D - { I „.„ HG6E73I copy zX. ^tGif!i(millM^t(i-^'-•' ^-i ■/i'.nv"' -.^m. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library http://www.archive.org/details/indextosystemaOOhodg INDEX TO SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY. CHARLES HODGE, D. D. NEW YORK: SCRIBNER, ARMSTRONG, AND COMPANY, LONDON AND EDINBURGH: T. NELSON AND SONS. 1873. Entered according to act of Congress, in the 5'ear 1873, by SCRIBNER, AUMSTRONG, AND COMPANY, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. , RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIPQE : STEREOTYPED AND rULNTEDBr n. 0. HOUGHTON' AND COMPANY. INDEX, A. Abbot, Ezra, Professor (Harvard), catalogue of works on the future state, iii. 718. Abelard (d. 1142), idea of omnipotence, i. 411 ; on realism, ii. 53 ; on original sin, ii. 169. Ability, proper meaning of the word, ii. 291 ; plenary ability, ii. 152 ; natural and moral ability, value of the distinction, ii. 265 ; Pel- agian doctrine, ii. 152; Semi- Pelagian or Arminian doctrine, ii. 267; distinguished from lib- erty, ii. 291 ; when does ability limit obligation, and when does it not, ii. 153, 251 ; iii. 233. See Inability. Absolute and Infinite, the, philosophical definition of, i. 347 ; conclusions drawn from those definitions, i. 347 flf. ; fallacy of those conclusions, i. 349. Absolute Power, scholastic doctrine, i. 409. Absolution, merely declarative, iii. 762 ; doc- trine of Romanists, iii. 494, 753, 758, 764 ; arguments against, iii. 764; not sustained by John xx. 23, iii. 761. Active and passive Obedience of Christ, iii. 142. Acts, when are they free ? ii. 285 ; moral character of, ii. 304 ; of Christ, different classes of, ii. 394. Adam, his original state, ii. 92, 116 ; his fiill, ii. 123 ; the effects of his fall on himself, ii. 129 ; on his posterity, ii. 192 ; the repre- sentative of his race, ii. 197: a type of Christ, iii. 153. Administrator of the sacraments, iii. 514. Adult Baptism, qualifications for, iii. 541. Adultery, Scriptural ground of divorce, iii. 393. Advent, Second, of Christ, church doctrine of, iii. 792 ; its antecedents, iii. 800 if. ; its con- comitants, iii. 837 fF. ; objec- tions urged against the church doctrine, iii. 796; objection founded on Matthew xxiv. and XXV., iii. 797 ; premillenial ad- vent theory, iii. 861 ; objections to it, iii. 862 ff.; expectation of the Apostles concerning the Second Advent, iii. 867. Agassiz, Professor (Harvard), his avowal of theism, i. 222 : definition of species, ii. 80, iii. 778 ; condemnation of Dar- winism, ii. 15. Agobard (Bishop of Lyons, d. 840), number of the sacraments, iii. 497. Agricola (d. 1566), on good works, iii. 238. Alexander, Joseph Addison, Pro- fessor (d. 1860), on vicarious suffering, ii. 508 ; on the end of the world, iii. 841 ; on hell, iii. 875. INDEX. Alexander, Stephen, Professor (Princeton), on knowledge of God, i. 365. Alford, Dean, desertion a Scriptural ground of divorce, iii. 395 ; on the dis- tinction between " believing " and " eating " in the reception of the Lord's Supper, iii. 644. Alger, "William Rounseville, his detinition of Rationalism, iii. 719 ; makes Christ, in his answer to the Sadducees, teach simply a future life, iii. 719, 720 ; Paul's doctrine of the intermediate state, iii. 729 ; denies a resurrection of the body, iii. 771 f. ; on the Hindu theory of the universe, iii. 786 ; merges the second advent of Christ into the spiritual mani- festation of his power, iii. 793. Ambrose (d. 397), all sinned in Adam, ii. 151 ; de- sertion a ground of divorce, iii. 396 ; the intermediate state, iii. 739 ; on purgatory, iii. 755. Amsdorf (d. 15G5), on good works, iii. 239. Amyraut (d. 1604), on mediate imputation, ii. 205 f ; on hypothetical redemption, ii. 322. Analogy of Faith, distinguished from tradition, i. 113; analogy of Scripture as a rule of interpretation, i. 187. Anaxagoras (d. 428 b. c), philosophy of, i. 226. Anaximander (d. 54G b. c), philosophy of, i. 318. Anaximenes (556 b. c), philosophy of, i. 318. Ancyra (a. d. 314), C'Ouncil of, iii. 374. Andradius (d. 1575), sinfulness can be predicated only of acts of the will, ii. 106, 178 ; venial sins not really sins, iii. 234. Angels, their nature and orders, i. 637 ff. ; their employments and powers, i. 639 ; guardian, i. 640 ; evil angels, i. 643 ; their power and agency, i. 644 ; demoniacal pos- sessions, i. 645. Annihilation of the world ? iii. 852 ; of the wicked ? iii. 872 fF. Anselm (d. 1099), his dogmatic method, i. 5 ; his " Cur Deus Homo ? " ii. 486 ; the relation of reason and faith, i. 74; his ontological argument, i. 204 ; on the Trinity, i. 479 ; on realism, ii. 53 ; on original sin, ii. 169 ; on redemption, ii. 486 ; on sin and grace, ii. 715 ; on the righteousness of Christ, iii. 154. Anthropology, the Scriptural, ii. 3 ff. ; Schleier- macher's, ii. 447 ; of the Hin- dus, i. 314. Anthropomorphism, in what sense true, i. 339 ; in what sense essential to Theism, i.343. Antichrist, was to come before the second advent of Christ, iii. 812; a power and not necessarily an individual, iii. 813, 814; de- scribed by St. Paul in 2 Thes- salonians, an ecclesiastical jjow- er, iii. 814 ff.; his prophecy ful- filled in the Papacy, iii. 815 fF. ; there may be many antichrists, iii. 822 ; the antichrist of Dan- iel, iii. 823 ; of the Apocalypse, iii. 825 ; antichrist and Babylon compared, iii. 830 ; Romish doctrine, iii. 831 ff. Antiiaomianism, iii. 241. Antiquity of Man, modern doctrine of, ii. 33-41. Apocalypse, modes of interpreting, iii. 826 ; the antichrist of, iii. 825 ff. ApoUinaris (d. 390), on the person of Christ, ii. 400. Apostles, nature of their office, i. 139 ; iii. 764; the office of, temporary, i. 140 f. ; not priests, iii. 689. Apostolical Constitutions, their origin and authority, iii. INDEX. 450 ; on the marriage relation, iii. 385. Aquinas, Thomas (1224-1274), on the attributes of God, i. 369 ; on the infinity of God, i. 384 ; eternity, i. 386 ; relation of knowledge and power in God, i. 394 ; on dependence on God, i. 592 ; on divine "coucursus," i. 600; false miracles, i. 631 ; on original sin, ii. 171 ; human nature of Christ, ii. 388 ; on grace, ii. 716; on faith, iii. 49, 54, 87, 94 ; invocation of saints, iii. 282 ; image woi'ship, iii. 298, 301 ; desertion a ground of divorce, iii. 396; on false- hood, iii. 444 ; on the sacra- ments, iii. 489, 493, 496; on purgatory, iii. 751 ; on resur- rection, iii. 776. Aretas, on the intermediate state, iii. 739. Argyll, Duke of, limits the efficiency of God to the sphere of law, i. 623 ; ii. 25 ; distinction between the natural and the sujjernatural, i. 623 ; ii. 25 ; his arguments against the Darwinian theory, ii. 17 ; on miracles, i. 623. Arianism, i. 144, 452. Ariminum (a. d. 359), council of, i. 144. Aristotle (d. 322 b. c), his philosophy, i. 326. Aries (a. d. 4 75), Synod of, condemned Augustin- ianism, ii. 166. Arminianism, its rise, ii. 327 ; the five points of, condemned by the Synod of Dort, ii. 327, 724 ff. ; Wes- leyan Arminianism, ii. 329 ; doctrine of perfection, iii. 253. See Remonstrants. Articuli Visitatorii, on the Eucharist, iii. 673. Ascension, of Christ, Scriptural account of, ii. 630 ; Lutheran doctrine of, ii. 631 ; the doctrine of the modern advocates of kc': wcri?, ii. 633 ; the necessity of the as- cension, ii. 634. Assurance, not essential to faith, iii. 106 ; at- tainable, iii. 107 ; grounds of, iii. 107 if. Athanasian Creed, its origin, i. 457, 458. Athanasius (d. 373), on Arianism, i. 145; on sin, ii. 151 ; on union with Christ, ii. 581. Atheism, proper meaning of, i. 241 ; in what sense impossible, i. 242. See Materialism and Panthe- ism. Atonement, Scriptural use of the word, ii. 469 ; the Church doctrine, ii. 563 ; patristic theories, ii. 564 ; moral theory, ii. 566; govern- mental theory, ii. 573 ; Remon- strant doctrine, ii. 575 ; Ger- man supernaturalists, ii. 576; mystical theory, ii. 581 ; mod- ern views, ii. 589 ; extent or design of the atonement, ii. 544 ; arguments in support of the Augustinian doctrine on that point, ii. 546-555 ; objec- tions to the Augustinian doc- trine, ii. 554 ff. See Satisfac- tion. Authors referred to (all vol. ii.) : Baur, 577 ; Beman, 578 ; Bushnell, 568, 570 ; Col- eridge, 568 ; Dorner, 583, 588 ; Flatt, 577 ; Gieseler, 572, 582 ; Grotius, 573, 575 ; Limborch, 576 ; Munscher, 582 ; Getin- ger, 587 ; Osiander, 586 ; Park, 578 ; Schaif, 591; Scotus Erigena, 584 ; Schwenkfeld, 586 ; Storr, 577, 578 ; Young, 567. Attributes of God, their nature, i. 368 ; how they differ, i. 371 ; their classifica- tion, i. 374 ; Authors referred to (all vol. i. ) : Abelard, 411 ; Aquinas, 369, 371, 384, 386, 394 ; Augustine, 368, 371, 384, 386, 391, 394, 401 ; INDEX. B6hme,382; Brnch, 396, 410, 411, 426, 428, 431, 432, 438, 439 ; Calovius, 402 ; Calvin, 409; Cicero, 366,416; Clem- ens Alexandriniis, 374, 419; Cousin, 382 ; Des Cartes, 377, 409 ; Endemann, 438 ; Epis- copius, 382; Gerhard, 395; Grotius, 419 ; Hegel, 417 ; Heidegger, 395 ; Hollaz, 370, 438 ; Howe, 382 ; Jamieson, 887 ; Kant, 377 ; Keckermann, 409 ; Klaiber, 432 ; Leibnitz, 374; Mansel, 371, 378, 380, 381 f. ; Martensen, 372 ; Mc- Cosh, 378 ; Musculus, 409 ; Nitzsch, 411 ; Origen, 419 ; Quenstedt, 370, 373, 384, 386, 391, 402 ; Schleiermacher, 389, 395, 402, 410, 411, 417, . 428; Schweitzer, 411, 417, 439 ; Scotus Erigena, 371, 394 ; Spinoza, 394^412 ; Stap- fer, 419; Strauss, 382, 389, 394, 402, 410fF., 414; Tertul- lian, 419 ; Turrettin, 391, 402 ; Twesten, 433, 434; Weg- scheider, 415; Wolf, 419; Young, 426; Zwingle, 409. Atwater, Lyman Hotchkiss, Pro- fessor (Princeton), on the wine question, iii. 616. Auberlen, Professor Carl August (d. 1864), on the Apocalypse, iii. 826 ; on Antichrist, iii. 829 ; on the na- tional preservation of the Jews, iii. 800. Augustine (d. 403), identifies knowledge and power in God, i. 371, 394 ; infinitude of God, i. 386 ; eternity, i. 386 ; knowledge and foreknowledge, i. 401 ; on the Trinity, i. 464, 466, 479 ; creation " exnihilo," i. 554 ; mediate and immediate creation, i. 557 ; on the image of God, ii. 96 ; on sin, the phi- losophical and moral element of his doctrine, ii. 157 if. ; imputation of Adam's sin, ii. 163 ; demands of the law, ii. 185; on election, ii. 330 ; con- viction of sin, ii. 672 ; efBca- cious grace, ii. 680 ; on faith, iii. 43, 53 ; division of the decalogue, iii. 273 ; on oaths, iii. 311 ; on marriage, iii. 374, 409 ; on prohibited marriages, iii. 409 ; on divorce, iii. 392, 396 ; on falsehood, iii. 444 ; pious frauds, iii. 448 ; on false miracles, iii. 453 ; number of the sacraments, iii. 497 ; their efficacy, iii. 502 ; on the Eucha- rist, iii. 678 ; on purgatory, iii. 751,755, 769; on the resur- rection, iii. 775 f. ; on annihila- tion of the world, iii. 853. Augustinianism, its fimdamental principles, ii. 333 ; the power of this system in history, ii. 333 ; proof of Augustinianism, ii. 334-348 ; specially taught by Christ, ii. 346 ; objections considered, ii. 349. Authority, Human, limits of, iii. 358. Austin, John, on the ground of the right of property, iii. 422. Babbage, Charles, on miracles, i. 622 ; on Hume's argument, i. 633. Babylon and Antichrist, iii. 830. Bachman, John, on immutability of species, ii. 79. Bahr, on the Jewish Sabbath, iii. 337. Baier, John William (d. 1694), on sin, ii. 180; on the Word of God, iii. 481 ; on baptism, iii. 518 ; on the destruction of the world, iii. 853. Bailey, Samuel, on faith, iii. 46. Baptism, its mode, iii. 526 ff. ; mode not essential, iii.'526 ; classic usage INDEX. of the word, iii. 526; its usage in the Septuagint, iii. 528 ; with the fatliers, iii. 536 ; in the New Testament, iii. 531 ; formula of baptism, iii. 539 ; subjects of, iii. 540 ; qualifica- tions for adult baptism, iii. 541 ; of infants, iii. 546-558 ; whose children are to be bap- tized, iii. 558-579 ; efficacy of, iii. 579 ; Reformed doctrine, iii. 579 ; as a condition of salva- tion, iii. 584 ; as a means of grace, iii. 588 ; as a duty, iii. 586; Lutheran doctrine of its necessity, iii. 604 ; Romish doctrine, iii. 609. Authors referred . to (all vol. iii.) : Augustine, 534; Baier, 518; Baird, 562 ; Blair, 564 ff. ; Blanchini, 534; Calvin, 581, f. 596; Chemnitz, 608; Co- nant, 527, 530; Cremer, 537; Dale, 527 ; Edwards, 563, 569, 570, 571, 575; Ellicott, 595, 597 ; Fritzsche, 529, 539 ; Gerhard, 519, 605-608 ; Greg- ory Nazianzen, 537 ; Guericke, 542 ; Hengstenberg, 595 ; Krauth, 605, 608 ; Lucke, 595 ; Luther, 605-607 ; Mason, 546 ; Mather, 568, 572 ; Moor, de, 562 f. ; Palfrey, 567, 569 ; Palmer, 543 ; Parjeus, 572 ; Perrone, 610 ; Robinson, 534 f. ; Scapula, 528 ; Stephen, ' 527; Suicer, 537 ; Vitringa, 562 ; Wahl, 529 ; Waterland, 597 ff. Baptismal Regeneration, meaning of, iii. 591 ; John iii. 5 and Titus iii. 5, iii. 591-599; Waterland on, iii. 597 ; argu- ments against, iii. 599 ff. ; Lu- theran doctrine, iii. 604 ; Rom- ish doctrine, iii. 609. Barclay, Robert (d. 1690), his influence, i. 89 ; his doctrine, i. 93-96. Barker, Professor George P. (Yale), on the correlation of physical and vital forces, i. 286, 296. Barnard, President Frederick A. P. (Columbia College), arguments against materialism, L 291 ff. Basil the Great (d. 379), on the subordination of Christ, i. 463, 464; on purgatory, iii. 754. Baumgarten, Siegmund Jacob (d. 175 7), on the marriage of a wife's sister. iii. 416. Baumgarten - Crusius, Professor Ludwig Frederick Otto (d. 1843), on John iii. 5, iii. 594. Baur, Ferdinand Christian (d. 1860), sin limitation of being, i. 305, ii. 133 ; on the Romish doctrine of sin, ii. 177 ; on the Trinity, ii. 428 ; on Dorner's doctrine of Christ, ii. 433 ; on the ra- tionalistic view of justification, iii. 196; oneness of God and man, iii. 199. Bayle, Peter (d. 1706), on continuous creation, i. 580. Beale, Doctor Lionel S., F. R. S. ('• Life, Matter, and Mind "), on vitality, i. 270 ; against the correlation of physical, vital, and mental forces, i. 281, 293. "Bear Sin," Scriptural meaning of, ii. 505, 512. Beausobre et I'Enfant, on innocent deception, iii. 441. Beghards, mysticism of, i. 74, 77 ; commun- ism of, iii. 430. Beguiues, mystic religionists, i. 74. Being, meaning of the word, i. 367 ; of God, i. 367. Belgic Confession (a. d. 1561), on original sin, ii. 229 ; on satis- faction of Christ, ii. 481 ; on efficacy of the sacraments, iii. 501 ; teaches Calvin's doctrine of the Lord's Supper, iii. 630, 631 ; manducation of the body of Christ is faith, iii. 643. Belief in Christ, wliat it is to believe in Christ, iii. INDEX. 91 ; is the sinner required to believe that Christ loves him ? iii. 99. Bellarmin, Cardinal Robert (d. 1621), the Scri2:)tures incomplete, i. 105 ; obscure, i. 107 ; the church the infallible teacher, i. Ill ; marks of the church, i. 135 ; on the image of God, ii. 96 ; the original state of man, ii. 104; on original sin, ii. 178, 179 ; efficacious grace, ii. 678 ; on faith, iii. 87, 89 ; infused or inherent righteousness, iii. 130, 139, 162 ; concession as to im- puted righteousness, iii. 146 ; nature and merit of good works, iii. 166, 234, 242 ; invocation of saints, iii. 282 ; worship of im- ages and relics, iii. 299, 300 ; efficacy of the sacraments, iii. 490 ; they operate " ex opere operato," iii. 511 ; on the doc- trine of intention, iii. 515 ; on Antichrist, iii. 832 if. Benedict XIV. (d. 1758), on the marriage of clergy, iii. 376. Bengel, John Albert (d. 1751), on John iii. 5, iii. 594 ; on the Revelation, iii. 826. Berger, Otto, on materialism, i. 274. Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153), mysticism of, i. 79 ; efficacy of the sacraments, iii. 502 ; on the intermediate stale, iii. 739. Beza, Theodore (d. 1605), on sin, ii. 209 ; on 1 Peter iii. 18, 19, ii. 620 ; on the Roman law of marriage, iii. 413. Bible the Word of God, i. 37 ; its in- spiration and infallible author- ity, i. 1 53 ff. ; only rule of faith and practice, i. 151 ; rec- ognizes the authority of intui- tive truths, i. 15 ; its relation to philosophy and science, i. 55-59 ; the basis of education, r- iii. 353 ; the people have a right to have it taught in all schools supported by their money, iii. 353 ; source of its power, iii. 470. See Scriptures. Bickersteth, on the millennium, iii. 864. Biel, Gabriel (d. 1495), sacramental grace, iii. 512. Bishop, Joel Prentiss, on civil marriage, iii. 379 ; on divorce, iii. 403 ; on affinity, iii. 420. Blackstone, on right of property, iii. 424, 425. Blair, John (d. 1771), on terms of church membership, iii. 564. Blanchini, the Gospels, iii. 534. Body, Human, created, ii. 42 ; relation to tlie soul, ii. 44 ; realistic dualism, ii. 46 ; trichotomy, ii. 47. See Resurrection. Boehme, Jacob (d. 1624), as a mystic, i. 83 ; as a pantheist, i. 382. Boethius, Anicius Manlius Torqua- tus Severinus (d. 524), on heaven, iii. 748. Bonaventura (d. 1274), Psalter of the Virgin Mary, iii. 287. Bonnet, on the resurrection, iii. 772. Braniss, on Schleiermacher, ii. 444. Brentius, John (d. 1570), on the person of Christ, ii. 409. Brethren of the Common Lot, i. 74. Bretschneider, Carl Gottlieb, on post-bajjtismal sins, ii. 484 ; on 1 Peter iii. 18, 19, ii. 620; on Hegelianism, iii. 78 ; on the last judgment, iii. 844. Brochmann, on miracles, i. 632. Brooks, on the Second Advent, iii. 864. Brown, David, on the Second Advent, iii. 844, 863. INDEX. Brown, Thomas (d. 1820), theory of causation, i. 208. Brownists, theory of the church, iii. 545, 509. Bruch (Strasburg). omniscience of God, i. 396 ; will and power identical in God, i. 410, 411 ; justice of God, i. 425, 426 ; love-of God, i. 428 ; truth of God, i. 438 f. Bruno, number of the sacraments, iii. 497. Bryant, James Henry, on the Stoics, iii. 767. Bug an, on regeneration, iii. 23. Biichner, Ludwrig, on matei'ialistic atheism, i. 284. Burnet, Bishop Gilbert (d. 1715), on the marriage of the clergy, iii. 376 ; on the Eucharist, iii. 637. Bushnell, Horace, on the atonement, ii. 568, 570. c. Calderw^ood, on Sir William Hamilton, i, 301. Call, the external, made only in the gospel, i. 30, ii. 646 ; what it contains, ii. 641 ; it is addressed to all, ii. 642 ; its universality consistent with God's sincerity and with the doctrine of election, ii. 643, 644 ; Lutheran doctrine, ii. 645. See Vocation. Calvin, John (d. 15G4), on the knowledge of God as in- nate, i. 1 94 ; on absolute power, i. 409 ; on the Trinity, i. 466 ; on the theory of dependence, i. 593 ; on the agency of evil spirits, i. 648 ; on the image of God, ii. 98 ; on imputation of Adam's sin, ii. 209 ; on the meaning of the word " regen- eration," iii. 3 ; on faith, iii. 90, 101 ; on justification, iii. 131- 134 ; against Osiander, iii. 181 ; good works imperfect, iii. 233 ; on monastic vows, iii. 319. 321 ; celibacy and marriage, iii. 369, 371, 373; "the hus- band of one wife," iii. 389 ; on the efficacy of the sacraments, iii. 501; of baptism, iii. 581 ; on Titus iii. 5, iii. 596 ; his doctrine on the Lord's Supper, iii. 628, 629 ; and as stated in the Consensus Tigurinus, iii. 631, 640 ; denies " the loci.l presence " of Christ's body in the Eucharist, iii. 642 ; avows his agreement with Zwingle and CEcolampadius, iii. 647. Campbell, Honourable Archibald, on the intermediate state, iii. 741 ; prayers for the dead and pur- gatory, iii. 752. Canon of Scripture, how determined, i. 152. Canon Law, on desertion as a ground of di- vorce, iii. 396. Capital Punishment, enjoined in the Scriptures in case of murder, iii. 363. Cappel, Louis, Professor at Sau- mur, on mediate imputation, ii. 205. Carlstadt, Andrew (Bodenstein) (d. 1541), mystical, i. 81. Carpenter, "William Benjamin, on the correlation of physical and vital forces, i. 264 ; admits what he denies, i. 265, 266; on the criterion of identity of species, ii. 80. Carthage, Council of (a. d. 412, 418), condemned Pelagius, ii. 155; de- cided against perfectionism, iii. 251. (a. d. 416) declared baptism of infants to be necessary for their salvation, iii. 746. Cassian, John (d. 440, circa), leader of the semi-Pelagians, ii. 1 65 ; justifies falsehood when uttered with a good intention, iii. 449. 8 INDEX. Catechism ill fiimilies, iii. 572. Catechumens, their instruction, iii. 541. Cause, definition of, i. 208 ; Hume's def- inition, the modification of that definition by Dr. Brown and Stuart Mil, i. 208 ; the com- mon idea of causation, i. 209 ; kinds of causes, ii. 289 ; effi- ciency of second causes, i. 605, ii. 658, 659 ; final causes, i. 227 ; doctrine of sufficient cause, ii. 306. Celibacy not a higher state than marriage, iii. 368 ff. ; of the clergy, iii. 371 ; Paul's doctrine on the subject, iii. 373 ; history of the practice in the church, iii. 374 ; doctrine and practice of the Greek Church, iii.. 376. Certainty as to the occurrence of free acts, ii. 284 ; called moral necessity, ii. 285 ; consistent with lib- erty, ii. 295 IF. Certainty of salvation, iii. 110. Chalcedon, Council of (a. d 451), condemned P^utychianism, ii. 388, 404 ; on the marriage of priests, iii. 376. Chalmers, Dr. Thomas (d. 1847), on prayer, iii. 693, 694. Charenton, Synod of (a. d. 1631), on imputation of Adam's sin, ii. 206. Charlemagne (d. 814), his opj^osition to image worship), iii. 297. Chemnitz (d. 15SG), miracles less important than doc- trine*, i. 632 ; original sin, ii. 171 ; denies the ubiquity of Christ's body, ii. 410 ; on the ef- ficacy of the sacraments, iii. 507. Children, relative duties of parents and children, iii. 349 ff. ; religious instruction of, iii. 352 ff". ; of believers, members of the church under both dispensa- tions, iii. 552-557 ; they are the proper subjects of baptism, iii. 546-558 ; whose children are entitled to baptism ? iii. 558-579; practice of the Church of Rome in the bap- tism of children, iii. 559 ; jirac- tice of Protestant churches, iii. 561 ; theory and practice of the Reformed churches on this subject, iii. 573 ff. Christ, his divinity, jjroof of, from the Old Testa- ment, i. 483-495 ; from Gen- esis, i. 485 ; from the other historical books, i. 487 ; from the Psalms, i. 491 ; from the prophets, i. 492 ; from the New Testament, i. 495-521 ; from the sense in which he is called Lord, i. 495 ; from his being held up as the object of all the religious affections, i. 497 ;.from his authority as a teacher, i. 499 ; from his power over ra- tional creatures, i. 501 ; from his control over nature, i. 503 ; from the nature of his promises, i. 502 ; from the writings of John, i. 504 ; from those of Paul, i. 511 ; from the other apostolic writings, i. 520 ; his person, points of analogy between the union of soul and body in man and the union of the divine and human natures in Christ, ii. 378 ; the essential elements of the doctrine of Christ's person, ii. 380 ; he has a true body and a rational soul, ii. 381 ; he has a perfect human nature and a perfect divine nature, and is one person, ii. 380 ff. ; the hypostatical union, ii. 387-391 ; consequences of that union, ii. 392-394; the acts of Christ, how distinguish- ed, ii. 394 ; object of worship as the God-man ; erroneous INDEX. 9 doctrines, ii. 397 ; Ebionite, ii. 398 ; Gnostic, ii. 399 ; Apolli- nai'ian, ii. 400 ; Nestorian, ii. 401 ; Eutychian, ii. 402 ; Mo- nothelite doctrine, ii. 404 ; Re- formed doctrine, ii. 405 ; Lutlie- ran doctrine, ii. 407 fF. ; later forms of the doctrine, ii. 418 ; Socinus's doctrine, ii. 418; Swedenborg's, ii. 421 ; Dr. Isaac Watts's doctrine, ii. 423 ; modern view, ii. 428 ; panthe- istical Christology, ii. 429 ; theistical forms, Thomasius, ii. 432 ; Ebrard, ii. 434 ; Gess, ii. 435 ; Schleiermacher, ii. 441 ff; on the offices and work of Christ as onr Redeemer, see the jjroper headings. Christianity, Uilmann's view of its nature, i. 174 ; part of the common law of all Christendom, iii. 344. Chronology of the Bible, not settled, ii. 40. Chrysostom (d. 407), on miracles, iii. 453 ; on the word "Eucharist,'' iii. 613; on the intermediate state, iii. 739. Church, The Romish definition of, i. Ill, 130, iii. 543 ; its infallibility as a teacher, i. Ill, 129, 133 ; Gal- ilean and Papal theories as to the organs of the Church's infallibility, i. 112 ; arguments against the Romish doctrine, i. 137-150; Protestant doctrine, i. 134, iii. 545 ; distinction be- tween the invisible and visible Church, i. 134 ; importance of this distinction, i. 135 ; proof of the Protestant doctrine, i. 137 fF; the visible Church a divine institution, iii. 547 ; es- sentially the same under all dispensations, iii. 549 ; children of believers members of, iii. 552 ; Puritan theory of, iii. 544, 569 ; not a democracy but the kingdom of Christ, ii. 596, 604 fF; Church and state, ii. 605, iii. 340, 543 ; a means of grace, iii. 230 ; cannot bind the conscience, iii. 237 ; obe- dience due to it, iii. 360 ; its organization, iii. 361 ; does not consist exclusively of communi- cants, iii. 578 ; prerogatives of, iii. 361. Cicero (d. 43 b. c), on the existence of God, i. 194; design in the world, i. 226 ; on the Stoics, i. 245 ; on justice, i. 416; on incest, iii. 413; God the author of law, iii. 426 ; calls death a " sempitei-num malum," iii. 869. Circilmcisiou, a seal not only of the national covenant, but also of the cov- enant of grace, ii. 246, iii. 552 ff. ; its spiritual import, ii. 247, iii. 554; a sign of church membership, iii. 555. Civil government, a divine institution, iii. 357 ; its form providentially determined, iii. 358 ; limits of its authority, iii. 359. Clarke,Doctor Samuel (d. 1729), ontological argument, i. 206 ; on the self-determining power of the will, ii. 295. Clausen, J., on the " Descensus ad inferos," ii. 621. Clement of Alexandria ( d. 215 circa), God like man, i. 374 ; justice of God, i. 419 ; innate sin, ii. 151 ; catechetical teacher, iii. 542. Clement of Rome (d. 100, circa), " Apostolical Constitution," iii. 385. Clement XI., his bull " unigenitus " against the Jansenists, ii. 680. Ccelestius, associate of Pelagius, ii. 152. