INTO ALL THE WORLD JkTAMOS R.WELLS 'i^^ * DEC 15 1906 * ^ BV 2063 .W444 1903 Wells, Amos R. 1862-1933 Into all the world ^ THE FORWARD MISSION STUDY COURSE " Anywhere, prmidcd it be FORWARD." — David Livingstone. Edited by S. EARL TAYLOR and AMOS R. WELLS, as a committee of the interdenominatioiiat Young People's Missionary Movement. The following comprehensive series of text-books has been arranged for, each by a writer especially qualified to treat the topic assigned him. For the more important countries two books will be written, one a general survey of missionary history in the land, together with an ac- count of the people and their surroundings ; the second a series of biographies of five or six leading missionaries to that country. INTRODUCTION. Into All the World. A First Book of Foreign Missions. By Amos R. Wells. Published. CHINA. General Survey. By Rev. Arthur H. Smith, D.D., missionary in Peking and well-known author. To be published September, igoj. Biographical. Princely Men in the Heavenly Kingdom. By Harlan P. Beach, M. A , F. R. G. S., Educational Secretary of the Student Volunteer Movement and author of a number of most valuable books; a former missionary in China. To be published September, igo^. AFRICA. General Survey. By Bishop Hartzell, in charge of the Methodist missions in Africa. Biographical. The Price of Africa. By S. Earl Taylor, Chairman of the General Missionary Committee of the Epworth League. Published. INDIA. General Survey. By Bishop Thoburn, the distinguished missionary to India. Nearly ready. Biographical. By William Carey, English Baptist missionary to India, great-grandson of the famous missionary pioneer. THE ISLANDS. General Survey. By Assistant-Secretary Hicks, of the American Board. Biographical. By S. Earl Taylor. JAPAN. General Survey and Biographical. By Rev. J. H. Deforest, D. D., a well-known missionary to Japan. PERSIA. General Survey and Biographical. By Robert E. Speer, Presbyterian Foreign Mission Secretary and author of many valuable books. SOUTH AMERICA. General Survey and Biographical. An- nouncement later. KOREA. General Survey and Biographical. By Rev. H. G. Underwood, D. D., missionary pioneer in Korea. TURKEY. General Survey and Biographical. By Rev. E. E. Strong, D. D., Editorial Secretary of the American Board. EUROPE. General Survey and Biographical. By Bishop Vin- cent, at the head of Methodist missions in Europe. EGYPT. General Survey and Biographical. Announcement later. BURMA AND ?^IAM. General Survey and Biographical. By Rev. Edward Judson, D. D., son of the great pioneer mis- sionary to Burma. HOME MISSIONS will not be in the least neglected. A full and elaborate set of text-books is proposed, covering in successive volumes by specialists the Indians, Negroes, Mormons, Moun- taineers, Chinese, and other foreigners among us, and our Island Possessions. Dr. J. M. Buckley will write one of the vol- umes. Detailed announcement will soon be made. A JUNIOR COURSE is also proposed, and one or two text-books will soon be announced. These books are published by mutual arrangement among the denominational publishing houses involved. They are bound uniformly, and are sold for 50 cents, in cloth, and 35 cents, in paper. Study classes desiring more elaborate text- books are referred to the admirable series published by the inter- denominational committee of the Woman's Boards. The volumes already published are : Via Christi, by Louise Manning Hodgkins. A study of mis- sions before Carey. Lux Christi, by Caroline Atwater Mason. A study of mis- sions in India. A text-book on missions in China, by Dr. Arthur H. Smith, — a more difificult volume than the one he is preparing for the Forward Mission Study Course. KEY TO THE FOLLOWING MAP Showing ichere the icorld's great missionaries labored 1. Carey. 47. Hepburn. 99. J. C. Hill. 2. Heber. 48. Brown. 100. Rankin. 3. buff. 49. Verbeck. 101. Riley. 4. Marty n. 50. Neesima. 102. Stephens. 5. J. C. Lowrie. 51. Goble. 103. Westrup. 6. Butler. 52. Greene. 104. Butler. 7. Swain. 53. Bingham. 105. King. 8. Hall. Nott. .54. Thurston. Robertson. Newell. 55. Coan. J.H.Hill. Rice. 56. John Williams. 106. Prettyman. 9. Ramabal. 57. Cross. Long. 10. Clough. 58. Cargill. 107. Clark. 11. Ziegenbalg. .59. Hunt. 108. Cote. 12. Swartz. 60. Calvert. G. B. Taylor. 13. Juclson. 61. Marsden. 109. Vernon. 14. Boardiiian. 62. Selwyn. Burt. 15. Gutzlaff. 63. Patteson. 110. W. H. Gulick. 16. McGilvary. 64. Geddie. 111. McAll. 17. Perkins. 65. Inglis. 112. Chase. Grant. 66. Baton. Willmarth. 18. Fiske. 67. L. H. GiUick. 113. Sears. 19. Fisk. 68. Sturges. Oncken. Parsons. 69. Snow. 114. Nast. 20. Smith. 70. Logan. Jacoby. 21. W. M. Thomson. 71. Macfarlane. 115. Willerup. 22. Goodell. 72. Chalmers. 116. Wiberg. 23. Schauffler. 73. Lyman. 117. Larsson. 24. Riggs. 74. Munson. 118. Petersen. 25. Hamlin. 75. Dober. 119. Egede. 26. Falconer. 76. Coke. 120. Stach. 27. French. 77. Austin. 121. Schmidt. 28. Cant in e. 78. Dahne. 122. Vauderkemp. Zwemer. 79. Hartmanu. 123. Moffat. 29. Annie R. Taylor. 80. Boles. 124. W. Taylor. 30. Rijnhart. 81. Spaulding. 125. Richards. 31. Morrison. 82. Simonton. 126. Guinness. W. Milne. 83. Chamberlain. 127. Wilson. 32. Medhurst. 84. Wood. 128. Good. 33. Bridgman. 85. Grubb. 129. Crowther. 34. Ashmore. 86. J. F. Thomson. 130. Bowen. 35. Abeel. 87. Goodfellow. 131. Lott Carey. 36. G. H. Mackay. 88. Gardiner. 1.32. Cox. 37. J. H. Taylor. 89. Trumbull. 133. Seys. 38. Burns. 90. W. Taylor. 134. Payne. 39. W. Lowrie. 91. A. M. Milne. 135. Gobat. 40. Nevius. 92. Mongiardino. 136. Krapf. 41. Mackenzie. 93. Penzotti. 137. A. Mackay. 42. IVfurray. 94. Jarrett. 138. Hannington. 43. Gilmour. 95. Peters. 139. H. P. Parker. 44. Allen. 96. Pratt. 140. Pilkington. 45. Xavier. 97. Erwin. 141. Lull. 46. C. M. Williams. 98. Bryant. 142. Livingstone. (^■^ -t \ Wi \^ ^^'i^. ■ chow '7 aI'^\AN(^ .^:t5- .*^ ^^^v f c!;#^io ^s f /mc s X i^i ^l- -J^^ CI K, Athmore \v Boards and Missionaries IN CHINA Northern Methodists are working at Foochow, and inland in Fuhkien ; at Nanking in Kiangsu ; in Shantung and Peking ; and in Szchuen province of West China. The Northern Baptists have missions in South China, the oldest being at Swatow, where the veteran Dr. William Ashmore has toiled so long and ably ; in East China (Ningpo and vicinity) ; in Central China (Hupeh prov- ince) ; and in West China (Szchuen province). 7he Southern Presbyterian missions begin at Hangchow, and 82 Into All the World extend northward through Kiangsu along the Grand Canal. The Southern Methodists labor at Shanghai and the region around, where also the Southern Baptists work, the other fields of the latter denomination centering at Canton in the south and ^^Shantung province in the north. The Cmiadian Presbyterians^ in addition to their famous work in Formosa, are at work in Shanghai, Macao, and the inland province of Honan. The Canadia?i Methodists have two stations in the western frontier prov- ince, Szchuen. The work of the Reformed Church in America is grouped around Amoy, where Dr. Abeel founded the mission in 1842, and where Mr. Pohlman erected probably the first church building in China for Chinese worshippers only. The remaining American missions in China are those of the Friends in Nanking, the Episcopalians in Shanghai and Hankow, the Ch?'istian and Missionary Alliance in the south (centering at Macao) and in Central China (Wuhu), the Seventh Day Baptists in Shanghai, the Cumberland Presbyterians in Hunan, and the Disciples of Christ in Nanking, Shanghai, and the regions around. XI. KOREA KOREA, "the Land of the Morning Calm," has an area of 84,000 square miles, about the area of Minnesota or Kansas. The population, however, is about twelve million, equal to the combined population of New York and Illinois. It is an agricultural country, with mineral resources little developed. Castes are almost as numerous as in India. The people are largely Confucians, worshippers of ancestors and of demons. The shamans, or devil doctors, are numbered by the thousand, and wield a terrible influence. CATHOLIC MISSIONS in Korea have a history full of splendid deeds. " The Hermit Land " first received the light of Christianity, though a dim reflection only, through a Korean student named Stonewall, who chanced to meet, in 1777, some Jesuit books in the Chinese language. The new truths spread, and a strange church was formed merely from books. This infant church re- fused to worship ancestors — a doctrine which led to bitter persecution and martyrdom. Hearing of the groping Christians in Korea, the