
 f  NSv  Se  8ti  Aivetao  fiit]  Tpwe&aiv  avacci, 
 
 Kai  Trat8(DV  TraiSes,  tol  kcv  fieroTricrBe  yh/wvrat. 
 
 "  But  o'er  the  Trojans  shall  yEneas  reign, 
 And  his  sons'  sons,  through  ages  yet  unborn." 
 
 This  is  the  declaration  of  Poseidon  to  the  gods,  when  ./Eneas  was  in 
 peril  of  his  life  by  the  sword  of  Achilles.     (But  compare  p.  182). — [Ed.] 
 
 C    2 
 
20  TROY  AM)   ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 describe  it  as  still  larger,  we  cannot  be  surprised  that  he 
 makes  Hector  descend  from  the  palace  in  the  Pergamus 
 and  hurry  through  the  town  in  order  to  arrive  at  the  Scaean 
 Gate;  whereas  that  gate  and  Ilium's  Great  Tower,  in  which 
 it  stands,  are  in  reality  directly  in  front  of  the  royal  house. 
 That  this  house  is  really  the  king's  palace  seems  evident 
 from  its  size,  from  the  thickness  of  its  stone  walls,  in  con- 
 trast to  those  of  the  other  houses  of  the  town,  which  are 
 built  almost  exclusively  of  unburnt  bricks,  and  from  its  im- 
 posing situation  upon  an  artificial  hill  directly  in  front  of 
 or  beside  the  Scaean  Gate,  the  Great  Tower,  and  the  great 
 surrounding  Wall.  This  is  confirmed  by  the  many  splendid 
 objects  found  in  its  ruins,  especially  the  enormous  royally 
 ornamented  vase  with  the  picture  of  the  owl-headed  goddess 
 Athena,  the  tutelary  divinity  of  Ilium  (see  No.  219,  p.  307)  ; 
 and  lastly,  above  all  other  things,  by  the  rich  Treasure  found 
 close  by  it  (Plate  II.).  I  cannot,  of  course,  prove  that  the 
 name  of  this  king,  the  owner  of  this  treasure,  was  really 
 Priam  ;  but  I  give  him  this  name  because  he  is  so  called  by 
 Homer  and  in  all  the  traditions.  All  that  I  can  prove  is,  that 
 the  palace  of  the  owner  of  this  treasure,  this  last  Trojan  king, 
 perished  in  the  great  catastrophe,  which  destroyed  the  Scaean 
 Gate,  the  great  surrounding  Wall,  and  the  Great  Tower, 
 and  which  desolated  the  whole  city.  I  can  prove,  by  the 
 enormous  quantities  of  red  and  yellow  calcined  Trojan  ruins, 
 from  five  to  ten  feet  in  height,  which  covered  and  enveloped 
 these  edifices,  and  by  the  many  post-Trojan  buildings,  which 
 were  again  erected  upon  these  calcined  heaps  of  ruins,  that 
 neither  the  palace  of  the  owner  of  the  Treasure,  nor  the 
 Scaean  Gate,  nor  the  great  surrounding  Wall,  nor  Ilium's 
 Great  Tower,  were  ever  again  brought  to  light.  A  city, 
 whose  king  possessed  such  a  treasure,  was  immensely 
 wealthy,  considering  the  circumstances  of  those  times ; 
 and  because  Troy  was  rich,  it  was  powerful,  had  many 
 subjects,  and  obtained  auxiliaries  from  all  quarters. 
 
 Last  year  I  ascribed  the  building  of  the  (Treat  Tower  of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 21 
 
 Ilium  to  the  first  occupants  of  the  hill;  but  I  have  long 
 since  come  to  the  firm  conviction  that  it  is  the  work  of 
 the  second  people,  the  Trojans,  because  it  is  upon  the  north 
 side  only,  within  the  Trojan  stratum  of  ruins,  and  from 
 1 6  to  19^  feet  above  the  native  soil,  that  it  is  made  of 
 actual  masonry.  I  have,  in  my  letters,  repeatedly  drawn 
 attention  to  the  fact,  that  the  terra-cottas  which  I  found 
 upon  the  Tower  can  only  be  compared  with  those  found 
 at  a  depth  of  from  36  to  46  feet.  This,  however,  applies 
 only  to  the  beauty  of  the  clay  and  the  elegance  of  the 
 vessels,  but  in  no  way  to  their  types,  which,  as  the  reader 
 may  convince  himself  from  the  illustrations  to  this  work, 
 are  utterly  different  from  the  pottery  of  the  first  settlers. 
 
 It  has  been  hitherto  thought  that  the  occurrence  of 
 stone  implements  indicates  the  "Age  of  Stone."  My 
 excavations  here  in  Troy,  however,  prove  this  opinion  to 
 be  completely  erroneous  ;  for  I  very  frequently  find  imple- 
 ments of  stone  even  immediately  below  the  debris  belong- 
 ing to  the  Greek  colony,  that  is  at  a  depth  of  6^  feet,  and 
 they  occur  in  very  great  quantities  from  a  depth  of  13  feet 
 downwards.  Those,  however,  in  the  Trojan  stratum,  from 
 23  to  33  feet  below  the  surface,  are  in  general  of  much  better 
 workmanship  than  those  above.  I  wish  to  draw  atten- 
 tion to  the  fact  that  unfortunately,  when  writing  the  present 
 book,  I  made  the  mistake,  which  is  now  inconceivable  to  me, 
 of  applying  the  name  of 
 wedges  to  those  splendidly- 
 cut  weapons  and  imple- 
 ments, the  greater  part  of 
 which  are  made  of  diorite, 
 but  frequently  also  of  very 
 hard  and  transparent  green 
 stone,    such    as    are  given 
 
 here     and     in      Several     later  No- 2-     SmaI1  Trojan  Axes  of  Diorite  (8  m.). 
 
 illustrations.       They      are, 
 
 however,  as   anyone  can  convince   himself,  not  wedges   but 
 
22  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 axes,  and  the  majority  of  them  must  have  been  used  as 
 battle-axes.  Many,  to  judge  from  their  form,  seem  to  be 
 excellently  fitted  to  be  employed  as  lances,  and  may  have 
 been  used  as  such.  I  have  collected  many  hundreds  of 
 them.  But,  together  with  the  thousands  of  stone  imple- 
 ments, I  found  also  many  of  copper ;  and  the  frequently 
 discovered  moulds  of  mica-schist  for  casting  copper  weapons 
 and  implements,  as  well  as  the  many  small  crucibles,  and 
 small  roughly  made  bowls,  spoons,  and  funnels  for  filling  the 
 moulds,  prove  that  this  metal  was  much  used.  The  strata 
 of  copper  and  lead  scoriae,  met  with  at  a  depth  of  from 
 28  to  29^  feet,  leave  no  doubt  that  this  was  the  case.  It 
 must  be  observed  that  all  the  copper  articles  met  with  are 
 of  pure  copper,  without  the  admixture  of  any  other  metal. # 
 Even  the  king's  Treasure  contained,  besides  other  articles 
 made  of  this  metal,  a  shield  with  a  large  boss  in  the 
 centre ;  a  great  caldron  ;  a  kettle  or  vase ;  a  long  slab  with 
 a  silver  vase  welded  on  to  it  by  the  conflagration  ;  and 
 many  fragments  of  other  vases.f 
 
 This  Treasure  of  the  supposed  mythical  king  Priam, 
 of  the  mythical  heroic  age,  which  I  discovered  at  a  great 
 depth  in  the  ruins  of  the  supposed  mythical  Troy,  is  at  all 
 events  a  discovery  which  stands  alone  in  archaeology,  reveal- 
 ing great  wealth,  great  civilization  and  a  great  taste  for  art, 
 in  an  age  preceding  the  discovery  of  bronze,  when  weapons 
 and  implements  of  pure  copper  were  employed  contempo- 
 raneously with  enormous  quantities  of  stone  weapons  and 
 implements.  This  treasure  further  leaves  no  doubt  that 
 Homer  must  have  actually  seen  gold  and  silver  articles, 
 such  as  he  continually  describes  ;  it  is,  in  every  respect,  of 
 
 *  To  this  statement  there  are  at  least  some  exceptions.  See  the 
 Analysis  by  M.  Damour,  of  Lyon,  at  the  end  of  the  book. — [Ed.] 
 
 f  We  omit  here  the  Author's  further  enumeration  of  the  objects 
 composing  the  "King's  Treasure,"  as  they  are  fully  described  on  the 
 occasion  of  their  wonderful  discovery  (Chapter  XXIII.).  Meanwhile 
 the  Plate  opposite  gives  a  general  view  of  the  whole. — [Ed.] 
 
Plate  II. 
 
 fage  22. 
 
 GENERAL    VIEW    OF    THE    TREASURE    OF    PRIAM.     (Depth  8*  m.) 
 
 a.  Key  of  the  Treasure  Chest. 
 
 b.  The  Golden  Diadems,  Fillet,  Ear-rings,  and  Small  Jewels. 
 
 c.  Silver  "Talents  "  and  Vessels  of  Silver  and  Gold. 
 
 d.  Silver  Vases  and  curious  Plate  of  Copper. 
 
 e.  Weapons  and  Helmet-Crests  of  Copper  or  Bronze. 
 
 f.  Copper  Vessel.        g.   Copper  Caldron.         /;.  Copper  Shield. 
 
INTRODUCTION.  23 
 
 inestimable  value  to  science,  and  will  for  centuries  remain 
 the  object  of  careful  investigation. 
 
 Unfortunately  upon  none  of  the  articles  of  the  Treasure 
 do  I  find  an  inscription,  or  any  other  religious  symbols,  ex- 
 cept the  100  idols  of  the  Homeric  "  0ea  yXav/canT-is 'A  #771/77," 
 which  glitter  upon  the  two  diadems  and  the  four  ear-rings. 
 These  are,  however,  an  irrefragable  proof  that  the  Treasure 
 belongs  to  the  city  and  to  the  age  of  which  Homer  sings. 
 
 Yet  a  written  language  was  not  wanting  at  that  time. 
 For  instance,  I  found  at  a  depth  of  16  feet,  in  the  royal 
 palace,  the  vase  with  an  inscription,  of  which  a  drawing- 
 is  here   given  ;    and   I  wish    to    call   especial  attention    to 
 
 r»_7Tre?^7fl*|g 
 
 No.  3.     [a).  Inscribed  Terra-colta  Vase  from  the  Palace  (8  M.). 
 [l>).  The  Inscription  thereon. 
 
 the  fact,  that  of  the  characters  occurring  in  it,  the  letter 
 like  the  Greek  P  occurs  also  in  the  inscription  on  a  seal, 
 found  at  the  depth  of  23  feet  ;  the  second  and  third 
 letter   to    the  left   of  this    upon   a  whorl   of  terra-cotta,* 
 
 *  Engraved  among  the  lithographic  plates  at  the  end  of  the  volume, 
 PI.  LI.,  No.  496.     Since  the  publication  of  Dr.  Schliemann's  work,  many 
 
24 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 likewise   found  at  a  depth  of  23  feet ;  and  the  third  letter 
 also  upon  two  small  funnels  of  terra-cotta,  from  a  depth  of 
 
 10  feet  (see  p.  191).  I  further  found 
 in  the  royal  palace  the  excellent 
 engraved  inscription  on  a  piece  of 
 red  slate ;  but  I  see  here  only  one 
 character  resembling  one  ot  the 
 letters  of  the  inscription  on  the 
 above-mentioned  seal.  My  friend 
 the  great  Indian  scholar,  Emile 
 No.  4-  inscribed  Terra-cotta  seal     Bumouf,  conjectures  that  all  these 
 
 (7  »!•)•  J 
 
 characters  belong  to  a  very  ancient 
 Graeco-Asiaticlocal  alphabet.  Professor  H.Brunn,  of  Munich, 
 writes  to  me  that  he  has  shown  these  inscriptions  to  Professor 
 Haug,  and  that  he  has  pointed  out  their  relationship  and  con- 
 
 No.  5.     Piece  of  Red  Slate,  perhaps  a  Whetstone,  with  an  Inscription  (7  M.). 
 
 nection  with  the  Phoenician  alphabet  (from  which  the  Greek 
 alphabet  is  however  derived),  and  has  found  certain  analogies 
 between  them  and  the  inscription  on  the  bronze  table  which 
 was  found  at  Idalium  in  Cyprus,  and  is  now  in  the  Cabinet 
 des  Midailles  in  Paris.  Professor  Brunn  adds  that  the  con- 
 nection of  things  found  at  Troy  with  those  found  in  Cyprus 
 is  in  no  way  surprising,  but  may  be  very  well  reconciled  with 
 Homer,  and  that  at  all  events  particular  attention  should 
 be  paid  to  this  connection,  for,  in  his  opinion,  Cyprus  is  the 
 
 of  these  Trojan  inscriptions  have  been  more  certainly  determined  to  be 
 real  inscriptions  in  the  Cyprian  syllabic  character^  through  the  researches 
 of  Dr.  Martin  Haug  and  Professor  Gomperz  of  Vienna.  (See  the 
 Appendix.) — [Ed.] 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 2  5 
 
 cradle  of  Greek  art,  or,  so  to  speak,  the  caldron  in  which 
 Asiatic,  Egyptian,  and  Greek  ingredients  were  brewed 
 together,  and  out  of  which,  at  a  later  period,  Greek  art 
 came  forth  as  the  clear  product. 
 
 I  find  in  these  Trojan  layers  of  debris  an  abundance  of 
 splendid  pottery,  and  more  especially  large  and  small  cups 
 with  two  handles,  or  with  one  from 
 below  in  the  form  of  a  crown  ;* 
 vases  with  rings  on  the  sides  and 
 with  holes  in  the  same  direction 
 in  the  lip,  for  hanging  them  up  by 
 cords ;  all  kinds  of  domestic  uten- 
 sils ;  also  a  beautifully  ornamented 
 flute  made  of  bone,  several  pieces 
 of  other  flutes,  and  a  splendidly  orna- 
 mented piece  of  ivory,  which  is  part 
 of  a  lyre  with  only  four  strings. 
 
 Like  the  first  settlers   on   this 
 sacred  spot,  the  Trojans  also  were  of  the  Aryan  race ;  for 
 I  find    among  their   remains    enormous  quantities   of  the 
 
 No.  6.     Terra-cotta  Vase  Cover 
 (8  m.). 
 
 No.  j.     Ornamented  Ivory  Tube,  probably  a  Trojan  Flute  (8  M.). 
 
 small  articles  of  terra-cotta  in  the  form  of  volcanoes  and 
 tops  {carrousels),  with  carvings  of  Aryan  religious  symbols. 
 
 The  building  materials  of  the  Trojans  are  of 
 various  kinds.  With  but  few  exceptions,  all 
 the    house-walls    which    I    have    uncovered    are  No  8    Pieco 
 
 ot    Ivory,   be- 
 
 composed  of  unburnt  sun-dried  bricks,  which  in    ^jarf  Lyre 
 the  heat  of  the  conflagration  have  become  a  kind    strings  (aw 
 of  really  burnt  bricks.      But    the    royal    palace 
 and  two   small  buildings   in  the  depths   of  the   temple  of 
 
 *  Dr.  Schliemann  has  since  pronounced  these  crown-shaped  vessels 
 to  be  covers  of  vases;  though  they  may.  he  thinks,  have  been  used  for 
 cups  as  well.     One  is  seen  placed  on  the  splendid  vase  on  p.  48.— [Ed  ! 
 
26  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 Athena,  as  well  as  the  Great  Tower  of  Ilium,  the  Scaean 
 Gate,  and  the  great  enclosing  Wall,  are  generally  composed 
 of  unhewn  stones  joined  with  earth,  the  less  rough  face  of 
 the  stones  being  turned  to  the  outside,  so  that  the  walls 
 have  a  tolerably  smooth  appearance. 
 
 I  thought  last  year,  upon  uncovering  the  Great  Tower 
 of  Ilium,  that  it  must  have  been  at  one  time  higher  than 
 it  now  is,  namely  6  meters  or  20  feet ;  but  its  flat-built  top 
 beside  the  Scaean  Gate,  and  the  benches  (not  ruins,  as  I  for- 
 merly thought)  afterwards  found  upon  it,  prove  that  it  can 
 never  have  been  higher.*  I  would  draw  especial  attention 
 to  the  fact,  that  the  masonry  of  the  Scaean  Gate,  upon 
 being  uncovered,  looked  as  wonderfully  fresh  as  if  it  had 
 been  erected  quite  recently.  It  is  quite  certain  that  it  pos- 
 sessed strong  wooden  fortifications,  and  probably  also  a 
 wooden  tower  above  the  gateway;  for  otherwise  it  is  inex- 
 plicable to  me  how  the  entrance  of  the  Gate  can  have  been 
 covered  to  the  height  of  10  feet  by  those  red  Trojan  wood- 
 ashes,  and  especially  how  it  was  that  there,  far  from  the 
 other  buildings,  the  heat  should  have  been  so  great  that 
 even  the  thick  slabs  of  stone  have  been  destroyed  by  it. 
 
 Homer  speaks  of  Troy  as  having  been  destroyed  by 
 Hercules  previous  to  the  Trojan  war,j  and  it  will  ever 
 remain  an  enigma  to  us  whether  this  information,  which 
 had  been  preserved  by  traditions  down  to  his  time,  really 
 refers  to  the  Ilium  of  Priam,  or  to  the  very  ancient  town  of 
 the  first  settlers. 
 
 *  See  Plan  III.,  p.  306. 
 
 t  Iliad,    V.    640-642,  where    Tlepolemus   boasts   of    his    ancestor 
 Hercules — 
 
 "Os  7tot€  Sevp   lX$i»v  £V€)(   LTnroiv  Aao/xeSorros, 
 'E^  0177s  crvv  vrjvcrt  naX  avBpdcn  TravpoTtpoKriv, 
 IXluv  itaXaira^e  ttoXlv,  xijpwcre  §'  ayuias. 
 
 ••  With  but  six  ships,  and  with  a  scanty  band, 
 The  horses  by  Laomedon  withheld 
 Avenging,  he  o'erthrew  this  city,  Troy, 
 And  made  her  streets  a  desert." 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 27 
 
 As  to  the  chronology  of  Troy,  we  have  only  the  general 
 supposition  of  antiquity  that  the  Trojan  War  occurred 
 about  b.c.  1 200,  and  Homer's  statement  {Iliad,  XX. 
 215-237)  that  Dardanus,  the  first  Trojan  King,  founded 
 Dardania,  which  town  I  agree  with  Virgil  and  Euripides  in 
 considering  identical  with  Ilium,  and  that  after  him  it  was 
 governed  by  his  son  Erichthonius,  and  then  by  his  grand- 
 son Tros,  by  his  great-grandson  Ilus,  and  then  by  his  son 
 Laomedon,  and  by  his  grandson  Priam.  Even  if  we  allow 
 every  one  of  these  six  kings  a  long  reign  of  33  years,  we 
 nevertheless  scarcely  carry  the  foundation  of  the  town  be- 
 yond 1400  b.c,  that  is  700  years  before  the  Greek  colony. 
 
 The  site  of  Troy,  which  at  the  time  of  its  foundation 
 was  10  meters  (about  33  feet)  below  the  present  surface, 
 was  only  7  meters  (23  feet)  below  it  after  its  destruction, 
 when  Ilium  was  again  rebuilt  by  another  people  of  Aryan 
 origin ;  for,  in  the  dSn's  of  this  people,  which  extends  to 
 a  depth  of  from  7  to  4  meters  (23  to  13  feet)  below  the 
 present  surface,  I  find  the  same  objects  of  terra-cotta  with 
 religious  symbols. 
 
 On  the  photographic  plates  of  the  Atlas  I  have  carefully 
 stated  the  depth  at  which  every  object 
 was  found,  so  that  it  is  very  easy  to 
 find  out  which  of  them  belong  to  this 
 people.*  Their  pottery  resembles 
 that  of  the  Trojans,  but  it  is  worse 
 and  coarser,  and  we  meet  with  many 
 new  types.  Almost  all  their  vases 
 have  a  tube  on  either  side  for  hanging 
 them  up  by  cords.  I  here  found,  at 
 a  depth  of  i6i  feet,  part  of  a  lyre 
 made  of  stone,  with  six  strings;  and 
 
 No.  9.  Ornamented  Piece  of  Ivory 
 belonging  to  a  Trojan  Seven- 
 Stringed  Lyre  (7  M.). 
 
 *  This  most  important  key  to  the  archaeological  evidence  collected 
 by  Dr.  Schliemann  has  been  preserved  in  the  present  translation.  The 
 depths  are  given  in  meters  for  the  reasons  stated  in  the  Preface. 
 
28  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 at  a  depth  of  13  feet  the  beautifully  ornamented  ivory  piece 
 of  another  lyre,  with  seven  strings,  here  shown. 
 
 The  architecture  of  this  people,  as  may  be  seen  from 
 the  many  house-walls  which  I  have  uncovered,  was  always 
 of  small  stones  joined  with  earth.  Yet  in  two  places  in  the 
 depths  of  the  temple  of  Athena  there  is  a  wall  of  sun-dried 
 bricks,  which  appears  to  belong  to  this  nation.  Their 
 houses  were  smaller,  and  less  wood  was  employed  in  their 
 construction  than  in  those  of  the  Trojans ;  for,  although  the 
 ruins  of  houses  lying  one  upon  another  show  that  several 
 great  convulsions  have  taken  place,  still  we  rind  here  far 
 fewer  charred  ruins  than  among  those  of  the  preceding 
 people;  nay,  these  layers  of  debris  have  in  the  majority  of 
 cases  a  grey  or  black  appearance,  and  they  contain  millions 
 of  small  mussel-shells,  bones,  fish-bones,  and  so  forth.  It 
 is  curious  that  in  these  strata  certain  types  of  terra-cottas 
 are  only  found  exactly  at  the  same  depth,  and  that,  for 
 instance,  the  splendid  black  cups  in  the  form  of  an  hour- 
 glass, and  with  two  large  handles,  are  confined  to  a  depth 
 of  6  meters  (nearly  20  feet). 
 
 During  the  first  two  years  of  my  excavations,  at  the 
 depth  of  from  4  to  7  meters  (13  to  23  feet),  I  found 
 scarcely  any  copper,  and  consequently  I  believed  that  the 
 metal  was  but  rarely,  if  at  all,  known  to  this  people.  This 
 year,  however,  I  found  a  number  of  copper  nails  in  this 
 stratum,  as  well  as  some  knives  and  battle-axes,  together 
 with  moulds  of  mica-schist  for  casting  them,  besides  other 
 weapons  and  implements.*  Yet  copper  must  have  been  rare 
 with  them ;  for  stone  implements,  such  as  knives  of  silex, 
 hammers  and  axes  of  diorite,  and  so  forth,  are  found  by 
 thousands. 
 
 This  people  also  seem  to  have  disappeared  simul- 
 taneously with  the  destruction  of  their  town  ;  for  not  only 
 do   I  find,   at   a  depth   of  from  4  meters  up  to   2   meters 
 
 *  These  objects  resemble  those  from  other  strata,  engraved  in  Chapter 
 I V.  and  subsequently. 
 
INTRODUCTION.  29 
 
 (13  to  6i  feet),  many  new  types  of  terra-cotta  vessels,  but  I 
 no  longer  find  any  remains  of  house-walls ;  nay,  even  single 
 stones  are  scarcely  ever  met  with.  At  all  events,  directly 
 after  its  destruction,  the  town  was  rebuilt  of  wood  by 
 another  tribe  of  the  Aryan  race ;  for  the  small  terra-cottas, 
 adorned  with  Aryan  religious  symbols,  although  frequently 
 of  new  types,  occur  in  numbers  in  these  layers  of  debris. 
 Walls  of  fortification  are  indeed  met  with  in  these  depths, 
 but  they  had  been  built  by  the  preceding  people ;  as,  for 
 instance,  the  wall  19^  feet  in  height,  whose  base  is  at  a 
 depth  of  5  to  6\  feet  above  the  treasure,  and  which  reached 
 to  within  i\  ft.  of  the  surface.  This  wooden  Ilium  was,  to 
 all  appearance,  still  less  fortunate  than  the  stone  town  of  its 
 predecessors ;  for,  as  is  proved  by  the  numerous  calcined 
 layers  of  debris,  it  was  frequently  desolated  by  fire. 
 Whether  these  fires  broke  out  accidentally,  or  were  kindled 
 by  the  hands  of  enemies,  must  for  ever  remain  a  riddle  to 
 us ;  but  thus  much  is  certain  and  evident  from  the  terra- 
 cottas found  at  these  depths,  that  the  civilization  of  the 
 people,  which  had  been  but  slight  from  the  beginning, 
 continued  to  decrease  during  the  perpetual  misfortunes 
 of  their  town.  I  find,  among  the  ruins  of  this  nation, 
 lances,  battle-axes,  and  implements,  of  pure  copper,  and 
 moulds  for  casting  them ;  likewise  a  number  of  copper 
 nails,  which,  however — as  in  the  case  of  the  preceding 
 peoples  who  have  inhabited  this  hill — are  too  long  and  thin 
 to  have  been  employed  for  fastening  wood  together,  and 
 must  in  all  probability  have  been  used  as  brooches :  this 
 seems  to  be  proved  by  two  nails  of  this  kind  on  the 
 top  of  which  I  found  rows  of  perforated  beads  of  gold 
 or  elcetrum  soldered  upon  them.  These  two  copper 
 nails  were,  it  is  true,  found  immediately  below  the  surface, 
 but  they  must  in  any  case  belong  to  the  pre-Hellenic 
 time. 
 
 In  the  ruins  of  this  people,  at  a  depth  of  from  13  to 
 6h   feet,    we    also    meet   with    stone    implements,   such    as 
 
30  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 hammers,  splendidly  polished  axes  and  battle-axes  of  diorite, 
 but  considerably  fewer  than  in  the  preceding  stratum. 
 
 When  the  surface  of  the  hill  was  about  2  meters  (63 
 feet)  lower  than  it  is  now,  Ilium  was  built  by  a  Greek 
 colony ;  and  we  have  already  endeavoured  to  prove  that 
 this  settlement  must  have  been  founded  about  the  year 
 700  b.c.  From  that  time  we  find  the  remains  of  Hellenic 
 house-walls  of  large  hewn  stones  joined  without  cement. 
 From  about  1  meter  (3^  feet)  below  the  surface,  and  upwards, 
 there  are  also  ruins  of  buildings,  the  stones  of  which  are 
 joined  with  cement  or  lime.  We  also  meet  withgreat  numbers 
 of  copper  coins  of  Ilium  of  the  time  of  the  Roman  empire, 
 from  Augustus  to  Constans  II.  and  Constantine  II.;  like- 
 wise older  Ilian  coins  with  the  image  of  Athena,  and  medals 
 of  Alexandria  Troas ;  also  with  some  coins  of  Tenedos, 
 Ophrynium  and  Sigeum,  in  some  few  cases  at  3^  feet, 
 but  generally  at  less  than  20  inches  below  the  surface. 
 I  once  remarked  erroneously  that  Byzantine  coins  were 
 also  met  with  here  near  the  surface.  But  in  my  three 
 years'  excavations  I  have  not  found  a  single  medal  of  a 
 later  date  than  Constans  II.  and  Constantine  II.,  except 
 two  bad  coins  belonging  to  a  Byzantine  monastery,  which 
 may  have  been  lost  by  shepherds ;  and,  as  there  is  here  not 
 the  remotest  trace  of  Byzantine  masonry  or  of  Byzantine 
 pottery,  it  may  be  regarded  as  certain  that  the  Ilium  of 
 the  Greek  colony  was  destroyed  towards  the  middle  of  the 
 fourth  century  after  Christ,  and  that  no  village,  much  less  a 
 town,  has  ever  again  been  built  upon  its  site.  The  wall 
 I  mentioned  in  my  memoir  of  the  1st  of  March,  1873,* 
 as  consisting  of  Corinthian  pillars  joined  with  cement,  and 
 which  I  believed  to  have  belonged  to  the  Middle  Ages, 
 must  be  referred  to  the  time  of  Constantine  I.  or  to  Constans 
 II.,  when  the  temple  of  Athena  was  destroyed  by  the  pious 
 zeal  of  the  first  Christians. 
 
 *  Chapter  XVI.,  p.   239  ;  comp.  Chap.  XV.,  p.  230,  XVII.,  p.  250. 
 XIX.,  p.  272. 
 
INTRODUCTION.  3 1 
 
 Of  the  walls  and  fortifications  of  the  Greek  colony, 
 almost  the  only  portions  that  have  been  preserved  are  those 
 which  were  apparently  built  by  Lysimachus.  The  lower  and 
 prominent  portion  of  the  wall  of  the  Tower  belongs  to  more 
 ancient  times,  probably  to  the  beginning  of  the  Greek  colony. 
 Of  great  political  convulsions  or  catastrophes  there  seem 
 now  to  have  been  but  few  or  none  at  all;  for  the  accumulation 
 of  debris  during  the  long  duration  of  the  Greek  colony, 
 about  io-j  centuries,  amounts  only  to  i  meters  {6\  feet). 
 
 Curiously  enough,  I  find  extremely  little  metal  in  the 
 debris  of  the  Greek  colony.  Half-a-dozen  scythe-shaped 
 knives,  a  double-edged  axe,  about  two  dozen  nails,  a  cup, 
 a  few  lances  and  arrows,  are  pretty  nearly  all  that  I 
 discovered.  I  have  described  these  objects  in  my  memoirs 
 as  made  of  copper  ;  but  upon  a  more  careful  examina- 
 tion they  have  been  found  to  be  bronze,  and  pure 
 copper  is  no  longer  met  with  in  the  Greek  colony. 
 The  only  objects  of  iron  which  I  found  were  a  key  of 
 curious  shape,  and  a  few  arrows  and  nails,  close  to  the  surface. 
 From  Homer  we  know  that  the  Trojans  also  possessed 
 iron,  as  well  as  the  metal  which  he  calls  kvo.vo%  and  which, 
 even  in  antiquity,  was  translated  by  yaXvty  (steel).  I  am 
 sure,  however,  that  I  have  not  discovered  even  a  trace  of 
 this  metal,  either  among  the  Trojan  ruins  or  among  those 
 of  any  of  the  other  nations  which  preceded  the  Greek 
 colony  on  the  hill.*  Yet  articles  of  iron  and  steel  may 
 have  existed :  I  believe  positively  that  they  did  exist :  but 
 they  have  vanished  without  leaving  a  trace  of  their  existence; 
 for,  as  we  know,  iron  and  steel  become  decomposed  much 
 more  readily  than  copper.  Of  tin,  which  Homer  so  re- 
 peatedly mentions,  I  found  of  course  no  trace :  this  metal, 
 as  we  know,  is  corroded  very  rapidly  even  when  lying  in 
 a  dry  locality.     Lead  is  found  in  the  ruins  of  all  the  dif- 
 
 *  It  will  be  seen,  however,  from  the  analysis  of  M.  Damour, 
 that  traces  of  iron  (probably  in  the  state  of  an  ore)  are  found  in  one  of 
 the  sling-bullets  discovered  by  Dr.  Schliemann. — [Ed.] 
 
jl  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 ferent  nations  which  have  inhabited  the  hill ;  but,  among 
 those  which  preceded  the  Greek  settlement,  it  is  found 
 principally  in  lumps  of  a  hemispherical  form.  I  find  it 
 first  in  general  use  only  in  the  Greek  colony,  where  it  was 
 employed  as  a  means  for  uniting  stones  in  building. 
 
 To  judge  from  the  area  of  the  Ilium  of  the  Greek 
 colony,*  it  may  have  possessed  100,000  inhabitants.  It 
 must  in  its  best  days  have  been  very  rich,  and  the  plastic 
 art  must  have  attained  a  high  degree  of  perfection  here. 
 Accordingly  the  site  of  the  town,  which  is  covered  with 
 abundant  relics  of  grand  buildings,  is  strewn  with  fragments 
 of  excellent  sculptures,  and  the  splendid  block  of  triglyphs 
 — 6h  feet  in  length  and  2  feet  10  inches  in  height,  with  a 
 metopt  which  represents  Phoebus  Apollo  with  the  four  horses 
 of  the  Sun — is  one  of  the  most  glorious  masterpieces  that 
 have  been  preserved  from  the  time  when  Greek  art  was  in 
 its  zenith.  I  discovered  it  in  the  depths  of  the  temple  of 
 Apollo,  and  it  now  adorns  my  garden  at  Athens.  In  de- 
 scribing this  treasure  of  art  in  my  memoir  of  the  18th  of 
 June,  1872,1  directly  after  having  discovered  it,  I  made  the 
 remark  that  it  must  have  belonged  to  the  time  of  Lysi- 
 machus,  that  is  to  say  to  about  the  year  306  b.c  I  sent  a 
 plaster  cast  of  it  to  the  Museum  of  Casts  in  Munich,  and 
 the  Director  of  the  Museum,  Professor  H.  Brunn,  who  is 
 certainly  one  of  the  greatest  authorities  in  the  world  respect- 
 ing the  plastic  works  of  antiquity,  wrote  me  the  following 
 communication  with  regard  to  it.  "  Even  photographs 
 furnish  no  adequate  means  of  judging  of  plastic  works,  and, 
 in  the  present  case,  the  cast  alone  has  quite  convinced  me 
 that  this  work  must  be  judged  much  more  favourably  than 
 it  has  been  in  the  '  Archaologische  Zeitung.'  I  do  not 
 venture  to  speak  decidedly  about  the  triglyphs  :  the  history 
 of  the  Doric  style  after  the  time  of  the  Parthenon  and  the 
 Propykea  is  still  utterly  obscure  :  yet  the  straight  cutting 
 of  the  channellings  can  certainly  be  referred  to  pre- Roman 
 
 *  See  Plan  1 1,  at  the  end  of  the  volume.  j  Chapter  X. 
 
INTRODUCTION.  33 
 
 times.  Of  external  criteria  the  halo  of  rays  is  the  only  one. 
 According  to  the  investigations  of  Stephani,*  this  first 
 occurs  about  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great.  For  the 
 special  form  of  long  and  short  rays,  we  have  the  coins 
 of  Alexander  I.,  of  Epirus  and  of  Ceos  (Carthaea), 
 mentioned  by  Curtius.  The  most  recent  example  that  I 
 have  as  yet  found  is  the  Hades  vase  of  Canosa,  in  our 
 Museum,  which  belongs  at  latest  to  the  second  century 
 before  Christ ;  hence  the  extreme  termini  for  the  relief 
 would  be  about  the  end  of  the  fourth  and  the  middle  of 
 the  second  centuries.  The  composition,  as  a  work  of  art, 
 shows  the  greatest  skill  in  solving  one  of  the  most  difficult 
 problems.  For  the  team  of  four  horses  ought  not  to  move 
 on  the  surface  of  the  relief,  but  to  appear  as  if  it  came  out 
 of  it  in  a  half-turn.  This  has  been  attained  principally  by 
 making  the  right  hinder  thigh  of  the  horse  in  the  fore- 
 ground pressed  back  while  the  left  foot  steps  forward,  and 
 moreover  this  same  horse  is  slightly  foreshortened,  and  the 
 surface  of  the  thigh  lies  deeper  than  the  upper  surface  of 
 the  triglyphs,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  surfaces  of  the 
 withers  and  of  the  neck  are  higher,  and  the  head,  in  con- 
 formity with  the  rules  of  Greek  reliefs,  is  again  almost 
 parallel  with  the  base.  For  this  reason  there  is  no  indication 
 of  a  chariot,  which  has  to  be  imagined  as  concealed  by  the 
 foremost  horse.  Moreover  the  position  of  the  god  is  half 
 turned  forwards,  slightly  following  that  of  the  head,  and 
 here  also  the  arm  is  again  strongly  turned  inwards,  but  not 
 so  as  to  bring  the  position  in  conflict  with  the  rules  of  relief. 
 If  the  encroachment  of  the  head  on  the  upper  border  of 
 the  triglyph  is  considered  inaccurate,  I  find  in  this  a  very 
 happy  thought,  which  may  remind  us  of  the  differently  con- 
 ceived pediment  of  the  Parthenon,  where  only  the  head  and 
 shoulders  of  Helios  rise  out  of  the  chariot  still  under  the 
 ocean.  Helios  here,  so  to  speak,  bursts  forth  from  the 
 gates  of  day  and  sheds  the  light  of  his  glory  over  all.   These 
 
 "'  Xi  in  hits  mi  I  Strahlenkranz, 
 
34  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 arc  beauties  peculiar  only  to  Greek  art  in  the  fulness  of 
 its  power.  The  execution  corresponds  perfectly  with  the 
 excellence  of  the  ideas,  and  thus  I  do  not  hesitate  to  place 
 the  relief  nearer  to  the  commencement  than  to  the  end  of 
 the  above  limited  space  of  time.  If,  therefore,  for  other 
 reasons,  you  believe  it  to  belong  to  the  time  of  Lysimachus, 
 I,  from  an  archaeological  point  of  view,  have  no  objection 
 to  make  against  the  supposition,  but  I  rejoice  to  see  our 
 treasure  of  monuments  enriched  by  an  original  from  those 
 times." 
 
 I  have  already  proved  the  relationship  of  the  four 
 different  peoples,  who  inhabited  the  site  of  Troy  before 
 the  arrival  of  the  Greek  colony,  by  the  small  terra-cottas 
 in  the  form  of  volcanoes  and  tops  which  are  met  with  in 
 quantities  in  all  of  the  strata,  and  by  the  similarity  of  the 
 Aryan  religious  symbols  engraved  upon  them.  I  prove 
 this  relationship  further,  and  above  all,  by  the  plastic 
 representations  of  Athena,  the  owl-faced  tutelary  goddess 
 of  Ilium,  for  this  representation  is  common  to  all  the  four 
 nations  which  preceded  the  Greek  colony.  Immediately 
 below  the  strata  of  the  last,  at  a  depth  of  2  meters  (6£  feet), 
 I  found  this  owl's  face  upon  terra-cotta  cups  with  a  kind  of 
 
 Terra-cotta  Covers  of  Vases,  with  the  Owl's  Face. 
 No.  10. — From  3  m.  No.  ii.— From  2  M.         No.  12. — From  7  M.    Interesting  for  depth  and  form . 
 
 helmet,  which  likewise  occur  in  all  the  succeeding  layers  of 
 dtbris  to  a  depth  of  12  meters  (39^  feet),  and  are  of  very 
 frequent  occurrence  down  to  a  depth  of  9  meters  (29^  feet). 
 These  cups  may,  as  my  learned  friend  Emile  Burnouf 
 thinks,  have  served  only  as  lids  to  the  vases  which  occur 
 contemporaneously   with  them,   and   which   have  two   up- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 35 
 
 No.  13.     Terra-cotta  Va 
 
 an  Aryan  symbol  (6  M. 
 
 arked  with 
 
 raised  wings,  and  the  breasts  and  abdomen  of  a  woman,  for 
 they  fit  these  vases  perfectly.  I  found  likewise  in  all  the 
 layers  of  debris,  from  a  depth  of  3  meters  (nearly  10  feet) 
 down  to  a  depth  of  10  meters  (33  feet),  vases  with  owls' 
 faces,  two  upraised  wings  (not  arms,  as  I  formerly  thought), 
 and  the  two  large  breasts  and  abdomen  of  a  woman,  and 
 even,  at  a  depth  of  6  meters  (nearly  20  feet),  a  vase  upon 
 which  the  navel  is  ornamented  with  a  cross  and  four 
 nails.  As  far  down  as  a  depth 
 of  14  meters  (46  feet)  I  found 
 the  upper  portion  of  a  vase  and 
 the  fragment  of  a  dish  adorned 
 with  owls'  faces.  Besides  these, 
 in  all  the  layers  of  debris,  from 
 a  depth  of  d\  feet  downwards, 
 as  far  as  the  primary  soil,  there 
 were  found  idols  of  very  fine 
 marble,  of  bone,  of  mica-schist, 
 of  slate,  and  even  of  ordinary 
 limestone,  which  are  from  \  of  an  inch  to  ji  inches  in 
 length,  and  from  o#6  of  an  inch  to  4*8  inches  in  breadth. 
 Upon  a  great  many  of  these  there  is  an  owl's  face,  and 
 some  have  even  long  female  hair  engraved  upon  them  ; 
 many  also  have  a  woman's  girdle.  As  upon  several  of 
 the  idols,  upon  which  I  find  the  owl's  head,  it  is  not  cut, 
 but  represented  in  a  red  or  black  colour,  I  presume 
 that  this  was  once  the  case  with  all  the  idols  which  now 
 possess  no  indications  of  an  owl,  and  that  the  colour  upon 
 these  latter  has  been  destroyed  by  damp,  during  the  course 
 of  thousands  of  years.  Upon  several  idols  of  marble  and 
 bone  there  are  mere  indications  of  wings  on  the  sides.  But 
 1  also  find  the  petrified  vertebra  of  an  antediluvian  animal 
 upon  which  the  Trojans  have  carved  a  large  owl's  head. 
 Further,  at  a  depth  of  3,  4,  6,  7,  8,  9,  and  14  meters  (10, 
 13,  20,  23,  26,  30  and  46  feet),  I  found  twelve  idols  of  terra- 
 cotta, and  all,  with   only  one  exception,  have  owls'    faces 
 
 D    2 
 
Nos.  14-30.     Rude  Idols  found  in  the  various  Strata  (2  to  14  M.). 
 
 No.  14  is  of  Ivory,  with  the  same  Decorations  on  both  sides.     Nos.  15,  16,  18,  20,  25,  26,  28,  are  of  very  fine 
 Marble.     No.  17  is  of  Green  Slate.     Nos.  23,  24,  27  are  of  Terra-cot t a :  and  No  ce  of  a  Dish. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 37 
 
 upon  them  ;  most  of  them  also  have  the  two  breasts  of  a 
 woman,  and  upon  the  back  traces  of  long  female  hair.  One 
 of  these  owl-headed  idols  has  the  form  of  a  vessel,  with  a 
 funnel  on  each  side  in  the  shape  of  a  smaller  vessel ;  the 
 front  part  of  the  body  of  the  goddess,  up  to  the  neck,  is 
 covered  by  a  long  shield,  and  on  the  back  of  the  body  there 
 is  the  long  female  hair  hanging  down,  like  that  of  the 
 Karyatides  in  the  Acropolis  of  Athens.  Upon  several  of 
 these  terra-cotta  idols  there  are  indications  of  wings. 
 
 No.  31.     Remarkable  Trojan  Terra-cotta  Vase,  representing  the  Ilian  Athena  (9  M.). 
 
 These  owl-faced  female  figures,  which  occur  so  fre- 
 quently upon  the  cups,  vases  and  idols,  can  represent  but 
 one  goddess,  and  this  goddess  can  be  none  other  than 
 Athena,  the  tutelary  goddess  of  Troy,  all  the  more  so  as 
 Homer  continually  calls  her  "  Oea  ykavKcoTTLs  'Adrjvr) ;  "  for 
 "  yXavKMTTLs "  has  been  wrongly  translated  by  the  scholars 
 of  every  century,  and  does  not  signify  "with  bright  and 
 sparkling  eyes,"  but  "  with  the  face  of  an  ozvir  The 
 natural  conclusion,  in  the  first  place,  is  that  Homer  per- 
 fectly well  knew  that  the  owl-faced  Athena  was  the  tutelary 
 goddess  of  Troy ;  secondly,  that  the  locality  whose  depths 
 I  have  ransacked  for  three  years  must  be  the  spot  "  ubi 
 Troja  fuit ;"  and  thirdly,  that,  in  the  progress  of  civilization, 
 Pallas  Athena  received  a  human  face,  and  her  former  owl's 
 head  was    transformed    into    her    favourite    bird,   the  owl, 
 
38  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 which  as  such  is  quite  unknown  to  Homer.  At  a  depth 
 of  from  4  to  9  meters  (13  to  293  feet),  I  also  found  some 
 vases  and  cups  with  a  human  face,  but  which  have  a  good 
 deal  of  the  owl  about  them. 
 
 As  I  did  not  find  a  trace  of  the  owl's  face  among  the 
 ruins  of  the  Greek  colony,  we  may  regard  it  as  certain  that 
 it  had  already  advanced  beyond  the  civilization  of  the  old 
 Ilians  of  whose  town  it  took  possession,  and  that  it  brought 
 the  idea  of  the  goddess  with  a  human  face  with  it  to 
 Troy. 
 
 With  regard  to  the  often  mentioned  perforated  terra- 
 cottas in  the  form  of  a  top  and  the  crater  of  a  volcano, 
 adorned  with  Aryan  religious  symbols,  it  is  possible  that 
 their  original  form  was  that  of  a  wheel,  for  they  occur  fre- 
 quently in  this  shape  upon  the  primary  rock  at  a  depth  of 
 from  14  to  16  meters  (46  to  $i\  feet).*  In  the  upper  layers 
 of  debris,  these  objects  in  the  form  of  wheels  are  indeed 
 rare,  but  the  representation  of  the  wheel  in  motion,  effected 
 by  the  incisions  being  more  numerous,  still  occurs  very 
 frequently."}*  In  spite  of  all  my  searching  and  pondering,  I 
 have  not  yet  succeeded  in  arriving  at  an  opinion  as  to  what 
 these  extremely  interesting  objects  were  used  for.  As  has 
 now  become  evident  by  the  excavation  of  the  temple  of 
 Athena,  it  is  only  among  the  pre-Hellenic  peoples  that 
 they  were  adorned  with  Aryan  symbols.  In  the  Greek 
 colony  these  occur  but  rarely ;  they  are  of  a  different  form, 
 and  they  possess  no  trace  of  carved  decorations ;  instead  of 
 these,  we  find  the  much  larger  objects  of  terra-cotta,  round, 
 and  twice  perforated,  which  occasionally  bear  the  mark  of 
 a  kind  of  stamp. \ 
 
 Through  the  kindness  of  my  friend  Professor  Giuseppe 
 G.  Bianconi  in  Bologna,  I  have  received  the  drawings  of 
 
 *  See  the  Sections  on  the  Plates  of  Whorls. 
 
 t   For  examples  of  this  type  sec  N'os.  337,  340.  341,  &c, 
 
 %  See  the  Illustrations  to  Chapter  II.,  p.  65. 
 
INTRODUCTION.  39 
 
 ten  similar  round  articles  of  terra-cotta  in  the  form  of  the 
 top  or  volcano,  which  are  preserved  in  the  Museum  of 
 Modena,  and  were  found  in  the  terramares  of  that  district, 
 in  the  lake-habitations  of  the  stone  age.  To  my  extreme 
 astonishment,  I  found  that  six  of  them  possessed  the  same 
 ornamental  carvings  which  I  found  upon  the  articles  of  the 
 same  form  here  in  Troy.  Three  of  them  have  a  circle 
 round  the  central  sun,  a  triple  cross,  which,  as  I  have 
 endeavoured  minutely  to  explain  in  my  sixth  memoir, 
 was  the  symbol  of  the  two  pieces  of  wood  of  our  Aryan 
 forefathers  for  producing  the  holy  fire,  and  is  an  emblem 
 of  the  highest  importance.  The  fourth  represents  one  of 
 these  machines  for  producing  fire  with  five  ends,  and 
 Indian  scholars  may  possibly  find  that  one  of  the  staves 
 represents  the  piece  of  wood  called  "  pramantha,"  with 
 which  fire  was  generated  by  friction,  and  which  the  Greeks 
 at  a  later  time  transformed  into  their  Prometheus,  who, 
 as  they  imagined,  stole  fire  from  heaven.  The  fifth  re- 
 presents a  somewhat  different  form  of  the  fire  producer 
 of  our  remote  ancestors ;  and  the  sixth  has  twelve  circles 
 round  the  central  sun.  Probably  these  are  the  twelve 
 stations  of  the  sun  which  are  so  frequently  mentioned 
 in  the  Rigveda,  and  which  are  personified  by  the  twelve 
 Adityas,  the  sons  of  Adity  (the  Indivisible  or  Infinite 
 Space),  and  represent  the  twelve  signs  of  the  Zodiac. 
 
 The  same  friend  has  also  sent  me  drawings  of  eighteen 
 similar  round  terra-cottas  found  in  the  graves  of  the 
 cemetery  in  Villanova,  and  now  in  the  Museum  of  Count 
 Gozzadini  in  Bologna.  As  the  count  found  an  "  aes 
 rude  "  in  one  of  the  graves,  he  thinks  that  the  cemetery, 
 like  it,  belongs  to  the  time  of  King  Numa,  that  is,  to 
 about  700  years  before  Christ.  G.  de  Mortillet,*  however, 
 ascribes  a  much  greater  age  to  the  cemetery.  But,  at 
 all  events,  fifteen   of  the  eighteen   drawings    lying    before 
 
 •  Le  Signe  de  la  Croix,'  pp.  88-89. 
 
40  TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 me  have  a  modern  appearance  compared  with  the  ten  in 
 the  Museum  of  Modena,  and  compared  with  my  small 
 terra-cottas  in  the  form  of  tops,  volcanoes,  and  wheels, 
 found  in  Troy;  for  not  only  the  decorations,  but  the 
 forms  also  of  the  articles  are  very  much  more  elaborate. 
 Only  three  of  the  eighteen  articles  show  a  shape  and 
 decorations  like  those  met  with  in  Troy.  All  three  have 
 the  form  of  a  top :  the  first  has  seven  suns  in  a  circle 
 round  the  central  sun ;  the  second  has  two  crosses,  one 
 of  which  is  formed  by  four  stars,  the  other  by  four  lines. 
 The  third  has  five  triangles  and  five  stars  in  the  circle 
 round  the  central  point.  The  comparison  of  these  eighteen 
 articles  with  those  from  Troy  convinces  me  that  Count 
 Gozzadini  is  right  in  ascribing  no  greater  age  to  the 
 cemetery  of  Villanova  than  700  b.c 
 
 But  besides  the  articles  ornamented  with  religious 
 symbols,  we  meet  in  Troy  with  thousands  of  terra-cottas 
 of  a  similar,  but  in  most  cases  more  lengthened  form, 
 with  no  decorations  whatever;  at  a  depth  of  3  metres  (jo 
 feet),  they  occur  also  in  the  shape  of  cones. *  Formerly, 
 at  a  depth  of  10  feet,  I  found  similar  pieces  in  blue  or 
 green  stone,  which  I  have  also  recently  met  with  fre- 
 quently at  a  depth  of  from  23  to  2>3  feet.  Among  the 
 unembellished  terra-cottas  of  this  description  I  find  some, 
 but  scarcely  more  than  2  per  cent.,  which  show  signs  of 
 wear,  and  may  have  been  used  on  spindles.  The  pieces 
 adorned  with  carvings,  on  the  other  hand,  never  show 
 signs  of  any  kind  of  wear,  and  the  symbols  engraved 
 upon  them  are  filled  with  white  clay  so  as  to  make  them 
 more  striking  to  the  eye.f     This  white  clay  must  have  dis- 
 
 ;:'  See  the  Sections  of  Plain  Whorls,  PI.  XXL,  Nos.  436-440. 
 
 t  This  statement  needs  considerable  qualification.  The  notes  on 
 M.  Burnoufs  drawings,  supplied  by  Dr.  Schliemann  for  this  book, 
 frequently  describe  the  decorated  whorls  as  worn  and  rubbed,  especially 
 on  the  under  side  and  at  the  point,  in  some  cases  "  by  a  circular  motion." 
 AH  this  strongly  favours  the  hypothesis  of  their  use  for  spindles.  —  [Ed.  i 
 
INTRODUCTION.  41 
 
 appeared  directly,  if  the  pieces  had  been  used  on  spindles 
 or  as  coins.  They  cannot  have  been  worn  as  amulets,  on 
 account  of  their  size  and  weight :  I  am  therefore  forced  to 
 believe  that  they  were  employed  as  offerings,  or  that  they 
 were  worshipped  as  idols  of  the  Sun,  whose  image  is  seen 
 in  the  centre. 
 
 Unfortunately,  owing  to  the  great  extent  of  my  exca- 
 vations, the  hurry  in  which  they  were  carried  on,  and 
 the  hardness  of  the  debris,  by  far  the  greater  portion  of 
 the  terra-cotta  vessels  found  by  me  in  the  depths  of  Ilium 
 were  brought  out  more  or  less  broken.  But  everything 
 that  could  in  any  way  be  repaired  I  have  restored  by 
 means  of  shell-lac  and  gypsum,  and  in  this  state  they  are 
 represented  in  the  drawings.*  In  all  cases  where  I  found 
 a  piece  broken  off  and  wanting,  I  restored  it  according  to 
 the  model  of  other  vessels  of  the  same  kind  which  I 
 obtained  in  an  unbroken  condition ;  but  where  such 
 models  were  wanting,  or  where  I  had  the  slightest  doubt, 
 I  did  not  attempt  to  restore  the  articles. 
 
 The  town  of  Ilium,  upon  whose  site  I  have  been 
 digging  for  more  than  three  years,  boasted  itself  to  be 
 the  successor  of  Troy  ;  and  as  throughout  antiquity  the 
 belief  in  the  identity  of  its  site  with  that  of  the  ancient 
 city  of  Priam  was  firmly  established  and  not  doubted  by 
 anyone,  it  is  clear  that  the  whole  course  of  tradition 
 confirms  this  identity.  At  last  Strabo  lifted  up  his  voice 
 against  it ;  though,  as  he  himself  admits,  he  had  never 
 visited  the  Plain  of  Troy,  and  he  trusted  to  the  accounts 
 of  Demetrius  of  Scepsis,  which  were  suggested  by  vanity. 
 According  to  Strabo, \  this  Demetrius  maintained  that  his 
 native  town  of  Scepsis  had  been  the  residence  of  ^Eneas, 
 and    he    envied    Ilium    the    honour    of    having    been    the 
 
 *  These     restorations     are     indicated    in    the    engravings    by    light 
 shading. 
 
 t  XIII.  i.,  p.  122,  Tauehnitz  edition. 
 
42  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 metropolis  of  the  Trojan  kingdom.  He  therefore  put 
 forward  the  following  view  of  the  case  : — that  Ilium  and 
 its  environs  did  not  contain  space  enough  for  the  great 
 deeds  of  the  Iliad  ;  that  the  whole  plain  which  separated 
 the  city  from  the  sea  was  alluvial  land,  and  that  it  was  not 
 formed  until  after  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war.  As  another 
 proof  that  the  locality  of  the  two  cities  could  not  be  the 
 same,  he  adds  that  Achilles  and  Hector  ran  three  times 
 round  Troy,  whereas  one  could  not  run  round  Ilium  on 
 account  of  the  continuous  mountain  ridge  (Sia  ttjp  avveyfj 
 pdxrjv).  For  all  of  these  reasons  he  says  that  ancient 
 Troy  must  be  placed  on  the  site  of  the  "  Village  of  the 
 Ilians "  flAxeW  Kcofxr)),  30  stadia  or  3  geographical  miles 
 from  Ilium  and  42  stadia  from  the  coast,  although  he  is 
 obliged  to  admit  that  not  the  faintest  trace  of  the  city  has 
 been  preserved. * 
 
 Strabo,  with  his  peculiarly  correct  judgment,  would 
 assuredly  have  rejected  all  these  erroneous  assertions  of 
 Demetrius  of  Scepsis,  had  he  himself  visited  the  Plain  of 
 Troy,  for  they  can  easily  be  refuted. 
 
 I  have  to  remark  that  it  is  quite  easy  to  run  round 
 the  site  of  Troy ;  further,  that  the  distance  from  Ilium 
 to  the  coast,  in  a  straight  line,  is  about  4  miles,  while  the 
 distance  in  a  straight  line  north-west  to  the  promontory 
 of  Sigeum  (and  at  this  place  tradition,  as  late  as  Strabo's 
 time,  fixed  the  site  of  the  Greek  encampment)  amounts  to 
 about  4^  miles.  For  Strabo  says  :f  "  Next  to  Rhceteum 
 may  be  seen  the  ruined  town  of  Sigeum,  the  port  of  the 
 Achaeans,  the  Achaean  camp,  and  the  marsh  or  lake  called 
 Stomalimne,  and  the  mouth  of  the  Scamander." 
 
 In  November,  1871, 1  made  excavations  upon  the  site  of 
 the  "  'I\ieW  KtofjLrj"  the  results  of  which  completely  refute 
 the  theory  of  Demetrius  of  Scepsis ;  for  I  found  everywhere 
 
 Strabo,  XIII.  1.,  i>.  99.      Sec  the  Map  of  the  Plain  of  Troy. 
 t  XIII.  i..  p.   103. 
 
INTRODUCTION.  43 
 
 the  primary  soil  at  a  depth  of  less  than  a  foot  and  a  half; 
 and  the  continuous  ridge  on  the  one  side  of  the  site,  which 
 appeared  to  contain  the  ruins  of  a  large  town-wall,  con- 
 sisted of  nothing  but  pure  granulated  earth,  without  any 
 admixture  of  ruins. 
 
 In  the  year  1788,  Lechevalier  visited  the  plain  of  Troy, 
 and  was  so  enthusiastically  in  favour  of  the  theory  that  the 
 site  of  Homer's  Troy  was  to  be  found  at  the  village  of 
 Bunarbashi  and  the  heights  behind  it,  that  he  disdained  to 
 investigate  the  site  of  Ilium :  this  is  evident  from  his  work 
 'Voyage  de  la  Troade'  (3"  ed.,  Paris,  1802)  and  from 
 the  accompanying  map,  in  which  he  most  absurdly  calls 
 this  very  ancient  town  "  Ilium  Novum,"  and  transposes  it 
 to  the  other  side  of  the  Scamander,  beside  Kumkaleh,  close 
 to  the  sea  and  about  4  miles  from  its  true  position.  This 
 theory,  that  the  site  of  Troy  can  only  be  looked  for  in  the 
 village  of  Bunarbashi  and  upon  the  heights  behind  it,  was 
 likewise  maintained  by  the  following  scholars :  by  Rennell, 
 '  Observations  on  the  Topography  of  the  Plain  of  Troy ' 
 (London,  1814);  by  P.  W.  Forchhammer  in  the  'Journal 
 of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,'  vol.  xii.,  1842;  by 
 Mauduit,  '  Decouvertes  clans  la  Troade'  (Paris  et  Londres, 
 1840);  by  Welcker,  '  Kleine  Schriften  ;'  by  Texier ;  by 
 Choiseul-GoufTrier,  '  Voyage  Pittoresque  de  la  Grece ' 
 (1820) ;  by  M.  G.  Nikola'ides  (Paris,  1867) ;  and  by  Ernst 
 Curtius  in  his  lecture  delivered  at  Berlin  in  November, 
 1871,  after  his  journey  to  the  Troad  and  Ephesus,  whither 
 he  was  accompanied  by  Professors  Adler  and  Miillenhof, 
 and  by  Dr.  Hirschfeldt.  But,  as  I  have  explained  in  detail 
 in  my  work,  '  Ithaque,  le  Peloponnese  et  Troie '  (Paris, 
 1869),  this  theory  is  in  every  respect  in  direct  opposition 
 to  all  the  statements  of  the  Iliad.  My  excavations  at 
 Bunarbashi  prove,  moreover,  that  no  town  can  ever  have 
 stood  there ;  for  I  find  everywhere  the  pure  virgin  soil  at  a 
 depth  of  less  than  5  feet,  and  generally  immediately  below 
 the  surface.     I  have  likewise  proved,  by  my  excavations  on 
 
44  TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 the  heights  behind  this  village,  that  human  dwellings  can 
 never  have  existed  there;  for  I  found  the  native  rock  nowhere 
 at  a  greater  depth  than  a  foot  and  a  half.  This  is  further 
 confirmed  by  the  sometimes  pointed,  sometimes  abrupt, 
 and  always  anomalous  form  of  the  rocks  which  are  seen 
 wherever  they  are  not  covered  with  earth.  At  half-an- 
 hour's  distance  behind  Bunarbashi  there  is,  it  is  true,  the 
 site  of  quite  a  small  town,  encircled  on  two  sides  by 
 precipices  and  on  the  other  bv  the  ruins  of  a  surrounding- 
 wall,  which  town  I  formerly  considered  to  be  Scaman- 
 dria;  but  one  of  the  inscriptions  found  in  the  ruins  of 
 the  temple  of  Athena  in  the  Ilium  of  the  Greek  colony 
 makes  me  now  believe  with  certainty  that  the  spot 
 above  Bunarbashi  is  not  the  site  of  Scamandria,  but  of 
 Gergis.  Moreover,  the  accumulation  of  debris  there 
 is  extremely  insignificant,  and  the  naked  rock  protrudes 
 not  only  in  the  small  Acropolis,  but  also  in  very  many 
 places  of  the  site  of  the  little  town.  Further,  in  all 
 cases  where  there  is  an  accumulation  of  debris^  I  found 
 fragments  of  Hellenic  pottery,  and  of  Hellenic  pottery 
 only,  down  to  the  primary  soil.  As  archaeology  cannot 
 allow  the  most  ancient  of  these  fragments  to  be  any  older 
 than  from  500  to  600  years  before  Christ,  the  walls 
 of  the  small  town — which  used  to  be  regarded  as  of  the 
 same  age  as  those  of  Mycenas — can  certainly  be  no  older 
 than  500  to  600  b.c.  at  most. 
 
 Immediately  below  this  little  town  there  are  three  tombs 
 of  heroes,  one  of  which  has  been  assigned  to  Priam,  another 
 to  Hector,  because  it  was  built  entirely  of  small  stones. 
 The  latter  grave  was  laid  open  in  October  1872,  by  Sir 
 John  Lubbock,  who  found  it  to  contain  nothing  but 
 painted  fragments  of  Hellenic  pottery  to  which  the  highest 
 date  that  can  be  assigned  is  300  b.c  ;  and  these  fragments 
 tell  us  the  age  of  the  tomb  likewise. 
 
 The  late  Consul  J.  G.  von  Hahn,  who  in  May  1864, 
 in    his   extensive   excavations   of  the   acropolis    of   Gergis 
 
INTRODUCTION.  45 
 
 down  to  the  primary  soil,  only  discovered  the  same,  and 
 nothing  but  exactly  the  same,  fragments  of  Hellenic  pottery 
 as  I  found  there  in  my  small  excavations,  writes  in  his 
 pamphlet,  '  Die  Ausgrabungen  des  Homerischen  Per- 
 gamos :'  "  In  spite  of  the  diligent  search  which  my  com- 
 panions and  I  made  on  the  extensive  northern  slope  of  the 
 Balidagh,  from  the  foot  of  the  acropolis  (of  Gergis)  to  the 
 springs  of  Bunarbashi,  we  could  not  discover  any  indication 
 beyond  the  three  heroic  tombs,  that  might  have  pointed  to 
 a  former  human  settlement,  not  even  antique  fragments  of 
 pottery  and  pieces  of  brick, — those  never-failing,  and  con- 
 sequently imperishable,  proofs  of  an  ancient  settlement. 
 No  pillars  or  other  masonry,  no  ancient  square  stones,  no 
 quarry  in  the  natural  rock,  no  artificial  levelling  of  the 
 rock ;  on  all  sides  the  earth  was  in  its  natural  state  and 
 had  not  been  touched  by  human  hands." 
 
 The  erroneous  theory  which  assigns  Troy  to  the  heights 
 of  Bunarbashi  could,  in  fact,  never  have  gained  ground, 
 had  its  above-named  advocates  employed  the  few  hours 
 which  they  spent  on  the  heights,  and  in  Bunarbashi  itself,  in 
 making  small  holes,  with  the  aid  of  even  a  single  workman. 
 
 Clarke  and  Barker  Webb  (Paris,  1844)  maintained  that 
 Troy  was  situated  on  the  hills  of  CJiiplak.  But  unfor- 
 tunately they  also  had  not  given  themselves  the  trouble 
 to  make  excavations  there  ;  otherwise  they  would  have 
 convinced  themselves,  with  but  very  little  trouble,  that  all 
 the  hills  in  and  around  Chiplak,  as  far  as  the  surrounding 
 Wall  of  Ilium,  contain  only  the  pure  native  soil. 
 
 H.  N.  Ulrichs  *  maintains  that  Troy  was  situated  on 
 the  hills  of  Atzik-Kioi,  which  in  my  map  I  have  called 
 Eski  Akshi  koi.  But  I  have  examined  these  hills  also,  and 
 found  that  they  consist  of  the  pure  native  soil.  I  used  a 
 spade  in  making  these  excavations,  but  a  pocket-knife  would 
 have  answered  the  purpose. 
 
 Rheinisches  Museum,'  Neue  Folge,  III.,  s.  573-608. 
 
46  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 I  cannot  conceive  how  it  is  possible  that  the  solution  of 
 the  great  problem,  "  ubi  Troja  fuit" — which  is  surely  one 
 of  the  greatest  interest  to  the  whole  civilized  world — should 
 have  been  treated  so  superficially  that,  after  a  few  hours' 
 visit  to  the  Plain  of  Troy,  men  have  sat  down  at  home  and 
 written  voluminous  works  to  defend  a  theory,  the  worth- 
 lessness  of  which  they  would  have  perceived  had  they  but 
 made  excavations  for  a  single  hour. 
 
 I  am  rejoiced  that  I  can  mention  with  praise  Dr. 
 Wilhelm  Buchner,*  Dr.  G.  von  Eckenbrecher,  j*  and  C. 
 MacLaren,  J  who,  although  they  made  no  excavations, 
 have  nevertheless  in  their  excellent  treatises  proved  by 
 many  irrefutable  arguments  that  the  site  of  Ilium,  where 
 I  have  been  digging  for  more  than  three  years,  corresponds 
 with  all  the  statements  of  the  Iliad  in  regard  to  the  site  of 
 Troy,  and  that  the  ancient  city  must  be  looked  for  there 
 and  nowhere  else. 
 
 It  is  also  with  gratitude  that  I  think  of  the  great 
 German  scholar,  who  unfortunately  succumbed  five  years 
 ago  to  his  unwearied  exertions,  Julius  Braun,  the  advocate 
 of  the  theory  that  Homer's  Troy  was  to  be  found  only  on 
 the  site  of  Ilium,  in  the  depths  of  the  hill  of  Hissarlik. 
 I  most  strongly  recommend  his  excellent  work,  'Die  Ge- 
 schichte  der  Kunst  in  ihrem  Entwickelungsgang,'  to  all 
 those  who  are  interested  in  whatever  is  true,  beautiful  and 
 sublime. 
 
 Neither  can  I  do  otherwise  than  gratefully  mention  my 
 honoured  friend,  the  celebrated  Sanscrit  scholar  and  un- 
 wearied   investigator  Emile  Burnouf,  the  Director  of  the 
 
 *  '  Jahresbericht  iiber  das  Gymnasium  Fridericianum,'  Scbwerin, 
 1 87 1  und  1872. 
 
 t  '  Rbeiniscbes  Museum,'  Neue  Folge,  2.  Jabrg.,  s.  1  fy. 
 
 'I  '  Dissertation  on  tbe  Topography  of  tbe  Trojan  "War.'  Edinburgh, 
 1822.  Second  Edition.  'The  Plain  of  Troy  described,'  &c.  1863. 
 Dr.  Schliemann  might  have  added  the  weighty  authority  of  Mr.  Grote, 
 '  History  of  Greece,'  vol.  i.,  chap.  xv. — [Ed.] 
 
INTRODUCTION.  47 
 
 French  school  in  Athens,  who  personally,  and  through  his 
 many  excellent  works,  especially  the  one  published  last  year, 
 '  La  Science  des  Religions,'  has  given  me  several  sugges- 
 tions, which  have  enabled  me  to  decipher  many  of  the 
 Trojan  symbols. * 
 
 It  is  also  with  a  feeling  of  gratitude  that  I  think  of  my 
 honoured  friend,  the  most  learned  Greek  whom  I  have  ever 
 had  the  pleasure  of  knowing,  Professor  Stephanos  Kom- 
 manoudes,  in  Athens,  who  has  supported  me  with  his  most 
 valuable  advice  whenever  I  was  in  need  of  it.  In  like 
 manner  I  here  tender  my  cordial  thanks  to  my  honoured 
 friend  the  Greek  Consul  of  the  Dardanelles,  G.  Dokos, 
 who  showed  me  many  kindnesses  during  my  long  ex- 
 cavations. 
 
 I  beg  to  draw  especial  attention  to  the  fact  that,  in 
 the  neighbourhood  of  Troy,  several  types  of  very  ancient 
 pottery— like  those  found  in  my  excavations  at  a  depth  of 
 from  10  to  33  feet  —  have  been  preserved  down  to  the 
 present  day.  For  instance,  in  the  crockery-shops  on  the 
 shores  of  the  Dardanelles  there  are  immense  numbers  of 
 earthen  vessels  with  long  upright  necks  and  the  breasts  of 
 a  woman,  and  others  in  the  shape  of  animals.  In  spite 
 of  their  gilding  and  other  decorations,  these  vessels  cannot, 
 either  in  regard  to  quality  or  elegance  of  form,  be  compared 
 with  the  Ilian  terra-cottas,  not  even  with  those  from  a  depth 
 of  10  feet ;  but  still  they  furnish  a  remarkable  proof  of  the 
 fact  that,  in  spite  of  manifold  political  changes,  certain 
 types  of  terra-cottas  can  continue  in  existence  in  one  district 
 for  more  than  3000  years. 
 
 After  long  and  mature  deliberation,  I  have  arrived  at 
 the  firm  conviction  that  all  of  those  vessels — -met  with  here 
 in  great  numbers  at  a  depth  of  from   10  to  33   feet,  and 
 
 *  Dr.  Emile  Burnouf  has  published  a  very  clear  and  interesting 
 account  of  Dr.  Schhemann's  discoveries,  in  the  '•  Revue  des  Deux 
 Mondes '  for  Jan.  1,  1874. — [Ed.] 
 
48 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 more  especially  in  the  Trojan  layer  of  debris,  at  a  depth  of 
 from  23  to  ^  ^eer — which  have  the  exact  shape  of  a  bell 
 and  a  coronet  beneath,  so  that  they  can  only  stand  upon 
 their  mouth,  and  which  I  have  hitherto  described  as  cups, 
 must  necessarily,  and  perhaps  even  exclusively,  have  been 
 used  as  lids  to  the  numerous  terra-cotta  vases  with  a 
 smooth  neck  and  on  either  side  two  ear-shaped  decorations, 
 between  which  are  two  mighty  wings,  which,  as  they 
 are  hollowed  and  taper  away  to  a  point,  can  never  have 
 served  as  handles,  the  more  so  as  between  the  ear-shaped 
 decorations  there  is  a  small  handle  on  either  side.  Now, 
 as  the  latter  resembles  an  owl's  beak,  and  especially  as  this 
 is  seen  between  the  ear-shaped  ornaments,  it  was  doubtless 
 intended  to  represent  the  image  of  the  owl  with  upraised 
 wings  on  each  side  of  the  vases,  which  image  received  a 
 noble  appearance  from  the  splendid  lid  with  a  coronet. 
 I   give  a  drawing  of  the   largest  vase   of  this  type,  which 
 
 Xu.  32.     The  largest  of  the  Terra-cotta  \  a  es  Found  in  the  Royal  Palace  of  Troy.     Height 
 20  inches,     The  Cover  was  found  near  it. 
 
INTRODUCTION.  49 
 
 was  found  a  few  days  ago  in  the  royal  palace  at  a  depth 
 of  from  28  to  29^  feet  ;  on  the  top  of  it  I  have  placed 
 the  bell-shaped  lid  with  a  coronet,  which  was  discovered 
 close  by  and  appears  to  have  belonged  to  it. 
 
 My  friend  M.  Landerer,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in 
 Athens,  who  has  carefully  examined  the  colours  of  the 
 Trojan  antiquities,  writes  to  me  as  follows : — "  In  the  first 
 place,  as  to  the  vessels  themselves,  some  have  been  turned 
 upon  a  potter's  wheel,  some  have  been  moulded  by  the 
 hand.  Their  ground-colour  varies  according  to  the  nature 
 of  the  clay.  I  find  some  of  them  made  of  black,  deep- 
 brown,  red,  yellowish,  and  ashy-grey  clay.  All  of  these 
 kinds  of  clay,  which  the  Trojan  potters  used  for  their  ware, 
 consist  of  clay  containing  oxide  of  iron  and  silica  {argilc 
 silicieuse  ferrugineuse),  and,  according  to  the  stronger  or 
 weaker  mode  of  burning,  the  oxide  of  iron  in  the  clay 
 became  more  or  less  oxidised  :  thus  the  black,  brown,  red, 
 yellow,  or  grey  colour  is  explained  by  the  oxidation  of  the 
 iron.  The  beautiful  black  gloss  of  the  vessels  found  upon 
 the  native  soil,  at  a  depth  of  46  feet,  does  not  contain  any 
 oxide  of  lead,  but  consists  of  coal-black  {Kohlenschzvarz)* 
 which  was  melted  together  with  the  clay  and  penetrated  into 
 its  pores.  This  can  be  explained  by  the  clay  vessels  having 
 been  placed  in  slow  furnaces  in  which  resinous  wood  was 
 burnt,  and  where  there  was  consequently  dense  smoke, 
 which  descended  upon  the  earthenware  in  the  form  of  the 
 finest  powder  and  was  likewise  burnt  into  the  clay.  It  is 
 also  possible,  but  by  no  means  probable,  that  they  used 
 a  black  pitch  or  asphalt,  which  was  dissolved  in  oil  of 
 turpentine ;  perhaps  they  used  liquid  pitch,  and  painted 
 the  vessels  with  it.  The  burning  of  these  would  likewise 
 produce  coal-black,  which  in  later  times  was  called  the 
 Atvamcntum  indelibile  of  Apelles.  This  is  the  manner  in 
 which  colour  and  gloss  were  given  to  Hellenic  terra-cottas. 
 
 *  As  we  call  it,  lamp-black,  that  is,  tolerably  pure  carbon. — [Ed.] 
 
 E 
 
So 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 "  The  white  colour  with  which  the  engraved  decora- 
 tions of  the  Trojan  terra-cottas  were 
 filled,  by  means  of  a  pointed  instru- 
 ment, is  nothing  but  pure  white  clay, 
 [n  like  manner,  the  painting  on  the 
 potsherd  given  above,*  is  made  with 
 white  clay,  and  with  black  clay  con- 
 taining coal.  The  brilliant  red  colour 
 of  the  large  two-handled  vessels  (SeVa 
 a[x<f)LKVTreWa)  f  is  no  peculiar  colour, 
 but  merely  oxide  of  iron,  which  is  a 
 component  part  of  the  clay  of  which 
 the  cups  were  made.  Many  of  the 
 brilliant  yellow  Trojan  vessels,  I  find, 
 ?    are    made    of    grey    clay,   and   painted 
 
 A 
 
 No.  33.     Inscribed  Trojan  Vase  of  Terra-cotta  (8i  M.). 
 
 over  with  a  mass  of  yellow  clay  con- 
 taining oxide  of  iron  ;  they  were  then 
 polished  with  one  of  those  sharp  pieces 
 of  diorite  which  are  so  frequently  met 
 with  in  Troy,  and  afterwards  burnt. 
 
 *  See  the  Cut  No.  1  on  p.  15. 
 
 t  These  are  the  vases  so  often  mentioned  as  having  the  form  of 
 
INTRODUCTION.  5 1 
 
 The  large  marshes  lying  before  the  site  of  'DueW  koj/x^, 
 and  discussed  in  my  second  memoir,  have  long  since  been 
 drained,  and  thus  the  estate  of  Thymbria  (formerly  Batak) 
 has  acquired  240  acres  of  rich  land.  As  might  have  been 
 expected,  they  were  not  found  to  contain  any  hot  springs, 
 but  only  three  springs  of  cold  water. 
 
 In  my  twenty-second  memoir  I  have  mentioned  a  Trojan 
 vase,  with  a  row  of  signs  running  round  it,  which  I  con- 
 sidered to  be  symbolical,  and  therefore  did  not  have  them 
 specially  reproduced  by  photography.  However,  as  my 
 learned  friend  Emile  Burnouf  is  of  opinion  that  they  form 
 a  real  inscription  in  Chinese  letters,*  I  give  them  here 
 according  to  his  drawing. 
 
 M.  Burnouf  explains  them  as  follows  : — 
 
 1  2  34567 
 
 ■it 
 
 x.   *t+  +  ffl  + 
 
 puisse               (la)  terre  faire  germer         dix           labours 
 
 S                 9  10                 11 
 
 +  -+  +  rh 
 
 dix              dix  dix      pieces  d'etotTes 
 
 mille 
 
 and  adds :  "  Les  caracteres  du  petit  vase  ne  sont  ni  grecs 
 ni  sanserifs,  ni  pheniciens,  ni,  ni,  ni — ils  sont  parfaitement 
 lisibles  en  chinois ! ! !  Ce  vase  peut  etre  venu  en  Troade 
 de  l'Asie  septentrional,  dont  tout  le  Nord  etait  touranien." 
 Characters  similar  to  those  given  above  frequently  occur, 
 more  especially  upon  the  perforated  terra-cottas  in  the  form 
 of  volcanoes  and  tops. 
 
 great  champagne  glasses  (see  the  Cuts  on  pp.  85,  158,  166,  171). 
 Dr.  Schliemann  also  applies  the  name  to  the  unique  boat-shaped 
 vessel  of  pure  gold  found  in  the  Treasure. — [Kd.] 
 
 *  If  M.  Burnouf  meant  this  seriously  at  the  time,  it  can  now  only 
 stand  as  a  curious  coincidence,  interesting  as  one  example  of  the  tenta- 
 tive process  of  this  new  enquiry.    (See  the  Appendix.) — [F.D.] 
 
 E     2 
 
52  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 As  the  Turkish  papers  have  charged  me  in  a  shameful 
 manner  with  having  acted  against  the  letter  of  the  firman 
 granted  to  me,  in   having    kept    the  Treasure  for    myself 
 instead  of  sharing  it  with  the  Turkish  Government,  I  find 
 myself  obliged  to  explain  here,  in  a  few  words,  how  it  is  that 
 I  have  the  most  perfect  right  to  that  treasure.      It  was  only 
 in  order  to  spare  Safvet  Pacha,  the  late  Minister  of  Public 
 Instruction,  that  I  stated   in   my  first  memoir,  that  at  my 
 request,  and  in  the  interest  of  science,  he  had  arranged  for 
 the  portion  of  Hissarlik,  which  belonged  to  the  two  Turks 
 in  Kum-Kaleh,  to  be  bought  by  the  Government.    But  the 
 true  state  of  the  case  is  this.     Since  my  excavations  here  in 
 the  beginning  of  April   1870,  I   had   made  unceasing  en- 
 deavours to  buy  this  field,  and  at  last,  after  having  travelled 
 three  times  to  Kum-Kaleh  simply  with  this  object,  I  suc- 
 ceeded in  beating  the  two  proprietors  down  to  the  sum  of 
 1000   francs  (40/.)     Then,  in  December  1870,  I  went  to 
 Safvet  Pacha  at  Constantinople,  and  told  him  that,  after 
 eight  months'  vain  endeavours,  I  had  at  last  succeeded  in 
 arranging  for  the  purchase  of  the  principal  site  of  Troy  for 
 1000  francs,   and  that   I   should  conclude  the    bargain   as 
 soon  as  he  would  grant  me  permission  to  excavate  the  field. 
 He  knew  nothing  about  Troy  or  Homer ;  but  I  explained 
 the   matter   to   him  briefly,  and   said  that  I  hoped  to  find 
 there  antiquities  of  immense  value  to  science.     He,  however, 
 thought  that  I  should  find  a  great  deal  of  gold,  and  there- 
 fore wished  me  to  give  him  all  the  details  I  could,  and  then 
 requested  me  to  call  again  in  eight  days.    When  I  returned 
 to  him,  I  heard  to   my  horror   that  he  had  already  com- 
 pelled the  two   proprietors   to   sell   him  the  field  for  600 
 francs  (24/.),  and  that  I  might  make  excavations  there  if 
 I  wished,  but  that  everything  I  found  must  be  given  up  to 
 him.     I  told  him  in  the  plainest  language  what  I  thought 
 of  his  odious  and  contemptible  conduct,  and  declared  that 
 I  would  have  nothing  more  to  do  with  him,  and  that  I 
 should  make  no  excavations. 
 
INTRODUCTION.  $3 
 
 But  through  Mr.  Wyne  McVeagh,  at  that  time  the 
 American  Consul,  he  repeatedly  offered  to  let  me  make 
 excavations,  on  condition  that  I  should  give  him  only  one- 
 half  of  the  things  found.  At  the  persuasion  of  that  gentle- 
 man I  accepted  the  offer,  on  condition  that  I  should  have 
 the  right  to  carry  away  my  half  out  of  Turkey.  But  the 
 right  thus  conceded  to  me  was  revoked  in  April  1872,  by 
 a  ministerial  decree,  in  which  it  was  said  that  I  was  not  to 
 export  any  part  of  my  share  of  the  discovered  antiquities, 
 but  that  1  had  the  right  to  sell  them  in  Turkey.  The 
 Turkish  Government,  by  this  new  decree,  broke  our 
 written  contract  in  the  fullest  sense  of  the  word,  and  I 
 was  released  from  every  obligation.  Hence  I  no  longer 
 troubled  myself  in  the  slightest  degree  about  the  contract 
 which  was  broken  without  any  fault  on  my  part.  I  kept 
 everything  valuable  that  I  found  for  myself,  and  thus 
 saved  it  for  science ;  and  I  feel  sure  that  the  whole  civilized 
 world  will  approve  of  my  having  done  so.  The  new- 
 discovered  Trojan  antiquities,  and  especially  the  Treasure, 
 far  surpass  my  most  sanguine  expectations,  and  fully 
 repay  me  for  the  contemptible  trick  which  Safvet  Pacha 
 played  me,  as  well  as  for  the  continual  and  unpleasant 
 presence  of  a  Turkish  official  during  my  excavations,  to 
 whom  I  was  forced  to  pay  4^  francs  a  day. 
 
 It  was  by  no  means  because  I  considered  it  to  be  my 
 duty,  but  simply  to  show  my  friendly  intentions,  that  I 
 presented  the  Museum  in  Constantinople  with  seven  large 
 vases,  from  5  to  6h  feet  in  height,  and  with  four  sacks  of 
 stone  implements.  I  have  thus  become  the  only  bene- 
 factor the  Museum  has  ever  had  ;  for,  although  all 
 firmans  are  granted  upon  the  express  condition  that  one- 
 half  of  the  discovered  antiquities  shall  be  given  to  the 
 Museum,  yet  it  has  hitherto  never  received  an  article 
 from  anyone.  The  reason  is  that  the  Museum  is  any- 
 thing but  open  to  the  public,  and  the  sentry  frequently 
 refuses  admittance  even  to  its  Director,  so   everyone  knows 
 
54  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 that  the  antiquities  sent  there  would  be  for  ever  lost  to 
 science. 
 
 The  great  Indian  scholar,  Max  Mi'iller  of  Oxford,  has 
 just  written  to  me  in  regard  to  the  owl-headed  tutelary 
 divinity  of  Troy.  "  Under  all  circumstances,  the  owl- 
 headed  idol  cannot  be  made  to  explain  the  idea  of  the 
 goddess.  The  ideal  conception  and  the  naming  of  the 
 goddess  came  first ;  and  in  that  name  the  owl's  head,  what- 
 ever it  may  mean,  is  figurative  or  ideal.  In  the  idol  the 
 figurative  intention  is  forgotten,  just  as  the  sun  is  repre- 
 sented with  a  golden  hand,  whereas  the  ideal  conception  of 
 '  golden-handed  '  was  '  spreading  his  golden  rays.'  An  owl- 
 headed  deity  was  most  likely  intended  for  a  deity  of  the 
 morning  or  the  dawn,  the  owl-light ;  to  change  it  into  a 
 human  figure  with  an  owl's  head  was  the  work  of  a  later 
 and  more  materializing  age." 
 
 I  completely  agree  with  this.  But  it  is  evident  from 
 this  that  the  Trojans,  or  at  least  the  first  settlers  on  the 
 hill,  spoke  Greek,  for  if  they  took  the  epithet  of  their  god- 
 dess, "yXavKaJiTLs"  from  the  ideal  conception  which  they 
 formed  of  her  and  in  later  times  changed  it  into  an  owl- 
 headed  female  figure,  they  must  necessarily  have  known 
 that  y\av£  meant  owl,  and  ojtttJ  face.  That  the  transfor- 
 mation took  place  many  centuries,  and  probably  more  than 
 iooo  years,  before  Homer's  time,  is  moreover  proved  by 
 owls'  heads  occurring  on  the  vases  and  even  in  the  mono- 
 grams in  the  lowest  strata  of  the  predecessors  of  the  Trojans, 
 even  at  a  depth  of  46  feet. 
 
 I  have  still  to  draw  attention  to  the  fact,  that  in  looking 
 over  my  Trojan  collection  from  a  depth  of  2  meters 
 (6h  feet),  I  find  70  very  pretty  brilliant  black  or  red 
 terra-cottas,  with  or  without  engraved  decorations,  which, 
 both  in  quality  and  form,  have  not  the  slightest  re- 
 semblance either  to  the  Greek  or  to  the  pre-historic 
 earthenware.  Thus  it  seems  that  just  before  the  arrival 
 of  the    Greek  colony  yet  another  tribe  inhabited  this  hill 
 
INTRODUCTION.  $$ 
 
 for  a  short  time.*  These  pieces  of  earthenware  may  be 
 recognised  by  the  two  long-pointed  handles  of  the  large 
 channelled  cups,  which  also  generally  possess  three  or  four 
 small  horns. 
 
 Dr.  Henry  Schliemann. 
 
 *  These  indications  of  a  fifth  pie-Hellenic  settlement,  if  confirmed 
 by  further  investigation,  would  seem  to  point  to  the  spread  of  the 
 Lydians  over  western  Asia  Minor. — Ed. 
 
 No.  35.     Fragment  of  a  second  painted  Vase,  from  the  Trojan  Stratum. 
 (From  a  new  Drawing.) 
 
(     56     ) 
 
 COMPARATIVE  TABLE    OF    FRENCH  METERS   AND   ENGLISH 
 MEASURES,  EXACT  AND  APPROXIMATE 
 
 M. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Approximate. 
 1  m.  =  31  ft. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 I 
 
 39*37°8 
 
 3 
 
 3*37o8 
 
 3i 
 
 2 
 
 78-7416 
 
 6 
 
 6-7416 
 
 6* 
 
 3 
 
 118* 1124 
 
 9 
 
 io- 1 124 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 157*4832 
 
 13 
 
 1-4832 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 196-8540 
 
 16 
 
 4*8540 
 
 16} 
 
 6 
 
 236*  2248 
 
 J9 
 
 8-2248 
 
 i9f 
 
 7 
 
 275*5956 
 
 22 
 
 11*5956 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 314-9664 
 
 26 
 
 2 -9664 
 
 2  61 
 
 9 
 
 354'3372 
 
 29 
 
 6-3372 
 
 29i 
 
 IO 
 
 393'7°S9 
 
 32 
 
 9" 7080 
 
 33 
 
 ii 
 
 433'°788 
 
 36 
 
 1-0788 
 
 36   (12  yds.) 
 
 12 
 
 472-4496 
 
 39 
 
 4-4496 
 
 39tV 
 
 13 
 
 511-8204 
 
 42 
 
 7 "8204 
 
 42§ 
 
 14 
 
 551 " T9I2 
 
 45 
 
 11 ' 1912 
 
 46 
 
 15 
 
 590-5620 
 
 49 
 
 2  -  5620 
 
 49? 
 
 l6 
 
 620*9328 
 
 52 
 
 5'9328 
 
 52^ 
 
 17 
 
 669-3036 
 
 55 
 
 9-3036 
 
 551 
 
 18 
 
 708-6744 
 
 59 
 
 0-6744 
 
 .       59 
 
 J9 
 
 748-0452 
 
 62 
 
 4'o452 
 
 62  h 
 
 20 
 
 787-416 
 
 65 
 
 7-4160 
 
 65§ 
 
 3° 
 
 I l8l ' 124 
 
 98 
 
 5*T24 
 
 98* 
 
 40 
 
 I574*832 
 
 131 
 
 2-832 
 
 131* 
 
 5o 
 
 1968-54 
 
 164 
 
 o"54 
 
 164 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 3937"°8 
 
 328 
 
 i- 08 
 
 328  (109yds.) 
 
 N.B. — The  following  is  a  convenient  approximate  Rule  :- 
 Meters  into  Yards,  add  i-nth  to  the  number  of  Meters." 
 
 "  To  turn 
 
(     57     ) 
 
 WO^K    AT     HH3Sft^i,IK     IK     1871, 
 
 CHAPTER    I. 
 
 The  site  of  Ilium  described  —  Excavations  in  1870  :  the  City  Wall  of 
 Lysimachus  —  Purchase  of  the  site  and  grant  of  a  firman  —  Arrival 
 of  Dr.  and  Madame  Schliemann  in  1871,  and  beginning  of  the 
 Excavations  —  The  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  the  Acropolis  of  the  Greek 
 Ilium  —  Search  for  its  limits  —  Difficulties  of  the  work- —  The  great 
 cutting  on  the  North  side  —  Greek  coins  found  —  Dangers  from 
 fever. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  in  the  Plain  of  Troy, 
 October  18th,  1871. 
 
 In  my  work  'Ithaca,  the  Peloponnesus,  and  Troy,'  pub- 
 lished in  1869,  I  endeavoured  to  prove,  both  by  the  result 
 of  my  own  excavations  and  by  the  statements  of  the  Iliad, 
 that  the  Homeric  Troy  cannot  possibly  have  been  situated 
 on  the  heights  of  Bunarbashi,  to  which  place  most  archae- 
 ologists assign  it.  At  the  same  time  I  endeavoured  to 
 explain  that  the  site  of  Troy  must  necessarily  be  identical 
 with  the  site  of  that  town  which,  throughout  all  antiquity 
 and  down  to  its  complete  destruction  at  the  end  of  the 
 eighth  or  the  beginning  of  the  ninth  century  a.d.,#  was  called 
 Ilium,  and  not  until  1000  years  after  its  disappearance — 
 that  is   1788  a.d. — was  christened    Ilium   Novum  by  Le- 
 
 *  This  date  refers  to  Dr.  Schliemann's  former  opinion,  that  there 
 were  Byzantine  remains  at  Hissarlik.  He  now  places  the  final  de- 
 struction of  Ilium  in  the  fourth  century,  on  the  evidence  of  the  latest 
 coins  found  there.     See  pp.  318,  319. — Ed. 
 
58  TROY  AND   ITS  RKMAINS.  [Chap.  I. 
 
 chevalier,*  who,  as  his  work  proves,  can  never  have  visited 
 his  Ilium  Novum ;  for  in  his  map  he  places  it  on  the  other 
 side  of  the  Scamander,  close  to  Kum-kalch,  and  therefore 
 4  miles  from  its  true  position. 
 
 The  site  of  Ilium  is  upon  a  plateau  lying  on  an  average 
 about  80  feet  above  the  Plain,  and  descending  very  abruptly 
 on  the  north  side.  Its  north-western  corner  is  formed  by 
 a  hill  about  16  feet  higher  still,  which  is  about  705  feet  in 
 breadth  and  984  in  length, f  and  from  its  imposing  situa- 
 tion and  natural  fortifications  this  hill  of  Hissarlik  seems 
 specially  suited  to  be  the  Acropolis  of  the  town.J  Ever 
 since  my  first  visit,  I  never  doubted  that  I  should  find 
 the  Pergamus  of  Priam  in  the  depths  of  this  hill.  In  an 
 excavation  which  I  made  on  its  north-western  corner  in 
 April  1870,  §  I  found  among  other  things,  at  a  depth  of 
 16  feet,  walls  about  6h  feet  thick,  which,  as  has  now  been 
 proved,  belong  to  a  bastion  of  the  time  of  Lysimachus. 
 Unfortunately  I  could  not  continue  those  excavations  at 
 the  time,  because  the  proprietors  of  the  field,  two  Turks 
 in  Kum-Kaleh,  who  had  their  sheepfolds  on  the  site,  would 
 only  grant  me  permission  to  dig  further  on  condition  that 
 I  would  at  once  pay  them  12,000  piasters  for  damages,|| 
 and  in  addition  they  wished  to  bind  me,  after  the  con- 
 clusion of  my  excavations,  to  put  the  field  in  order  again. 
 As  this  did  not  suit  my  convenience,  and  the  two  pro- 
 prietors would  not  sell  me  the  field  at  any  price,  I  applied 
 to  his  Excellency  Safvet  Pacha,  the  Minister  of  Public 
 Instruction,  who  at  my  request,  and  in  the  interest  of 
 science,  managed  that  Achmed  Pacha,  the  Governor  of  the 
 Dardanelles  and  the  Archipelago,  should  receive  orders 
 from  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior  to  have  the  field  valued 
 
 *    Voyage  de  la  Troade  (30  ed.  Paris,  1802). 
 t  See  Plan  I.,  of  Greek  Ilium,  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 
 %  See  the  Frontispiece. 
 
 §  See  Plan  II.,  of  the  Excavations,  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 
 The  Turkish  piaster  is  somewhat  over  twopence  English. 
 
1S71.J  BEGINNING  OF  THE  WORK.  59 
 
 by  competent  persons,  and  to  force  the  proprietors  to  sell 
 it  to  the  Government  at  the  price  at  which  it  had  been 
 valued :  it  was  thus  obtained  for  3000  piasters. 
 
 In  trying  to  obtain  the  necessary  firman  for  con- 
 tinuing my  excavations,  I  met  with  new  and  great  diffi- 
 culties, for  the  Turkish  Government  are  collecting  ancient 
 works  of  art  for  their  recently  established  Museum  in 
 Constantinople,  in  consequence  of  which  the  Sultan  no 
 longer  grants  permission  for  making  excavations.  But 
 what  I  could  not  obtain  in  spite  of  three  journeys  to 
 Constantinople,  I  got  at  last  through  the  intercession  of 
 my  valued  friend,  the  temporary  chargS  d'affaires  of  the 
 United  States  to  the  Sublime  Porte — Mr.  John  P.  Brown, 
 the  author  of  the  excellent  work  '  Ancient  and  Modern 
 Constantinople'  (London,  1868). 
 
 So  on  the  27th  of  September  I  arrived  at  the  Dar- 
 danelles with  my  firman.  But  here  again  I  met  with 
 difficulties,  this  time  on  the  part  of  the  before  named 
 Achmed  Pacha,  who  imagined  that  the  position  of  the  field 
 which  I  was  to  excavate  was  not  accurately  enough  indi- 
 cated in  the  document,  and  therefore  would  not  give  me 
 his  permission  for  the  excavations  until  he  should  receive 
 a  more  definite  explanation  from  the  Grand  Vizier.  Owing 
 to  the  change  of  ministry  which  had  occurred,  a  long  time 
 would  no  doubt  have  elapsed  before  the  matter  was  settled, 
 had  it  not  occurred  to  Mr.  Brown  to  apply  to  his  Excel- 
 lency Kiamil-Pacha,  the  new  Minister  of  Public  Instruction, 
 who  takes  a  lively  interest  in  science,  and  at  whose  inter- 
 cession the  Grand  Vizier  immediately  gave  Achmed  Pacha 
 the  desired  explanation.  This,  however,  again  occupied 
 13  days,  and  it  was  only  on  the  evening  of  the  10th  of 
 October  that  I  started  with  my  wife  from  the  Dardanelles 
 for  the  Plain  of  Troy,  a  journey  of  eight  hours.  As, 
 according  to  the  firman,  I  was  to  be  watched  by  a 
 Turkish  official,  whose  salary  I  have  to  pay  during  the 
 time   of  my  excavations,  Achmed  Pacha   assigned   to   me 
 
60  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  I. 
 
 the  second  secretary  of  his  chancellary  of  justice,  an 
 Armenian,  by  name  Georgios  Sarkis,  whom  I  pay  23 
 piasters  daily. 
 
 At  last,  on  Wednesday,  the  nth  of  this  month,  I  again 
 commenced  my  excavations  with  8  workmen,  but  on  the 
 following  morning  I  was  enabled  to  increase  their  number  to 
 3$,  and  on  the  13th  to  74,  each  of  whom  receives  9  piasters 
 daily  (1  franc  80  centimes).  As,  unfortunately,  I  only 
 brought  8  wheelbarrows  from  France,  and  they  cannot  be 
 obtained  here,  and  cannot  even  be  made  in  all  the  country 
 round,  I  have  to  use  52  baskets  for  carrying  away  the 
 rubbish.  This  work,  however,  proceeds  but  slowly  and  is 
 very  tiring,  as  the  rubbish  has  to  be  carried  a  long  way  off. 
 I  therefore  employ  also  four  carts  drawn  by  oxen,  each  of 
 which  again  costs  me  20  piasters  a  day.  I  work  with  great 
 energy  and  spare  no  cost,  in  order,  if  possible,  to  reach 
 the  native  soil  before  the  winter  rains  set  in,  which  may 
 happen  at  any  moment.  Thus  I  hope  finally  to  solve  the 
 great  problem  as  to  whether  the  hill  of  Hissarlik  is — as  I 
 firmly  believe — the  citadel  of  Troy. 
 
 As  it  is  an  established  fact  that  hills  which  consist 
 of  pure  earth  and  are  brought  under  the  plough  gradually 
 disappear — that  for  instance,  the  Wartsberg,  near  the 
 village  of  Ackershagen  in  Mecklenburg,  which  I  once, 
 as  a  child,  considered  to  be  the  highest  mountain  in  the 
 world,  has  quite  vanished  in  40  years — so  it  is  equally 
 a  fact,  that  hills  on  which,  in  the  course  of  thousands 
 of  years,  new  buildings  have  been  continually  erected  upon 
 the  ruins  of  former  buildings,  gain  very  considerably  in 
 circumference  and  height.  The  hill  of  Hissarlik  furnishes 
 the  most  striking  proof  of  this.  As  already  mentioned,  it 
 lies  at  the  north-western  end  of  the  site  of  Ilium,  which 
 is  distinctly  indicated  by  the  surrounding  walls  built 
 by  Lysimachus.  In  addition  to  the  imposing  situation 
 of  this  hill  within  the  circuit  of  the  town,  its  present 
 Turkish  name  of  Hissarlik,  "fortress"  or  "acropolis" — from 
 
1871.]  CUTTING  ON  THE  NORTH.  6  I 
 
 the  word  ^L^*    (root    ,vt^  to  enclose),  which  has  passed 
 
 from  the  Arabic  into  the  Turkish — seems  also  to  prove  that 
 this  is  the  Pergamus  of  Ilium  ;  that  here  Xerxes  (in 
 480  B.C.)  offered  up  1000  oxen  to  the  Ilian  Athena;*  that 
 here  Alexander  the  Great  hung  up  his  armour  in  the 
 temple  of  the  goddess,  and  took  away  in  its  stead  some 
 of  the  weapons  dedicated  therein  belonging  to  the  time 
 of  the  Trojan  war,  and  likewise  sacrificed  to  the  Ilian 
 Athena.f  I  conjectured  that  this  temple,  the  pride  of  the 
 Uians,  must  have  stood  on  the  highest  point  of  the  hill, 
 and  I  therefore  decided  to  excavate  this  locality  down 
 to  the  native  soil.  But  in  order,  at  the  same  time,  to 
 bring  to  light  the  most  ancient  of  the  fortifying  walls  of 
 the  Pergamus,  and  to  decide  accurately  how  much  the  hill 
 had  increased  in  breadth  by  the  debris  which  had  been 
 thrown  down  since  the  erection  of  those  walls,  I  made  an 
 immense  cutting  on  the  face  of  the  steep  northern  slope, 
 about  66  feet  from  my  last  year's  work.J  This  cutting  was 
 made  in  a  direction  due  south,  and  extended  across  the  highest 
 plateau,  and  was  so  broad  that  it  embraced  the  whole  build- 
 ing, the  foundations  of  which,  consisting  of  large  hewn 
 stones,  I  had  already  laid  open  last  year  to  a  depth  of  from 
 only  1  to  3  feet  below  the  surface.  According  to  an  exact 
 measurement,  this  building,  which  appears  to  belong  to  the 
 first  century  after  Christ,  is  about  59  feet  in  length,  and 
 43  feet  in  breadth.  I  have  of  course  had  all  these  founda- 
 tions removed  as,  being  within  my  excavation,  they  were  of 
 no  use  and  would  only  have  been  in  the  way. 
 
 The  difficulty  of  making  excavations  in  a  wilderness 
 like  this,  where  everything  is  wanting,  are  immense  and 
 they  increase  day  by  day ;   for,  on  account  of  the   steep 
 
 *  Herod.  VII.  43. 
 
 t  Strabo,  XIII.  1.  8  ;  Arrian,  I.  11.  ;  Plutarch,  Life  of  Alexander  the 
 Great,  viii. 
 
 X  See  Plan  II.,  of  the  Excavations. 
 
6l  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  LCHAP- T- 
 
 slope  of  the  hill,  the  cutting  becomes  longer  the  deeper 
 I  dig,  and  so  the  difficulty  of  removing  the  rubbish  is  always 
 increasing.  This,  moreover,  cannot  be  thrown  directly 
 down  the  slope,  for  it  would  of  course  only  have  to  be 
 carried  away  again ;  so  it  has  to  be  thrown  down  on  the 
 steep  side  of  the  hill  at  some  distance  to  the  right  and  left 
 of  the  mouth  of  the  cutting.  The  numbers  of  immense 
 blocks  of  stone  also,  which  we  continually  come  upon, 
 cause  great  trouble  and  have  to  be  got  out  and  removed, 
 which  takes  up  a  great  deal  of  time,  for  at  the  moment 
 when  a  large  block  of  this  kind  is  rolled  to  the  edge  of  the 
 slope,  all  of  my  workmen  leave  their  own  work  and  hurry 
 off  to  see  the  enormous  weight  roll  down  its  steep  path 
 with  a  thundering  noise  and  settle  itself  at  some  distance 
 in  the  Plain.  It  is,  moreover,  an  absolute  impossibility  for 
 me,  who  am  the  only  one  to  preside  over  all,  to  give  each 
 workman  his  right  occupation,  and  to  watch  that  each 
 does  his  duty.  Then,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  away 
 the  rubbish,  the  side  passages  have  to  be  kept  in  order, 
 which  likewise  runs  away  with  a  great  deal  of  time,  for 
 their  inclinations  have  to  be  considerably  modified  at  each 
 step  that  we  go  further  down. 
 
 Notwithstanding  all  these  difficulties  the  work  advances 
 rapidly,  and  if  I  could  only  work  on  uninterruptedly  for 
 a  month,  I  should  certainly  reach  a  depth  of  more  than 
 32  feet,  in  spite  of  the  immense  breadth  of  the  cutting. 
 
 The  medals  hitherto  discovered  are  all  of  copper,  and 
 belong  for  the  most  part  to  Alexandria  Troas ;  some  also 
 are  of  Ilium,  and  of  the  first  centuries  before  and  after 
 Christ. 
 
 My  dear  wife,  an  Athenian  lady,  who  is  an  enthusiastic 
 admirer  of  Homer,  and  knows  almost  the  whole  of  the 
 '  Iliad '  by  heart,  is  present  at  the  excavations  from  morning 
 to  night.  I  will  not  say  anything  about  our  mode  of  life 
 in  this  solitude,  where  everything  is  wanting,  and  where 
 we   have  to  take  four   grains  of  quinine  every  morning  as 
 
i87i.] 
 
 MADAME  SCHLIEMANN. 
 
 *3 
 
 a  precaution  against  the  pestilential  malaria.  All  of  my 
 workmen  are  Greeks,  from  the  neighbouring  village  of 
 Renkoi ;  only  on  Sunday,  a  day  on  which  the  Greeks  do  not 
 work,  I  employ  Turks.  My  servant,  Nikolaos  Zaphyros, 
 from  Renko'i,  whom  I  pay  30  piasters  a  day,  is  invaluable 
 to  me  in  paying  the  daily  wages  of  the  workmen,  for  he 
 knows  every  one  of  them,  and  is  honest.  Unfortunately, 
 however,  he  gives  me  no  assistance  in  the  works,  as  he 
 neither  possesses  the  gift  of  commanding,  nor  has  he  the 
 slightest  knowledge  of  what  I  am  seeking. 
 
 I  naturally  have  no  leisure  here,  and  I  have  only  been 
 able  to  write  the  above  because  it  is  raining  heavily,  and 
 therefore  no  work  can  be  done.  On  the  next  rainy  day  I 
 shall  report  further  on  the  progress  of  my  excavations. 
 
 No.  36.     A  large  Trojan  Amphora  of  Terra-cotta   8  m.). 
 
(     64     ) 
 
 CHAPTER    II. 
 
 Number  of  workmen  —  Discoveries  at  2  to  4  meters  deep  —  Greek  coins 
 
 —  Remarkable  terra-cottas  with  small  stamps,  probably  Ex  votos  — 
 These  cease,  and  are  succeeded  by  the  whorls  —  Bones  of  sharks, 
 shells  of  mussels  and  oysters,  and  pottery  —  Three  Greek  Inscriptions 
 
 —  The  splendid  panoramic  view  from  Hissarlik  —  The  Plain  of  Troy 
 and  the  heroic  tumuli  —  Thymbria  :  Mr.  Frank  Galvert's  Museum  — 
 The  mound  of  Chana'i  Te'pe  —  The  Scamander  and  its  ancient  bed 
 
 —  Valley  of  the  Simo'is,  and  ruins  of  Ophrynium. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  October  26th,  187 1. 
 
 Since  my  report  of  the  18th  I  have  continued  the  excava- 
 tions with  the  utmost  energy,  with,  on  an  average,  80 
 workmen,  and  I  have  to-day  reached  an  average  depth  of 
 4  meters  (13  feet).  At  a  depth  of  6^  feet  I  discovered  a  well, 
 covered  with  a  very  large  stone,  and  filled  with  rubbish. 
 Its  depth  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  ;  it  belongs  to  the 
 Roman  period,  as  is  proved  by  the  cement  with  which  the 
 stones  are  joined  together.  Ruins  of  buildings,  consisting 
 of  hewn  stones  joined  or  not  joined  by  cement,  I  only  find  at 
 about  a  depth  of  2  meters  (6h  feet).  In  the  layers  of  oUbris 
 between  1  and  4  meters  deep  (6h  to  13  feet),  I  find  scarcely 
 any  stones,  and  to  my  delight  the  huge  blocks  of  stone  no 
 longer  occur  at  all.  Medals  belonging  to  Ilium  and  to  the 
 first  and  second  centuries  before  Christ,  and  the  first  two  cen- 
 turies after  Christ,  as  well  as  coins  of  Alexandria  Troas  and 
 Sigeum,  the  age  of  which  I  do  not  know,  were  found  almost 
 immediately  below  the  surface,  and  only  in  some  few  cases 
 as  deep  as  1  meter  (3 -  feet).  By  far  the  greater  number  of 
 the  Ilian  coins  bear  the  image  of  Minerva,  of  Faustina  the 
 elder,   of  Marcus  Aurelius,   of  Faustina   the   younger,   of 
 
Ch.  II.  1871.] 
 
 STAMPED  TERRA-COTTAS. 
 
 65 
 
 Commodus  or  of  Crispina,  and  I  found  one  with  the  fol- 
 lowing inscription:    <J>ATXTINA    3KTI2P    IAI€X1N.     As  far 
 
 down  as  2  meters  (6^  feet)  I  found,  as  during  my  last  year's 
 excavations  in  this  hill,  an  immense  number  of  round  articles 
 of  terra-cotta,  red,  yellow,  grey  and  black,  with  two  holes, 
 without  inscriptions,  but  frequently  with  a  kind  of  potter's 
 stamp  upon  them.  I  cannot  find  in  the  holes  of  any  one 
 of  these  articles  the  slightest  trace  of  wear  by  their  having 
 been  used  for  domestic  purposes,  and  therefore  I  presume 
 that  they  have  served  as  Ex  votos  for   hanging  up  in  the 
 
 Nos.   37-39.     Stamped  Terra-cottas  [it — 2  M.). 
 
 temples.     Upon  most  of  those  bearing  a  stamp  I  perceive 
 
 in  it  an  altar,  and  above  the  latter 
 
 a  bee  or  fly  with  outspread  wings ; 
 
 upon  others  there  is  a  bull,  a  swan, 
 
 a  child,  or  two  horses.      Curiously 
 
 enough    these    articles    vanish    all 
 
 at  once   at  a  depth   of   2    meters 
 
 (6-j    feet),    and    from    this    depth 
 
 downwards   I  find,   in    their  stead, 
 
 pieces  that  are  sometimes  as  round 
 
 as    a   ball,    exactly   the    shape    of   „         „ 
 
 J  I  No.  40.     Stamped  lerra-cotta  (2  M.). 
 
 a  German  humming-top,  some- 
 times in  the  form  of  hemispheres,  others  again  in  the 
 form  of  cones,  tops  {carrouselen),  or  volcanoes.  They  are 
 from  I  of  an  inch  to  i\  inches  high  and  broad, 
 and  all  the  different  forms  have  a  hole  right  through  the 
 centre ;    almost   all   of  them   have  on   one   side  the  most 
 
 F 
 
66  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  II. 
 
 various  kinds  of  decorations  encircling  the  central  hole.* 
 With  the  exception  of  a  few  of  these  objects  made  of  blue 
 stone,  from  J  of  an  inch  to  ii  inch  broad,  and  found  at  a 
 depth  of  3  meters  (10  feet),  they  are  all  made  of  terra-cotta, 
 and  it  is  quite  evident  that  the  decorations  were  engraved 
 when  the  clay  was  still  in  a  soft  state.  All  are  of  such 
 excellent  clay,  and  burnt  so  hard,  that  I  at  first  believed 
 them  to  be  of  stone,  and  only  perceived  my  mistake  after 
 having  carefully  examined  them.  In  the  depth  we  have 
 now  arrived  at  I  also  find  very  many  of  those  elegant  round 
 vertebrae  which  form  the  backbone  of  the  shark,  and  of 
 which  walking-sticks  are  often  made.  The  existence  of  these 
 vertebras  seems  to  prove  that  in  remote  antiquity  this  sea 
 contained  sharks,  which  are  now  no  longer  met  with  here. 
 To-day  I  also  found  upon  a  fragment  of  rough  pottery  the 
 representation  of  a  man's  head  with  large  protruding  eyes, 
 a  long  nose,  and  a  very  small  mouth,  which  seems  clearly 
 to  be  of  Phoenician  workmanship. 
 
 I  also  constantly  come  upon  immense  quantities  of 
 mussel-shells,  and  it  seems  as  if  the  old  inhabitants  of  Ilium 
 had  been  very  fond  of  this  shell-fish.  Oyster-shells  are 
 also  found,  but  only  seldom  ;  on  the  other  hand,  I  find 
 very  many  fragments  of  pottery.  As  far  as  the  depth  yet 
 reached,  all  the  buildings  which  have  stood  upon  this  hill 
 in  the  course  of  thousands  of  years  seem  to  have  been 
 destroyed  by  fire ;  every  one  of  them  is  distinctly  indicated 
 by  a  layer  of  calcined  ruins.  This  is  at  all  events  the 
 reason  why  I  do  not  also  find  other  objects,  and  especially 
 why  I  no  longer  find  earthen  vessels.  Those  I  have  hitherto 
 found  uninjured  are  very  small  pots  of  coarse  workman- 
 ship ;  however,  the  fragments  of  the  pottery  prove  that 
 even  in  the  time  to  which  the  ruins  belong,  at  a  depth  of 
 4  meters  (13  feet),  there  already  existed  good  kitchen  utensils. 
 
 *  The  various  forms  of  the  whorls  are  shown  in  the  lithographed 
 plates  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 
 
1S71.]  GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  67 
 
 In  the  quadrangular  building  already  mentioned  I 
 found,  at  a  depth  of  about  5  feet,  a  slab  of  marble  ay  6 
 inches  in  length,  the  upper  part  of  which  is  13*6  inches  in 
 breadth,  and  the  lower  part  15*36  inches.  It  contains  the 
 following  inscription : — 
 
 'E7T€iSt7  Ata^eV^s  UoXXeco?  T^/x^tr^?,  hiaTpifiaip  irapa 
 tw  fiacriXei,  fyiXos  oiv  /cat  evpovs  StareXet  tw  St^/xoj,  ^petas 
 irape^o/xepoq  TTpo6vfMO)?  ets  a  av  rts  avrbv  7rapaKaXfj,  8eSo- 
 xOcu  Trj  /3ovXfj  Kal  tw  St//^  erraiviaai  [xev  avrbv  eVt  tovtols, 
 TTapaKoktiv  Se  /cat  ets  to  Xolttov  elvau  (^ikoTifxov  ets  rd  tov 
 Sijfxov  o~vjJL(f)€popTa,  SeSocr#at  Se  avrco  rroXireiav,  irpo^eviav, 
 fE.yKT7](Tiv,  ariXeiap  oiv  Kal  61  iroklrai  dreXets  etcrt  Kal  e^o&ov 
 eVt  ttjp  jSovXrjp  TrpcoTO)  jxerd  tol  lepd  Kal  dffa^LP  Kal  i/x  TroXepao 
 Kal  eV  eiprjvr)  ctcrvXet  Kal  ao-novSei'  apaypdxjjaL  Se  rd  SeSo- 
 jxeva  airw  ravTa  eis  o~TrjXr]p  Kal  (dpa)6elpai  e(t?   .... 
 
 The  king  spoken  of  in  this  inscription  must  have  been 
 one  of  the  kings  of  Pergamus,  and  from  the  character 
 of  the  writing  I  believe  that  it  must  be  assigned  to  the  third 
 century  before  Christ. 
 
 At  about  the  same  depth,  and  by  the  side  of  the  build- 
 ing, I  found  a  second  marble  slab  16*5  inches  in  length 
 and  13*4  inches  in  breadth.  The  inscription  runs  as 
 follows : — 
 
 'iXtet?  eBocrav  MeveXdco  'Appa(3atov  ,A0rjpaLO)  evepyery 
 yepofxepo)  avrdv  /cat  7re/ot  ttjv  eXevBepiav  apSpl  ayaOa)  yepo- 
 /xeVw  Trpo^eviap  Kal  evepyecriav. 
 
 This  second  inscription,  to  judge  from  the  form  of  the 
 letters,  appears  to  belong  to  the  first  century  b.c.  "'Appa- 
 /3ato<?"  here  occurs  for  the  first  time  as  an  Attic  name. 
 
 At  the  same  depth,  and  likewise  by  the  side  of  the 
 foundations  of  the  same  building,  I  found  a  third  marble 
 slab,  nearly  15  inches  long  and  about  14  broad.  Its 
 inscription  is : — 
 
 F    2 
 
63  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  II. 
 
 My)v6(J)l\o<;  rXavpiov  elneV  iirethr)  irXeioves  rdv  ttoXltcov 
 eTreXOoPTes  eVt  ttjv  fiovXrjV  (f>ao  iv  \oupeav  tov  TeTayp^ivov  in 
 \\/3v8ov  evvovv  re  eivcu  rfj  noket  kclL  eVtots  tt  pea  (3evo  pivots 
 vnb  tov  Sijpov  irpbs  avrbv  f3ov\6pevov  rfj  iroXet  ^apiZ,ea0aL 
 ttjv  iraaav  o~7rovSr]v  kcu  irpovoiav  7roelo~9ai  koX  rots  avvav- 
 to)0~lv  avTco  tcov  tto\lto)v  (fnXapO 'pw77CD5  7rpoa(f>€p€a0aL,  t^a 
 ovv  /cat  6  Srjjxos  (f)aLvr]Tai  ttjv  KadrjKovcrav  ^dpcv  a7ro8t8ou? 
 rot?  irpoaipovpiivoi^  ttjv  tt6(\li>) SeSo^^at. 
 
 This  third  inscription  also  appears  to  belong  to  the  first 
 century  b.c. 
 
 It  is  probable  that  the  building  in  and  around  which  I 
 discovered  these  three  inscriptions  was  the  Town-hall  of 
 Ilium ;  at  all  events,  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been  a 
 temple. 
 
 The  view  from  the  hill  of  Hissarlik  is  extremely  magni- 
 ficent.* Before  me  lies  the  glorious  Plain  of  Troy,  which, 
 since  the  recent  rain,  is  again  covered  with  grass  and  yellow 
 buttercups  ;  on  the  north-north-west,  at  about  an  hour's 
 distance,  it  is  bounded  by  the  Hellespont.  The  peninsula 
 of  Gallipoli  here  runs  out  to  a  point,  upon  which  stands 
 a  lighthouse.  To  the  left  of  it  is  the  island  of  Imbros, 
 above  which  rises  Mount  Ida  of  the  island  of  Samothrace, 
 at  present  covered  with  snow  ;  a  little  more  to  the  west,  on 
 the  Macedonian  peninsula,  lies  the  celebrated  Mount  Athos, 
 or  Monte  Santo,  with  its  monasteries,  at  the  north-western 
 side  of  which  there  are  still  to  be  seen  traces  of  that  great 
 canal  which,  according  to  Herodotus  (VII.  22-23),  was 
 made  by  Xerxes,  in  order  to  avoid  sailing  round  the  stormy 
 Cape  Athos. 
 
 Returning  to  the  Plain  of  Troy,  we  see  to  the  right 
 of  it,  upon  a  spur  of  the  promontory  of  Rhceteum,  the 
 sepulchral  mound  of  Ajax  ;  at  the  foot  of  the  opposite 
 Cape  of  Sigeum  that  of  Patroclus,  and  upon  a  spur  of 
 the  same   cape  the  sepulchre   of  Achilles  ;  to  the  left  of 
 
 *  Sec  Plate  IV.     View  of  the  Northern  part  of  the  Plain  of  Troy. 
 
1871.]  VIEW  OF  THE  PLAIN  OF  TROY.  69 
 
 the  latter,  on  the  promontory  itself,  is  the  village  of  Ye- 
 nishehr.  The  Plain,  which  is  about  two  hours'  journey  in 
 breadth,  is  thence  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  shores  of 
 the  iEgean,  which  are,  on  an  average,  about  131  feet  high, 
 and  upon  which  we  see  first  the  sepulchral  mound  of 
 Festus,  the  confidential  friend  of  Caracalla,  whom  the 
 Emperor  (according  to  Herodian,  IV.)  caused  to  be  poisoned 
 on  his  visit  to  Ilium,  that  he  might  be  able  to  imitate  the 
 funeral  rites  which  Achilles  celebrated  in  honour  of  his 
 friend  Patroclus,  as  described  by  Homer  {Iliad,  XXIII.). 
 Then  upon  the  same  coast  there  is  another  sepulchral 
 mound,  called  Udjck-TtpS,  rather  more  than  78^  feet  in 
 height,  which  most  archaeologists  consider  to  be  that  of  the 
 old  man  .ZEsyetes,  from  which  Polites,  trusting  to  the  swift- 
 ness of  his  feet,  watched  to  see  when  the  Greek  army  would 
 set  forth  from  the  ships.*  The  distance  of  this  mound 
 from  the  Greek  camp  on  the  Hellespont  is,  however,  fully 
 2>h  hours,  whereas  at  a  distance  of  a  quarter  of  an  hour  a 
 man  cannot  be  seen.  Polites,  moreover,  would  not  have 
 required  to  have  been  very  swift-footed  to  have  escaped  at 
 a  distance  of  3^  hours.  In  short,  from  the  passage  in  the 
 Iliad  this  tomb  cannot  possibly  be  identified  with  that  of 
 yEsyetes,  whether  the  site  of  ancient  Troy  be  assigned  to 
 the  heights  of  Bunarbashi  or  to  Ilium,  where  I  am  digging. 
 Between  the  last-named  mounds  we  see  projecting  above 
 the  high  shores  of  the  iEgean  Sea  the  island  of  Tenedos. 
 