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (d. 1834), on inspiration, i. 168, 180; on justice, ii. 568. Commandments, First, iii. 277 ; Second, iii. 290 ; Third, iii. 305 ; Fourth, iii. 321; Fifth, iii. 348; Sixth, 10 INDEX. iii. 362; Seventh, iii. 368; Eighth, iii. 421 ; Ninth, iii. 437 ; Tenth, iii. 463. Common Consent, its authority in matters of faith, i. 115; no criterion of tradition, i. 123 ; not the ground of the right of property, iii. 424. Common Grace, meaning of, ii. 654 ; proof of the doctrine, ii. 660-670 ; the ef- fects of, ii. 670 ; how distin- guished from the doctrine of sufficient grace, ii. 654; Lu- theran doctrine of, ii. 656. Common Schools, and the Bible, iii. 353. Communion of Attributes, meaning of, ii. 379, 392 ; Lu- theran doctrine, ii. 407. Communion, Christian, Scriptural terms of, ii. 607 ; these cannot rightfully be altered by human authority, ii. 607; noth- ing can properly be required for admission to the Church which is not necessary for ad- mission to heaven, ii. 607 ; nothing indifferent can prop- erly be made a term of Chris- tian communion, iii. 265. Community of Goods, in the Church at Jerusalem, iii. 428 ; modern Communism, iii. 430. Comte, Auguste (d. 1857), his positive philosophy, i. 254 ; as all our knowledge is through the senses, it is confined to physical phenomena and their relations, i. 255 ; these rela- tions of sequence and resem- blance are uniform, i. 255 ; no liberty, no force or efficiency, no mind, no God, i. 260 if. ; Huxley's judgment of Comte, i. 261. Conant, T. J., on Christian baptism, iii. 527 ff. Concupiscence, meaning of, ii. 172. " Concursus," doctrine of, i. 598-605. Condillac (d. 1780), his modification of Locke's philos- ophy, i. 253. Confession, auricular, an element of the Romish sacra- ment of penance ; it must in- clude all sins known to the pen- itent, must be to a priest, and is a necessary condition of for- giveness, iii. 493, 758 f. Confirmation, as a rite in the early Church, iii. 492 ; as a Romish sacrament, iii. 493. Congruity, doctrine of, ii. 677 ff. Consciousness, authority of, i. 276, 280, 340. Constable, H. (Prebendary), on future punishment, iii. 869 ; on the annihilation of the wick- ed, iii. 872 ffi Constance, Council of (a. d. 1415.), decreed withholding the cup from the laity in the Eucharist, iii. 621. Constantinople, Council of, (a. d 380) on the Holy Spirit, i. 457. (a. d. 681) against the Monothelites, ii. 405. (a. d. 754) on the use of images, iii. 297. Consubstantiation, different meanings of, iii. 672, 676 ; why the word is objected to by Lutherans, iii. 672. Consummation of Christ's kingdom, iii. 859. Contentment, iii. 4G3. Contingency, doctrine of, ii. 282. Continued Creation, doctrine of, i. 577, ii. 217 ff. Converted Polygamists, iii. 387. Conviction of Sin, ii. 273, 672. Correlation of Forces, meaning of, i. 263 ; of different physical forces, i. 263 ; of phys- ical and vital forces, i. 264 ff. ; of physical and mental, i. 271 ; arguments against the theory as applied to physical, vital, INDEX. 11 and mental forces, i. 284 fF. ; concessions of the advocates of the theory : Professor Tyn- dall, i. 251 ; Professor Hnxley. ii. 6 ff. ; Professor Barker, i. 297 ; Wallace, i. 295, 297. Cosmogony, of Plato, i. 325. Cosmological Argument, founded on the doctrine of a suffi- cient cause, i. 208 ; true idea of causation, i. 209 ; proof that the world is an effect, i. 211 ; objections to the argument, i. 212. Councils, Ancyra (a. d. 314), marriage of deacons, iii. 374. Ariminum (a. d. 359), was Arian, i. 144. Aries (a. D. 475), condemned Augustinianism, ii. 166. Carthage (a. D. 412), condemned Pelagianism, ii. 155. Carthage (a. D. 416), condemned Pelagianism, ii. 155; on baptized infants, iii. 746. Carthage (a. d. 418), condemned Pelagianism, ii. 155, iii. 251. Chalcedon (a. d. 451), on marriage of priests, iii. 376. Charenton (a. D. 1631), on imputation, ii. 206. Constance (a. d. 1415), decreed witholding the cup from the laity, iii. 621. Constantinople (a. d. 381), on the Holy Ghost, i. 457. Constantinople (a. d. 680), against the Monothelites, ii. 405. Constantinople (a. d. 754), on images, iii. 297. Diospolis (a. d. 405), upheld Pelagianism, ii. 155. Mvira (a. d. 305), celibacy of the clergy, iii. 374; on images, iii. 296. Councils, continued. Ephesus (a. d. 431), condemned Pelagianism, ii, 155 ; on the Virgin Mary, iii. 285. Florence (a. d. 1439), " limbus infantum," iii. 745 ; heaven, iii. 749. Frankfort (a. d. 794), on images, iii. 297. Jerusalem (a. d. 415), upheld Pelagianism, ii. 155. Lyons (a. d. 1274), "limbus infantum," iii. 745. Nice (a. d. 325), i. 453 fF. Nice (a. d. 787), on images, iii. 297. Orange (a. d. 529), condemned Semi-Pelagianism, ii. 168. Sele.ucia (a. d. 359), Arian, i. 144. Trent (a. d. 1545), ii. 174 and elsewhere. Trullo (a. d. 692), on marriage of priests, iii. 376. Valence (a. d. 529), condemned Semi-Pelagianism, ii. 168. Cousin, Victor (d. 1867), reason impersonal and universal, i. 62 ; ontological argument, i. 207 ; pantheism of, i. 300 ; on the Ionic School, i. 319 ; the Infinite must be all things, i. 382 ; on realism, ii. 53 ; sin limitation of being, ii. 134. Covenant of works, why so called, ii. 117 f. ; parties to it, ii. 121 ; prom- ise, ii. 118 ; condition, ii. 119 ; penalty, ii. 120 ; in what sense still in force, ii. 122. of Redemption, why distinguished from the Covenant of Grace, ii. 358 ; parties, ii. 359 ; condition, ii. 361 ; promise, ii. 362. of Grace, why so called, ii. 354 ; differ- ent views of its nature, ii. 355, 356 ; parties to it, ii. 363 ; its 12 INDEX. mediator, ii. 364 ; its condi- tion, ii. 364 ; its promises, ii. 365 ; the same under all dis- pensations, ii. 366; the prom- ise of eternal life made under the Old Testament, ii. 368, iii. 716 ff. ; faith in the Redeemer the condition of salvation from the beginnnig, ii. 371 ; the dif- ferent aspects under which the Mosaic law is presented in the New Testament, ii. 375; char- acteristics of the New Testa- ment dispensation, ii. 376. Covenant, Half-way, iii. 56 7. Cox, John, on tlie Second Advent, iii. 868. Creation, theories as to the origin of the universe, i. 550 ; Scriptural doctrine, i. 553 ; mediate and immediate creation, i. 556 ; proof of the doctrine of a crea- tion " ex nihilo," i. 558 ff. ; ob- jections to the doctrine, i. 562 ; design of the creation, i. 565 ; Mosaic, account of, i. 568 ; ob- jections to, i. 569 ; geology and the Bible, i. 570 ff. ; impor- tance of the doctrine of crea- tion, i. 562, iii. 321. Creationism, ii. 70. Cremer, Hermann, on jSaTrrt^eir, iii. 537. Cross, legend of its discovery, iii. 459 ff. Cuinming,.Dr. John, on Romish miracles, iii. 456 ; Christ's kingdom on earth is the heaven promised in the Bible, iii. 866. Cunningham, Principal "William (d. 1861), Westminster Catechism more explicit on the doctrine of im- putation than the Confession, ii. 209 ; on obedience to the State, iii. 360. Cup withheld from tlie laity, iii. 685. Curcellaeus, Stephanus, on the satisfaction of Christ, ii. 486 ; on imjiutation of right- eousness, iii. 191. Cutler, Dr. Benjamin Clarke, on communion with Christ, iii. 638. Cuvier, definition of species, ii. 80. Cyprian, Thascius Caecilius (d. 258), on the Holy Spirit, i. 529 ; on hereditary corruption, ii. 151 ; on prayers for the dead, iii. 754. Cyril of Jerusalem (d. 386), two sacraments, iii. 497 ; wood of the true cross, iii. 459 ; prayers for the dead, iii. 754 ; denies that the world is to be annihilated, iii. 853. D. Daille, Jean (d. 16 70), the fathers on the intermediate state, iii. 739. Dale, Dr. James "Wilkinson, on baptism, iii. 527. Dana, Professor James Dwight, Mosaic cosmogony, i. 571 ff. ; def- inition of species, ii. 81 ; per- manence of, ii. 87. Daniel, Antichrist of, iii. 823 ff. Dar^vin, Charles, on the oi"igin of species, ii. 12 ; diversity of species determined by natural selection, ii. 13 ; what is meant by that, ii. 13 ; the theory ascribes intelligent effects to unintelligent causes, ii. 15 ; it effectually banishes God from the world, ii. 15 ; it is purelj^ hypothetical, as- suming the possible to be ac- tual^ ii. 19 ; Darwin admits that there are insolvable ditii- cidties in the way of his theory, ii. 27 ; Agassiz's condemnation of it, ii. 15 ; Huxley's judg- ment of it, ii. 20 ; Professor Owen's judgment, ii. 25 ; judg- INDEX. 13 ment of Mr. Wallace, the friend of Darwin, ii. 9. Daub, Karl (d. 1836), philosophical theology, i. 6. Death, meaning of, as the wages of sin, ii. 120; natural death in the case of a man a penal evil, ii. 154, 161 ; spiritual, nature of, ii. 244 ; universality of natural death a proof of original sin, ii. 248. Decalogue, in what sense a perfect rule, iii. 271 ; tables of, iii. 272 ; the two forms of, iii. 272 ; rules of interpreting, iii. 272 ; preface to, iii. 275. Deception, when allowable, iii. 440 fF. Decrees of God, definition of, i. 535 ; their end or final cause, one purpose, i. 537 ; eternal, immutable, i. 538 ; free, i. 539 ; certainly efficacious, i. 540 ; relate to all events, i. 542 ; include free acts, i. 543 ; objections, incom- patible with free agency, i. 545 ; inconsistent with the holi- ness of God, i. 546 ; destroys the motive to exertion, and is fatalism, i. 548. "Decreta Gratiani," contain the spurious '' donatio con- stantini M." of imperial digni- ty to the Pope, iii. 451. Deism, what it is, i. 34 ; what it denies and what it admits, i. 35 ff. ; history of, in England, France, Germany, 42 ff. ; works on, i. 44. Delitzsch, Professor Franz (Leip- zig), on preexistence, ii. 65 ; on the unity of the human race, ii. 88 ; his " Commentary on He- brews " a defence of church doctrine concerning the work of Christ, ii. 498 ; vicarious punishment, ii. 507, 512 ; ex- piation of sin is by punishment, ii. 509 ; affirms all the essential points in the Church doctrine concerning the satisfaction of Christ, ii. 543 ; on regenera- tion, iii. 25, 201 ; on faith, iii. 45 ; on the Sabbath, iii. 326 ; on marriage, iii. 380 ; on a fu- ture life revealed in the Old Testament, iii. 718. Demerit, distinguished from guilt, ii. 476. Demoniacal Possession, i. 645. De Moor, on mediate imputation, ii. 207, 214; on faith, iii. 61 ; on the baptism of heathen children under the care of missionaries, iii. 562. Dens, Peter (d. 1775), on vow, iii. 316; on hindrances to marriage, iii. 379, 400 ; on falsehood, iii. 443, 447. Dependence, doctrine of, i. 592. Depravity, total, ii. 233. Des Cartes, Rene (d. 1650), his ontological argument, i. 205 ; God as infinite may be known, i. 338 ; meaning of his apho- rism, " cogito ergo sum," i. 361, 377 ; on absolute power, i. 409. " Descensus ad inferos," meaning of the term as used in the Apostles' Creed, ii. 616; Psalm xvi. 10 and 1 Peter iii. 18, 19, ii. 617, 618; Romish doctrine on this subject, ii. 621 ; Lutheran doctrine, ii. 620, 621 f. Design, its nature, i. 215 ; ground of the conviction that it supposes an intelligent author, i. 216 ; evi- dences of design in the world, i. 217-226 ; objections to the argument from design for the existence of God, denial of final causes, i. 227 ; the objections of Hume and Kant, i. 228 ; answer to those objections, i. 229 ; objection from malforma- tions, i. 230 ; from useless or- 14 INDEX. gans, i. 230 ; from the opera- tions of instinct, i. 231. Destruction of the wicked, meaning of, iii. 874. Detraction, meaning of, iii. 438. Development of Doctrine, in what sense true, i. 117 ; mod- ern doctrine of historical devel- opment, i. 118; as held by some Romanists, i. 120. Development, Natural, doctrine of Epicurus, i. 246 ; the nebular hypothesis, i. 551 theory of Lamarck, ii. 11 " Vestiges of Creation," ii. 1 1 Darwin, ii. 12 ; Huxley, ii. 22 Darwin in reference to the va- rieties of i^lants and animals, ii. 23. De "Wette, on common grace, ii. G58 ; on de- sertion as a ground of divorce, iii. 395 ; on homicide from pat- riotic motives, iii. 44 G ; on the restoration of all things, Acts iii. 21, iii. 841. Diderot, Denys (d. 1784), the Encyclopasdist, i. 253. Diest, Henri ^a, on the image of God, ii. 98. Dionysius, the Areopagite, a pseudonym for an unknown writer of the fifth century, the father of mediaeval mysticism, i. 70 ; a Neo-Platonist, i. 71 ; the principles of his philoso- phy, i. 71 f. ; great influence of his writings, i. 73. Discernment, spiritual, ii. 261. Dispensation, the right of, as claimed by Ro- manists, iii. 269. Dispensations, diiferent, of the Church, ii. 373. Dispositions, meaning of the word, ii. 107 ; distinguished from conscious acts, ii. 108 ; have moral char- acter in virtue of their nature. ii. 111-114; objections con- sidered, ii. 114. Divine G-overnment, theories of, i. 591. Divinity of Christ, as revealed in the Old Testament, i. 483 ff. ; in the New Testa- ment, i. 495 ; object of the re- ligious affections, i. 497 ; his relation to his people and to the world, i. 499 ff. ; author- ity over rational creatures, i. 501 ; nature of his promises, i. 502 ; his control over nature, i. 503 ; direct assertion of, in particular passages, i. 504 ff. Divorce, nature and effects of, iii. 391 ; Old Testament laws of, iii. • 391 ; Christ's law, iii. 391 ; adultery and desertion the only Scriptural grounds of, iii. 393 ff. ; doctrine of the Church of Rome, iii. 397 ; laws of dif- ferent Protestant nations, iii. 401 ; of the several States of this Union, iii. 403 ; duty of the Church in reference to per- sons divorced on unscriptural grounds, iii. 404. Docetae, the person of Christ, ii. 400. Doderlein, John Christopher (d. 1792), on conversion, ii. 730. Dogmatism, meaning of the term, i. 5, 44 ; a form of Rationalism, i. 44 ; as illustrated by Wolf, i. 45 ; ob- jections to, i. 46. DoUinger, Ignatius (Munich), on the philosophy of the Ionic school, i. 318 ; of the Eleatic School, i. 320 ; of the Stoics, i. 320 ; of Plato, i. 322 ; of Aristotle, i. 326. Dominicans, inclined to Augustinianism in their theology, ii. 171, 174; their doctrine on grace as rep- resented by Aquinas, ii. 716; opposed the doctrine of the INDEX. 15 immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary, iii. 288. Dominion over the creatures, ii. 97, 102. Dorner, Professor Isaac Augustus, on tlie ubiquity of Christ's human nature, ii. 410 ; admits the con- nection of Luther's doctrine of the person of Christ with his doctrine of the Eucharist, ii. 415 ; " the foundation of tlie new Christology laid by Schelling, Ilegel, and Schleierraacher," ii. 428 ; on the parallel between Adam and Christ, ii. 538 ; on Philo's doctrine of the Logos, ii. 583 ; on the oneness of God and man, iii. 20 ; on Luther's doctrine of good works as the necessary effects of faith, iii. 239 ; on the design of the Lord's Sujiper, iii. 676 ; on the meaning of r) yevea avrrj in Mark xiii. 30, and Luke xxi. 32, iii. 800. Dort, Synod of (a. d. 1618), on the sinner's inability, ii. 259 ; sanctions infralapsarianism, ii. 317; on efficacious grace, ii. 681 ; its decisions on the five points of Arminianism, ii. 725 ; on the baptism of heathen chil- dren, iii. 562 ; on the Lord's Supper, iii. 634. Douglass, Bishop John (d. 1807), on church miracles, iii. 453. Drew, Samuel (d. 1833), on the resurrection, iii. 776. Dualism, realistic, ii. 46. Duelling, iii. 368. DuCEeld, Professor John Thomas (Princeton), on the pre-millennial advent of Christ, iii. 861. Dw^ight, Doctor Sereno O. (d. 1850), on admission to church member- ship, iii. 563. E. Ebiouites, their doctrine of Christ, ii. 398. Eberhard, John August (d. 1809), conversion effected by the power of self-reformation, ii. 730. Ebrard, Professor J. H. A., on the person of Christ, ii. 434; self-limitation of the Logos, ii. 435 ; guilt removed by jjunish- ment, ii. 477, 496; not two natures in Christ, ii. 625, 633 ; more in man than is revealed in consciousness, ii. 687 ; na- ture of regeneration, iii. 22, 657 ; justification as the act of God founded on regeneration, iii. 201 ; meaning of the words StK-atos and SiKaoSr, iii. 202 ; in what sense Christ is received in the Loixl's Supper, iii. 657 fF. ; on Antichrist, iii. 836. Ecclesiology, the fifth part of theology, i. 32. Eckart, Henry (d. 1328), one of the mediteval mystics, i. 77. Eckermann, Jacob Christopher Rudolph (d. 1836), conversion effected by the power of self-reformation, ii. 730. Eclecticism, in a sense mystical, i. 62. Edward VI. (d. 1553), articles of, on the Eucharist, iii. 636 ; liturgy of, prayers for the dead, iii. 743. Edwards, President Jonathan (d. 1758), teaches fully the common doc- trine on the imputation of Adam's sin, ii. 207 ; justifies that imputation on the assump- tion that Adam and his descend- ants are really one, ii. 208 ; his peculiar theory of identity, ii. 217; on justification, iii. 116, 148 ; his views on the condi- tions of full communion, iii. 563, 569 ; while insisting on evidence of regeneration, he did not call for a detail of the religious exper-en^'e of the can- didate, iii. 571. the younger (d. 1801), on the atonement, ii. 578. 16 INDEX. Efficacious Grace, distinct from the providential effi- ciency of God, ii. G65 ; why so called, ii. 675 ; its efficacy not due to the cooperation of the human will, ii. 677 ; not to the congruity of the influence to the state of the mind, ii. 677 ff. ; nor to the non-resistance of its subjects, ii. 680 ; but to its nature as the almighty en- ergy of the Spirit, li. 680 ; hence (1) it is mysterious, ii. 683 ; (2) it is not moral sua- sion, ii. 684 ; (3) it acts imme- diately, not through the truth although generally with it, ii. 684 ; it is physical as op- posed to moral, ii. 685 ; it is irresistible, or certainly effica- cious, ii. 687 ; the soul is pas- sive, i. e., the subject, not the agent of the change effected, ii. 688 ; the effi;ct (regenera- tion) is instantaneous, ii. 688 ; on the part of God, an act of sovereign grace, ii. 688; proof of all this from Scripture and experience, ii. 689-709 ; ob- jections to the doctrine, ii. 709 f. ; history of the doctrine of grace, ii. 710; Pelagian doc- trine, ii. 711; Serai-Pelagian, ii. 712 ; scholastic period, ii. 714; Tridentine (Romish) doc- trine, ii. 717 ; Synergistic con- troversy in the Lutheran church, ii. 720 ; Remonstrant (Arminian) controversy in the Reformed Church, ii. 724 ; hy- pothetical universalism of the French theologians, ii. 726 ; Supernaturalists and Ration- alists, ii. 728, Eisenmenger, John Andrew (d. 17(M), on the Jewish doctrine of the in- termediate state, iii. 734 ; on purgatory as held by the Jews, iii. 768. Eleatic School, philosophy of, i. 319. Election unto life, its objects, not com- munities, not classes, but indi- viduals, ii. 333 ; it is to holi- ness and eternal life, ii. 341 ; is not founded on works, seen or foreseen, ii. 338, 345 ; but on the good pleasure of' God, ii. 341, 343, 345 ; the words of Jesus, ii. 346 ; objections to the doctrine, ii. 349 ffi, Elements to be used in the Lord's Supper, iii. 615. Ellicott, Bishop Charles J., on 1 Timothy iii. 2, iii. 388 ; on baptismal regeneration, iii. 596 f. Elliot, Dr. Charles (b. 1792), "■ Delineation of Romanism," iii. 376. Eliot, Sir Gilbert (d. 1777), letter to Hume on the evidence of design in the world, i. 225. Elvira, Council of (a. d. 305), condemned the use of pictures in churches, iii. 296; on the cel- ibacy of the clergy, iii. 374. Elysium, iii. 717. Emanations, Neo-Platonic, i. 71. Emmons, Dr. Nathaniel (d. 1840), his doctrine of absolute depend- ence, i. 594 ; God creates the volitions of men, ii. 282, 659 ; God the only cause, ii. 732 ; forgiveness of sin the only ben- efit received from Christ, ii. 484 ; on regeneration, iii. 7, 15. Encyclical Letter of Pius IX., forbidden to be read in France, yet read by the Archbishop of New York in his cathedral, iii. 561. End of the World, the, passages of Scripture relating to, iii. 851 ; the destruction pre- dicted is not annihilation, iii. 852 ; the world, in this connec- tion, is not the universe, iii. 853. INDEX. 17 Endemann, on tlie truth of God, i. 438. Bnfantin, Barthelemy Prosper (d. i8(;4), the Socialist, a. pantheist, iii. 430. England, Church of, different views of its theolo- gians on regeneration, iii. 28 ; on the intermediate state, iii. 743 ; teaches that believers eat the body and drink the blood of Christ elsewhere than in the Lord's Supper, iii. G40. Entail, Laws of, iii. 427. Enthusiasm, meaning of the word, i. 61. Envy, iii. 4G4. Ephesus, Council of (a. d. 431), condemnation of Pelaghis, ii. 155 ; declared the Virgin Mary to be the " Mother of God," iii. 285. Epicurus (d. b. c. 270), his philosophy, i. 246 ; his cos- mogony identical with that of modern materialists, i. 246. Epiphanius (d. 403), of Salamis, on image worslii}), iii. 296. Episcopius, Simon (d. 1643), if God's essence be infinite it must include all essence, i. 382 ; no express promise of eternal life in the Old Testa- ment, ii. 366 ; on perfection- ism, iii. 253 ; understands John iii. 5 of the baptism of John, iii. 594. Erasmus (d. 1.^3(]), on Luther's two mistakes, iii. 320. Erdmann. John Edward, his definition of saving faith, iii. 45 ; of faith in general, iii. 46. Eschatology, iii. 711 if. the fourth part of theology, i. 32 ; the topics which it em- braces, i. 32. Eschenmayer, makes faith a special organ for the eternal and holy, iii. 44. Escobar, Antonio, the Jesuit (d. 16G9), teaches that a promise does not VOL. IV. 2 bind, unless there was an in- tention to keep it when it was made, iii. 445, 446. Eternal Generation of the Son, statement of the doctrine by the Nicene Fathers, i. 468 ; gen- eration made to relate to the person and not the essence, i. 468 ; it is eternal and of ne- cessity, i. 469 ; meaning of John V. 26, i. 470 ; judgment of Lather and Calvin on these explanations, i. 466. See Son- ship of Christ. Eternity of God, Scriptural doctrine, i. 385 ; philo- sophical view i. 386 ; in what sense it excludes succession, i. 386, 387 ; modern speculative doctrine, i. 389. Eucharist, (evx^oLpioTTLa, gratitude, thanksgiv- ing) the common Greek and ecclesiastical designation of the Lord's Supper, which see. Eusebius (d. 340), of Cajsarea, condemned the wor- ship of images, iii. 296. Eutychianism, doctrine of Eutyches, who taught that there is but one nature in Christ, ii. 402. Evans, Thomas, doctrines of the Orthodox Friends, i. 90 flP. Everlasting, meaning of the word, iii. 876. Evil, its nature as physical and moral, i. 429, ii. 131; theories of, i. 430 flf. ; ii. 131-149 ; not neces- sary i. 431 ; not the necessary means of the greatest happi- ness, i. 432 ; not unavoidable in a moral system, i. 434 ; Scriptural account of its origin, i. 435 ; Pantheistic doctrine of, i. 305 fT., 430. See Siyi. Evil Angels, i. 643. Evil, the Social, iii. 40G. Evolution, doctrine of, ii. 4 ff. 18 INDEX. Ewald, Professor, John LudTRrig (d. 1822), admits that reconciliation to God must precede reformation, iii, 197. Exaltation of Christ, what it includes, ii. 626 ; Lutheran doctrine of ii. 631 ; the doc- trine of some modern theolo- gians, ii. 633. " Sxercise Scheme," ii. 282, iii. 7. Existence of God, in what sense a matter of intui- tion, i. 194 ; in what sense a matter of proof, i. 202 ; the proof of, i. 204 ff. Expiation, meaning of the word ii. 478 ; effected by vicarious punish- ment, symbolically by the sac- rifices of the Old Testament, reallv by the death of Christ, ii. 478, 501, 507, 509. Extreme Unction, one of the seven sacraments of the Romish Church, iii. 495. F. Facts, of theology found in the Bible, i. 10, 15 ; full induction needed, i. 12; principles to be inferred ' from them, i. 13; their author- ity admitted, i. 57 ; scientific men often invest their theories or conjectures with the author- ity due only to facts, ii. 20, 21, 27, 28. Fairbairn, Principal Patrick (Glas- gow), _ on expiatory sacrifices, ii. 501. Faith, etymology of the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin words by which it is expressed, iii. 42 ; its generic idea is trust, iii. 43 ; the general and limited senses of the word, iii. 44 ; not to be considered simply in relation to religious truth, iii. 45 ; definitions of, founded on its subjective na- ture, iii. 45 ; definition founded on the nature of its object, iii. 53 ; definitions founded on the nature of the evidence on which it rests, iii. 57 ; it is a conviction founded on testi- mony or authority, iii. 60 ; proof of that position, iii. 63 ff; religious faith, different kinds of, . historical, temporary, and saving, their specific difference, iii. 67 ff. ; what is meant by the testimony of the Spirit which is the foundation of saving faith, iii. 69 ff. Faith and Knowledge, the difference between the two, iii. 46, 75, i. 353 ; knowledge essential to faith, i. 353, iii. 84 ; the impossible and the irration- al cannot be believed, i. 352 f., iii. 83 ; what is true in religion cannot be false in philosophy, iii. 78 ; Lutheran doctrine on that point, iii. 79 ; the incom- prehensible or what is above reason may be believed, iii. 81 ; Romish distinction between ex- plicit and implicit faith, iii. 86. Faith and Feeling, faith is not founded on feeling, iii. 49, 88 ; it is not determined by the will, iii. 49 ; religious, however, not mere assent, iii. 89 ; it includes knowledge, assent, and trust, iii. 91. Faith and Love, Protestant doctrine that true faith is always attended by love, iii. 93 ; the Romish doctrine of " fides informis et fides for- mata," which makes love the essence of faith, iii. 94. The Object of Faith, distinction between " fides gen- eralis " and " fides specialis," iii. 95 ; the special object of saving faith is Christ, i. e., re- ceiving the testimony of God concerning Him, iii. 96; Christ in all his offices the object of faith, iii. 99 ; is the sinner required to believe that Christ lov^es him ? iii. 99 ff". INDEX. 