Cath- olic church in Peking attempted to send them teachers. The first to penetrate beyond the forbidden frontier was a young Chinese priest, Jacques Tsiu, who reached Seoul in 1794. The three Korean Christians who guided him 83 84 Into All the World -1777. Stonewall. -1793. Carey in India. -1794. Tsiu. -1807. Morrison in China. -1813. Judson in Burma. -1819. Fisk in Syria. -1828. Gutzlaffin Siam. -1831. Goodettin Turkey. -1833. Perkins in Persia. -1835. Maibant. -1845. Kim. -1866. Catholics banished. -1873. Ross. -1884. Allen. -1885. Underwood. Appcnzeller. -1886. Falconer in Arabia. -1894. Chino-Japanese War -1896. Reid. MISSION History in Korea. were seized, their knees crushed, their arms and legs dislocated, and when they refused to betray him, they were beheaded. Tsiu re- mained in hiding till i8oi, and then, to prevent further persecu- tion of his friends, he gave him- self up, at the age of thirty-two, and was beheaded. Still the church grew, and sent messages to the outer world be- seeching instruction. The first French Catholic missionary to reach Seoul, Pierre Maibant, crawled under walls through water drains. That was in 1835. ^^^ next came in disguise as a Korean widower in mourning. In 1845 Andrew Kim, a Korean who knew absolutely nothing of navigation, brought a shapeless junk across the sea to Shanghai and carried back some French priests. He himself soon after suffered martyr- dom. Terrible persecutions were bravely endured. One Korean Christian, sixty-one years old, after long torture was laid on the icy ground at night, and water thrown over his naked body till he was encased in a tomb of ice, where he died, still calling upon the name of Jesus. By 1861 there were said Korea 85 to be 18,000 Catholic Christians in the forbidden land, and they began to proclaim their religion more boldly. But in 1866, when pressure from foreign nations began to force the hermit nation open to the world, a fierce assault was made upon Christianity, all the foreign priests were slain or banished, and the same fate was meted out to thousands of native converts. CHINA, the traditional overlord of Korea, at length, taught by its own bitter experience, advised the " Hermit Nation " no longer to struggle against the inevitable, but to throw open its doors to foreign commerce. The United States in 1882 was the first to seize this opportunity, and effected a treaty, other nations quickly following. These treaties recognize Korea as a state independent of China, and when China in 1894 insisted upon her ancient sovereignty in Korea, the Chino-Japanese war followed, thoroughly proving the immense superiority of Japan's new western civilization, and thoroughly humili- ating China. The result was the cession of Formosa to Japan, and the giving of a modern constitution to Korea. Under this new order Protestant Christianity is making rapid progress. THE UNITED PRESBYTERIAN missionaries from Scot- land, led by Dr. John Ross, and working from near-by Manchuria, began as early as 1873 to labor along the border of Korea, and Dr. Ross and Mr. Webster even penetrated the country at the north, risking their fives, and baptized eighty-five men. DR. H. N. ALLEN, of the Northern Presbyterian Church, was the first Protestant missionary to reside in Korea, being sent there on the earnest invitation of a Korean 86 Into All the World Christian named Rijutei in 1884. For his safety he was made physician to the United States Legation. Soon he had an opportunity to tend the wounds of Prince Min Yong Ik, severely injured in an anti-Japanese revolt, and by his skill, so superior to that of the native sur- geons, whose wisest proposal was to pour wax into the wounds, he won so great a reputation that the govern- ment placed him in charge of a hospital. HORACE G. UNDERWOOD, D. D., a Northern Presbyte- rian, was the first Protestant minister to reach Korea. He arrived in 1885, and performed the first baptism in 1886. He has become a great leader in the system of self-supporting mission work for which Korea is now noted. No Korean is thought fit for church-membership unless he is vigorously engaged in propagating the gospel. The strong churches send out from one to four home missionaries. The people are required to build their own churches with their own hands, and to pay for medi- cines in the hospitals. Practically all the Protestant churches in Korea — about two hundred — are self-sup- porting, and their members, out of their great poverty, contribute to the work an average of more than $ 1 1 a year. The converts come at the rate of a hundred a month. REV. H. G. APPENZELLER and William B. Scranton, M. D., the first missionaries of the Northern Methodists, reached Korea a short time after Dr. Underwood. They began work at Seoul, and the school they established received its name from the emperor himself : " Hall for Rearing Useful Men." This institution is a power for good throughout the kingdom. The Methodists have also established a very influential publishing-house. Korea 87 The Southern Methodists began work in 1896, their first missionary being C. F. Reid, D. D. They labor in the closest union with the Northern Methodists. The same fellowship is manifested by the four Presbyterian bodies — the Northern Presbyterians, the Australian Pres- byterians, who arrived in 1889, the Southern Presby- terians, who sent out six missionaries in 1892, and the Nova Scotian Presbyterians, who began work in 1897. Korea is a fine example of missionary comity, and the work is not allowed to overlap. XII. JAPAN JAPAN, Dai Nippon, " the Great Kingdom of the Ris- ing Sun," is perhaps the most fascinating of mission fields. The empire consists of five large islands and about two diousand small ones, occupying a vast space measuring learly three thousand miles wide and two thousand miles from north to south. The area, however, is only 150,000 square miles, less than that of California across the Pa- cific. The population is forty-four millions, not far from that of Great Britain, which it also resembles in area, enterprise, and naval destiny. These islands are volcanic, the renowned Mt. Fuji being perhaps the most beautiful mountain in the world. Japan is the earthquake centre of the globe. THE JAPANESE are a charming people, polite above other nations, possessors of keen intellects, ardent pa- triots, and honorers of women. Their chief faults are licentiousness, untruthfulness, dishonesty, and intemper- ance. The hairy race of Ainus at the north are different in many ways, and are probably the survivors of an aboriginal people. The Japanese language is one of the most difificult on earth. Their religions are Shintoism, the national faith, which is largely a worship of ancestors and of the emperor ; Confucianism, w^hich has a more healthful influence than in China ; Buddhism, whose 88 Japan 89 BN- BS- C CA- CC- CP- D- E- F FM MC MN- MP MS PC- PN PS- RA- UB- American Missions in Japan. -Baptists. North. -Bai)lists, South. -Conuifuatioual. -Christian and Missionary Alliauce -Cliristian Convention. -Cnmherlanc' r'reshyterian. -Disciples u . Christ. -Ei)iscoi)alian. -Friends. -Free Methodists. -Methodists of Canada. -Methodists. North. -Metliodist Protestants. -Metliodists, South. -i'rt'sbvterians of Canada. -I'i-esh> terians. Nortii. -Presl)\ terians. Soutli. -Reformed ('hnrch in America. -United Brethren. ^f^W^- AN Pi magnificent temples are found everywhere ; and some smaller sects whose doctrines serve as a preparation for Christianity. The Ainus worship fetiches. CATHOLIC MISSIONS in Japan were the last work of that able man, Francis Xavier. He reached Japan in 1549, ten years after the first European saw the countr) Thinly clad and barefoot, in the depth of winter, he jour neyed through the snow to the capital. After laboring with measurable success for two and a half years, he 90 Into All the World XAVIER or beheaded turned toward China, and died in 1552 off the coast of that inhospitable shore. The Jesuits rapidly grew in influence. They established a printing press and sent forth many books, but no Bibles. It is said that by 16 13 there were two hundred missionaries and two million con- verts. Soon after that date, however, a terrible persecution arose, thousands of Christians were imprisoned, tortured, exiled, In 1637 they made a last stand in Kiushiu, withstood a siege of two months, and at last, with the surrender of 27,000 prisoners, the Roman Church ceased in Japan, and the country for two centuries was closed to Christianity. The Dutch alone were permitted to live on a little island