DEC 1.7 1910 *, A. — .-•> — A> •S/CAL S'ctf^V^ BV 285T Tps 1908" Protestant missions in Sout America PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA ^, rotestant Missions in South America * DEC! 7 1910 Harlan P. Beach, F. A. G. S., Canon F. P. L. Josa, Professor J. Taylor Hamilton, Rev. H. C. Tucker, Rev. C. W. Drees, D. D., Rev. I. H. La Fetra, Rev. T. B. Wood, LL. D., and Mrs. T. S. Pond NEW YORK YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 1908 Copyright, 1900, by STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS PREFACE This text-book is one of a series, prepared primarily for the use of mission study classes in colleges and other institu- tions of higher learning, but also largely for study classes in churches and young peoples' societies. The somewhat peculiar typography and paragraph arrangement are ac- counted for by the fact that an experience of six years has proven the desirability of some such aid to the busy student or reader. The Analytical Index at the close has likewise been found useful in the class-room, as well as to the reader who desires to learn at a glance the scope of the volume. In class work it is desirable that some of the addi- tional readings, referred to in Appendix A., be made use of. The map and its index of mission stations will also be help- ful to the reader and student. The great need of a comprehensive sketch of Protestant effort in South America is perfectly obvious to any one at all conversant with missionary literature. So far as we are aware, this text-book, brief though it is, contains the most complete account of Protestant missions in that continent that has yet appeared. Every effort has been made to se- cure as trustworthy information ?s is possible. The several writers were secured because of their intimate knowledge of the lands and work which they have described. It is earnestly hoped that their efforts will result in a great quick- ening of interest in this '* Neglected Continent," on the part, not only of students, but also in the hearts of all Christians. V CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. Geographical and General. By Harlan P. Beach, Fellow of the American Geographical Society . . i II. British Guiana. By Rev. Canon F. P. L. Josa . . 29 III. Dutch Guiana, or Surinam. By Prof. J. Taylor Hamilton 43 IV. Brazil. By Rev. H. C. Tucker 57 V. Republics of the Plata River. By Rev. C. W. Drees, D. D 89 VI. Chile. By Rev. I. H. La Fetra 117 VII. The Land of the Incas. By Rev. T. B. Wood, LL. D. 141 VIII. Colombia. By Mrs. T. S. Pond . . • . . 161 IX. Venezuela. By Mrs. T. S. Pond . . . .175 X. South America as a Mission Field. By Rev. T. B. Wood, LL. D. 195 Appendix A. — Bibliography 216 Appendix B. — General Statistics concerning South American Countries 224 Appendix C. — South American Missionary Statistics for 1900 225 Analytical Index 228 Map Index 238 Missionary Map of South America vu GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL I GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL By Harlan P. Beach Fellow of the American Geographical Society. South America is so extensive that it is impossible tC present in a brief text-book anything more than a compre^ hensive view of the various parts, with a summarized sketch of the work of Protestant Missions in its several countries. In selecting material for the opening chapter, choice has been made of those facts which most affect its varied races and especially those features which make clear the environ- ment of foreigners living and laboring on the continent. Full details concerning its lands, peoples and missions must be looked for in more extended works, a few of which are referred to in the Bibliography, found in Appendix A. I. Panoramic View of South America. — If this continent, containing some 7,000,000 square miles, — nearly one-seventh of the land surface of the globe — could pass northward beneath the eye of a beholder poised hypothetic- ally in mid-air above its central meridian, a most varied and remarkable scene would greet his delighted vision. First he would see, as he looked southward toward the vast pear- shaped mass, the low-lying, verdure-clad shores skirting the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic. The well-wooded expanse of the Guianas would fade out into the llanos of Venezuela and Colombia and the northern slopes of the Andes. Next would appear the Guiana highlands succeeded by the selvas, 3 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA — exuberant expanses of tropical vegetation filling the basin of South America's ''liquid equator," the largest river in the world in respect to volume and extent of drainage area. Meanwhile the backbone of the continent has raised itself aloft in the Andes of Ecuador where twelve peaks tower three miles or more above the adjacent ocean. As regions further south appear the continent narrows. The Brazilian highlands on the east are less densely wooded, while the western mountain ridges make Peru an American Tibet. On its southeastern border, mainly in Bolivia, lies Titicaca, the continent's one large lake, rivalling our own Ontario in size. Passing these, one sees the Gran Chaco wilderness and the famous pampas beyond. To the eastward are the hills of Uruguay, and on the west the Andes retreat far enough from the coast to form the fertile plain of Chile. There now remain on the south only the comparatively barren wastes of so-called Patagonia, and the Scandinavian fiords cutting into the mountains of southern Chile and tapering off into the bleak and stormy archipelago of which " The Land of Fire " is the largest. During this survey the aerial beholder has noted the regularity of the coast and the fact that no extensive bays have indented the land, nor any large islands fringed the continent, save in the extreme southwest, if the more remote Falklands and South Georgia are neglected. II. River Systems. — Returning now to examine more in detail South America's characteristic features, one is struck at the outset with its remarkable river systems to which the continent owes so much, and which when im- proved will provide it with a ramifying network of deep waterways, thus from a commercial and missionary point of view increasing greatly its accessibility. Only three of these systems will be described. 4 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL 1. The Oi'inoco. — This river, third in size on the continent, takes its rise far up on the mountain slopes of southeastern Venezuela. Early in its course it sends off the Cassiquiare, which strangely enough is the connecting link between it and the Rio Negro, a tributary of its powerful rival, the Amazon. Descending between the mountains and impenetrable forests of Venezuela and the Colombian llanos, it dashes over the famous cataracts of Maipures and Atures, the latter nearly five miles wide and six miles long. Below its confluence with the Apure, it traverses the llanos with a width of four miles and later rolls its milk-white flood into the Atlantic through a delta, 125 miles long. Of its 1,550 miles, more than 1,400 are navigable in two stretches. Most of its larger affluents are likewise navigable ; so that the Bogota missionary, if he so desired, could ascend it and the Meta to within sixty miles of his destination. Despite the extensive overflows of the rainy season, this river is of ex- ceeding importance to the country's future. 2. The Afnazouj or Amazons. — The disputed etymologies of this name were once its striking characteristics : one theory held that it was given because early voyagers saw female warriors or Amazons on its banks ; the other ety- mology is traced to the name given by the Indians to its de- structive tidal bore which they called Amassona — ''boat- destroyer." To modern economists and merchants it stands preeminent among the streams of the world because of the vast extent of its navigable waters — some 50,000 miles with its tributaries, one-half of which is by steamers, — and the commercial possibilities of its enormous basin which is estimated to include more than two-thirds as many square miles as all Europe contains. Though some unsuccessful at- tempts at colonization have been tried along its lower reaches, practically nothing has been accomplished by 5 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA Western enterprise. Thus one notes the paradox *'that this forest, the largest and densest in the world, imports from North America much of its building timber, and some of the steamers on the river have found it cheaper to consume English coal than to burn the wood which grows so abundantly on every side." From the Atlantic to the heart of Peru and Ecuador a navigable highway stands ready for the missionary, not to speak of the great tributaries which will in the future carry him to remote tribes and districts one day to be opened up by modern exploitation. 3. The Rio de la Plata y or River of Silver, is more properly an estuary into which flow the waters of the Uruguay, Paraguay and Parana. Unitedly they pour into the ocean a volume of water second only to the outflow of the Amazon and Congo. Though the Paraguay traverses the great marsh of Xarayes, elsewhere it passes through fertile districts abounding in excellent timber. Missionaries on board Brazilian steamers cg,n journey up this river and its affluents to Cuyaba, 2,360 miles above Buenos Aires. Fortunately, too, they are open to the commerce of every nation. The Paraguay empties into the Para7id, which de- serves its name, meaning *' kinsman of the sea." Rising about a hundred miles northwest of Rio de Janeiro, it boasts of one of the most remarkable rapids in the world, ending near the mouth of the Iguassu. For a hundred miles up the river it extends ''between ranges of frowning cliff's which confine the stream to a narrow, rocky bed, little more than 100 yards wide. Through this gorge the water pours in tumultuous fury." Like the Parana, the Uruguay is ob- structed by rapids ; yet it is navigable by sea-going steamers to a point 373 miles from the sea, while coasting vessels can reach Salto, and other vessels above the rapids may pro- ceed beyond Uruguay's northern boundary. 6 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL 4. From the above it will be seen that South America is remarkably accessible. According to Rohrbach the mean distance from the sea of any average district is 343 miles, this continent being surpassed in this respect only by Europe and North America. III. Highlands and Mountains, — i. The Highlands of Guiana and Brazil^ though separated by parts of the Amazon valley, present similar characteristics, and may be regarded as one area. They vary in height from 1,000 to 4,000 feet, on an average, with occasional elevations of 8,500 feet. Here may be the future sanitaria of the mis- sionaries, though the bulk of their work will be in the more populous coastlands. Trees in the hilly region are less lofty and numerous than in the selvas, to be later described. In compensation for the charming luxuriance of those regions, one here has flowers in far greater abundance, with a vast variety of exquisite ferns, and on the higher elevations the Brazilian pine lends a new beauty to the rolling woodland. In the Guiana section the lofty mountains are bare, rugged and often grotesque. Most of these ranges are flat-topped, "appearing as though planed down by some titanic instru- ment." 2. The great mountains of South America, stretching along its entire western border, are most interesting. Characterizing them generally. Dr. Greene says: "The awful canons and chasms of the Andes, the sublime height of their peaks, the difficult and dangerous character of the passes, the rich and varied vegetable life of the eastern slope, and the steep descent of the generally barren Pacific slope, all give elements of great interest to this range." In formation "three main sections are clearly to be dis- tinguished : The solitary chain of the Southern Andes ; the double chain of the Central Andes, with their elevated 7 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA upland valleys, groups of connected hills and mountain