19 Faith, continued. Faith and Justification, Protestant doctrine, iii. 170 ; Arminian doctrine, iii. 167 ; Romish doctrine, iii. 166 ; faith tlie condition of the efficacy of the sacraments, iii. 500 ; prayer of faith, iii. 703. Effects of Faith, conscious union with Christ, iii. 104 ; justification, iii. 105 ; participation of the life of Christ, iii. 105 ; peace with God, and assurance of his love, iii. 106 ; holy living, iii. 108 ; certainty of salvation, Romans, viii., iii. 110. — Authors re- ferred to (all vol. iii.): Aquinas , 49, 54, 61, 82, 87, 94 ; Augus- tine, 43, 53, 60 ; Bailey, 46 ; Bellarmin, 87, 89, 94, 95, 96; Bretschneider, 77 ; Calvin, 90, 101, 102; Celsus, 58; De- litzsch, 45 ; Erdmann, 45, 46 ; Eschenmayer, 44 ; Hamilton, 48, 55, 60 ; Hase, 57, 87 ; Heinsius,42 ; Howe, 61 ; Kant, 46 ; Leibnitz, 62 ; Locke, 46 ; Lombard, 53, 94 ; Luther, 79, 80, 95 ; McCosh, 55 ; Meikle- john, 46 ; Moor, de, 61 ; Morell, 44 ; Newman, 88 ; Nitzsch, 49 ; Oi'igen, 58; Owen, 61 ; Pearson, 62 ; Reid, 43 ; Richardson, 43 ; Strauss, 57, 87 ; Tertullian, 78 ; Theodoret, 49 ; Turrettin, 61, 100; Twesten, 57. Pall of Man, the Scriptural account of, not an allegory, or myth, but a histor- ical record, ii. 123 ; tree of life, ii. 124 ; tree of knowledge, ii. 125 ; the serpent, ii. 127 ; nature of the temptation, ii. 1 28 ; the effect of Adam's first sin, ii. 129. Falsehood, definitions of, iii. 439 ff; kinds of, iii. 444 ; mental reservation, iii. 445 if. ; pious frauds, iii. 448 ff. ; forgeries, iii. 450 (F; false miracles, iii. 452 ff. False S-wearing, iii. 305. False Witnessing, iii. 438. Family Catechizing, iii. 572. Faraday, Michael (d. 1867), persistence of force, i. 264. Fatalism, i. 548 ; ii. 280. Fathers, The, on the distinction between Tricm? and yvCocTL^, i. 5 ; the authority due to them, i. 125, 126; on the authority of the Scriptures, i. 109, 158 ; on tradition, i. 108, 109; on the Trinity, i. 448 ff; on the person of Christ, i. 453 ff. ; the Platonizing fathers, i. 450 ; on sin, ii. 149 ff. ; on the Avork of Christ, ii. 564 ff. ; on the sacraments, iii. 486 ; on the intermediate state, iii. 733 ; on the end of the world, iii. 853. Faustus of Rhegium (d. 485 circa), leader of the Semi-Pelagian party in France, ii. 166. Feeling, its relation to Mth, iii. 50, 51, 88 ; its authority in matters of religion, i. 65. Fenelon, Archbishop (d. 1715), sided with the Quietists, i. 87 ; his submission to the Pope, i. 87. Fichte. John Gottlieb (d. 1814), made the doctrine of creation the fundamental error of all false philosophy and religion, i. 562. Fichte, J. H., miracles absurd and impossible, ii. 452. Filial Duties, iii. 349. Final Causes, necessarily excluded by Panthe- ists and Materialists, i. 227, 566; ii. 8, 16, 18 ; iii. 695 ff. Finney, President Charles G., on regeneration, iii. 8 ff. ; happi- ness the highest good, iii. 9 ; all virtue consists in the pur- pose or intention of the mind, iii. 9 ; theory of perfection, iii. 255 ; perfection the condition of salvation, iii. 256. Five Points of Arminianism, iii. 186. Flacius Matthias lUyricus (d. 1575), his history and services, iii. 6 ; his peculiar doctrine on original sin and regeneration, iii. 6. 20 INDEX. Flatt, Charles Christian (d. 1843), on the atonement, ii. 577 ; admit- ted something supernatural in conversion, ii. 730. Fletcher, John (d. 1785), as all men under condemnation through Adam, so all justified through Christ, ii. 329 ; Chris- tian perfection is not full con- formity to the law given to Adam, but to the evangelical law, iii. 192, 254. Flint Instruments, discovery of, urged as pi'oof of the antiquity of man, ii. 38. Florence, Council of (a. d. 14.39), decided that unbaptized infants at death " descendunt in infer- num," iii. 745 ; on the state of believers after death, iii. 749. Fliigge, on the patristical doctrine of the intermediate state, iii. 739 ff. ; on purgatory, iii. 769. " Fcederati," who were so considered by the Reformed theologians, iii. 573 ff. Force, inseparable fi-om substance, i. 262, 377 ; all physical forces corre- lated, i. e., convertible one into another and quantitively ecjuiv- alent, i. 263 ff. ; all such forces resolvable into motion, i. 263 ; held to be indestructible, i. 264 ; correlation of physical and vital force, i. 264 ff. ; of physical and mental force, i. 271 ; arguments urged in sup- port of this hypothesis, i. 268, 285 ff. ; arguments against the theory, i. 275 ; it is against consciousness, i. 276 ; contra- dicts intuitive truths, i. 280 ; and the facts of experience, i. 282 ; the doctrine is atheistic, i. 284 ; physical and vital or mental forces heterogeneous, and are incapable of correla- tion, i. 291, 295 ; witnesses against the theory : Professor Joseph Henry, i. 292 ; Doctor Beale, i. 293 ; Doctor Stirling, i. 287; Mr. Wallace, i. 295 297 ; Professor Agassiz, i. 222 President Barnard, i. 291 Professor Tyndall, i. 291 Doctor McCosh, i. 210; Presi- dent Porter, of Yale College, i. 298 ; and all mankind, learned and unlearned, from the begin- ning of the world, save a hand- ful of Materialists. ForeknoTvrledge, how distinguished from knowl- edge in God. i. 400 ; extends to all events, i. 397 ; foreknowl- edge of free acts denied by So- cinius and some of the Remon- strants, i. 400 ; how reconciled with free agency, i. 545. Foreordination. See Decrees. Forgeries, sanctioned by the Church of Rome, iii. 450 ; testimony of the late Abbe Gratry on that point, iii. 453. . Form of Concord, its origin and object, ii. 721, 408 ; on original sin, ii. 2'2^ ; on in- ability, ii. 258 ; on the person of Christ, ii. 408-412; satis- faction of Christ, ii. 480 ; suf- ferings of Christ confined to his human nature, ii. 483 ; " descensus ad inferos," ii. 620 ; humiliation of Christ, ii. 622 f ; on the ascension of Christ, ii. 631 ; external call, ii. 646 ; the Spirit operates only in the word, ii. 656 f. ; on regenera- tion, iii. 29; on* justification, iii. 115, 132; active and pas- sive obedience included in the righteousness of Christ which is imputed to believers, iii. 149 ; on good works, iii. 232, 240 ; on the Eucharist, iii. 664 ff., 668, 669. Formula Consensus Helvetica (a. D. 1G75), its origin and design, ii. 206 ; on mediate imputation, ii. 206 ; and hypothetical redemption, ii. 322, 727. INDEX. 21 Fossil Human Remains, ii. 35. Fourier, Francis Charles Mary (d. 1837), his plan of social organization, iii. 431. Fox, George (d. 1690), the Quaker, i. 88. France, Synod of, condemned the doctrine of medi- ate imjnitation, ii. 206 ; on the Eucharist, iii. 630, 640. Franciscans, or Scotists, disciples of Duns Scotus (d. 1308), the opponents of Thomas Aquinas, ii. 174; Semi-Pelagians, ii. 174; de- fended against the Dominicans (or Thomists), the doctrine of the immaculate conception of the Virgin, iii. 288. Frankfort, Council of (a. d. 794), condemned tlie worshipping of images, iii. 297. Frauds, kinds of, forbidden in the eighth commandment, iii. 434 ; pious frauds sanctioned by the Church of Rome, iii. 448. Free Agency, its nature and conditions, ii. 278, 285, 288, 296 f.; different theories of, necessity, ii. 280 ; contingency, ii. 282 ; and cer- tainty, ii. 284 ; definition of the terms, will, ii. 288 ; mo- tive, ii. 289 ; cause, ii. 289 ; liberty, ii. 290 ; difference be- tween liberty and ability, ii. 291 ; between self-determina- tion and the self-determining power of the will, ii. 294 ; proof that the freedom of an act is consistent with the cer- tainty of its occurrence, ii. 295 ff. ; free agency consistent with fore-ordination, i. 545 ; ii. 254. Freund, Wilhelm, " sacramentum," iii. 485, 486. Friends, (Quakers), origin of their society, i. 88 ; doc- ti'ine of, i. 89 ; as to the In- ward Light given to all men, i. 92 ; Barclay's views, i. 93. Friends, recognition of, in heaven, iii. 781. Fritzsche, O. F. (Zurich), (iaTnlC_€Lv riva ei's rtia, iii. 539. Frohschammer, on traduction and creation, ii. 73. Fulbert (d. 1028), number of the sacraments, iii. 497. Future Life, Protestant doctrine of, iii. 713 ; revealed under the Old Testa- ment, iii. 7 1 6 ff. Future Punishment, its nature, iii. 868 ; everlasting, iii. 868 ff. ; objections to the Church doctrine, iii. 878 ff. G. Gallic Confession, on original sin, ii. 228 ; on ina- bility, ii. 259 ; the efficacy of the sacraments due to the Spirit's influence, iii. 501 ; on infant baptism, iii. 573 ; design of baptism, iii. 580; affirms Calvin's doctrine of the Lord's Supper, iii. 630. Generation, Eternal, of the Son of God, Nicene doc- trine of, i. 468 ; concerns the person, not the essence, i. 468 ; Scriptural arguments in sup- port of the doctrine, i. 469 ff. ; eternal sonship of Christ, proof of, i. 471 ff. Generation, Spontaneous, ii. 4. modern doctrine of, ii. 5 ; Pro- fessor Huxley's teachings, ii. 6 ; Professor Tyndall's utterances, ii. 8, 9. Generic Humanity, meaning of the term, ii. 54 ; ap- plication of the theory to the doctrine of original sin, ii. 217 ff. ; to the person of Christ, ii. 449 ; iii. 650, 651 ; to the Eucharist, iii. 656. Geneva Catechism, definition of a sacrament, iii. 22 INDEX. 487, 501 ; nature and effects of baptism, iii. 580. Gentiles, Calling of the, means in the Scriptm-es the con- version of the world, iii. 800 ; it is to precede the second ad- vent of Christ, iii. 800 ff. ; it is the work assigned to the Church as now organized and endowed, iii. 804. Geology aod the Bible, i. 570. Gerhard, John (Lutheran, d. 1637), on the simplicity of God, i. 395 ; lying wonders true miracles, i. 630 ; miracles, unless wrought in support of truth, prove nothing, i, 632 ; definition of sin, ii. 180 ; on the ubiquity of Christ's human nature, ii. 624, 632 ; on the sense in which the offer of salvation is univer- sal, ii. 645 ; the ministry of John the Baptist belongs to the new dispensation, iii. 412 ; intentional deception not in- volved in Christ's conduct at Emmaus, iii. 441 ; nature of the sacraments, iii. 488, 489 ; in the case of infants, baptism is the ordinary means of re- generation, iii. 519 ; effects of baptism, iii. 606 ; its necessity, iii. 605 ; faith the necessary condition of the efficacy of baptism, iii. 608 ; the sense in which he admits the local pres- ence of Christ's body in the Eucharist, iii. 670 ; the body of Christ received in the Eu- charist prepares the bodies of believers for the resurrection, iii. 676 Gerhardt, Paul (d. 1676), his hymns, ii. 525 ; iii. 229. Gerson, John Charlier (Chancellor of the University of Paris, d. 1429), mystical, i. 79 ; advocated the doctrine of the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary, iii. 288. Gesenius, Frederick Henry William (d. 1842), on the literal meaning of the third commandment, iii. 305. Gess, F. W., on Schleiermacher's Christology, ii. 444. Gess, W. F. (Breslau), on the person of Christ, ii. 431, 435 ff. Gieseler, John Charles Lud-wig (d. 1854), on the Nicene doctrine of the Trinity, i. 463 ; on the par- allel between Christ and Adam as presented by some of the fiithers, ii. 151 ; why the monks opposed Augustine, ii. 165 ; doctrine of the fathers on the qualifications of Christ as a Saviour, ii. 573 ; patristic doc- trine of the physical effect on the human race of the incar- nation, ii. 582 ; on the Decre- tals of Isidore, iii. 451. Gnostics, general principles of their phil- osophy, i. 450, ii. 399 ; matter eternal and the source of sin. God, different theories of the origin of the idea, i. 191 ; in what sense is the knowledge of God in- nate, i. 191 ff. ; proof of his existence, i. 204 ff. ; anti-theis- tic systems, i. 241-334 ; can God be known ? i. 335 ; dif- ference between knowing and comprehending, i. 337 ; proof that the idea we form of God, by ascribing to him the perfec- tions of our own nature, is correct, i. 339 ff. ; grounds on which Sir William Hamilton and Dean Mansel teach that God cannot be known, i. 346 ff. ; if God is not an object of knowledge. He cannot be an object of feith, i. 352 ; answer to the arguments of Hamilton and Mansel, i. 356 ff. ; neces- sity of a supernatural revela- tion to any adequate knowledge INDEX. 23 of God," i. 364 ; defiuitions of God, i. 366 ff. ; divine attri- butes, nature of, i. 368 ff. ; classification of, i. 374 ; God's relation to the universe, i. 591 ff., ii. 22 ; his personality, i. 216, 238, 239, 379. Gomarus (a leader in the Synod of Dort), taught a two-fold covenant, one with the visible, the other with the invisible Church : the sacraments belong to the former, iii. 564. Goodness of God, includes benevolence, love, mercy, and grace : the difference be- tween them, i. 427 ; relation of the goodness of God to the existence of evil, i. 429 ; dif- ferent theories on the subject, i. 430 ff. Good Works, their nature, iii. 231, 236; Rom- ish doctrine, 233 ; works of supererogation, iii. 234 ; dis- tinction between prece]:)ts and counsels, iii. 235 ; necessity of good works, iii. 238 ; con- troversy in the Lutheran Church on this subject, iii. 238 f. ; antinomianism, iii. 241 ; relation of good works to rewards, iii. 241 ; Romish doc- trine, iii. 241 ; Protestant doc- trine, iii. 243 f. Gospel. See Call. Gottschalk (d. 8G7), condemned by the Latin Church in the ninth centur}' for teach- ing the doctrines of Augustine, ii. 168. Gousset, Cardinal, the Eucharist produces grace by its inherent virtue, iii. 677 ; the eating of Christ's flesh (John vi. 48-65) is not spirit- ual but by the mouth, iii. 682 ; participation of the Lord's Supper not necessary to salva- tion, iii. 683 ; the Eucharist a sacrifice, iii. 687 ; on the state of unbaptized infants after death, iii. 745, 746 ; the future punishment of the wicked everlasting, iii. 748 ; he admits that the general belief of the Romanists is that the fire which is everlasting is mate- rial, iii. 748 ; on purgatory, iii. 750. Government, of God extends over all his crea- tures and all their actions, i. 575 ; the doctrine stated, i. 581 ; proof of it, i. 583 ff. ; its relation to the free acts of men, i. 588 ; to sin, i. 589 ; different theories concerning its nature, deistical theory, i. 591 ; theory of entire depend- ence, i. 592 ; of no efficiency in second causes, i. 595 ; of preestablished harmony, i. 597; of " concursus," i. 598 ; this Scriptural doctrine, i. 605 ff ; distinction between the prov- idential efficiency of God and the operation of the Spirit, i. 614, ii. 665. Grace, meaning of the word, ii. 654 ; why the supernatural influence of the Spirit is called grace, ii. 654 ; distinct from the moral influence of the truth, ii. 655, 660 ff. ; common grace granted to all men, ii. 654, 668 ff. ; Lutheran doctrine on that sub- ject, ii. 656 ; rationalistic doc- trine, ii. 657 ; effects of common grace, ii. 670 ; Wesley an doc- trine of sufficient grace, ii. 329 ; Remonstrant doctrine, ii. 327 ; Semi-Pelagian doctrine, ii. 712 ; scholastic distinction between preventing, cooperating, and sanctifying, and habitual grace, ii. 716; Tridentine doctrine, ii. 717 ; the synergistic contro- versy, ii. 720 ; Arminian con- troversy and action of the Synod of Dort, ii. 724. Grace, Efficacious, why so called ; different answers 24 INDEX. to that question, ii. 675 ; ac- cording to the Augustinian doctrine it is the Almighty power of the Spirit, ii. 680, 682 ; hence it is mysterious, ii. 683 ; not moral suasion, ii. 684 ; acts immediately, ii. 684 ; in one sense physical, ii. 685 ; it is irresistible, ii. 687 ; its eiFect (regeneration) instanta- neous, ii. 688 ; the soul passive therein, ii. 688 ; it is an act of sovereignty, ii. 688 ; proof of the doctrine, ii. 689 ff. ; objec- tions considei'ed, ii. 709 fF. Grant, Sir Alexander, on the Stoics, iii. 767. Gratry, Abb^, the popes have often erred in their " ex cathedra "judgments, iii. 452 ; the doctrine of papal infallibility sustained by for- geries and fraud, iii. 452 ; re- canted these assertions before he died, iii. 452. Gray, Professor Asa (of Cambridge, INIassachusetts), on the Darwinian theory, ii. 18. Green, Professor William Henry (Princeton), on the chronology of the Old Testament, ii. 40. Gregory, the Great (d. 604), opposed image worship, iii. 297 ; gave definite form to the doc- trine of purgatory, iii. 769. Gregory, Nazianzen (d. 389), on the prevalence of the Arian apostasy, i. 144 ; his use of the word " baptism," iii. 537. Gregory of Neo-Csesarea (d. 265 circa), was opposed to the worship of images, iii. 297. Gregory of Nyssa (d. 400), on purgatory, iii. 755. Gregory the VII. (d. 1085), enforced the celibacy of the clergy, iii. 375. Grotius,"Hugo (d. 1645), denied the inspiration of the his- torical books of Scripture, i. 156 ; his work on the satisfixc- tion of Christ, ii. 573 ; God to be regarded, in the matter of atonement, as a governor, ii. 573 ; he taught the govern- mental theory, ii. 574, 575, iii. 188, 189 ; denies that Theism is involved in moral obligation, iii. 261 ; did not admit the perpetuity of the law of the Sabbath, iii. 326 ; on the gen- eral prevalence of the division of time into weeks, iii. 327 : understands John iii. 5 of the baptism of John, iii. 594. Guericke, Professor H. E. F. (Halle), represents the Church of Rome as making original sin merely negative, ii. 177 ; on the in- consequence in the Lutheran doctrine of election, ii. 724 ; on the French Socialists, iii. 431 ; the point of difference between the Reformed and Lutherans on the efficacy of the sacra- ments, iii. 501 ; on the cate- chetical schools of Alexandria, iii. 542. Guilt, meaning of the word, ii. 476 ; inseparable from sin, ii. 188 ; differs from demerit or ill- desert and from criminality, ii. 189, 476 ; may be removed by expiation, ii. 496. Gury, John Peter (1856), when l3dng is justifiable, iii. 443 ; on mental reservation, iii. 445. Guyon, Madam (d. 1717), i. 86. Guyot, Professor Arnold (Prince- ton), on the INIosaic account of the creation, i. 573. H. Hades, meaning of the word, ii. 616 f., iii. 717 ; the Jewish doctrine of, iii. 737 ; the patristic doc- trine as stated by Hippolytus, iii. 739. INDEX. 25 Hahn. Doctor Augustus, on the doctrine of impanation, iii. G49. Half-'wray Covenant, controversy on the subject, iii. 567. Hamilton, Sir William (d. 1856), on Consin's philosophy, i. 31)4 ; on the veracity of conscious- ness, 1. 340 ; invincibility of belief involves the truth of the thing believed, i. 340 ; his arguments against trans- cendentalism, or the philos- ophy of the Infinite, i. 346 if. ; God, because infinite, can- not be known, cannot be Con- scious, cannot know, cannot be cause, cannot be a person, i. 347 ff. ; makes God an object of faith but not of knowledge, i. 352 ; the Bible, he says, gives regulative, not absolute, knowledge of God, i. 354 ; ar- guments against his whole tlieory, i. 356 if. Harmony, Preestablished, theory of, i. 597. Hartley, Doctor David (d. 1757), a disciple of Locke, i. 249 ; his explanation of sensation and thought, i. 250. Hase, Doctor Charles Augustus (Jena), on Monism, ii. 731 ; on the na- ture of fiiith, iii. 57 ; definition of implicit faith, iii. 87 ; the Lutheran doctrine of justifica- tion, iii. 115. Hasse, J. A., his exposition of Anselm's doc- trine of grace, ii. 715. Heathen, the rule by which they are to be judged, i. 27, 28 ; they are to be converted to the faith of Christ, iii. 800 ; and by the ministry of the church, iii. 804 ; no Scriptural doctrine derived from a heathen source, iii. 785. Heaven, usage of the word in Scripture, ii. 630 ; designates a place as w^ell as a state, ii. 630 ; Scrip- tural doctrine of, iii. 855, 859 ; is the consummation of the kingdom of Christ, iii. 859 ; recognition of friends in, iii. 781 ; Romish doctrine of, iii. 748. Hebrew's, analysis of the epistle to the, ii. 496. Heidegger, John Henry (d. 1698), confounds power and knowledge in God, i. 395. Heidelberg Catechism, on original sin, ii. 229 ; the satis- faction of Christ, ii. 481 ; defi- nition of saving faith, iii. 90 ; its special object, iii. 101 ; defi- nition of justification, iii. 114 ; on the use of images in church- es, iii. 304 ; definition of the sacraments, iii. 487 ; on the ef- ficacy of baptism, iii. 580 ; on the Lord's Supper, iii. 633. Heine, Heinrich, his avowal of Hegelianism, iii. 430. Hell, meaning of the word, ii. 616 ; Scriptural doctrine of, iii. 875 ; objections to that doctrine an- swered, iii. 878 ; Romish doc- trine of, iii. 747. Helvetic Confession, First, on the eliicacy of the sacraments, iii. 501 ; on the Lord's Supper, iii. 627. Helvetic Confession, Second, on original sin, ii. 228 ; inability, ii. 258, 259 ; person of Christ, ii. 405 ; satisfaction of Christ, ii. 481 ; divine nature impas- sible, ii. 483 ; efficacious grace, ii. 681 ; justification, iii. 114; against the use of images, iii. 3O4 ; the sense in which the knowledge of the Scrij>tures is necessary to salvation, iii. 469 ; nature of the sacraments, iii. 487 ; the administrator of the sacraments, iii. 514; proper subjects of infant baptism, iii. 26 INDEX. 573 ; on the efficacy of bap- tism, iii. 579 ; on the Lord's Supper, iii. 634, 636, 639, 641 f. Henderson, Doctor Ebenezer, vindication of the reading deo^ in First TimotliY iii. 16, i. 518. Hengstenberg, Professor E. 'W., on the religious character of the Jewish Sabbath, iii. 337; the importance of its continued ob- servance, iii. 348. Henke, Henry Philip Conrad (d. 1809), conversion effected by the power of self-reformation, ii. 730. Henry, Professor Joseph (Wash- ington, D. C), protests against the denial of the distinction between physical force and mind, i. 292; on vi- tality, i. 293. Heraclitus (504 b. c), philosophy of, i. 318. Herbert, Lord (d. 1648), father of Deism in England, i. 42. Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, disposed to merge jjhysical forces into divine efficiency, iii. 694. Herzog, Professor John Jacob (Er- langen), on celibacy, iii. 375 ; on marriage, iii. 397 ; on communism, iii. 432 ; on the number of the sac- raments, iii. 497. Hilary of Poictiers (d. 368), the Nicene doctrine of subordina- tion of the Son to the Father, i. 465. Hildebert (d. 1134), nundier of the sacraments, iii. 497. Hindus, their origin, i. 309 ; their litera- ture, i. 310 ; their religion, pan- theistic, i. 312; its effect on their character and civiliza- tion, i. 313, 316 ; the contrast between Greece and India as stated by Max Miiller, i. 316. Hippolytus, on Hades, iii. 739 f. Hobbes, a materialist, i. 248. Hofmann, Professor J. C. C. (Er- langen), his low view of sacrifices contro- verted by Delitzsch, ii. 498 ; on John iii. 5, iii. 594. Holiness of God, i. 413. Hollaz (Lutheran, d. 1713), on the attributes of God, i. 370 ; on the plan of salvation, ii. 325 ; election founded on the foresight of fixith, ii. 326 ; the supernatural inherent power of the word, ii. 657, iii. 480 ; ad- ministrator of the sacraments, iii. 514; on the annihilation of the world, iii. 853. Homicide, when justifiable, iii. 364 Hook, Walter Farquhar (Vicar of Leeds), on Mariolatry, iii. 287. Hopkins, President Mark (Wil- liams' College), on the Sabbath, iii. 347. Hopkins, William, F. R. S., his argument against the Dar- winian theory in " Fraser's Magazine," ii. 21 f. Host, the, name given by Romanists to the consecrated wafer, iii. 614; the object of divine (and, there- fore), idolatrous worship in the Romish Church, iii. 681. Howe, John (Puritan divine, d. 1 705), the sense in which a necessary Being must include all being, i. 382 ; on the ground of faith, iii. 61. Hudson, C. F., on the annihilation of the wicked, iii. 869. Hugo, of St. Victor (d. 1141), evangelical m^-stic, i. 79 ; sjjeaks of Baptism and the Eucharist as the two principal sacra- ments, iii. 497. Human Testimony, conditions of its validity, i. 633. Human Race. See 3Ian ; and Species. Humanity Generic. See Generic Humanity. INDEX. 27 Hume, David (d. 1776), principles of his piiilosophy, i. 212 if. ; the admitted master of the modern school of scien- tific materialism, i. 253; his doctrine of causation, i. 208, 213 f. ; his arguments against the proof of the existence of God, i. 213, 228 ; his argument against miracles, i. 633. Humiliation of Christ, common doctrine of, ii. 610 ; Lu- theran doctrine, ii. 621 ; Ro- mish doctrine, ii. 621 ; in what sense He was made under the law, ii. 612 ; in what sense He endured the wrath of God, ii. 614; in what sense He de- scended into hell, ii. 616 ; the modern doctrine of " keuosis," ii. 625. Hunt, Reverend John (Curate of St. Ives), his essay on Pantheism, i. 302 ; on Spinoza's doctrine of vir- tue, i. 305. Hutter, Leonard (Lutheran, d. 1616), election, ii. 326 ; on the perse- verance of the saints, ii. 723. Huxley, Professor Thomas Henry, on Comte, i. 258, 261 ; correla- tion of physical and vital forces, i. 268 ; vitality due to the peculiar aggregation of lifeless elements, i. 269 ; the same principle applied to men- tal phenomena, i. 271 ; denies being a materialist, i. 272 ; on spontaneous generation, i. 282, ii. 5, 6 ; admits that '' organiza- tion is not the cause of life, ])ut life the cause of organiza- tion," iii. 698. Hybrids, the sterility of, ii. 29. Hylozoism, i. 245. Hymns on the satisfaction of Christ, ii. 526. Hypostatical Union, nature of, ii. 387 ; meaning of the word " nature " when it is said that the divine and human natures are united in the per- son of Christ, ii. 387 ; no trans- fer of the attributes from one nature to the other, ii. 390 ; in what sense the union is per- sonal, ii. 390 ; consequences of the hypostatical union, ii. 392 ff. ; what is meant by the com- munion of attributes, ii. 392 ; Lutheran doctrine on the sub- ject, ii. 407. Hypothetical Redemption, a theory proposed by some of the French theologians, ii. 321, 726 ; condemned by the Swiss churches and by the Reformed generally, ii. 322. I. Idea, the, of God, its origin, i. 191. Ideas, meaning of in Plato's philoso- phy, i. 323 ; their relation iu his system, to God and to the actual, i. 324 f. Identity, President Edwards' theory of, ii. 217 ; different kinds of, iii. 775. Idolatry, nature of, iii. 291. Ignatius, controversy concerning the gen- uineness and importance of his letters, iii. 450 ; regarded the Eucharist as " the antidote of death " as it secures the resur- rection of believers, iii. 649. Ignorance, different kinds of, i. 350. Image of God, different views taken of its na- ture, ii. 96 ; the sense in which man was created in that im- age, ii. 96 ; Romish, Lutheran, and Reformed doctrine on the subject, ii. 97 ff. Images, doctrine and usage of the Romish church in reference to them, iii. 296 ff . ; principles on which 28 INDEX. their worship and use are de- fended, iii. 301 ; the ground taken by Luther on the sub- ject, iii. 303 ; the ground taken by the Reformed, iii. 304. Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary : controversy concerning in the Latin Church, iii. 288 ; declared to be an article of faith by Pius IX., A. D. 1854, iii. 290. Immediate Creation, i. 556. Immediate Imputation, ii. 192. Immensity of God, i. 383. Immersion, not necessary to baptism, iii. 526. Immortality of the Soul, revealed in the Old Testament, iii. 716 ff. Immutability of God, i. 390. Impanation, theory of, iii. 648. Impossible, the, what is impossible ? i. 5 1 ; can- not be believed, i. 51, 343, 352 ; iii. 83. Imputation of Adam's sin : different theories of the nature of the relation between Adam and his race, ii. 192 f. ; doctrine of immediate imputation, ii. 194; ground of that imputation, ii. 196; proof of the doctrine, ii. 197 ff. ; admitted by all Churches, the Greek, Latin, Lutheran, and Reformed, ii. 204 ; Augus- tine's view of the subject, ii. 163 ; Calvin's doctrine, ii. 209 ; objections to the doctrine of immediate imputation, ii. 204. Imputation, Mediate, statement of the doctrine, ii. 205 ; introduced by the French the- ologians of Saumur, ii. 205 ; embraced by individual theo- logians in and out of France, but condemned by the Luther- an and Reformed Churches, ii. 206 ; adopted by President Edwards in one chapter of his work on original sin, ii. 207 ; objections to the doctrine, ii. 210 ; the fixlse principle on which it is founded, ii. 213. Imputation of Righteousness, iii. 144 ff. Inability, the Protestant doctrine on the subject, ii. 257 ; its nature, ii. 260 ; asserted only in reference to the things of the Spirit, ii. 263 ; the sense in which it is natural, and the sense in which it is moral, ii. 264 ; objections to the popular use of the distinc- tion between natural and moral ability, ii. 265 ; proof of the doctrine, ii. 267 ff. ; it is not inconsistent with obligation, ii. 274 ; it does not lessen the force of the motives to exer- tion, ii. 275 ; nor does it ex- cuse delay, ii. 276 ; it is in- volved in consciousness of sin, ii. 271. Incarnation of Christ, a voluntary act of self-humilia- tion, ii. 611. See Person of Ghrist. India, religion of, i. 310. Indifferent Things, Christian liberty in regard to their use, iii. 263 ; rules of duty with regard to them, iii. 264. Induction, as applied to theology, i. 10. Indulgences, iii. 753. Infallibility of the Church, Romish doctrine, i. Ill, 130; what is (in the Romish sys- tem) the Church? i. Ill, 130; as to what is it infallible ? i. 111 ; what renders it infalli- ble ? i. 1 1 1 ; its organs of in- fallible teaching : the papal or transmontane theory, the epis- copal or Galilean theory, i. 112 ; refutation of the doc- trine, i. 130, 150 ; an infalli- ble Church precludes the pos- sibility of civil or religious liberty, i. 149. Infants, the salvation of, i. 26 ; iii. 605 ; INDEX. 29 infants the proiier subjects of baptism, iii. 546 fF. ; members of the Church under both dis- pensations, iii. 552 ff. ; whose children are entitled to bap- tism ? Romish doctrine, iii. 559 ; Protestant doctrine, iii. 561 ; Puritan doctrine, iii. 569 ; diversity of principle and practice in the Reformed churches, iii. 561, 573 ; Rom- ish doctrine concerning the state of unbaptized infants after death, iii. 744. Infidelity, the essence of, -iii. 263; not en- titled to control the govern- ment, iii. 346 ; its connection with superstition, iii. 770. Infinite, the, the idea of, i. 356 f., 381 ; the modern so-called philosophy of, i. 345 ; Sir William Ham- ilton's arguments against that philosophy, i. 347 ff. ; the sense in which the infinite is an object of knowledge, i. 359, 335 ff. ; infinite Being is not all being, i. 382 ; infinity not inconsistent with personalty, i. 380 ; iii. 276. Infinity of God, not a merely negative idea, i. 381 ; in relation to space, i. 383 ; in relation to duration, i. 385. Infralapsarianism, the common doctrine of Augus- tinians, ii. 317, 319. Innate Knowledge, i. 191. Innocent III. (d. 1216), punishment of original and actual sin, iii. 746. Inspiration, the signification and usage of tlie word, i. 153, 157 ; the sym- bolical statement of the doc- trine, i. 151 ; definition and what that definition includes, i. 154 ; inspired men the organs of God in the sense that what they say God says, i. 156 ; plenary as opposed to partial inspiration, i. 165, 181; dis- tinction between inspiration and revelation, i. 155 ; proof of the doctrine, i. 157 ff. ; ob- jections considered, i. 168 ff. ; adverse theories, naturalistic doctrine, i. 172 ; Schleiermach- er's theory, i. 173 ; objections to it, i. 176; gracious inspira- tion, i. 179 ; partial inspiration, i. 181. Instinct, the nature of, i. 231. Intention, Romish doctrine of, iii. 515. Intercession of Christ, Scriptural terms employed to ex- press it, ii. 592 ; its nature, ii. 593; its objects, ii. 594; Lu- theran doctrine of, ii. 593, 594. Intermediate State, the Protestant doctrine, iii. 724 ; the j^atristic doctrine, iii. 733 ff. ; the Romish doctrine, iii. 743. Internationals, the, iii. 432. Interpretation, rules of, i. 187. Intuitive Truths, i. 192, 340 ; ii. 10. their authority, iii. 697. Invocation of saints and angels, iii. 281. Inw^ard Light, doctrine of, i. 92. Ionic School, philosophy of, i. 318. Irenaeus, makes the image of God to con- sist in man's rational nature, ii. 97 ; our fall in Adam and redemption by Christ, ii. 152 ; on the intermediate state, iii. 739 ; the end of the world does not mean its annihilation, iii. 853. Isidore, forged decretals of, iii. 450. Itala, name of the old Italian version, iii. 534. J. Jacobi, Friedrich H. (d. 1819), his avowal of anthropomorphism, i. 339. 30 INDEX. Jamblichus, his philosophy, i. 328. Jamieson, George, ou the question whether there is succession in the existence or consciousness of God, i. 387. Jansenists, revived in the Latin Church the Auofustinian doctrines of sin and grace, ii. 680 ; taught that faith is a necessary condition of the efficacy of the sacra- ments, iii. 513. Januarius, Saint, liquefaction of his blood, iii. 457. Jehovah, import of the name, i. 487 ; iii. 276; given to Christ: He the manifested Jehovah of the Old Testament, i. 485, 512 ; in- volves a revelation of the per- sonality of God, iii. 276. Jeroboam, the calves of, Jehovah-worship, iii. 293. Jerome (d. 420), on the prevalence of Arianism, i. 144 ; his experience as an ascetic monk, iii. 321 ; praise of virginity, iii. 321 ; denuncia- tion of marriage, iii. 373 ; his wide use of the word " sacra- ment," iii. 486 ; on purgatory, iii. 755 ; on the nature of the resurrection body, iii. 788 ; the destruction of the world not its annihilation, iii. 853. Jews, conversion of, iii. 792, 805 ; their return to Judrea, iii. 807 ff. John of Damascus (d. 754 circa), on the image of God, ii. 97. Jones, Doctor H. Bence F. R. S., on the permanence of physical force, i. 246. Jones, Sir William (d. 1794), copiousness of the Hindu litera- ture, i. 310. Josephus, division of the decalogue, iii. 273 ; on images, iii. 291 ; the future life, iii. 720. Judgment, Private, the right of, i. 183 tf. ; in relation to the interpretation of the Bible, i. 183 ; to the enact- ments of the State, iii. 262, 358 ; in relation to the decis- ions of the Church, iii. 361. Judgment, the General, principles on which it is to be conducted, i. 27 ; different views concerning it, iii. 844 ; the Scriptural doctrine, iii. 845 ; time of, iii. 847 ; the per- sons who are to be judged, iii. 848 ; how far the descriptions of the last judgment are to be understood literally, iii. 850. Julian, Pelagianism of, ii. 152, 163. Junkheim, J. L. Z., the work of God in conversion, ii. 730. Justice, the signification and usage of the Hebrew and Greek words translated justice : the wider and stricter sense of the word : the different kinds of justice, i. 416 ; justice in relation to sin, i. 417 ; different answers to the question, " AVhy is sin punished?" i. 417 ff. ; the Scriptural answer, i. 420 ; proof of the doctrine of vin- dicatory justice, i. 420 ff. ; ii. 489 ff., 539, 579; the senti- ment of justice manifested in the consciousness of all men and in the experience of all Christians, i. 420 ff. ; involved in the whole plan of salvation, i. 423 ; and therefore a turn- ing-point in theology, i. 424 ; pliilosophical views of the na- ture of justice, i. 424. Justification, Scriptural usage of the word and its cognates, iii. 118 f., 150; symbolical statements of the doctrine, iii. 114; points in- volved in these statements, iii. 117; its nature: not an effi- cient, not an executive, but a forensic act, iii. 118; proof of the doctrine as thus stated, iii. INDEX. 31 120-132; Calvin's doctrine, iii. 132 ; ground of, not works, iii. 134 ; what kind of works are excluded from the ground of justification ? Pelagian, Ro- mish, Arminian, and Protes- tant answer to that question, iii. 134—140 ; the righteous- ness of Christ its ground, iii. 141 ; meaning of the terms, iii. 142 ; why called the right- eousness of God, iii. 143 ; that righteousness imputed to the believer, iii. 144; meaning of the word imputation, iii. 145 ; jiroof of the doctrine, iii. ] 50 ff. ; consequences of justi- fication, iii. 161 fF. ; relation of faith to justification, iii. 165 fF. ; objections to the Prot- estant doctrine of justification, iii. 171 ff. ; departures in the Protestant churches from this doctrine; Osiander, iii. 179; Stancarus, iii. 182; Piscator, iii. 182 ; Romish doctrine as to the nature of justification, iii. 130 ; as to its ground, iii. 135, 166 ; its relation to faith, iii. 165; Remonstrant doctrine, iii. 136, 167 ; Rationalistic doc- trine, iii. 195 ; teachings of the later German theologians, iii. 201 ; the speculative theories, iii. 199; objections to these theories, iii. 204. Authors re- ferred to (all in vol. iii.) : An- selm, 154; Arminius, 185; Baur, 182, 189, 196, 199; Bellarmin, 130, 139, 141, 146, 162, 166; Bretschneider, 197 ; Calvin, 131 fF., 181 ; Curcel- lajus, 141, 191 ; Delitzsch, 201; Ebrard, 120, 201 f; Edwards, 116 f., 148 ; Ewald, 197 ; Fletcher, 192 ; Grotius, 188 f.; Hase, 115; Hegel, 208; Kant, 135; Limborch, 137, 189-192 ; Lombard, 132; Moehler, 141; Nevin, 202 f., 205, 210 f. ; Osiander, 179 f. ; Owen, 147, 155 ; Peck, 192 ; Piscator, 182 fF. ; Quen- stedt, 116; Schmid, 145; Schweizer, 145, 202 ; Shedd, 149; Socinus, 176; Stanca- rus, 182 ; Steudlin, 135 ; Strauss, 135, 189 ; Turrettin, 145 f. ; Ullmann, 205 f. ; Vit- ringa, 146; Watson, 190; Wegscheider, 135, 196; Wes- ley, 195 ; Wette, de, 121, 156. Justin Martyr (d. 166), on the fall of man in Adam, ii. 151 ; on celibac}', iii. 374 ; the state of the dead before the judgment, iii. 739. K. Kabbala Denudata, on Gehenna, iii. 768. Kant (d. 1804), on the argument from design, i. 226 ; anthropomorphism essen- tial to religion, i. 343 ; power or force presupposes substance, i. 377 ; his definition of faith, iii. 46 ; the only punishment of sin its natural consequences and redemption is subjective,iii. 1 9 6 f. ; his separation of moral- ity from religion, iii. 261 ; de- nies that God hears prayer, iii. 695. Keckermann, Bartholomew (d. 1609), the possible alone the object of power, i. 409 ; his philosophi- cal explanation of the Trinity, i. 480. Keil, the sacrifices of the Old Testa- ment not expiatory, but sig- nificant of a moral change, ii. 498 ; defends the lawfidness of marriage with a deceased wife's sister, iii. 416. Kenosis, ii. 430-440, 623, 625. Kent, Chancellor, natural laws, iii. 426. Kingdom of Christ, Scrij)tural usage of the exjjres- sions, " Kingdom of Christ," INDEX. "Kingdom of God," "King- dom of Heaven," ii. 599, iii. 855 ; Christ truly a King, ii. 597 ; nature of liis kingdom, ii. 599, iii. 857 ; it includes his dominion over the universe, ii. 600 ; over his own people, M^hom He subdues to himself: He rules over them, reigns in them, protects and guides them : to Him they are loyal : they obey, serve, and trust Him, ii. 601 f., iii. 856 ; over his pro- fessing people or visible church : this is a kingdom not of this world, ii. 604 ; it is catholic : it is a temporary institution : Christ being its head, it is not a democracy, or aristocracy, but a kingdom, all its laws and all authority in it emanating from Him, ii. 605 flP. ; his king- dom of glory, ii. 608 ; the con- summation of Christ's kingdom not to be his personal reign here on earth prior to the gen- eral resurrection, but in heaven, iii. 859 ff. Kirchen-Zeitung, Evangelische, on prohibited marriages, iii. 409. Klee, Henry (d. 1841), on the efficacy of the sacraments, iii. olo. Kleuker, John Frederick (d. 1827), the Zendavesta. iii. 767. Knapp, George Christian (d. 1825), on Schleiermacher's Christology, ii. 446 ; on the supernatural influence of the Spirit, ii. 730. Knobel, Doctor August, on the literal meaning of the third commandment, iii. 305 ; admits that Genesis makes the Sabbath coeval with the crea- . tion, iii. 327 ; on the marriage of a deceased wife's sister, iii. 416. Kno'wledge, its nature, i. 49, 358, 360, 393 ; difference between know- ing and understanding, i. 50 ; difference between knowledge and faith, iii. 75 ; innate knowledge, i. 191 ; intuitive and discursive, i. 393 ; reg- ulative, i. 354 ; knowledge in God, i. 393 ; distinct from power, i. 394; the objects of God's knowledge : Himself (scientia necessaria), all tilings out of Himself (scientia libera), i. 397 ; all things possible (knowledge of simple intelli- gence), i. 398 ; knowledge of the actual, past, present, and future (knowledge of vision), i. 398 ; the knowledge of things conditionally future (scientia media), i. 398 ff. ; knowledge in relation to faith, iii. 46, 75 ; God an object of knowledge, i. 335 ff. (See the word God) ; knowledge essen- tial to faith, iii. 84. Koellner, W. H. D. E. (Giessen), on the Komish doctrine of original sin, ii. 177 ; Molina's doctrine of efficacious grace, ii. 679 ; Duns Scotus on the efficacy of the sacraments, iii. 513. Kotrcoi la (otw/xaTWV, li. 392. Krauth, Doctor Charles Porterfield (University of Pt-nnsylvania), on the person of Christ, ii. 413 ; on the necessity of baptism, iii. 605 ; grace, in the case of in- fants, granted to make them the recipients of the efficacy of baptism, iii. 608 ; the bread in the Eucharist is Christ's body, iii. 662. L. Lactantius (d. .330 circa), on the intermediate state, iii. 739. Lake-dwellings, ii. 34. Lamarck, theory of development, ii. 11. La Mettrie, materialist, i. 254. Lanfranc, Archbishop (d. 1089), on the number of the sacraments, iii. 497. INDEX. Lange, Professor John Peter ( Bonn ) on the resurrection, iii. 772, 841 ; the body here and hereafter fashioned by the soul out of the materials with which it is in contact, iii. 779. La Place (Placa;eus, b. 160G), introduced the doctrine of me- diate imputation into the Re- formed Church, ii. 205. Lapide, Cornelius V, makes desertion a legitimate ground of divorce, iii. o96. Law (Moral), supposes a personal God as law- giver, iii. 259 ; founded on the will of God, i. 405, iii. 260 ; the extent of its demands, ii. 184, iii. 24(3 ; its immuta- bility, ii. 494, iii. 125; the sense in which Christ was made under the law, ii. 612 ; the sense in which the believer is freed from it, ii. 517 ; the Scrip- tural use of the word, iii. 265 ; different kinds of moral laws, iii. 267 ; how far can moral laws be dispensed with, iii. 269 ; when one law supersedes another, iii. 270 ; how revealed, iii. 266 ; perfection of the law as revealed in Scrijjture, iii. 270 ; the decalogue, iii. 271. LaTvs of Nature, definition of, i. 607 ff., 620, 624 ; their uniformity, i. 60^ ; reign of, i. 620 flf., ii. 25. Leibnitz, Gottfried "William (d. 1716). God possesses the perfections of our nature, i. 374 ; illustration of the Trinity derived from our nature as spirits, i. 480 ; asserts the moral necessity of creation, i. 556 ; his theory of the nature of virtue, i. 433 ; his theory of the nature of sin, ii. 134; what determines the will, ii. 286 ; the distinction be- tween fixith and reason, iii. 62. Leo III., Emperor (a. d. 726), forbade the use of images in churches, iii. 297. VOL. IV. 3 Levitical Law of Marriage, is it still in force ? iii. 410 ; how it is to be interjjreted, iii. 413 ; what are its prohibitions, iii. 415. Liberius, Pope (d. 366), signed a semi-Arian creed, i. 144 f. Liberty of the Will, different theories of, ii. 280 ; of necessity, ii. 280; of occasional causes, ii. 282 ; of contingency, ii. 282 ; called liberty of indif- ference, self-determination of the will, power of contrary choice, ii. 283 ; of certainty, ii. 284 ; proof that certainty is con.sistent with liberty, i. 546, ii. 295 ff. ; distinction between liberty of the will and liberty of the agent, ii. 290 ; between liberty and ability, ii. 291 ; Christian liberty in the use of things indifferent, iii. 263 ; the liberty wherewith Christ has made his people free, ii. 516 11". ; iii. 262. Lies. See Falsehood. Life, not due to physical causes, i. 283 ; must have a living source, ii. 5 ff. ; the connec- tion of physical life with mat- ter, iii. 731 ; the life promised to Adam, ii. 118; Scriptural usage of the words " life " and "death," ii. 118, 120, 249; iii. 873 ; spiritual life, iii. 33 ; eternal life, ii. 118; iii. 860; the sense in which Christ is our life, ii. 697 ; iii. 605. Lightfoot, John (d. 16 75), water mixed with wine in the Eucharist, iii. 617. Limborch, Philip (d. 1712), on the image of God, ii. 97 ; hereditaiy depravity physical and not moral, ii. 327 ; com- mon grace becomes effectual through the cooperation of the will, ii. 328, 676; the influ- ence of the Spirit not to be distinofuished from that of the 34 indp:x. word, ii. 6.35 ; the work of Christ not a satisfaction, ii. 486 ; the ground of justifica- tion is evangelical (not per- fect) obedience, iii. 1.37 ; Chris- tian perfection is not sinless obedience : it is a matter of degrees, iii. 25.3 ; the sacra- ments are mere signs, iii. 491. " Limbus Infantum," iii. 744. Literalist, the, on the second advent, iii. 868. Locke, John (d. 1704), the use made of his philosophy by Materialists, i. 248 ff. Aoyos, of Plato, as stated by Cousin, i. 62 ; distinction between the Aoyos cVStuf^er^s" and the Adyos irpocfiopLKos, ii. 583 ; application made of that distinction to the doctrine of the person of Christ, ii. 451 ; application of the doctrine of the Logos to the doctrine of redemption, ii. 583 ; the Logos of St. John, i. 504 ; the Logos of Philo, ii. 583. Lollards, i. 74, 77. Lombard, Peter (d. 1160 circa), definition of faith, iii. 53. Lord, meaning of the Hebrew and Greek words so rendered in the English version, i. 495 ; the word Lord used in the English translation for Je- hovah, i. 497 ; the sense in which Christ is constantly called Lord in the New Testa- ment, i. 495 ff. ; day of the Lord, iii. 793 ; coming of the Lord, iii. 792. Lord's Supper, the, a divine institution of permanent obligation, iii. 612 ; names of, iii. 613 ; elements to be used, iii. 615 ; things commanded to be done, or, sacramental ac- tions, iii. 617 ; design of, iii. 621 ; qualifications for its re- ception, iii. 623 ; doctrine of the Reformed Church, iii. 623, 631 ; Zwinglian doctrine, iii. 626 ; Calvin's doctrine, iii. 628 ; statements in which Zwinglians and Calvin agreed, iii. 631 ; how is Christ present in, iii. 637 ; manducation, iii. 643, 667 ; Avhat the believer receives in the Lord's Supper, iii. 645 ; he receives Christ elsewhere as he does in this sacrament, iii. 639 ; the doc- trine of the Church of Eng- land on that point, iii. 640 ; efficacy of this sacrament, iii. 647; sum of the Reformed doctrine, iii. 650 ; views of modern German theologians, iii. 650, 659 ; Lutheran doc- trine, iii. 661 ; the statement given in the Lutheran sym- bols, iii. 663 ff. ; points of dif- ference between the Lutlieran and Reformed doctrine, iii. 666, 670 ; different modes of presence, iii. 670 ; the sense in which the Lutherans admit a local presence of Christ's body in the Eucharist, iii. 670 ; the benefit which Lutherans teach, is received from the Lord's Supper, iii. 673 ; Lu- ther's language on that point, iii. 675 ; doctrine of Roman- ists, iii. 677 ; transubstantia- tion, iii. 678 ; divine worship to be rendered to the conse- crated wafer, iii. 681 ; with- holding the cup from the laity, iii. 685 ; the Eucharist as a sacrifice, iii. 685 ; canons of the Council of Trent on the subject, iii. 685 ; arguments against the doctrine, iii. 688. Authors referred to (all in vol. iii.) : Alford, 644 ; Atwater, 616; Augustine, 644, 678; Burnet, 637; Calvin, 628 ff., 641, 646, 676 ; Chrysostom, 613 ; Dorner, 676 ; Ebrard, 657 f. ; Gerhard, 670, 672; Gousset, 677, 683, 687 f. ; INDEX. 35 Hahn, 649; Ilerzog, 683; Ignatius, 649 ; Krauth, 662 ; Lightfoot, 617 ; Luther, 662, 669 ff., 675 f. ; Maclean, 616 ; Merati, 617 ; Moehler, 692; Miiller, 667, 671, 677 ; Nevin, 655, 658; Olshausen, 653; Perrone, 621 ; Philippi, 649, 658, 669 ff., 675 f. ; Scuda- more, 616, 617, 621 ; Suicer, 616, 620; Ursinus, 642; Zwingle, 627. Lord, David N., the destruction of " Babylon " as predicted in the Apocalj']3se, the denationalization of the Papacy, iii. 828 ; on the true interpretation of Revelation, xi., iii. 834 ; on the perpetu- ity of the earth and the endless succession of the generations of men, iii. 863. Loretto, house of the Virgin Mary at, iii. 457. Loyola, Ignatius (d. 1556), influence of, iii. 485. Love, its relation to ftiith, iii. 93. Lubbock, Sir John, primitive state of man, ii. 94. Lucidus, condemned for his Augustinian- ism by the Synod of Aries, a. D. 475, ii. 166. Liicke, Gottlieb Christian Freder- ick (d. 1855), on John iii. 5, iii. 595. Lucretius, " mors immortalis," iii. 869. Luthardt, Professor Christopher Ernest (Leipzig), the conversion of the Jews to precede the second advent of Christ, iii. 807 ; restoration of the Jews to their own land, iii. 808 ; his analysis of the Apoc- alypse, iii. 827 ; Moses and Elias the two witnesses spoken of in the Apocalypse, iii. 833 ; the general resurrection is to take place when Christ comes again, iii. 839 ; the renovated earth as described in Romans, vii. 19-23, to be the future residence of believers, iii. 843. Luther, Martin (d. 1546), on the doctrine of the Trinity, i. 466 ; on the agency of evil spirits, i. 647 ; on the image of God, ii. 98 ; original righteousness natural, ii. 103 ; an Augustinian, ii. 324 ; iii. 661 ; his characteristics as a theologian, ii. 414; his char- acteristics as a man, iii. 484 ; the incompetency of reason in matters of religion, iii. 79, 80 ; his denunciation of the worship of relics, iii. 302 ; the Spirit operates on the minds of men only in and through the Word, iii. 485 ; illustration of the efficacy of the sacraments from the case of the woman who was healed by touching the garment of Christ, iii. 503 ; the sense in which the body of Christ is eaten in the LoixVs Supper, iii. 669 ; the effect of the Lord's body on the body of the believer, iii. 675 ; the world not to be annihilated, iii. 853. Lutheran Doctrine, on the original state of man, ii. 98, 103 ; on the nature of sin, ii. 180 ; on original sin, ii. 228 ; on inability, ii. 257, 258 ; on the plan of salvation, ii. 324 ; on election to eternal life, ii. 325 ; on the person of Christ, ii. 407-418 ; on his humiliation, ii. 621 ; his ascension, ii. 631 ; his work as our Redeemer, ii. 480 ; on the external call. ii. 645 ; on grace, ii. 656 ; on the Word of God, iii. 479 ; on the sacraments in general, iii. 488 ; on baptism, iii. 604 ff. ; on the Lord's Sup- per, iii. 661 ff. ; on the mode of Christ's presence therein, iii. 670ff. on its effects, iii. 673. 36 INDEX. Lyell, Sir Charles, F. R. S., on the antiquity of man, ii. 34. Lying Wonders, i. 630 ; iii. 452. Lyons, Second Council of (a. d. 1274), on the fate of unbaptized infants, iii. 745. M. Maccabees, sacrifices for the dead, iii. 754. Macdonald, Doctor James M., analysis of the Apocalypse, iii. 826. Mackenzie, Lord, ethics and jurisprudence, iii. 426. Maclean, Doctor John (Princeton), on the wine of the Bible, iii. 616. Magdeburg Centuriators, on the false decretals of Isidore, iii. 451 ; on Antichrist, iii. 832. Mahan, President Asa, on Christian perfection, iii. 255. Maitland, Charles, M. D., Apostles' school of prophetic in- terpretation, history of, iii. 830 ; distinction between the Babylon and the Antichrist of the Apocalypse, iii. 830. Major, George (d. 1570?), pupil of Luther : on the neces- sity of good works, iii. 239. Man, his origin. Scriptural account, ii. 3 ; spontaneous generation the- ory, ii. 4 ff. ; development theory, ii. 11-32 ; antiquity of, ii. 33 ; nature of man, Scrip- tural account, ii. 42 ; man con- sists of two substances, soul and body, ii. 43 ; relation of the two, ii. 44 ; trichotomy, or, the theory that man consists of three elements or substances, body, soul, and spirit, ii. 47 ff. ; doubtful passages on that sub- ject explained, ii. 49 ff. ; real- istic doctrine of the nature of man, ii. 51 ; objection to that doctrine, ii. 55-61 ; the human race one species, ii. 86 ; all mankind descendants of Adam, ii. 91 ; original state of man, he was like God, ii. 96 ; wherein that likeness consisted, ii. 96 ff. ; Colossians iii. 10 and Ephesians iv. 24, ii. 99 f. ; doc- trine of the Romish Church on the original state of man, ii. 103 ; the sense in which Romanists make original right- eousness a supernatural gift, ii. 104 ; arguments against their doctrine, ii. 105 ; Pelagian doctrine of man's original state, ii. 106, 115; principle on which that doctrine is founded, ii. 106; proof that principles as distinguished from acts may have moral character, ii. 107- 114; the original state of man not one of barbarism, ii. 93 ff. Authors referred to (all in vol. ii.) : Abbot, 37 ; Abelard, 53, 62 ; Ackermann, 51 ; Ag- assiz, 15, 31, 63, 80, 81, 89 ; Andradius, 106 ; Anselm, 53 ; Auberlen, 4 ; Augustine, 67, 96 ; Bachman, 79 ; Barrande, 31; Bastian, 6; Baur, 106; Beck, 51 ; Bellarmin, 96, 104 ff.; Beza, 67; Biichner, 17, 31 ; Bunsen, 40, 90 ; Cabell, 90 ; Calvin, 67; Carpenter, 80 ; Chamber's "Vestiges," 11 ; Col- lingwood, 15; Cousin, 43, 52, 62, 65; Cuvier, 31, 39, 80; Dana, 38, 54, 63, 81, 87 ; Dar- win, 12 ff., 23 ff., 79 ; De Can- doUe, 80; Delitzsch, 4, 46 f., 65 f., 74, 88; Diest, a, 98; Falconer, 31 ; Flourens, 79 ; Forbes, 31 ; Frohschammer, 73 ; Goschel, 47 ; Gray, 18, 19, 27; Green, 40; Gunther, 67 ; Guyot, 38 ; Hahn, 47, 51 ; Herzog, 4, 41 ; Higgins, 15 ; Hollaz, 98 ; Hopkins, 11, 21 ; Humboldt, 89 ; Hvimphreys, 37; Huxley, 5 ff., 16, 20 ff. ; Irenffius, 97 ; Jerome, 67 ; John mDEX. 37 of Damascus, 97 ; Lamarck, 11 ; Limborch, 97 ; Living- stone, 39 ; Lubbock, 94 f. ; Luther, 98, 103; Lyell, 31- 37 ; Mares, 98 ; Mivart, 5, 8, 32; Morell, 58; Morlot, 35; Morton, 63, 81; Miiller, 90; Murchison, 31 ; Murphy, 20, 24; Nevin, 58 ; Olshausen, 51, 57 ; Origen, 66 f. ; Owen, 25 ; Pasteur, 8 ; Pelagius, 67 ; Pic- tet, 31 ; Prestwich, 39 ; Prich- ard, 80 ; Scherarliug, 37 ; Sedg- wick, 31, 36 ; Shedd, 52, 53, 59, 71, 74; St. Hilaire, 31; Strauss, 4 ; Tertullian, 67 ; Thomson, 20 ; Turrettin, 67 ; Tyndall, 8 if. ; Usher, 40 ; ^\^al- lace, 9, 17, 18, 33 ; Whately, 94 ; Wilberforce, 68. Man of Sin, iii. 812-823. Manducation, according to the Reformed (and to Augustine) it is by faith (to believe is to eat), iii. 640, 643 ; Calvin's view, iii. 644 ; Lutheran doctrine, iii. 667 ; doctrine of the Church of Eng- land, iii. 640. Manichaeans, doctrine on the origin of evil, ii. 132. Mansel, Dean Henry Longueville, his " Limits of Religious Thought," i. 342 ; his defini- tion of the Absolute and In- finite, i. 347 ; his conclusions from that definition : the In- finite cannot be known, must include all being, cannot know, cannot be cause, cannot have moral attributes, cannot be a person, i. 342, 347, 349, 351, 362 ; nevertheless our nature demands a personal God, i. 341, 342, 343 ; God not an object of knowledge, but of faith, i. 352 ; regulative knowl- edge, i. 354 ff. ; his use of the words " conception " and " knowledge," i. 336, 358 ; on the authority of consciousness, i. 361 ; on our consciousuess of self, i. 377, 378 ; anthropo- morphism admitted to be the condition of all human tlieol- ogy, i. 343. Marcionites, their doctrine of the origin of evil, ii. 132. Marck, John, on the doctrine of mediate impu- tation, ii. 211 ; on the theory of a two-fold (half-way) cov- enant, iii. 563. Mares, Samuel (d. 16 75), on divine concursus, i. 598 ; on the image of God, ii. 98. Marheineoke, Philip Conrad (d. 1846), makes the Bible teach the Hege- lian philosophy, i. 6. Maria Francisca, miracles of, iii. 456. Mariolatry, iii. 285 ff. Marshall, Doctor John, essential difference between phys- ical and vital force, i. 266. Marriage, its nature, iii. 376 ; it must be between one man and one woman and for life, iii. 380, 3-^0 ; proof of this, iii. 380 ff. ; polygamy tolerated by the law of Moses, iii. 381 ; forbidden by Christ, iii. 382 ff. ; a hea- then man, if a polygamist, must renounce his polygamy before his admission to the Christian Church, iii. 387 ; in what sense marriage is a re- ligious institution to be relig- iously solemnized, iii. 376 ; marriage as a civil contract, iii. 377 ; bishops not forbidden in 1 Timothy iii. 2 to marry a second time, iii. 388 ; marriage cannot be dissolved by the will of the parties or by the power of the State, iii. 378, 379 ; a higher state than celibacy, iii. 389 ; the analogue of the rela- tion between Christ and his Church, iii. 370 ; Paul's doc- trine on the subject, iii. 370, 373. 