facing Nagasaki. They were not allowed to import Bibles or Christian books, and they could bring only one vessel a year from Europe. Japan- ese sailors, driven often out to sea and rescued by foreign ships, would not be received w^hen the for- eigners humanely tried to land them upon their native shores. Seven such waifs, reaching China, were sent back, together with the missionaries Giitzlaff and Williams, but their ship was fired upon and not permitted to land. The two missionaries learned the Japanese language from the men thus providentially brought to them, and prepared portions of Scripture ready for Japan when it should throw open -its doors. The treaty of Commodore Perry in 1854 and that of Townsend Harris in 1858 accom- plished this greatly desired result, and Yokohama and Nagasaki were opened to commerce and residence. Japan 91 THE FIRST PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES to enter the new field were Episcopalians, Rev. John Liggins and Rev. C. M. Williams. The latter after- wards became the first Bishop of Japan. Only a few months later came the Presby- terian, J. C. Hepburn, M. D., LL. D., whose great work was the preparation of the first Japanese and English dictionary. He was also the chairman of the international committee for the translation of the Bible, hepburn — a work completed in 1880. It was Dr. Hepburn who preached the first American sermon in Japan, the occa- sion being the discovery by a company of curious visiting officials of a picture of the crucifixion which they insisted upon having explained. It was in Dr. Hepburn's dispensary, in 1872, that the Urst church in Japan was organized. It consisted of nine young men and two older, all Japanese, and was called simply " The Church of Christ in Japan," refusing to accept any sectarian name. Indeed, above all other mission fields, the history of Protestantism in Japan has been free from the rivalries and animosities of denominationalism. In 1877 the six Presbyterian denominations working in Japan united in one church, which thus forms a powerful Protestant organization. In a similar way the various Methodist bodies are united, and the Episcopalian bodies also, while a committee on co-operation is now looking toward a union of all missionary forces. THE FIRST BAPTIST MISSIONARY to Japan was a seaman, Jonathan Goble, in Commodore Perry's expedi- tion of 1854, who returned home, told his experiences, 91 Into All the World and in i860 was sent out as the first Baptist missionary. Dr. Nathan Brown, who went out later, translated the New Testament into Japanese, having already performed the same service for the Assamese. Besides extensive missions in Japan proper, the Baptists carry on work in the Riukiu (Loochoo) Islands to the south. GUIDO FRIDOLIN VERBECK, a most important factor in the founding of New Japan, was born in Holland in 1830. He was turned toward missions by Giitzlaff and the Moravians, but first he had an expe- rience as civil engineer in the western United States which was a great advan- tage to him in after years. The influence of the Dutch and Ameri- cans in Japan made it most suitable that the pioneer missionary efforts should be VERBECK j^^^g i^y ^j^g Dutch Church in America (the Reformed Church in America, as it is now called), and Verbeck, "the Americanized Dutchman," was a most suitable pioneer. He set sail in 1859. In the meantime a noble Japanese, Murata, whose title was Wakasa no Kami, in the course of his duties as guard of Nagasaki harbor, found floating on the water one night a little Dutch New Testament. What he learned of the beautiful contents filled him with so great longing to know more that he sent a man to China to procure a Chinese translation. When he heard of Verbeck's arrival, he sent his brother to learn about the Bible, and this brother, with one other young man, made up Verbeck's first class. Placards all over Japan offered large rewards for information concerning those that might teach or study Japan 93 the prohibited religion. Murata and his brother and another relative were the first whom Verbeck baptized — in 1866, and they were the first Japanese converts to Protestantism, Gradually a school of Japanese young men grew around Verbeck in Nagasaki, and afterward he became organizer of the Imperial University^ at Tokyo, receiving from the Emperor a badge of honor which saved his life at one time when he was assailed by a mob. At first the missionaries had to grope after the lan- guage with no aids whatever. " I have found the future tense ! " cried one of them one day in great excitement. Verbeck became a wonderful master of Japanese, and his translations were remarkable. His evangelistic labors, his long service of thirty-eight years, and his training of many of the most eminent men in modern Japan, won for him a mighty and glorious influence, and when he died, in 1898, the Emperor himself did honor to his memory. SAMUEL ROBBINS BROWN was the son of a mother full of the missionary spirit, the author of the beautiful hymn, " I love to steal awhile away." A Yankee school-teacher, he became an edu- cational pioneer in China. Within twelve days from his summons by the American Board, he obtained the consent of his betrothed, was married, gave up his teach- ing, and set sail, reaching Macao early in > TT 11 r , ^^ ■ BROWN 1839. ^^ took charge of the Morrison School at Hong Kong, the first Christian school in China. It was he, also, who first persuaded young men of China to go to the United States for an education. 94 Into All the World His wife's failing health compelled Dr. Brown to return home in 1847, and while here he became a pioneer in the higher education of women. When nearly fifty, under the Reformed Church in America, he took up entirely new work in Japan, going out in 1859, a pioneer missionary of his church. Making his first home in a Buddhist temple at Kanagawa, he became, through a serv- ice of two decades, an important factor in the making of new Japan, founding a theological seminary in his own house, aiding in translating the Bible, and inducing the Japanese government to send young princes for education to America. " If I had a hundred lives," he often said, *' I would give them all for Japan." JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA was born in 1843 of Shin- toist parents, his father being a teacher of penmanship. A boy of fifteen, Neesima observed that the gods did not eat the food placed be- fore them, and henceforth ref.;M,d to wor- ship them. One day at school he caught sight of a Dutch warship, v> hose beautiful proportions, contrasted with the clumsy native junks, were his first lesson in west- NEESiMA gj-n civilization. He came across Bridg- man's Chinese account of the United States, and a few- books teaching Christianity. God was revealed to him as his heavenly Father. He longed to know more of the wonderful land across the seas. Gaining permission to visit a seaport city in 1864, he managed to get passage to Shanghai. There he obtained a place on the American ship IVild Ro7'er, waiting on the table, and being called "Joe" — a name he retained. Arrived in Boston, he won the interest of the ship's Japan 95 owner, the noble Alpheus Hardy, whose name he added to his own. Mr. Hardy put him through Phillips Academy and Amherst College. He showed such ability that he visited Europe as assistant to the Japanese commissioner of education, and his reports became the foundation of Japan's present system of schools. In 1874 the American Board sent Neesima to Japan, and in 1875 he accompHshed the ambi- tion of his life through the open- ing of the Doshisha, the great Christian college, which started with eight pupils. He became its president, and raised it to the rank of a university. By ten years the eight scholars had become 230. His life was filled with self- denying efforts for his beloved country. " My heart burns for Japan," he wrote, " and I cannot check it." Worn out, he died in 1890, his last words being, " Peace — joy — heaven." A building capable of holding 3,000 persons had to be erected for his funeral. The procession was a mile and a half long, and in it — most significant of all — was a 1550- 1700- 1750- o 1850- K H < -1549. Xavier. — 1H37. Catholics expelled < < < o H P (Carey.) C {Morrison.'t (Judson.) W -1854. Perry. -1858. Harris, -1859. Williams. Hepburn. H Browai. ^aj Verbeck. The Pacific Islands 109 ages who had resolved to murder the missionaries, and Paton's little boy in some way got out of the house, and to his father's horror went right among the