lakes ; lastly, the diverging Northern Andes, with their lov/- iying valleys and detached elevations." With its declivities and plateaux this chain occupies nearly a sixth part of the continent. Andean scenery is naturally varied. The southernmost section is marked by luxuriant and extensive forests, steep ravines and picturesque fiords, all crowned by one of ** the most imposing peaks of the whole Andean range, Mount Sarmiento, which rears its spotless cone of snow to a height of 6,910 feet. . . . The beauty of this peak is en- hanced by the numerous blue-colored glaciers which descend from the snowy cap through the dusky woods of the moun- tain's base to the sea, looking, as Darwin expresses it, like so many frozen Niagaras." Perhaps the most striking features of the Chilian range are the fantastic shapes assumed by the weather-worn soft rock, resembling the spires and turrets of ruined churches and castles, and the variety of coloring of the different soils. With the sparse vegetation of this region, the mountain slopes are strikingly beautiful, the blues, reds, yellows and whites producing wonderfully fascinating effects. The Bolivian Andes enclose *'the navel of South America," a plateau as large as Ireland, having an ele- vation of some 13,000 feet, and being mainly arid in character. The Bolivian missionary leaves the palms and banana groves of the lowlands and passes upward through forests of cactus and trees to the zones of pines, junipers and beds of resinous moss a foot deep. Above 15,000 feet rise the ever snowy crests of the Cordilleras, with scarcely a vestige of life, save the aspiring condor. The Peruvian ranges on their western slopes, which rise abruptly from the Pacific, are practically rainless ; though from 8 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL June to October they are refreshed by thick mists. In the interior its Tibetan characteristics appear, and here, also, is found the grandest scenery of the Andes. The Punas, wretched, wind-swept meadows affording scanty nourishment to llamas and alpacas; **the cold, cheerless and unin- habitable Despoblados ; " the closed valleys with climate and products of the temperate zone, and redolent with mem- ories of a marvellous Inca civilization ; the thousand streams which, ''forcing their way over roaring cataracts and through the dark clefts of the Andes," gladden Brazilian plains with the matchless Amazon ; the many silver spires that one sees in the snow-clad peaks piercing the azure ; the eastern, lower slopes of the Montana, <'a tropical, wooded upland where the old and decayed vegetation decks itself with bright twining and parasitic plants before its thundering crash breaks the death-like stillness of the primeval forest ; " — these are some of the elements that will fascinate the Peruvian missionary, especially if he goes beyond beaten routes. The Ecuadorian Andes furnish the mountain climber his paradise. One journeying southward from Quito to Rio- bamba over the narrow plain would pass, according to Bates, "fifty peaks on an average as high as Mount Etna, three of them emitting volumes of smoke, and all of them crowded into a space not much greater than the distance between London and Dover." Imagine a railroad journey of equal length in America — for example, from New York to Philadelphia, or Trenton, more correctly — between such heaven-piercing giants. One of them is the "silver bell" of Chimborazo, nearly four miles high; while another, "turned out as if with the lathe," is Cotopaxi, "in absolute elevation without a rival amongst the active burning moun- tains of the Old World." Though slumbering now, it is, 9 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA in Titus Coan's phrase, "in a state of solemn and thought- ful suspense " ; and when aroused it belches forth fire from a point nearly three miles higher than the Vesuvian crater, with a roar said to be audible 600 miles away. In Colombia the chain rapidly descends toward the Caribbean Sea. Its parallel ranges are here intersected with cross-ridges '' like the rungs of a ladder." Though nearing the end of their course, the Andes still have power to interest. Tequendama Falls, one of the most celebrated cataracts of the New World, the romantic course of the Bogota, the increasing luxuriance of the tropical verdure as the traveller descends to the northern valleys, are Andean features not soon forgotten. Some of the practical bearings of the Andean system on missionary geography and activities may be alluded to. With this volcanic ridge come not only the risk of eruptions, but the more disturbing one of frequent earthquakes, which occur along the entire western border of the continent. Moreover, sapping as the mountains do the moisture from the Atlantic winds, the Pacific slope will always remain dry and probably not be as fully peopled as the eastern republics. However, in the present undeveloped condition of llanos, selvas and pampas, the western republics are almost as favorable fields as any on the continent. It may be that future prospectors will render this mountain region a throng- ing abode of men, if new Potosis are discovered, and if it is made as accessible everywhere as the splendid triumphs of civil engineering have made it in a few sections. IV. Habitable Plains. — i. Llanos of the Orinoco. — As the Spanish name indicates, these are *' plains," and they occupy a region in Colombia and Venezuela almost as large as the New England and Middle States plus Ohio. While they slope downward from a height of 800 feet, and are in 10 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL part forest, they are generally very level and sparsely wooded or else wholly devoid of trees. Reclus vividly describes an average llano scene, though for a more graphic picture the reader is referred to the ac- count by a native, Don Ramon Paez. Reclus writes : *' In the central parts of the llanos where the surface seems per- fectly level, where the line of the horizon is broken by no eminence, the firmament unfolds its azure dome above a silent sea of herbaceous growth, yellowish and scorched during the prevalence of the dry trade-winds, dense and verdant from the first appearance of the winter rains. Al- though extremely rich in different species, the boundless prairie seems to merge all its plants in the same uniform element. Except a few objects close at hand, a drooping flower by the wayside, some startled beast or insect seeking the cover of the herbage, nothing stands out distinctly in the vast circuit lit up by the solar rays. Nature reposes in its strength and majesty, inspiring with a sense of awe and sad- ness the solitary wayfarer lost in the wilderness. Wherever the eye sweeps the horizon, the details of the landscape are the same, though its physiognomy as a whole changes slowly with the hours, the shifting hues and shadows." 2. Selvas of the Amazon. — These vast "woodlands," ex- ceeding in extent the great Congo forest zone and almost equalling in area all the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, occupy the northern part of Brazil and extend slightly into the adjacent colonies and republics. The Matto Grosso — ** great woods " — are a southeastern extension of the selvas. They are not wholly forest, however ; for, be- sides extensive grassy spaces toward the Atlantic, these selvas are traversed by the Amazon which should be regarded, by reason of its labyrinth of streams, not so much as a single river, but rather as *'an inland freshwater sea filled with islands." II PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA As seen by the Amazon traveller there is little visible ex- cept a "compact wall of forest trees interlaced with lianas, overtopped by a continuous mass of verdure, the stems rising on both banks like a line of palisades straight as reeds, enveloped in gloom at their base, expanding overhead to the light of the sun." Bates, the Amazon naturalist, describes an interior view of the selvas : *'With the exception of a few miles of road in the vicinity of the large towns, with difficulty kept free from the encroachment of young vegeta- tion, this forest is without path and impenetrable. Singular especially is the tendency both of plants and animals in this world of trees, to assume the character of creepers and climbers. . . . The flowers and fruits of the forest trees are all to be sought for in the leafy domes far above, where the crowns of the trees, locked together, are exposed to the light and heat. All below is dark, musty and cavernlike, and neither flowers nor green herbage variegate the damp ground." Some of the trees are colossal, as a ceaba described by Wallis covering a space of six acres where 25,000 persons might be accom- modated. Another striking feature "of Amazonian ar- borescence consists in the great development of the outer walls sustaining, but detached from the stem, leaving an intervening space wide enough to aflbrd refuge to several persons. ' ' 3. The Gran Chaco. — This region, occupying the west- ern part of Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and the southern border of Bolivia, is about the size of Maine and California combined. It is the "great hunt" where mul- titudes of wild beasts attract the Indians who here are safe from white oppression. While these plains are mainly arid, during the rainy season when the country is inundated they resemble a vast lake interspersed with verdant islands. 12 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL Near the rivers, however, rich forests are found and vegeta- tion is luxuriant. A night scene on the Gran Chaco has been thus depicted : ** If the day with all its glories is so unspeakably attractive to the lover of nature, the marvellous nights of these re- gions still reserve fresh and unanticipated charms for him. There is nothing to compare with the impression of serene repose inspired by the sight of the starry heavens, especially in the more open meadow lands. Our thoughts revert un- wittingly to those indescribable nights on the silent deep, when the vessel is borne along as by an unseen power on the unruffled surface of the waters, beneath the vault of a tropical sky. The charm is heightened by the countless swarms of fireflies whose phosphorescent lamps flash out and suddenly disappear in the gloom." 4. The Pampas. — This name is given to extensive level districts in Peru covered with the primeval forests ; but it is more commonly applied to the immense grassy, treeless plains of Argentine Republic which rise in a series of ter- races from the seaboard to the base of the Andes. They are in one place covered with grass and absolutely level, at an- other brackish swamps appear, while toward the south and west salt steppes or salinas occur. Portions of the pampas are very fertile, but stock raising is the industry that en- gages most of the region. In *'The Great Silver River," Rumbold writes thus of a summer inorning on the pampas : "The young sun floods the low and perfectly level horizon with a flush of pink and yellow light. The fiery disc emerges out of what seems a sea of verdure, all burned and brown though everything be in reality, and in its slanting rays the tip of each blade of grass, the giant thistles with their rose-purple crowns, the graceful floss-like panicles of the pampa grass, just touched 13 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA by the breeze and all glittering with dew, undulate before the eye like the successive sparkling lines that mark the lazy roll of the deep in the dawn of a tropical calm. In the west the vapors of night have not entirely rolled away, while down in the deep depressions of the ground and over the reed-fenced lagunas a thin blue mist still lingers and mingles deliciously with the various subdued tints of brown and green around. This tender tonality lasts but a very short time, the sun shooting upward with a speed and force that at once completely transforms the picture; the scorching agencies of light revealing it in its true parched colors and reducing it to a burning arch above, and a scorching and featureless flat below. The fresh, rippling ocean turns into a weary