38 INDEX. Martensen, on the nature of the divine at- tributes, i. 372 ; on the Trin- ity, i. 480. Mary, the Virgin, worship of, iii. 285 ; the Psalter of, iii. 287. Mason, Doctor John Mitchell (d. 1829), on the terms of Christian com- munion, iii. 546. Mass, meaning of the, iii. 614 ; it is the offering of the body and blood of Christ as an expiatory sac- rifice, iii. 614 ; the central point in the service of the Romish Church, iii. 614 ; the canons of the Council of Trent concerning it, iii. 685 ; the gi'eat source of power and wealth to the liriesthood, iii. 688 ; arguments against the doctrine, iii. 688 ff. Materialism defined, i. 246 ; history of, i. 246- 253 ; Comte's system of, i. 254—262 ; scientific material- ism : principles of, i. 262 ff. ; refutation of, i. 275-299. Au- thors referred to (all in vol. i.) : Bain, 299 ; Barker, 286, 290; Barnard, 292, 296; Beale, 270, 281, 293; Ber- ger, 274; Buchanan, 298; Buchner, 284, 299 ; Carpen- ter, 264, 299 ; Comte, 254 ff. ; Condillac, 253 ; D'Alembert, 253 ; Diderot, 253 ; Edinburgh Review, 251 ; Epicurus, 246 f. ; Fabri, 247, 254 ; Faraday, 246, 299 ; Grove, 299 ; Hart- ley, 249 f.; Helvetius, 254 Henry, 292 ; Hobbes, 248 Holbach, d', 254 ; Huxley, 258 261 f., 267 ff., 299; Hume 253, 272 ; Jones, 247, 285 Joule, 264 ; La Mettrie, 254 Laycock, 298; Lewes, 298 Liebig, 299 ; Locke, 248, 253 Mai-shall, 266 ; Martineau 255; Maudsley, 273, 298 Mayer, 264, 299 ; Moleschott, 275 ; Morell, 248, 250, 252 ; Muller, 273 ; Porter, 256, 298 ; Priestley, 252 ; Ritter, 247 ; Rixner, 246 f. ; Rumford, 263 ; Spencer, 273, 298 ; Stirling, 281, 287 ff. ; Tyndall, 251, 291, 299 ; Virchow, 275 ; Vogt, 275 ; AVallace, 295, 297 ; You- mans, 246 ff., 299. Mather, Doctor Cotton (d. 172S), on the " half-way covenant," iii. 568. Matter is a substance having a real ob- jective existence, i. 278, 606 ; it is active or has properties which produce effects, i. 606 ; it is a different substance from mind, i. 278, 291-295, ii. 42 f.; its existence denied by many scientific men, as well as by idealists, i. 297 ; by Hume, i. 214; and by all who reject the idea of substance. Matthias, i. 140. Maudsley, Doctor, liis physiology and pathology of mind, i. 273 ; thought a result of some change in the nervous elements of the brain, i. 273 ; mind an abstract idea, i. 274 (his book, therefore, professes to give the physiology and pathology of " an aljstract idea " ) ; denies the trustwor- thiness of consciousness, i. 279. Maurer, on Leviticus xviii. 18, iii. 415. Maurice, Frederick Denison, the inspiration of the sacred writers not different from that of other believers, i. 180. Maynooth, the effect of its course of instruc tion in " Moral Theology," iii. 315. McClintock and Strong, Doctors, on communism, iii. 432. McCosh, President James (Prince- ton), on the authority of our primary beliefs, i. 210 ; on our knowl- INDEX. 39 edge of God, i. 365 ; on the specific difFerence between knowledge and faith, iii. 55. Mcllvaine, Doctor Joshua Hall, " A Nation's Right to worship God," iii. 347. McNeile, Doctor Hugh, the world not to be converted before the second coming of Christ, iii. 864 Means of Grace, why so called? iii. 466 ; to what their efficacy is due, iii. 470, 501 ; the Word, iii. 466 ; the sacraments, iii. 485 ; baptism, iii. 526; the Lord's Supper, iii. 611 ; prayer, iii. 692. Mediate Creation, i. 556. Mediate Imputation. (See Imputation.) Mediator, the Scriptural usage of the word, ii. 456 ; the sense in which the Church of Rome makes saints and angels mediators, ii. 456; Christ the only mediator be- tween God and man, ii. 455 f. ; the necessary qualifications for the w^ork, ii. 456 f . ; his three- fold office as mediator, ii. 459. Melancthon, Philip (d. 1560), explanation of the Trinity, i. 479 ; creation out of nothing, i. 556 ; definition of sin, ii. 180 ; his synergistic doctrine, ii. 324, 720 ; on the relation of good works to justification, iii. 238 ; the celibacy of the clergy in- sisted upon by the Church of Rome for the sake of power, iii. 375 ; the sacraments signs and seals, iii. 504. Mental Reservation, iii. 445. Merati (Romanist), on mixing wine and water in the Eucharist, iii. 617. Mercy, a special form of goodness, i. 427. Method, theology a science, i. 1 ; need of system, i. 2 ; nature of method and its importance as applied to theology, i. 3 ; the specula- tive method, i. 4 ; the mystical method, i. 6 ; the inductive method, i. 9 ; the proper office of the Christian theologian, i. 10 ; necessity of the teaching of the Holy Spirit, i. 16. Meyer, Henry Augustus William, on Ephesians v. 2, ii. 509 ; on our Lord's command " Swear not at all," iii. 309 ; on Ephesians vi. 4, iii. 353 ; on desertion as a ground of divorce, iii. 395 ; the " end " (finis hujus sagculi) contemporaneous with the sec- ond advent of Christ, iii. 839. Michaelis, John David (d. 1791), denies all supernatural influence in the conversion of men, ii. 730 ; on the ground of the Le- vitical prohibitions as to mar- riage, iii. 408. Michaelis, John Henry (d. 1738), on Leviticus xvii. 10, ii. 501 ; on Isaiah liii. 10, ii. 508 ; the lit- eral meaning of the third com- mandment, iii. 305. Middle Ages, theological characteristics of, i. 73. Mill, John Stuart, his definition of a cause, i. 208 ; denial of final causes or design, i. 228. Millennium, Jewish doctrine of, iii. 862 ; the patristic doctrine, iii. 863; the doctrine which makes the mil- lennium subsequent to the sec- ond advent, iii. 843 ; the mod- ern doctrine, iii. 858. Miller, Hugh (d. 1856), on the unequal distribution of property in England, iii. 427. Mind, its existence as a siibstance re- vealed in consciousness, i. 276, 277 ; its existence the most certain fact of knowledge, i. 277, 377 ; its essential attri- butes, i. 378 ; the existence of finite minds necessitates the belief in an Lifinite Mind, i. 234 ; mind-force not the only 40 INDEX. kind of force, i. 595 ; not de- pendent on matter for its self- manifestation, iii. 714, 732. Ministers, of the Gospel are not priests, ii. 467. Miracles, Scriptural terms for, i. 617 ; defi- nition of, i. 618; objections to that definition, i. 618; answer to those objections, i. 620 AT. ; miracles due to the immediate power of God and not to some occult physical law, i. 622 f. ; how to be distinguished from extraordinary providences, i. 625 ; their possibility, i. 626 ; can be known as such, i. 629 ; can be rationally proved, i. 633 ; Hume's objection, i. 633 ff. ; value of miracles as proofs of a divine revelation, i. 635 ; lying wonders, i. 630 ; iii. 452 ; church miracles, iii. 452. Mivart, St. George, F. R. S., his " Genesis of Species," ii. 5 ; on spontaneous generation, ii. 5 ; on Darwin's hypothesis of Pangenesis, ii. 32. Moehler, Dr. John Adam (d. 1838), on tradition, i. 114; his misrepre- sentation of Luther's doctrine on original sin, ii. 174 ; on re- generation, ii. 679, 718 ; on works of supererogation, iii. 235 ; on perfectionism, iii. 252 ; on the efficacy of the sacra- ments, iii. 513 ; the Eucharist a sacrifice, iii. 677, 691; on the Church, iii. 692. Molinos, Michael (b. 1G40), his " Manuductio Spiritualis," a reproduction of the doctrines of the media3val mystics, i. 86. Monastic Life, Jerome's description of its hoi'- rors, iii. 321. Monogamy, the divine law of marriage, iii. 380 ff". ; the rule among the Hebrews, iii. 381 ; the law of all Christian churches, iii. 380 ; essential to the true marriage relation, iii. 383 ; should be up- held by the laws of all Chris- tian states, iii. 386. Monothelites, condemned by the Council of Constantinople, A. d. 680, ii. 405. Montanism, i. 69. Moral Ability, and inability, ii. 264 ff". Moral Attributes of God, i. 413 f. ; the ground on which such attri- butes are denied to the Su- preme Being, i. 414 ff. Moral Obligation, the grounds of, i. 238, ii. 275 ff". Moral Sense (Conscience), a constituent element of our nature, i. 237, 239 ; within cer- tain limits infallible, i. 237 ; its authority cannot be evaded, i. 238, 279 ; necessarily sup- poses the existence of a Being to whom we are responsible for our character and conduct, i. 238 ; the intuitions, or pri- mary moral beliefs, the divinely appointed barriers against ut- ter skepticism, i. 242, 279 ; iii. 342. Moral Suasion, not the efficient cause of regen- eration, ii. 684. Moral Theology, its effects as taught by Roman- ists, iii. 315. Moral Theories, of the atonement, ii. 566. Morell, J. D., his " Philosophy of Religion," i. 65 ; his work, an exposition of Schleiermacher's theory of re- ligion and theology, i. 65 f ; theory of inspiration, i. ] 74, 175; on the materialism of Hobbes, i. 248 ; on Hartley's theory of sensation and thought, i. 250 ; on Priestley's philoso- phy, i. 252 ; on modern pan- theism, i. 331 ; his definition of fiiith, iii. 44. Morton, Dr. Samuel George (d. 1851), INDEX. 41 defiues species " a primordial or- ganic form," ii. 81. Morus, Samuel Frederick Nathan- iel (d. 1792), Oil couversioii, ii. 730. Mosaic Bconomy, included the covenant of grace, ii. 375 ; considered as a na- tional covenant : a revelation of the law as a covenant of works : Moses taught what Paul taught of the plan of sal- vation, ii. 375 ; hence the dif- ferent modes in which it is represented in the New Testa- ment, ii. 375, 376 ; contrasted with the New Dispensation, ii. 376,377. Mosheim, John Lorenz (d. 1755), pious frauds of heathen origin, iii. 448 ; on the claim of ditFerent orders of monks of power over purgatory, iii. 770. Motive, meaning of the word, ii. 289 ; cri- terion of the relative strength of motives, ii. 289 ; in what sense the will is determined by the strongest motive, ii. 289. Mozley, J. B., Bampton Lectures for 1865, on miracles ; discussion of the theory of the intelligence of nature, i. 611 ; his definition of a miracle, i. 625. Miiller, Doctor Julius (Halle), " every attempt to spiritualize matter ends in materializing spirit," i." 273 ; on Schleier- macher's theory of sin, ii. 140 ; alienation from God the es- sence of sin, ii. 148 ; on Au- gustine's doctrine of sin, ii. 159; his definition of free agency, ii. 292 ; the resurrection of the body not due to a partic- ipation of the Lord's Supper, iii. 677 ; comparison of the doc- trines of Luther and Calvin on the Lord's Supper, iii. 667 ; against the ubiquity of Christ's body, iii. 671 ; a vital organiz- ing force continues in the soul. but not operative between death and the resurrection, iii. 778 ; the general resurrection contemporaneous with the sec- ond coming of Christ, iii. 841. Miiller, Max, on the Hindu religion and its ef- fect on the Hindu character, i. 316, 317 ; on the unity of the human race, ii. 90. Miinzer, his doctrine of community of goods, one of the causes of the " peasant war," iii. 430. Murphy, John Joseph, his works on " Habit and Litelli- gence in their Connection with the Laws of Matter and Force," his doctrine is that intelligence (not always conscious, but sometimes merely organizing) is inseparable from life, ii. 24. Musculus, on the omnipotence of God, i. 409. Murri;p(.o!', rendered " sacramentum," in the Vulgate, iii. 486. Mysticism, meaning of the word, i. 61 ; its philosophical use, i. 61 ; the sense in which evangelical Christians are called Mystics, i. 63 ; applied to all systems which exalt the feelings above reason, or the inward teaching of the Spirit above the Scrip- tures, i. 64 ; in this sense Schleiermacher's system is mystical, i. 65 ; mysticism is distinguished from spiritual il- lumination and the leading of the Spirit, i. 67, 68 ; in the early church, i. 69 ; in the Mid- dle Ages, i. 73 ; the " Theologia Mystica " of the so-called Dio- nysius, the Areopagite, i. 70 ; character and influence of that work, i. 71 ff. ; different classes of media? val mystics, i. 74 ff. ; mysticism at the time of the Reformation, i. 79 ; the Refor- 42 INDEX. mation not responsible for the disorders which attended or followed it, i. 80 ; Quietism ; which see, i. 84 ; the Quakers or Friends : which see, i. 88 : arguments against the whole mystical theory, i. 97 fF. N. " Name of God," Scriptural usage of the expres- sion, iii. 306. Nature, from " nascor, natum," in its wide sense includes everything produced, ^. e., everything out of God, i. 20 ; sometimes used for the material as distinguish- ed from the spiritual world, i. 19 ; sometimes it is a collective term for all the forces operat- ing in the external world (as works of nature), the " natura naturans," i. 23 ; sometimes it means substance ((pvai.<; = ovaia), i. 460 ; ii. 387 ; some- times disposition, as when we sjjeak of a good or bad nature, or predicate of a man a de- praved, a holy, or a new na- ture, ii. 253 ; the works of nature (in the wide sense of the word) make a trustworthy revelation of the being and perfections of God, i. 22 fF. ; that revelation insufficient for salvation, but sufficient to render men inexcusable for their sins, i. 25 ff.. iii. 466 ; laws of nature, see Laws. Natural Selection, Darwin's theory of, ii. 12 ffi, 23 ; arguments in support of, ii. 14; arguments against, ii. 14 ff., 27 ff. ; Agassiz's judgment of, ii. 15 ; Huxley's judgment of, ii. 20 ; Dr. Gray's admission, ii. 18; Professor Owen denies its fundamental principle, ii. 25 ; Mr. Russell Wallace admits that the theory is not ap2>lica- ble to man, ii. 33. Nazarenes, ii. 399. Neander, John Augustus William (d. 1850), the doctrine of the Alexandrian School on the person of Christ, ii. 402 ; Neander and Marhei- necke, ii. 447 ; on the letters of Ignatius, iii. 450 ; on John iii. 5, iii. 594. Necessity, doctrine of, as applied to the will, ii. 280 ; moral necessity used as equivalent to certainty, ii. 285. Neo-Platonism, i. 71, 328. Nestorius, his history, ii. 401 ; the error charged upon him, ii. 401 ; his reply to the charge, ii. 402. Neudecker, classes of mystics, i. 76. Nevin, Doctor John ■Williamson (Mercorsburg), his work on " The Mystical Pres- ence or Vindication of the Reformed or Calvinistic Doc- trine of the Holy Eucharist," ii. 446 ; the three philosoj^hi- cal principles ignored by the Reformers, which are authori- tative, iii. 204 ; on the incar- nation, ii. 446 ; his anthropol- ogy, ii. 447 ff., iii. 19 ; on the person of Christ, ii. 446, iii. 202, 203; his soteriology, iii. 201, 202, 204, 210, 211'; ex- planatory note, iii. 655. New^man, Doctor John Henry, on the insufficiency of the Scrip- tures, i. 106 ; on the state of the Church of England, i. 124; the infallibility of the Church, i. 127 ; declares " religious light to be intellectual dark- ness," iii. 88 ; church miracles, iii. 454; relics, iii. 459, 461; on the doctrine of Protestants that the Papacy is Antichrist, iii. 822. Newton. Sir Isaac (d. 1T27), the facts of astronomy afford clear evidence of voluntary INDEX. 43 agency, i. 224 ; recognizes the universal providential efficiency of God, i. 621. Nice, Council of, A. D. 325 : object of its conven- tion, i. 45y ; parties of which it was composed, i. 455 ; sense in which the Council used the word o/xoovcrtos, i. 454, 460 ; its decisions adverse to the Sabellians and Arians, i. 459 ; as to the relation of the per- sons in the Trinity, i. 460 ; amplification and explanation of the Nicene doctrines by the Nicene fathers, i. 462 ; their doctrine of subordination, i. 462 if. A. D. 787 : decided in favor of the worship of images, iii. 297. Nicholson, H. AUeyne (M. D., F. R. S. E.), vitality not the result of material combinations, although matter is necessary to its manifesta- tion, iii. 731. Ninth Commandment, iii. 437. " Nisus Formativus," i. 265. Nitzsch, Professor Carl Immanuel, " every true believer a mystic," i. 64 ; defines faith " the unity of feeling and knowledge," iii. 50. o. Oaths, their nature, iii. 307 ; their law- fulness, iii. 308 ; when lawful, iii. 310 ; how to be interpreted, iii. 312 ; Romish doctrine of, iii. 314. Obedience, active and passive of Christ, iii. 142 ; obedience to the State, iii. 262, 356; to the Church, iii. 360. Oberlin, theory of perfection, iii. 255. Obligation, Moral, ground of, not expediency, not regard to our happiness or our own dignity, not the nature of things, but the will of God, i. 405; ii. 146, iii. 259; termi- nates on God alone, who only is Lord of the conscience, iii. 237. Occasional Causes, ii. 282. CEcumenius, on the intermediate state, iii. 739. Oehler, G. F., " Veteris Testament! sententia de rebus post mortem ftituris," iii. 718. Oetinger, Frederick Christopher (d. 1782), his doctrine on the person of Christ and his mystical union with his people, ii. 587 f. Old Testament, its relation to the New, ii. 366- 377 ; its revelations concerning the Trinity, i. 446 fF. ; on the divinity of the Messiah, i. 485- 495 ; its revelation of the plan of salvation unfolded in the New Testament, ii. 366 ff. ; its doctrine of sacrifices, ii. 501 ; of a future state, iii. 716 ff. Olshausen, Hermann (d. 1839), the soul has no individuality, or subsistence, except in union with the body, iii. 19, 651 ; the personality of Christ includes all the personalities of his peo- ple, iii. 653. Omnipotence, true idea of, i. 407. '0/XOOl'^wp7jcrts, i. 461. Perrone. John, his •' Prajlectiones de cultu sanc- torum ": on the worship of rel- ics, iii. 459 ; sacraments con- tain grace and confer it " ex opere operate," iii. 490 ; on confirmation as a sacrament, iii. 493 ; definition of marriage as a sacrament, iii. 495 ; the num- ber of the sacraments, iii. 497 ; baptism, confirmation, and or- ders can never be repeated on account of the " indelible some- thing " which they impress upon the soul, iii. 509 ; bap- tism removes everything of the nature of sin, iii. 610 ; his defence of withholding the cup from the laity in the Eucha- rist, ni. 621 ; on the future state of unbaptized infants, iii. 745 ; the material identity be- tween the present and future bodies of believers, iii. 776. Perseverance of the saints : the Augustinian doctrine on the subject, ii. 333, iii. 110; Paul's argument on INDEX. 47 the subject in Romans viii., iii. Il0-li;5. Person, " suppositum intelligens," an in- telligent subject who can say " I," i. 4-14, 454 ; ii. 382 ; a person is not only a rational substance but a distinct sub- sistence, ii. 391 ; an infinite and absolute Being may be a person, i. 391, iii. 27G. Person of Christ. See Clu-ist. Peter, no evidence that he had author- ity over the other Apostles, i. 131 ; if he had, no evidence that his office as primate was transmissible, i. 132 ; no proof that he was ever bishop of Rome, i. 132 ; if he were, he was primate not as bishop of that city but by Christ's aj)- pointment, i. 132. Petrus de Palude, the efficacy of the sacraments in- dependent of the state of mind of the recipient, iii. 513. Philip Neri, miracle of, iii. 456. Philippi, Professor Frederick Adolphus (Rostock), the Lord's Supper as a pledge of the resurrection, iii. 649 ; his review of the recent theories of the Eucharist, iii. 658 ; on the declaration of Luther that the body of Christ is masti- cated in the Lord's supper, iii. 669 ; on the " local presence " of Christ's body, iii. 670 ; is the body of Christ a seed of immortality in the body of the believer? iii. 675. Phillips, Charles, the Irish advocate (d. 1859), the license allowable in an ad- vocate in defence of his client, iii. 439. Philo, his clear statement of the teleo- logical argument for the being of God, i. 226 ; denies that God can be known, i. 350 ; his doctrine concerning the Logos, ii. 582, 583 ; division of the Decalogue, iii. 273. Philology, the argument which comparative philology affords for the unity of the human race, ii. 88 If. Philosophia Prima, i. 55. Philosophy, meaning of the word, i. 55 ; its proper relation to theology, i. 56 ; in what sense does Paul pronounce it a vain deceit, iii. 79, 83. Pighius, Albert (Romanist, d. 1543), made original sin to consist ex- clusively in the imputation of Adam's sin, ii. 171. Pious Frauds, iii. 448. Piscator (first a Lutheran and then a Reformed theologian : d. 1625), denied the imputation of the ac- tive obedience of Christ, iii. 182 ff. Plan of Salvation, how that plan can be known, ii. 315 ; the supralapsarian scheme, ii. 316; the infralap- sarian scheme, ii. 319; differ- ent meanings of the word pre- destination, ii. 320 ; hypothet- ical redemption, ii. 321 ; Lu- theran doctrine, ii. 324 ; Re- monsti'ant doctrine, ii. 327 ; Wesleyan scheme, ii. 329; the Augustinian scheme, the prin- ciples involved in, ii. 331 ; the statement of the doctrine, ii. 333 ; its power in the world, ii. 333 f. ; it is a simple, harmo- nious scheme, ii. 334 ; proof of the doctrine from the facts of providence, ii. 335 ; from the facts of Scripture, ii. 339 ; from the work of the Spirit, ii. 340 ; election is to holiness and therefore not on account of it, ii. 341 ; from the gra- tuitous nature of salvation, ii. 342 ; Paul's argument in Ro- mans ix., ii. 343 ; from Chris- tian experience, ii. 344 ; from 48 INDEX. the words of Jesus, ii. 346 ; objections considered, ii. 349 fF. Plato, the general principles and object of his philosophy, i. 322 ; his doctrine of ideas, i. 323 ; the relation of ideas to God, i. 324 ; all the intelligence in the world is the intelligence of the divine substance, i. 325 ; his doctrine of a purification by fire after death, iii. 768. Platonism, New, i. 71, 328. Platonizing Fathers, their disposition to exalt knowl- edge above faith, i. 44 ; their explanations of the doctrine of the Trinity, i. 450, 462 ff. ; on the incarnation and its ef- fects, ii. 583. Plenary Inspiration, i. 165. Plotinus (a. d. 205-270), a Neo-Platonist, i. 328. Points, Five, the, of Arminianism, iii. 186, 187. Polanus (Professor at Basel : d. 1610), the two natures in Christ are two substances, ii. 389 ; Christ as to human nature, still pres- ent with his Church, not lo- cally, but spiritually, ii. 633. Polygamy, contraiy to the original law of marriage, iii. 380 ; contrary to the nature of marriage, iii. 383 ; opposed to the • provi- dential law of the numerical equality of the sexes, iii. 383 ; tolerated under the Old Testa- ment, iii. 381 ; forbidden by Christ, iii. 382 ; not to be tol- erated in the Christian Church, iii. 387. Polytheism, its origin, i. 243 ; among the Greeks and Romans, i. 244 ; among the Hindus : its con- nection with pantheism, i. 244, 313 ; of the Church of Rome, iii. 284. Pope, the, untenable and unscriptural as- sumptions on which the head- ship of the Bishop of Rome over the whole Church is founded, i. 131 if.; the Galil- ean or episcopal theory, of councils, in opposition to the transmontane theory that the Pope is the organ of the Church's infallible teaching, i. 112; the transmontane doc- trine affirmed as an article of faith by the recent council of the Vatican, i. 150. Porphyry (b. A. D. 233), a neo-Platonist, i. 328. Positivism, its leading principles, i. 254 ff. ; practical operation of those principles, i. 260 ff. ; the relig- ion which it proposes in place of Christianity, i. 261. Possessions, Demoniacal, i. 645. " Potentia absoluta et ordinata," i. 410. Powell, Professor Baden (d. 1860), the absolute immutability of the laws of nature, i. 619 ; mira- cles, as physical events must have physical causes, i. 623. Power, the idea given in consciousness, i. 406, 209 ; limits of power in us, i. 406, 407 ; in what sense unlimited in God, i. 407 ; the scholastic doctrine of absolute power, i. 409 ; will and power not to be confounded, i. 410; all power denied by those who make a cause simply a uniform antecedent, i. 408 ; pantheism makes power virtue in the moral sense of the word, i. 305. Power of Contrary Choice, ii. 283. Power of the Keys, iii. 762. the Romish doctrine, iii. 493 f, 753 f., 759, 761. Prayer, its nature, iii. 692 ; the assump- tions on which it is founded, iii. 692 ff. ; consistent with the immutability of physical laws INDEX. 