armed men, scolded them : " Naughty ! Naughty ! " and by his prattle won them to peace. Often they toiled in deep anguish, as when Paton and his wife were unable, through sickness, to move, and their baby died and was buried while they were in that sad plight, their other little children singing a hymn by the grave. But they had much to cheer them, as when the orphan children whom Paton tended, getting food after a time of famine, stood waiting with their eyes fixed eagerly upon it. " What are you waiting for ? " asked Paton. " For you to thank God for it, and ask His blessing on it." Now, through the labors of the missionary Watts, even Tanna has been won to Christ, and, largely through Paton's words and writings, heroic missionaries have changed the character of all the southern portion of the New Hebrides. AMERICAN MISSIONS in Oceania are carried on by the Congregationalists ; the Seventh-Day Adventists (Society Islands) ; the Episcopalians, who have begun work in Hawaii ; the Disciples of Christ (Hawaii and the Philip- pines), Methodists North (the Philippines), and the Presby- terians, Baptists, and United Brethren in the Philippines. The work in the Philippines, and present-day work in Hawaii, must be reserved for a home-mission study. HENRY OBOOKIAH, a dark-skinned boy, was found in 1809 weeping on the doorsteps of Yale College. He had drifted from the Sandwich Islands. He was longing for an education, and that the true religion should be carried to his native land. His pathetic story led to the mission- ary effort for Hawaii, which began on October 23, 18 19, no Into All the World when Hiram Bingham, Asa Thurston, three native Ha- waiians, and Americans of various trades, a party of seventeen, set sail from Boston for the Sandwich Islands. They were met, on landing, by the surprising story that a revolution had just overthrown the old heathen gods, and the land was without a religion. Then began one of the most wonderful triumphs of gospel history. The rulers became Christian. The Princess Kapiolani defied the crater goddess, Pele, hurling stones into the sacred lava, and worshipping the true God in the presence of the awe- struck idolaters. The horrible diseases which were des- troying the people were checked by forbidding the evil intercourse with foreign sailors — a step which often brought the missionaries in peril of their lives from the hands of angry Englishmen and Americans. TITUS COAN witnessed the chmax of Hawaiian mis- sions. He was a Connecticut farmer's boy who, after an experience in school-teaching, decided in his early manhood for the missionary calling. His first undertaking was a hazardous expedition, under the American Board, to Patagonia in 1834. He was captured by the savages, but fortunately escaped. In December of the same year coAN j^g gg|. g^-j £qj. ^i^g Sandwich Islands, and reached Honolulu after a voyage of six months around Cape Horn. From there he travelled about two hundred miles to his station, Hilo, on the largest island, Hawaii. The stupid captain lost his reckoning, returned to Hono- lulu and had to start over again. At the end of three months the young missionary preached his first sermon in the native language. Be- The Pacific Islands II /?- ^\ .o ^' I. "St Z O u"-" V ' Eisl ■~J :f'^ ^^ V «^CL ^»7 - ^ Sketch Map of Oceania, Showing the American Missions and Locations of Great Missionaries. 112 Into All the World fore the close of the year he had made on foot and by canoe the circuit of the island — three hundred miles. The world's greatest volcano has torn the island into many ravines most difficult to cross. There were no roads, nor horses, nor bridges. Mr. Coan crossed the tumultuous streams often at peril of his life. Sometimes the natives formed a chain of strong men across a river, and he made his way from one friendly support to the next. Sometimes a rope was thrown across, lassoing boughs on the opposite shore, and served as a stay in the dangerous transit. His ocean canoe trips around the island often brought him in perils of the deep. The fruit of his faithful and unwearied labors began to come in large abundance in 1836. Great numbers flocked around him. They would keep him till midnight preaching to them, and crowd the house again at cock- crowing. The villages begged for him. '' I preached in three of them before breakfast," he records. " When the meeting closed at one village, most of the people ran on to the next." Hilo was the centre of interest. Its population grew from 1,000 to 10,000. The old and the feeble were car- ried thither for fifty miles in litters. There was a two- year Pentecost. They built a meeting-house for 2,000 souls, and arranged that while one division of the people filled it for the sermon, the others should meet elsewhere and pray. Loud outcries, tremblings, swoonings, weep- ing, irresistibly burst in upon the preacher. Mockers were struck dumb and fell senseless. A vast tidal wave that swept away many houses and destroyed many lives deepened the impression. The more violent demonstra- tions were not encouraged by the missionaries, but could not be repressed. The Pacific Islands 113 The utmost care was taken to prove the people's sincerity before baptizing any of them. Nevertheless, before 1870, Mr. Coan had himself baptized and received into the church 1 1,960 persons. On the first Sabbath of July, 1838, occurred one of the happiest events since Pentecost — the baptism at one time by Mr. Coan of 1,705 tested converts. A great church was built, costing ^13,000, the natives making a dedication offering of $1,239 ^^^^ ^^^ structure might be dedicated free from debt. All the remainder of Mr. Coan's life was given to Hawaii. In 1882, when he was nearly eighty-two years old, he was stricken with paralysis during a revival into which he was throwing all his splendid enthusiasm, and thus passed away upon the battle-field. A MISSION CLOSED. — In 1863 Hawaii was recognized as a Christian nation, and the American Board handed over the work to the Hawaiian Evangelical Association, which, however, is largely maintained by the white people. The native Hawaiians have been splendid factors in the evangelization of the Marquesas, Marshall, and Gilbert Islands. The work in the first named was the result of the visit of a Marquesan chief w^ho went to Hawaii to beg that Christian teachers should be sent to his people also, and the Hawaiians gladly responded. The missionary work in Hawaii now carried on by the Hawaiian Associa- tion is among the natives and the imported foreign laborers — Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese. MICRONESIA was occupied by the American Board in 1852. sending L. H. Gulick, A. A. Sturges, and B. G. Snow, and two Hawaiians, all wdth their wives. They settled upon the islands of Kusaie and Ponape in the Carolines, 114 ^nto All the World and from there the work has spread to Ruk and other islands of the group, as well as throughout the neighbor- ing Gilbert and Marshall Islands. A great aid in this work has been the four Morning Stars and other vessels, many of them wrecked in those treacherous seas. The mission ship cruises among the islands, and gathers the natives to central schools in the various languages at Kusaie. All the missionary workers upon the Gilbert Islands are Hawaiians. ROBERT WILLIAM LOGAN was an Ohio boy who, after a service in the Civil War that cost him his health for life, went through a medical school, and in 1874 became a missionary of the Ameri- can Board to the Carolines. The new con- verts on Ponape, eager themselves to un- dertake mission work, had sent three men and their wives to introduce Christianity into the Mortlock Islands to the west. LOGAN They had succeeded marvellously, and five thousand had become Christians. Mr. Logan set himself to further this work with instruction and translation. On a hot, lonely island he was seized with a hemor- rhage of the lungs. The Morning Star was delayed. After long waiting, his noble wife placed him upon a little trading vessel, beneath an awning on the deck, and sat by the side of her uncomplaining husband all the long way to New Zealand. He lived, and returned to the island of Ruk, where Moses, a magnificent native, had begun a remarkable work, in the development of whicb Logan spent his strength till in 1887 he passed away, saying on his death- bed, " It is God's work, and it is worth all it costs." For The Pacific Islands 115 several years his heroic wife all alone kept up the work in that difficult and isolated field. In 1887 the Spaniards took possession