wilderness, staring up at a breathless, pitiless sky." The moral effect of such an environment on foreigners, and on some, at least, of the Gauchos, is most striking. One of them thus writes: ''In the presence of such an awe-inspiring soUtude, one's thoughts are unconsciously drawn to dwell upon eternity ; a deep and yet a pleasant sadness takes possession of the thoughtful mind, a feeling intensified at the going down of the sun ; and in the dark- ness of the night merging in an overpowering sense of help- lessness and terror. . . . Men are known who for years have toiled in the vain endeavor to hearken to the whisper- ings of reason alone, and who have smiled compassionately on those that spoke of a better future, and who yet at a sunset on the pampas become so unnerved that they are nearer to tears than to scoffs ; nay, will listen with devotion to the evening chimes announcing the Ave Maria." It is said that this strange fascination of environment often com- pels Europeans, who have returned home with a fortune, to go back again to the hardships of the old pampa life. V. Wastes and Deserts. — i. Patagonian Desert. — 14 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL Much of the territory above described, though not in- habited, is yet capable of sustaining a great population when the advantage or necessity for its occupation arises. Other sections, however, can hardly become populous. Most of this area lies in that portion of the Argentine Republic com- monly, though not justifiably, known as Patagonia. This expanse is usually called the Shingle Desert. In favored sections coarse grass and stunted bushes and herbs are found ; but in general it deserves the Indian name of one portion of it, ''the Devil's Country," since the ground is strewn with rolled pebbles, huge boulders, and is intersected with ridges of bare, sharp-edged rock. Charles Darwin calculated that these covered a territory 200 miles broad and 600 miles in length. The impression made by this desert upon the mind of the great scientist, he thus describes : *' These plains are pro- nounced by all to be most wretched and useless. They are characterized only by negative possessions ; without habita- tions, without water, without trees, without mountains, they support only a few dwarfed plants. Why then— and the case is not peculiar to myself— have these arid wastes taken so firm possession of my mind ? Why have not the still more level, the greener and more fertile pampas, which are serviceable to mankind, produced an equal impression ? I can scarcely analyze these feelings, but it must be partly owing to the free scope given to the imagination. The plains of Patagonia are boundless, for they are scarcely passable and hence unknown. They bear the stamp of having lasted for ages, and there appears no limit to their duration through future time." This impression is even more strongly emphasized by a later writer in ''Idle Days in Patagonia." 2. The Atacama Desert.— This is the principal western 15 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA waste of South America, though at various points west of the Andes, especially in Peru, there are barren reaches. Lying in Chile's northwestern section, it rises in rocky plateaux from the steep shore and is broken by precipitous mountains. The soil is rocky rather than sandy, and to-day has little vegetation except the hardiest desert plants. By reason of its saltpeter works and silver, however, its solitudes are sparsely peopled. 3. Marshes. — Some of these are saline, notably one near the centre of Argentine Republic. The largest of the fresh- water marshes is in southwestern Brazil, that of Xarayes. In the rainy season this is more properly a lagoon or lake, and covers a district as large as Maine. Above this temporary sea, stretching beyond the horizon, rise thickets of tall herbs and shrubs, and some artificial mounds, formerly used as Babel towers by the Indians who thus escaped the flood. The reader must again be reminded that many districts along the Amazon and Orinoco are little better than marshes, especially during the floods. VI. South American Productions. — i. Minerals and metals^ so essential to the development of new countries, exist in considerable variety and abundance. If the El Dorado of early voyagers was a myth, the gold of the Guianas is not, nor the gold and diamonds of Brazil, the iron, copper, lead, bismuth and other metals of various sections. As mentioned later, the nitre of Chile is a national source of wealth; while the Andes are rich in precious metals, the mines of Potosi alone having furnished the world over ^1,500,000,000 worth of silver since the Spanish first took possession of them. Coal, though not abundant, nor of high quality, is nevertheless a valuable asset. 2. The products of the forest are a limitless source of future wealth, and a present cause of prosperity. Beautiful 16 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL woods used by cabinetmakers are found in almost inexhaust- ible supply ; a variety of gums and wax, and the extensive tracts where india-rubber trees flourish, furnish a large part of the exports ; modern medicine could hardly exist with- out South America's coca, which yields cocaine, and above all Peruvian bark, which Sir Clements R. Markham, in 1861, so shrewdly and laboriously stole from Peruvian forests for the benefit of fever-smitten humanity. 3. Nor do X\iQ field prodtuts fall short in the inventory of the continent's wealth. Reclus is authority for the state- ment that South America has given to the world during the past four centuries more plants useful for alimentary pur- poses than any other division of the globe. Witness the potato, now the staple food of so many millions ; manioc and yams, more indispensable to certain negro and West Indian populations of Latin America than the potato can ever be to the Germans and Irish; the tomato, peanut, pineapple, guava, mate or Paraguay tea, tobacco, etc. Other productions not indigenous to the continent, like the banana, which was carried there from without ; wheat, the produc- tion of which is fast approaching that of the States ; and above all coffee, are exceedingly valuable factors in southern life and commerce. Brazil already supplies more than one- half of the world's coffee supply. 4. Important as these productions now are, the continent is almost wholly virgin soil awaiting the time of her develop- ment. It is not surprising, therefore, that writers on world- politics like Professor Reinsch, and practical men desiring to better their condition by emigration, are looking to South America as the theatre of much of the twentieth century's development. VII. South American Races.— Without pausing to speak of the animal life of the continent, the most charac- 17 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA teristic features of which are its many edentates, its gigantic reptiles, and its billions of birds of every variety of color, attention is called to a few general facts concerning the men found in its various sections. Further particulars may be seen under the various countries. 1. Dr. Herbertson' s Summary. — '^ South America has, at a rough estimate, thirty-seven and a half million inhabi- tants, giving a mean density of population of fifty-three per square mile. The coastal lands, the river valleys, espe- cially the alluvial plains of the Plata basin, are the most densely peopled. The inhabitants of the interior of the forest regions and in Patagonia consist mainly of aborigines of many races, differing in language more than in racial characteristics. The natives of the warmer regions are yel- lower than the brown inhabitants of the mountains, but all possess the same dark, lank hair, and scantiness of beard. The Caribs of the lower, the Nu-Aruak of the upper Ama- zon, the Tupi between the Amazon and Plata, and the Guaykuru of the Paraguay, the Ges of eastern Brazil, and the Patagonians and Fuegians of the south are among the most important of their races east of the Andes. The Arau- canians of Chile, the old civilized Quichua, who formed the Inca State overthrown by the Spaniards, and the Chibcha of Colombia are among the Andean tribes. The name Andes was itself derived from the Antis. The inhabitants of the more densely peopled areas are of European and African origin, as well as American. Pure whites, negroes and yellow men exist, but the majority are of mixed race ; so that here, as Reclus has pointed out, men containing the greatest number of characteristics of all races can be found, the most typical average specimens of humanity." 2. Their Social Co7idition. — Neglecting the six million Indians, a study of the history of the continent for the past i8 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL seventy years reveals great progress, not only in wealth and population, but in education and general advancement. In these respects South America has probably surpassed many European countries. This progression has led some writers to ask whether the Spanish tongue even may not one day rival the English in its world-wide predominance. Car- rasco, in the " Boletin de la Sociedad de Geografia de Mad- rid, 1 89 1," presents strong reasons for believing that with the present rate of increase, the Spanish and Portuguese, which are mere varieties of the same language, will be spoken by 180,000,000 in 1920. In many centres of influ- ence South Americans are awakening to the consciousness of their high destiny ; and with increasing immigration and the growing desire to emulate North American and Euro- pean ideals there is hope for a great future, especially if im- purity, which is working ruin in more than one of the re- pubHcs, can be conquered by the Christian view of marriage and of the sanctity of the body. 3. Immigration. — The rapidly increasing stream of Euro- pean life is bringing to the continent new hopes and some problems as well. Thus far newcomers are mainly attracted to the Atlantic seaboard, especially to the colonies and to those countries south of the tropics. With the exception of Chile, the Pacific republics are not securing a great number, though the mines may one day allure considerable popula- tions. So, too, the vast interior regions, now so largely path- less, will attract multitudes when communication is made easy by development of railroads and a better steamer service. Five factors must be considered of special importance in thinking of South America as a field for extensive immigration. (i) Habitable area is the first of these. In this respect the southern half of our hemisphere is vastly superior to the northern, as it has practically no frozen region, while about '9 . PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA one-third of North America is covered with snow and ice wastes, or with tundras of moss and lichen. Probably the part now unoccupied but ultimately capable of sustaining large populations will be found greater in South America than in any other continent save Africa possibly. (2) Material resources are as essential for national de- velopment as mere habitable area. Enough has been said to show that these abound already, or can be readily devel- oped ; so that Professor Reinsch places South America be- side China — though for different reasons — as likely to en- gage the attention of economists, capitalists and immigrants in the century just dawning. (3) Accessibility, as already stated, is decidedly in South America's favor, so far as natural features are concerned. Yet at present one must circumnavigate a good part of the continent to get to Rio from Lima or Quito, for instance, when developed Amazonian navigation would greatly reduce the time and present expense. Railways of the near future will supply other important lacks now existing. Moreover, if the proposed railroad lines running from the Mediterra- nean to African points like St. Louis or Monrovia materialize, and good trans-oceanic connections be established, it will be possible to reach Buenos Aires from Paris in eleven days, or a third of the time now required. This would greatly stimu- late South American immigration and