 *  Homer,  Iliad,  II.  790-794  :— 
 
 'Ayxov  8'  Icnafxtvr)  irpoaitpt)  7r<55as  wKta.  'lpis' 
 E'/craro   Se   (pdoyyijv  vTi  HpidfioLO  HoXitt), 
 *Os  Tpw&v  (TKO-rcbs  T£e,    7ro5a>Kei?/(Ti  ireTroiQws, 
 Tv/j.fi(f)   iir   ciKpoTarai  Aiavrtrao  yepovTos, 
 A^ypavos  diriroTe  vav<piv  a<pop/j.T]duey  'Axaiot — 
 
 "  Swift  Iris  stood  amidst  them,  and  the  voice 
 Assuming  of  Polites,  Priam's  son, 
 The  Trojan  scout,  who,  trusting  to  his  speed, 
 Was  posted  on  the  summit  of  the  mound 
 Of  ancient  ^Esyetes,  there  to  watch 
 Till  from  their  ships  the  Grecian  troops  should  march- 
 
70  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  II. 
 
 To  the  south,  we  see  the  Plain  of  Troy,  extending  again 
 to  a  distance  of  two  hours,  as  far  as  the  heights  of 
 Bunarbashi,  above  which  rises  majestically  the  snow-capped 
 Gargarus  of  Mount  Ida,  from  which  Jupiter  witnessed  the 
 battles  between  the  Trojans  and  the  Greeks.*  At  half-an- 
 hour's  distance  to  the  left  of  Bunarbashi  is  the  beautiful 
 estate  of  5000  acres,  whose  name  of  Batak  is  now  changed 
 into  Thymbria,  belonging  to  my  friend  Mr.  Frederick 
 Calvert.  It  deserves  the  change  of  name  for  more  than 
 one  reason  ;  for  not  only  does  the  river  Thymbrius  (now 
 Kemer)  flow  through  it,  but  it  comprises  the  whole  site 
 of  the  ancient  town  of  Thymbria,  with  its  temple  of 
 Apollo,  among  the  ruins  of  which  the  proprietor's  brother, 
 Mr.  Frank  Calvert — known  for  his  archaeological  investi- 
 gations —  is  making  excavations,  and  has  found  several 
 valuable  inscriptions ;  among  others,  an  inventory  of  the 
 temple.  This  estate  further  comprises  the  site  of  an  ancient 
 town,  which  is  apparently  encompassed  in  some  places  by 
 ramparts  ;  it  is  covered  with  fragments  of  pottery,  and  in 
 regard  to  position,  distance,  &c,  corresponds  so  closely 
 with  the  statements  of  Strabo  that  it  must  certainly  be  his 
 "  'I\ieW  kwjli^,"  where,  agreeing  with  the  theory  of  Deme- 
 trius of  Scepsis,  he  places  the  Homeric  Troy.  At  the  foot 
 of  the  hill  containing  the  site,  there  are,  curiously  enough, 
 two  springs,  one  of  hot  the  other  of  cold  water.f  These 
 springs — probably  owing  to  their  natural  channels  having 
 been  stopped  up  for  centuries  by  a  fallen  bridge — have 
 formed  a  large  marsh  of  240  acres,  the  evaporations  of 
 which  greatly  contribute  to  the  malaria  of  the  glorious 
 Plain.     The  marvellous  circumstance  that  these  springs  are 
 
 *  See  Plate  V.,  View  of  the  South-eastern  part  of  the  Plain  of  Troy. 
 The  word  "  perpetual "  {ewigem)  in  reference  to  the  snow  on  Ida  is 
 omitted  at  the  desire  of  the  Author,  who  has  ascertained  that  the  summit 
 is  clear  of  snow  in  July  and  August. — [Ed.] 
 
 +  The  difference  of  temperature  in  the  springs  seems  to  have  been 
 disproved  afterwards.     (See  Chapter  V..  p.  92.) — [Ed.] 
 
view  of  the  northern  tart  of   the  plain  ok  troy,   from  the   mix  of  hissaruk 
 
 M.mnt  Garmrus  (Kasdak 
 
1871.]  VILLAGE  OF  THE  ILIANS.  7  I 
 
 situated  directly  before  the  site  of  "  'DueW  /cw/xr;,"  and  that 
 their  position  corresponds  so  exactly  with  the  two  springs 
 of  hot  and  cold  water  which  existed  in  front  of  ancient 
 Troy,  and  in  which  the  Trojan  women  used  to  wash  their 
 clothes,  convinces  Mr.  Frederick  Calvert  that  Demetrius 
 of  Scepsis  and  Strabo  were  right,  and  that  he  possesses  the 
 actual  site  of  ancient  Troy.  In  order  to  gain  240  acres 
 of  rich  land  and  to  make  the  district  more  healthy,  but 
 especially  also  in  the  interest  of  science,  Mr.  Calvert  has 
 now  caused  the  channels  to  be  opened,  and  he  believes,  as 
 the  incline  is  considerable,  amounting  at  least  to  53  feet, 
 and  the  distance  from  the  Hellespont  is  three  hours,  that  by 
 next  summer  the  whole  marsh  will  be  dried  up,  and  the 
 two  springs,  which  are  now  5  feet  under  water,  will  be 
 brought  to  light.*  I  have  in  vain  endeavoured  to  make 
 Mr.  Calvert  change  his  opinion,  by  seeking  to  convince 
 him  that,  according  to  the  Iliad  (II.  123-30),!  Troy  must 
 at  least  have  had  50,000  inhabitants,  whereas  the  site  he 
 possesses  is  scarcely  large  enough  for  10,000;  further,  that 
 the  distance  from  the  'IXieW  koj/xt]  to  the  Hellespont  directly 
 contradicts  the  statements  of  Homer,  for  we  are  told  that 
 the  Greek  troops  in  one  day  twice  forced  their  way  fighting 
 from  the  camp  to  the  town,  and  returned  twice,  fighting. 
 The  distance  of  the  town  from  the  ships,  therefore,  in  my 
 opinion,  can  at  most  have  been  that  of  one  hour  (about 
 3  miles).  Mr.  Calvert  replies  that  the  whole  Plain  of  Troy 
 is  alluvial  land,  and  that  at  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war  its 
 site  must  have  been  nearer  the  Hellespont ;  but,  three  years 
 ago,  in  my  work,  '  Ithaca,  the  Peloponnesus,  and  Troy,'  I 
 endeavoured  to  prove  that  the  Plain  of  Troy  is  decidedly 
 not  alluvial  land. 
 
 ";:"  This  work  has  now  been  done.     See  '  Introduction,'  p.  51. 
 
 t  The  '  Introduction  '  has  already  shown  how  Dr.  Schliemann 
 changed  his  opinion  as  to  the  magnitude  of  Troy.  Compare  also 
 Chapter  XXIII.  It  is  hard  to  see  how  the  vague  poetic  language  of  the 
 passage  cited  furnishes  any  data  for  the  computation  in  the  text; — [Ed.] 
 
72  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  II. 
 
 Another  curiosity  of  this  estate  is,  that  close  to  the 
 temple  of  Apollo  there  exists  a  round  hill,  called  "  Chana'i 
 Tepe,"  about  32^  feet  in  height,  and  216^  feet  in  diameter 
 at  its  base.  It  used  to  be  considered  a  natural  hill,  till 
 Mr.  Frank  Calvert,  in  the  year  1856,  made  a  cutting  in  it, 
 and  found  upon  a  flat  rock,  16  feet  high,  a  circular  space, 
 enclosed  by  a  wall  6^  feet  in  height.  The  whole  of  the 
 inner  space,  as  far  as  the  edge  of  the  surrounding  wall, 
 was  filled  with  calcined  bones,  which  the  surgeons  of  the 
 English  fleet  pronounced  to  be  human  bones.  In  the 
 centre  Mr.  Calvert  found  the  skeleton  of  a  human  being. 
 The  whole  was  covered  with  about  10  feet  of  earth. 
 
 The  Plain  of  Troy  is  traversed  from  the  south-east  to 
 the  north-west  by  the  Scamander,  which  is  distant  from 
 Hissarlik  ^  minutes'  walk,  and  the  bed  of  which  I  can 
 recognise  from  here  by  the  uninterrupted  row  of  trees 
 growing  upon  its  banks.  Between  the  Scamander  and 
 Hissarlik,  at  a  distance  of  only  15  minutes  from  the  latter, 
 the  Plain  is  again  intersected  by  the  river  Kalifatli-Asmak, 
 which  rises  in  the  marshes  of  Batak  (Thymbria),  and  is 
 filled  with  running  water  only  in  late  autumn,  winter,  and 
 spring ;  but  during  the  hot  summer  months,  till  the 
 end  of  October,  it  consists  of  an  uninterrupted  series  of 
 deep  pools.  This  stream,  even  during  the  continual  heavy 
 winter  rains,  and  in  comparison  with  its  splendid  and  im- 
 mensely broad  channel,  has  but  a  very  scanty  supply  of 
 water — in  fact,  never  so  much  as  to  cover  even  the  tenth 
 part  of  the  breadth  of  its  bed.  I  therefore  believe  that  its 
 huge  bed  must  at  one  time  have  been  the  bed  of  the 
 Scamander ;  I  believe  this  all  the  more,  as  the  SimoYs  still 
 flows  into  the  Kalifatli-Asmak  at  a  quarter  of  an  hour's 
 distance  north  of  Ilium,  where  I  am  digging.*  By  identi- 
 fying the  channel  of  this  river,  which  may  be  traced  to 
 the  Hellespont  near  Cape  Rhceteum,  with  the  most  ancient 
 
 *  See  the  Map. 
 
1871.]  OLD  BED  OF  THE  SCAMANDER.  73 
 
 bed  of  the  Scamander,  we  may  settle  the  otherwise  insur- 
 mountable difficulties  of  the  Homeric  topography  of  the 
 Plain  of  Troy ;  for,  had  the  Scamander  occupied  its 
 present  bed  at  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war,  it  would  have 
 flowed  through  the  Greek  camp,  and  Homer  would  have 
 had  abundant  opportunity  of  speaking  of  this  important 
 circumstance.  But  as  he  never  mentions  a  river  in  the 
 camp,  there  can,  of  course,  have  been  none  there.  More- 
 over, the  Simo'is  is  now  half-an-hour's  distance  from  the 
 Scamander ;  whereas  Homer  frequently  mentions  the  con- 
 fluence of  these  two  streams  before  Ilium,  and  most 
 of  the  battles  took  place  in  the  fields  between  Troy,  the 
 Scamander,  and  the  Simo'is.  At  its  confluence  with  the 
 Kalifatli-Asmak,  whose  enormous  bed  must,  at  one  time, 
 have  belonged  to  the  Scamander,  the  Simo'is  has  an 
 especially  large  and  deep  bed,  which  is  doubtless  still 
 the  same  that  this  stream  occupied  at  the  time  of  the 
 Trojan  war. 
 
 The  Kalifatli-Asmak,  after  its  confluence  with  the 
 Scamander  near  the  village  of  Kum-koi,  turns  to  the  north- 
 west, and  flows  into  the  sea  by  three  arms,  not  very  far 
 from  the  present  bed  of  the  Scamander ;  below  the  village, 
 however,  it  has  quite  a  narrow  bed,  which  is  obviously  of 
 recent  formation.  Its  old  channel,  on  the  other  hand, 
 which  was  the  ancient  bed  of  the  Scamander  and  is  of  an 
 immense  breadth,  proceeds  direct  northwards  from  Kum-koi: 
 it  is  now  occupied  by  the  water  of  the  small  rivulet  called 
 In-Upi-Asmak,  which  I  shall  afterwards  describe  minutely, 
 and  empties  itself,  as  before  said,  into  the  Hellespont  close 
 to  Cape  Rhoeteum. 
 
 The  Scamander  did  not  take  possession  of  its  present 
 bed  suddenly,  but  very  gradually,  probably  in  the  course 
 of  many  centuries  ;  for  between  its  present  channel  and  its 
 ancient  one  there  are  three  enormous  river-beds,  likewise 
 leading  to  the  Hellespont,  which  possess  no  water  and 
 must    necessarily   have    been    successively   formed    by  the 
 
74 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Ch.  II.  1871. 
 
 Scamander,  as  there  is  no  other  river  here  that  could  have 
 formed  them. 
 
 To  the  north-north-east,  I  overlook  another  plain, 
 called  Chalil-Ovvasi,  half  an  .hour  in  breadth  and  i^  hour 
 in  length,  which  is  traversed  by  the  Sim 01s  and  extends  to 
 the  hill  upon  which  are  the  mighty  ruins  of  the  ancient 
 city  of  Ophrynium.  The  coins  which  have  been  found 
 there  leave  no  doubt  about  this.  There,  close  to  the 
 Simo'i's,  was  Hector's  (so-called)  tomb,  and  a  grove  sacred 
 to  his  memory.* 
 
 *  Lycophron's  Cassandra;  Virgil's  Aineid,  III.,  302-305  ;  Strabo, 
 XIII.,  1. 
 
 No.  41.     A  great  mixing  Vessel  («p<XTijp),  of  Terra-cotta,  with  4  Handles,  about  1  ft.  5  in.  high, 
 and  nearly  1  ft.  9  in.  in  diameter  (7  M.).     (See  pp.  157,  262). 
 
(     75     ) 
 
 CHAPTER    III. 
 
 Puzzling  transitions  from  the  "  Stone  Age  "  to  a  higher  civilization  — 
 The  stone  age  reappears  in  force,  mixed  with  pottery  of  fine  work- 
 manship, and  the  whorls  in  great  number  —  Conjectures  as  to  their 
 uses:  probably  Ex  votos  —  Priapi  of  stone  and  terra-cotta  :  their 
 worship  brought  by  the  primitive  Aryans  from  Bactria  —  Vessels 
 with  the  owl's  face  — Boars'  tusks — Varied  implements  and  weapons 
 of  stone  —  Hand  mill-stones — -Models  of  canoes  in  terra-cotta  — 
 Whetstones  —  The  one  object  of  the  excavations,  to  find  Troy. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  November  3rd,  1871. 
 
 My  last  communication  was  dated  the  26th  of  October, 
 and  since  then  I  have  proceeded  vigorously  with  80  work- 
 men on  an  average.  Unfortunately,  however,  I  have  lost 
 three  days ;  for  on  Sunday,  a  day  on  which  the  Greeks  do 
 not  work,  I  could  not  secure  the  services  of  any  Turkish 
 workmen,  for  they  are  now  sowing  their  crops;  on  two  other 
 days  I  was  hindered  by  heavy  rains. 
 
 To  my  extreme  surprise,  on  Monday,  the  30th  of  last 
 month,  I  suddenly  came  upon  a  mass  of  debris,  in  which  I 
 found  an  immense  quantity  of  implements  made  of  hard 
 black  stone  (diorite),  but  of  a  very  primitive  form.  On  the 
 following  day,  however,  not  a  single  stone  implement  was 
 found,  but  a  small  piece  of  silver  wire  and  a  great  deal  of 
 broken  pottery  of  elegant  workmanship,  among  others  the 
 fragment  of  a  cup  with  an  owl's  head.  I  therefore  thought 
 I  had  again  come  upon  the  remains  of  a  civilized  people, 
 and  that  the  stone  implements  of  the  previous  day  were  the 
 remains  of  an  invasion  of  a  barbarous  tribe,  whose  dominion 
 had  been  of  but  short  duration.  But  I  was  mistaken,  for 
 on   the  Wednesday  the   stone  period   reappeared  in    even 
 
f6  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  III. 
 
 greater  force,  and  continued  throughout  the  whole  of  yester- 
 day. To-day,  unfortunately,  no  work  can  be  done  owing 
 to  the  heavy  downpour  of  rain. 
 
 I  find  much  in  this  stone  period  that  is  quite  inexplic- 
 able to  me,  and  I  therefore  consider  it  necessary  to  describe 
 everything  as  minutely  as  possible,  in  the  hope  that  one  or 
 other  of  my  honoured  colleagues  will  be  able  to  give  an 
 explanation  of  the  points  which  are  obscure  to  me. 
 
 In  the  first  place,  I  am  astonished  that  here  on  the 
 highest  point  of  the  hill,  where,  according  to  every  suppo- 
 sition the  noblest  buildings  must  have  stood,  I  come  upon 
 the  stone  period  as  early  as  at  a  depth  of  4I?  meters  (about 
 
 15  feet),  whereas  last  year,  at  a  distance  of  only  66  feet 
 from  the  top  of  the  hill,  I  found  in  my  cutting,  at  the 
 depth  of  more  than  16  feet,  a  wall,  6\  feet  thick,  and  by 
 no  means  very  ancient,  and  no  trace  of  the  stone  period, 
 although  I  carried  that  cutting  to  a  depth  of  more  than 
 
 16  feet.  This  probably  can  be  explained  in  no  other 
 way  than  that  the  hill,  at  the  place  where  the  wall  stands, 
 must  have  been  very  low,  and  that  this  low  position  has 
 been  gradually  raised  by  the  debris. 
 
 Further,  I  do  not  understand  how  it  is  possible  that  in 
 the  present  stratum  and  upon  the  whole  length  of  my 
 cutting  (which  must  now  be  at  least  1 84  feet)  to  its  mouth, 
 that  is,  as  far  as  the  steep  declivity,  I  should  find  stone 
 implements,  which  obviously  prove  that  that  part  of  the 
 steep  side  of  the  hill  cannot  have  increased  in  size  since 
 the  stone  period  by  rubbish  thrown  down  from  above. 
 
 Next,  I  cannot  explain  how  it  is  possible  that  I  should 
 find  things  which,  to  all  appearance,  must  have  been  used 
 by  the  uncivilized  men  of  the  stone  period,  but  which 
 could  not  have  been  made  with  the  rude  implements  at 
 their  disposal.  Among  these  I  may  specially  mention  the 
 earthen  vessels  found  in  great  numbers,  without  decorations, 
 it  is  true,  and  not  fine,  but  which  however  are  of  excellent 
 workmanship.     Not  one  of  these  vessels  has  been  turned 
 
1871.]  TERRA-COTTA  WHORLS.  77 
 
 upon  a  potter's  wheel,  and  yet  it  appears  to  me  that  they 
 could  not  have  been  made  without  the  aid  of  some  kind  of 
 machine,  such  as,  on  the  other  hand,  could  not  have  been 
 produced  by  the  rude  stone  implements  of  the  period. 
 
 I  am  further  surprised  to  find,  in  this  stone  period,  and 
 more  frequently  than  ever  before,  those  round  articles  with 
 a  hole  in  the  centre,  which  have  sometimes  the  form  of 
 humming-tops  or  whorls  {carrouscleii),  sometimes  of  fiery 
 mountains.  In  the  last  form  they  bear,  on  a  small  scale, 
 the  most  striking  resemblance  to  the  colossal  sepulchral 
 mounds  of  this  district,  which  latter,  both  on  this  account 
 and  also  because  stone  implements  have  been  found  in  one 
 of  them  (the  Chanai  Tepe)  belong  probably  to  the  stone 
 period,  and  therefore  perhaps  to  an  age  thousands  of  years 
 before  the  Trojan  war.*  At  a  depth  of  3  meters  (about  10 
 feet),  I  found  one  of  these  objects  made  of  very  fine  marble  : 
 all  the  rest  are  made  of  excellent  clay  rendered  very  hard 
 by  burning  ;  almost  all  of  them  have  decorations,  which 
 have  evidently  been  scratched  into  them  when  the  clay  was 
 as  yet  unburnt,  and  which  in  very  many  cases  have  been 
 filled  with  a  white  substance,  to  make  them  more  striking 
 to  the  eye.  It  is  probable  that  at  one  time  the  decorations 
 upon  all  of  these  objects  were  filled  with  that  white  sub- 
 stance, for  upon  many  of  them,  where  it  no  longer  exists,  I 
 see  some  traces  of  it.  Upon  some  of  the  articles  of  very 
 hard  black  clay  without  decorations,  some  hand  has  endea- 
 voured to  make  them  after  the  clay  had  been  burnt,  and, 
 when  looked  at  through  a  magnifying  glass,  these  marks 
 leave  no  doubt  that  they  have  been  laboriously  scratched 
 with  a  piece  of  flint. 
 
 The  question  then  forces  itself  upon  us :  For  wkatzuere 
 
 *  For  the  further  and  most  interesting  discoveries  which  speedily  led 
 Dr.  Schliemann  to  recal  this  conjecture,  and  which  have  affected  all 
 previous  theories  about  the  ages  of  stone  and  bronze,  see  the  beginning 
 of  Chapter  IV. 
 
78  rRO"i   AND  its  REMAINS.  [Chap.  III. 
 
 these  objects  used f  They  cannot  possibly  have  been  cm- 
 ployed  in  spinning  or  weaving,  or  as  weights  for  fishing- 
 nets,  for  they  arc  too  fine  and  elegant  for  such  purposes; 
 neither  have  I  as  yet  been  able  to  discover  any  indication 
 that  they  could  have  been  used  for  any  handicraft.  When, 
 therefore,  I  consider  the  perfect  likeness  of  most  of  these 
 objects  to  the  form  of  the  heroic  sepulchral  mounds,  I 
 am  forced  to  believe  that  they,  as  well  as  those  with  two 
 holes  which  occurred  only  at  a  depth  of  6h  feet,  were  used 
 as  Ex  votos. 
 
 Again,  to  my  surprise,  I  frequently  find  the  Priapus, 
 sometimes  represented  quite  true  to  nature  in  stone  or  terra- 
 cotta, sometimes  in  the  form  of  a  pillar  rounded  off  at  the 
 top  (just  such  as  I  have  seen  in  Indian  temples,  but  there  only 
 about  4  inches  in  length).  I  once  also  found  the  symbol  in 
 the  form  of  a  little  pillar  only  about  i  inch  in  length,  made 
 of  splendid  black  marble  striped  with  white  and  beau- 
 tifully polished,  such  as  is  never  met  with  in  the  whole  of 
 this  district.  I  consequently  have  not  the  slightest  doubt 
 that  the  Trojan  people  of  the  stone  period  worshipped 
 Priapus  as  a  divinity,  and  that,  belonging  to  the  Indo- 
 Germanic  race,  they  brought  this  religion  from  Bactria  ; 
 for  in  India,  as  is  well  known,  the  god  of  production  and 
 of  destruction  is  represented  and  worshipped  in  this  form. 
 Moreover,  it  is  probable  that  these  ancient  Trojans  are  the 
 ancestors  of  the  great  Hellenic  nation,  for  I  repeatedly  find 
 upon  cups  and  vases  of  terra-cotta  representations  of  the 
 owfs  head,  which  is  probably  the  great-great-grandmother 
 of  the  Athenian  bird  of  Pallas- Athena. 
 
 With  the  exception  of  the  above-mentioned  piece  of 
 silver  wire  and  two  copper  nails,  I  have  as  yet  found  no 
 trace  of  metal  in  the  strata  of  the  stone  period. 
 
 As  in  the  upper  strata,  so  in  those  of  the  stone  period, 
 I  find  a  great  many  boars'  tusks,  which,  in  the  latter  strata, 
 have  without  exception  been  pointed  at  the  end,  and  have 
 served  as  implements.     It  is  inconceivable  to  me  how  the 
 
1871.]  VARIOUS  OBJEC  7  ) 
 
 men   of  the   stone   period,   with   their  imperfect    weav 
 were  able   to  kill  wild  boars.     Their  lances — like  all  their 
 other  weapons   and  instruments — are,  it   is  true,   raa'i 
 very  hard  black  or  green  stone,  bur  still  they  are  so   blunt 
 that  it  must  have  required  a  giant's  strength  to  kill  a  boar 
 with  them.     Hammers  and  axes  are   met  with  of  all     / 
 and  in  great  numbers.*      I  likewise  find  very  many  we: 
 of  granite,   also   a  number  of  hand-mills    of  lava,   which 
 consist  of  two  pieces  about  afoot  in  length,  oval  on  one  side 
 and  flat  on  the  other,  between  which  the  corn  was  cru 
 Sometimes  these  mill-  are  made  of  granite.    Knives  are 
 
 found  in  very  great  numbers :  all  are  of  flint,  some  in  the 
 form  of  knife-blades,  others — by  far  the  greater  majority — 
 are  jagged  on  one  or  on  both  .  !ike   sav  -dies 
 
 and  bodkins  made  of  bone  are  of  frequent  occurrence,  and 
 sometimes  aho  small  bon  -..     Primitive  canoes,  such  as 
 
 I  frequently  saw  in  Ceylon,  formed  out  of  a  hollowed  trunk 
 of  a  tree,  arc  often  met  with  here  in  miniature,  ma- 
 terra-cotta,  and  I  presume  that  these  small  vessels  may  have 
 served  as  salt-cellars   or  pepper-bo::  —  .     I    likewise   find  a 
 number  of  whetstones  about  4  inches  in  length  and  nearly 
 as   much  in  breadth,  which  are  sometimes  made  of  clay, 
 sometimes  of  green  or  black   slate ;  further,  a  numb-, 
 round,  flat  stone->  a  little  under  and  over  two  inch 
 diameter,  painted  red  on  one  side;  also  many  hundrc 
 round  terra-cottas  of  the  like  size  and  shape,  with  a  hole  in 
 the  centre,  and  which  have  evidently  been  made  out 
 fragments  of  pottery,  and  may  have  been  used  on  spindles. 
 Flat  stone  mortars  are  also  met  with. 
 
 1  also  find  in  my  excavations  a  b  ill  of  the  stone 
 
 period,  consisting  of  stones  joined  by  clay,  like  the  buildings 
 which  were  discovered  on  the  islands  of  Therasia  and  Thera 
 
 The  stone  implements  here  described  are  so  similar  in  form  to  the 
 better-made  objects  of  the  same  sort,  exhibited  in  subsequent  illustrations, 
 that  it  seems  superfluous  to  engrave  them  here. — [Er>.] 
 
8o 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Ch.  III.  1871. 
 
 (Santorin)   under  three   layers   of  volcanic   ashes,   forming 
 together  a  height  of  68  feet. 
 
 My  expectations  are  extremely  modest ;  I  have  no  hope 
 of  finding  plastic  works  of  art.  The  single  object  of  my 
 excavations  from  the  beginning  was  only  to  find  Troy, 
 whose  site  has  been  discussed  by  a  hundred  scholars  in  a 
 hundred  books,  but  which  as  yet  no  one  has  ever  sought  to 
 bring  to  light  by  excavations.  If  I  should  not  succeed  in 
 this,  still  I  shall  be  perfectly  contented,  if  by  my  labours 
 I  succeed  only  in  penetrating  to  the  deepest  darkness  of 
 pre-historic  times,  and  enriching  archaeology  by  the  dis- 
 covery of  a  few  interesting  features  from  the  most  ancient 
 history  of  the  great  Hellenic  race.  The  discovery  of  the 
 stone  period,  instead  of  discouraging  me,  has  therefore  only 
 made  me  the  more  desirous  to  penetrate  to  the  place  which 
 was  occupied  by  the  first  people  that  came  here,  and  I  still 
 intend  to  reach  it  even  if  I  should  have  to  dig  another 
 50  feet  further  down. 
 
 Note. — The  "  Stone  Period  "  described  in  this  chapter  seems  to  be 
 that  of  the  third  stratum  upwards  from  the  rock  (4  to  7  meters,  or  13  to 
 23  feet  deep)  ;  but  the  description  does  not  make  this  perfectly  clear. — 
 
 [Ed.] 
 
 (9  M.)  (7   M.) 
 
 Nos.  42-44.     Terra-cotta  Whorls. 
 No.  44  is  remarkable  fur  the  dcf>th  at  which  it  was  found 
 
 (14   M.) 
 
(     8i     ) 
 
 CHAPTER    IV. 
 
 Another  passage  from  the  Stone  Age  to  copper  implements  mixed  with 
 stone  —  The  signs  of  a  higher  civilization  increase  with  the  depth 
 reached  —  All  the  implements  are  of  better  workmanship  —  Dis- 
 covery of  supposed  inscriptions  —  Further  discussion  of  the  use  of 
 the  whorls  —  Troy  still  to  be  reached  —  Fine  terra-cotta  vessels  of 
 remarkable  forms  —  Great  numbers  of  stone  weights  and  hand  mill- 
 stones —  Numerous  house-walls  —  Construction  of  the  great  cutting 
 —  Fever  and  quinine  —  Wounds  and  arnica. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  November  18th,  1871. 
 
 Since  my  report  of  the  3rd  of  this  month  I  have  continued  my 
 excavations  with  the  greatest  zeal,  and  although  interrupted 
 sometimes  by  the  rain,  and  sometimes  by  Greek  festivals, 
 and  also  in  spite  of  the  continually  increasing  difficulty  in 
 removing  the  rubbish,  I  have  now  reached  an  average  depth 
 of  10  meters  or  about  33  English  feet.*  Much  that  was  in- 
 explicable to  me  has  now  become  clear,  and  I  must  first  of 
 all  correct  an  error  made  in  my  last  report,  that  I  had  come 
 upon  the  stone  period.  I  was  deceived  by  the  enormous 
 mass  of  stone  implements  of  all  kinds  which  were  daily  dug 
 up,  and  by  the  absence  of  any  trace  of  metal,  except  two 
 copper  nails,  which  I  believed  to  have  come  in  some  way 
 from  one  of  the  upper  strata  into  the  deeper  stratum  of  the 
 stone  period.     But  since  the  6th  of  this  month  there  have 
 
 *  This  depth  of  10  meters,  or  33  feet,  is  that  which  Dr.  Schliemann 
 came  to  regard  as  the  lower  limit  of  the  ruins  of  the  true  heroic  Troy. 
 The  depth  of  7  meters,  or  23  feet,  presently  mentioned  is  the  upper  limit 
 of  the  same  stratum.  (See  the  Introduction  and  the  later  Memoirs.) — 
 [Ed.] 
 
 G 
 
TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  IV. 
 
 appeared  not  only  many  nails,  but  also  knives,  lances,  and 
 battle-axes  of  copper  of  such  elegant  workmanship  that 
 they    can    have    been    made    only    by   a    civilized    people. 
 
 /      g 
 
 No.  45.     Copper  Implements  and  Weapons  from  the  Trojan  stratum  (8  M.). 
 a   Axe  of  an  unusual  form  ;  b,  c,  Battle-Axes  of  the  common  form  ;  d,  e,  g,  Knives  ;  f,  a  Na 
 
 Hence  I  must  not  only  recal  my  conjecture  that  I  had 
 reached  the  stone  period,  but  I  cannot  even  admit  that  I 
 have  reached  the  bronze  period,  for  the  implements  and 
 weapons  which  I  find  are  too  well 
 finished.  I  must,  moreover,  draw  at- 
 tention to  the  fact,  that  the  deeper  I 
 dig,  from  7  meters  (23  feet)  down- 
 wards, the  greater  are  the  indications 
 of  a  higher  civilization.  At  a  depth 
 of  from  4  to  7  meters  (13  to  23  feet) 
 the  stone  implements  and  weapons 
 were  of  a  coarse  description  ;  the  knives 
 were  of  flint,  generally  in  the  form  of 
 small  saws,  and  rarely  in  that  of  a 
 blade ;  but  there  were  a  very  great  number  of  sharp  pieces 
 of  silex,  which  must  likewise  have  served  as  knives.      Since 
 
 No.  46.  A  Mould  of  Mica- 
 schist  for  casting  Copper 
 Implements  (8  M.). 
 
 *  These,  like  all  the  objects  of  copper  found  at  Troy,  are  coated  with 
 verdigris  and  malachite.     (Letter-press  to  the  Atlas.) 
 
1871.]  COPPER  AND  STONE  TOGETHER.  83 
 
 then,  however,  the  stone  implements,  such  as  hammers  and 
 axes,  are  of  much  better  workmanship ;  there  still  occur  a 
 quantity  of  silex  knives  in  the  form  of  saws,  but  they  are 
 much  better  made  than  those  of  the  upper  strata,  and  at  a 
 depth  below  23  feet  double-edged  knife-blades  of  obsidian, 
 which   are  so    sharp   that  they  might  serve  as  razors.      In 
 
 No.  47.  No.  48.  No.  49.  No.  50. 
 
 Stone  Instruments  from  the  Trojan  stratum  (8  M.). 
 Nos.  47,  48,  49,  of  Green  Stone,  probably  Lance-Heads  ;  No.  50,  of  Diorite,  use  unknown. 
 
 these  depths,  moreover,  as  I  have  already  said,  we  again 
 meet  with  weapons  and  quantities  of  nails,  knives,  and  im- 
 plements of  copper. 
 
 But  what  above  all  other  circumstances  seems  to  prove 
 that  I  never  reached  the  stone  period,  and  that,  after 
 digging  further  down  into  the  strata  of  rude  races  between 
 13  and  23  feet,  I  have  again  come  upon  the  remains  of  a 
 more  civilized  nation,  are  two  inscriptions,  one  of  which, 
 found  at  a  depth  of  jh  meters  (about  25  feet),  seems  to  be 
 Phoenician,  but  consists  of  only  about  five  letters,  which 
 have  been  scratched  by  a  pointed  instrument,  into  that  side 
 of  a  small  terra-cotta  disc  which  had  been  painted  white, 
 the  disc  being  only  about  2-|-  inches  in  diameter.  The 
 letters,  in  any  case,  must  have  stood  out  very  distinctly 
 in  the  white  colour,  but  the  greater  portion  of  it  has  dis- 
 appeared, and  thus  two  of  the  five  written  characters  cannot 
 
 g   2 
 
84  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  IV. 
 
 easily  be  distinguished.     I  hope,  however,  that  the  inscrip- 
 tion may  nevertheless  be  deciphered.* 
 
 The  other  inscription  was  found  at  a  depth  of  8^  meters 
 (ijj  feet)  upon  one  of  those  small  round  articles  of  terra- 
 cotta with  a  hole  in  the  centre,  which,  from  a  depth  of 
 6h  feet  downwards,  occur  in  immense  numbers  in  the 
 form  of  the  humming-top,  the  carrousel,  and  the  volcano. 
 I  have  already  expressed  my  opinion  that  they  may  have 
 been  used  as  Ex  votos,  and  I  may  now  suggest  whether 
 they  might  not  even  have  been  idols,  and  especially 
 whether  those  in  the  form  of  a  volcano  do  not  represent 
 Hephaestus  ?  This  thought  struck  me  principally  from 
 the  great  resemblance  between  these  objects  and  the 
 colossal  sepulchral  mounds  on  the  Plain  of  Troy,  which 
 cover  the  ashes  of  the  corpses  of  the  heroes,  which  were 
 burnt  by  the  fire  of  Hephaestus.  At  all  events,  the  deco- 
 rations introduced  upon  all  of  these  objects — which  seem 
 to  have  been  executed  with  very  great  care,  especially 
 on  those  made  of  immensely  hard  burnt  terra-cotta — and 
 also  the  white  substance  with  which  these  decorations  are 
 filled  so  as  to  be  more  striking  to  the  eye,  leave  no  doubt 
 that  they  have  served  important  purposes.  It  was  upon 
 one  of  these  small  articles  of  terra-cotta,  in  the  form  of  a 
 top,  that  I  found  the  second  inscription.!  It  is  so  admi- 
 rably engraved,  that  one  is  astonished  to  find  such  work 
 possible  in  terra-cotta.  As  the  writing  runs  right  round 
 the  small  whorl,  and  is  formed  on  both  sides  alike,  it  seems 
 to  me,  in  my  complete  ignorance  of  the  language,  impos- 
 sible to  perceive  with  which  letter  it  commences,  or  which 
 is  the  upper  or  lower  portion  of  ir. 
 
 *  See  Plate  LI.,  No.  496.  Comp.  Chapter  IX.,  p.  138.  This  is 
 one  of  the  most  important  of  the  inscriptions  determined  to  be  such  by 
 Professor  Gomperz.     It  has  six  characters.     (See  the  Appendix.) 
 
 t  This  is  given  on  Plate  XXII.,  No.  326,  from  the  Photograph,  and 
 more  accurately  from  M.  Burnoufs  drawing  on  Plate  XLVIIL,  No.  482. 
 Dr.  Schliemann  supposed  that  it  bore  an  inscription  ;  but  he  afterwards 
 recalled  the  opinion.  (See  Chapter  IX.,  p.  137.) — [Ed.] 
 
1871.]  EXCAVATIONS  AT  OTHER  SITES.  8$ 
 
 Upon  an  ordinary  stone  I  at  the  same  time  found  the 
 character  \>.  I  should  be  immensely  delighted  if  any 
 one  were  able  to  read  these  inscriptions,  and  thus  be  in 
 a  position  to  give  an  explanation  about  the  use  of  these 
 remarkable  objects,  about  the  people  who  made  them,  and 
 about  the  epoch  in  which  I  found  myself  at  the  depth  of 
 from  25  to  28  feet. 
 
 When,  at  the  time  of  writing  my  last  report,  I  saw 
 stone  implements  and  weapons  brought  to  light,  and  none 
 but  stone,  and  was  forced  to  believe  that  I  had  penetrated 
 into  the  stratum  of  the  people  belonging  to  the  stone 
 period,  I  really  began  to  fear  that  the  actual  object  of  my 
 excavations,  to  find  here  the  Pergamus  of  Priam,  had  failed  ; 
 that  I  had  already  reached  a  period  long  anterior  to  the 
 Trojan  war,  and  that  the  colossal  sepulchral  mounds  in 
 the  Plain  of  Troy  were  perhaps  thousands  of  years  older 
 than  the  deeds  of  Achilles.  But  as  I  find  ever  more  and 
 more  traces  of  civilization  the  deeper  I  dig,  I  am  now  per- 
 fectly convinced  that  I  have  not  yet  penetrated  to  the 
 period  of  the  Trojan  war,  and  hence  I  am  more  hopeful 
 than  ever  of  finding  the  site  of  Troy  by  further  excava- 
 tions ;  for  if  there  ever  was  a  Troy — and  my  belief  in 
 this  is  firm — it  can  only  have  been  here,  on  the  site  of 
 Ilium.  I  think  that  my  excavations  of  1868  on  the 
 heights  of  Bunarbashi  have  proved  the  impossibility  of 
 a  city  or  even  a  village  ever  having  stood  there,  except 
 at  the  extreme  end  of  Balidagh,  where  Consul  Hahn  has 
 made  excavations,  but  where,  owing  to  the  small  space, 
 which  is  limited  by  precipices,  there  can  only  have  been  a 
 small  town  of  2000  inhabitants  at  most.  Upon  the  site  of 
 the  'iXieW  km/it),  which  place  was  regarded  as  the  site 
 of  ancient  Troy  by  Strabo — who  had  never  visited  the 
 Plain  of  Troy — in  accordance  with  the  theory  of  Deme- 
 trius of  Scepsis,  which  I  discussed  in  my  report  of  the  26th 
 of  last  month- — I  have,  since  Tuesday  the  21st,  employed 
 ten  workmen  to  lay  bare  a  portion  of  the  surrounding  wall 
 
86 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  IV. 
 
 which  seems  to  be  indicated  by  a  low  but  long  rise  of  the 
 ground.  I  do  this,  however,  simply  in  the  interest  of  science, 
 and  I  am  far  from  fancying  that  I  shall  find  Troy  there. 
 
 I  must  also  add,  in  regard  to  the  round  articles  of  terra- 
 cotta, that,  after  a  depth  of  7  meters  (23  feet),  those  in  the 
 form  of  the  volcano  occur  less  frequently,  and  almost  all  are 
 the  shape  of  the  top  {carrousel).  At  this  depth  also,  the 
 idols  of  Vishnu,  in  the  form  of  the  Priapus,  are  no  longer 
 
 No.  51.  No.  52. 
 
 Trojan  Terra-cottas  (8  M.). 
 
 No.  51.     A  Vase-cover.  No.  52.     A  Two-handled  Cup. 
 
 met  with.  But  I  still  very  frequently  find  at  a  depth 
 below  23  feet  the  owl's  head  on  the  earthen  vessels,  which, 
 although  only  of  one  colour  and  without  any  decorations, 
 are  elegant  in  their  simplicity,  and  become  the  more  ele- 
 gant and  finer  the  deeper  I  dig.  I  have  to  draw  especial 
 attention  to  the  bright  red  cups,  which  are  sometimes 
 found  in  the  form  of  a  bell  with  a  kind  of  coronet  below  * 
 
 *  These  cups,  as  already  observed,  are  really  covers  of  vases,  the 
 "  coronet "  being  the  upper,  instead  of  the  under  part. — [Ed.] 
 
i87i.] 
 
 TROJAN  TERRA-COTTA  VASES. 
 
 sometimes   in   the    shape    of    immense    champagne-glasses 
 
 with  two  large  handles.     In  neither  form   can  they  stand 
 
 upon  the  lower  end  like  the  cups  of  the  present  day,  but 
 
 only  upon   the    upper    part,  just  as  we   should  be    obliged 
 
 to  set  down  a  bell,  if  we  used  it  as  a  drinking-cup.      I  must 
 
 next    mention    the    small    pots    with 
 
 three  little   feet,  and  the  large   ones 
 
 with  a  neck  bent  back,  then  the  large 
 
 vessels    with    two    handles    and    two 
 
 others  in  the  form  of  upraised  arms ; 
 
 and,  lastly,  the   very    large    funereal  no.  53-  smaii  Trojan  vaSe  (9m.). 
 
 urns,  frequently  more   than  a  meter 
 
 (3^  feet)  in  height  and  breadth,  which  are  met  with  in  such 
 
 numbers  that  they  hinder  us  in  our  work,  but  which  have 
 
 hitherto  been  so   much  broken  that  I  have  been  unable  to 
 
 save  even  one  of  them.    It  is  impossible  to  cement  together 
 
 Nos.  54,  55.     Trojan  Terra-cotta  Vases  (8  M 
 
 the  pieces  of  these  broken  urns,  as  the  clay  is  from  an  inch 
 and  a  half  to  nearly  2  inches  thick. 
 
 At  a  depth  below  6  meters  (nearly  20  feet)  down  to 
 the  depth  of  10  meters  (33  feet),  we  find  a  great  many 
 pieces  of  clay  an  inch  and  a  half  thick,  from  about  4 
 to    5    inches    in    height,   and  from    about    3    to  4   inches 
 
88  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  IV. 
 
 in  breadth,  with  a  perforated  hole,  either  on  the  broad 
 upper  side  or  on  the  narrow  side,  and  which  appear  to 
 have  been  used  as  weights  ;  we  also  frequently  meet  with 
 cylinders  of  the  same  clay,  which  are  from  3^  inches  in 
 length  to  2;j  inches  in  breadth.  The  enormous  quantities 
 of  stone  weights  and  hand-mills  of  lava,  continually  brought 
 to  light,  give  an  idea  of  the  number  of  the  houses,  through 
 the  ruins  of  which  I  daily  penetrate.  I  have  placed  great 
 numbers  of  these  mills  and  other  stone  implements  in  the 
 niches  of  the  walls  in  my  excavations  for  the  inspection  of 
 the  admirers  of  Homer  who  may  visit  the  Plain  of  Troy. 
 
 At  a  depth  of  from  8  to  10  meters  (26  to  33  feet),  I  have 
 found  numerous  fragments  of  a  substance,  about  2%  inches 
 broad  and  if  thick,  which  is  on  the  inside  as  hard  as 
 stone  and  of  a  resinous  colour,  and  on  the  outside  it  has  a 
 brilliant  gloss, which  has  evidently  been  produced  artificially. 
 It  has  clearly  been  poured  into  a  mould  when  in  a  liquid 
 state,  for  it  is  channelled  on  all  four  sides.  Doubtless  in 
 the  continuation  of  my  excavations  I  shall  obtain  an 
 explanation  of  how  these  pieces  (the  length  of  which  I  do 
 not  yet  know,  as  I  have  hitherto  only  met  with  fragments) 
 were  made,  and  what  they  were  used  for.* 
 
 The  numerous  house-walls,  the  ruins  of  which  I  have 
 daily  to  remove,  are,  at  the  depth  of  from  4  to  7  meters 
 (13  to  23  feet),  all  built  of  ordinary  unhewn  stones  joined 
 with  clay;  and  from  7  to  10  meters  (23  to  33  feet) 
 they  are  made  of  unburnt  bricks,  dried  only  in  the  sun. 
 The  foundations  and  the  door-cills  of  these  brick  houses, 
 however,  consist  of  large  stones,  such  as  we  have  not  met 
 with  since  2  meters  (6h  feet)  below  the  surface. 
 
 Lastly,  as  regards  the  inclination  of  the  walls  of  my 
 great  cutting,  the  nature  of  the  debris  allowed  me  only  in 
 three  places,  each  of  about  49  feet  in  length,  to  make  it 
 
 *  In   these  the  Author   afterwards    recognized   moulds   for   casting 
 instruments  and  ornaments  of  copper.     (See  Chapter  IX.) — [Ed.] 
 
1871.]  FEVERS  AND  QUININE.  89 
 
 at  an  angle  of  85  degrees ;  in  all  other  places  it  is  at  an 
 angle  of  67^  degrees.  In  order  to  make  this  more  clear,  I 
 may  add  that  my  walls  of  33  feet  high  at  an  angle  ot 
 85  degrees  deviate  only  about  25 i  inches,  but  those  of 
 6yh  degrees  deviate  about  8i  feet  from  the  perpendicular. 
 
 It  would  give  me  much  pleasure  if,  in  my  next  com- 
 munication, I  could  report  some  very  interesting  discovery. 
 
 November  11st. — The  heavy  rainfall  of  yesterday  and 
 the  clay  before,  which  continued  till  this  morning,  rendered 
 it  impossible  to  dispatch  this  report  before  the  evening ; 
 for  I  am  here  living  in  a  wilderness  at  eight  hours'  distance 
 from  the  nearest  post-office,  that  is,  from  the  Dardanelles. 
 I  hope  that  the  ground  will  have  become  sufficiently  dry 
 by  to-morrow  morning  for  me  to  proceed  with  my  work. 
 I  intend,  at  all  events,  to  continue  the  excavations  till  the 
 appearance  of  winter,  and  then  to  begin  again  in  April. 
 
 The  constant  warm  damp  weather  produces  a  very 
 malignant  fever,  and  my  services  as  a  doctor  are  daily 
 sought.  Fortunately,  I  have  a  large  stock  of  quinine  by 
 me,  and  can  thus  help  everyone.  But  as  I  do  not  under- 
 stand anything  about  medicine  I  should,  no  doubt,  make 
 great  mistakes.  Fortunately,  however,  I  remember  that 
 once  when  I  was  at  the  point  of  death  with  a  fever  con- 
 tracted in  the  marshes  of  Nicaragua,  the  excellent  German 
 physician,  Tellkampf  of  New  York,  saved  my  life  by  a  dose 
 of  64  grains  of  quinine.  Hence  I  give  a  similar  quantity 
 here,  but  only  in  o?ie  dose  when  the  case  is  a  very  bad  one  ; 
 the  quantity  I  generally  give  is  four  doses  of  16  grains. 
 I  am  also  daily  called  upon  not  only  to  cure  wounded  men, 
 but  camels,  donkeys,  and  horses.  I  have  hitherto  been 
 successful  in  all  cases  by  using  tincture  of  arnica.  I  have 
 also,  thus  far,  cured  all  the  fever  patients  who  have  applied 
 for  my  help.  Not  one  of  them,  however,  has  ever  come  to 
 thank  me  ;  indeed,  gratitude  does  not  appear  to  be  one  of 
 the  virtues  of  the  present  Trojans. 
 
(     90     ) 
 
 CHAPTER    V. 
 
 Interruptions  from  Rain  —  Last  works  of  the  season,  187 1  — The  sup- 
 posed ruins  of  Troy  reached  —  Great  blocks  of  stone  —  Engineering 
 contrivances  —  Excavations  at  the  "  Village  of  the  Ilians  :  "  no  traces 
 of  habitation,  and  none  of  hot  springs  —  Results  of  the  excavations 
 thus  far —  Review  of  the  objects  found  at  various  depths  —  Structure 
 of  the  lowest  houses  yet  reached  —  Difficulties  of  the  excavations  — 
 The  object  aimed  at  —  Growth  of  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  November  24th,  1871. 
 
 Since  my  last  report,  of  the  18th  and  21st  instant,  I  have 
 had  three  days'  work  in  spite  of  the  continual  wet  weather ; 
 but  unfortunately  I  rind  myself  now  compelled  to  cease  the 
 excavations  for  the  winter,  intending  to  begin  again  on  the 
 1  st  of  April,  1872.  It  is  not  likely  that  winter  will  set  in 
 before  the  middle  of  December,  and  I  should  gladly  have 
 continued  my  work  till  then,  in  spite  of  the  rain,  especially 
 as  I  now  most  firmly  believe  that  I  -am  already  among  the 
 ruins  of  Troy.  Since  the  day  before  yesterday,  I  find  on 
 the  whole  extent  of  my  excavations  scarcely  anything  but 
 large  stones — sometimes  hewn,  sometimes  unhewn — and 
 some  of  them  are  enormous  blocks.  This  morning,  for 
 instance,  I  worked  for  three  hours  with  6$  workmen  in 
 removing  a  single  threshold  by  means  of  ropes  and  rollers. 
 I  have  been  obliged  to  abandon  the  two  large  side- 
 passages,  when  already  at  a  depth  of  23  feet,  and  I  have 
 since  caused  all  the  rubbish  and  small  stones  to  be  brought 
 in  baskets  and  wheel-barrows  through  the  large  exit-channel, 
 and  thrown  down  at  its  end  upon  the  sides  of  the  steep 
 declivity.  This  channel — the  walls  of  which  have  a  slope 
 of  6yh  degrees — is   now,  at  the  present  depth  of  33   feet, 
 
Chap.  V.  1871.J        THE  SUPPOSED  RUINS  OF  TROY.  91 
 
 no  longer  wide  enough  for  carrying  away  such  enormous 
 blocks  of  stone,  and  it  must  first  of  all  be  made  at  least 
 13  feet  wider.  This  is,  however,  a  gigantic  piece  of  work, 
 which,  owing  to  the  daily  rain,  I  dare  not  venture  to  begin 
 with  winter  close  upon  me. 
 
 On  account  of  the  many  huge  stones,  no  terra-cottas 
 were  found  either  yesterday  or  on  the  preceding  day. 
 To  day,  however,  during  the  last  hour's  work,  I  found  a 
 small  pot,  only  about  2  inches  high,  with  three  feet ;  the 
 whole  of  the  upper  portion  is  in  the  form  of  a  globe,  and 
 is  divided  into  five  large  and  five  small  fields,  changing 
 alternately  in  regular  succession.  All  of  the  large  fields 
 are  filled  with  imprinted  little  stars.  The  mouth  or  open- 
 ing is  only  about  -^  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  I  presume 
 that  this  small  and  wonderful  Trojan  vessel  was  used  by 
 ladies  for  holding  scented  oil,  which  we  know  was  applied 
 after  the  bath.  It  cannot  have  been  used  as  a  lamp,  for 
 Homer,  who  lived  200  years  after  the  destruction  of  Troy, 
 does  not  as  yet  know  of  lamps.  I  also  found  this  morning 
 two  copper  arrow-heads,  and  one  of  those  small  terra-cotta 
 "  volcanoes/'  which  for  some  days  have  been  less  frequently 
 met  with.  Further,  a  small  leaden  plate,  nearly  an  inch  and 
 a  half  in  length  as  well  as  in  breadth,  with  the  character  p 
 in  the  centre  and  a  hole  in  one  corner,  which  leaves  no 
 doubt  that  the  small  piece  used  to  be  hung  up. 
 
 Although  the  word  ypafyeiv  only  occurs  twice  in 
 Homer,  and  both  times  only  signifies  "to  scratch  into," 
 yet  I  am  firmly  convinced  that  an  alphabetical  language 
 was  known  in  ancient  Troy,  and  I  cherish  the  hope  of 
 being  able  next  spring  to  discover  inscriptions  and  other 
 monuments,  which  will  leave  no  doubt,  that,  since  yesterday, 
 at  the  depth  of  33  feet,*  I  have  begun  to  uncover  the  ruins 
 of  the   city  of  Troy,  so  long  looked  for  theoretically  and 
 
 *  This  refers  to  the  lowest  of  the  strata,  which  Dr.  Schliemann  long- 
 took  for  the  ruins  of  the  Homeric  Troy. — [En.] 
 
92  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  V. 
 
 now  at  last  practically.  All  the  objects  that  I  find,  I 
 shall,  of  course,  describe  in  the  most  faithful  and  careful 
 manner. 
 
 My  excavations  at  the  village  of  the  Ilians  ('I\ieW 
 K(ojjL7)),  as  was  to  be  expected,  have  decidedly  turned  out 
 unfavourable  for  Strabo  and  Demetrius  of  Scepsis ;  for 
 the  steep  continuous  elevation  contains  no  trace  of  walls, 
 and  consists  of  coarse  sand  without  the  slightest  admixture 
 of  ddbris.  Neither  do  I  believe,  contrary  to  the  assertion 
 of  the  proprietor  of  Thymbria,  my  worthy  friend  Mr. 
 Frederick  Calvert,  in  the  existence  of  a  hot  spring  at  the 
 foot  of  the  hill  of  the  'I\ieW  km/xt],  for  I  have  now  searched 
 the  whole  marsh,  with  a  thermometer  in  my  hand,  and  I 
 nowhere  find,  either  in  the  stagnant  or  the  running  water,  the 
 faintest  difference  in  temperature.  Of  cold  springs  there 
 are  certainly  more  than  one,  but  it  will  be  impossible  to 
 state  how  many  till  the  marsh  has  been  thoroughly  drained  ; 
 it  consists  at  present  of  floating  islands. 
 
 Now  when  I  collect  the  result  of  my  excavations  : — 
 I  found  close  to  the  surface  only,  and  in  rare  cases  as  far  as 
 a  depth  of  i  meter  (32  feet),  copper  medals  of  Sigeum, 
 Alexandria  Troas,  and  Ilium — the  latter  belonging  to  the 
 first  centuries  before  and  after  Christ ;  then  small  solid 
 round  articles  of  terra- cotta,  like  lamps,  with  two  holes, 
 which  occur  in  great  numbers,  as  far  as  a  depth  of  2  meters 
 (65  feet).  These,  however,  have  no  ornaments  except  the 
 potter's  stamp,  in  which  there  is  sometimes  an  altar  with  a 
 bee  or  fly  above  it,  sometimes  a  child  with  its  hands 
 stretched  forth,  sometimes  two  horses,  sometimes  a  bull  or 
 a  swan.  Below  this  depth  they  cease  all  at  once.*  In  place 
 of  them  I  found,  at  depths  of  from  2  to  10  meters  (6i  to 
 33  feet),  the  often  described  terra-cottas  in  the  form  of 
 small  volcanoes,  humming-tops  or  whorls,  which,  at  a  depth 
 
 *  A  few,  however,  were  afterwards  found   in   lower  strata,  at  6  and 
 even  8  meters.     (See  p.  295.) — [Ed.] 
 
1871.]  RESULTS  OF  THE  SEASON'S  WORK.  93 
 
 of  3  meters  only  (nearly  10  feet),  were  frequently  met  with 
 in  blue  stone,  but  were  in  all  other  cases  of  terra-cotta, 
 and  almost  all  of  them  with  decorations.  At  6\  feet  below 
 the  surface  I  found  a  Roman  well,  which  I  dug  out  to  a 
 depth  of  more  than  36  feet,  but  which  seems  to  be  sunk 
 down  as  far  as  the  Plain.  At  all  depths  we  met  with  many 
 mussel-shells,  boars'  tusks,  and  fish-bones ;  but  the  bones 
 of  sharks  only  at  the  depth  of  from  n  to  13  feet  below  the 
 surface.  The  ruins  of  houses  built  of  hewn  stone,  joined 
 with  cement  or  lime,  seldom  extend  lower  than  3^  feet, 
 and  the  ruins  of  buildings  built  of  large  hewn  stones  not 
 joined  by  any  kind  of  cement,  never  below  6h  feet :  visitors 
 to  the  Plain  of  Troy  can  convince  themselves  of  this  with 
 their  own  eyes,  by  looking  at  the  walls  of  my  cuttings. 
 From  a  depth  of  3  to  4  meters  (6h  to  13  feet)  downwards,  we 
 met  with  few  or  no  stones  ;  and  the  calcined  ruins  of  innume- 
 rable layers  of  debris  seem  to  prove  that  all  of  the  buildings 
 which  existed  there  during  the  course  of  centuries  were 
 built  of  wood,  and  were  destroyed  by  fire.  Consequently  in 
 these  depths  I  have  hitherto  only  found  fragments  of  good 
 earthenware ;  the  only  things  brought  out  in  an  uninjured 
 condition  were  small  pots  of  the  coarsest  description. 
 
 At  a  depth  of  4  meters  (13  feet),  I  found  a  fragment 
 of  pottery  with  a  drawing  of  a  bust,  of  Phoenician  work- 
 manship. Directly  upon  it  were  an  immense  quantity 
 of  stone  implements  and  weapons  of  hard  black  stone, 
 which  continued  to  a  depth  of  7  meters  (23  feet). 
 Simultaneously  with  these,  but  extending  to  a  depth 
 of  10  meters  (33  feet),  I  found  elegant  pottery  of  one 
 colour  and  without  any  kind  of  ornament  beyond  the 
 owl's  face ;  small  pots  and  vases  of  a  larger  size  with  three 
 little  feet ;  then,  but  only  as  far  as  a  depth  of  23  feet,  the 
 Priapus  of  terra-cotta  in  its  natural  form,  and  also  in  the 
 form  of  a  pillar  rounded  off  at  the  top.  From  4  to  7 
 meters  (13  to  23  feet)  deep,  there  were  a  great  many  rlint 
 knives,  the  majority  of  which  have  the  shape  of  saws,  or 
 
94 
 
 TROY   AND    ITS   RKMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  V. 
 
 consist  only  of  sharp  pieces,  rarely  in  the  form  of  blades; 
 needles  and  little  spoons  made  of  bone,  as  well  as  an  enor- 
 mous number  of  terra-cotta  discs  with  a  hole  through  the 
 centre  ;  and  two  copper  nails.    As  is  proved  by  the  numerous 
 
 No.  56. 
 
 No.  57. 
 
 No.  58. 
 
 No.  61. 
 
 No.  59.  No.  60. 
 
 Stone  Implements  of  the  earliest  Settlers  (n  and  14  M.). 
 Nos.  56  and  57.     An  Axe  and  Hammer  of  Diorite.  Nos.  58,  59,  60.     Knives  of  White  Silex. 
 
 No.  61.     Probably  an  Arrow-head. 
 
 house-walls  which  I  have  cut  through  in  these  depths, 
 many  of  which  are  in  the  earth-wall  of  my  excavations,  the 
 houses  were  built  of  small  stones  joined  with  earth.  From 
 7  to  10  meters  (23  to  33  feet),  I  found  a  great  many  copper 
 nails,  frequently  5   inches  in  length,  and  a  few  lances  and 
 
i87i.] 
 
 CIVILIZATION  INCREASING  WITH  DEPTH. 
 
 95 
 
 battle-axes  of  elegant  workmanship.  At  every  foot  of  earth 
 that  we  dig  down,  after  a  depth  of  23  feet,  we  find  the  traces 
 of  a  much  higher  civilization;  stone  weapons  are  still  occa- 
 sionally met  with,  but  they  are  of  splendid  workmanship. 
 I  found  many  copper  knives,  but  also  immense  numbers 
 of  flint  knives,  which,  however,  are  incomparably  better 
 made  than  those  of  the  preceding  strata.  We  also  found, 
 although  not  often,  very  sharp  double-edged  knite-blades  of 
 obsidian,  2f  inches  in  length.    The  pots  and  vases  continue 
 
 No.  62.     Small  Trojan  Vase  of  Terra-cotla,  with 
 Decorations   8  M.). 
 
 No.  63.     A  Trojan  Vase-cover  of  red  Terra- 
 cotta (7  M.). 
 
 to  be  more  elegant ;  there  were  also  bright  red  vase-covers  in 
 the  form  of  a  bell  with  a  coronet  above,  or  like  gigantic 
 champagne  glasses  with  two  large  handles ;  very  many 
 elegant  vessels  with  or  without  three  little  feet,  but  with 
 little  rings  on  the  sides  and  holes  in  the  mouth  in  the  same 
 direction,  so  that  they  could  not  only  stand,  but  also  be 
 carried  on  a  cord ;  likewise  a  number  of  very  small  vases 
 with  three  little  feet.  All  the  terra-cottas  are  of  a  brilliant 
 red,  yellow,  green,  or  black  colour ;  only  the  very  large 
 urns  are  colourless.  From  2  to  10  meters  deep  (6^-33 
 feet)  we  note  the  complete  absence  of  painting.    At  a  depth 
 
96  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  V. 
 
 of  yh  meters  (24I  feet)  was  a  small  terra-cotta  disc  with 
 rive  letters,  which  I  consider  to  be  Phoenician  ;  at  28  feet 
 one  of  those  frequently  mentioned  terra-cottas  in  the 
 form  of  a  top  with  six  written  characters.  At  the  same 
 depth,  upon  a  stone,  one  letter,  which  to  all  appearance 
 belongs  to  a  different  language ;  and  lastly,  at  a  depth 
 of  10  meters,  or  33  English  feet,  a  leaden  plate  with  one 
 letter. 
 
 Now  as  regards  the  construction  of  the  houses  belong- 
 ing to  the  strata  at  a  depth  of  from  7  to  10  meters  (23  to 
 1,1,  feet),  only  the  foundations  and  thresholds  were  com- 
 posed of  large  stones — as  anyone  may  convince  himself 
 by  a  glance  at  the  earthen  walls  of  my  excavations.  The 
 house-walls,  on  the  other  hand,  were  composed  of  unburnt 
 sun-dried  bricks.  At  a  depth  of  10  meters  {^^  feet),  I 
 again  found  the  buildings  to  be  of  stone,  but  of  colossal 
 proportions.  Most  of  the  stones  are  very  large,  many  of 
 them  hewn,  and  we  meet  with  a  great  many  massive  blocks. 
 It  appears  to  me  that  I  have  already  brought  to  light 
 several  walls  at  this  depth  ;  but  I  have  unfortunately 
 not  yet  succeeded  in  arriving  at  an  opinion  as  to  how 
 they  were  actually  built  and  what  their  thickness  was. 
 The  stones  of  the  walls  seem  to  me  to  have  been  separated 
 from  one  another  by  a  violent  earthquake.  I  have  hitherto 
 seen  no  trace  of  any  kind  of  cement  between  them,  either 
 of  clay  or  lime. 
 
 Of  the  terrible  difficulties  of  the  excavations,  where  such 
 large  pieces  of  stone  are  met  with,  only  those  can  have  any 
 idea  who  have  been  present  at  the  work  and  have  seen  how 
 much  time  and  trouble  it  takes,  especially  during  the  present 
 rainy  weather — first  to  get  out  the  small  stones  round  one  of 
 the  many  immense  blocks,  then  to  dig  out  the  block  itself,  to 
 get  the  lever  under  it,  to  heave  it  up  and  roll  it  through 
 the  mud  of  the  channel  to  the  steep  declivity. 
 
 But  these  difficulties  only  increase  my  desire,  after  so 
 many  disappointments,  to  reach  the  great  goal  which  is  at 
 
1871.]  GROWTH  OF  THE  HILL.  97 
 
 last  lying  before  me,  to  prove  that  the  Iliad  is  founded  on 
 facts,  and  that  the  great  Greek  nation  must  not  be  deprived 
 of  this  crown  of  her  glory.  I  shall  spare  no  trouble  and 
 shun  no  expense  to  attain  this  result. 
 
 I  must  still  draw  attention  to  the  remarkable  growth 
 of  this  hill.  The  huge  square  stones  of  the  foundations  of 
 the  house  on  the  summit  of  the  hill  (where  I  found  the  in- 
 scription which  appears  to  belong  to  the  third  century  B.C.), 
 which  in  its  clay  must  have  been  on  the  surface,  are  now  in 
 some  places  only  13  inches,  in  others  only  3^  feet  below 
 the  earth.  But  as  the  colossal  ruins,  which  I  positively 
 maintain  to  be  those  of  ancient  Troy,  lie  at  a  depth  of 
 33  feet,  the  accumulation  of  debris  on  this  part  must  have 
 amounted  to  more  than  30  feet  during  the  first  1000  years, 
 and  only  from  1  to  3  feet  during  the  last  2000  years. 
 
 But,  strange  to  say,  on  the  north  side  of  the  hill,  with 
 its  steep  declivity,  at  the  place  where  I  am  digging,  the 
 thickness  of  the  hill  has  not  increased  in  the  slightest  degree. 
 For  not  only  do  the  ruins  of  the  innumerable  habitations 
 in  all  cases  extend  to  the  extreme  edge  of  the  declivity,  but 
 I  also  find  up  to  this  point  the  same  objects  that  I  find 
 on  the  same  horizontal  line  as  far  as  the  opposite  end  of 
 my  excavations.  Hence  it  is  interesting  to  know  that  the 
 declivity  of  the  hill  on  the  north  side  was  exactly  as  steep 
 at  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war  as  it  is  now,  namely,  that 
 even  at  that  time  it  rose  at  an  angle  of  40  degrees. 
 
 No.  64.     A  stone  Implement  of  unknown  No.  65.     A  strange  Vessel  of  Terra-cotta 
 
 use.     Weight  472  grammes.     [2M.)  (15  m.). 
 
 H 
 
(     9»      ) 
 
 WOF(K~     at     HISSAI^IK     IN     1872. 
 
 CHAPTER   VI. 
 
 New  assistants  for  1872  —  Cost  of  the  excavations  —  Digging  of  the  great 
 platform  on  the  North  —  Venomous  snakes  —  A  supporting  buttress 
 on  the  North  side  of  the  hill  —  Objects  discovered  :  little  idols  of 
 
 fpHL  —1      I 
 
 fine  marble — Whorls  engraved  with  the  suastika  (QKB  and  r-M  — 
 Significance  of  these  emblems  in  the  old  Aryan  religion  —  Their 
 occurrence  among  other  Aryan  nations  —  Mentioned  in  old  Indian 
 literature  —  Illustrative  quotation  from  Emile  Burnouf. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  April  5th,  1872. 
 
 My  last  report  was  dated  November  24th,  1871.  On 
 the  first  of  this  month,  at  6  o'clock  on  the  morning  of 
 a  glorious  day,  accompanied  by  my  wife,  I  resumed  the 
 excavations  with  100  Greek  workmen  from  the  neigh- 
 bouring villages  of  Renkoi*,  Kalifatli,  and  Yenishehr.  Mr. 
 John  Latham,  of  Folkestone,  the  director  of  the  railway 
 from  the  Piraeus  to  Athens,  who  by  his  excellent  manage- 
 ment brings  the  shareholders  an  annual  dividend  of  30  per 
 cent.,  had  the  kindness  to  give  me  two  of  his  best  workmen, 
 Theodorus  Makrys  of  Mitylene,  and  Spiridion  Demetrios 
 of  Athens,  as  foremen.  To  each  of  them  I  pay  150  fr. 
 (6/.)  per  month,  while  the  daily  wages  of  the  other  men 
 are  but  1  fr.  80  cent.  Nikolaos  Zaphyros,  of  Renko'i,  gets 
 6  fr.,  as  formerly ;  he  is  of  great  use  to  me  on  account 
 of  his  local  knowledge,  and  serves  me  at  once  as  cashier, 
 attendant,  and  cook.  Mr.  Fiat,  who  has  undertaken  the 
 construction  of  the  railroad  from  the  Piraeus  to  Lanira, 
 has  also  had  the  kindness  to  let  me  have  his  engineer, 
 Adolphe  Laurent,  for  a  month,  whom  I  shall  have  to  pay 
 500  fr.  (20/.),  and  his  travelling  expenses.     But  in  addition 
 
1872.]  PLATFORM  ON  THE  NORTH.  99 
 
 there  are  other  considerable  expenses  to  be  defrayed,  so 
 that  the  total  cost  of  my  excavations  amounts  to  no  less 
 than  300  fr.  (12/.)  daily. 
 
 Now  in  order  to  be  sure,  in  every  case,  of  thoroughly 
 solving  the  Trojan  question  this  year,  I  am  having  an 
 immense  horizontal  platform  made  on  the  steep  northern 
 slope,  which  rises  at  an  angle  of  40  degrees,  a  height 
 of  105  feet  perpendicular,  and  131  feet  above  the  level 
 of  the  sea.  The  platform  extends  through  the  entire  hill, 
 at  an  exact  perpendicular  depth  of  14  meters  or  4615 
 English  feet,  it  has  a  breadth  of  79  meters  or  233  Eng- 
 lish feet,  and  embraces  my  last  year's  cutting.*  M.  Laurent 
 calculates  the  mass  of  matter  to  be  removed  at  78,545 
 cubic  meters  (above  100,000  cubic  yards) :  it  will  be  less 
 if  I  should  find  the  native  soil  at  less  than  46  feet,  and 
 greater  if  I  should  have  to  make  the  platform  still  lower. 
 It  is  above  all  things  necessary  for  me  to  reach  the  primary 
 soil,  in  order  to  make  accurate  investigations.  To  make 
 the  work  easier,  after  having  had  the  earth  on  the 
 northern  declivity  picked  down  in  such  a  manner 
 that  it  rises  perpendicularly  to  the  height  of  about 
 Si  feet  from  the  bottom,  and  after  that  at  an  angle  of 
 5c  degrees,  I  continue  to  have  the  dibris  of  the  mighty 
 earth  wall  loosened  in  such  a  manner  that  this  angle  always 
 remains  exactly  the  same.  In  this  way  I  certainly  work 
 three  times  more  rapidly  than  before,  when,  on  account  of 
 the  small  breadth  of  the  channel,  I  was  forced  to  open  it 
 on  the  summit  of  the  hill  in  a  direct  horizontal  direction 
 along  its  entire  length.  In  spite  of  every  precaution,  how- 
 ever, I  am  unable  to  guard  my  men  or  myself  against  the 
 stones  which  continually  come  rolling  down,  when  the 
 steep  wall  is  being  picked  away.  Not  one  of  us  is  without 
 several  wounds  in  his  feet. 
 
 During    the    first    three    days    of  the    excavations,    in 
 
 *  See  the  Frontispiece  and  Plan  II. 
 
 H    2 
 
IOO  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAIN'S.  [Chap.  VI. 
 
 digging  down  the  slope  of  the  hill,  we  came  upon  an 
 immense  number  of  poisonous  snakes,  and  among  them  a 
 remarkable  quantity  of  the  small  brown  vipers  called  an  id  ion 
 (^XvTrfkiov),  which  are  scarcely  thicker  than  rain  worms, 
 and  which  have  their  name  from  the  circumstance  that  the 
 person  bitten  by  them  only  survives  till  sunset.  It  seems 
 to  me  that,  were  it  not  for  the  many  thousands  of  storks 
 which  destroy  the  snakes  in  spring  and  summer,  the  Plain 
 of  Troy  would  be  uninhabitable,  owing  to  the  excessive 
 numbers  of  these  vermin. 
 
 Through  the  kindness  of  my  friends,  Messrs.  J.  Henry 
 Schroder  and  Co.,  in  London,  I  have  obtained  the  best 
 English  pickaxes  and  spades  for  loosening  and  pulling 
 down  the  rubbish,  also  60  excellent  wheel-barrows  with 
 iron  wheels  for  carrying  it  away. 
 
 For  the  purpose  of  consolidating  the  buildings  on  the 
 top  of  the  hill,  the  whole  of  the  steep  northern  slope  has 
 evidently  been  supported  by  a  buttress,  for  I  find  the 
 remains  of  one  in  several  places.  This  buttress  is  however 
 not  very  ancient,  for  it  is  composed  of  large  blocks  of 
 shelly  limestone,  mostly  hewn,  and  joined  with  lime  or 
 cement.  The  remains  of  this  wall  have  only  a  slight 
 covering  of  earth ;  but  on  all  other  places  there  is  more 
 or  less  soil,  which,  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  platform, 
 extends  to  a  depth  of  between  6^  and  10  feet.  Behind 
 the  platform,  as  well  as  behind  the  remains  of  the  but- 
 tress, the  debris  is  as  hard  as  stone,  and  consists  of  the 
 ruins  of  houses,  among  which  I  find  axes  of  diorite,  sling- 
 bullets  of  loadstone,  a  number  of  flint  knives,  innu- 
 merable handmills  of  lava,  a  great  number  of  small  idols  of 
 very  fine  marble,  with  or  without  the  owl's-head  and  woman's 
 girdle,  weights  of  clay  in  the  form  of  pyramids  and  with 
 a  hole  at  the  point,  or  made  of  stone  and  in  the  form 
 of  balls;  lastly,  a  great  many  of  those  small  terra-cotta 
 whorls,  which  have  already  been  so  frequently  spoken  of 
 in    my    previous   reports.     Two   pieces  of  this  kind,  with 
 
I872.] 
 
 MEANING  OF  THE  SUASTIKA. 
 
 IOI 
 
 crosses  on  the  under  side,  were  found  in  the  terramares  of 
 Castione  and  Campeggine,*  and  are  now  in  the  Museum 
 of  Parma.  Many  of  these  Trojan  articles,  and  especially 
 those  in  the  form  of  volcanoes,  have  crosses  of  the  most 
 various  descriptions,  as  may   be   seen  in   the  lithographed 
 
 Nos.  66,  67,  68.     Trojan  Sling-bullets  of  Loadstone  (9  and  10  M-). 
 
 drawings.")"  The  form  dip  occurs  especially  often ;  upon 
 a  great  many  we  find  the  sign  p|^J,  of  which  there  are 
 often  whole  rows  in  a  circle  round  the  central  point.  In  my 
 earlier  reports  I  never  spoke  of  these  crosses,  because  their 
 meaning  was  utterly  unknown  to  me. 
 
 This  winter,  I  have  read  in  Athens  many  excellent 
 works  of  celebrated  scholars  on  Indian  antiquities,  especially 
 Adalbert  Kuhn,  Die  Herabkunft  des  Feuers ;  Max 
 Midler's  Essays ;  Emile  Burnouf,  La  Science  des  Reli- 
 gions and  Essai  sur  le  Veda,  as  well  as  several  works 
 by  Eugene  Burnouf;  and  I  now  perceive  that  these  crosses 
 upon  the  Trojan  terra-cottas  are  of  the  highest  importance 
 to  archaeology.  I  therefore  consider  it  necessary  to  enter 
 more  fully  into  the  subject,  all  the  more  so  as  I  am  now  able 
 to  prove  that  both  the  bSe  and  the  pj-j  ,  which  I  find  in 
 Emile  Burnouf  s  Sanscrit  lexicon,  under  the  name  of  "sua- 
 stika, "  and  with  the  meaning  ev  eVn,  or  as  the  sign  of  good 
 wishes,  were   already  regarded,  thousands   of  years    before 
 
 *  Gabriel  de  Mortillet,  Lc  Signc  de  la  Croix  avant  le  Christianisme. 
 t  Plates  XXI.  to  LIT.  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 
 
I02  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  VI. 
 
 Christ,  as  religious  symbols  of  the  very  greatest  importance 
 among  the  early  progenitors  of  the  Aryan  races  in  Bactria 
 and  in  the  villages  of  the  Oxus,  at  a  time  when  Germans, 
 Indians,  Pelasgians,  Celts,  Persians,  Slavonians  and  Iranians 
 still  formed  one  nation  and  spoke  one  language.  For 
 I  recognise  at  the  first  glance  the  "suastika"  upon  one 
 of  those  three  pot  bottoms,*  which  were  discovered  on 
 Bishop's  Island  near  Konigswalde  on  the  right  bank  of 
 the  Oder,  and  have  given  rise  to  very  many  learned 
 discussions,  while  no  one  recognised  the  mark  as  that 
 exceedingly  significant  religious  symbol  of  our  remote 
 ancestors.  I  find  a  whole  row  of  these  "  suastikas "  all 
 round  the  famous  pulpit  of  Saint  Ambrose  in  Milan ; 
 I  find  it  occurring  a  thousand  times  in  the  catacombs  of 
 Rome/j"  I  find  it  in  three  rows,  and  thus  repeated  sixty 
 times,  upon  an  ancient  Celtic  funereal  urn  discovered  in 
 Shropham  in  the  county  of  Norfolk,  and  now  in  the 
 British  Museum. J  I  find  it  also  upon  several  Corinthian 
 vases  in  my  own  collection,  as  well  as  upon  two  very 
 ancient  Attic  vases  in  the  possession  of  Professor  Kuso- 
 pulos  at  Athens,  which  are  assigned  to  a  date  as  early, 
 at  least,  as  iooo  years  before  Christ.  I  likewise  find  it 
 upon  several  ancient  coins  of  Leucas,  and  in  the  large 
 mosaic  in  the  royal  palace  garden  in  Athens.  An  English 
 clergyman,  the  Rev.  W.  Brown  Keer,  who  visited  me  here, 
 assures  me  that  he  has  seen  the  Pj-J  innumerable  times  in 
 the  most  ancient  Hindu  temples,  and  especially  in  those  of 
 Ga"i'na.§     I  find   in  the  Ramayana  that  the  ships  of  king 
 
 *  Copied  in  the  Zcitschrift  fur  Ethnologic,  Organ  der  Berliner 
 Gesellschaft  fiir  Anthropologic  und  Urgcschichte,  187 1,  Heft  III, 
 
 ■j-  Emile  Burnouf,  La  Science  des  Religions. 
 
 %  A.  W.  Franks,  Horceferales,  pi.  30,  fig.  19. 
 
 §  The  cut,  for  which  we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Fergusson,  represents 
 the  foot-print  of  Buddha,  as  carved  on  the  Amraverti  Tope,  near  the 
 river  Kistna.  Besides  the  suastika,  repeated  again  and  again  on  the 
 heels,  the  cushions,  and  the  toes,  it  bears  the  emblem  of  the  mystic  rose, 
 
1872.] 
 
 THE  SUASTIKA  IN   INDIA. 
 
 103 
 
 Rama — in  which  he  carried  his  troops  across  the  Ganges 
 on  his  expedition  of  conquest  to  India  and  Ceylon — bore 
 the  P|-|  on  their  prows.  Sanscrit  scholars  believe  that  this 
 heroic  epic  (the  Rama- 
 yana)  was  composed  at 
 the  latest  800  years  before 
 Christ,  and  they  assign 
 the  campaign  of  Rama  at 
 the  latest  to  the  thirteenth 
 or  fourteenth  century 
 b.c,  for,  as  Kiepert 
 points  out  in  his  very 
 interesting  article  in  the 
 National  -  Zeitung^  the 
 names  of  the  products 
 mentioned  in  the  2nd 
 Book  of  Kings,  in  the 
 reign  of  King  Solomon,  as  brought  by  Phoenician  ships 
 from  Ophir,  as  for  example,  ivory,  peacocks,  apes  and 
 spices,  are  Sanscrit  words  with  scarcely  any  alteration. 
 Hence  we  may  surely  regard  it  as  certain,  that  it  took  at 
 least  three  or  four  centuries  before  the  language  of  the  con- 
 querors was  generally  introduced  into  the  immensely  large 
 and  densely  peopled  country  of  India,  especially  as  the 
 number  of  the  conquerors  cannot  have  been  very  large. 
 In  the  myths  of  the  Rigveda,  which  were  written  before 
 the  expedition  into  Northern  India  {Heptopotamia),  the 
 Aryan  population  is  always  represented  as  inconsiderable 
 in  numbers. 
 
 Emile  Burnouf,  in  his  excellent  work  La  Science  des 
 Religions,  just  published,  says,  "  The  pj-j  represents  the 
 two   pieces  of  wood  which  were  laid  cross-wise  upon  one 
 
 No.  69.     The  Foot-print  of  Buddha. 
 
 likewise  frequently  repeated  (comp.  the  lithographed  whorls,  Nos.  330, 
 339,  &c),  and  the  central  circles  show  a  close  resemblance  to  some  of 
 the  Trojan  whorls. — [Ed.] 
 
104  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  VI. 
 
 another  before  the  sacrificial  altars  in  order  to  produce  the 
 holy  fire  {Agni),  and  whose  ends  were  bent  round  at  right 
 angles  and  fastened  by  means  of  four  nails,  ^,  so  that 
 this  wooden  scaffolding  might  not  be  moved.  At  the  point 
 where  the  two  pieces  of  wood  were  joined,  there  was  a  small 
 hole,  in  which  a  third  piece  of  wood,  in  the  form  of  a  lance 
 (called  Pramanthd)  was  rotated  by  means  of  a  cord  made 
 of  cow's  hair  and  hemp,  till  the  fire  was  generated  by 
 friction.  The  father  of  the  holy  fire  (Agni)  is  Twastri,  i.  e. 
 the  divine  carpenter,  who  made  the  ^P  and  the  Pramantha, 
 by  the  friction  of  which  the  divine  child  was  produced. 
 The  Pramantha  was  afterwards  transformed  by  the  Greeks 
 into  Prometheus,  who,  they  imagined,  stole  fire  from  heaven, 
 so  as  to  instil  into  earth-born  man  the  bright  spark  of  the 
 soul.  The  mother  of  the  holy  fire  is  the  divine  Maja,  who 
 represents  the  productive  force  in  the  form  of  a  woman  ; 
 every  divine  being  has  his  Maja.  Scarcely  has  the  weak 
 spark  escaped  from  its  mother's  lap,  that  is  from  the  pi-[, 
 which  is  likewise  called  mother,  and  is  the  place  where  the 
 divine  Maja  principally  dwells — when  it  (Agni)  receives  the 
 name  of  child.  In  the  Rigveda  we  find  hymns  of  heavenly 
 beauty  in  praise  of  this  new-born  weak  divine  creature. 
 The  little  child  is  laid  upon  straw ;  beside  it  is  the  mystic 
 cow,  that  is,  the  milk  and  butter  destined  as  the  offer- 
 ing ;  before  it  is  the  holy  priest  of  the  divine  Vaju,  who 
 waves  the  small  oriental  fan  in  the  form  of  a  fla°-  so 
 as  to  kindle  life  in  the  little  child,  which  is  close  upon 
 expiring.  Then  the  little  child  is  placed  upon  the  altar, 
 where,  through  the  holy  "soma"  (the  juice  of  the  tree  of 
 life)  poured  over  it,  and  through  the  purified  butter,  it 
 receives  a  mysterious  power,  surpassing  all  comprehen- 
 sion of  the  worshippers.  The  child's  glory  shines  upon 
 all  around  it ;  angels  [dcvds)  and  men  shout  for  joy, 
 sing  hymns  in  its  praise,  and  throw  themselves  on  their 
 faces  before  it.  On  its  left  is  the  rising  sun,  on  its  right 
 the  full  moon  on  the  horizon,  and   both  appear  to  grow 
 
1872.]  THE  SUASTIKA  IN  THE  RIGVEUA.  IO«J 
 
 pale  in  the  glory  of  the  new-born  god  (Agni)  and  to  worship 
 him.  But  how  did  this  transfiguration  of  Agni  take  place  ? 
 At  the  moment  when  one  priest  laid  the  young  god  upon 
 the  altar,  another  poured  the  holy  draught,  the  spiritual 
 "  soma "  upon  its  head,  and  then  immediately  anointed  it 
 by  spreading  over  it  the  butter  of  the  holy  sacrifice.  By 
 being  thus  anointed  Agni  receives  the  name  of  the  Anointed 
 {akta)\  he  has,  however,  grown  enormously  through  the 
 combustible  substances ;  rich  in  glory  he  sends  forth  his 
 blazing  flames  ;  he  shines  in  a  cloud  of  smoke  which  rises 
 to  heaven  like  a  pillar,  and  his  light  unites  with  the  light 
 of  the  heavenly  orbs.  The  god  Agni,  in  his  splendour 
 and  glory,  reveals  to  man  the  secret  things ;  he  teaches  the 
 Doctors ;  he  is  the  Master  of  the  masters,  and  receives  the 
 name  of  Jatavedas,  that  is,  he  in  whom  wisdom  is  in-born. 
 
 Upon  my  writing  to  M.  E.  Burnouf  to  enquire  about 
 the  other  symbol,  the  cross  in  the  form  (gpjl,  which  oc- 
 curs hundreds  of  times  upon  the  Trojan  terra-cottas, 
 he  replied,  that  he  knows  with  certainty  from  the 
 ancient  scholiasts  on  the  Rigveda,  from  comparative  phi- 
 lology, and  from  the  Monuments  figures,  that  Suastikas,  in 
 this  form  also,  were  employed  in  the  very  remotest  times  for 
 producing  the  holy  fire.  He  adds  that  the  Greeks  for  a 
 long  time  generated  fire  by  friction,  and  that  the  two  lower 
 pieces  of  wood  that  lay  at  right  angles  across  one  another 
 were  called  "  crravpos"  which  word  is  either  derived  from 
 the  root  "  stri,"  which  signifies  lying  upon  the  earth,  and  is 
 then  identical  with  the  Latin  "  sternere,"  or  it  is  derived 
 from  the  Sanscrit  word  "  stavara,"  which  means  firm,  solid, 
 immovable.  Since  the  Greeks  had  other  means  of  pro- 
 ducing fire,  the  word  crravpos  passed  into  simply  in  the 
 sense  of  "  cross." 
 
 Other  passages  might  be  quoted  from  Indian  scholars  to 
 prove  that  from  the  very  remotest  times  the  pj-j  and  the 
 ^Ql  were  the  most  sacred  symbols  of  our  Aryan  fore- 
 fathers. 
 
I  06 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 [CH.  VI.  1872. 
 
 In  my  present  excavations  I  shall  probably  rind  a 
 definite  explanation  as  to  the  purpose  for  which  the 
 articles  ornamented  with  such  significant  symbols  were 
 used  ;  till  then  I  shall  maintain  my  former  opinion,  that 
 they  either  served  as  Ex  votes  or  as  actual  idols  of 
 Hephaestus. 
 
 No.  70.     Large  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  the  Symbols  of  the  Man  Goddess   4  m.J. 
 
{     io7     ) 
 
 CHAPTER    VII. 
 
 Smoking  at  work  forbidden,  and  a  mutiny  suppressed  —  Progress  of  the 
 great  platform  —  Traces  of  sacrifices  —  Colossal  blocks  of  stone 
 belonging  to  great  buildings — Funereal  and  other  huge  urns  — 
 Supposed  traces  of  Assyrian  art  —  Ancient  undisturbed  remains  — 
 Further  discoveries  of  stone  implements  and  owl-faced  idols  — ■ 
 Meaning  of  the  epithet  "  yAai'KW7ris  " — Parallel  of  "Hpa  /3ow7ri<;,  and 
 expected  discovery  of  ox-headed  idols  at  Mycenas  —  Vases  of  re- 
 markable forms  —  Dangers  and  engineering  expedients  —  Georgios 
 Photidas  —  Extent  of  the  Pergamus  of  Troy  —  Poisonous  snakes, 
 and  the  snake-weed  —  The  whorls  with  the  central  sun,  stars,  the 
 suastika,  the  Soma,  or  Tree  of  Life,  and  sacrificial  altars  —  The  name 
 of  Mount  Ida,  probably  brought  from  Bactria. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  April  25th,  1872. 
 
 Since  my  report  of  the  5th  of  this  month  I  have  continued 
 the  excavations  most  industriously  with  an  average  of  120 
 workmen.  Unfortunately,  however,  seven  of  these  twenty 
 days  were  lost  through  rainy  weather  and  festivals,  one  day 
 also  by  a  mutiny  among  my  men.  I  had  observed  that  the 
 smoking  of  cigarettes  interrupted  the  work,  and  I  therefore 
 forbad  smoking  during  working  hours,  but  I  did  not  gain 
 my  point  immediately,  for  I  found  that  the  men  smoked  in 
 secret.  I  was,  however,  determined  to  carry  my  point,  and 
 caused  it  to  be  proclaimed  that  transgressors  would  be 
 forthwith  dismissed  and  never  taken  on  again.  Enraged  at 
 this,  the  workmen  from  the  village  of  Renko'i — about  70 
 in  number — declared  that  they  would  not  work,  if  every- 
 one were  not  allowed  to  smoke  as  much  as  he  pleased ; 
 they  left  the  platform,  and  deterred  the  men  from  the 
 other  villages  from  working  by  throwing  stones.  The 
 good  people  had  imagined  that  I  would  give  in  to  them 
 at    once,    as    I    could    not    do    without    them,    and   that 
 
Io8  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  VII. 
 
 now  I  could  not  obtain  workmen  enough ;  that  more- 
 over during  the  beautiful  weather  it  was  not  likely  that 
 I  would  sit  still  a  whole  day.  But  they  found  them- 
 selves mistaken,  for  I  immediately  sent  my  foreman  to  the 
 other  neighbouring  villages  and  succeeded  (to  the  horror 
 of  the  70  Renko'its,  who  had  waited  the  whole  night  at  my 
 door)  in  collecting  120  workmen  for  the  next  morning 
 without  requiring  their  services.  My  energetic  measures 
 have  at  last  completely  humbled  the  Renko'its,  from  whose 
 impudence  I  had  very  much  to  put  up  with  during  my  last 
 year's  excavations,  and  have  also  had  a  beneficial  effect  upon 
 all  of  my  present  men.  Since  the  mutiny  I  have  not  only 
 been  able  to  prohibit  smoking,  but  even  to  lengthen  the 
 day's  work  by  one  hour  ;  for,  instead  of  working  as  formerly 
 from  half-past  five  in  the  morning  to  half-past  five  in  the 
 evening,  I  now  always  commence  at  five  and  continue  till 
 six  in  the  evening.  But,  as  before,  I  allow  half  an  hour  at 
 nine  and  an  hour  and  a  half  in  the  afternoon  for  eating 
 and  smoking. 
 
 According  to  an  exact  calculation  of  the  engineer, 
 M.  A.  Laurent,  in  the  seventeen  days  since  the  1st  of  the 
 month  I  have  removed  about  8500  cubic  meters  (11,000 
 cubic  yards)  of  debris ;  this  is  about  666  cubic  yards  each 
 day,  and  somewhat  above  5^-  cubic  yards  each  workman. 
 
 We  have  already  advanced  the  platform  49  feet  into 
 the  hill,  but  to  my  extreme  surprise  I  have  not  yet  reached 
 the  primary  soil.  The  opinion  I  expressed  in  my  report 
 of  the  24th  of  November  of  last  year,  that  the  thick- 
 ness of  the  hill  on  the  north  side  had  not  increased 
 since  the  remotest  times,  I  find  confirmed  as  regards  the 
 whole  western  end  of  my  platform,  to  a  breadth  of  45 
 meters  (1472  feet) ;  for  it  is  only  upon  the  eastern  portion 
 of  it,  to  a  breadth  of  82  feet,  that  I  found  6\  and  even 
 10  feet  of  soil;  below  and  behind  it,  as  far  as  16^  feet 
 above  the  platform,  there  is  debris  as  hard  as  stone,  which 
 appears   to   consist   only   of   ashes  of  wood   and    animals, 
 
1872.]  TRACES  OF  SACRIFICES.  109 
 
 the  remains  of  the  offerings  presented  to  the  Ilian  Athena. 
 I  therefore  feel  perfectly  convinced  that  by  penetrating 
 further  into  this  part  I  shall  come  upon  the  site  of  the  very 
 ancient  temple  of  the  goddess.  The  ashes  of  this  stratum 
 have  such  a  clayey  appearance,  that  I  should  believe  it  to 
 be  the  pure  earth,  were  it  not  that  I  find  it  frequently  to 
 contain  bones,  charcoal,  and  small  shells,  occasionally  also 
 small  pieces  of  brick.  The  shells  are  uninjured,  which 
 sufficiently  proves  that  they  cannot  have  been  exposed  to 
 heat.  In  this  very  hard  stratum  of  ash,  at  1 1  feet  above 
 the  platform,  and  46  feet  from  its  edge,  I  found  a  channel 
 made  of  green  sandstone  nearly  8  inches  broad  and  above 
 7  inches  high,  which  probably  once  served  for  carrying 
 away  the  blood  of  the  animals  sacrificed,  and  must  neces- 
 sarily at  one  time  have  discharged  its  contents  down  the 
 declivity  of  the  hill.  It  therefore  proves  that  the  thickness 
 of  the  hill  at  this  point  has  increased  fully  46  feet  since 
 the  destruction  of  the  temple  to  which  it  belonged. 
 
 Upon  the  other  1472  feet  of  the  platform  I  find  every- 
 where, as  far  as  to  about  i6i  feet  high,  colossal  masses 
 of  large  blocks  of  shelly  limestone,  often  more  or  less 
 hewn,  but  generally  unhewn,  which  frequently  lie  so  close 
 one  upon  another  that  they  have  the  appearance  of  actual 
 walls.  But  I  soon  found  that  all  of  these  masses  of 
 stone  must  of  necessity  belong  to  grand  buildings  which 
 once  have  stood  there  and  were  destroyed  by  a  fearful 
 catastrophe.  The  buildings  cannot  possibly  have  been 
 built  of  these  stones  without  some  uniting  substance,  and 
 I  presume  that  this  was  done  with  mere  earth,  for  I 
 find  no  trace  of  lime  or  cement.  Between  the  immense 
 masses  of  stone  there  are  intermediate  spaces,  more  or 
 less  large,  consisting  of  very  firm  debris,  often  as  hard 
 as  stone,  in  which  we  meet  with  very  many  bones,  shells, 
 and  quantities  of  other  remains  of  habitation.  No  traces 
 of  any  kind  of  interesting  articles  were  found  in  the 
 whole  length   of  the   wall   of  debris,   229^   feet  in   length 
 
I  IO 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  VII. 
 
 and  1 6\  feet  in  height,  except  a  small  splendidly  worked 
 hair-  or  dress-pin  of  silver,  but  destroyed  by  rust.  To- 
 day, however,  at  a  perpendi- 
 cular depth  of  14  meters 
 (46  feet)  I  found  a  beautiful 
 polished  piece  of  mica-schist, 
 with  moulds  for  casting  two 
 breast-pins,  and  two  other 
 ornaments  which  are  quite 
 unknown  to  me — all  of  the 
 most  fanciful  description.  I 
 also  found  a  funereal  or  water 
 urn,  unfortunately  completely 
 broken,  with  decorations  in 
 the  form  of  two  flat  wreaths 
 
 No.  71.     A  Mould  of   Mica-schist  for  casting 
 
 ornaments  [i4  ■.}.  which  run  right  round  it.    The 
 
 urn  must  have  been  5  feet  high,  and  at  least  27^  inches  in 
 breadth.     In  both  of  the  wreaths  there  is  an  uninterrupted 
 
 No.  72.  Fragment  of 
 
 :  I  rn  •)!    L'erra-cotta  with  Assyrian  (?)  Decorations, 
 from  die  Lowest  Stratum  (14  M.). 
 
 row  of  cuneiform  impressions,  which  at  first  sight  seem  to  be 
 Assyrian  inscriptions  ;  but  on  closer  examination  it  is  found 
 that  they  are  mere  ornaments.    The  fragments  of  this  vase 
 
1S72.J  ASSYRIAN  DECORATIONS.  Ill 
 
 show  a  thickness  of  about  |  of  an  inch.  Two  other  enor- 
 mous urns,  but  completely  broken,  either  for  water,  wine, 
 or  funereal  ashes,  with  decorations  in  the  form  of  several 
 wreaths,  forming  perfect  circles,  were  found  on  the  22nd 
 and  23rd  of  this  month,  at  from  19^  to  23  feet  above  the 
 platform,  and  therefore,  at  a  perpendicular  depth  of  from 
 26  to  ^  feet.  Both  must  have  been  more  than  6h  feet 
 high,  and  more  than  3^  feet  in  diameter,  for  the  fragments 
 show  a  thickness  of  nearly  2  inches.  The  wreaths  are 
 likewise  in  bas-relief,  and  show  either  double  triangles  fitting 
 into  one  another  with  circles,  or  flowers,  or  three  rows  or 
 sometimes  one  row  of  circles.  The  last  decoration  was  also 
 found  upon  the  frieze  of  green  stone  which  Lord  Elgin 
 discovered  in  the  year  18 10  in  the  treasury  of  Agamemnon 
 in  Mycenae,  and  which  is  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
 Both  this  frieze,  and  the  above-mentioned  urns  discovered 
 by  me  in  the  depths  of  Ilium,  distinctly  point  to  Assyrian 
 art,  and  I  cannot  look  at  them  without  a  feeling  of  sadness 
 when  I  think  with  what  tears  of  joy  and  with  what  delight 
 the  ever-memorable  German  scholar,  Julius  Braun,  who 
 unfortunately  succumbed  three  years  ago  to  his  excessive 
 exertions,  would  have  welcomed  their  discovery ;  for  he 
 was  not  only  the  great  advocate  of  the  theory  that  the 
 Homeric  Troy  must  be  only  looked  for  below  the  ruins  of 
 Ilium,  but  he  was  also  the  able  defender  of  the  doctrine, 
 that  the  plastic  arts  and  a  portion  of  the  Egyptian  and 
 Assyrian  mythology  had  migrated  to  Asia  Minor  and 
 Greece,  and  he  has  shown  this  by  thousands  of  irrefutable 
 proofs  in  his  profound  and  excellent  work,  Gcschichte  der 
 Kunstin  ihrem  Entwickclungsgange,  which  I  most  urgently 
 recommend  to  all  who  are  interested  in  art  and  archaeology. 
 Both  the  urns  found  at  a  depth  of  46  feet  and  those 
 at  from  26  to  ^  feet,  as  well  as  all  the  funereal  urns  and 
 large  wine  or  water  vessels  which  I  formerly  discovered,  were 
 standing  upright,  which  sufficiently  proves  that  the  colossal 
 masses  of  debris  and  ruins  were  graduallv  formed  on  the 
 
112  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  VII. 
 
 spot,  and  could  not  have  been  brought  there  from  another 
 place  in  order  to  increase  the  height  of  the  hill.  This  is, 
 moreover,  a  pure  impossibility  in  regard  to  the  immense 
 numbers  of  gigantic  blocks  of  stone,  hewn  and  unhewn, 
 which  frequently  weigh  from  i  to  2  tons. 
 
 In  the  strata  at  a  depth  of  from  7  to  10  meters  (23  to 
 33  feet),  I  found  two  lumps  of  lead  of  a  round  and  con- 
 cave form,  each  weighing  about  two  pounds ;  a  great 
 number  of  rusted  copper  nails,  also  some  knives  and  a 
 copper  lance ;  further  very  many  smaller  and  larger  knives 
 of  white  and  brown  silex  in  the  form  of  single  and  double- 
 edged  saws ;  a  number  of  whet-stones  of  green  and  black 
 slate  with  a  hole  at  one  end,  as  well  as  various  small  objects 
 of  ivory.*  In  all  the  strata  from  4  to  10  meters  (13  to  33 
 feet)  deep  I  found  a  number  of  hammers,  axes  and  wedges 
 of  diorite,  which,  however,  are  decidedly  of  much  better 
 workmanship  in  the  strata  below  the  depth  of  7  meters 
 (23  feet)  than  in  the  upper  ones.  Likewise  at  all  depths 
 from  3  meters  ( 1  o  feet)  below  the  surface  we  find  a  number 
 of  flat  idols  of  very  fine  marble :  upon  many  of  them  is 
 the  owl's  face  and  a  female  girdle  with  dots ;  upon  one 
 there  are  in  addition  two  female  breasts.f  The  striking- 
 resemblance  of  these  owls'  faces  to  those  upon  many  of 
 the  vases  and  covers,  with  a  kind  of  helmet  on  the  owl's 
 head,  makes  me  firmly  convinced  that  all  of  the  idols,  and 
 all  of  the  helmeted  owls'  heads  represent  a  goddess,  and 
 indeed  must  represent  one  and  the  same  goddess,  all  the 
 more  so  as,  in  fact,  all  the  owl-faced  vases  with  female 
 breasts  and  a  navel  have  also  generally  two  upraised  arms : 
 in  one  case  the  navel  is  represented  by  a  cross  with  four 
 nails.J.     The  cups   (covers)  with  owls'  heads,  on  the  other 
 
 *  See  an  illustration  to  Chapter  X.  for  similar  ivories,  still  more 
 interesting,  from  their  greater  depth,  than  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
 which  are  very  imperfectly  shown  on  the  original  photograph. 
 
 t  See  the  Plate  of  Idols,  p.  36.  |  See  Cut,  No.  13,  p.  35. 
 
1872.]  THE  OWL-FACED  ATHENA.  1 13 
 
 hand,  never   have  breasts  or   a  navel,  yet   upon   some   ot 
 them  I  find  long  female  hair  represented  at  the  back.* 
 
 The  important  question  now  presents  itself: — What 
 goddess  is  it  who  is  here  found  so  repeatedly,  and  is, 
 moreover,  the  only  one  to  be  found,  upon  the  idols, 
 drinking-cups  and  vases  ?  The  answer  is  : — She  must 
 necessarily  be  the  tutelary  goddess  of  Troy,  she  must  be 
 the  Ilian  Athena,  and  this  -indeed  perfectly  agrees  with 
 the  statement  of  Homer,  who  continually  calls  her  64a 
 yXavKco-ms  iA.6-qvqi  "the  goddess  Athena  with  the  owl's 
 face."  For  the  epithet  "  yXavKaj-ms "  has  been  wrongly 
 translated  by  the  scholars  of  all  ages,  because  they  could 
 not  imagine  that  Athena  should  have  been  represented 
 with  an  owl's  face.  The  epithet,  however,  consists  of 
 the  two  words  y\av£  and  com],  and,  as  I  can  show  by 
 an  immense  number  of  proofs,  the  only  possible  literal 
 translation  is  "  with  an  owl's  face " ;  and  the  usual  trans- 
 lation "  with  blue,  fiery  or  sparkling  eyes "  is  utterly 
 wrong.  The  natural  conclusion  is  that  owing  to  pro- 
 gressive civilization  Athena  received  a  human  face,  and 
 her  former  owl's  head  was  transformed  into  her  favourite 
 bird,  the  owl,  which  as  such  is  unknown  to  Homer.  The 
 next  conclusion  is  that  the  worship  of  Athena  as  the 
 tutelary  goddess  of  Troy  was  well  known  to  Homer ; 
 hence  that  a  Troy  existed,  and  that  it  was  situated  on  the 
 sacred  spot,  the  depths  of  which  I  am  investigating. 
 
 In  like  manner,  when  excavations  shall  be  made  in  the 
 HercEiim  between  Argos  and  Mycenae,  and  on  the  site  of 
 the  very  ancient  temple  of  Hera  on  the  island  of  Samos, 
 the  image  of  this  goddess  with  a  cow's  head  will  doubtless 
 be  found  upon  idols,  cups  and  vases ;  for  "  /3ow7ri<?,"  the 
 usual    epithet    of    Hera    in    Homer,    can    originally    have 
 
 *  Dr.  Schliemann  is  here  speaking  of  the  "  cups  "  which  he  after- 
 wards decided  to  be  covers,  which  of  course  represent  only  the  head,  the 
 body  being  on  the  vase. — [Ed.] 
 
 I 
 
ii4 
 
 TROY   AND    ITS    REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  VII. 
 
 signified  nothing  else  than  "with  the  face  of  an  ox."  But 
 as  Homer  also  sometimes  applies  the  epithet  /3ow7u<?  to 
 mortal  women,  it  is  probable  that  even  at  his  time  it  was 
 considered  to  be  bad  taste  to  represent  Hera,  the  wife  of 
 the  mightiest  of  all  the  gods,  with  the  face  of  an  ox,  and 
 that  therefore  men  even  at  that  time  began  to  represent 
 her  with  a  woman's  face,  but  with  the  eyes  of  an  ox,  that  is, 
 with  very  large  eyes ;  consequently  the  common  epithet  of 
 (3ocottl<;,  which  had  formerly  been  only  applied  to  Hera 
 with  the  meaning  of  "  with  the  face  of  an  ox,"  now  merely 
 signified  with  large  eyes. 
 
 Of  pottery  we  have  found  a  great  deal  during  the  last 
 weeks,  but  unfortunately  more  than  half  of  it  in  a  broken 
 condition.  Of  painting  upon  terra-cotta  there  is  still  no 
 trace ;  most  of  the  vessels  are  of  a  simple  brilliant  black, 
 yellow,  or  brown  colour  :   the  very  large  vases  on  the  other 
 
 hand  are  generally  colourless. 
 Plates  of  ordinary  manufac- 
 ture I  have  as  yet  found  only 
 at  a  depth  of  from  8  to  10 
 meters  (16  to  33  feet),  and, 
 as  can  be  distinctly  seen,  they 
 have  been  turned  upon  a  pot- 
 ter's wheel.  All  the  other 
 vessels  hitherto  found  seem, 
 however,  to  have  been  formed 
 by  the  hand  alone  ;  yet  they 
 possess  a  certain  elegance, 
 and  excite  the  admiration  of 
 beholders  by  their  strange  and 
 \  ery  curious  forms.  The 
 vases  with  a  long  neck  bent 
 back,  a  beak-shaped  mouth  turned  upwards,  and  a  round 
 protruding    body  *  —two    of   which    are    in     the    British 
 
 No.  73.     Trojan  Plates  found  on  the  Tower 
 (8  M.). 
 
 <  'in.  No.  5  |.  p.  86. 
 
1872.]  VESSELS  WITH  SYMBOLS  OF  ATHENA.  115 
 
 Museum,  several  of  those  found  in  Cyprus  in  the 
 Museum  in  Constantinople,  and  several  of  those  dis- 
 covered beneath  three  layers  of  volcanic  ashes  in  Thera  and 
 Therassia  in  the  French  school  in  Athens — are  almost 
 certainly  intended  to  represent  women,  for  I  find  the 
 same  here  at  a  depth  of  from  26  to  ^  feet,  with  two  or 
 even  with  three  breasts,  and  hence  I  believe  that  those  found 
 here  represent  the  tutelary  goddess  of  Ilium.  We  also 
 find  some  vases  and  covers  with  men's  faces,  which,  how- 
 ever, are  never  without  some  indications  of  the  owl  ; 
 moreover,  the  vases  with  such  faces  always  have  two 
 female  breasts  and  a  navel.  I  must  draw  especial  atten- 
 tion to  the  fact  that  almost  all  of  the 
 vases  with  owls'  faces,  or  with  human 
 faces  and  the  indications  of  the  owl, 
 have  two  uplifted  arms,  which  serve 
 as  handles,  and  this  leads  me  to  con- 
 jecture that  they  are  imitations  of  the 
 large  idol  which  was  placed  in  the  very 
 ancient  temple  of  the  Ilian  divinity,  N°-  m-  yase  Cover  with  ataman 
 
 r  J  '       face.     r-rom    the  Trojan  Stratum 
 
 which  therefore  must  have  had  an  (8m)' 
 owl's  face,  but  a  female  figure,  and  two  arms  beside  the 
 head.  It  is  very  remarkable  that  most  of  the  vessels 
 which  I  find  have  been  suspended  by  cords,  as  is  proved 
 by  the  two  holes  in  the  mouth,  and  the  two  little  tubes,  or 
 holes  in  the  handles,  at  the  side  of  the  vessels. 
 
 Unfortunately,  many  of  the  terra-cottas  get  broken 
 when  the  debris  is  being  loosened  and  falls  down,  for  there 
 is  only  one  way  in  which  I  can  save  my  men  and  myself 
 from  being  crushed  and  maimed  by  the  falling  stones :  this 
 is,  bv  keeping  the  lowest  part  of  the  mighty  earthen  wall  on 
 the  perpendicular  up  to  16  feet  (not  7  feet,  as  on  the  first 
 five  days),  and  the  whole  of  the  upper  part  at  an  angle  of 
 50  degrees,  by  always  loosening  the  perpendicular  portion, 
 by  making  shafts,  and  working  with  large  iron  levers  in 
 pieces   of  from    15    to   30  cubic  metres   (20   to  40   cubic 
 
 1   2 
 
I  1 6  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  VII. 
 
 yards).  Bv  thus  causing  the  debris  and  the  stones  of  the 
 upper  portion  to  be  loosened  with  the  pickaxe,  the  stones 
 fall  in  almost  a  direct  line  over  the  lower  perpendicular  wall 
 of  1 6  feet ;  therefore  they  roll  at  most  a  few  paces,  and 
 there  is  less  danger  that  anyone  will  be  hurt.  By  this 
 means  I  also  have  the  advantage  that  the  greatest  portion 
 of  the  debris  falls  down  of  its  own  accord,  and  what  re- 
 mains can  be  shovelled  down  with  little  trouble,  whereas 
 at  first  I  spent  half  of  my  time  in  getting  it  down.  As, 
 however,  in  making  shafts  and  in  bringing  down  the 
 colossal  lumps  of  earth  a  certain  amount  of  skill  and  caution 
 is  necessary,  I  have  engaged  a  third  foreman  at  7  francs  a 
 day,  Georgios  Photidos,  of  Paxos,  who  has  for  seven  years 
 worked  as  a  miner  in  Australia,  and  was  there  occupied 
 principally  in  making  tunnels.  Home-sickness  led  him  back 
 to  his  native  country,  where,  without  having  sufficient 
 means  of  earning  his  daily  bread,  he,  in  vouthful  thought- 
 lessness and  out  of  patriotism,  married  a  poor  girl  of  his 
 own  people  who  was  but  fifteen  vears  old.  It  was  only 
 after  his  marriage,  and  in  consequence  of  domestic  cares, 
 that  he  recovered  his  senses.  He  heard  that  I  was  making- 
 excavations  here,  and  came  on  speculation  to  offer  me  his 
 services.  As  he  had  assured  me,  when  I  first  saw  him,  that 
 my  accepting  his  services  was  a  question  of  life  and  death 
 to  him  and  his  wife,  I  engaged  him  at  once,  the  more  so 
 because  I  was  very  much  in  want  of  a  miner,  tunnel -maker, 
 and  pitman,  such  as  he  is.  Besides  acting  in  these  capa- 
 cities, he  is  of  great  use  to  me  on  Sundays  and  on  other 
 festivals,  for  he  can  write  Greek,  and  he  is  thus  able  to  copy 
 my  Greek  reports  for  the  newspapers  and  learned  societies 
 in  the  East ;  for  I  had  hitherto  found  nothing  more  in- 
 tolerable than  to  have  to  write  out  in  Greek  three  times 
 over  my  long  reports  about  one  and  the  same  subject, 
 especially  as  I  had  to  take  the  time  from  my  sleep.  To 
 mv  great  regret,  the  excellent  engineer  Adolphe  Laurent 
 leaves  me  to-morrow,  tor  his  month  is  up.  and  he  has  now 
 
1872.]  EXTENT  OF  THE  PERGAMUS.  I  17 
 
 to  commence  the  construction  of  the  railroad  from  the 
 Piraeus  to  Lamia.  He  has,  however,  made  me  a  good 
 plan  of  this  hill.  I  must  add  that  the  Pergamus  of 
 Priam  cannot  have  been  limited  to  this  hill,  which  is, 
 for  the  most  part,  artificial ;  but  that,  as  I  endeavoured 
 to  explain  four  years  ago,*  it  must  necessarily  have  ex- 
 tended a  good  way  further  south,  beyond  the  high  plateau. 
 But  even  if  the  Pergamus  should  have  been  confined 
 to  this  hill,  it  was,  nevertheless,  larger  than  the  Acropolis 
 of  Athens;  for  the  latter  covers  only  50,126  square 
 meters  (about  60,000  square  yards),  whereas  the  plateau 
 of  this  hill  amounts  to  64,500  square  meters  (about  77,400 
 square  yards).  I  must  further  mention  that,  according  to 
 Laurent's  calculation,  the  plateau  rises  46  feet  above  my 
 platform,  and  that  his  measurements  of  its  height  (about 
 38  feet  on  the  north  and  39  feet  on  the  south)  applies  to 
 those  points  where  the  steep  precipice  commences.  I  have 
 just  built  a  house  with  three  rooms,  as  well  as  a  magazine 
 and  kitchen,  which  altogether  cost  only  1000  francs  (40/.), 
 including  the  covering  of  waterproof  felt ;  for  wood  is 
 cheap  here,  and  a  plank  of  about  10  feet  in  length,  10 
 inches  in  breadth,  and  1  inch  thick,  may  be  got  for  2  piasters, 
 or  40  centimes.  {These  houses  are  seen  in  Plates  X.  and 
 XL) 
 
 We  still  find  poisonous  snakes  among  the  stones  as  far 
 down  as  from  ^  to  36  feet,  and  I  had  hitherto  been 
 astonished  to  see  my  workmen  take  hold  of  the  reptiles 
 with  their  hands  and  play  with  them ;  nay,  yesterday  I  saw 
 one  of  the  men  bitten  twice  by  a  viper,  without  seeming 
 to  trouble  himself  about  it.  When  I  expressed  my  horror, 
 he  laughed,  and  said  that  he  and  all  his  comrades  knew 
 that  there  were  a  great  many  snakes  in  this  hill,  and  they 
 had  therefore  all  drunk  a  decoction  of  the  snake-weed  which 
 
 *  Ithague,  Ic  Peloponriese  et  Troie.  Dr.  Schliemann's  subsequent 
 change  of  opinion  on  this  point  is  explained  in  subsequent  chapters, 
 and  in  the  Introduction. 
 
Il8  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  VII. 
 
 grows  in  the  district,  and  which  renders  the  bite  harmless. 
 Of  course  I  ordered  a  decoction  to  be  brought  to  me,  so 
 that  I  also  may  be  safe  from  their  bites.  I  should,  how- 
 ever, like  to  know  whether  this  decoction  would  be  a  safe- 
 guard against  the  fatal  effects  of  the  bite  of  the  hooded 
 cobra,  of  which  in  India  I  have  seen  a  man  die  within  half 
 an  hour ;  if  it  were  so,  it  would  be  a  good  speculation  to 
 cultivate  snake-weed  in  India. 
 
 The  frequently-discussed  terra-cottas  in  the  form  of  the 
 volcano  and  top  {carrousel)  are  continually  found  in  immense 
 numbers,  as  far  as  a  depth  of  from  ^  to  36  feet,  and  most 
 of  them  have  decorations,  of  which  I  always  make  an 
 accurate  drawing.*  On  comparing  these  drawings,  I  now 
 rind  that  all,  without  exception,  represent  the  sun  in  the 
 centre,  and  that  almost  the  half  of  the  other  carvings  show 
 either  only  simple  rays  or  rays  with  stars  between,  or  round 
 the  edge ;  or  again,  three,  four,  six,  or  eight  simple,  double, 
 treble,  and  quadruple  rising  suns  in  a  circle  round  the 
 edge.f  Sometimes  the  sun  is  in  the  centre  of  the  cross  with 
 four  nails,  which,  according  to  the  explanations  in  my  sixth 
 memoir,  can  evidently,  and  in  all  cases,  represent  only  the 
 instrument  which  our  Aryan  forefathers  used  for  producing 
 the  holy  fire  (Agni),  and  which  some  Sanscrit  scholars 
 call  "  Arani"  and  others  "  Suastika."  The  rising  sun  must 
 have  been  the  most  sacred  object  to  our  Aryan  ancestors ; 
 for,  according  to  Max  Miiller  ('Essays'),  out  of  it — that 
 is,  out  of  its  struggle  with  the  clouds — arose  a  very  large 
 portion  of  the  gods  who  afterwards  peopled  Olympus. 
 Upon  some  pieces  the  sun  is  surrounded  by  40  or  50 
 little  stars.      I  also  found  one  upon  which  it  is  represented 
 
 *  The  various  types  of  whorls  spoken  of  here  and  throughout  the 
 work  are  delineated  in  the  lithographic  Plates  at  the  end  of  the  volume, 
 and  are  described  in  the  List  of  Illustrations. 
 
 t  These  "  rising  suns  "  are  the  arcs  with  their  ends  resting  on  the 
 circumference  of  the  whorl,  as  in  Nos.  321-28,  and  many  others  on 
 the  Plates.     M.  Burnouf  describes  them  as  "  stations  of  the  sun." 
 
1872.]  WHORLS  WITH  THE  SUASTIKA.  119 
 
 in  the  centre,  surrounded  by  32  little  stars  and  three 
 Pj-J  ;  another  where  one  entire  half  of  the  circle  is  filled 
 by  the  rays  of  the  sun,  which,  as  in  all  cases,  occupies  the 
 central  point;  on  the  other  half  are  two  Pj-J  and  18  little 
 stars,  of  which  twice  three  (like  the  sword  of  Orion)  stand  in 
 a  row  ;  and  another  where  even  four  are  seen  in  a  row.  As 
 M.  Emile  Burnouf  tells  me,  three  dots  in  a  row,  in  the 
 Persian  cuneiform  inscriptions,  denote  "  royal  majesty."  I 
 do  not  venture  to  decide  whether  the  three  dots  here  admit 
 of  a  similar  interpretation.  Perhaps  they  point  to  the 
 majesty  of  the  sun-god  and  of  Agni,  who  was  produced  out 
 of  the  pj-J.  Upon  some  of  these  terra-cottas  the  sun  is 
 even  surrounded  by  four  pj-J,  which  again  form  a  cross 
 by  their  position  round  it.  Upon  others,  again,  I  find 
 the  sun  in  the  centre  of  a  cross  formed  by  four  trees, 
 and  each  one  of  these  trees  has  three  or  four  large  leaves.* 
 Indian  scholars  will,  perhaps,  find  these  tree-crosses  to 
 represent  the  framework  upon  which  our  ancestors  used 
 to  produce  the  holy  fire,  and  the  repeatedly-recurring  fifth 
 tree  to  be  the  "  Pramantha."  I  find  representations  of  this 
 same  tree  several  times,  either  surrounded  by  circles  or 
 standing  alone,  upon  small  terra-cotta  cones  of  from  i^  to 
 2^  inches  in  diameter,  which,  in  addition,  have  the  most 
 various  kinds  of  symbols  and  a  number  of  suns  and  stars. 
 Upon  a  ball,  found  at  the  depth  of  8  meters  (16  feet), 
 there  is  a  tree  of  this  kind,  surrounded  by  stars,  opposite  a 
 pj-j,  beside  which  there  is  a  group  of  nine  little  stars.f  I 
 therefore  venture  to  express  the  conjecture  that  this  tree  is 
 the  tree  of  life,  which  is  so  frequently  met  with  in  the  Assyrian 
 sculptures,  and  that  it  is  identical  with  the  holy  Soma-tree, 
 which,  according  to  the  Vedas  (see  Emile  Burnouf,  Max 
 M tiller,  Adalbert  Kuhn,  and  Fr.  Windischmann),  grows  in 
 
 *  For  the  type  of  whorls  with  "  soma-trees  "  or  "  trees  of  life  "  (four, 
 or  more,  or  fewer),  see  Nos.  398,  400,  401,  404,  &c.  In  No.  410  the 
 four  trees  form  a  cross. 
 
 |  Plate  LI  I.,  No.  498. 
 
120  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  Chap.  VII. 
 
 heaven,  and  is  there  guarded  by  the  Gandharvas,  who  belong 
 to  the  primeval  Aryan  period,  and  subsequently  became  the 
 Centaurs  of  the  Greeks.  Indra,  the  sun-god,  in  the  form  of  a 
 falcon,*  stole  from  heaven  this  Soma-tree,  from  which  trickled 
 the  Amrita  (ambrosia)  which  conferred  immortality.  Fr. 
 Windischmann  y  has  pointed  out  the  existence  of  the  Soma- 
 tree  worship  as  common  to  the  tribes  of  Aryans  before  their 
 separation,  and  he  therefore  justly  designates  it  an  inheritance 
 from  their  most  ancient  traditions. J  Julius  Braun§  says, 
 in  regard  to  this  Soma-tree :  "  Hermes,  the  rare  visitor, 
 is  regaled  with  nectar  and  ambrosia.  This  is  the  food 
 which  the  gods  require  in  order  to  preserve  their  immor- 
 tality. It  has  come  to  the  West  from  Central  Asia,  with 
 the  whole  company  of  the  Olympian  gods ;  for  the  root  of 
 this  conception  is  the  tree  of  life  in  the  ancient  system 
 of  Zoroaster.  The  fruit  and  sap  of  this  tree  of  life  bestows 
 immortality,  and  the  future  Messiah  (Sosiosk,  in  the  Zend 
 writings)  will  give  some  of  it  to  all  the  faithful  and  make 
 them  all  immortal.  This  hope  we  have  seen  fully  expressed 
 in  the  Assyrian  sculptures,  where  the  winged  genii  stand 
 before  the  holy  tree  with  a  vessel  containing  the  juice  and 
 fruit." 
 