49 (so far as they are in fact im- mutable), iii. 693 ; scientific objections to, iii. 695 ; God its only proper object, iii. 700 ; requisites for acceptable prayer, iii. 701 fF. ; different kinds of prayer, iii. 705 ff. ; prayer of faith, iii. 704 ; public prayer : importance of due jireparation for, iii. 707; prayer as a means of grace, iii. 708 ; efficacy of, iii. 709 ; jjrayers for the dead, iii. 752. Preceptive Will, of C4od, i. 403. Precepts and Counsels, tlie distinction which Romanists make between tiiem, iii. 235. Predestination, doctrine of, i. 535 f. ; different senses in which the word is used in theology, ii. 320. Preestablished Harmony, theory of, i. 597. Preexistence, ii. 65. Origen's theory of, ii. 66 ; appli- cation of the hypothesis to the solution of the problem of orig- inal sin, ii. 214 ; arguments against it, ii. 215 ; preexistence of Christ's human nature, ii. 421 ; arguments against, ii. 427. Premillenuial Advent, theory of, iii. 861 ; arguments against it, iii. 862 ff. Presence, different kinds of, iii. 670 ; the Reformed doctrine as to the sense in which Christ is pres- ent in the Lord's supper, iii. 637 ff. ; Calvin's doctrine on the subject, iii. 628 ff. ; Lu- theran doctrine, iii. 670 ff. ; modern philosophical doctrine, iii. 656 ff. ; the doctrine of Romanists, iii. 678 ff. Preservation, i. 575. Scriptural doctrine, i. 581 ; not a mere " negative act," i. 576 ; not a continued creation, i. 577 ; objections to so regard- ing it, i. 578 ff. VOL. IV. 4 Prichard, James Cowles, M. D. (d. 1848), his definition of species, ii. 80. Priest, Scriptural meaning of the word, ii. 464; Christ is truly a priest, ii. 465 ; He is our only priest, ii. 466 ; the ministers of the gospel are not priests, ii. 467 f. ; as applied by Protestants to Christian ministers, the word priest means presbyter, ii. 466 ; Romish doctrine on the subject and its conse- quences, ii. 467 ; the over- throw of that doctrine one of the great achievements of the Reformation, ii. 467 ; Christ saves us as a priest, ii. 496 ; his work as priest : see the words Sacrifice^ Satisfaction, and Intercession. Priestley, Doctor Joseph (d. 1804). developed the materialistic theory of Hartley, i. 252 ; his princi- pal philosophical works, i. 253. Primary Beliefs, or intuitive truths, i. 192 ; our only protection from utter scepticism, i. 340, ii. 10, iii. 697. Private Judgment, right of: at the Reformation, i. 80 ; proved, i. 183. Probability, Jesuit doctrine of, iii. 446. Proclus, a Neo-Platonist, i. 328. Procter, Frances (Vicar of Witton), his history of the Book of Com- mon Prayer : the prayer for the dead in the Liturgy of Edward VL, iii. 742. Prohibited Marriages, the Levitical law regarding them still in force, iii. 410 ; the rea- son for such prohibition, iii. 408 f ; how is the Levitical law on this subject to be in- terpreted, iii. 413 ; the cases expressly stated in the law, iii. 415 ; cases of the same degree of kindred not mentioned, iii. 50 INDEX. 416; tne impropriety of sucli marriages varies with the de- gree of relationship, iii. 417; affinity, as well as consanguin- ity, made a ground of prohibi- tion, iii. 419 f. ; the general design of these laws, iii. 421. Proletariat, the, iii. 432. Propagation, law of: as accounting for heredi- tary depravity, ii. 214. Property, the right of: does not rest on • compact, or expediency, or the law of the land, but on the Avill or ordinance of God, iii. 421 ff. ; community of goods not enjoined in the Scripture or recommended by the example of the early Church in Jerusalem, iii. 428 ; viola- tions of this right common, and often tolerated, iii. 434 ; how fiir the disposition of prop- erty may be controlled by the law of the land, iii. 427. Prophecy, the design of, iii. 790. Prophet, Scriptural usage of the word, i. 158, ii. 462 ; nature of the influence under Avhich the prophets spoke or wrote, i. 154 ; in what sense were the prophets the organs of God, i. 156 ; the sense in which the writers of the historical books of Scripture were proph- ets, i. 159 ; the usage of the word in the New Testament, and the distinction between the apostles and prophets, the former being permanently and the latter only occasionally in- spired, i. 139 f., 159 f. ; the sense in which Christ is our prophet, ii. 463 ; how He exe- cutes the office, ii. 463. Propitiation, meaning of the word as distin- guished from exj^iation, ii. 478. Protestant Rule of Faith, i. 151. theory of the Church, i. 134 ; the distinguishing principles are that the Scriptures are the only infallible rule of faith and practice, i. 151 ; the right of private judgment, i. 183 : that every sinner has the right of access to God through Jesus Christ, without the interven- tion of any human priest, ii. 467. Protevangelium, i. 483. Protoplasm, used in two senses : living as op- posed to dead matter, and mat- ter which supports life, i. 269 f. ; protoplasm (matter exhib- iting the phenomena of life), dift'ers from dead matter only in the aggregation of its mole- cules, i. 270; Doctor Stirling's statement and refutation of the doctrine, i. 287 ff. ; Doctor Beale's objections to it, i. 293 ; Mr. Russell Wallace's rejec- tion of it, i. 295 ; makes mat- ter do the work of mind, which ends in denying any distinction between matter and mind, i. 297. Proudhon, the communist : his denial of the right of property, iii. 431. Providence, how defined, i. 575 ; includes preservation and government, i. 575 ; nature of preservation, i. 575 ff. ; providential govern- ment, i. 581 ; proof that the control of God extends over all his creatures and all their actions, i. 583 ff. ; over the ex- ternal world, i. 586 ; over the minds and hearts of men, i. 587 f. ; over free acts, i. 588 ; over sinful acts, i. 589 ; nature of this providential govern- ment, or of God's relation to the world : the Deistical or mechan- ical, i. 591 ; theory of entire dependence, i. 592 ; theory that there is no efficiency except in mind, i. 595 ; theory of pre- established harmony, i. 597 ; INDEX. 51 doctrine of " concursus," i. 598 ff. ; Scriptural principles : the real existence of matter, i. GOo f. ; the efficiency of physical forces, i. 606 ; these uniformly acting forces, or laws of nature, always controlled by God, i. 607 ; the divine efficiency in relation to vital processes, i. 610; over mind, i. 614; distinc- tion between the providential efficiency of God, and the ope- rations of the Spirit, i. 614. Prudentius, on the intermediate state, iii. 739. Psalter of Mary, iii. 286. Punishment, the primary ground of its inflic- tion is not the reformation of the offender, or the pi'evention of crime, but the satisfaction of justice, i. 417 ff . ; punishment not merely a natural conse- quence, i. 426, iii. 197 ; capital punishment, iii. 363 ; future punishment, iii. 868 fF. Purgatory, the Romish doctrine, iii. 749 ; arguments urged by Romanists in support of the doctrine, iii. 751 ff. ; arguments against it, iii. 757 ff. ; under the power of the keys, iii. 750, 758 ; this doctrine the great engine of priestly power, iii. 751 ; its history, iii. 766 ff. Puritan, historical use of the word : the broader and the more restricted sense of the term, iii. 544 ; the Puritan theory of the Church, iii. 544 f. ; principles regulating admission to Church privileges, iii. 569, 571. Pusey, Doctor, Edw^ard Bouverie (Oxford), on prayers for the dead, iii. 752 ; his denunciation of the doc- trine of purgatorv, iii. 752, 756. Q. Quakers, their origin, i. 88 ; their pecu- liar religious system a form of mysticism, i. 92 ; Barclay's views, i. 93 ; doctrine of the orthodox Quakers, i. 90 ; dif- ferent views as to the nature and authority of the " inward light" given to all men, i. 92 f., 95 ; what is meant by the leading of the Spirit, i. 96 f. ; many called Quakers are really Deists, i. 92. Quenstedt (Lutheran theologian, A. D. 1617-1GS8), on the distinction between reve- lation and inspiration, i. 156 ; the attributes of God differ from each other only in our conceptions, i. 370 ; he teaches however that they are not all to be resolved into causality, i. 373 ; nature of God's omni- presence, i. 384 ; his idea of the divine immutability, i. 391 ; defines the will of God " the essence of the Deity consid- ered as inclined to good," i. 402 ; " concursus " he under- stands to be the influx of the divine efficiency into that of the creature, so that the two are one, i. 599 ; the difference of God's cooperation with nec- essary and free causes, i. 601 ; in sinful acts : the effect is from God, the defect from the creature, i. 602 ; common grace is the grace common to all who hear the gospel, not to all mankind, ii. 656, 657 ; the Word of God has inherent, supernatural, divine power, which is always savingly effi- cacious unless resisted, ii. 656, 657, iii. 480, 481 ; the Spirit only acts in and through the Word : the action or efficiency of the two are one and insep- arable, iii. 481 ; the world is to be annihilated, iii. 853. b'l INDEX. Quietism, a form of mysticism, i. 84 ; the leaders of the movement : Michael Molinos (d. 1697), a Spanish priest, his principal work " Manuductio Spii-itu- alis " : Madame Guyon (d. 1717), "The Bible, With re- flections regarding the inward life " : Archbisho]) Fenelon, who published in 1697 "Ex- plication des Maximes des Saints sur la Vie Interieure," i. 86, 87 ; the movement a protest against Ritualism in favour of spiritual religion, i. 84. R. Race, Human, origin of, ii. 3 fF. ; antiquity of, ii. 33 ff. ; unity of, ii. 77 If. Ratiierius (Bishop of Verona, d. 974), admitted only two sacraments, iii. 497. Rationalism, meaning of, i. 34 ; deistical ra- tionalism, i. 35 ; arguments against, i. 35 fF. ; rationalism proper, i. 39 ; arguments against, i. 40 if. ; history of, i. 42 f. ; dogmatism, i. 44 ; argu- ments against, i. 46 f. Rauch, President, no real dualism in our constitu- tion : man is soul only, iii. 19. Realism, as a philosophical theory, ii. 51 AT. ; objections to as such, ii. 55 if. ; a modified form of the theory, ii. 61 f. ; its application to anthropology, ii. 54; as an explanation of the relation be- tween Adam and his posterity, ii. 216; its application to the doctrine of original sin, ii. 222 ; to the doctrine of the person of Christ, ii. 449, iii. 652 ff. ; to justification, iii. 200 ; to the Eucharist, iii. 656 ff. Reason, the use of the word, i. 34 ; its of- fice in matters of religion : it must receive the truth pro- posed (" usus instrumentalis,") i. 49 ; it must judge of the credi- bility or possibility of the object proposed to faith ("judicium contradictionis "), i. 50 ff. ; it must judge of the evidence of the truth, i. 53 ; what is contrary to reason cannot be true, iii. 83 ; what reason cannot discov- er, comprehend, or demonstrate may be true, iii. 75, 82 ; the first truths of reason are of divine authority, i. 52, 280. " Reatus Culpae, et reatus poenaj," ii. 189. Reconciliation, when of God to man and when of man to God, ii. 514. Redeemer, the sense in which Christ is our Redeemer, ii. 516; his qualifi- cations for the office, ii. 456; his work as such, ii. 361 ; our only Redeemer, ii. 455. Redemption, Scriptural meaning of the word, ii. 245, 477, 516; the ransom was Christ himself, ii. 515; this redemption is from the penalty of the law, ii. 516 ; from the law itself, ii. 517; from sin, ii. 518 ; from Satan, ii. 518 ; from all evil, ii. 520 ; its necessity, ii. 245 ; that in- fants need and are the subjects of redemption a proof of orig- inal sin, ii. 245. Redemption, Covenant of, as distinguished from the cove- nant of grace, ii. 358 f. ; its parties, ii. 359 ; its conditions, ii. 361 ; its promises, ii. 362. Reformation, the, effect upon the popular mind, i. 79 ; not responsible for the disorders which followed it, i. 80 ; its principles : that the Scriptures are the only rule of faith and practice, i. 152 ; the INDEX. 53 right of private judgment, i. 183 ; Christ our only mediator and priest, through whom all men have free access to God, ii. 455, 466 ff. Reformed, the, held and still hold the Augustin- ian system as presented on ii. 333 ; their doctrine on the decrees of God, i. 535 ; on the original state of man, ii. 98 ff. ; on the fall, ii. 123 ; on the im- putation of Adam's sin to his posterity, ii. 192 ; on original sin, ii. 227 ; on inability, ii. 258 if. ; on the plan of salva- tion, ii. 331 ; on the person of Christ, ii. 405 ; on his satisfac- tion, ii. 481 ; on the design of Christ's death, ii. 544 fF. ; on common grace, ii. 654 ; on ef- ficacious grace, ii. 680 ff. ; on re- generation, iii. 30 ; on faith, iii. 60 ff. ; on justification, iii. 114 ff..; on sanctification, iii. 213 ; on the sacraments, iii. 487 ; on baptism, iii. 526, 579 ; on the Lord's Supper, iii. 626, 631 ff. Regeneration, different senses in which the word is used, iii. 3-5 ; on the part of God, not a moral suasion, but an act of his mighty power, ii. 683 ff., iii. 31 ; in the sub- jective sense of the word (the change effected), not a change in the substance of the soul, iii. 6, 32 ; Doctor Emmons' doctrine, iii. 7 ; Professor Fin- ney's doctrine, iii. 8 ; Doctor Taylor's view, iii. 11 ; not a change in any one faculty of the soul, iii. 15 ; not in the af- fections alone, not only in the understanding, not in the higher as distinguished from the lower powers, iii. 16, 17 ; doctrine of the modern philo- sophical theologians on this point, iii. 18 f . ; Ebrard's doc- trine, iii. 22 ; doctrine of De- litzsch, iii. 25 ; doctrine of the Latin Church, iii. 27 ; doctrine of the Church of England, iii. 28 ; according to the common evangelical doctrine, it is a new life, iii. 33 ; a new birth, iii. 35 ; a new heart, iii. 35 ; the whole soul is the subject of the change, iii. 3 6 ; the ne- cessity of regeneration, iii. 30 fF. ; its necessity even in the case of infants, a proof of orig- inal sin, ii. 246 ; the sense in which the soul is the passive subject of the change, ii. 688; baptismal regeneration, see Baptism. Regulative KnoTvledge, the theory of, as presented by Hampden, Hamilton, and Man- sel, i. 354 ; objections to the theory, i. 355 f. Raid, Doctor Thomas (d. 1796), on the doctrine of contingency, ii. 283 ; nature of moral lib- erty, ii. 286 ; a free act is an act of which the agent is the cause, ii. 290, 294 ; admits that certainty is consistent with liberty, ii. 300, 305 ; on the nature of belief, iii. 43. Relics, worship of, in the Romish Church, iii. 300 ; frauds connected with them, iii. 458. Religion, meaning of the word, i. 20 ; the theory which makes theol- ogy the science of religion (in the subjective sense of the word), i. 65 ; relation of relig- ion and morals, iii. 260 ; the religious as much a natural element, in our constitution, as the moral, i. 342, iii. 342. Remonstrants, why so called ? ii. 327 ; the de- cisions of the Synod of Dort against which they remon- strated, ii. 327 ; they taught that hereditary depravity is not of the nature of sin, ii. 327 ; 64 INDEX. deny the inability of fallen men to do what is spiritually good, ii. 327 ; this ability however is " gracious," i. e., due to the grace of God, ii. 327, G75 ; this grace granted in sufficient measure to all men, ii. 328, 675 ; those who improve this grace are converted or saved, ii. 328 ; those whom God fore- sees will thus believe and per- severe in faith. He elects and determines to save, ii. 328 ; grace is called efficacious " ab eventu," ii. 67G; justification, with them, is simply pardon, iii. 190 ; the ground of it faith, or evangelical obedience, iii. 167, 190 ff. ; the work of Christ not a satisfaction to jus- tice, ii. 575 ; the works which are declared not to be the ground of justification are the perfect works of the Adamic law, iii. 136 f.; on perfection in this life, iii. 253 f. ; on the sacraments, iii. 490. Renan, defines pantheism as materialism or the denial of a living God, i. 301. Representation, the principle of, everywhere rec- ognized in Scripture, ii. 198. Reprobation, how far sovereign and how far judicial, ii. 320, 321. Reservation, Mental, iii. 445. Reserve, in teaching, iii. 87. Resurrection, of Christ, the certainty of, ii. 626 ; the importance of, ii. 627 ; of men, the doctrine of, iii. 771 ; the identity of the present and future bodies, iii. 774; wherein that identity consists, iii. 775 ; nature of the resurrection body, iii. 780 ; in what sense it is to be spiritual, iii. 783 ; the general resurrection coincident with the second advent of Christ, iii. 838 ; of the martyrs, iii. 841 ; the doctrine not bor- rowed by the Hebrews from the heathen, iii. 785 ; history of the doctrine, iii. 785. Reubelt, J. A., a translator of " Gess : The Scrip- tural Doctrine of the Person of Christ," ii. 431. Revelation, supernatural, possibility of, i. 35 ; necessity of, i. 36, 364, iii. 75 ; evidences of, i. 53 ; its relation to philosophy, i. 55, iii. 76, 78 ; to science, i. 57 ; the progress- ive character of the revelations contained in the Bible, i. 446; revelation distinguished from inspiration, i. 155. Revelation, the book of, iii. 826. Reward, relation to works, iii. 243 f. ; Ro- mish doctrine on the subject, iii. 241 I merit of congruity and of condignity, iii. 241. Richard, of St. Victor (d. 1173), held that the truths of faith should be sustained by rational dem- onstration, i. 74 ; he belonged to the class of evangelical mys- tics, i. 79. Righteousness, original : wherein it consisted, ii. 99 ; Romish doctrine on the subject, ii. 103; Pelagian doc- trine, ii. 106 ; arguments to prove, against the Pelagian doctrine, that moral character may precede moral action, ii. 107 IF. ; the two distinct mean- ings, the moral and the foren- sic, of the word righteousness, iii. 119, 141 ; the righteousness of Christ : wherein it consists, iii. 142 ; in what sense is it the righteousness of God ? iii. 143 ; the sense in which it is im- puted to the believer, iii. 144; Ritter, his exposition of the philosophy of Scotus Erigena, i. 329 ; on Anselm's doctrine of the re- lation of faith and reason, i. INDEX. 55 75 ; on the philosophy and theology of Duns Scotus, ii. 717; on the woi'ld-period, of Brahmins, Stoics, and Plato, iii. 787. Ritualism, the theory that grace and the benefits of redemption are con- veyed only through the sacra- ments ; opposed to the Scrip- tures and to the whole spirit of Christianity, iii. 520 f. Rivet, Andrew, his work against the doctrine of mediate imputation and in sup- port of tlie decision of the French Svnod against Placeus, ii. 206. Robinson, Doctor Edward (d. 1863), his refutation of the legend of the discovery of the true cross, iii. 461 ; his arguments to show that, from the scarcity of wa- ter, the baptism of the multi- tudes of the early Christians, by immersion, was well nigh impossible, iii. 534 f. Romanists, their doctrine as to the rule of faith, i. 104; incompleteness and obscurity of the Scriptures, i. 105 f. ; on tradition, i. 108 ff. ; their theory of the Church, i. 129 flf . ; the organ of its in- fallibility, i. 112 ; their doctrine on the original state of man, ii. 103; on sin, ii. 164; on original sin, ii. 174 ff. ; on the imputation of Adam's sin, ii. 175 ; on the person of Christ and the Trinity they teach the doctrine of the Church univer- sal : see those subjects ; on Christ's descent into hell,ii. 621; on the satisfaction of Christ, ii. 484 ; on the doctrine of grace or influence of the Spirit, ii. 717 ; on regeneration, iii. 27 ; on faith, iii. 89 ; their dis- tinction between explicit and implicit faith, iii. 86 ; between faith as formed and unformed. iii. 94; relation of faith to jus- tification, iii. 165 ; their doc- trine on justification, iii. 166; on good works, iii. 135, 233, works of supererogation, iii. 234 ; precepts and counsels, iii. 235 ; on perfectionism, iii. 251 ; on the decalogue, iii. 273 ; invocation of saints and angels, iii. 281 ; idolatrous worship of the Virgin Mary, iii. 285 ; worship of images, iii. 296; marriage a sacrament, iii. 398 ; on divorce, iii. 397 ; on the sacraments, iii. 489 ; their number, iii. 492 ; their efficacy, iii. 508 ; on baptism, iii. 609 ; on the Eucharist, iii. 677 ; transubstantiation, iii. 678 ; adoration of the host, iii. 681 ; the state of the dead, iii. 743 ; the " limbus patrum " iii. 744 ; " limbus infantum : " no unbaptized infant is a par- taker of the redemption of Christ, iii. 745 ; hell, iii. 747 ; heaven, iii. 748 ; jiurgatory, iii. 749 ; satisfactions for sin, iii. 753 ; the power of absolu- tion,' iii. 494, 753, 758 ; on Antichrist, iii. 831. Romans, epistle to the, the positions which it assumes or asserts, ii. 494. Rosa Maria, of Lima : miracles ascribed to her, iii. 456. Rosenkranz, the identity of God and man, the fundamental principle of relig- ion and philosophy, i. 6 ; avowed deification of evil, i. 307. Rosenmiiller, John George (d. 1815), literal meaning of the Third Commandment, iii. 305 ; Gen- esis ix. 6, enjoins death as the punishment of murder, iii. 363 ; the law in Leviticus xviii. 18 does not forbid the marriage of a deceased wife's sister, iii. 416; marriage constitutes the 66 INDEX. nearest of all human relation- ships, iii. 419. Rule of Faith, rationalistic doctrine of, i. 34; the mystical theory or doctrine of an "inAvard light," i. 61; Romanist doctrine, i. 104 : Protestant, i. 151. Rules of Interpretation, i. 187. Rupert (abbot of Deutz : d. 1135), regarded baptism and the Lord's Su2Jper alone as sacraments, iii. 497. Ruysbroek, John (d. 1381), generally classed among the pan- theistical mystics, but not by Ullmann, i. 78. s. Sabbath, the, its origin and design, iii. 321 ; its importance as connected with the preservation of the knowl- edge of God as creator of the world, iii. 322 ; it was institu- ted at the beginning, and is of perpetual obligation, iii. 323 fF. ; objections to that projaosition, iii. 331 if. ; it was incorpo- rated into Christianity by the authority of the Apostles, iii. 329 ; the proper interpretation of such passages as Colo.ssians ii. 16, and Romans xiv. 5, iii. 332 ; its importance as the di- vinely appointed means of promoting the religious educa- tion of men, iii. 331 ; how is the Christian Sabbath to be sanctified? iii. 336 ff. ; as the Sabbath is a Christian institu- tion, and this is a Christian nation, it is the right of the people, that the law of the land should guard the day from open profanation, iii. 340 ff. Authors referred to (all volume iii. ) Bahr, 337 ; Baumgarten, 326 Delitzsch, 326 ;Eichhorn,328 Grotius, 326 ; Hebenstreit, 328 ; Hengstenberg, 326, 337, 347 f. ; Hopkins, 347 ; Kno- bel, 327 ; Mcllvaine, 347 ; Mi- chaelis. 328 ; Paley, 329 ; Pal- mer, 324, 334; Selden, 328, 337 ; Spencer, 328 ; Vitringa, OOi . Sabellianism, i. 452, 459 Sacraments, etymology and use of the word " sacrament," iii. 485 ; theologi- cal definition, how determined, iii. 486 ; definition given by the Reformed, iii. 487 ; Lutheran definition, iii. 488 ; Romish definition, iii. 489 ; Remon- strant view of their nature, iii. 490; number of the sac- raments : Romanists admit seven, namely, besides baptism and the Lord's Supper, confir- mation, iii. 492 ; penance, iii. 493 ; orders, iii. 494 ; matri- mony, iii. 495; extreme unction, iii. 495 ; the number " seven " arbitrary, iii. 496 ; efficacy of the sacraments : Zwinglian doctrine, iii. 498 ; docti'ine of the Reformed Church, iii. 499 if. ; Lutheran doctrine, iii. 502 ff. ; Romish doctrine, iii. 508 ff. ; the meaning of " ex opere operato," iii. 509 ; the administrator of the sacra- ments : the Reformed and Lu- therans agree that (except, as Lutherans say, in case of ne- cessity) he should be a minis- ter of the Woi-d, iii. 514; the doctrine of Romanists on that point and their doctrine of in- tention, iii. 515 ; the necessity of the sacraments : the Re- formed teach that they have the necessity of precept, iii. 516 ; Lutherans and Roman- ists that they have the neces- sity of means, that is, that the blessings which they signify cannot be otherwise obtained, iii. 516 ff. ; validity of the sac- raments, iii. 523. Authors re- ferred to (all vol. iii.) : Ago- INDEX. 67 bard, 497 ; Aquinas, 489, 493, 512 ; Augustine, 486, 497, 502; Baier, 518; Bellarrain, 490, 493,511,515; Biel, 512; Bru- no, 497 ; Calvin, 501 ; Chem- nitz, 507 ; Cyril of Jerusalem, 497; Freund, 486; Fulbert, 497; Gerhard, 489,519; Guericke, 501 ff., 518 ; Guigo, 503 ; liahn, 497; Hase, 502; Hildebert, 497; Herzog, 497; Hollaz, 514 ; Hugo of St. Victor, 497 ; Je- rome, 486 ; Justin Martyr, 497 ; Klee, 513 ; Kollner, 513 ; Lanfranc, 497 ; Limborch, 491; Lombard, 486; Luther, 504 ; Melancthon, 504; Mohler, 513 ; Perrone,490 ff., 509 ; Pe- ter Damiani, 497 ; Petrus de Palude, 513 ; Pseudo-Diony- sius, 497 ; Ratherius, 497 ; Ru- pert, 497 ; Schmid, 506 ; Theo- dulf, 497 ; Zwingle, 491, 498. Sacramentum, use of the word in the Latin classics, iii. 485 ; its use in the Vulgate, iii. 398 ff., 486 ; its use by the Latin fathers, iii. 486. Sacrifices, different views as to their na- ture and design, ii. 498 ; the Scriptural doctrine on the subject, ii. 499 ; proof of the doctrine as stated, ii. 499 ff. ; from the meaning of the words used, ii, 501 ; from the ceremo- nies attending them, ii. 503 ; from the use of the phrase " to bear sin," ii, 504 ; from Isaiah liii., ii. 507 ; from the teaching of "the New Testament on the subject, ii. 508 ff. ; Clirist saves us as a sacrifice, ii. 498 ff. ; sacrifice of praise, iii. 613; the Lord's Supper not an expia- tory sacrifice, iii. 685. Saints, why the people of God, under the Old Testament, are so called, iii. 551 ff. ; why Chris- tians are so called, iii. 573 ; the invocation of, iii. 281. Salvation, the conditions of, i. 29 ; of in- fants, i. 26 ; not confined to members of any ecclesiastical organization, i. 134; not con- ditioned on the reception of the sacraments, iii. 516, 517 ; plan of salvation, ii. 313. Sanctification, an effect of faith, iii. 108 ; its na- ture, iii. 213 ; how it diffei's from justification, iii. 213 ; not mere moral reformation but a supernatural work, iii. 213 ff. ; consists in putting off the old, and putting on the new man, iii. 221 ; the process as de- scribed in Romans vii. 7-25. iii. 222 f.; Galatians v. 16-26, iii. 224; Ephesians iv. 22-24, iii. 225 ; method of sanctifica- tion, iii. 226 ff. ; its fruits are good works, iii. 231 ff. ; See Good Works ; sanctification never perfect in this life, iii. 245 ff. See Perfectionism. Au- thors referred to (all volume iii.) : Agricola, 238 ; Amsdorf, 239; Bellarmin, 242, 252; Dorner, 239; Episcopius, 253; Finney, 255 ; Fletcher, 254 ; Gerhardt, 229 ; Limborch, 253 ; Mahan, 255 ; Major, 239 ; Me- lancthon, 238 ; Mohler, 252 ; Peck, 254 ; Wesley, 254. Satan, the distinction observed in the Greek of the New Testa- ment between 8ai/x.ovta and 6ta/3oA.