intercommunication. (4) But can European and North American immigrants and capitalists thrive in South American climates? This question is an important one for the missionary also. While it is true that '* South America is distinguished from other continents by not having a marked continental climate," it should be remembered that, unlike the United States, Canada and Europe, which are almost wholly in the temperate zone, less than a fourth of South America lies in that zone best 20 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL adapted to the development and prosperity of the white races. Measured on Berghmann's map there are in North America 4,000,000 square miles between the isothermals of 46° and 68° Fahrenheit to South America's 2,000,000 square miles. As for prevalent diseases encountered by missionaries and other foreigners, they are not especially serious for a country so largely tropical. Malaria is the commonest foe along the coast, though the Amazon is not as unhealthful as one would suppose. Both that region and the northern seaboard suffer less severely from malarious diseases than the Congo and coastal regions of Africa. The highlands of the western coast are practically free from such maladies. Yellow fever along the coast, except in the far south, and dysentery are quite common, but missionaries rarely suffer from elephantiasis, leprosy, goitre and many other illnesses peculiar to the continent. (5) Another factor influencing the flow of immigration is the degree of stability of government^ safeguarding or jeopardizing life and property. Though a continent of republics, South America cannot boast of great stability of law and order. Revolutions are frequent in some republics, though in lands naturally most attractive to foreigners society is more self-restrained. If, as a distinguished orator and author asserts, the indispensable factors in an ideal republic are three, — fundamentally the Christian, formatively the scholar, and conservingly the patriot, — most of these re- publics possess only the latter element of ideality. Even their patriots are somewhat fickle and lacking in the strength of conviction begotten by a biblical faith and a cosmopolitan and universal scheme of education. When these two ele- ments are made more prominent, there will be a disappear- ance of the common charge against southern republics, viz., that they are such in form while in reality they are 21 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA oligarchies or veiled despotisms. Constant improvement is observable in most of them, and labor and capital are feel- ing more safe on the continent in consequence. Vin. Characteristic Features of Different Coun- tries. — A few facts concerning each of these countries are given below, the order being alphabetical for convenience of reference. All of them, except French Guiana, are treated more at length in later chapters. General facts capable of tabulation may be found in Appendix B. 1. Argentine Republic, including Patagonia. — Here in more than twenty times the area of the New England States is a population of less than three per square mile. With a superb climate and great possibilities of development, — only one per cent, of its cultivatible area is now occupied, — it promises to become scarcely second to Brazil. It already surpasses it in railway mileage. Immigrants generally find this country best adapted to their needs. The Welsh agri- cultural colony in Eastern Patagonia is a movement toward the reclamation of that section. 2. Bolivia equals in extent the continental state of Texas twice over, with Maine, New Hampshire and almost a Con- necticut besides. It is the highest region of its size in the world, averaging more than two-and-a-half miles above the sea level. Lake Titicaca also has the world's record as the highest large body of water. *' Its lonely waters have no outlet to the sea, but are guarded on their southern shores by gigantic ruins of a pre-historic empire — palaces, temples and fortresses — silent, mysterious monuments of a long-lost golden age." Bolivia is probably richer than any other South American country in minerals. Its present inaccess- ibility will be partially remedied by the railway from Anto- fagasta on the Pacific to La Paz, and by other lines under contemplation, especially the international route to the Ar- 22 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL gentine Republic, now being surveyed. The branches of the Madeira, however, offer the most promising outlet for the future commerce of Bolivia. At present it is probably the least developed of South American republics, and that despite the fact that an island in Titicaca was the home of the founders of the Inca Empire and hence the seat of the continent's highest indigenous civilization. 3. Brazil must be thought of as covering a region almost as large as the United States with Texas repeated a second time; or as being "larger than European Russia, Germany, Austria- Hungary and France combined, and its natural re- sources are commensurate with its extent." Ocean steamers can ascend the Amazon and its tributaries to the boundaries of Peru, and smaller ones can go much farther. Hitherto it has mainly attracted immigrants belonging to the Latin races rather than to those of Northern Europe. With the excellent climate and soil of its southern portion, and perhaps the most delightful climate in the world on the great plateau, Brazil will attract multitudes. Her unparalleled possibilities for river transportation, and the 8,718 miles of railway in operation, not to speak of a still larger mileage constructing or under survey, may make this republic our formidable rival during the coming century. 4. Chile would be little more than covered were Montana and the two Dakotas torn into strips from seventy to 250 miles wide and stretched from north to south for a distance as great as from Portland, Me., to San Francisco, which is the approximate length of this republic. An unbroken mountain wall, varying from 6,000 feet in average height in the south to 15,000 feet in the north, shuts off this prosper- ous and wealthy country from easy communication with the interior. However, less than fifty miles of the Trans- Andine railway are now lacking, and hence this limitation will soon 23 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA be removed. At present the journey over the Andes from Santiago to Buenos Aires requires only three days and a half. Its inhabitants of the upper classes have kept them- selves more purely Spanish than in any South American country. Immigration is not very marked; yet with the good financial standing of the country, its cool climate and its spirit of progress in various directions, it presents great attractions to the immigrant. 5. Colombia — almost equaling Texas, Wyoming and Mon- tana combined — in proportion to its area has more forest land than any other South American republic. Its emerald mines are the richest yet discovered and furnish nearly all of the world's supply. While the coast and river valleys are hot and tropical in their products, the more populous part of the country is elevated with a climate like perpetual spring and with the environment of temperate regions. Un- fortunately the lack of railways, — there were less than 400 miles in 1898, — the practical absence of roads, the neglect of education and the frequency of civil wars have greatly retarded the country's development. 6. Ecuador is about as large as Germany, or the New- England States plus New York and New Jersey. Professor Orton says of this country, " Nowhere on the face of the earth is there such a grand assemblage of mountains. Twenty-two summits are covered with perpetual snow, and fifty are over 10,000 feet high." Here, too, is South Amer- ica's centre of volcanic activity. " To the antiquary it is a region very interesting from the remains of a past indigenous civilization. Rich in all the varied products of the temper- ate and tropical zones, it is a country of magnificent future possibiHties, but needing population for its development." At present conditions are not very favorable for immigration, though they are improving very rapidly. 24 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL 7. The Falklands aftd South Georgia. — The Falklandsy belonging to Great Britain and lying 340 miles east of Ma- gellan Strait, are nearly the size of New Jersey with a popu- lation of slightly more than 2,000. It is a region of fogs and mists in spring and autumn, but it is favorable for sheep-raising, the leading industry. Penguins are numerous enough to give the governor the sobriquet of "King of the Penguins.'* So violent at times are the winds that they "uproot and scatter like straw the very cabbages grown in the kitchen gardens of the settlers." South Georgia^ 800 miles farther eastward, is uninhabited and only occasionally visited by sailors and fishermen. 8. The three Guianas are the only European colonies on the continent and are almost as large as Wyoming and Colorado combined. The Atlantic coast lands are low and in some parts high tides would flood the country for ten miles or more inland, were they not held back by artificial sea-walls, built to make available this richest of soils. It is "a region of dense forests, heavy rains and intense heat," and while unhealthful, it is not peculiarly so except in French Guiana. The latter, commonly called Cayenne, is unlike the other two colonies in that it has elevated lands along the shore and several rocky islands off the coast. Though it has gained a bad name from its being used as a penal set- tlement, "it has all the capabilities of the other Guianas and could be developed with advantage." It is the only country in South America untouched by Protestant missions, a fact not so vital since its total population was estimated in 1895 as only 35,065. Dutch Guiana, it may be remem- bered, was the purchase price paid by the English to the Dutch in 1667 for New York City, then New Amsterdam. 9. Paraguay is larger than Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania combined. This is the home 25 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA of the mat6, or Paraguay tea, which is in general use throughout most of South America. It is also the scene of the memorable experiment of the Jesuits, to whom in the seventeenth century was entrusted the civil and ecclesiastical administration of the country. Their interesting plans were practically overthrown upon their expulsion in 1768. "The country is so highly favored by nature and its innate re- sources are so great that when for some twenty-six years it remained under the remarkable tyranny of the dictator, Dr. Francia, and was prohibited from holding intercourse with other nations, it was not only self-supporting, but actually accumulated wealth." The two dominations above named have attracted world-wide attention. 10. PerUy roughly speaking, could nearly cover the states lying west of the Rocky Mountains. Its mineral wealth is proverbial, though in output it is surpassed by Bolivia and Chile. Peru's once famous guano deposits are now nearly exhausted. Its history, made attractive by Prescott and others, constitutes one of the most interesting records of the New World. It is estimated that fifty -seven per cent, of Peru's present population consists of the descendants of this marvellous Inca race. 11. Uruguay is South America's smallest republic, being no larger than the New England States and Maryland. Stock raising is its principal industry, and for that the land is especially adapted. In general it offers to immigrants the same inducements as Argentina. Extensive national and departmental roads, more than a thousand miles of railway, an active commerce and a delightful climate are doing much for Uruguay's development, which, however, is somewhat retarded by its government, described as "a sham constitu- tionalism." 