 Just  now  two  of  those  curious  little  terra-cottas,  in  the 
 form  of  a  volcano,  were  brought  to  me,  upon  one  of  which 
 three  animals  with  antlers  are  engraved  in  a  circle  round  the 
 sun ;  ||  upon  another  there  are  four  signs  (which  I  have 
 hitherto  not  met  with)  in   the  shape  of  large  combs  with 
 
 *  This  falcon  seems  to  be  represented  by  rude  two-legged  figures  on 
 some  of  the  whorls  : — e.g.  on  Plate  XLV.,  No.  468  (comp.  p.  135). 
 
 j-  Abhandlungen  der  K.  bayerischen  Akademie der  Wissenschaften,  1846, 
 s.  127. 
 
 %  A.  Kuhn,  '  Herabkunft  des  Feuers.' 
 
 §  Geschichte  der  Kunst. 
 
 ||  See  the  cut  No.  75  and  also  on  Plate  XXX.,  No.  382.  M.  Burnouf 
 describes  the  animal  to  the  right  as  a  hare,  the  symbol  of  the  Moon, 
 and  the  other  two  as  the  antelopes,  which  denote  the  prevailing  of  the  two 
 halves  of  the  month  [quinzaines). 
 
1872.]  NAME  OF  MOUNT  IDA  121 
 
 long  teeth,  forming  a  cross  round  the  sun.*  I  conjecture 
 that  these  extremely  remarkable  hieroglyphics,  which  at 
 first  sight  might  be  imagined  to  be 
 actual  letters,  can  by  no  means  repre- 
 sent anything  else  than  the  sacrificial 
 altar  with  the  flames  blazing  upon  it. 
 I  do  not  doubt  moreover,  that  in  the 
 continuation  of  the  excavations  I  shall 
 find  this  comb-shaped  sign  together 
 with  other  symbols,  which  will  confirm    No- 75.  a  whori,  with  three 
 
 »  '  animals  (3  M.). 
 
 my  conjectures. 
 
 I  must  also  add  that  the  good  old  Trojans  may  perhaps 
 have  brought  with  them  from  Bactria  the  name  of  Ida, 
 which  they  gave  to  the  mountain  which  I  see  before  me  to 
 the  south-east,  covered  with  snow,  upon  which  Jove  and 
 Hera  held  dalliance,^  and  from  which  Jove  looked  down 
 upon  Ilium  and  upon  the  battles  in  the  Plain  of  Troy,  for, 
 according  to  Max  M tiller, J  Ida  was  the  wife  of  Dyaus 
 (Zeus),  and  their  son  was  Eros.  The  parents  whom  Sappho 
 ascribes  to  Eros — Heaven  and  Earth — are  identical  with  his 
 Vedic  parents.  Heracles  is  called  'iScuo?,  from  his  being 
 identical  with  the  Sun,  and  he  has  this  name  in  common 
 with  Apollo  and  Jove. 
 
 To-morrow  the  Greek  Easter  festival  commences,  during 
 which  unfortunately  there  are  six  days  on  which  no  work  is 
 done.  Thus  I  shall  not  be  able  to  continue  the  excava- 
 tions until  the  ist  of  May. 
 
 *  See  Plate  XXXV.,  No.  414.  The  same  symbol  is  seen  on  several 
 other  examples. 
 
 t  Iliad,  XIV.  346-351.  An  English  writer  ought  surely  to  use  our 
 old-fashioned  form  Jove,  which  is  also  even  philologically  preferable  as 
 the  stem  common  to  Zers  and  _///-piter  (/^Lo~ZeF=J'ov),  rather  than  the 
 somewhat  pedantically  sounding  Zeus. — [Ed.] 
 
 X  Essays,  II.  93. 
 
(         122        ) 
 
 CHAPTER    VIII. 
 
 Hindrances  through  Greek  festivals — Thickness  of  the  layers  of  dtbris 
 above  the  native  rock  —  Date  of  the  foundation  of  Troy  —  Impos- 
 sibility of  the  Bunarbashi  theory — Homeric  epithets  suitable  to 
 Hissarlik  —  Etymology  of  "IAios,  signifying  probably  the  "  fortress  of 
 the  Sun  "  —  The  Aruna  of  the  Egyptian  records  —  Progress  of  the 
 platform,  and  corresponding  excavation  on  the  south  - —  The  bulwark 
 of  Lysimachus  —  Ruins  of  great  buildings  —  Marks  of  civilization 
 increasing  with  the  depth  —  Vases,  and  fragments  of  great  urns  — 
 A  remarkable  terra-cotta  —  A  whorl  with  the  appearance  of  an 
 inscription. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  May  nth,  1872. 
 
 Since  my  report  of  the  25th  of  last  month  I  have  only 
 been  able  to  have  ten  days'  digging,  owing  to  the  various 
 Greek  festivals,  for  even  the  poorest  Greek  of  this  district 
 would  not  work  on  a  church  festival  even  if  he  could  earn 
 1000  francs  in  an  hour.  Turkish  workmen  were  not  to  be 
 had,  for  they  are  at  present  occupied  with  field  work.  The 
 weather  has  been  and  still  is  very  favourable  for  making 
 excavations,  as  the  heat  during  the  day  does  not  yet  rise 
 above  200  Reaumur  (770  Fahrenheit)  in  the  shade,  and 
 then  it  never  rains  here  from  the  beginning  of  May  till 
 October,  except  during  thunderstorms,  and  they  rarely  last 
 more  than  half  an  hour  at  a  time.  Moreover,  the  Plain 
 of  Troy  is  at  present  still  healthy ;  the  notorious  Trojan 
 fevers  do  not  actually  begin  till  July,  when  the  many  stag- 
 nant waters  have  evaporated,  and  the  pestilential  miasma 
 arises  from  the  decomposition  of  the  millions  of  dead  frogs, 
 and  from  the  dried-up  marshes,  the  ground  of  which  cracks 
 with  the  heat  of  the  sun.     My  wife  and  I  have  therefore 
 
Ch.  VIII.  1872.]         DATE  OF  TROY'S  FOUNDATION.  123 
 
 still  six  weeks  before  us,  with  the  precaution  of  taking- 
 quinine  to  guard  against  fever. 
 
 I  have  cleared  out  the  Roman  well,  which  has  been 
 repeatedly  mentioned,  to  a  depth  of  20  meters  (6^  feet), 
 and  I  find  that  it  is  walled  only  as  far  as  $i\  feet 
 below  the  surface  of  the  hill,  and  then  runs  into  the  lime- 
 stone rock  which  forms  the  native  soil.  I  have  caused 
 Georgios  Photidas  to  make  a  small  tunnel  in  this  rock 
 from  the  well,  and  have  now  become  quite  convinced 
 that  the  ground — upon  which,  according  to  Homer,  the 
 Trojan  king  Dardanus,  who  had  up  to  that  time  lived  at 
 the  foot  of  many-fountained  Ida,  built  the  town  of  Dar- 
 dania  (Troy)  in  the  Plain*- — is  covered  with  a  layer  of  dSbris 
 about  16  meters,  or  52^  English  feet,  thick.  I  must  here 
 remind  the  reader  that  the  ruins  of  the  Greek  colony,  which 
 settled  on  the  spot,  scarcely  extend  to  a  depth  of  6\  feet ;  that 
 consequently  if,  with  Strabo  (XIII.  1,  43)  we  suppose  the 
 establishment  of  this  colony  to  have  taken  place  under  the 
 Lydian  dominion,  that  is  about  700  b.c,  and  calculate  the 
 duration  of  the  reigns  of  the  six  kings  (Dardanus,  Erich- 
 thonios,  Tros,  Ilus,  Laomedon,  and  Priam)  who,  according 
 to  the  Iliad  (XX.  215-240),  preceded  the  destruction  of 
 Troy,  at  200  years,  and  thus  presume  the  town  to  have 
 been  founded  about  1400  years  before  Christ,  the  accu- 
 mulation of  debris  must  in  this  place  have  amounted  to 
 14  meters,  or  46  feet,  during  the  first  700  years. 
 
 I  am  firmly  convinced  that,  on  a  glance  at  my  excava- 
 tions,  every  one  of  the  remaining  advocates   of  the   anti- 
 
 Tliad,  XX.  216-218:- 
 
 Kr/ffixe   5e   AapSaviriv'   eirel  ov-nui  "\\ws  Ipr) 
 'Ec  7reSi&)  ■Keir&XicTTO,  tt6\ls  jxip6irci:v  avdptoirooi', 
 'AAA'   e6'   {nrwpe'ias  wKtov  TroAviriSaKOS  "iSris. 
 
 "  By  Dardanus,  of  cloud-compelling  Jove 
 Begotten,  was  Dardania  peopled  first, 
 Ere  sacred  Hi  on,  populous  city  of  men, 
 Was  founded  on  the  plain  ;  as  yet  they  dwelt 
 On  spring-abounding  Ida's  lowest  spurs." 
 
124  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  VIII. 
 
 quated  theory  that  Troy  is  to  be  looked  for  at  the  back 
 of  the  Plain,  upon  the  heights  of  Bunarbashi,  will  at  once 
 condemn  that  theory,  for  the  Acropolis  and  town  which 
 once  stood  upon  those  heights,  and  the  small  area  of  which 
 is  accurately  defined  by  the  ruins  of  the  surrounding  walls 
 and  by  the  precipices,  is  scarcely  large  enough  to  have 
 contained  a  population  of  2000  souls ;  the  accumulation  of 
 dibris  moreover  is  extremely  small.  In  many  places,  even 
 in  the  middle  of  the  Acropolis,  the  naked  rock  protrudes, 
 and  between  the  area  of  this  small  town  and  Bunarbashi 
 the  ground — in  some  places  pointed,  in  others  abrupt,  but 
 in  all  parts  irregular — shows  that  no  village,  much  less  a 
 town,  can  ever  have  stood  upon  it.  Immediately  above 
 Bunarbashi,  and  in  fact  wherever  there  was  any  earth  at  all, 
 I  and  my  guide,  with  five  workmen,  made  (in  August 
 1868)  a  long  series  of  borings  at  distances  of  100  meters 
 (328  feet)  apart,  as  far  as  the  Scamander,  but  we  found 
 the  primary  soil  in  all  cases  directly,  and  the  rock  at  quite 
 an  insignificant  depth ;  and  nowhere  wras  there  a  trace  of 
 fragments  of  pottery  or  other  indications  that  the  place 
 could  ever  have  been  inhabited  by  human  beings.  Even 
 in  Bunarbashi  itself  I  found  the  primary  soil  at  a  depth  of 
 less  than  2  feet.  Besides  this,  if  Troy  had  been  built  at  the 
 back  of  the  Plain,  upon  the  heights  of  Bunarbashi,  Homer 
 {Iliad,  XX.  216-218)  would  not  have  expressly  said  that 
 previous  to  its  foundation  by  Dardanus  it  had  not  yet  been 
 built  in  the  Plain. 
 
 The  primary  soil  of  Hissarlik  is  indeed  less  than  20 
 meters  (6$\  feet)  above  the  Plain,  immediately  at  the  foot 
 of  the  hill ;  but  at  all  events  the  Plain  itself,  and  especially 
 that  part  bordering  upon  the  hill,  has  increased  in  height 
 considerably  in  the  course  of  31  centuries.  But  even 
 if  this  had  not  been  the  case,  still  the  Troy  built  upon 
 this  hill  running  out  into  the  Plain  would,  on  account 
 of  its  high  and  imposing  position,  deserve  the  Homeric 
 epithets  of  oc/>puoecrcra,   alneLVT],   and  iqpe/xoecrcra,  especially 
 
1872.]  ETYMOLOGY  OF  IAIOT.  125 
 
 the  latter ;  for  one  of  my  greatest  troubles  here  is  the  con- 
 tinual high  wind,  and  it  cannot  possibly  have  been  other- 
 wise in  Homer's  time.  It  is  assuredly  time  that  the 
 Bunarbashi  theory,  which  stands  in  direct  contradiction 
 with  all  the  statements  of  the  Iliad,  should  now  at  last  come 
 to  an  end.  The  theory,  in  fact,  would  never  have  arisen 
 had  its  advocates,  instead  of  spending  one  hour,  remained  a 
 whole  day  on  the  heights,  and  made  investigations  even 
 with  the  aid  of  a  single  workman. 
 
 As  I  observed  in  my  last  report,  I  here  find  the  sun 
 represented  in  the  centre  of  all  the  innumerable  round 
 ornamented  terra-cottas  in  the  form  of  the  volcano  and  top 
 (carrousel),  and  yesterday  I  even  found  one  upon  which  the 
 central  sun  was  surrounded  by  five  other  suns,  each  of 
 them  with  twelve  rays.# 
 
 I  know  very  well  that  some  would  derive  the  name  of 
 the  town  of  Ilium  (TXios  or  TXiov)  from  the  Sanscrit  word 
 villi,  "  fortress,"  and  "HXto?  from  a  lost  masculine  form 
 of  ^ekrjvr],  probably  Setpiog,  and  the  thought  involun- 
 tarily forces  itself  upon  me,  when  looking  at  the  above- 
 mentioned  terra-cottas  with  the  five  suns  in  a  circle  round 
 the  central  sun,  that  the  image  of  the  Sun  which  occurs 
 thousands  and  thousands  of  times  must  be  connected  with 
 the  name  of  Troy,  namely  TA.105,  for  "IXlov  only  occurs  once 
 in  Homer  (Iliad,  XV. 7 1 );  he  always  elsewhere  speaks  ofTXio?, 
 and  always  uses  this  word  as  a  feminine.  Homer,  it  is  true, 
 always  says  'He'Aios  instead  of  "HXios,  but  in  my  opinion  the 
 root  of  both  is  eXrj  or  eiXr),  from  the  verb  alpeco,  the  aorist 
 of  which  is  elXov.  In  Germany,  according  to  the  Eras- 
 mian  pronunciation  elXrj  is  certainly  pronounced  heila,  and 
 elXov,  hcilon  ;  but  in  the  modern  Greek  pronunciation  elXrj 
 is  Hi ;  elXov,  Hon ;  and  c/H\io<?,  ilios.  There  are  a  number 
 of  proofs  that  the  Erasmian  pronunciation  is  radically  wrong, 
 and  that  the  modern  Greek  is  the  correct  one.   Among  these 
 
 :'  See  Plate  XX 1 1.,  No.  327. 
 
126  TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS.  [Chap.  VIII. 
 
 I  will  only  mention  that  all  the  Greek  words  which  passed 
 over  into  the  Russian  language,  when  Russia  embraced 
 Christianity  900  years  ago,  are  pronounced  in  Russian 
 exactly  as  they  still  are  in  Greece ;  and  moreover  that 
 those  who  decipher  the  Assyrian  cuneiform  inscriptions 
 (especially,  I  believe,  J.  Oppert,  in  Paris),  have  pointed  out 
 that  the  Greek  names,  which  occur  in  these  inscriptions 
 from  the  time  of  the  SeleucidcC,  are  represented  in  the  cunei- 
 form writing  exactly  according  to  the  modern  Greek  pro- 
 nunciation. Now,  if  out  of  the  word  elXr),  eXr),  or  elXov, 
 there  has  arisen  'HeXios  and  c/H\io<?,  then  surely  by  the 
 sameness  of  the  pronunciation  there  may  have  arisen  out  of 
 one  of  the  first  three  words  in  pre-Homeric  times  "iXios  in 
 the  feminine  for  ttoXls  'RXlov  or  'IXlov,  signifying  "  Sun- 
 castle,"  for  the  earlier  meaning  of  ttoXls  was  certainly  castle, 
 fortress,  or  acropolis,  as  for  instance  in  the  Iliad,  VI.  88, 
 257,  317,  XXII.  383.  Although  I  am  well  aware  that 
 Egyptian  scholars  have  hitherto  found  no  relationship 
 between  the  hieroglyphic  and  Sanscrit  languages,  yet  I 
 cannot  help  mentioning  that  three  years  ago,  in  the  Institute 
 of  France,  I  heard  a  lecture  by  the  Vicomte  de  Rouge,  who 
 had  found  in  a  papyrus  the  names  of  the  powers  leagued 
 against  Rameses  III.,  and  among  these  the  state  of  Arouna 
 or  Aruna,  which  he  without  hesitation  identified  with  Ilium, 
 as  he  thought  that  this  was  the  only  way  in  which  the 
 latter  word  could  be  rendered  in  the  hieroglyphic  language. 
 Now,  curiously  enough,  according  to  Max  Muller*  and 
 Adalbert  Kuhn,|  the  Sanscrit  word  Aruna  signifies 
 "  charioteer  of  the  sun."  I  leave  it  to  Egyptian  and  Sanscrit 
 scholars  to  judge  whether  and  how  far  this  may  serve  to 
 confirm  what  I  have  said  above. 
 
 Although  since  Easter  I  have  been  obliged  to  pay  my 
 men  1  piaster  more  per  diem,  which  makes  their  wages 
 10   piasters  or  2  francs  a  day,  still  I  am   now  working  with 
 
 "'  Essays,  U.  324.  t  Herabkujift  des  Fetters,  \>.  59. 
 
1872.]  ENGINEERING  WORK.  I  27 
 
 130  men,  and  I  firmly  hope  by  the  1st  of  October  to  have 
 carried  my  great  platform  through  the  entire  hill,  preserving 
 exactly  the  same,  breadth ;  for  while  my  wife  and  I,  with 
 85  workmen,  are  busy  on  the  platform  on  the  north 
 side,  Georgios  Photidas  and  45  men  have  for  10  days  been 
 working  towards  us  from  a  second  platform  on  the  south 
 side.  Unfortunately,  however,  the  slope  of  the  hill  on  the 
 south  side  is  so  slight,  that  we  were  forced  to  begin  this 
 work  163  feet  below  the  surface,  in  order  to  have  room  and 
 freedom  for  removing  the  (Ubris ;  we  have,  however,  given 
 it  a  dip  of  1 40,  so  that  it  must  reach  the  primary  soil  at 
 a  length  of  about  75  meters  (246  feet).  This  southern 
 platform  is  under  the  sole  direction  of  Georgios  Photidas, 
 for  he  has  proved  himself  to  be  a  very  skilful  engineer,  and 
 he  works  forward  very  quickly  through  his  cleverly  devised 
 side  terraces.  He  has  hitherto,  however,  had  only  light 
 debris  to  remove,  and  has  not  yet  come  upon  that  very  hard, 
 tough,  damp  debris  which  I  have  on  my  platform  at  the 
 depth  of  10  to  16  meters  (33  to  52^  feet).  To-day  he  has 
 brought  to  light  a  splendid  bastion,  composed  of  large 
 finely-hewn  blocks  of  limestone,  not  joined  by  either  cement 
 or  lime,  which,  however,  does  not  seem  to  me  to  be  older 
 than  the  time  of  Lysimachus.  It  is  certainly  very  much  in 
 our  way,  but  it  is  too  beautiful  and  venerable  for  me  to 
 venture  to  lay  hands  upon  it,  so  it  shall  be  preserved. 
 
 On  the  south  side  the  accumulation  of  debris  from  the 
 Greek  period  is  much  more  considerable  than  on  the  north 
 side  and  upon  the  plateau ;  and  thus  far  Georgios  Photidas 
 constantly  finds  Greek  pottery  and  those  terra-cottas  with 
 two  holes  at  one  end,  which,  in  my  excavations  hitherto, 
 ceased  entirely  at  a  depth  of  2  meters  (6h  feet).  The  greater 
 portion  of  these  round  articles  have  the  potter's  stamp 
 already  mentioned,  representing  a  bee  or  fly  with  outspread 
 wings  above  an  altar.     (See  Cuts,  Nos.  37-40,  p.  6$.) 
 
 I  have  also  given  the  platform  on  the  north  side  an  inclina- 
 tion of  10    in  a  length  of  66  feet,  so  as  to  be  able  to  work 
 
I  28  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  VIII. 
 
 forward  on  the  primary  soil,  without  the  indescribable 
 trouble  of  lowering  it  another  6-r  feet,  and  of  thus  having 
 to  remove  4000  cubic  yards  of  debris.  This  primary  soil 
 sufficiently  proves  that  all  those  enormous  masses  of  im- 
 mense stones,  generally  more  or  less  hewn,  with  which,  as 
 already  said,  I  had  continually  to  battle  at  a  depth  of  from 
 10  to  14  meters  (33  to  46  feet),  are  the  remains  of  large 
 buildings,  which  in  the  course  of  centuries  have  been 
 erected  successively  upon  the  ruins  of  others.  For  it  does 
 not  appear  conceivable  to  me  that  even  a  large  palace, 
 were  it  six  storeys  high,  could  leave  such  colossal  ruins, 
 which,  as  they  reach  down  to  the  rock,  are  nearly  20  feet 
 in  height. 
 
 For  some  days  these  masses  of  stone  have  diminished 
 in  number,  but  we  continually  find  many  single  large 
 blocks.  Instead  of  the  stone  strata,  however,  we  now  have 
 before  us,  upon  the  whole  breadth  of  the  platform  (230 
 feet),  and  to  the  height  of  20  feet  (hence  at  a  depth  of 
 from  10  to  16  meters,  33  to  52^  feet),  a  damp  wall  as  hard 
 as  stone,  composed  of  ashes  mixed  with  small  shells,  bones, 
 boars'  tusks,  &c,  exactly  like  that  which  we  before  found 
 at  the  east  end.  This  mass  is  so  tough,  that  it  is  only  by 
 making  shafts,  and  breaking  down  the  wralls  by  means  of 
 huge  iron  levers,  that  we  manage  to  get  on  at  all. 
 
 The  signs  of  a  higher  civilization  increasing  with  the 
 greater  depth — which  I  mentioned  in  my  last  report  when 
 speaking  of  the  large  urn  with  Assyrian  inscriptions — con- 
 tinue down  to  the  native  soil.  Close  above  it  I  find  a  great 
 quantity  of  fragments  of  brilliant  black  and  sometimes  red 
 or  brown  pottery,  with  engraved  decorations,  of  a  quality 
 more  excellent  than  I  have  hitherto  met  with  even  in  the 
 highest  strata,  among  the  ruins  of  the  Greek  period.  I 
 also  found  several  fragments  of  cups,  the  lower  part  of 
 which  likewise  forms  a  cup,  but  not  a  large  one,  and  hence 
 I  do  not  doubt  that  these  are  fragments  of  double  cups 
 (SeVas  ajjLffuKVTreWop).      In  Homer  it  indeed  seems  as  if  all 
 
®  #  ®  m^ 
 
 No.  76.  Fragment  of  a  Vase  of  polished  black 
 Earthenware,  with  Pattern  inlaid  in  White,  from 
 the  Lowest  Stratum  (14  m.). 
 
 1872.]  POTTERY  OF  THE  LOWEST  STRATUM.  129 
 
 double  cups  were  made  of  gold  or  silver  with  a  gilt  rim,* 
 but  I  do  not  doubt  that  there  were  at  the  same  time  also 
 double  cups  made  of  clay.f 
 
 The  other  vessels,  of  which  I  found  fragments,  were 
 made  so  as  to  be  carried 
 by  strings,  as  is  proved  by 
 the  two  rings  projecting 
 beside  one  another  on 
 either  side.  I  also  found 
 upon  the  primary  soil  the 
 head  of  a  brilliant  black 
 pitcher,  with  a  beak-shaped 
 mouth  bent  back ;  also  the 
 fragment  of  a  vessel  painted 
 white,  but  divided  into 
 two  compartments  by  black  lines  drawn  horizontally ; 
 the  upper  compartment  contains  undulating  black  lines, 
 which  are  perhaps  meant 
 to  represent  water,  the 
 lower  one  is  filled  with 
 a  row  of  arrow-shaped 
 decorations,  with  square 
 pointed  heads,  in  the 
 centre  of  which  there  is 
 always  a  dot. 
 
 At  the  same  depth  I 
 found  fragments  of  large 
 water  or  funereal  urns 
 with  engraved  ornaments 
 of  various  descriptions ;  also  a  square  piece  of  terra-cotta 
 painted  black  and  ornamented  all  round  with  lines  and  four 
 rows  of  dots  filled    with   a  white  substance.      As  appears 
 
 No.  77.     Fragment  of  Terra-cotta,  perhaps  part  of  a 
 box,  found  on  the  primitive  Rock  ivi6  M.). 
 
 *  See,  for  example,  Iliad,  XI.  633-635,  Odyssey,  XV.  116,  446. 
 
 t  Dr.  Schliemann  found  afterwards  that  these  fragments  did  not 
 belong  to  double  cups.  (See  Chap.  XXII.,  p.  313,  and  'Introduction,' 
 P-  >5-) 
 
l3° 
 
 TROY   AND    ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 [Ch.  VIII.  1872. 
 
 from  the  upper  and  the  lower  side,  and  from  the  two  per- 
 forations, it  must  have  been  the  setting  and  decoration  of 
 a  wooden  jewel-casket.  It  is  made  with  so  much  symmetry 
 and  looks  so  elegant,  that  I  at  first  thought  it  was  ebony 
 inlaid  with  ivory. 
 
 At  the  depth   of  8   meters   (26  feet)    I    found  a  terra- 
 cotta seal  an   inch   and  a  half  in   length,  with  a  hole  for 
 suspending    it ;    there   are    a    number    of   signs 
 upon   it    resembling   the    ancient    Koppa — like 
 that  stamped  upon  Corinthian  coins.  * 
 
 At  a  depth  of  5  meters  (16^  feet),  I  found 
 to-day  a  very  pretty  jar  with  three  feet,  which  is 
 evidently  intended  to  represent  a  woman,  pro- 
 bably the  Ilian  Athena,  for  it  has  two  breasts 
 and  a  navel. 
 
 The  snakes  seem  to  have  been  enticed  out 
 of  their  winter  quarters  by  the  warm  weather  which  has  set 
 in  ;   for  it  is  ten  days  since  I  have  seen  any. 
 
 Amid  all  the  fatigues  and  troubles  of  the  excavations 
 there  is  this  among  other  pleasures,  that  time  never  hangs 
 heavy  on  one's  hands. 
 
 No.  78.  A  Tro- 
 jan Terra-cotta 
 Seal  ,8  M.). 
 
 "::"  As  the  device  on  a  seal  may  be  presumed  to  be  significant,  and  as 
 patterns  strikingly  similar  to  this  occur  on  some  of  the  whorls  (e.g. 
 on  Plate  XLIV.,  No.  461),  we  have  a  strong  argument  for  the  significance 
 of  the  latter  class  of  devices. — [Ed.] 
 
 3  M. 
 
 No.  78*.     Terracottas  with  Aryan  Emble 
 
 5  M. 
 
(      W      ) 
 
 CHAPTER     IX. 
 
 Superstition  of  the  Greeks  about  saints'  days  —  Further  engineering  works 
 —  Narrow  escape  of  six  men  —  Ancient  building  on  the  western 
 terrace  —  The  ruins  under  this  house  —  Old  Trojan  mode  of  build- 
 ing—  Continued  marks  of  higher  civilization  — Terra-cottas  engraved 
 with  Aryan  symbols  :  antelopes,  a  man  in  the  attitude  of  prayer, 
 flaming  altars,  hares  —  The  symbol  of  the  moon  —  Solar  emblems  and 
 rotating  wheels  —  Remarks  on  former  supposed  inscriptions — Stone 
 moulds  for  casting  weapons  and  implements  —  Absence  of  cellars, 
 and  use  of  colossal  jars  in  their  stead  —  The  quarry  used  for  the 
 Trojan  buildings  —  "  Un  Me'decin  malgre  lui."  —  Blood-letting 
 priest-doctors  —  Efficacy  of  sea-baths  —  Ingratitude  of  the  peasants 
 cured  —  Increasing  heat. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  May  23rd,  1872. 
 
 Since  my  report  of  the  1  ith  instant  there  have  again  been, 
 including  to-day,  three  great  and  two  lesser  Greek  church 
 festivals,  so  that  out  of  these  twelve  days  I  have  in  reality 
 only  had  seven  days  of  work.  Poor  as  the  people  are,  and 
 gladly  as  they  would  like  to  work,  it  is  impossible  to 
 persuade  them  to  do  so  on  feast  days,  even  if  it  be  the  day 
 of  some  most  unimportant  saint.  Mas  Sepvec  6  ayios  ("  the 
 saint  will  strike  us  ")  is  ever  their  reply,  when  I  try  to 
 persuade  the  poor  creatures  to  set  their  superstition  aside 
 for  higher  wages. 
 
 In  order  to  hasten  the  works,  I  have  now  had  terraces 
 made  at  from  16  to  19  feet  above  the  great  platform  on 
 its  east  and  west  ends ;  and  I  have  also  had  two  walls  made 
 of  large  blocks  of  stone — the  intermediate  spaces  being- 
 rilled  with  earth — for  the  purpose  of  removing  the  debris. 
 The  smaller  wall  did  not  seem  to  me  to  be  strong  enough, 
 and    I    kept    the    workmen    from    it ;    in   fact,    it   did    not 
 
 k    2 
 
132  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  IX. 
 
 bear  the  pressure,  and  it  tell  down  when  it  was  scarcely 
 finished.  Great  trouble  was  taken  with  the  larger  and 
 higher  wall :  it  was  built  entirely  of  large  stones,  for  the 
 most  part  hewn,  and  all  of  us,  even  Georgios  Photidas, 
 thought  it  might  last  for  centuries.  But  nevertheless  on 
 the  following  morning  I  thought  it  best  to  have  a  buttress 
 of  large  stones  erected,  so  as  to  render  it  impossible  for  the 
 wall  to  fall ;  and  six  men  were  busy  with  this  work  when 
 the  wall  suddenly  fell  in  with  a  thundering  crash.  My 
 fright  was  terrible  and  indescribable,  for  I  quite  believed 
 that  the  six  men  must  have  been  crushed  by  the  mass  of 
 stones ;  to  my  extreme  joy,  however,  I  heard  that  they  had 
 all  escaped  directly,  as  if  by  a  miracle. 
 
 In  spite  of  every  precaution,  excavations  in  which  men 
 have  to  work  under  earthen  walls  of  above  $o  feet  in  per- 
 pendicular depth  are  always  very  dangerous.  The  call  of 
 "  guarda,  guarda"  is  not  always  of  avail,  for  these  words 
 are  continually  heard  in  different  places.  Many  stones 
 roll  down  the  steep  walls  without  the  workmen  noticing 
 them,  and  when  I  see  the  fearful  danger  to  which  we  are  all 
 day  exposed,  I  cannot  but  fervently  thank  God,  on  re- 
 turning home  in  the  evening,  for  the  great  blessing  that 
 another  day  has  passed  without  an  accident.  I  still  think 
 with  horror  of  what  would  have  become  of  the  discovery 
 of  Ilium  and  of  myself,  had  the  six  men  been  crushed  by 
 the  wall  which  gave  way;  no  money  and  no  promises 
 could  have  saved  me;  the  poor  widows  would  have  torn 
 me  to  pieces  in  their  despair — for  the  Trojan  women  have 
 this  in  common  with  all  Greeks  of  their  sex,  that  the 
 husband,  be  he  old  or  young,  rich  or  poor,  is  everything  to 
 them  ;  heaven  and  earth  have  but  a  secondary  interest. 
 
 Upon  the  newly  made  western  terrace,  directly  beside 
 my  last  year's  excavation,  we  have  laid  bare  a  portion  of  a 
 large  building — the  walls  of  which  are  6)  feet  thick,  and 
 consist  for  the  most  part  of  hewn  blocks  of  limestone 
 joined  with  clay.    (JVo.  i\on  Plan  ff.)     None  of  the  stones 
 
1872.]  DISCOVERY  OF  A  HOUSE.  I  33 
 
 seem  to  be  more  than  1  foot  9  inches  long,  and  they  are  so 
 skilfully  put  together,  that  the  wall  forms  a  smooth  surface. 
 This  house  is  built  upon  a  layer  of  yellow  and  brown  ashes 
 and  ruins,  at  a  depth  of  6  meters  (20  feet),  and  the  portion  of 
 the  walls  preserved  reaches  up  to  within  10  feet  below  the 
 surface  of  the  hill.  In  the  house,  as  far  as  we  have  as  yet 
 excavated,  we  found  only  one  vase,  with  two  breasts  in  front 
 and  one  breast  at  the  side  ;  also  a  number  of  those  frequently 
 mentioned  round  terra-cottas  in  the  form  of  the  volcano 
 and  top,  all  of  which  have  five  or  six  quadruple  rising 
 suns  in  a  circle  round  the  central  sun.*  These  objects,  as 
 well  as  the  depth  of  6  meters  (20  feet),  and  the  architecture 
 of  the  walls  described  above,  leave  no  doubt  that  the  house 
 was  built  centuries  before  the  foundation  of  the  Greek 
 colony,  the  ruins  of  which  extend  only  to  a  depth  of  6\ 
 feet.  It  is  with  a  feeling  of  great  interest  that,  from  this 
 great  platform,  that  is,  at  a  perpendicular  height  of  from 
 2,y  to  42  feet,  I  see  this  very  ancient  building  (which 
 may  have  been  erected  1000  years  before  Christ)  standing 
 as  it  were  in  mid  air.  To  my  regret,  however,  it  must  in 
 any  case  be  pulled  down,  to  allow  us  to  dig  still  deeper. 
 As  I  said  before,  directly  below  this  house  there  is  a  layer  of 
 ruins  consisting  of  yellow  and  brown  ashes,  and  next,  as 
 far  as  the  terrace,  there  are  four  layers  more  of  ashes  and 
 other  cUbriS)  each  of  which  represents  the  remains  of  one 
 house  at  least.  Immediately  above  the  terrace,  that  is  13 
 feet  below  the  foundation  of  that  very  ancient  house,  I  find 
 a  wall  about  6  feet  thick,  built  of  large  blocks  of  lime- 
 stone, the  description  of  which  I  must  reserve  for  my  next 
 report,  for  a  large  portion  of  the  building  I  have  mentioned, 
 and  immense  masses  of  the  upper  strata  of  dfbris,  as  well 
 as  the  high  earthen  wall  of  the  terrace  (26  feet  thick  and  20 
 feet  high)  must  be  pulled  down,  before  I  can  lay  bare  any 
 portion  of  this  wall  and  investigate  how  far  down  it  extends. 
 
 *  See  Plate  XXII.,  No.  321. 
 
1^4  TROY  AND   ll'S  REMAINS.  [Chap.  IX. 
 
 If  it  reaches  to  or  even  approaches  the  primary  soil,  then 
 I  shall  reverently  preserve  it.  (See  No.  25  on  Plan  II.) 
 It  is  a  very  remarkable  fact,  that  this  is  the  first  wall  built 
 of  large  stones  that  I  have  hitherto  found  at  the  depth 
 of  from  10  to  16  meters  (33  to  52^  feet).*  I  cannot 
 explain  this,  considering  the  colossal  masses  of  loose  stones 
 which  lie  irregularly  beside  one  another  (especially  at  a 
 depth  of  from  36  to  52^  feet),  in  any  other  way  than  by 
 supposing  that  the  houses  of  the  Trojans  were  built  ot 
 blocks  of  limestone  joined  with  clay,  and  consequently  easily 
 destroyed.  If  my  excavations  are  not  interrupted  by  any 
 accident,  I  hope,  in  this  at  all  events,  to  make  some  interest- 
 ing discoveries  very  soon,  with  respect  to  this  question. 
 
 Unfortunately  during  the  last  twelve  days  I  have  not 
 been  able  to  pull  down  much  of  the  lower  firm  earth-wall, 
 for,  in  order  to  avoid  fatal  accidents,  I  have  had  to  occupy 
 myself  especially  in  making  and  enlarging  the  side  terraces. 
 I  have  now,  however,  procured  enormous  iron  levers  of 
 nearly  10  feet  in  length  and  6  inches  in  circumference, 
 and  I  thus  hope  henceforth  to  be  able  at  once  to  break 
 down,  by  means  of  windlasses,  the  hardest  of  the  earth- 
 walls,  which  are  10  feet  thick,  66  broad,  and  from  16  to 
 16  feet  high.  In  the  small  portion  of  the  earth-wall  pulled 
 down  during  these  last  days,  I  repeatedly  found  the  most 
 irrefutable  proofs  of  a  higher  civilization  ;  but  I  will  only 
 mention  one  of  these,  a  fragment  of  a  brilliant  dark  grey 
 vessel  which  I  have  at  present  lying  before  me,  found  at  a 
 depth  of  15  meters  (49  feet).  It  may  probably  have  been 
 nearly  2  feet  in  diameter,  and  it  has  decorations  both  outside 
 and  inside,  which  consist  of  engraved  horizontal  and  undu- 
 lating lines.  The  former  are  arranged  in  three  sets  in 
 stripes  of  five  lines,  and  the  lowest  space  is  adorned  with 
 eight  and  the  following  with  five  undulating  lines,  which 
 are  probably  meant  to  represent  the  waves  of  the  sea  ;  of  the 
 
 That  is,  belonging  to  the  lowest  stratum. 
 
i872.] 
 
 SYMBOLS  ON  THE  WHORLS. 
 
 !35 
 
 next  set  no   part  has  been   preserved ;  the  thickness  of  the 
 clay  is  just  |  of  an  inch. 
 
 No.  79.     Fragment  of  a  brilliant  dark -grey  Vessel,  from  the  Lowest  Stratum  (15  m.). 
 a  Inside  ;   b  Outside. 
 
 In  my  report  of  the  25th  of  last  month,*  I  mentioned 
 the  discovery  of  one  of  those  terra-cottas  upon  which  were 
 engraved  three  animals  with  antlers  in  the  circle  round  the 
 central  sun.  Since  then  four  others  of  these  remarkable 
 objects  with  similar  engravings  have  been  discovered. 
 Upon  one  of  them,  found  at  a  depth  of  6  meters  (20  feet), 
 there  are  only  two  animals  with  antlers  in  the  circle  round 
 the  sun,  and  at  the  end  of  each  antler,  and  connected  with 
 it,  is  an  exceedingly  curious  sign  resembling  a  large  candle- 
 stick or  censer,  which  is  certainly  an  especially  important 
 symbol,  for  it  is  repeatedly  found  here  standing  alone.j 
 Upon  a  second,  there  is  below  a  rough  representation  of  a 
 man  who  seems  to  be  praying,  for  he  has  both  arms  raised 
 towards  heaven  ;  this  position  reminds  us  forcibly  of  the  two 
 uplifted  arms  of  the  owl-faced  vases ;  to  the  left  is  an  animal 
 with  but  two  feet  and  two  trees  on  its  back.  J  Indian  scholars 
 will  perhaps  find  that  this  is  intended  to  represent  the  falcon, 
 in  which  shape  the  sun-god  stole  the  sacred  soma-tree  from 
 
 *  Chapter  \  IT.,  p.  121. 
 t  See  No.  380,  on  Plate  XXIX.        %  See  No.  383,  on  Plate  XXX. 
 
136  IknY  AND    ITS   REMAINS  [Chap.  IX. 
 
 heaven.  Then  follow  two  animals  with  two  horns,  probably 
 antelopes,  which  are  so  frequently  met  with  upon  ancient 
 Greek  vases,  and  which  in  the  Rigveda  are  always  made  to 
 draw  the  chariot  of  the  winds.  Upon  a  third  terra-cotta  there 
 are  three  of  these  antelopes  with  one  or  two  rows  of  stars 
 above  the  back,  which  perhaps  are  intended  to  represent 
 heaven  ;  then  five  fire-machines,  such  as  our  Aryan  ancestors 
 used ;  lastly,  a  sign  in  zigzag,  which,  as  already  said,  cannot 
 represent  anything  but  the  flaming  altar. *  Upon  the  fourth 
 whorl  are  four  hares,  the  symbols  of  the  moon,  forming  a 
 cross  round  the  sun.  They  probably  represent  the  four 
 seasons  of  the  year.f 
 
 At  a  depth  of  14  meters  (46  feet)  we  found  to-day  two 
 of  those  round  articles  of  a  splendidly  brilliant  black  terra- 
 cotta, which  are  only  f  of  an  inch  in  height,  but  2^  inches 
 in  diameter,  and  have  five  triple  rising  suns  and  five 
 stars  in  the  circle  round  the  central  sun.  All  of  these 
 decorations,  which  are  engraved,  as  in  every  other  case,  are 
 filled  in  with  a  very  fine  white  substance.  When  looking  at 
 these  curious  articles,  one  of  which  is  exactly  the  shape  of 
 a  carriage-wheel,!  the  thought  involuntarily  strikes  me  that 
 they  are  symbols  of  the  sun's  chariot,  which,  as  is  well 
 known,  is  symbolized  in  the  Rigveda  by  a  wheel,  and  that 
 all  and  each  of  these  articles  met  with  in  the  upper  strata 
 (although  their  form  deviates  from  that  of  a  wheel  on 
 account  of  their  greater  thickness)  cannot  be  anything  but 
 degenerated  representations  of  the  sun's  wheel.  I  conjecture 
 this  all  the  more,  because  not  only  is  the  sun   the  central 
 
 *  Plate  XXIX.,  No.  379.  The  front  bears  4  ^1-1  ;  on  the  back 
 are  the  emblems  described,  which  are  shown  separately  in  detail,  and 
 of  which  M.  Burnouf  gives  an  elaborate  description.  (See  List  of 
 Illustrations.) 
 
 +  Plate  XXVIII.,  No.  377  ;  compare  Plate  XXVIL,  No.  367. 
 
 J  See  Plate  XXII.,  No.  328  ;  the  depth  (14  m.)  deserves  special 
 notice.  The  wheel-shape,  which  is  characteristic  of  the  whorls  in  the 
 lowest  stratum,  is  seen  at  No.  314,  Plate  XXI. 
 
1872.]  PATTERNS  OF  MOVING  WHEELS.  137 
 
 point  of  all  the  round  terra-cottas,  but  it  is  almost  always 
 
 surrounded   by  one,  two,  three,  four  or  live  circles,  which 
 
 may   represent    the    nave   of  the  wheel.      At    a  depth  of 
 
 16  meters  (52^  feet)  we  found  a  round  terra-cotta,  which  is 
 
 barely  an   inch   in  diameter,  and  a  fifth  of  an 
 
 inch    thick;    there  are   five   concentric   circles 
 
 round  the  central  point,  and  between  the  fourth 
 
 and  fifth  circle  oblique  little  lines,  which    are 
 
 perhaps   meant  to   denote  the  rotation  of  the  ^'^0^ moving 
 
 .  .  Wheel  (16  M.i. 
 
 wheel. 
 
 I  must  here  again  refer  to  the  round  terra-cotta  men- 
 tioned in  my  report  of  the  18th  of  November,  1871,*  and 
 to  my  regret  I  must  now  express  my  firm  conviction  that 
 there  are  no  letters  upon  it,  but  only  symbolical  signs ;  that 
 for  instance  the  upper  sign  (which  is  almost  exactly  the  same 
 as  that  upon  the  terra-cotta  lately  cited)  |  must  positively 
 represent  a  man  in  an  attitude  of  prayer,  and  that  the  three 
 signs  to  the  left  can  in  no  case  be  anything  but  the  fire- 
 machine  of  our  Aryan  ancestors,  the  ^j-j  little  or  not  at  all 
 changed.  The  sign  which  then  follows,  and  which  is  con- 
 nected with  the  fourth  and  sixth  signs,  I  also  find,  at  least 
 very  similar  ones,  on  the  other,  cited  in  the  same  report, 
 but  I  will  not  venture  to  express  an  opinion  as  to  what 
 it  may  mean.J  The  sixth  sign  (the  fifth  from  the  figure 
 in  prayer)  is  very  like  the  Phoenician  letter  "  Nun,"  but 
 in  my  opinion  cannot  be  a  letter,  for  how  would  it  be 
 possible  to  find  a  single  Semitic  letter,  between  Aryan 
 religious  symbols  ?  Its  great  resemblance  to  the  zigzag 
 sign  of  other  examples,^  which  I  recognise  to  be  lightning, 
 
 *  Chapter  IV.  p.  84.  See  Plate  XXII.,  No.  326,  from  the  Atlas  of 
 Photographs,  and  Plate  XLVIIL,  No.  482,  from  M.  Burnouf  s  drawings. 
 
 +  Plate  XXX.,  No.  383. 
 
 J  Page  83,  and  Plate  LI.,  No.  496.  This  is  one  of  the  inscriptions 
 examined  by  Professor  Gomperz.     (See  Appendix.) 
 
 §  See  Cut,  No.  8t,  and  Plate  XXVII.,  No.  369.  The  latter  is  an  in- 
 scription, which  Professor  Gomperz  has  discussed.     (See  Appendix.) 
 
138  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  IX. 
 
 leads  me   to    suppose    that  it    likewise  can   only   represent 
 
 lightning. 
 
 Ml  the  primitive  symbols  of  the  Aryan  race,  which  I 
 find  upon  the  Trojan  terra-cottas,  must  he 
 symbols  of  good  men,  for  surely  only  such 
 would  have  been  engraved  upon  the  thou- 
 sands of  terra-cottas  met  with  here.  Yet 
 these  symbols  remind  one  forcibly  of  the 
 
 No.  81.  Whorl  with  Sym-   "  cnjfxaTa  Xvypd  "  and  "  6vjAO(f)06pa"  which 
 
 Ih.U  of  Lightning    7.  M.).     T,-.  -,-,  r  rr\-  t>    11  1 
 
 King  Proetus  or  1  lryns  gave  to  bellerophon 
 to  take  to  his  father-in-law  in  Lycia.*  Had  he  scratched  a 
 symbol  of  good  fortune,  for  instance  a  pj-J,  upon  the 
 folded  tablet,  it  would  assuredly  have  sufficed  to  secure 
 him  a  good  reception,  and  protection.  But  he  gave  him 
 the  symbol  of  death,  that  he  might  be  killed. 
 
 The  five  [six]  characters  found  on  a  small  terra-cotta  disc 
 at  a  depth  of  24  feet,  and  which  in  my  report  of  November 
 1 8th,  1871,1  I  considered  to  be  Phoenician,  have  unfortu- 
 nately been  proved  not  to  be  Phoenician,  for  M.  Ernest 
 Kenan  of  Paris,  to  whom  I  sent  the  small  disc,  finds  nothing 
 Phoenician  in  the  symbols,  and  maintains  that  I  could  not 
 find  anything  of  the  kind  in  Troy,  as  it  was  not  the  custom 
 of  the  Phoenicians  to  write  upon  terra-cotta,  and  moreover 
 that,  with  the  exception  of  the  recently  discovered  Moabite 
 inscription   of  King  Mesha,  no  Phoenician  inscription  has 
 
 *  Iliad,  VI.  168-170:— 
 
 Tlt/Aire   8e  fx.iv  AvKi-qvSe.  irnptv  8'  o  ye   ar\uara  Avypd, 
 rpdipas   iv  irivaKi  irrvKTai   QvfxocpQopa  -koWo., 
 AeT£cu   8     rifwytiv   w   ■Kevdepai   u(pp'   dWAuiTo. 
 
 "  But  to  the  father  of  his  wife,  the  Kino 
 Of  Lycia,  sent  him  forth,  with  tokens  charged 
 Of  dire  import,  on  folded  tablets  traced, 
 Which,  to  the  monarch  shown,  might  work  his  death." 
 
 t  Chapter  IV.,  pp.  83-84.  Though  not  Phoenician,  these  are  Cyprian 
 letters,  and  they  have  heen  discussed  by  Professor  Comperz,  who 
 found  in  this  very  whorl  his  experimentitm  cruris.     (See  Appendix.) 
 
I872.] 
 
 MOULDS  FOR  CASTINGS. 
 
 J39 
 
 ever    been    found    belonging   to    a    date    anterior    to    500 
 years  b.c. 
 
 I  may  also  remark,  with  regard  to  my  last  year's  excava- 
 tions, that  I  have  now  found  quadrangular  pieces  of  mica- 
 schist  and  chlorite  slate,  from  nearly  6  inches  to  nearly 
 11    inches    long,   and  from   about    i\  to  3^   inches   thick, 
 
 No.  82.     Two  fragments  nf  a  great  Mould  of  Mica-schist  for  casting  Copper  Weapons  and 
 Ornaments  (14  M.). 
 
 which  have  on  all  four  sides,  and  several  of  them  on 
 six  sides,  forms  or  moulds  for  casting  weapons  and  in- 
 struments; and  further,  that  the  channelled  pieces,  spoken 
 of  in  the  report  of  November  18th,  1871,*  are  nothing  but 
 fragments  of  similar  stone-moulds ;  the  brilliant,  glossy 
 appearance  of  the  slate  seems  to  have  been  produced  by 
 simple  polishing. 
 
 '  Chapter  IV.,  p.  87, 
 
140  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [CHAP.  IX. 
 
 Of  cellars,  such  as  we  have  in  civilized  countries,  I  have 
 as  yet  found  not  the  slightest  trace,  either  in  the  strata  of 
 the  Hellenic  or  in  those  of  the  pre-Hellenic  period ;  earthen 
 vessels  seem  everywhere  to  have  been  used  in  their  stead. 
 On  my  southern  platform,  in  the  strata  of  Hellenic  times, 
 I  have  already  had  ten  such  vessels  dug  out  in  an  uninjured 
 condition  ;  they  are  from  5^  to  6h  feet  high,  and  from  2  to 
 4^  feet  in  diameter,  but  without  decorations.*  I  sent  seven 
 of  these  jars  (ttlOol)  to  the  Museum  in  Constantinople. 
 
 In  the  strata  of  the  pre-Hellenic  period  I  find  an 
 immense  number  of  these  ttlOol,  but  I  have  as  yet  only 
 succeeded  in  getting  two  of  them  out  uninjured,  from  a 
 depth  of  26  feet;  these  are  about  3^  feet  high  and  26^ 
 inches  in  diameter ;  they  have  only  unimportant  deco- 
 rations. 
 
 In  my  last  communication,  I  was  able  to  speak  of  a 
 lesser  number  of  the  blocks  of  stone  obstructing  the  works 
 upon  the  great  platform  ;  to-day,  however,  I  have  again 
 unfortunately  to  report  a  considerable  increase  of  them. 
 
 At  a  distance  of  scarcely  328  yards  from  my  house,  on 
 the  south  side,  and  at  the  part  of  the  plateau  of  Ilium  in  a 
 direct  perpendicular  line  below  the  ruined  city  wall,  which 
 seems  to  have  been  built  by  Lysimachus,  I  have  now  dis- 
 covered the  stone  quarry,  whence  all  those  colossal  masses 
 of  shelly  limestone  {Muschelkalk)  were  obtained,  which 
 the  Trojans  and  their  successors,  down  to  a  time  after  the 
 Christian  era,  employed  in  building  their  houses  and  walls, 
 and  which  have  given  my  workmen  and  me  such  inex- 
 pressible anxiety,  trouble,  and  labour.  The  entrance  to 
 the  quarry,  which  is  called  by  the  native  Greeks  and 
 Turks  "lagum"  ("mine"  or  "tunnel,"  from  the  Arabic 
 word  ^ii,  which  has  passed  over  into  Turkish),  is  filled 
 with  rubbish,  but,  as  I  am  assured  by  all  the   people  about 
 
 *  Some  examples  of  these  jars,  still  more  interesting  on  account  of 
 the  great  depth  at  which  they  were  found,  are  seen  in  Plate  XL,  p.  290. 
 
1872.]  EFFICACY  OF  SEA  BATHS.  141 
 
 here,  it  was  still  open  only  20  years  ago,  and,  as  my  exca- 
 vations have  proved,  it  was  very  large.  The  town,  as  seems 
 to  be  indicated  by  a  continuous  elevation  extending  below 
 the  quarry,  had  a  double  surrounding  wall  at  this  point, 
 and  this  was  in  fact  necessary,  for  otherwise  the  enemy 
 would  have  been  able,  with  no  further  difficulty,  to  force 
 his  way  into  the  quarry  below  the  town-wall,  as  the  entrance 
 to  the  quarry  was  outside  of  the  wall. 
 
 Unfortunately,  without  possessing  the  slightest  know- 
 ledge of  medicine,  I  have  become  celebrated  here  as  a 
 physician,  owing  to  the  great  quantity  of  quinine  and  tinc- 
 ture of  arnica  which  I  brought  with  me  and  distributed 
 liberally,  and  by  means  of  which,  in  October  and  November 
 of  last  year,  I  cured  all  fever  patients  and  wounds.  In 
 consequence  of  this,  my  valuable  time  is  now  claimed  in  a 
 troublesome  manner  by  sick  people,  who  frequently  come 
 from  a  distance  of  many  miles,  in  order  to  be  healed  of 
 their  complaints  by  my  medicine  and  advice.  In  all  the 
 villages  of  this  district,  the  priest  is  the  parish  doctor, 
 and  as  he  himself  possesses  no  medicines,  and  is  ignorant 
 of  their  properties,  and  has  besides  an  innate  dislike  to 
 cold  water  and  all  species  of  washing,  he  never  uses  any 
 other  means  than  bleeding,  which,  of  course,  often  kills 
 the  poor  creatures.  Wrinkles  on  either  side  of  the  lips 
 of  children  from  10  to  12,  years  of  age  show  that  the  priest 
 has  repeatedly  bled  them.  Now  I  hate  the  custom  of 
 bleeding,  and  am  enthusiastically  in  favour  of  the  cold- 
 water  cure ;  hence  I  never  bleed  anyone,  and  I  prescribe 
 sea-bathing  for  almost  all  diseases ;  this  can  be  had  here  by 
 everyone,  except  myself,  who  have  no  time  for  it.  My 
 ordering  these  baths  has  given  rise  to  such  confidence,  nay 
 enthusiasm,  that  even  women,  who  fancied  that  it  would 
 be  their  death  to  touch  their  bodies  with  cold  water,  now 
 go  joyfully  into  the  water  and  take  their  dip.  Among 
 others,  a  fortnight  ago,  a  girl  of  seventeen  from  Neo- 
 Chori   was   brought   to   me ;    her    body   was    covered  with 
 
(      '43      ) 
 
 CHAPTE  R     X. 
 
 A  third  platform  dug — Traces  of  former  excavations  by  the  Turks  — 
 Block  of  triglyphs,  with  bas-relief  of  Apollo  —  Fall  of  an  earth-wall  — 
 Plan  of  a  trench  through  the  whole  hill  —  Admirable  remains  in  the 
 lowest  stratum  but  one  — The  plain  and  engraved  whorls  —  Objects  of 
 gold,  silver,  copper,  and  ivory — Remarkable  terra-cottas— The  pottery 
 of  the  lowest  stratum  quite  distinct  from  that  of  the  next  above  — 
 Its  resemblance  to  the  Etruscan,  in  quality  only — Curious  funereal 
 urns  —  Skeleton  of  a  six  months'  embryo  —  Other  remains  in  the 
 lowest  stratum  —  Idols  of  fine  marble,  the  sole  exception  to  the 
 superior  workmanship  of  this  stratum  —  The  houses  and  palaces  of 
 the  lowest  stratum,  of  large  stones  joined  with  earth  —  Disappearance 
 of  the  first  people  with  the  destruction  of  their  town. 
 
 The  second  settlers,  of  a  different  civilization  —  Their  buildings  of  unburn t 
 brick  on  stone  foundations  —  These  bricks  burnt  by  the  great  confla- 
 gration —  Destruction  of  the  walls  of  the  former  settlers  —  Live  toads 
 coeval  with  Troy  !  —  Long  duration  of  the  second  settlers  —  Their 
 Aryan  descent  proved  by  Aryan  symbols  —  Various  forms  of  their 
 pottery  —  Vases  in  the  form  of  animals  —  The  whorls  of  this  stratum 
 -Their  interesting  devices  —  Copper  weapons  and  implements,  and 
 moulds  for  casting — Terra-cotta  seals  —  Bracelets  and  ear-rings,  of 
 silver,  gold,  and  electrum  —  Pins,  &c,  of  ivory  and  bone — Fragments 
 of  a  lyre  —  Various  objects. 
 
 The  third  stratum :  the  remains  of  an  Aryan  race — Hardly  a  trace  of 
 metal  —  Structure  of  their  houses  —  Their  stone  implements  and 
 terra-cottas  coarser  —  Various  forms  of  pottery  —  Remarkable  terra- 
 cotta balls  with  astronomical  and  religious  symbols  —  Whorls  —  Stone 
 weapons  —  Whetstones  —  Hammers  and  instruments  of  diorite  — 
 A  well  belonging  to  this  people  —  This  third  town  destroyed  with  its 
 people. 
 
 The  fourth  settlers :  compararively  savage,  but  still  of  Aryan  race  — 
 Whorls  with  like  emblems,  but  of  a  degenerate  form  —  Their  pottery 
 inferior,  but  with  some  curious  forms  —  Idols  of  Athena  — Articles 
 of  copper  —  Few  stones  —  Charred  remains  indicating  wooden 
 buildings — Stone  weights,  hand-mills,  and  knives  and  saws  of  flint  — 
 With  this  people  the  pre-Hellenic  ages  end-  -The  stone  buildings  and 
 
144  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  X. 
 
 painted  and  plain  terracottas  of  Greek  Ilium  —  Date  of  the  Greek 
 colony  —  Signs  that  the  old  inhabitants  were  not  extirpated  —  The 
 whorls  of  very  coarse  clay  and  patterns  —  Well,  and  jars  for  water 
 and  wine  —  Proofs  of  the  regular  succession  of  nations  on  the  hill  — 
 Reply  to  the  arguments  of  M.  Nikolaides  for  the  site  at  Bunarbashi 
 
 -The  Simoi's,  Thymbrius,  and  Scamander — The  tomb  of  Ajax  at 
 In-Tepe  —  Remains  in  it — Temple  of  Ajax  and  town  of  Aianteum 
 
 -  Tomb  of  Achilles  and  town  of  Achilleum  —  Tombs  of  Patroclus 
 and  Antilochus  —  The  Greek  camp  —  The  tomb  of  Batiea  or 
 Myrina  —  Further  discussion  of  the  site. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  June  18th,  1872. 
 
 Since  my  report  of  the  23rd  of  last  month  I  have  been 
 excavating,  with  the  consent  of  my  honoured  friend,  Mr. 
 Frank.  Calvert,  on  that  half  of  the  hill  which  belongs  to  him, 
 on  condition  that  I  share  with  him  the  objects  I  may  rind. 
 Here,  directly  beside  my  large  platform,  and  at  a  perpen- 
 dicular depth  of  40  feet  below  the  plateau,  I  have  laid  out  a 
 third  platform  about  109  feet  broad,  with  an  upper  terrace 
 1 1 2  feet  broad,  and  I  have  seventy  men  digging  there. 
 Immediately  beside  the  edge  of  the  steep  northern  declivity 
 I  found  a  square  depression  in  the  ground  about  112  feet 
 long  and  76  feet  broad,  which  can  only  have  been  caused  by 
 excavations  made  by  the  Turks  hundreds  of  years  ago, 
 when  searching  for  pillars  or  other  kinds  of  marble  blocks 
 suitable  for  tombstones :  for  all  of  the  old  Turkish  ceme- 
 teries in  the  Plain  of  Troy  and  its  vicinity,  nay  even  as  far 
 as  beyond  Alexandria  Troas,  possess  thousands  of  such 
 marble  blocks,  taken  from  ancient  buildings.  The  in- 
 numerable pieces  of  marble,  which  cover  the  whole  of  Mr. 
 Frank  Calvert's  part  of  the  plateau,  leave  no  doubt  that 
 the  field,  at  least  that  part  of  it  with  the  square  depression, 
 has  been  ransacked  by  marble-seeking  Turks. 
 
 I  had  scarcely  begun  to  extend  this  third  platform 
 horizontally  into  the  hill,  when  I  found  a  block  of  triglyphs 
 of  Parian  marble,  about  6h  feet  long,  nearly  2  feet  10  inches 
 high,  and  nearly  22  inches  thick  at  one  end,  and  a  little  over 
 14  inches  on  the  other.      In  the  middle  there  is  a  piece  of 
 
1872.]  SCULPTURE  OF  THE  SUN-GOD.  145 
 
 sculpture  in  high  relief,  a  little  above  2  feet  10  inches  long 
 and  nearly  the  same  height,  which  represents  Phoebus 
 Apollo,  who,  in  a  long  woman's  robe  with  a  girdle,  is 
 riding  on  the  four  immortal  horses  which  pursue  their 
 career  through  the  universe.  Nothing  is  to  be  seen  of 
 a  chariot.  Above  the  splendid,  flowing,  imparted,  but  not 
 long  hair  on  the  head  of  the  god,  there  is  seen  about 
 two-thirds  of  the  sun's  disc  with  ten  rays  2]-  inches  long, 
 and  ten  others  3^  inches  long.  The  face  of  the  god  is 
 very  expressive,  and  the  folds  of  his  long  robe  are  so 
 exquisitely  sculptured  that  they  vividly  remind  one  of 
 the  masterpieces  in  the  temple  of  Nlkt}  airrepo^  in  the 
 Acropolis  of  Athens.  But  my  admiration  is  especially 
 excited  by  the  four  horses,  which,  snorting  and  looking 
 wildly  forward,  career  through  the  universe  with  infinite 
 power.  Their  anatomy  is  so  accurately  rendered  that  I 
 frankly  confess  that  I  have  never  seen  such  a  masterly 
 work.  On  the  right  and  left  of  this  metope  are  Doric 
 triglyphs ;  there  is  a  third  triglyph  on  the  left  side  of  the 
 marble  block,  which  is  nearly  22  inches  thick,  whereas  the 
 right  side  (14  inches  thick)  contains  no  sculpture.  Above 
 and  below  the  block,  iron  clamps  are  fastened  by  means 
 of  lead  ;  and  from  the  triglyphs  on  the  left  side  I  presume 
 that  this  metope,  together  with  another  sculpture  which  ■ 
 has  a  Doric  triglyph  on  the  right  side  as  well,  adorned  the 
 propylaea  of  the  temple.     {See  Plate  IV.,  p.  32.) 
 
 It  is  especially  remarkable  to  find  the  sun-god  here, 
 for  Homer  knows  nothing  of  a  temple  to  the  Sun  in  Troy, 
 and  later  history  does  not  say  a  word  about  the  existence 
 of  such  a  temple.  However,  the  image  of  Phoebus  Apollo 
 does  not  prove  that  the  sculpture  must  have  belonged  to 
 a  temple  of  the  Sun  ;  in  my  opinion  it  may  just  as  well 
 have  served  as  an  ornament  to  any  other  temple. 
 
 As  early  as  my  report  of  the  nth  of  May,*  I  ventured 
 
 *  Chapter  VIII. 
 
146  TKOY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  X. 
 
 to  express  the  conjecture  that  the  image  of  the  Sun,  which 
 I  find  represented  here  thousands  and  thousands  of  times 
 upon  the  whorls  of  terra-cotta,  must  be  regarded  as  the 
 name  or  the  emblem  of  the  town,  that  is  vI\io<?.  I  now 
 venture  to  express  the  opinion,  that  in  like  manner  this 
 Sun-god  shone  in  the  form  of  a  woman  upon  the  Pro- 
 pylaea  of  the  temple  of  the  Ilian  Athena  as  a  symbol  ot 
 the  Sun-city  (7-779  'IXiov).  I  have  heard  a  learned  friend 
 express  the  opinion  that  this  masterpiece  belonged  to 
 the  period  between  Pericles  and  Alexander  the  Great, 
 because  the  Sun-god's  outstretched  hand  is  very  similar 
 to  that  of  Phoebus  Apollo  on  the  coins  of  Rhodes  of  the 
 same  period.  But,  according  to  Strabo  (XIII.  1),  Alexander 
 the  Great,  on  his  visit  to  Ilium,  found  there  a  little  temple 
 (evTeXrj  vaov)  of  the  Ilian  Athena  ;  and  a  little  temple, 
 of  course,  cannot  have  possessed  such  excellent  works  of 
 plastic  art.  Besides  this,  the  head  of  the  Sun-god  appears 
 to  me  to  have  so  much  of  the  Alexandrian  style,  that  I 
 must  adhere  to  history  and  believe  that  this  work  of  art 
 belongs  to  the  time  of  Lysimachus,  who,  according  to 
 Strabo  (XIII.  1),  after  the  death  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
 built  here  the  new  temple  of  the  Ilian  Athena,  which 
 Alexander  had  promised  to  the  town  of  Ilium  after  the 
 subjugation  of  the  Persian  Empire. # 
 
 The  discovery  of  this  work  of  art  upon  the  steep 
 declivity  of  the  hill — whereas  it  must  necessarily  have 
 stood    on    the    opposite    side    above    the    entrance   to   the 
 
 *  For  a  further  description  and  discussion  of  this  splendid  relief,  see 
 the  Introduction,  pp.  32-34.  An  acute  critic  has  suggested  to  us  that  the 
 metope  is  a  sculpture  of  the  best  age  of  Greek  art,  before  or  about  the  time 
 of  Alexander,  inserted  in  a  Doric  frieze  of  late  debased  work,  as  is  proved 
 by  the  difference  of  styles,  and  by  the  evident  fact  that  the  metope  was 
 originally  too  large  for  the  space  between  the  triglyphs.  The  temple  to 
 which  it  belonged,  in  Dr.  Schliemann's  final  opinion,  was  a  temple  of 
 Apollo,  which  he  discovered  later  (comp.  Chap.  XIV.,  p.  223,  and 
 Chap.  XVII..  ]».  257),     [En.] 
 
1872.]  A  SERIOUS  ACCIDENT.  147 
 
 temple — can  only  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  the  Turks 
 who  came  here  in  search  of  monumental  pillars  despised 
 this  sculpture  because  it  represented  living  creatures,  the 
 imitation  of  which  is  strictly  forbidden  in  the  Koran. 
 
 Beneath  the  ruins  of  this  temple  I  hope  to  discover 
 the  remains  of  that  little  temple  which  Alexander  the 
 Great  found  here.  I  do  not,  however,  think  it  likely  that 
 I  shall  discover  in  its  depths  the  old  Trojan  temple  in 
 which  Hecuba  caused  the  priestess  Theano  to  lay  her 
 costly  robes  on  the  knees  of  Athena.*  To  judge  from  the 
 debris  of  the  ashes  of  animal  sacrifices,  which  is  as 
 hard  as  stone,  and  which  gives  me  such  exceedingly 
 great  trouble  along  an  extent  of  82  feet  at  the  eastern 
 end  of  my  large  platform,  the  area  of  the  very  ancient 
 temple  cannot  possibly  be  identical  with  the  one  built 
 by  Lysimachus ;  it  must  certainly  be  somewhat  more  to 
 the  west,  and  must  commence  somewhere  near  its  western 
 end. 
 
 After  my  report  of  the  23rd  of  last  month,  I  began  to 
 loosen  the  lower  earthen  wall,  which  is  as  hard  as  stone,  by 
 means  of  those  immense  iron  levers  which  I  have  already 
 described.  However,  I  was  unfortunate ;  for,  after  having 
 worked  for  three  hours  with  40  men  and  with  the  huge 
 levers  and  windlasses  in  loosening  an  earthen  wall  16  feet 
 high,  16  broad  and  10  thick,  which  had  been  already  pre- 
 pared by  shafts  and  mines,  only  just  succeeded  after  the 
 strongest  chains  had  given  way  several  times,  when  the 
 adjoining  earth-wall  fell  of  its  own  accord,  and  buried 
 Georgios  Photidas  and  a  workman  who  were  engaged  in  the 
 
 *  Iliad,  VI.  302-304  :- 
 
 'H    8'   apa  tt4tt\oi'  eXovaa  ®eavo>   KaXKi.Tva.pyos 
 @i}Kev  'A6r)va'n)s   enl  yovvaffiv  rjVKOfxoto, 
 EuxOjUePTj   8'  i)pa.TO  Aws   Kovpij  /jLtyaXoto. 
 
 "  But  fair  Theano  took  the  robe  and  placed 
 ( )n  Pallas'  knees,  and  to  the  heavenly  maid, 
 Daughter  of  Jove,  she  thus  addressed  her  prayer." 
 
 L    2 
 
148  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  X. 
 
 lower  excavations,  believing  that  they  were  perfectly  safe 
 under  thick  logs  of  wood  23  inches  high  and  10  thick, 
 which  were  covered  with  planks  3  inches  thick.  All  of  us 
 naturally  thought  that  the  two  men  must  have  been 
 crushed  beneath  the  enormous  mass  of  100  cubic  yards 
 of  stone  and  earth,  which  had  dashed  the  thick  planks 
 to  pieces.  Our  fright  was  terrible,  but  without  losing  a 
 moment  we  set  to  work  to  rescue  the  unfortunate  men. 
 We  had  scarcely  begun  when  we  heard  them  moaning 
 beneath  the  weight  of  earth,  for  the  logs  had  only  been 
 upset,  and,  lying  lengthwise,  they  still  partly  supported  the 
 vault,  so  that  the  men  had  breathing  space  left.  But  their  re- 
 lease could  not  be  effected  without  the  greatest  danger,  owing 
 to  several  large  gaps  in  the  cracked  earthen  wall,  and  the  men 
 had  to  be  cut  out.  I  myself  cut  out  Georgios  Photidas 
 with  my  knife ;  the  other  man  was  cut  out  by  my  men. 
 
 In  consequence  of  this  accident,  I  have  decided  in  the 
 first  place  to  cut  a  trench  98  feet  broad  at  the  top  and 
 6$  below,  commencing  at  the  platform,  which  is  to  be 
 carried  along  the  primary  soil  through  the  entire  hill,  and 
 not  to  cut  through  the  other  portion  of  the  great  platform 
 until  this  is  finished ;  for  I  shall  then  be  in  a  position  to 
 judge  how  we  can  best  accomplish  the  former  work.  I  am 
 having  the  whole  length  of  this  trench  commenced  at  the 
 same  time  on  a  breadth  of  98  feet,  and  I  hope  thus  to  have 
 it  ready  in  two  months.  In  digging  this  trench  I  found 
 that,  at  about  69  feet  from  the  steep  side  of  the  hill,  the 
 primary  soil  gradually  rises  about  2  meters  (63  feet),  and  as 
 the  cutting  must  necessarily  follow  the  primary  soil,  I  have 
 from  this  point  again  had  the  debris  thrown  upon  the  great 
 platform,  and  have  thus  formed  an  embankment  6$\  feet 
 broad  and  6-?  feet  high,  as  far  as  the  steep  slope. 
 
 Were  it  not  for  the  splendid  terra-cottas  which  I  find 
 exclusively  upon  the  primary  soil  and  as  far  as  6\  feet 
 above  it,  I  could  swear  that,  at  a  depth  of  from  8  meters 
 flown  to  exactly  10  meters    (26  to  2,3   feet),  I   am  among 
 
1872.]  METAL  AND   IVORY  ORNAMENTS.  149 
 
 the  ruins  of  the  Homeric  Troy.*  For  at  this  depth  I  have 
 again  found,  as  I  found  last  year,  a  thousand  wonderful 
 objects ;  whereas  I  find  comparatively  little  in  the  lowest 
 stratum,  the  removal  of  which  gives  me  such  unspeakable 
 trouble.  We  daily  find  some  of  the  whorls  of  very  fine 
 terra-cotta,  and  it  is  curious  that  those  which  have  no 
 decorations  at  all,  are  always  of  the  ordinary  shape  and 
 size  of  small  tops  or  like  the  craters  of  volcanoes,  while 
 almost  all  those  possessing  decorations  are  flat  and  in  the 
 form  of  a  wheel.f  Metals,  at  least  gold,  silver  and  copper, 
 were  known  to  the  Trojans,  for  I  found  a  copper  knife 
 highly  gilded,  a  silver  hair-pin,  and  a  number  of  copper 
 nails  at  a  depth  of  14  meters  (46  feet) ;  and  at  a  depth  of 
 16  meters  (52^  feet)  several  copper  nails  from  4  to  6\  inches 
 in  length.  There  must  have  been  also  copper  weapons  and 
 tools  for  work,  though  I  have  as  yet  not  found  any ;  but  I 
 found  many  small  instruments  for  use  as  pins ;  also  a 
 number  of  ivory  needles,  likewise  a  small  ivory  plate, 
 almost  the  shape  of  a  playing-card,  with  six  little  stars  or 
 small  suns,  also  a  curious  piece  of  ivory  covered  with  the 
 same  decorations,  in  the  form  of  a  paper-knife,  and  a  still 
 more  curious  one  in  the  form  of  an  exceedingly  neat 
 dagger.^  The  ornaments  on  both  sides  of  this  dagger 
 seem  certainly  to  represent  the  Ilian  Athena  with  the  owl's 
 head.  We  also  discovered  some  ivory  and  copper  rings, 
 likewise  a  pair  of  bracelets  of  copper.  One-edged  or 
 double-edged  knives  of  white  silex  in  the  form  of  saws, 
 from  above  if  inch  to  nearly  2  inches  in  length,  were 
 found  in  quantities  ;  also  many  hand  millstones  of  lava 
 about  13  inches  long,  and  6§  inches  broad,  in  the  form 
 of  an   egg   cut    in    half  longitudinally.     All   of  the  terra- 
 
 ■  The  reader  should  bear  in  mind  that  Dr.  Schliemann  finally  came 
 back  to  this  opinion.  It  is  not  "  second  thoughts "  (say  the  authors  of 
 'Guesses  at  Truth'),  but  Jirst  and  third  thoughts,  that  are  "best." — [Ed.] 
 
 t  Compare  the  sections  shown  on  Plate  XXI. 
 
 %  See  No.  14,  on  page  36. 
 
l5° 
 
 TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  X. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 83.  A  real 
 
 86.  Kgilt 
 
 Nos 
 
 No.  91. 
 
 Objects  of  Metal  from  the  Lowest  Stratum  (11-15  "■)• 
 r„mf.r  israil  Nos   84,  8s.   Copper  Dress-Pins  (too  long  and  thin  for  nails). 
 
 Sp^Knl.         No°.>4,A5Si>verPDress-Pin.  No.^.^Copper  Bracelet 
 
 91.  Copper  Knives. 
 
 No.  90.  A  Silver  Crescent. 
 
 Nos.  92-toi.      Ivory  Pins,  Needles,  &c,  from  the  Lowest  Stratum  (ir-15  m.). 
 
187: 
 
 THE  LOWEST  STRATUM. 
 
 151 
 
 Nos.  102,  103.     Hand  Mill-stones  of  Lava  from  Lowest  Stratum  [I4-i6  «.)• 
 
 No.  104.     A  splendid  Vase  with  Suspension-rings,  from  the  Lowest  Stratum  (15  M-). 
 
I52 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  X. 
 
 cottas  were  brought  out  in  a  broken  condition  ;  however,  I 
 have  got  all  or  almost  all  the  pieces  of  a  number  of  vases 
 and  of  several  jars,  so  that  I  can  restore  them.  I  must 
 specially  mention  a  large  yellowish  bowl  13^  inches  high 
 and  nearly  17  inches  broad,  which  in  addition  to  a  handle 
 has  three  large  curled  ram's  horns  ;  then  a  black  vase  with  a 
 round  bottom,  with  two  rings  on  either  side  for  hanging  it  up; 
 a  beautiful  red  vase  with  four  handles ;  also  a  very  fine  red 
 cup  :  further,  an  exceedingly 
 curious  red  vessel  in  the  form 
 of  two  jugs  with  long  per-- 
 
 No.  106.     Black   Vase    of  Terra-cotta  from   the 
 lowest  Stratum  (14  or  15  M.). 
 
 No.   105.     Singular  Double  Vase  from  the 
 lowest  Stratum  (13-14  M.). 
 
 fectly  upright  beak-shaped 
 mouths,  the  two  jugs  being 
 connected  with  each  other 
 at  the  bulge,  as  well  as  by  a 
 handle  ;  further,  a  brilliant 
 black  vase,  95  inches  high,  with  rings  on  the  sides  for 
 hanging  it  up,  and  a  very  wide  neck  in  the  form  of  a 
 chimney ;  the  lower  portion  of  the  vase  is  ornamented  with 
 signs  in  the  form  of  lightning,  the  upper  part  with  dots. 
 Of  a  pair  of  brilliant  black  Trojan  deep  plates  I  have  so 
 nearly  all  the  pieces,  as  to  be  able  to  put  them  together ; 
 these  plates  are  very  remarkable,  for  on  two  sides  at  the 
 edge  they  have  long   horizontal   rings    for    suspension    by 
 
I872.] 
 
 URNS  CONTAINING  HUMAN  ASHES. 
 
 153 
 
 strings ;  the  large  dishes  have  such  rings  very  large.  I  have 
 the  fragments  of  several  black  double  cups,  but  not  enough 
 of  any  one  to  restore  it. 
 
 Unfortunately,  the  tremendous  weights  of  stone  in  the 
 lowest  stratum  have  broken  or  crushed  to  pieces  all  the 
 terra-cottas  ;  but  all  the  splendid  earthen  vessels  that  I 
 have  been  able  to  save  bear  witness  of  wealth  and  art,  and 
 it  is  easily  seen  at  a  first  glance  that  they  were  made  by  a 
 people  quite  distinct  from  the  one  to  which  the  next  stratum 
 belongs  (at  the  depth  of  from  7  to  10  meters,  23  to  33  feet). 
 I  must  draw  especial  attention  to  the  great  similarity  in 
 the  quality  of  the  terra-cotta  of  the  black  Trojan  vessels  to 
 that  of  the  vessels  found  in  the  Etruscan  tombs ;  but  their 
 forms  and  decorations  are  wholly  different.  In  those 
 found  here  the  patterns  have  always  been  engraved  upon 
 the  clay  when  it  was  still  in  a  soft  state.  Most  of  the 
 Trojan  terra-cottas  are  indestructible  by  moisture ;  some  of 
 them,  however,  have  become  limp  by  damp,  and  I  found, 
 for  instance,  upon  the 
 primary  soil  at  a  depth 
 of  15^  meters  (51  feet), 
 in  a  small  private  burial- 
 ground,  formed  and  pro- 
 tected by  three  stones 
 2515  inches  long  and 
 18  inches  broad,  two 
 vessels  of  a  very  remark- 
 able form  with  three 
 long  feet  and  filled  with 
 human  ashes.  The  ves- 
 sels had  suffered  so  from 
 moisture  that  in  spite  of 
 every  care  and  precau- 
 tion I  COuld  nOt  2[et  them  No-  io7-  Funereal  Urn  of  Stone,  found  on  the  Primary 
 &  Rock,  with  Human  Ashes  in  it  (15^  M.). 
 
 out     without     breaking 
 
 them  completely.     I  have,  however,  collected  all  the  pieces 
 
154  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  X. 
 
 of  both  vessels,  and  shall  be  able  to  restore  them.  In  one 
 of  them  I  found  among  the  human  ashes  the  bones  of  an 
 embryo  of  six  months,  a  fact  which  I  can  only  explain  by 
 the  mother's  having  died  in  pregnancy  and  having  been 
 burnt,  while  the  bones  of  the  embryo,  being  surrounded 
 by  the  membrane  which  enclosed  it,  were  protected  and 
 remained  uninjured.  Yet  it  seems  wonderful  that  these 
 small  bones  should  have  been  preserved,  for  the  bones  of 
 the  mother  are  burnt  to  ashes  and  I  found  only  small  frag- 
 ments of  them.  I  have  most  carefully  collected  the  bones 
 of  the  Trojan  embryo,  and  shall  have  the  little  skeleton  re- 
 stored by  a  skilful  surgeon.  The  celebrated  Doctor  Aretaios, 
 of  Athens,  has  just  written  to  me  that  the  preservation  of 
 the  bones  of  the  embryo  is  only  possible  on  the  supposition 
 that  the  mother  had  brought  forth  the  child  and  then  died, 
 that  her  body  was  burnt  and  the  unburnt  embryo  was  put 
 into  the  funereal  urn  with  her  ashes,  where  I  found  it. 
 
 In  the  deepest  strata  we  also  meet  with  simple  black 
 cups,  resembling  our  drinking-glasses ;  likewise  black  cups 
 (vase-covers)  with  a  handle  below,  so  that  they  can  only  stand 
 upon  their  mouth.  I  also  find  on  the  primary  soil  weights 
 made  of  granite,  the  exact  specific  weights  of  which  I  shall 
 state  in  a  separate  table;*  hammers  and  axes,  as  well  as  a 
 number  of  large  and  small  wedges  of  diorite,  of  splendid 
 workmanship ;  sometimes  also  small  beautifully-cut  in- 
 struments in  the  form  of  wedges,  made  of  very  beautiful 
 transparent  green  stone.f  Besides  these,  we  come  upon 
 quantities  of  round  black  and  red  terra-cotta  discs,  gene- 
 rally nearly  i  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  hole  in  the  centre ; 
 and  stone  quoits  (Sutkoi),  about  6  inches  in  diameter,  with  a 
 hole  in  the  centre  for  throwing  them.  Further,  a  number 
 of  idols  of  very  fine  marble,  which  form  the  only  exception 
 to  the  rule  that  at  an  increasing  depth  the  objects  are  of 
 
 *  At  the  end  of  the  volume,  pp.  359,  360. 
 
 t  Dr.   Schliemann   afterwards   pronounced    these    "  wedges "  to  be 
 battle-axes.     See  Introduction,  p.  21. 
 
I872.] 
 
 PRE-TROJAN  HOUSES. 
 
 155 
 
 much  better  workmanship  than  those  above.     In  fact,  the 
 idols  met  with  in  the  Trojan  [pre-Trojan]  strata  of  debris 
 
 y 
 
 No.  108.        a,  Hand  Millstone  of  Lava  (15  M.).  b,  Brilliant  black  Dish  with  side  Rings 
 
 for  hanging  it  up  (14  M.). 
 
 c,c,c,c,   Small  decorated  Rings  of  Terra-cotta  (10-14  M.). 
 
 from  2  to  4  meters  (6h  to  13  feet)  above  the  primary  soil, 
 that  is,  at  a  depth  of  from  12  to  14  meters  (39^  to  46  feet), 
 are  so  coarsely  wrought,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  drawings 
 (on  page  36),  that  one  might  be  inclined 
 to  believe  that  they  were  the  very  first  at- 
 tempts of  an  uncivilized  people  at  making 
 plastic  representations  of  a  deity.  There 
 was  only  one  mutilated  idol  of  terra-cotta 
 found  among  these  ruins,  a  drawing  of 
 which  I  give;  all  the  others  are  of  very 
 fine  marble.  I  must  also  mention  another 
 Priapus,  of  fine  marble,  which  was  dis- 
 covered at  a  depth  of  13  meters  (42^  feet). 
 
 In  these  depths  we  likewise  find  many  bones  of  animals, 
 boars'  tusks,  small  shells,  horns  of  the  buffalo,  ram,  and 
 stag,  as  well  as  the  vertebrae  of  the  shark. 
 
 The  houses  and  palaces,  in  which  the  splendid  terra- 
 cottas were  used,  were  large  and  spacious,  for  to  them 
 belong  all  those  mighty  heaps  of  large  stones  hewn  and  un- 
 hewn, which  cover  them  to  the  height  of  from  13  to  20  feet. 
 
 No.  109. 
 
 Rude  Terra-cotta  Idol 
 
 (14  M.). 
 
156  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  X. 
 
 These  houses  and  palaces  were  easily  destroyed,  for  the 
 stones  were  only  joined  with  earth,  and  when  the  walls 
 fell  everything  in  the  houses  was  crushed  to  pieces  by  the 
 immense  blocks  of  stone.  The  primitive  Trojan  people 
 disappeared  simultaneously  with  the  destruction  of  their 
 town,  for  in  none  of  the  succeeding  layers  of  debris  do 
 we  find  the  style  of  architecture  to  consist  of  large  blocks 
 of  stone  joined  with  earth ;  in  none  do  we  find  the  terra- 
 cottas—with the  exception  of  the  round  articles  in  the  form 
 of  tops  and  volcanoes — to  possess  any  resemblance  with  the 
 excellent  and  artistic  earthenware  of  the  people  of  Priam.* 
 
 Upon  the  site  of  the  destroyed  city  new  settlers,  of 
 a  different  civilization,  manners  and  customs,  built  a  new 
 town  ;  but  only  the  foundation  of  their  houses  consisted 
 of  stones  joined  with  clay  ;  all  of  the  house-walls  were 
 built  of  unburnt  bricks.  Many  such  walls  may  be  seen 
 at  a  depth  of  from  7  to  10  meters  (23  to  33  feet)  in  the 
 earthen  sides  of  my  excavations ;  they  have  been  preserved 
 through  the  very  fact  that  the  houses  were  burnt  out,  and 
 the  walls  of  unburnt  bricks,  through  the  great  heat,  received 
 a  sort  of  brick-crust,  or  became  actually  burnt  bricks. 
 
 In  my  memoir  of  the  23rd  of  last  month,  I  spoke  of 
 a  stone  wall,  found  at  a  depth  of  ^  feet,  which  I  hoped 
 would  extend  down  to  the  primary  soil.  Unfortunately, 
 however,  it  proved  to  be  merely  the  foundation  of  a  house  be- 
 longing to  the  immediate  successors  of  the  ancient  Trojans, 
 and  these  foundations  only  extended  to  a  depth  of  if  foot. 
 
 The  remains  of  the  ruined  walls  belonging  to  ancient 
 Troy  had,  of  course,  to  be  levelled  by  the  new  settlers, 
 whose  mode  of  life  and  style  of  architecture  were  entirely 
 different.  This  explains  how  it  is  that,  with  the  exception 
 of  a  small  wall  in  the  northern  entrance  of  my  large  trench, 
 I    have  hitherto   not   been  able   to  point  out  a  single  wall 
 
 ':;'  Here,  as  well  as  in  what  goes  before,  Dr.  Schliemann  writes  on  the 
 supposition,  which  he 'afterwards  abandoned,  that  the  remains  in  the 
 lowest  stratum  are  those  of  the  Trojans  of  the  Iliad. — [Ed.] 
 
1872.]  LIVE  TOADS  IN  THE  DEPTHS.  157 
 
 belonging  to  ancient  Troy  ;  and  that,  until  now,  I  have 
 only  been  able  to  present  archaeology  with  a  few  splendid 
 urns,  vases,  pots,  plates,  and  dishes,  and  with  but  one 
 bowl  {crater).  (See  Cut,  No.  41,  p.  74.)  Yet  I  have 
 found  thousands  of  fragments  of  other  excellent  vessels, 
 the  sad  memorials  of  a  people  whose  fame  is  immortal. 
 
 I  cannot  conclude  the  description  of  the  lowest 
 stratum  without  mentioning  that  among  the  huge  blocks 
 of  stone,  at  a  depth  of  from  12  to  16  meters  (392  to 
 $i\  feet),  I  found  two  toads;  and  at  a  depth  of  39^  feet 
 a  small  but  very  poisonous  snake,  with  a  scutiform  head. 
 The  snake  may  have  found  its  way  down  from  above ; 
 but  this  is  an  impossibility  in  the  case  of  the  large  toads 
 — they  must  have  spent  3000  years  in  these  depths.  It 
 is  very  interesting  to  find  in  the  ruins  of  Troy  living 
 creatures  from  the  time  of  Hector  and  Andromache,  even 
 though  these  creatures  are  but  toads.* 
 
 I  must  also  draw  attention  to  the  fact  that  I  have 
 found  the  Pj-J  twice  on  fragments  of  pottery, 
 one  of  which  was  discovered  at  a  depth 
 of  16  meters  {$ih  feet),  the  other  at  14 
 meters  (46  feet).  The  primitive  Trojans, 
 therefore,  belonged  to  the  Aryan  race,  which 
 is  further  sufficiently  proved  by  the  symbols 
 on  the  round  terra-cottas. 
 
 The  existence  of  the  nation  which  suc- 
 ceeded the  Trojans  was  likewise  of  a  long 
 duration,  for  all  the  layers   of  debris  at  the  Fragment  of  Pottery, 
 
 •'  with   the     Suastika, 
 
 depth   of  from    10   to  7   meters   {^   to  23     &iheM1(jwest  Stra" 
 feet)    belong    to   it.      They    also    were    of 
 Aryan  descent,  for  they  possessed  innumerable  Aryan   re- 
 ligious symbols.     I  think  I  have  proved  that  several  of  the 
 
 *  "We  believe  that  naturalists  are  now  agreed  that  such  appearances  of 
 toads  imprisoned  for  long  periods  are  deceptive.  Into  what  depths  cannot 
 a  tadpole  (whether  literal  or  metaphorical)  wriggle  himself  down  ? — [Ed.] 
 
■58 
 
 TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  X. 
 
 symbols  were  common  to  our  ancestors  at  a  time  when 
 Germans,  Pelasgians,  Hindoos,  Persians,  Celts,  and  Greeks 
 still  formed  one  nation.  I  found  no  trace  of  a  double 
 cup  among  this  people,  but  instead  of  it,  those  curious 
 cups  (vase  -  covers)  which  have  a  coronet  below  in 
 place  of  a  handle;  then  those  brilliant  red  fanciful 
 goblets,  in  the  form  of  immense  champagne-glasses, 
 with   two  mighty   handles  on    the    sides  :  they  are    round 
 
 Nos.  in,  112.     Double-handed  Vases  of  Terra-cotta,  from  the  Trojan  Stratum  (9  M.). 
 
 below,  so  that  they  also  can  only  stand  on  their 
 mouths.  Further,  those  small  covers,  from  about  4  to  4! 
 inches  high,  with  owls'  faces,  with  a  kind  of  helmet 
 on  the  lower  end,  furnished  with  a  high  button  or  tuft, 
 which  is,  no  doubt,  intended  to  represent  the.  crest  of  a 
 helmet  and  served  as  a  handle.  This  cup  likewise  can 
 only  stand  on  its  mouth.*  Further,  all  those  splendid 
 vessels  of  burnt  earthenware — as,  for  instance,  funereal, 
 water,  or  wine  urns,  5  feet  high  and  from  if  to  3^  feet  in 
 
 *  This  description  itself  suggests  an  inversion  of  the  so-called  "cup," 
 which  is,  in  fact,  a  vase-cover.    For  its  form  see  No.  74,  on  p.  115. — [Ed.] 
 
^72.]  TROJAN  POTTERY.  1 59 
 
 diameter ;   also    smaller   funereal  urns,  plates,   dishes,   and 
 vases,  of  exceedingly  fanciful  forms,  and  from  about  8  to  io 
 inches  in  height,  with  the  owl's  face  of  the  tutelary  goddess 
 of  Troy,  two  female  breasts,  and  a  navel,  besides  the  two 
 upraised  arms  on  each  side  of  the  head,  which  served  as 
 handles;   further,   all  of  those  vessels  with  a  beak-shaped 
 mouth,   bent    back,   and  either 
 short  or  long.      Most  of  these 
 vessels  are  round  below,  so  that 
 they  cannot  stand;  others  have 
 three    feet ;    others,  again,    are 
 flat-bottomed.       The    neck    of 
 many  is  so   much    bent   Dack- 
 wards  that  it  resembles  a  swan  or 
 a  goose.     To  this  class  also  be- 
 long all  of  those  globular  and 
 egg-shaped    vessels,    small   and 
 large,  with  or  without   a  neck 
 like   a  chimney,  which  have  a 
 short  ring   on  either   side,  and 
 a  hole  in    the    same    direction 
 in     the     lip,     through    which 
 was    passed  the    string  for  sus- 
 pending them ;  many   have  in 
 addition   three    little   feet.     All 
 are    of   uniform    colour,     either    brown,    yellow,    red,    or 
 black ;    some    have    rows   of    leaves    or    twigs  as   decora- 
 tions.    I  also   meet  with  very  curious  vases,   in  the   shape 
 of  animals,  with  three    feet.      The    mouth    of   the  vessel 
 is   in  the  tail,  which  is  upright  and  very  thick,  and  which 
 is  connected  with  the  back   by  a   handle.     Upon   one  of 
 these   last-mentioned  vases  there    are  decorations,   consist- 
 ing of  three  engraved  stripes  of  three  lines  each.  I  formerly 
 found  the  Priapus  only  at  a  depth  of  7  meters   (23  feet) ; 
 but  a  short  time  ago  I  found  one  at  a  depth  of  13  meters 
 (4  2  A-   feet).      I   now    find  it    again   at  8   meters   (26  feet) 
 
 No.  113.     A  Trojan  Vase  in  Terra-cotta 
 of  a  very  remarkable  form  (8  M.). 
 
i6o 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  X. 
 
 No.  114.     Engraved  Terra-cotta  Vessel  in  the  form 
 of  a  Pig  (or  Hedgehog?).     7  M. 
 
 that  is,  among   the  ruins  of  the   nation  of  which  I  am   at 
 present    speaking.       In  these  strata  we  also  meet  with  an 
 
 immense  quantity  of  those 
 round  terra-cottas  (the 
 whorls),  which,  it  is  true, 
 deviate  from  the  wheel- 
 shape  of  the  articles  found 
 on  the  primary  soil  owing 
 to  their  greater  thickness, 
 and  are  also  not  of  such 
 excellently-burnt  clay  as 
 those  ;  but,  as  anyone 
 may  convince  himself  by 
 examining  the  drawings, 
 they  are  embellished  with  uncommonly  beautiful  and  in- 
 genious symbolical  signs.  Among  these  the  Sun-god  always 
 occupies  the  most  prominent  position  ;  but  the  fire-machine 
 of  our  primeval  ancestors,  the  holy  sacrificial  altar  with 
 blazing  flames,  the  holy  soma-tree  or  tree  of  life,  and  the 
 rosa  mystic  a,  are  also  very  frequently  met  with  here. 
 This  mystic  rose,  which  occurs  very  often  in  the  Byzantine 
 sculptures,  and  the  name  of  which,  as  is  well  known,  is 
 employed  to  designate  the  Holy  Virgin  in  the  Roman 
 Catholic  Litanies,  is  a  very  ancient  Aryan  religious  symbol, 
 as  yet,  unfortunately,  unexplained. *  It  is  very  ancient, 
 because  I  find  it  at  a  depth  of  from  7  to  10  meters 
 (23  to  33  feet)  in  the  strata  of  the  successors  to  the 
 Trojans,  which  must  belong  to  a  period  about  1200 
 years  before  Christ.f 
 
 The  sign  which  resembles  the  Phoenician  letter  "  Nun  " 
 I  found  represented  sixteen  times  %  upon  one  of  those  round 
 
 *  See  Plate  XXIII.,  No.  339  ;  Plate  XLVIL,  No.  478. 
 
 t  According  to  Dr.  Schliemann's  later  view  these  "  successors  to  the 
 Trojans  "  were,  as  we  have  seen,  the  Trojans  themselves. — [Ed.] 
 
 %  The  drawing,  Plate  XLVIL,  No.  480,  shows  the  sign  20  times  in  5 
 groups  of  4  each.  This  seems  to  be  a  similar  type  to  the  one  described, 
 but  from  a  lesser  depth. — [Ed.] 
 
1872.]  TROJAN  WHORLS.  1 61 
 
 terra-cottas  from  a  depth  of  8  meters  (26  feet) ;  for  these  signs 
 stand  in  groups  of  four,  and  by  their  position  form  a  cross 
 round  the  sun,  or,  if  my  present  supposition  is  right,  round 
 the  nave  of  the  wheel  representing  the  chariot  of  the  sun. 
 I  also  find  the  symbol  of  lightning  in  all  the  higher  strata 
 up  to  10  feet  below  the  surface.  In  all  the  strata,  from  a 
 depth  of  33  feet  up  to  if  feet  below  the  surface,  I  find 
 engravings  of  the  sun  with  its  rays  innumerable  times  upon 
 the  round  terra-cottas,  exactly  as  it  is  represented  on  the 
 head  of  the  Sun-god  on  the  metope  which  I  discovered 
 when  excavating  the  temple  ;  but  more  frequently  still  in 
 circles  of  three,  four,  five,  six  or  eight  double,  treble  or 
 quadruple  rising  suns,  and  in  by  far  the  greater  number  of 
 cases  it  stands  in  the  centre  of  four  treble  rising  suns,  which 
 form  a  cross  round  it.  Hundreds  of  times  I  find  the  sun 
 surrounded  by  stars  in  the  centre  of  a  double  or  treble 
 cross,  which  has  a  large  dot  on  every  one  of  the  four  ends. 
 These  dots  probably  denote  the  four  nails  which  fixed  the 
 wopden  frame  by  which  the  holy  fire  was  prepared.  At  the 
 depth  of  from  10  to  7  meters  {33  to  23  feet)  I  also  found 
 although  more  rarely,  five  mystic  roses  in  a  circle  round 
 the  sun.  One  with  signs,  which  may 
 probably  prove  to  be  not  merely  symbols, 
 but  actual  letters,  I  found  at  a  depth  of  7 
 meters  (23  feet).*  I  have  still  to  mention 
 those  round  articles  from  the  same  depth, 
 which  have   three  mystic  roses   and    two 
 
 No.  115. 
 
 sheaves  of  sun-rays  in  the  circle  round  the  Inscribed  Whorl  (7  m.). 
 sun.  Further,  from  a  depth  of  9  meters  (29^  feet)  I  have 
 several  round  pieces,  upon  which  there  are  14  crooked 
 sheaves  of  three  sun-rays  each,  resembling  the  sails  of  a 
 windmill,  which  radiate  in  all  directions  from  the  sun,  while 
 the  compartments  between  the  sheaves  of  rays  are  filled 
 with  stars.     This  representation  must  indicate  the  rotation 
 
 '  The  inscription,  which  Professor  Gomperz  has  pointed  out,  is  identi- 
 cal with  that  on  PI.  LI.,  No.  496.    (See  pp.  83-84  and  Appendix.)— [Ed. ] 
 
 M 
 
1 62 
 
 TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  X. 
 
 of  the  wheel  in  the  course  of  the  sun's  chariot  in  the 
 heavens,  that  is,  if  the  supposition  I  before  ventured  to 
 make,  that  the  round  objects  represent  the  wheel,  is  correct. 
 Another,  found  at  the  same  depth,  has  on  one  side  three 
 holy  sacrificial  altars  covered  with  flames,  and  a  group  of 
 stars;  on  the  other  side  three  similar  altars,  and  a  suastika 
 forming  a  cross  round  the  sun.*  There  also  occur  some 
 with  only  four  curved  sheaves  of  rays,  or  two  Pj-J  and  two 
 flaming  altars  in  a  cross  round  the  sun  ;  there  is  again 
 another  upon  which  two  crosses  stand  opposite  each 
 other,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  space  round  the  sun  (or 
 round  the  nave  of  the  wheel)  is  filled  with  stars.  All 
 the  whorls  met  with  at  a  depth  of  from  10  to  7  meters 
 (33  to  23  feet)  are  made  of  clay,  for  the  most  part  of  black 
 or  red  clay,  and  as  hard  as  stone,  which,  in  comparison 
 with  that  of  the  whorls  in  the  higher  strata,  is  distinguished 
 by  its  fineness.  We  also  find  in  these  strata  some  whorls 
 made  of  lead  or  fine  marble,  but  they  have  no  decorations. 
 In  the  strata  of  the  same  nation  I  found  also  copper  battle- 
 axes,  lances,  arrows,  knives,  and  implements  of  different 
 kinds,  as  well  as  a  number  of  moulds  of  schist  and  chlorite 
 slate  for  casting  these  and  many  other  objects, 
 some  being  of  forms  quite  unknown  to  me. 
 Seals  of  terra-cotta,  with  crosses  and  other  or- 
 naments, are  not  peculiar  to  these  strata,  but 
 occur  also  at  a  depth  of  from  ^^  feet  as  far 
 up  as  it  feet  below  the  surface.  We  have 
 also  brought  to  light  hand  mill-stones  of  lava, 
 which  are  oval  on  one  side  and  flat  on  the 
 other,  and  some  also  of  granite  ;  large  and 
 small  hammers,  axes,  and  balls  with  a  hole 
 through  the  centre ;  further,  mortars  and 
 pestles  of  diorite,  and  weights  of  granite ; 
 quoits   made  of  granite    and   other  kinds   of    stone,  with 
 
 No.  116. 
 
 Terra-cotta  Seal 
 
 (1  M.). 
 
 *  The  types  here  described  will  be  found  on  the  Lithographs. 
 
I872.] 
 
 TROJAN  STONE  IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 163 
 
 a  hole  through  the  centre  for  throwing  them.  Sling-bullets 
 made  of  loadstone,  and  great  quantities  of  knives  made 
 of  white  or  yellow  silex  in  the  form  of  saws,  sometimes 
 also  knives  of  volcanic  glass  and  lances  of  diorite  are  met 
 
 No.  117.     A  Trojan  Hand  Mill-stone  of  Lava  (10  M. 
 
 No.  118.                                                             No.  119.  No.  120. 
 
 A  Piece  of  Granite,  perhaps  used,  by  means  A  massive  Hammer  of  Diorite  Piece  of  Granite,  probably 
 
 of  a  wooden  Handle,  as  an  upper  Mill-                        (10  M.).  used  as  a  Pestle.      From 
 
 stone  (10  M.).  the  lowest  Stratum  (n- 
 
 l6  M.). 
 
 with  among  the  ruins  of  this  people,  but  all  these  instru- 
 ments are  much  better  finished  than  in  the  strata  above  a 
 depth  of  7  meters  (23  feet). 
 
 I  likewise  find  in  these  strata  numerous  idols  of  very 
 fine  marble,  and  upon  a  number  of  them  are  engraved  the 
 
 m   2 
 
1 64 
 
 TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  X. 
 
 owl's  face  of  the  Ilian  Athena  and  her  girdle.  At  a  depth  of 
 8  meters  (26  feet)  we  discovered  a  terra-cotta  idol  of  the 
 same  tutelary  goddess ;  four  horizontal  strokes  on  the  neck 
 
 No.  121.     Idol  of  Athena  <8  M.).     a.  Front;  b.  Back. 
 
 seem  to  denote  her  armour ;  only  one  of  the  arms  has  been 
 preserved,  which  is  in  an  upright  position  ;  two  lines 
 proceeding  from  the  arms  and  crossing  each  other  over 
 the  body  give  her  a  warlike  appearance ;  her  breasts  are 
 indicated  by  two  points  ;  her  long  hair  is  distinctly  marked 
 at  the  back  of  the  head. 
 
 At  a  depth  of  gh  meters  (30^  feet)  among  the  yellow 
 ashes  of  a  house  which  was  destroyed  by  fire,  I  found  a 
 large  lump  of  thick  wire,  which  I  believed  to  be  copper 
 wire,  and  therefore  laid  carelessly  upon  my  table  ;  but  when 
 the  lump  was  knocked  down  accidentally,  a  silver  wire, 
 which  held  the  packet  together,  broke,  and  out  fell  three 
 bracelets,  one  of  which  is  simple,  the  second  double,  and  the 
 third  treble  :  within  the  last  is  a  very  artistic  ornament  and 
 an  ear-ring  formed  of  six  wires,  and  these  things  must  have 
 been  welded  to  the  bracelet  by  the  heat  of  the  conflagration, 
 for  it  cannot  possibly  have  been  worn  on  the  arm  as  it  is 
 now.*  The  packet  further  contained  a  very  pretty  gold 
 ear-ring,  which  has  three  rows  of  little  stars  on  both  sides  ; 
 then  two  bunches  of  ear-rings  of  various  forms,  most  of 
 which  are  of  silver  and  terminate  in  five  leaves.  But  the 
 packet  also  contained  several  ear-rings  of  the  same  form 
 
 *  Similar  jewels  are  depicted  among  the  articles  of  the  Treasure 
 (Chapter  XXIII.,  Plate  XX.). 
 
1872.]  VARIOUS  TROJAN  ARTICLES.  I  65 
 
 made  of  electrum  (rj\eKTpov)  :  three  of  the  ear-rings  I 
 know  positively  to  be  of  electrum ;  there  are,  however, 
 probably  several  others  of  electrum  among  the  two  bunches 
 which  I  dare  not  attempt  to  loosen  for  fear  of  breaking  the 
 silver  ear-rings  which  have  suffered  very  much  from  rust. 
 
 According  to  Pliny  (//.  JV.  XXXIII.  23),  and  Pausanias 
 (V.  12,  §  6)  electrum  was  an  artificial  compound  of  metals, 
 four  parts  of  gold  and  one  of  silver.  The  most  ancient 
 Lydian  coins  are  likewise  made  of  electrum. 
 
 At  the  same  depth  I  not  unfrequently  find  balls  of 
 serpentine  or  porphyry  of  nearly  2  inches  in  diameter,  and 
 with  a  hole  through  the  centre.  Besides  these  we  find  spoons 
 made  of  bone  or  terra-cotta,  and  great  quantities  of  instru- 
 ments of  ivory  and  bone  for  use   as   pins.     I  also  found  a 
 
 Nos.  122,  123,  124.     Balls  of  fine  red  Agate  ;  from  the  Trojan  Stratum  (9  M.). 
 
 very  artistically  carved  piece  of  ebony,  which  is  certainly 
 part  of  a  musical  stringed  instrument.  I  must  also  mention 
 having  found,  not  only  in  these  depths,  but  also  up  to 
 6  meters  (20  feet)  below  the  surface,  round  pieces  of  terra- 
 cotta with  a  hole  running  longitudinally  through  them, 
 2 1  inches  long  and  2?.  inches  broad ;  and  also  pieces  of 
 terra-cotta  from  2!  to  nearly  4  inches  broad,  flat  below 
 and  rounded  off  at  the  top,  with  two  holes  at  the  edge  of 
 the  broad  surface,  or  with  only  one  hole  above  running 
 through  from  the  side.  All  of  these  articles  have  probably 
 served  as  weights.  In  all  of  the  strata  we  discovered  a 
 number  of  the  vertebrae  of  sharks,  boars'  tusks,  antlers, 
 and  great  quantities  of  the  shells  of  small  sea-mussels,  of 
 which  the  Trojans  and  their  successors  at  all  times  must 
 have  been  very  fond. 
 
i66 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  X. 
 
 I  now  come  to  the  strata  of  debris  at  a  depth  of  from 
 7  to  4  meters  (23  to  13  feet),  which  are  evidently  also  the 
 remains  of  a  people  of  the  Aryan  race,  who  took  possession 
 of  the  town  built  upon  the  ruins  of  Troy,  and  who  destroyed 
 it  and  extirpated  the  inhabitants  ;  for  in  these  strata  of 
 10  feet  thick  I  find  no  trace  of  metal  beyond  two  nails  and 
 a  small  piece  of  silver  wire,  and  the  structure  of  the  houses 
 is  entirely  different.  All  the  house-walls  consist  of  small 
 stones  joined  with  clay  ;  in  the  larger  buildings  the  stones 
 are  more  or  less  hewn,  but  in  the  smaller  they  are  alto- 
 gether rough.  Visitors  to  the  Plain  of  Troy  can  see  in 
 the  earthen  walls  of  my  excavations,  at  these  depths,  a 
 number  of  larger  or  smaller  house-walls  of  this  descrip- 
 tion. Among  others  are  the 
 remains  of  those  huge  walls  6\ 
 feet  thick,  of  which  I  spoke  in 
 my  report  of  the  23rd  of  last 
 month.  The  foundations  lie  at 
 a    depth     of     20    feet,    and    they 
 
 No.  125. 
 A  curious  Terra-cotta  Cup  (4  M.). 
 
 No.  126. 
 Terra-cotta  Pitcher  of  a  frequent  form 
 
 (6  M.). 
 
 extend  to   within   10  feet  below  the  present   surface;*  for 
 as,  with  the   exception    of  excavating  the  temple,  I  only 
 
 *  Chapter  IX.,  pp.  132-3. 
 
1872.]  TERRA-COTTAS  OF  THE  THIRD  PEOPLE.  167 
 
 intend  to  make  the  trench  through  the  hill  98  feet  broad 
 above,  it  has  not  been  necessary  to  pull  down  the  building 
 entirely. 
 
 In  these  strata  (at  a  depth  of  from  23  to  13  feet)  not 
 only  are  all  the   stone  implements  much  rougher,  but  all 
 
 No.  127.  No.  128. 
 
 A  small  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  two  Handles  Terra-cotta  Vase  of  a  frequent  form 
 
 and  three  feet  (6  M.)  (6  M.). 
 
 the  terra-cottas  also  are  of  a  coarser  quality.  Still  it  cannot 
 be  denied  that  with  all  their  simplicity  they  possess  a  certain 
 elegance,  and  I  must  especially  mention  the  very  pretty 
 black  or  red  vases  in  the  form  of  hour-glasses  with  two 
 large  handles,  the  red  ones  being  nearly  4  inches  high,  the 
 black  ones  5^  inches  high;  the  small  jars  in  the  form  of 
 cups  with  large  handles,  the  larger  jars  with  one  or  two 
 handles ;  but  above  all  the  frequently  occurring  covers 
 with  the  owl's  face  of  the  tutelary  goddess  of  Troy,  which 
 are,  it  is  true,  almost  like  those  from  a  depth  of  from 
 30  to  23  feet  in  size,  but  considerably  inferior  in  quality. 
 
 The  terra-cotta  balls  found  in  these  strata  are  especially 
 remarkable,  owing  to  their  most  varied  symbols.  I  will 
 describe  two  of  these,  found  at  a  depth  of  5  meters  (i6i 
 feet).  The  surface  of  the  one  is  divided  by  lines  into 
 eight  equal  parts ;  *  in  one  of  these  is  a  sun  with  ten  rays, 
 of  which  only  four  are  straight,  all  of  the  others  seem 
 to  represent  religious  symbols.  One  ray  has  the  form  of 
 the  Phcenician  letter  "  Nun,"  and  must  denote  lightning ; 
 
 *  See  Plate  LI.,  No.  493.  M.  Burnoufs  drawings,  from  which  our 
 engraving  is  taken,  seem  to  differ  from  Dr.  Schliemann's  description 
 in  a  few  of  the  minuter  details. — [Ed.] 
 
l68  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  (Chap.  X. 
 
 another  ray  has  the  form  of  a  serpent ;  another  again  the 
 form  of  the  numeral  III.  ;  a  fourth  is  the  shape  of  a  sign- 
 post; and  the  remaining  two  in  the  form  of  fishing-hooks ; 
 beside  the  sun  is  a  star.  In  the  next  division  is  a  tree  with 
 eight  branches,  a  quadrangle  with  two  stars,  and  a  triangle 
 with  four  stars.  The  third  field  contains  a  tree  with  twelve 
 branches  ;  a  circle  with  a  star ;  and,  beside  and  above 
 a  stroke,  twelve  stars,  one  of  which  has  a  dot  in  the 
 centre.  The  twelve  little  stars  may  possibly  denote  the 
 twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  which,  being  the  twelve  stations 
 of  the  sun,  are  personified  in  the  Rigveda  by  the  twelve 
 Adityas,  sons  of  Aditi,  the  indivisible  and  infinite  space. 
 The  fourth  field  contains  a  tree  with  only  six  branches, 
 a  triangle  with  three  compartments,  in  one  of  which  is  a 
 stroke,  and  also  two  squares.  The  fifth  field  has  again  a 
 sun  with  six  crooked  rays  and  one  straight  ray.  The  sixth 
 field  has  five  divisions  :  in  the  first  there  are  five,  in  the 
 second  four,  and  in  the  third  seven  little  stars ;  the  fourth 
 division  contains  a  sign  resembling  the  numeral  II.,  together 
 with  three  stars ;  in  the  fifth  division  there  is  a  simple  cross. 
 In  the  seventh  field  is  a  tree  with  ten  branches.  In  the 
 eighth  field  there  is  a  figure  like  a  serpent,  and  a  star. 
 
 Upon  the  second  terra-cotta  ball  there  is  a  sun  with 
 thirteen  straight  rays  ;  further  there  are,  between  two  pj-J, 
 three  groups  of  three  stars  each,  and  four  straight  lines ; 
 lastly,  below  the  sun  three  similar  lines  and  three 
 stars.*  We  also  frequently  find  in  these  strata  terra- 
 cotta balls  completely  covered  with  stars ;  likewise  an 
 immense  number  of  the  round  terra-cottas  in  the  form  of 
 tops  and  volcanoes,  more  than  half  of  which  are  adorned 
 with  the  most  various  symbolical  signs.  We  have  also 
 discovered  here  many  weapons  of  diorite  and  hard  green 
 stone,  as  well  as    a    number  of  whetstones   of  black  and 
 
 *  On  Plate  L.,  No.  491,  this  ball  is  represented  from  M.  Burnouf's 
 drawings,  showing  six  different  faces. 
 
1872.]  WELL  OF  THE  THIRD   NATION.  169 
 
 green  slate  with  a  hole  at  one  end.*  The  use  of  these  whet- 
 stones is  not  very  clear  to  me,  for,  as  I  have  already  said, 
 in  the  depths  of  from  7  to  4  meters  (13  to  1 3  feet)  I  have 
 found  no  trace  of  any  metal  beyond  the  two  nails  and  the 
 piece  of  silver  wire.  However,  we  came  upon  a  few  frag- 
 ments of  moulds  for  casting  instruments,  and  hence  it  is 
 probable  that  copper  was  known.  In  any  case,  however, 
 it  was  rare  and  costly,  for  otherwise  I  should  not  have 
 found  such  colossal  masses  of  stone  instruments. 
 
 I  found  in  these  depths  a  large  number  of  curious 
 large  vases,  and  among  them  several  beautiful  urns  with 
 the  owl's  head  of  the  Ilian  Athena,  her  two  female  breasts, 
 navel,  and  the  two  upraised  arms  beside  the  head.  Upon 
 one  of  the  navels  is  a  cross  and  four  holes,  which  are 
 doubtless  intended  to  represent  the  four  nails  employed  by 
 our  Aryan  ancestors  to  fasten  the  two  pieces  of  wood 
 which  were  laid  crosswise  for  producing  the  holy  fire.f 
 In  these  strata  I  also  discovered  a  number  of  those 
 cups  in  the  form  of  champagne-glasses  with  two  handles, 
 which  however,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  drawings, 
 become  clumsier,  smaller,  and  inferior  in  quality  at 
 every  yard  the  higher  we  ascend.  Cups  with  coronets 
 below  (vase-covers)  also  occur,  like- 
 wise many  small  red  jars  with  three 
 feet  and  two  handles,  and  several 
 hundreds  of  uncoloured  jars,  with 
 a  handle  from  nearly  4  to  4t  inches 
 high.       There    are    also    enormous      „  N°- 129- 
 
 O  1  erra-cotta   V  ase  of   a  form  fre- 
 
 masses    of    large    clumsy    hammers         iuentatthedepthof3-sM. 
 and  other  instruments  of  diorite  ;   I  also  found  a  Priapus  of 
 diorite,  which  is  above  12^  inches  high  and  7-4  inches  thick. 
 There  is  a  well  belonging  to  this  nation,  built  of  good 
 hewn  stones  cemented  with  clay  ;  its  opening  is  at  a  depth 
 
 *  See  No.  5,  p.  24. — [Ed.]     Perhaps  they  were  used  to  polish  the 
 terra-cotta  vases. 
 
 t  See  No.  13.  p.  35. 
 
1 70 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  X. 
 
 of  13  feet.  I  have  had  it  cleared  out  almost  as  far  as  the 
 primary  soil  ;  one  wall  of  this  well  is  still  to  be  seen  on 
 the  left  side  of  the  northern  entrance  of  my  great  cutting. 
 Hand  mill-stones  of  lava  are  also  found  in  immense  numbers 
 in  these  strata. 
 
 A  new  epoch  in  the  history  of  Ilium  commenced  when 
 the  accumulation  of  debris  on  this  hill  had  reached  a  height 
 of  4  meters  (13  feet)  below  its  present  surface;  for  the  town 
 was  again  destroyed,  and  the  inhabitants  killed  or  driven 
 out  by  a  wretched  tribe,  which  certainly  must  likewise  have 
 belonged  to  the  Aryan  race,  for  upon  the  round  terra-cottas 
 I  still  very  frequently  find  the  tree  of  life  and  the  simple 
 and  double  cross  with  the  four  nails.  In  these  depths, 
 however,  the  form  of  the  whorls  degenerates ;  they  become 
 more  elongated  and  pointed ;  I  also  find  many  in  the 
 form  of  cones   about  i>-  inch  to  ii  inch  in  heisht,  which 
 
 No.  130.     Terra-cotta  Vessel  (4  M.). 
 
 No.  131.     A  small  Terra-cotta  Vase  with 
 two  Rings  for  suspension  (2  M.). 
 
 never  occur  in  the  lower  strata ;  most  of  them  are  without 
 decorations.  Of  pottery  much  less  is  found,  and  all  of  it 
 is  much  more  inartistic  than  that  in  the  preceding  strata. 
 However,  an  exceedingly  fanciful  goblet,  found  at  a  depth 
 of  13  feet,  deserves  to  be  specially  mentioned;  its  body, 
 which  rests  upon  three  little  feet,  is  a  tube,  out  of  which 
 three  small  cups  stand  up.  We  still  frequently  meet  with 
 cups  (vase-covers)  bearing  the  owl's  face  of  the  Ilian  Athena, 
 and  a  kind  of  helmet,  but  they  continue  to  become  more 
 and  more  rude.*     In  like  manner  the  cups  in  the  form  of 
 
 ,;   Compare  these  with  Cut  No.  74  on  p.  115. 
 
1872.] 
 
 THE  FOURTH   NATION. 
 
 I?1 
 
 champagne-glasses  continue  to  be  inferior  in  quality,  they  are 
 
 always  smaller  and  coarser,  and  are  now  only  about  5  inches 
 
 high,  whereas    at    a   depth   of 
 
 33  feet  they  were   12^  inches 
 
 high.   Several  vases  with  female 
 
 breasts,    navel,    and    upraised 
 
 arms,  occur  at   a   depth   of  4 
 
 Nos.  132,  133.     Owl-faced  Vase-covers  (3  m.).     The  second  is  of  an  unusual  form. 
 
 Nos.  134,  J35-     Two-handled  Cups  from  the  upper  Stratum  (2  M.). 
 
 No.  136.     Terra-cotta  Vase  (2  M.). 
 
 No.  137.   Perforated  Terra-cotta  [2  M.). 
 
 meters  (13  feet),  one  at  a  depth  of  i\  meters  (about  8  feet). 
 Small  red  vases  in  the  form  of  hour-glasses  with  a  handle 
 are  still  frequently  met  with ;  two  were  found  at  as  small 
 a  depth  as   2   meters    {6\   feet).     A  very  great  number  of 
 
TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  X. 
 of   4     and 
 
 172 
 
 small    ordinary   jars   were    found    at    a   depth 
 
 3   meters   (13  to  9!  feet),   but  they  almost  entirely   cease 
 
 to  be  found  at  2  meters  (6&  feet)  below  the  surface.     At 
 
 Nos.  138,  139.     Deep  Plates  [patera)  with   Rings  for  suspension,   placed   [a)  vertically  or  [6)  hori- 
 zontally (i  and  2  M.). 
 
 the  depths  of  4,  3,  and  even  2^  meters  (13,  91,  and  8  feet) 
 I  also  found  very  many  idols  of  the  Ilian  Athena,  made  ot 
 fine  marble;  upon  several  there  are  engravings  of  her  owl's 
 head  and  girdle. 
 
 At  a  depth  of  3  meters  (10  feet)  I  also  found  a  terra- 
 cotta idol,  which  represents  this  same  goddess  with  the  owl's 
 face  and  two  enormous  eyes ;  she  has  two  female  breasts, 
 
 No.  140.     a.  Front. 
 
 No.  140.     b.  Back. 
 Idols  of  the  Ilian  Athena  (3  M.). 
 
 No.  141. 
 
 and  long  hair  hanging  down  behind.  Three  horizontal 
 lines  on  the  neck  seem  to  denote  armour.  At  the  same 
 depth  I  also  found  a  small  and  splendid  sacrificial  basin  of 
 terra-cotta,  with  three  feet;  in  the  basin  there  are  engraved 
 
I872.] 
 
 THE  FOURTH  NATION. 
 