of the Caroline Islands, sending a governor and six priests to Ponape. The missionary in charge was arrested on absurd charges and sent to Manila, but the governor there released him. In his absence the natives revolted from Spanish oppres- sion, and the missionaries, who tried to maintain peace, were banished, the mission property being destroyed. At the close of our war wdth Spain the Carolines were sold to Germany, who governs the neighboring Marshall Islands, and in 1900 the American missionaries returned to Ponape, being received cordially as the guests of the German governor. During the long interim, left entirely to themselves and under the urgent pressure of Catholi- cism, the native Christians had maintained their faith and their worship. The Germans have required the use of the German instead of the English language, but they agreed not to interfere with the missions. The disquieting news, however, has just reached this country to the effect that on pretence of seditious conduct the members of the graduating class of the training-school at Ruk have been seized and imprisoned. AUSTRALIA still contains about 28,000 aborigines, chiefly in Queensland. They are among the lowest of human races, and are rapidly disappearing, but ten mis- sionary societies are at w^ork to bring them to the Saviour, none of these being American. . NEW GUINEA is the world's largest island, wdth an area of 312,329 square miles, the Dutch owning the west- ern half, the Germans the northeastern quarter, and the English the southeastern quarter. There are 660,000 ii6 Into All the World natives, whose religion is very rudimentary, being a com- pound of spirit- worship and ancestor-worship. Though Dutch and German societies are at work, by far the most important missionary labors are those connected with the British portion, which were established in 187 1 by Dr. Macfarlane. The most distinguished missionaries have been Dr. W. G. Lawes, organizer of a notable missionary training-school, and Rev. James Chalmers. JAMES CHALMERS, the London Missionary Society's pioneer missionary to New Guinea, was a Scotch High- lander, born in 1841 — the son of a stone mason. The hardy lad was three times almost drowned, and when ten years old he made a wonderful rescue of another by his swimming. He was about fifteen when he heard of the gospel work among the Fijis, and, kneeling in a lonely place beside a wall, prayed God to make him a missionary. After work in the Glasgow slums and theological training — in the course of which he saved another life from drowning — on January 4, 1866, he sailed in the second John Will- iams for the South Seas. He reached Rarotonga, in the Cook Islands, after a voyage of seven months, after great hazards, the total wreck of the missionary ship, and rescue in a pirate vessel, over whose desperate captain Chalmers won great influence. For ten years "Tamate," as the na- tives called him — that being as near as they could get to "Chalmers" — lived at Rarotonga, teaching school, fighting strong drink, and training up a large company of heroic native Christians, who became his beloved and trusted assistants in New Guinea, dying there, many of them, for their Saviour. The Pacific Islands 117 But the missionary's vigorous spirit chafed in the quite civilized Cook Islands, and in 1877 Chalmers entered upon his splendid life work, settling among absolute savages at Suau on the south- east coast of New Guinea. He was alone among cannibals, who brought his wife, as a delicate attention, a man's breast, cooked. They were back in the Stone Age. They were cruel, treacherous, fiercely covetous of the missionary's goods, chalmers his only means of barter and of food supply. Death was threatened if these were refused, but Chalmers' heroic wife, the question being left with her, voted to stay and face the death. Their lives were saved through a thousand perils. Always unarmed, " Tamate " went boldly among the wild tribes, and his powerful body and masterful spirit gained over them the influence of authority. He wrenched from the murderous hand the club raised to slay him. He ate freely with bands of poisoners. When an assassin crept up behind, he turned and calmly ordered him in front of him. Once an attacking party was halted at the fence of his house by an unseen irresistible force. At death's door with fever, he summoned his will, bade his natives stick his pipe in his mouth, and grimly refused to die. He became the '' Great Heart of New Guinea," as his friend Robert Louis Stevenson called him. His daunt- less explorations made him the Livingstone of New Guinea. His leadership of the natives made it easy for Great Britain to extend a protectorate over southeastern New Guinea, and in 1888 to annex it. Pressing eagerly westward along the coast of the great ii8 Into All the World island, *' Tamate " brought tribe after tribe to a knowledge of Jesus Christ. At one time 450 converted savages gathered around him for a communion service, a famous robber chief acting as the leading deacon. On the even- ing of Easter Sunday, April 7, 1901, the intrepid mission- ary was murdered by a tribe he was newly approaching on his errand of peace and love. His native helper, soon after his death, petitioned to be sent as missionary to the village that had slain his beloved leader. THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO, including Dutch New Guinea, has an area of nearly one million square miles — one-third that of the United States. The Dutch own most of the region, and the greater part of the missionary work is therefore done by the Dutch and German so- cieties. Mohammedanism has great power in these islands, and more converts have been won from the Moslems here than anywhere else in the world. Nearly 20,000 Mohammedans have been converted in Java. The most famous American missionaries to this region are Lyman and Munson. HENRY LYMAN, a Massachusetts boy, was the leader of the wild set at Amherst, but was converted in a college revival, and with his friend, Samuel Munson, he was sent by the American Board in 1833 to the East Indies. On the fly-leaf of all his journals this ardent young man was in the habit of writing : 600,000,000 ARE PERISHING! ! Calvary. " Suppose the Board does not send you on a mission ? " a friend once suggested. " Then," he replied, " I will The Pacific Islands 119 work my passage on some ship ; for, the Lord willing, I am determined to go." Animated by this spirit, after study of Malay and Chinese and instruction from Medhurst in Java, the two missionaries set out on a preliminary exploration of the islands, and ventured even into the interior of Sumatra among the Battas, scaling dangerous precipices and pierc- ing dense jungles. There, in the summer of 1834, they were set upon by two hundred armed natives at Sacca. They themselves had arms, which they used against wild beasts, but gave them up to the mob. Notwithstanding this, Munson was run through with a spear, and Lyman was shot, the first being thirty and the second only twenty-four years old. When the natives learned what good men had been murdered, they burned Sacca and killed many of the villagers. I20 Into All the World >raca■» fJ^ yEHEZUEL 'COIOMBIAL.^. rBOLiiz/A"- \''o5 Sucre ai BRAZIL ARGENriNE/ ^"^' KEPl/BLIC ' ""' ft6S /MIV Buenos A«/r£2 Missions ir America. American Bible Society. Christian ;iiul Mi; sidiiarv Alliance. CB— Canadian l'.ai)tists. P::— EniscKpalian. MN-IMothodists, North. MS— M(!thodists, South. -Presbyterians, North. •I'resbx leriaus. South. ■Salvation Ainiy. Southeiii llajitists. Seveuth-Day Adventists. Seaman's J'riend Society. XIV. SOUTH AMERICA "THE NEGLECTED CONTINENT" is a name rightly applied to South America. Vast regions yet remain unoccupied by missionaries and untouched by true relig- ion. And yet the United States, by proclaiming the Monroe Doctrine, and insisting upon it with much force, has made herself peculiarly responsible for the nations to the south. Instead of doing less for South America than for other continents, we should be doing more. WHY MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA at all? Does not Roman Catholicism hold sway there, and is not that a form of Christianity ? Yes, but even Catholics from the United States repudiate the degraded Catholicism of South America, and recognize it as a form of heathenism. Here as nowhere else in the world Catholicism shows what it can do when given three centuries of undisputed control. The priests are abominably licentious. Among the people the social evil is rampant. Gambling