12. Venezuela is larger than France and Germany taken 26 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL together, and about equals our Gulf States, plus Kentucky, Arkansas and Tennessee. It contains the largest lake — so- called — in the northern part of the continent. Its basin and the coasts are among the hottest regions of South Amer- ica. Venezuela's vast tracts of unutilized lands, and the prevalence of the cattle-breeding industry, remind one of Colombia. IX. Method of Treatment. — i. Relation of Parts. — The foregoing sections have given in a general way a view of the land, the people and the possibilities of the various portions of South America. A final chapter will recapitu- late some of these facts and add many others with a view to bringing before the reader the manifold appeal of this greatly *' neglected continent." The intervening chapters contain more particularized statements, by authorities who know intimately the lands concerning which they write, relat- ing to the peoples of the various countries and the work of Protestant missions among these peoples. 2. The order of presentation will be that of a supposed traveller circumnavigating the continent and viewing for himself these lands and missions. It so happens that this is approximately the chronological order in which mission work was undertaken in various South American countries. With so many different missionary societies in the field and such a variety of writers, it inevitably happens that entire justice may not be done to some societies, while undue emphasis may possibly be placed on others. In some cases this is due to lack of information concerning these societies. The statistics in Appendix C. are especially subject to this lack. While this survey reveals the fact that mission work is largely confined to the coast regions, it is equally true that this is the region of largest populations, few except scattered tribes of Indians being found in the far interior. 27 BRITISH GUIANA, OR DEMERARA II BRITISH GUIANA, OR DEMERARA By Rev. Canon F. P. Luigi Josa Georgetown, British Guiana. Author of " The Apostle of the Indians of Guiana," " The Life of St. Francis d' Assisi," etc. I. Settlement of British Guiana. — The Eldorado of Sir Walter Raleigh is a country still very sparsely populated. It was colonized so long ago as 1580 by the Dutch, and although various attempts were made by British adventurers to settle on the land, it was only in 1663 that Lord Willoughby suc- ceeded in establishing an English settlement. The country has been held in turn by Holland, France and England ; but it was finally ceded to Great Britain in 18 14. In 183 1 the three counties — named respectively after the three large rivers that traverse them, Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice — were united into one colony, British Guiana. II. Its Population. — i. Number and Races. — The popu- lation, which according to the census of 1898, was 286,222, does not now exceed 300,000, more than one-sixth of whom dwell in Georgetown, the capital of Demerara. The coast lands, composed of rich alluvial soil, are the only settled parts of the country. In the interior there are to be found here and there small settlements of gold diggers, mostly negroes or colored people, who with very rude and primi- tive implements are extracting gold from the surface of the earth. During the last few years 100,000 ounces per annum 31 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA have been so extracted. Gold-mining is in its infancy. The interior, however, is peopled by Indians of various tribes ; but owing to their nomadic habits, it is impossible to say how numerous they are. Estimates of the number vary from 7,000 to 30,000. The best known tribes are those dwelling nearer the coast, or settled lands, viz., Ara- waks, Acawaios, Caribs and Waraus. Further inland are to be found Patamunas or Paramanas, Macusis, Arecunas, Wahpisianas or Wapianas. 2. Negroes and Effect of their Enfranchisement. — The coast lands are inhabited by negroes or the descendants of the slaves, — who were imported into British Guiana and the West Indies during the time of the slave-trade, — and people of mixed blood. These form the majority of the popula- tion. In 1836 slavery was abolished and the natural result was that the freed slaves worked only when it suited them, or when compelled to do so by pangs of hunger. The country was nearly ruined \ plantation after plantation was abandoned, and it seemed as if this '^ magnificent province " would soon become a howling wilderness. 3. Immigration. — Some of the bolder and more venture- some planters started a system of immigration /r<7»^ India and Chinay and by 1864 some 4,000 immigrants had arrived from the East. Thirty years later the number of Asiatics imported — including 13,000 Chinese — was 130,000; but as these people were under contract to remain only for a period of ten years, many of them have returned to their native countries. About 100,000 of these Asiatics are here and the wisdom of the Government has at last made provision to induce "coolies," as the East Indians are called, to settle on the land, plots of which are offered them in lieu of return passage. In addition to these people, there are a few immi- grants //-i^/w Africa^ chiefly Congos, and from the neighbor- 32 BRITISH GUIANA, OR DEMERARA ing islands, together with some 10,000 Po7'tuguese from Madeira, and a few Europeans. 4. Difficulties of Evangelizing Immigrants. — The diffi- culties in the way of evangelizing all these different people, belonging to various races and speaking difficult languages, may easily be imagined. The languages or dialects spoken by different Indian tribes had never been reduced to a sys- tem or even written before the missionaries undertook to preach the gospel. The Indian immigrants speak Hindis Urdu, Tamil, Telugu, Nepalese, and even Pashtu — these being from Afghanistan, besides various other dialects. III. Summary of the Work of Different Churches. — i. Early Attempts. — At the beginning of the eighteenth century there were but two ??iinisters of religion in the whole colony, — the chaplain of the British forces and the minister of the Dutch Reformed Church. Neither of these seemed to have had the time or the inclination to look after either negroes or aborigines. Records show that the Moravian Brethren did some useful work among the In- dians in Berbice Colony. Their labors began in 1735 and were zealously carried on till the end of the century, when their mission was entirely abandoned, though they are now represented at three stations. The Church of England, through the Church Missioiiary Society, began its work in 1829 and the efforts of Bernaud and Youd were very suc- cessful among the Indians of the Essequibo and Potaro rivers. The work of the Church Missionary Society was given up in the year 1856. 2. Initial Efforts of the S. P. 6^.— In 1835 the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts began to look after the negroes, and we find that between this year and 1850 the Society spent ;£33,6o9 on negro evangeliza- tion. Statements were received by the Society in the 33 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA autumn of 1834 showing *Hhat an increased desire for re- ligious instruction had been manifested by the emancipated negroes ; that additional facilities for satisfying that desire were loudly called for ; that the spiritual interests of the people were already pressing heavily upon the means which the clergy had at their command ; and that those means were utterly insufficient to enable them to take advantage of the disposition which existed both among the proprietors and the working people to receive from them the benefit of a Christian education for their children." Under these circumstances special efforts were made for the erection of churches and schools and for the maintenance of various agencies for the propagation of the gospel among the negroes. 3. Original Attitude of the Government. — The Govern- ment also began to take a deep interest and voted money liberally for the erection of churches and schools and the support of clergy and schoolmasters. The whole colony was divided into parishes, and owing to the presence of a large number of Scotch Presbyterians, the parishes alternated between the Anglicans and the Presbyterians ; and since it happened that in several parishes there were English plant- ers, chaplaincies or curacies of the Church of England were established also. 4. Bishop Austin^ s Labors. — In 1842 Guiana, which had hitherto been a part of the Diocese of Barbados, was made into a separate see, "■ the Diocese of Guiana," and its first bishop was the Right Rev. William Piercy Austin, who was a member of an old West Indian family and whose father and brother had great interests in the plantations of Guiana. Bishop Austin continued his work for fifty years and died at his post, having seen a practically heathen colony become changed into a Christian colony, so far as the negroes were 34 BRITISH GUIANA, OR DEMERARA concerned. During his first visitation, he confirmed 3,325 persons and writes thus at the conclusion: "If we look back twenty years and ask the question, what has the Society done ? the answer is, Before that time we had two clergymen and a solitary place of worship here and there : now our number is twenty-eight; nor can the traveler proceed many miles through the cultivated districts without seeing the modest spire or hearing the inviting notes of the tolling bell." It is estimated that there are now over 20,000 com- municants and about 150,000 adherents of the Church of England. 5. Other societies have also labored in British Guiana with varying success. The Presbyterian Church has nu- merous adherents ; the London Missionary Society did nota- ble work in propagating the gospel previous to their with- drawal in 1867 ; the Wesleyan Society has started missions all over the country, and its latest records show over 4,000 communicants. The Roman CathoHcs care chiefly for the Portuguese who have migrated from Madeira; while the Salvation Army, which has lately arrived in British Guiana, is meeting with success among the lowest classes of society. 6. Gradual Withdrawal of Government Aid. — It should be stated that the Government has hitherto granted concur- rent endowments; and every Church, be it Anglican or Roman, Wesleyan or any other body, can apply for a grant, which is apportioned by the Government to each denomina- tion in proportion to the number of its adherents. On principle, nearly all the Congregationalists have refused Government aid for the support of their churches ; but even they do not hesitate to receive a grant-in-aid for their schools. The Government now has concluded to withdraw help gradually from the churches and has made a beginning 35 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA by deducting one-twentieth each year. Probably in a few years no aid whatever will be given from Government sources to the churches. In the opinion of most the step is consid- ered fatal to the existence of churches in country places where the people are mainly very poor. Some of them are already beginning lo establish a central fund to provide for present and future needs. 7. Extent of Missionary Success in Guiana. — We are now to consider the question whether the efforts put forth by the various churches have met with commensurate success. At the outset, as has been already stated, all the negroes and others of mixed blood are nominal Christians. Euro- peans and others of Western origin frequently measure such efforts with prejudiced minds. They forget that it was only in 1836 that the people were made free, and that before that time, with exceptions here and there, a negro was considered as a mere chattel having a body to nourish ; but as for the soul, some even doubted whether he possessed any. After 2,000 years of effort, Christianity has hardly succeeded in placing a thin veneer of the religion of Jesus on the hearts of Western races. Surely much ought not to be expected in Guiana after only a little more than half a century of effort. It may be said that the negroes are religious, impressionable and easily swayed by pulpit oratory. They attend to their religious duties with more or less assiduity and partake regularly of the Holy Communion. The great visible blot in these Christian lives is the number of illegitimate children brought to the font every year. About fifty per cent, of their offspring are of illegitimate parentage ; yet at the same time it should be stated that as a rule these couples are faithful to each other. One chief reason why they are not joined together in holy matrimony is their fondness for show, and they think nothing of spending one or two hun- 36 BRITISH GtrrANA, OR DEMERARA dred dollars, the saving of years, for a wedding feast. There is, however, noticeable improvement in this par- ticular. 