 J73 
 
 a  suastika,  a  tree  with  twenty-four   branches,  and  a  cater- 
 pillar.* 
 
 Copper  was  known  to  this  people,  for  I  discovered  here 
 knives,  lances,  and  nails  made  of  this  metal.  The  form  of 
 the  nails  is  often  curious,  for  occasionally  I  find  them  with 
 two  heads,  one  beside  the  other,  sometimes  with  no  head  at 
 all,  but  merely  two  pointed  ends,  so  that  a  kind  of  head  had 
 to  be  made  by  bending  over  about  J-  of  an  inch  at  one  of 
 the  ends.  Another  proof  of  their  knowledge  of  metals  is 
 furnished  by  the  moulds  in  mica-schist. 
 
 We  find  scarcely  any  stones  in  these  strata,  and  the 
 masses  of  charred  ruins  and  wood-ashes  leave  no  doubt 
 that  all  the  buildings  of  this  tribe 
 were  made  of  wood.  I  find  in  these 
 strata  of  6h  feet  thick  some  few  stone 
 weights,  also  a  couple  of  hand-mills 
 of  lava,  but  otherwise  no  imple- 
 ments of  stone  except  knives  of 
 silex  in  the  form  of  saws,  which 
 seem  often  to  have  been  made  with 
 great  care.  Thus,  for  instance,  at  a 
 depth  of  6i  feet  I  found  a  saw  made 
 of  silex  4!  inches  in  length  and  1  ■  3 
 in  breadth,  which  was  so  exquisitely 
 made  that  I  at  first  thought  it  must  be  a  comb.  The 
 upper  portion  of  the  saw  bore  the  clearest  marks  of 
 having  been  encased  in  wood. 
 
 No.  142.  Mould  in  Mica-schist 
 for  casting  some  unknown  ob- 
 ject (2i  M.). 
 
 With  the  people  to  whom  these  strata  belonged — from 
 4  to  1  meters  (13  to  6^  feet)  below  the  surface — the  pre- 
 Hellenic  ages  end,  for  henceforward  we  see  many  ruined 
 walls  of  Greek  buildings,  of  beautifully  hewn  stones  laid 
 together  without  cement,  and  in  the  uppermost  layer  of  all 
 even  the  ruins  of  house-walls,  in  which  the  stones  are  joined 
 
 See  Plate  XLVIIL,  No.  484. 
 
I  -4  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  X. 
 
 with  lime  or  cement.  Moreover,  the  painted  and  unpainted 
 terra-cottas,  occasionally  found  at  a  depth  of  2  meters 
 (6h  feet),  leave  no  doubt  that  a  Greek  colony  took  posses- 
 sion of  Ilium  when  the  surface  of  this  hill  was  still  that 
 much  lower  than  it  is  now.  It  is  impossible  to  determine 
 exactly  when  this  new  colonization  took  place,  but  it  must 
 certainly  have  been  much  earlier  than  the  visit  of  Xerxes 
 reported  by  Herodotus  (VII.  43),  which  took  place  480 
 years  before  Christ.  According  to  Strabo  (XIII.  1.  42)  the 
 town  was  built  under  Lydian  dominion,  and  hence  this 
 event  may  have  taken  place  about  700  b.c,  for  the  com- 
 mencement of  the  Lydian  dominion  is  assigned  to  the  year 
 797  b.c  Fluted  jars,  which  archaeologists  believe  to  belong 
 to  a  period  200  years  anterior  to  Christ,  are  found  imme- 
 diately below  the  surface,  at  a  depth  of  from  if  to  3!  feet. 
 The  Greek  colony  does  not  appear  by  any  means  to  have  at 
 all  extirpated  the  inhabitants  of  Ilium,  for  I  still  find  a  great 
 deal  of  pre-Hellenic  pottery  at  a  depth  of  6h  and  even  of 
 5  feet.  At  all  events  those  round  lamp-shaped  terra-cottas 
 with  a  potter's  stamp  and  two  holes  at  the  edge,  found  as  far 
 down  as  6h  feet,  seem  to  me  to  be  of  Greek  manufacture. 
 The  round  articles  with  one  hole  through  the  centre,  without 
 or  with  decorations  representing  the  sun  and  its  rays,  or  the 
 sun  with  stars,  or  four  double  or  treble  rising  suns  forming 
 a  cross,  or  even  the  sun  in  the  centre  of  a  simple  or  double 
 cross,  occur  in  numbers  as  far  up  as  a  depth  of  3^  feet;  but 
 in  these  uppermost  strata  the  quality  of  the  clay  of  which 
 these  articles  are  made  is  very  bad,  and  the  symbolical  signs 
 are  very  coarsely  and  inartistically  engraved.  My  wife,  who 
 is  enthusiastic  about  the  discovery  of  Ilium,  and  who  helps 
 me  assiduously  in  the  excavations,  found,  in  a  cutting  which 
 she  and  her  maid  had  opened  close  to  our  house,  the  same 
 round  terra-cottas,  with  or  without  decorations,  even  quite 
 close  to  the  surface.  Plow  these  exceedingly  remarkable 
 objects,  which  are  adorned  with  the  most  ancient  religious 
 symbols  of  the  Aryan   race,  can  have  continued  to  be  used 
 
1872.]  THE  GREEK  COLONY.  175 
 
 for  more  than  1000  years  by  the  four  tribes  which  succes- 
 sively held  possession  of  Ilium,  and  even  by  the  civilized 
 Greek  colony,  is  to  me  a  problem  as  inexplicable  as  the 
 purpose  for  which  they  were  used.  If,  as  I  now  conjecture, 
 they  represent  the  wheel,  which  in  the  Rigveda  is  the  symbol 
 of  the  sun's  chariot,  they  were  probably  used  as  Ex  votos,  or 
 they  were  worshipped  as  idols  of  the  sun-god,  Phoebus  Apollo. 
 But  why  are  there  such  enormous  numbers  of  them  ? 
 
 The  well,  which  I  last  year  discovered  at  a  depth  of 
 6\  feet,  built  of  hewn  stones  with  cement,  belongs  of  course 
 to  the  Greek  colony ;  so  also  do  all  those  enormous  water 
 and  wine  urns  (ttlOol),  which  I  met  with  in  the  upper- 
 most strata.  I  find  all  of  these  colossal  urns,  as  well  as  all 
 those  met  with  in  the  deeper  strata,  standing  upright,  which 
 is  the  best  proof,  if  indeed  any  were  needed,  that  the 
 mighty  masses  of  debris  cannot  have  been  brought  here 
 from  another  place,  but  that  they  were  formed  gradually  in 
 the  course  of  thousands  of  years,  and  that  the  conquerors 
 and  destroyers  of  Ilium,  or  at  least  the  new  settlers  after  its 
 conquest  and  destruction,  never  had  the  same  manners  and 
 customs  as  their  predecessors.  Consequently,  for  many 
 centuries,  houses  with  walls  built  of  unburnt  bricks  stood 
 upon  the  mighty  heaps  of  stone,  from  13  to  20  feet  thick, 
 belonging  to  the  enormous  buildings  of  the  primitive 
 Trojans ;  again,  for  centuries,  houses  built  of  stones  joined 
 with  clay  were  erected  upon  the  ruins  of  houses  of  brick ; 
 for  another  long  period,  upon  the  ruins  of  these  stone 
 houses  wooden  houses  were  erected ;  and  lastly,  upon  the 
 charred  ruins  of  the  latter  were  established  the  buildings 
 of  the  Greek  colony,  which  at  first  consisted  of  large  hewn 
 stones  joined  with  clay  or  cement.  It  can  thus  no  longer 
 seem  astonishing  that  these  masses  of  ruins,  covering  the 
 primary  soil,  have  a  thickness  of  from  14  to  16  meters 
 (46  to  ^i\  feet)  at  the  least. 
 
 I  take  this  opportunity  of  giving  a  translation  of  the 
 answer  I  made  to  an  article  published  bv  M.  G.  Nikolaides 
 
1-6  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  X. 
 
 in  No.  181  of  the  Greek  newspaper  '  'Ecfyrjixepls  ^vt^rrjcreoiv^ 
 in  which  the  author  endeavours  to  prove  that  I  am  giving 
 myself  unnecessary  trouble,  and  that  the  site  of  Troy  is  not 
 to  be  found  here,  but  on  the  heights  of  Bunarbashi.* 
 
 "M.  Nikolaides  maintains  that  the  site  of  Troy  cannot 
 be  discovered  by  means  of  excavations  or  other  proofs, 
 but  solely  from  the  Iliad.  He  is  right,  if  he  supposes  that 
 Ilium  is  only  a  picture  of  Homer's  imagination,  as  the  City 
 of  the  Birds  was  but  a  fancy  of  Aristophanes.  If^  however, 
 he  believes  that  a  Troy  actually  existed,  then  his  assertion 
 appears  most  strange.  He  thereupon  says  that  Troy  was 
 situated  on  the  heights  of  Bunarbashi,  for  that  at  the  foot 
 of  them  are  the  two  springs  beside  which  Hector  was  killed. 
 This  is,  however,  a  great  mistake,  for  the  number  of  springs 
 there  is  forty,  and  not  two,  which  is  sufficiently  clear  from 
 the  Turkish  name  of  the  district  of  the  springs,  'Kirkgios' 
 (40  eyes  or  springs).  My  excavations  in  1868,  on  the 
 heights  of  Bunarbashi,  which  I  everywhere  opened  down 
 to  the  primary  soil,  also  suffice  to  prove  that  no  village, 
 much  less  a  town,  has  ever  stood  there.  This  is  further 
 shown  by  the  shape  of  the  rocks,  sometimes  pointed, 
 sometimes  steep,  and  in  all  cases  very  irregular.  At  the 
 end  of  the  heights,  at  a  distance  of  ui  miles  from  the 
 Hellespont,  there  are,  it  is  true,  the  ruins  of  a  small  town, 
 but  its  area  is  so  very  insignificant,  that  it  cannot  possibly 
 have  possessed  more  than  2000  inhabitants,  whereas,  ac- 
 cording to  the  indications  of  the  Iliad,  the  Homeric  Ilium 
 must  have  had  over  50,000.  In  addition  to  this,  the  small 
 town  is  four  hours  distant,  and  the  40  springs  are  3^  hours 
 distant,  from  the  Hellespont ;  and  such  distances  entirely 
 contradict  the  statements  of  the  Iliad,  according  to 
 which  the  Greeks  forced  their  way  fighting,  four  times  in 
 
 *  We  do  not  feel  it  right  to  spoil  the  unity  of  the  following  disquisition 
 by  striking  out  the  few  repetitions  of  arguments  urged  in  other  parts  of 
 the  work. — [Ed.] 
 
1872.]  ANSWER  TO  M.  NIKOLAIDES.  177 
 
 one  day,  across  the  land  which  lay  between  the  naval  camp 
 and  the  walls  of  Troy. 
 
 "  M.  Nikolaides's  map  of  the  Plain  of  Troy  may 
 give  rise  to  errors ;  for  he  applies  the  name  of  Simois  to 
 the  river  which  flows  through  the  south-eastern  portion 
 of  the  Plain,  whereas  this  river  is  the  Thymbrius,  as 
 Mr.  Frank  Calvert  has  proved.  In  his  excavations  on 
 the  banks  of  that  river,  Mr.  Calvert  found  the  ruins  ol 
 the  temple  of  the  Thymbrian  Apollo,  about  which  there 
 cannot  be  the  slightest  doubt,  owing  to  the  long  inscrip- 
 tion which  contains  the  inventory  of  the  temple.  Then 
 on  the  map  of  M.  Nikolaides  I  find  no  indication  what- 
 ever of  the  much  larger  river  Doumbrek-Su,  which  flows 
 through  the  north-eastern  portion  of  the  Plain  of  Troy,  and 
 passed  close  by  the  ancient  town  of  Ophrynium,  near 
 which  was  Hector's  tomb  and  a  grove  dedicated  to  him.* 
 Throughout  all  antiquity,  this  "river  was  called  the  Simo'is, 
 as  is  also  proved  by  Virgil  {Ain.  III.  302,305).  The  map 
 of  M.  Nikolaides  equally  ignores  the  river  which  flows 
 from  south  to  north  through  the  Plain,  the  Kalifatli- 
 Asmak,  with  its  enormously  broad  bed,  which  must  cer- 
 tainly at  one  time  have  been  occupied  by  the  Scamander, 
 and  into  which  the  Simois  still  flows  to  the  north  of  Ilium. 
 The  Scamander  has  altered  its  course  several  times,  as  is 
 proved  by  the  three  large  river-beds  between  it  and  the 
 bed  of  the  Kalifatli-Asmak.  But  even  these  three  ancient 
 river-beds  are  not  given  in  the  map  of  M.  Nikolaides. 
 
 "  In  complete  opposition  to  all  the  traditions  of  an- 
 tiquity, the  map  recognises  the  tomb  of  Achilles  in  the 
 conical  sepulchral  mound  of  In-Tepe,  which  stands  on  a  hill 
 at  the  foot  of  the  promontory  of  Rhoeteum,  and  which, 
 from  time  immemorial,  has  been  regarded  as  the  tomb  of 
 Ajax.     During    an    excavation    of  this   hill,   in    1788,    an 
 
 *  Strabo,    XIII.    i.    p.    103;     Lycophron,    Cassandra,    1208.      See 
 further,  on  the  Simois,  Note  A,  p.  358. 
 
 N 
 
jyS  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  X 
 
 arched  passage  was  found,  about  37  feet  high,  and  built  of 
 bricks ;  as  well  as  the  ruins  of  a  small  temple.  According 
 to  Strabo  (XIII.  i.p.  103),  the  temple  contained  the  statue 
 of  Ajax,  which  Mark  Antony  took  away  and  presented  to 
 Cleopatra.  Augustus  gave  it  back  to  the  inhabitants  of 
 the  town  of  Rhoeteum,  which  was  situated  near  the  tomb. 
 According  to  Philostratus  {Heroica,  I.),  the  temple,  which 
 stood  over  the  grave,  was  repaired  by  the  Emperor  Hadrian, 
 and  according  to  Pliny  {H.  TV.,  V.  ^^),  the  town  of  Aian- 
 teum  was  at  one  time  situated  close  to  the  tomb.  On  the 
 other  hand,  throughout  antiquity,  the  tomb  of  Achilles  was 
 believed  to  be  the  sepulchral  mound  on  an  elevation  at  the 
 foot  of  the  promontory  of  Sigeum,  close  to  the  Hellespont, 
 and  its  position  corresponds  perfectly  with  Homer's  de- 
 scription.* 
 
 "The  field  situated  directly  south  of  this  tomb,  and 
 which  is  covered  with  fragments  of  pottery,  is  doubtless  the 
 site  of  the  ancient  town  of  Achilleum,  which,  according  to 
 Strabo  (XIII.  1.  p.  1 10),  was  built  by  the  Mitylena\ans,  who 
 were  for  many  years  at  war  with  the  Athenians,  while  the 
 latter  held  Sigeum,  and  which  was  destroyed  simultaneously 
 with  Sigeum  by  the  people  of  Ilium.  Pliny  {H.  IV.,  V.  ^^) 
 confirms  the  disappearance  of  Achilleum.  The  Ilians  here 
 brought  offerings  to  the  dead,  not  only  on  the  tomb  of 
 Achilles,  but  also  upon  the  neighbouring  tombs  of  Patro- 
 clus  and  Antilochus.f     Alexander  the  Great  offered  sacri- 
 
 *   Odyssey,  XXIV.  80--81  : 
 
 'Afj.<p'   avTolai   5'  tntna  /xeyav  Kal   a/xvfj.ova  rvfifiov 
 Xtvaixfy  'Apytioov  itpbs  (Trparbs  alxuriTawv, 
 'Aktt)    eV)   irpovxoviry,    eVl   TrAaTe?  '^.K\T)a-n6vTif, 
 '  Cls   Kev  rr)\«pavj)S   e'/c   Trovroipiv  avSpdfftv  e?r) 
 To?j,   o?  vvv  yeydatri,    ko.)   ot   uerdirtadev  tcrovTcu. 
 
 "We  the  holy  army  of  the  spear-throwing  Argives,  then  raised  round  these 
 (bones)  a  great  and  honourable  tomb  on  the  projecting  shore  of  the  broad  Hellespont, 
 so  that  it  might  be  seen  from  the  sea  by  the  men  who  are  now  bom  and  who  shall  be 
 hereafter." — Dr.  Schlieinann's  translation. 
 
 t  Strabo,  XIII.  i. 
 
i*','&:- 
 
 ^gp-^ 
 
 A.— MOUND   OF    IN-TKI'K, 
 '1  he  traditional  Tomb  of  Ajax,  with  the  Ruins  of  his  Tempi 
 
 B.— MOUND   CALLED   THE   TOMB   OF   ACHILLE 
 
1872.]  THE  SEPULCHRES  OF  HEROES.  I  79 
 
 fices  here  in  the  temple  of  Achilles.*  Caracalla  also, 
 accompanied  by  his  army,  offered  sacrifices  to  the  manes 
 of  Achilles,  and  held  games  around  the  tomb.f  Homer 
 never  says  anything  about  a  river  in  the  Greek  camp,  which 
 probably  extended  along  the  whole  shore  between  Cape 
 Sigeum  and  the  Scamander,  which  at  that  time  occupied 
 the  ancient  bed  of  the  Kalifatli-Asmak.  But  the  latter, 
 below  the  village  of  Kumkoi,  is  at  all  events  identical 
 with  the  large  bed  of  the  small  stream  In-tepe-Asmak, 
 which  flows  into  the  Hellespont  near  Cape  Rhceteum. 
 
 "  M.  Nikola'i'des  further  quotes  the  following  lines  from 
 the  Tliad  (II.  811-815)  : — 
 
 "Eoti  8e  Tts  TrpoTrdpoiOe  7roAtos  ahreia  koXwvtj, 
 'Ev  7reStu)  aTrdvtvBt,  7repi8/30yu.os  evOa  xal  ev8a, 
 Trjv  T7T01  avBpes  BotTieiay  klkXtjo-kowlv, 
 ' AOdvaroL  Se  T€  crrjfxa  TroXvaKapO fxoto  Miyjivjys. 
 "E^vOa  totc  Tpwes  re.  SuKpiOev  778  i-KiKOvpoi. 
 
 '  Before  the  city  stands  a  lofty  mound, 
 Each  way  encircled  by  the  open  plain  ; 
 Men  call  it  Batiea;  but  the  Gods 
 The  tomb  of  swift  Myrina;  mustered  there 
 The  Trojans  and  Allies  their  troops  arrayed.' 
 
 M.  Nikolaides  gathers  from  this,  that  in  front  of  Ilium  there 
 was  a  very  high  hill,  upon  which  the  Trojan  army  of 
 50,000  men  were  marshalled  in  battle-array.  I,  however, 
 do  not  interpret  the  above  lines  by  supposing  that  the 
 mound  of  Batiea  was  large  and  spacious,  nor  that  50,000 
 were  marshalled  upon  it  in  battle-array.  On  the  contrary, 
 when  Homer  uses  the  word  '  anrvs '  for  height,  he  always 
 means  '  steep  and  lofty,'  and  upon  a  steep  and  lofty  height 
 50,000  Trojans  could  not  possibly  have  been  marshalled. 
 Moreover,  the  poet  expressly  says  that  the  steep  hill  is 
 called  by  the  gods  the  tomb  of  the  nimble-limbed  Myrina, 
 
 '"  Plutarch,  '  Life  of  Alexander  the  Great ' ;  Cicero,  pro  Archia,  10  ; 
 /Elian.   V.  H.,  12,  7. 
 
 +  Dio  Cassius,  LXXVII. 
 
 N   2 
 
180  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  X. 
 
 while  '  Batiea,'  the  name  which  men  gave  the  hill,  can 
 signify  only  '  the  tomb  of  Batiea.'  For,  according  to 
 Apollodorus  (iii.  12),  Batiea  was  the  daughter  of  the  Trojan 
 King  Teucer,  and  married  Dardanus,  who  had  immigrated 
 from  Samothrace,  and  who  eventually  became  the  founder 
 of  Troy.*  Myrina  was  one  of  the  Amazons  who  had  under- 
 taken the  campaign  against  Troy.f  Homer  can  never  have 
 wished  us  to  believe  that  50,000  warriors  were  marshalled 
 upon  a  steep  and  lofty  tumulus,  upon  whose  summit 
 scarcely  ten  men  could  stand ;  he  only  wished  to  indicate 
 the  locality  where  the  Trojan  army  was  assembled  ;  they 
 were  therefore  marshalled  round  or  beside  the  tumulus. 
 
 "  M.  Nikolaides  goes  on  to  say,  that  such  a  hill  still  exists 
 in  front  of  Bunarbashi,  whereas  there  is  no  hill  whatever,  not 
 even  a  mound,  before  Ilium  Novum.  My  answer  to  this 
 is  that  in  front  of  the  heights  of  Bunarbashi  there  are  none 
 of  those  conical  tumuli  called  '  o-rjfiaTa '  by  Homer,  that 
 however  there  must  have  been  one  in  front  of  Hissarlik, 
 where  I  am  digging,  but  it  has  disappeared,  as  do  all  earthen 
 mounds  when  they  are  brought  under  the  plough/};  Thus, 
 for  instance,  M.  Nikolaides,  during  his  one  day's  residence 
 in  the  Plain  of  Troy  in  the  year  1867,  still  found  the 
 tumulus  of  Antilochus  near  the  Scamander,  for  he  speaks 
 of  it  in  his  work  published  in  the  same  year.  I,  too,  saw 
 the  same  tumulus  in  August,  1868,  but  even  then  it  had 
 considerably  decreased  in  size,  for  it  had  just  begun  to  be 
 ploughed  over,  and  now  it  has  long  since  disappeared. 
 
 "  M.  Nikolaides  says  that  I  am  excavating  in  New  Ilium. 
 My  answer  is  that  the  city,  whose  depths  I  am  investigating, 
 was  throughout  antiquity,  nay  from  the  time  of  its  founda- 
 tion to  that  of  its  destruction,  always  simply  called  Ilium, 
 and  that   no  one  ever  called  it  New   Ilium,   for  everyone 
 
 *  Iliad,  XX.  2 1 5-2 1 8. 
 
 t  Herodotus,  I.  27  ;  Iliad,  III.  189-190;  Strabo,  XIII.  3. 
 
 %  But  see  further  on  this  point.  Chapter  XI..  pp.  197-S. — [En.  J 
 
1872.]  NEW  ILIUM  NO  ANCIENT  NAME.  181 
 
 believed  that  the  city  stood  on  the  site  of  the  Homeric  Ilium, 
 and  that  it  was  identical  with  it.  The  only  person  who 
 ever  doubted  its  identity  with  Ilium,  the  city  of  Priam,  was 
 Demetrius  of  Scepsis,  who  maintained  that  the  famous  old 
 city  had  stood  on  the  site  of  the  village  of  the  Ilians 
 ('iXieW  K(o[A7}),  which  lies  30  stadia  (3  geog.  miles)  to 
 the  south-east.  This  opinion  was  afterwards  shared  by 
 Strabo,  who  however,  as  he  himself  admits,  had  never 
 visited  the  Plain  of  Troy ;  hence  he  too  calls  the  town 
 '  to  a-q^epiuov  vlAio^,'  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Homeric 
 Ilium.  My  last  year's  excavations  on  the  site  of  the  'IXieW 
 Kdjfxrj  have,  however,  proved  that  the  continuous  elevation 
 on  one  side  of  it,  which  appeared  to  contain  the  ruins  of 
 great  town  walls,  contains  in  reality  nothing  but  mere 
 earth.  Wherever  I  investigated  the  site  of  the  ancient 
 village,  I  always  found  the  primary  soil  at  a  very  inconsider- 
 able depth,  and  nowhere  the  slightest  trace  of  a  town  ever 
 having  stood  there.  Hence  Demetrius  of  Scepsis  and 
 Strabo,  who  adopted  his  theory,  were  greatly  mistaken. 
 The  town  of  Ilium  was  only  named  Ilium  Novum  about 
 1000  years  after  its  complete  destruction ;  in  fact  this 
 name  was  only  given  to  it  in  the  year  1788  by  Lechevalier, 
 the  author  of  the  theory  that  the  Homeric  Ilium  stood  on 
 the  heights  of  Bunarbashi.  Unfortunately,  however,  as  his 
 work  and  map  of  the  Plain  of  Troy  prove,  Lechevalier 
 only  knew  of  the  town  from  hearsay ;  he  had  never  taken 
 the  trouble  to  come  here  himself,  and  hence  he  has  com- 
 mitted the  exceedingly  ludicrous  mistake,  in  his  map,  of 
 placing  his  New  Ilium  4^  miles  from  Hissarlik,  on  the 
 other  side  of  the  Scamander,  near  Kum-kaleh. 
 
 "  I  wonder  where  M.  Nikola'i'des  obtained  the  information 
 that  the  city  which  he  calls  Ilium  Novum  was  founded  by 
 Astypalaeus  in  the  sixth  century  B.C.  It  seems  that  he 
 simply  read  in  Strabo  (XIII.  602),  that  the  Astypalaeans, 
 living  in  Rhoeteum,  built  on  the  Simois  the  town  of 
 Polion  (which  name  passed  over  into   Polisma),  which,  as 
 
I  82  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap- x- 
 
 it  had  no  natural  fortifications,  was  soon  destroyed,  and 
 that  he  has  changed  this  statement  of  Strabo's  by  making 
 the  Astypahcans  build  Ilium  Novum  in  the  sixth  century 
 B.C.  In  the  following  sentence  Strabo  says  that  the  town 
 (Ilium)  arose  under  the  dominion  of  the  Lydians,  which 
 began  in  797  b.c  Whence  can  M.  NikolaYdes  have 
 obtained  the  information  that  the  foundation  of  the  town 
 was  made  in  the  sixth  century  ? 
 
 "  M.  Nikolaides  further  says  that  Homer  certainly  saw 
 the  successors  of  ./Eneas  ruling  in  Troy,  else  he  could  not 
 have  put  the  prophecy  of  that  dynasty  into  the  mouth  of 
 Poseidon.*  I  also  entertained  the  same  opinion,  until  my 
 excavations  proved  it  to  be  erroneous,  and  showed  un- 
 doubtedly that  Troy  was  completely  destroyed,  and  rebuilt 
 by  another  people. 
 
 "  As  a  further  proof  that  the  site  of  the  Homeric 
 Ilium  was  on  the  heights  of  Bunarbashi,  M.  NikolaYdes 
 says  that  the  Trojans  placed  a  scout  on  the  tumulus  of 
 /Esyetes,  to  watch  when  the  Achaeans  would  march  forth 
 from  their  ships,  and  he  thinks  that,  on  account  of  the 
 short  distance  from  the  Hellespont,  this  watching  would 
 have  been  superfluous  and  unreasonable  if,  as  I  say,  Troy 
 had  stood  on  the  site  of  Ilium,  which  M.  NikolaYdes  calls 
 Ilium  Novum.  I  am  astonished  at  this  remark  of  M. 
 NikolaYdes,  for,  as  he  can  see  from  his  own  map  of  the 
 Plain  of  Troy,  the  distance  from  hence  to  the  Hellespont 
 is  nearly  four  miles,  or  i£  hour's  walk,  whereas  no  human 
 eye  can  recognise  men  at  a  distance  of  1  mile,  much 
 less  at  a  distance  of  four.  M.  NikolaYdes,  however,  be- 
 lieves the  tumulus  of  iEsyetes  to  be  the  mound  called 
 Udjek-Tepe,  which  is  8  miles  or  3^  hours'  journey  from 
 the  Hellespont.  But  at  such  a  distance  the  human  eye 
 could  scarcely  see  the  largest  ships,  and  could  in  no  case 
 recognise  men. 
 
 *  Iliad,  XX.  307-308,  quoted  in  the  Introduction,  p.  19. 
 
1872.]  SPRINGS  CLOSE  TO  TROY.  I  83 
 
 "  In  like  manner,  the  assertion  of  M.  Nikola'ides,  that 
 there  is  no  spring  whatever  near  Hissarlik,  is  utterly  wrong. 
 It  would  be  unfortunate  for  me  if  this  were  true,  for  I  have 
 constantly  to  provide  my  130  workmen  with  fresh  water 
 to  drink ;  but,  thank  God,  close  to  my  excavations,  im- 
 mediately below  the  ruins  of  the  town-wall,  there  are  two 
 beautiful  springs,  one  of  which  is  even  a  double  one. 
 M.  Nikola'ides  is  also  wrong  in  his  assertion  that  the 
 Scamander  does  not  flow,  and  never  has  flowed,  between 
 Hissarlik  and  the  Hellespont ;  for,  as  already  stated,  the 
 Scamander  must  at  one  time  have  occupied  the  large 
 and  splendid  bed  of  the  Kalifatli-Asmak,  which  runs  into 
 the-  Hellespont  near  Cape  Rhceteum,  and  which  is  not 
 given  in  the  map  of  M.  Nikola'ides. 
 
 "  Lastly,  he  is  completely  wrong  in  his  statement  that 
 the  hill  of  Hissarlik,  where  I  am  digging,  lies  at  the 
 extreme  north-eastern  end  of  the  Plain  of  Troy ;  for,  as 
 everyone  may  see  by  a  glance  at  the  map,  the  Plain 
 extends  still  further  to  the  north-east  an  hour  and  a  half 
 in  length  and  half  an  hour  in  breadth,  and  only  ends  at 
 the  foot  of  the  heights  of  Renko'i*  and  the  ancient  city  of 
 Ophrynium. 
 
 "  It  will  be  easily  understood  that,  being  engaged  with 
 my  superhuman  works,  I  have  not  a  moment  to  spare, 
 and  therefore  I  cannot  waste  my  precious  time  with  idle 
 talk.  I  beg  M.  Nikola'ides  to  come  to  Troy,  and  to 
 convince  himself  with  his  own  eyes  that,  in  refuting  his 
 erroneous  statements,  I  have  described  all  I  see  here  before 
 me  with  the  most  perfect  truth." 
 
(      1 84     ) 
 
 CHAPTER    XI. 
 
 Increase  of  men  and  machinery  and  cost  on  the  works  :  but  slow  pro- 
 gress—  Continued  hurricane  on  "  the  windy  Ilium  "  ("IAios  ^rc/xoccro-a) 
 —  The  great  platform  proves  too  high  —  New  cutting  —  Excavation 
 of  the  temple  —  Objects  found  —  Greek  statuettes  in  terra-cotta  — 
 Many  whorls  with  7-+^  and  suns  —  Wheel-shaped  whorls  with  simple 
 patterns  in  the  lowest  strata — Terra-cotta  balls  with  suns  and  stars — 
 Use  of  the  whorls  as  amulets  or  coins  discussed  —  Little  bowls, 
 probably  lamps  —  Other  articles  of  pottery — Funnels — A  terra- 
 cotta bell  —  Various  beautiful  terra-cottas  —  Attempts  at  forgery 
 by  the  workmen  —  Mode  of  naming  the  men  —  The  springs  in  front 
 of  Ilium  —  Question  of  Homer's  hot  and  cold  spring  —  Course  of 
 the  Simoi's  —  The  tomb  of  Batiea  or  Myrina  identified  with  the 
 Pacha  Tepe  —  Theatre  of  Lysimachus  —  Heat  and  wind  —  Plague 
 of  insects  and  scorpions  —  Konstantinos  Kolobos,  a  native  genius 
 without  feet. 
 
 On  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  July  13th,  1872. 
 
 My  last  report  was  dated  the  18th  of  June.  As  the  great 
 extent  of  my  excavations  renders  it  necessary  for  me 
 to  work  with  no  less  than  120  men,  I  have  already  been 
 obliged,  on  account  of  the  harvest  season,  to  increase  the 
 daily  wages  to  12  piasters  since  the  1st  of  June;  but  even 
 this  would  not  have  enabled  me  to  collect  the  requisite 
 number  of  men,  had  not  Mr.  Max  Midler,  the  German 
 Consul  in  Gallipoli,  had  the  kindness  to  send  me  40  work- 
 men from  that  place.  In  consequence  of  this,  even  during 
 the  busiest  harvest  season,  I  have  always  had  from  120  to 
 130  workmen,  and  now  that  the  harvest  is  over,  I  have 
 constantly  150.  To  facilitate  the  works,  I  have  procured, 
 through  the  kindness  of  the  English  Consul  in  Con- 
 stantinople, Mr.  Charles  Cookson,  10  "man-carts,"  which 
 
Chap.  XL  1872.]  "  ILIUM  THE  WINDY."  1 85 
 
 are  drawn  by  two  men  and  pushed  by  a  third.  The  same 
 gentleman  also  sent  me  20  wheel-barrows,  so  that  I  now 
 work  with  10  man-carts  and  88  wheel-barrows.  In  addi- 
 tion to  these  I  keep  six  more  carts  with  horses,  each  of 
 which  costs  5  francs  a  day,  so  that  the  total  cost  of  my 
 excavations  amounts  to  more  than  400  francs  (16/.)  a 
 day.  Besides  battering-rams,  chains,  and  windlasses,  my 
 implements  consist  of  24  large  iron  levers,  108  spades,  and 
 103  pickaxes,  all  of  the  best  English  manufacture.  From 
 sunrise  to  sunset  all  are  busily  at  work,  for  I  have  three 
 capital  foremen,  and  my  wife  and  I  are  always  present  at 
 the  works.  But  for  all  this  I  do  not  think  that  I  now 
 remove  more  than  400  cubic  yards  of  debris  in  a  day,  for 
 the  distance  is  always  increasing,  and  in  several  places  it 
 is  already  more  than  262  feet.  Besides  this,  the  continual 
 hurricane  from  the  north,  which  drives  the  dust  into 
 our  eyes  and  blinds  us,  is  exceedingly  disturbing.  This 
 perpetual  high  wind  is  perhaps  explained  by  the  fact  that 
 the  Sea  of  Marmora,  with  the  Black  Sea  behind  it,  is  con- 
 nected with  the  iEgean  Sea  by  a  strait  comparatively  so 
 narrow.  Now,  as  such  perpetual  high  winds  are  unknown 
 in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  Homer  must  have  lived  in 
 the  Plain  of  Troy,  otherwise  he  would  not  have  so  often 
 given  to  his  Taios  the  appropriate  epithet  of  "  rjpefxoeaaa  " 
 (the  "  windy "  or  "  stormy "),  which  he  gives  to  no  other 
 place. 
 
 As  I  have  already  said,  at  a  perpendicular  depth  of  12 
 meters  (39^  feet)  below  the  summit  of  the  hill  (on  the 
 site  of  what  is  probably  the  temple  built  by  Lysimachus) 
 I  have  dug  a  platform,  102  feet  broad  below  and  112  feet 
 wide  at  the  top:  it  already  extends  to  a  length  of  82  feet. 
 But  to  my  great  alarm  I  rind  that  I  have  made  it  at  least 
 5  meters  (i6h  feet)  too  high;  for,  in  spite  of  the  great 
 depth  and  the  great  distance  from  the  declivity  of  the  hill, 
 I  am  here  still  in  the  debris  of  the  Greek  colony,  whereas 
 on  the  northern  declivity  of  the  hill  I  generallv  reached  the 
 
1 86  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XI. 
 
 ruins  of  the  preceding  people  at  a  depth  of  less  than  6h 
 feet.  To  make  the  whole  platform  i6h  feet  lower  would 
 be  a  gigantic  piece  of  work,  for  which  I  have  no  patience 
 at  present,  on  account  of  the  advanced  season  of  the  year. 
 But  in  order  as  soon  as  possible  to  find  out  what  lies 
 hidden  in  the  depths  of  this  temple,  I  have  contented 
 myself  with  making  a  cutting  26  feet  broad  above  and 
 13  feet  wide  below,  exactly  i6i  feet  below  the  platform 
 and  in  the  centre  of  it.  This  cutting  I  am  having  dug 
 out  at  the  same  time  from  below  and  on  two  terraces,  so 
 it  advances  rapidly. 
 
 Since  the  discovery  of  the  Sun-god  with  the  four  horses, 
 many  blocks  of  marble  with  representations  of  suns  and 
 flowers  have  been  found,  but  no  sculptures  of  any  impor- 
 tance. As  yet  very  few  other  objects  have  been  brought 
 to  light  from  the  excavation  of  the  temple ;  only  a  few 
 round  terra-cottas  with  the  usual  decoration  of  the  central 
 sun  surrounded  by  three,  four,  or  five  triple  or  quad- 
 ruple rising  suns ;  knives  of  silex  in  the  form  of  saws,  a 
 few  pretty  figures  in  terra-cotta,  among  which  is  a  priestess 
 with  very  expressive  Assyrian  features,  with  a  dress  of  a 
 brilliant  red  and  green  colour,  and  a  red  cloth  round  her 
 head  ;  also  a  small  bowl,  the  lower  end  of  which  represents 
 the  head  of  a  mouse.  The  mouse,  it  is  well  known,  is  a 
 creature  inspired  by  the  vapours  of  the  earth,  and,  as  the 
 symbol  of  wisdom,  was  sacred  to  Apollo.  According  to 
 Strabo  (XIII.  p.  613)  Apollo  is  said  to  have  caused  mice 
 to  show  the  Teucrians,  who  migrated  from  Crete,  the 
 place  where  they  were  to  settle.  However,  the  bowl  with 
 the  head  of  a  mouse  is  no  more  a  proof  that  the  temple 
 built  here  by  Lysimachus  was  dedicated  to  Apollo  than  is 
 the  metope  representing  the  Sun-god  with  four  horses. 
 
 In  the  other  parts  of  my  excavations,  since  my  last 
 report,  we  have  again  brought  to  light  an  immense  number 
 of  round  terra-cottas,  and  among  them,  from  a  depth  of 
 from  4  to  10  meters  (13  to  ^^  feet),  a  remarkable  number 
 
1872.]  INTERESTING  WHORLS.  1 87 
 
 with  three,  four,  or  five  ^[-j  round  the  central  sun.*  One, 
 from  a  depth  of  23  feet,f  shows  the  central  sun  surrounded  by- 
 six  suns,  through  each  of  which  a  pj-J  passes  ;  upon  another, 
 found  at  a  depth  of  33  feet,  the  central  sun  has  12  trees 
 instead  of  rays  ;J  upon  a  third,  brought  from  a  depth  of  \6\ 
 feet,  the  sun  has  seven  rays  in  the  form  of  fishing-hooks, 
 one  in  the  form  of  the  figure  three  and  two  in  the  shape  of 
 the  Phoenician  letter  Nun,  then  follow  1 2  sheaves  of  rays,  in 
 each  of  which  are  four  little  stars ;  upon  a  fourth  terra- 
 cotta, which  I  found  at  a  depth  of  i6h  feet,  there  are  four 
 rising  suns  and  a  tree  in  the  circle  round  the  sun.§  I  very 
 frequently  find  between  the  rising  suns  three  or  four  rows 
 of  three  dots  running  towards  the  central  sun,  ||  which, 
 as  already  said,  according  to  E.  Burnouf,  denote  "  royal 
 majesty "  in  the  Persian  cuneiform  inscriptions.  It  is 
 certain  that  this  symbol  is  here  also  intended  to  glorify  the 
 Sun-god.  At  a  depth  of  from  7  to  10  meters  (23  to  ^^ 
 feet)  we  also  find  round  terra-cottas,  upon  which  the  entire 
 surface  round  the  sun  is  filled  with  little  stars,  and  in 
 addition  only  one  p|-j. 
 
 During  the  last  few  days  we  have  also  found,  in 
 the  strata  next  above  the  primary  soil,  at  a  depth  of  from 
 46  to  36  feet,  a  number  of  round  brilliant  black  terra- 
 cottas of  exquisite  workmanship  ;  most  of  them  much  flatter 
 than  those  occurring  in  the  higher  strata,  and  resembling 
 a  wheel ;  many  are  in  the  shape  of  large  flat  buttons.^] 
 But  we  also  meet  with  some  in  the  form  of  tops  and 
 volcanoes,  which  differ  from  those  found  in  the  higher 
 strata  only  by  the  fineness  of  the  terra-cotta  and  by  their 
 better  workmanship.  The  decorations  on  these  very 
 ancient  articles  are,  however,  generally  much  simpler  than 
 
 *  See  the  Plates  of  Whorls,  Nos.  350,  351,  352,  356,  357,  359,  &c. 
 t  Plate  XXVI.,  No.  362.     M.  Burnouf  calls  these  "the  6  bi-monthly 
 sacrifices." 
 
 t  Plate  XXXIIL,  No.  402.  §  Plate  XXXIV.,  No.  403. 
 
 ||   Plate  XXII..  No.  320.  If  See  the  Sections  on  Plate  XXI. 
 
i88 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XI. 
 
 those  met  with  above  a  depth  of  10  meters  (33  feet),  and 
 are  mostly  confined  to  the  representation  of  the  sun  with 
 its  rays,  or  with  stars  between  the  latter,  or  of  the  sun  in 
 the  centre  of  a  simple  cross,  or  in  the  middle  of  four  or 
 rive  double  or  treble  rising  suns.  At  a  depth  of  6  meters 
 (20  feet)  we  again  found  a  round  terra-cotta  in  the  form  of 
 a  volcano,  upon  which  are  engraved  three  antelopes  in  the 
 circle  round  the  sun. 
 
 At  a  depth  of  from  5  to  8  meters  (i6i  to  16  feet)  a 
 number  of  terra-cotta  balls  were  found,  the  surface  of 
 each  being  divided  into  eight  fields ;  these  contain  a  great 
 many  small  suns  and  stars,  either  enclosed  by  circles  or 
 standing  alone.  Most  of  the  balls,  however,  are  without 
 divisions  and  covered  with  stars ;  upon  some  I  find  the  P}-} 
 and  the  tree  of  life,  which,  as  already  said,  upon  a  terra- 
 cotta ball  found  at  a  depth  of  16  feet,  had  stars  between 
 its  branches. 
 
 o       o       oo°ooo 
 
 ft^X^^ 
 
 o     o    o    o    o  o  o 
 
 No.  143.     Terra-cotta  Ball,  representing  apparently  the  climates  of  the  globe  (8  M.).* 
 
 Among  the  thousands  and  thousands   of  round  terra- 
 cottas  in  the  form  of  the  volcano,   the  top,  or  the  wheel, 
 
 *  In  the  ball  here  depicted  there  is  no  mistaking  the  significance  of 
 the  line  of  j-j^,  the  symbols  of  fire,  as  denoting  the  torrid  zone.  The 
 three  dots  are,  according  to  M.  Burnouf,  the  symbol  of  royal  majesty 
 therein  residing.  The  two  rows  of  dots  parallel  to  the  torrid  zone  may 
 possibly  represent  the  inhabited  regions  of  the  temperate  zones,  accord- 
 ing to  the  oriental  theory  followed  by  Plato. — [Ed.] 
 
i872.]  USES  OF  THE  WHORLS.  189 
 
 which  are  found  here  from  the  surface  down  to  a  depth  of 
 from  14  and  16  meters  (46  to  53  feet) — that  is,  from  the 
 end  of  the  Greek  colony  down  to  the  ruined  strata  of  the 
 first  inhabitants,  I  have  not  yet  found  a  single  one  with 
 symbolical  signs,  upon  which  I  could  discover  the  slightest 
 trace  that  it  had  been  used  for  any  domestic  purpose.*  On 
 the  other  hand,  among  those  which  have  no  decorations  I 
 find  a  few,  perhaps  two  in  a  hundred,  of  those  in  the  form 
 of  volcanoes,  the  upper  surfaces  of  which  show  distinct 
 traces  of  rubbing,  as  if  from  having  been  used  on  the 
 spinning-wheel  or  loom.  That  these  articles,  which  are 
 frequently  covered  with  the  finest  and  most  artistic  en- 
 gravings, should  have  served  as  weights  for  fishing-nets,  is 
 utterly  inconceivable,  for,  apart  from  all  other  reasons 
 opposed  to  such  a  supposition,  pieces  of  terra-cotta  have 
 not  the  requisite  weight,  and  of  course  are  directly  spoilt 
 by  being  used  in  water. 
 
 M.  E.  Burnouf  writes  to  me,  that  these  exceedingly 
 remarkable  objects  were  either  worn  by  the  Trojans 
 and  their  successors  as  amulets,  or  must  have  been 
 used  as  coins.  Both  of  these  suppositions,  however,  seem 
 to  me  to  be  impossible.  For  amulets  they  are  much 
 too  large  and  heavy,  for  they  are  from  above  1  inch  to 
 nearly  2  inches,  and  some  even  2-A-  inches,  in  diameter, 
 and  from  f  of  an  inch  to  nearly  2  inches  high ;  more- 
 over, it  would  be  most  uncomfortable  to  wear  even  a 
 single  one  of  these  heavy  pieces  on  the  neck  or  breast. 
 That  they  were  used  as  coins  appears  to  me  inconceivable, 
 on  account  of  the  religious  symbols  ;  moreover,  if  they  had 
 been  so  used,  they  would  show  traces  of  wear  from  their 
 continual  transfer.  The  white  substance  with  which  the 
 engravings  are  filled  seems  also  to  contradict  their  having 
 been  used  as  coins ;  for  in  their  constant  passage  from 
 hand   to   hand  it  would    have   soon   disappeared.     Lastly, 
 
 *  See  the  qualification  of  this  statement  on  p.  40. 
 
190  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XI. 
 
 such  an  use  is  inconsistent  with  the  fact  that  they  also  occur 
 in  the  strata  of  the  Greek  colony,  in  which  I  find  a  number 
 of  copper  and  some  silver  coins  of  Ilium.  However,  the 
 latter  belong  for  the  most  part  to  the  time  of  the  Roman 
 emperors,  and  I  cannot  say  with  certainty  that  they  reach 
 back  beyond  our  Christian  era.  There  are,  however,  coins 
 of  Sigeum,  which  probably  belong  to  the  second  century 
 before  Christ,  for  in  Strabo's  time  this  town  was  already 
 destroyed. 
 
 At  a  depth  of  14  meters  (46  feet)  I  find,  among 
 other  curious  objects,  small  round  bowls  only  if  inch  in 
 diameter ;  some  of  them  have,  on  the  edge  of  the  bottom, 
 four  little  feet  with  a  perforated  hole,  and  in  the  centre  a 
 
 No.  144.     Small  Terracotta  Vessel  irom  the  lowest  Stratum,  with  four  perforated  feet,  and  one 
 foot  in  the  middle  (14  M.).* 
 
 fifth  little  foot  without  a  hole.  Other  bowrls  of  the  same 
 size  have  four  little  feet,  only  two  of  which  have  a  per- 
 forated hole.  My  conjecture  is  that  all  of  these  small 
 bowls,  which  could  both  stand  and  be  hung  up,  were 
 used  by  the  ancient  Trojans  as  lamps.  Among  the  ruins 
 of  the  three  succeeding  nations  I  find  no  trace  of  lamps, 
 and  only  at  a  depth  of  less  than  a  meter  (3^  feet)  do  I 
 find  Greek  \v^yoi. 
 
 At  the  depth  of  2  meters  (6h  feet)  I  found,  among 
 the  ruins  of  a  house,  a  great  quantity  of  very  small 
 bowls,  only   3~4ths    of  an   inch   high   and    2~5ths   of  an 
 
 *  In  the  Atlas,  Dr.  Schliemann  describes  this  and  another  such  as 
 Trojan  lamps,  but  adds  that  they  may  be  only  vase  covers. 
 
1872.]  INSCRIBED  FUNNELS.  191 
 
 inch  broad,  together  with  their  small  lids ;  their  use  is 
 unknown  to  me.  At  all  depths  below  4  meters  (13  feet) 
 I  find  the  small  flat  saucers  of  from  nearly  2  inches  to 
 above  3  inches  in  diameter,  with  two  holes  opposite  each 
 other;  from  4  to  7  meters  (13  to  23  feet)  they  are 
 coarse,  but  from  7  to  10  meters  (23  to  ^  ^eet)  they  are 
 finer,  and  from  13  to  14  meters  (425  to  46  feet)  they  are 
 very  fine.  I  am  completely  ignorant  as  to  what  they  can 
 have  been  used  for.  At  all  these  depths  I  also  find  funnels 
 from  2!  to  above  3  inches  long,  the  broad  end  of  which 
 is  only  a  little  above  an  inch  in  diameter.  In  the  upper 
 strata  they  are  made  of  very  coarse  clay,  but  at  an  increas- 
 ing depth  they  gradually  become  better,   and  at  a  depth 
 
 Nos.  145,  146.     Two  little  Funnels  of  Terra-cotta,  inscribed  with  Cyprian  Letters  (3  m.). 
 
 of  46  feet  they  are  made  of  very  good  terra-cotta.  It  is 
 extremely  remarkable,  however,  that  these  curious  and 
 very  "  unpractical "  funnels  were  kept  in  use  in  an  entirely 
 unchanged  pattern  by  all  the  tribes  which  inhabited  Ilium 
 from  the  foundation  of  the  city  to  before  the  Greek  colony. 
 I  also  find,  in  the  second  and  third  strata,  terra-cottas  in  the 
 form  of  the  primitive  canoes  which  were  made  of  the  hollowed 
 trunk  of  a  tree.  From  4  to  7  meters  (13  to  23  feet)  they 
 are  coarse,  and  about  4  inches  long ;  at  a  depth  of  from 
 7  to  10  meters  (23  to  33  feet)  they  are  finer,  and  from 
 i|  to  2|  inches  long.  They  may  have  been  used  as  salt- 
 cellars   or    pepper-boxes ;    I    found    several    with   fiat  lids. 
 
92 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XI. 
 
 No.  147.    A  Trojan 
 Humming-top  (7  M.). 
 
 No.  148.  Terra-cotta  Bell, 
 or  Clapper,  or  Rattle 
 (5  M.,  7  in  the  Photo- 
 graph.1. 
 
 These  vessels  cease  to  be  found  in  the  lowest  stratum. 
 Miniature  vases  and  pots,  between  i  and  2  inches  high, 
 are  frequently  found  in  all  the  strata  from  a  depth  of 
 from    10   to  33  feet;  at  a  depth  of  from  46  to  52^  feet 
 
 only  three  miniature 
 pots  were  discovered  ; 
 one  is  not  quite  an 
 inch  high.  At  a  depth 
 of  5  meters  (16^  feet) 
 we  found  a  perfectly 
 closed  earthen  vessel 
 with  a  handle,  which 
 seems  to  have  been 
 used  as  a  bell,  for 
 there  are  pieces  of 
 metal  inside  of  it  which  ring  when  it  is  shaken. 
 
 Of  cups  (vase-covers)  with  owls'  heads  and  helmets, 
 since  my  last  report  two  have  been  brought  out  from  a 
 depth  of  10  and  rr  feet,  two  from  16  feet,  and  one  from 
 26  feet.  The  first  are  made  of  bad  terra-cotta  and 
 are  inartistic ;  those  from  a  depth  of  1 6  feet  are  much 
 better  finished  and  of  a  better  clay ;  while  that  from 
 26  feet  (8  meters)  is  so  beautiful,  that  one  is  inclined  to 
 say  that  it  represents  the  actual  portrait  of  the  goddess 
 with  the  owl's  face.*  During  these  last  few  days  we  have 
 found  a  number  of  those  splendid  red  cups  in  the  form 
 of  large  champagne-glasses,  without  a  foot,  but  with  two 
 enormous  handles,  one  of  which  was  io^  inches  high; 
 but  I  have  already  found  one  r2^  inches  in  height.  From 
 a  depth  of  from  16  to  ^^  feet  we  have  also  brought  out 
 many  small  pots  with  three  little  feet,  with  rings  at  the 
 sides  and  holes  in  the  mouth  for  hanging  up,  and  with 
 pretty   engraved   decorations.      Upon  the  whole,  we  have 
 
 ':;'  The  one  meant  seems  to  be  that  engraved  on  p.  115  (No.  74). 
 
1872.]  DECORATED  VASES.  1 93 
 
 met    with  many  beautiful  terra-cottas  from  all  the  strata 
 during  the  last  few  days. 
 
 I  have  still  to  describe  one  of  those  very  pretty  vases 
 which  occur  abundantly  at  the  depth  of  from  7  to  10 
 meters  (23  to  33  feet),  and  have  either  two  closed  handles, 
 or,  in  place  of  them,  two  handles  with  perforated  holes, 
 and  also  two  holes  in  the  mouth  in  the  same  direction  ; 
 thus  they  could  stand  or  be  hung  up  by  means  of  strings 
 drawn  through  the  four  holes.  They  have  in  most  cases 
 decorations  all  round  them,  which  generally  consist,  above 
 and  below,  of  three  parallel  lines  drawn  round  them  horizon- 
 tally ;  between  these  there  are  24  perpendicular  lines,  which 
 likewise  run  parallel;  the  spaces  formed  by  the  latter  are 
 filled  alternately  with  three  or  six  little  stars.*  At  a  depth 
 of  from  7  to  10  meters  (23  to  ^^  feet)  we  also  meet, 
 although  seldom,  with  vases  having  cuneiform  decorations. 
 I  must,  however,  remind  the  reader  that  all  the  decorations 
 met  with  here,  at  a  depth  of  from  33  feet  up  to  6h  feet, 
 have  always  been  more  or  less  artistically  engraved  upon 
 the  terra-cottas  when  they  were  still  soft  and  unburnt, 
 that  all  of  the  vases  have  a  uniform  colour  (though  the 
 ordinary  pots  are  in  most  cases  uncoloured),  and  that  we 
 have  never  found  a  trace  of  painting  in  these  depths,  with 
 the  exception  of  a  curious  box  in  the  form  of  a  band-box, 
 found  at  a  depth  of  8  meters  (26  feet),  which  has  three 
 feet  as  well  as  holes  for  hanging  it  up.  It  is  adorned 
 on  all  sides  with  red  decorations  on  a  yellow  ground, 
 and  on  its  lid  there  is  a  large  pj-|  or  a  very  similar  symbol 
 of  the  Maya,  the  fire-machine  of  our  Aryan  forefathers. 
 
 In  the  lowest  stratum  also,  at  the  depth  of  52^  feet, 
 I  found  only  the  one  fragment,  already  described,  of 
 a  vase  with  an  actual  painting,  f  All  of  the  other  vessels 
 found  in  these  strata,  even  the  round  terra-cottas  in  the 
 form    of   wheels,    volcanoes,  or    tops,    are    of   a    brilliant 
 
 *  See  Cut,  No.  149,  p.  199.  t  See  Cut,  No.  t,  p.  15. 
 
 o 
 
194  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XI. 
 
 black,  red  or  brown  colour,  and  the  decorations  are 
 artistically  engraved  and  filled  with  a  white  substance,  so 
 as  to  be  more  striking  to  the  eye. 
 
 As  every  object  belonging  to  the  dark  night  of  the 
 pre-Hellenic  times,  and  bearing  traces  of  human  skill  in 
 art,  is  to  me  a  page  of  history,  I  am,  above  all  things, 
 obliged  to  take  care  that  nothing  escapes  me.  I  therefore 
 pay  my  workmen  a  reward  of  10  paras  (5  centime?,  or  a 
 half-penny)  for  every  object  that  is  of  the  slightest  value  to 
 me;  for  instance,  for  every  round  terra-cotta  with  religious 
 symbols.  And,  incredible  as  it  may  seem,  in  spite  of  the 
 enormous  quantities  of  these  articles  that  are  discovered, 
 my  workmen  have  occasionally  attempted  to  make  deco- 
 rations on  the  unornamented  articles,  in  order  to  obtain 
 the  reward  ;  the  sun  with  its  rays  is  the  special  object  of 
 their  industry.  I,  of  course,  detect  the  forged  symbols  at 
 once,  and  always  punish  the  forger  by  deducting  2  piasters 
 from  his  day's  wages ;  but,  owing  to  the  constant  change 
 of  workmen,  forgery  is  still  attempted  from  time  to  time. 
 
 As  I  cannot  remember  the  names  of  the  men  engaged 
 in  my  numerous  works,  I  give  each  a  name  of  my  own 
 invention  according  to  their  more  or  less  pious,  military 
 or  learned  appearance :  dervish,  monk,  pilgrim,  corporal, 
 doctor,  schoolmaster,  and  so  forth.  As  soon  as  I  have 
 given  a  man  such  a  name,  the  good  fellow  is  called  so  by 
 all  as  long  as  he  is  with  me.  I  have  accordingly  a  number 
 of  Doctors,  not  one  of  whom  can  either  read  or  write. 
 
 Yesterday,  at  a  depth  of  13  meters  (43^  feet),  between 
 the  stones  of  the  oldest  city,  I  again  came  upon  two  toads, 
 which  hopped  off  as  soon  as  they  found  themselves  free. 
 
 In  my  last  report  I  did  not  state  the  exact  number  of 
 springs  in  front  of  Ilium.  I  have  now  visited  all  the 
 springs  myself,  and  measured  their  distance  from  my  ex- 
 cavations, and  I  can  give  the  following  account  of  them. 
 The  first  spring,  which  is  situated  directly  below  the  ruins 
 of  the  ancient  town-wall,  is  exactly  36$  meters  (399  yards) 
 
1872.]  THE  SPRINGS  OF  HOMER.  195 
 
 from  my  excavations ;  its  water  has  a  temperature  of 
 1 6°  Celsius  (6o-8°  Fahrenheit).  It  is  enclosed  to  a  height 
 of  6h  feet  by  a  wall  of  large  stones  joined  with  cement, 
 gl  feet  in  breadth,  and  in  front  of  it  there  are  two  stone 
 troughs  for  watering  cattle.  The  second  spring,  which 
 is  likewise  still  below  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  town-wall, 
 is  exactly  725  meters  (793  yards)  distant  from  my  ex- 
 cavations. It  has  a  similar  enclosure  of  large  stones,  7 
 feet  high  and  5  feet  broad,  and  has  the  same  temperature. 
 But  it  is  out  of  repair,  and  the  water  no  longer  runs 
 through  the  stone  pipe  in  the  enclosure,  but  along  the 
 ground  before  it  reaches  the  pipe.  The  double  spring 
 spoken  of  in  my  last  report  is  exactly  945  meters  (1033 
 yards)  from  my  excavations.  It  consists  of  two  distinct 
 springs,  which  run  out  through  two  stone  pipes  lying 
 beside  each  other  in  the  enclosure  composed  of  large 
 stones  joined  with  earth,  which  rises  to  a  height  of  7 
 feet  and  is  23  feet  broad ;  its  temperature  is  1 70  Celsius 
 (6i'6°  Fahrenheit).  In  front  of  these  two  springs  there 
 are  six  stone  troughs,  which  are  placed  in  such  a 
 manner  that  the  superfluous  water  always  runs  from  the 
 first  trough  through  all  the  others.  It  is  extremely 
 probable  that  these  are  the  two  springs  mentioned  by 
 Homer,  beside  which  Hector  was  killed.*     When  the  poet 
 
 Iliad,  XXII.  145-156  : — 
 
 Ot  8e  Trapa  ffKOTriTjv  Kal   tpivebv  r)ve/j.uevra 
 T€i'xfos  aliv   vtt(k  Kar'   afxa^trbv  iacrevovro, 
 Kpovfiii   8'  'inavov  KaWippow,    tvda.  re    wrryal 
 Aoiai  avaiaaovai  ^KapLavSpov  SivrjevTos. 
 'H  fj.(u  yap  8'   vSaTi  AtapiS   p4ei,   a/Afpl  8e   Kairvbs 
 riyverai   e£  avTTJs  ws  el  irvpbs   aWofievoio' 
 'H    8'    trepr)    0epei'  Trpopea   (lkvTo.  xa^iV 
 *H    xl"vl  ^VXPV    ')   e'£   CSaros   KpucrrdWo-. 
 'Ecfla  8'   err    avrawv  tcXvvoI   tvptes   iyyvs   eafftv 
 KaAot   AaiVeot,   bdt   eijuaro   aiyaKoevTa 
 YVKvviffKuv  Tpuiiav  aAoxoi   KaAai  re   Qvyarpes 
 Tb  irplf  ear'   dprivris,  irplv  e\8uv  vias  'Ax^^"- 
 
 "They"  (Hector  and  Achilles,  in  flight  and  pursuit) 
 "They  by  the  watch-tower,  and  beneath  the  wall  [Where 
 
 O     2 
 
1 96  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XI. 
 
 describes  the  one  as  boiling  hot,  the  other  as  cold  as  ice. 
 this  is  probably  to  be  understood  in  a  metaphorical  sense; 
 for  the  water  of  both  these  springs  runs  into  the  neigh- 
 bouring Simo'is,  and  thence  into  the  Kalifatli-Asmak,  whose 
 enormous  bed  was  at  one  time  occupied  by  the  Scamander  ; 
 the  latter,  however,  as  is  well  known,  comes  from  Mount 
 Ida  from  a  hot  and  a  cold  spring. 
 
 I  remarked  in  my  last  memoir  that  the  Doumbrek-Su 
 (Simo'is)  still  flows  past  the  north  of  Ilium  into  the  former 
 channel  of  the  Scamander,  and  I  afterwards  said  that  one 
 of  its  arms  flowed  into  the  sea  near  Cape  Rhceteum.  This 
 remark  requires  some  explanation.  The  sources  of  the 
 Simo'is  lie  at  a  distance  of  eight  hours  from  Hissarlik ; 
 and,  as  far  down  as  the  neighbouring  village  of  Chalil-Ko'i', 
 though  its  water  is  drawn  off  into  four  different  channels 
 for  turning  mills,  its  great  bed  has  always  an  abun- 
 dance of  water  even  during  the  hottest  summer  weather. 
 At  Chalil-Ko'i',  however,  it  divides  itself  into  two  arms  ;  one 
 of  which,  after  it  has  turned  a  mill,  flows  into  the  Plain  in  a 
 north-westerly  direction,  forms  an  immense  marsh,  and  parts 
 into  two  branches,  one  of  which  again  falls  into  the  other 
 arm,  which  flows  in  a  westerly  direction  from  Chalil-KoY, 
 and  then  empties  itself  directly  into  the  Kalifatli-Asmak, 
 the  ancient  bed  of  the  Scamander.  The  other  arm  of  the 
 Simo'is,  which  flowed  in  a  north-westerly  direction  from 
 Chalil-Ko'i',  after  it  has  received  a  tributary  from  the  Kali- 
 fatli-Asmak by  means   of  an   artificial   canal,   turns   direct 
 
 Where  stood  the  wind-beat  fig-tree,  raced  amain 
 Along  the  public  road,  until  they  reached 
 The  fairly-flowing  founts,  whence  issued  forth, 
 From  double  source,  Scamander's  eddying  streams. 
 One  with  hot  current  flows,  and  from  beneath, 
 As  from  a  furnace,  clouds  of  steam  arise  ; 
 'Mid  Summer's  heat  the  other  rises  cold 
 As  hail,  or  snow,  or  water  crystallized  ; 
 Beside  the  fountains  stood  the  washing-troughs 
 Of  well-wrought  stone,  where  erst  the  wives  of  Troy 
 And  daughters  fair  their  choicest  garments  washed, 
 In  peaceful  times,  ere  came  the  sons  of  Greece." 
 
1872.]  THE  TOMB  OF  BATIEA.  I  97 
 
 north,  and,  under  the  name  of  In-tepe-Asmak,  falls  into 
 the  Hellespont  through  an  enormously  broad  bed,  which 
 certainly  was  at  one  time  occupied  by  the  Kalifatli-Asmak, 
 and  in  remote  antiquity  by  the  Scamander,  and  is  close  to 
 the  sepulchral  mound  of  Ajax,  which  is  called  In-tepe.  I 
 must  draw  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  name  of  Ajax 
 (Atias,  gen.  Aiclvtos)  can  even  be  recognised  in  the  Turkish 
 name  (7^-tepe  :    Tepe  signifies  "  hill.") 
 
 In  returning  to  the  article  by  M.  Nikola'kles,  I  can  now 
 also  refute  his  assertion  that  near  Ilium,  where  I  am  digging, 
 there  is  no  hill  which  can  be  regarded  as  the  one  described 
 by  Homer  as  the  tomb  of  Batiea  or  the  Amazon  Myrina.* 
 
 Strabo  (XIII.  i.  p.  109)  quotes  the  lines  already  cited 
 from  the  Iliad  |  (II.  790-794)  as  an  argument  against 
 the  identity  of  Ilium  with  the  Ilium  of  Priam,  and  adds : 
 "  If  Troy  had  stood  on  the  site  of  the  Ilium  of  that 
 day,  Polites  would  have  been  better  able  to  watch  the 
 movements  of  the  Greeks  in  the  ships  from  the  summit  of 
 the  Pergamus  than  from  the  tumulus  of  TEsyetes,  which 
 lies  on  the  road  to  Alexandria  Troas,  5  stadia  (half  a 
 geographical  mile)  from  Ilium." 
 
 Strabo  is  perfectly  right  in  saying  that  the  Greek  camp 
 must  have  been  more  readily  seen  from  the  summit  of 
 the  Pergamus  than  from  a  sepulchral  mound  on  the  road 
 to  Alexandria  Troas,  5  stadia  from  Ilium  ;  for  Alexandria 
 Troas  lies  to  the  south-west  of  Ilium,  and  the  road  to  it, 
 which  is  distinctly  marked  by  the  ford  of  the  Scamander  at 
 its  entrance  into  the  valley,  goes  direct  south  as  far  as 
 Bunarbashi,  whereas  the  Hellespont  and  the  Greek  camp 
 were  north  of  Ilium.  But  to  the  south  of  Ilium,  exactly  in 
 the  direction  where  the  road  to  Alexandria  Troas  must  have 
 been,  I  see  before  me  a  tumulus  33  feet  high  and  13  1  yards 
 in  circumference,  and,  according  to  an  exact  measurement 
 
 *  See  Iliad,  II.  81 1-8 15,  quoted  above,  p.  179. 
 r  Chapter  II.,  p.  69. 
 
198  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XI. 
 
 which  I  have  made,  1017  yards  from  the  southern  city 
 wall.  This,  therefore,  must  necessarily  be  the  sepulchral 
 mound  of  which  Strabo  writes ;  but  he  has  evidently  been 
 deceived  in  regard  to  its  identity  with  the  tumulus  of 
 yEsyetes  by  Demetrius  of  Scepsis,  who  wished  to  prove 
 the  situation  of  this  mound  to  be  in  a  straight  line  between 
 the  Greek  camp  and  the  village  of  the  Ilians  (IXtecov  Kco[xrj), 
 and  the  latter  to  be  the  site  of  Troy.  The  tumulus  of 
 ./Esyetes  was  probably  situated  in  the  present  village  of 
 Kum-Ko'i,  not  far  from  the  confluence  of  the  Scamander 
 and  the  Simois,  for  the  remains  of  an  heroic  tumulus  several 
 feet  in  height  are  still  to  be  seen  there. 
 
 The  mound  now  before  me  is  in  front  of  Troy,  but 
 somewhat  to  the  side  of  the  Plain,  and  this  position  corre- 
 sponds perfectly  with  the  statements  which  Homer  gives  us 
 of  the  position  of  the  monument  of  Batiea  or  the  Amazon 
 Myrina  :  "  TrpoTrdpoide  77-0X105"  and  "  eV  ire^ico  aTravevde.' 
 This  tumulus  is  now  called  Pacha-Tepe. 
 
 We  may  form  an  idea  of  what  a  large  population  Ilium 
 possessed  at  the  time  of  Lysimachus,  among  other  signs, 
 from  the  enormous  dimensions  of  the  theatre  which  he 
 built ;  it  is  beside  the  Pergamus  where  I  am  digging,  and  its 
 stage  is  197  feet  in  breadth. 
 
 The  heat  during  the  day,  which  is  320  Celsius  (89/60 
 Fahrenheit),  is  not  felt  at  all,  owing  to  the  constant  wind, 
 and  the  nights  are  cool  and  refreshing. 
 
 Our  greatest  plague  here,  after  the  incessant  and  in- 
 tolerable hurricane,  is  from  the  immense  numbers  of  insects 
 and  vermin  of  all  kinds  ;  we  especially  dread  the  scorpions 
 and  the  so-called  Sapai>T07r6&ia  (literally  "  with  forty  feet  " — 
 a  kind  of  centipede),  which  frequently  fall  down  from  the 
 ceiling  of  the  rooms  upon  or  beside  us,  and  whose  bite  is 
 said  to  be  fatal. 
 
 I  cannot  conclude  without  mentioning  an  exceedingly 
 remarkable  person,  Konstantinos  Kolobos,  the  owner  of  a 
 shop  in  the  village  of  Neo-Chorion  in  the  Plain  of  Troy, 
 
-2.] 
 
 KONSTANTINOS   KOLOBOS. 
 
 I99 
 
 who,  although  born  without  feet,  has  nevertheless  made  a 
 considerable  fortune  in  a  retail  business.  But  his  talents 
 are  not  confined  to  business  ;  they  include  a  knowledge 
 of  languages ;  and  although  Kolobos  has  grown  up 
 among  the  rough  and  ignorant  village  lads  and  has  never 
 had  a  master,  yet  by  self-tuition  he  has  succeeded  in  ac- 
 quiring the  Italian  and  French  languages,  and  writes  and 
 speaks  both  of  them  perfectly.  He  is  also  wonderfully 
 expert  in  ancient  Greek,  from  having  several  times  copied 
 and  learnt  by  heart  a  large  etymological  dictionary,  as  well 
 as  from  having  read  all  the  classic  authors,  and  he  can  repeat 
 whole  rhapsodies  from  the  Iliad  by  heart.  What  a  pity  it 
 is  that  such  a  genius  has  to  spend  his  days  in  a  wretched 
 village  in  the  Troad,  useless  to  the  world,  and  in  the  con- 
 stant company  of  the  most  uneducated  and  ignorant  people, 
 all  of  whom  gaze  at  him  in  admiration,  but  none  of  whom 
 understand  him ! 
 
 No.  149.     A  Trojan  decorated  Vase  of  Terra-cotta  (7  M. 
 
(        200        ) 
 
 CHAPTKR     XII. 
 
 Discovery  of  an  ancient  wall  on  the  northern  slope  —  Discovery  of  a 
 Tower  on  the  south  side  —  Its  position  and  construction  —  It  is 
 Homer's  Great  Tower  of  Ilium  —  Manner  of  building  with  stones 
 and  earth  —  A  Greek  inscription- — Remarkable  medal  of  the  age  of 
 Commodus  —  Whorls  found  just  below  the  surface  —  Terra-cottas 
 found  at  small  depths —  Various  objects  found  at  the  various  depths 
 A  skeleton,  with  ornaments  of  gold,  which  have  been  exposed  to 
 a  great  heat —  Paucity  of  human  remains,  as  the  Trojans  burnt  their 
 dead  —  No  trace  of  pillars  —  Naming  of  the  site  as  "  Ilium  "  and  the 
 "  Pergamus  of  Troy." 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  August  4th,  1872. 
 
 Referring  to  my  report  of  the  13th  of  last  month,  I  am 
 glad  now  to  be  able  to  mention  that,  in  excavating  the 
 depths  of  the  temple,  I  found  a  wall  10  feet  high  and  6i 
 feet  thick,  which,  however,  has  at  one  time  been  much 
 higher,  as  the  quantity  of  stones  lying  beside  it  seem  to 
 prove.  It  is  at  a  distance  of  131  feet  from  the  declivity  of 
 the  hill,  and  at  a  perpendicular  depth  of  34  feet.*  This 
 wall  is  composed  of  large  stones  joined  with  earth,  and,  as  ' 
 is  attested  by  the  layers  of  dibris  which  extend  in  an 
 oblique  direction  below  it,  it  was  built  originally  upon  the 
 steep  slope  of  the  hill.  Hence,  since  the  erection  of  the 
 wall,  the  hill  at  this  point  has  increased  131  feet  in  breadth 
 and  441  feet  in  height  by  the  accumulation  of  debris.  I 
 have  not  yet  been  able  to  ascertain  whether  this  wall  was 
 the  foundation  of  an  ancient  Trojan  temple,  or  whether  it 
 belongs  to  the  enclosing  wall  which,  says  Homer,f  was 
 built  by  Poseidon  and  Apollo.     In  the  latter  case,  it  would 
 
 See  Plan  11.  t  Iliad,  VII.  452-453. 
 
Plate  \  III. 
 
 ''   i 
 
 THE   GREAT   TOWER   OF   ILIUM. 
 Seen  from  the  S.E. 
 
 The  top  is  8m.   (26  ft.)  helow  the  surface.of  the   Hill:   the  foundation  is  on  the  n 
 14   m.   146  ft. j   deep:  the  height  of  the  Tower  is  20  feet. 
 
Chap.  XII.  1872.]     DISCOVERY  OF  THE  TOWER.  201 
 
 appear  strange  that  it  is  only  6h  feet  thick,  and  was  never 
 higher  than  i6i  feet,  for  it  must  be  remembered  that  the 
 hill  has  a  steep  incline  on  the  north  side,  and  that  it  is  very 
 precipitous  at  this  part  especially. 
 
 Below  the  wall  I  found  five  of  those  splendid,  brilliant 
 black  fiat  Trojan  terra-cottas,  which  are  so  like  a  wheel, 
 that  they  can  be  distinguished  at  a  glance  from  all  the  others. 
 One  has  six  suns  in  the  circle  round  the  central  sun ; 
 another  has  four  stars  forming  a  cross  round  the  sun  ;  a 
 third  has  three  double  rising  suns  in  the  circle  round  the 
 central  sun ;  a  fourth  has  four  rising  suns  with  five  lines, 
 forming  a  cross  round  the  sun;  a  fifth  has  three  triple  rising 
 suns  round  the  sun.  I  also  found  below  the  wall  a  number 
 of  fragments  of  black  Trojan  vessels  which  are  directly  re- 
 cognised by  their  fineness,  and  by  the  long  single  or  double 
 rings  on  the  sides. 
 
 The  wall  proceeds  from  west  to  east,  and  consequently 
 obstructs  my  path,  and  I  cannot  remove  the  debris  from 
 behind  it  without  considerably  widening  my  trench,  which 
 would  be  a  gigantic  piece  of  work  between  the  enor- 
 mous earthen  walls.  In  continuing  my  trench  in  a  hori- 
 zontal direction  I  have  arrived  at  exactly  6^  feet  below 
 this  wall.  It  is  very  interesting  from  a  perpendicular  depth 
 of  i$h  meters,  or  51^  feet,  to  see  this  mass  of  primeval 
 Trojan  masonry  in  a  depth  of  13^  to  ioi  meters  (44^  to 
 34  feet),  and  the  wall  beside  it  which  was  built  by  Lysi- 
 machus,  and  is  almost  immediately  below  the  surface, 
 standing  as  it  were  in  mid  air. 
 
 On  the  south  side  of  the  hill  where,  on  account  of  the 
 slight  natural  slope,  I  had  to  make  my  great  trench  with 
 an  inclination  of  14  degrees,  I  discovered,  at  a  distance  of 
 197  feet  from  the  declivity,  a  Tower,  12  meters  or  40  feet 
 thick,  which  likewise  obstructs  my  path,  and  appears  to 
 extend  to  a  great  length.*     I  am  busily  engaged  in  making 
 
 •  The  Tower  is  marked  No.  4,  and  is  also  named,  on  Plan  II. 
 
202  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XII. 
 
 large  excavations  to  the  right  and  left  of  it,  in  order  to  lay- 
 bare  the  whole ;  for,  independently  of  the  mighty  interest 
 attached  to  this  Tower,  I  must  necessarily  dig  a  channel  to 
 allow  the  waters  of  the  winter  rains  to  run  off,  as  they  would 
 otherwise  rush  violently  down  from  my  platform  (197  feet 
 in  length,  and  with  a  considerable  slope)  against  the  Tower 
 and  injure  it.  I  have  uncovered  the  Tower  on  the  north 
 and  south  sides  along  the  whole  breadth  of  my  trench,  and 
 have  convinced  myself  that  it  is  built  on  the  rock  at  a 
 depth  of  14  meters  or  46^  feet. 
 
 An  elevated  mass  of  calcareous  earth,  65^  feet  broad 
 and  162  feet  high,  rests  upon  the  north  side  of  the  Tower, 
 and  is  evidently  composed  of  the  rubbish  which  had  to  be 
 removed  in  order  to  level  the  rock  for  building  the  Tower 
 upon  it.  I  have  of  course  pierced  this  hillock,  and  have 
 convinced  myself  that  the  north  side  of  the  Tower,  16^  feet 
 above  the  rock,  does  not  consist  of  masonry,  but  of  large 
 blocks  of  stone  lying  loosely  one  upon  another,  and  that  only 
 the  upper  part,  about  a  yard  high,  consists  of  actual  masonry. 
 This  hillock,  having  the  form  of  a  rampart,  thus  serves  to 
 consolidate  the  north  side  of  the  Tower,  and  renders  it  pos- 
 sible to  ascend  to  the  top  without  steps.  The  south  side 
 of  the  Tower,  looking  out  upon  the  Plain,  consists  of  very 
 solid  masonry,  composed  of  blocks  of  limestone  joined  with 
 earth,  some  of  the  stones  being  hewn,  others  not.  This 
 south  side  of  the  Tower  rises  from  the  rock  at  an  angle 
 of  75  degrees. 
 
 None  but  those  who  have  been  present  at  these  works 
 can  have  any  idea  of  the  enormous  difficulties  connected 
 with  making  excavations  465  feet  deep  on  the  right  and 
 left  of  the  Tower,  where  the  ddbris  has  to  be  carried  off  to 
 a  distance  of  more  than  262  feet.  At  this  great  distance 
 it  is  very  fatiguing  to  work  with  wheel-barrows  and  man- 
 carts  ;  so  I  now  keep  seven  carts  drawn  by  horses,  which  I 
 rind  a  very  great  relief. 
 
 The  Tower  is  at   present  only  6  meters  (20  feet  high), 
 
1872.]  HOMER'S  "TOWER  OF  ILIUM."  203 
 
 but  the  nature  of  its  surface,  and  the  masses  of  stones  lying 
 on  both  sides,  seem  to  prove  that  it  was  at  one  time  much 
 higher.*  For  the  preservation  of  what  remains  we  have 
 only  to  thank  the  ruins  of  Troy,  which  entirely  covered 
 the  Tower  as  it  now  stands.  It  is  probable  that  after  the 
 destruction  of  Troy  much  more  of  it  remained  standing, 
 and  that  the  part  which  rose  above  the  ruins  of  the  town  was 
 destroyed  by  the  successors  of  the  Trojans,  who  possessed 
 neither  walls  nor  fortifications.  The  western  part  of  the 
 Tower,  so  far  as  it  is  yet  uncovered,  is  only  from  121  to  1 24 
 feet  distant  from  the  steep  western  slope  of  the  hill ;  and,  con- 
 sidering the  enormous  accumulation  of  debris,  I  believe  that 
 the  Tower  once  stood  on  the  western  edge  of  the  Acropolis, 
 where  its  situation  would  be  most  interesting  and  imposing  ; 
 for  its  top  would  have  commanded,  not  only  a  view  of 
 the  whole  Plain  of  Troy,  but  of  the  sea  with  the  islands  of 
 Tenedos,  Imbros,  and  Samothrace.  There  is  not  a  more 
 sublime  situation  in  the  area  of  Troy  than  this,  and  I  there- 
 fore presume  that  it  is  the  "  Great  Tower  of  Ilium"  which 
 Andromache  ascended  because  "  she  had  heard  that  the 
 Trojans  were  hard  pressed  and  that  the  power  of  the 
 AciKcans  was  great."f  After  having  been  buried  for  thirty- 
 one  centuries,  and  after  successive  nations  have  built  their 
 houses  and  palaces  high  above  its  summit  during  thousands 
 of  years,  this  Tower  has  now  again  been  brought  to  light, 
 and  commands  a  view,  if  not  of  the  whole  Plain,  at  least 
 of  the  northern  part  and  of  the  Hellespont.  May  this 
 sacred  and  sublime  monument  of  Greek  heroism  for  ever 
 
 *  This  opinion  was  changed  afterwards.    See  Chapter  XXIL,  p.  318. 
 -[Ed.] 
 t  Iliad,  VI.  386,  387  :— 
 
 'AAA.'   iv\  irvpyov  tfSr]  /xeyav  'IAi'ou,   ouvtK    aKovcrev 
 Teipecrdai  Tpwas,   fxtya  8e   KpaTos  elvai  'Axcuoiv. 
 
 "  But  to  the  height  uf  Ilion's  topmost  tower 
 Andromache  is  gone  ;  since  tidings  came 
 The  Trojan  force  was  overmatched,  and  great 
 The  Grecian  strength." 
 
204  TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS.  [CHAP.  XII. 
 
 attract  the  eves  of  those  who  sail  through  the  Hellespont ! 
 May  it  become  a  place  to  which  the  enquiring  youth  of  all 
 future  generations  shall  make  pilgrimage  and  fan  their  en- 
 thusiasm for  knowledge,  and  above  all  for  the  noble  language 
 and  literature  of  Greece  !  May  it  be  an  inducement  speedily 
 and  completely  to  lay  bare  the  walls  of  Troy,  which  must 
 necessarily  be  connected  with  this  Tower  and  most  probably 
 also  with  the  wall  laid  open  by  me  on  the  north  side,  to 
 uncover  which  is  now  a  very  easy  matter. 
 
 The  expenses  of  excavating  Ilium  are,  however,  too  great 
 for  private  means,  and  I  hope  that  a  company  will  be 
 formed,  or  that  some  government  will  decide  to  continue 
 my  excavations,  so  that  I  may  proceed  to  the  excavation  of 
 the  acropolis  of  Mycenag.  Meanwhile  I  shall  continue  the 
 excavations  at  my  own  expense,  but  I  shall  in  future  confine 
 myself  to  gradually  uncovering  the  large  surrounding  walls, 
 which  are  sure  to  be  in  a  more  or  less  good  state  of  pre- 
 servation at  a  great  depth  below  the  city  wall  built  by 
 Lysimachus. 
 
 Before  I  had  seen  even  the  smallest  ruins  of  walls  be- 
 longing to  Ilium,  I  repeatedly  maintained  in  my  reports 
 that  the  whole  city  was  built,  as  it  is  now  proved  by  the 
 Wall  and  the  Tower  to  have  been,  of  stones  joined  with 
 earth.  That  this  style  of  building,  if  not  more  ancient,  is 
 at  least  just  as  ancient  as  the  so-called  cyclopean,  is  proved 
 by  the  walls  and  houses  of  Thera  (Santorin)  and  Therassia, 
 which  are  built  in  the  same  way,  and  which,  as  is  well 
 known,  were  discovered  beneath  three  layers  of  volcanic 
 ashes  68  feet  thick.  These  ashes  were,  however,  thrown 
 up  by  a  central  volcano,  which  must  have  been  at  least 
 3800  feet  high,  and  which,  as  is  generally  supposed,  sank 
 into  the  sea  at  latest  1500  years  before  Christ. 
 
 Upon  the  site  of  the  temple  I  found,  at  a  depth  of 
 65  feet,  a  block  of  marble  5!  feet  high,  and  2!  feet  both 
 in  breadth  and  thickness ;  it  weighs  about  50  tons,  and 
 contains  the  following  inscription  : — 
 
1872.J  A  GREEK  INSCRIPTION.  205 
 
 HBOYAHKAIOAHMO 
 
 IAIEJ1NETIMHZANAY 
 
 KAAYA  IONKAIKINAI 
 
 A  ION  KYZlKHNoNA 
 5TA Aori ITHNYnoTo 
 
 OTATOYAYTOKPATOPO 
 
 IAPOITITOYA  I  AIOYAA 
 
 NOYANTilN  JOYEE.BA 
 
 EYZEBoYZK..lnoAA 
 w/MErAAATHin,.AEIKATo 
 
 ZANTAKAIT.    DAZXoNT 
 TETHAoriZT.-lAKAIZ.Y 
 ropiAlZANA.-.nAZHZT 
 AEIONAPETH.,ENEKENK 
 
 isEYNolAZTHZnPOZTH 
 noAIN 
 
 The  first  name  occurring  in  this  inscription,  of  which 
 the  syllable  AY  is  preserved,  is  probably  AYAOZ.  KAIKINAI, 
 must  certainly  be  the  family-name,  and  must  indicate  the 
 Latin  ablative.  Whether  the  other  name,  of  which  AION 
 remains,  is  intended  for  TAION,  I  do  not  venture  positively 
 to  maintain,  but  I  consider  it  to  be  probable.  For  the 
 inscription,  which  I  read  as  follows,  is  written  in  bad  Greek, 
 especially  towards  the  end  :  'H  fiovXr)  /cat  6  Srj/xos  'DueW 
 iTLjxrjcrav  AvXov  KXavhiov  Kat/ctm  Tdiov  Kv£,u<r)vbi>  dp^ovTa 
 
 XoyUTTTjV    VTTO     TOV    0€LOT(XTOV     CLVTOKpaTOpOS   KatO"a/30<?   TtTOV 
 
 AlXlov  'ASpLavov  'Avtqjvlov  ^e/3ao"rou  Euo"e/3ou9  /cat  iroXXd 
 /cat  /xeydXa  Trj  TroXet  KaTopOaxravra  /cat  napda^oPTd  re  rrj 
 Xoytcrreta  /cat  <jvvrjyopiai<;  avopa  udcnrjs  TL/Arjs  d^iov  dpeTrjs 
 eveKev  /cat  evvoCas  T779  Trpbs  tt\v  ttoXiv. 
 
 The  Emperor  mentioned  in  this  inscription  is  of  course 
 Antoninus  Pius,  whose  reign  began  in  the  year  138  a.d., 
 and  who  died  in  161  a.d.;  it  is  merely  by  an  error  that 
 he  is  here  called  Antonius.  He  got  the  name  of  Hadrian 
 from  his  adoptive  father,  the  Emperor  Hadrian,  and  took 
 
2o6  TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS.  [Chap.  XII. 
 
 the  name  of  /Elius  after  the  death  of  Hadrian's  first  adopted 
 son,  yKlius  Caesar. 
 
 Upon  the  upper  end  of  the  block  of  marble  there  are 
 two  foot-marks,  the  one  considerably  in  advance  of  the 
 other.  Each  of  them  being  151  inches  long,  they  leave  no 
 doubt  that  upon  this  block  the  colossal  statue  of  the 
 Cyzicene,  who  is  praised  in  the  inscription,  stood  in  the 
 attitude  of  an  orator.  In  the  hinder  foot  there  is  a  square 
 hole,  1^  inch  square,  in  which  was  placed  the  iron  rod  for 
 fixing  the  statue.  To  judge  from  the  size  of  the  foot- 
 marks, the  statue  must  have  been  more  than  8  feet  high, 
 and,  as  the  marble  block  is  5  ^  feet  in  height,  the  whole 
 must  have  been  at  least  13^  feet  high,  and  hence  we  may 
 conclude  that  the  temple  in  which  this  work  of  art  stood 
 was  very  spacious. 
 
 The  excavations  to  the  right  and  left  of  the  Tower  have 
 unfortunately  to  be  made  from  above,  which  makes  the 
 work  slower,  but  gives  me  the  advantage  of  being  able 
 again  to  state  with  great  accuracy  at  what  depths  the  various 
 objects  are  found.  Generally  the  ruins  of  the  Greek  period 
 extend  to  a  depth  of  2  meters  (6i  feet),  but  there  are  places 
 where  the  remains  of  the  pre-Hellenic  period  commence  at 
 less  than  1  meter  (3^  feet),  and  this  is  the  case  on  the  east 
 of  the  Tower,  where  at  even  33  feet  below  the  surface  I 
 found  a  seal  made  of  clay  with  a  tree  and  two  stars.  At  the 
 same  depth  I  found  one  straight  and  three  crooked  copper 
 knives,  as  well  as  a  large  double-edged  axe  and  several 
 other  instruments  of  the  same  metal.  Almost  immediately 
 on  the  surface  I  found,  among  other  coins,  an  exceedingly 
 remarkable  medal,  such  as  I  believe  has  never  before  been 
 met  with ;  on  one  side  it  has  the  portrait  of  the  Emperor 
 Commodus  (here  written  KOMOAOZ)  ;  upon  the  other 
 there  is  a  figure  in  armour,  armed  with  two  lances  (probably 
 Minerva)  standing  upon  the  fore  part  of  a  ship,  which  ends 
 in  an  extremely  well-wrought  head  of  a  gazelle ;  in  a  semi- 
 circle  round  it   is   the   word   EAAIOYXIHN.      The  medal 
 
1872.]  VARIOUS  TERRA-COTTAS.  207 
 
 therefore  comes  from  the  very  small  island  of  Elaeusa,  on  the 
 coast  of  Cilicia,  and  it  proves  the  remarkable  fact  that  this 
 small  island,  which  now  scarcely  possesses  any  inhabitants, 
 was  anciently  so  populous  that  it  struck  its  own  coins. 
 
 The  frequently  discussed  whorls  of  terra-cotta,  bearing 
 simple  or  double  crosses  with  the  marks  of  four  nails,  or 
 having  three,  four,  or  five  double  rising  suns  in  the  circle 
 round  the   central   sun,  are   met  with  to  the   east   of  the 
 Tower  quite  close  below  the  surface,  that  is,  at  a  depth  of 
 not  quite  a  foot.     At  a  depth  of  1  meter  (3!  feet)  I  found 
 a  small  whorl,  upon  which  the  Rosa  mystica,  with  its  four 
 petals,  forms  a  cross  round  the  sun.     At  as  small  a  depth 
 as   2   meters  (6i  feet)    I    discovered   a   small  and  coarsely 
 made  cup,  with  the  owl's  face  of  the  Ilian   tutelary  god- 
 dess, also  very  clumsy  goblets   in  the  form  of  champagne- 
 glasses  with  two  handles  ;  at  a  depth  of  3  meters   (10  feet) 
 small  saucers  with  three  little  feet,  which  are  adorned  with 
 Pj-J  and    trees   of  life.     I    also    found  at    the    same  depth 
 small   terra-cotta  volcanoes  and   tops  with  the  pj^J,  and  a 
 great  number  of  them  at  a  depth  of  4  meters  (13  feet). 
 At    the    latter    depth  I  found,  when    excavating  the  west 
 side  of  the   Tower,  an   extremely  curious   cup,   nearly    8 
 inches  high,  in  the  form  of  a  Mecklenburg  roll  (yPluten- 
 semmel),    with   four    divisions,    but    round   and    furnished 
 with   two   enormous  handles ;    it   has    a    rounded  foot,    so 
 that  it  can  only  stand  on  its  mouth.     In  the  same  place 
 I   found  a  curious  vase,  with  little  rings  on  the  sides  for 
 suspension    by  strings,  and    a   little    spout    in    the    bulge, 
 so   that  the    fluid    poured  into   the  vase    would    run    out 
 again    directly.     Vases   with    such    tubes    in     the     bulge, 
 but    without  rings   at   the  sides,  are   very  frequently   met 
 with.      Further,  at  a  depth  of  4  meters  (13  feet)  I  found 
 goblets  in  the  form  of  champagne-glasses,  with  two  large 
 handles ;    also    a    curious    little    terra-cotta    volcano    with 
 four  pj-j,  the  symbol  of  lightning,  and  two  sacrificial  altars 
 covered  with  flames.     At  a  depth  of  5   meters  (16^  feet) 
 
208 
 
 ru<>Y   AND   ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XII. 
 
 I  to  unci  several  such  pieces  with  extremely  interesting 
 symbolical  signs ;  one  ot  them  had  a  very  fine  engraving 
 of  the  flaming  altar  and  the  tree  of  life.  In  the  same 
 stratum  I  found  a  neat  little  vase  with  three  feet,  two 
 handles,  and  prettily  engraved  decorations ;  lastly,  a 
 number  of  small  knives  made  of  silex,  in  the  form  of  saws. 
 At  a  depth  of  6  meters  (20  feet)  we  found  a  vessel,  a  little 
 more  than  9  inches  long,  which  is  exactly  in  the  shape  of 
 an  animal ;  it  has  three  feet,  a  tail,  and  an  upright  neck, 
 which  is  connected  with  the  back  by  a  large  handle.  At  a 
 depth  of  7  meters  (23  feet)  I  found  a  very  pretty  vase,  with 
 the  owl's  head  of  the  tutelary  goddess  of  Troy,  her  two 
 female  breasts  and  navel ;  the  two  arms 
 are  raised  by  the  side  of  the  head,  and 
 served  as  handles.  From  the  same  depth 
 we  brought  out  a  curious  saw  made 
 of  bone ;  from  a  depth  of  8  meters 
 (26  feet),  idols  with  the  image  of  the 
 ,  Ilian  Athena,  with  her  girdle,  made  of 
 
 No.  150.  Terra-cotta  Vase  (7  M.).  O 
 
 very  fine  marble ;  at  the  same  depth 
 some  of  those  earthen  funnels  which  I  have  already  fre- 
 quently mentioned,  also  several  terra-cotta  balls  covered  with 
 
 engravings  of  little  stars.  I 
 also  discovered  during  the 
 last  few  days,  at  depths  of 
 from  8  to  1 1  meters  (26  to 
 36  feet)  a  number  of  large 
 vases  and  vessels  of  various 
 forms,  with  two,  three,  and 
 four  handles,  and,  besides 
 these,  at  10  meters  (33  feet) 
 deep,  a  vessel  in  the  form 
 of  an  animal,  with  three  feet 
 and  a  tail ;  a  horn,  which  projects  from  the  upright  neck 
 and  serves  as  a  handle,  connects  the  head  with  the  end 
 of  the  back.  This  vessel  is  not  unlike  a  locomotive  engine. 
 
 No.  151.     Terra-cotta  Vase  in  the  form  of  an 
 Animal,  from  the  Trojan   Stratum  lioM.). 
 
IS72.J 
 
 A  PRE-TROJAN  SKELETON. 
 
 209 
 
 The  day  before  yesterday,  at  the  depth  of  14  meters 
 (46  feet),  we  met  with  a  great  number  of  interesting  things; 
 for  instance,  the  neck  of  a  brilliant  red  vase  with  the  owl's 
 head,  which  has  two  enormously  large  eyes  ;  then  a  brilliant 
 brown   vessel,   8f  inches   long,    7  inches   high,   and   nearly 
 
 No.  152.     Terra-cotta  Vessel  in  the  shape  of  a  Pig,  from  the  Lowest  Stratum  (14  M.). 
 
 6  inches  thick,  in  the  form  of  a  sow,  with  a  projecting  but 
 closed  head  of  excellent  workmanship,  and  with  three  feet ; 
 the  orifice  of  the  vessel  is  in  the  tail,  which  is  connected 
 with  the  back  by  a  handle.  Further,  a  lance  and  several 
 instruments,  as  well  as  a  number  of  copper  nails,  and  needles 
 of  ivory  for  embroidering.  In  the  ashes  of  the  same  house, 
 which  has  evidently  been  burnt,  I  also  found,  at  a  depth  of 
 13  meters  (42^  feet),  a  tolerably  well  preserved  skeleton  of  a 
 woman,  of  which  I  think  I 
 have  collected  nearly  all  the 
 bones ;  the  skull  especially 
 is  in  a  good  state  of  pre- 
 servation, but  has  unfortu- 
 nately been  broken  in  our 
 excavations ;  however,  I  can 
 easily  put  it  together  again  ; 
 the  mouth  is  somewhat  pro- 
 truding, and  shows  good 
 but  astonishingly  small 
 teeth.     By  the  side  of  the   skeleton  I  found  a  finger-ring, 
 
 No.  153. 
 
 Skull  of  a  Woman,  found  near  some  gold  orna- 
 ments in  the  Lowest  Stratum  (13  M.). 
 
210  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XII. 
 
 three  ear-rings,  and  a  dress-pin  of  pure  gold.  The  latter 
 is  perfectly  simple,  and  has  a  round  head  ;  two  of  the  ear- 
 rings are  of  quite  a  primitive  kind,  and  consist  of  simple 
 gold  wire  0*058  of  an  inch  thick;  as  does  also  the  third 
 ear-ring,  which,  however,  is  much  more  finely  wrought 
 and  ends  in  a  leaf,  which  is  formed  of  six  gold  wires  of 
 equal  thickness,  riveted  together.*  The  finger-ring  is  made 
 of  three  gold  wires  0*115  of  an  inch  thick.  All  of  these 
 objects  bear  evidence  of  having  been  exposed  to  great  heat. 
 The  Trojan  woman  must,  however,  have  also  worn  other 
 ornaments,  for  by  the  side  of  the  skeleton  I  collected  several 
 gold  beads  only  o "  039  of  an  inch  large,  and  also  a  very 
 thin  oval  ring  only  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length.  Even 
 the  colour  of  the  bones  leaves  no  doubt  that  the  lady  was 
 overtaken  by  lire  and  burnt  alive.  With  the  exception  of 
 the  skeleton  of  the  embryo  of  six  months  which  was  found 
 in  a  vase  upon  the  primary  soil,  this  is  the  only  human 
 skeleton  I  have  ever  met  with  in  any  of  the  pre-Hellenic 
 strata  on  this  hill.f  As  we  know  from  Homer,  all  corpses 
 were  burnt,  and  the  ashes  were  placed  in  urns,  of  which  I 
 have  found  great  numbers  in  the  ruins  of  all  the  nations 
 which  inhabited  this  hill  before  the  time  of  the  Greek  colony. 
 The  bones,  however,  were  always  burnt  to  ashes ;  at  most  I 
 have  occasionally  discovered  a  whole  tooth,  in  no  case  have 
 I  ever  met  with  another  entire  bone  in  the  urns. 
 
 Among  the  remains  of  the  same  Trojan  house,  and  not 
 far  from  the  skeleton,  I  found  the  fragment  of  a  yellow 
 cup  (vase-cover),  with  a  very  expressive  man's  face;  the 
 nose  is  long  and  somewhat  aquiline.  In  addition  to  this  I 
 found  there  seven  of  the  round  terra-cottas  in  the  shape 
 of  a  flat  top.  Among  these  was  one  2^  inches  in  diameter, 
 which  has  the  exact  form  of  a  wheel :  in  the  circle  round 
 
 *  Similar   rings   are    shown   among    the    articles   of  the    Treasure 
 (Chapter  XXIII.,  Plate  XX). 
 
 t  Others,  even  more  interesting,  were  found  later  (Chapter  XX.,  pp. 
 279-80). 
 
187: 
 
 THE  PERGAMUS  OF  TROY. 
 
 21  1 
 
 the  nave  it  has  five  rising  suns.  As  usual,  these  decorations 
 are  engraved  and  filled  with  a  white  substance. 
 
 Of  pillars  I  have  as  yet  found  no  trace  in  Troy ;  hence 
 if  there  existed  real  pillars,  they  must  in  all  cases  have  been 
 of  wood.  Moreover,  the  word  "  klcop"  is  never  met  with  in 
 the  Iliad,  and  only  in  the  Odyssey.  In  a  house  at  a  depth 
 of  39T  feet,  I  found  a  prettily  carved  and  very  hard  piece 
 of  limestone  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  with  a  round  hole 
 ih  inch  deep,  and 
 I  conjecture  that  it 
 may  have  been  used 
 as  the  support  for 
 a  door. 
 
 In  conclusion, 
 I  flatter  myself  with 
 the  hope  that,  as 
 a  reward  for  my 
 enormous  expenses 
 and  all  my  priva- 
 tions, annoyances, 
 and  sufferings'  in 
 this  wilderness,  but 
 above  all  for  my 
 important  disco- 
 veries, the  civilized 
 
 Tir/-vt-lrl     mill    orl/nnn;         No.   i<;4.     Block  of  Limestone,  with  a  socket,  in  which  the  pivot 
 
 worm  win  acxnow-  of  a  door  may have  turned  {l2M) 
 
 ledge   my  right  to 
 
 re-christen  this  sacred  locality ;  and  in  the  name  of  the 
 divine  Homer  I  baptize  it  with  that  name  of  immortal 
 renown,  which  fills  the  heart  of  everyone  with  joy  and 
 enthusiasm:  I  give  it  the  name  of  "Troy"  and  "Ilium," 
 and  I  call  the  Acropolis,  where  I  am  writing  these  lines,  by 
 the  name  of  the  "  Pcrgamus  of  Troy."  * 
 
 *  This  last  name  was  afterwards  recalled  by  Dr.  Schliemann,  and  that 
 of  "  Ilium"  or  "  Troy"  confined  to  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik.  See  Chapter 
 XX I II.,   p.  343  ;   and  Introduction,  p.  iS. 
 
 p  a 
 
(        212       ) 
 
 CHAPTER    XIII. 
 
 Intended  cessation  of  the  work  —  Further  excavation  of  the  Tower- 
 Layers  of  red  ashes  and  calcined  stones  —  Objects  found  on  the 
 Tower  —  Weapons,  implements,  and  ornaments  of  stone,  copper, 
 and  silver  —  Bones  —  Pottery  and  vases  of  remarkable  forms  — 
 Objects  found  on  each  side  of  the  Tower — First  rain  for  four 
 months  —  Thanks  for  escape  from  the  constant  dangers  —  Results 
 of  the  excavations  —  The  site  of  Homer's  Troy  identified  with  that 
 of  Greek  Ilium  —  Error  of  the  Bunarbashi  theory  —  Area  of  the 
 Greek  city — Depth  of  the  accumulated  debris  unexampled  in  the 
 world  —  Multitude  of  interesting  objects  brought  to  light —  Care  in 
 making  drawings  of  them  all. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  August  14th,  1872. 
 
 Since  my  report  of  the  4th  of  this  month  I  have  continued 
 the  excavations  with  the  utmost  energy,  but  I  am  now 
 compelled  to  stop  the  works  this  evening,  for  my  three 
 foremen  and  my  servant,  who  is  also  my  cashier,  have 
 been  seized  by  the  malignant  marsh-fever,  and  my  wife  and 
 I  are  so  unwell  that  we  are  quite  unable  to  undertake  the 
 sole  direction  throughout  the  day  in  the  terrible  heat  ot 
 the  sun.  We  shall  therefore  leave  our  two  wooden  houses 
 and  all  our  machines  and  implements  in  charge  of  a  watch- 
 man, and  to-morrow  we  shall  return  to  Athens. 
 
 The  admirers  of  Homer,  on  visiting  the  Pergamus  of 
 Troy,  will  find  that  I  have  not  only  laid  bare  the  Tower  on 
 the  south  side,  along  the  whole  breadth  of  my  trench,  down 
 to  the  rock  upon  which  it  stands,  at  a  depth  of  14  meters 
 or  46s  feet,  but  that  by  my  excavations  on  the  east  and 
 west  I  have  uncovered  it  considerably  further,  without 
 having  found  its  end.  On  the  contrary,  upon  the  east 
 side,  where  it  is  40  feet  broad,  and  seems  even  to  be 
 broader  still,  I  found  the  ruins  of  a  second  storey,  of  which, 
 
Ch.  XIII.  1872.]       OBJECTS   FOUND  ON  THE  TOWER.  213 
 
 however,  as  far  as  I  can  at  present  judge,  four  broad  steps 
 have  been  preserved.*  On  the  western  side  it  is  only 
 9  meters  or  30  feet  in  breadth,  and  on  this  side  there 
 extends  to  the  north  an  enormous  wall,  the  thickness  of 
 which  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain.  The  fact  of  my 
 not  having  been  able  to  carry  these  new  excavations  down 
 to  the  primary  soil,  but  only  to  a  depth  of  1 1  meters 
 {?,6h  feet)  is  owing  to  the  brittle  nature  of  the  walls  of 
 rubbish  and  ruins  round  about  the  Tower,  which,  as  any- 
 one may  convince  himself,  consist  of  red  ashes  and  of 
 stones  calcined  by  the  heat,  and  which  threatened  at  any 
 moment  to  fall  in  and  bury  my  workmen. 
 
 Upon  the  Tower,  and  more  especially  in  the  long  oval 
 depression  on  the  top  of  it,  and  upon  the  steps  I  found 
 two  copper  Trojan  lances,  several  arrow-heads  in  the 
 primitive  form  of  thick  pegs,  from  above  1  inch  to 
 nearly  2  inches  long,  which  were  fastened  at  the  end  of  the 
 shaft ;  further,  an  arrow-head  i\  inches  in  length,  made 
 of  silex,  and  in  the  form  of  a  pointed  double-edged  saw ; 
 then  several  copper  and  silver  nails  with  round  heads,  which 
 may  have  served  as  clothes-pins ;  further,  great  quantities 
 of  bones,  masses  of  fragments  of  Trojan  pottery  of  a 
 brilliant  red  and  black,  and  a  number  of  vases  and  pots 
 more  or  less  well  preserved.  Among  them  is  a  pretty 
 brilliant  red  vase  nearly  10  inches  high,  filled  with  the 
 bones  of  a  sea-fish.  This  vase  (found  in  an  urn,  which 
 was  unfortunately  broken  to  pieces)  has  two  small  handles, 
 and  on  two  sides  an  ornament  in  the  form  of  the  Greek 
 letter  Lambda,  but  with  circular  ends.f     Three  other  vases 
 
 *  Respecting  these  steps,  which  are  marked  No.  6,  on  Plan  II.,  and 
 c  on  Plan  III.,  p.  306,  see  further  in  Chapter  XXII.,  p.  318,  where  the 
 idea  of  an  upper  storey  is  rejected. — [Ed.] 
 
 t  The  cut  represents  a  vase  of  this  type,  with  the  upper  part  joined 
 on  by  Dr.  Schliemann,  who  remarks  that  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  owl's 
 face  belongs  to  this  vase,  as  the  Ilian  goddess  is  in  no  other  case  repre- 
 sented on  vases  without  the  breasts  and  abdomen.  (Description  in  the 
 Atlas  of  Photographs.) 
 
214 
 
 TROY   AND    ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 |  Cm  \p.  XIII. 
 
 of  a  similar  form,  and  with  exactly  the  same  decorations, 
 were  found  upon  the  Tower.  Two  other  vases  of  the 
 same  form,  and  with  very  similar  decorations,  were  found 
 at  depths  of  26  and  20  feet.     I  also  found  upon  the  Tower 
 
 an  exceedingly  curious 
 vessel  nearly  6  inches  in 
 length,  exactly  the  shape 
 of  a  mole,  and  with  three 
 feet ;  it  can  also  be  placed 
 
 No.  155.     A  Trojan  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  an  Oma-       No.   156.      Curious  Terra-cotta  Vessel  in  the 
 ment  like  the  Greek  Lambda  (8  M.).  shape  of  .1  Mule  (  rower  :  7  or  8  M.). 
 
 so  that  the  snout  of  the  animal  is  lowest  and  serves  as 
 a  foot;  the  orifice  is  in  the  tail,  which  a  large  handle 
 connects  with  the  back.  I  also  found  there  a  splendid 
 Trojan  vase,  of  a  brilliant  black  colour,  15^  inches  high, 
 which  was  unfortunately  completely  broken,  but  I  have 
 all  the  pieces  of  it,  and  consequently  shall  be  able  to 
 restore  it.  Besides  these,  a  Trojan  pot,  and  a  globular 
 vessel  with  the  above-mentioned  decoration  of  a  rounded 
 lambda.  I  likewise  saved,  in  an  almost  perfect  condition, 
 an  exceedingly  interesting  red  jug,  above  9  inches  high, 
 quite  round  below  and  with  a  neck  more  bent  backwards 
 than  I  have  ever  found  it  in  such  vessels.  I  further  found 
 there  a  Priapus  and  a  very  pretty  bird's  egg  made  of  fine 
 marble,  many  small  terra-cotta  whorls  with  the  usual 
 symbols  of  double  and  treble  crosses,  six  suns,  four  or  five 
 double  or  treble  rising  suns,  or  stars,  in    the   circle   round 
 
1872.] 
 
 OBJECTS  ON  AND  BESIDE  THE  TOWER. 
 
 21 
 
 the  central  sun ;  also  one  article  where  four  pj-J  form  a 
 cross  round  the  sun,  and  the  rest  of  the  space  is  filled 
 with     stars.       Fur-  n- 
 
 ther,  a  few  small 
 vessels  with  suspen- 
 sion rings  were 
 found  also  on  the 
 Tower,  as  well  as 
 25  very  ordinary 
 earthen  plates, 
 which  have  been 
 turned  by  the  pot- 
 ter, whereas  all  the 
 other  articles  ap- 
 pear to  have  been 
 made  by  the  hand 
 without  a  potter's 
 wheel ;  about  half 
 of  the  plates  were 
 got  out  unin- 
 jured. 
 
 In 
 
 digging    to 
 
 No.   157.     A  Trojan  Dish  with  side  Rings,  and  Plates  turned 
 by  the  Potter  (Tower  :  7  m.\ 
 
 the  left  and  right 
 of  the  Tower,  a  number  of  other  interesting  objects  have 
 been  found  since  my  last  report ;  for  instance,  at  a  depth 
 of  2  meters  (6^  feet),  a  number  of  very  neat  although  ordi- 
 nary vessels  with  small  rings  on  the  sides  and  holes  in  the 
 mouth  for  hanging  them  up,  which  have  hitherto  only  been 
 met  with  much  further  down;  at  a  depth  of  3  meters  (10 
 feet)  a  small  cover,  with  the  owl's  face  and  helmet  of  the 
 Ilian  Athena,  of  very  good  manufacture ;  then,  at  a  depth 
 of  1 1  i  feet,  a  small  terra-cotta  whorl  with  three  stags  in 
 the  circle  round  the  sun.  At  a  depth  of  from  5  to  6  meters 
 (i6h  to  20  feet),  I  found  a  great  number  of  small  knives 
 of  silex  in  the  form  of  saws.  At  a  depth  of  10  meters 
 (33  feet)  I  discovered  a  very  curious  instrument  of  brilliant 
 
2l6  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XIII. 
 
 yellow  terra-cotta,  a  drawing  of  which  I  give.  It  is  quite 
 inexplicable  to  me  for  what  purpose  it  can  have  been  used  ; 
 it  is  almost  in  the  shape  of  a  shield,  and  by  the  side  of  the 
 handle  which  is  ornamented  with  a  tree,  it  has  a  cavity 
 for  putting  the  hand  in.  As  it  is  made  of  terra-cotta  it 
 cannot,  of  course,  have  been  used  as  a  shield.* 
 
 After  having  had  no  rain  here  for  four  months,  to- 
 day, curiously  enough,  just  after  stopping  the  works,  we 
 have  had  a  thunderstorm  accompanied  by  a  tremendous 
 downpour  of  rain,  and  I  regret  extremely  not  to  have  been 
 able  to  make  a  channel  for  leading  off  the  rain-water  from 
 the  Tower  as  far  as  the  western  declivity  of  the  hill.  But 
 such  a  channel  would  need  to  be  50  feet  deep  and  as  many 
 broad,  otherwise  its  walls,  consisting  of  calcined  ruins  and 
 loose  red  ashes,  would  fall  in.  I  should  therefore  have  to 
 remove  5000  cubic  meters  (6000  cubic  yards)  of  debris, 
 and  such  a  gigantic  piece  of  work  I  cannot  now  under- 
 take. 
 
 In  stopping  the  excavations  for  this  year,  and  in  looking 
 back  upon  the  fearful  dangers  to  which  we  have  continually 
 been  exposed  since  the  1st  of  April,  between  the  gigantic 
 layers  of  ruins,  I  cannot  but  fervently  thank  God  for  His 
 great  mercy,  that  not  only  has  no  life  been  lost,  but  that 
 none  of  us  has  even  been  seriously  hurt. 
 
 Now,  as  regards  the  result  of  my  excavations,  every- 
 one must  admit  that  I  have  solved  a  great  historical 
 problem,  and  that  I  have  solved  it  by  the  discovery  of  a 
 high  civilization  and  immense  buildings  upon  the  primary 
 soil,  in  the  depths  of  an  ancient  town,  which  throughout 
 antiquity  was  called  Ilium  and  declared  itself  to  be  the 
 successor  of  Troy,  the  site  of  which  was  regarded  as  iden- 
 tical with  the  site  of  the  Homeric  Ilium  by  the  whole 
 civilized  world  of  that  time.  The  situation  of  this  town 
 not  only  corresponds  perfectly  with  all  the  statements  of 
 the  Iliad,  but  also  with  all  the  traditions  handed  down  to 
 
 •   Sec  Plate  XXL,  No.  309. 
 
1872.]  RESULTS  OF  THE  EXCAVATIONS.  21  7 
 
 us  by  later  authors ;  and,  moreover,  neither  in  the  Plain  of 
 Troy,  nor  in  its  vicinity,  is  there  any  other  place  which 
 could  in  the  slightest  degree  be  made  to  correspond  with 
 them.  To  regard  the  heights  of  Bunarbashi  as  the  site 
 of  Troy,  contradicts,  in  every  respect,  all  the  statements  of 
 Homer  and  of  tradition.  My  excavations  of  Bunarbashi, 
 as  well  as  the  form  of  the  rocks,  prove  that  those  heights, 
 as  far  as  the  three  sepulchral  mounds,  can  never  have  been 
 inhabited  by  men.  As  I  have  already  said,  behind  those 
 tumuli  there  are  the  ruins  of  a  very  small  town,  the  area  of 
 which,  surrounded  on  two  sides  by  the  ruins  of  an  enclosing 
 wall,  and  on  the  other  side  by  precipices,  is  so  insignificant, 
 that  at  most  it  can  have  only  possessed  2000  inhabitants. 
 The  enclosing  wall  of  its  small  Acropolis  is  scarcely  a  foot 
 thick,  and  the  gate  scarcely  3^  feet  wide.  The  accumulation 
 of  dibris  is  not  worth  mentioning,  for  in  many  places  the 
 naked  flat  rocks  are  seen  on  the  ground  of  the  Acropolis. 
 Here  in  Ilium,  however,  the  proportions  are  very  different. 
 The  area  of  the  Greek  city,  which  is  indicated  by  the  sur- 
 rounding wall  built  by  Lysimachus,  is  large  enough  for  a 
 population  of  more  than  100,000  souls  ;  and  that  the  number 
 of  the  inhabitants  was  actually  as  large  is  proved  by  the 
 stage  of  the  theatre,  which  is  200  feet  in  breadth.  Here  the 
 surrounding  wall  of  Lysimachus  is  6\  feet  thick,  whereas 
 the  wall  which  runs  out  from  the  Tower  at  a  great  depth 
 below  the  other  seems  to  be  live  times  as  thick,  and  Homer 
 assuredly  ascribed  the  erection  of  the  walls  of  Troy  to 
 Poseidon  and  Apollo  on  account  of  their  enormous  pro- 
 portions.* Then,  as  regards  the  accumulation  of  dibris, 
 here  in  the  Pergamus  there  is  no  place  where  it  amounts 
 to  less  than  14  meters,  or  46^  feet,  and  in  many  places  it  is 
 even  much  more  considerable.  Thus,  for  instance,  on  my 
 great  platform,  I  only  reached  the  primary  soil  at  a  depth 
 
 *  According  to  Mr.  Gladstone's  theory,  these  masses  of  masonry, 
 and  the  tradition  ascribing  them  to  Poseidon  and  Apollo,  are  signs  of 
 Phoenician  influence.     |Er>.] 
 
2l8  TROY  AND    ITS   REMAINS.  (  Chap.  XIII. 
 
 of  16  meters,  or  5  ], \  leer,  and  in  the  depths  of  the  temple, 
 on   the   adjacent   field,    belonging   to    Mr.   Frank  Calvert, 
 
 1  have  not  yet  reached  it  at  a  depth  of  155  meters,  or 
 5  1  ^  feet.  Such  an  accumulation  of  ruins  has  never  as  yet 
 been  discovered  in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  except 
 occasionally  in  the  rocky  valleys  of  Jerusalem ;  where, 
 however,  it  has  only  begun  to  accumulate  since  the 
 destruction  of  the  city  by  Titus,  and  hence  is  scarcely 
 more  than  1  800  years  old.*  Here  in  Troy  the  remains  of 
 the   Greek   period   cease  entirely  at    a    depth   of   i,    1,   or 
 
 2  meters,  and  thence,  down  to  the  primary  soil,  we  find  in 
 regular  succession  the  mightv  layers  of  ruins  belonging  to 
 four  very  ancient  nations. 
 
 In  like  manner,  as  regards  the  more  than  a  hundred 
 thousand  objects  which  I  have  brought  to  light,  and  which 
 were  used  by  those  very  ancient  tribes.  I  venture  to  say 
 that  I  have  revealed  a  new  world  to  archtcologv  :  for,  in 
 order  to  give  but  one  instance,  I  have  here  found  many 
 thousands  of  those  wheels,  volcanoes,  or  tops  {carrousels) 
 of  terra-cotta  with  the  most  various  Aryan  religious 
 symbols. 
 
 If,  as  it  seems,  neither  the  Trojans  nor  any  of  the 
 three  succeeding  peoples  possessed  a  written  language,  we 
 must,  as  far  as  possible,  replace  it  by  the  "monuments 
 figures"   which    I    have    discovered.!     As    alreadv  said,   I 
 
 *  This  statement  is  hardly  accurate.  The  greatest  depth  of  debris 
 discovered  by  the  officers  of  the  Palestine  Exploration  Fund  at  Jerusalem 
 was  not  in  the  valleys,  but  on  the  Eastern  slope  of  Mount  Moriah.  The 
 accumulation  reached  from  the  foot  of  the  wall  down  the  slope  to  the 
 bed  of  the  Kedron,  and  beyond  it  some  distance  up  the  slope  of  the 
 Mount  of  Olives.  The  usual  depth  at  the  wall  was  60  or  70  feet,  but 
 at  the  north  end  it  reached  as  much  as  120,  owing  to  the  descent  of  the 
 original  ground  at  that  spot.  The  masons'  marks  on  the  lowest  courses 
 of  the  stones,  reached  by  sinking  shafts  through  these  great  depths, 
 seemed  to  show  a  date  nearer  that  of  Solomon  than  of  Titus. — [Ed.] 
 
 t  We  leave  this,  like  other  such  passages,  as  landmarks  of  the  rapid 
 progress  made  in  the  discoveries  opened  up  1a  Dr.  Schliemann.-    [Ed.] 
 
187: 
 
 CAREFUL  DRAWINGS. 
 
 219 
 
 make  a  drawing  in  my  diary  each  evening  of  every  one  of 
 the  objects  which  have  been  found  during  the  day,  and 
 more  especially  of  the  pictorial  symbols,  with  the  greatest 
 exactness.  By  comparing  the  innumerable  symbols  I  have 
 succeeded  in  deciphering  some  of  them,  and  I  hope  that 
 my  learned  colleagues  will  succeed  in  explaining  the  rest. 
 Archaeology  shall  on  no  account  lose  any  one  of  my  dis- 
 coveries ;  every  article  which  can  have  any  interest  for 
 the  learned  world  shall  be  photographed,  or  copied  by  a 
 skilful  draughtsman,  and  published  in  the  Appendix  to  this 
 work ;  and  by  the  side  of  every  article  I  shall  state  the 
 depth  in  which   I  discovered  it. 
 
 No.  158.     A  curious  Trojan  Jug  of  Terra-cotta  (8  M. 
 
no 
 
 CHAPTER    XIV. 
 
 Return  to  Troy  to  take  plans  and  photographs  —  Damage  to  retaining 
 walls  —  The  unfaithfulness  of  the  watchman  —  Stones  carried  off  for 
 a  neighbouring  church  and  houses  —  Injury  by  rain  —  Works  for 
 security  during  the  winter — Opening  up  of  a  retaining  wall  on  the 
 side  of  the  hill,  probably  built  to  support  the  temple  of  Athena  — 
 Supposed  debris  of  that  temple  —  Drain  belonging  to  it  —  Doric 
 style  of  the  temple  proved  by  the  block  of  Triglyphs  —  Temple  of 
 Apollo  also  on  the  Pergamus. 
 
 Athens,  September  28th,  1872. 
 
 I  wrote  my  last  memoir  on  the  14th  of  last  month,  and 
 on  the  10th  of  this  month,  accompanied  by  my  wife  and 
 Sisilas  the  land-surveyor,  I  returned  to  Troy  in  order  to 
 make  a  new  plan  of  the  Pergamus,  which  contains  the  most 
 exact  picture  of  my  excavations,  as  well  as  of  the  depth 
 in  which  the  remains  of  immortal  fame  were  discovered 
 by  me.  I  also  took  the  photographer  Siebrecht  from  the 
 Dardanelles  with  me,  in  order  to  have  photographs  taken 
 of  my  excavations,  of  two  of  the  four  springs  situated  on 
 the  north  side  of  Ilium,  of  Ilium's  Great  Tower  and  the 
 Plain  of  Troy,  as  well  as  of  the  Hellespont  as  seen  from 
 this  monument. 
 