()?, i. 643 ; designations ajjplied to him, i. 643 ; a perso- nal being, i. 643 ; doctrine con- cerning him not derived by the Hebrews from the heathen, i. 643 ; ageacy and power attrib- uted to him, i. 644 ; patristic doctrine of Christ's differing Himself as a ransom for men, ii. 564 ff. ; how Christ redeems his people from the power of Satan, Hebrews ii. 15, ii.'Ol8. Satisfaction of Christ, points of difference between pecu- 58 INDEX. niary and penal satisfaction, ii. 470 fF. ; the Protestant doc- trine as presented in the sym- bols of the Lutheran and Re- formed churches, ii. 480 ff. ; its intrinsic worth, ii. 482 ; the Romish doctrine on that point, ii. 484 ; the doctrine of the Scotists and Remonstrants de- nying the intrinsic worth of Christ's satisfaction, ii. 485 ; Christ's satisfaction rendered to justice, ii. 489 ; rendered to the law, ii. 493 ; proof of the Protestant doctrine from the priestly office of Christ, ii. 496 ; because He was a sacritice for our sins, ii. 498 ff., 508 ff. ; and bare our sins, ii. 504 ; He saves us by his death, by his blood, ii. 514; He was made a curse for us, ii. 516 ; He re- deems us from the law as a covenant of works, ii. 517; the Protestant doctrine concerning satisfaction, involved in what the Bible teaches of the be- liever's union with Christ, and other doctrines, ii. 520 ; the doctrine is implied (and there- foi'e proved) in the religious experience of believers in all ages, ii. 523 ; objections urged against the doctrine : the only legitimate objections must be those founded on Scripture, ii. 527 ; it is said that the innocent cannot be treated as guilty, or the guilty as innocent, ii. ooO ff. ; the modern substitute for theProtestant doctrine unsatis- factory, ii. 533 ff. ; it is denied that there is any such attribute in God as vindicatory justice, which calls for satisfaction on account of sin, ii. 539 ; the com- mon doctrine assumes an an- tagonism in God between love and justice, ii. 540 ; satisfaction unnecessary if the sinner re- pents, ii. 541 ; the concise statement given by Delitzsch of the essential elements of the church doctrine, ii. 543 ; the satisfaction of Christ ren- dered specially for those given to him by the Father, ii. 544 ff. ; but as it is infinitely meri- torious and as well suited to one man as to another, it is an adequate ground for the offer of salvation of men, ii. 557 ; the Romish doctrine of satis- faction as a part of repentance, iii. 493, 753. Authors re- ferred to (all volume ii.) : Alexander, 508 ; Anselm, 486 ; Biihr, 498 ; IJretschneider, 484, 513 ; Calvin, 513 ; Cur- cellisus, 486 ; Delitzsch, 498 ; 507, 512, 543; Dorner, 538; Ebrard, 496, 533 ; Eisenmen- ger, 500 ; Emmons, 484 ; Fair- bairn, 501 ; Harbaugh, 533 ; Hofmann, 498; Keil, 498; Limborch, 486; Meyer, 509, Michaelis, 498, 501, 508; Ou- tram, 500; Robinson, 512; Schoettgen, 500 ; Schmidt, 512 ; Scotus, Duns, 486 ; Sykes, 498; Toplady, 526; Wahl, 512 ; Wegscheider, 518; Wesley, 526 ; Young, 498. Saving Faith, founded on the testimony of the Spirit with and by the truth, iii. 68 ; proof of that doctrine from Scripture and from expe- rience, iii. 70 ff. ; it is not mere assent, but includes trust, iii. 90 f. ; ' its special object is Christ, iii. 96 ; and consists in the act of receiving him, in all his of- fices, as our God and Saviour, iii. 97, 99 ; how far must the sinner believe that God, for Christ's sake, is reconciled to him personally, iii. 99 ff. ; as- surance not necessary to saving faith, iii. 106 ; the grounds of the assurance of salvation as presented in Romans viii., iii. 110; this faith works by love and purifies the heart, iii. 93. INDEX. 59 Scapula, his lexicon on the word /iuTrxt^o), iii. 528. Schaff, Doctor Philip (New York), theory of historical development, i. 118 ; on the question whether the numerical identity of es- sence in the persons of the Trinity is taught in the Nicene Creed, i. 463 ; the doctrinal val- ue of his " Christ in Song," ii. 591; on the marriage of the clei-- gy in the early Church, iii. 374. Schelling, Frederick ■William Jo- seph (d. 1854), taught that the higher reason has immediate cognizance of God, i. 335 ; makes God at once the " natura naturans '* and the " na- tura naturata," i. 563 ; the his- tory of the world is the judg- ment of the world, iii. 845. Schleiermacher, Frederick Daniel Ernest (d. 1834), makes religion consist in the consciousness of entire depen- dence, i. 21, 65, 173 ; and the- ology in the exposition of the truths or doctrines involved in that consciousness, i. 66 ; his doctrine concerning the na- ture and attributes of God, i. 370, ii. 138; God's omniscience the sum of all knowledge, i. 395, 402 ; omnipotence is the productivity of what actually is ; the actual alone is possible, i. 411; holiness of God the causality in Him which pro- duces conscience in us, i. 370, 415 ; love the attribute in vir- tue of which God communi- cates Himself, i. 428 ; his doc- trine on the Trinity, Sabellian in the form of its statement, i. 481 ; revelation providential, i. 66 ; inspiration due to the ex- citement of religious feeling, i. 66, 174 IF. ; his anthropology : man in the form in which God (der Geist) comes to self-con- sciousness on earth, ii. 447 ; his doctrine of sin, ii. 138 ff. ; his Christology : Christ the ideal man, yet God in fashion as a man, ii. 441 ; his Soteri- ology,ii. 442 ; iii. 21, 204 f. ; the Church, ii. 442, 448 f., iii. 21; doubtful utterances as to the personal existence of man af- ter death, ii. 57 ; general out- line of his system, ii. 138, 139 ; he was a devout worshipper of Christ, ii. 440. Schmid, Doctor Henry (Lutheran, Eriangen), on the universal call of the Gos- pel, ii. 645 ; his citation of Lu- theran authorities in support of the doctrine of imputation of Christ's righteousness, iii. 145 ; diversity of view among Lu- therans on the nature and effi- cacy of the sacraments, iii. 506 ; the inherent, supernatural power of the Word of God, iii. 480 ; on the annihilation of the world, iii. 853. Schoettgen, Christian (d. 1751), on the Mosaic sacrifices, ii. 500. Schoolmen, the general characteristics of the scholastic period, i. 73 ; differ- ent classes of the theologians of that period, i. 74 f. ; the mystic schoolmen, i. 76 ff. ; diversity of opinion among the medieeval theologians on the doctrine of sin, ii. 169-174 ; and on the doctrine of grace, ii. 714 ff. Schultz, Doctor Hermann (Stras- burg), the general belief of a future state under the Old Testament dispensation, iii. 719. Schwarz, Doctor Carl, his " History of the Latest Theol- ogy '" : the inconsistency be- tween the philosophy and the theology of Schleiermacher, ii. 448 ; on Dorner's doctrine of the all-personality of Christ, ii. 449 ; the " mediating theology" of the modern Germans pro- nounced a failure as not being faithful either to speculative 60 INDEX. principles or to Christianity, ii. 453. Sch-wregler, A., his " History of Philosophy : " he says that Monism, since the introduction of Cliristianity, has been the fundamental tendency of philosophy, i. 328. Schw^eizer, Alez:ander, " Glaubenslehre der Reformirten Kirche " : he makes absolute dependence on God as the only cause, the fundamental jjrinci- ple of the Reformed theology, i. 593 ; citations from the Re- formed theologians on the im- putation of Christ's righteous- ness, iii. 145 ; the essential element of Christ's work is his founding a community animat- ed and pervaded by his thean- thropic life, iii. 202. Schwenkfeld, Caspar (d. 1561), the redemption of men effected by communicating to them the substance of God, i. 82, ii. 586 ; his peculiar views of the Lord's Sujjper : he said that " This (bread) is my body " means " My body is bread," i. 83 ; his followers continue as a distinct sect in Germany and in this country, ii. 587. Science and Revelation, i. 57 ; and the- ologians, i. 285. '• Scientia " " libera " and " necessaria," i. 397; "media," i. 398 ; origin and ajiplication of the theory, i. 399. Scotch Confession (of 1560), teaches Calvin's peculiar doctrine on the Eucharist, iii. 630, 631, 649. Scotus, Duns, Franciscan monk. Professor of Theology at Oxford, d. 1308 : the Franciscans called after him, in reference to their the- ology, Scotists, the opponents of Thomas Aquinas and the Dominicans called Thomists, ii. 173 f., 715; the Scotists taught that original sin is merely negative, consisting in the loss of original righteous- ness as a supernatural gift, ii. 173 ; men since the flill retain plenary ability to do what God requires, ii. 173 ; they are how- ever weak and need the assist- ance of divine grace, ii. 174; they tended to confound the operations of the S})irit with the providential efficiency of God, ii. 716 ; denied that the satisfliction of Christ had any- thing moi'e than a finite merit : anything avails for what God sees fit to take it, ii. 486, 717 ; denied the doctrine of Aquinas that the sacraments contain grace, or inherent power, iii. 490 ; and denied that they re- quire it in the recipient, iii. 513, Scotus, John Erigena (b. 800-815), the principles of his philosophy, i. 329 ; translated the works of the so-called Dionysius the Areopagite, and thus favoured the rise of mysticism, in the Church, i. 330 ; made the knowledge and will of God identical, i. 394 ; the universe coeval with God, i. 554. Scriptures, the, the canon of, i. 152 ; their divine origin, i. 37 ff. ; their inspiration and infallible authority, i. 153 ; their completeness as contain- ing all the extant, supernatural revelations of God, i. 182 ; their perspicuity as requiring no au- thoritative, visible interpreter, i. 183 ; it is in sucli a sense the only infallible rule, that nothing is sin but what they condemn, and nothing morally obligatory but what they enjoin, iii. 270 ; every man has the right to read them and interpret them for himself, i. 183 ; they are the necessary means of saving INDEX. 61 knowledge, i. 25, ii. 646 fF. ; parents are bound to see that they are made part of the edu- cation afforded to their children, iii. 353 if. Scudamore, W. E., formerly Fellow of St. John's College, " Eucharistica, a com- mentary on the order for the Administration of the Lord's Supper " : on the kind of bread used in that ordinance, iii. 615 ; on mixing water with the wine in the Eucharist, iii. 617 ; on mixing bread and wine together and the Syrian practice of dip- ping the bread into the wine, iii. 620 ; on withholding the cup from the laity : enjoined by the Council of Constance, iii. 621. Second Advent. See Advent, iii. 790 ff. Second Canon, as some Romanists call the Apocryphal books of the Old Testament, i. 105. Second Ccmmandment, iii. 290 ff. Seiss, Doctor Joseph Augustus, his book, entitled " The Last Times," teaches that the final judgment is to be a protracted administration, iii. 845 ; men and nations are to survive the end of the world as described by St. Peter, iii. 864 ; this earth freed from the curse is to be the future heaven of the redeemed, iii. 866. Selden, John (d. 1654), " De Legibus Hebroeorum," teaches that the Jewish Sab- bath was simply a day of re- laxation, iii. 337. Seleucia, Council of (a. d. 359), adopted a Semi-Arian Creed, i. 144. Self-Defence, the right of, iii. 364, 365. Self Determination, distinguished from self-determi- nation of the will, ii. 294. Selfishness, the theory which makes all sin to consist therein, ii. 144; ob- jections to it, ii. 145. Semi-Arians, their doctrine concerning Christ, i. 455 £, 459. Semi-Pelagianism, arose principally from the oppo- sition of the monks to Augus tine's denial of the merit of good works, and his doctrine of predestination, ii. 165 ; the principal leaders of the move- ment were Cassian, Vincent of Lerins, and Faustus of Rhegium, ii. 165; they taught that men are enfeebled, but not spiritually dead, since the fall of Adam, ii. 166, 712 f. ; they need the assistance of divine grace, ii. 166, 712 f. ; this assistance is moral suasion as to its nature and mode of action, ii. 167, 714 ; the sinner begins the work of turning to God (he does not need the "gratia pr^Bveniens"), ii. 167 ; God aids the efforts of the re- turning sinner, and the sinner cooperates with the aid or grace afforded, ii. 1 67 ; of course there is no sovereignty in election or predestination, ii. 165, 712; this system sanc- tioned by the Synod of Aries, A. D. 475, ii. 166 ; condemned by the councils of Orange and Valence, a. d. 529, ii. 167 f. ; in the Latin Church the Do- minicans were inclined to Au- gustinianism, the Franciscans to Semi-Pelagianism, ii. 715 f. ; the Council of Trent took a middle ground between these parties, ii. 717. Semler, John Solomon (d. 1791), " Historia descensus Christi ad inferos," ii. 621. Senses, the, we are compelled by a law of our nature to confide in their tes- timony within their legitimate sphere, i. 60 ; they give us im- mediate knowledge of the ol)- 62 INDEX. jective reality of their objects, i. 192 ; Romanists deny their authority in matters of faith, i. 59 f. Separation, causes which Romanists admit, justify the sei^aration of hus- band and wife, iii. 400. Serpent, the, ii. 127. Seven Sacraments, of the Church of Rome, iii. 492 ff. Seventh Commandment, iii. 3G8. Shedd, Doctor W. G. T. (Xew York), philosophical explanation of the doctrine of the Trinity, i. 481 ; his exposition of realism, ii. 52 ; on the mediieval mystics, i. 76; on the Romish doctrine of original sin, ii. 177 ; An- selm's doctrine of sin and grace, ii. 715 ; on the difference be- tween the soteriology of An- selm and that of Protestants, iii. 149. Sheol, ii. 61 G ; iii. 717, 734, 738. Shields. Professor Charles Wood- ruff (Princeton), on the philosophy of the Abso- lute, i. 365. Sin, the nature of the question con- cerning it, ii. 130 ; its psychol- ogical, as distinguished from its moral nature, ii. 131 ; meta- physical theories : (1) the dualistic theory, ii. 132 ; (2) that sin is merely limitation, ii. 133 ; (3) Leibnitz's doctrine that sin is a necessary conse- quence of the imperfection of the creature, ii. 134; (4) An- tagonism, ii. 137 ; (5) Schleier- macher's doctrine, ii. 138; (6) Sensuous theory, ii. 140; (7) that all sin consists in selfishness, ii. 144; doctrine of the early Church, ii. 149; Pelagian doc- trine, ii. 152 ff. ; Augustine's doctrine, ii. 157; the philo- sophical element of his doc- trine, ii. 157 ; the sense in which he made sin a negation, ii. 158 ; why he so represented it, ii. 159 ; moral element of his doctrine, ii. 159 ; connec- tion of his doctrine on sin with his religious experience, ii. 160 ff. ; in what sense he makes all sin voluntary, ii. 161 ; his whole system of doc- trine the logical, and Scrip- turally sustained, consequence of what the Spirit taught him of his own sinfulness, 160 f. Doitrine of the Latin Church, great diversity of views in that Church, on the nature of sin, ii. 164 ; Semi-Pelagian doc- trine, ii. 165; docti'ine of An- selm, ii. 169 ; doctrine of Abe- lard, ii. 1 69 ; doctrine of Thomas Aquinas, ii. 171 ; doctrine of the Scotists, ii. • 173 ; Tridentine doctrine, ii. 174. Protestant Doctrine, sin defined by Protestants as want of conformity in act, dis- position or state, to the divine law, ii. 180, 187 ; sin is a spe- cific evil, ii. 181 ; it has a rela- tion to law : not of expediency, or of reason, but of God, ii. 182 ; that law requires perfect conformity to its demands, so that everything short of moral perfection in a rational creat- ure is of the nature of sin, ii. 184; it does not, therefore, consist exclusively in acts of the will, ii. 186 ; siu includes guilt and pollution, i. e., it is related both to tlie justice and holiness of God, ii. 188. Au- thors referred to (all vol. ii.) : Abelard, 169, f. ; Ambrose, 151; Amyrant, 205; Andra- dius, 178 ; Anselm, 169 ; Aqui- nas, 171 ; Athanasius, 151 ; Augustine, 132 f., 154, 157 flf. ; Baier, 180; Baur, 132 f., 177 f. ; Bellarmin, 178 f. ; Beza, 209 ; Bretschneider, 140, 143; Calvin, 209 ; Cappel, 205 ; INDEX. 63 Cassian, 165 ; Catharinus, 171 ; Chemnitz, 171, 178, 185 ; Clemens Alexandrinus, 151; Coelestius, 152; Cousin, 134 ; Cunningham, 209 ; Cy- prian, 151 ; Edwards, 207, 217 f. ; Faustus of Rhegium, 1 G5 fF. ; Gerhard, 180, 185 ; Gess, 140 ; Gieseler, 151 f., 165 ; Gotts- chalk, 168; Guericke, 155, 177; Hagenbach, 169; Hern, 152 ; Irenjeus, 152 ; Jaeger, 205 ; Jerome, 185 ; Justin Martyr, 151 ; Klee, 152 ; Kollner, 169, 171 fF., 177 ; La Place, 205, Leibnitz, 134 ff. ; Lucidus, 166 ; Marck, 211; Melancthon, 180 ; Meyer, 152 ; Mohler ; 174 f. ; Moor, de, 207, 211, 214 ; Morell, 140 ; Miiller, 132, 138, 140, 148, 159 ; Miinscher, 152, 163 ; Neander, 132, 152 ; Origen, 151 ; Pela- gius, 152 f. ; Pighius, 171 ; Quenstedt, 185 ; Quick, 205 ; Ritter, 155, 159, 170, 174; Rivet, 206 ; Schleiermacher, 138 ; Scotus, Duns, 173 ; Shedd, 152, 177 ; Spinoza, 133 ; Stapfer, 207; Tholuck, 148; Turrettin, 211 ; Yenema, 207 ; Vincent of Lerins, 165 ; Vi- tringa, 180, 207 ; Vogelsang, 211 ; AValch, 152 ; Wiggers, 155, 163, 166 fF.; Winer, 177, Zosimus, 155. Sitting at the Right Hand of God, import of the expression, ii. 635 ; the ground of Christ's exalta- tion to that dignity, ii. 635. Sixth Commandment, iii. 362. Slander, iii. 438. Sleep of the Soul, iii. 730. Smalcald Articles, on original sin, ii. 228 ; the Spirit operates only through the Word, ii. 657, iii. 480 ; on the Eucharist, iii. 663. Social Evil, the, iii. 383, 406. Socialism, iii. 430. Socinus, Faustus (Italy, b. 1539), he admitted the divine authority of the Scripture, ii. 419 ; the universal sinfulness of men, ii. 419 ; eternal death he held was annihilation, ii. 419 ; he acknowledged the miraculous conception of Christ, and that He was sinless, ii. 419 ; after his resurrection Christ is ex- alted over all creatures, ii. 420; and entitled to be called God, and to be worshipped, ii. 420 ; that He is the only Saviour of men, saving them not only by his teaching but also by his power, ii. 420. Sonship, Eternal, of Christ, i. 471. Soteriology, the third part of theology, ii. 311 ; modern philosophical views of, ii. 428 fF., iii. 21, 199, 650 fF Soul, the, argument for the existence of God from the existence of the human soul, i. 233 fF. ; it is not of the essence of God, ii. 3 ; it is an immaterial, spiritual substance, distinct from the sub- stance of the body, ii. 42 ; rela- tion between the soul and body, ii. 44 f., 378 ff.; the soul not a generic rational substance indi- vidualized by its union with the body, ii. 51 IF; the soul and spirit not two distinct elements in the constitution of man, ii. 47 fF. ; origin of the soul : the theory of preexistence, ii. 65 ; traducianism, ii. 68 ; creation- ism, ii. 70 ; what consciousness teaches us of its nature, i. 377, 378 ; its state after death : the Old Testament doctrine on that point, iii. 716 iF. ; the Prot- estant docti'ine, iii. 724 fF. ; the sleep of the soul, iii. 730 ; the patristic doctrine of the inter- mediate state, iii. 733 fF ; the doctrine of the Church of Rome. iii. 743 fF Sovereignty of God, on what it is founded, i. 440 ; man- ifested in the dispensations of 64 INDEX. his providence, ii. 337 ; and in the dispensations of his grace, ii. 339, iii. 475. Speaker's Commentary, the idohitrjr introduced by Jero- boam consisted in the worship of the true God by idols, iii. 293. Species, meaning of the word, ii. 78 ; def- initions of, ii. 79 if. ; evidence of the identity of species, ii. 82 ff. ; proof that the human race are of one species, ii. 86 fF.; species immutable, ii. 79 ; on the different theories of the evolution of species, see De- velopment. Authors referred to (all volume ii.) : Agassiz, 80 ; Bachman, 79 ; Candolle, de, 80 ; Cuvier, 80; Dana, 81; Flou- rens, 79 ; Morton, 81 ; Prich- ard, 80. Speculative Philosophy, the name given to the system which assumes that all truth is to be deduced from certain pos- tulates of nature and of the laws of being, i. 4 f. ; modifica- tions which in modern times this jjhilosophy has induced in the doctrine concerning God and his relation to the world, i. 6, 300 ; see also under the heads of the several attributes of God ; on the nature of man, ii. 62,447 if.; oa sin, ii. 133- 149 ; on the person of Christ, . ii. 429-447 ; on his work, ii. 450, 589 ; on regeneration, iii. 18-27 ; on justification, iii. 196, — 212 ; on the sacraments and the Church, iii. 650-661. Spencer, Herbert, " First Principles of a New Phi- losophy " : he teaches that the unity of religion and science consists in both admitting that the power manifested in the universe is inscrutable, i. 42 ; inscrutable force, without con- sciousness, or intelligence, or will, is God, i. 241 ; asserts the correlation of physical and mental forces, but admits that it is mysterious how light be- comes a mode of consciousness, i. 273. Spinoza (b. 1632), admitted the existence of only one substance of which the attributes are thought and ex- tension, i. 331 ; the infinite alone is real, all else is phenom- enal or apparent, i. 331 ; hence finite minds are transient man- ifestations of the infinite mind, i. 301 ; human thoughts or acts are simply forms of God's ac- tivity, i. 303 ; there is no free- dom of action in God or man, i. 303 ; sin not a moral evil, it is simply limitation of being : power and goodness are iden- tical, i. 305, ii. 1 33 ; we can have as clear an idea of God as we have of a triangle, i. 338 ; intelligence and will in God are no more like intelligence and will in us than " canis, signum coeleste " is' like " canis, animal latrans," i. 394 ; a miracle is declared to be an event the cause of which is unknown, i. 627. Spirit, The Holy, meaning of the word " spirit," i. 376 ; the essential attributes of a spirit, i. 377 f. ; why the third person of the Trinity is called " The Spirit," i. 522 ; his personality, i. 522 ff. ; his divinity, i. 527 ; his relation to the Father and the Son, i. 528 ; his work in nature, i. 529 ; the giver of intellectual gifts, i. 530 ; his office in the economy of redemption, i. 531 ; history of the doctrine, i. 532 ; the Spirit the author of revelation and inspiration, i. 531, 532 ; his influence on the minds of men in the form of common grace, ii. 654 ff. ; distinct from the providential efficiency of i INDEX. 65 God, ii. 6G5 ; the eflfects of this common influence of the Spirit, ii. G70 ; his cei'tainly etiicacious influence, ii. G75 if. ; history of the doctrine, ii. 710 ff. ; eflects of the saving influences of the Spirit: conviction of sin, ii. 273, 672 ; regeneration, iii, 3, 29 ff. ; spiritual illumination, i. 67, 179 ; his guidance, i. 98 ; his indwelling in believers, i. 532, iii. 105, 227, 228 ; sancti- fication and all its fruits, iii. 216, 229 ; his testimony to and with the truth, iii. 69 ff. ; his inward witness to the sonship of believers, iii. 107. Spiritual Death, involves entii-e destitution of holi- ness, or the absence of spiritual life, and all ability to do what is spiritually good, ii. 244-. Spiritual Discernment, ii. 2G1. explained by the Apostle in First Corinthians ii. 14, ii. 262. Spirituality of God, we get the idea of spirit from self- consciousness, i. 376 ; in assum- ing that God is a Spirit we aflirm that He has all the attri- butes which belong essentially to our spiritual nature, namely, self-consciousness, personality, intelligence, will and power, and moral nature, i. 379 ; the Scriptures teach that He jios- sesses all these attributes, i. 380. Spontaneity, often used as antithetical to ne- cessity, for voluntary action : in this sense, materialists deny that there is any evidence of spontaneity in nature, i. 271, 278, iii. 696; sometimes the word is used as antithetical to reflection or deliberation : in this sense, any feeling or act is spontaneous which reveals itself in the consciousness by a law of our nature or from the habitual state of the mind, as VOL. IV. 5 pity, a sense of justice, etc., ii. 286. Stahl, Frederick Julius, his " Philosophic des Rechts " • ethics and jurisprudence found- ed on theism, iii. 260; the canon law wrong in making error as to the condition of one of the parties, as bond or free, a ground for annulling the marriage contract, iii. 379 ; the state bound to conform to the divine law in its legislation con- cerning marriage, iii. 404 ; on the foundation of the right of property, iii. 425 ; on Com- munism, iii. 432, Stancarus, Franz (d. 1574), contemporary of the Reformers, in opposition to Osiander, who held that justifying righteous- ness is the divine essence, taught that the righteousness of Christ was the work of his human nature exclusively, iii. 182. Stapfer, Professor John Frederick (d. 1775). " Institutiones Theologize Po- lemicaj " : resolves justice into wisdom and benevolence, i. 419; adopted the theory of mediate imputation, ii. 207. Stapleton, Thomas (Romanist : d. 159S), State of the Church in the time of Antichrist, iii. 835. State, the, a divine institution, iii, 357 ; limits of its authority, iii. 341, 358, 359 ; its relation to the Church, ii. 605 ; in England, iii. 544. Stephen, " Thesaurus " : on the word /DUTTTt^o), iii. 527. Steudlin, " Dogmatik " : teaches that justi- fication by faith means that men are made righteous or up- right by faith in the great principles of moral and relig- ious truth, iii. 135. 