8. Future of the Guiana Negro. — The negroes have shown great capabilities. Several of them are members of the legislative body, and there are many who have entered the learned professions, becoming ministers, lawyers and doc- tors. There is unfortunately a foolish notion that manual labor, especially in the fields, is degrading ; and when the people have learned the nobility of labor and that Mother Earth is one of our best friends if we only woo her, then, and then only, the greatness of our people will be fully de- veloped. Meanwhile serious inroads are being made by a phthisis which is decimating our people, the mortality among them being very great. Were it not for immigra- tion from neighboring islands, there would be fewer of the descendants of the African slaves now than there were twenty years ago. IV. Work for the Aboriginal Races. — i. Societies Engaged. — The most important work has been that of the evangelization of the aborigines of the country, and the Church of England has the honor of having accomplished most of this. In fact, the Roman Church and the Presby- terian communion have but one mission each among the aborigines. All the others were started and are carried on by the Church of England. The S. P. G. is the main ex- ternal help in this movement ; indeed, if it were not for this great Society, the work could not have been adequately car- ried on among these interesting people. The Church has now established a complete mission, extending from the Corentyne on one side right up to the Barima, the last mis- sion being established in 1890. There is one of these on all the important rivers, having several stations connected 37 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA with each. If money and men could be obtained now, the whole country would be occupied. 2. Description of One Mission, — The work has been eminently blessed and to show this, a description of one mission must suffice to give an idea of it. In 1840 W. H. Brett, a young Englishman, was sent to do what he could toward establishing a mission in the Pomeroon. The state of the Indians at that time may best be described by one who at first did not encourage missionary effort. The civil magistrate in the Pomeroon thus writes : "A more disor- derly people than the Arawaks could not be found in any part of Guiana ; murders and violent cases of assault were of frequent occurrence." Among these people Mr. Brett set to work. At first he met with no success ; but at last after patient toil and in spite of the threats of the sorcerers that any one who went to listen to the word of God would become sick and die, a sorcerer named Sacibarra (Beautiful hair), came forward and after instruction he and his family were admitted into the church, he receiving the Christian name of Cornelius. After this conversion the work became comparatively easy. Mr. Brett systematized four different languages — Arawak, Acawaio, Caribi, and Warau — and made a grammar and vocabulary for each of these. He translated the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, some questions on the Old Testament, and catechisms in all the languages, thus preparing the way for future missionaries to continue the work. At the present moment over 5,000 in this district alone have been brought into the Church through baptism. The above named magistrate will again be cited to give his opinion of the effect of missionary tuork. <- "o <^ "o <« •£•£ "5 °-° ° rt rt 3 rt c rt C UUougUo C S M C "2 C "2 rt OS --• rt ij rt 1^ i ic^ §£ ifa w V s !: •* II 2 bU •* S E >s.2„ III cro " •sjuapnjs ^ saijisjaAiun pUB S3331I03 •SJB[oq3S O « M M -♦ 5; :8 SlOOqOS J9M0I puB Xjbxuuj •ajjui -bs asd XjisuaQ •suBipuj 00 «> p. ^g.s 0^0,4) •noij^indoj 5? Ov^i^ S H OvcT ^ uS •bs ui B3JV ^ 2 NO O § I S, 5 a 6 '^ ^ '2 o . < O U^» «"«"«^Pi 324 ■S;n 3:= ?.:3 ti-3 3>3 i:-3 05S o3 ^:§ 2-1 15 rt •3 k C «3 = s u > 2 •< n •: ti; 2- >i .S* > A - jTtd n z^ > s. •5 I: l:E ^5i i3 r:50 .CM 00 NO VI B a c^ Year of report. Countries occupied year of entrance. s M W M M u 8^ w 00 Ui Missionaries, ord'nd. 00 : -^ : « w OS Laymen. U\ : 0. s N : ^ i Wives. u> : w w M M ; Other women. • ::::::: • | Male physicians. § ^ o» : w s : s Native workers, both sexes. 00 *■ W U\ •>! s -*■ ■♦«• U> Stations. o» : : t 8^ Out-stations. 1 ^ : : M 00 • 0\ Communicants. 8 -. : : I 1 Adherents, not com- municants. : : •* 00 : Ul : Day-schools. : : 1 : : s 3 : : : \ Pupils. : : : *■ : : M ■: 1 Higher institutions. : : : : w M M : 1 Students. Patients. zn H O O 23S •SJUSIJBJ APPENDIX C ,-luapn4S j •suopnjiisui jaqSiH i i " : H « •sndnj 1 1 VO ; 5- « w : i ■sjooqos-iCEQ • s- lo : w M ^ ro : - •sjuBDiunui -UIOD JOU 'SJU343qpV 0-. "in 8 : : •sjuroiunmmo^ : ^, 1 1 ON g •suoij'Bjs-jno : : rL : CO ^ 5- : = •suoiiEjg M \0 M N M CO 00 " - ■> : - « •S3X3S q4oq o t>. 2^ -*• 8 : •U3UIOAV JsqjO APPENDIX C : : 8 : ; : : 8 m VO i " : H : : 1 s ;• 'f : : 1 ;r 00 ;j^ CJ ^ : " N M 2 ■* ^ M M i ' ■1 : : R, o\ K ro . o : S urn : 1 - : : M ; : ( VO : ^ '*• : . 1 !^ • • M " = ^ S t^ t^ : ^ " : 8 - M VO (T, 00 u, ro : £ : » ^ : \ f? % ^ ■^ en ti t^ H " m '►T G^ii, u "on E? '^00' o zil (1898), Arg. Rep. (189 zil (1836), Arg. Rep. (183 ile (1878), Peru (1S87), D jguay (1839), Paraguay. 3 cg^ . <: o?S 2 42 3 ft 1 c < d .5 11 do 1 3 < 3 P •3 British Guiana (1835 ezuela (1805), Brazil, Rep., Bolivia (1899) gia and Falklands ( e (1894), Paraguay ( Arg. Rep. (1896). 1 g a > 5 S '0 u e^) •c c 3X1 a. aa^ w 0- ea > fcU 1 1 f ~ 0\ 1 j; 1 1 1 1 1 " : >. : J5 u : 1 1 — 1 4) n a; : c <: : II u S : >. .2.M a 2.S Parts South American Evangel c : il "3 > c K a rt -a § t3 c o i c Ph .15 u S2 C .2 c > 1 & Is ^ c .1 fo ■ fo en 1 o . C/)X5 227 ANALYTICAL INDEX Besides indicating the location of important topics, this IndcK is also intended for use in preparing the various studies. Having read over its analytical outline before taking up each chapter, the student sees exactly what ground is covered by the section to be mastered. So, too, after having studied the chapter, its outline can again be used in lieu of questions put by a teacher, thus enabling the student to see what topics have been forgotten. The numerals following each topic and sub-topic refer to the pages where they may be found. CHAPTER I GEOGRAPHICAL AND GBNBRAL I. Panoramic view of South America, 3, 4. II. River systems of the continent, 4-7. I. The Orinoco and its tributaries, 5. «. The Amazon, or Amazons, 5, 6. 3. The Rio de la Plata, 6. 4. South America's degree of accessibility, 7. III. Highlands and mountains, 7-10. 1. Highlands of Guiana and Brazil, 7. 2. South America's great mountains, 7-10. (x) General characterization, 7. 8. (2) Andean scenery : in the south, 8 ; in Chile, 8; in Bolivia, 8; in Peru, 8, 9 ; in Ecuador, 9, 10; in Colombia, 10. (3) Bearings of these mountains on mission- ary geography, 10, IT. Habitable plains, 10-14, 1. The Llanos of the Orinoco, 10, 11. (i) General characteristics, 10, 11. (2) Reclus' description, 11. 2. Selvas of the Amazon, 11, 12. (i) Extent and character, 11. (2) As seen by travellers, externally and internally, 12. 3. The Gran Chaco, 12, 13. (i^ Location and character, 12, 13. (2) A Chaco night scene, 13. 4. The pampas, 13, 14. (i) Different pampa regions, 13. (2) Summer morning on the pampas, 13, 14. (3) Their moral effect, 14. V. Wastes and deserts, 14-16. 1. The Shingle Desert of Patagonia, 14, 15, (x) General character and extent, 15. (2) Impressions mad« by this desert, 15. 2. The Atacama Desert, 15, 16. 3. Salt and fresh marshes, x6. VI. South American productions, 16, 17. X. Minerals and metals, 16. s. Products of the forests, 16, 17. 228 ANALYTICAL INDEX 3. Field products, 17. 4. South America's place in twentieth century development, 17. VII. South American races, 17-22, 1. Dr. Herbertson's summary view of these, iS, 2. Their social condition. iS, ig. 3. Immigration and its prospects, ig-22. (I) Habitable area available, 19, 20. (2) Material resources, 20. (3) Accessibility to immigrants, 20. (4) Climatic conditions and diseases, 20, 21. (5) Stability of government, 21, 22. VIII. Characteristic features of different countries. 22-27. 1. Argentine Republic, including Patagonia,' 22. 2. Bolivia, 22, 23. 3. Brazil, 23. 4. Chile, 23, 24. 5. Colombia, 24. 6. Ecuador, 24. 7. The Falklands and South Georgia, 24, 25. 8. The three Guianas, 25. 9. Paraguay, 25, 26, 10. Peru, 26. 11. Uruguay, 26. 12. Venezuela, 26, 27. IX. Method of treatment here followed, 27, 1. Relation of main parts of the text-book, 27. 2. Order of presentation, 27. CHAPTER II BRITISH GUIANA, OR DEMHRARA I. Settlement of British Guiana, 31. II. Its population, 31-33. 1. Number and races, 31, 32. 2. Negroes and effect of their enfranchisement, 32. 3. Immigrants and their home countries, 32, 33. 4. Difficulties of evangelizing immigrants, 33. Summary of the work of different churches, 33-37. 1. Early attempts : Individuals, JNloravians, C. M. S., 3?, 2. Initial efforts of the S. P. G., 33, 34. 3. Original attitude of the government, 34. 4. Bishop Austin's labors, 34, 35. 5. Other societies and their work, 35. 6. Gradual withdrawal of government aid, 35, 36, 7. Extent of missionary success in Guiana, 36, 37. 8. Future of the Guiana negro, 37. Work for the aboriginal races, 37-40. 1. The societies engaged, 37, 38. 2. Description of one mission, 38, 39. (i) Mr. Brett's labors, 38. (2) Results of missionary effort, 38, (3) The mission station described, 39. 3. Characteristics and future prospects of the Indians, 39, 40. V. Mission work for Asiatic immigrants, 40-42. 1. The Chinese and their Christianization, 40. 2. The Eart Indians, 41, 42. (i) Denominational cooperation ; meagre results, 41. (2) Hope for the younger generation, 41, 42. CHAPTER III DUTCH GUIANA, OR SURINAM I. Races of Dutch Guiana, 45-47. I. Races and their numbers, 45. 229 III IV ANALYTICAL INDEX 2. The African populations, 45, 46. 3. Religious ideas of tlie Bush Negroes, 46, 47, II, Moravian Indian missions, 47-49. 1. Beginnings and pioneers, 47, 48. 2. A second Indian mission, 48, 49. (1) Louis Christopher Dahne, 48. (2) Retrogression, 48, 49. III. Mission to negro slaves, 49-51. 1. Early policy of this work, 49. 2. Difficulties encountered by early missionaries; Verbond, 49, 50. 3. Languages used : Negro-English, Dutch, 50. 4. Steps toward a self-dependent native church, 50, 51. IV. Missionary work among Bush Negroes, 51-54. 1. The land of these negroes, 51. 2. Work in the interior, 52-54. (i) Missionaries engaged, 51. (2) Schmidt renews the mission, 52, 53. (3) Mary Hartmann's labors, 53, 54. 3. Present status of the mission, 54. V. Work for coolies and lepers, 54. 1. Coolie mission, 54. 2. The leper hospital, 54. VI. Statistics of Moravian Guiana missions, 54. VII. Difficulties of the Guiana field, 55. 1. Proselyting by Roman Catholics, 55. 2. Looseness of the marriage tie, 55. CHAPTER IV I. Discovery and subsequent history, 59-62. 1. Period of discovery and settlement (i 500-1640), 59, 60. 2. Period of development (1640-1822), 60, Ci. (i) Accelerated progress and reasons therefor, 60. (2) Obstacles to progress, 60. (3) Leading spirits of the period, 60. (4) Its close, 60, 61. 3. The Empire (1822-18S9), 61. (i) Early portion of the period, 61. (2) Reign of Dom Pedro II., 61, 4. The United States of Brazil (1889-), 61, 62. (i) Positivism ; new attitude of the masses, 61, 62. (2) Presidency of Dr. Campos Sales, 62. II. Peoples of Brazil, 62-67. 1. General statements concerning them, 62, 63. (i) Their relative proportions, 62, 63. (2) Growth in population, 63. (3) The immigrants, 63. (4) Languages, 63. 2. The whites, 63-65. (i) Earlier and later immigrants, 63,64. (2) Characterized: socially, physically, intellectually, morally, 64, 65. 