 To  my  horror,  upon  arriving  there,  I  found  that  the 
 watchman  whom  I  had  left  in  charge  had  been  faithless, 
 and  that  an  immense  number  of  large  hewn  stones  dug 
 out  of  my  excavations,  with  which  I  had  erected  walls  in 
 several  places  in  order  to  prevent  the  winter  rains  from 
 washing  away  the  debris  which  we  had  pulled  down,  had 
 been  carried  off.  The  man  excused  himself  by  saying  that 
 the  stones  had  been  used  for   a  good  purpose,  namely  for 
 
Ch.  XIV.  1872.]  DAMAGE  TO  THE  WORKS.  22  1 
 
 the  construction  of  a  belfry  in  the  Christian  village  of 
 Yenishehr,  and  for  building  houses  in  the  Turkish  village 
 of  Chiplak.  I,  of  course,  packed  him  off  directly,  and 
 engaged  in  his  place  a  watchman  whom  I  armed  with  a 
 musket.  He  had  the  reputation  of  being  honest,  and  his 
 physical  strength  will  inspire  the  pilferers  of  the  stones  with 
 respect.  What  vexed  me  most  was,  that  these  thieves  had 
 even  laid  their  hands  upon  the  splendid  bastion  of  the  time 
 of  Lysimachus,  which  I  had  uncovered  on  the  south  side  of 
 the  hill ;  they  had  made  off  with  two  large  stones  from  it, 
 and  the  bastion  would  assuredly  have  vanished  entirely  had 
 I  been  away  a  week  longer. 
 
 I  also  regret  to  see  that  the  downpour  of  rain  on  the 
 14th  of  August  has  filled  the  great  cutting,  which  I  made 
 on  the  south  side  of  the  Tower,  in  order  to  bring  the  Tower 
 to  light  down  as  far  as  the  rock  upon  which  it  is  built,  with 
 debris  to  a  height  of  2  meters  (6^  feet).  So,  immediately 
 upon  my  arrival,  I  engaged  20  workmen,  10  of  whom  are 
 busy  in  clearing  the  south  side  of  the  Tower  as  far  as  the 
 primary  soil,  in  wheeling  away  the  debris,  and  in  building 
 in  front  of  the  cutting  a  wall  of  large  blocks  of  stone, 
 through  which  the  rain-water  can  escape,  but  not  the 
 debris  that  may  be  washed  down. 
 
 I  have  now  had  an  opportunity  of  convincing  myself 
 that  the  rain  does  not  harm  the  Tower,  for  it  disappears 
 directly  to  the  right  and  left  of  it  in  the  loose  debris.  Of 
 the  other  ten  workmen,  six  are  occupied  in  repairing  the 
 walls  which  have  been  destroyed  or  injured  by  wanton 
 hands,  while  the  other  four  are  working  in  order  to  lay 
 bare  as  far  as  possible  an  exceedingly  remarkable  wall, 
 which  rises  at  an  angle  of  40  degrees  at  the  depth  of  15^ 
 meters  (504  feet)  and  at  43^  yards  from  the  edge  of  the 
 hill,  on  the  site  of  the  temple,  exactly  6h  feet  below  the 
 Trojan  wall  which  I  there  brought  to  light.  (See  p.  200.) 
 As  I  have  before  remarked,  the  strata  of  debris,  which  run 
 obliquely  to  the  north  below  that  Trojan  wall,  prove  that 
 
ill  TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS.  [Chap.  XIV. 
 
 it  was  built  upon  the  steep  slope  of  the  hill,  and  this  is 
 an  additional  and  infallible  proof  that  the  buttress,  which  is 
 erected  6h  feet  below  it,  can  have  served  no  other  purpose 
 than  for  consolidating  and  strengthening  the  ground  of 
 the  declivity  so  effectually  that  buildings  of  an  enormous 
 weight  might  be  erected  upon  the  summit  without  danger. 
 Now  as  I  have  never  hitherto  found  buttresses  of  this  kind 
 for  consolidating  the  declivity  of  the  hill  among  the  strata 
 of  the  pre-Hellenic  period,  although  there  was  no  lack  of 
 grand  buildings  in  the  Pergamus  of  Troy  (as  is  proved 
 by  the  colossal  masses  of  hewn  and  unhewn  stones  from 
 i6h  to  20  feet  high,  mixed  with  charred  debris,  with  which 
 I  had  to  struggle  upon  my  great  platform),  I  positively 
 believe  that  the  above-mentioned  buttress  was  erected  to 
 support  the  site  of  a  temple  of  great  sanctity.  I  believe 
 this  all  the  more,  as  the  buttress  here  forms  a  curve  and 
 appears  to  protect  the  whole  of  the  north-eastern  corner  of 
 the  hill,  which  was  the  extreme  end  of  the  Pergamus  and 
 perfectly  corresponds  with  Homer's  statement  about  the 
 position  of  the  temple  of  Athena,  "  on  the  summit  of  the 
 city"  (eV  noXei  aKpy  :  Iliad,  VI.  297).  I  have  no  doubt 
 that  in  ascending  from  this  buttress  I  shall  find  the  ruins 
 of  that  ancient  temple  at  a  distance  of  less  than  10  meters 
 (33  feet).  But  in  order  to  penetrate  further,  I  must  first  of 
 all  pull  down  the  Trojan  wall,  10  feet  high  and  6h  feet  thick, 
 which  I  have  already  frequently  mentioned,  and  remove  the 
 enormous  masses  of  debris  ;  this  work  must  be  deferred  till 
 the  1  st  of  February,  for  I  am  now  too  ill  and  tired  to 
 attempt  it.  The  discovery  of  the  very  ancient  temple  of 
 Athena  at  the  north-eastern  corner  would,  moreover  solve 
 the  great  problem— whence  arises  the  colossal  accumulation 
 of  debris,  which  here  covers  the  declivity  with  a  crust  as 
 hard  as  stone,  131  feet  in  thickness,  and  which  caused  me 
 so  much  trouble,  not  only  in  this  excavation,  but  also  at 
 the  eastern  end  of  my  platform,  along  an  extent  of  more 
 than  80  feet.     It  will  be  found  that  this  enormous  crust  has 
 
1872.]  TEMPLES  OF  ATHENA  AND  APOLLO.  223 
 
 arisen  solely  from  the  remains  of  the  sacrifices  offered  to  the 
 Ilian  Athena. 
 
 I  had  not  noticed  this  buttress  at  the  time  of  my  departure 
 on  the  15th  of  August,  and  I  have  now  only  discovered  it 
 because  the  rain  has  laid  bare  two  of  its  stones.  It  is  built 
 of  blocks  of  shelly  limestone  (Muschelkalk),  from  about  a 
 foot  to  2  feet  2  inches  long  and  broad,  joined  with  earth, 
 and  it  probably  covered  the  whole  north-eastern  corner  of 
 the  hill  from  the  bottom  to  the  top.  I  presume  that  the 
 drain  of  green  sandstone,  nearly  8  inches  broad  and  about 
 7  inches  high,  which  I  spoke  of  in  my  report  of  the  25th 
 of  April,  belongs  to  the  very  ancient  temple  of  Athena ;  it 
 will  be  remembered  that  I  found  it  at  about  nh  feet  above 
 my  great  platform,  and  at  a  distance  of  46  feet  from  the 
 edge  of  the  declivity. 
 
 The  block  of  triglyphs  with  the  Sun-god  and  the  four 
 horses,  which  I  found  here,  proves  that  the  temple  which  it 
 adorned  was  built  in  the  Doric  style ;  and,  as  the  Doric 
 is  confessedly  the  oldest  style  of  architecture,  the  ancient 
 temple  of  the  Ilian  Athena  was  doubtless  in  that  style. 
 We  know,  however,  from  the  Iliad*  that  there  was  also  a 
 temple  of  Apollo  in  the  Pergamus.  It  probably  stood  at 
 the  south-eastern  corner  of  the  hill,  for  at  the  foot  of  it  may 
 be  seen,  in  a  small  excavation,  a  wall  composed  of  splendid 
 Corinthian  pillars  joined  by  means  of  cement.  It  is  pro- 
 bable that  these  pillars  belong  to  a  temple  of  Apollo  of 
 the  time  of  Lysimachus.  In  excavating  the  Tower  further 
 to  the  east,  I  hope  to  find  the  site  of  this  temple,  and  in  its 
 depths  the  ruins  of  the  very  ancient  temple  of  Apollo. 
 
 If  the  Trojans  possessed  an  alphabetical  language,  I 
 shall  probably  find  inscriptions  in  the  ruins  of  the  two 
 temples.  I  am,  however,  no  longer  sanguine  in  regard  to 
 this,  as  I  have  hitherto  found  no  trace  of  writing  in  the 
 colossal  strata  of  the  four  tribes  which  preceded  the  Greek 
 colony.f 
 
 *  Iliad,  VII.  83  and  IV.  508.  ;  see  pp.  145-6.  257. 
 f  See  note  (t).  p.  218. 
 
(        224        ) 
 
 WO^K    AT     HIS$AF(UK     IK 
 
 CHAPTER    XV. 
 
 Return  to  Hissarlik  in  1873  —  Interruptions  by  holydays  and  weather 
 —  Strong  cold  north  winds — Importance  of  good  overseers  —  An 
 artist  taken  to  draw  the  objects  found  —  Want  of  workmen  —  Exca- 
 vations on  the  site  of  the  Temple — Blocks  of  Greek  sculptured 
 marble  —  Great  increase  of  the  hill  to  the  east  —  Further  portions 
 of  the  great  Trojan  wall  —  Traces  of  fire  —  A  terra-cotta  hippo- 
 potamus, a  sign  of  intercourse  with  Egypt  —  Idols  and  owl-faced 
 vases  —  Vases  of  very  curious  forms  —  Whorls  —  Sling-bullets  of 
 copper  and  stone  —  Piece  of  ornamented  ivory  belonging  to  a 
 musical  instrument  —  New  cutting  from  S.E.  to  N.W.  —  Walls 
 close  below  the  surface  —  Wall  of  Lysimachus — Monograms  on 
 the  stones  —  An  inscription  in  honour  of  Caius  Cresar  —  Patronage 
 of  Ilium  by  the  Julii  as  the  descendants  of  yEneas  —  Good  wine  of 
 the  Troad. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  February  22nd,  1873. 
 
 I  returned  here  on  the  31st  of  January  with  my  wife,  in 
 order  to  continue  the  excavations,  but  we  have  been 
 repeatedly  interrupted  by  Greek  church  festivals,  thunder- 
 storms, and  also  by  the  excessive  cold,  so  that  I  can  scarcely 
 reckon  that  I  have  had  as  yet  more  than  eight  good  days' 
 work.  Last  autumn,  by  the  side  of  my  two  wooden  houses, 
 I  had  a  house  built  for  myself  of  stones  from  the  old  Trojan 
 buildings,  the  walls  of  which  were  2  feet  thick,  but  I  was 
 compelled  to  let  my  foremen  occupy  it,  for  they  were  not 
 sufficiently  provided  with  clothes  and  wrappers,  and  would 
 have  perished  through  the  great  cold.  My  poor  wife  and 
 I   have  therefore  suffered   very   much,    for   the   strong  icy 
 
i873-]  NEW  ASSISTANTS.  225 
 
 north  wind*  blew  with  such  violence  through  the  chinks  of 
 our  house-walls  which  were  made  of  planks,  that  we  were 
 not  even  able  to  light  our  lamps  of  an  evening ;  and 
 although  we  had  fire  on  the  hearth,  yet  the  thermometer 
 showed  4  degrees  of  cold  (Reaumur  =  23°  Fahrenheit),  and 
 the  water  standing  near  the  hearth  froze  in  solid  masses. 
 During  the  day  we  could  to  some  degree  bear  the  cold  by 
 working  in  the  excavations,  but  of  an  evening  we  had 
 nothing  to  keep  us  warm  except  our  enthusiasm  for  the 
 great  work  of  discovering  Troy.  Fortunately  this  extreme 
 cold  lasted  only  four  days,  from  the  16th  to  the  19th  of 
 this  month,  and  since  then  we  have  had  glorious  weather. 
 
 Besides  Georgios  Photidas,  who  was  with  me  during 
 the  excavations  of  last  year,  I  have  as  foremen  Georgios 
 Barba  Tsirogiannis  (a  sea-captain  from  Chalcis  in  Eubcea), 
 and  an  Albanese  from  Salamis,  whom,  however,  I  shall 
 shortly  send  back  on  account  of  his  uselessness,  and  get 
 two  other  foremen  from  the  Piraeus  in  his  stead.  A  good 
 foreman  is  more  useful  to  me  than  ten  common  workmen, 
 but  I  find  that  the  gift  of  command  is  rarely  met  with 
 except  among  seamen. 
 
 I  have  also  brought  with  me  an  artist,  that  I  may 
 have  the  objects  found  copied  immediately  in  Indian 
 ink,  and  the  drawings  multiplied  in  Athens  by  means  of 
 photography.  This  will,  however,  render  it  impossible  for 
 me  to  state  the  depths  at  which  the  objects  were  found 
 upon  distinct  plates,  as  I  have  hitherto  done.  The  articles 
 discovered  in  the  different  depths  are  now  mixed  together, 
 but  in  each  case  the  depth,  as  well  as  the  relative  size,  is 
 stated  in  meters,  in  addition  to  the  number  in  the  catalogue. 
 Workmen  are  at  present  not  so  easily  to  be  had  as 
 before ;  for  a  merchant  from  Smyrna  residing  here  has 
 engaged  150  men  to  gather  a  medicinal  root,  which  is 
 here  called  yXvKopi^a,  out  of  which  liquorice-juice  is  pre- 
 
 *  This   recals   to    mind    Homer's    frequent   mention    of   the   blasts 
 of  Boreas. — [Ed.] 
 
226  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XV. 
 
 pared.  The  German  word  lakritze,  the  French  lacorice, 
 and  the  English  liquorice,  are  evidently  corruptions  of 
 yXvKopu^a.  Now,  as  the  men  employed  by  the  Smyrna 
 merchant  work  the  ground  at  a  certain  price  by  square 
 measure,  they  earn  from  12  to  23  piasters  (2  frcs.  40  cent, 
 to  4  frcs.  60  cent.)  daily  ;  whereas  I  can  give  them  only 
 9  piasters  (1  frc.  80  cent.)  during  the  present  short  days. 
 At  Easter  I  can  offer  them  10  piasters,  and  after  the  1st 
 of  June  12  piasters.  As  the  roots  are  dug  up  in  the 
 neighbourhood  of  Renko'i,  it  is  principally  the  people  of 
 this  village  that  are  engaged  in  the  work ;  and  for  carry- 
 ing on  my  excavations  I  have  to  apply  to  the  villages 
 of  Kafatli-Asmak,  Yenishehr,  and  Neo-Chori,  which  are 
 situated  in  and  round  about  the  Plain  of  Troy.  If  the 
 weather  is  dry,  I  can  count  upon  obtaining  after  to-morrow 
 1 20  workmen  every  day. 
 
 On  the  north  side  of  the  hill,  at  a  distance  of  131  feet 
 from  the  declivity  and  at  a  depth  of  5 1  feet,  the  wall  of 
 white  stones,  which  rises  at  an  angle  of  40  degrees,  6\  feet 
 below  the  Trojan  wall,  seems,  as  I  have  said,  to  mark  the 
 site  of  the  Greek  temple  of  Athena.  Here  I  am  having 
 five  terraces  made  on  two  sides  simultaneously,  and  the 
 debris  carried  away  in  man-carts  and  wheel-barrows.  In 
 the  north-eastern  excavations  this  de'bris,  from  the  surface 
 to  a  depth  of  10  feet,  consists  of  black  earth,  mixed  with 
 splinters  of  marble  ;  and  among  them  I  find  very  many 
 large  and  beautifully-sculptured  blocks  of  marble,  which 
 evidently  belong  to  the  temple  of  the  time  of  Lysimachus, 
 which  stood  here,  but  are  of  no  further  value  to  archaeology. 
 The  removal  of  these  blocks,  the  weight  of  which  is  often 
 nearly  two  tons,  gives  me  the  greatest .  trouble.  The  site 
 of  the  temple  is  indeed  indicated  distinctly  enough  by  the 
 existence  of  these  large  marble  blocks  in  the  Doric  style, 
 but  of  the  sanctuary  itself  there  is  not  one  stone  in  its 
 place.  A  depression  in  the  earth,  1 1 2  feet  long  and  76  feet 
 broad,  seems  to   prove  that  the  place  has  been   ransacked 
 
1873.]  GROWTH  OF  THE  HILL  TO  THE  EAST.  227 
 
 hundreds  of  years  ago  by  Turks  seeking  stones  suitable  for 
 sepulchral  monuments ;  they  have  also,  curiously  enough, 
 carried  off  all  the  foundations.  Below  the  layer  of  debris, 
 10  feet  thick,  which  descends  at  an  angle  of  from  50  to  60 
 degrees,  there  is  an  accumulation  of  ashes,  covering  with 
 a  crust  of  131  feet  thick  the  buttress  previously  mentioned, 
 which  distinctly  marks  the  former  declivity  of  the  hill. 
 The  declivity  at  this  point  is  rounded  off  towards  the 
 east ;  and- — as  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  the  buttress 
 itself  (as  well  as  the  layers  of  debris  that  lie  above  it)  turns 
 in  the  same  direction,  and  that  the  strata  of  debris  which  lie 
 above  it  also  extend  out  to  the  east — the  eastern  declivity 
 at  one  time  likewise  commenced  at  this  point,  whereas  its 
 present  position  is  262^  feet  distant  from  it.  The  hill 
 of  the  Pergamus  has  therefore  increased  i6i\  feet  in  an 
 eastern  direction  since  the  buttress  was  built.  I  do  not 
 believe  that  there  is  a  second  hill  in  the  world  whose 
 increase  in  size,  during  thousands  of  years,  can  in  the 
 remotest  degree  be  compared  with  this  enormous  growth. 
 
 Except  those  small  round  terra-cottas  in  the  form  of 
 volcanoes  and  tops,  with  the  usual  decorations,  and  some 
 more  or  less  broken  pottery,  nothing  has  as  yet  been 
 discovered  in  this  excavation.  The  other  cutting: — 
 which  I  opened  to  reach  the  supposed  site  of  the  very 
 ancient  temple  of  Athena — is  at  the  east  end  of  my  large 
 platform,  upon  which  I  am  again  throwing  the  greater 
 part  of  the  debris  which  is  being  dug  down  there,  because 
 to  remove  it  beyond  the  platform  would  be  too  difficult. 
 In  the  mean  time  I  have  only  had  this  cutting  made 
 42^  feet  broad,  but  I  intend  to  widen  it  as  soon  as  I  find 
 any  prospect  of  advantage  to  archaeology  from  doing  so. 
 In  the  lower  terrace  of  this  cutting  I  find  the  continuation 
 of  that  Trojan  wall  which  also  shows  itself  in  the  more 
 eastern  cutting.  This  wall  is  here  only  3^  feet  high,  but 
 the  stones  lying  below  it  leave  no  doubt  that  it  was  at  one 
 time  much  higher.     Every  visitor  to  the  Troad  confirms 
 
 Q   2 
 
228  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XV. 
 
 my  observation  of  the  remarkable  fact,  that  this  wall  con- 
 tinues on  the  two  sides  of  my  large  cutting  through  the 
 entire  hill,  to  the  right  and  left  of  the  entrance,  at  a  depth 
 of  39^  feet.  If  this  wall  belongs  to  a  time  preceding  the 
 Trojan  wall  (as  to  which  I  can  entertain  no  doubt,  owing 
 to  its  great  depth),  yet  the  mighty  ruins  beneath  it,  as  well 
 as  the  pavement  of  white  pebbles  lying  below  it,  at  a  depth 
 of  if  foot  in  my  large  cutting,  prove  that  it  must  have  been 
 built  a  long  time  after  the  first  destruction  of  the  city. 
 But  the  real  object  of  the  wall  here  and  further  to  the 
 west  is  utterly  inexplicable  to  me,  for  it  is  built  above  and 
 through  the  ruins  of  mighty  buildings. 
 
 The  strata  of  debris  in  this  cutting  all  lie  horizontally, 
 which  leaves  no  doubt  that  they  have  been  gradually 
 formed  in  the  course  of  time.  Their  composition  proves 
 that  most  of  the  houses  which  stood  here  were  destroyed 
 by  fire.  But  there  are  also  several  thick  strata  here,  in 
 which  we  find  thousands  of  shells  in  a  state  of  good  pre- 
 servation, which  proves  that  they  at  least  cannot  have 
 belonged  to  buildings  destroyed  by  fire. 
 
 Among    the    interesting    objects    discovered    in    this 
 
 excavation,  I  must  espe- 
 cially mention  a  brilliant 
 red  terra-cotta  hippo- 
 potamus, found  at  a 
 depth  of  23  feet.  It  is 
 hollow,  and  has  a  ring  on 
 the  left  side,  and  there- 
 
 Bright  Red  Terra-cotta  Image  of  a  Hippopotamus  fore     may    have     Served     aS 
 
 a  vessel.  The  existence  of 
 the  figure  of  a  hippopotamus  here  at  a  depth  of  23  feet 
 is  extremely  remarkable,  nay,  astonishing;  for  this  animal, 
 as  is  well  known,  is  not  met  with  even  in  Upper  Egypt,  and 
 occurs  only  in  the  rivers  of  the  interior  of  Africa.  It  is, 
 however,  probable  that  hippopotami  existed  in  Upper  Egypt 
 in    ancient  times;   for,    according  to  Herodotus    (II.    71), 
 
i873-]  REMARKABLE  TERRA-COTTAS.  229 
 
 they  were  worshipped  as  sacred  animals  at  the  Egyptian 
 town  of  Papremis.  At  all  events,  Troy  must  have  been 
 commercially  connected  with  Egypt ;  but  even  so,  it  is  still 
 an  enigma,  how  the  animal  was  so  well  known  here  as  to 
 have  been  made  of  clay  in  a  form  quite  faithful  to  nature. 
 
 Of  idols  of  marble,  it  is  only  during  these  few  days 
 that  we  have  found  eight,  only  two  of  which  had  the 
 engraved  owl's  head  of  the  Ilian  Athena.  Of  vases  with 
 owl's  faces,  two  female  breasts,  and  two  upraised  arms,  I 
 have  found  only  one,  at  a  depth  of  15  meters  (49^  feet), 
 and  at  a  depth  of  7  meters  (23  feet)  the  upper  portion  of 
 another,  upon  which  the  stump  of  one  of  the  arms  may 
 still  be  recognised.  At  a  depth  of  10  feet  we  found  two 
 vases,  with  two  female  breasts  and  an  immense  navel, 
 which  are  doubtless  also  intended  to  represent  the 
 tutelary  goddess  of  Troy.  Lastly,  of  vase-covers  with  an 
 owl's  face  and  helmet,  the  first  found  was  at  a  depth  of 
 1  meter  (31  feet),  having  a  double  handle  in  the  form  of 
 a  coronet ;  another,  found  at  a  depth  of  3  meters  (26  feet), 
 has  a  simple  handle.  Among  the  other  terra-cotta  vessels 
 I  must  specially  mention  an  exceedingly  remarkable  cup 
 in  the  form  of  a  bugle-horn  with  three  feet,  which  was 
 found  at  a   depth   of  3  meters  (10  feet) ;   also  a  vessel  with 
 
 No.  160.  No.  161. 
 
 Remarkable  Terra-cotta  Vessel,  in  the  shape  of  a  Terra-cotta  Vessel  with  three  feet,  a 
 
 Bugle,  with  three  feet  (3  M.).  handle,  and  two  ears  (5  M.). 
 
 but  two   feet,  which,  however,  as   is   proved  by  the  broken 
 places  on  the  right  side,  has  been  attached  to  some  other 
 
230  TROY  AND    ITS   REMAINS.  [CHAP.  XV. 
 
 vessel  of  a  similar  form  and  description  ;  this  double  vessel 
 had  a  ring  on  either  side  for  suspension  by  strings.  Of  the 
 other  earthenware  I  can  only  mention  a  small  curious  vase 
 which  has  three  long  feet,  one  handle,  and  two  others  in 
 the  form  of  ears. 
 
 The  round  articles  of  terra-cotta  in  the  form  of  vol- 
 canoes and  humming-tops,  with  symbolical  decorations,  were 
 met  within  great  quantities,  as  they  always  are.  Four  sling- 
 bullets  were  discovered,  one  of  which,  made  of  copper,  was 
 brought  out  from  a  depth  of  49  feet,  one  of  alabaster  from 
 23  feet,  and  two  of  diorite  from  a  depth  of  from  20  to  23 
 feet.  At  a  depth  of  4  meters  (13  feet)  I  found  a  splendidly 
 ornamented  flat  piece  of  ivory,  which  must  evidently  have 
 been  part  of  a  musical  instrument.*  Lastly,  at  the  depth 
 of  1  meter  (3!  feet)  there  was  a  fragment  of  a  female 
 statue  of  fine  marble,  executed  in  a  masterly  style.  It  not 
 improbably  represents  the  tutelary  goddess  of  Ilium,  whose 
 temple,  as  we  know,  stood  in  the  Pergamus. 
 
 Simultaneously  with  these  excavations  I  had  22  men 
 working  in  a  north-westerly  direction,  from  the  south- 
 eastern corner  of  the  Acropolis,  in  order  to  lay  bare  the 
 Great  Tower  still  further  on  that  side,  an  operation  that 
 has  become  impossible  to  effect  from  my  great  trench. 
 But  as  the  hill  at  this  point  has  only  a  very  gradual  slope 
 I  was  compelled  to  make  the  new  cutting  with  a  con- 
 siderable slope,  which  renders  the  carting-ofF  of  the  debris 
 much  more  troublesome,  but  is  absolutely  necessary,  to 
 enable  us  to  reach-  the  requisite  depth  of  26  feet  for 
 arriving  at  the  Tower*.  At  the  very  commencement  of  this 
 cutting,  at  a  foot  below  the  surface,  I  came  upon  two 
 enormous  walls,  each  of  which  is  10  feet  thick.  The 
 first  seems    to  belong  to  the  Middle  Ages,f  and  consists 
 
 *  See  Cut,  No.  9,  p.  27. 
 
 t  Dr.  Schliemann  afterwards  assigned  these  Corinthian  pillars  to  the 
 time  of  Constantine.  (See  Chapter  XXII.,  p.  320,  and  Introduction, 
 p.  30.— [Ed.] 
 
1 873-]  ILIUM  AND  THE  JUL1I.  231 
 
 of  large  blocks  of  Corinthian  pillars  joined  by  cement 
 and  of  other  marble  blocks  taken  from  ancient  build- 
 ings. The  second  wall,  which  follows  immediately,  must 
 certainly  belong  to  the  town-wall  built  by  Lysimachus, 
 which  was  40  stadia  long.*  It  is  composed  of  large  and 
 beautifully  hewn  blocks  of  limestone,  which  are  laid  one 
 upon  another  without  any  kind  of  cement,  and  which  gene- 
 rally bear  a  monogram.  As  the  letter  is  not  always  the 
 same,  and  as  for  instance  upon  one  stone  there  is  a  X,  and 
 upon  another  an  Y  or  a  A,  I  presume  that  they  are  the 
 initials  of  the  different  builders.  In  the  first  wall  I  found 
 a  marble  slab  nearly  a  foot  thick,  32^  inches  broad,  and 
 3^  feet  long,  with  the  following  inscription : — 
 
 HBOYAHKAIOAHMOZ 
 
 rAlONKAIZAPAToNYloNToYZEBAZ 
 TOYToNZYNTENHKAl  nATPftNAKAlEY 
 EPrETHNTHXrTOAEILE 
 
 eH   fiov\r)   /cat  6   877^09 
 Yaiiov   Kaicrapa  tov  vlbv  tov  Se/3acr- 
 tov  tov   crvvyevrj   /cat  Trarpoyva   /cat   ev- 
 epyiriqv  rfjs  woXecos. 
 
 The  person  praised  in  this  inscription  can  by  no  means 
 have  been  the  Emperor  Caligula,  for  in  that  case  the  title 
 avroKparcop  would  have  been  added.  But  as  this  word  is 
 wanting,  the  person  meant  is  certainly  Caius  Caesar,  the 
 son  of  Vipsanius  Agrippa  and  of  Julia,  the  daughter  of 
 Octavianus.  He  had  a  brother  called  Lucius.  Both  were 
 adopted  by  Augustus,  and  owing  to  this  adoption  they 
 received  the  title  of  "  vto?  tov  Se^ao-rov,"  and  both  were 
 selected  by  Augustus  as  his  successors.  Caius  Caesar,  born 
 in  the  year  20  b.c,  was  adopted  at  the  age  of  three  years. 
 He    took    part    in    the    Trojan    games,    which    Augustus 
 
 Strabo,  XIII.,  pp.  100,  101,  Tauchnitz  edition. 
 
2j2  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Ch.  XV.  1873. 
 
 instituted  at  the  dedication  of*  the  temple  of  Marcellus. 
 At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  was  appointed  Consul,  and  when 
 nineteen  he  was  made  Governor  of  Asia.  During  his 
 administration  there  he  became  involved  in  a  war  with 
 Phraates  the  king  of  Armenia,  was  wounded,  and  died 
 in  the  year  4  after  Christ,  on  the  21st  of  February,  at 
 the  age  of  24.*  As  in  the  inscription  he  is  called  the 
 kinsman,  the  benefactor,  and  the  patron  of  Ilium,  it  is 
 probable  that  he  often  came  here  during  his  administra- 
 tion ;  at  all  events,  he  took  great  interest  in  the  city,  and 
 lavished  favours  upon  it.  The  family  of  the  Julii  always 
 attached  great  importance  to  their  descent  from  Iiilus 
 (or  Ascanius)  the  son  of  iEneas ;  and  the  sole  political 
 object  of  Virgil's  iEneid  was  to  prove  and  glorify  their 
 genealogy.  This  explains  the  favours  which  the  Julii 
 lavished  upon  Ilium,  and  their  hatred  against  the  Greeks 
 because  they  destroyed  Troy,  and  also  because  they  had 
 espoused  the  cause  of  Mark  Antony. 
 
 An  oka  of  wine,  which  contains  about  two  ordinary 
 wine-bottles,  last  year  cost  \\  piaster  (25  centimes);  now 
 it  costs  2  piasters  (40  centimes)  the  oka ;  but  it  is  of 
 a  most  excellent  quality,  and  I  prefer  it  to  any  French 
 wine. 
 
 No.  162.     Terra-cotta  Image  of  a  Pig,  curiously  marked  with  Stars    ^  m. 
 
 *   Velleius  Paterculus,  II.  102. 
 
{     ^33     ) 
 
 CHAPTER    XVI. 
 
 Increased  number  of  workmen  —  Further  uncovering  of  the  great  but- 
 tress —  Traces  of  a  supposed  small  temple  —  Objects  found  on  its 
 site  —  Terra-cotta  serpents'  heads  :  great  importance  attached  to 
 the  serpent  —  Stone  implements  :  hammers  of  a  peculiar  form  — 
 Copper  implements  :  a  sickle  —  Progress  of  the  works  at  the  south- 
 east corner  —  Remains  of  an  aqueduct  from  the  Thymbrius  — Large 
 jars,  used  for  cellars  —  Ruins  of  the  Greek  temple  of  Athena  — 
 Two  important  inscriptions  discussed  —  Relations  of  the  Greek 
 Syrian  Kings  Antiochus  I.  and  III.  to  Ilium. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  March  ist,  1873. 
 
 Since  Monday  morning,  the  24th  of  last  month,  I  have 
 succeeded  in  increasing  the  number  of  my  workmen  to  158, 
 and  as  throughout  this  week  we  have  had  splendid  weather, 
 I  have  been  able  to  accomplish  a  good  stroke  of  work  in 
 the  six  days,  in  spite  of  the  many  hindrances  and  difficulties 
 which  I  had  at  first  to  struggle  against.  Since  the  ist  of 
 February  I  have  succeeded  in  removing  more  than  11,000 
 cubic  yards  of  debris  from  the  site  of  the  temple.  To-day, 
 at  last,  I  have  had  the  pleasure  of  uncovering  a  large  por- 
 tion of  that  buttress,  composed  of  large  unhewn  white 
 stones,  which  at  one  time  covered  the  entire  north-eastern 
 corner  of  the  declivity,  whereas,  in  consequence  of  its 
 increase  in  size  during  the  course  of  many  centuries  by  the 
 ashes  of  the  sacrificed  animals,  the  present  declivity  of  the 
 hill  is  131  feet  distant  from  it  to  the  north,  and  262^  feet 
 distant  to  the  east.  To  my  surprise  I  found  that  this 
 buttress  reaches  to  within  26  feet  of  the  surface,  and  thus,  as 
 the  primary  soil  is  elsewhere  always  at  from  46  to  52^  feet 
 below  the  surface,  it  must  have  covered  an  isolated  hill 
 from   20   to   26   feet    high,   at   the    north-east    end   of  the 
 
234 
 
 TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XVI. 
 
 Pergamus,  where  at  one  time  there  doubtless  stood  a  small 
 temple.  Of  this  sanctuary,  however,  I  find  nothing  but 
 red  wood-ashes,  mixed  with  the  fragments  of  brilliant  black 
 Trojan  earthenware,  and  an  enormous  number  of  unhewn 
 stones,  which  seem  to  have  been  exposed  to  a  fearful  heat, 
 but  no  trace  of  sculpture  :  the  building  must  therefore  have 
 been  very  small.  I  have  broken  through  the  buttress  of 
 this  temple-hill  at  a  breadth  of  13  feet,  in  order  to  examine 
 the  ground  at  its  foundation.  I  dug  it  away  to  a  depth  of 
 5  feet,  and  found  that  it  consists  of  the  virgin  soil,  which  is 
 of  a  greenish  colour.  Upon  the  site  of  the  small  and  very 
 ancient  temple,  which  is  indicated  by  the  buttress,  I  find  in 
 two  places  pure  granular  sand,  which  appears  to  extend  very 
 tar  down,  for  after  excavating  it  to  a  depth  of  6h  feet  I  did 
 not  reach  the  end  of  the  stratum.  Whether  this  hill  con- 
 sists entirely,  or  but  partially,  of  earth  and  sand,  I  cannot 
 say,  and  must  leave  it  undecided,  for  I  should  have  to  re- 
 move thousands  more  of  cubic  yards  of  rubbish.     Among 
 
 the  debris  of  the  temple  we  found  a 
 few,  but  exceedingly  interesting  ob- 
 jects, for  instance,  the  largest  marble 
 idol  that  has  hitherto  been  found, 
 which  is  i>\  inches  long  and  3 
 inches  broad.  Further,  the  lid  of  a 
 pot,  which  is  divided  into  twelve 
 fields  by  roughly  engraved  lines. 
 Ten  of  the  fields  are  ornamented 
 with  little  stars,  one  with  two  signs 
 of  lightning,  and  another  with  six 
 lines.  There  was  also  a  small  idol 
 of  terra-cotta  with  the  owl's  head  of 
 
 No.  163.     One  of  the  largest  marble     .1  rr  .1  i   1  •    1 
 
 idols,  found  in  the  Trojan  stratum  the  llian  tutelary  goddess,  with  two 
 
 arms  and  long  hair  hanging  down 
 
 at  the  back  of  the  head  ;  but  it  is  so  roughly  made  that,  for 
 
 instance,  the  eyes  of  the  goddess  are  above  the  eyebrows.    I 
 
 also  found  among  the  debris  of  the  temple  a  vase  with  the 
 
1 873-1 
 
 TROJAN  TERRA-COTTAS. 
 
 13$ 
 
 owl's  face,  two  female  breasts  and  a  large  navel ;   of  the  face 
 only  one  eye  and  an  ear  is  preserved.     I  must  draw  especial 
 
 No.  164.     Terra-cotta  Pot-lid,  engraved 
 with  symbolical  marks  (6  m.). 
 
 No.  165.     A  curious  Terra-cotta  Idol  of  the  Ilian 
 Athena  ^7  M.). 
 
 attention  to  the  fact  that  both  upon  the  vases  with  owls' 
 heads  two  female  breasts  and  a  navel,  and  upon  all  of  the 
 others  without  the  owl's  face  and  adorned  only  with  two 
 female  breasts  and  a  navel,  the  latter  is  always  ten  times 
 larger  than  the  breasts.  I  therefore  presume  that  the  navel 
 had  some  important  significance,  all  the  more  so  as  it  is 
 frequently  decorated  with  a  cross,  and  in  one  case  even  with 
 a  cross  and  the  marks  of  a  nail  at  each  of  the  four  ends 
 of  the  cross.*  We  also  discovered  among  the  ruins  of 
 the  small  and  very  ancient  building  some  pretty  wedges 
 (battle-axes),  and  a  number  of  very  rude  hammers  made 
 of  diorite  ;  besides  a  quantity  of  those  small  red  and  black 
 terra-cotta  whorls,  with  the  usual  engravings  of  four  or 
 five  pj-J,  or  of  three,  four,  or  five  triple  rising  suns  in  the 
 circle  round  the  central  sun,  or  with  other  extremely  strange 
 decorations. 
 
 At  a  depth  of  7  to  8  meters  (23  to  16  feet),  we  also 
 came  upon  a  number  of  vases  having  engraved  decorations, 
 and  with  three  feet  or  without  feet,  but  generally  with  rings 
 at  the  sides  and  holes  in  the  mouth  for  suspension  by 
 strings  ;  also  goblets  in  the  form  of  a  circular  tube,  with  a 
 long  spout  at  the  side  for  drinking  out  of,  which  is  always 
 
 ;    Sec  Cut,  No.  is,  p.  35. 
 
236  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XVI. 
 
 connected  with   the  other  side  of  the  tube  by  a  handle; 
 
 further,  smaller  or  larger  jars  with  a  mouth  completely  bent 
 backwards  ;  small  terra-cotta  funnels  ; 
 very  curious  little  sling-bullets  made 
 of  diorite,  from  only  f  of  an  inch 
 to  above  1  inch  long.  The  most 
 remarkable  of  all  the  objects  found 
 this  year  is,  however,  an  idol  of  very 
 hard  black  stone  above  ih  inches 
 long  and  broad,  discovered  at  a  depth 
 of  9   meters   (29^   feet).     The  head, 
 
 No.  166.    Pret"" Terra-cotta  jug,   hands,    and  feet    have    the    form    of 
 
 with  the  neck  bent  back  (7  M.).         1  •        1  1         1  1  1  1 
 
 hemispheres,  and  the  head  is  only 
 recognised  by  several  horizontal  lines  engraved  below  it, 
 which  seem   to  indicate   necklaces.      In   the   centre  of  the 
 
 No.  167.     Remarkable  Trojan  Idol  of  Black  Stone  (7  m.). 
 
 belly  is  a  navel,  which  is  as  large  as  the  head,  but,  instead 
 of  protruding  as  in  the  case  of  the  vases,  it  is  indicated  bv 
 a  circular  depression.  The  back  of  the  middle  of  the 
 body  is  arched,  and  has  the  appearance  of  a  shield,  so 
 that  in  looking  at  the  idol  one  is  involuntarily  led  to 
 believe  that  it  represents  Mars,  the  god  of  war. 
 
 At  a  depth  of  from  4  to  7  meters  (13  to  23  feet)  we 
 also  met  with  fragments  of  terra-cotta  serpents,  whose  heads 
 are  sometimes   represented  with   horns.     The   latter  must 
 
1 873-]  TERRA-COTTA  SERPENTS'  HEADS.  237 
 
 certainly  be  a  very  ancient  and  significant  symbol  of  the 
 greatest  importance,  for  even  now  there  is  a  superstition 
 that  the  horns  of  serpents,  by  merely  coming  in  contact 
 with  the  human  body,  cure  a  number  of  diseases,  and 
 especially  epilepsy  ;  also  that  by  dipping  them  in  milk  the 
 
 Nos.  168,  169.     Heads  of  Horned  Serpents  (4  M.). 
 
 latter  is  instantly  turned  into  cheese,  and  other  notions  of 
 the  same  sort.  On  account  of  the  many  wholesome  and 
 useful  effects  attributed  to  the  horns  of  ser- 
 pents, they  are  regarded  as  immensely  valu- 
 able, and  on  my  return  here  at  the  end  of 
 January  one  of  my  last  year's  workmen  was 
 accused  by  a  jealous  comrade  of  having 
 found  two  serpents'  horns  in  an  urn  at  a 
 depth  of  $i\  feet,  and  of  having  made  off 
 with  them.      All  my  assurances  that  there  No.  i7o.    a  serpent's 
 
 ...  ,  Head,  with  horns  on 
 
 are  no  such  things  as  serpents    horns  could     }°th  ^des  and  very 
 
 0  l  large  eyes  (6  M.). 
 
 not  convince  the  men,  and  they  still  believe 
 that  their  comrade    has   robbed   me   of   a  great    treasure. 
 The  serpents'  heads  not  ornamented  with  horns  generally 
 represent  the  poisonous  asp  \  above  the  mouth  they  have 
 a    number    of   dots,  and   the    head  and    back  are  divided 
 
238  TROY  AND  ITS   REMAINS.  [CHAP.  XVI, 
 
 by  cross  lines  into  sections  which  are  filled  with  dots.* 
 These  flat  serpents'  heads  have  on  the  opposite  side  lines 
 running  longitudinally  like  female 
 hair.  We  also  found  terra-cotta 
 cones  an  inch  and  a  half  high,  with 
 three  holes  not  pierced  right  through. 
 At  a  depth  of  from  3I  to  65  feet 
 No.  171.  Head  of  an  Asp  in  Terra-    we    have     discovered    several     more 
 
 cotta  (both  sides)  (4  M.)-  •    1  i  ,, 
 
 terra-cotta  vases  without  the  owl  s 
 face,  but  with  two  female  breasts  and  a  large  navel,  and 
 with  two  small  upright  handles  in  the  form  of  arms.  In 
 all  the  strata  below  13  feet  we  meet  with  quantities  of  im- 
 plements of  diorite,  and  quoits  of  granite,  sometimes  also 
 of  hard  limestone.  Hammers  and  wedges  (battle-axes)  of 
 diorite  and  of  green  stone  were  also  found,  in  most  cases 
 very  prettily  wrought.  The  hammers  do  not  all  possess  a 
 perforated  hole ;  upon  many  there  is  only  a  cavity  on  both 
 sides,  about  A  to  §  of  an  inch  deep. 
 
 Of  metals,  copper  only  was  met  with.  To-day  we  found 
 a  copper  sickle  5i  inches  long;  of  copper  weapons  we  have 
 to-day  for  the  first  time  found  two  lances  at  a  depth  of 
 23  feet,  and  an  arrow-head  at  4  meters  (13  feet)  deep. 
 We  find  numbers  of  long,  thin  copper  nails  with  a  round 
 head,  or  with  the  point  only  bent  round.  I  now  also  find 
 them  repeatedly  at  a  depth  of  from  5  to  6  meters  (i6h  to 
 20  feet),  whereas  since  the  commencement  of  my  exca- 
 vations in  the  year  1871,  I  only  found  two  nails  as  far 
 down  as  this.f  . 
 
 *  The  serpents'  heads,  found  so  frequently  among  the  ruins  of  Troy, 
 cannot  but  recal  to  mind  the  superstitious  regard  of  Homer's  Trojans 
 for  the  reptile  as  a  symbol,  and  their  terror  when  a  half-killed  serpent 
 was  dropped  by  the  bird  of  Jove  amidst  their  ranks  {Iliad,  XII.  208, 
 209)  : — 
 
 Tpcoes   5'   tpp'iyr)(rai>,   okws  ISov  oaoKov  ixpiv 
 Kflfntvov  iv  fifaaoicn,   Ai6s  repas  oi-yio'^oio. 
 
 "The  Trujans,  shuddering,   in  their  midst  beheld 
 7'lic  spotted  serpent,  dire  portent  of  Jove.'' 
 
 t  That  is,  in  the  strata  of  the  third  dwellers  on  the  hill. 
 
i873-]  AQUEDUCT  FROM  THE  THYMBRIUS.  239 
 
 I  am  now  also  vigorously  carrying  forward  the  cutting 
 which  I  made  on  the  south-eastern  corner  of  the  Pergamus, 
 for  uncovering  the  eastern  portion  of  the  Great  Tower 
 as  far  as  my  last  year's  cutting,  to  a  length  of  315  feet 
 and  a  breadth  of  from  6$h  to  78I  feet.  The  work 
 advances  rapidly,  as  this  excavation  is  near  the  southern 
 declivity  of  the  hill,  and  the  rubbish  has  therefore  not 
 far  to  be  carted  off.  I  have  made  eight  side  passages 
 for  removing  it.  Experience  has  taught  me  that  it  is 
 far  more  profitable  not  to  have  any  special  men  for 
 loading  the  wheel-barrows,  but  to  let  every  workman  fill 
 his  own  barrow.  Experience  has  also  shown  me  that  much 
 precious  time  is  lost  in  breaking  down  the  earthen  walls 
 with  the  long  iron  levers  driven  in  by  a  ram,  and  that 
 it  is  much  more  profitable  and  less  dangerous  to  the 
 workmen  always  to  keep  the  earthen  walls  at  an  angle 
 of  55  degrees,  to  dig  as  occasion  requires,  and  to  cut 
 away  the  rubbish  from  below  with  broad  pickaxes.  In 
 this  new  excavation  I  find  four  earthen  pipes,  from  i8f 
 to  22j  inches  long,  and  from  6h  to  nf  inches  thick, 
 laid  together  for  conducting  water,  which  was  brought 
 from  a  distance  of  i^  German  mile  (about  7  English 
 miles)  from  the  upper  Thymbrius.  This  river  is  now 
 called  the  Kemar,  from  the  Greek  word  Kafxapa  (vault), 
 because  an  aqueduct  of  the  Roman  period  crosses  its  lower 
 course  by  a  large  arch.  This  aqueduct  formerly  supplied 
 Ilium  with  drinking  water  from  the  upper  portion  of  the 
 river.  But  the  Pergamus  required  special  aqueducts,  for 
 it  lies  higher  than'  the  city. 
 
 In  this  excavation  I  find  an  immense  number  of  large 
 earthen  wine-jars  (irCdoi)  from  1  to  2  meters  (31  to  6h  feet) 
 high,  and  29^  inches  across,  as  well  as  a  number  of  frag- 
 ments of  Corinthian  pillars  and  other  splendidly  sculptured 
 blocks  of  marble.  All  of  these  marble  blocks  must 
 certainly  have  belonged  to  those  grand  buildings  whose 
 southern    wall  I    have    already  laid    bare    to    a    length    of 
 
240  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XVI. 
 
 i%$\  feet.  It  is  composed  of  small  stones  joined  with  a 
 great  quantity  of  cement  as  hard  as  stone,  and  rests  upon 
 large  well  hewn  blocks  of  limestone.  The  direction  of  this 
 wall,  and  hence  of  the  whole  building,  is  E.S.E.  by  E. 
 
 Three  inscriptions,  which  I  found  among  its  ruins,  and 
 in  one  of  which  it  is  said  that  they  were  set  up  in  the 
 "  iepov"  that  is,  in  the  temple,  leave  no  doubt  that  this  was 
 the  temple  of  the  Ilian  Athena,  the  u  ttoXlov-^o^  6ed"  for  it 
 is  only  this  sanctuary  that  could  have  been  called  simply 
 "  to  iepov"  on  account  of  its  size  and  importance,  which 
 surpassed  that  of  all  the  other  temples  of  Ilium.  Moreover 
 the  position  of  the  building,  which  is  turned  towards  the 
 rising  sun,  corresponds  exactly  with  the  position  of  the 
 Parthenon  and  all  the  other  temples  of  Athena.  From 
 the  very  commencement  of  my  excavations  I  have  searched 
 for  this  important  sanctuary,  and  have  pulled  down  more 
 than  130,000  cubic  yards  of  debris  from  the  most  beauti- 
 ful parts  of  the  Pergamus  in  order  to  find  it ;  and  I  now 
 discover  it  exactly  where  I  should  have  least  expected  to 
 come  upon  it.  1  have  sought  for  this  new  temple,  which 
 was  probably  built  by  Lysimachus,  because  I  believed,  and 
 still  believe,  that  in  its  depths  I  shall  find  the  ruins  of  the 
 primeval  temple  of  Athena,  and  I  am  more  likely  here 
 than  anywhere  to  find  something  to  throw  light  upon 
 Troy.  Of  the  inscriptions  found  here,  as  mentioned  above, 
 one  is  written  upon  a  marble  slab  in  the  form  of  a  tomb- 
 stone, 5^  feet  long,  17^  inches  broad,  and  5!  inches  thick, 
 and  runs  as  follows  : — 
 
 MEArArPOIIAIEQNTHIBOYAHIKAITniAHMillXAl 
 PElNAnEAOKENHMINAPIZTOMKIAHZOAZZIOIEni 
 ITOAAinAPATOYBAI  lAEOlANTTOXOYnNTANTI  TPA 
 4>AYMINYnorErPA<|>AMENCNETYXENAHMlNKAIAY 
 5      TOI^AMENOrnOAAQNAYTJllKAIETEPQNAlAAE 
 rOMENQNKAIHTE^ANONAIAONTnNninEPKAIH 
 M  E 1 1  n  APA  KO  AOY0OV  M  E  N  A  I  ATOKA  I  n  PEIBEYI A I A 
 nOTON  nOAEilN  T I NIAI  nPOI  H  M  AX  BOYAEEOA I  TH  N 
 XnPANTHNAEAOMENHNAYTniV.nOTOYBAIIAEfl.IAN 
 
1873.]  A  GREEK  INSCRIPTION.  241 
 
 loTIOXQYKAIAIATOlEPONKAlAIATHNnPOIYMAZEYNOI 
 ANnPOIENErKAlGAinPOITHNYMETEPANnOAINA 
 MENOYNAIIOirENEIOAIAYTCinAPATHLnOAEQIAY 
 TOIYMlNAHAftIEIKAAfirAANnOHIAITETH4>|IAME 
 NOITEnANTATA^IAANQPiinAAYTniKAlKAOOTlAN 
 15  SYrXflPHIH ITHN ANArPA4>HN nOHIAMENOI KAIITH 
 AflZANTEZKAlAENTEXEIZTOIEPONINAMENHIYMIN 
 BEBAlQXEIinANTATGTXPONONTAIYI  XHPH0ENTA 
 
 EPPftXOE  BAIIAEYZANTIOXOZMEAEA 
 
 rpniXAlPElNAEAQKAMENAPlITOAIKlAHlTfilAIZIfll 
 20   rHIEPrAIIMOYriAEOPAAIIXlAlAriPOIENErKArOAl 
 nPOZTHNIAIEQNnOAINHZKHYIftNZYOYNZYNTAZON 
 nAPAAElIAIAPIZTOAlKIAHIAriOTHZOMOPOYZHZTHI 
 rEPriOlAlHTHIZKHYIAIOYANAOKIMAZHIITAAIIXIAIA 
 nAEOPATHirHIKAinPOIOPIFAlEIITHNIAIEnNHTHN 
 25  ZKHYIflN       EPPftZO        BAIIAEYZANTIOXOZMEAE 
 ArPfilXAlPEINENETYXENHMINAPlZTOAIKIAHZO 
 AIIIOZAHmNAOYNAlAYTI7IHMAZENTHIEc|>EAAHZ 
 nONTOYZATPAnEIAITHNnETPANHMnPOTEPOM 
 ElXENMEAEATPOZKAITHZXnPAZTHZnETPlAOZ 
 30  EPrAZIMOYnEOPAXlAlAnENTAKOIIAKAIAAAA 
 TH5:nAE0PAAIIX!A!AEPrAIIMOYAnOTHJOMO 
 POYZ  HZTH  I  n  POTEPO  N  A  00  El Z HlAYTniMEPIAIfll 
 KAlHMEIZTHNTEnETPANAEAnKAMENAYTniEl 
 MHAEAOTAIAAAHinPOTEPONKAITHrxaPANTHN' 
 35   II POZTH  I  n  ETPA I K  A  I  A  A  A  A  rHZ  riAEGPAAIZXIAl  A 
 EPrA  1 1  M  OYA I  ATOcf>  I  A  O  NONTA  VI  M  ETE  PO  N  n  A  PEZ 
 XHZOAIHMlNTAZKATAYTONXPEIAZMETAnAZHZ 
 EYNOIAIKAinPOOYMIAZZYOYNEniZKEYAMENOZ 
 ElMHAEAOTAIAAAninPOTEPONAYTHHMEPIznA 
 40  PAAEIZONAYTHNKAlTHNnPOZAYTHIXnPANAPIZ 
 TOAIKIKIAHlKAIAnOTHZBAZlAlKHZXnPAZTHZOMO 
 POYZHZTHinPOTEPONAEAOMENHIXJlPAlAPIZTOAl 
 KIAHlZYNTA-ONKATAMETPHZAIKAinAPAAEIZAI 
 AYTninAEQPAAIZXIAIAKAIEAZAlAYTnmPOZENEr 
 4S  KAZ0AI n PO ZH N A M BOYAHTAI flOA I N  TflN ENTH I XftPA I 
 TEKAIZYMMAXfAIOIAEBAZIAlKOIAAOIOIEKTOYTO 
 nOYENniEZTlMHnETPAEAMBOYAaNTAlOIKEINENTHI 
 riETPA|AI<t>AAElAZENEKEZYNTETAXAMENAPlZTO 
 TO  AJ  K I A  H  IE  A  N  AYTOYZOIKEIN  EPPH  Z  O 
 
 so  BAZIAEYZANTIOXOZMEAEArEniXAIPEINENETYXENH 
 MUsTAPIZTOAlKlAHZ^AMENOinETPANTOXnPlONKAlTHM 
 XDPANTHNZYrKYPOYZAKinEPIHZnPOTEPONErPAYAMEN 
 AlAONTEIAYTniOYAET|KAINfYNTlAPE,IAH<J)ENAIAIATOA0H 
 NAiniTniEniTOYNAYZTAOMOYEniKEXnPHZOAlKAIHHI 
 
 R 
 
242  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XVI. 
 
 66  niENANTIMENTHZnETPITIAOlLXaPArnAPAAEIXOHNAI 
 AYTQITAIlAnAEGPAIYrXflPHOHNAIAEKAl  AAAAI1AE 
 GPAAIIXIAIAnPOXENErKAIOAinPOUHNAMBOYAHTAI 
 TnMriOAEQNTnNENTHIHMETEPAIIYMMAXIAlKAOA 
 nEPKAinPOTEPONErPAYAMENOPHNTEJIOYNAYTON 
 
 6o  EYNOYNONTAKAinPOOYMONEIITAHMETEPAriPArMA 
 TABOYAOMEOAnOAYaPEINTANOPnnOYKAinEPI 
 TOYTHNIYrKEXfiPHKAMEN^hm  NAEEINAITHZ 
 nETPITIAOX.XaPAITAXYrxn.PHOENTAAYmi 
 nAEOPAX'AIAnENTAKOIIAZYNTAZONOYNKATA 
 
 .;5  METPHIAIAPIZTOAIKlAHIKAiriAPAAEIEAirHZ 
 EPrAIIMOYTATEAlIXIAIAKAinENTAKOZIAnAE 
 GPAKAIANTITHN  nEPITHN  n  ETPA  N  A  AAA  EPTA 
 IIMOYXIAlATlENTAKOZIAAnOTHIBAIIAIKHIXa 
 PAITHriYNOPlZOYIHITHIENAPXHlAOOEIIHI 
 
 70  AYTmnAPHMaNEAIAlAEKAinPOIENErKArOAl 
 THNXnPANAPIZTOAIKIAHNnPOIHNANEOYAHTAI 
 nOAlNTnNENTHlHMETEPAHYMMAXlAIKAOA 
 HEPKAI  ENTl-f  I  nPOTEPONEniZTOAHl  ETPAYA 
 MEM     EPPaiO 
 
 MeXeaypog  'lkcecov  ttjl  fiovXrji   /cat  tcol  or)p.toi  \cli- 
 peiv.  'AireScoKev  rjpXv  \\p  to~ToSt/c  18179   6    Acrcrto?  ort- 
 crroXa?  napd  tov  /3acn\eto<;  'Avtio^ou,   cov  Tjxvriypa- 
 (f)a  v/juv  vrroyeypdffxifiep'   evirv^ev  8'   rj/xlv  /cat  a(v)- 
 5    tos  (f>djJLevos,   ttoWojv   avTwc   /cat   crepcjv,   StaXe- 
 yo/xevojv   /cat   are^avov  SihovTcov,   coairep   /cat  rj- 
 /xet?  TrapaKoXovOovjAev  Sta  to   /cat  Trpeo-fievcrai  d- 
 
 7TO    TCOV    TTo\eC0V    TLVOLS    777JO<?    T7/XO-9,    fiovkeo-dcu    TY]V 
 
 yu>pav  T7)v  SeSojxevrjv  avrat   vtto   tov  fiacnXecos  'Av- 
 id  tio^ov   /cat  Sta  to   lepbv  /cat   Sta  tt)v  irpbs  vfxd<;   evvot- 
 av  TrpoaeveyKaaOai  rrpos  tyjv  v/xeTepav  tto\lv.    A 
 fxev  ovv  agtot  yevicrOai  clvtcol  napd  Trjs  -TroXew?,   av- 
 tos  vjxiv  S^Xojcret'    /caXw?   S'  av  TrorjcraiTe  i/zr^to-a/xe- 
 voi  re  ndpTa  ra   (^ikdvOpcoira  clvtcoi   /cat   /ca^    on   ai> 
 o~vy^(opy]crr)L  ttjv  dvaypacprjv  TTorjaafjievoL   /cat   crr^- 
 XcocravTes   /cat   0eVres   et?  to   lepbv,   tVa  jxevrjt   v/jup 
 /3e^8at0J9   et?  irdvTa  Toy  -y(jp6vov  ra   avy-^copi-jOivTa. 
 
 eppocrOe.  BacnXevs    A^Tto^o?  MeXea- 
 
 yp&Jt  yolpeiv.      AeSw/ca/xez;  'AptcrToSt/ctSrit  twi  'Actctlcol 
 
i873-]  A  GREEK  INSCRIPTION.  243 
 
 20  y^§   ipyaaifxov  irXeOpa  Sto-^tXta  it po aeveyKaa 6 'at 
 irpbs  ttjv  'iXiecov  ttoXiv  rj   %Kr)\pL(ov.   Si)  ovv  o~vvra£ov 
 TTapaoei^aL  'AptcrToStKtSrit   dirb  rfjs  ofxopovarjq  ttjl 
 TepyiBiai  r)   rrji   Sktii/zuxi,    ov   av   SoKt/xa^ts  to,   Stcr)(tXta 
 irXeOpa  rrj<;  yrjs  kcu  irpoo-opio~ai  et?  rrjv  'iXietov  77   tt)i> 
 
 2s   'S.Krjxpuov.  eppcoao.      BacrtXevs  'A^rto^o?   MeXe- 
 
 dypcoL  ^aipeiv.      'Kverv^ev  r)plv  'AptcrToStKtSTi?  6 
 vAcnxto<>   afttoz>  oowat  avrtoi  rjfia^  iv  rrji  i<f>    'EXXtict- 
 irovrov   crarpaiTeiai  rr)v   Herpav,   17/x,   irporepov 
 el^ev  ^IcXeaypos  /cat  T779  -^copa^  T77?   IleTptSos 
 
 30   epya.o~lp.ov  ireOpa.*1  ^tXta  7re^ra/cocrta   /cat   aXXa 
 yr)<~  irXeOpa  Stcr^tXta   epyaaipov   dirb  rf}<$  bpo- 
 povar/s  rrji  irporepov  So#eto"77t  avro)i  fxepihicoi  (;) 
 Kat  T^/xet?  rryf  re  Ilerpav  SeSw/ca/xe/^  clvtcol,   et 
 /xt)   SeSorat   dXXcot  irporepov   /cat  T7)y  ycopav  rrjv 
 
 ss  7rp69  TTyt   lleYpat   /cat   aXXa  y^5  irXedpa  Stcr^tXta 
 epyacripov,   Stct  to   cf>iXov  ovra  rjperepov  irapea- 
 )(f}cr6aL  rjfxiv  rd<~   /ca^'   avrbv  ^peta?  /xeTa.  iracnq  (5) 
 evvolas   /cat  irpoOvpias.      %v  ovv  eTno-Kexfjdpevos 
 et  /xt)   SeSorat   a'XXcut  irporepov  avrr)  rj  pepi<$  (;),   7ra- 
 
 40  pdSeu^ov  avrrjv  Kat  tt)^  7rpo?   avrrjc  yoipav  'Aptcr- 
 roSt/ct/ctSm*2   /cat   a7ro   7779  ^8acrtXt/cr^9  yoipaq  rfjq  bpo- 
 povcrr)^  rrji  irporepov  SeSopevqc  ^copou  'AptcrroSt- 
 klStjl  avvratjov  /cara/xeryorycrat   /cat  irapaoel^ai 
 olvtcol  irXeOpa   Stcr^t'Xta   /cat  eao~at   avrtoc  irpoaevey- 
 
 45   KacrOai  irpb<;  rjv  ap  /3ovXr)Tac  ttoXlv  rcov  iv  rrji  ^copai 
 re  /cat   crvxt/xa^tat"    ot   Se  /3ao~tXtKot   Xaot   ot   e/c  rot)  ro- 
 770U,   eV  wt  ecrrlv  r)   Uerpa,  eap  fiovXcovrau  oiiceiv  ev  rrj  (1) 
 II expat   acrc^aXetas   eVe/ce,   avvrerd^ajxev  'Aptcrro- 
 roSt/ctS^t*3  ecti^  aurou?  oLKelv.  eppcoao. 
 
 50  BacrtXevs  'A^rto^o?   MeXeaypwt  ^aipeLv.   'JLverv^ev  rj- 
 fxlv  'Apto-roSt/ctS-^?,  c/>a/xevo5   IleTpav  ro  ycopiov  /cat   tt)  (y) 
 ^copav  rrjv   crvyKvpovcrav,   irepi  775  irporepov  iypdxfjapev 
 StSoVres   avrcot,  ovo'  eVt  Kat  ^v^   irapeiXyjcfyevaL,  Sta  to  \\0r]- 
 vaitoi  rCoi  eVt  tov   vavaraOfxov  eirLKe^coprjcrOaL,    Kat   ^t 
 
 R   2 
 
244  TROY   AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XVI. 
 
 ..    (ocrev  avri  pkv  rf}<;    rieT^trtSo?  ^o'jpa<;  Trapa^^i^Orjva^i) 
 avTcoi  tcl   icra  nXeOpa,   avyy(coprjOy]vai  Se   /cat   d\\a  TrXe- 
 Opa  Stcry/Ata  TrpocreveyKao-Oat  Trpo<;  r)i>  ap  fiovXrjTcu 
 Tcop  rroXeoiv  tcov  Iv  Trji  rjpeTepat  (rvppayiai,   KaOd- 
 rrep   koI  rrpoTepou   iypdxjjapep.   'OpaWeg   ovv  avrov 
 evvovv  ovra.   /cat  irpodvpov  et<?  ret  -qperepa  upaypa- 
 tol,  fiov\6peda  iroXvcopelv  TavOpdmov,    /cat   irepi 
 tovtcov   crvyK€)(ojpr)Kapep.   <l>7]criv  Se   eivai  ryj<; 
 llerptVtSog  ^d)pa<;  rd  o~vyyoipy]QivTa  avTcoi 
 TrXedpa  ^tAta   irevTaKocna.     Svvra^ov  ovv  Kara- 
 perpr\o~ai  'AptcrToSt/ctS^t   /cat  irapahei^ai  yrjs 
 ipyaaCpov  rd  re   Sicr^tXta   /cat   irevTaKocrLa  tt\4- 
 0pa  /cat   dvrl  tcjv  nepl  ttjv  Uerpav  a'AAa   ipya- 
 cripov  ^tXta  7re^ra/cocrta  otto  t^5  fiacrikiKrp;  yai- 
 pas   rry<?   crvvopL^ovo-yjs  ttjl   iv  dp^rjc   SoOeiarju 
 avTwi   Trap    rjpcov'   eacrat   oe   /cat  Trpoo~evcyKao~9ai 
 ttjv  ^copav  'AptcrToSt/ctSr^  77^05  ^i>   ctz^  fiovkrjTaL 
 iro\iv  toju  iv  rrji  rjperepai  cru/x/xa^tat,    xaBd- 
 irep   /cat   eV   Trjt  irporepov  imaToXyji   iypdxfja- 
 pev.   eppcocro. 
 
 This  inscription,  the  great  historical  value  of  which 
 cannot  be  denied,  seems  certainly  to  belong  to  the  third 
 century  b.c,  judging  from  the  subject  as  well  as  from  the 
 form  of  the  letters,  for  the  king  Antiochus  repeatedly 
 mentioned  must  either  be  Antiochus  L,  surnamed  Soter 
 (281  to  260  b.c),  or  Antiochus  III.,  the  Great  (222  to 
 ■  186).  Polybius,  who  was  born  in  210  or  200  b.c,  and 
 died  in  122  b.c,  in  his  History  (XXVIII.  1,  and  XXXI.  21) 
 speaks  indeed  of  a  Meleager  who  lived  in  his  time,  and 
 was  an  ambassador  of  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  who  reigned 
 from  174  to  164,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that  this  Meleager 
 afterwards  became  satrap  of  the  satrapy  of  the  Hellespont, 
 and  that,  in  this  office,  he  wrote  to  the  Ilians  the  first 
 letter  of  this  inscription.  But  in  the  first  letter  of  An- 
 tiochus to  his  satrap  Meleager,  he  gives   him  the  option 
 
I873-]  THE  INSCRIPTION  DISCUSSED.  245 
 
 of   assigning    to   Aristodicides    the   2000   plethra    of  land, 
 either  from   the  district   bordering   upon   the   territory  of 
 Gergis   or   upon   that   of   Scepsis.     The   town   of  Gergis, 
 however,   according    to    Strabo,    was    destroyed    by    king 
 Attalus  I.  of  Pergamus,  who  reigned  from  241  to  197  B.C., 
 and  who  transplanted  the  inhabitants  to  the  neighbourhood 
 of  the  sources  of  the   CaYcus  in  Mysia.     These  sources, 
 however,  as  Strabo  himself  says,  are  situated  very  far  from 
 Mount   Ida,  and  hence  also  from  Ilium.     Two  thousand 
 plethra  of  land  at  such  a  distance   could   not  have  been 
 of  any  use  to  the  Ilians ;  consequently,  it  is  impossible  to 
 believe  that  the  inscription   can   be  speaking  of  the   new 
 town   of  Gergitha,  which  was  rising  to  importance  at  the 
 sources  of   the   Caicus.      I  now   perfectly  agree   with  Mr. 
 Frank  Calvert,*  and  with  Consul  von  Hahn,|  that  the  site 
 of  Gergis  is  indicated  by  the  ruins  of  the  small  town  and 
 acropolis  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  heights  behind  Bunar- 
 bashi,  which  was  only  a  short  time  ago  regarded  by  most 
 archaeologists    as    the    site    of   the    Homeric   Troy.     This 
 site  of  Gergis,  in  a  direct  line  between  Ilium  and  Scepsis, 
 the  ruins   of  which   are  to   be  seen    further  away  on  the 
 heights  of  Mount  Ida,   agrees  perfectly  with  the   inscrip- 
 tion.     Livy   (XXXV.  43)   gives   an   account   of  the  visit 
 of  Antiochus  III  ,  the  Great.     I  also  find  in  the  'Corpus 
 Inscriptionum     Graecarum,'     No.     3596,    that    the    latter 
 had    a    general    called    Meleager,    who   may    subsequently 
 have    become    satrap   of  the    Hellespont.     On    the    other 
 hand,   Chishull,  in    his    '  Antiquitates   Asiaticac,'  says   that 
 Antiochus  I.,  Soter,  on  an  expedition  with  his  fleet  against 
 the    King  of  Bithynia,   stopped   at   the   town   of   Sigeum, 
 which  lay  near  Ilium,  and  that  the  king  went  up  to  Ilium 
 with   the  queen,  who  was  his  wife  and  sister,  and  with  the 
 great  dignitaries  and  his  suite.     There  is,  indeed,  nothing 
 said  of  the   brilliant   reception  which  was   there   prepared 
 
 *  Archaeological  Journal^  vol.  xxi.  1864. 
 
 t  Die  Ausgrabungen  aiif  der  homerischen  Pergamos,  s.  24. 
 
246  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XVI. 
 
 for  him,  but  there  is  an  account  of  the  reception  which 
 was  arranged  for  him  in  Sigeum.  The  Sigeans  lavished 
 servile  flattery  upon  him,  and  not  only  did  they  send 
 ambassadors  to  congratulate  him,  but  the  Senate  also 
 passed  a  decree,  in  which  they  praised  the  king's  actions 
 to  the  skies,  and  proclaimed  that  public  prayers  should  be 
 offered  up  to  the  Ilian  Athena,  to  Apollo  (who  was  regarded 
 as  his  ancestor),  to  the  goddess  of  Victory  and  to  other 
 deities,  for  his  and  his  consort's  welfare  ;  that  the  priestesses 
 and  priests,  the  senators  and  all  the  magistrates  of  the 
 town  should  carry  wreaths,  and  that  all  the  citizens  and  all 
 the  strangers  settled  or  temporarily  residing  in  Sigeum 
 should  publicly  extol  the  virtues  and  the  bravery  of  the  great 
 king ;  further,  that  a  gold  equestrian  statue  of  the  king, 
 standing  on  a  pedestal  of  white  marble,  should  be  erected  in 
 the  temple  of  Athena  in  Sigeum,  and  that  it  should  bear  the 
 inscription  :  "  The  Sigeans  have  erected  this  statue  to  King 
 Antiochus,  the  son  of  Seleucus,for  the  devotion  he  has  shown 
 to  the  temple,  and  because  he  is  the  benefactor  and  the  saviour 
 of  the  people  ;  this  mark  of  honour  is  to  be  proclaimed  in 
 the  popular  assemblies  and  at  the  public  games."  However, 
 in  this  wilderness  it  is  impossible  for  me  to  find  out  from 
 which  ancient  classic  writer  this  episode  has  been  taken. 
 
 It  is  very  probable  that  a  similar  reception  awaited 
 Antiochus  I.  in  Ilium,  so  that  he  kept  the  city  in  good 
 remembrance.  That  he  cherished  kindly  feelings  towards 
 the  Ilians  is  proved  also  by  the  inscription  No.  3595  in 
 the  'Corpus  Inscriptionum  Grascarum.'  But  whether  it 
 is  he  or  Antiochus  the  Great  that  is  referred  to  in  the 
 inscription  I  do  not  venture  to  decide. 
 
 Aristodicides,  of  Assos,  who  is  frequently  mentioned  in 
 the  inscription,  is  utterly  unknown,  and  this  name  occurs 
 here  for  the  first  time ;  the  name  of  the  place  Petra  also, 
 which  is  mentioned  several  times  in  the  inscription,  is  quite 
 unknown  ;  it  must  have  been  situated  in  this  neighbour- 
 hood, but  all  my  endeavours  to  discover   it  in  the  modern 
 
1873.]  ANOTHER  GREEK  INSCRIPTION.  247 
 
 Turkish   names   of  the  localities,  or   by  other   means,  have 
 been  made  in  vain. 
 
 The  other  inscription  runs  as  follows : — 
 
 riNlOYTOYEYA 
 OZMEN  OYKAMENAXOZTAAYK.O 
 
 EnETPATAME N  E  H.ZTHAHN  KATATONNOMON  EPTO^I  AON  nATPOZOY 
 XPHMATIZZHEZHMIHMENONYnOTQNnPOTANEaNTQNnEPlAlO 
 
 s  4>ANHN  HrHZI  AHMOYO<{>  IAONTATOYZKATATON  NOMONZTATHPAZAYO 
 KAIMHNOTENHNMN  HZ  A  PXOYK A I APTEM I AI1PON  4>  ANI AKAI AIOMBAHN 
 AnOAARNIOYEZH  M  lfl.MENOYZYnOTP_N  nPYTANEP_NTilNnEPlAlO<t>ANHN 
 HrHZIAHMOYYnOHMEPAZTPEIZO^IAONTAIEKAZTONAYTONZTATHPAZAYO 
 MHNOAOTONMHNOAOTOYKAIHPAKAEIAHNKAIMHNOAOTONTOYZHPAKAEI 
 
 10  AOYEZHMI-QMENOYZYnOTftNriEPI  HAINAN  AKTAEYAHMOYriPYTA 
 NEnNOc|>IAONTA  EKAZTON  AYTftN  ZT  ATH  PAZ  AYO 
 APTEMIAilPON  MHNO^ANTOYEZHMinMENONYnOTilN  NO 
 M0  4>YAAKftNTftN  flEPI  I  nn  APXONH  rHZ  I  A  H  MOYO  $\  AON 
 TAZTATHPAZAYO 
 
 COVLOV  TOV  EuS    .... 
 
 ocr/xei^ ou/ca/xem^os  yXavKO  .  . 
 
 iireypaxpafjiev  et?  aTtjkrjv  /caret  tov  vo/jlov  ^pyocpikov  Ylarpocrov  (;) 
 Xpi^/xart?*1  £17* 2  i^f^uofxevov  vtto  tcov  TrpoTavecov**  tcov  irepl  Ato- 
 
 >    <f>dvr}v  cHyr)<TL$ij[Aov,  6{^>)ikovTa  tovs  /car(ct)  tov  vo/xov  crTaTrjpas  Svo 
 /cat  Mrjvoyevqv  Mvr)cr{dp^;)ov  /cat  3 'ApTefiiScopov  <&avia  /cat  AiOfnjSrjv 
 'AttoWcovlov,  i^rjixLOjjjievovs  vtto  tcov  TrpvTavecov  tcov  irepi  Aiocpaivrjv) 
 'Yiyiqaiorjixov  vtto  rjfiepas  Tpels  o^tXoz/ra?  eKaorrov  avTcov  o-TaTrjpas  bvo. 
 MrjvoSoTov  M.7jvoS6tov  /cat  'HpaKXeiSrjv  /cat  M-cpoSorof  tovs  'Hpa/cXet- 
 
 iu  Sou  et^jxuopiivov^  vtto  tcov  rrepl  QaivtovaKTa  JLvStJjaov  TrpvTci 
 vecov,  ofyeikovTOL  cXkcxcttov  avTcov  crraTrfpa^  Suo. 
 'Apre/JLtScopov  MrjvocfidvTOv  i^fxicofxevov  vtto  tcov  vo- 
 [xocfivXaKcov  tcov  irepl  'YTnrapypv  'Hy^crtSf^uou,  ocpiXov- 
 ra  CTTaTrjpas  Svo. 
 
 In  the  inscription  quoted  in  the  '  Corpus  Inscriptionum 
 Graecarum'  under  No.  3604,  which  is  admitted  to  belong 
 to  the  time  of  Augustus  Octavianus,  Hipparchus  is  men- 
 tioned as  a  member  of  the  Ilian  Council,  and  as  on  line  13 
 the  same  name  occurs  with  the  same  attribute,  I  do  not 
 hesitate  to  maintain  that  the  above  inscription  belongs  to 
 the  same  period. 
 
(     *4»     ) 
 
 CHAPTER    XVII. 
 
 Spring  weather  in  the  Plain  of  Troy  —  The  Greek  Temple  of  Athena  — 
 Numerous  fragments  of  sculpture  —  Reservoir  of  the  temple  — 
 Excavation  of  the  Tower  —  Difficulties  of  the  work  —  Further 
 discoveries  of  walls  —  Stone  implements  at  small  depths  —  Im- 
 portant distinction  between  the  plain  and  decorated  whorls  —  Greek 
 and  Roman  coins  —  Absence  of  iron  —  Copper  nails  :  their 
 peculiar  forms  :  probably  dress  and  hair  pins  :  some  with  heads 
 and  beads  of  gold  and  electrum  —  Original  height  of  the  Tower  — 
 Discovery  of  a  Greek  house  —  Various  types  of  whorls  —  Further 
 remarks  on  the  Greek  bas-relief — It  belonged  to  the  temple  of 
 Apollo  —  Stones  from  the  excavations  used  for  building  in  the 
 villages  around  —  Fever. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  March  15th,  1873. 
 Since  my  report  of  the  1st  of  this  month  I  have  continued 
 the  excavations  with  great  zeal,  favoured  by  glorious 
 weather  and  an  abundance  of  workmen.  The  nights  are 
 cold,  and  the  thermometer  still  frequently  falls  to  freezing 
 point  towards  morning,  whereas  during  the  day  the  heat 
 of  the  sun  is  already  beginning  to  be  troublesome,  the 
 thermometer  often  showing  180  Reaumur  (72^°  Fahren- 
 heit) in  the  shade  at  midday.  The  leaves  of  the  trees  are 
 only  now  beginning  to  sprout,  while  the  Plain  is  already 
 covered  with  spring  flowers.*  For  the  last  fortnight  we 
 have  heard  the  croaking  of  millions  of  frogs  in  the  sur- 
 rounding marshes,  and  during  the  last  eight  days  the  storks 
 have  returned.     One  of  the  discomforts  of  our  life  in  this 
 
 *  Compare  Homer's  picture  of  the  marshalling  of  the  Greek  forces  : 
 Iliad,  II.  467-8  :— 
 
 'EaTav  S'  iv  \eifxwvi  ^Ka/xavSpiw  avQijidevri 
 Mvpioi,  tiff  a  a  t€  (piiAAa  Kcd  &v6ea  -yiyi'erai  &>pr>. 
 
 "  Upon  Scamander 's flowery  mead  they  stood 
 I'n  numbered  as  tlie  vernal  leaves  andflowersS'—llLB.] 
 
Ch.  XVII.  1873.]      GREEK  TEMPLE  OF  ATHENA.  249 
 
 wilderness  is  the  hideous  shrieking  of  the  innumerable  owls 
 which  build  their  nests  in  the  holes  of  the  walls  of  my 
 excavations ;  their  shrieks  sound  mysterious  and  horrible, 
 and  are  especially  unendurable  at  night. 
 
 I  have  proceeded  with  the  excavation  of  the  site  of 
 the  Temple  of  Athena  with  the  greatest  energy.  The 
 foundations  of  this  sanctuary  nowhere  extend  deeper 
 than  2  meters  (6h  feet),  and  generally  only  to  1  meter 
 (3^  feet).  The  floor,  which  consists  of  large  slabs  of 
 sandstone,  and  which  rests  upon  double  layers  of  large 
 hewn  blocks  of  the  same  stone,  is  frequently  covered  only 
 with  a  foot,  and  never  with  more  than  35  feet,  of 
 vegetable  soil ;  this  explains  the  total  absence  of  entire 
 sculptures.  For  whatever  sculptures  there  were  in  or  upon 
 the  temple  could  not  sink  into  the  ground  on  the  summit  of 
 the  hill,  and  they  therefore  remained  lying  on  the  surface 
 for  many  centuries,  till  they  were  destroyed  by  religious  zeal 
 or  wantonness.  This,  and  this  alone,  explains  the  enormous 
 mass  of  fragments  of  statues  which  cover  the  entire  hill. 
 
 I  find,  however,  a  great  number  of  large  sculptured 
 blocks  of  marble  in  the  Corinthian  style  which  are  difficult 
 to  destroy,  and  the  removal  of  which  causes  me  great  trouble 
 and  loss  of  time.  As  the  Tower,  which  I  partly  uncovered 
 last  year,  extends  directly  below  the  temple  at  a  great 
 depth,-  and  as  I  wish  at  all  events  to  lay  bare  its  entire 
 breadth,  I  shall  leave  only  the  ruins  of  the  north  and 
 south  walls  of  the  temple  standing,  and  break  away  all  the 
 rest,  except  a  reservoir,  27  feet  long  and  26  feet  broad, 
 which  is  in  the  sanctuary,  and  is  built  of  blocks  of  limestone 
 laid  together  without  cement  or  lime,  and  the  walls  of  which 
 have  a  thickness  of  8  feet.  The  four  aqueducts  mentioned 
 in  my  last  report  empty  themselves  into  the  reservoir.  I 
 shall  leave  it  Standing  in  order  to  give  visitors  to  the  Troad 
 a  faint  idea  of  the  trouble  which  I  have  to  take  in  removing 
 all  the  stones  of  a  temple  which  is  about  288  feet  long  and 
 yih   feet  broad.     But   what   is   even   much   more  difficult 
 
250  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XVII. 
 
 than   the  removal  of  the   stones,  is  the  carrying  off  of  the 
 debris,  for  as  the  excavation  is  made  on  the  flat  earth,  this 
 can  only  be  effected  by  side  paths,  which  become  steeper 
 the  deeper  we  dig.     However,  I  only  wish  to  uncover  the 
 top  of  the  ruined  Tower,  for  to  bring  it  to  light  down  to 
 the  primary  soil  is  a  piece  of  work  to  which  my  patience 
 is   unequal.     This  new    large   cutting,   therefore,  only  re- 
 quires a  depth  of  26  feet,  and  on  the  western  end  I  have 
 given  it  a  breadth  of  78^   feet.     By  this  means  I  hope  to 
 reach  the  ancient  and  highly  important  monument  on  the 
 north  side  in  two  or  three  days.     As  soon  as  this  is  done,  I 
 shall  have  an  upper  and  a  lower  terrace  made  for  facilitating 
 the  removal  of  the  rubbish,  and  shall  thus  in  a  month  from 
 to-day  be  able  to  finish  the  entire  excavation  of  the  Tower 
 as  far  as  its  eastern  end,  which  I  came  upon  yesterday  in 
 my  steep   cutting  at  the  south-eastern  corner  of  the  Per- 
 gamus,  and  of  which  I  have  laid  open  a  breadth  of  13  feet. 
 This  eastern  side  of  the  Tower,  thus  brought  to  light,  runs 
 down  at  an  angle  of  60  degrees,  and  has  the  same  appear- 
 ance as  the  ancient  buttress  which  I  uncovered  at  the  north 
 side  of  the  Pergamus.     As  I  did  not  at  first  think  that  it 
 was  the  Tower,  I  had  the  first  layer  of  stones  broken  off, 
 but  I   soon  found  a  piece  of  masonry  composed  of  large 
 stones  joined  with  earth.     In  consequence  of  this  I  have 
 entirely   stopped  the  works  in  this  cutting,  which  already 
 extended  to  a  length  of  1 1 1  \  feet,  and  in  spite  of  its  small 
 breadth  was  one  of  the  most  difficult  works  in  Troy.      For, 
 as  already  said,  I  had  first  to  break  through  a  wall   10  feet 
 thick,  consisting  of  large  blocks  of  marble,  but  principally 
 of  Corinthian  pillars  joined  with  lime  (see  p.  239) ;  then  the 
 wall  of  Lysimachus,  which  was  also  10  feet  thick,  and  built  of 
 large  hewn  stones.     The  large  drums  of  pillars  had  to  be 
 rolled  up  the  steep  path  and  then  carried  off;  the  large  hewn 
 stones  had  to  be  broken  with  hammers  and  then  removed  in 
 wheel-barrows.     In  addition  to  this,  as   the   visitors  to  the 
 Pergamus  may  see  in  the  walls  of  this  cutting,  we  had  to  cut 
 
1873.]  EARTHEN  JARS  USED  AS  CELLARS.  25  I 
 
 through  two  Trojan  walls,  the  first  of  which  is  5^  feet  thick, 
 and  the  second  10  feet ;  both  consist  of  stones  joined  with 
 earth.  The  first  of  these  walls  is  directly  below  a  portion 
 of  the  western  wall  of  the  comparatively  modern  Temple 
 of  Athena,  and  as — according  to  my  pocket  compass — 
 it  runs  due  E.S.E.^E.,  I  at  first  thought  that  it  might 
 belong  to  the  ancient  diminutive  temple  of  the  Ilian 
 tutelary  goddess,  which  Alexander  the  Great  *  found  here. 
 But  nothing  further  has  appeared  which  could  help  to  prove 
 this.  The  second  wall,  10  feet  thick,  is  extremely  inter- 
 esting, for  it  is  built  of  large  unhewn  blocks  of  shelly  lime- 
 stone (Muschelkalk),  and  on  the  top  of  it  is  a  wall  of  small 
 stones  joined  with  earth.  It  evidently  belongs  to  a  much 
 later  age,  but  was  in  any  case  built  long  before  the  arrival 
 of  the  Greek  colony  in  Ilium.  But  even  the  lower  wall  of 
 large  stones  was  not  built  till  the  Tower  of  Ilium  had  formed 
 a  heap  of  debris  20  feet  high  ;  it  must  therefore  have  been 
 built  centuries  after  the  erection  of  the  Tower.  This  debris 
 consists  of  ashes  mixed  with  bones  and  small  shells,  and  on 
 account  of  its  dampness  and  toughness  is  just  as  difficult 
 to  break  down  as  damp  limestone  rock.  In  it  I  found  many 
 fragments  of  those  Trojan  vessels,  which  are  of  a  brilliant 
 red  or  black  colour,  both  outside  and  inside,  but  nothing 
 else  of  any  interest.  Above  the  Tower,  at  the  east  side  of 
 the  Pergamus,  there  is  nothing  but  yellow  wood-ashes  and 
 a  great  number  of  stones.  In  fact,  down  to  the  present 
 depth  of  \\  meters  (14^  feet)  below  the  surface,  that  is, 
 from  7  to  10  feet  below  the  foundations  of  the  temple  of 
 Athena,  I  find  nothing  but  yellow  wood-ashes,  and  among 
 these  an  immense  number  of  enormous  earthen  jars  (-ttlOol) 
 from  31  to  6h  feet  long,  and  pointed  below,  which  must 
 have  served  not  only  as  wine  and  water  jars,  but  as  cellars 
 for  keeping  provisions,  for  there  are  no  walled  cellars. 
 
 Stone  implements,  such  as  I  found  in  my  former  exca- 
 vations only  below  a  depth  of  13  feet  (with  the  exception 
 
 *   Plutarch,  Life  of  Alexander,  viii.      Comp.  p.  146. 
 
252  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XVII. 
 
 of  the  few  knives  of  silex),  are  met  with  here  in  great 
 numbers  at  as  small  a  •  depth  as  6h  feet,  that  is,  directly 
 below  the  Temple  of  Athena ;  those  most  frequently  found 
 are  clumsy  hammers  of  diorite,  but  occasionally  also  ham- 
 mers of  the  same  or  of  green  stone  very  prettily  worked ; 
 some  of  them  have  a  wide  hole  at  both  sides  and  a  narrow 
 one  in  the  middle,  and  I  cannot  understand  how  a  handle 
 could  have  been  fixed  into  them.  The  best  finished 
 instrument  is  always  the  wedge,*  which  is  of  diorite  or 
 of  hard  green  stone,  sometimes  also  of  white  silex,  and 
 occurs  in  all  sizes  from  about  f  of  an  inch  to  above 
 5  inches  in  length.  This  instrument  is  always  of  such 
 exquisite  workmanship  and  so  well  polished,  that  it  is  really 
 astonishing  how  it  was  possible,  with  the  miserable  means 
 at  the  disposal  of  those  times,  to  make  anything  of  such  an 
 excellent  quality,  for  a  modern  artist  with  the  best  instru- 
 ments could  not  possibly  make  better  ones.  The  knives  of 
 silex,  which  I  found  last  year  in  such  great  quantities,  are 
 as  yet  but  rarely  met  with  in  this  excavation.  As  stone 
 implements  do  not  occur  elsewhere  before  reaching  a  depth 
 of  4  meters  (13  feet),  it  is  probable  that  the  numbers  of 
 stone  implements  met  with  here,  as  early  as  at  a  depth  of 
 2  meters  (6i  feet)  on  the  site  of  the  temple,  belong  to  the 
 debris  which  was  dug  up  when  the  large  reservoir  was  con- 
 structed, for  it  appears  to  extend  pretty  far  down,  and  its 
 foundations  may  perhaps  reach  down  to  the  Tower. 
 
 As,  even  in  the  temple  itself,  I  find  exclusively  the 
 round  terra-cottas  in  the  form  of  cones  and  without  deco- 
 rations, while,  on  the  other  hand,  below  the  foundations  of 
 the  temple  I  meet  with  great  quantities  of  them  in  the  form 
 of  volcanoes  and  tops,  with  the  most  various  Aryan  religious 
 symbols,  I  am  now  of  the  opinion  that  all  those  bearing 
 such  Aryan  symbols  must  belong  to  the  tribes  which  pre- 
 ceded the  Greek  colony  on  this  site. 
 
 *  As  elsewhere,  the    wedges   here   spoken  of  are  what  the  Author 
 afterwards  decided  to  be  axes,  and  especially  battle-axes. — [Kd.] 
 
I873-]  GREEK  AND  ROMAN  COINS.  253 
 
 Of  moulds  of  mica-schist  I  have  only  found  two,  one 
 of  which  was  used  on  all  the  six  sides  for  casting  weapons 
 and  instruments,  the  other  for  casting  headless  nails,  and 
 has  two  round  holes,  not  perforated,  for  what  purpose  I  do 
 not  know.* 
 
 While  speaking  of  implements,  I  must  mention  a  very 
 remarkable  hammer  of  bone,  found  at  a  depth  of  3  meters 
 (10  feet),  which  is  covered  with  little  engraved  stars. 
 
 We  again  met  with  several  marble  idols,  with  the 
 engraved  owl's  face  of  the  Ilian  Athena  and  her  girdle 
 with  dots ;  also  a  very  pretty  marble  idol  without  the  owl's 
 head,  but  with  two  small  arms  extended  horizontally.  The 
 only  terra-cottas  with  owls'  heads  that  have  been  met  with, 
 since  my  last  report,  are  two  cups  (vase-covers). 
 
 I  find  very  many  copper  coins  of  Ilium  and  Alexandria 
 Troas,  and  Roman  ones  from  the  time  of  Augustus  to 
 Constantine  the  Great,  especially  the  latter,  directly  below 
 the  surface,  and  at  most  down  to  a  meter  (3!  feet)  deep. 
 Iron  I  do  not  find  at  all,  not  even  in  the  temple,  but  a  number 
 of  copper  nails,  which,  however,  I  begin  to  think  could  not 
 have  been  used  for  driving  into  wood ;  for  this  purpose 
 they  seem  to  be  far  too  long  and  thin.  The  usual  length 
 of  the  nails  occurring  below  6h  feet  is  from  about  4  to 
 above  6  inches,  with  a  thickness  of  ^  of  an  inch,  and  I 
 do  not  think  that  it  would  be  possible  to  drive  such  a  nail 
 even  into  very  soft  wood.  Besides  this,  most  of  the  nails 
 have  no  head  at  all,  others  two  heads,  and  many  have  two 
 pointed  ends,  one  of  which  is  bent  round  so  as  to  form  a 
 head.  Thick  copper  nails  suitable  for  driving  into  wood 
 are  very  rarely  met  with;  I  have  only  found  two  in  two 
 years.  I  am  therefore  induced  to  believe  that  all  the  nails 
 which  I  find  in  the  strata  of  the  nations  preceding  the 
 Greeks  have  been  used  only  as  dress  or  hair  pins.     This 
 
 *  An  engraving  of  a  similar  mould,  found  on  the  Tower,  is  given  in 
 Chapter  XVI 1 1.,  No.  175.  p.  261. 
 
254  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [CHAP.  XVII. 
 
 belief  is  confirmed  by  a  copper  nail,  about  5  inches  long, 
 with  a  head  of  the  usual  form,  and  the  fragment  of  a  similar 
 nail,  which  were  found  only  3  inches  below  the  surface,  in 
 a  small  groove,  which  my  men  had  made  round  their  reed- 
 hut  to  allow  the  rain-water  to  run  off.  On  the  head  of  the 
 nail  there  is  a  small  gold  ball,  and  then  there  follows  down- 
 wards on  the  nail  a  row  of  eighteen  similar  little  gold  balls. 
 At  the  end  of  this  row  there  is  a  second  row  of  nine  gold 
 balls  of  like  size.  The  rows  of  the  little  balls  are  in  the 
 form  of  necklaces,  and  cover  a  third  part  of  the  nail.  The 
 fragment  of  the  other  nail  is  still  more  remarkable,  for  it 
 shows  a  string  of  little  balls  which  form  a  perfect  bow; 
 they  are  made  of  the  alloy  which  in  antiquity  was  called 
 electrum  (yjXeKrpov),  consisting  of  three  parts  of  gold  and 
 one  part  of  silver ;  below  the  bow,  in  a  horizontal  direction, 
 there  is  a  row  of  little  balls,  which  are  probably  intended 
 to  represent  the  string.  The  little  balls  are  firmly  soldered 
 to  both  of  the  nails.  In  addition  to  this  I  must  also  men- 
 tion that  the  silver  nails  so  frequently  met  with  are  gene- 
 rally of  the  same  form  and  size  as  the  copper  ones,  and  can 
 certainly  never  have  been  used  for  driving  into  wood. 
 
 On  the  west  side  of  the  Great  Tower,  which  I  laid  bare 
 last  year,  I  am  likewise  making  an  excavation  47  feet  long 
 and  48  feet  broad,  so  as  to  bring  to  light  more  of  this  side, 
 and  to  see  how  the  walls  of  Ilium  are  connected  with  it.  It 
 is  worth  a  journey  round  the  world  to  see  this  Tower,  whose 
 site  was  at  all  events  so  high,  that  it  not  only  commanded 
 a  view  of  the  Plain,  but  also  of  the  plateau  lying  to  the 
 south  of  it,  whereas  its  summit  now  lies  a  great  many  feet 
 below  the  level  of  the  plateau.  -According  to  this  it  seems 
 that  the  accumulation  o^  debris  on  the  site  of  the  city  is  as 
 large  as  it  is  in  the  Pergamus.* 
 
 *  It  is  perhaps  unnecessary  to  remind  the  reader  again  how  the 
 Author  afterwards  gave  up  the  idea  of  this  distinction  between  the  city 
 and  its  Pergamus. — [Ed.] 
 
1873-3  RUINS  OF  A  GREEK  HOUSE.  255 
 
 In  the  western  excavation,  already  mentioned,  I  found 
 the  ruins  of  a  very  large  house  of  the  Greek  period.  It 
 extended  to  the  depth  of  6i  feet,  and  must  have  belonged 
 to  a  rich  man,  for  the  floors  of  the  rooms  are  made  of  large 
 red  slabs  splendidly  polished.  In  it  I  found  two  small 
 and  very  pretty  female  heads  of  terra-cotta,  as  well  as  two 
 extremely  remarkable  pieces  of  hard  brittle  black  stone, 
 like  glass,  in  the  form  of  mushrooms,  but  with  a  tube 
 running  through  the  centre.  The  heads  of  the  two  pieces 
 have  decorations  similar  to  those  on  the  round  terra-cottas 
 in  the  form  of  humming-tops  and  volcanoes,  and  I  there- 
 fore believe  that  both  pieces  belong  to  the  pre-Hellenic 
 period. 
 
 Below  the  foundations  of  the  Greek  house  I  found,  at 
 the  depth  of  3  and  4  meters  (9!  to  13  feet),  many  of  the 
 whorls  with  the  usual  decorations  of  four,  five,  or  six  double 
 or  treble  rising  suns ;  or  four  flaming  altars  ;  or  four  Rosa: 
 mysticcc  ;  or  four  or  five  p}-J  in  the  circle  around  the  central 
 sun.  I  likewise  found,  at  a  depth  of  10  feet,  one  of  these 
 articles,  upon  which  there  is  a  very  rude  and  inartistic 
 engraving  of  the  Ilian  Athena,  with  the  owl's  head  and 
 outstretched  arms.  By  the  side 
 of  this  representation  there  are 
 two  crosses,  and  at  the  four 
 ends  of  each  are  the  marks  of 
 the  nails  with  which  our  fore- 
 fathers fastened  the  two  pieces 
 of  wood  which  were  laid 
 crosswise  for  igniting  the  holy 
 fire.  In  the  same  circle  with 
 the  image  of  the  goddess  there  N°-  w- 
 
 A  Whorl  with  rude  Symbols   of  the   Owl's 
 are        tWO        Symbols       OI        light-  Face»  Suastika,  and  lightning  {3  m.). 
 
 ning.      A   faithful  drawing  of  this  terra-cotta  is  given  in 
 the  cut. 
 
 Of  the  earthenware  found  in  this  excavation  there  is  one 
 piece  especially  deserving  of  attention.    This  is  a  vessel  in  the 
 
256  TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS.  [Chap.  XVII. 
 
 form  of  a  helmet,  with  a  round  hole  at  the  bottom  ;  it  may 
 have  served  as  a  kind  of  funnel. 
 
 As  has  been  already  said,  the  splendid  block  of  tri- 
 glyphs  representing  Phoebus  Apollo  with  the  four  horses 
 of  the  Sun,  which  I  discovered  last  July,  must,  as  the 
 rriglyph  on  the  left  side  proves,  have  stood  over  the 
 entrance  of  the  temple,  probably  on  its  propylaca,  and  must 
 have  had  another  block  of  triglyphs  of  the  same  size  on 
 its  right  side.  It  would  be  of  the  greatest  interest  to 
 archaeology  if  I  should  find  the  second  block  of  triglyphs, 
 which,  as  happened  with  the  other  block,  has  probably 
 been  thrown  from  the  summit  of  the  hill  down  the  steep 
 declivity.  I  have  also  previously  expressed  the  opinion, 
 that  the  block  of  triglyphs  which  I  saved  had  been  thrown 
 down  by  fanatical  Turks  because  it  represented  living 
 creatures,  which  is  strictly  prohibited  in  the  Koran.  How- 
 ever, the  locality  has  not  been  inhabited  at  all  since  the 
 ninth  century,  and  the  labourers  of  the  distant  Turkish 
 villages  cannot  possibly  have  given  themselves  the  trouble 
 of  rolling  down  from  the  hill  such  tremendous  weights  from 
 mere  religious  zeal.  Besides  this,  the  good  state  in  which 
 the  sculpture  has  been  preserved  proves  that  it  cannot 
 possibly  have  stood  upon  the  top  of  the  hill  up  to  the 
 time  of  the  Turkish  invasion,  and  this  leads  me  to  suppose 
 that  it  was  thrown  down  by  the  early  Christians  more 
 than  a  thousand  years  before,  very  likely  even  in  the  fourth 
 century  a.d.  ;  for  it  is  well  known,  that  all  sculptures  of 
 heathen  gods  which  were  difficult  to  destroy  they  simply 
 hurled  from  the  top  of  the  hills  upon  which  they  stood. 
 That  this  is  the  only  true  explanation  is  also  confirmed  by 
 the  covering  of  earth,  3}  feet  thick,  which  enveloped  the 
 sculpture  on  the  declivity  of  the  hill.  According  to  the 
 average  accumulation  of  the  soil  in  this  locality,  the  forma- 
 tion of  such  a  covering  would  be  impossible  in  the  course 
 of  three  or  four  centuries :  it  would  have  required  more 
 than  a  thousand  years. 
 
I873-]  TEMPLE  OF  APOLLO.  257 
 
 It  is  now  quite  certain  that  the  Doric  temple,  which 
 at  one  time  stood  on  the  north  side,  and  in  the  depths 
 of  which  I  have  so  long  been  working,  was  the  sanctuary 
 of  Apollo ;  and  that  the  block  of  Doric  triglyphs  so 
 frequently  mentioned  belonged  to  this  temple  of  Apollo, 
 and  to  none  other ;  since  Ilium's  great  temple,  which  I 
 am  now  investigating,  could  only  have  been  dedicated  to 
 the  tutelary  goddess  of  Ilium,  Athena,  for  in  the  great 
 inscription  quoted  in  my  last  report  it  is  simply  called 
 to  tepov. 
 
 In  order  to  try  to  find  the  second  block  of  triglyphs,  I 
 have  since  yesterday  set  25  men  to  work  upwards  from 
 the  foot  of  the  hill  at  the  point  where  the  Phoebus  Apollo 
 was  found,  over  a  breadth  of  59  feet,  to  remove  the  debris 
 which  unfortunately  I  had  thrown  down  the  declivity  last 
 year,  and  which  forms  a  covering  of  23  feet  in  thickness  ; 
 and  then  to  dig  away  the  whole  steep  side  of  the  hill  to 
 a  depth  of  4^  feet  from  the  bottom  upwards. 
 
 As  soon  as  I  have  workmen  to  spare,  I  shall  also  em- 
 ploy thirty  to  make  a  deep  cutting  into  the  theatre,  the 
 stage  of  which,  as  already  said,  is  197  feet  broad;  this 
 cutting  I  intend  to  make  $$  feet  broad  and  148  feet  long; 
 for,  in  a  small  opening  which  I  made  there  last  year,  I 
 found  a  number  of  fragments  of  broken  statues,  and  it  is 
 quite  possible  that  some,  which  might  be  of  the  greatest 
 interest  to  archeology,  escaped  the  zeal  of  the  early 
 Christians. 
 
 The  many  thousands  of  stones  which  I  bring  out  of 
 the  depths  of  Ilium  have  induced  the  inhabitants  of  the 
 surrounding  villages  to  erect  buildings  which  might  be 
 called  grand  for  the  inhabitants  of  this  wilderness.  Among 
 others,  they  are  at  present  building  with  my  Ilian  stones 
 a  mosque  and  a  minaret  in  the  wretched  Turkish  village 
 of  Chiplak,  and  a  church-tower  in  the  Christian  village  of 
 Yenishehr.  A  number  of  two-wheeled  carts,  drawn  by 
 oxen,  are  always  standing  by  the  side  of  my  excavations, 
 
 s 
 
»j8 
 
 TROY  AND    ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 [Ch.  XVII.  1873. 
 
 ready  to  receive  the  stones  which  can  be  of  any  use  as 
 soon  as  they  have  been  brought  to  the  surface ;  but  the 
 religious  zeal  of  these  good  people  is  not  great  enough  for 
 them  to  offer  to  help  me  in  the  terrible  work  of  breaking 
 the  large,  splendidly  hewn  blocks  so  as  to  make  them 
 more  convenient  to  remove. 
 
 Although  spring  is  only  just  commencing,  there  is 
 already  a  great  deal  of  malignant  fever  in  consequence  of 
 the  mild  winter,  and  the  poor  people  of  the  neighbourhood 
 are  already  daily  beginning  to  make  large  claims  upon  my 
 stock  of  quinine. 
 
 I  found  myself  obliged  to  raise  the  men's  wages  to  10 
 piasters  or  2  francs,  eight  days  ago. 
 
 No.  173.     Splendid  Trojan  Vase  of  Tcrra-cotta,  representing  the  tutelary  Goddess  of  Ilium, 
 6ea  y\a.vKo)wis  'AOijfr;.     The  cover  forms  the  helmet.     (8  M.) 
 
(     *59     ) 
 
 CHAPTER     XVIII. 
 
 Weather  and  progress  of  the  work  —  The  lion-headed  handle  of  a  sceptre 
 
 —  Lions  formerly  in  the  Troad  —  Various  objects  found — Pottery 
 
 —  Implements  of  stone  and  copper  —  Whorls  —  Balls  curiously 
 decorated  —  Fragments  of  musical  instruments  —  Remains  of  house- 
 walls —  The  storks  of  the  Troad. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  March  22nd,  1873. 
 
 During  this  last  week  we  have  again  had  constant  splendid 
 weather,  and,  with  150  men  on  an  average,  I  have  got 
 through  a  good  piece  of  work.  On  the  north  side  of  the 
 excavation  on  the  site  of  the  Temple  of  Athena,  I  have 
 already  reached  a  depth  of  16  feet,  and  have  laid  bare  the 
 Tower  in  several  places.  The  space  to  be  dug  down 
 is  now  divided  into  four  terraces,  and  I  am  having  the 
 lowest  terrace,  which  forms  the  surface  of  the  Tower, 
 worked  with  especially  great  energy.  As  the  paths  are 
 getting  both  steeper  and  longer,  the  men  with  the  wheel- 
 barrows have  now  to  stop  and  rest  half-way,  so  the  work 
 proceeds  more  slowly  every  day.  Still  I  hope  that  I  shall 
 bring  to  light  the  whole  breadth  of  the  Tower  in  the  eastern 
 direction  in  three  weeks,  but  the  western  side  in  a  week  and 
 a  half.  The  only  part  of  the  interior  of  the  Temple  of 
 Athena  which  I  have  left  standing  is  the  reservoir  built 
 of  large  white  stones  without  cement,  which,  owing  to  my 
 excavations,  will  in  a  few  days  be  16  feet  above  the  Tower, 
 and  will  have  a  very  pretty  appearance.  It  is  only  by 
 excavating  the  west  side  of  that  part  of  the  Great  Tower 
 which  I  uncovered  last  year,  that  I  shall  be  able  to  judge 
 in  what  direction  the  walls  run  out  from  it,  and  what  my 
 next  work  will  be.      The  most  remarkable  of  the  objects 
 
 s    2 
 
26o  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XVIII. 
 
 found   this  week    is    certainly  a  large  knob  belonging    to 
 a   stick,  of  the  purest  and  finest  crystal,  and  in    the   form 
 
 of  a  very  beautifully  wrought  lion's 
 head;  it  was  discovered  upon  the 
 Tower  at  a  depth  of  26  feet.  It 
 must  have  been  the  ornament  of  a 
 Trojan's  staff  or  sceptre  (aKrJTTTpov), 
 a  Lion-Headed  Scepire-handie  of  for  I  found  it  among  those  brilliant 
 
 the  finest  crystal :    found  on  the  1       1    1        i  <-  r 
 
 Tower  (8  m.).  red    and    black    fragments     of    pot- 
 
 tery, which  only  occur  at  a  depth  of  from  36  to  46 
 feet,  except  upon  the  Tower.  Not  only  this  lion's  head, 
 but  the  illustrations  drawn  from  the  lion,  which  occur 
 repeatedly  in  the  Iliad,  make  it  seem  extremely  probable 
 that  in  remote  antiquity  lions  existed  in  this  neighbour- 
 hood. Homer  could  not  possibly  have  described  so  ex- 
 cellently the  characteristics  of  this  animal,  had  he  not 
 had  frequent  opportunity  of  watching  them,  and  his  geo- 
 graphical knowledge  of  southern  countries  is  too  slight  for 
 us  to  suppose  that  he  had  visited  them,  and  had  there 
 become  intimately  acquainted  with  the  characteristics  of 
 the  lion.  Not  far  from  the  lion's  head  I  found  a  splendidly 
 cut  hexagon  of  the  purest  crystal,  as  well  as  a  small 
 pyramid,  ii  inch  long  and  broad,  and  if  inch  high,  made 
 of  black,  white  and  blue  streaked  marble,  such  as  is  not 
 found  in  this  district ;  the  hole  which  runs  through  the 
 centre  of  the  pyramid  is  filled  with  lead. 
 
 I  also  found  upon  the  Tower  a  very  primitive  marble 
 idol,  yh  inches  in  length,  3-^  inches  broad,  and  i-i-  inch 
 thick ;  also  a  very  fine  copper  lance ;  further,  a  large 
 mould  of  mica-schist  for  casting  twelve  different  weapons 
 and  instruments,  as  well  as  a  beautiful  sling-bullet  made  of 
 loadstone.  In  the  higher  strata,  and  in  fact  at  a  depth  of 
 4  meters  (13  feet),  the  most  curious  article  certainly  is  an  idol 
 of  the  Trojan  tutelary  goddess  made  of  slate,  such  as  has 
 never  hitherto  been  found.  It  shows  the  owl's  face,  two 
 breasts  and  a  navel,  and  long  hair  at  the  back  of  the  head ; 
 
I873-] 
 
 VARIOUS  TROJAN  ARTICLES. 
 
 261 
 
 two  horizontal  lines  on  the  neck,  which  are  joined  by  small 
 cross  lines,  seem  to  denote  armour.  Marble  idols  without 
 the  owl's  face,  but  otherwise  of  exactly  the  same  form  as 
 those  with  the  owl's  face,  are  met  with  in  numbers  in  all 
 the  strata  between  3  and  8  meters  deep  (io  to  26  feet).  I 
 likewise  found  long,  thin  copper  nails  with  round  heads  at 
 the  thick  end,  or  without  heads,  but  with  the  end  bent  round, 
 which   I   now  perceive  can  only  be  breast  or  hair  pins,  and 
 
 No.  175.     A  Mould  of  Mica-schist,  for  casting  various  metal  Instruments  (Tower,  8  M.). 
 
 not  actual  nails  for  driving  into  wood.  I  find  them  also 
 in  quantities  in  the  strata  of  this  excavation  between  4 
 and  7  meters  deep  (13  to  23  feet),  and  I  must  therefore 
 decidedly  pronounce  that  the  people  to  whom  these  strata 
 of  ruins  belong  were  acquainted  with  copper. 
 
 A  strange  instrument  of  copper,  almost  in  the  shape  of  a 
 
 No.  176.     A  curious  Instrument  of  Copper   ,3  m.  .         No.    177-     A  perforated  and  grooved   piece 
 
 of  Mica-schi.-.t.  probablj  '<  ''  supporting  .1 
 Spit.      Found  on  the  l'owei   (S  :.i    . 
 
 horse's  bit,  but  with  two  pointed  hooks,  was  found  at  a  depth 
 
262 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XVIII. 
 
 of  10  feet.  Besides  this,  we  met  with  two  somewhat 
 crooked  copper  knives,  at  from  13  to  j6;j  feet  down,  as 
 well  as  a  small  but  very  line  knife,  in  the  form  of  a  saw, 
 made  of  a  shell.  Stone  instruments  are  continually  met 
 with  here  in  great  numbers  in  all  of  the  strata  between 
 2  and  8  meters  deep  (6^  to  26  feet),  whereas  in  my  exca- 
 vations of  1 87 1  and  1872  I  only  found  them  below  a 
 depth  of  13  feet.  Two  beautiful  stone  lances,  one  of 
 diorite,  the  other  of  hard  green  stone,  were  found,  the  one 
 at  20  feet  down,  the  other  at  1 1  ^  feet.  During  this  week,  I 
 also  found  very  many  knives  of  silex  in  the  form  of  saws 
 or  of  sharp  blades,  with  one  or  two  edges  ;  further,  a  very 
 prettily  cut  piece  of  mica-schist  with  a  perforated  hole  and 
 a  groove  on  the  upper  side,  which  may  have  been  fastened 
 to  a  fireplace  and  have  served  for  turning  a  spit. 
 
 No    178.    A  large  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  two  large   Handles  and  two  small  Handles  or  Rings 
 
 (s  m.). 
 
 I    have   observed   that   the   terra-cottas   here   generally 
 
i873-]  TERRA-COTTA  VASES  AND  PLATES.  263 
 
 occur  in  great  numbers  only  in  and  below  those  strata  of 
 debris  which  are  mixed  with  enormous  quantities  of  small 
 shells,  and  which  usually  commence  at  a  depth  of  13  feet, 
 but  sometimes  not  till  20  feet.  However,  every  now  and 
 then  we  come  upon  beautiful  terra-cottas  above  these 
 shell  strata ;  and  thus,  for  instance,  in  the  great  cutting, 
 directly  in  front  of  my  door,  we  found,  at  a  depth  of 
 10  feet,  several  large  and  splendid  vessels,  among  which 
 was  an  extremely  elegant  black  vase,  in  the  shape  of  a  soup- 
 tureen,  and  at  a  depth  of  \\\  feet  two  mixing-bowls,  the 
 smaller  one  of  which  has  two,  the  larger  one  four,  handles ; 
 the  larger  mixing-bowl  is  two  feet  high,  and  its  orifice  is 
 as  much  in  diameter.  (See  Cut,  No.  41,  p.  74.)  At  a 
 depth  of  i6i  feet  I  found  an  extremely  curious  large  vase, 
 which  has  two  large  handles  at  the  top  and  two  small  ones 
 at  the  sides.  Various  other  vases  of  extremely  curious  forms 
 were  discovered  at  a  depth  of  from  13  to  26  feet;  of  them 
 I  will  only  mention  one  large  brilliant  black  vase  with  two 
 female  breasts  and  two  handles,  by  the  side  of  which  are 
 the  stumps  of  the  upraised  arms  which  ornamented  this 
 vessel.  The  upper  part  of  it,  which,  as  is  proved  by  the 
 arms  and  breasts,  was  ornamented  with  the  owl's  head  of 
 the  Ilian  Athena,  is  unfortunately  wanting.  It  is  strange 
 that  this  vase  has  no  navel. 
 
 Of  the  large  and  brilliant  red  goblets  in  the  form 
 of  huge  champagne-glasses,  with  two  immense  handles, 
 we  met  with  many  in  a  more  or  less  broken  condition 
 at  a  depth  of  from  6  to  8  meters  (20  to  16  feet) ;  among 
 them  is  an  enormous  goblet  15!  inches  long,  of  which 
 I  have  been  able  to  collect  all  the  fragments  and  shall 
 therefore  be  able  to  restore  it.     (See  No.  112,  p.  158.) 
 
 I  found,  at  a  depth  of  from  23  to  26  feet,  quantities  of 
 earthen  plates,  some  of  which  are  of  a  brilliant  red  colour, 
 but  most  of  them  are  uncoloured.  At  a  depth  of  20  feet 
 I  found  a  fragment  of  pottery  with  a  cross,  at  the  four 
 ends    of  which    are    dots,    which    can    only    indicate    the 
 
264 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XVIII. 
 
 nails  by  means  of  which  it  was  fastened.  Small  terra-cotta 
 whorls,  with  Aryan  religious  symbols,  were  again  found  in 
 great  numbers ;  several  of  them  have  decorations  not 
 hitherto  met  with.  Of  terra-cotta  balls  we  have  found 
 three  during  these  last  days,  two  of  them  are  very  remark- 
 able. One  hemisphere  of  the  first  has  nineteen  figures 
 like  the  Greek  letter  Rho  (P)  in  a  circle  round  it,  and  ten 
 of  the  same  figures   in  a  line  through   the   middle    point, 
 
 No.  179.     A  remarkable  Terra-cotta  Ball  (6  m.). 
 
 also  a  number  of  little  stars ;  the  other  hemisphere  is 
 entirely  filled  with  little  stars.  The  second  ball  has  a 
 half  moon  on  the  one  hemisphere  and  large  stars  on 
 the  other. 
 
 Among  the  remarkable  objects  found  during  the  week, 
 I  must  also  mention  a  splendidly 
 ornamented  piece  of  ivory,  from  a 
 depth  of  8  meters  (26  feet),  which 
 is  almost  the  shape  of  a  flute, 
 and  may  have  been  used  as 
 such ;  further,  a  fiat  bone,  which 
 has  one  hole  at  the  one  end  and  three  at  the  other, 
 and  seems  certainly  to  have  belonged  to  a  musical  in- 
 strument. 
 
 I  sometimes  find  here  house-walls  built  of  stones  joined 
 with  mere  earth,  which  must  certainly  have  been  erected 
 long  before  the  Greek  settlement,  but  which  rise  to 
 within   a    meter  (3 ]   feet)   of  the    surface;    in    fact   in    the 
 
 No.  180.  A  finely  engraved  Ivory  Tube, 
 probably  part  of  a  Flute.  Found  on 
 the  Tower  (8  M.). 
 
1 373-] 
 
 NO  STORKS  AT  ILIUM. 
 
 265 
 
 great  cutting  in  front  of  my  house,  I  have  pierced  through 
 two  such  walls  6^  feet  thick,  which  here  formed  the 
 corner  of  a  house,  and  which  reach  up  to  within  a  foot  of 
 the  surface ;  they  appear  to  extend  pretty  far  down,  and 
 in  my  next  letter  I  shall  be  able  to  give  more  details 
 about  them. 
 
 Although  the  Pergamus,  whose  depths  I  have  been 
 ransacking,  borders  directly  upon  the  marshes  formed  by 
 the  Simois,  in  which  there  are  always  hundreds  of  storks, 
 yet  none  of  them  ever  settle  down  here.  Upon  one  of  my 
 wooden  houses  and  upon  the  stone  one  I  had  two  com- 
 fortable nests  made  for  them,  but  although  there  are 
 sometimes  twelve  storks'  nests  upon  one  roof  in  some  of 
 the  surrounding  Turkish  villages,  yet  none  will  settle  on 
 mine ;  it  is  probably  too  cold  and  stormy  for  the  little 
 storks  on  ""l\io<?  T^e^o'ecro-a." 
 
 No.  181.     Knob  for  a  Stick, 
 of  fine  marble  (3  M.). 
 
 No.  182.  Bone  handle  of  a  Trojan's  Staff  or  Sceptre, 
 atcrjTTTpov  (7  M.).* 
 
 *  A  handle  such  as  this,  or  as  that  shown  at  p.  260  (No.  174),  seems 
 well  suited  for  the  long  leaning-staff  (o-KrJTrrpov,  from  a-K^TTTo/xai,  "  to  lean 
 upon ")  which,  in  Homer,  is  the  symbol  of  royal  authority,  and  with 
 which  Ulysses  beat  Thersites.     (Iliad,  II.  46,  265,  ct passim.) — [Ed.] 
 
(     266     ) 
 
 CHAPTER     XIX. 
 
 Splendid  vases  found  on  the  Tower  —  Other  articles  —  Human  skull, 
 bones,  and  ashes,  found  in  an  urn  —  New  types  of  whorls  —  Greek 
 votive  discs  of  diorite  —  Moulds  of  mica-schist  —  The  smaller  quan- 
 tity of  copper  than  of  stone  implements  explained  —  Discussion  of  the 
 objection,  that  stone  implements  are  not  mentioned  by  Homer  - 
 Reply  to  Mr.  Calvert's  article  —  Flint  knives  found  in  the  Acropolis 
 of  Athens —  A  narrow  escape  from  fire. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  March  29th,  1873. 
 
 Since  my  report  of  the  22nd  of  this  month  I  have  unfor- 
 tunately made  little  or  no  progress,  for  most  of  the  villagers 
 are  trimming  their  vineyards  during  this  week ;  and  besides 
 this,  we  have  been  tormented  by  a  horrible  icy-cold  high 
 north  wind,  which  yesterday  and  to-day  rendered  it  impos- 
 sible to  carry  on  the  works. 
 
 But  in  spite  of  this,  during  the  week  we  have  found  at  a 
 depth  of  8  meters  (26  feet),  and  upon  the  Tower,  a  great 
 number  of  splendid  vases  of  the  most  remarkable  form  ; 
 they  are  indeed  all  in  a  more  or  less  broken  condition, 
 but  they  can  easily  be  mended,  as  I  have  all  the  pieces. 
 Those  especially  deserving  of  being  mentioned  are  a  brilliant 
 black  vase  with  two  large  female  breasts,  a  large  navel,  and 
 with  two  mighty  upraised  arms  (No.  183);  further,  a  vase 
 $3$  inches  high,  in  a  good  state  of  preservation;  a  large 
 mixing  bowl  [Kpariqp)  with  two  handles,  and  a  smaller  vase, 
 round  below,  with  four  handles  of  two  different  forms. 
 Among  the  smaller  vessels  there  are,  especially  deserving 
 of  attention,  a  brilliant  black  cup  cover,  with  a  handle  in 
 the  form  of  a  coronet,  and  a  brilliant  red  cover,  with  a  very 
 curious  human  face,  in  which  the  features  of  the  owl  cannot 
 be  mistaken.    (Nos.  184,185^.268.)    Of  the  other  articles. 
 
CH.  XIX.  1873.]       OBJECTS  FOUND  ON  THE  TOWER. 
 