66 INDEX. Stewart, Professor Dugald (d. 1828), represents Edwards as teaching that motives are " efficient causes " of volitions, ii. 307. St. Francis de Sales, his writings the source of the the- ology of the Quietists, i. 87 ; he made the melting away of the soul in God to be the great end of a religious life, i. 85. Stirling, James Hutchinson, L. L. D., " As Regards Protoplasm " : a review of Professor Huxley's lecture : his statement of Hux- ley's doctrine, i. 281, 287 ; his arguments against the doctrine, i. 287 f. Stoddard, Solomon (d. 1730), pastor of the church in North- ampton, Massachusetts : his sermon, published 1707, to prove " That sanctification is not a necessary qualification to partaking of the Lord's Sup- per," the occasion of a pro- tracted controversy in Kew England on the qualifications for Christian communion, iii. 563. Stoics, the, their sj'stem hylozoistic, i. 245 ; they admitted matter and force, but force they called mind or God : the two (matter and force) inseparable, i. 321 ; they held that the universe passes through cycles each terminat- ing in a great conflagration, i. 321, iii. 767 ; the leading Stoics were of the Semitic race, iii. 767. Storr, Professor Gottlob Christian (Tiibinoon, d. 180.5), a supernaturalist : he taught that the death of Christ was " an ex- ample of punishment," ii. 578. Stratagems, lawful in war, iii. 441. Strauss, David P., makes the Bible teach the Hege- lian philosophy as to its radi- cal principles, i. 6 ; what the Bible teaches of Christ is true of mankind as a race, i. 307, ii. 430 ; God is infinite in the sense that God is all, i. 382 ; He is omniscient in that all intelligence is his, i. 394 ; his omnipotence consists in the fact that He is the only cause, and that everything exists for which there is any causality in Him, i. 411 ; in Him will and power are identical, i. 412 ; no moral attribute can be pred- icated of God, i. 414; no suc- cessive acts can be ascribed to God, i. 627 ; the origin of man not due to any immediate di- vine intervention, ii. 4 ; says that Schleiermacher betrayed philosophy to theology, and theology to jihilosophy, ii. 443 ; faith is assent to religious truth because it suits the necessities of the soul, iii. 57 ; philosophy and theology are irreconcilably opposed, iii. 58 ; " what a man feels is for him a spiritual neces- sity, he lets no man take from him," iii. 58 ; the faith which Rome requires of the people is a " general intention to believe whatever the Church believes," iii. 87 ; makes the Bible teach that the world is to be annihi- lated, iii. 853. St. Simon, benevolent in his intentions in advocating communism, iii. 431. Submission, to laws which we cannot consci- entiously obey is often a duty ; the right of resistance being in the community, iii. 360. Subordination in the Trinity, doctrine of the Nicene fathers, i. 462 fF. ; doctrine of the Re- formers, i. 466 ff. Subsistence, meaning of the term as distin- guished from " substance," i. 454. Substance, origin of the idea, i. 367, 377 ; a INDEX. 67 necessary belief" involved in self-consciousness, i. 277, 378, ii. 387 ; it has objective exist- ence, continued identity, and power : it acts, i. 606 ; the ex- istence of substance denied by Hume, i. 214; by Comte, i. 254 f. ; by the advocates of the doctrine of continued creation (so far as creatures are con- cerned), i. 579 ; by President Edwards in his theory of iden- tity, ii. 217 ; by those who re- solve all matter into force, i. 606 ; this denial subverts the foundation of all knowledge, inasmuch as it involves the denial of the veracity of con- sciousness, i. 214. SufScient Grace, the doctrine of, as held by the Remonstrants and Wesleyan Arminians, i. 31, ii. 327, 329. S nicer, on the word /3a7rrtT/xa, iii. 536 ; on the early sect (Aquarii) who used water instead of wine in the Lord's Supper, iii. 616 ; on the Oriental cubtom of mixing the bread and wine in the Eu- charist, iii. 620. Suicide, iii. 367. Sunday Laws, iii. 340. Supererogation, Works of, iii. 234. Supernatural, meaning of the word, i. 19, 154, 623, iii. 37, 214. Supernaturalists, those who, in opposition to Ra- tionalists, admit a supernatural divine revelation, ii. 729. " Suppositum," meaning of the word, i. 454. Supralapsarianism, the theory of, ii. 316; objections to, ii. 318. Swearing, False, iii. 305. Swedenborg, Emanuel (b. 1688), on the person of Christ, ii. 421 ; his doctrines as presented in his book " Vera Christiana Re- ligio," ii. 423 ; his doctrine of the resurrection, iii. 772. Synagogues, iii. 337. Synergistic Controversy, ii. 720. T. Tables of the Decalogue, iii. 274. Talmud, the doctrine of, concerning Sheol, iii. 734. Tappan, Chancellor Henry P. (Uni' versity of Michigan ) , " Review of Edwards : " definition of the self-determining power of the will, ii. 294. Taylor, Isaac, L. L. D. (d. 1865), what is immaterial can have no re- lation to space : it can have no " ubi," iii. 713 ; neither can it have any relation to time, or duration measured by succes- sion, iii. 714; hence, he infers that the soul has a spiritual (yet a material) body, through which it acts when the outward body dies, iii. 714. Taylor, Bishop Jeremy (d. 1667), his " Ductor Dubitantium," on the celibacy of the clergy, iii. 376 ; he says that all the points of difference between' the Church of England and the Church of Rome serve the ends of covetousness and ambition, iii. 455 ; the souls of believers are after death happy in para- dise as distinguished from heaven, iii. 742. Taylor, Doctor Nathaniel (d. 1858), a free agent must have plenary power to do whatever is re- quired, iii. 11; happiness is the chief good, iii. 1 1 ; self-love, or the desire of happiness, con- stitutional and, therefore, inno- cent, is the determining motive in all voluntary action, iii. 1 2 ; sin consists in seeking our hap- piness in the creature : holiness in seeking our happiness in God, iii. 1 2 ; regeneration is a change of purpose, a deter- mination to seek happiness in 68 INDEX. God instead of in the world, iii. 12; it is brought about by the trutli, under the influence of the Spirit of God, in accor- dance with the laws of mind, iii. 12-14. Teleological Argument, for the being of God, i. 215 ff. Temptation, of Adam, ii. 128. Tenth Commandment, iii. 4G3. Tertulliau (d. between 220 and 240), the rule of faitli according to the Montanists, i. 70 ; says the people had a more correct idea of God than the philosophers had, i. 194 ; merges justice into goodness, i. 419; sometimes identifies the Holy Spirit and the Son, i. 533 ; allows philoso- phy no authority in matters of religion, iii. 78; condemned second marriages and exalted celibacy as a virtue, iii. 374; makes the Spirit brooding over chaos a figure of baptism, iii. 536 ; speaks of infiint baptism as prevailing in the Church from the beginning, iii. 557 ; held that the souls of believers do not enter heaven till the second advent, iii. 739 ; they are, however, in ])aradisc, iii. 740 ; sanctioned prayers for the dead, iii. 754 ; expected the resurrection body to be fur- nished with the same organs the body now has, iii. 776. Testimony, human : the conditions under which it commands confidence, i. 633 ; the testimony of the Spirit, iii. 69. Tetrapolitana, Confessio, presents the Zwinglian doctrine of the sacraments, iii. 627. Thales, the Milesian ; a representative of the Ionic School of Greek philosoiDhy, 1. 318. Theism, meaning of the term, i. 204. Theodoret (d. 457), makes faith a voluntary assent of the mind, iii. 49 ; on the intermediate state, iii. 739. Theodulf of Orleans (d. 821), the number of the sacraments, iii. 497. Theology, in what sense a science, i. 1 ; the proper method of conducting the study of, i. 9 ff. ; its true nature, i. 18; definitions of, considered, i. 19 ff. ; natural theology sufficient to render men inexcusable, i. 22-25 ; in- sufficient to lead men to saving knowledge, i. 25 fF. ; Christian theology, its several depart- ments, i. 32; mediaeval theol- ogy, i. 74 ; modern German theology, iii. 650. Theophylact (d. 1107), on the intermechate state, iii. 739. • Theories, so far as concerns theology, must be drawn from the facts of the Bible, i. 14; different theories of the universe, i. 276. Third Commandment, iii. 305. Thirty -nine Articles, on original sin, ii. 229 ; on ina bility, ii. 259 ; when oaths may properly be taken, iii. 310; design of the sacraments, iii. 488 ; the design and effect of baptism, iii. 580 ; on the sense in which the body and blood of Christ are received in the Lord's Supper, iii. 637. Tholuck, Doctor F. August ( Halle), on the meaning of our Lord's injunction " Swear not at all," iii. 310; on the meaning of the word Tropi'em as used in Matthew v. 32, iii. 394. Thomas Aquinas. See Aquinas. Thomas 'a Kempis (d. 1471), an evangelical mystic, i. 79. Thomasius, Doctor Gottfried (Er- lanf;;en), " Christi Person und Werk " : the INDEX. 69 Losfos became and continues eternally to be a man, so that humanity, since his ascension, has been received into the life of the Trinity, ii. 432-434. Thomists, followers of Thomas Aquinas : semi-Augustiniau in their the- ology, ii. 174. Thorunieusis, Declaratio, on vows, iii. 318. Tiguriiius, Consensus, the most authoritative symbol of the Reformed Churches on the sacraments, iii. 517 ; it teaches, that those who by faith receive the sign receive the grace signified, iii. 517 ; they have no virtue in themselves, their operation is due to the attending power of the Spirit, iii. 517 ; they therefore do not confer grace to all who do not oppose any obstacle, iii. 517 ; believers receive without the sacraments the benefits re- ceived in their use, iii. 517, G40 ; the benefits of the sacra- ments not confined to the time of their administration, iii. 518, 581 ; God sometimes regener- ates in their old age those bap- tized in infancy, iii. 581 ; as to the Lord's supper, the local presence of Christ's body therein, is denied : his body is not elsewhere than in heaven, iii. 632 ; the words of institu- tion, " This is my body," are to be understood figuratively, iii. 632 ; we receive by faith the body and blood liy the power of the Holy Spirit, not their substance, but their virtue as an expiatory sacrifice, iii. 632 ; it repudiates the doctrine of tran- substantiation and condemns the adoration of the host, iii. boo. Tindal, Matthew (Deist, d. 1733), his " Christianity as old as the Creation," i. 42. Tradition, usa^e of the word in the New Testament, i. 108 ; its use in the earljr Church, i. 108 ; its present conventional meaning, i. 120 ; the Romish doctrine as stated by the Council of Trent, i. 109 ; how it diflfers from the Protestant doctrine of the analogy of faith, i. 113 ; and from common consent, i. 115; it differs from the doc- trine of doctrinal development, i. 116, iii. 289; the office of tradition according to Roman- ists, i. 110; the authority due to its teachings, i. 110; the criteria by which true are to be distinguished from false traditions, i. 110 ; arguments against, i. 121 AT. Traducianism, ii. GS. Transubstautiation, statement of the doctrine of the Council of Trent, iii. 679 ; the body of Christ being in- separable from his soul and divinity, He, as to body, soul, and divinity, is present in the Eucharist, and orally received by the communicant, iii. 681 ; the consecrated elements are to be adored : to them is due Xarpeca, or the highest kind of worship, iii. 681 ; hence in the Eucharist, or mass, a true pro- pitiatory sacrifice is offered unto God, iii. 685 ; this doc- trine of transubstautiation and its adjuncts are the great source of the corruptions of the Church of Rome, iii. 688. Tree of Knowledge, ii. 125. Tree of Life, ii. 124. Trent, Council of (1545-1563), on the Sacred Scriptures, i. 104; f. ; on the Latin Vulgate, i. 107 ; on tradition, i. 109 ; on original righteousness, ii. 103 ; on original sin, ii. 174 ff. ; on grace, ii. 717 ; on justification (wliich Romanists understand to mean regeneration and sane- 70 INDEX. tifieation), iii. 27 ; on the nat- ure of faith, iii. 90 ; love de- clared to be the formal cause of justification, iii. 139 ; justi- fication includes not only the remission (^. e., removal) of sin, but also sanctification, iii. 162 ; the final cause of justifi- cation the glory of God : the efficient cause the grace of God : the meritorious cause the merits of Christ : the formal or inherent cause right- eousness or love (holiness) : the absolutely necessary instru- mental cause is baptism ; faith the predisposing cause, iii. 166 ; all this relates to the first jus- tification by which the sinner is made holy, iii. 166; of the second justification which gives a title to eternal life, good works (works done after re- generation) are the meritorious ground, iii. 1 67, 242 ; on per- fection, iii. 251 ; on invocation of saints, iii. 282 ; on the im- maculate conception of the Virgin Mary, iii. 289 ; on the worship of images, iii. 298 ; on relics, iii. 298 ; anathema- tizes those who do not admit that celibacy is a higher state than marriage, iii. 375 ; mar- riage of the clergy forbidden, and if contracted, declared in- valid, iii. 375 ; adultery de- clared not to be a ground of divorce, iii. 392 ; causes which render marriages void " ab in- itio," iii. 400 ; sacraments de- clared to be sacred ordinan- ces which " contain grace," iii. 489 ; on penance, iii. 493 ; on orders, iii. 494 ; on matrimony, iii. 495 ; on extreme unction, iii. 495 ; the sacraments con- vey grace, " ex opere operato." iii. 509 ; the administrator of the sacraments must have a right intention, iii. 515 ; neces- sity of the sacraments : every sacrament necessary to convey the grace which it contains and signifies, but baptism alone is necessary to salvation, iii. 520, 609, 746; in the three sacraments, bajDtism, confirma- tion, and orders, an indelible character is impressed on the soul, iii. 611 ; on the Lord's supper as a sacrament, iii. 678 fF. ; on the Lord's supper as a sacrifice, iii. 685 ff. Trichotomy, , different forms of the doctrine, ii. 47 ; it is contrary to the current representations of the Bible, everything there predi- cated of the spirit (Tri'eiyv.a), is predicated of the soul {xpvxr}), ii. 48, 49 ; First Thessalonians V. 23, Hebrews iv. 12, and First Corinthians xv. 44, may all be explained in consistency with the common doctrine, ii. 49 f. ; the use made of the theory by the Apollinarians in explaining the doctrine con- cerning the person of Christ, ii. 400 ; its application to the doctrine of regeneration, iii. 17 ; the hypothesis introduced into the early Church from the Platonic philosophy, ii. 51. Trinity, the, the doctrine peculiar to the Bible, the so-called Trinity of the Brahminical, and of the Pla- tonic philosojjhy having no real analogy to the doctrine of the Scriptures, i. 442 ; Bib- lical form of the doctrine, i. 443 ; proof of it, i. 446 ff. ; transition period, i. 448 ; con- flict with error, i. 449 ; with the Gnostics, i. 450 ; with the Platonizers, i. 450 ; Origen's doctrine, i. 451 ; Sabellianism, i. 452 ; Arianism, i. 452 ; the Church doctrine as presented by the Council of Nice, i. 453 ; the Arians, Semi-Arians, and INDEX. 71 the Orthodox all represented in that Council, i. 455 ff. ; sense in wliich the Council used the words viroa-Taa-L^, ovaia, and ofioov(TLa<;, i. 454; corre- sponding difficulty in the Latin Church in determining the meaning of the words, "■ sub- stantia," " subsistentia," and " persona," i. 454 ; modifica- tion of the Nicene Creed by the Council of Constantinople, A. D. 381, i. 457 ; the so-called Athanasian Creed, i. 457 ; points decided by the Council of Nice, against the Sabellians, i. 459 ; against the Arians and Semi-Arians, i. 459 ; use made by the Arians of the Septuagint version of Prov- erbs viii. 22, i. 455 ; Nicene doctrine as to the mutual rela- tion of the persons of the Trinity, i. 4GU ; doctrine of the Nicene fathers as to the subordination of the Son to the Father, and of the Spirit to the Son, i. 462 IF. ; the eter- nal generation of the Son as taugiit by them, i. 468 ; mean- ing of John V. 26, i. 470 ; the eternal sonship of the Second Person of the Trinity, i. 471 ff. ; the relation of the Spirit to the Father and the Son, i. 477 ; difference between the Greek and Latin churches on that point, i. 477 ; philo- sophical statements of the doc- trine of the Trinity, i. 478 ff. Tromniius, on the word /jaTrri^o), iii. 529. TruUo, Council in (a. d. 692), permitted the marriage of priests and deacons : which is still al- lowed in the Greek Church, iii. 376. Trust, the primary element of faith, iii. 42 ; Protestants assert and Romanists deny that trust en- ters into the nature of saving faith, iii. 91 ff. Truth, according to Scripture is that which is trustworthy : it is that which is what it appears or is declared to be, i. 436 ; the truth of God as a divine attribute, is that perfection of his nature which renders Him in every aspect worthy of entire con- fidence, i. 437 ; it is therefore the foundation not only of all religion but also of all knowl- edge, i. 437 ; theological dis- tinctions on the subject, i. 437 ; modern philosophical theolo- gians resolve the truth of God into the uniformity of law, i. 438 ; revealed truth gradually communicated, iii. 288 ; sacred- ness of truth between man and man, iii. 437 ; are there any cases in which the obligation to speak the truth ceases ? iii. 442 ff. Truths, Necessary, (see Intuitions, Primary Be- liefs), the denial of such truths the most fatal form of scepti- cism, i. 192, 198, 340. Turrettin, Francis (d. 1687), on the nature of the divine attri- butes and their relation to the divine essence, i. 370 ; the eternal generation of the Son relates to his person and not . to his essence : " sic Filius est Deus a seipso, licet non sit a seipso Filius," i. 468 ; on the doctrine of concursus : " causa secunda non potest movere, nisi moveatur," i. 598 ; how this doctrine can be reconciled with the responsibility of men for their sins, i. 603 ; on the nature of the penalty for Adam's sin which comes upon his posterity, ii. 211 ; the dis- tinction between the covenant of redemption and the cove- 72 INDEX. nant of grace, ii. 359 ; the sense in which the Virgin Mary may be called the Mother of God, ii, 393; the acts of Christ belong to each of his three offices : his death was the sacrifice of a priest, the teaching of a prophet, and the triumph of a king, ii. 461 ; the sense in which Christ bore the penalty of the law, ii. 473 ; on Bellai-min's view of effica- cious grace, ii. 678 ; the sense in which the Spirit's influence may be called physical, ii. 685 ; the distinction between regen- eration and conversion, iii. 3, 4 ; distinction between knowl- edge and faith, iii. 61 ; the sinner, he says, is not required to believe that his sins are re- mitted, but that they will be re- mitted to him as penitent and believing, iii. 100 ; the sense in which the righteousness of Christ is imputed to the be- liever, iii. 145 ; he quotes from Bellarmin a clear admission of the Protestant doctrine on that subject, iii. 1 46 ; the world is to be renewed, and not an- nihilated at the last day, iii» 853. Turrianus, a Jesuit who defended the genuineness of the decretals of Isidore ; effectually answered by Blondell (a. d. 1628), iii. 451. Twresten, Professor Augustus D. Chr. (Berlin), successor of Schleiermacher in the University of Berlin : as a theologian, shows greater deference to the teachings of Scripture than his predecessor, i. 9 ; he endeavours to combine the two theories, that the glory of God and that the produc- tion of the highest amount of happiness is the end of crea- tion, i. 436. Tyler, Professor Samuel (Washing- ton, D. C), his " Progress of Philosophy : " his view of Hamilton's doc- trine that God is an object of faith, but not of knowledge, i. 350 ; he himself teaches that, as our intelligence of God is by analogy, it matters little wheth- er the conviction be called knowledge or faith, i. 360. Tyndall, Professor John (London), the physics of the brain throw no light on the facts of con- sciousness : that a definite thought and a definite molec- ular action of the brain occur simultaneously teaches us noth- ing of the relation of the one to the other, i. 251 ; the evo- lution of life and especially of mind from lifeless matter pro- nounced an absurdity too mon- strous to be entertained, pro- vided matter be what it is generally taken to be, ii. 8, 9 ; but if spirit and matter are only two opposite faces of the " same great mystery," the case is different, ii. 9 ; the evolution hypothesis does not solve the mystery of the uni- verse, it only transposes the conception of the origin of life to the indefinitely distant past, ii. 10 ; everything is to be referred to the operation of physical causes ; no evidence of spontaneous action, i. e., of will, ever having occurred in nature, iii. 696 ; prayer for rain is as absurd as praying that the St. Lawi-ence should roll up the Falls of Niagara, iii. 696. Tyso, his " Defence of the Personal Reign of Christ " : says that the Gospel is not designed for the conversion of the w"orld : it has never converted a single village, iii. 864. INDEX. 73 U. Ubiquity, of the human natm-e of Christ, according to Lutherans, is a consequence of the hyjjostat- ical union, ii. 408 ff. ; the rela- tion of the ubiquity of Christ's body to the Lutheran doctrine concerning the Lord's supper, ii. 414 f., iii. 670 ff. Ullmann, Professor, his " Reformers before the Refor- mation," his classification of the mediaeval mystics, i. 76; the pantheistical tendency of their system, i. 77 ; its coiTupt- ing influence among the peo- ple, i. 77 ; the central point of Christianity is the oneness of Deity and humanity effected by the incarnation of God and the deification of man, i. 174 ; the life of Chi'ist is Christian- ity, i. 174; the oneness of God and man the fundamental idea of Schleiermacher's theology as of Christianity itself, ii. 428, iii. 20. Ultrainontanism, the Italian or (Jesuit) theory of "Papacy as distinguished from the Galilean, iii. 452. Understanding, as distinguished from knowing, i. 50. " Unigenitus," Bull, issued by Clement XL against the Jansenists^ ii. 680 ; propo- sitions condemned in that bull, ii. 680. Union, nature of the union of the soul and body, ii. 45, 378 ; the hypo- statical union of the divine and human nature in Christ, ii. 387 ff. ; union of the believer with Christ, ii. 581, iii. 227, 104, 127. United States, the, a Christian and Protestant na- tion, iii. 343. Unity of the Human Race, as to origin and species, ii. 77 ff. ; Universalism, Hypothetical, theory of, ii. 726. Universal Salvation, iii. 870 ff. Universe, Scriptural account of its origin, i. 553 ; the nebular hypothesis, i. 551 ; hylozoistic theory, i. 552 ; evolution theory, ii. 4 ff., 11 if., 22 ff. YTTOcrracri.?, i. 453. Ursinus, Zachary (il. 1583), one of the principal authors of the Heidelberg Catechism : his view of the nature of the union between the body of Christ and the bread in the Lord's Supper, iii. 642. Utility, not the ground of the right of property, iii. 422. V. Valence, Council of (a. d. 529), decided in favour of tJie Augustin- ian doctrine, ii. 168. Validity, of the sacraments: on what va- lidity depends, iii. 523 ; how far does it depend upon the admin- istrator, answer of Romanists to that question, iii. 524 ; the answer given in the standards of the Lutheran and Reformed Churches, iii. 524 f. ; validity of lay-baptism, iii. 514 f., 525. Values, Fictitious, the sinfulness of taking advantage of the necessities of our fellow men to demand an exorbitant price for what they need, iii. 436. Venenia, Hermann, one of the Reformed theologians who adopted the theory of me- diate imputation, ii. 207. Vermittelungstheologie, ii. 452 ; a failure, ii. 453. Veronica Giuliani (canor.'zed 1839), the miracles of which she was the subject, iii. 456. 74 INDEX. *' Vestiges of Creation," advocates the liypothesis that liv- hig plants and animals are de- veloped from a simple cell, by physical laws, ii. 11 f. Vicarious, the meaning of the word, ii. 475 ; the sense in which the sacrifices of the Old Testament were vi- carious, ii. 499 ; the sense in which the sufferings of Christ were vicarious, ii. 476. Victorinus (d. 303), on the intermediate state, iii. 739. Vincent of Lerins (d. 450), one of the heads of the semi-Pela- gian party : his work " Com- monitorium '" of great authority among Komanists, and of high repute among Protestants : he was the author of the for- mula concerning the rule of faith, •' Quod ubique, quod sem- per, quod ab omnibus creditum est," ii. 1 65 ; his testimony to the general prevalence of Arianism, i. 145. Vindicatory Justice, an instinctive feeling and judg- ment common to the nature of all moral beings, i. 238, 420 ; involved in the conviction of sin, i. 421 ; taught in Scrip- ture, i. 423, ii. 489 ff. ; differ- ence between vindicatory and vindictive, ii. 489. See Justice. Virgin Mary, the Immaculate conception of, a disputed point among Roman- ists, ii. 176, iii. 289 ; the sense in which she is called the Mo- ther of God, iU 393, 401 f. ; idolatrous worship paid to her in the Church of Rome, iii. 285 ff. ; psalter of, iii. 286. Virtue, the theory that it consists in benev- olence, or the desire or purpose to promote happiness, the foun- dation of Optimism, which see : the doctrine contrary to our mor- al nature, i. 420, 433, ii. 145 ff. ; this theory of the nature of vir- tue the formative principle of many systems of theology an- cient and modern, i. 433, iii. 8 ff. Visible Church. See Church. Vital Force, specifically different from any mere physical force, i. 291 ; never developed out of dead matter, i. 266; Huxley's argu- ments against that proposition, i. 268 fi". ; his arguments in sup- port of it, ii. 6 ff. ; relation of God's etficiency to vital pro- cesses, i. 610. '' Vitium," the distinction sometimes made between " vitium " and " pecca- tum," ii. 230. Vitringa, Campegius (d. 1722), his definition of sin, ii. 180 ; ob- jections to his distinction be- tween " vitium " and " pecca- tum," ii. 230 ; on the forensic sense of the word " to justify," iii. 146; in his " Observationes Sacrte " he teaches that the Jewish Sabbath was simply a day of relaxation, iii. 337 ; on the baptism of heathen chil- di'en committed to the care of Christian missionaries, iii. 562. Vitringa, Campegius the Younger (d. 1723), adopted the theory of mediate im- putation, ii. 207. Vocation, Scriptural usage of the word, ii. 639 ; New Testament usage of the words /