3. The blacks, 65, 66. (i) Introduction of slavery and later condition, 65. (2) Romanism and the blacks, 65, 66. 4. Aboriginal races, 66, 67. (i) Habitat and possible origin, 66. (2) Social and moral character- istics, 66, 67. III. Conditions bearing on Protestant missions, 67-74. 1. Social conditions, 67-70. (1) Statistics, 67, 68. (2) Race and color line, 68. (3) The family and its debasement, 68, 69. (4) Need for missions, 69, 70. (5) Noble elements of character, 70. 2. Political conditions. 70. 3. Brazil's intellectual life, 70-74. (i) First college in Brazil, 71, 72. (2) Present intellectual status : de- gree of illiteracy, schools and higher institutions, 72, 73. 2.^0 ANALYTIC A.L INDEX (3) Brazil's literary men, 73. (4) Book stores and period- icals, 73. (5) Intellectual influence of Protestant mis- sions, 73, 74. IV. Protestant missions in Brazil, 74-88. 1. Early pioneers under Villegagnon, 74-76. (i) Securing colonists, 74. (2) Arrival and disagreements, 74, 75. (3) Effect of failure on Brazil's history, 75, 76. 2. Dutch attempts at evangelization, 76, 77. (i) Religious aim and work, 76. (2) Success among the Indians, 76, 77, 3. Some efforts of the northern Methodists, 77. (i) Early workers and work, 77. (2) Mr. Nelson's labors, 77. 4. " Help for Brazil," 78, 79. (i) Dr. Kalley's efforts, 78. (2) Its extension, 77, 78. (3) Formal or- ganization of the society, 79. 5. Northern Presbyterian enterprises, 79, 80. (i) Beginnings under Mr. Simonton, 79. (2) Subsequent spread, 79. (3) McKenzie College, 79, 80. 6. Southern Presbyterian mission, 80. (i) Pioneers and lines of work, 80. (2) United Synod of Brazil, 80. 7. Southern Methodist work, 81, 82. (i) Initiation and development of the mission, 81. (2) Work taken from the northern Methodists, 8i, 82. 8. Southern Baptist convention, 82. 9. Protestant Episcopal missions, 82, 83. ID. British and Foreign Bible Society, 83. 11. American Bible Society, 83, 84. 12. International Committee of the Y. M. C. A., 84. 13. Smaller independent movements, 84, 85. {1) Societies, 84. {2) Church of England, 85. (3) Lutherans, 85. 14. Successful features of these societies, 85, 86. (i) Usual methods, 85. (2) Use of the Bible, 85, 86. (3) Emphasis of self-supporting churches, 86. 15. Distribution of missionary and other forces, 86, 87. 16. Work for the aborigines, 87, 88. (i) What has been done, 86, (2) Further work greatly needed, 87, 88. CHAPTER V REPUBLICS OF THE PLATA RIVER I. The River Plata and adjacent countries, 91-99. 1. The river and its great tributaries, 91, 92. 2. Physical characteristics of the Plata republics, 92, 93. (i) Forests, 92. (2) Pastures, 92. (3) Fruit producing area, 92. (4) Mineral resources, 92, 93. 3. The peoples of these countries, 93, 94. (1) Common characteristics, 93. (2) Various currents of immigration, 93i 94- (3) Uncivilized Indians, 94. (4) South America, the theatre of Latin development, 94. 4. Moral conditions of these republics, 94-09. (i) General statement, 94, 95. (2) Isabella's mistake, 95. (3) Protestant tendencies purged out, 95, 96. (4) South American Roman- ism characterized, 96, 97. (5) The question of fundamental truths : Protestantism's leading principles ; teachings of Ro- manism. 97, 98. (6) Possibilities for the Romanist, 98, 99. (7) Supreme motive in work for Romanists, 99. IL Missions in Paraguay, 99-103. 1. Historical facts preceding the coming of Protestantism, 99, 100. 2. Causes and establishment of the first mission, 100, 101. 3. Vindication of the civil status of Protestantism, loi. 4. South American Missionary Society's Indian work, 101-103. (i) Beginnings, loi, 102. (2) Character of these Indians, 102. (3) Work done for them, 102, 103. 231 ANALYTICAL INDEX III. Missions in Uruguay, 103-106. 1. Historical reasons for its being a " BuiTer State," 103, 104. 2. Montevideo and other towns, 104. 3. Present status of Protestantism in Uruguay, 104-106. (i) The Church of England's work, 104, 105. (2) The Waldensian Church, 105. (3) Salvation Army and Lutherans, 105. (4) Vernacular work of the Methodist Church (North), 105, 106. IV. Argentine Republic, 106-116. 1. Its natural advantages, 106. (1) Geographical features, 106. (2) Resulting immigration, 106. 2. Its heroic history, 106, 107. 3. Characteristics making Argentina an important factor In the future, 107-110. (1) A land of plenty, 107. (2) Favorable climate, 107, 108. (3) A wheat producer for the world, 108. (4) Its commercial im- portance, 108, 109. (5) Leader in progressive movements, 109. (6) Summary, 109, 110. 4. Beginnings of Protestant effort, no, iii. (i) Three periods with dates, no. (2) Character and beginning of early work, 110. (3) Service of the Bible societies, 110. (4) Founding of the Methodist Episcopal mission, in. 5. Present status of Argentine Protestant missions, 111-113. (i) Fundamental value of the Bible work, in. (a) Populations of Ar- gentine field, in, 112. (3) Twofold aim of Argentine work, 112. (4) Protestant missions not primarily proselyting agen- cies, but rather constructive forces, 112. (3) Missions not an undesired intrusion, 113. 6. Buenos Aires, the chief missionary centre, 113-115. (i) Its cosmopolitan character and strategic importance, 113, 114. (2) Church of England in city and suburbs, 114. (3) Lutheran and Reformed churches, 114. (4) Isolated individual enter- prises, 114. (5) Methodist Episcopal mission, 114, 115. 7. Missionary operations in provinces and towns, 115, 116. (i) In Rosario, 115. (2) In Parana, 115, 116. (3) Valley of the Chubut river, 116. 8. Work of the South American Missionary Society, 116. 9. The fruitage of Argentinean missions, 116. CHAPTER VI I. Origin of the name Chile, 119. II. Geography of the republic, 119, 120. 1. Its location and dimensions, 119, 2. The northern section described, 119, 120. 3. Its central zone, 120. 4. The southern portion of Chile, 120. III. Mineral productions, 120, 121. 1. The nitrate of soda deposits ; description, 120, i2X. 2. Products of the mine : copper, silver, etc., 121. IV. Agriculture ; fruits ; wool and hides, 121. V. Industries of Chile, 121, 122. 1. The protective system and factories, 121. 2. Present manufactures, 121, 122. VI. Commerce of the republic, 122. 1. Its character, 122. 2. Chilean ports, 122. 3. Imports and nationalities engaged, 122. VII. Populations of Chile, 122, 123, 1. Principal cities, 122. 2. Races : pcones, foreign colonists, 122, 123. 232 ANALYTICAL INDEX VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. Government, of the republic, 123-125. 1. Its character, 123. 2. Congress : branches and membership, 123, 3. Right of suffrage ; ballot, 123. 4. The parliamentary system, 124. 5. President and Council of State, 124. 6. The Judiciary, 124. 7. Provincial intendants and governors, 124. 8. Centralization of power, 124, 125. 9. Government ownership of telegraphs and railways, 135. 10. Navy and fortified ports, 125. 11. Civil list and its effect on business and finance, 125. Education, lower and higher, 125, 126. I. Schools and university, 125, 126. 3. Special schools, public and private, 126. Societies and institutes, 126. Eleemosynary institutions, 126. 1. Their variety and character, 126. 2. Effect on private benevolence, 126. Santiago, the Pearl of the Andes, 127, 128. I. Setting of the city, 127. 3. Nearer views of Santiago, 127, 128, 3. Its elevation and water supply, 128. 4. A great social and residential centre, 128. 5. Its history, 128. History of Chile, 128-130. 1. Diego Almagro's coming, 128, 129. 2. Settlements under Pedro Valdivia, 129. 3. Colonists and the aboriginal Araucanians, 129. 4. Incentives to freedom, 129. 5. Freedom won, 129, 130. (1) Story of the struggle, 129, 130. 6. The building of the nation, 130. Chilean social life, 130, 131. 1. Winter enjoyments and activities, 130, 131. 2. Social life in summer, 131. Literature and art, 131, 132. 1. Periodical publications, 131. 2. Books ; number and character, 131. 3. Art galleries and artists, 131, 132. Politics in Chile, 132, 133. 1. Spaniards lacking in combination ; results, 13a. 2. The clerical party and its aims, 132. 3. Objects of the liberal party, 132. 4. The Spanish theory of government, 132, 133. 5. Chile's comparative freedom from revolutions, 133. 6. Evils arising from the clerical party, 133. Religion and morals, 133-136. 1. Early character of South American religion, 133, 134. 2. Its leading tenets, 134. 3. The fruits of Romanism, 134-136. (i) It divorces morals and religion, 134 (2) Other fruits, 135. (3) Favors ignorance, 135. (4) Looseness of marriage ties ; re- form laws, 135, 136. 4. Hierarchy of the State Church, 136. Protestant missionary work, 136-139. 1. The two leading Boards, 136, 137. (i) Presbyterians, 136. (2) Methodists, 137. (3) Literature and force of the two societies, 137, (4) Self-support and progress, 137. 2. Activities of other societies summarized, 137, 138. 3. Temperance agitation, 138. (3) Prominent heroes, 130. ANALYTICAL INDEX 4. Mission to the Araucanians, 138, 139. (i) The Indians described, 138. (2) South American Missionary Soci- ety's work ; Canada's honorable share in it, 138, 139. CHAPTER VII THE LAND OF THB INCAS I. A bit of Inca history, 143-146. 1. Extent of the Empire, 143. 2. Its two ancient capitals, 143. 3. The Inca court, 143. 4. Early history of the Empire, 143, 144. (i) Its lack of homogeneity, 143, 144. (2) Two dominant tribes, 144. (•3) The Inca race, 144. 5. Inca religion, 144, 145. (i) Its gods and temples, 144. (2) The Sun, 145. 6. The first Inca and his successors, 145. 7. Character of Inca civilization, 145, 146. 8. Effect of three centuries of oppression, 146. II. Peculiar dilhculties encountered by missions, 146-149. 1. Priestcraft, 147. 2. Power of the sword, 147. 3. Resulting demoralization, 147. 4. Incaism, and its present traces, 147, 5. Pre-Incan idolatry, 147. 6. Present lack of population, 147, 148. 7. Meagre immigration, 148. 8. Religious liberty greatly restricted, 148. 9. Scholasticism's blessing and bane, 148, 149. 10. Lack of extended evangelization, 149. III. Successful beginnings, 149-157. 1. Supposedly impenetrable regions entered, 149-151. (1) J. Mongiardino, 149, 150. (2) Unsuccessful attempts, 150. (3) Mr. Milne's party, 150. (4) The tour of 1884, 150, 151. 2. Occupation of strategic points hitherto luitenahle, 151-154. (i) Peru : Lima, C'allao, etc., 151 ; successful lines, 151, 152; Methodist school work, 152 ; Cuzco workers, 152, 153; Adventists, 153; independent laborers, 153; American Bible Society, 153; Woman's Society, M. E. Church, 153, 154; Plaza of Inquisi- tion headquarters, 154. (2) Ecuador, 154. (3) Bolivia, 154. 3. Regeneration of heart and life, 154, 155. 4. Development of workers, 155. 5. Tendency toward revivals, 155. (1) Caliao revival in 1897, 155. (2) Later it will aflfect Spaniards, 155. 6. Disappearance of legal difficulties, 155, 156. 7. A glorious outlook, 156, 157. IV. An appeal to women, 157-159. 1. Romantic history of Incaria, 157. 2. Priestly subjugation of womanhood, 157, 158. 3. Protestantism afforded no relief, 158. 4. Iniquity of the confessional, 158. 5. Hopeless condition of these three lands, 158, 159. 6. Women superior to men in this field, 159. 7. Woman's work, consequently, most advantageous, 159. CHAPTER VIII COLOMBIA I. The aboriginal Indians, 163, 164. 1. The Aruhacas and Catholic missions, 163, 2. How to reach the Indians, 163, 164. 3. Their customs described, 164. ANALYTICAL INDEX II. The pioneers and founding of Protestant missions, 164, 165. III. Recent efforts in Colombia, 165-169. 1. Presbyterians in Bogota, 165, 166. (i) Reinforcements and death, 165, 166. (2) Bogota described, 166. 2. Southern Presbyterians, 166, 167. (i) In Barranquilla, 166. (2) Mr. Erwin's labors, 166, 167. 3. Northern Presbyterians in Barranquilla, 167, 168. 4. Their labors in Medellin, 168, i6g. 5. American Bible Society's work in Bucaramanga, 169. 6. Itinerants of the Methodist Church, 169. IV. Most effective forms of effort, 169, 170. 1. Day- and boarding-schools, 169, 170, 2. Evangelistic touring, 170. (i) Its character, 170. (2) Its success, 170. V. Some Colombian converts, 170-172. 1. Doctor Heraclio Osoona, 170, 171. 