 267 
 
 I  can  only  mention  a  little  plate  of  gold  in  the  form  of  an 
 arrow-head,  with  a  small  hole  at  the  lower  end  (No.  186)  ; 
 an  ivory  tube  with  very  curious  decorations  (No.  187); 
 and  a  well-preserved  skull  with  neat  little  teeth,  which  I 
 discovered,  together  with  a  few  bones  and  a  quantity  of 
 human  ashes,  in  a  vase  (unfortunately  broken)  27^  inches 
 high  and  broad,  at  a  depth  of  26  feet,  upon  the  Tower. 
 This  is  the  first  time  that  I  have  found  such  well-preserved 
 
 No.   185.     A  brilliant  Black  Vase,  with  the  Symbols  of  the  Ilian  Athena,  from  the  Tower  (8  M.). 
 
 human  bones  and  even  a  skull  in  an  urn.  Funereal  urns, 
 indeed,  we  dig  out  daily,  but  the  bodies  are  always  com- 
 pletely burnt  to  ashes  ;  and,  with  the  exception  of  the 
 skeleton  (already  described)  of  an  embryo  found  in  a  vase 
 at  a  depth  of  5  1  feet  upon  the  primary  rock,  I  have  hitherto 
 never  found  an  entire  bone  in  a  funereal  urn.  The  vase  in 
 which  I   found  the  skull  is  made  of  that  excellent  Trojan 
 
i;o  TROY  AND    ITS   REMAINS.  [Chap.  XIX. 
 
 could  of  course  easily  be  melted  down  and  re-cast,  and  it 
 must  not  even  be  supposed  that  I  shall  find  any  except 
 those  which  were  lost  in  the  tumult  of  battle,  or  were  pre- 
 served amidst  the  destruction  of  the  city.  Therefore  the 
 fact  that  I  find  immensely  larger  numbers  of  silex  knives 
 than  of  copper  knives,  and  by  far  more  axes  and  hammers 
 of  stone  than  of  copper,  by  no  means  proves  that  at  the  time 
 of  the  Trojan  war  there  were  more  stone  than  copper  instru- 
 ments. Stone  lances  are,  moreover,  very  rarely  met  with ; 
 this  year  I  found  only  two  of  which  I  know  positively  that 
 they  are  lances  ;  the  one  was  discovered  at  a  depth  ot 
 ni  feet,  the  other  at  20  feet  deep. 
 
 Mr.  Frank  Calvert  of  the  Dardanelles,  who  wishes  to 
 convince  me  by  the  hippopotamus  which  I  found  at  a 
 depth  of  23  feet,  that  the  debris  at  this  depth  belongs  to 
 a  period  wdien  hippopotami  inhabited  the  rivers  of  the 
 Troad,  has  expressed  the  opinion,  in  his  article  in  the  Levant 
 Herald  of  the  25th  of  January,  1873,  tnat  H°mer  would 
 necessarily  have  mentioned  stone  knives  and  instruments 
 if  they  had  existed  in  Troy,  and  that,  as  he  speaks  of  none, 
 there  could  have  been  none;  consequently,  that  none  of  the 
 ruined  strata  which  I  have  cut  through,  containing  stone 
 implements,  can  belong  to  the  Homeric  Troy,  and  that  the 
 stratum  directly  following  the  Greek  ruins,  which  extend  as 
 far  down  as  6\  feet,  must  be  more  than  1000  years  older 
 than  the  Trojan  war. 
 
 If  Mr.  Calvert  had  taken  the  trouble  to  look  into 
 Homer,  he  would  have  found  that  the  word  '  hammer ' 
 (pa.L(TTt]p)  occurs  only  once  {Iliad,  XVIII.  477),  and  that  is 
 in  the  hand  of  Hephaestus.  It  is,  indeed,  not  said  of  what 
 material  the  hammer  was  made  ;  the  fire-god,  however, 
 would  probably  have  had  none  other  than  a  copper  hammer. 
 Mr.  Calvert  also  does  not  appear  to  have  ever  seen  a  silex 
 knife,  for  otherwise  he  would  know  that  thev  are  almost 
 always  only  from  i^  to  i\,  and  rarely  3,  inches  long;  and 
 moreover,  with   but  few  exceptions,  they  are  made  in  the 
 
1873.]  HOMER  AND   STONE   IMPLEMENTS.  27  I 
 
 form  of  saws.  I  have  here  only  once  met  with  a  saw  of 
 this  kind  5  inches  in  length. 
 
 In  Homer  there  is  not  one  opportunity  where  such 
 small  saw-knives  could  have  been  mentioned,  nor  is  it  as 
 yet  altogether  clear  to  me  what  they  can  have  been  used 
 for.*  Homer's  heroes  carry  their  copper  knives  beside 
 their  swords,  and  generally  use  them  for  killing  the  sacri- 
 ficial animal,  for  which  purpose,  of  course,  flint  knives 
 from  12  to  3  inches  long  would  not  have  been  appro- 
 priate ;  but  those  long  copper  knives,  the  size  of  which  is 
 accurately  indicated  by  the  stone  moulds  in  which  they 
 were  cast,  would  have  been  very  suitable.  In  the  Iliad 
 (XVIII.  597),  we  see  Hephaestus  making  youths  with 
 golden  cutlasses  upon  the  shield  of  Achilles. 
 
 Mr.  Calvert  believes  that  the  fact  of  Homer's  not 
 mentioning  either  the  small  flint  saws  or  stone  knives  is 
 a  proof  against  the  identity  of  Hissarlik  with  the  site  of  Troy. 
 I,  however,  should  find  it  surprising,  and  so  assuredly  would 
 all  scholars  and  admirers  of  Homer,  if  the  Homeric  heroes 
 had  appeared  armed  with  silex  saws  from  \\  to  3  inches 
 in  length ;  for  a  hero,  especially  in  an  epic  poem,  can 
 only  carry  and  achieve  something  heroic.  If  the  Homeric 
 hero  requires  a  stone  weapon,  he  does  not  feel  in  his 
 pocket  for  a  silex  saw  from  ii  to  3  inches  long,  but  he 
 takes  the  first  huge  stone  he  meets  with,  such  as  two  of 
 the  strongest  men  from  among  the  people  could  not  have 
 raised  from  the  earth  on  to  a  cart  by  means  of  levers  ;  but 
 the  hero  carries  it  in  his  hand  with  the  same  ease  with 
 which  a  shepherd  would  carry  the  fleece  of  a  ram,  and 
 flings  the  rock  with  infinite  force  against  the  gate  of  the 
 enemy,  splinters  the  panels  to  shivers,  and  shatters  the 
 double  hinges  and  the  bars ;  the  gate  flies  open,  and  the 
 stone   falls   with    a  mighty  crash  into   the   hostile  camp."f" 
 
 *  May  they  have  been  for  flaying  the  sacrificed  animals,  a  sharp  flint 
 being  better  for  this  purpose  than  a  copper  knife,  and  perhaps  also 
 being  preferred  to  metal  as  less  contaminated  by  human  labour? — [Ed.] 
 
 t  Iliad,  XII.  445-462. 
 
272  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XIX. 
 
 Upon  another  occasion,  another  hero  uses  a  stone  weapon. 
 He,  too,  does  not  look  for  a  small  silex  saw,  but  takes  an 
 immense  block  of  stone,  which  two  men  from  among 
 the  people  would  have  been  unable  to  lift,  and  hurls  it 
 against  his  opponent.*  Mr.  Calvert's  excavations  in  the 
 Pergamus  were  confined  to  two  small  cuttings  which  still 
 exist,  and  he  is  wrong  in  saying  that  I  have  continued 
 his  excavations.  As  my  plans  of  the  Pergamus  prove,  my 
 excavations  of  1870,  1871,  and  up  to  the  middle  of  June, 
 1872,  were  made  exclusively  on  the  Turkish  portion  of 
 the  Pergamus  ;  and  it  was  only  in  June  that  I  began  to 
 excavate  the  site  of  the  temple  of  Apollo  upon  Mr.  Calvert's 
 land,  because  a  depression  in  the  ground,  1 1 1  i  feet  long 
 and  75 \  feet  broad,  had  betrayed  the  site  to  me.  My 
 friend's  two  small  cuttings  by  no  means  gave  any  idea 
 of  the  existence  of  such  a  temple. 
 
 I  have  never,  as  Mr.  Calvert  says,  found  the  native 
 rock  at  a  depth  of  67  feet.  I  found  it  at  a  depth  of  16 
 meters  (or  52!  feet)  upon  my  large  platform,  and  at  a  depth 
 of  14  meters  (or  46^  feet)  in  my  great  cutting,  in  the 
 Roman  well,  and  upon  the  south  side  of  the  Tower.  In 
 Mr.  Calvert's  field,  however,  I  found  the  primary  soil  only 
 in  the  hill  covered  by  the  very  ancient  buttress,  which  has 
 been  repeatedly  described. 
 
 Examining  Mr.  Calvert's  article  further,  I  assure  my 
 readers  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  wall  which  I  have 
 already  described  as  consisting  of  Corinthian  pillars  taken 
 from  the  temple  of  Athena,  I  have  never  come  upon  any 
 Byzantine  ruins  here  ;  f  that  all  the  Byzantine  coins  I  found 
 were  but  a  few  inches  below  the  surface ;  and  that  the 
 ruins  and  the  debris  of  the  Greek  colony,  as  anyone  may 
 convince  himself  from  the  earthen  walls  of  my  excavations, 
 rarely  extend  below  2  meters  (6h  feet).  Mr.  Calvert's 
 statement,  that  I   also   find    stone    implements,   perforated 
 
 ::'  Iliad,  V.  302-310. 
 
 t  Nor  are  even  these  now  considered  to  be  Byzantine  ;  see  Chapter 
 XXII.,  j).  320,  and  Introduction,  p.  30. — [Ed.] 
 
I873-]  REPLY  TO  MR.  FRANK  CALVERT.  273 
 
 cylinders,  grinding-mills,  and  masses  of  shells,  immediately 
 below  these  ruins,  is  incorrect ;  for  in  not  one  of  my 
 excavations  have  I  hitherto  found  these  things  at  less  than 
 4  meters  (13  feet)  deep,  and  if  I  now  find  them  immediately 
 below  the  foundations  of  the  Temple  of  Athena,  I  explain 
 this  by  assuming  that  the  dtbris  which  was  dug  out  of 
 the  great  excavation  for  the  reservoir  of  the  temple 
 was  used  for  increasing  the  elevation  of  the  site  of  the 
 sanctuary.  Mr.  Calvert  is  also  wrong  in  his  statement  that 
 the  larger  bones  were  all  broken  to  get  at  the  marrow ;  on 
 the  contrary,  we  very  rarely  meet  with  broken  bones. 
 He  is  again  incorrect  in  stating  that  I  find  small  articles 
 of  bronze,  as  well  as  ornaments  in  gold  and  silver  filigree 
 work.  I  have  never  as  yet  found  bronze  here,  but 
 in  all  cases  copper;  and  never  have  I  found  ornaments 
 of  gold  or  silver  filigree  work.  The  ornaments  repre- 
 sented in  the  drawings  are  of  pure  gold,  or  electrum,  or 
 silver,  or  copper.  His  statement  is  also  erroneous,  that  I 
 occasionally  find  engraved  representations  of  fish-bones 
 upon  vessels.  It  is  true  that  I  often  find  vessels  round 
 which  rows  of  cuneiform  decorations  are  engraved ;  but 
 these  are  never  connected  with  one  another,  and  there- 
 fore have  no  resemblance  at  all  to  fish-bones.  Further, 
 Mr.  Calvert  is  mistaken  in  his  assertion  that  in  the 
 depths  of  this  hill  there  are  house-walls  composed  of 
 unhewn  stones  laid  roughly  one  on  the  top  of  the  other. 
 The  architect  is  not  yet  born,  who  could  construct  house- 
 walls  of  such  stones  without  some  kind  of  cement.  The 
 walls  of  clay  do  not,  as  Mr.  Calvert's  statement  would 
 lead  one  to  believe,  consist  of  one  mass  of  clay,  but  of 
 sun-dried  bricks ;  and  I  assure  my  readers  that  I  have 
 never  yet,  as  Mr.  Calvert  erroneously  maintains,  found 
 the  impressions  of  long  rushes,  which  indicate  the  use  of 
 thatch-work.  My  learned  friend  is  also  completely  wrong 
 in  his  statement  that  the  floors  of  some  of  the  houses 
 have  been  glazed,  and  that  the  regularity  of  the  levellings 
 
 T 
 
274  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XIX. 
 
 and  the  flatness  of  these  floors  prove  that  the  glaze  is  not  the 
 result  of  accident;  further,  that  one  of  these  glazed  floors 
 has  a  length  of  20  feet.  I  would  give  a  great  deal  if  this  were 
 true,  for  such  a  Trojan  marvel  would  attract  thousands 
 desirous  of  information.  Unfortunately,  however,  such 
 glazed  floors  exist  only  in  Mr.  Calvert's  own  imagination. 
 My  friend  is  as  completely  mistaken  in  his  reports  about 
 the  Great  Tower,  which  he  describes  as  consisting  of  two 
 walls,  which  meet  at  a  sharp  angle  and  diverge  to  a 
 distance  of  40  feet,  the  space  between  them  being  as  yet 
 unexplored.  It  is  only  the  southern  wall  of  this  build- 
 ing that  rises  at  an  angle  of  75  degrees :  on  the  north 
 side,  as  it  was  sufficiently  supported  by  the  mound  6$h  feet 
 broad  which  rested  against  it,  it  had  above  it  only  a 
 small  perpendicular  wall,  3^  feet  high  and  broad ;  whereas 
 the  southern  wall,  which  inclines  at  an  angle  of  15  degrees, 
 is  6h  feet  thick.  The  whole  of  the  inner  space  between 
 the  two  walls  consists  of  stones  laid  loosely  upon  one 
 another.  The  perpendicular  height  of  the  Tower  above 
 the  primary  rock  is  not  15  feet,  as  Mr.  Calvert  says, 
 but  exactly  20  feet.  The  terra-cotta  discs  with  two 
 small  holes,  which,  according  to  Mr.  Calvert,  I  find  here 
 at  all  depths,  I  have  in  reality  always  found  only  close 
 to  the  surface,  as  far  down  as  3^  feet,  and  rarely  as  far 
 down  as  6h  feet.  I  further  assure  my  readers  that  I 
 know  nothing  about  the  large  perforated  cylinders,  which 
 Mr.  Calvert  says  I  find  in  great  quantities,  and  frequently 
 with  half  their  diameter  entirely  in  the  clay  of  the  walls. 
 The  largest  of  the  terra-cotta  cylinders  which  I  have  dis- 
 covered here  are  only  4  inches  long,  and  never  have  I 
 seen  one  of  these  cylinders  in  a  house-wall. 
 
 In  conclusion,  I  must  positively  deny  Mr.  Calvert's 
 assertion  that  stone  implements,  although  met  with  in 
 the  same  stratum  with  articles  made  of  different  metals 
 and  with  splendid  earthenware,  argue  a  primeval  and  pre- 
 historic age.       Small    knives   and    saws    of    silex    are,   for 
 
1 873-]  DANGER  FROM  FIRE.  2/5 
 
 instance,  found  in  numbers  in  the  Acropolis  of  Athens, 
 and  they  appear  to  have  been  used  up  to  a  very  late 
 period.  A  rude  pre-historic  people  could  by  no  means 
 have  made  the  beautiful  terra-cottas  which  are  found  here 
 immediately  below  the  ruins  of  the  Greek  colony,  and  still 
 less  could  they  have  manufactured  the  splendid  pottery 
 which  shows  such  a  high  degree  of  artistic  taste,  and  which 
 I  meet  with  here  at  a  great  depth. 
 
 The  life  in  this  wilderness  is  not  without  danger,  and 
 last  night,  for  instance,  my  wife  and  I  and  the  foreman 
 Photidas  had  the  narrowest  escape  of  being  burnt  alive. 
 In  the  bedroom  on  the  north  side  of  the  wooden  house 
 which  we  are  inhabiting,  we  had  had  a  small  fireplace 
 made,  and,  owing  to  the  terrible  cold  which  has  again  set  in 
 during  the  last  six  days,  we  have  lighted  a  fire  in  it  daily. 
 But  the  stones  of  the  fireplace  rest  merely  upon  the  boards 
 of  the  floor,  and,  whether  it  was  owing  to  a  crevice  in  the 
 cement  joining  the  stones,  or  by  some  other  means,  the 
 floor  took  fire,  and  when  I  accidentally  awoke  this  morning 
 at  3  o'clock,  it  was  burning  over  a  space  of  two  yards  long 
 by  a  yard  broad.  The  room  was  filled  with  dense  smoke, 
 and  the  north  wall  was  just  beginning  to  catch  fire ;  a  few 
 seconds  would  have  sufficed  to  burn  a  hole  into  it,  and 
 the  whole  house  would  then  have  been  in  flames  in  less 
 than  a  minute,  for  a  fearful  north  wind  was  blowing  from 
 that  side.  In  my  fright  I  did  not  lose  my  presence  of 
 mind.  I  poured  the  contents  of  a  bath  upon  the  burning 
 north  wall,  and  thus  in  a  moment  stopped  the  fire  in  that 
 direction.  Our  cries  awoke  Photidas,  who  was  asleep  in  the 
 adjoining  room,  and  he  called  the  other  foremen  from  the 
 stone  house  to  our  assistance.  In  the  greatest  haste  they 
 fetched  hammers,  iron  levers  and  pickaxes ;  the  floor  was 
 broken  up,  torn  to  pieces,  and  quantities  of  damp  earth 
 thrown  upon  it,  for  we  had  no  water.  But,  as  the  lower  beams 
 were  burning  in  many  places,  a  quarter  of  an  hour  elapsed 
 before  we  got  the  fire  under  and  all  danger  was  at  an  end. 
 
 T     2 
 
276 
 
 CHAPTER    XX. 
 
 Discovery  of  a  large  house  upon  the  Tower  —  Marks  of  a  great  con- 
 flagration —  Primitive  Altar  :  its  very  remarkable  position  —  Ruins  of 
 the  Temple  of  Athena  —  A  small  cellar  —  Skeletons  of  warriors  with 
 copper  helmets  and  a  lance  —  Structure  of  the  helmet-crests  — 
 Terra-cottas  —  A  crucible  with  copper  still  in  it  —  Other  objects  — 
 Extreme  fineness  of  the  engravings  on  the  whorls  —  Pottery  —  Stone 
 implements  —  Copper  pins  and  other  objects. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  April  5th,  1873. 
 
 Amidst  cold  but  glorious  spring  weather  most  favourable 
 for  the  workmen,  who  now  number  150  on  the  average,  I 
 have  this  week  continued  the  excavations  with  the  greatest 
 energy  and  with  good  results. 
 
 The  most  interesting  object  that  I  have  discovered 
 here  in  these  three  years  is  certainly  a  house  which  I  brought 
 to  light  this  week,  and  of  which  eight  rooms  have  already 
 been  laid  open ;  it  stands  upon  the  Great  Tower,  at  a  depth 
 of  7  and  8  meters  (23  to  26  feet),  directly  below  the  Greek 
 Temple  of  Athena.  Its  walls  consist  of  small  stones  cemented 
 with  earth,  and  they  appear  to  belong  to  different  epochs ; 
 for,  while  some  of  them  rest  directly  upon  the  stones  of  the 
 Tower,  others  were  not  built  till  the  Tower  was  covered 
 with  8  inches,  and  in  several  cases  even  with  3^  feet,  of 
 debris.  These  walls  also  show  differences  in  thickness ; 
 one  of  them  is  \\  feet,  others  are  only  25  \  inches,  and 
 others  again  not  more  than  19!  inches  thick.  Several  of 
 these  walls  are  10  feet  high,  and  on  some  of  them  may 
 be  seen  large  remnants  of  the  coatings  of  clay,  painted 
 yellow  or  white.  Only  in  one  large  room,  the  dimensions 
 of  which,  however,  cannot  be  exactly  ascertained,  have  I 
 
Ch.  XX.  1873.]  PALACE  ON  THE  TOWER.  277 
 
 as  yet  found  an  actual  floor  of  unhewn  slabs  of  limestone, 
 the  smooth  sides  of  which  are  turned  outside.  Black 
 marks,  the  result  of  fire,  upon  the  lower  portion  of  the 
 walls  of  the  other  rooms  which  have  as  yet  been  excavated, 
 leave  no  doubt  that  their  floors  were  of  wood,  and  were 
 destroyed  by  fire.  In  one  room  there  is  a  wall  in  the 
 form  of  a  semicircle,  which  has  been  burnt  as  black  as 
 coal.  All  the  rooms  as  yet  laid  open,  and  not  resting 
 directly  upon  the  Tower,  have  been  excavated  down  to  the 
 same  level ;  and  I  find,  without  exception,  that  the  debris 
 below  them  consists  of  red  or  yellow  ashes  and  burnt 
 ruins.  Above  these,  even  in  the  rooms  themselves,  I 
 found  nothing  but  either  red  or  yellow  wood-ashes,  mixed 
 with  bricks  that  had  been  dried  in  the  sun  and  sub- 
 sequently burnt  by  the  conflagration,  or  black  debris,  the 
 remains  of  furniture,  mixed  with  masses  of  small  shells : 
 in  proof  of  this  there  are  the  many  remains  which  are 
 still  hanging  on  the  walls.  In  several  rooms  I  found  red 
 jars  {ttWoi)  from  7  to  8  feet  high,  some  of  which  I  leave 
 in  situ.  Above  the  house,  and  as  far  as  the  foundations 
 of  the  temple,  I  found  nothing  but  red  and  yellow  wood- 
 ashes.     (See  Plate  X.,  opposite  p.  287.) 
 
 To  the  east  side  of  the  house  is  a  sacrificial  Altar 
 of  a  very  primitive  description,  which  is  turned  to  the 
 north-west  by  west,  and  consists  of  a  slab  of  slate  granite 
 about  5^  feet  long,  and  ^\  feet  broad.  The  upper  part 
 of  the  stone  is  cut  into  the  form  of  a  crescent,  probably 
 for  killing  upon  it  the  animal  which  was  intended  for 
 sacrifice.  About  4  feet  below  the  sacrificial  altar  I  found 
 a  channel  made  of  slabs  of  green  slate,  which  probably 
 served  to  carry  off  the  blood.  Strangely  enough  this 
 Altar  does  not  stand  on  the  Tower  itself,  but  32  feet 
 above  it,  upon  bricks  or  lumps  of  earth  which  had  been 
 dried  in  the  sun,  and  which  have  been  actually  burnt 
 by  the  conflagration,  but  nevertheless  have  no  stability. 
 The   altar  was    surrounded    by   an    enormous  quantity  of 
 
*78 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XX. 
 
 the  remains  of  bricks  of  this  description,  as  well  as  by 
 red  and  yellow  wood-ashes,  to  a  height  of  10  feet.  Of 
 course  I  leave  the  altar  in  situ,  so  that  visitors  to  the  Troad 
 may  convince  themselves  by  the  nature  of  its  pedestal  and 
 of  the  dtbris  of  the  earthen  wall,  beside  which  it  stands, 
 of  the  correctness  of  all  these  statements,  which  might 
 otherwise    appear    too    incredible.      The    remarkable    sub- 
 
 No.  188.     Great  Altar  fur  Sacrifices,  found  in  the  depths  of  the  Temple  of  Athena  (53  of  the  real  size). 
 
 structure  of  this  sacrificial  altar,  the  curious  debris  in 
 which  it  was  buried,  the  preservation  of  the  great  house, 
 which  has  evidently  been  burnt,  and  the  walls  of  which 
 were  built  at  different  epochs,  and  lastly,  the  fact  that 
 its  spaces  were  filled  with  heterogeneous  dibris  and  with 
 colossal  jars — all  this  is  a  puzzle  to  me.  I  confine  myself, 
 therefore,  to  stating  the  facts  merely,  and  refrain  from 
 expressing  any  kind  of  conjecture. 
 
 Above  the  house,  in  the  south-western  wall  of  this  exca- 
 vation, are  the  ruins  of  the  southern  wall  of  the  Temple  of 
 Athena.     They  are  5]  feet  high,  and  consist  of  large  white 
 
1873.]  SKELETONS  OF  WARRIORS.  279 
 
 blocks  of  limestone.  Their  great  breadth  gives  them  an 
 imposing  appearance,  and  this  is  further  increased  by  the 
 great  reservoir  of  the  temple,  the  walls  of  which  are  directly 
 to  the  east  of  the  altar,  and  41  feet  high.  Above  the  very 
 ancient  house,  and  below  the  southern  wall  of  the  temple, 
 may  be  seen  the  ruins  of  a  small  round  cellar,  3^  feet  in 
 diameter  and  about  i\  feet  high,  which  stands  below  the 
 foundations,  and  must,  therefore,  be  older  than  the  temple. 
 It  is  built  of  chalk  and  stones,  but  the  inner  side  has  been 
 painted  over  with  a  kind  of  varnish  or  glaze,  and  has  a 
 glossy  appearance.  This  small  cellar  was  filled  with  frag- 
 ments of  Greek  terra-cottas,  among  which,  however,  I  found 
 six  small  vases,  almost  uninjured. 
 
 This  very  ancient  house,  with  its  small  rooms,  as  it 
 stands,  is  very  like  a  Pompeian  house  ;  it  cannot,  indeed, 
 be  at  all  compared  with  the  houses  of  Pompeii  in  regard 
 to  architecture  or  decoration,  but  it  surpasses  them  in 
 peculiarity. 
 
 No.  189.     Copper  Lance  of  a  Trojan  Warrior,  found  beside  his  Skeleton  (7  M.). 
 
 By  the  side  of  the  house,  as  well  as  in  its  larger  apart- 
 ments, I  have  found  great  quantities  of  human  bones,  but 
 as  yet  only  two  entire  skeletons,  which  must  be  those  of 
 warriors,  for  they  were  found  at  a  depth  of  7  meters 
 (23  feet),  with  eopper  helmets  upon  their  heads.  Beside  one 
 of  the  skeletons  I  found  a  large  lance,  a  drawing  of  which 
 I  give.  The  one  skull  is  uninjured,  and  I  add  a  faithful 
 drawing  of  it ;  the  other  is  somewhat  broken,  but  I  hope 
 soon  to  have  the  pieces  joined  with  cement.  Both  of  the 
 skulls  are  large,  but  remarkably  narrow.  Unfortunately 
 both  helmets  were  broken  ;  however,  I  hope  to  be  able 
 to   put  one  of  the  two   together  when  I    return   to  Athens. 
 
,8o 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS   KHMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XX. 
 
 The  upper   portions    of  both    helmets  have,  however, 
 been  well  preserved  ;  and  these  parts  form  the  "  ^ctXos,"  or 
 
 No.  190.     Skull  of  a  Trojan  Warrior,  belonging  to  one  of  the  two  Skeletons  found  in  the  House  on 
 the  Tower  (7  M.).     It  is  long,  but  narrow. 
 
 No.  191.  {a)  The  upper  and  (l>)  lower  pieces  of  a  Trojan  Helmet-crest  (</>dAos)  placed  together. 
 {c.)  A  small  piece  of  the  Helmet  remains  adhering  to  the  lower  part  of  the  Crest  (7  M.). 
 A  pin,  fastened  to  the  front  of  the  part  (£),  goes  into  the  hollow  base  of  {a),  and  supports  it.  (See 
 the  figures  on  p.  334.) 
 
 ridge,  in  which  the  "  \6(f)os  tWovpis,"  or  horse-hair  plume, 
 so  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Iliad,  was  fixed."*     In  both 
 
 Homer's  Iliad,  III.  362  ;  IV.  459  ;  VI.  9  ;  XIII.  132  ;  XVI.  216. 
 
i873-] 
 
 TROJAN   HELMET-CRESTS. 
 
 281 
 
 cases  the  <f>d\o<;  consists  of  two  pieces.  The  large  copper  ring- 
 found  beside  the  helmet  had  been  attached  to  it,  in  what 
 manner  I  do  not  know.  Two 
 days  later,  when  I  found  the 
 second  helmet,  I  perceived 
 from  the  manner  in  which 
 the  lower  portion  was  fixed 
 to  the  helmet  that  the 
 pieces  must  be  put  together 
 as  shown  in  the  drawing. 
 Through  the  lower  portion 
 of  each  helmet  runs  a  copper 
 nail,  which  has  a  round  head 
 and  its  other  end  simply 
 bent  round.  As  to  the  place  into  which  the  Xocfros  lirirovpis 
 was  inserted  and  fixed  there  can  be  no  doubt,  for  the 
 opening  at  the  top  of  the  ridge  can  have  served  no  other 
 purpose.  By  the  side  of  the  second  helmet  also,  I  found 
 the  fragment  of  a  copper  ring  similar  to  that  found  beside 
 the  first  helmet.* 
 
 In  some  of  the  rooms  I  found  no  terra-cottas  at  all, 
 but  in  others  enormous  quantities  of  splendid  black,  red, 
 and  brown  vases,  pots,  and  jars  of  all  sizes,  and  of  most 
 
 No.  192.     Great  Copper  Ring,  found  near  the 
 Helmet-crest  (7  M.j. 
 
 *  Few  coincidences  have  struck  us  more  than  the  comparison  of 
 these  helmet-crests  with  the  frequent  allusions  in  Homer,  especially 
 where  "  Hector  of  the  dancing  helmet-crest"  (KopvdaioXos  "Ektwp),  takes 
 off  the  helmet  that  frightened  his  child  {Iliad,  VI.  469,  foil.)  : — 
 
 Tapfirjaas  xa^K^v  T«  *8e  Xocpov  (7r7rioxaiT7)i' 
 Aeiiw  air'  a/cpoTar-ns  KopvQos  vivovra  voT)ffas. 
 
 "  Scared  by  the  brazen  helm  and  horse-hair  plume, 
 That  nodded,  fearful,  on  the  warrior's  crest.'' 
 
 No  such  plumed  helmets  are  found  among  the  remains  of  "  prehistoric  " 
 barbarous  races.  The  skeletons,  with  the  helmets  and  lances  beside 
 them,  bear  striking  witness  to  a  city  taken  by  storm.  In  Homer,  the 
 Trojans  under  the  command  of  "  the  crested  Hector "  are  "  valiant  with 
 lances"  (/xe/iuores  eyxcvgariv,  I/iad,  II.  816-818). — [Ed.] 
 
282 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XX. 
 
 fanciful  shapes ;  but  unfortunately  in  hewing  down  the  hard 
 dibris  most  of  them  were  broken,  and  I  shall   not  be  able 
 
 No.  iyi-     An  elegant  bright-red  Vase  of  Tcrra-cotta,  decorated  with  branches  and  signs  of  lightning 
 with  holes  in  the  handles  and  lips,  for  cords  to  hang  it  up  by.     Found  on  the  Tower  (S  M.). 
 
 No.  194       Terra-cotta  Vase.    Found  on  -the  Towel 
 
 to  have  them  repaired   till  1  return  to  Athens.     I  wish   to 
 draw   attention  to  the  elegance  of  the   red  jars  with   necks 
 
I873-] 
 
 CRUCIBLE  CONTAINING  COPPER. 
 
 283 
 
 bent  back,  two  ears,  and  three  breasts ;  as  well  as  to  the 
 black  or  red  vases  ornamented  with  engraved  branches  of 
 trees,  with  three  feet  and  two  small  and  two  large  upraised 
 handles  as  arms ;  also  to  the  terra-cotta  goblets,  which 
 are  occasionally  the  form  of  champagne-glasses,  sometimes 
 also  in  the  shape  of  a  soup-tureen  with  two  handles. 
 
 The  most  interesting  of  the  terra-cottas  found  this 
 week,  and  the  most  im- 
 portant to  archaeology, 
 are  these  : — the  beau- 
 tiful red  vase-cover 
 with  the  owl's  face  and 
 helmet  of  the  Ilian 
 Athena,  which  was 
 found  in  a  large  red  urn 
 at  a  depth  of  8  meters 
 (27  feet)  : — then  two 
 vases,  likewise  adorned 
 with  the  owl's  head 
 of  the  tutelary  god- 
 dess of  Troy,  but 
 also  with  two  breasts, 
 a  large  navel,  and  two 
 upraised  arms.  One 
 of  these  vases  was 
 found  upon  the  Tower, 
 the  other  above  it,  at 
 a  depth  of  4  meters 
 (13  feet). 
 
 Amons;  the   other 
 very  remarkable  terra- 
 
 mi-t-i  -    l',,nn.l    Jn     „np    „r      No.  196.     An  Earthenware   Crucible   on    four  feet,  still 
 COlldb    IOUIK1   111    OI1C    OI  containing  some  copper.     Found  on  the  Tower  (7  m.). 
 
 the  rooms  of  the  sub- 
 terranean  house,  at  a  depth   of  7   meters   (23   feet),   there 
 is   a  crucible  with  four  feet,  in  which  some  copper  is  still 
 to    be   seen ;    also  a   small   brilliant    black   funnel.     I   also 
 
 No.  195.  Profile  of  a  Vase-cover,  with  the  Owl's  Face  and 
 Helmet  of  Athena,  in  brilliant  red  Terra-cotta.  Found 
 in  an  urn  on  the  Tower  (8  M.). 
 
284 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XX. 
 
 found  in  the  house,  at  the  depth  of  7  and  8  meters  (23 
 to  16  feet),  several  idols  of  ordinary  stone  or  of  marble ; 
 one  also  of  bone,  upon  which  are  seen  the  two  arms  of  the 
 goddess ;  it  is  only  upon  one  of  the  marble  idols,  and 
 upon  one  of  those  of  stone,  that  I  find  the  two  eyes.  This 
 week  we  met  with  only  one  idol  of  ordinary  stone  with 
 a  rude  engraving  of  the  owl's  face ;  it  was  discovered  at 
 a  depth  of  4  meters  (13  feet).  I  must  remark  that  the 
 idols  of  common  stone  are  always  very  roughly  made. 
 
 Of  the  small  terra-cotta  whorls,  both  with  and  with- 
 out symbolical  engravings,  we  this  week  again  met  with 
 251  pieces;  of  these,  however,  only  31  had  symbolical 
 figures  which  I  have  not  yet  found.  Several  of  the 
 engraved  decorations  on  these  articles  have  been  executed 
 with  a  fineness  which  is  truly  astonishing,  and  more  espe- 
 cially those  which  are  engraved  upon  brilliantly  black 
 wheel-shaped  pieces :  they  are  so  fine  that  I  could  only 
 distinguish  them  through  a  magnifying  glass. 
 
 At  a  depth  of  6  and  8  meters  (20  to  26  feet)  we  again 
 met  with  very  many  ordinary  plates,  which  had  been  turned 
 
 on  a  potter's  wheel.  At  the  same 
 depth,  and  in  the  above-mentioned 
 house,  we  found  a  curious  vessel, 
 exactly  in  the  shape  of  a  saucer  to 
 a  flower-pot,  ornamented  with  four 
 triangles  and  two  large  crosses,  one 
 of  which  is  formed  by  large  dots, 
 the  other  by  lines.  Several  curious 
 moulds  were  also  found  this  week, 
 one  of  which  is  of  coarse  terra- 
 cotta for  casting  eight  copper  bars ; 
 the  other  moulds  are  made  of  mica- 
 schist,  and  one  was  for  casting  an  object  in  the  form  of  a 
 leaf  with  three  long  thorns  on  either  side ;  the  other 
 mould  shows  three  uniform  furrows  for  casting  oblong- 
 rings.       This    week    we    found    only    fragments    of   stone 
 
 No.  197.  Flower  Saucer  ;  the  flat 
 bottom  ornamented.  Found  on 
 the  Tower  (8  m.). 
 
1 873-] 
 
 TERRA-COTTAS   IN  THE  PALACE. 
 
 285 
 
 moulds  for  casting  weapons  and  instruments.  At  a  depth 
 of  from  10  to  26  feet  we  also  discovered  27  small  silex 
 knives  like  saws,  and  six  very  pretty  knife-blades  made  of 
 black  obsidian,  which  are  sharp  enough  to  serve  as  razors. 
 We  have  found  no  copper  knives  this  week,  but,  on  the 
 other  hand,  four  copper  dress  or  hair  pins,  from  2^  to 
 above  5  inches  long ;  also  thirteen  needles  for  knitting  or 
 embroidering ;  likewise  sixteen  large  bodkins  made  of  stag- 
 horn,  and  a  number  of  pointed  boars'  tusks.  Among  the 
 stone  implements  found  during  the  week,  there  are  two 
 very  pretty  hammers  of  diorite  and  a  very  neat  perforated 
 prop  of  mica-schist  with  a  small  furrow  at  the  top,  for 
 turning  a  spit,  and  other  such  things.  (See  No.  177,  p.  261.) 
 In  returning  to  the  terra-cottas  I  must  mention  a  square 
 article,  the  upper  part  of  which  gradually  becomes  narrower 
 and  thinner :  on  the  front  side  there  are  two  small  depres- 
 sions in  the  form  of  eyes,  and  on  one  side  it  is  perforated, 
 I  add  a  drawing  of  this  curious  article,  the  use  of  which  is 
 
 No.  198.  A  piece  of  Tcrra-cotta,  with  two 
 holes  slightly  sunk  in  front  like  eyes,  and 
 a  hole  perforated  from  side  to  side  (8  m.). 
 
 No.  199.  A  remarkable  Terra-cotta  Vessel 
 on  three  long  feet,  with  a  handle  and  two 
 small  ears  (7  ju.). 
 
 quite  unknown  to  me.     I  may  mention  further  a  curious 
 pot  found  in  the  house,  at  a  depth  of  7  meters  (23  feet), 
 
286 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 [Ch.  XX.  1873. 
 
 with  three  feet,  two  small  cars,  and  one  handle;  also  those 
 neat    cups    with    one    handle    and    three    feet,    which    are 
 
 repeatedly  met  with  in  the  same 
 house.  At  a  depth  of  3  meters 
 (10  feet)  we  discovered  a 
 bright  red  polished  little  box, 
 from  the  under  side  of  which 
 two  small  perforated  rings  pro- 
 ject. The  pattern  on  the 
 bottom  represents  the  sun  with 
 its  rays ;  in  the  centre  of 
 the  sun's  disc  is  a  cross,  which 
 ends  in  four  small  circles,  and 
 these  are  probably  intended  to 
 xr         . ,     ,„,.,,    ,T        .,     represent  the  heads  of  the  nails 
 
 No.  200.  A  beautilul  bright-red  lerra-cotta  I 
 
 Box  (or  Vase-cover?)  decorated  with  a  +      w}1ich    fastened    the     tWO     CtOSSed 
 
 four  TJ,  and  a  halo  ol  solar  rays  (3  M.). 
 
 staves  employed  to  produce  the 
 holy  tire.  In  every  one  of  the  four  spaces  formed  by  the 
 cross  there  is  a  pj-J,  one  of  which  is  represented  by  dots. 
 
 We  also  again  met  with  one  of  those  small  perforated 
 terra-cottas,  consisting  of  two  connected  balls,  and  which 
 somewhat  resemble  our  shirt-studs ;  the  upper  part  of  the 
 article  in  question  shows  three  simple  rising  suns  and 
 six  stars ;  the  lower  part  represents  three  triple  rising  suns, 
 and  three  stars  in  the  circle  round  the  central  point. 
 
 During  the  week  we  have  met  with  only  one  terra-cotta 
 ball ;  it  shows  an  encircling  jagged  streak  and  five  small 
 streaks,  which  may  denote  suns  or  moons. 
 
 Nos.  201,  202.     Little  Decorated  Whorls,  of  a  remarkable  shape  (6  M.). 
 
z87 
 
 CHAPT  E  R    XXI. 
 
 Discovery  of  a  street  in  the  Pergamus  —  Three  curious  stone  walls  of 
 different  periods  —  Successive  fortifications  of  the  hill  —  Remains 
 of  ancient  houses  under  the  Temple  of  Athena,  that  have  suffered  a 
 great  conflagration  —  Older  house-walls  below  these,  and  a  wall  of 
 fortification  —  Store,  with  the  nine  colossal  jars  —  The  great  Altar 
 
 —  Objects  found  east  of  the  Tower  — ■  Pottery  with  Egyptian  hiero- 
 glyphics —  Greek  and  other  terra-cottas,  &c.  —  Remarkable  owl 
 vase  —  Handle,  with  an  ox-head  —  Various  very  curious  objects  — 
 A  statue  of  one  Metrodorus  by  Pytheas  of  Argos,  with  an  inscription 
 
 —  Another  Greek  inscription,  in  honour  of  C.  Claudius  Nero. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  April  16th,  1873. 
 
 Since  my  report  of  the  5th  of  this  month  I  have  had,  on 
 an  average,  160  workmen,  and  have  brought  many  won- 
 derful things  to  light,  among  which  I  may  especially  men- 
 tion a  street  of  the  Pergamus,  which  was  discovered  close 
 to  my  house,  at  a  depth  of  30  feet,  in  the  Great  Tower.  It  is 
 iji  feet  broad,  and  is  paved  with  stone  flags,  from  4^  to 
 5  feet  long,  and  from  3$  inches  to  4^  feet  broad.  It 
 runs  down  very  abruptly  in  a  due  south-western  direction 
 towards  the  Plain.  I  have  as  yet  only  been  able  to  lay 
 bare  a  length  of  10  meters  {33^  feet).  It  leads,  without 
 doubt,  to  the  Scaean  Gate,  the  position  of  which  appears 
 to  be  accurately  indicated,  on  the  west  side  at  the  foot  of 
 the  hill,  by  the  direction  of  the  wall  and  by  the  formation 
 of  the  ground;  it  cannot  be  more  than  492  feet  distant 
 from  the  Tower.  To  the  right  and  left  of  the  street  there  is 
 an  enclosure  28^  inches  broad  and  1 1  feet  long.  The  slope 
 of  the  street  is  so  great  that,  while  on  the  north-east  side, 
 as  far  as  it  is  there  uncovered,  it  is  only  30  feet  below  the 
 
288  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [CHAP.  XXI. 
 
 surface  of  the  hill,  yet  at  a  distance  of  33  feet  it  already 
 lies  as  low  as  37  feet.* 
 
 This  beautifully  paved  street  leads  me  to  conjecture 
 that  a  grand  building  must  at  one  time  have  stood  at  the 
 top  of  it,  at  a  short  distance  on  the  north-east  side ;  and 
 therefore,  seven  days  ago,  when  the  street  was  discovered, 
 I  immediately  set  100  men  to  dig  down  the  north-eastern 
 ground  lying  in  front  of  it ;  this  cutting  I  have  made 
 78^  feet  long,  78^  feet  broad,  and  33  feet  deep.  The 
 removal  of  these  7600  cubic  yards  of  huge  masses  of  hard 
 debris  and  stones  is  rendered  much  easier  by  the  fact  that 
 it  joins  my  last  year's  great  cutting,  which  runs  quite  hori- 
 zontally from  the  northern  declivity  as  far  as  the  Tower,  and 
 is  therefore  very  well  adapted  for  the  use  of  man-carts. 
 In  order  to  extract  from  this  excavation  all  the  objects  of 
 the  greatest  use  to  archaeology,  I  am  having  the  walls  made 
 perpendicular,  as  in  fact  I  have  had  them  made  in  almost 
 all  of  the  other  cuttings.  As  the  work  of  removing  this 
 gigantic  block  of  earth  is  carried  on  both  from  above 
 and  from  below,  I  confidently  hope  to  have  finished  it 
 in  twenty  days'  work. 
 
 In  this  great  bank  of  earth  there  are  three  curious 
 walls,  built  one  above  another,  of  small  stones  joined  with 
 earth.  They  have  been  built  at  very  different  periods, 
 and  even  the  uppermost  and  latest  of  the  three,  as  is  clear 
 from  the  material,  must  be  considerably  older  than  the  foun- 
 dation of  the  Greek  colony  about  the  year  700  r.c  This 
 uppermost  wall  is  about  5  feet  thick,  built  up  from  a  depth 
 of  \\\  feet  to  within  if  foot  of  the  surface,  a  circumstance 
 which  I  do  not  at  all  understand  ;  for,  as  the  ruins  of  the 
 Greek  colony  reach,  down  to  the  depth  of  6h  feet,  the  wall 
 must,  for  many  centuries,  have  stood  high  above  the  earth. 
 Still  the  Greeks  may  have  used  it  as  a  foundation  for  a 
 building,   and   it  may   thus  have   been   preserved.     Below 
 
 Compare  Plan  II.  with  the  whole  of  the  following  description. 
 
i873-]  WALLS  ABOVE  WALLS.  289 
 
 this  wall  there  is  a  stratum  of  earth  ni  inches  thick;  and 
 then  comes  the  second  wall,  projecting  about  iii  inches, 
 and  6i  feet  high ;  and  this  again  rests  upon  another  and 
 much  older  wall.  The  last  runs  in  an  oblique  line  in  a 
 south-western  direction  parallel  with  the  Tower-road,  and 
 furnishes  a  second  proof  that  the  surface  of  the  hill,  which 
 is  now  quite  horizontal  here,  did  not  slope  down  very 
 abruptly  towards  the  Plain  at  this  part. 
 
 Thus  the  opinion  which  I  have  previously  expressed, 
 that  only  the  first  inhabitants  of  this  hill  had  walls  and 
 fortifications,  is  now  proved  to  be  erroneous.  For  these 
 three  walls,  which  at  one  time  stood  at  the  edge  of  the 
 declivity,  and  the  three  which  I  cut  through  at  the  south- 
 east side  of  the  hill,  can  only  have  been  walls  of  fortifica- 
 tion, and  they  evidently  belong  to  the  various  tribes  who. 
 inhabited  this  locality  after  the  destruction  of  the  first 
 nation  up  to  the  foundation  of  the  Greek  colony. 
 
 As  my  further  excavations  have  shown,  at  a  depth  of 
 8  meters  (16  feet),  immediately  below  the  Temple  of  Athena, 
 and  at  a  distance  of  131  feet  from  the  above-mentioned 
 street,  a  large  wall  runs  out  from  the  Tower  in  a  southern 
 direction.  I  have  had  65  feet  of  this  wall  laid  bare  to  the 
 south.  But  how  far  it  extends  in  this  direction  cannot  be 
 ascertained  without  making  new  and  enormous  excavations. 
 It  is  also  impossible  for  me  to  ascertain  its  breadth  without 
 breaking  down  the  curious  pre-Hellenic  house.  It  also 
 appears  to  me  that  the  Tower  ends  here,  for  in  my  investi- 
 gations at  the  foot  of  that  ancient  house  I  no  longer  found 
 any  trace  of  it.  Instead  of  it  I  came  upon  very  ancient 
 houses,  the  walls  of  which,  still  partially  covered  with  a 
 coating  of  clay  and  white  colour,  all  bearing  traces  of  a 
 terrible  conflagration,  which  has  so  completely  destroyed 
 everything  that  was  in  the  rooms,  that  we  only  occasion- 
 ally find  charred  fragments  of  pottery  among  the  red 
 wood-ashes  with  which  the  spaces  are  filled.  Curiously 
 enough  we  again  find,  below  these  very  ancient  houses,  other 
 
 u 
 
290  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap  XXI. 
 
 house-walls  which  must  certainly  be  older ;  and  these  too 
 show  indications  of  having  been  exposed  to  a  terrible  heat. 
 In  fact,  the  labyrinth  of  very  ancient  house-walls,  built  one 
 above  another,  and  found  in  the  depths  of  the  Temple  of 
 Athena  erected  by  Lysimachus,  is  unique,  and  presents  the 
 archaeologist  with  the  richest  materials  for  his  investigations. 
 But  what  is  most  inexplicable  to  me  about  this  labyrinth  of 
 walls  is  a  wall  of  fortification,  1 1  £  feet  high,  running  through 
 it  from  W.N.W.  to  E.S.E.  This  is  likewise  built  of  stone 
 joined  with  earth,  and  is  6  feet  broad  at  the  top  and  12  feet 
 broad  at  the  foot :  it  does  not  stand  directly  upon  the 
 primary  rock,  and  was  not  built  till  the  rock  had  gradually 
 become  covered  with  a  layer  of  earth  if  foot  in  thickness. 
 It  appears  therefore  to  be  somewhat  less  ancient  than  the 
 Great  Tower,  which  stands  directly  upon  the  primary  rock. 
 Running  parallel  with  this  wall  of  fortification,  only  i\  feet 
 from  it  and  at  the  same  depth,  there  is  a  wall  2  feet  high, 
 which  is  likewise  built  of  stones  joined  with  earth. 
 
 The  room  at  the  greatest  depth  which  I  have  excavated 
 is  10  feet  high  and  n\  feet  broad;  but  it  may  have  been 
 higher ;  its  length  I  have  not  yet  ascertained.  One  of  the 
 compartments  of  the  uppermost  houses,  below  the  Temple 
 of  Athena  and  belonging  to  the  pre-Hellenic  period,  appears 
 to  have  been  used  as  a  wine-merchant's  cellar  or  as  a  maga- 
 zine, for  in  it  there  are  nine  enormous  earthen  jars  {ttWoi) 
 of  various  forms,  about  5!  feet  high  and  4!  feet  across, 
 their  mouths  being  from  29^  to  3$$  inches  broad.*  Each  of 
 these  earthen  jars  has  four  handles,  3^  inches  broad,  and 
 the  clay  of  which  they  are  made  has  the  enormous  thick- 
 ness of  ai  inches.  Upon  the  south  side  of  these  jars 
 I  found  a  wall  26  feet  in  extent  and  10  feet  high,  built 
 of  sun-dried   bricks,  which,   however,   had   become    really 
 
 *  See  Plate  XJ.  b.  Six  of  the  jars  are  shown,  and  a  seventh  (broken) 
 lies  outside  of  the  cut  to  the  right.  The  two  largest  of  all  are  out  of 
 view,  on  the  other  side  of  the  wall  of  the  magazine,  but  one  of  them  is 
 seen  in  the  view  on  Plate  XI.  a,  in  the  left-hand  bottom  corner. 
 
Plate  XI. 
 
 Kesenuii\  Altar. 
 
 A.— THE    EXCAVATIONS    IN    THE    TEMPLE    OF   ATHENA. 
 From  the  East. 
 
 THE    MAGAZINE,  WITH  ITS  COLOSSAL  JARS, 
 
 In  the  depths  of  the  Temple  of  Athena. 
 
 Page  290. 
 
i873-]  EGYPTIAN  HIEROGLYPHICS.  29 1 
 
 burnt  bricks  through  the  conflagration.  This  wall,  which 
 likewise  appears  to  me  to  be  a  fortification  and  very 
 thick,  I  have  had  broken  down  to  the  perpendicular  line 
 of  the  foundations  of  the  Temple  of  Athena. 
 
 I  am  in  great  fear  lest  the  Turks  should  make  off' with 
 the  large  stone  altar,  the  upper  part  of  which  forms  a 
 crescent,  to  use  it  for  building  a  minaret  in  the  village  of 
 Chiplak  ;  therefore,  without  moving  it  from  its  place,  I  shall 
 have  it  carefully  split  in  two,  so  that  it  will  be  useless  for 
 building  purposes.  This  stone  and  its  pedestal  are  daubed 
 over  with  a  white  crust  of  clay,  which  upon  the  pedestal  is 
 nearly  an  inch  thick. 
 
 I  have  continued  the  excavation  on  the  south-east  side 
 of  the  Pergamus,  and  I  have  found  that  the  great  wall, 
 which  I  regarded  as  a  continuation  of  the  Tower,  is  part 
 of  a  very  ancient  and  large  wall  of  enclosure. 
 
 Since  my  last  report  we  have  not  found  any  kind  of  in- 
 teresting antiquities  worth  mentioning  on  the  whole  of  the 
 east  side  of  the  Tower;  but  in  the  large  new  excavation  to 
 the  north-east  of  the  Tower-road  we  have  discovered  a 
 great  quantity  of  exceedingly  curious  articles.  The  ruins 
 of -the  Greek  colony  here  extend  exactly  to  a  depth  of  6h 
 feet,  and  there  I  found  a  fragment  of  pottery  with  painted 
 Egyptian  hieroglyphics,  of  which  I  give  a  drawing.  Three 
 other  pieces  of  pottery  were 
 found  at  a  depth  of  10  feet. 
 One  of  these  represents  an  owl's 
 face,  a  P|-J  and  the  impressions 
 of  the  four  nails  for  fixing  it ; 
 the  second  fragment  has  a  pj-J 
 in  which  each  of  the  four  ends 
 
 1  No.  203.    Fragment  of  a  Terra- cotta  Vase, 
 
 again  terminates  in  a  square  ;  tne  with  Egyptian  hieroglyphics,  from  the 
 
 "  bottom  of  the  Greek  Stratum  12  m.1. 
 
 third  fragment  represents  a  wheel 
 
 in  a  state  of  rotation.  At  a  depth  of  6h  feet  we  also  came  upon 
 a  terra-cotta  idol  with  the  owl's  face  and  the  upraised  arms, 
 which  are  broken  off,  but  appear  to  have  been  longer.    This 
 
 IT     2 
 
292 
 
 TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XXI. 
 
 idol,  like  all  the  others,  has  a  human  figure  :  the  owl's  beak 
 and  eyes  project  from  the  head  and  have  been  carefully 
 wrought ;  there  are  indications  of  hair  on  the  forehead, 
 and  two  lines  on  the  neck  seem  to  denote  armour.  At  the 
 same  depth  I  found  the  bottom  of  a  dish,  upon  which  there 
 is  a  representation  in  high  relief  of  two  youths  embracing 
 and  kissing  each  other ;  this  is  a  most  masterly  piece  of 
 work.  At  a  depth  of  5  feet  we  found  the  upper  portion 
 of  a  vase  with  a  pretty  owl's  head ;  the  rim  of  the  mouth 
 forms  a  kind  of  helmet.  A  little  deeper  than  a  foot  we  met 
 with  a  good-looking  head  of  a  man  in  terra-cotta;  at  2 
 meters  (6i  feet)  down,  a  Greek  lamp  with  a  foot  i\  inches 
 long,  and  at  the  same  depth  some  very  pretty  vases  and 
 jugs,  and  a  terra-cotta  flattened  on  one  side,  with  two 
 perforated  holes  and  a  stamp,  in  which  there  is  a  very 
 pretty  picture  of  the  head  and  shoulders  of  a  woman.  At 
 a  depth  of  3  and  4  meters  (10  and  13  feet)  were  twelve 
 marble  idols  without  owls'  faces ;  upon  one  of  these  idols 
 there  are  four  horizontal  lines  on  the  neck ;  further,  at  a 
 depth  of  10  feet,  a  fragment  of  a  serpent  with  two  horns; 
 
 No.  204     A  Greek  Lamp  on  a  tall  foot  (2  u.). 
 
 No.  205.    Fragment  of  a  two-horned  Serpent 
 ((cepacmjs),  in  Terra-cotta  (3  M.). 
 
 at  a  depth  of  \6h  feet,  a  piece  of  diorite  in  the  form  of 
 a  bell,  beautifully  polished,  and    twice   perforated ;   at  the 
 
i873-]  THE  Bocu7rt5  "Up?)-  2,93 
 
 same  depth,  a  quantity  of  beautiful  terra-cotta  vases  and 
 jugs,  prettily  ornamented,  ivory  needles  for  knitting 
 or  embroidering,  and  a  very  neat  perforated  terra-cotta 
 cylinder    ii   inch  long,  covered   with  engraved  symbolical 
 
 No.  206.    Terra-cotta  Cylinder,  ii  in.  long,  with  Symbolical  Signs  (5  m.). 
 
 signs.  But  the  most  curious  article,  found  at  a  depth  of 
 5  meters  (i6i  feet),  is  an  idol  of  the  Ilian  Athena  with  an 
 owl's  head,  which  is  rounded  off  in  front  and  at  the  back; 
 the  eyes  are  very  large  and  beautiful,  but  the  beak  is 
 small  and  roughly  made ;  on  the  neck  there  is  a  cross  line, 
 and  above  it  ten  upright  lines,  which  are  probably  intended 
 to  denote  armour ;  the  whole  of  the  rest  of  the  body  is 
 covered  with  lines,  in  which,  more  especially  on  the  back, 
 the  bird's  feathers  are  unmistakable ;  and  there  is  a  pecu- 
 liar ornament  on  the  abdomen.  This  idol,  like  all  the 
 others,  has  a  human  figure.* 
 
 At  a  depth  of  6  meters  (20  feet)  I  found  two  splendid 
 brilliant  red  vases  with  representations  of  the  Ilian  Athena 
 with  the  owl's  head,  a  kind  of  helmet,  two  upraised  arms, 
 two  breasts,  and  the  large  circular  prominent  elevation  on 
 the  abdomen.f  At  the  same  depth  I  found  an  idol  of  the 
 usual  form,  made  of  bone ;  and  upon  a  handle  of  black 
 terra-cotta,  which  has  probably  belonged  to  a  large  cup,  the 
 head  of  an  ox,  executed  in  high  relief  with  great  skill ;  X  this 
 involuntarily  reminds  one  of  Homer's  B0W77-19  ttotviol  "Hpr) 
 ("  Our  Lady  Hera,  with  the  head  [or  eyes]  of  a  cow "). 
 Among  many  other  remarkable  terra-cotta  vessels,  at  this 
 depth,  I  also  found  a  small  but  really  splendidly  ornamented 
 vase,  the  surface  of  which  is  divided  into  fourteen  alter- 
 
 *   See  No.  29,  p.  36.  t  No.  207,  p.  294. 
 
 X  No.  208,  pp.    294.     Respecting    such    an    impersonation   of  the 
 goddess  Hera,  see  pp.  113,  114,  353. 
 
>94 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XXI. 
 
 nate   compartments,  larger  and  smaller.*     In  each  of  the 
 larger  compartments   there   are  three  circles  of  little  stars 
 
 and  a  star  in  the  centre ;  in 
 each  of  the  smaller  com- 
 partments there  are  triple 
 zigzag  lines ;  this  vase  has 
 little  holes  in  the  small 
 handles  for  hanging  it  up 
 by  a  string.  Among  the 
 other  curious  articles  from 
 this  depth  there  is  a  silex 
 saw,  4  inches  long  and  if 
 inch  broad,  also  one  of 
 those  round,  twice  per- 
 forated terra-cottas  flattened 
 on  one  side  and  with  a  large 
 stamp  which  represents  a 
 swan   and  an   antelope.     A 
 
 No.  207. 
 
 Terra-cotta  Vase  with  helmeted  image 
 of  the  Ilian  Athena  (6  M.). 
 
 No.  208.    Fragment  of  a  large  Cup-handle  in  black 
 Terra-cotta;  head  that  of  an  Ox  (6  M,). 
 
 No.  209.    A  finely  decorated  little  Vase  of 
 Terra-cotta  (6  M.). 
 
 similar  terra-cotta,  the  stamp  upon  which  represents  the 
 head  of  a  warrior  with  a  helmet,  was  found  at  a  depth  of 
 8  meters  (2,6  feet).     These  two  are  the  first  terra-cottas  of 
 
 No.  209,  on  this  page. 
 
I873-] 
 
 SPLENDID  TERRA-COTTAS. 
 
 295 
 
 this  kind  which  I  have  hitherto  discovered  below  a  depth 
 of  2  meters  (6£  feet). 
 
 — M 
 
 No.  210.  Terra-cotta  Disc  stamped  with  a         No.  211.  Terra-cotta  Disc  pierced  with  two  holes, 
 Swan   and   an  Antelope   (6  m.).  and  stamped  with  the  Head  of  a  War- 
 
 Remarkable  for  the  depth.  rior.    Remarkable  for  the  depth  (8  m.). 
 
 At  a  depth  of  7  meters  (23  feet)  I  found  a 
 small  tripod  with  a  projecting  owl's  face,  also  a 
 pretty  red  terra-cotta  cup  (cover)  with  the  owl's 
 face  of  the  Ilian  Athena  and  her  helmet ;  a  knife 
 and  a  long  copper  instrument ;  a  piece  of  bone 
 3^  inches  long,  ornamented. with  very  artistically 
 engraved  symbolical  signs,  and  among  other 
 exceedingly  curious  terra-cottas,  the  handle  of  a 
 cup  with  a  cross  and  the  marks  of  the  four 
 nails  for  fixing  it ;  further,  a  fragment  the  upper 
 portion  of  a  large  urn,  which  is  ornamented  with 
 three  encircling  stripes :  the  upper  and  lower 
 stripes  consist  of  peculiarly  interwoven  crooked 
 lines;  the  middle  one   contains   small  circles,  in A cTrio\itiyBoen- 
 
 ,  r       1    •     1      •  graved  (7  M.). 
 
 each  or  which  is  a  cross. 
 
 At  a  depth  of  8  meters  (26  feet)  we  discovered  a 
 marble  idol  with  the  owl's  head  of  the  tutelary  goddess 
 of  Ilium,  and  a  brilliant  red  terra-cotta  idol  of  the  same 
 goddess,  which,  curiously  enough,  has  on  its  head  a  small, 
 but  very  pretty  vase  with  two  handles ;  the  owl's  face  of 
 this  last-mentioned  idol  has  enormous  eyes,  and  is  very 
 expressive.  Of  terra-cotta  vases  and  dishes  we  found  an 
 especially  large  number  in  these  depths.  I  can,  however, 
 only  give  drawings  of  a  few  of  them,  for  most  were  brought 
 out  in  a  broken   condition,  and   I   cannot  have  them   re- 
 
296 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XXI. 
 
 paired  till  I  return  to  Athens.     Of  those  terra-cottas  which 
 
 were  got  out  unharmed,  a  small  vase  with  two  holes  in 
 the  mouth,  for  being  hung  up  by  a 
 cord,  is  especially  deserving  of  atten- 
 tion ;  it  is  surrounded  by  figures  in 
 the  shape  of  hearts  with  crosses  ;  then 
 saucer-shaped  pots  with  large  handles  ; 
 other  little  pots  in  the  form  of  salt- 
 cellars, and  several  vases  round  at  the 
 bottom  with  three  feet  or  without  feet ; 
 terra-cotta  scoops  in  the  form  of  cups 
 with  large  handles  ;  then  a  large  terra- 
 
 No-2VdorofbHgnhtld'Tetan-  cotta  lid  with  a  handle ;  it  is  of  a 
 very   curious  shape,    and    weighs   730 
 
 grammes.     We  also  found  several  implements  of  copper. 
 At  a  depth  of  9   meters  (29^  feet)  we  found  a  copper 
 
 lance    and  a  dozen    very    large    vases,    brown   and  black. 
 
 Nos.  214,  215.    Terra-cotta  Cups  or  Scoops  (7  m.). 
 
 No.  216.     Vase  Cover  in  Terra-cotta  (8  M 
 
 At  the  same  depth  I  found  a  pretty  brilliant  brown  cup 
 in  the  form  of  a  flower-pot,  with  two  large  handles.  At  a 
 depth  of  26  and  29^  feet  I  have  found,  since  the  5th  of 
 the  month,  eleven  beautiful  sling-bullets  of  loadstone  and 
 
I873-]  A  TROJAN  BRUSH.  297 
 
 two  of  porphyry.  We  met  with  very  few  stone  imple- 
 ments, only  two  beautiful  axes  of  diorite,  at  the  depths  of 
 2gh  and  33  feet.  At  the  latter  depth  I  again  found  one  of 
 the  brush-handles  of  terra-cotta,  which 
 are  often  found,  and  some  vases  with 
 three  feet  and  rings  at  the  sides  for 
 hanging  them  up. 
 
 During  the  last  eleven  days  I 
 have  collected  991  of  the  terra-cotta 
 whorls,  5  8 1  of  which  have  symbolical 
 signs,  but  only  79  have  engravings 
 which  are  new  to   me.      Long  thin"  N°-  ^^K^ gSol%£ 
 
 •  1  •  .  1  1     J        1_         J  which    the   bristles    have   been 
 
 copper    nails    with    rounded     heads,        fixed  (10  M.). 
 
 which  must  have  been  used  as  dress  or 
 
 hair  pins,  were  met  with  at  all  depths.     During  these  eleven 
 
 days  I  have  found  20  exquisitely  polished  axes  of  diorite. 
 
 At  a  depth  of  1  meter  (3^  feet),  we  yesterday  found 
 in  the  Temple  of  Athena,  beside  an  inscribed  pedestal  of 
 black  slate,  3  feet  8  inches  high  and  20!  inches  broad, 
 the  statue  of  a  man,  of  fine  white  marble,  nearly  4  feet 
 high.  As  is  proved  by  the  inscription,  it  was  made  by 
 Pytheas  of  Argos,  and  was  erected  by  the  Ilians  in  honour 
 of  Metrodorus,  the  son  of  Themistagoras,  of  whom  it  is  a 
 representation.  The  figure  was  in  the  position  of  an  orator, 
 as  is  proved  by  the  footmarks  on  the  pedestal.  The  head 
 and  the  feet  are  unfortunately  wanting. 
 
 The  inscriptions  run  as  follows : — 
 
 OA  HMOSOIAI  E  IflN 
 MHTPoAftPONGE/AIZTAroPoY 
 And  lower  down,  on  the  same  side  of  the  pedestal — 
 
 nYeEASAPrEiozEnomxE 
 
 'O   Srj/xos  6  'iXtetwi^ 
 Mr)Tpo$(opov  Qe/xLaTayopov 
 UvOeas  'Apyetos  eTroirjcre. 
 There  were  in  antiquity  many  men  named  Metrodorus, 
 
298  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXI. 
 
 but  only  two  of  them  were  especially  celebrated,  and  both 
 were  natives  of  Asia  Minor.  The  one,  born  in  Lampsacus, 
 was  a  pupil  of  Epicurus  ;*  the  other,  a  native  of  Scepsis,  was 
 a  philosopher,  orator,  and  statesman,  and  was  held  in  high 
 esteem  by  Mithridates  VII.,  Eupator,f  who  afterwards  had 
 him  put  to  death  in  a  horrible  manner. J  The  name  of  the 
 father  of  this  Metrodorus  of  Scepsis  is  unknown,  and 
 whether  he  was  called  Themistagoras,  or  otherwise,  is  uncer- 
 tain ;  but  it  is  extremely  probable  that  the  inscription  and 
 the  statue  were  raised  in  honour  of  the  Scepsian  orator, 
 philosopher,  and  statesman.  I  rind  no  mention  whatever  of 
 the  sculptor  Pytheas  of  Argos.  Only  one  Pytheas,  a  silver- 
 chaser,  is  named  by  Pliny,§  as  being  a  contemporary  of 
 Pompey  the  Great :  Pliny,  however,  does  not  state  his  birth- 
 place. Another  Pytheas  was  a  wall  painter  and  a  native  of 
 Achaia.  Neither  of  these  can  therefore  be  the  Argive 
 sculptor  who  made  the  statue  and  put  his  name  on  the 
 pedestal.  But  as  my  learned  and  much  esteemed  friend, 
 Professor  Stephanos  Kummanudes  of  Athens,  has  remarked, 
 it  is  not  astonishing  that  the  name  of  an  insignificant 
 sculptor  should  be  forgotten,  seeing  that  the  names  of  so 
 many  great  kings  are  lost. 
 
 In  the  same  part  of  the  Temple  of  Athena  we  found  the 
 fragment  of  a  marble  slab,  which  has  evidently  been  very 
 long,  with  the  inscription  given  on  the  opposite  page. 
 
 The  Proconsul  Caius  Claudius  Nero,  the  son  of  Publius, 
 who  is  praised  in  the  above  inscription,  ruled  over  the 
 province  of  Asia  from  674  to  675  after  the  foundation 
 of  Rome,  Hence  he  lived  at  the  time  of  Cicero,  who 
 mentions  him  in  his  orations  against  Verres.|| 
 
 The  Pcemanenians  (Hoi^aviqvol)  are  the  inhabitants  of 
 the  fortress  of  Poemanenon,  to  the  south  of  Cyzicus.^f 
 
 *  Strabo,  XIII.  p.  5%  +  Strabo,  XIII.  p.  609. 
 
 %  Plutarch,  Life  of  Lucullus.  §  Hist.  Nat.,  XXXV.  12,  s.  55. 
 
 ||  Waddington,  Pastes  des  Provinces  Asiatiques  de  l' Empire  Romain. 
 Paris.  1872.  pp.  43-44-         ^   Pape-Benseler,  Lexikon  der  Eigennamen. 
 
i873-]  ANOTHER  GREEK  INSCRIPTION.  299 
 
 To  judge  from  the  form  and  thickness  of  the  stone,  this 
 inscription  must  have  been  very  long  and  have  contained 
 more  than  70  lines.  But  even  the  fragment  is  of  historical 
 value,  and  all  the  more  as  we  know  for  certain  that  it 
 comes  down  to  us  from  the  year  80  b.c 
 
 EnElTOYANOYnATOYrAIOYKAAYAlOYnonAIOYYlOYNEPnN^IEniTAZANTOE 
 
 TOIinOIMANHNn.NAPXOYElNEZAnorTEIAAinPOrHMArElinAPA4)YAAKHN 
 
 THI  nOAEftE  ITPATIflTAE  KA I  EnAYTON  HrEMON  AE  l"IOI  MA  N  H  NflN 
 
 ONTEEHNP.NI'lAOIKAIEYNOnEAlAKEIMENOinPOETONAHMONHMnN 
 s  EZAnEITEIAANTOYETEETPATI0.TAEKAIEnAYT0.NHrEMONANIK 
 
 APONMHNO^lAOYYlOEkAinAPArENOMENOEEIITHNnOAINHMflN 
 
 TEENAHMIANnOlEITAIKAAHNKAlEYIXHMONAKAlAZIflE 
 
 POYAHMOYkAlTHEEAYTOYnATPIAOETHNTETnN 
 
 EAYTftlNEANIEKHNENAHMlANEYT.  .  .ONI1 
 i«.  TONKA0ATTEPEI1IBAAAEIANAP 
 
 XEJPIEMENHNEATOjm 
 
 THNYnEPTHE4>YAAK 
 
 EIE<j>EPETAlEriOYA 
 
 EKKAINnNOYAEI 
 isMONKAl 
 
 e7rei  tov  avOvncLTOv  Tatov  KXavhiov  UottXlov  vlov  Ne)o&jvo5  e7Tira^a^T05 
 rot?  Yloi\A<xvr)V(i)v  apy^ovcriv  e^aTrocrreikai  Trpbs  7)fxa<;  et?  7rapa(f)vXaKrji> 
 Trjs  7roA.ew?  crrpaTiojrag  /cat  677"'  amoiv  rjye/jLovas  Tioiixavqiov  (ot  ;) 
 oVre?  r\\x.(iiv  (f)ikoi  /cat  ewoco?  Sta/cet/xe^ot  Trpbs  top  hrj/xov  r]jxa>v 
 i^aTreo~T6tXav  tovs  re  o~TpaTLa>Ta<;  /cat  eV'  clvtcop  rjyefxopa  Nt/c(a^-) 
 hpov  MrjVO<f)l\ov  (vt)os  /cat  irapayepo/JLepos  et?  ttjv  ttoXlp  tj/xcop  {ttjv) 
 re  evhrjixiav  7Totetrat  Ko\r)P  /cat  eva^rjixova  /cat  a^i(ws  tov  re  rj/xeTe-) 
 pov  Sijjxov  /cat  T779  eavTOv  TrarpiSos,  ttjp  re  tojp  {v<j>  ;) 
 eavraj  veavicrKcov  ipSrjjjLLap  ei>T(aKT)op  ir(apiy€Tai  /cat  iav-) 
 
 tov  Kaddirep  eVt/3a\\et  cu>Sp(t /cat  ttjp  itjovcriav  ttjv  ey/ce-) 
 
 ^eipLcrjxevrjv  earw  77t(o"TW5  /cat 
 
 ttjv  virkp  Trjs  cf)v\ai<(r)<; 
 
 etcr^eperat  anovoijjP 
 e/c  Kaivtov  ouoet 
 (MOV  Kat 
 
(     3°°     ) 
 
 CHAPTER    XXII. 
 
 Interruptions    through  festivals  —  Opening  of    the  tumulus  of  Batiea 
 
 —  Pottery  like  that  of  the  Trojan  stratum  at  Hissarlik,  and  nothing 
 else  —  No  trace  of  burial  —  Its  age  —  Further  discoveries  of  burnt 
 Trojan  houses  —  Proof  of  their  successive  ages  —  Their  construction 
 
 —  Discovery  of  a  double  gateway,  with  the  copper  bolts  of  the 
 gates  —  The  "  Sctean  Gate"  of  Homer — Tests  of  the  extent  of 
 ancient  Troy  —  The  place  where  Priam  sat  to  view  the  Greek 
 forces  —  Homer's  knowledge  of  the  heroic  Troy  only  traditional  — 
 Description  of  the  gates,  the  walls,  and  the  "  Palace  of  Priam."  — 
 Vases,  &c,  found  in  Priam's  house  —  Copper,  ivory,  and  other 
 implements  —  The  SeVa  h/x<f)iKVTre\Xa — Houses  discovered  on  the 
 north  platform  —  Further  excavations  of  the  city  walls  —  Statuettes 
 and  vessels  of  the  Greek  period  —  Top  of  the  Tower  of  Ilium 
 uncovered,  and  its  height  determined  —  A  curious  trench  in  it, 
 probably  for  the  archers  —  Further  excavations  at  Bunarbashi :  only 
 a  few  fragments  of  Greek  pottery  —  The  site  of  Ilium  uninhabited 
 since  the  end  of  the  fourth  century  —  The  place  confused  with 
 Alexandria  Troas  —  No  Byzantine  remains  at  Hissarlik  —  Fresh- 
 ness of  the  Greek  sculptures. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  May  loth,  1873. 
 
 Since  my  report  of  the  16th  of  last  month  I  have  had 
 many  interruptions,  for  the  Greek  Easter  festival  lasts  six 
 days,  then  the  feast  of  Saint  George  and  its  after  celebra- 
 tions again  took  away  several  days,  so  that  during  all  this 
 time  I  have  had  only  four  days  of  actual  work ;  however, 
 on  these  days,  with  on  an  average  150  men,  I  have  con- 
 tinued the  works  with  great  energy. 
 
 As  we  have  had  continual  fine  weather  since  the 
 beginning  of  April,  my  men  no  longer  go  to  the  neigh- 
 bouring villages  for  the  night  as  they  have  hitherto  done ; 
 but  they  sleep  in  the  open  air  and  even  in  the  excavations, 
 which    is   very   convenient   for    me,    as    I    now   have  them 
 
Ch.  XXII.  1873.]  TUMULUS  OF  BATIEA.  301 
 
 always  at  hand.  Besides  this,  the  long  days  are  of  great 
 advantage  to  me,  for  I  can  continue  work  from  a  quarter 
 to  five  till  a  quarter  past  seven  in  the  evening. 
 
 On   the  top   of  the   tumulus,  which  is   half  an  hour 
 
 distant  from  the  Pergamus,  and  which,  according  to  the 
 
 Iliad    (II.    81 1-8 1 5),    was    called    by    men    the    tomb    of 
 
 Batiea,  and  by  the  gods  the  tomb  of  Myrina,  I  have  had 
 
 a  shaft  sunk,  iof  feet  broad  and  ijh  feet  long ;   and  I  find 
 
 that  the  layer  of  soil  there  is  scarcely  more  than  f  of  an 
 
 inch  thick,  and  then  follows  brown  earth  as  hard  as  stone, 
 
 which  alternates  with  strata   of  calcareous   earth.     In   the 
 
 brown  earth  I  found  a  mass  of  fragments  of  brilliant  black, 
 
 green,  and  brown  vases,  of  the  same  description  as  those 
 
 which  I  find  here  in  the  Pergamus  at  a  depth  of  from 
 
 8  to    10  meters  (26  to   o>3  feet) ;    also  many  fragments  of 
 
 jars  (ttWoi).      Beyond   these   I   discovered  nothing  at  all, 
 
 and  at  a  depth  of  \\  meters   (13!  feet)  I  came  upon  the 
 
 white  limestone  rock.     What  is   most  surprising  to  me  is 
 
 that  I  did  not  even  find  any  charcoal,  much  less  the  bones 
 
 of  the  burnt  corpse.     That  I  should  have  missed  the  traces 
 
 of  the  funeral  pile,  if  such  really  existed,  is  inconceivable 
 
 to  me,  when  I  consider  the  size  of  my  cutting  and  of  its 
 
 perpendicular  walls. 
 
 Now,  although  I  have  failed  in  the  actual  object  of  this 
 excavation,  still  it  has  this  important  result  for  archaeology, 
 that,  by  means  of  all  the  fragments  of  pottery  discovered 
 there,  it  enables  us  to  determine  with  some  degree  of  cer- 
 tainty the  date  of  the  erection  of  this  mound ;  for  it  evi- 
 dently belongs  to  a  time  when  the  surface  of  the  Pergamus 
 was  from  26  to  33  feet  lower  than  it  is  now.  It  is  therefore 
 of  the  same  date  as  the  Tower-road  already  described,  which 
 is  paved  with  large  flags  of  stone,  and  above  which  I  have 
 carried  on  the  excavations  with  the  greatest  industry.  I 
 finished  these  excavations  to-day.  They  have  brought  to 
 light  two  large  buildings  of  different  ages,  the  more  recent 
 of  which  is  erected  upon  the  ruins  of  the  more  ancient  one. 
 
302  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXII. 
 
 Both  have  been  destroyed  by  terrible  fires,  of  which  the 
 walls  bear  distinct  traces ;  moreover  all  the  rooms  of  both 
 houses  are  filled  with  black,  red,  and  yellow  wood-ashes  and 
 with  charred  remains.  The  more  recent  house  was  erected 
 when  the  ruins  of  the  more  ancient  house  were  perfectly 
 covered  with  ashes  and  with  burnt  debris,  as  is  obvious 
 from  the  fact  that  the  more  recent  walls  run  in  all 
 directions  above  the  more  ancient  ones,  never  standing 
 directly  upon  them,  and  are  frequently  separated  from 
 them  by  a  layer  of  calcined  ctibris,  from  6^  to  10  feet  high. 
 The  lower,  as  well  as  the  upper  house,  is  built  of  stones 
 joined  with  earth,  but  the  walls  of  the  lower  house  are  much 
 thicker  and  much  more  solidly  built  than  those  of  the 
 upper  one.  The  Tower-road  can  only  have  been  used 
 when  the  more  ancient  house  was  still  inhabited,  for  it 
 leads  directly  into  it,  and  the  more  recent  house  was  not 
 built  till  the  street  was  covered  to  a  height  of  10  feet  by 
 the  ruins  of  the  more  ancient  house. 
 
 I  was  firmly  convinced  that  this  splendid  street, 
 paved  with  large  flags  of  stone,  must  proceed  from 
 the  principal  building  of  the  Pergamus,  and  I  therefore 
 confidently  carried  on  the  excavation  in  order  to  bring 
 that  edifice  to  light.  To  accomplish  this,  I  was  most 
 unfortunately  compelled  to  break  down  three  of  the 
 large  walls  of  the  more  recent  house.  The  result  has, 
 however,  far  surpassed  my  expectations,  for  I  not  only 
 found  two  large  gates,  standing  20  feet  apart,  but  also 
 the  two  large  copper  bolts  belonging  to  them,   of  which 
 
 b 
 
 No.  2*8.    Copper  Bolts,  found  exactly  in  the  middle  [a]  of  the  first  {b)  of  the  second  Scsean  Gates 
 
I873-]  A  DOUBLE  GATE  DISCOVERED.  303 
 
 I  give  drawings.  The  first  gate  is  12^  feet  broad,  and  is 
 formed  by  two  projections  of  the  wall,  one  of  which  stands 
 out  i\  feet, -the  other  i\  feet ;  both  are  3!  feet  high,  and  3! 
 feet  broad.  The  street  paved  with  the  large  flags  of  stone 
 ends  at  the  first  gate,  and  the  road  from  this  to  the 
 second  gate,  which  is  situated  a  little  more  than  20  feet 
 further  to  the  north-east,  is  very  roughly  paved  with  large 
 unhewn  stones.  The  pavement  has  probably  become  un- 
 even through  the  walls  of  the  more  ancient  house  having 
 fallen  upon  it.  {See  Plan  II.,  and  Plates  XII.  and  XIII.) 
 The  second  gate  is  likewise  formed  by  two  projections 
 in  the  wall,  which  are  2  feet  high,  above  3  feet  broad,  and 
 project  about  2\  feet. 
 
 I  have  cleared  the  street  as  far  as  5  feet  to  the  north- 
 east of  the  second  gate,  but  I  have  not  ventured  to  proceed 
 further,  as  this  could  not  be  done  without  breaking  down 
 more  of  the  walls  of  the  second  house,  the  preservation  of 
 which  is  of  the  greatest  interest  to  archaeology.  For,  although 
 it  must  be  of  a  much  more  recent  date  than  the  lower  one 
 upon  the  ruins  of  which  it  stands,  yet,  as  is  proved  by  the 
 terra-cottas  and  the  idols  with  owls'  heads,  as  well  as  by  its 
 position  at  a  depth  of  from  6  to  7  meters  (20  to  23  feet) 
 below  the  surface,  it  was  built  centuries  before  the  time  of 
 the  Greek  settlement,  the  ruins  of  which  extend  only  to  a 
 depth  of  6i  feet.  This  upper  and  later  house  is  therefore 
 certainly  older  than  the  Homeric  poems. 
 
 In  my  last  report  I  expressed  the  firm  conviction  that 
 the  Tower-road,  which  inclines  abruptly  towards  the  Plain 
 to  the  south-west,  must  lead  to  the  Scaean  Gate,  which  I 
 thought  could  at  most  be  492  feet  distant.  I  now  venture 
 positively  to  assert  that  the  great  double  gate  which  I 
 have  brought  to  light  must  necessarily  be  the  Scaean  Gate. 
 For  in  the  mound,  which  runs  out  far  to  the  south-west 
 from  the  foot  of  the  Pergamus  and  in  a  straight  line  with 
 the  Tower-road—  which  mound  I  had  supposed  to  con- 
 tain the  great  city  wall  of  Ilium  and  the  Scaean  Gate, — 
 
304  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXII. 
 
 in  this  mound,  close  to  the  main  hill,  I  have  sunk  a 
 shaft,  nearly  6  feet  broad  and  1 1  feet  long.  Here  I 
 found  exclusively  Greek  fragments  of  pottery,  and  I 
 came  upon  the  rock  at  the  small  depth  of  y\  feet ; 
 thus  I  convinced  myself  that  ancient  Troy  can  never 
 have  extended  so  far  towards  the  Plain.  A  second  exca- 
 vation, 1  ii  feet  long  and  6h  feet  broad,  which  I  made 
 exactly  443  feet  further  to  the  east  up  the  plateau,  had 
 a  similar  result,  for  I  came  upon  the  rock  at  a  depth  of 
 i6h  feet,  and  here  also  I  found  exclusively  fragments  of 
 Hellenic  pottery  (which  in  the  Pergamus  I  meet  with  only 
 at  a  depth  of  6h  feet),  and  no  trace  of  Trojan  pottery. 
 
 This  sufficiently  proves  that  the  ancient  city  cannot 
 even  have  extended  as  far  as  this  point,  and  its  area  must 
 have  been  connected  with  the  Pergamus  still  further  east- 
 wards.* I  am  at  present  occupied  in  making  fifteen  other 
 shafts  in  this  direction,  and  I  hope,  in  spite  of  the  great 
 depth  I  have  to  sink  them,  that  I  shall  succeed,  at  least 
 to  some  extent,  in  determining  the  topography  of  Troy. 
 I  shall  leave  all -the  shafts  open,  so  that  every  visitor  may 
 convince  himself  about  the  truth  of  my  statements. 
 
 Meanwhile  the  two  shafts  described  above  have  gained 
 this  much  for  archaeology,  that  the  street  which  runs 
 down  abruptly  at  an  angle  of  6$  degrees  towards  the  Plain, 
 in  a  south-western  direction  from  the  double  gate  and  the 
 Great  Tower,  cannot  possibly  have  led  to  a  second  gate,  so 
 that  the  double  gate  which  I  have  laid  bare  must  necessarily 
 have  been  the  Scaean  Gate ;  it  is  in  an  excellent  state  of 
 preservation,  not  a  stone  of  it  is  wanting. 
 
 Here,  therefore,  by  the  side  of  the  double  gate,  upon 
 Ilium's  Great  Tower,  at  the  edge  of  the  very  abrupt  western 
 declivity  of  the  Pergamus,  sat  Priam,  the  seven  elders  of 
 the  city,  and  Helen ;  and   this  is  the   scene  of  the   most 
 
 *  It  will  be  seen  presently  that  Dr.  Schliemann  ultimately  limited 
 the  ancient  city  of  Troy  to  the  "  Pergamus"  itself. — [Ed.] 
 
1873.]  THE  SC/EAN  GATE  OF  HOMER.  305 
 
 splendid  passage  in  the  Iliad.*  From  this  spot  the  com- 
 pany surveyed  the  whole  Plain,  and  saw  at  the  foot  of  the 
 Pergamus  the  Trojan  and  the  Achaean  armies  face  to  face 
 about  to  settle  their  agreement  to  let  the  war  be  decided  by 
 a  single  combat  between  Paris  and  Menelaus. 
 
 When  Homer  I  makes  Hector  descend  from  the  Per- 
 gamus and  rush  through  the  city  in  order  to  arrive  at  the 
 Scaean  Gate,  this  can  only  have  arisen  from  the  fact  that, 
 after  the  destruction  of  Troy,  the  gate,  as  well  as  the  street 
 which  led  down  from  it  to  the  Plain,  were  covered  with  a 
 layer  of  debris  1  o  feet  thick,  so  that  the  names  only  were 
 known  from  tradition,  and  their  actual  site  was  unknown. 
 
 In  order  not  to  weary  the  reader  with  a  detailed  descrip- 
 tion of  the  Scaean  Gate,  I  give  an  exact  plan  of  it,  where  all 
 the  details  may  be  seen.  (Plan  III.,  p.  306.)  This  gate,  as 
 well  as  the  large  ancient  building,  stands  upon  the  wall  or 
 buttress  already  mentioned  as  leaning  on  the  north  side  of 
 the  Tower.  At  this  place  the  buttress  appears  to  be  about 
 79  feet  thick,  and  to  be  made  of  the  debris  which  was  broken 
 off  the  primary  soil  when  the  Tower  was  erected.  The  site 
 of  this  building,  upon  an  artificial  elevation  directly  above 
 the  gate,  together  with  its  solid  structure,  leave  no  doubt  that 
 
 *  Iliad,  III.  146-244:- 
 
 "  Attending  there  on  aged  Priam,  sat 
 
 The  Elders  of  the  city  ; 
 
 All  these  were  gathered  at  the  Scsean  Gates. 
 
 so  on  I  lion's  Tower 
 
 Sat  the  sage  chiefs  and  councillors  of  Troy. 
 Helen  they  saw,  as  to  the  Tower  she  came." 
 
 f  Iliad,  VI.  39o-393  :- 
 
 TI  pa  yvi/r]  rafxii}  '  b  8'  airtaavTo  Sw/xaTos'  E/CTwp 
 Tqv  avTTjv  68bi>  ai/Tis  iiiKTifitvas  k<xt'  ayvtas. 
 ESt€  irvKas  'iKave  Siepxo/x^vos  jxiya  &cttv 
 'S.Kaias't  rrj  yap  e/xeAAe  SLf^l/xevai  TreSiWSe — — 
 
 "  So  spoke  the  ancient  dame  ;  and  Hector  straight 
 Through  the  wide  streets  his  rapid  steps  retraced. 
 But  when  at  last  the  mighty  city's  length 
 Was  traversed,  and  the  Scsean  Gates  were  reached, 
 Whence  was  the  outlet  to  the  plain " 
 
 X 
 
3°6 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XXII. 
 
 it  was  the  grandest  building  in  Troy ;  nay,  that  it  must 
 have  been  the  Palace  of  Priam.*  I  am  having  an  accurate 
 plan  made,  so  far  as  I  can,  of  the  portion  that  has  been 
 laid  bare ;  I  cannot,  however,  bring  to  light  the  whole  of 
 it,  for  in  order  to  do  this  I  should  have  to  pull  down  both 
 my  stone  and  my  wooden  house,  beneath  which  it  extends ; 
 and  even  if  I  did  pull  down  my  own  houses,  I  should  still 
 be  unable  to  make  a  complete  plan  of  the  house  till  I  had 
 
 Plan  III. — The  Tower  and  the  Sc.ean  Gate. 
 
 a  a.  The  Great  Tower  of  Ilium,  b.  Depression  to  shelter  archers,  c.  Steps,  d.  The  Double  Sc£ean 
 Gate.  e.  Steep  paved  road  leading  to  the  Plain.  /'.  The  City  Wall.  g.  Place  where  the  Treasure 
 was  found,     h  h.  The  Palace  of  Priam. 
 
 removed  the  building  which  stands  upon  it,  and  this  I  cannot 
 at  once  make  up  my  mind  to  do. 
 
 Anyone  may  convince  himself  that  the  elevation,  upon 
 which  stands  the  Palace  of  King  Priam  above  the  Scasan 
 
 *  This  edifice,  now  first  laid  open  from  beneath  the  ashes  which 
 covered  it  in  the  burning  of  the  city,  was  found  by  Dr.  Schliemann  in 
 the  very  state  to  which,  in  Homer,  Agamemnon  threatens  to  reduce  it : 
 "  The  house  of  Priam  blackened  with  fire"  (Iliad,  II.  414,  415)  : 
 
 Wplv  jue   Kara  irprivis   f$a\leiv  Tip tdfiot  o  fxe  XaQpov 
 \lQa\itv,   wpriaat   8e   irvpbs  Sri'lntu   dvperpa. 
 
i873- 
 
 THE  PALACE  OF  PRIAM. 
 
 3°7 
 
 Gate,  is  in  reality  an  artificial  one,  by  examining  my  last 
 year's  great  cutting,  which  pierces  through  a  portion  of  this 
 elevation.  The  walls  of  that  cutting,  from  the  shaft  as  far  as 
 the  gate,  show  that  the  mound  consists  of  the  native  earth 
 which  has  been  thrown  up,  mixed  with  fragments  of  rare 
 pottery  and  shells. 
 
 Now,  with  regard  to  the  objects  found  in  these  houses, 
 I  must  first  of  all  mention  having  discovered,  at  a  depth  of 
 26  feet,  in  the  palace  of  Priam,  a  splendid  and  brilliant 
 brown  vase,  24^  inches  high,  with  a  figure  of  the  tutelar 
 goddess  of  Troy,  that  is,  with  her  owl's  head,  two  breasts, 
 
 No.  219.     Wonderful  Vase  of  Tt 
 
 jtta  from  the  Palace  of  Priam    8  m.  . 
 
 *  In  the  letter-press  to  the  Atlas  of  Photographs  this  object  is 
 described  as  "  a  brilliant  dark-red  Vase,  62  centimeters  (above  2  feet) 
 high,  with  the  owl-face  of  Troy's  tutelar  goddess,  her  two  breasts,  a 
 necklace,  and  a  royal  scarf  round  the  whole  body.  It  is  remarkable 
 that  this  vase  has  not  the  two  uplifted  arms  of  the  goddess,  which  are 
 wanting  in  no  other  case,  and  that  it  has  only  two  handles." 
 
 x   2 
 
308  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXII. 
 
 a  splendid  necklace,  indicated  by  an  engraved  pattern,  a 
 very  broad  and  beautifully  engraved  girdle,  and  other 
 very  artistic  decorations ;  there  are  no  arms,  nor  are  there 
 any  indications  of  them.  Unfortunately  this  exquisite  vase 
 has  suffered  from  the  weight  of  stones  which  lay  upon 
 it,  and  although  I  myself  cut  it  with  a  knife  from  among 
 the  stones  and  the  stone-hard  dibris  with  the  greatest  care, 
 I  did  not  succeed  in  getting  it  out  without  breaking  it  to 
 pieces.  I  have,  however,  carefully  collected  all  the  frag- 
 ments and  sent  them  to  Athens  to  be  put  together,  that 
 I  may  give  a  drawing  of  it.     (This  is  No.  219.) 
 
 Among  the  very  remarkable  vases  discovered  in  this 
 palace,  I  must  also  mention  one  nearly  a  foot  high,  with  two 
 handles,  and   an  encircling  row  of  cuneiform   engravings 
 
 No.   220.     Tcrra-cotla  Vase  from  the  FJouse  of  Priam,  with  remarkable  Decorations   (9  M.). 
 
 above  which,  on  both  sides,  there  is  a  very  prominent 
 decoration,  in  the  form  of  spectacles,  which  is  connected 
 with  a  kind  of  necklace  by  an  engraved  tree.  I  must 
 further  draw  special  attention  to  an  exceedingly  remark- 
 able vase,  which  was  found  in   the  same  house,  and  upon 
 
1 873-] 
 
 TWO  INSCRIBED  VASES. 
 
 309 
 
 which  there  are  actual  letters  in  a  circle  round  it.  One 
 piece  of  the  vase  is  wanting,  and  with  it  a  portion  of  the 
 inscription  ;  but,  in  order  to  lay  before  the  reader  all  that 
 has  been  preserved  of  it,  I  give  the  inscription  separately, 
 for  it  would  be  impossible  to  give  it  accurately  on  the  draw- 
 ing of  the  vase.  (See  No.  3,  p.  23.)  It  would  please  me 
 immensely  if  anyone  could  decipher  the  Trojan  writing, 
 and  thus  throw  some  light 
 upon  the  great  people  to 
 whom  it  belonged,  and 
 upon  the  epoch  at  which  it 
 was  written.*  I  must  also 
 draw  attention  to  a  vase, 
 upon  which  at  first  sight 
 it  seems  as  if  there  were  a 
 row  of  letters ;  at  a  closer 
 examination,  however,  it 
 appears  not  to  be  writing, 
 but  symbolical  signs,  as 
 the  cross  is  conspicuous  in 
 almost  every  figure.f 
 
 In  the  same  house  I  found  three  brilliant  red  vases, 
 with  two  handles,  a  prominent  decoration  on  either  side 
 in  the  form  of  spectacles,  and  two  mighty  wings,  standing 
 erect  by  the  side  of  the  neck  ; — half-a-dozen  vases  of  various 
 sizes,  with  uncommonly  long  tubes  at  the  sides  and  with 
 holes  in  the  mouth  for  suspending  them  by  strings  ; — 
 a  very  large  and  brilliant  black  vase,  with  two  handles 
 and  two  ornaments  in  the  form  of  large  ears ; — like- 
 wise a  smaller  vase,  with  large  perforated  ears  for  the 
 string  by  which  it  was  hung  up ; — a  vase  with  three 
 feet,    rings    for    hanging    it    up,    and    beautiful    engraved 
 
 No.  221.  A  Terra-cotta  Vase  with  two  little  Ears, 
 and  two  large  perforated  Handles,  marked  with 
 eleven  strange  characters  (5$  M.). 
 
 The  depth  must  refer  to  the  upper  house  above  the 
 Palace.  It  is  given  as  Si  M.  in  the  Photograph, 
 but  corrected  in  the  descriptive  letter-press  to 
 5i  M.  ;  and  a  like  correction  seems  to  have  been 
 neglected  in  the  Book. — [Ed. J 
 
 *  The  Inscription  on  this  Vase  has  been  discussed  by  Professor 
 Gomperz,  who  also  pronounces  the  characters  on  it  as  well  as  on  the 
 other  vase  (No.  221)  to  be  Cyprian  writing.     (See  Appendix.) 
 
 t  Compare  the  Introduction,  p.  50. 
 
3io 
 
 TROY  AND    ITS   Kl". MAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XXII. 
 
 decorations,  namely,  two  encircling  stripes  with  zigzag 
 lines,  and  five  lines  round  the  neck.  (No.  222.)  Further, 
 I  found  a  vase  rounded  at  the  bottom,  with  perforated 
 handles,  and  completely  covered  with  dots  (No.  223)  ; — 
 also  two  covers  with  pretty  owls'  heads,  one  of  which 
 has  remarkably  large  eyes ; — also  a  fragment  of  the  fore 
 part  of  a  vase  with  a  sheep's  head; — a  curious  small  but 
 very  broad  vase,  with  three  feet  and  Ions;  tubes  for  hanging 
 
 No.  222.  A  splendidly-decorated  Vase  of  Terra- 
 cotta, with  three  Feet  and  two  Ears.  From 
 the  Palace  [ji  m.  , 
 
 No.  223.    A  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  two  Ears 
 and  covered  with  dots     From  the  Palace 
 
 (7  m.). 
 
 it  up  by  strings ; — a  peculiar  terra-cotta  lamp,  with  a  per- 
 forated handle  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  and  two  other 
 projecting  handles,  with  tubes  for  suspension  ; — a  red  jug 
 with  a  handle,  a  neck  completely  bent  back,  a  beak-shaped 
 mouth,  and  two  eyes  ;* — a  small  vase,  covered  with  dots 
 and  possessing  two  handles  and  two  immense  erect  ears  ; — 
 a  jug,  with  two  female  breasts ; — a  vase,  with  the  owl's  face 
 and  the  body  of  the  Ilian  Athena,  and  two  upraised  arms; — 
 also  the  upper  portion  of  another  vase,  upon  which   may  be 
 
 Sec  Cut,  No.  54,  ]i.  87. 
 
1873.]  TERRA-COTTAS  FOUND   IN  THE   PALACE.  311 
 
 seen  a  mouth  below  the  beak  of  the  Trojan  tutelary  goddess  ; 
 and  a  vase,  with  a  large  hollow  foot,  very  long  tubes  at  the 
 sides   for  hanging  it   up,   and    two  .....--..._. 
 
 prominent  decorations  in  the  form  y^EVj 
 
 Among  the  smaller  terra-cottas  •' ■-,"" mSmm ■Plf.1  HBP^ 
 vessel  2f  inches  long,  in  a  human  V       ^W 
 
 form,    With     the     Owl's     head    Of    the      No.224.  Fine  decorated  Vase  of  Terra- 
 
 nt   ,1  1  11  1  Cotta,   with  two   Handles  and   two 
 
 ian   Atnena  and  unusually  large        «reat  upright  wings.    From  the 
 
 ..  1  ,  Palace  (7*  M.). 
 
 eyes :     two   lines    on    the    temples 
 
 appear  to  indicate  the  helmet,  three  horizontal  lines  on 
 the  neck  her  armour.*  The  body  is  covered  with  an 
 arched  shield  ih  inch  long,  upon  which  there  are  ten 
 rows  of  dots,  which  are  probably  intended  to  represent 
 the  heads  of  the  small  nails  with  which  the  layers  (tttvxcs) 
 were  fastened  together ;  the  shield  of  Ajax,  for  instance, 
 consisted  of  seven  layers  of  hides  and  an  outer  case 
 of  copper.|  The  Trojan  goddess  carries  on  both  sides 
 a  large  wing,  in  the  form  of  a  bottle,  which  is  decorated 
 with  horizontal  lines.  The  long  hair  at  the  back  of 
 the  goddess's  head  is  very  distinct ;  it  is  gathered  into 
 a  plait,  and  falls  down  almost  as  far  as  her  ankles,  and 
 is  wrought  with  great  care,  reminding  one  extremely  of 
 the  very  similar  plaits  of  the  Caryatides  in  the  Erechtheum 
 of  the  Acropolis  of  Athens.  Not  only  is  the  idol  hollow, 
 but  so  also  are  the  wings ;  the  latter  must  positively  have 
 some  symbolical  significance. 
 
 In  the  palace  of  Priam  I  further  met  with  four  marble 
 and  three  bone  idols,  with  the  owl's  head  of  the  tutelar 
 goddess  of  Troy :   one  of  the  bone  idols  is  painted  with  a 
 
 *  This  most  curious  vase  is  engraved  in  the  Introduction,  No.  ,5 1 , 
 P-  37- 
 
 t  See  the  passage  quoted  below  to  illustrate  the  shield  found  among 
 the  Treasure  (Chapter  XXIIL,  p.  324). 
 
312  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXII. 
 
 white  colour.  I  likewise  discovered  there  ten  marble  idols, 
 without  the  owl's  head ;  also  the  fragment  of  a  sword,  as 
 well  as  of  a  lance,  a  knife,  and  some  copper  implements  ; 
 further,  a  dozen  long,  thin  copper  nails,  which  must  have 
 served  as  hair  or  dress  pins ;  besides  these,  a  packet  of  five 
 dress  pins,  which  have  been  molten  together  in  the  heat  of 
 the  conflagration  :  one  of  the  pins  has  two  heads,  one  above 
 
 No.  225.     Five  Copper  Dress  Pins,  molten  together  by  the  conflagration.     From  the  Palace  (8  M-). 
 
 the  other,  the  lower  head  being  perfectly  round.  I  also 
 discovered  here  a  perforated  cylinder,  if  inch  long,  made 
 of  blue  felspar,  and  ornamented  all  round  with  extremely 
 remarkable  engraved  symbols.  I  there  also  discovered  an 
 extremely  curious  ivory  article,  which  must  be  part  of 
 a  musical  instrument;*  six  sling  bullets  of  loadstone  and 
 an  arrow-head. 
 
 No.  226.     Engraved  Cylinder  of  blue  Felspar.         No.  227.     Terra-cotta,  engraved  with  ten  rude 
 From  the  Palace  (9  M.).f  Owls' Faces.     From  the  Palace  (8  M.j. 
 
 Of  210  whorls  found  in  the  Palace  adorned  with  Aryan 
 religious  symbols,. there  are  60  with  engravings  that  I  have 
 not    hitherto   met    with,  and   three   terra-cotta    balls  with 
 
 '  See  the  illustration,  No.  7,  p.  25. 
 
 t  This  looks  very  much  like  the  signet-cylinders  of  the  Assyrian  an< 
 Babylonian  kings.  -  [Ed. 
 
1S73]  HOMER'S    SeVa   afjL<f)LKV7re\\a.  313 
 
 symbolical  signs.  One  of  these  is  especially  remarkable  *  :  it 
 has  ten  roughly-engraved  owls'  faces,  so  coarsely  drawn 
 that  I  should  not  even  know  them  to  be  owls'  faces,  were 
 it  not  that  I  have  occasionally  found  just  as  rude  repre- 
 sentations of  the  owl's  head  upon  idols.  I  also  discovered 
 in  the  same  house  six  beautifully-polished  axes  of  diorite  ; 
 also  one  of  those  round  twice-perforated  terra-cottas, 
 arched  on  both  sides  and  flattened  on  the  edge  of  one  side, 
 the  whole  of  this  flat  side  being  filled  with  a  stamp  bear- 
 ing the  impression  of  an  eagle  and  a  stag  or  an  antelope  ; 
 further,  four  of  those  frequently-described  large  red  goblets, 
 round  below  and  with  two  large  handles,  which  can  only 
 stand  on  the  mouth.  These  four  goblets  are,  unfortu- 
 nately, all  broken,  and  I  shall  not  be  able  to  have  them 
 repaired  till  I  return  to  Athens. 
 
 I  now  venture  positively  to  maintain  that  these  goblets, 
 which,  from  my  former  reports  and  drawings  are  known  to 
 be  from  5  to  nearly  16  inches  high,  must  necessarily  be  the 
 Homeric  "  SeVa  a^iKvireXka"  and  that  the  usual  inter- 
 pretation of  these  words  by  "  double  cups,  with  a  common 
 bottom  in  the  centre"  is  entirely  erroneous.  It  really  appears 
 as  if  this  wrong  translation  arose  solely  through  Aristotle ; 
 for,  as  is  clear  from  his  Hist.  Anim.  (9,  40),  there  were 
 in  his  time  double  cups  with  a  common  bottom  in  the. 
 centre  ;  and,  in  fact,  many  years  ago  it  is  said  that  such  a 
 cup  was  discovered  in  Attica,  and  bought  by  the  Museum 
 in  Copenhagen.  But  in  the  Homeric  Troy  there  were 
 no  such  cups,  otherwise  I  should  have  found  them.  As 
 already  remarked  in  one  of  my  previous  reports  (p.  129),  I 
 found  on  the  primary  soil,  at  a  depth  of  from-  46  to  52^  feet, 
 several  fragments  of  brilliant  black  goblets,  which  I  then 
 considered  to  be  fragments  of  double  cups,  because  there 
 
 *  This  is  drawn  as  a  whorl,  and  is  so  called  by  Dr.  Schliemann  in  a 
 letter,  informing  us  that  it  is  found  to  bear  an  Inscription.  It  is  not 
 described  in  the  letter-press  to  the  Photographs. — [Ed.] 
 
314  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXII. 
 
 \\  as  a  hollow  upon  both  sides  of  the  bottom  ;  but  the 
 one  hollow  was  in  all  cases  quite  small  in  comparison  with 
 the  other,  and  must,  therefore,  have  been  in  the  foot  of 
 the  cup.  If  SeVas  djx(f)LKviTeXXoi>  means  double  cup,  then 
 a/jL<f)L(fiopevs  must  mean  double  urn,  which  is  not  possible 
 either  in  the  Iliad  (XIII.  92),  the  Odyssey  (XXIV.  74), 
 or  elsewhere  in  Homer ;  moreover,  it  has  never  occurred 
 to  anyone  to  translate  it  otherwise  than  "  urn  with  two 
 handles ;"  consequently,  SeVa^  a^iKvireXkov  cannot  be 
 translated  otherwise  than  by  "  cup  with  two  handles." 
 As  an  actual  double  cup  can,  of  course,  only  be  rilled 
 on  one  side  at  a  time,  Homer  would  certainly  never  have 
 constantly  described  the  filled  cup  as  a  double  cup,  for  there 
 would  have  been  no  sense  in  the  name.  By  the  term  d/x^)t- 
 KimeWov,  however,  he  wished  to  signify  that  the  filled  cup 
 was  presented  by  one  handle  and  accepted  by  the  other 
 handle.  Interpreted  in  this  manner,  there  is  a  great  deal  of 
 meaning  in  the  name.* 
 
 The  palace  of  King  Priam  furnished  me  also  with  two 
 large  fragments  of  a  large  brilliant  yellow  urn,  adorned 
 in  the  most  beautiful  manner  with  engraved  decorations. 
 Among  others,  it  has  several  rows  of  circles  running  round 
 it,  in  each  of  which  there  is  a  triple  cross.  The  elegance 
 of  the  vessel  is  enhanced  by  the  broad  handles,  which 
 also  have  circles  with  triple  crosses.  In  the  king's  palace  I 
 also  discovered  the  handle  of  a  vessel,  broken  off';  it  is 
 4I  inches  long,  and  in  the  form  of  a  serpent. 
 
 In  the  upper  and  more  recent  house,  above  the  Socan 
 Gate,  I  found  the  vase  here  represented,  which  is  pointed 
 below,  has  two  handles  and  decorations  in  the  form  of  spec- 
 tacles (No.  228)  ;  also  the  beautiful  vase,  with  four  handles 
 and  a  lid  (No.  229)  ;  the  large  jug,  with  one  large  and  two 
 small  handles  (No.  230)  ;  and  a  number  of  other  vases  and 
 
 *  Thus  Hephaestus  places  a  ^eVas  ufX(f)LKV7reX\<>r  in  the  hand  of  his 
 mother,  Hera,  and  she  takes  it  from  his  hand  (Homer's  Iliad.  I.  5S4-5. 
 596).- [En.  I 
 
I873-] 
 
 HOUSES  ON  THE  NORTH  SIDE. 
 
 315 
 
 jugs  which  I  shall  not  describe,  as  they  have  already  been 
 
 frequently  met  with.     Of  idols  with  owls'  faces  T  have  found 
 
 only     one.        There 
 
 also      I      discovered 
 
 many   fragments   of 
 
 those       large       red 
 
 goblets     with      two 
 
 handles,     which      T 
 
 now  recognise  to  be 
 
 the   Homeric   SeVac 
 
 ajX(j)LKVTreWov. 
 
 As  the  excavation 
 above  the  Scaean 
 Gate  is  finished,  I 
 am  now  again  vigo- 
 rously   at    work    on 
 
 tUe      great       platlOrm      No.  228.      Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  a  curious  Decoration.     From 
 ,  1*1  the  upper  and  later  House  above  the  Sca;an  Gate  (6  M.). 
 
 on  the    north    side, 
 
 which  I  have  lately  had  worked  whenever  I  had  workmen 
 
 No.  229.  Terra-cotta  Vase,  with  four 
 Handles  and  a  Lid.  From  the  upper 
 House  above  the  Sc;can  Gate    6  M.). 
 
 No.  230.     A  great  Jug,  with  Handle  and  two  Ears. 
 From    the  upper  House  above  the  Scaean  Gate 
 
 (6  M.). 
 
3 16  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXII. 
 
 to  spare.  We  now  come  upon  several  houses  there  at  a 
 depth  of  from  33  to  20  feet ;  also,  as  it  seems,  upon  a 
 great  wall  of  fortification  in  the  lower  strata. 
 
 As  it  is  extremely  important  to  know  what  were  the 
 fortifications  on  the  west  and  north-west  of  the  Pergamus 
 at  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war,  and  as  I  see  another  wall, 
 nh  feet  thick,  running  in  a  north-western  direction  from 
 the  Scasan  Gate,  which  however  it  is  impossible  to  follow 
 from  this  side, — during  the  last  eight  days  I  have  been 
 making  a  cutting,  33  feet  broad  and  141  long,  on  the  north- 
 west side  of  the  hill,  at  the  point  where,  in  April  1870, 
 I  made  the  first  cutting,  which  therefore  my  men  call 
 17  pannr]  Taiv  avacrKa<f)coi>  ("the  grandmother  of  the  exca- 
 vations"). I  am  having  the  debris  removed  simultaneously 
 by  a  small  platform,  made  at  a  depth  of  34^  feet  on  the 
 declivity  of  the  hill,  and  by  three  galleries.  The  distance 
 is  not  great,  and  the  wheel-barrows  proceed  across  level 
 ground,  and  moreover  the  dSbris  here  is  very  light,  and 
 only  requires  to  be  thrown  down  the  declivity ;  so  the 
 work  advances  very  rapidly.  Upon  the  lower  platform  I 
 came  upon  the  surrounding  wall  built  by  Lysimachus, 
 which  is  13  feet  high  and  10  feet  thick,  and  is  composed 
 of  large  hewn  blocks  of  limestone  laid  upon  one  another 
 without  any  kind  of  cement.  I  have  just  finished  break- 
 ing through  this  wall.  Directly  behind  it  I  came  upon 
 an  older  wall,  8f  feet  high  and  6  feet  thick,  which  is 
 composed  of  large  hewn  stones  joined  with  earth,  and 
 which  of  course  I  am  also  having  broken  through.  This 
 second  wall  is  immediately  followed  by  that  wall  of  large 
 hewn  stones  which  I  laid  bare  three  years  ago,  and  which 
 I  have  hitherto  regarded  as  a  bastion ;  it  is,  however, 
 probable  that  it  will  prove  to  be  something  else,  and  I  shall 
 describe  it  in  detail  in  my  next  report. 
 
 This  part  of  the  Pergamus  was  evidently  much  lower 
 in  ancient  times;  as  seems  to  be  proved  not  only  by 
 the  surrounding  wall,  which  must  at  one  time  have  risen 
 
1 873-] 
 
 GREEK  REMAINS. 
 
 3l7 
 
 to  a  considerable  height  above  the  surface  of  the  hill, 
 whereas  it  is  now  covered  with  i6i  feet  of  debris,  but 
 also  by  the  remains  of  the  Hellenic  period,  which  here 
 extend  down  to  a  great  depth.  It  appears,  in  fact,  as 
 if  the  rubbish  and  refuse  of  habitations  had  been  thrown 
 down  here  for  centuries,  in  order  to  increase  the  height 
 of  the  place.  This  also  explains  how  it  is  that  I  find  here 
 a  quantity  of  small  but  interesting  objects  from  the  Greek 
 period.  Among  others  are  24  heads  of  terra-cotta  figures,  1 7 
 of  which  are  of  great  beauty ;  also  a  great  number  of  other 
 fragments  of  statuettes  of  the  same  description,  which  dis- 
 play skilful  workmanship;  a  terra-cotta  slab  ^\  inches  in 
 length,  upon  which  is  a  representation  of  a  woman  ;  also 
 eight  small  terra-cotta  slabs,  nearly  2  inches  in  length,  upon 
 which  I  find  very  curious  and  to  me  utterly  unknown 
 objects  in  high  relief.*  I  also  found  here  the  fragments 
 of  some  vessels  of  exquisite  workmanship  ;  two  beautifully 
 decorated  lamps ;  and  a  leaden  plate,  i\  inches  long  and 
 broad,  with  a  pig's  head  in  bas-relief,  which,  as  I  con- 
 jecture, may  have  been  a  coin.  We  also  discovered  here 
 a  vessel  28!  inches  long,  of  an  extremely  fanciful  shape, 
 with  a  long  and  very  thin  foot,  a  long  thin  neck,  and  two 
 enormous  handles. 
 
 Upon  the  great  platform, 
 at  a  depth  of  4  meters  (13  feet), 
 we  found  a  very  remarkable  cup, 
 which  has  a  handle,  and  in  its 
 hollow  foot  four  oval  holes, 
 pierced  opposite  to  one  another. 
 Last  year  I  repeatedly  found  the 
 feet  of  cups  of  this  sort  at  a 
 depth  of  from  46  to  52^  feet,  but 
 hitherto  I  have  never  met  with 
 
 an  entire  goblet  Of  this   form.  N°231-    A  re^ble  Terra-cotta  Cup 
 
 *  See  the  Cuts  placed  as  headings  to  the  "  Table  of  Contents,-'  and 
 "  List  of  Illustrations." 
 
3 1 8  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXII. 
 
 As  I  no  longer  require  the  surface  of  the  Tower  for 
 removing  the  debris,  I  have  had  it  quite  cleared,  and  I 
 find  in  the  centre  of  it  a  depression,  45 \  feet  long,  from 
 8-r  to  14!  feet  broad,  and  barely  3  feet  deep,  which  may 
 have  been  used  for  the  archers.*  It  has  now  become 
 evident  to  me  that  what  I  last  year  considered  to  be  the 
 ruins  of  a  second  storey  of  the  Great  Tower  are  only 
 benches  made  of  stones  joined  with  earth,  three  of  which 
 may  be  seen  rising  behind  one  another  like  steps. f  From 
 this,  as  well  as  from  the  walls  of  the  Tower  and  those  of 
 the  Scasan  Gate,  I  perceive  that  the  Tower  never  can 
 have  been  higher  than  it  now  is. 
 
 The  excavations  of  the  north  side  of  the  field  belonging 
 to  Mr.  Calvert,  which  I  opened  to  discover  other  sculptures, 
 have  been  stopped  for  some  time,  as  I  can  no  longer  come 
 to  terms  with  him.  At  present,  I  have  only  two  foremen, 
 for  I  was  obliged  to  dismiss  Georgios  Photidas,  three  weeks 
 ago,  for  urgent  reasons. 
 
 In  conclusion,  I  have  to  mention  that,  during  the 
 Greek  Easter  festival,  accompanied  by  my  esteemed  friend, 
 Judge  Schells  of  Ratisbon,  and  my  wife,  I  visited  Bunar- 
 bashi  and  the  neighbouring  heights.  In  their  presence,  I 
 made  some  small  excavations,  and  I  have  proved  that  even 
 in  the  village  the  accumulation  of  debris  amounts  only  to 
 ia  foot  in  the  court-yards  of  the  buildings,  and  that  upon 
 and  beside  the  street  there  is  nothing  but  the  virgin  earth  ; 
 further,  that  upon  the  small  site  of  Gergis,  at  the  end  of 
 the  heights,  which  was  formerly  regarded  as  identical  with 
 Troy,  the  naked  rock  projects  everywhere  ;  and  besides, 
 in  the  accumulation  of  debris,  which  nowhere  amounts 
 to  if  foot  in  the  town  itself,  and  to  only  a  little  more  in 
 the  Acropolis,  I  found  nothing  but  fragments  of  pottery 
 from  the  Hellenic  period,  that  is,  from  the  third  and  fifth 
 centuries  b.c 
 
 *  See  Plan  II.,  and  Thin  III.  on  p.  306,  at  the  mark  b. 
 
 t  See  Plan  II.,  and  c  on  Plan  III.,  p.  306.      Compare  p.  213. 
 
i873-]  THE  END  0F  GREEK  ILIUM.  319 
 
 I  must  also  add  that  I  now  positively  retract  my 
 former  opinion,  that  Ilium  was  inhabited  up  to  the  ninth 
 century  after  Christ,  and  I  must  distinctly  maintain  that 
 its  site  has  been  desolate  and  uninhabited  since  the  end 
 •of  the  fourth  century.  I  had  allowed  myself  to  be  de- 
 ceived by  the  statements  of  my  esteemed  friend,  Mr. 
 Frank  Calvert,  of  the  Dardanelles,  who  maintained  that 
 there  were  documents  to  prove  that  the  place  had  been 
 inhabited  up  to  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries 
 after  Christ.  Such  documents,  if  they  really  do  exist,  must 
 necessarily  refer  to  Alexandria  Troas,  which  is  always, 
 as  for  instance  in  the  New  Testament,  simply  called 
 Troas ;  for  on  its  site  quantities  of  Byzantine  antiquities 
 are  found  even  on  the  surface,  which  seem  to  prove 
 that  the  city  was  inhabited  up  to  the  fourteenth  century, 
 or  still  longer.  Here  in  Ilium,  on  the  other  hand,  there 
 is  no  trace  of  Byzantine  architecture,  of  Byzantine 
 sculpture,  of  Byzantine  pottery,  or  of  Byzantine  coins. 
 Altogether  I  found  only  two  copper  medals  of  Byzantine 
 monasteries,  which  may  have  been  lost  by  shepherds.  I 
 found  hundreds  of  coins  belonging  to  the  time  of  Con- 
 stantine  the  Great,  Constans  II.,  but  no  medals  whatever 
 of  the  later  emperors. 
 
 As  hitherto  it  was  in  the  Pergamus  alone  that  I 
 found  no  trace  of  the  Byzantine  period,  I  thought  that 
 it  was  only  the  fortress  that  was  uninhabited  during  that 
 period,  but  that  the  region  of  the  city  had  been  occupied. 
 But  my  fifteen  shafts,  which  I  am  having  made  on  the 
 most  various  points  of  the  site  of  Ilium,  as  well  as  the 
 two  shafts  made  upon  the  primary  soil,  prove,  as  any- 
 one may  convince  himself,  that  below  the  surface  there 
 is  no  trace  of  the  Byzantine  period,  nay  that,  beyond  a 
 very  thin  layer  of  earth,  which  however  only  exists  in 
 some  parts,  the  ruins  of  the  Greek  period  extend  up  to 
 the  very  surface,  and  that  in  several  of  the  shafts  I  came 
 upon  the  walls  of  Greek  houses  even  on  the  surface. 
 
320  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.         [Ch.  XXII.  1873. 
 
 It  is  impossible  that  a  Byzantine  town  or  a  Byzantine 
 village,  nay,  that  even  a  single  Byzantine  house,  can  have 
 stood  upon  this  hilly  and  stone-hard  ground,  which  covers 
 the  ruins  of  a  primeval  city,  without  leaving  the  most 
 distinct  traces  of  its  existence,  for  here,  where  for  nine  or 
 ten  months  of  the  year  it  never  rains,  except  during  rare 
 thunderstorms,  the  productions  of  human  industry  do  not 
 become  weather-beaten  and  destroyed,  as  in  other  countries 
 where  there  is  frequent  rain.  The  very  fragments  of  sculp- 
 tures and  inscriptions,  which  I  find  here  in  the  Pergamus 
 and  in  the  other  districts  of  the  city,  upon  the  surface,  and 
 which  have  lain  exposed  to  the  open  air  for  at  least  1500 
 years,  are  still  almost  as  fresh  as  if  they  had  been  made 
 yesterday. 
 
 Trusting  to  the  statements  of  Mr.  Frank  Calvert,  and 
 under  the  impression  that  Ilium  had  been  inhabited  for 
 a  long  time  under  the  Byzantine  dominion,  I  described  the 
 wall,  composed  of  Corinthian  pillars  and  cement,  10  feet 
 thick,  and  which  gave  me  so  much  trouble  to  break 
 through  at  the  .south-east  corner  of  the  Pergamus,  as  of 
 Byzantine  architecture.  (Pp.  230,  250.)  I  am  now,  how- 
 ever, forced  to  believe  that  the  Temple  of  Athena,  to  which 
 these  pillars  belong,  was  destroyed  by  the  religious  zeal  of 
 the  first  Christians  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Constantine 
 the  Great,  or  at  latest  during  that  of  Constantine  II.,  and 
 that  this  wall  was  built  of  its  ruins  about  the  same  time. 
 