flour- ishes, with lotteries sometimes even patronized by the church. Intemperance is universal. Ignorance is every- where. The governments are fiercely bigoted. Super- stitions of the lowest sort hold the people in serfdom. Under the mask of religion, secret infidelity abounds. Under the pretence of political freedom there is political tyranny often, and always political instability. The con- 122 Into All the World stitutions of all these republics are modelled upon our own ; but they have the form without the substance, which is our Protestant faith and character. THE PROBLEM is that of a continent of seven million square miles, one-seventh of the land surface of the world, nobly variegated with superb mountain ranges, marvellous plains, a grand river system reaching every- where, and a wealth in the products of mine, forest, and field, still practically undeveloped yet not excelled by any region of the globe. The nations are learning this, and immigration is rapidly growing, especially from Europe. Every year greatly increases the number to be won in South America. It is a most strategic point. This great continent is occupied by about thirty-eight million persons, perhaps half the population of the United States. Most of these are Spanish-speaking (and, in Brazil, Portuguese-speaking) descendants of the Catholic conquerors. About five million, however, are Indians. THE INDIANS are found everywhere, especially in Patagonia and the interior forests of Brazil, where one may easily travel three thousand miles without meeting a missionary. The descendants of the proud race of Incas, in adopting Catholicism they merely changed their idols. They are a sturdy race, however, with great possi- bilities and not difficult to reach. One chief travelled a thousand miles to Sao Paulo in Brazil to beg for so'me Christian teacher for his people. Allen Gardiner was the pioneer missionary to the South American Indians. ALLEN GARDINER led perhaps the most strenuous and original of all missionary lives. As a boy he preferred South America 123 to sleep on the floor in order to train himself to hard- ships. He was an Englishman, and distinguished him- self as a '' middy " in the English navy, /^^"""^ becoming a lieutenant. / ^^^^'^fcl\ His heart was won to God through the / f-j^^-W \ touching record of his mother's last days I -> " written by his father, and given him by a \ js^^k J friend. Watching a bookstore till it was ^'jBr^jP^ empty of witnesses he crept in and ^5^^^ bought a Bible. After seeing the results gardiner of missionary work on Tahiti, he became a missionary enthusiast, and a visit in his ship to South America inspired him with an undying desire to benefit the neglected Indians of that continent. Beside the coffin of his beloved wife he solemnly dedicated himself to God's service. First he went to South Africa, where amid a thousand perils he aided the establishment of the town of Durban, and gained such influence over the ferocious Zulu chief, Dingaan, that the Zulu made him governor of the region now known as Natal. Difficulties between the whites and the Zulus broke up his missionary labors, and with a sad heart he turned to South America in 1838. From that year till his death in 185 1, his time was spent alternately in the most extensive missionary travel, visiting repeatedly all parts of the continent, and in frequent returns to England, pleading for the means to establish his mission, he himself lavishing his all upon it. His journeys through the wilds of South America, his encounters with the bigoted Catholics and the crafty and ungrateful Indians, his labors in the distribution of Bibles, his narrow escapes, his ceaseless energy, make a most romantic and inspiriting story. 124 I"to All the World Finally, with a surgeon, a catechist, three Cornish fishermen, and a ship carpenter who declared that to be under Captain Gardiner '* was like a heaven on earth, he was such a man of prayer," he entered upon the saddest of all missionary enterprises, an attempt to gain a missionary foothold among the savages on the bleak coast of Tierra del Fuego. The expedition was very inadequately fitted out. By a terrible error they had left on shipboard their powder and shot, and could not shoot game, almost the only resource on those desolate shores. One relief boat was wrecked, and the captain of the other disobeyed orders and did not visit them. The ice tore their nets so that they could not catch fish. During nine months they managed to prolong a wTetched existence, and at last one by one they starved to death, the heroic Gardiner himself probably the last to fall. The two captains that came at last cried like children upon finding their dead bodies. Upon a rock they had painted Ps. 62 : 5-8 : " My soul, wait thou only upon God : for my expectation is from him." Gardiner's journal, preserved as by a miracle, and his martyr's death, accomplished what his life could not bring about, and soon the missionary schooner, Allen Gardiner^ sailed from England to establish on firm foundations the Fue- gian Mission, which is only one of the enterprises of the South American Missionary Society. DUTCH GUIANA, or Surinam, was the earliest South American mission field, and starting there, we will trav- erse the continent southward and then northward along the west coast. Dutch Guiana is a triumph of Protes- tantism and of the Moravians. Here are the almost sav- age bush negroes, descendants of run-away slaves from South America 125 the West Indies, full of immorality and the most gross superstition. John Giittner and Christopher Dahne, land- ing in 1738, were the first missionaries. Then came in 1748 Theophilus Solomon Schumann, a gifted professor, " The Apostle of the Arawak Indians." Louis Dahne, laboring in solitude among the Indians, was lying stricken with fever when a huge snake bit him and coiled violently around him. Fearing that the Indians would be charged with his death, the heroic man grasped a piece of chalk and wrote quickly, " A snake has killed me." But at once Christ's promise concerning serpents (Mark 16 : 18) came to his mind, he flung the snake away, and took no harm. The first missionaries among the negroes supported themselves by carrying on a bakery and a tailor shop, and ever since the Moravian missionaries have been self- supporting. Among the noblest of the missionaries to the blacks was Mary Hartmann, who, in 1848, went alone into the wilderness, and until her death in 1853 patiently organized Christian peace, purity, and industry among the wild people. Only once during that time did she permit herself to return to civilization, and that for but a single day. Surinam is called " Dead Man's Land." Nowhere on earth, perhaps, is there a more difficult climate. For the first fifty years of the mission there were more missionary deaths than converts. Now, however, as the fruit of these glorious labors, practically the whole population is Christian, and Dutch Guiana is no longer a mission field. BRITISH GUIANA, or Demerara, is worked by English societies, and especially by the great Society for the Prop- 126 Into All the World agation of the Gospel, the first bishop (1842) being William Piercy Austin, who labored with great success for half a century. Four thousand Chinese have entered the country, all of whom have been converted. They are well-to-do and support their own churches, making fine missionary assistants when they return to China. About forty per cent, of the people are imported Hindu laborers, and only about two per cent, of these have yet been won for Christ. In French Guiana no Protestant missionary society is at work. BRAZIL was for three centuries the largest possession of Portugal. In 1822 Dom Pedro I. became emperor, and in 183 1 Dom Pedro II., who, though an admirable monarch, was quietly deposed, largely through the efforts of the philosopher and statesman, Benjamin Constant, "The Founder of the Republic." "The United States of Brazil," thus formed, was closely modelled upon our own country, with church absolutely separate from state, with civil marriage and religious freedom. Brazil is nearly as large as the United States and half as large as all South America, but its population is only fifteen million, chiefly along the coast, where, therefore, the missions chiefly lie. It is a splendid, rich, though undeveloped empire, whose greatest feature is the un- equalled Amazon, navigable by ocean steamers to the boundaries of Peru. Half of this immense territory inland is occupied by about 800,000 Indians, for whom very