2. Juan Cortez, 171. 3. Rev. Manuel Ferrando, 171. 4. Esteer Garcia, 171, 172. 5. General characterization of converts, 172. VI. Main results of mission work in Colombia, 172, 173. CHAPTER IX VENEZUELA I. Venezuela's area and population, 177. II. Its discovery and history, 177, 178. 1. Discovery and naming, 177. 2. Sketch of Venezuelan history, 177, 178. III. Cosmopolitan character of the population, 178, 179, 1. The Indians, 178. 2. The Spaniards, 178. 3. So-called Venezuelans, 178, 179. IV. Venezuelan homes, 179-181. 1. Caracas, the main centre, 179. 2. Its residences described, 180. 3. Interior views, 180. 4. Surroundings of missionary homes, 180,181. 5. The one thing lacking, 181. V. Beginnings of Protestant effort, 181-183. 1. The first workers and church, 181, 182. 2. Emilio Silva Bryant, 1S2, 183. VI. Present missionary operations, 183-188. 1. Presbyterian work, 183, 184. (i) Rev. Mr. Ferrando, 183. (2) Present status, 183, 184. 2. Christian. and Missionary Alliance, 184, 185. (i) In Caracas, 184, 185. (2) In La Guaira, 185. 3. Work of the Brethren, 185, 186. (0 Mr. Mitchell's tours, 185, (2) His testimony, 185, 186. (3) In Valencia, 186. 4. South American Evangelical Mission, 187, 5. Independent work, 187. 6. Character of Protestant efforts, 187, 188. VII. Elements in the contest, 188-190. 1. Day of small things, 188. 2. Essentials most needed, 188, 189. 3. Greatest hindrances, 189, 190. (i) Immorality, 189. (2) Poverty, 189. (3) Foreign examples, 189, 190. 4. Venezuela's hope for the future, 190. 235 ANALYTICAL INDEX VIII. Points common to Colombia and Venezuela, 190-194. 1. Summary statements, igo. 2. Importance of evangelizing these lands ; methods, 190, 191. 3. Kind of candidates desired, 191, 192. 4. Home life of the missionaries, 192, 193. 5. A Macedonian cry, 193, 194. CHAPTER X SOUTH AMERICA AS A MISSION FIELD L South America's physical development, 197-200. 1. Proportion of surface available for dense population, 197. 2. Sparsely populated area suited for immigration, 197. 3. Accessibility to immigrants, 197, 198. (i) Its coasts, 197. (2) River navigation, 198. (3) Railways, 198. 4. Welcome accorded European home-seekers, 198. (i) North America and South compared, 198. (2) South America de- sirous of immigrants, 198. 5. Akin to the United States, 198, 199. (i) In physical conditions, 198, 199. (2) In climate, 199. (3) In re- sources, 199. 6. Consequent results, 199, 200. (i) Emigration turning to South America, 199. (3) Soon will receive millions from Europe, 199. (3) This increase will be luiprc- cedentedly rapid, 199, 200. (4) Will probably surpass other continents as receiver to virgin soil of Europeans, 200. II. South America's moral development, 200-203. 1. Moral homogeneity in all parts, 200, 201. 2. Kinship among all its nations, 201. (i) Common traditions, aspirations and tendencies, 201. (2) Character of uniting bond, 201. 3. All-prevailing aspiration to imitate the United States, 2or, 202. (i) Particulars in which they have done this, 201. (2) Differences, 201, 202. 4. Freedom from Old World domination, 202. (i) South America the freest continent, 202. (2) This freedom vitir ated, 202. 5. Possibilities resulting from this moral and political status, 202, 203. (i) South America oflfers largest field for future moral movements ; illus- trations ; favoring circumstances, 202, 203. (2) Possibly the best field for developing moral characteristics of the United States, 203. (3) Must ultimately stand as larger half of New World humanity, 203. III. South America's moral drawbacks, 203-210. 1. Deleterious influences of the priesthood, 203-205. (i) Some instances, 203, 204. (2) Character of the priests, 204, 203. (3) Pope Leo's Encyclical, 205, 2. Evils due to the sword, 205, 206. (i) Revolutions, 205. (2) International wars, 206. (3) Share in these of the priests, 206. (4) Example of great contrarieties, 206. 3. Peculiar forms of demoralization, 206, 2oy. (i) Civil wars, 206. (2) Perverted patriotism, 206. (3) Despotism, 206. (4) Servility and unbelief, 207. 4. Supposed remedies for moral defects ineffective, 207, 208. (i) Good constitutions ineffective, 207. (2) Failure of law, 207. (3) Immigration morally ineffective, 207. (4) All these a help but not a cure, 207, 208. 5. Exclusion of the one thing needful, 208, 209. (i) Practical paganism prevalent, 208. (2) Worse off than pagans, 208. C3) Apathy of Protestantism, 208. (4) Reform from within desirable but not probable, 208, 209. 6. Synopsis of the moral situation, 209, 210. (i) Regeneration must come from without, 209. (2) South America at 236 ANALYTICAL INDEX the bottom of the moral scale, 209. (3) The two Americas a significant object lesson, 209. (4) South America to be tlie great battlefield of Romanism and Evangelical Christianitj', 209, 210. IV. North America's obligation to rescue, 210-212. 1. The continent nearest to North America, 210. 2. Influences from the United States peculiarly welcome, 210. 3. Europe leaving America for the Americans, 2x0, 4. I'he argument of achieved success, 211. (i) Initiative from without, 211. (2) Pioneering accomplished, 211. (3) Signs of future triumphs, 211. 5. Inferences from the above, 211, 212. (i) South America an excellent field for North American societies, 211. (2) The work to be done, 211, 212. V. Reflex influences from South American missions, 212-215. 1. On Catholic Europe, 212, 213. (i) Immigrants less subject to priests, 212. (2) Europeans less in- volved in politics, 212. (3) Best gospel workers are converted Europeans, 212. (4) Work for immigrants peculiarly urgent, 212. (5) Thej"- transmit the leaven to their European homes, 212. (6) Immigrants easier to reach in South America than at home, 212, 213. a. Reflex influence on the Latin race, 213, 214. (i) Argued from influence of Saxon America on Saxon Europe, 213. (2) Great future of Latin race will be in South America, 213. (3) Latin evangelization a related whole, 213. (4) This race has a new opportunity to retrieve their mistake at the Ref- ormation, 213. (5) If regenerated, the race would speedily rise, 214. (6) Mutual influences of the two Americas, 214. (7) Power of universal evangelization, 214. 3. Reflex influence on the Americo-European family, 214, 215. (i) South .A^merican Asiatic populations will not greatly increase, 214. {2) Nor will the Africans, 214. (3) Europeans' will fill up the continent, 214. (4) Two Americas and Europe the homes of European humanity, 214, 215. (5) Interplay of moral influ- ences will develop unity and homogeneity, 215. (6) Vantage ground for a world-embracing missionary movement, 215. 237 MAP INDEX This Index indicates the location on the map of the various mission stations, but it does more. Immediately following the name, enclosed within parentheses, is the population of the city or town except where it could not be obtained. When it is printed in black-faced type the figures were obtained from " Andree's Geographsches Handbuch " ; if in ordinary type, the information was found in "The Statesman's Year- book," or some other trustworthy source. The numbers following the parentheses indicate the society or societies having resident mission- aries there. The reader may learn the name of the societies correspond- ing to the numbers by reference to the society list in Appendix C, where the number stands at the left hand of each society. The final capital letter and number on the right of each town in the Index indi- cate the square on the map where the town is found, the capital letters being on the side margins of the map and the numerals on the top and bottom margins. Akkerboom, 28 B4 Albina, 28 B6 Albuoystown (in Georgetown), 11 B4 B5 Ambato, (10,000)— 19 C2 Angol, (6.^00)— 27 P'2 Anna Catherine, 36 British Guiana Anna Regina, 31 British Guiana Antofagasta, (13,000)— 27 E2 Araguary, 13 D5 Arghntink Republic, (4,573,608) — ^> 3> 7> '°> ^^> 16, 21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33- Asuncion, (4:6,000)— 16, 27 E4 Azul, (7,800) — 10, 21 F4 Bahia. (300,000)— 4, 10, 17 D6 Bahia Blanca, 32 F3 Barranquilla, (15,000)— 4 A2 Beekhuizen, 28 B6 Bergendal, 28 B6 Berseba, 28 B6 Beterverwachting, 28 B5 Bethvenwagting, 31 British Guiana Better Hope (translation of Beterver- wachting), 18 B5 Bogota, (96,000)— 4 B2 Bolivia, (2,000,000) — 15, 16, 32, Brazil, (14,333.915)— i, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13, 16, 17, 23, 26, 27, 32. British Guiana, (286,222)— 8, 11, 12, 16, 18, 20, 28, 30, 31. Bucaramanga, (11,000)— i B2 Buenos Aires, (745,000)— i, 3, 11, 16, 24, 27, 29, 30, 33 F4 Cabacaburi, 31 B5 Callao, (35,000)— 22, 27 D2 Campinas, (18,000) — 13 Es Campos, (40,000)— 17 Es Caracas, (7?2,000)— 4. 10, ii A3 Carolina, 32 C5 Cartagena, (9,700)— 33 A2 Castro, 4 E4 Catharina Sophia, 28 B6 Caxias, (10.000) — 13 C5 Charlottenburg, 28 B6 Chile, (2,712,145)— 3. 4, 10, i6, 27, 33. Chilian, (39,000)— 4 F2 Cholchol, 33 F2 Colombia, (4,000,000) — i, 4, 35. Colon, (1,500)— 35 B2 Combe (in Paramaribo), 28 B4 B6 Concepcion, La, (40,000)— 27 F2 Concordia, (11,500) — 27 F4 Copiapo, (9,300)— 4 E2 Coquimbo, (8,400)— 27 F2 Cordoba, (48,000)— 11, 32 F3 Coronel Suarez. 29 Argentine Republic Cuenca, (30,000)— 27 C2 Ciudad Bolivar, (11,000)— 32, 34 B3 Curitiba, (25,000)— 4 E5 Cuzco, (83,000)— 29 D2 Diamante, (2,000) — 16 F3 Domburg, 28 B6 Dutch Guiana, (65,168)— 16, 28. Ebenv Point, ii British Guiana Ecuador, (1,271,861)— 8, 16, lo. Essequibo, 12 British Guiana 238 MAP INDEX Falkland Islands, (2,050) — 33. Feira de St. Anna, 4 D6 Florianopolis (Desterro), (31,000) -4 Es Fortaleza, (4:1,000) — 13 C6 French Guiana, (33,300). Friendship, 12 British Guiana Garanhuns, (see Canhotinho), 13 C6 Georgetown, (56,000) — ii, 12, 16, 28. 31 B4 B5 Goed Fortuin, 12 British Guiana Graham's Hall, 28 B5 Groot Chatillon, 28 B6 Guayaquil, (51,000)— 19, 27 C2 Heerendyk, 28 B6 Helena, 18 B5 Huacho, (5,000) — 14 D2 Iquique, (33,000)— 27 E2 Juiz de Fora, (15,000)— 5 E5 Keppel, 33 H4 Kwattahede, 28 B6 La Concepcion, (40,000)— 27 F2 La Paz, (40,000)— 15 D3 La Plata, (65,000) — 10 F4 I,arangeiras, (3,000) — 4 D6 La Serena, (16,000)— 27 E2 Las Flores, 29 F4 Las Garzas, 16 Argentine Republic Lavras, 13 E5 Leliendal, 28 B6 Lima, (105,000)— 11, 14, 16, 27 D2 Lomas de Zamora (^ La Paz), (7,000) -27 F4 Machala, (3,000) — 27 C2 Mahaica, 12 65 Maranhao, (39,000)— 13 C5 Marianna, 5 E5 Maripaston, 28 B6 Medellin, (37,000)— 4 B2 Mendoza, (39,000)— 27 F3 Mercedes, (9,500) — 27 F4 Montevideo, (361,000)— 3, 11, 27, 30 F4 Moruka, 31 B4 B5 Natal, (14,000)— n C6 New Amsterdam, (9,000)— 12, 16, 24, 31 B4 B5 Nickerie, 28 B4 B6 Nictheroy, (36,100) — 6 E5 Nova Friburgo, 4 E5 Olavarrja, (2,000) — 10 F3 Oreala, 31 B5 Oruro, (15,000)— 15 D3 Ouro Preto, (aa,000)— 6 E5 Panama, (^5,000)- 35 B2 Para, (65,000)— 17, 27 Cs Paraguay, (730,000) — 16, 27, 33. Parahyba, (40,000)— 13 C6 Paramaribo, (589,000)- 16, 24, 28 B4B6 Passa Tres, 6 E5 Paysandu, 30 F4 Pelotas, (33,000)— 2 F4 Pernambuco, (190,000)— 6, 13, 17 C6 Peru, (4,609,999) — 14, 16, 22, 27, 29 Petropolis, (12,000) — 5 E5 Piracicaba, (5,000) — 5 Es Plaisance, 31 British Guiana Porto Alegre, (55,000)— 2, 16, 27 E4 Potribo, 28 B6 Queenstown, II Bs Quepe, 33 F2 Quito, (80,000)— 10, 19, 27 C2 RiBEiRAO Preto, (8,000) — 5 E5 Rio de Janeiro, (533,651)— i, 5, 6, 7, 16, 17, 23 Es Rio Grande do Sul, (21,000) — 2, 16 F4 Rosario, (94,000)— 3, 7. 27, 33 F3 Rust en Vrede (in Paramaribo), 28 B4B6 Rust en Werk, 28 B6 St. Andrews, 16 Colombia Salem, 28 B6 Salto, (13,000)— 30 F4 San Bernardo, (5,200) — 10 F2 San Felipe, (11,300)— 27 F2 Santa Maria da Bocca do Monte, 2 E4 Santa Rosa, (3.000) — 27 C2 Santiago, (356,000)— 4, 27 F2 Sao Joao d'El Rei, (8,000) — 13 Es Sao Paulo. (100,000)— 4, 5, 13, 17 E5 Suhin Station, 33 E4 Talca. (33,000)— 4 F2 Tekenika, 33 H3 Temuco, (4.000) — 27 Fz Trujillo, (11,000)— 29 C2 Tumbez, (3,300)— 27 Ci Uruguay, (840,725)— j, ii, 16, 27, 30. USHUAIA, 33 H3 Valdivia, (^,700) — 10 F2 Valencia, (39,000)— 11 A3 Valparaiso, (133,000)— 3, 4, 16, 27 F2 Venezuela, (2,444,816)—!, 4, 10, II, 32, 34. Victoria, 32 A3 Waikthlatingmangyalwa, 33 E4 Waini, 31 British Guiana Wanhatti, 28 B6 Wanica (in Paramaribo), 28 B4 B6 Warraputa, 31 B5 Waterloo, 28 B6 Date Due ir^O % 4 iy!r ^ n - -ftrr!^ fk. *