 No.  232  (8  M.)-  No.  233  (7  M.). 
 
 Curious  Terra-cottas  from  the  Trojan  Stratum.  Dr.  Schliemann  takes  No.  232  for  a  pair  of  pegs  for 
 hanging  up  clothes.  No.  233  is  a  strange  animal  figure,  solid,  except  for  a  tube  passing  through 
 the  body  and  open  at  both  ends,  so  that  it  cannot  have  been  a  vessel.  Dr.  Schliemann  thinks  it 
 may  represent  the  chinuira  {Iliad,  VI.  179,  foil.,  "  In  front  a  lion,  behind  a  serpent,  and  in  the 
 middle  a  chimxra  ").     In  one  sense,  certainly,  the  name  seems  appropriate. 
 
Pu« 
 
 :  **  9  £ 
 
 -=3  =  O  B£ 
 
 •fl-aif 
 
 P83    £         g£g 
 
(     3«     ) 
 
 CHAPTER    XXIII. 
 
 Further  discoveries  of  fortifications  —  The  great  discovery  of  the 
 Treasure  on  the  city  tvall  —  Expedient  for  its  preservation  —  The 
 articles  of  the  Treasure  described  —  The  Shield  —  The  Caldron  — 
 Bottle  and  Vases  of  Gold  —  The  golden  Sewas  a^LKvire.Xkov  —  Modes 
 of  working  the  gold  —  A  cup  of  electrum  —  Silver  plates,  probably 
 the  talents  of  Homer  —  Vessels  of  Silver  —  Copper  lance-heads  : 
 their  peculiar  form  —  Copper  battle-axes  —  Copper  daggers  — 
 Metal  articles  fused  together  by  the  conflagration  —  A  knife  and 
 a  piece  of  a  sword  —  Signs  of  the  Treasure  having  been  packed 
 in  a  wooden  chest  —  The  Key  found — The  Treasure  probably 
 left  behind  in  an  effort  to  escape  —  Other  articles  found  near  the 
 Treasure  —  The  thousands  of  gold  jewels  found  in  a  silver  vase  — ■  The 
 two  golden  Diadems  —  The  ear-rings,  bracelets,  and  finger-rings  — 
 The  smaller  jewels  of  gold  —  Analysis  of  the  copper  articles  by  M. 
 Landerer  —  Discovery  of  another  room  in  the  Palace  containing  an 
 inscribed  stone,  and  curious  terra-cottas  —  Silver  dishes  —  Greek 
 terra-cotta  figures  —  Great  abundance  of  the  owl-faced  vases. 
 
 Limited  extent  of  Troy  —  Its  walls  traced  —  Poetic  exaggerations 
 of  Homer —  The  one  great  point  of  Troy's  reality  established — It 
 was  as  large  as  the  primitive  Athens  and  Mycenae  —  The  wealth 
 and  power  of  Troy  —  Great  height  of  its  houses  —  Probable  popu- 
 lation —  Troy  known  to  Homer  only  by  tradition  —  Question  of  a 
 Temple  in  Homer's  time  —  Characteristics  of  the  Trojan  stratum 
 of  remains,  and  their  difference  from  those  of  the  lowest  stratum  — 
 The  former  opinion  on  this  point  recalled  —  Layer  of  metallic  scoria 
 through  the  whole  hill —  Error  of  Strabo  about  the  utter  destruction 
 of  Troy  —  Part  of  the  real  Troy  unfortunately  destroyed  in  the 
 earlier  excavations  ;  but  many  Trojan  houses  brought  to  light  since 
 
 —  The  stones  of  Troy  not  used  in  building  other  cities  —  The 
 Trojan  houses  of  sun-dried  bricks,  except  the  most  important 
 buildings,  which  are  of  stones  and  earth  —  Extent  and  results  of 
 the  excavations  —  Advice  to    future   explorers. 
 
 Further  excavations  on  the  North  side  —  Very  curious  terra-cotta 
 vessels — Perforated  vases — -A  terra-cotta  with  hieroglyphics  — 
 Heads  of  oxen  and  horses ;  their  probable  significance  —  Idols  of 
 the  Ilian  Athena  —  Greek  and  Roman  medals  —  Greek  inscriptions 
 
 —  Final  close  of  the  excavations:  thanksgiving  for  freedom  from 
 serious  accidents  —  Commendations  of  Nicolaus  Saphyros  Jannakis, 
 and  other  assistants,  and  of  the  artist  Polychronios  Tempesis  and 
 the  engineer  Adolphe  Laurent. 
 
 Y 
 
322  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 Troy,  June  17th,  1873. 
 
 Since  my  report  of  the  10th  of  last  month  I  have  been 
 especially  anxious  to  hasten  the  great  excavation  on  the 
 north-west  side  of  the  hill,  and  for  this  purpose  I  have  made 
 a  deep  cutting  on  the  west  side  also,  in  which,  unfortunately, 
 I  came  obliquely  upon  the  enclosing  wall  of  Lysimachus, 
 which  is  13  feet  high  and  10  feet  thick.  I  was  therefore 
 compelled  to  break  out  from  this  wall  a  double  quantity  of 
 stones  in  order  to  gain  an  entrance  ;  but  I  again  came  upon 
 the  ruins  of  colossal  buildings  of  the  Hellenic  and  pre- 
 Hellenic  periods,  so  that  this  excavation  can  only  proceed 
 slowly.  Here,  at  a  distance  of  69  feet  from  the  declivity 
 of  the  hill,  at  a  depth  of  20  feet,  I  met  with  an  ancient 
 enclosure  5  feet  high,  and  with  a  projecting  battlement.  It 
 is  not  connected  with  the  wall  which  runs  out  from  the 
 Scaean  Gate  in  a  north-westerly  direction,  and,  on  account  of 
 its  very  different  structure  and  small  height,  it  must  belong 
 to  a  post-Trojan  period.  In  any  case,  however,  it  is  much 
 older  than  the  Greek  colony,  because  it  is  built  of  stones 
 and  earth,  and  because  I  found  by  the  side  of  it  several 
 marble  idols  of  the  tutelar  goddess  of  Ilium.  I  am,  un- 
 fortunately, obliged  to  break  down  a  portion  of  this  wall  to 
 a  length  of  1  yh  feet,  in  order  to  proceed  further,  but  I  have 
 left  standing  nearly  8  feet  of  the  part  I  have  excavated, 
 so  that  the  wall  may  be  examined.  Behind  it  I  found  a 
 level  place  paved  partly  with  large  flags  of  stone,  partly 
 with  stones  more  or  less  hewn,  and  after  this  a  wall  of 
 fortification  20  feet  high  and  5  feet  thick,  built  of  large 
 stones  and  earth  ;  it  runs  below  my  wooden  house,  but 
 6h  feet  above  the  Trojan  city  wall  which  proceeds  from 
 the  Scaean  Gate. 
 
 In  the  new  large  excavation  on  the  north-west  side, 
 which  is  connected  with  the  one  I  have  just  been  describing, 
 I  have  convinced  myself  that  the  splendid  wall  of  large 
 hewn  stones,  which  I   uncovered   in  April  1870,  belongs  to 
 
1873.]  DISCOVERY  OF  THE  TREASURE.  323 
 
 a  tower,  the  lower  projecting  part  of  which  must  have  been 
 built  during  the  first  period  of  the  Greek  colony,  whereas  its 
 upper  portion  seems  to  belong  to  the  time  of  Lysimachus. 
 (See  Plate  XIII.)  To  this  tower  also  belongs  the  wall  that  I 
 mentioned  in  my  last  report  as  9  feet  high  and  6  feet  broad, 
 and  as  continuous  with  the  surrounding  wall  of  Lysimachus ; 
 and  so  does  the  wall  of  the  same  dimensions,  situated  49  feet 
 from  it,  which  I  have  likewise  broken  through.  Behind  the 
 latter,  at  a  depth  of  from  26  to  30  feet,  I  uncovered  the 
 Trojan  city  wall  which  runs  out  from  the  Scaean  Gate. 
 
 In  excavating  this  wall  further  and  directly  by  the  side 
 of  the  palace  of  King  Priam,*  I  came  upon  a  large  copper 
 article  of  the  most  remarkable  form,  which  attracted  my 
 attention  all  the  more  as  I  thought  I  saw  gold  behind  it. 
 On  the  top  of  this  copper  article  lay  a  stratum  of  red  and 
 calcined  ruins,  from  4!  to  5!  feet  thick,  as  hard  as  stone, 
 and  above  this  again  lay  the  above-mentioned  wall  of  forti- 
 fication (6  feet  broad  and  20  feet  high)  which  was  built  of 
 large  stones  and  earth,  and  must  have  belonged  to  an  early 
 date  after  the  destruction  of  Troy.  In  order  to  withdraw 
 the  Treasure  from  the  greed  of  my  workmen,  and  to  save  it 
 for  archaeology,  I  had  to  be  most  expeditious,  and  although 
 it  was  not  yet  time  for  breakfast,  I  immediately  had 
 "pai'dos "  called.  This  is  a  word  of  uncertain  derivation, 
 which  has  passed  over  into  Turkish,  and  is  here  employed 
 in  place  of  avdirava-i^,  or  time  for  rest.  While  the  men 
 were  eating  and  resting,  I  cut  out  the  Treasure  with  a  large 
 knife,  which  it  was  impossible  to  do  without  the  very 
 greatest  exertion  and  the  most  fearful  risk  of  my  life,  for 
 the  great  fortification-wall,  beneath  which  I  had  to  dig, 
 threatened  every  moment  to  fall  down  upon  me.  But  the 
 sight  of  so  many  objects,  every  one  of  which  is  of  inesti- 
 mable value  to  archaeology,  made  me  foolhardy,  and  I  never 
 thought  of  any  danger.     It  would,  however,  have  been  im- 
 
 See  the  spot  marked  on  Plan  II.  No.  42,  and  Plate  XIII. a 
 
 Y     2 
 
324  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 possible  for  me  to  have  removed  the  Treasure  without  the 
 help  of  my  dear  wife,  who  stood  by  me  ready  to  pack  the 
 things  which  I  cut  out  in  her  shawl  and  to  carry  them  away.* 
 The  first  thing  I  found  was  a  large  copper  shield  (the 
 acmls  o/xcfyakoecro-a  of  Homer)  in  the  form  of  an  oval  salver, 
 in  the  middle  of  which  is  a  knob  or  boss  encircled  by  a 
 small  furrow  (avXaf).  This  shield  is  a  little  less  than  20 
 inches  in  length ;  it  is  quite  flat,  and  surrounded  by  a  rim 
 (avTvi;)  1  i  inch  high ;  the  boss  (ofxfjxAos)  is  2^  inches  high 
 and  4^-  inches  in  diameter ;  the  furrow  encircling  it  is  7 
 inches  in  diameter  and  §  of  an  inch  deep.y 
 
 *  The  articles  belonging  to  the  Treasure  are  partly  engraved  on  seven 
 separate  Plates  (XIV. — XX.),  and  partly  marked  with  Tr.  in  the  cuts. 
 They  were  found  at  a  depth  of  8^  meters,  nearly  28  feet.  The  General 
 View  of  the  Treasure  (Plate  III.,  opposite  p.  22)  shows  a  few  objects 
 which  are  either  so  like  others,  or  so  insignificant,  as  not  to  need  a 
 separate  delineation. 
 
 +  See  Plate  XIV.,  No.  234.  This  round  shield  of  copper  (or  bronze  ?), 
 with  its  central  boss,  and  the  furrow  and  rim  so  suitable  for  holding 
 together  a  covering  of  ox-hides,  reminds  us  irresistibly  of  the  seven-fold 
 shield  of  Ajax  -.—Iliad,  VII.  219-223  (cf.  245-247) : — 
 
 Atas  5'   eyyidev  ^A0e  (pepaiv  aaKOs  i]vTe  irvpyov, 
 Xd\K€ov  kinafS6eiov,    '6  oi  Tv)((os  Ktifie  revx^f, 
 ~2.KVTor6fj.wv  t>x    &pi(TTOS,  "TA?)  tvi  alula,  vaiav, 
 Os   01   iirolrjo-ev   (tolkos  a\6Xov  eTTTafi6ciov, 
 Tavpcov  £aTp«ptwv,    iv\  5'    uySoov  tf\ao~e  xosAkoV. 
 
 "  Ajax  approached  ;  before  him,  as  a  tower, 
 
 His  mighty  shield  he  bore,  seven-fold,  brass-bound. 
 
 The  work  of  Tychius,  best  artificer 
 
 That  wrought  in  leather  ;  he  in  Hyla  dwell. 
 
 Of  seven-fold  hides  the  ponderous  shield  was  wrought 
 
 Of  lusty  bulls  :  the  eighth  was  glittering  brass." 
 
 It  is  equally  striking  to  compare  the  shield  of  the  Treasure  with  the 
 description  of  Sarpedon's  shield,  with  its  round  plate  of  hammered 
 copper  (or  bronze),  and  its  covering  of  ox-hides,  fastened  to  the  inner 
 edge  of  the  rim  by  gold  wires  or  rivets  (Iliad,  XII.  294-297)  : — 
 
 Av-riKa  5'   affiriSa  fxiv  TrpuaO'   eaxero  Travroa'   t'iar]P 
 
 KaArjv  xa^Ke'irtv  ^V^aroy,  fy  &pa  x^xevs 
 
 "HXaaev,   ivroaQiv  8e  0odas  pai|/e  6a.fxttas 
 
 Xpvrrtlys  pa/35oi(Ti   Snji/eKeaiv  irepl  kvk\oi>.  ["  His 
 
Plate  XIV. 
 
 No-   235-— Great   Copper  Caldron   {\ep-q). 
 
 No.   234.— A  Copper  Shield  with  a  boss   (a<nri's  o/u^aAri 
 
 THE    TREASURE    OF    PRIAM. 
 
 Page  324. 
 
Plate  XV. 
 
 A<^m. 
 
 No.  236. — Curious  Plate  of  Copper  (perhaps  a  Hasp  of  the  Chest),  with  Discs  fixed  on  one  end,  and 
 a  Silver-Vase  welded  tu  the  other  by  the  conflagration. 
 
 No.  238. — Cup  of  pure  Gold,  panelled, 
 weighing  7!  oz.  Troy. 
 
 No.  2J7. — Pottle  of  pure  Gold,  weighing  about 
 1  lb.   Troy. 
 
 THE     TREASURE     OF      PRIAM. 
 
 rage  325. 
 
IS73-]  ARTICLES  OF  THE  TREASURE.  325 
 
 The  second  object  which  I  got  out  was  a  copper  cal- 
 dron with  two  horizontal  handles,  which  certainly  gives  us 
 an  idea  of  the  Homeric  Xe/fys  ;  it  is  i6i  inches  in  diameter 
 and  5^  inches  high;  the  bottom  is  flat,  and  is  nearly 
 8  inches  in  diameter.* 
 
 The  third  object  was  a  copper  plate  f  of  an  inch  thick, 
 6^  inches  broad,  and  iyl-  inches  long;  it  has  a  rim  about 
 ^2  °f  an  mcn  high  ;  at  one  end  of  it  there  are  two  im- 
 moyable  wheels  with  an  axle-tree.  This  plate  is  very  much 
 bent  in  two  places,  but  I  believe  that  these  curvatures 
 have  been  produced  by  the  heat  to  which  the  article  was 
 exposed  in  the  conflagration  ;  a  silver  vase  4!  inches  high 
 and  broad  has  been  fused  to  it ;  I  suppose,  however,  that 
 this  also  happened  by  accident  in  the  heat  of  the  fire.| 
 The  fourth  article  I  brought  out  was  a  copper  vase 
 5i  inches  high  and  4^  inches  in  diameter.  Thereupon 
 followed  a  globular  bottle  of  the  purest  gold,  weighing  403 
 grammes  (6220  grains,  or  above  1  lb.  troy)  ;  it  is  nearly 
 6  inches  high  and  5^  inches  in  diameter,  and  has  the  com- 
 mencement of  a  zigzag  decoration  on  the  neck,  which, 
 however,  is  not  continued  all  round.  Then  came  a  cup, 
 likewise  of  the  purest  gold,  weighing  226  grammes  (7^  oz. 
 troy)  ;   it  is  3 \  inches  high  and  3  inches  broad. J 
 
 "  His  shield's  broad  orb  before  his  breast  he  bore, 
 Well  wrought,  of  beaten  brass,  which  the  armourer's  hand 
 Had  beaten  out,  and  lined  with  stout  bull's  hide 
 With  golden  rods,  continuous,  all  around." — [Ed.] 
 
 *  See  Plate  XIV.,  No.  235.  In  the  Iliad  the  \eftrj<;  is  used  almost 
 always  as  a  caldron,  and  is  often  given  as  a  prize  at  games ;  in  the 
 Odyssey  it  is  always  used  for  washing  the  hands  or  feet.  This  one  shows 
 the  marks  of  a  fearful  conflagration,  and  near  the  left  handle  are  seen  two 
 fragments  of  copper  weapons  (a  lance  and  a  battle-axe)  firmly  molten 
 on.     (Description  to  the  Atlas  of  Photographs.) 
 
 t  See  Plate  XV.,  No.  236.  This  remarkable  object  lay  at  the  top 
 of  the  whole  mass,  and  Dr.  Schliemann  supposes  it  to  have  formed  a 
 hasp  to  the  lid  of  the  wooden  chest  in  which  the  Treasure  was  packed. 
 (Description  in  Atlas.) 
 
 I  These  vessels  of  gold  are  shown  on  Plate  XV.,  Nos.  237,  238. 
 
326  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [CHAP.  XXIII. 
 
 Next  came  another  cup  of  the  purest  gold,  weighing 
 exactly  600  grammes  (about  1  lb.  6  oz.  troy)  ;*  it  is  3^  inches 
 high,  yi  inches  long,  and  7^  inches  broad  ;  it  is  in  the  form  of 
 a  ship  with  two  large  handles ;  on  one  side  there  is  a  mouth, 
 ii  inch  broad,  for  drinking  out  of,  and  another  at  the  other 
 side,  which  is  2!  inches  broad,  and,  as  my  esteemed  friend 
 Professor  Stephanos  Kumanudes,  of  Athens,  remarks,  the 
 person  who  presented  the  filled  cup  may  have  first  drunk 
 from  the  small  mouth,  as  a  mark  of  respect,  to  let  the  guest 
 drink  from  the  larger  mouth.]"  This  vessel  has  a  foot  which 
 projects  about  y1^  of  an  inch,  and' is  1+  inch  long,  and  f  of 
 an  inch  broad.  It  is  assuredly  the  Homeric  SeVa?  a/x^)t- 
 KvrreWov.  But  I  adhere  to  my  supposition  that  all  of 
 those  tall  and  brilliant  red  goblets  of  terra-cotta,  in  the  form 
 of  champagne-glasses  with  two  enormous  handles,  are  also 
 Sena  d(x(f>LKVTTeXka,  and  that  this  form  probably  existed  in 
 gold  also.  I  must  further  make  an  observation  which  is 
 very  important  for  the  history  of  art,  that  the  above- 
 mentioned   gold   Senas  a/jL(j)LKV7TeWov   is   of  cast  gold,  and 
 
 *  Plate  XVI.,  Nos.  239,  240. 
 
 t  Or,  as  suggested  in  the  'Quarterly  Review'  for  April  1874,  a 
 person,  holding  the  cup  before  him  by  the  two  handles,  may  have 
 poured  a  libation  from  the  further  spout  and  then  have  drunk  out  of  the 
 nearer.  Thus  Achilles  used  a  choice  goblet  (SeVas)  for  drinking  wine 
 and  pouring  libations  to  the  gods.  (Iliad,  XVI.,  225-228.) 
 
 We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  J.  W.  Lockhart  for  the  following  account 
 of  a  double-spouted  boat-shaped  bronze  vessel,  used  in  a  similar  manner 
 in  the  Chinese  temples  : — "  In  China  there  is  a  vessel  of  very  nearly 
 the  same  shape,  but  with  ears  prolonged  till  they  rise  an  inch  above  the 
 cup  :  the  cup  stands  on  three  legs  and  is,  in  fact,  a  tripod.  Such  cups 
 are  used  in  the  temples,  especially  in  the  ancestral  temples  of  the  real 
 religion  of  China,  when  offerings  are  made  to  the  manes  of  ancestors. 
 The  cups  are  rilled  with  wine,  when  placed  on  the  altar  before  the  idol 
 shrine,  or  before  the  ancestral  tablet ;  and  the  wine  is  afterwards  partly 
 drunk  and  partly  poured  out  as  a  libation."  Such  vessels  are  used  in 
 pairs,  and  our  drawing  is  made  from  one  of  a  pair  in  Mr.  Lockhart's 
 possession.  It  is  of  bronze,  6  inches  long,  and  6£  inches  high,  including 
 the  legs.  The  width  is  2  inches  between  the  upright  ears,  and  2?  inches 
 at  the  broadest  part.    There  is  only  one  handle.     Mr.  Lockhart  calls 
 
Plate  XVI. 
 
 No.  239  — Outside  View  of  the  Two-handled  Gold  Cup. 
 
 No.   240 — Inside  View  of  the  Two-handled  Gold   Cup. 
 
 Remarkable  Two-handled  Cup  of  pure  Gold  (SeVa?  ifj.<l».KviTe\\or). 
 Weighing  about  1  lb.  6oz.  Troy. 
 
 THE    TREASURE     <>E     PRIAM. 
 
 Page  326. 
 
1873]  THE  GOLDEN    SeVa?   afx<j)LKV7re\\ov.  327 
 
 that  the  large  handles,  which  are  not  solid,  have  been  fused 
 on  to  it.  On  the  other  hand  the  gold  bottle  and  the  gold 
 cup  mentioned  above  have  been  wrought  with  the  hammer. 
 
 241.      Bronze  Cup  used  in  China  for  Libations  and  Drinking. 
 
 The  Treasure  further  contained  a  small  cup  of  gold 
 alloyed  with  20  per  cent,  of  silver,  that  is.  the  mixed  metal 
 called  electrum*  It  weighs  70  grammes  {i\  oz.  troy),  and  is 
 above  3  inches  high,  and  above  i\  inches  broad.  Its  foot  is 
 only  -f  of  an  inch  high  and  nearly  an  inch  broad,  and  is 
 
 attention  to  the  "  key"  ornament  round  the  cup,  which  is  so  well  known 
 in  the  purest  Greek  art,  as  a  sign  of  Chinese  influence  on  the  art  of 
 Western  Asia  and  Europe.  Mr.  Lockhart  also  reads  Chinese  characters 
 on  some  of  the  Trojan  whorls.  We  are  under  a  deep  obligation  to 
 Mr.  Lockhart  for  his  spontaneous  offer  of  this  very  interesting  illustration 
 of  one  of  the  most  striking  and  (as  we  before  supposed)  unique  objects 
 discovered  by  Dr.  Schliemann. — [Ed.] 
 *  Plate  XVIIL,  No.  248. 
 
328  TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS.  [CHAP.XXIII. 
 
 moreover  not  quite  straight,  so  that  the  cup  appears  to  be 
 meant  only  to  stand  upon  its  mouth. 
 
 I  also  found  in  the  Treasure  six  pieces  of  the  purest 
 silver  in  the  form  of  large  knife-blades,  having  one  end 
 rounded,  and  the  other  cut  into  the  form  of  a  crescent ; 
 they  have  all  been  wrought  with  the  hammer.*  The  two 
 larger  blades  are  nearly  83  inches  long  and  2  inches  broad, 
 and  weigh  respectively  190  and  183  grammes.  The  next 
 two  pieces  are  about  ji  inches  long  and  i^  broad,  and 
 weigh  respectively  1 74  and  1 73  grammes.  The  two  other 
 pieces  are  nearly  7  inches  long  and  i}  inch  broad,  and 
 weigh  respectively  173  and  171  grammes. f  It  is  extremely 
 probable  that  these  are  the  Homeric  talents  (raXavra), 
 which  could  only  have  been  small,  as,  for  instance,  when 
 Achilles  offers  for  the  first  prize  a  woman,  for  the  second  a 
 horse,  for  the  third  a  caldron,  and  for  the  fourth  two  gold 
 talents.J 
 
 *  See  Plate  XVII.,  No.  242. 
 
 t  The  two  largest  weigh,  respectively,  a  little  over  and  a  little  under 
 6  oz.,  and  the  other  four  are  all  a  little  over  5^  oz.,  troy.  The  gramme 
 is  15*43235  grains,  that  is,  a  little  less  than  15^  grains. 
 
 %  Iliad,  XXIII.  262-270  (cf.  vv.  612-616).  The  passage  furnishes 
 other  striking  parallels  to  Dr.  Schliemann's  discoveries.  The  tripod 
 with  cars  containing  22  measures,  which  is  added  to  the  woman  for  the 
 first  prize  (kol  TpiVoS'  wrtoevra  SviDKaLeiKoo-i/jLerpor)  calls  to  mind  the  vessel 
 from  the  Trojan  stratum,  No.  199,  p.  285.  The  fifth  prize  is  a  double- 
 handled  flat  cup  (or  dish)  untouched  by  fire,  i.  e.  wrought  with  the  hammer 
 (dfA<f>i.6€Tov  <f>ai\r)v  aTTvpuiTov  eOrjKer).  The  metal  is  not  specified,  but  its 
 coming  next  to  the  two  gold  talents  suggests  silver,  and  Dr.  Schliemann 
 found  silver  (piaXai  with  side-rings  in  the  Treasure  and  the  Palace.  The 
 passage  seems  to  confirm  Schliemann's  interpretation  of  ScVas  ap.cf>i- 
 Kv-rreXXov,  for  what  sort  of  a  vessel  can  we  conceive  of  as  a  double  dish 
 joined  bottom  to  bottom?  We  know  side-dishes  with  their  covers 
 can  be  used  as  two  dishes,  but  what  would  be  the  use  of  joining  them  ? 
 Aristarchus,  indeed,  explained  u/x<£i'0eTos  as  double,  i.e.  standing  on  both 
 ends,  after  the  supposed  analogy  of  afu/nKvireXXov,  but  Eustathius  inter- 
 preted it  as  with  handles  on  both  sides,  after  the  sounder  analogy  of 
 ujAtpupopivs.  These  cumulative  analogies  between  Hissarlik  and  Homer, 
 gathered  incidentally  to  a  climax  at  the  end  of  each  work,  are  very 
 striking. — [Ed.] 
 
Plate  XVII. 
 
 No.  242. — Six  Blades  of  Silver  (Homeric  Talents?). 
 
 No.  243. 
 
 No.  244. 
 
 No.  245. 
 
 No.  246. 
 
 Nos   243  &  244. — Two  Silver  Vases,  with  caps,  and  rings  for  suspending  cords. 
 No.  245.— A  Silver  Dish  (>j>td\r)),  with  a  boss  in  the  centre. 
 No.  246. — A  Silver  Cup,  3I  in    high  and  nearly  4  in.  wide. 
 
 THE    TREASURE    OF    PRIAM. 
 
 Page  328 
 
Plate  XVIII. 
 
 No.  247. — A  small  Silver  Cover. 
 
 No.   248. — A  small    Cup  of   Electrum, 
 [i.e.  4  parts  of  Gold  to  1  of  Silver). 
 
 No.   249.— Large  Silver  Jug,  with  handle,  in  which  the 
 small   Ornaments  were  found. 
 
 No.  251. 
 
 No.  250. 
 
 No.  250. — Has  part  of  another  Silver  Vase  welded  to  it  by  the  fire. 
 
 No.  251. — Silver  Vase  with  a  quantity  of  copper  fixed  to  its  bottom  by  the  fire. 
 
 Vessels  ok  Silver  and  Electki  m. 
 
 THK    TREASURE     OF     PRIAM. 
 
 Page  329. 
 
1873.]  WEAPONS   IN  THE  TREASURE.  329 
 
 I  also  found  in  the  Treasure  three  great  silver  vases,  the 
 largest  of  which  is  above  81  inches  high  and  nearly  8  inches 
 in  diameter,  and  has  a  handle  5^  inches  in  length  and  35 
 in  breadth.*  The  second  vase  is  6-9  inches  high  and 
 nearly  6  inches  in  diameter ;  another  silver  vase  is  welded 
 to  the  upper  part  of  it,  of  which,  however,  only  por- 
 tions have  been  preserved,  "j*  The  third  vase  is  above 
 7  inches  high  and  above  6  inches  in  diameter ;  the  foot  of 
 the  vase  has  a  great  deal  of  copper  fused  onto  it,  which 
 must  have  dripped  from  the  copper  objects  contained 
 in  the  Treasure  during  the  conflagration.^  All  of  the  three 
 vases  are  perfectly  round  below,  and  therefore  cannot  stand 
 upright  without  resting  against  something. 
 
 I  found,  further,  a  silver  goblet  above  3^  inches  high, 
 the  mouth  of  which  is  nearly  4  inches  in  diameter ;  also  a 
 silver  flat  cup  or  dish  ((f)id\r))  5^  inches  in  diameter,  and  two 
 beautiful  small  silver  vases  of  most  exquisite  workmanship. 
 The  larger  one,  which  has  two  rings  on  either  side  for 
 hanging  it  up  by  strings,  is  nearly  8  inches  high  with  its 
 hat-shaped  lid,  and  3^  inches  in  diameter  across  the  bulge. 
 The  smaller  silver  vase,  with  a  ring  on  either  side  for 
 suspension  by  a  string,  is  about  6f  inches  high,  with  its  lid, 
 and  above  3  inches  broad.  § 
 
 Upon  and  beside  the  gold  and  silver  articles,  I  found 
 thirteen  copper  lances,  from  nearly  7  to  above  12^  inches 
 in  length,  and  from  above  i|  to  2^  inches  broad  at  the 
 broadest  point ;  at  the  lower  end  of  each  is  a  hole,  in 
 which,  in  most  cases,  the  nail  or  peg  which  fastened  the 
 lance  to  the  wooden  handle  is  still  sticking.  The  pin-hole 
 is   clearly  visible  in  a  lance-head  which   the  conflagration 
 
 *  See  Plate  XVIII.,  No.  249. 
 
 t  Ibid.,  No.  250. 
 
 X  Ibid.,  No.  251. 
 
 §  For  these  four  vessels  see  Plate  XVIL,  Nos.  243-246.  The  silver 
 bottles,  with  the  caps  and  the  side-rings  to  both,  remind  us  of  modern 
 travelling  flasks. — [Ed.] 
 
33° 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 No.  256. 
 
 No.  252.        No.  253.  No.  2M  No>-s<_ 
 
 Trojan  Lance-Heads  of  Copper.— Tr. 
 No.  256.     Copper  Lance  and  Battle-Axe  welded  together  by  the  Conflagration.    The  Pin-hole 
 of  the  Lance  is  visible. — Tr. 
 
 No.  257.  j\j0   ,-0  ... 
 
 -    '  No.  259.  No.  26c. 
 
 Trojan  Battle-Axes  of  Copper Tr. 
 
 Nos.  258  and  260  have  pieces  of  other  weapons  welded  onto  them  by  the  fire. 
 
I873-]  WEAPONS  OF  THE  TREASURE.  331 
 
 has  welded  to  a  battle-axe.  The  Trojan  lances  were 
 therefore  quite  different  from  those  of  the  Greeks  and 
 Romans,  for  the  latter  stuck  the  shaft  into  the  lance-head, 
 the  former  fastened  the  head  into  the  shaft. 
 
 I  also  found  fourteen  of  those  copper  weapons,  which  are 
 frequently  met  with  here,  but  which  have  never  been  dis- 
 covered elsewhere  ;  at  one  end  they  are  pointed  but  blunt,  and 
 at  the  other  they  end  in  a  broad  edge.  I  formerly  considered 
 them  to  be  a  species  of  lance,  but  now  after  mature  considera- 
 tion I  am  convinced  that  they  could  have  been 
 used  only  as  battle-axes.  They  are  from  above 
 6  to  above  12  inches  in  length,  from  nearly  h  to 
 above  f  of  an  inch  thick,  and  from  above  1  to 
 nearly  3  inches  broad ;  the  largest  of  them 
 weighs  1365  grammes  (about  3  lbs.  avoirdu- 
 pois). The  following  cut  shows  an  axe  more 
 like  those  of  later  ages. 
 
 There  were  also   seven  large  double-edged 
 
 D  o  No.  261. 
 
 copper  daggers,  with  a  handle  from  about  2  to  TrojanjBattie-axe. 
 2!  inches  long,  the  end  of  which  is  bent  round 
 at  a  right  angle.  These  handles  must  at  one  time  have  been 
 encased  in  wood,  for  if  the  cases  had  been  made  of  bone  they 
 would  still  have  been  wholly  or  partially  preserved.  The 
 pointed  handle  was  inserted  into  a  piece  of  wood,  so  that 
 the  end  projected  about  half  an  inch  beyond  it,  and  this  end 
 was  simply  bent  round.  (See  page  332.)  The  largest  of 
 these  daggers  is  iof  inches  in  length  and  above  2  inches 
 broad  at  the  broadest  part ;  a  second  dagger,  which  is  above 
 1 1  inch  broad,  has  the  point  broken  off,  and  is  now  less 
 than  9  inches  long,  but  appears  to  have  been  1 1  inches ; 
 a  third  dagger  is  8-f  inches  long,  and  measures  above 
 1  i  inch  at  the  broadest  point ;  a  fourth  has  become  com- 
 pletely curled  up  in  the  conflagration,  but  appears  to  have 
 been  above  1 1  inches  long.  Of  the  fifth,  sixth,  and 
 seventh  daggers  I  only  discovered  the  fragments ;  these  are 
 from  nearly  4  to  5^  inches  in  length.  But  in  a  packet  of  four 
 
331 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 lances  and  battle-axes,  which  have  been  welded  together  in 
 the  heat  of  the  fire,  I  believe  I  can  recognise  another  dagger. 
 Of  common  one-edged  knives  I  only  found  one  in  the 
 Treasure ;  it  is  above  6  inches  in  length.  I  also  found  a 
 piece  of  a  sword  which  is  8  f  inches  long  and  nearly  2  inches 
 
 No.  264 
 
 No.  265. 
 
 No.  266. 
 
 No.  267. 
 
 No. 
 
 Nos.  262,  263,  264,  266,  Trojan  Two  edged  Copper  Daggers,  with  hooked  Stems  that  have  been 
 fastened  into  Wooden  Handles  ;  No.  264  is  doubled  up  by  the  Conflagration.  No.  265,  Weapons 
 molten  together.  No.  267,  a  Copper  Sword-Blade,  with  a  sharp  edge  at  the  end.  No.  268,  a 
 Four-sided  Copper  Bar,  ending  in  a  sharp  edge. — Tk. 
 
 broad :  also  a  four-cornered  copper  bar  ending  in  an  edge  ; 
 it  is  nearly  15  inches  long,  and  also  appears  to  have  served 
 as  a  weapon. 
 
 As  I  found  all  these  articles  together,  forming  a  rect- 
 angular mass,  or  packed  into  one  another,  it  seems  to 
 be  certain  that  they  were  placed  on  the  city  wall  in  a 
 wooden    chest    ((ficopLafAos),    such   as    those   mentioned    by 
 
I873-]  THE  TREASURE  CHEST.  ^>33 
 
 Homer   as   being  in   the   palace  of   King  Priam.*      This 
 
 appears  to   be  the  more   certain,  as   close   by  the  side  ot 
 
 these  articles   I   found    a    copper  key 
 
 above  4  inches  long,  the  head  of  which 
 
 (about  2  inches  long  and  broad)  greatly 
 
 resembles  a  large  safe-key  of  a  bank. 
 
 Curiously    enough   this    key    has    had 
 
 J  O  J  No.  269.  Copper  Key,  supposed 
 
 a  wooden   handle;     there    can   be    no      £ SSiSS to the Trea" 
 doubt   of  this  from  the  fact  that  the 
 end  of  the  stalk  of  the  key  is  bent  round  at  a  right  angle, 
 as  in  the  case  of  the  daggers. 
 
 It  is  probable  that  some  member  of  the  family  of  King 
 Priam  hurriedly  packed  the  Treasure  into  the  chest  and 
 carried  it  off  without  having  time  to  pull  out  the  key  ;  that 
 when  he  reached  the  wall,  however,  the  hand  of  an  enemy 
 or  the  fire  overtook  him,  and  he  was  obliged  to  abandon 
 the  chest,  which  was  immediately  covered  to  a  height  of 
 from  5  to  6  feet  with  the  red  ashes  and  the  stones  of  the 
 adjoining  royal  palace. 
 
 Perhaps  the  articles  found  a  few  days  previously  in  a 
 room  of  the  royal  palace,  close  to  the  place  where  the 
 Treasure  was  discovered,  belonged  to  this  unfortunate 
 person.     These    articles  were  a  helmet,   and  a  silver  vase 
 
 *    Iliad,    XXIV.     228: — 'H,     koL    cjnopia/jiCyv   iTnd^fJLara  kolX'   aveoiyev, 
 
 where  the  "beautiful  lids"  remind  us  of  the  terra-cotta  pattern  which 
 Dr.  Schliemann  takes  for  the  inlaying  of  a  chest.  (No.  77,  p.  129). 
 In  the  Iliad,  XVI.,  221,  Achilles  opens  the  lid  of  the  beautiful  deco- 
 rated chest  (yr\\ov  8  airo  ttCo/jl  aveayev  KaXrjs  SaiSaAer/s),  to  take  out  the 
 goblet  for  pouring  his  libation.  The  contents  of  Priam's  chests  may  also 
 be  well  compared  with  the  articles  of  the  Treasure  : — 
 
 "  He  chose  twelve  gorgeous  shawls,  twelve  single  cloaks, 
 As  many  rugs,  as  many  splendid  robes, 
 As  many  tunics  ;  then  of  gold  he  took 
 Ten  talents  full ;  two  tripods,  burnished  bright, 
 Four  caldrons  ;  then  a  citp  of  beauty  rare, 
 A  rich  possession,  which  the  men  of  Thrace 
 Had  given,  when  there  he  went  ambassador  ; 
 E'en  this  he  spared  not,  such  his  keen  desire 
 1 1  is  son  to  ransom."— [Ed.] 
 
334 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 7  inches  high  and  5.^  inches  broad,  containing  an  elegant 
 cup  of  electrum  4.I  inches  high  and  3^  inches  broad.  The 
 helmet  was  broken  in  being  taken  out,  but  I  can  have  it 
 mended,   as  I   have   all  the   pieces  of  it.     The  two   upper 
 
 No.  270.  No.  271. 
 
 Cups  of  Electrum  and  Silver.     Found  in  the  Palace,  near  the  Treasure,  270  inside  271. 
 
 Nos.  272-275.      Pieces  of  Helmet-crests  found  in  a  Room  of  the  Palace. 
 
 portions,  composing  the  crest  (<£a\os),  are  uninjured. 
 Beside  the  helmet,  as  before,  I  found  a  curved  copper  pin, 
 nearly  6  inches  in  length,  which  must  have  been  in  some 
 way  attached  to  it,  and  have  served  some  purpose.  (Com- 
 pare No.  192,  p.  281.) 
 
 At  5  or  6  feet  above  the  Treasure,  the  successors  of  the 
 Trojans  erected  a  fortification  wall  20  feet  high  and  6  feet 
 broad,  composed  of  large  hewn  and  unhewn  stones  and 
 earth;  this  wall  extends  to  within  3^  feet  of  the  surface  of 
 the  hill. 
 
 That  the  Treasure  was  packed  together  at  terrible  risk 
 of  life,  and  in  the  greatest  anxiety,  is  proved  among 
 other  things  also  by  the  contents  of  the  largest  silver  vase, 
 
Plate  XIX 
 
 Nos.  276  and  277.-T11K  two  Golden  Diadems  [nXtKraC  ivaSe^ai) 
 THE    TREASURE    OF    PR  1A.M. 
 
 Page  335- 
 
1873-I  THE  TW0   GOLDEN   DIADEMS.  335 
 
 at  the  bottom  of  which  I  found  two  splendid  gold  diadems 
 (KprjSeixva)*  ;  a  fillet,  and  four  beautiful  gold  ear-rings  of 
 most  exquisite  workmanship  :  upon  these  lay  $6  gold  ear- 
 rings of  exceedingly  curious  form  and  8750  small  gold 
 rings,  perforated  prisms  and  dice,  gold  buttons,  and  similar 
 jewels,  which  obviously  belonged  to  other  ornaments  ;  then 
 followed  six  gold  bracelets,  and  on  the  top  of  all  the  two 
 small  gold  goblets. f 
 
 The  one  diadem  consists  of  a  gold  fillet,  2 if-  inches 
 long  and  nearly  i  an  inch  broad,  from  which  there  hang- 
 on  either  side  seven  little  chains  to  cover  the  temples,  each 
 of  which  has  eleven  square  leaves  with  a  groove  ;  these  chains 
 are  joined  to  one  another  by  four  little  cross  chains,  at  the 
 end  of  which  hangs  a  glittering  golden  idol  of  the  tutelar 
 goddess  of  Troy,  nearly  an  inch  long.  The  entire  length  of 
 each  of  these  chains,  with  the  idols,  amounts  to  ioi  inches. 
 Almost  all  these  idols  have  something  of  the  human  form,  but 
 the  owl's  head  with  the  two  large  eyes  cannot  be  mistaken  ; 
 their  breadth  at  the  lower  end  is  about  -^  of  an  inch. 
 Between  these  ornaments  for  the  temples  there  are  47  little 
 
 *  The  diadem  discovered  by  Dr.  Schliemann  can  scarcely  have  been 
 the  KpySe/jLvov  of  Homer,  which  was  a  large  veil  or  mantilla,  such,  for 
 instance,  as  the  sea-goddess  Ino  gives  to  Ulysses,  to  buoy  him  up  on 
 the  water  (Od.  v.  346).  This  diadem  would  rather  seem  to  be,  as 
 Mr.  Gladstone  has  suggested,  the  tt/Wtt)  dvaSia-fi-r],  which  Andromache 
 casts  from  her  head  in  her  mourning  for  Hector,  where  the  order  of  the 
 words  implies  that  it  was  worn  over  the  KpySefjbvov.  II.  XXII.  469-471  : — 
 
 Tf)A.€   8'   airb  Kparbs  /3aAe   SeVjuara   criya\6evTa, 
 
 "A  ju  7r  v  Ka    KiKpu<pa\6v  T6   iSe    irAe/tTiji/    a  v  a.5  e  <r  /at]  v 
 
 KpTide/Avop  6',  o   pa  oi  5u>K€  xPx"t^V  'A.<ppo5'iT7]. 
 
 "  Far  off  were  flung  the  adornments  of  her  head, 
 The  net,  the  fillet,  and  the  woven  band, 
 The  nuptial-veil  by  golden  Venus  given." — [Ed.] 
 
 Our  illustration  (Plate  XIX.,  Nos.  276,  277)  represents  one  diadem 
 as  set  up  by  Dr.  Schliemann,  and  the  other  as  it  might  have  been  worn 
 on  the  head  of  a  Trojan  lady. — [Ed.] 
 
 %  These  objects  are  more  fully  described,  and  figured,  in  the  fol- 
 lowing pages. 
 
336  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 pendant  chains  adorned  with  square  leaves ;  at  the  end  of 
 each  little  chain  is  an  idol  of  the  tutelary  goddess  of  Ilium, 
 about  j  of  an  inch  long  ;  the  length  of  these  little  chains 
 with  the  idols  is  not  quite  4  inches. 
 
 The  other  diadem  is  20  inches  long,  and  consists  of  a  gold 
 chain,  from  which  are  suspended  on  each  side  eight  chains 
 completely  covered  with  small  gold  leaves,  to  hang  down 
 over  the  temples,  and  at  the  end  of  every  one  of  the  sixteen 
 chains  there  hangs  a  golden  idol  ii  inch  long,  with  the  owl's 
 head  of  the  Ilian  tutelary  goddess.  Between  these  orna- 
 ments for  the  temples  there  are  likewise  74  little  chains, 
 about  4  inches  long,  covered  with  gold  leaves,  to  hang  down 
 over  the  forehead  ;  at  the  end  of  these  chains  there  hangs  a 
 double  leaf  about  f  of  an  inch  long. 
 
 The  fillet  a/A7ri/£  is  above  18  inches  long  and  J-  of  an 
 inch  broad,  and  has  three  perforations  at  each  end.  Eight 
 quadruple  rows  of  dots  divide  it  into  nine  compartments, 
 in  each  of  which  there  are  two  large  dots ;  and  an  unin- 
 terrupted row  of  dots  adorns  the  whole  edge.  Of  the  four 
 ear-rings  only  two  are  exactly  alike.  From  the  upper  part, 
 which  is  almost  in  the  shape  of  a  basket,  and  is  ornamented 
 with  two  rows  of  decorations  in  the  form  of  beads,  there 
 hang  six  small  chains  on  which  are  three  little  cylinders  ; 
 attached  to  the  end  of  the  chains  are  small  idols  of  the 
 tutelar  goddess  of  Troy.  The  length  of  each  ear-ring  is 
 o,h  inches.  The  upper  part  of  the  other  two  ear-rings  is 
 larger  and  thicker,  but  likewise  almost  in  the  shape  of  a 
 basket,  from  it  are  suspended  five  little  chains  entirely 
 covered  with  small  round  leaves,  on  which  are  likewise 
 fastened  small  but  more  imposing  idols  of  the  Ilian  tutelar 
 divinity;  the  length  of  one  of  these  pendants  is  3^  inches, 
 that  of  the  other  a  little  over  3  inches.* 
 
 *  See  Plate  XX.,  Nos.  279,  280,  for  a  representation  of  the  fillet 
 and  ear-rings.  The  four  "  ear-rings  "  remind  us,  both  by  their  form  and 
 material,  of  the  "beautifully  twined  tassels  of  solid  gold"  which  fringed 
 the  s£gis  of  Athena  :  Iliad,  II.  448,  449  : — 
 
Plate  XX. 
 
 ooooooooooooonoooooo)         ^"ooooooo  o  o  o  ooooooooooo) 
 
 £•3  <§>($«!•> 
 
 No.  278. — Selection  from  the  small  Golden  Jewels  found  in  the  Silver  Jug. 
 
 No.  279. — Golden   Fillet   (a/A7rv£\   above   18  inches  long. 
 
 No.  280. — Four  Golden  Ear-rings,  or  Tassels  (Oticrai'oi.) ,  each  3!  inches  long. 
 Jewels  of  Gold. 
 
 THE    TREASURE    OF    PRIAM. 
 
 Page   336. 
 
i873-]  BRACELETS  AND  EAR-RINGS.  337 
 
 Of  the  six  gold  bracelets,  two  are  quite  simple  and 
 closed,  and  are  about  ^  of  an  inch  thick  ;  a  third  is  like- 
 wise closed,  but  consists  of  an  ornamented  band  -^  of  an 
 inch  thick,  and  i  of  an  inch  broad. 
 The  other  three  are  double,  and  the 
 ends  are  turned  round  and  furnished 
 with  a  head.  The  princesses  who 
 wore  these  bracelets  must  have  had 
 unusually  small  hands,  for  they  are  so 
 small  that  a   girl   of   ten  would  have 
 
 v  re         1,        •  l.a.'  i_\ Six  golden  Bracelets  welded  to- 
 
 difficulty    in    putting    them    On.  gether  by   the   conflagration. 
 
 The  $6  other  gold  ear-rings  are 
 of  various  sizes,  and  three  of  them  appear  to  have  also 
 been  used  by  the  princesses  of  the  royal  family  as  finger- 
 rings.*  Not  one  of  the  ear-rings  has  any  resemblance  in 
 form  to  the  Hellenic,  Roman,  Egyptian,  or  Assyrian  ear- 
 rings ;  20  of  them  end  in  four  leaves,  ten  in  three  leaves, 
 lying  beside  one  another  and  soldered  together,  and  they 
 are  thus  extremely  like  those  ear-rings  of  gold  and  electrum 
 which  I  found  last  year  at  a  depth  of  9  and  13  meters  (29^ 
 and  42^  feet).  Eighteen  other  ear-rings  end  in  six  leaves  ; 
 at  the  commencement  of  these  there  are  two  small  studs, 
 
 Tf/s  tKaTbv  dvcravoi  irayxp^creo  1  rjepeOovrai, 
 TldvTes  EUTtAeicf'fS,   tKaTofxfSoios  5e   zKaffTos. 
 
 ' '  all  around 
 A  hundred  tassels  hung,   rare  works  of  art, 
 All  gold,  each  one  a  hundred  oxen's  price.'" 
 
 Again,  when  Hera  adorns  herself  to  captivate  Jove,  her  zone  is 
 fringed  with  a  hundred  tassels,  and  her  ear-rings  are  described  in  terms 
 corresponding  exactly  to  the  triple  leaves  seen  on  some  of  Schliemann's 
 {Iliad,  XIV.  1 81-3)  :— 
 
 Zuxraro  Se  £u>vr]v  tKarov  Ovadvois  dpapvlav, 
 'Ev  8'  apa  'ipfiara  fjKej/  tvTpjjToiat  Ao/3o?aiv 
 T piyKrfva  /nopoevT  a'  X"P'$   $'   a7reAu;u7reTo  iroAArj. 
 
 "Her  zone,  from  which  a  hundred  tassels  hung, 
 She  girt  about  her  ;  and,  in  three  bright  drops, 
 Her  glittering  gems  suspended  from  her  ears  ; 
 And  all  around  her  grace  and  beauty  shone." — [Ed.] 
 
 *  Some  of  these  are  shown  on  Plate  XX.,  No.  278. 
 
 Z 
 
338  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 in  the  centre  two  rows  of  five  small  studs  each,  and  at  the 
 end  three  small  studs.  Two  of  the  largest  rings,  which, 
 owing  to  the  thickness  of  the  ofle  end,  certainly  cannot 
 have  been  used  as  ear-rings,  and  appear  to  have  been 
 finger-rings  only,  terminate  in  four  leaves,  and  at  the  com- 
 mencement of  these  there  are  two,  in  the  middle  three, 
 and  at  the  end  again  two  small  studs.  Of  the  remain- 
 ing ear-rings  two  have  the  form  of  three,  and  four  the 
 form  of  two,  beautifully  ornamented  serpents  lying  beside 
 one  another. 
 
 Besides  the  ear-rings,  a  great  number  of  other  orna- 
 ments strung  on  threads,  or  fastened  on  leather,  had  been 
 put  into  the  same  large  silver  vase ;  for  above  and  below 
 them,  as  already  said,  I  found  8750  small  objects ;  *  such 
 as  gold  rings,  only  -|-  of  an  inch  in  diameter ;  perforated 
 dice,  either  smooth  or  in  the  form  of  little  indented  stars, 
 about  -jl  of  an  inch  in  diameter ;  gold  perforated  prisms 
 y^y  of  an  inch  high  and  -^  of  an  inch  broad,  decorated 
 longitudinally  with  eight  or  sixteen  incisions ;  small  leaves 
 about  \  of  an  inch  long,  and  ^  of  an  inch  broad,  and 
 pierced  longitudinally  with  a  hole  for  threading  them ; 
 small  gold  pegs  -t  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  button  on  one 
 side,  and  a  perforated  hole  on  the  other ;  perforated 
 prisms  about  \  of  an  inch  long  and  -^  of  an  inch  broad ; 
 double  or  triple  gold  rings  soldered  together  and  only 
 \  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  holes  on  both  sides  for 
 threading  them  ;  gold  buttons  or  studs  ^  of  an  inch  high, 
 in  the  cavity  of  which  is  a  ring  above-  -^  of  an  inch 
 broad  for  sewing  them  on  ;  gold  double  buttons,  exactly 
 like  our  shirt  studs,  -^  of  an  inch  long,  which,  however, 
 are  not  soldered,  but  simply  stuck  together,  for  from 
 the    cavity    of    the    one     button    there    projects    a    tube 
 
 *  Dr.  Schliemann  has  strung  these  in  two  sets,  one  of  which,  con- 
 sisting of  4610  pieces,  is  represented  as  Cut  No.  282.  The  other  set, 
 of  4090  pieces,  is  precisely  similar.  The  small  jewels  described  are 
 shown  in  detail  on  Plate  XX.,  No.  278. 
 
1873-] 
 
 THOUSANDS  OF  GOLD  JEWELS. 
 
 339 
 
 a    d 
 
 o 
 
 fe 
 
 h 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 w 
 
 J 
 Id 
 
 K 
 
 ■s 
 
 Z     2 
 
340  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 (auXicncos)  nearly  J  of  an  inch  long,  and  from  the  other 
 a  pin  (efjijSoXov)  of  the  same  length,  and  the  pin  is  merely 
 stuck  into  the  tube  to  form  the  double  stud.  These  double 
 buttons  or  studs  can  only  have  been  used,  probably,  as  orna- 
 ment upon  leather  articles,  for  instance  upon  the  handle- 
 straps  (reXa/xw^es)  of  swords,  shields,  or  knives.  I  found 
 in  the  vase  also  two  gold  cylinders  above  -^  of  an  inch 
 thick  and  f  of  an  inch  long ;  also  a  small  gold  peg 
 above  |-  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  from  y|~q  to  -j-f^  of 
 an  inch  thick ;  it  has  at  one  end  a  perforated  hole  for 
 hanging  it  up,  and  on  the  other  side  six  encircling  in- 
 cisions, which  give  the  article  the  appearance  of  a  screw ; 
 it  is  only  by  means  of  a  magnifying  glass  that  it  is  found 
 not  to  be  really  a  screw.  I  also  found  in  the  same  vase 
 two  pieces  of  gold,  one  of  which  is  ^  of  an  inch,  the  other 
 above  2  inches,  long;   each  of  them  has  21  perforations.* 
 
 The  person  who  endeavoured  to  save  the  Treasure  had 
 fortunately  the  presence  of  mind  to  stand  the  silver  vase, 
 containing  the  valuable  articles  described  above,  upright 
 in  the  chest,  so  that  not  so  much  as  a  bead  could  fall  out, 
 and  everything  has  been  preserved  uninjured. 
 
 My  esteemed  friend  M.  Landerer,  of  Athens,  a  chemist 
 well  known  through  his  discoveries  and  writings,  who  has 
 most  carefully  examined  all  the  copper  articles  of  the 
 Treasure,  and  analysed  the  fragments,  finds  that  all  of 
 them  consist  of  pure  copper  without  any  admixture  of  tin 
 or  zinc,f  and  that,  in  order  to  make  them  more  durable, 
 they  have  been  wrought  with  the  hammer  (o-^vprjXaTov). 
 
 As  I  hoped  to  find  other  treasures  here,  and  also 
 wished  to  bring  to  light  the  wall  that  surrounded  Troy, 
 the  erection  of  which  Homer  J  ascribes  to   Poseidon  and 
 
 *  See  Plate  XX.,  at  top. 
 
 t  The  subsequent  analysis  by  M.  Damour,  of  Lyon,  has,  however, 
 shown  the  presence  of  tin  in  some  of  the  articles  of  the  Treasure, 
 see  Note  C,  p.  361.— [Ed.]  %  Iliad,  VII.  452-453. 
 
I873-]  A  ROOM  IN  THE  PALACE.  341 
 
 Apollo,  as  far  as  the  Scaean  Gate,  I  have  entirely  cut 
 away  the  upper  wall,  which  rested  partly  upon  the  gate, 
 to  an  extent  of  56  feet.  Visitors  to  the  Troad  can,  how- 
 ever, still  see  part  of  it  in  the  north-western  earth-wall 
 opposite  the  Seaman  Gate.  I  have  also  broken  down  the 
 enormous  block  of  earth  which  separated  my  western  and 
 north-western  cutting  from  the  Great  Tower ;  but  in  order 
 to  do  this,  I  had  to  pull  down  the  larger  one  of  my 
 wooden  houses,  and  I  had  also  to  bridge  over  the  Scaean 
 Gate,  so  as  to  facilitate  the  removal  of  the  debris.  The 
 result  of  this  new  excavation  is  very  important  to  archae- 
 ology ;  for  I  have  been  able  to  uncover  several  walls,  and 
 also  a  room  of  the  Royal  Palace,  20  feet  in  length  and 
 breadth,  upon  which  no  buildings  of  a  later  period  rest. 
 
 No.  283.     Terra-cotta  Vessel  in  the  shape  of  a  Cask.     From  the  Palace  (8  M.). 
 
 Of  the  objects  discovered  there  I  have  only  to  mention 
 an  excellently  engraved  inscription  found  upon  a  square 
 piece  of  red  slate,  which  has  two  holes  not  bored  through 
 it  and  an  encircling  incision,  but  neither  can  my  learned 
 friend  Emile  Burnouf  nor  can  I  tell  in  what  language  the 
 inscription  is  written.*  Further,  there  were  some  interesting 
 terra-cottas,  among  which  is  a  vessel,  quite  the  form  of 
 a  modern  cask,  and  with  a  tube  in  the  centre  for  pouring 
 
 *  No.  5,  on  p.  24.     (See  Appendix.) 
 
342 
 
 TROY  AND    ITS   KKMAI  \S. 
 
 [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 in  and  drawing  off  the  liquid.  There  were  also  found 
 upon  the  wall  of  Troy,  i  \  feet  below  the  place  where 
 the  Treasure  was  discovered,  three  silver  dishes  ((^taXat), 
 two  of  which  were  broken  to  pieces  in  digging  down  the 
 
 No.  284.     Large  Silver  Vase  found  in  the  House  of  Priam  (8  M.). 
 
 debris ;  they  can,  however,  be  repaired,  as  I  have  all  the 
 pieces.*  These  dishes  seem  to  have  belonged  to  the 
 Treasure,  and  the  fact  of  the  latter  having  otherwise  escaped 
 our  pickaxes  is  due  to  the  above-mentioned  large  copper 
 vessels  which  projected,  so  that  I  could  cut  everything  out 
 of  the  hard  debris  by  means  of  a  knife. 
 
 :'  These  silver  <£iuAai,  as  shown  in  the  photographs,  are  too  much 
 battered  to  be  worth  engraving ;  but  we  give  a  very  fine  large  silver 
 vase,  which  was  found  in  a  room  of  the  Palace. — [Ed.] 
 
I873-]  EXTENT  OF  TROY.  343 
 
 I  now  perceive  that  the  cutting  which  I  made  in  April 
 1870  was  exactly  at  the  proper  point,  and  that  if  I  had 
 only  continued  it,  I  should  in  a  few  weeks  have  uncovered 
 the  most  remarkable  buildings  in  Troy,  namely,  the  Palace 
 of  King  Priam,  the  Scaean  Gate,  the  Great  Surrounding 
 Wall,  and  the  Great  Tower  of  Ilium ;  whereas,  in  conse- 
 quence of  abandoning  this  cutting,  I  had  to  make  colossal 
 excavations  from  east  to  west  and  from  north  to  south 
 through  the  entire  hill  in  order  to  find  those  most  interest- 
 ing buildings. 
 
 In  the  upper  strata  of  the  north-western  and  western 
 excavations  we  came  upon  another  great  quantity  of  heads 
 of  beautiful  terra-cotta  figures  of  the  best  Hellenic  period, 
 and  at  a  depth  of  23  feet  upon  some  idols,  as  well  as 
 the  upper  portion  of  a  vase  with  the  owl's  face  and  a  lid 
 in  the  form  of  a  helmet.  Lids  of  this  kind,  upon  the 
 edge  of  which  female  hair  is  indicated  by  incisions,  are 
 frequently  found  in  all  the  strata  between  4  and  10  meters 
 (13  and  ^^  feet)  deep,  and  as  they  belong  to  vases  with 
 owls'  faces,  the  number  of  lids  gives  us  an  idea  of  the 
 number  of  the  vases  with  the  figure  of  the  owl-headed 
 Athena,  which  existed  here  in  Troy. 
 
 But  Troy  was  not  large.  I  have  altogether  made 
 twenty  borings  down  to  the  rock,  on  the  west,  south-west, 
 south,  south-east  and  east  of  the  Pergamus,  directly  at 
 its  foot  or  at  some  distance  from  it,  on  the  plateau 
 of  the  Ilium  of  the  Greek  colony.  As  I  find  in  these 
 borings  no  trace  either  of  fragments  of  Trojan  pottery 
 or  of  Trojan  house-walls,  and  nothing  but  fragments  of 
 Hellenic  pottery  arid  Hellenic  house-walls,  and  as,  more- 
 over, the  hill  of  the  Pergamus  has  a  very  steep  slope 
 towards  the  north,  the  north-east,  and  the  north-west,  facing 
 the  Hellespont,  and  is  also  very  steep  towards  the  Plain, 
 the  city  could  not  possibly  have  extended  in  any  one  of 
 these  directions.  I  now  most  emphatically  declare  that 
 the  city  of  Priam  cannot  have  extended  on  any  one  side 
 
344  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [CHAP.  XXIII. 
 
 beyond  the  primeval  plateau  of  this  fortress,  the  circum- 
 ference of  which  is  indicated  to  the  south  and  south-west 
 by  the  Great  Tower  and  the  Scrcan  Gate,  and  to  the 
 north-west,  north-east  and  east  by  the  surrounding  wall 
 of  Troy.  The  city  was  so  strongly  fortified  by  nature 
 on  the  north  side,  that  the  wall  there  consisted  only  of 
 those  large  blocks  of  stone,  loosely  piled  one  upon  another 
 in  the  form  of  a  wall,  which  last  year  gave  me  such 
 immense  trouble  to  remove.  This  wall  can  be  recog- 
 nized at  once,  immediately  to  the  right  in  the  northern 
 entrance  of  my  large  cutting,  which  runs  through  the 
 entire  hill. 
 
 I  am  extremely  disappointed  at  being  obliged  to  give 
 so  small  a  plan  of  Troy ;  nay,  I  had  wished  to  be  able  to 
 make  it  a  thousand  times  larger,  but  I  value  truth  above 
 everything,  and  I  rejoice  that  my  three  years'  excavations 
 have  laid  open  the  Homeric  Troy,  even  though  on  a 
 diminished  scale,  and  that  I  have  proved  the  Iliad  to  be 
 based  upon  real  facts. 
 
 Homer  is  an  epic  poet,  and  not  an  historian  :  so  it  is 
 quite  natural  that  he  should  have  exaggerated  everything 
 with  poetic  licence.  Moreover,  the  events  which  he  describes 
 are  so  marvellous,  that  many  scholars  have  long  doubted  the 
 very  existence  of  Troy,  and  have  considered  the  city  to  be  a 
 mere  invention  of  the  poet's  fancy.  I  venture  to  hope  that 
 the  civilized  world  will  not  only  not  be  disappointed  that 
 the  city  of  Priam  has  shown  itself  to  be  scarcely  a  twen- 
 tieth part  as  large  as  was  to  be  expected  from  the  statements 
 of  the  Iliad,  but  that,  on  the  contrary,  it  will  accept  with 
 delight  and  enthusiasm  the  certainty  that  Ilium  did  really 
 exist,  that  a  large  portion  of  it  has  now  been  brought  to 
 light,  and  that  Homer,  even  although  he  exaggerates,  never- 
 theless sings  of  events  that  actually  happened.  Besides,  it 
 ought  to  be  remembered  that  the  area  of  Troy,  now  reduced 
 to  this  small  hill,  is  still  as  large  as,  or  even  larger  than,  the 
 royal  city  of  Athens,  which  was  confined  to  the  Acropolis, 
 
1873.]  THE  HOUSES  OF  TROY.  345 
 
 and  did  not  extend  beyond  it,  till  the  time  when  Theseus 
 added  the  twelve  villages,  and  the  city  was  consequently 
 named  in  the  plural  'AOfjpou.  It  is  very  likely  that  the 
 same  happened  to  the  town  of  Mycenae  (Mvqrai),  which 
 Homer  describes  as  being  rich  in  gold,  and  which  is  also 
 spoken  of  in  the  singular,  evpvdyvia  Mv/ojwj* 
 
 But  this  little  Troy  was  immensely  rich  for  the  circum- 
 stances of  those  times,  since  I  find  here  a  treasure  of  gold 
 and  silver  articles,  such  as  is  now  scarcely  to  be  found  in  an 
 emperor's  palace ;  and  as  the  town  was  wealthy,  so  was  it 
 also  powerful,  and  ruled  over  a  large  territory. 
 
 The  houses  of  Troy  were  all  very  high  and  had  several 
 storeys,  as  is  obvious  from  the  thickness  of  the  walls  and 
 the  colossal  heaps  of  dibris.  But  even  if  we  assume  the 
 houses  to  have  been  of  three  storeys,  and  standing  close  by 
 the  side  of  one  another,  the  town  can  nevertheless  not  have 
 contained  more  than  5000  inhabitants,  and  cannot  have 
 mustered  more  than  500  soldiers;  but  it  could  always  raise 
 a  considerable  army  from  among  its  subjects,  and  as  it 
 was  rich  and  powerful,  it  could  obtain  mercenaries  from  all 
 quarters. 
 
 As  I  do  not  rind  in  my  shafts  (that  is,  beyond  the 
 hill  itself)  a  trace  of  earthenware  belonging  to  the  suc- 
 cessors of  the  Trojans  up  to  the  time  of  the  Greek  colony, 
 it  may  with  certainty  be  assumed  that  Troy  had  increased 
 in  size  at  Homer's  time  only  to  the  small  amount  of 
 what  was  added  through  the  heaps  of  rubbish  caused 
 by  the  destruction  of  the  city.  Homer  can  never  have 
 seen  Ilium's  Great  Tower,  the  surrounding  wall  of  Poseidon 
 and  Apollo,  the  Scaean  Gate  or  the  Palace  of  King  Priam, 
 for  all  these  monuments  lay  buried  deep  in  heaps  of 
 rubbish,  and  he  made  no  excavations  to  bring  them  to 
 light.  He  knew  of  these  monuments  of  immortal  fame 
 only  from  hearsay,  for  the  tragic  fate  of  ancient  Troy  was 
 
 *  Iliad,  IV.  52. 
 
346  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 then  still  in  fresh  remembrance,  and  had  already  been  for 
 centuries  in  the  mouth  of  all  minstrels.* 
 
 Homer  rarely  mentions  temples,  and,  although  he  speaks 
 of  the  temple  of  Athena,  yet,  considering  the  smallness  of 
 the  city,  it  is  very  doubtful  whether  it  actually  existed.  It 
 is  probable  that  the  tutelar  goddess  at  that  time  pos- 
 sessed only  the  sacrificial  altar  which  I  discovered,  and  the 
 crescent  form  of  which  greatly  resembles  the  upper  portion 
 of  the  ivory  idol  found  in  the  lowest  strata,f  as  well  as  the 
 one  end  of  the  six  talents  contained  among  the  Treasure. 
 
 The  position,  size,  and  depth  of  all  my  shafts  will  be 
 found  most  accurately  specified  on  my  plan  of  the  Ilium 
 of  the  Greek  colony ;  J  I  therefore  refrain  from  repeating 
 these  statements  here,  so  as  not  to  weary  the  reader.  I 
 also  add  an  accurate  plan  of  my  excavations.§  a  plan  of 
 the  Scaean  Gate  and  of  the  Great  Tower  of  Ilium, ||  and 
 lastly,  a  plan  of  the  city  of  Troy  at  the  time  of  the  great 
 destruction  (Plan  IV.). 
 
 The  Scaean  Gate  gives  us  the  age  of  the  royal  edifice 
 in  front  of  which  it  stands,  and  of  the  vessels  of  pottery 
 which  are  found  in  that  house.  This  earthenware  is  indeed 
 better  than  what  is  generally  found  here  at  a  depth  of  from 
 7  to  10  meters  (23  to  o,^  feet),  but  it  is  exactly  similar;  and 
 consequently   all    the    strata   of  debris  from   these   depths 
 
 *  Nothing  can  be  clearer  than  Homer's  own  testimony  on  this  point, 
 when  he  invokes  the  Muses  to  inspire  him  with  the  knowledge  of  what 
 lie  had  only  heard  by  report  (Iliad,  II.  484-487)  : — 
 
 ''EinreTe   vvv  fxoi,    Movoai  'OXi'ifxiria  Sw/xar*   e^ovcrai, — 
 'T/xus  yap  deal  tare,  rrdpecrre  re,  tcrre  re  iravra, 
 'H/xeiS  5e   KXeos  olov  aKuvofiev,   ov5e  ri  ifS/uep — 
 O'l  rives  i)yefioves  Aavauv  taxi  tcoipavoi  rfcrav. 
 
 "Say  now,  ye  Nine,  who  on  Olympus  dwell, 
 Muses — for  ye  are  Goddesses,  and  ye 
 Were  present,  and  know  all  things  :  we  ourselves 
 />';//  hear  from  Rumour  s  voice,   and  nothing  know — 
 Who  were  the  chiefs  and  mighty  lords  of  Greece." — [Ed.] 
 
 t  See  No.  14  on  the  Plate  of  Idols,  p.  36. 
 
 %  Plan  I.  §  Plan  U.  ||  Plan  III.  (see  p.  306). 
 
I873-J 
 
 THE  FIRST  AND  SECOND   NATIONS. 
 
 347 
 
 belong  to  the  Trojan  people.  These  strata  are  composed 
 of  red,  yellow,  and  occasionally  black  wood-ashes,  and 
 every  stone  found  there  bears  the  marks  of  the  fearful  heat 
 to  which  it  has  been  exposed.  In  these  strata  we  never 
 meet  with  those  brilliant  black  plates  and  dishes,  with  a 
 long  horizontal  ring  on  either  side,  found  at  the  depth  of 
 from  13  to  16  meters  (42^  to  52^  feet),  nor  do  we  meet 
 with  the  vases  with  two  long  tubes  on  either  side.     Besides 
 
 Plan  IV. — Plan  of  Troy  at  the  Epoch  of  Priam,  according  to  Dr.  Schliemann's  Excavations. 
 
 the  vessels  in  the  lowest  strata  are  entirely  different  in 
 quality  and  in  form  from  those  found  at  a  depth  of  from 
 23  to  33  feet,  so  that  they  certainly  cannot  have  belonged  to 
 the  same  people.  But  they  belong,  at  all  events,  to  a  kindred 
 Aryan  nation,  as  these  too  possessed  in  common  with  the 
 Trojans  the  whorls  ornamented  with  Aryan  religious 
 symbols,  and  also  idols  of  the  Ilian  Athena.  I  formerly 
 believed  that  the  most  ancient  people  who  inhabited  this 
 site  were  the  Trojans,  because  I  fancied  that  among  their 
 ruins    I    had    found   the    SeVag    a^LKvireWov,   but   I   now 
 
348  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 perceive  that  Priam's  people  were  the  succeeding  nation, 
 because  in  their  ruins  I  have  discovered  the  actual  SeWs 
 ajjL(f)LKV7re\\ov,  made  of  gold  and  also  of  terra-cotta,  and 
 likewise  the  Scaoan  Gate. 
 
 Several  geologists,  who  have  visited  me  here,  maintain 
 that  the  stratum  of  scoriae,  which  runs  through  the  greater 
 part  of  the  hill,  at  an  average  depth  of  9  meters  (29^  feet), 
 has  been  formed  by  melted  lead  and  copper  ore,  quantities 
 of  which  must  have  existed  here  at  the  time  of  the  destruc- 
 tion of  Troy ;  and  this  opinion  is  also  shared  by  the 
 engineer,  Adolphe  Laurent,  who  has  returned  to  help  me 
 with  my  last  works,  and  to  make  some  new  plans. 
 
 Strabo  says,*  "  No  trace  of  the  ancient  city  (Troy)  has 
 been  preserved.  This  is  very  natural ;  for,  as  ail  the  towns 
 round  about  were  desolated,  yet  not  completely  destroyed, 
 while  Troy  was  razed  to  the  ground,  so  all  the  stones  were 
 carried  off  to  renovate  the  others.  Thus,  at  least,  Archrca- 
 nax  of  Mitylene  is  said  to  have  built  a  wall  round  Sigeum 
 with  the  stones."  These  statements  of  Strabo  are,  however, 
 completely  erroneous,  and  the  tradition  of  antiquity,  that 
 Troy  was  razed  to  the  ground,  can  only  be  explained  by  its 
 having  been  buried  deep  beneath  colossal  masses  of  wood- 
 ashes  and  stone,  which  were  built  over  by  a  new  town  ;  the 
 latter  being  again  destroyed,  and  again  surmounted  by 
 buildings  which  had  a  similar  fate  ;  till  at  last  the  mass  of 
 debris  lying  upon  Troy  reached  a  height  of  from  6  to 
 8  meters  (20  to  16  feet),  and  upon  this  was  established  the 
 Acropolis  of  the  Ilium  of  the  Greek  colony. 
 
 In  consequence  of  my  former  mistaken  idea,  that  Troy 
 was  to  be  found  on  the  primary  soil  or  close  above  it,  I 
 unfortunately,  in  1871  and  1872,  destroyed  a  large  portion 
 of  the  city,  for  I  at  that  time  broke  down  all  the  house- 
 walls  in  the  higher  strata  which  obstructed  my  way.  This 
 year,  however,  as  soon  as  I  had  come  by  clear  proofs  to  the 
 
 XIII.  p.  599,  ed.  Forbiger. 
 
I873-J  PRESENT  STATE  OF  THE  RUINS.  349 
 
 firm  conviction  that  Troy  was  not  to  be  found  upon  the 
 primary  soil,  but  at  a  depth  of  from  23  to  2>?>  feet?  I 
 ceased  to  break  down  any  house-wall  in  these  strata,  so 
 that  in  my  excavations  of  this  year  a  number  of  Trojan 
 houses  have  been  brought  to  light.  They  will  still  stand 
 for  centuries,  and  visitors  to  the  Troad  may  convince 
 themselves  that  the  stones  of  the  Trojan  buildings  can 
 never  have  been  used  for  building  other  towns,  for  the 
 greater  part  of  them  are  still  in  situ.  Moreover,  they  are 
 small,  and  millions  of  such  stones  are  to  be  found  upon  all 
 the  fields  of  this  district. 
 
 Valuable  stones,  such  as  those  large  flags  which  cover 
 the  road  leading  from  the  Scaean  Gate  to  the  Plain,  as  well 
 as  the  stones  of  the  enclosing  wall  and  of  the  Great  Tower, 
 have  been  left  untouched,  and  not  a  single  stone  of  the 
 Scaean  Gate  is  wanting.  Nay,  with  the  exception  of  the 
 houses  which  I  mvself  destroyed,  it  would  be  quite  possible 
 to  uncover  the  "  carcasses  "  of  all  the  houses,  as  in  the  case 
 of  Pompeii.  The  houses,  as  I  have  already  said,  must  have 
 been  very  high,  and  a  great  deal  of  wood  must  have  been 
 used  in  their  construction,  for  otherwise  the  conflagration 
 could  not  have  produced  such  an  enormous  quantity  of 
 ashes  and  rubbish. 
 
 In  my  excavations  of  1871  and  1872,  at  a  depth  of 
 from  7  to  10  meters  (23  to  ^>3  feet),  I  found  only  house- 
 walls  composed  of  sun-dried  bricks ;  and,  as  anyone  may 
 convince  himself  by  examining  the  houses  which  I  have  un- 
 covered, this  style  of  building  was  almost  exclusively  met 
 with  during  that  year.  It  is  only  the  buildings  by  the  side 
 of  the  Scaean  Gate,  and  a  few  houses  in  the  depths  of  the 
 Temple  of  Athena,  that  are  made  of  stones  and  earth. 
 
 As  may  be  seen  from  my  plan  of  the  site  of  Troy,  I 
 have  excavated  two-thirds  of  the  entire  city ;  and,  as 
 I  have  brought  to  light  the  Great  Tower,  the  Scaean  Gate, 
 the  city  wall  of  Troy,  the  royal  palace,  the  sacrificial  altar 
 of    the    Ilian   Athena,   and    so    forth,   I    have    uncovered 
 
35° 
 
 TROY  AND    ITS    REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 the  grandest  buildings,  and,  in  fact,  the  best  part  of  the 
 city.  I  have  also  made  an  exceedingly  copious  collection  of 
 all  the  articles  of  the  domestic  life  and  the  religion  of  the 
 Trojans  ;  and  therefore  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  science 
 would  gain  anything  more  by  further  excavations.  If, 
 however,  my  excavations  should  at  any  time  be  continued, 
 I  urgently  entreat  those  who  do  so  to  throw  the  debris 
 
 No.  285.     Splendid  Terra-cotta  Vase  from  the  Palace  of  Priam. 
 
 This  is  the  largest  vase  of  the  type  frequent  in  the  ruins,  with  two  small  handles  and  two  great 
 upright  wings.     The  cover  was  found  near  it. 
 
 of  their  diggings  from  the  declivity  of  the  hill,  and  not  to 
 fill  up  the  colossal  cuttings  which  I  have  made  with  such 
 infinite  trouble  and  at  such  great  expense,  for  they  are  of 
 great  value  to  archaeology,  inasmuch  as  in  these  cuttings 
 all  the  strata  of  debris,  from  the  primary  soil  up  to  the 
 surface  of  the  hill,  can  be  examined  with  little  trouble. 
 
I873-] 
 
 REMARKABLE  TERRA-COTTAS. 
 
 351 
 
 On  the  north  side  of  the  hill,  I  have  now  also  uncovered 
 several  house-walls  at  a  depth  of  13  meters  (42  i  feet),  and 
 also  the  beginning  of  that  remarkable  wall  of  fortification 
 already  mentioned,  the  continuation  of  which  may  be  seen 
 in  the  labyrinth  of  house-walls  in  the  depths  of  the  Temple 
 of  Athena.  On  the  north  side,  above  the  primary  soil,  I 
 have  also  brought  to  light  a  portion  of  the  pavement 
 already  mentioned,  composed  of  small,  round  white  sea- 
 pebbles,  below  which 
 are  the  calcined  ruins 
 of  a  building  which 
 formerly  stood  there. 
 
 Among  some  very 
 remarkable  terra-cottas 
 discovered  since  my  last 
 report,  I  must  mention 
 two  jugs  found  on  the 
 
 No.  286.     Curious  double-necked  Jug  (8  M.). 
 
 No.  287.  Terra-cotta  Vessel  consisting 
 of  three  Goblets  rising  out  of  a  tube 
 on  three  feet  (4  ai.).  —  [6  M.  in  Atlas.] 
 
 north  side,  at  a  depth  of  from  23  to  16  feet,  each  of 
 which  has  two  upright  necks  standing  side  by  side,  but 
 their  handles  are  united.  One  of  them  has  also  beside  the 
 mouths  two  small  elevations,  which  may  probably  indicate 
 eyes.  Of  a  third  jug  of  this  kind,  I  only  found  the  upper 
 portion.  I  must  also  mention  an  exceedingly  curious  cup, 
 discovered  at  a  depth  of  4  meters  (13  feet),  which  consists  of 
 a  tube  resting  upon  three  feet  and  ending  in  one  large  and 
 
35^  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 two  small  goblets  ;  the  larger  goblet  is  connected  with  the 
 opposite  side  of  the  tube  by  a  handle.  At  the  same  depth 
 I  met  with  a  large  vase,  from  which  projects  a  separate 
 small  vase ;  it  is  ornamented  with  incisions,  and  has  three 
 feet  and  two  very  pretty  handles  and  rings  for  hanging  it 
 up.  I  found  likewise,  at  the  depth  of  13  feet,  a  vase 
 with  two  female  breasts,  two  large  handles  and  engrav- 
 ings resembling  letters.  Among  other  extremely  curious 
 terra-cottas,  I  must  also  mention  three  pots  with  three 
 rows  of  perforations ;  they  have  the  usual  handle  on  one 
 side  and  three  feet  on  the  other ;  also  three  large  vases  with 
 
 No.  288.     Terra-cotta  Vessel  in  the  form  of  a  Pig,  with         No.   289.     A  round  Terra-cotta,  stamped 
 legs  too  short  to  stand  it  on  (7  M.).  with  Hieroglyphics  (i£  M.). 
 
 perforations  right  round,  on  all  sides  from  the  bottom  to 
 the  top ;  their  use  is  a  riddle  to  me ;  can  they  have  served 
 as  bee-hives  ?  #  Also  a  vessel  in  the  form  of  a  pig  with 
 four  feet,  which  are,  however,  shorter  than  the  belly,  so 
 that  the  vessel  cannot  stand  upon  them ;  the  neck  of  the 
 vessel,  which  is  attached  to  the  back  of  the  pig,  is 
 connected  with  the  hinder  part  by  a  handle.  I  further 
 found  a  pot  in  the  form  of  a  basket  with  a  handle  crossing 
 the  mouth,  and  with  a  tube  in  the  bulge  for  drawing  off 
 the  liquid.  Also  two  terra-cotta  funnels,  at  a  depth  of 
 10  feet,  with  a  letter,  which  I  have  repeatedly  met  with  on 
 some  of  the  terra-cottas  of  which  I  have   given   drawings, 
 
 *  Certainly  not ;  but  they  may  have  served  for  burning  charcoal  or 
 incense.- — [Ed.] 
 
1873.]  IDOLS  WITH  HEADS  OF  ANIMALS.  $$$ 
 
 and  which  therefore  will  probably  be  deciphered.  At  a 
 depth  of  5  feet  I  found  one  of  those  round  twice-perforated 
 terra-cottas  with  a  stamp,  in  which  there  are  Egyptian 
 hieroglyphics ;  also  a  dozen  of  the  same  articles  in  the 
 stamps  of  which  are  a  crowned  head,  a  bird,  a  dog's  head, 
 a  flying  man  or  an  eagle  and  a  stag.  At  a  depth  of 
 i6i  feet,  I  found  the  handle  of  a  cup  with  the  beautifully 
 modelled  head  of  a  bull,  which  probably  represents  the 
 /3ow77i5  ttotvhx  'Hpy  :*  however,  this  cannot  be  proved, 
 for  up  to  that  time  I  had  never  found  an  idol  with  the  head 
 of  an  ox.  Neither  can  I  prove  that  the  terra-cottas  here 
 frequently  met  with,  in  the  form  of  horses'  heads,  represent 
 the  mother  of  Hera,  Cybele  or  Rhea ;  but  it  is  very  likely, 
 
 No.  290.     Fragment  of  a  Terra-cotta  Vessel,  in  the  shape  of  a  Horse's  Head  (4  M.). 
 
 for,  as  is  well  known,  in  Phrygia  she  was  represented  with 
 a  horse's  head.  Terra-cotta  idols  of  the  Ilian  Athena  are 
 rarely  met  with ;  but  we  daily  find  marble  idols  of  this 
 goddess,  most  of  which  have  almost  a  human  form.  We 
 also  frequently  come  upon  oblong  flat  pieces  of  rough 
 marble,  upon  which  the  owl's  face  of  the  goddess  is  more 
 or  less  deeply  engraved.  It  is  often  so  finely  scratched  that 
 the  aid  of  a  magnifying  glass  is  required  to  convince  one 
 that  it  actually  exists ;  we  found  several  such  pieces  of 
 marble  where  the  owl's  head  was  painted  in  a  black  colour. 
 Since  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  they  are  idols  of 
 the  tutelary  divinity  of  Troy,   I   have   carefully   collected 
 
 *  See  the  similar  example,  No.  208,  p.  294. 
 
 2     A 
 
354  TROY  AND   ITS  REMAINS.  [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 them ;  but  in  1871  and  1872  seven-eighths  of  all  the  marble 
 idols  must  have  escaped  my  notice,  for  at  that  time  I  had 
 no  idea  of  their  significance. 
 
 In  excavating  the  ground  upon  which  my  wooden 
 house  had  stood,  we  found,  at  a  depth  of  from  9  to 
 19  inches,  eighteen  copper  and  two  silver  medals;  one  of 
 the  latter  is  of  Marcus  Aurelius.  The  other  is  a  tetra- 
 drachm  of  the  island  of  Tenedos ;  on  the  obverse,  to  the 
 right,  is  the  head  of  Jupiter,  to  the  left  that  of  Juno,  both 
 having  one  neck  in  common,  like  the  heads  of  Janus.  The 
 head  of  Jupiter  is  crowned  with  laurels,  that  of  Juno  has  a 
 wreath  or  crown.  Upon  the  reverse  of  the  coin  there  is 
 a  laurel  wreath  round  the  edge,  and  in  the  centre  a  large 
 double  axe,  above  which  stands  the  word  TENEAIfiN : 
 below  and  to  the  right  of  the  handle  of  the  double  axe 
 there  is  a  winged  Eros,  who  is  holding  up  an  object  which 
 it  is  difficult  to  distinguish ;  to  the  left  is  a  bunch  of  grapes 
 and  a  monogram,  which  looks  like  the  letter  A. 
 
 Of  the  copper  coins,  five  are  of  Alexandria  Troas,  two 
 of  Ophrynium,  one  of  Tenedos,  two  of  Abydos,  and  one  of 
 Dardania.  Two  have  on  one  side  the  bust  of  Julia  Domna, 
 with  the  inscription  IOTAIA  2EBA2TH  ;  one  of  these  has 
 on  the  reverse  the  full-length  figure  of  this  empress  with 
 the  inscription  IAIEHN,  and  the  other  has  the  figure  of 
 Hector  with  the  inscription  IAIEHN  9KTI2P.  The  other 
 medals  belong  to  an  earlier  period  of  Ilium,  and  have  on 
 the  one  side  the  bust  of  Athena,  and  on  the  other  the 
 inscription  IAIEHN. 
 
 In  April  of  this  year,  when  I  uncovered  the  road  paved 
 with  large  flags  of  stone,  which  leads  from  the  Scaean  Gate 
 to  the  Plain,  the  stones  looked  as  new  as  if  they  had  just 
 been  hewn.  But  since  then,  under  the  influence  of  the 
 burning  sun,  the  flags  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  road, 
 which  have  specially  suffered  from  the  conflagration  that 
 destroyed  the  city,  are  rapidly  crumbling  away,  and  will 
 probably  have  quite  disappeared  in  a  few  years.     However, 
 
1873.]  GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS.  o>55 
 
 the  flags  of  stone  on  the  north-western  half  of  the  road 
 which  have  been  less  exposed  to  the  heat,  may  still  last 
 many  centuries. 
 
 The  following  inscriptions  were  found  at  a  depth  of 
 from  19  inches  to  3^  feet  below  my  wooden  house. 
 
 ZA 
 
 , .  .EX  A  I ,.  ......  NOY 
 
 5 ABOYKOA ETPAN4> 
 
 .  .  ..ZKATA7TAH0OZEIZOINIZTPA. 
 
 ..TUN  EtH<j>IZ0AlXKAAPE1  ZO. 
 
 .  .Z  AN  A  PA  I  TOYZZYN0HZOMEN. 
 
 .  ...E  PONYTTHPX  EN  KAlZTriAft. 
 10....I  E  N  TflTilN  ZAMO0PAK 
 
 .  ...I  Z  A1TO  KA0I  ZTAMENO 
 
 ....ENOYZTHNZYN0EZIN 
 
 MOAOnAZTOANTirPA  ...... 
 
 O  I  K  H  XO  NTE  X  H  P  E0H  X 
 
 15 OH E I  ©O Y"M  I A  HT  IO  X . . . 
 
 ©0YAIOTTEIAHXB...., 
 
 TI^ANH  ZATT 
 
 era 
 
 ....  ecrat vov(s .  .  . 
 
 5    <x/3ovko\ erpav  <p  .  .  . 
 
 ....  5  /caret  7r\.rj0o<;  ets  olvurrpa 
 
 .  .  tojv  ixjjr)(f)icr6aL  S/caSpet<?  o 
 
 .  .9  avSpas  tovs  crvvdiqcrojJLev^ov^ .  .  .  . 
 
 ....  epov  VTrrjp-)(ev  /cat  arrjXco 
 
 10    .  .  .  .  t  ip  T(o  tcov  SafiodpaK^atv 
 
 .  .  .  .  t<?  a7ro/ca^tcrra/xeV(o 
 
 ....  evovs  ttjv  crvvOecriv 
 
 6)/xoXoytas  to  avTiypa{<f)ov .  .  . 
 
 oiKrj(TOVTe<$  ypedr)cr{av 
 
 15    At)o7ret^ov  MtX^Vto? 
 
 6ov  ALoireiBrjs  B 
 
 Av^)TL<f)dvr]q  'Av 
 
 2     A     2 
 
35^ 
 
 TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Chap.  XXIII. 
 
 This  inscription  contains  a  contract  for  a  settlement  and 
 gives  the  names  of  the  men  selected  for  founding  it ; 
 S/caSpei?  is  an  unknown  word,  which  has  never  before  been 
 met  with. 
 
 \XN 
 J2ZXIAIAZ 
 ilZTH'Z  AOOEIZHZ 
 
 EIPENTEKA  lOYEAABo 
 6  BAAAO  NTftlENIAYTO 
 
 TH  N  I YN  EA  PE I A  NoYKA 
 
 THZBOOZTHNTIMHNY 
 
 "TCirKPEnNTAEAOlPA 
 
 TPJIBOAONTHNTOAINTHM 
 10  KA  Z A  N  TOYZTO  KO  Y  Z  TOYZ 
 
 KOZIAZTEZZAPAKONTATE 
 
 ©ETozAlAKoziA  ZTEZ.Z  A 
 
 KAIOTITHNZYNEAPELA1 
 
 TEIAANPENTAKOZIAZKAITH 
 isPHMENHZTHZTIMHZTiirKPE 
 
 TAAYO 
 
 a>9  y^Xia? 
 
 .  .  .  e)o)<s  rrjs  So^eur^s 
 
 .  .  et  irevTE  ko\  ov  e'Xa/3o 
 
 .TO  €7n)/3aXXov  TOOL  €VLaVT(o(l  .  .  .  . 
 
 .ttjv  aweSpeuav  ov  kol 
 
 •  TtJ?  /3oOS  TTjV  TljXTjV   V 
 
 .  Tcjy  Kpecov  rots  Xot,7ra(s 
 
 .  re)  Tp(iof3o\ov  ttjv  ttoXlv  tt][jl  .  .  . 
 
 .rjpdy;^Kaaav  tovs  tokovs  tovs.  . 
 
 .  a)/cocria5  TecraapaKovra  ire{yTe . 
 
 .  0€Tos  Sta/cocrta?  reo~aa{pa 
 
 kolL  otl  tt)v  o~vvehpeLa{y 
 
 a.7rea)r€L\av  TrevraKoaia^  kcu  ttj. 
 py)ix4vr)<;  rfjs  Tifirj^  rwy  Kpe(wv .  .  . 
 Takav  i)ra  Svo 
 
 In  this  day  closing  the  excavations  at  Ilium  for  ever,  I 
 cannot   but   fervently  thank  God  for  His  great   mercy,  in 
 
1873-3  DR-  SCHLIEMANN'S  ASSISTANTS.  357 
 
 that,  notwithstanding  the  terrible  danger  to  which  we 
 have  been  exposed  owing  to  the  continual  hurricanes, 
 during  the  last  three  years'  gigantic  excavations,  no  mis- 
 fortune has  happened,  no  one  has  been  killed,  and  no  one 
 has  even  been  seriously  hurt. 
 
 In  conclusion,  I  cannot  refrain  from  most  strongly 
 recommending  Nikolaos  Saphyros  Jannakis,  of  the  neigh- 
 bouring village  of  Renko'i,  to  all  those  who,  sooner  or  later, 
 may  wish  to  make  excavations  in  the  Plain  of  Troy  or  in 
 the  neighbourhood.  During  all  my  excavations  here,  since 
 April  1870,  he  has  been  my  attendant,  cook,  and  cashier. 
 It  is  in  the  latter  capacity  especially  that  I  find  him  incom- 
 parably useful  on  account  of  his  honesty,  which  has  been 
 well  tested,  and  also  on  account  of  his  knowing  the  names  and 
 capabilities  of  every  workman  in  the  Troad.  In  addition  to 
 this,  his  size  and  herculean  strength,  his  cleverness,  and  his 
 thorough  knowledge  of  the  Turkish  language,  are  ex- 
 cellently adapted  for  settling  the  difficulties  which  con- 
 tinually arise  in  reference  to  the  excavations  with  the 
 Turkish  officials.  I  must  also  specially  recommend  my 
 foreman  Spiridion  Demetrios  of  Athens,  and  Captain 
 Georgios  Tsirogiannis  of  Limme  in  Euboea,  for  they  have 
 here  learnt  by  long  experience  the  easiest  way  of  removing 
 colossal  masses  of  debris,  and  they  have  in  addition  the 
 gift  of  command.  I  can  also  most  strongly  recommend 
 my  accomplished  draughtsman,  Polychronios  Lempessis, 
 of  Salamis,  who  has  here  made  all  the  drawings  of  my 
 work  from  Plate  119  to  190.*  Lastly,  I  can  speak  with 
 the  utmost  satisfaction  of  my  engineer  Adolphe  Laurent, 
 who  has  made  the  ground  plans  for  me  from  first  to  last. 
 
 *  This  refers,  of  course,  to  Dr.  Schliemann's  Atlas  of  photographic 
 illustrations,  of  which  all  the  most  valuable  are  reproduced  in  the  present 
 translation  in  a  greatly  improved  style  of  execution. — [Ed.] 
 
358  TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS.  [Note  A. 
 
 Note  A. 
 THE   RIVER   SIMOIS. 
 
 As  the  present  name  of  the  Simois,  Dnnibrek,  is  not  a  Turkish  word, 
 some  take  it  for  a  corruption  of  the  name  Thymbrius,  and  use  it  to  prove 
 that  the  river — which,  flowing  past  the  foot  of  the  ruins  of  Ophrynium, 
 runs  through  the  north-eastern  valley  of  the  Plain  of  Troy,  and  falls  into 
 the  Kalifatli  Asmak,  the  very  ancient  bed  of  the  Scamander,  in  front 
 of  Ilium — is  the  Thymbrius,  and  cannot  possibly  be  the  Simois. 
 
 To  this  I  reply  :  that  there  is  no  example  of  a  Greek  word  ending  in 
 os  being  rendered  in  Turkish  by  a  word  ending  in  a  k  :  further  that 
 Dumbrek  must  certainly  be  a  corruption  of  the  two  Turkish  words  ,*}^Jb 
 Ojj  Don  barek.  Don  signifies  'ice,'  and  bank  the  'possession'  or 
 the  'habitation';  the  two  words  therefore  mean  much  the  same  thing  as 
 containing  ice,  and  the  name  might  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  the  inun- 
 dations caused  by  the  Simois  are  frequently  frozen  over  in  winter,  when 
 the  whole  north-eastern  plain  forms  a  sheet  of  ice.  Throughout  antiquity, 
 however,  the  river  was  called  the  Simois,  for  according  to  Strabo  (XIII. 
 1.  p.  103),  the  grove  dedicated  to  Hector  was  situated  on  a  hill  near 
 Ophrynium;  according  to  Lycophron  (Cassandra),  the  hero  was  buried 
 in  Ophrynium ;  and  according  to  Virgil,*  who  is  the  most  conscientious 
 preserver  of  ancient  traditions,  Hector's  tomb  was  situated  in  a  little 
 grove  on  the  shores  of  the  Simois. 
 
 *  Alneid,  III.  302-305  : — 
 
 "  Ante  urbem  in  luco,  falsi  Simoentis  ad  undam, 
 Libabat  cineri  Andromache  manesque  vocabat 
 Hectoreum  ad  tumulum,  viridi  quern  ciespite  inanem, 
 Et  geminas,  causam  lacrimis,  sacraverat  aras." 
 
Note  B.] 
 
 TABLES  OF  TROJAN  WEIGHTS. 
 
 359 
 
 d 
 
 u 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 iw 
 
 d 
 
 O 
 
 d 
 
 g 
 
 > 
 
 /. 
 
 bo 
 
 .  s 
 
 <u 
 
 S 
 
 PV 
 
 •H 
 
 d  * 
 
 £ 
 
 -r 
 
 u 
 
 * 
 
 fl 
 
 t/3 
 
 ■— 
 
 rt 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 M 
 
 3 
 
 d 
 
 H 
 
 <i> 
 
 aj 
 
 _ 
 
 ■/. 
 
 rcf 
 
 <D 
 
 > 
 
 rt  Q 
 
 a    ^ 
 
 o 
 
 rd      O 
 
 Fk 
 
 ^3 
 
 OM  lOO   NiOM   O  "1  u-ivo  CO    •*}-  t)-  O  "">  O  CO   O   O  m  .2 
 _    O    O   ►"    M   ci   co  co  u->  u->vo  ^O  ^O   t-~CO   "itommO  NN     o 
 _   _   _,   H   o    n   p)    co  co  en  CO  co  co  co  CO  co  co  co  co  CO  CO  co  •<*■  <*■  tJ-  t)-  u->  u->  in    p^ 
 
 M    ultO-t  CO 
 
 O-^-O'-Onc^co—   r-.  coco   N  00 
 NNON^O    i-i    fl  tJ-  N  O   "1  1^  't 
 
 „„HHM      ^*T|-N 
 
 vocO  in  tJ- 
 
 CJ\  O  w   CO 
 
 -    M    CO 
 
 i^  w   C\  o    O    M   coco  io^O  CO  CO    ^J"»oO  io  io  lo 
 r^o   ioO    O    ^t   '^-tj-ioioio  u->^o  «   NNtsul 
 
 CO  CI    LOCO 
 
 t^  O   O   el 
 
 CI    CI    CO 
 
 CO    ON    N.O  00>O    w->Cn 
 CT\  *tvO   0\  M   N  O  W  O 
 
 1-ci-ii-iMMCO^-lO 
 
 vO    N    CO  CO  Tf  Q 
 
36c 
 
 TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS. 
 
 [Note  H. 
 
 c-l   co  n  to  n  to  O  OO 
 
 cONO    Tf  t-»  k-iOO  00    "tf" 
 to  tl  T  ■+  W  tONO    i 
 
 co  —  toco   o  m  in 
 «    ^"  Tf-  rj-  to  CS  00 
 
 O  oo  to 
 OnnO    t-» 
 
 to  O 
 
 00    w 
 
 tONO  P)  O  *mO  O  ■*  «  N  O  uiian'ti 
 r}-  tJ-  .o  On  «  oioo  11  co  ■*  N  to  -3-  O  M  to 
 wwdi-CNlCNtCNlcOCOCOCOT)-  tONO  NO    f* 
 
 <u 
 
 ]J 
 
 0 
 
 t/3 
 
 Pi 
 
 TJ 
 
 a; 
 
 w 
 
 O 
 
 t/3 
 
 to  •*  t-»  N  O  O  O  P< 
 CNicqp)r-~ONP)Oto 
 N    N    N    rl  CO  ^-  toOO 
 
 f)  O  NTfi-  NCO  to  n  to  pi  MM  On  O  P)  NO  "00  OO0O0  O  N  ^  to  to  O  PI  O  O 
 OuiO  ^m  toco  OnOO  oo  O  O  O  pi  "3- 1-~  co  tONO  P)  co  iono  n  no  cn)  tJ-no  co  i  to 
 m    n    P)    P)    P)    P)    CnI    CS    COrO"3-Tt^^t-rj-<3-toto  tONO  lOiO^ON  N00    n    m    P)   n  o\ 
 
 O    <U 
 
 Qfn 
 
 be  rt 
 
 OnnO  iO  ODO  ionO  O  "NO  On  O  *0  "1  NCO  CO  «  to  tj-  O  OnnO  P)  uimrfuiN  CON 
 NO  00  CO  00  w  <S  TfNO  On  On  "3"nO  00  00  O  CO  COnO  00  On  «  COO  lO  O  MM  OnO  OM  ON 
 _,    n    M    _,    p)    fN    CnI    CnI    CnI    P)    rOtltOCO'+'t^-'ti-'tiOUTO  tONO  NO  OO  CO    OnO    O    "CO 
 
 O  <o  O    O   P3    O   nnO    O   N   tooO  vONNOOOOOOOOOO 
 O  00    O    rO  «    PI    PI    rhvo  NO    «    m    rj-  N.  O    01    t)-  N  to  t~~00    O 
 
 M     M     rltOi-^-^-'t'tNtUIUIlM  tONO   NO   NO   NO     N  N   Cn)     Q 
 
 O  pi  O  to  O  p>  oo  coco  to  tooo  00  O  00  r-.  noo  CO  NO  O 
 O  m  ^-m  COnO  no  On  «  CO  tonO  f-  On  On  CO  COCO  M  "1  On  NO 
 ►i   m   >i   cni   rM   cni   M   p)   ro  to  f)  ro  ^- ^  ^  tONO  no  t>.  *>.  n  cni 
 
 On  «    O  no   toco    O   co  cooo    ^i-  to  P)  OO   co 
 
 NO   t^  O    to  OnOO    O    ii  OO    O    PI    co  no  00    On 
 
 H     W     H     TO   "*  tO  tONO   NO   NO   NO   NO  00 
 
 CO 
 
 On  On  to  rj-00    ThNO 
 NO   co  >i    rl-CO   P< 
 
 —     H      >t   •+LOf> 
 
 CN) 
 
 CO  to  N    CNl 
 
 CO   r>4r> 
 
 «  cn)  .3-  rj- 
 
 - 
 
 00  NO   N 
 
 H    MO 
 
Note  C]  ANALYSIS  OF  TROJAN  BRONZE.  36 1 
 
 Note  C. 
 
 Monsieur  Ernest  Chantre,  Assistant  Director  of  the  Museum  in 
 Lyon,  has  just  sent  me  the  result  of  the  analysis  of  the  Trojan  weapons 
 made  by  the  celebrated  chemist,  M.  Damour,  of  Lyon.  I  had  drilled 
 three  weapons,  and  sent  him  the  drillings. 
 
 No.  1. — Drillings  from  one  of  the  battle-axes  of  the  treasure. 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 o' 3020 
 Deducting  the  sand  contained  in  it       0*0160 
 
 Analysed  metal  ....         0*2860 
 
 In  10 '  000  parts. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 This  consists  of  copper        .         .         ©'2740  =  0*9580 
 ,,  ,,  tin  .         .         o*ono  =  0*0384 
 
 o*  2850  =  o*  9964 
 
 No.  2. — Drillings  of  another  battle-axe  of  the  treasure. 
 Analysis. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 o*  2970 
 Deducting  the  sand  contained  in  it      0*0020 
 
 Analysed  metal  ....         0*2950 
 
 In  10  *  000  parts. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 This  consists  of  copper      .         .         0*2675  =  °'9°67 
 „  „         tin  .  .  0*0255  =  0*0864 
 
 0*2930  =  0*9931 
 
 No.  3.  — Drillings  from  a  common  two-edged  axe,  found  at  a 
 depth  of  3j  feet,  and  therefore  in  the  remains  of  the  Greek 
 colony. 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Grammes. 
 0*5280 
 
 Deducting  the  sand  contained  in  it      0*0070 
 
 Analysed  metal  .         .         .         .         0*5210 
 
362  TROY  AND    ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 In  10  •  000  parts. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 This  consists  of  copper       .         .  0-4810  =  0*9232 
 
 tin     .         .         .         0-0385  =  0-0739 
 
 o'S^S  =  °'997i 
 
 No.  4. — Drillings  of  one  of  the  Trojan  sling-bullets,  externally 
 covered  with  verdigris,  and  internally  the  colour  of  iron. 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Quantity  of  analysed  metal 
 
 Grammes. 
 C24IO 
 
 Consisting  of  sulphur 
 „        „     copper  . 
 „        „     iron 
 „        ,,     quartzose 
 
 In  10  •  000  parts. 
 0-0470  =  o" 1950 
 o' 1920  =  o" 7966 
 0*0002  =  0*0008 
 
 0-0005  =  0-0020 
 
 0-2397  =  0-9944 
 
 Dr.  H.  Schliemann. 
 
 Athens,  January  1,  1874. 
 
(     3^3     ) 
 
 No.  291.     An  Inscribed  Trojan  Whorl  (8  M.). 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ON   THE    INSCRIPTIONS   FOUND   AT    HISSARLIK. 
 By  The  Editor. 
 
 As  soon  as  Dr.  Schliemann's  wonderful  discoveries  at 
 Hissarlik  were  made  known,  one  of  the  most  important 
 questions  that  arose  in  the  mind  of  all  scholars  was : — 
 Has  he  found  any  Inscriptions,  to  throw  the  certain  light 
 of  written  testimony  on  the  language  and  ethnic  affinities, 
 the  history  and  social  condition,  the  religion,  science,  and 
 literature,  of  the  old  inhabitants  of  the  hill,  whose  records 
 form  as  yet  no  part  of  ancient  history  ? 
 
 Dr.  Schliemann's  private  communications  during  the 
 progress  of  his  work  had  called  forth  the  efforts  of  eminent 
 Orientalists  —  such  as  Martin  Haug,  Emile  Burnouf,  and 
 Max  Miiller — to  attempt  the  discovery  of  true  writing 
 among  the  vast  variety  of  strange  and  novel  patterns 
 impressed  upon  the  terra-cotta  whorls,  balls,  seals,  vases, 
 and  other  objects  in  his  collection ;  for  some  of  these 
 bore  a  likeness  to  written  characters  which  could  hardly 
 be  deceptive.*  It  mattered  not  for  this  enquiry,  by 
 what   name   the  habitations,   whose   successive   strata  were 
 
 *  Dr.  Schliemann's  work  records  several  interesting  examples  of  his 
 first  impressions  on  this  point,  and  he  appears  more  often  to  have  mis- 
 taken written  characters  for  mere  symbols  or  ornaments  than  the  other 
 way. 
 
364  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Appendix. 
 
 revealed,  had  been  called  of  old.  No  one  whose  opinion 
 was  worth  regarding  disputed  their  very  high  antiquity, 
 which  implied  the  great  age  of  the  objects  found.  Apart 
 even  from  its  traditional  claim  to  be  the  Ilium  of  Homer, 
 the  site  lay  in  the  track  of  the  primitive  migrations  of 
 the  Indo-European  race  from  their  cradle  in  the  East  to 
 their  settlements  in  the  West ;  and  not  of  one  migration 
 only,  but  of  their  passage  to  and  fro  between  the  shores  of 
 Asia  and  of  Europe  ;  as  well  as  upon  the  path  of  their  com- 
 merce and  military  expeditions,  after  they  were  settled  in  their 
 homes.  For,  lest  we  be  misled  by  the  arbitrary  distinction 
 between  the  continents,  which  is  stereotyped  in  the  names 
 of  Asia  and  Europe — that  is,  East  and  West — it  must  be 
 borne  in  mind  that  the  Hellespont  and  Bosporus  (as  the 
 latter  name  expresses)  were  ferries  rather  than  sundering 
 seas,  and  the  islands  of  the  ^Egean  were  stepping-stones. 
 The  close  affinities  of  the  early  settlers  on  both  shores  had 
 long  since  been  proved ;  and,  in  particular,  the  presence  of 
 the  great  Pelasgo-Hellenic  or  Graeco-Italic  family  had  been 
 traced  on  both.  The  very  ancient  habitation  of  the  north- 
 western parts  of  Asia  Minor  by  the  Ionians — the  oriental 
 name  of  the  whole  Hellenic  race — long  before  their  tradi- 
 tional colonization  from  the  peninsula  of  Hellas — had  been 
 maintained  by  Ernst  Curtius  twenty  years  ago,*  and  more 
 fully  established  by  recent  Egyptologers  f — thus  confirming 
 the  most  ancient  ethnic  record,  that  the  Isles  of  the  Gentiles 
 were  divided  among  the  families  of  the  Sons  of  Javan.% 
 
 *  Curtius,  Die  Ionier  vor  der  Wandernng,  Berlin,  1855. 
 
 t  Chabas,  Etudes  sur  V Antiquitk  historique,  Paris,  1872,  p.  190. 
 
 \  Genesis  x.  4,  5.  The  essential  letters  of  the  Hebrew  name  \v 
 are  identical  with  the  Greek  IftN  (Ion),  and  both  are  equivalent  to  the 
 Yavanas,  the  "  younger  race"  of  the  old  Aryan  traditions,  who  migrated 
 to  the  West,  while  the  elder  branch  remained  in  the  East.  On  the 
 whole  subject  the  Editor  may  be  permitted  to  refer  to  the  Students 
 Ancient  History  of  the  East,  especially  to  Chapter  XX.,  on  the  Nations 
 of  Asia  Minor,  which  contains  a  discussion  of  the  Hellenic  affinities  of 
 the  Phrygians  and  Trojans  in  particular. 
 
1874.]  THE  TROJAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  $6$ 
 
 Thus,  before  the  first  trench  was  dug  at  Hissarlik,  a  clue 
 was  already  supplied  to  the  race  of  the  primitive  inhabi- 
 tants, if  any  such  had  dwelt  there,  and  to  the  nature  of 
 their  language,  if  they  had  left  any  written  records. 
 
 Among  the  patterns  engraved  upon  the  whorls  and 
 other  terra-cottas,  many  were  soon  found,  as  Dr.  Schliemann 
 has  fully  shown,  to  be  the  most  ancient  sacred  emblems  of 
 the  Aryan  race ;  and  the  discovery  of  these  at  all  depths, 
 below  the  ruins  of  Greek  Ilium,  attested  the  common 
 Aryan  descent  of  all  the  nations  that  had  dwelt  successively 
 on  the  hill  before  the  historic  Grecian  colony.  The  ab- 
 sence of  any  trace  of  Egyptian  influence,  and  almost 
 equally  of  Assyrian,  seemed  to  attest  an  independent  and 
 very  ancient  Aryan  civilization ;  while  the  general  character 
 of  the  works  in  terra-cotta,  resembling  those  found  in  Cyprus 
 and  some  of  the  islands  of  the  ^Egean,  appeared  to  belong 
 to  the  style  which  Professor  Conze,  of  Vienna,  had  defined 
 as  the  earliest  Greek  or  European  Indo -Germanic.  The 
 characters,  which  looked  so  exactly  like  writing,  were  cer- 
 tainly not  hieroglyphs  in  any  of  their  varieties ;  nor — though 
 there  were  some  cuneiform  marks — was  there  any  true 
 cuneiform  writing ;  while  the  few  semblances  of  Phoenician 
 characters  were  soon  found  to  be  deceptive.  This  last  fact, 
 again,  helped  to  carry  back  the  time  of  the  settlement 
 of  Hissarlik  beyond  the  age  when  Greeks  and  Phoenicians 
 had  entered  into  close  relations  of  civilization  on  the  shores  of 
 the  iEgean,  that  is,  before  the  date  of  the  Homeric  poems, 
 which  are  full  of  allusions  to  Phoenician  influence. 
 
 It  has  often  been  observed  how  remarkably  new  dis- 
 coveries coincide  in  point  of  time,  just  when  they  are 
 needed  to  throw  light  upon  one  another.  At  the  very 
 moment  when  Dr.  Schliemann  was  bringing  to  light  the 
 remains  buried  in  the  Hill  of  Hissarlik,  Orientalists  were 
 engaged  in  deciphering  the  inscriptions  found  among  the 
 antiquities  of  Cyprus,  and  upon  the  rock  tablets  in  the 
 island,  by  the   aid  of  the  still  recent  results   of  cuneiform 
 
366  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Appendix. 
 
 interpretation.  The  Cyprian  characters  were  proved  to 
 belong  to  a  syllabic  alphabet,  which  is  a  varied  form  of  the 
 cuneiform  writing  of  Babylonia  and  Assyria,  and  of  an 
 origin  older  than  the  Phoenician.  The  leaders  in  this  work 
 were  Mr.  George  Smith  and  Dr.  Samuel  Birch,  who 
 assigned  a  phonetic  value  to  ^  characters  of  the  Cypriote 
 syllabary  ;  and  it  was  followed  up  with  especial  zeal  by 
 the  lamented  young  scholar,  Dr.  Johannes  Brandis,  who 
 determined  (as  was  thought)  the  remainder  of  the  60 
 signs.  His  unfinished  posthumous  Essay  011  the  Decipher- 
 ment of  the  Cyprian  Inscriptions  forms  the  landmark  of 
 the  state  of  enquiry  in  the  year  in  which  Dr.  Schliemann 
 finished  his  excavations.* 
 
 To  Dr.  Martin  Haug  belongs  the  honour  of  first 
 applying  this  key  to  the  decipherment  of  the  Hissarlik 
 inscriptions.  He  traced  such  striking  resemblances  in  some 
 of  the  characters  to  those  of  the  Cyprian  alphabet,  as  to 
 make  out  a  good  prima I  facie  case  for  their  identity,  and  he 
 seemed  to  have  succeeded  in  deciphering  three  words.  Two 
 of  these  were  formed  by  the  six  characters  on  a  whorl  from 
 the  Trojan  stratum,  which  were  afterwards  seen  to  be  iden- 
 tical with  those  on  another  from  the  same  depth  (7  meters), 
 a  repetition  which  seems  to  show  the  importance  of  the 
 inscription.  Both  had  been  specially  noticed  and  discussed 
 by  Dr.  Schliemann  on  their  discovery ;  |  and  they  will 
 be  always  memorable  in  the  history  of  this  investiga- 
 tion. Haug  read  these  characters  ta.  i.  0.  si.  i.  go.,  which 
 he  interpreted  as  a  dedication,  Beta)  Styw,  "  to  the  divine 
 Sigo,"  a  deity  whose  name  was  found  in  Sigeum,  the 
 Scamander,  and  even  Sicyon  ;  and  he  thought  he  traced 
 the  same  name  on  two  of  Schliemann's  small  funnels 
 (Nos.  145,  146,  p.  191)4     But  the  deity  was  otherwise  as 
 
 *  Brandis,  Versuch  zur  Entzifferung  der  Kypriotcn  Schrij't,  Berlin, 
 1873.  See  also  the  Life  of  Brandis  by  Curtius  :  Johannes  Brandis,  tin 
 Lcbenslrild,  von  Ernst  Curtius,  1873.  f  See  pp.  83,  137,  161. 
 
 %  'The  Augsburg  Gazette' (Augsburger  Allge7>ieine Zcifung),  1 874,  p.  32. 
 
I874-]  THE  TROJAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  367 
 
 unknown  as  the  transmutation  of  ta.  i.  0.  into  6eio>  was 
 forced ;  and,  while  Haug  was  doubtless  right  in  his  method, 
 his  results  must  be  pronounced  at  best: — 
 
 "  Fragments  of  broken  words  and  thoughts, 
 Yet  glimpses  of  the  true." 
 
 Nos.  292,  293.     Two  Trojan  Whorls  from  the  same  depth  (7  M.)  with  an  identical  inscription.* 
 
 It  was  with  such  a  conviction  that  the  enquiry  was 
 taken  up  by  Professor  Theodore  Gomperz,  of  Vienna,f 
 whose  words  are  well  worth  quoting  as  a  lesson  in  the 
 method  of  investigation :  "  One  circumstance  alone  ap- 
 peared to  me  consoling,  namely,  that  I  did  not  find  myself 
 obliged  to  add  a  new  hypothesis  to  the  numerous  ones 
 already  existing,  and  that  I  felt  it  still  possible  to  abide  by 
 Haug's  discovery,  were  it  only  as  a  starting-point  for 
 further  efforts.  For  the  beginning  of  'continuity  in  enquiry 
 is  always  the  surest  harbinger  of  approaching  success." 
 After  making  one  correction  in  Haug's  reading  of  the  above 
 inscription,  he  still  found  it  quite  unintelligible,  till  the 
 thought  struck  him  of  reading  it  from  right  to  left  round 
 
 *  The  whorl  on  the  left  hand  (the  one  discussed  by  Haug  and  Gom- 
 perz) is  engraved  from  M.  Burnouf's  more  accurate  drawing  in  our 
 lithographed  Plate  LI.,  No.  496;  the  other  is  given  at  page  161  ;  but 
 they  are  repeated  here  (from  Schliemann's  Atlas,  PI.  13,  No.  432,  PI.  6, 
 No.  208)  in  order  to  exhibit  their  identity.  It  is  remarkable  that  these 
 whorls,  belonging  to  an  age  when  writing  was  already  known,  are  very 
 coarse,  both  in  material  and  work. 
 
 t  Professor  Gomperz  gave  an  interesting  and  eloquent  account 
 of  his  labours  and  their  results  in  two  papers  in  the  '  Vienna  Evening 
 Post'  (Wiener  Abendpost)  for  May  6th,  and  June  26th,  18.74. 
 
368  TROY  AND   ITS   REMAINS.  [APPENDIX. 
 
 the  whorl,  instead  of  from  left  to  right,  and  the  confused 
 syllables  flashed,  as  by  a  sudden  crystallization,  into  the 
 pure  Greek  ta.  go.  i.  di.  0.  i.,  that  is  Tayw  Stw.     "  To  the 
 
 6  t1^  ft  '^ 
 
 No.  294.     ta.  go.  i.  di.  o.  i. 
 
 No.  294.     The  above  Inscription  developed  (7  M.). 
 
 divine  General  or  Prince,"  an  interpretation  which  Professor 
 Max  Muller  pronounced  to  be  "  almost  beyond  reasonable 
 doubt."*  We  deem  this  solution  worthy  of  special  record, 
 both  as  a  landmark  in  the  history  of  the  investigation,  and 
 still  more  as  a  striking  example  of  the  power  of  mere 
 coincidence  to  produce  combinations  that  seem  to  bear 
 the  stamp  of  truth. 
 
 The  other  inscriptions,  of  which  Professor  Gomperz 
 proposed  solutions,  were  the  following :  First,  three  letters 
 on  the  terra-cotta  seal,  also  from  the  Trojan  stratum, 
 mentioned  in  the  '  Introduction' (No.  4,  p.  24;  PI.  19,  No. 
 555  in   Schliemann's  Atlas),  which  Professor  Max  Muller 
 
 % 
 
 No.  295.     Inscription  on  a  Trojan  Seal  (7  M.) 
 
 was  at  one  time  tempted  to  read  as  the  very  name  of  Ilion 
 (See   the  'Academy'   for   May    16,    1874,   p.   546).     The 
 
 No.  296.     Inscription  on  a  Trojan  Whetstone  (7  M.). 
 
 second   was  the   "splendidly  engraved  inscription"  round 
 the  base  of  the  whetstone  of  red  slate  (No.  5,  p.  24,  PL  190, 
 
 *  The  '  Academy'  for  June  6th,  1874. 
 
1874]  THE  TROJAN   INSCRIPTIONS.  369 
 
 No.  3474,  Atlas).  The  third  is  round  the  shoulder  of  a 
 vase  from  the  Palace  of  Priam  (No.  3,  p.  23;  PI.  168, 
 Nos.  3273   and  3278,  Atlas),  where,  however,  about  one- 
 
 O/) 
 
 ^NTA  Tg^yy  ^P7J>>  <**» 
 
 No.  297.     Inscription  on  a  Trojan  Vase  from  the  Palace  (8  M.). 
 
 third  of  the  inscription  is  wanting.     The  fourth   is   on  a 
 whorl  from  the  lozver  limit  of  the  Trojan  stratum. 
 
 *  a  /\  rx 
 
 No.  298.     Trojan  Whorl,  with  No.  299.     The  Inscription  developed  (10  M.). 
 
 an  Inscription  {10  M.). 
 
 Comp.  PI.  XXVII.,  No.  369.     This  also  is  of  very  coarse  work. 
 
 The  above  record  of  the  process  of  the  investigation 
 will  still  possess  great  historical  interest,  long  after  the 
 results  shall  have  emerged  (as  we  trust)  from  the  cloud 
 which,  for  the  moment,  has  come  over  our  hopes ;  and 
 we  believe  that  its  interest  will  be  increased  by  stating 
 the  present  position  of  the  case  in  the  words  of  Professor 
 Gomperz  himself*: — 
 
 "  Theie  is  not,  and  there  cannot  be,  the  slightest  doubt  that  Pro- 
 fessor Haug  at  Munich  was  perfectly  right,  when  he  first  identified  the 
 symbols  found  on  several  of  the  Hissarlik  vases,  &c,  with  Cypriote 
 characters.  I  was  right  too  in  following  up  the  track,  and  I  think  still 
 that  I  have  scarcely  once  been  wrong  in  identifying  those  symbols  with 
 these  characters.  Furthermore,  my  general  inferences  drawn  from  the 
 fact,  that  the  Cypriote  syllabic  writing  occurs  out  of  Cyprus,  and  asso- 
 ciated with  what  I  rightly  have  called  pre-Homeric  objects  of  art,  I  still 
 think  unassailable.  But — I  cannot  go  further  than  this  !  My  attempt 
 at  deciphering  those  inscriptions  I  now  look  upon  as  abortive  !  I  hasten 
 to  add,  that  I  do  not  think  I  deserve  any  reproach  in  the  matter.  I 
 utilized  to  the  best  of  my  abilities  the  progress  which  till  then  had  been 
 made  in  the  decipherment  of  the  Cypriote  inscriptions  found  in  Cyprus. 
 