little missionary work is carried on. Along the coast, however, ten Ameri- can societies are at work — the Bible Society, with a most effective and blessed system of colportage : the Advent- South America 127 ists; the Christian Alliance ; the V. M. C. A., which does its best work for South America in Brazil ; the Episco- palians, who began their work in 1889 with the American Church Missionary Society ; the Seamen's Friend So- ciety ; the Presbyterians South and North, and the Southern Methodists and Baptists. Brazil came near being Protestant. In 1555 a French knight, Nicholas Durand de Villegagnon, led a colony of persecuted Huguenots sent out by the good Admiral Coligny, and settled them on a small island now over- looked by Rio de Janeiro. Calvin was interested in the project, and sent them ministers. Villegagnon, however, " The Cain of America " as he was called, proved treach- erous, slew three of the leaders, drove many of them to the Catholic mainland, and forced the rest to return to Europe in a leaky boat where five or six died of starva- tion on the long voyage. The learned and eloquent John Boles, the last of the French Huguenots, lingered in misery for eight years in a Jesuit prison, and was then put to death on the site of Rio de Janeiro — the first South American martyr. The Dutch made a slight attempt at missionary work in 1640, but, on the whole, Brazil was left in darkest religious destitution. Henry Martyn, on his way to India in 1805, mourned over the scene. "When shall this beautiful country," he cried, " be delivered from idolatry and spurious Christianity ? Crosses there are in abun- dance, but when shall the doctrine of the Cross be held up?" The first to answer Martyn 's cry were the Northern Methodists, whose pioneer missionary was Justin Spaul- ding, who went to Rio in 1836. This work, however, was abandoned in 1841. 128 Into All the World The next to go from America were the Presbyterians, whose pioneer in 1859 was A. G. Simonton. His first audience came out of courtesy to him — two men whom he had been teaching English. His first church — formed in 1862 — consisted of two members. The Southern Presbyterians soon followed — in 1869 — and have happily united now with the Northern Pres- byterians in the one Synod of Brazil, with seven flour- ishing presbyteries, containing many self-supporting churches. Scarcely one in seven of the Brazilians can read and write, so that education is an important mis- sionary tool. The leading Protestant institution in South America is Mackenzie College at Sao Paulo, finely devel- oped through his forty years of service by the Presby- terian missionary. Dr. George W. Chamberlain. Among its more than 500 students there are four Catholics to every Protestant. The Southern Baptist Mission in Brazil is, like the large work of the Southern Methodists, the only mission of their denomination in South America. The Baptist first to make a permanent beginning was W. B. Bagby, whose zealous labors aroused Catholic hostility. He was knocked down while preaching, and he and his wife were arrested as he was about to baptize some converts. His preaching-place was stoned by a mob, church-mem- bers were driven from their homes and business. In one locality baptisms had to be held in a river at night at some distance from the city. Here, however, as every- where else, persecution has simply driven deeper the foundations of the faith, PARAGUAY was occupied in 1886 by the arrival of Thomas B. Wood, LL. D., of the Methodist church, which South America 129 still conducts the only American work in that country. One important result of Dr. Wood's labors was the recog- nition of the civil rights of Protestants, especially giving legal sanction to their marriages, for before his arrival the CathoUc church had a monopoly of that sacred cere- mony. This was accomplished only after months of arduous and courageous toil. Among the Chaco Indians of Paraguay a notable work is being done by the South American Missionary Society, who, coming in 1888, found the way prepared for them by an ancient Indian tradition that some day men, not Indians but looking like them, should come and teach them about the spirit land. Their leader, the gallant W. B. Grubb, had at one time a narrow escape from death, but no missionary life has been lost, though the Indians were so dangerous that the Paraguay government washed to provide the first missionary band with a military escort. URUGUAY, the smallest of the South American repub- lics, is continued in existence in order that neither of those jealous neighbors, Brazil and the Argentine Repub- lic, may control the great Plata River. There are few Indians here, and the population is largely made up of recent arrivals from southern Europe. A strong colony of Waldensians, here as in their native Italy, hold forth the true religion. The chief missionary factor is the Methodist Church North, whose work was established in 1868 by Dr. J. F. Thomson in the handsome city of Montevideo. THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC rivals Brazil in its com- mercial possibilities, and excels it in the matter of its temperate climate. It was the first of the South Ameri- ijo Into All the World can countries to win freedom from Spain, and its army aided in gaining independence for Chile and Peru, Buenos Ayres, with its more than three-quarters of a mil- lion inhabitants, is a great cosmopolitan city, with many thousands of careless, money-making Protestants to care for as well as the Catholics. The immigration hither exceeds, in proportion to the population, that to the United States. Baron Hirsch founded in the republic a large colony of Jews as a refuge for this oppressed people. Our missions here have never met with violence or persecution. They were begun by the Methodists of the North in 1836, their work being still the leading one, with its im- portant press at Buenos Ayres, and its educational centre at Rosario. Rev. William Goodfellow was a notable missionary, and here also has labored for nearly half a century Dr. John F. Thomson, whose powerful controver- sies with representatives of the Church of Rome have drawn wide notice to Protestantism. Oti one occasion, after such a public dispute with Father Mansueto, putting the question to vote he carried the day unanimously, and about two hundred followed the padre fourteen blocks to his own door, loudly expressing their contempt for him. The Seventh Day Adventists, the Christian Alliance, the Seaman's Friend Society, the American Bible Society, and the Salvation Army also labor in the Argentine Republic. CHILE, with an average breadth of only about 200 miles, has the enormous length of 2,700 miles, and w^ould stretch clear across the United States. Its northern 800 miles is a rainless desert. Its enormous deposits of nitrate of soda are famous ; it has also great mineral and agricultural Soutli America 131 wealth. Santiago, its capital, sur- rounded by an am- phitheatre of glori- ous mountains, is a beautiful city, which was nearly eighty years old when the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth, (xovern- ment here has been more stable than in the other South American republics. The principal mis- sionary work is done by the Presbyteri- ans, established in 1873, and the Metho- dists North, estab- lished in 1878. Will- iam Taylor began the Methodist work, placing it upon his well-known platform of self-support. It has ever since re- tained that char- acter, and is one of the most prosperous missions on the con- tinent. ( Carey in India.) 1793— {The Duff sails.) 179(>— {Morrison in China.) 1807— {Judson in Burma.) 1813 — (Fiskm Syria.) 1819— {Gutzlaffin Siam.) 1828— {Goodellin Turkey.) 1831— {Perkins in Persia.) 1833— —1555. Boles. —1732. Dober. Nitschman. —1738. Guttner. Dahne. —1786. Coke. —1805. Martyn in Brazil. ( Williams in Japan.) 1859 — {Allen in Korea.) 1884- —1831. Dom Pedro II. -1836. Spaulfling. -1838. Gardiner. -1842. Austin. -1845. Trumbull. -1848. Hartmann. Moravians in Nica- ragua. -1851. Gardiner dies. -1856. Pratt. -1857. Mexico grants religious liberty. -1859. Simonton. -1866. Rankin. -1868. Thomson. -1869. Riley. -1872. Stephens. -1873. Butler. -1878. Taylor. -1880. Westrup kUled. -1882. Hill. -1884. Bryant. Diaz president of Mexico. -1886. W^ood. -1888. Grubb. -1889. Brazil a republic. -1895. Jarrett. Peters. -1896. Ecuador grants relig- ious liberty. -1897. Pond. Missions in South and Central America, Mexico, and the West Indies. 