 *  From  a  letter  to  the  Editor,  dated  Vienna,  Dec.  gth,  1874,  written 
 in  English,  as  here  quoted. 
 
 2    K 
 
370  TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS.  [Appendix. 
 
 I  used  as  a  key  for  my  decipherment  of  the  Hissarlik  inscriptions  the 
 phonetic  values  which  Mr.  George  Smith  and  Dr.  Johannes  Brandis  had 
 ascertained  for  those  characters.  But  both  these  investigators  had  been 
 only  partially  right  !  Wonderful  indeed  it  is,  that,  applying  as  I  did  a 
 key  partially  right  and  partially  wrong,  good  and  intelligible  Greek 
 words  emerged.  It  was  a  most  marvellous  coincidence — but  nothing 
 else,  a  mere  fortuitous  coincidence. 
 
 "  The  labour  of  ascertaining  the  phonetic  value  of  the  Cypriote 
 characters  has  since  been  taken  up  by  several  German  scholars,  Dr. 
 Moritz  Schmidt,  Professor  at  Jena,  and  Messrs.  Deecke  and  Siegismund 
 at  Strasburg,  and  to  a  candid  critic  there  cannot  remain  a  doubt  that 
 they  are  right,  and  that  I  (together  with  Smith  and  Brandis)  was 
 wrong."  * 
 
 Such  a  frank,  truth-loving  spirit  in  the  enquirer  is  as 
 sure  a  guarantee  of  ultimate  success  as  that  "  continuity  in 
 the  enquiry,"  which  Gomperz  still  holds  to  be  established. 
 In  a  word,  the  right  track  is  known,  but  the  sign-posts 
 have  to  be  rectified ;  the  key  is  found,  but  its  wards  need 
 some  fresh  adjustment ;  and  we  may  soon  hope  for  results 
 far  more  fruitful  than  those  of  which,  for  a  moment  only, 
 we  have  been  disappointed. 
 
 Meanwhile  it  is  well  to  put  on  record  Professor  Gom- 
 perz's  reply  to  the  objections  that  may  be  brought  forward 
 against    the    probable    conclusion    that,    even    before    the 
 
 *  Professor  Gomperz  adds  that  his  change  of  opinion  was  at  once 
 communicated  to  Moritz  Schmidt,  and  published  by  him  in  a  postscript 
 to  his  work,  'Die  Inschrift  von  Idalion  und  das  Kyprische  Syllabar.' 
 It  has  also  been  published  by  Gomperz's  colleague,  Professor  Conze,  in 
 an  article  on  Schliemann's  discoveries  in  the  '  Preussische  Jahrbiicher.' 
 
 The  Academy  of  November  28th,  1874  (p.  591),  quotes  from  the 
 Nation  the  following  summary  of  the  proceedings  at  the  meeting  of 
 the  Oriental  Society,  held  in  New  York  at  the  end  of  October  : — 
 
 "  One  of  the  most  elaborate  and  interesting  of  the  papers  presented 
 was  a  review  and  criticism  of  the  Progress  of  Decipherment  of  the 
 Cypriote  Inscriptions,  with  original  additions,  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Hall.  The 
 latest  and  best  German  investigator  in  this  field,  Moritz  Schmidt, 
 laments  that  he  has  not,  in  trustworthy  form,  the  material  from  the 
 Di  Cesnola  collections ;  this  Mr.  Hall  has  undertaken  to  furnish  him." 
 
 We  have  now  a  fresh  reason  to  lament  the  misfortune  by  which  the 
 Di  Cesnola  collection  was  lost  to  our  Museum. 
 
1 874-]  THE  TROJAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  371 
 
 Homeric  times,  there   existed   Greeks  acquainted  with    a 
 written  language. 
 
 "  For  this  supposition  is  not  only  opposed  by  ancient,  though  possibly 
 unhistoric  traditions,  such  as  the  denial  of  the  settlement  of  Asia  Minor 
 by  European  Greeks,  but  by  really  historical  facts — for  instance,  the 
 total  absence  of  any  mention  of  the  art  of  writing  in  these  very  Homeric 
 poems. 
 
 "  However  this  objection — let  it  count  for  as  much  or  as  little  as  it 
 may — affects  not  only  our  decipherings,  but  also  a  firmly  established  and 
 quite  undeniable  fact,  the  existence  of  a  Cyprian  syllabic  writing.  For 
 that  a  nation  which  knew  of  a  written  language,  simple  and  handy  as 
 the  Phoenician  with  its  facility  of  supplying  the  vowels,  should  prefer 
 one  like  the  Cyprian,  full  of  the  most  troublesome  characters  and  yet 
 subject  to  the  worst  ambiguity,  is  surely  as  unlikely  as  that  a  nation  in 
 possession  of  the  needle-gun  should  return  to  the  use  of  the  battle-axe. 
 However,  in  the  ninth  and  at  latest  in  the  eighth  century  (and  very 
 probably  much  earlier)  the  Greeks  must  already  have  been  acquainted 
 with  the  so-called  Phoenician  writing,  which  at  that  time  was  employed 
 with  equal  readiness  both  in  Moab  and  in  Nineveh.  Hence  the  Cyprian 
 writing  must  have  found  its  way  among  the  Greeks  before  this  epoch 
 (and  we  may  almost  safely  say  a  considerable  time  before  this  epoch,  for 
 otherwise  how  could  it  have  taken  firm  root  in  Cyprus  only  ?)  My 
 opinion  is  that  we  shall  soon  find  the  definite  outlines  of  an  epoch  of 
 Greek  culture,  or  semi-culture,  which  I  should  be  inclined  to  name  the 
 pre-Cadmcan,  the  decline  of  which  may  probably  be  dated  from  the 
 mighty  impulse  which  the  conquest  of  Canaan  by  the  Israelites  (about 
 1300)  gave  to  the  migration  and  the  colonization  of  the  Phoenicians."  * 
 
 We  are  enabled,  by  a  communication  from  Dr.  Schlie- 
 mann,  to  present  a  list  of  all  the  objects  in  his  collection, 
 which  Professor  Gomperz  has  recognised  as  bearing  In- 
 scriptions, all  of  which  are  figured  in  our  work.  We  also 
 append  the  depth  at  which  each  object  was  found,  inasmuch 
 as  this  determines  to  which  of  the  nations,  that  dwelt  suc- 
 cessively on  the  site  of  Ilium,  each  inscription  is  to  be 
 referred ;  and  this  is  by  no  means  the  least  interesting  point 
 in  the  investigation. 
 
 It  will  be  understood,  of  course,  that  this  is,  in  the 
 strongest  sense,  a  "  first  provisional  list "  of  the  results  of 
 
 *  See  B.  Schroder,  Die plionicischc  Sprache ;  Halle,  1869,  p.  2,  fol. 
 
 2    B    2 
 
rr- 
 
 TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS. 
 
 [Appendix. 
 
 an  enquiry  only  just  begun.  We  believe  that  we  could 
 make  no  inconsiderable  additions  to  it ;  but  we  await  the 
 verdict  of  the  more  competent  enquirers  who  are  now 
 engaged  in  the  research.  Their  labours  may  show  that  the 
 lowest  stratum  of  remains  is  not  destitute  of  traces  of  a 
 written  language,  as  would  appear  at  first  sight  from  the 
 List.  Meanwhile  the  great  preponderance  of  known  in- 
 scriptions from  the  "Trojan  stratum"  (7-10  m.)  of  Dr. 
 Schliemann  is  very  striking:  n  out  of  the  18  belong  to 
 it.  But  the  ethnic  affinity  between  the  Trojans  and  their 
 successors,  already  attested  by  many  proofs,  is  now  con- 
 firmed by  five  inscriptions  in  the  Cyprian  character  from 
 the  depths  of  4,  5,  and  6  meters  (Nos.  5,  6,  7,  12  and  16 
 in  the  List).  The  two  funnels  (Nos.  17,  18)  are  furnished 
 by  the  uppermost  stratum  :  each  bears  only  a  single  letter, 
 which  appears  also  to  be  Cyprian  ;  but  there  would  seem  to 
 be  still  some  doubt  whether  it  may  not  be  Phoenician. 
 
 No.  300.     Terra-cotta  Ball  (4  In.). 
 a.  Side  View.     b.  Upper  Hemisphere,     c.  Lower  Hemisphere,  with  the  Inscription. 
 
(     373     ) 
 
 LIST  OF  INSCRIPTIONS 
 
 RECOGNIZED   TO   THE   PRESENT   TIME    ON    OBJECTS    IN    DR.  SCHLIEMANN's 
 
 COLLECTION.'"' 
 
 I. — Inscriptions  on  Whorls. 
 
 In  Translation. 
 
 PI.  XXIV.  No.  353. 
 PL  XXVII.  No.  369. 
 PI.  LI.  No.  496. 
 No.  115,  p.  161. 
 PI.  XXXIX.  No.  435. 
 PI.  XLVI.  No.  472. 
 PI.  XXV.  No.  360. 
 PI.  LI.  No.  494. 
 No.  227,  p.  312. 
 10.     No.  291,  p.  363. 
 
 In  Atlas. 
 
 PL  5,  No.  166. 
 PL  11,  No.  356. 
 PL  13,  No.  432. 
 PL  6.  No.  208. 
 PL  122,  No.  2442. 
 PL  162,  No.  3134. 
 PL  173,  No.  3364. 
 PL  187,  No.  3415. 
 PL  164,  No.  3193. 
 PL  166,  No.  3233. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 References. 
 
 9 
 
 M. 
 
 10 
 
 M. 
 
 7 
 
 M. 
 
 7 
 
 M. 
 
 5 
 
 M. 
 
 6 
 
 M. 
 
 4 
 
 M. 
 
 7 
 
 M. 
 
 8 
 
 M. 
 
 8 
 
 M. 
 
 Pp-  *37,  369- 
 j  Identical    inscrip- 
 tion: pp.  83,  137, 
 I161,  365-368. 
 
 Page  312. 
 
 II. — Inscriptions  on  Terra-cotta  Balls. 
 
 11.  PL  LII.  No.  497. 
 
 12.  No.  300,  p.  372. 
 
 PL  166,  No.  3229. 
 PL  135,  No.  2699. 
 
 8  M. 
 4  M. 
 
 III. — On  other  Objects. 
 
 13.  Seal,  No.  4,  p.  24.         j  PL  19,  No.  555. 
 
 14.  Whetstone,  No.  5,  p.  24. 1  PL  190,  No.  3474. 
 
 i?       xt  l|pl-   l68,  No.  3273, 
 
 15.  Vase,  No.  3,  p.  23.        ,-j  g>'  J  'a' 
 
 ,    I  Vase,  Nos.  31,  32,  p.  )    Ti,      ,     XT 
 
 16.  <         '  °  '  °  ' l     >    PL  161,  No.  3092. 
 
 17.  1  Pair  of  Funnels,  Nos. ) 
 
 18.  (      145,  146,  p.  191.     J 
 
 I  PL  171,  No.  3292.  I 
 {PL  171,  No.  3295.  f 
 
 7  m.      Pp.  24,  368. 
 
 7  m.  ;  Pp.  24,  368. 
 
 8  M.  1  Pp.  307,  369. 
 
 5*  m.  :  Pp.  50, 309. 
 
 3.  M. 
 
 Pp.   191,  366. 
 
 *  Besides  the  numbers  of  our  own  engravings,  those  of  Schliemann's 
 Atlas  are  given,  as  they  have  been  hitherto  used  for  reference  in  the 
 discussion  by  Haug,  Gomperz,  Max  Miiller,  and  other  scholars. 
 
:  ■„.-    -• 
 
MOTS  m  TEOT 
 
 GENERA 
 of  researrihe 
 M.SCHLIEMANN 
 
 1870,1871, 
 
 RUINS   OF   TROY. 
 
 General  Plan  of  Researches  mai>e  bt  M.  Schliemaji5 
 
 in  1870,  1871,  1872  and  1873. 
 
 —  -•-—  Outer  Wall  of  Lysimachus. 
 — ©—  Outer  Wall  of  Troy. 
 
 1.  Greek  Wall. 
 
 2.  Great  Hellenic  Construction. 
 
 8.  Interior  Bastion  of  Lysimachus. 
 
 4.  Great  Tower  of  Ilium. 
 
 5.  Trenches  for  the  protection  of  Archers. 
 
 6.  Courses  of  stone  in  form  of  seats. 
 
 7.  Ruins  of  Palace  of  Priam  and  later  superincumbent  con- 
 
 structions. 
 
 8.  Trojan  constructions  erected  upon  old  Trojan  houses  in  the 
 
 depths  of  the  Temple  of  Minerva. 
 
 9.  Large  jars  of  earthenware  enclosed  in  the  wall. 
 
 10.  Wall  of  the  Temple  of  Minerva  under  Lysimachus. 
 
 11.  Remains  of  the  same  Temple  of  Minerva. 
 
 12.  House  of  two  storeys  in  the  basement  of  the  Temple  anterior 
 
 to  the  taking  of  Troy. 
 
 13.  Trojan  houses. 
 
 14.  Sacrificial  Altar  of   the   Trojan  Minerva,   with   drain   for 
 
 carrying  away  the  blood. 
 
 15.  Inner  Cistern  of  the  Temple  of  Minerva  of  Lysimachus. 
 
 16.  Remains  of  the   Wall  of  the   Temple  of   Minerva  under 
 
 Lysimachus. 
 
 17.  Remains  of  Trojan  houses. 
 
 18.  Remains  of  the  Temple  of  Minerva. 
 
 19.  Wall  constructed  of  fragments  of  the  columns  of  the  Temple 
 
 of  Minerva. 
 
 20.  Outer  Wall  later  than  Troy. 
 
 21.  Wall  later  than  Troy. 
 
 22.  Artificial  Mound. 
 
 23.  WaJl  of  Troy. 
 
 24.  Trojan  houses  and  later  walls  built  upon  them. 
 
 25.  Wall  anterior  to  Troy. 
 
 26.  Mosaic  anterior  to  the  Epoch  of  Priam. 
 
 27.  Wall  of  Fortification  anterior  to  the  time  of  Troy. 
 
 28.  Sustaining  Wall  anterior  to  Troy. 
 
 29.  Mound  of  natural  or  virgin  soil. 
 
 30.  Hellenic  Wall. 
 
 31.  Excavations  of  Mr.  Frank  Calvert. 
 
 32.  Outer  Wall  of  Troy. 
 
 33.  Encircling  Wall  later  than  Troy. 
 
 34.  Tower  later  than  Troy. 
 
 35.  Encircling  Wall  later  than  Troy. 
 
 36.  Hellenic  Tower. 
 
 37.  Sca?an  Gate,  and  pave4  rail. 
 
 38.  Dwelling-house. 
 
 39.  Lodging  for  Workpeople. 
 
 40.  Magazine. 
 
 41.  Workpeople's  Canteen. 
 
 42.  Place  where  the  treasure  o(  Priam  «M 
 
(     375     ) 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ACCIDENTS. 
 
 BRACELETS. 
 
 A. 
 
 Accidents  in  the  work,  132,  147,  275  ; 
 no  one  killed  or  seriously  injured, 
 
 357- 
 Achilles,  tumulus  of,  177,  178. 
 Achilleum,  town  of,  178. 
 Apneas,  his  supposed  dynasty  at  Troy, 
 
 19,  182. 
 AZsyetes,  tumulus  of,  182. 
 Agate,  fine,  balls  of,  165. 
 Aiauteu/u,  town  of,  178. 
 Ajax,  tumulus  of,  177,  178,  197. 
 Akshi-koi,  as  proposed  site  for  Troy, 
 
 refuted,  45. 
 Alexander  the  Great,  at  Ilium,  61,  146, 
 
 178,  251. 
 Altar,  the  great  primitive,    277,   278, 
 
 291. 
 Altars,  flaming,  an  Aryan  emblem  on 
 
 the  terra-cottas,  120,  121,  160. 
 Amphora,  a  large  Trojan,  63. 
 Antelopes,  an  Aryan  emblem  on  the 
 
 terra-cottas,  signifying  the  winds,  1 20, 
 
 135,  136. 
 
 Antlers  of  deer,  165 
 
 Apollo,  temple  of  the  Thymbrian,  177; 
 Greek  temple  at  Ilium,  and  bas- 
 relief  of,  32, 145,  223,  257.  (Temple  : 
 Metope.) 
 
 Aqueduct  from  the  Thymbrius,  re- 
 mains of,  239. 
 
 Archers,  supposed  trench  for,  on  the 
 Tower,  318. 
 
 Aristotle's  explanation  of  the  Senas 
 dfx<fiiKinreWov,   1$,  3 1 3- 
 
 Aruiia,  in  the  Egyptian  records,  pro- 
 bably denotes  Ilium,  126. 
 
 Aryan  origin  of  all  the  settlers  at  His- 
 
 sarlik,      16,     252,    347,    &c.       (See 
 
 Settlers.) 
 Assyrian  Art,  supposed  traces  of,  in. 
 Athena,  -tutelar  goddess  of  Troy,  re- 
 presented with  the  head  of  an  owl, 
 
 20,  54,  113,  &c. 
 ,  her   temple,  where    the   Trojan 
 
 matrons  went  up  to  supplicate  her, 
 
 1-1-7- 
 Atlas    of    photographic    illustrations, 
 
 357  ;  Preface,  p.  v.  foil. 
 
 B. 
 
 Balls,  terra-cotta,  with  astronomical 
 and  religious  symbols,  167,  168,  188, 
 
 364- 
 Batica   or  Myrina,   tumulus    of,   180, 
 
 197  ;  now  called  Pacha    Tepe,  198  ; 
 
 opened,   301  ;  pottery    of   the  same 
 
 age  as  the  Trojan  stratum  at  His- 
 
 sarlik,  ibid. 
 
 Battle-axes,  copper,  found  in  the  Trea- 
 sure, 330,  331  ;  of  stone,  21,  252. 
 {See  Weapons.) 
 
 Bellerophon  and  Pra-tus,  the  crrj^ara 
 Xvypd,  138. 
 
 Bit,  a  horse's,  a  copper  instrument  re- 
 sembling, 261. 
 
 Boars'1  tusks,  78,  165. 
 
 Bolts,  copper,  of  the  Scaean  Gates,  302. 
 
 Bone,  a  piece  of,  curiously  engraved, 
 295. 
 
 Bones,  found  on  the  Tower,  213  : 
 human  skull  and  ashes  found  in 
 an  urn,  267  ;  of  animals,  165,  &c. 
 {See  Skeletons.) 
 
 Bracelets,  of  silver,  gold,  and  elec- 
 trum,  164,  165  ;  golden,  found  in  the 
 Treasure,  337. 
 
37« 
 
 BR  \rv 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 CUPS. 
 
 Braun,  Julius,  46,  iii. 
 
 Bronze,  some   of  the  objects  of  the 
 
 Treasure  found  to  be  of,  361. 
 Brush-handle,  Trojan,  of  terra-cotta, 
 
 with  holes  for  the  bristles,  297. 
 Buddha,  sculptured  toot-print  of,  with 
 
 the  p|-J  and  mystic  rose,  103. 
 Buildings,  of  the  first  settlers,  of  stones 
 
 joined  with  earth,  14.  134,  155-6, 
 
 ,    oi   the    second    (or   Trojans),  of 
 
 unburnt  bricks  with  some  stone 
 foundations,  24,  96,  156,  302. 
 
 .   oi  the    third    settlors.    oi   small 
 
 stones  joined  with  earth.  28,  166. 
 .  of  the  fourth  settlors,  the  wooden 
 
 Ilium,  29,  17. 
 ,  of  Coeek    Ilium,  oi  hewn   stone. 
 
 173- 
 
 .  great  ruins  oi,  1  28,  132.  133.  134. 
 
 ,  Trojan,  quarry  used  for,  140,  141. 
 
 ,  Trojan,  burnt.  301,  302. 
 
 ,    proofs    oi  their    successive 
 
 ages,  302, 
 
 ,  on  north  platform.  316. 
 
 Bunarbashi,   opinion  of    Lechevalier 
 
 for,  as  the  site  oi  Troy,  erroneous, 
 43,  123.  124.  217:  no  remains  of  a 
 great  city  there.  43  :  the  true  site  of 
 Gergis,  44;  repl)  to  the  arguments 
 
 of    M.    Nikola  ides    for    the    site    oi. 
 
 176,    183  :     the   springs    at,    176; 
 further  excavations  at,  318. 
 Burnouf,  Entile,  explains  the  Aryan 
 
 symbols.    4-.    51  ;    quotation    from. 
 I03,    IOS  :   his   drawings   oi   whorls. 
 vi..  xliv. 
 Buttress,  discovery  oi,  100  ;  support- 
 ing the  temple.  222  :  uncovering  oi 
 
 great.  233. 
 
 Byzantine  remains,  supposed,  230,250 ; 
 
 none  at  llissarhk.  32,  272,  319,  32a 
 
 Caldron,  copper,  in  the  Treasure.  324. 
 Calvert,  Mr,  frank,  70.  71.  144,  1  — , 
 
 245:  reply   to   Ins   article,   2". 
 31S.  310.  320. 
 
 Canoes,  miniature,  oi  terra-eotta,  pro- 
 bably for  salt-eellai  - 
 
 Carrousel  d.  e.  top),  name  applied   to 
 
 the  whorls.  10.  65.    [See  Whom  s.) 
 
 Cellar,  a  small  Greek.  279. 
 
 Cellars,  none  found,  great  earthen  jars 
 used  instead  oi,  140.     {See  Jars. 
 
 Chanai  7V/V,  mound  of,  72. 
 
 Chest,  inlaid  piece  oi  terra-eotta.  sup- 
 posed to  be  the  lid  oi  a,  129,  130; 
 the  chest  which   held   the    Treasure, 
 
 332  :  its  key, 333  ;  treasure-chests  of 
 
 Priam  anil  Aehilles,  333. 
 
 Chimara,  the,  oi  Homer.  320. 
 Chinese  Libation  Cup,  326-7. 
 Chiplak,    proposed    site    of    Troy    at. 
 refuted  by  absence  oi  remains,  45. 
 
 Chronology  of  Troy,  12.  27. 
 
 City  ".calls,  covered  with  ashes  oi  a 
 conflagration,  10.    {See  W  \i  1  s.) 
 
 {ligation,   progressive    decline  in, 
 among  the  successive  inhabitants  of 
 
 the  hill.  20 :  higher,  below  w  hat 
 seemed  the  "  Stone  Age."  75  :  marks 
 of,  increasing  with  depth  reached, 
 82,  12S.  134. 
 
 Coins,  Cheek  and  Roman  found  at 
 llissarhk  :  none  later  than  Constans 
 II..  and  Constantino  II..  32,  02.  04- 
 65,  200.  207,  253,  354. 
 
 Copper,  silver,  and  gold,  contempora- 
 neous use  oi.  for  tools,  weapons, 
 vases  and  ornaments.  22  :  Trojan  im- 
 plements and  weapons  oi,  $2  ;  nails 
 and  pins  with  gold  and  eleetrum 
 heads.  253,  254  ;  curious  plate  oi, 
 in  the  Treasure.  325  ;  vase  in  the 
 Treasure,  idid J  helmets  and  a  lance. 
 279,281  :  objects  comparatively  few, 
 as  they  may  have  been  melted  down 
 again  and  again.  200.  270. 
 
 Covers,  for  vases,  oi  terra-eotta;  with 
 
 crown-shaped  handles.  25,  48,  86,  95, 
 
 268  :  with  a  single  arched  handle. 
 200;  with  the  face  oi  an  owl,  34, 
 171  ;  with  human  faces,  but  still  ap- 
 proaching the  owl.  115,  »68, 
 
 idle  oi  terracotta,  still  containing 
 
 some  copper,  283, 
 Crystal,  hexagon  oi.  200. 
 
 Cups,  long  two-handled,  oi  terra-cotta. 
 So.  87,  95  :  larger  and  finer  in  the 
 Trojan  stratum.  [58,  than  in  the 
 fourth  stratum.  [66,  1  ~  1  :  a  very 
 large  one.   203.      {See  Aoras  <ij.<</>i- 
 
 kx  •;<  WtiiO 
 
CUTTINGS. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 cor.  n. 
 
 377 
 
 Cuttings,   on   the   north    side,  61,  62  ; 
 
 great,  ((instruction  of,  88  ;  new,  186  ; 
 
 new,  from  S.  E.  to  N.  \Y.,  230. 
 Cylinder  of  felspar,  like  the  Assyrian 
 
 signet  cylinders,  312. 
 Cyprian  Inscriptions  (Appendix),  365, 
 
 366  ;  the  key  to   the   Trojan,   366  ; 
 
 progress  of  their  decipherment,  369, 
 
 37o. 
 
 D. 
 
 Daggers,  copper,  found  in  the  Treasure, 
 
 331,  332.    (See  Weapons.) 
 Damour,  M.,  his  analysis  of  Trojan 
 
 metal,  361. 
 Depths  at  which  the  objects  were  found 
 
 carefully  noted,  27,  219. 
 Drawings  of  the  objects  found,  357. 
 Dt'bris,  Diagram  of  the  strata  of,  10. 
 ,  thickness  of,   above  native  rock, 
 
 123  ;   depth  of,  unexampled   in  the 
 
 world,   217,  218  ;   supposed,  of  the 
 
 temple  of  Athena,  221,  222. 
 Demetrius,  of  Scepsis,  his  site  for  Troy 
 
 at  the  "  Village  of  the  Ilians"  adopted 
 
 by  Strabo,  41  ;  refuted,  42. 
 "  AtVciy  afKpiKVTreWov,"  the,  15,  50,  128, 
 
 313-316  ;    the  great  golden  one  of 
 
 the  Treasure,  326-7. 
 Destruction  of  walls  of  former  settlers, 
 
 156,    157;    of  third   town,    170;    of 
 
 Trojan  buildings,  in  excavating  below 
 
 them,  348. 
 Diadems,  the  two  golden,  found  in  the 
 
 Treasure,  335,  336. 
 Diagram  of  the  successive  strata  of 
 
 ruins  at  Hissarlik,  10. 
 Dishes,  terra-cotta,  with  side-rings,  155, 
 
 172,  215  ;  (4>ui\iu,patcr<:e),  of  silver, 
 
 in  the  Treasure,  329. 
 Drawings,  care  in   making,   219  ;    an 
 
 artist  taken  to  make  good,  225. 
 Dumbrck  Su,  the  ancient  Simo'i's,  358. 
 
 Ear-rings,  of  silver,  gold,  and  electrum, 
 164,  165  ;  of  gold,  found  in  the  Trea- 
 sure, their   unique   form,    118,    119, 
 
 336,  337. 
 Ebony,  piece  of  a  musical  instrument, 
 165. 
 
 Electrum.  a  mixture  of  gold  and  silver, 
 165,  254,  327;  objects  of,  found,  ibid., 
 
 334- 
 Emblems,  Aryan,  on  the  whorls,  balls, 
 
 &c.  ;    their    significance,    101,    102  ; 
 
 occurrence  of,  among  other  Aryan 
 
 nations,     102  ;     mentioned    in    old 
 
 Indian   literature,    102,    103 ;    solar, 
 
 and  rotating  wheels,  136,  137. 
 Epithets,  Homeric,  of  Ilium,  suitable 
 
 to  Hissarlik,  124,  125. 
 Etymology  of  "iXio?,  125,  126. 
 Excavations,    the     "  grandmother    of 
 
 the,"  316;  final  close   of  the,  356; 
 
 intended    resumption    of,     Preface, 
 
 p.  xxiii.    (Av  Works.) 
 Explorers,  advice  to  future,  346. 
 
 I\ 
 
 Falcon,  the,  an  Aryan  emblem  on  the 
 
 terra-cottas,  120,  135. 
 Fever,  dangers  from,  62,  258. 
 Fire,  marks  of  great  in  the  ruins,  109, 
 
 133,  228,  277,  347  ;    narrow  escape 
 
 from,  275. 
 Firman,  for  making  the  excavations, 
 
 59- 
 Fortifications,    of  the   hill,    289,   290 ; 
 further    discoveries    of,    322.       (See 
 Walls.) 
 Funereal  Urns.     {See  URNS.) 
 Funnels,  small,  of  terra-cotta,  with  in- 
 scriptions, 191. 
 
 Gate,  discovery  of  a  double,  with  cop- 
 per bolts,  302,  303  ;  the  Scaean,  of 
 Homer,  303"3°5- 
 
 Genealogy  of  the  kings  of  Troy,  1 23. 
 
 Georgios  Phot idas,  116. 
 
 Gergisj  identified  with  the  ruins  at 
 Bunarbashi,  44,  245. 
 
 Goblets;  curious  terra-cotta,  317  ;  of 
 gold,  silver,  and  electrum,  found  in 
 the  Treasure,  325,  327,  329. 
 
 ,  the  double-handled.     (See  Attras 
 
 Clfl(f)I.KVTTfX\0V.) 
 
 Gold,  modes  of  working,  327. 
 ,    ornaments     of.       (See     ORNA- 
 MENTS.) 
 
378 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 I  I.I  \xs. 
 
 Gold.    {See  Treasure.) 
 
 Gomperz,   Professor,   on   the    Trojan 
 
 and  Cyprian  inscriptions  (Appendix) 
 
 367,  37o. 
 Greek  camp,  179. 
 
 inscriptions.  {See  INSCRIPTIONS.) 
 
 ,  city  of  Ilium,  area  of,  217. 
 
 sculptured  marbles,  226. 
 
 house,  discovery  of,  254,  255. 
 
 bas-relief,  remarks  on,  255,  257. 
 
 votive  discs  of  diorite,  269. 
 
 statuettes  and  vessels,  317,  343. 
 
 {See  Terra-cottas.) 
 Greek  Race,  affinity  of  the  Trojans  to 
 
 the  (Appendix),  p.  364. 
 Grote,  George,  places    Homer's   Troy 
 
 at  Hissarlik,  46. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hammer  {paia-Tijp)  only  once  mentioned 
 
 in  Homer,  270.     {See  Implements 
 
 and  Stone.) 
 Handles  of  sticks  or  sceptres,  260,  265. 
 Hang,  Dr.  Martin,  finds  the  key  to 
 
 the  Trojan  Inscriptions  (Appendix), 
 
 366. 
 Hares,  an  Aryan  emblem  on  the  terra- 
 cotta, signifying  the  Moon  and  four 
 
 seasons,  120. 
 Heat  at  Hissarlik,  142,  198. 
 Hector,  his  so-called  tomb  and  grove, 
 
 at  Ophrynium,  74,  177  ;  place  of  his 
 
 death,  176,  195. 
 Helmet-crests,  Trojan,  their  structure, 
 
 280. 
 Helmets,  found  on  the  skulls  of  Trojan 
 
 warriors,  279  ;  found  in  the  Palace, 
 
 333- 
 Hera,  personification  of,  as  ox-headed 
 C'Hpa  (loams),  113,  114,  293,  353. 
 
 Herodotus,  quoted,  12. 
 
 Hieroglyphics  on  terra-cottas  from  the 
 Greek  stratum,  291,  352. 
 
 Hippotatnus  of  terra-cotta,  a  sign  of 
 intercourse  with  Egypt,  228,  270. 
 
 Hissarlik,  the  hill  of,  ruins  upon,  14  ; 
 limit  of  Troy's  extent,  18;  modern 
 authorities  in  favour  of,  46  ;  the 
 name  means  "  fortress,"  60 ;  de- 
 scription of,  58  ;  the  Acropolis  of  the 
 Greek  Ilium,  60,  61  ;  search  for  its 
 limits,   61  ;    panoramic   view    from, 
 
 68,69  !  growth  of  the  Hill,  97  ;  great 
 increase  of  Hill  to  east,  227. 
 
 Homer,  knew  the  Troad,  but  his 
 knowledge  of  Troy  only  traditional, 
 18,  20,  305  ;  poetic  exaggerations 
 of  its  extent,  344-346  ;  his  hot  and 
 cold  fountains  of  Scamander,  195  ; 
 his  Great  Tower  of  Ilium,  201,  204  ; 
 stone  implements  not  mentioned  by, 
 270,  271. 
 
 ,  the  Iliad,  quoted,  19,  26,  69,  71, 
 
 121,  123,  130,  138,  147,  179,  195,  197, 
 203,  222,  223,  238,  248,  265,  270,  271, 
 280,  281,  305,  306,  314,  324,  326,  328, 
 333,  335,  336,  337,  345,  346. 
 
 ,  the  Odyssey,  quoted,  129,  305. 
 
 Houses,  Trojan,  discovered,  133  ; 
 spacious,  155,  156;  mode  of  build- 
 ing, ibid.;  easily  crushed,  ibid.; 
 several  storeys  high,  345  ;  built  of 
 sun-dried  bricks,  only  the  important 
 buildings  being  of  small  stones 
 joined  with  earth,  273,  349. 
 
 ,  succession  of,  beneath  the  temple, 
 
 in  strata  of  different  ages,  with  marks 
 of  destruction  by  fire,  289,  290. 
 
 ,  two    large,    of    different    dates, 
 
 above  the  Scaean  Gate,  301  ;  the 
 upper  and  later  one,  above  Priam's 
 palace,  302,  304  ;  objects  found  there, 
 314,  315.     {See  Palace.) 
 
 ,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  hill,  and 
 
 objects  found  there,  351. 
 
 Humming-top,  a  Trojan,  192. 
 
 Hurricane,  continual,  on  Homer's 
 "windy  Ilium,"  185. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ida,  Mount,  name  of,  121  ;  the  Trojans 
 dwelt  first  on  its  spurs,  123;  snow- 
 clad  summits  of,  but  snow  not 
 perpetual,  70,  121. 
 
 Idols,  of  the  Ilian  Athena,  35,  36,  100, 
 112,  154,  155,  163,  164,  170,  172,  229, 
 234,  235,  236,  260,  292,  296,  353. 
 
 ,  of  terra-cotta,  marble,  &c,  found 
 
 in  all  the  pre-Hellcnic  strata,  34-38, 
 &c;  one  of  slate,  260. 
 
 Ilians,  village  of  the ;  no  traces  of 
 habitation   at,   42,   jo,  85,    92,    180. 
 
 {See  Demetrius  of  Scepsis.) 
 
ILIUM. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 379 
 
 Ilium  (Homer's  "Wios),  first  founded 
 by  Dardanus  in  the  Plain,  123; 
 etymology  of  the  name,  125.  (See 
 Troy.) 
 
 ,    Greek,  built  under  the  Lydian 
 
 dominion,  about  700  B.C.,  12,  13, 
 174;  its  duration,  13,  30;  extent 
 and  population,  32,  198  ;  site  de- 
 scribed, 57,  58 ;  Greek  buildings, 
 173,  174;  springs  in  front  of,  194, 
 196 ;  name  of,  given  to  the  ruins 
 at  Hissarlik,  211  ;  patronage  of,  by 
 the  Julii,  232  ;  relation  of  kings 
 Antiochus  I.  and  III.  to,  244,  246; 
 site  uninhabited  since  the  end  of  the 
 fourth  century,  318;  confused  with 
 Alexandria  Troas,  319. 
 
 Images,  of  the  owl  faced  Athena.  (See 
 Idols  and  Athena.) 
 
 Implements  of  stone  and  copper, 
 found  together,  28,  30,  81,  83  ;  stone, 
 of  the  earliest  settlers,  94 ;  stone, 
 further  discoveries  of,  112,  163,  &c.  ; 
 stone,  coarser  in  third  stratum, 
 167  ;  of  copper,  of  the  fourth  set- 
 tlers, 173  ;  of  stone,  copper,  and 
 silver,  found  on  the  Tower,  213  ;  of 
 stone  and  copper,  238,  261,  262 ; 
 stone,  at  small  depths,  251,  252  ; 
 smaller  quantity  of  copper  than 
 stone  explained,  269,  270 ;  stone, 
 285;   found  in  Priam's  house,  311, 
 
 313- 
 
 Inscriptions,  proving  the  use  of  a 
 written  language,  23,  25,  51. 
 
 ,  supposed,  83,  84,  96,  130;  re- 
 marks on,  137,  138,  161. 
 
 ,  Trojan,  in  the  Cyprian  character, 
 
 progress  of  the  attempts  to  decipher 
 them,  and  conclusions  drawn  from 
 them.  (Appendix,  pp.  363,  foil.)  ; 
 List  of,  373. 
 
 }  Cyprian  (Appendix),  366,369^011. 
 
 ,  Greek,  67,  68,  205  ;  in  honour  of 
 
 Caius  Caesar,  231. 
 
 ,  discussion  of  two  important,  240, 
 
 247;  on  base  of  a  statue,  297  ;  in 
 honour  of  C.  Claudius  Nero,  298, 
 299  ;  on  vases  found  in  the  Palace, 
 339;  Greek,    355,  356. 
 
 Instruments.     (See  Implements.) 
 
 Interruptions    of    the   work,    through 
 
 weather  and  Greek  festivals,  90,  122, 
 224,  300  ;  from  the  continual  hurri- 
 cane on  the  hill,  185. 
 
 Iron,  absence  of,  31,  253;  does  not 
 imply  that  it  was  not  used,  31. 
 
 Ivory,  ornaments  of,  149,  165  ;  orna- 
 mented pieces  of  flutes  and  lyres,  25, 
 27,  230,  264 ;  prettily  decorated 
 tube  of,  268. 
 
 J- 
 
 yars,  Greek,  for  water  and  wine,  175  ; 
 
 Trojan,  large,  used  for  cellars,  140, 
 
 239,    251,    277;     the   nine   colossal, 
 
 290. 
 Jerusalem,  depth  of  debris  at,  218. 
 Jugs,  terra-cotta,  with  long  necks  bent 
 
 back,  87,   114,   159,   166,    214,    236; 
 
 curious  double,  152;  with  two  necks, 
 
 35i- 
 
 ,  large  silver,  of  the  Treasure,  in 
 
 which  the  small  gold  jewels  were 
 found,  329. 
 
 K. 
 
 Key  of  the  Treasure-chest,  333. 
 Knives,  flint,  94,  271,  274,  275. 
 
 (See  Implements.) 
 
 Konstantinos  Kolobos,  198,  199. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lamps,  little  bowls  perhaps  used  for", 
 
 190; 
 
 ,  Greek,  292,  317. 
 
 Lance-heads,  copper,  one  found  beside 
 
 a  warrior's  skeleton  in  the  Palace, 
 
 279 ;    found  in   the   Treasure,   329, 
 
 330 ;    mode     of    fastening    to    the 
 
 shaft,  331.     ( See  Weapons.) 
 Landerer,  Professor,  on  the  material 
 
 and  colouring  of  the  terra-cottas,  49; 
 
 his  analysis  of  the  copper  objects  of 
 
 the  Treasure,  342. 
 Language  of  the  Trojan   Inscriptions, 
 
 probably    Greek    (Appendix),    369, 
 
 foil. 
 Latircnt,  Adolphe,  the   engineer,   98, 
 
 99,  108,  116  ;  his  ground  plans,  357. 
 Lead,  a  pig  of,  i.  e.  a  plate  stamped 
 
 with  a  pig's  head  (Greek),  317. 
 
38o 
 
 LIBATIONS. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PINS. 
 
 Libations,  probable  use  of  the  SeVas 
 apfyiKvneKkov,  for,  326  ;  a  Chinese 
 cup  for,  327. 
 
 Lightning,  symbol  of,  on  the  whorls, 
 
 137,  138. 
 Lions,   formerly   in   the   Troad,   260 ; 
 
 lion-headed  handle  of  a  sceptre,  260. 
 Liquorice,  cultivation  of,  225,  226. 
 Lysimachus,  wall  of  Greek  Ilium,  built 
 
 by,  31,  58,  127,  185,  230,  231. 
 ,  theatre  of,  198. 
 
 M. 
 
 Medals.     {See  COINS.) 
 
 Medicine ;  fever  and  quinine,  88 ; 
 wounds  and  arnica,  89  ;  blood-letting 
 priest-doctors,  141  ;  efficacy  of  sea- 
 baths,  141,  142  ;  ingratitude  of 
 peasants  cured,  142. 
 
 Metals,  found  in  various  strata,  31. 
 
 ,  copper  and  bronze,  silver,  gold, 
 
 lead,  22,  31,  &c.  ;  no  iron  or  tin,  31. 
 
 ,  hardly  a  trace  in  third  stratum, 
 
 166. 
 
 Meters,  Table  of,  in  English  measures, 
 56. 
 
 Metope  of  the  Sun-God,  32,  145,  223, 
 256,  257. 
 
 Metrodorus,  statue  of,  297. 
 
 Mill-stones,  79,  87,  151,  155,  163. 
 
 Monograms,  on  the  stones  of  the  wall 
 of  Lysimachus,  231. 
 
 Moulds  of  mica-schist,  for  casting  im- 
 plements and  ornaments  of  copper, 
 82,  88,  no,  139,  162,  173,  253,  260, 
 269. 
 
 Mouse,  the,  as  an  emblem,  186. 
 
 Musical  Instruments,  fragments  of,  25, 
 27,  164,  165,  169,  230,  264. 
 
 Myrina,  Tumulus  of.     {See  Batiea.) 
 
 N. 
 
 Nails,  of  copper,  150,  253,  254,  261. 
 
 Nikolaides,  Mr.  G.,  reply  to  his  article, 
 175,  foil. 
 
 Novelty  of  the  Discoveries,  and  conse- 
 quent changes  of  opinion,  12. 
 
 O. 
 
 Object,  the  great,  aimed  at  in  the  ex- 
 cavations, 80,  96,  97. 
 Objects  discovered,  64  ;  review  of,  92, 
 
 96 ;  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  ivory, 
 149 ;  bracelets  and  ear-rings  of 
 silver,  gold,  and  electrum,  164,  165  ; 
 pins,  &c,  of  ivory  and  bone,  165  ; 
 various,  165  ;  little  bowls,  probably 
 for  lamps,  190;  funnels,  191;  more 
 than  100,000  found,  to  the  end  of 
 1872,218;  sling-bullets,  230;  various, 
 260,  264  ;  a  crucible  with  copper  still 
 in  it,  283  ;  found  to  the  east  of  the 
 Tower,  291. 
 
 Ophrynium,  ruins  of,  74,  177. 
 
 Ornaments,  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and 
 ivory,  149,  150,  164,  165. 
 
 Owl-faced  covers,  47,  48. 
 
 idols.     (See  IDOLS.) 
 
 vases,  78,  229,  &c.  ;  found  in  the 
 
 Palace,  340. 
 
 Owl-headed  goddess,  20,  23 ;  Pro- 
 fessor Max  Midler  on  the,  54.  (See 
 Athena.) 
 
 Ox-headed  idols,  old  representation  of 
 the  goddess  Hera,  113;  expected 
 discovery  of,  113,  114;  handles  in 
 terra-cotta,  293,  294,  353. 
 
 Painted  Vases,  only  two  fragments  of, 
 
 15,  55,  193. 
 
 Palace  of  Priam,  discovery  of,  276  ; 
 description  of,  305,  306 ;  objects 
 found  in  it,  3°7~3H,  333,  334; 
 another  room  discovered,  340 ;  ob- 
 jects found  there,  341,  foil. 
 
 Pavements ;  of  flags  on  road  through 
 the  Scasan  Gate,  16,  287,  302  ;  the 
 part  calcined  by  the  conflagration, 
 perishing  by  exposure  to  the  air, 
 354,  355  ;  of  white  sea-pebbles,  351. 
 
 Pegs  of  terra-cotta,  for  hanging  up 
 clothes,  320. 
 
 Pergamus  of  Troy,  117,  211  ;  as  dis- 
 tinct from  the  city,  an  invention  of 
 Homer,  18.    (But  see  Preface,  p.  xvi.) 
 
 Pillars,  no  trace  of,  below  the  Greek 
 stratum,  211  ;  not  mentioned  in  the 
 Iliad,  211. 
 
 r,  Corinthian,  of  the  age  of  Con- 
 
 stantine,  30,  230,  239,  250,  320. 
 
 Pins  of  copper,  ivory,  and  bone,  1 50, 165, 
 253,  254 ;  copper,  molten  together 
 in  the  burning  of  the  Palace,  312. 
 
PLAGUE. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 SERPENTS. 
 
 38l 
 
 Plague  of  insects  and  scorpions,  198. 
 
 Plates,  Trojan,  turned  by  the  potter, 
 114,  215,  263. 
 
 Platform,  great,  on  the  north,  99 ; 
 progress  of,  108,  127,  185. 
 
 ,  on  the  south,  127. 
 
 ,  a  third  dug,  144. 
 
 Polychrouios  Lempessis,  the  draughts- 
 man, commended,  357. 
 
 Pottery,  splendid  remains  of  Trojan, 
 25  ;  coarser,  in  the  third  stratum, 
 27  ;  fragments  of  Hellenic,  44  ;  an- 
 cient types  of,  still  made  in  the 
 Troad,  47  ;  colouring,  materials  of 
 the,  49,  50  ;  of  fine  workmanship, 
 75  ;  resembles  the  Cyprian  and  that 
 found  at  Thera  and  Therasia,  115  ; 
 of  lowest  stratum,  distinct  from 
 the  next  above,  153  ;  resembles  the 
 Etruscan  in  quality  only,  153  ;  of 
 second  settlers,  various  forms,  158, 
 159  ;  in  third  stratum,  various  forms, 
 167  ;  of  fourth  settlers,  inferior,  170  ; 
 articles  of,  190,  191  ;  found  on  the 
 Tower,  213,  215  ;  various,  262,  263, 
 285  ;  with  Egyptian  hieroglyphics, 
 291  ;  Greek,  127. 
 
 Prayer,  man  in  attitude  of,  on  a  whorl, 
 
 135- 
 Priam,  where  he  sat  to  view  the  Greek 
 
 forces,  304,  305  ;    his    Palace,    276, 
 
 306,  foil.  ;  his  Treasure,  22,  323,  foil. 
 
 {See  Palace  ;  Treasure.) 
 ■ ,  why  the  author  uses  the  name, 
 
 20,  and  Preface,  xxiii.-xxiv. 
 Priapi  of  stone  and  terra-cotta,  78. 
 Pytheas,  sculptor,  of  Argos,  298. 
 
 O. 
 
 Quarry  used  for  the  buildings  at  Troy, 
 
 140. 
 Quoits,  94,  154,  &c. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rain,  injury  done  by,  221. 
 
 Remains,  ancient  undisturbed,  HI, 
 112;  admirable,  in  lowest  stratum 
 but  one,  148,  149;  in  the  lowest 
 stratum,  154  ;  of  an  Aryan  race,  166  ; 
 of  house  walls,  264. 
 
 ,  human,  paucity  of,  210. 
 
 Reservoir  of  the  Temple,  249. 
 Restoration  of  broken  terra-cottas,  41. 
 Results  of  the  excavations,  92,  216,  346  ; 
 
 and  Introduction  passim. 
 Road,  paved  with  flags,  through  the 
 
 Seaman  Gate,  16,  287,  302,  305. 
 Rosa  Mystica,  an  Aryan  emblem  on 
 
 the  whorls,  160,  207. 
 
 Sacrifices,  traces  of,  108,  109. 
 
 Scamander,  the  river  and  its  ancient 
 course,  72-74,  177,  *79,  1S3. 
 
 Sccean  Gate,  the  double,  16,  26,  287, 
 303  ;  plan  of,  306.     (See  ROAD.) 
 
 ,  copper  bolts  found  in  both  gate- 
 ways, 302. 
 
 Sceptre,  the  Homeric,  265. 
 
 Schliemann,  Dr.  Henry,  born  at  Kalk- 
 horst,  in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  3  ; 
 enthusiasm  as  a  boy  for  the  Greek 
 heroic  legends,  id.  ;  early  disadvan- 
 tages, 3  ;  shipwreck,  4  ;  self-tuition, 
 5  ;  goes  to  Russia,  7  ;  learns  Greek, 
 7  ;  his  travels,  7  ;  gains  an  independ- 
 ent fortune,  8  ;  visits  Ithaca,  the  Pelo- 
 ponnesus, and  Troy,  8  ;  devotes  his 
 life  and  fortune  to  archaeology,  8  ; 
 summary  of  his  work  at  Hissarlik, 
 the  site  of  Troy,  Introduction,  12, 
 foil.  ;  excavations  in  1871,  Chaps. 
 I.- V.,  pp.  59-97  ;  in  1872,  Chaps.  VI. 
 -XIV.,  pp.  98-223  ;  in  1873,  Chaps. 
 XV.-XXIII.,  pp.  224-353. 
 
 Schliemann,  Madame,  a  Greek  lady, 
 enthusiastic  for  Greek  archaeology, 
 62;  arrival  of,  in  187 1,  59;  finds 
 terra-cottas,  174. 
 
 Schmidt,  Moritz,  on  the  Cyprian  In- 
 scriptions (Appendix),  p.  370. 
 
 Scoops  of  terra-cotta,  296. 
 
 Scorice,  layer  of  metallic,  throughout 
 the  hill,  344. 
 
 Sculpture,  numerous  fragments  of 
 Greek,  32,  249  ;  their  wonderful  fresh- 
 ness, 320.     {See  Metop/:.) 
 
 Seals  of  terra-cotta,  24,  130. 
 
 Serpents,  heads  of  horned,  and  with- 
 out horns,  in  terra-cotta,  236,  238, 
 292  ;  superstitious  reverence  for  the 
 horned  serpents,  ibid. 
 
382 
 
 SETTLERS. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 TEMPLE. 
 
 Settlers,  earliest,  on  the  Hill  of  the 
 Aryan  race,  15,  16,  148,  157. 
 
 ,  second,  the  Trojans  of  Homer,  16  ; 
 
 long  duration  of,  157  ;  their  Aryan 
 descent  proved,  157  ;  their  remains, 
 157,  foil. 
 
 ■ ,  third,  also  of  the  Aryan  race,  27  ; 
 
 their  remains,  166,  foil. 
 
 ,  fourth,  of  Aryan   race,   29  ;  but 
 
 comparatively  savage,  170. 
 
 ,  probable  traces  of  another  settle- 
 ment between  the  fourth  pre- 
 Hellenic  people  and  the  Greek  colo- 
 nists, 54,  55. 
 
 Sharks,  bones  of,  66,  165. 
 
 Shells,  found  in  abundance,  66,  165, 
 &c. 
 
 Shield  represented  on  an  image  of  the 
 Ilian  goddess,  37,  311. 
 
 ■ ,  copper,  in  the  Treasure,  324. 
 
 Silver  plates  and  vessels  in  the  Trea- 
 sure, 328,  329  ;  vases  found  in  the 
 Palace,  333,  334,  342. 
 
 Simois,  valley  of,  74,  177  ;  sources  and 
 course  of,  196,  197  ;  the  present 
 Dumbrek,  358. 
 
 Site,  purchase  of  the,  58,  59. 
 
 Skeletons j  of  a  six-months'  embryo, 
 153,  154;  of  a  woman,  with  orna- 
 ments of  gold,  209,  210  ;  two,  of 
 warriors,  with  amis,  17,  279. 
 
 Sling-bullets,  of  load-stone,  101  ;  of 
 copper,  alabaster,  and  diorite,  230  ; 
 metal,  analysis  of,  362. 
 
 Snakes,  venomous,  99, 100,  130 ;  snake- 
 weed, 117,  118. 
 
 Socket,  stone,  of  a  door,  211. 
 
 Spits,  supports  for,  in  mica-schist,  261. 
 (Note. —  These  call  to  mind  t  lie  fre- 
 quent allusions  in  Homer  to  roast- 
 ing pieces  of  meat  on  spits.) 
 
 Springs  close  to  Hissarlik,  183  ;  the 
 springs  of  Homer,  195. 
 
 Sto/ie,  weapons  of,  2 1  ;  large  blocks  of, 
 90,  109,  no;  implements  of  better 
 workmanship  in  the  lower  strata, 
 112;  scarce  with  fourth  settlers, 
 173  ;  weights,  handmills,  and  knives 
 and  saws  of  flint,  173.  {See  IMPLE- 
 MENTS ;  Weapons.) 
 
 ••  Stone  Age"  not  denoted  by  the  stone 
 implements,   21,   22  :  coincides  with 
 
 the  "  age  of  copper,"  21  ;  reappears 
 in  full  force,  75,  76. 
 
 Stones  of  Troy,  carried  off  for  neigh- 
 bouring buildings,  221. 
 
 Storks,  in  the  Troad,  but  none  on  the 
 hill  of  Hissarlik,  265. 
 
 Strabo,  adopts  the  wrong  theory  of  the 
 site  of  Troy,  41  ;  never  visited  the 
 Troad,  41  ;  quoted,  41,  74,  123,  146, 
 177,  178  ;  error  of,  about  the  utter 
 destruction  of  Troy,  348. 
 
 Strata,  four  of  remains  on  the  hill  of 
 Hissarlik,  13,  14  ;  table  of,  10. 
 
 Stratum,  distinction  between  the  Tro- 
 jan and  the  lowest,  343,  344 ;  the 
 author's  former  opinion  recalled, 344. 
 
 Street,  a,  in  the  Pergamus,  287,  288. 
 
 Snastika,  the  sign  of  the,  16,  39  ;  its 
 different  forms,  pj-j  and  ^\,  101  ; 
 its  origin  and  significance,  10 r,  foil.  ; 
 wide  prevalence  among  the  Aryan 
 nations,  102,  foil.  ;  in  the  Vedic 
 hymns,  104,  105  ;  on  the  whorls, 
 107,  118,  119;  on  a  piece  of  pot- 
 tery, 157. 
 
 Succession  of  nations  on  the  hill,  re- 
 gular, proved,  175. 
 
 Sun,  the,  constantly  on  the  whorls, 
 161,  187,  &c. 
 
 Superstition  of  Greeks  about  Saints' 
 days,  131. 
 
 Sword,  copper,  in  the  Treasure,  332. 
 
 Symbols  on  terra-cottas,  16  ;  prove  the 
 Trojans  to  be  an  Aryan  race,  25  ; 
 of  the  moon,  136  ;  astronomical  and 
 religious,  167,  168.  {See  Emblems  ; 
 Terra-cottas  ;  Whorls.) 
 
 ,  of  the    Ilian  Athena,  on  vases, 
 
 35,  37.   {See  Athena.) 
 
 T. 
 
 Table  of  French  and  English  measures, 
 56  ;  of  Trojan  weights,  359,  360 ;  of 
 Inscriptions  found  at  Hissarlik,  373. 
 
 Talents,  of  Homer,  their  small  value, 
 328  ;  probably  such  as  the  blades  of 
 silver  found  in  the  Treasure,  328. 
 
 Tassels,  golden,  in  the  Treasure,  336  ; 
 on  the  aegis  of  Athena  and  the  zone 
 of  Hera,  336,  337. 
 
 Temple  of  Ajax,  177,  178. 
 
 ,  Greek,  of  Apollo,  146,  257. 
 
TEMPLE. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 TROJANS. 
 
 3*3 
 
 Temple,  Trojan,  of  Athena,  on  the  Per- 
 gamus,  mentioned  by  Homer,  147, 
 222,  223  ;  doubt  as  to  its  real  exis- 
 tence, 346. 
 
 ,  Greek,  of  Athena,  excavation  of, 
 
 186;  supposed  debris  of,  221,  222; 
 drain  of,  223  ;  Doric  style  of,  223  ; 
 excavations  on  site  of.  226 ;  ruins 
 of,  240,  249,  278,  279  ;  reservoir  of, 
 249 ;  ancient  houses  under,  289, 
 290. 
 
 ,  a  small,  at  Ilium,  in  the  time  of 
 
 Alexander,  146,  147,  251  ;  traces  of 
 a  small,  and  objects  found  on  its 
 site,  234,  236. 
 
 Terra-cottas  found  at  Hissarlik,  15, 
 foil.  ;  their  materials  and  colours, 
 49  ;  with  two  holes  and  a  stamp  in 
 the  Greek  stratum,  65,  174,  269  ;  at 
 lower  depths,  295  ;  models  of  canoes, 
 79  ;  small  round  perforated  pieces, 
 perhaps  for  spindles,  79  ;  fine  vessels 
 of  remarkable  form,  85,  87  ;  a  re- 
 markable one,  130;  with  Aryan 
 symbols,  135,  136  [see  Whorls)  ; 
 remarkable  vessels  of,  149,  152; 
 seals,  162  ;  coarser  in  third  stratum, 
 167  ;  balls,  with  astronomical  and 
 religious  symbols,  167,  168,  188; 
 with  inscriptions,  372,  373  ;  plain  and 
 painted,  of  Greek  Ilium,  174;  Greek 
 statuettes  in,  186  ;  balls,  with  suns 
 stars,  Sec,  188,  364;  a  bell,  192; 
 various  and  beautiful,  192,  194  ;  ma- 
 terial, colour,  and  mode  of  engraving, 
 193-4  ;  found  at  small  depths,  207  ; 
 hippopotamus,  bright  red,  228  ;  vases 
 of  curious  shape,  229 ;  serpents' 
 heads,  236,  238  ;  a  decorated  tube 
 of,  293;  found  on  the  Tower,  281, 
 foil.,  286,  340  ;  found  in  the  Palace, 
 307-314  ;  found  in  the  later  house 
 above  it,  314,  315  ;  Greek,  279,  291, 
 317,  343  ;  curious  vessels  found  on 
 the  north  side,  351  ;  with  hiero- 
 glyphics, 291,  351  ;  heads  of  oxen 
 and  horses,  353.     (See  Vases.) 
 
 Thera  (Santorin)  and  Therasia,  the 
 house- walls  and  pottery  at  Hissarlik 
 like  those  in  these  islands,  79,  80,  115, 
 204. 
 
 Tliymbria.  70,  71. 
 
 Tliymbruts,  the,    177  ;   aqueduct  from, 
 
 239- 
 
 Tomb  of  Batiea  or  Myrina,  179,  180  ; 
 identified  with  the  Pacha  Tdpe,  198. 
 
 Tombs,  the  three  so  called,  of  heroes 
 near  Bunarbashi,  are  Greek,  44. 
 
 ,  of  Patroclus  and  Antilochus,  178. 
 
 Tower,  Great,  of  Ilium,  16,  21,  26; 
 discovery  of,  201  ;  splendid  view 
 from,  202  ;  further  excavation  of, 
 212,  213;  objects  found  on,  213; 
 and  on  each  side  of,  215,  216  ;  ex- 
 cavation of,  249,  250,  251  ;  original 
 height  of,  254 ;  great  house  on,  276, 
 277  ;  plan  of,  305  ;  top  discovered,  318; 
 trench  for  archers,  ibid.;  steps,  ibid. 
 
 ,  of  the  Greek  age,  323. 
 
 Treasure,  of  Priam,  17  ;  the  great 
 discovery  of,  323 ;  expedient  for  its 
 preservation,  323,  324 ;  articles  de- 
 scribed, 324  ;  copper  shield,  324  ; 
 copper  caldron,  325  ;  curious  copper 
 plate  and  silver  vase,  325  ;  copper 
 vase,  ibid. ;  bottle  and  vases  of  gold, 
 325,  326  ;  the  golden  SeVas  afj.(ptKv- 
 TreiXov,  326,  327  ;  electrum  cup,  327  ; 
 six  blades  or  plates  {talents),  328  ; 
 silver  vases,  329  ;  silver  goblet  and 
 dish,  329  ;  copper  lance-heads,  329, 
 330;  copper  battle-axes,  330,  331; 
 copper  daggers,  sword,  &c,  331  ;  t).e 
 articles  fused  together  by  the  confla- 
 gration, 332  ;  signs  of  having  been 
 packed  in  a  wooden  chest,  332,  333  ; 
 key  to  chest  found,  333  ;  probably  left 
 behind  in  an  effort  to  escape,  333, 334; 
 great  wall  built  over  it,  334  ;  gold 
 jewels  in  a  silver  vase,  334,  335  ;  two 
 gold  diadems,  335,  336  ;  gold  fillet 
 and  ear-rings,  336 ;  bracelets  and 
 finger-rings,  337;  ear-rings,  337; 
 8750  small  jewels  of  gold,  338-340. 
 
 ,  copper  articles  analvsed,  340,  361, 
 
 362. 
 
 Tree  of  Life  (the  Soma-lree),  an  Aryan 
 emblem  on  the  terra-cottas,  119,  120, 
 135,  160. 
 
 Triglypks,  block  of  (See  Metope-.) 
 
 Troad,  good  wine  of  the,  232. 
 
 Trojans  of  Homer,  16,  &c.  ;  their 
 affinity  to  the  Greek  race  (Appendix), 
 364- 
 
3»4 
 
 TROY. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 WHORLS. 
 
 Troy,  chronology  of,  12,  123  ;  first  city 
 destroyed  by  Hercules,  26 ;  small 
 extent  of  the  Homeric,  18,  343,  344  ; 
 discussion  of  site,  41  ;  opinions  of 
 modern  authorities,  43-46  :  plain  of, 
 and  heroic  tumuli,  70  ;  the  plain  not 
 alluvial,  71  ;  supposed  ruins  reached, 
 90;  extent  of  the  Pergamus,  117; 
 naming  of  site  as,  211  ;  Homer's, 
 identified  with  the  site  of  Greek 
 Ilium,  216  ;  return  to,  to  take  plans 
 and  photographs,  220 ;  plain  of, 
 spring  weather  in,  248  ;  tests  of  ex- 
 tent of,  304  ;  its  walls  traced,  344 ;  its 
 reality  established,  344 ;  small,  but 
 as  large  as  Athens  and  Mycenae, 
 1 1 7,  344,  345  ;  its  wealth  and  power, 
 345  ;  great  height  of  its  houses,  345  ; 
 probable  population,  17,  71,  176,  345  ; 
 known  to  Homer  only  by  tradition, 
 345,  346  ;  its  strata  of  burnt  wood- 
 ashes,  347 ;  plan  of,  in  Priam's  time, 
 347  ;  part  of  real,  destroyed  in  exca- 
 vations, 348  ;  the  buildings  brought 
 to  light  by  Schliemann,  349,  350  ; 
 stones  of,  not  used  in  building  other 
 cities,  348. 
 
 Tub  of  terra-cotta,  341. 
 
 Turkish  Government,  the  author's  re- 
 lations with  the,  52,  53,  and  Preface, 
 p.  xxiii. 
 
 Turks,  traces  of  former  excavations  by, 
 144. 
 
 U. 
 
 Urns,  fragments  of  great,  no,  ill, 
 129  ;  one  containing  human  re- 
 mains, 153,  267  ;  their  upright  posi- 
 tion, in,  112,  175. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vases,\\\\h  symbols  of  the  I  lian  Athena, 
 35,  37,  106,.  159,  208,  214,  258,  293, 
 294,  2>l7  5  witn  uplifted  wings,  48, 
 87  ;  small  two-handled,  on  feet,  87, 
 169  ;  with  rings  for  hanging  up,  159, 
 167;  of  remarkable  forms,  114,  115, 
 151,  152;  fragments  of  decorated, 
 128,  135  ;  in  forms  of  animals,  159, 
 208,  209,  214,  352  ;  finely  decorated, 
 193  ;  owl-faced,  229,  292  ;  splendid, 
 found  on  the  Tower,  226  ;  splendid, 
 found  in  the  Palace,  307,  foil.  ;  with 
 
 cuneiform  decorations,  193  ;  per- 
 forated, 352.     {See  Terra-cottas.) 
 
 Vases,  silver, found  in  the  Treasure,  325, 
 328,  329  ;  in  the  Palace  of  Priam, 
 334,  342. 
 
 Virgil  quoted,  74,  177,  358. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wall,  ancient,  on  northern  slope,  200, 
 201,  217  ;  retaining,  on  the  south  side 
 of  the  hill,  221  ;  of  Troy,  227,  228, 
 316,  340;  of  Lysimachus,  230,  231. 
 
 Walls,  damage  done  to  remaining,  220  ; 
 enormous,  close  below  the  surface, 
 230  ;  further  discoveries  of,  250,  251  ; 
 curious  stone,  three  sets  one  above 
 the  other,  near  the  Seaman  Gate,  of 
 different  periods,  288,  290. 
 
 Weapons,  of  stone,  21,  22,  79,  83,  168  ; 
 of  copper,  and  moulds  for  casting, 
 139,  162  ;  and  ornaments  of  stone, 
 copper,  and  silver,  213. 
 
 Weights,  supposed  Trojan,  154  ;  table 
 of,  359,  360. 
 
 Well,  Roman,  64,  93,  123. 
 
 -,  in  third  stratum,  169. 
 
 ,  Greek,  175,  162. 
 
 Wheels  in  motion,  whorls  represent- 
 ing, 136,  137,  162. 
 
 Whetstones,  79,  169. 
 
 ,  inscription  on  a,  24,  368. 
 
 Whorls,  perforated,  mostly  of  terra- 
 cotta, with  Aryan  symbols,  38,  39  ; 
 found  in  Italy,  39,  101  ;  plain,  40 
 41  ;  in  all  the  strata  below  the 
 Greek,  65,  &c.  ;  sizes  and  materials, 
 66  ;  a  great  number  of,  77,  297  ;  their 
 use  discussed,  77,  78,  84,  189,  190; 
 engraved  with  the  suastika,  101  ; 
 with  central  suns,  stars,  suastika, 
 the  Soma,  and  altars,  118,  121  ;  with 
 inscriptions  (see  Inscriptions)  ; 
 with  Aryan  symbols,  133,  135,  136  ; 
 with  antelopes,  praying  man,  altars, 
 hares,  136  ;  plain  and  engraved,  149  ; 
 of  lowest  stratum,  160;  their  inte- 
 resting devices,  160,  162  ;  some  of 
 lead  and  fine  marble,  162  ;  in  third 
 stratum,  168;  of  fourth  settlers,  of  a 
 degenerate  form,  170,  174;  many 
 with  suastikas  and  suns,  186,   187  ; 
 
WINDS. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 XERXES. 
 
 3*5 
 
 wheel-shaped,  with  simple  patterns, 
 187  ;  just  below  the  surface,  207  ;  on 
 site  of  the  Temple,  230 ;  important 
 distinction  between  plain  and  de- 
 corated, 232  ;  various  types,  255, 
 264 ;  new  types,  268,  269,  286  ;  ex- 
 treme fineness  of  engravings  on,  284. 
 
 Winds,  cold  north,  Homer's  "  blasts  of 
 Boreas,"  224,  225. 
 
 "Windy"  (^e/xoecro-a),  fit  epithet  of 
 Ilium,  185. 
 
 Wooden  Ilium,  built  by  the  fourth 
 settlers  ;  its  burnt  debris,  29. 
 
 Works,  the,  difficulties  of,  61,  96  ;  cost 
 of,  98,  204  ;  dangers,  and  engineering 
 expedients,  115,  116,  131,  132;  nar- 
 row escape  of  six  men,  132  ;  fall  of 
 an  earth-wall,   147,   148  ;  plan  of  a 
 
 trench  through  the  whole  hill,  148  ; 
 cost  of,  184, 185  ;  for  security  during 
 the  winter,  221  ;  progress  of,  at  S.  E. 
 corner,  239  ;  difficulties  of  excava- 
 tion of  the  Tower,  249  ;  progress  of, 
 259  ;  further  excavations  on  north 
 side,  346,  347. 
 
 Workmen,  number  of,  64  ;  new,  98  ; 
 increase  of,  184,  233  ;  attempt  forgery, 
 194  ;  mode  of  naming  them,  194  ; 
 want  of,  225,  226. 
 
 Writing,  used  at  Troy  long  before 
 Homer  (Appendix),  369,  foil.  ;  an- 
 swer to  objections,  371. 
 
 Xerxes,  sacrifices  at  Ilium,  12,  61,  174. 
 
 ERRATUM. 
 
 Page  345. — After  the  third  paragraph,  ending  "  from  all  quarters,"  in- 
 sert the  following  : — 
 
 "  Troy  had  therefore  no  separate  Acropolis  ;  but  as  one  was  neces- 
 sary for  the  great  deeds  of  the  Iliad,  it  was  added  by  the  poetical 
 invention  of  Homer,  and  called  by  him  Perganuis,  a  word  of  quite 
 unknown  derivation." 
 
 2    C 
 
(     3»6     ) 
 
 COMPARATIVE    TABLE     OF    THE    ILLUSTRATIONS    IN 
 Dr.  SCHLIEMANN'S  ATLAS  AND  THE  TRANSLATION. 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 PI.    No. 
 
 No.       PI. 
 
 PI.     No. 
 
 No.        PI. 
 
 I,         I 
 
 317,  XXII. 
 
 4,     133 
 
 330,  XXII. 
 
 4 
 
 318,  XXII. 
 
 5,    134 
 
 430,  XXXVIII. 
 
 ,0 
 
 475,  XLVI. 
 
 136 
 
 398,  XXXIII. 
 
 12 
 
 319,.  XXII. 
 
 140 
 
 460,  XLIII. 
 
 20 
 
 320,  XXII. 
 
 142 
 
 489,  XLIX. 
 
 2,      34 
 
 381,  XXX. 
 
 143? 
 
 354,  XXIV. 
 
 35 
 
 380,  XXIX. 
 
 145 
 
 476,  XLVI. 
 
 36 
 
 382,  XXX. 
 
 156 
 
 408,  XXXIV. 
 
 37 
 
 321,  XXII. 
 
 160 
 
 419,  XXXVI. 
 
 42 
 
 410,  XXXV. 
 
 161 
 
 332,  XXII. 
 
 5i 
 
 322,  XXII. 
 
 166 
 
 334,  XXIV. 
 
 53 
 
 329,  XXII. 
 
 168 
 
 423,  XXXVII. 
 
 57 
 
 42,  p.  80. 
 
 6,    174 
 
 44,  P-  80. 
 
 53 
 
 324,  XXII. 
 
 175 
 
 478,  XLVI  I. 
 
 60 
 
 325,  XXII. 
 
 176 
 
 389,  XXXI. 
 
 61 
 
 482,  XLVIII. 
 
 193 
 
 335,  XXIII. 
 
 64 
 
 323,  XXII. 
 
 208 
 
 1 15,  pp.  161,367 
 
 65 
 
 413,  XXXV. 
 
 7,    224 
 
 337,  XXIII. 
 
 66 
 
 327,  XXII. 
 
 231 
 
 336,  XXIII. 
 
 3,      7o 
 
 328,  XXII. 
 
 8,    237 
 
 352,  XXIV. 
 
 93 
 
 471,  XLV. 
 
 242 
 
 490,  XLIX. 
 
 4,    105 
 
 437,  XXXIX. 
 
 245 
 
 384,  XXX. 
 
 124 
 
 480,  XLVIII. 
 
 252 
 
 403,  XXXIV. 
 
 J25 
 
 81,  p.  138. 
 
 253 
 
 400,  XXXIII. 
 
 132 
 
 333,  XXIII. 
 
 259 
 
 483,  XLVIII. 
 
 Note. —  In  the  columns  headed  "Translation"  the  Roman  numerals 
 refer  to  the  Plates. 
 
 A  (?)  against  Schliemann's  Numbers  signifies  that  we  have  not  been 
 able  to  identify  the  objects  certainly  with  those  engraved  by  us  from  M. 
 Burnouf's  drawings. 
 
COMPARATIVE  TABLE  OF  THE  ILLUSTRATIONS.     387 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 PI.     No. 
 
 No.        PL 
 
 PL         No. 
 
 No.        PL 
 
 8,    260 
 
 402,  XXIII. 
 
 13,     422 
 
 342,  XXIII. 
 
 261 
 
 331,  XXII. 
 
 424 
 
 346,  XXIII. 
 
 263 
 
 43,  p.  80. 
 
 426 
 
 444,  XL. 
 
 264? 
 
 396,  XXXII. 
 
 427 
 
 343,  XXIII. 
 
 266 
 
 80,  p.  137. 
 
 428 
 
 347,  XXIII. 
 
 270 
 
 361,  XXVI. 
 
 430? 
 
 466,  XLV. 
 
 9,    272 
 
 416,  XXXVI. 
 
 431 
 
 465,  XLIV. 
 
 273 
 
 414,  XXXV. 
 
 432 
 
 496,  LI.  &  p.  367. 
 
 274 
 
 365,  XXVII. 
 
 433 
 
 345,  XXIII. 
 
 276 
 
 424,  XXXVII. 
 
 434 
 
 348,  XXIII. 
 
 279 
 
 333,  XXIII. 
 
 436 
 
 301,  XXI. 
 
 2S2 
 
 356,  XXV. 
 
 438 
 
 302,  XXI. 
 
 285 
 
 359,  XXV. 
 
 442 
 
 303,  XXI. 
 
 288 
 
 377,  XXVIII. 
 
 443 
 
 304,  XXI. 
 
 289? 
 
 372,*  XXVIII. 
 
 445 
 
 305,  XXI. 
 
 289? 
 
 411,*  XXXV. 
 
 446 
 
 306,  XXL 
 
 294 
 
 370,  XXVII. 
 
 448 
 
 307,  XXI. 
 
 295 
 
 362,  XXVI. 
 
 449 
 
 308,  XXL 
 
 296 
 
 380,  XXIX. 
 
 14,    45o 
 
 493,  LI. 
 
 297 
 
 447,  XLI. 
 
 452 
 
 491,  L. 
 
 298 
 
 381,  XXX. 
 
 15,    46o 
 
 498,  LI  I. 
 
 299 
 
 379,  xxix. 
 
 47i 
 
 486,  XLIX. 
 
 10,    307 
 
 339,  XXIII. 
 
 16,    472 
 
 484,  XLVIII. 
 
 326 
 
 340,  XXIII. 
 
 473 
 
 149,  p.  199. 
 
 327 
 
 341,  XXIII. 
 
 474 
 
 62,  p.  95. 
 
 337 
 
 458,  XLIII. 
 
 48S 
 
 309,  XXI. 
 
 11,    344 
 
 387,  XXXI. 
 
 486 
 
 310,  XXL 
 
 346 
 
 392,  XXXII. 
 
 487 
 
 311,  XXL 
 
 356 
 
 369,  XXVII. 
 
 488 
 
 312,  XXI. 
 
 356 
 
 298-9,  p.  369- 
 
 489 
 
 313,  XXI. 
 
 12,    384 
 
 428,  XXXVIII. 
 
 491 
 
 314,  XXI. 
 
 410 
 
 391,  XXXII. 
 
 494 
 
 315,  XXI. 
 
 13,    4i8 
 
 344,  XXIII. 
 
 497 
 
 316,  XXI. 
 
 *   Identical  design,  but  different  material. 
 
388      COMPARATIVE  TABLE  OF  THE  ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 PI.   No. 
 
 No.   Page. 
 
 PI.  No. 
 
 No.   Page. 
 
 17,  503-4 
 
 2,   21 
 
 24,  646 
 
 50,   83 
 
 512 
 
 142,  173 
 
 656 
 
 67,  lOI 
 
 513 
 
 37,  65 
 
 657 
 
 68,  101 
 
 518 
 
 38,   65 
 
 660 
 
 122,  165 
 
 519 
 
 39,   65 
 
 661 
 
 123,  165 
 
 18,  529 
 
 40,   65 
 
 662 
 
 124,  165 
 
 537 
 
 162,  232 
 
 25,  665 
 
 H,   36 
 
 540 
 
 290,  353 
 
 666 
 
 92,  150 
 
 19,  54i 
 
 143,  188 
 
 669 
 
 93,  150 
 
 546 
 
 116,  162 
 
 670 
 
 94,  150 
 
 553 
 
 147,  192 
 
 671 
 
 95,  150 
 
 554 
 
 148,  192 
 
 672 
 
 96,  150 
 
 555 
 
 4,   24, 368 
 
 674 
 
 97,  150 
 
 556 
 
 78,  130 
 
 675 
 
 98,  150 
 
 20,  562 
 
 109,  155 
 
 678 
 
 99,  150 
 
 564 
 
 24,  36 
 
 681 
 
 100,  150 
 
 565 
 
 18,  36 
 
 682 
 
 101,  150 
 
 566 
 
 i5>   36 
 
 683 
 
 53,  94 
 
 567 
 
 12,  164 
 
 685 
 
 61,  94 
 
 568 
 
 16,  36 
 
 687 
 
 59,  94 
 
 57o 
 
 20,   36 
 
 6S9 
 
 60,  94 
 
 572 
 
 141,  172 
 
 26,  700 
 
 83,  150 
 
 577 
 
 23,   36 
 
 701 
 
 84,  150 
 
 578rt 
 
 77,    129 
 
 702 
 
 85,  150 
 
 57S£ 
 
 76,  129 
 
 703 
 
 86,  150 
 
 21,  533 
 
 26,  36 
 
 705 
 
 87,  150 
 
 586 
 
 28,  36 
 
 713 
 
 90,  150 
 
 537 
 
 144,  190 
 
 718 
 
 88,  150 
 
 22,  592 
 
 71,  no 
 
 719 
 
 89,  15° 
 
 601 
 
 56,  94 
 
 720 
 
 91,  150 
 
 610 
 
 57,  94 
 
 721 
 
 79,  135 
 
 24,  639 
 
 66,  101 
 
 27,  722 
 
 1,   15 
 
 643 
 
 47,   83 
 
 732 
 
 no,  157 
 
 644 
 
 48,   83 
 
 734 
 
 19,  36 
 
 645 
 
 49,   83 
 
 Plate  30 
 
 Plate  III. 
 
IN  SCHLIEMANN'S  ATLAS  AND  THE  TRANSLATION.  389 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 PI. 
 
 No. 
 
 No.  Page. 
 
 PI.   No. 
 
 No.   Page. 
 
 32, 
 
 774 
 
 131,  170 
 
 69,  1 541 
 
 45^,  82 
 
 775 
 
 10,  34 
 
 1553 
 
 46,  82 
 
 776 
 
 11,   34 
 
 72,  1582 
 
 6,  25 
 
 779 
 
 64,  97 
 
 75,  1623 
 
 74,  115 
 
 782 
 
 136,  171 
 
 1628 
 
 155,  214 
 
 786 
 
 137,  171 
 
 1630 
 
 113,  159 
 
 787 
 
 134,  171 
 
 1632 
 
 5i,  86 
 
 788 
 
 135,  i7i 
 
 84,  1762 
 
 53,  87 
 
 34, 
 
 867 
 
 138,  172 
 
 1768 
 
 in,  158 
 
 868 
 
 139,  172 
 
 1770 
 
 112,  158 
 
 35, 
 
 872^ 
 
 129,  169 
 
 90,  1 864 
 
 117,  163 
 
 874 
 
 132,  171 
 
 1880 
 
 118,  163 
 
 882 
 
 133,  i7i 
 
 1886 
 
 119,  163 
 
 41, 
 
 994 
 
 125,  166 
 
 91,  1893 
 
 151,  208 
 
 996 
 
 130,  170 
 
 97,  2022 
 
 153,  209 
 
 1003 
 
 70,  106 
 
 2025 
 
 104,  151 
 
 48, 
 
 1152 
 
 127,  167 
 
 98,  2044 
 
 8,   25 
 
 52, 
 
 1158 
 
 128,  167 
 
 101,  22-]2a-d 
 
 108,  155 
 
 1257 
 
 126,  166 
 
 2272P* 
 
 120,  163 
 
 54, 
 
 1275 
 
 13,  35 
 
 2272/ 
 
 i54,  211 
 
 55, 
 
 1287 
 
 4i,  74 
 
 I02,  229O-I 
 
 73,  114 
 
 61, 
 
 1374 
 
 233,  320 
 
 2292 
 
 102,  151 
 
 64, 
 
 1433-5 
 
 157,  215 
 
 2293 
 
 103,  151 
 
 65, 
 
 1440 
 
 1 50,  208 
 
 I03,  2294 
 
 107,  153 
 
 1441 
 
 55,  87 
 
 2296 
 
 106,  152 
 
 1446 
 
 12,  34 
 
 I04,  2298 
 
 105,  152 
 
 67, 
 
 1497-8 
 
 232,  320 
 
 2299 
 
 152,  209 
 
 1505 
 
 184,  268 
 
 Plate  no 
 
 Plate  VIII. 
 
 68, 
 
 1520 
 
 158,  219 
 
 114,  2317 
 
 156,  214 
 
 69, 
 
 1535 
 
 45«,  82 
 
 2325 
 
 72,  1 10 
 
 1536 
 
 45^,  82 
 
 Plate  118 
 
 Map. 
 
 1537 
 
 45*r,  82 
 
 119,  2330 
 
 159,  228 
 
 1538 
 
 45^,  82 
 
 2331 
 
 65,  97 
 
 1539 
 
 45*?,  82 
 
 120,  2352 
 
 160,  229 
 
 1540 
 
 45/,  82 
 
 2362 
 
 161,  229 
 
390       COMPARATIVE  TABLE  OF  THE   ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 PI. 
 
 No. 
 
 No.      Page. 
 
 PI. 
 
 No. 
 
 No.      Page. 
 
 1 20, 
 
 2363 
 
 170,  237 
 
 138, 
 
 2746 
 
 63,     95 
 
 121, 
 
 2389 
 
 454,    XLII. 
 
 139, 
 
 2755 
 
 178,   262 
 
 239O-I? 
 
 477,    XLVII. 
 
 140, 
 
 2768 
 
 52,      86 
 
 2392 
 
 45',    XLII. 
 
 2769 
 
 196,  283 
 
 2393 
 
 367,    XXVII. 
 
 141, 
 
 2778 
 
 36,    63 
 
 122, 
 
 2423 
 
 384     XXX. 
 
 2780 
 
 197,  284 
 
 2432 
 
 171.  238 
 
 2782 
 
 194,  282 
 
 2435 
 
 9,      27 
 
 2784 
 
 199,  285 
 
 2438 
 
 165,    235 
 
 142, 
 
 2791 
 
 191,    280 
 
 2442 
 
 435,  XXXIX. 
 
 2803 
 
 198,  285 
 
 2444 
 
 167,    236 
 
 2806 
 
 200,    286 
 
 123, 
 
 2467 
 
 166,    236 
 
 2815 
 
 422,  XXVII. 
 
 125, 
 
 2515 
 
 489,    XL IX. 
 
 143, 
 
 2827 
 
 201,  p.  286 
 
 126, 
 
 2554 
 
 455,    XLIII. 
 
 2840 
 
 395,  XXXII. 
 
 2555 
 
 164,    235 
 
 US, 
 
 2838  bis 
 
 215,    296 
 
 2560 
 
 163,    234 
 
 2839  b*5 
 
 204,    292 
 
 Plate  127 
 
 Plate  IV. 
 
 146, 
 
 2850 
 
 190,    280 
 
 130, 
 
 2561 
 
 176,    261 
 
 147, 
 
 2862 
 
 209,    294 
 
 2577 
 
 177,    261 
 
 2865 
 
 210,    295 
 
 132, 
 
 2613 
 
 172,    255 
 
 2889 
 
 29,      36 
 
 2615 
 
 473,  XLVII. 
 
 2892 
 
 371,  XXVII. 
 
 i33, 
 
 2633 
 
 179,    264 
 
 148, 
 
 2898 
 
 439,  XL. 
 
 2638 
 
 180,    264 
 
 2899 
 
 29,  P-  36. 
 
 2639 
 
 174,    260 
 
 2912 
 
 206,    293 
 
 2662 
 
 202,    2S6 
 
 2921 
 
 216,    296 
 
 i34, 
 
 2664 
 
 193,    282 
 
 2924 
 
 217,    297 
 
 2674 
 
 195,    283 
 
 149, 
 
 2951 
 
 213,    296 
 
 2683 
 
 192,    281 
 
 2952 
 
 209,    296 
 
 135, 
 
 2694 
 
 404,  XXXIV. 
 
 2964 
 
 378,    XXVIII. 
 
 2699 
 
 300,  372 
 
 150, 
 
 2975 
 
 211,     295 
 
 2706 
 
 187,  268 
 
 2977 
 
 203,  291 
 
 2707 
 
 186,  268 
 
 2981 
 
 205,    292 
 
 2708 
 
 181,   265 
 
 2984 
 
 487,  XLIX. 
 
 2721 
 
 189,   279 
 
 2988 
 
 212,  p.  295 
 
 138, 
 
 2741 
 
 82,  139 
 
 2998 
 
 214,    296 
 
IN  SCHLIEMANN'S  ATLAS  AND  THE  TRANSLATION.  391 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 PI.          No. 
 
 No.      Page. 
 
 PI.          No. 
 
 No.      Page. 
 
 Plate  153 
 
 Plate  V. 
 
 166,    3252 
 
 388,      XXXI. 
 
 iS4,   305° 
 
 168,    237 
 
 3253 
 
 7,      25 
 
 3051 
 
 169,    237 
 
 168,    3273 
 
 3*.    23 
 
 Plate  156 
 
 Plate  XL  B. 
 
 3278 
 
 2>b,    23,  369 
 
 Plate  157 
 
 Plate  IX. 
 
 Plate  169 
 
 Plate  X. 
 
 158,    3063 
 
 231,   3i7 
 
 Plate  170 
 
 Plate  XL  A. 
 
 3065 
 
 220,   308 
 
 171,   3290 
 
 349,  xxiv. 
 
 Plate  159 
 
 188,   278 
 
 3292 
 
 145,  191 
 
 160,   3084 
 
 229,   315 
 
 3295 
 
 146,    191 
 
 161,    3087 
 
 228,   315 
 
 3296 
 
 289,  352 
 
 3088 
 
 23O)   315 
 
 172,   3323 
 
 386,    XXXI. 
 
 3089 
 
 54,     87 
 
 334i 
 
 405,    XXXIV. 
 
 3092 
 
 221,    309 
 
 •73,    3364 
 
 360,    XXV. 
 
 3092* 
 
 33-4,    50 
 
 174,    338o 
 
 288,    352 
 
 3094 
 
 224,    3 1 1 
 
 175,    3384 
 
 287,    35i 
 
 3095 
 
 222,    310 
 
 339° 
 
 286,    351 
 
 3096 
 
 223,    310 
 
 176,    3401 
 
 284,    342 
 
 162,    3111 
 
 363,    XXVI. 
 
 Plate  177 
 
 Plate  VII.  A. 
 
 3ii7 
 
 464,    XLIV. 
 
 Plate  178 
 
 Plate  VII.  B. 
 
 3124 
 
 448,    XLI. 
 
 Plate  180 
 
 Plate  I. 
 
 3131 
 
 226,   312 
 
 Plate  186 
 
 Plate  VI. 
 
 3134 
 
 472,  XLvr. 
 
 187,   3407 
 
 182,    265 
 
 163,   3i43 
 
 385,    XXXI. 
 
 34i5 
 
 494,    LI. 
 
 3158 
 
 421,    XXXVI. 
 
 188,   3439 
 
 207,    294 
 
 3166 
 
 225,    312 
 
 345o 
 
 114,    160 
 
 164,    3171-3 
 
 Heading  to  Contents. 
 
 189,   3455 
 
 173,    258 
 
 3174-7 
 
 List  of  Illustrations. 
 
 3462 
 
 283,    34i 
 
 3187 
 
 366,    XXVII. 
 
 190,   3464 
 
 374,    XXVIII. 
 
 3189 
 
 431,    XXXVIIL 
 
 3474 
 
 5,      24,  368 
 
 3i93 
 
 227,    312 
 
 191,    3483 
 
 219,    307 
 
 165,    3224 
 
 453,    XLII. 
 
 192,    3484 
 
 262,    332 
 
 166,   3229 
 
 497,    LII. 
 
 3485 
 
 264,    332 
 
 3233 
 
 291,    363 
 
 3486 
 
 247,    XVIII. 
 
 3248 
 
 21,       36 
 
 3489 
 
 256,    33o 
 
 3249 
 
 3L      37 
 
 3490 
 
 269,    333 
 
392      COMPARATIVE  TABLE  OF  THE  ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Translation. 
 
 PL      No. 
 
 No.      Page. 
 
 PL 
 
 No. 
 
 No.      Page. 
 
 192,    349°^ 
 
 243,   XVII. 
 
 199, 
 
 3588 
 
 235,    XIV 
 
 3490^ 
 
 244,    XVII. 
 
 200, 
 
 3489-94 
 
 242,    XVII 
 
 3\9oc 
 
 245,    XVII. 
 
 3595 
 
 250,    XVIII 
 
 3490^ 
 
 246,    XVII. 
 
 3596 
 
 251,    XVIII 
 
 193,    3492 
 
 257,  330 
 
 201, 
 
 3600 
 
 265,  332 
 
 3493 
 
 258,  330 
 
 3600a 
 
 266,  332 
 
 3495^ 
 
 259,  330 
 
 3600^ 
 
 268,  332 
 
 3495'' 
 
 260,  330 
 
 3600^ 
 
 249,    XVIII 
 
 3495 
 
 218,    302 
 
 202, 
 
 3601 
 
 281,    337 
 
 3495<* 
 
 218,    302 
 
 3602 
 
 238,    XV. 
 
 3495^" 
 
 267,  332 
 
 3603 
 
 248,    XVIII. 
 
 194,    3496 
 
 273,    334 
 
 3603^ 
 
 237,      XV. 
 
 3497  a 
 
 274,    334 
 
 3603* 
 
 240,   XVI. 
 
 3497^' 
 
 275,    334 
 
 203« 
 
 239,    XVI. 
 
 3499 
 
 263,    332 
 
 204 
 
 Plate  II. 
 
 3502 
 
 252,    33o 
 
 205 
 
 276,    XIX. 
 
 3503 
 
 253,    33o 
 
 206 
 
 277,    XIX. 
 
 35°4tf 
 
 261,    331 
 
 208 
 
 282,    339 
 
 3504/ 
 
 254,    33o 
 
 209 
 
 279-80,  XX. 
 
 3504^ 
 
 255,    33o 
 
 211 
 
 Plate  XII. 
 
 35°4« 
 
 272,    334 
 
 212 
 
 Plate  XIII. 
 
 195,    35" 
 
 285,    350 
 
 213 
 
 Plan  I. 
 
 196,  Selection. 
 
 278,    XX 
 
 214 
 
 Plan  II. 
 
 197,    3585 
 
 270,    334 
 
 215 
 
 Plan  IV.  347 
 
 3586 
 
 27L   334 
 
 2l6 
 
 Plan  III.  306 
 
 3586a 
 
 236,    XV 
 
 217 
 
 and  last. 
 
 32.  48. 
 
 198,    3587 
 
 234.    XIV 
 
 LONDON:    PRINTED    BV   WILLIAM    CLOWES   AND    SONS,    STAMFORD   STREET, 
 AND   CHARING    CROSS. 
 
F      XX] 
 
 301 
 
 3M. 
 
 306 
 
 302 
 
 4K 
 
 307 
 
 § 
 
 303 
 
 30A 
 
 ml        J  f 
 
 /  \ 
 
 \ 
 
 10  ML 
 
 io  m.   ^mm, 
 
 3M. 
 
 ,  tos 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS.&c.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
PL  XXII. 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &C.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY_ 
 
PL.  XXIII. 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  VJHQRLS,  &c,  DUG    UP    AT    TROY 
 
pl.xsrt 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS.&C.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
PL.xxy: 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &c.  DUG    UP   AT    TROY_ 
 
P1.ZXV1. 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &c.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
PL. XXVII. 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &C    DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  ic.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
PL.  XXIX. 
 
 £  M 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &C.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY 
 
PL.  XXX. 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS    &C.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
PL.  XXXI. 
 
 ,385 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF   WHORLS,  &C.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
.jcqg;. 
 
 *  -        *  ■ 
 I  * 
 
 1  '    «  "  .    *  ''JEM 
 
 39+ 
 
 X, 
 
 9M. 
 
 '\~\Jf\ 
 
 / 
 
 392 
 
 y    ( 
 
 f        m  si  ,a 
 
 it",  v       111 
 
 !  **&, 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF   WHORLS,  &C.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
4-CC 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &c.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY 
 
PL.XXX1V. 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  ScC.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY_ 
 
PL.  XXXV. 
 
 \\\ 
 
 HWW     / 
 
 F 
 
 ■  * 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &C.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY 
 
PL.XXXV1. 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF   WHORLS,  &C.  DUG    UP   AT    TROY. 
 
PL.X 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  AC.  DUG    UP   AT    TROY. 
 
PL.X- 
 
 ft    '     4^»* 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  VJHORLS,  8tC.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
PL .  XXXIX. 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &C.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY_ 
 
PL. XL. 
 
 SPECIMENS    OF   WHORLS,  &C     DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
PL  XU 
 
 V 
 
 i4€ 
 
 4-+<? 
 
 usw) 
 
 t    Kp 
 
 /  ncpK     x< 
 
 A  '  i 
 
 r 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &c    DUG    UP    AT    TROY 
 
PL.XL1I 
 
 SPECIMENS    OF   WHORLS,  &C.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY 
 
SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &C    OUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
xnv 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &c.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
*7G 
 
 \\xl 
 \ 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &c.  DUG    UP   AT    TROY. 
 
PL.XLV] 
 
 ••      - 
 
 47? 
 
 47 3 
 
 .',  i *  .77 >  1 
 
 V*    * 
 
 , 
 
 p?n 
 
 : 
 
 *£ 
 
 I J  * 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS, &C.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
PL.XLVI1. 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &c.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY 
 
PL.XLVIII. 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &c.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
PL  XL1X.. 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS, &C.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY. 
 
PL.L 
 
 •-3^ 
 
 SPECIMENS  OF  WHORLS.&C.  DUG    UP   AT   TROY 
 
PL.  LI. 
 
 SPECIMENS   OF  WHORLS,  &c.  DUG    UP   AT    TROY 
 
PL.LII. 
 
 :7^  /: 
 
 ii 
 
 o 
 
 y/jij-), x 
 
 SPECIMENS    07  V;H0RLS,&C.  DUG    UP    AT    TROY 
 
Albemarle  Street, 
 
 February  i S75. 
 
 MR.  MURRAY'S  LIST  OF  NEW  WORKS. 
 
 THE  FOURTH  EDITION  of  the  QUARTERLY  REVIEW, 
 
 No.  275.     (January  1875.)     8vo.    6s. 
 
 contents : 
 
 I.  The  Greville  Memoirs.  j       VI.  Friendly  Societies. 
 
 II.  Doctrines  of  the  Jesuits. 
 
 III.  Life  of  the  Prince  Consort. 
 
 IV.  The  English  Bar. 
 
 V.  Farrar's  Life  of  Christ. 
 
 VII.  Judicial    Investigation     of 
 
 Truth. 
 VIII.  Speeches  of  Pope  Pius  IX. 
 
 THE  THIRD  EDITION  of  the  QUARTERLY  REVIEW, 
 
 No,  274.     (October,  1874.)     8vo.     6s. 
 
 contents : . 
 
 I.  The  Jesuits.  VII.  East-Anglia  :  its  Strikes  and 
 
 II.  Provincial  Turkey.  Lock-outs. 
 
 III.  English  Architecture.  i    VIII.  Burrows'   Worthies    of   All 
 
 IV.  Modern  Culture.  Souls. 
 
 V.  The  Republic  of  Venice.  IX.  Criminal  Statistics. 
 
 VI.  Bishop  Patteson.  X.  Ritual     of      the      English 
 
 Church. 
 
 THE    DIARY    OF     THE    SHAH    OF    PERSIA,     during 
 
 his  TOUR  THROUGH  EUROPE  in  1873.  Translated  by  J.  W.  Red- 
 house,  F.R.A.S.  Third  Thousand.  With  Portrait  and  Coloured  Title.  Crown 
 8vo.      1 2S. 
 
 THE    LAST   JOURNALS    OF    DAVID    LIVINGSTONE 
 
 IN  CENTRAL  AFRICA,  from  1865  to  his  Death.  Continued  by  a  Narrative 
 of  his  last  moments  and  sufferings  by  his  faithful  Servants,  Chumah  and  Susi. 
 Edited  by  Rev.  Horace  Waller.  8th  Thousand.  With  Portrait,  Maps,  and 
 Illustrations.     2  vols.,  8vo.     28.C 
 
 THE  CAUCASUS,  PERSIA,  AND   TURKEY  IN  ASIA  ; 
 
 A  JOURNEY  to  TABREEZ,  KURDISTAN,  down  the  TIGRIS  and 
 EUPHRATES  to  NINEVEH  and  BABYLON,  and  across  the  DESERT  to 
 PALMYRA.  By  Baron  von  Max  Thielmann.  Translated  from  the  German 
 by  CHAS.  Heneage.    2  vols.     Post  Svo.  [In  (he  Press. 
 
 OLD    TIMES    AND    DISTANT    PLACES.      A    Series  of 
 Sketches.     By  Archdeacon  Sinclair,  M.  A.     Crown  Svo.     Q.r. 
 
 THE    SPEAKER'S    COMMENTARY    ON    THE    HOLY 
 
 BIBLE,  EXPLANATORY  AND  CRITICAL,  with  a  Revision  of  the  Trans- 
 lation. By  Bishops  and  Clergy  of  the  Anglican  Church.  Edited  by  F.  C.  Cook, 
 M.A.,  Canon  of  Exeter.     Vols.  I.  to  V.     Medium  Svo. 
 
 [Continued. 
 
MR.  MURRAY'S  LIST  OF  WORKS-™//™.-./. 
 
 THE    COMMUNISTIC    SOCIETIES   OF  THE  UNITED 
 
 STATES.  From  Personal  Visits  and  Observations;  including  Detailed  Accounts 
 of  the  Economists,  Zoarites,  Shakers,  The  Amana,  Oneida,  Bethell,  Aurora, 
 Icarian  and  other  existing  Societies  ;  with  Particulars  of  their  Religious  Creeds, 
 Social  Practices,  Numbers,  Industries,  and  Present  Condition.  By  Charles 
 Nordhoff.     With  40  Illustrations.    Svo.     15.?. 
 
 MEMOIR   OF   SIR   RODERICK  I.  MURCHISON  ;  With 
 
 Notices  of  his  Scientific  Contemporaries,  and  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of 
 Palaeozoic  Geology  in  Britain.  By  Archibald  Geikik,  F.R.S.,  Director  of 
 the  Geological  Survey  of  Scotland.     With  Portraits.     2  vols.,  8vo. 
 
 \Neazty  Ready. 
 
 TROY  AND  ITS  REMAINS  ;  A  Narrative  of  Researches  and 
 
 Discoveries  on  the  Site  of  Ilium  and  in  the  Trojan   Plain.     By  Dr.   Henry 
 
 Schliemann.      Translated  with    the    Author's    Sanction    and    Co-operation. 
 
 Edited  by  Philip  Smith,  B.A,  With  Map,  Views,  and  500  Objects  of 
 Antiquity.      Royal  8vo. 
 
 FOUNDATIONS   OF   RELIGION   IN  THE  MIND  AND 
 
 HEART  OF  MAN.  By  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  John  Barnard  Byles.  Post 
 8vo.  [In  the  Press. 
 
 A  DICTIONARY  OF  CHRISTIAN  ANTIQUITIES.   The 
 
 History,  Institutions,  and  Antiquities  of  the  Christian  Church.  By  Various 
 Writers.  Edited  by  Wm.  Smith,  D.C.L.,  and  Rev.  Professor  Cheetha.m, 
 M.A.     2  vols.     Medium  8vo.  [Vol.1,  in  February. 
 
 This  work  commences  at  the  point  at  which  the  Dictionary  of  the  Bible 
 leaves  off,  and  gives  an  account  of  the  Institutions  of  the  Christian  Church  from  the 
 time  of  the  Apostles  to  the  age  of  Charlemagne. 
 
 LECTURES  ON  THE  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  INSTITU- 
 TIONS    By  Sir  Henry  Maine,  K.C.S. I.    8vo.     \2s. 
 
 THE    HAWAIIAN    ARCHIPELAGO;     SIX     MONTHS 
 
 AMONG  THE  PALM  GROVES,  CORAL  REEFS,  and  VOLCANOES 
 of  the  SANDWICH  ISLANDS.  By  Isabella  Bird,  Author  of  "  The 
 Englishwoman  in  America."     With  Illustrations.     Crown  Svo.   \2s. 
 
 WORSHIP    IN    THE    CHURCH     OF    ENGLAND.      By 
 
 A.  J.  B.  Beresford-Hope,  M.P.     2nd  Edition.    Svo.    gs. 
 
 FRAGMENTARY    ILLUSTRATIONS   of  the    HISTORY 
 
 of  the  BOOK  of  COMMON  PRAYER,  from  Manuscript  Sources  (Bishop 
 Sanderson  and  Bishop  Wren).  Edited  by  William  Jacobson,  D.D.,  Bishop 
 of  Chester.     Svo.     5-r. 
 
 A  HISTORY  OF  ARCHITECTURE  IN  ALL  COUN- 
 TRIES, from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Present  Day.  By  James  Fergusson, 
 F.R.S.  New  and  Revised  Edition.  With  1600  Illustrations.  4  vols.  Medium 
 8vo.     3 1  s.  6<l.  each. 
 
 Vols.  I. and  II.— ANCIENT  AND  MEDIAEVAL  ARCHITECTURE.  [Ready. 
 
 Vol.  III.— INDIAN  AND  EASTERN  ARCHITECTURE.        [In  the  Press. 
 
 Vol.  IV.— MODERN  ARCHITECTURE.  [Ready. 
 
 THE  SONNET  ;  Its  Origin,  Structure,  and  Place  in  Poetry. 
 With  Original  Translations  from  the  Sonnets  of  Dante  and  Petrarch.  With 
 Remarks  on  the  Art  of  Translating.  By  Charles  Tomlinson,  F.R.S.  Post8vo. 
 gs. 
 
 [Continued. 
 
MR.  MURRAY'S  LIST  OF  WORKS-^w. 
 
 THE  NICENE  AND  APOSTLES'  CREEDS;  Their  Literary 
 
 History,  together  with  some  Account  of  the  Creed  of  St.  Athanasius.  By  Canon 
 Swainson,  D.D.,  Norrisian  Professor  of  Divinity  at  Cambridge.  With  Fac- 
 simile.    Svo.     1 6s. 
 
 PERCY'S  PRACTICAL  METALLURGY.     Vol.  I.     Part  I. 
 
 Introduction — Fuel,  Wood,  Peat,  Coal,  Charcoal,  Coke,  Refractory  Materials, 
 Fireclays,  &c.     New  and  Revised  Edition.     With  Illustrations.     8vo. 
 
 ENGLAND  AND  RUSSIA  IN  THE  EAST.     A  Series  of 
 
 Papers  on  the  Political  and  Geographical  Condition  of  Central  Asia.  By 
 Sir  Henry  Rawlinson,  K.C.B.    With  Map.    8vo. 
 
 ETCHINGS    FROM    THE    LOIRE    AND    SOUTH    OF 
 
 FRANCE.  With  20  Plates  and  Descriptive  Text.  By  Ernest  George, 
 Architect.     Folio.     42s. 
 
 Uniform  with  the  above. 
 
 ETCHINGS  ON  THE  MOSEL:  A  Series  of  Twenty  Plates 
 
 with  Descriptive  Letterpress.     By  Ernest  George.     Folio.    42s. 
 THE  LAND  OF  THE  NORTH  WIND;  or,  Travels  among 
 
 the  Laplanders  and  Samoyedes,  and  along  the  Shores  of  the  White  Sea.  By 
 Edward  Rae.     With  Map  and  Woodcuts.     Post  8vo. 
 
 HANDBOOK   TO  THE  ITALIAN  SCHOOLS  OF 
 
 PAINTING.  Based  on  the  Handbook  of  Kugler.  Originally  edited  by 
 Sir  Charles  L.  Eastlake,  R.A.  Fourth  Edition.  Revised  and  Remodelled. 
 By  Lady  Eastlake.     With  140  Illustrations.     2  vols.     Crown  8vo.     30^. 
 
 HANDBOOK    TO    THE     GERMAN,    FLEMISH,     AND 
 
 DUTCH  SCHOOLS  OF  PAINTING.  Based  on  the  Handbook  of  Kugler. 
 Originally  Edited  by  the  late  Dr.  Waagen.  New  Edition.  Revised  and  partly 
 re-written.     By  J.  A.  Crowe.     With  60  Illustrations.     2  vols.     Crown  8vo.  24s. 
 
 THE    BOOK    OF    MARCO    POLO,    THE    VENETIAN: 
 
 Concerning  the  Kingdoms  and  Marvels  of  the  East.  A  new  English  Version. 
 Edited  by  Col.  Yule,  C.B.  Second  Edition,  revised.  With  Maps  and  Illustra- 
 tions.    2  vols.     Medium  Svo.     42s. 
 
 THE  DESCENT  OF  MAN,  AND  SELECTION  IN  RELA- 
 TION TO  SEX.  By  Charles  Darwin,  F.R.S.  Revised  and  Cheaper  Edition. 
 With  80  Illustrations.     Crown  Svo.     gs. 
 
 THE    "ROB    ROY"    ON    THE    JORDAN,    NILE,    RED 
 
 SEA,  GENESSARETII,  Etc.  A  Canoe  Cruise  in  Palestine,  Egypt,  and  the 
 Waters  of  Damascus.  By  John  MacGregor,  M.  A.  Cheaper  Edition.  With 
 Maps  and  Illustrations.     Post  Svo.     7-f.  6d. 
 
 THE  STUDENT'S  EDITION  of  AUSTIN'S    LECTURES 
 
 on  JURISPRUDENCE  ;  or,  the  Philosophy  of  Positive  Law.  Compiled  from 
 the  larger  work.  By  Robert  Campbell,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  Barrister-at-Law. 
 Post  8vo.     12s. 
 
 AN    ATLAS    of   ANCIENT    GEOGRAPHY,    BIBLICAL 
 
 and  CLASSICAL.  To  illustrate  the  "Dictionary  of  the  Bible"  and  the 
 "Classical  Dictionaries."  Compiled  under  the  superintendence  of  Dr.  Wm. 
 Smith  and  Mr.  George  Grove.  With  Descriptive  Text.  Folio.  £6  6s. 
 half-bound.  [  ( 'cntinued. 
 
4  MR.  MURRAY'S  LIST  OF  WORKS-™*** 
 
 THE  GNOSTIC  HERESIES  of  the  FIRST  and  SECOND 
 
 CENTURIES.  By  the  late  Dean  Mansel,  D.D.,  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical 
 History  at  Oxford.  With  a  Sketch  of  his  Life  and  Character  by  Lord 
 Carnarvon.     Edited  \>y  Canon  Lightfoot.    8vo.     ioj\  6J. 
 
 THE  MOON.  Considered  as  a  Planet,  a  World,  and  a  Satellite. 
 By  James  Nasmyth,  C.E.,  and  James  Carpenter,  F.R.A.S.  Second  Edition. 
 With  24  Illustrations  and  Woodcuts.     4to.     30J. 
 
 LIVES  of  the  ENGINEERS.     From  the  Earliest  Times  to  the 
 
 Death  of  the  Stephensons.  With  an  Account  of  their  Principal  Works  :  com- 
 prising a  History  of  Inland  Communication  in  Britain,  and  the  Invention  and 
 Introduction  of  the  Steam  Engine  and  Locomotive.  By  Samuel  SMILES, 
 Author  of  "Self-Help."  New  and  Revised  Edition.  With  9  Portraits  and  340 
 Illustrations.     5  vols.     Crown  8vo.     Js.  6</.  each. 
 
 CONTAINING: 
 I.  Embankments  and  Canals — Vermuyden.Myddelton,  Perry,  Brindley. 
 II.  Harbours,  Lighthouses,  and  Bridges — Smeaton  and  Rennie. 
 
 III.  History  of  Roads — Metcalfe  and  Telford. 
 
 IV.  The  Steam  Engine — Boulton  and  Watt. 
 
 V.  The  Locomotive — George  and  Robert  Stephenson. 
 
 *  #*  Each  Volume  is  complete  m  itself,  and  can  be  //tic/  separately. 
 
 HORTENSIUS  ;  an  Historical  Essay  on  the  Office  and  Duties 
 
 of  an  Advocate.  By  William  Forsyth,  M.P.  Second  Edition.  With 
 Illustrations.     Svo.      12s. 
 
 SKETCHES  and  STUDIES- HISTORICAL  and  DE- 
 SCRIPTIVE. By  Richard  J.  King,  B.A.,  Author  of  the  "Handbooks  to 
 the  Cathedrals  of  England."     8vo.      12s. 
 
 MAETZNER'S    ENGLISH     GRAMMAR.      A   Methodical, 
 
 Analytical,  and  Historical  Treatise  on  the  Orthography,  Prosody,  Inflexions,  and 
 Syntax  of  the  English  Tongue.  Translated.  By  Clair  J.  Grece,  LL.B. 
 3  vols.     Svo.     36^. 
 
 HISTORY  of  the  CHRISTIAN  CHURCH  ;   from  the  Apo- 
 
 stolic  Age  to  the  Reformation.  15 17.  By  Canon  Robertson.  New  and 
 revised  Edition.     8  Vols.     Post  8vo.     6s.  each. 
 
 THE     STUDENT'S     MANUAL    of    ECCLESIASTICAL 
 
 HISTORY.  A  History  of  the  Christian  Church  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the 
 Eve  of  the  Protestant  Reformation.  By  Philip  Smith,  B.A.,  Author  of  "The 
 Student's  Old  and  New  Testament  Histories."     Post  Svo.    "js.  6d.    [/;/  the  1 '/ess. 
 
 THE  BEAUTIES  of  BYRON  :   being  Selections  from  Lord 
 
 Byron's  Poetry  and. Prose.  By  a  Clergyman.  New  Edition.  With  Portrait. 
 Fcap.  Svo.     3s.  6</. 
 
 LIFE  AND  DEATH  OF  JOHN  OF  BARNEVELD, 
 
 Advocate  of  Holland.  Including  the  Primary  Causes  and  Movements  of  "The 
 Thirty  Years'  War."  By  J.  Lothrop  Motley,  D.C.L.  With  Illustrations. 
 2  vols.     8vo.     2&s. 
 
 ESSAYS     CONTRIBUTED     TO     THE     QUARTERLY 
 
 REVIEW.  By  the  late  Samuel  Wilber force,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Winchester. 
 2  vols.     Svo.     2 1 s. 
 
 Contents: — The  Naturalist  in  Sussex  and  on  the  Spey — Darwin's  Origin  of  Species- 
 Essays  and  Reviews— The  Hawaiian  Islands -Aids  to  Faith— The  Church  of  England  and 
 her  Bishops — Dr.  Newman's  Apologia — Clerical  Subscription — The  Oallican  Church  —  Royal 
 Authorship — The  Church  and  her  Curates — Keble's  Biography  —  The  Archbishops  of  the 
 Reformation — East  African  Slave  Trade. 
 
 [CoilliillteJ. 
 
MR.  MURRAY'S  LIST  OF  W0RKS-««//w 
 
 SCHOOL    BOARD    ARCHITECTURE.      Being    Practical 
 
 Remarks  on  the  Planning,  Designing,  Building,  and  Furnishing  of  Schoolhouses. 
 By  E.  R.  Robson,  Architect  to  the  School  Board  for  London.  With  300 
 Illustrations.     Medium  Svo.     3U.  6d. 
 
 THE    PERSONAL    LIFE    AND    MINOR    WORKS    OF 
 
 GEORGE  GROTE.  By  Mrs.  Grote  and  Alexander  Bain,  LL.D.  With 
 Portraits.     2  vols.     Svo.     26s. 
 
 A  BRIEF  MEMOIR  of  the  PRINCESS  CHARLOTTE  of 
 
 WALES.  With  Selections  from  her  Correspondence  and  other  unpublished 
 Papers.  By  Lady  Rose  Weigall.  Second  Edition.  With  Portrait.  Crown 
 Svo.     8s.  6J. 
 
 HISTORY   OF   ENGLAND    DURING   THE  REIGN  OF 
 
 QUEEN  ANNE  UNTIL  THE  PEACE  OF  UTRECHT,  1701-13.  By 
 Earl  Stanhope.    Library  Edition,  8vo.,  16s.  ;  Cabinet  Edition,  with  Portrait, 
 
 2  vols.,  post  8vo.,  ior. 
 
 This  work  is   designed   as   a  connecting  link   between   the   conclusion   of  Lord 
 Macaulay's  History  and  the  commencement  of  Lord  Mahon's. 
 
 A  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND,  from  the  Peace  of  Utrecht  to 
 
 the  Peace  of  Versailles,  1713-83.  By  Lord  Mahon.  Library  Edition,  7  vols., 
 8vo.,  935-.  ;  Cabinet  Edition,  7  vols.,  post  8vo.,  35J. 
 
 THE   TALMUD  AND  OTHER    LITERARY    REMAINS 
 
 OF  THE  LATE  EMANUEL  DEUTSCH.     With  a  Brief  Memoir.    8vo.    12s. 
 
 Contents  : — The  Talmud — Islam — Egypt,  Ancient  and  Modern — Hermes  Trismegistns — 
 ludeo-Arabic  Metaphysics  — Renan's  "Les  Apotres  " — The  (Ecumenical  Council — Apostolical 
 Sedis — Roman  Passion  Drama  —  Semitic  Palaeography,  Culture,  and  Languages — Samaritan 
 Pentateuch — The  Targums — Book  of  Jasher — Arabic  Poetry. 
 
 ROMANO     LAVO-LIL;    Word-Book  of  the  Romany,  or 
 
 English  Gipsy  Language  ;  with  many  pieces  in  Gypsy,  illustrative  of  the  English 
 Gypsies.     By  George  Borrow.     Post  8vo.     10s.  6d. 
 
 NEW  JAPAN;  THE  LAND  OF  THE  RISING  SUN;  its 
 
 Annals  and  Progress  during  the  past  Twenty  Years,  recording  the  remarkable 
 Progress  of  the  Japanese  in  Western  Civilization.  By  Samuel  Mossman. 
 With  Map.     8vo.     15s. 
 
 THE    ORIGIN    AND    HISTORY    OF   THE    FIRST   OR 
 
 GRENADIER  GUARDS,  from  Documents  in  the  State  Paper  Office,  War 
 Office,  Horse  Guards,  Contemporary  History,  Regimental  Records,  &c.  By 
 Lieut.-Gen.   Sir  F.  W.  Hamilton,  K.C.B.     With  Portraits  and  Illustrations. 
 
 3  vols.     Medium  8vo.     63s. 
 
 REMINISCENCES   OF   FORTY   YEARS'  SERVICE   IN 
 
 INDIA.  Including  the  Caubul  Disasters  and  Captivities  in  Affghanistan  and 
 the  Punjaub,  and  a  Narrative  of  the  Mutinies  in  Rajputana.  By  Lieut.-Gen. 
 Sir  George  Lawrence,  C.B.     Crown  8vo.     ioj.  6d. 
 
 PERSONAL   RECOLLECTIONS,   FROM    EARLY   LIFE 
 
 TO  OLD  AGE,  of  MARY  SOMERVILLE.  With  Selections  from  her 
 Correspondence.  By  Her  Daughter.  With  Portrait.  Fifth  Thousand. 
 Crown  8vo.     12s. 
 
 THE  LAND  OF  MOAB.  Travels  and  Discoveries  on  the 
 East  Side  of  the  Dead  Sea  and  the  Jordan.  By  Canon  Tristram,  LL.D. 
 Second  Edition.     With  Map  and  Illustrations.     Crown  Svo.      i$s. 
 
 [Continued. 
 
MR.  MURRAY'S  LIST  OF  WORKS-««>/w 
 
 LIVES    OF   THE    CHIEF    JUSTICES    OF    ENGLAND, 
 
 from  the  Norman  Conquest  to  the  Death  of  Lord  Tenterden.  Ey  Lord 
 CAMPBELL,     Third  Edition.     4  vols.     Crown  8vo.     6s.  each. 
 
 A    HISTORY    OF    THE    ANCIENT    WORLD,    from    the 
 
 Earliest  Records  to  the  Fall  of  the  Western  Empire,  a.d.  455.  By  Philip 
 Smith,  B.A.    Fourth  Edition.     With  Maps  and  Plans.     3  vols.    Svo.    31.C  6J. 
 
 RECORDS    OF   THE  ROCKS  ;  or,  Notes  on   the  Geology, 
 
 Natural  History,  and  Antiquities  of  North  and  South  Wales,  Devon,  and  Corn- 
 wall.   By  Rev.  W.  S.  Symonds,  F.G.S.     With  Illustrations.    Crown  8vo.,  12s. 
 
 THE  NATURALIST  IN  NICARAGUA;  a  Narrative  of  a 
 
 Residence  and  Journeys  in  the  Savannahs  and  Forests ;  with  Observations  on 
 Animals  and  Plants.  By  Thomas  Belt,  F.G.S.  With  Illustrations.  Post 
 Svo.      1 2S. 
 
 BEN  EDI  CITE  ;  or,  The  Song  of  the  Three  Children.     Being 
 
 Illustrations  of  the  Power,  Beneficence,  and  Design  manifested  by  the  Creator 
 in  His  Works.  By  G.  Chaplin  Child,  M.D.  Tenth  Thousand.  Post  Svo. 
 6s. 
 
 A  HISTORY  OF  THE  ROYAL  ARTILLERY.    Compiled 
 
 from  the  Original  Records.  By  Major  Duncan,  R.A.  Second  Edition. 
 With  Portraits.     2  vols.     Svo.     30J. 
 
 THE  GOTHIC  ARCHITECTURE  OF  ITALY;  chiefly  in 
 
 Brick  and  Marble.  Being  Notes  of  Tours  in  the  North  of  Italy.  By  G.  E. 
 Stkf.et,  R.A.     Second  Edition.     With  60  Illustrations.     Royal  Svo.     26s. 
 
 THE  GOTHIC  ARCHITECTURE  OF  SPAIN:  from  Per- 
 
 sonal  Observations  made  during  several  Journeys.  By  G.  E.  Street,  F.S.A. 
 Second  Edition.      With  100  Illustrations.     Medium  Svo.     30r. 
 
 LECTURES  ON  THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  GREECE.     By 
 
 Rev.  II.  F.  Tozer,  M.A.     With  Map.     Post  8vo.     gs. 
 
 MEMOIR  OF  WILLIAM  ELLIS,  Missionary  in  the  South 
 
 Seas  and  Madagascar.     By  His  Son.     With  Portrait.     8vo.     10s.  6d. 
 
 SIGNS  AND  WONDERS  IN  THE  LAND  OF  HAM;  or, 
 
 The  Ten  Plagues  of  Egypt,  with  Ancient  and  Modern  Illustrations.  By  Rev. 
 T.  S.  Millincton.     With  Woodcuts.     Post  Svo.     Js.  6J. 
 
 PERILS  IN  THE  POLAR  SEAS  ;   True  Stories   of  Arctic 
 
 Adventure  and  Discovery,  for  Young  Persons.  By  Mrs.  Chisholm.  With 
 Maps  and  20  Illustrations.     Post  8vo.     6s. 
 
 SELF  HELP.     With  Illustrations  of  Character,  Conduct,  and 
 
 Perseverance.     By  Samuel  Smiles.     Small  Svo.     6s. 
 
 CHARACTER.     A  Companion  Volume  to  u  Self  Help."     By 
 Samuel  Smiles.     Small  Svo.     6s. 
 
 THE   TALE   OF   FRITHIOF.      By   EsiAS  TeGNER.      Trans- 
 lated from  the  Swedish.     By  Captain  H.  Spalding.     Post  Svo.     p.6d. 
 
 JOHN    MURRAY,  ALBEMARLE  STREET. 
 
■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
iiillU  UllUlUiii/UuillluUiJilUuijUuuiiiiiiiHi