132 Into All the World The first missionary to Chile was Dr. David Trumbull, who reached Valparaiso when he was twenty-six years old, on Christmas Day, 1845, at a time when there was not a single missionary upon the continent. He gave a long and most manly life to the work, dying in 1889. BOLIVIA, more than two and a half miles above the sea level, is the loftiest of countries, and its superb Lake Titicaca is the highest body of water on earth. An island in this lake was the central abode of the old empire of the Incas — the "Heroic Age" of South America. This vast region, though rich in minerals beyond other portions of the continent, has but few railroads, and is less developed even than other parts of South America. More than half of the people are Indians, degenerate de- scendants of the proud Incas, superstitious Catholics, and some of the tribes so ignorant that they can count only to five, and in the case of one tribe only as far as one. The American Bible Society has done magnificent pioneer work during these years when bitter persecution has prevented settled missions, and its colporteurs have labored with undaunted heroism. One of them, JOSE MONGIARDINO, even penetrated as far as Sucre, sold his books, and was on the way back to Argentina for more when the Catholics set upon him in a lonely place, mur- dered him, and buried him between the graves of a murderer and a suicide. Later, the veteran agent of the Bible Society, ANDREW M. MILNE, " The Livingstone of South America," dared to visit his grave with Penzotti, and there the two consecrated their lives anew to the redemption of South America. Now the beginnings of permanent work have been South America 133 made by the Baptists of Canada at La Paz, the capital, and at Oruro. The Seventh Day Adventists also labor there. PERU AND ECUADOR constitute the rest of the old Incas" realm, and their story is precisely like that of Bolivia. Mission work in all three countries did not begin till after 1888. Ecuador, the last of the South x\merican republics to establish religious liberty, entered into that freedom in 1896-7 with the adoption of a new constitution. Missionary workers at once rushed in, and the government even asked the Methodist presiding elder to organize national normal schools with foreign Protes- tants as the chief teachers. At Callao, in Peru, was established a native congrega- tion in charge of an agent of the Bible Society, FRANCISCO PENZOTTI, a humble Italian carpenter, who had been converted in Montevideo. Mobs tried to break up his work. At last Penzotti was imprisoned, shut up with a hundred criminals of all kinds in a foul, half-subter- ranean jail, and kept there for eight months while his church maintained its meetings and prayed for the spirit- ual redemption. of Peru. In 1895 two young Englishmen, J. L. JARRETT and F. J. PETERS, went to Cuzcc and began a mission, but were at once banished. They compelled the government to give an indemnity, and reestablished the mission. Lima, one of the cities of the old inquisition, is also the seat of America's oldest university, that existed be- fore the first settlers reached Jamestown or Plymouth. In Lima, however, is an educational work far more hope- ful for South America — that of the Methodists, which 134 Into All the World has come up to a position of great influence after years of desperate struggle against the opposition of the Cathohcs. COLOMBIA AND VENEZUELA, like the Inca country to the south, have proved the most difficult of mission fields, and only a beginning has been made there. Co- lombia's thick forests, with the great herds of cattle in both countries, constitute their wealth ; but these repub- lics are little developed. The first permanent mission in South America was established by the Northern Presbyterians in 1856 at Bogota, by REV. HORACE B. PRATT, and ever since the Presbyterians, with the Bible Society, have been prac- tically the only agents in the work. The bitter opposi- tion of the priests and the apathy and religious indiffer- ence of the people continue to hold back the gospel. At one time the priests of Medillin got rich Catholics to visit the parents that were sending their children to the Prot- estant school, and offered free books, food, clothing, and tuition if they would send them to the Catholic school and sign a paper promising no longer to support the Protestants ! A consecrated layman, ADAM ERWIN, with a brave heart in a dwarfed and crippled body, laid the foundation for the work in Barranquilla. Unsupported by any board, he stayed alone for years. " God opened the way for me to come," he said, "but He has never opened it for me to go away." He won a great influence, and when he died, past the age of eighty, one of the priests said, " Mr. Erwin was truly a good man ; the only wrong thing about him was his religion." The first church in Venezuela was established through the bravery of an orphan from Spain, EMILIO SILVA South America 135 BRYANT, who, at the age of eighteen, went to Caracas in 1884 wdth his foster father. He was a humble manual laborer and stricken with consumption, and his little band of believers were compelled to worship in closest secrecy, but he held them together until the missionaries could form them into a regularly constituted church. In 1897 the Presbyterians sent to Caracas REV. T. S. POND, and the Christian Alliance also has begun w^ork there, together with the South American Evangelical Mission of Toronto and the Venezuela Mission, espe- cially formed for labors in this neglected land. XV. CENTRAL AMERICA CENTRAL AMERICA presents essentially the same mis- sionary problem as South America and Mexico. Its five republics, together with British Honduras, have an area of about 200,000 square miles, equalling four States of New York. Its population is three and a half million, equalling that of the city of New York. Like Mexico, it includes the climate and plants of all zones. Guatemala is the largest and most populous of these republics, Honduras the most rich in minerals, Salvador the most dense in population ; Costa Rica (" Rich Coast") leads in agriculture and in the wealth and enterprise of its people ; Nicaragua is noted for its lake, which is the largest body of fresh water between Lake Michigan and Lake Titicaca. In Central America, contrary to the experience of other lands, the Indian type is not dying out, but is growing stronger, and the European element is diminishing and seems likely to pass away altogether. Central America has free schools, but only a very small part of its population is educated. It has religious freedom, but its Catholicism is shamefully degraded, and the Indians in many places hide, under the altars in the churches, dolls representing their old pagan gods, and so worship both deities at once. THE MORAVIANS have the largest mission in Central America. Having begun in 1848, they labor on the Mos- 136 Central America 137 quito or eastern coast of Nicaragua, and have practically evangelized the entire tribe of 10,000 Indians who live there. The English Wesleyans began work in 1825 in British Honduras, and have branched out into Guate- mala. The British and American Bible Societies make these republics a field for their useful toil, the American forces being under the lead of that hero of South America, Penzotti. The Central American Mission, which was founded in 1890, works among the Spanish- speaking inhabitants of all the republics. The Seventh- Day Adventists have two missions, one in the north and the other in the south of the country. The Northern Presbyterian mission in Guatemala was established in 1882 on the invitation of President Barrios, who, after breaking the power of the Jesuits and confiscating their property, visited the United States. The first mission- ary was Rev. John C. Hill, and Barrios paid his travelling expenses and bought his church and school equipment. XVI. MEXICO MEXICO, with a territory about one-fourth that of the United States, has a population of twelve and a half million. More than a third of these are Indians, descendants of the proud ancient race of Aztecs. They have furnished some of the most prominent men in Mexican politics. They are almost untouched by the missionaries, and Catholicism has not lifted them above their old-time paganism. The Aztecs in Chiquatal walked for miles over the mountains to beg Mr. Hay- wood, the Methodist missionary, to establish a school for them. Nearly half the people are Mestizos, mixed white and Indian, and most of the remainder are pure Spaniards, with English, (German, and American elements in the population. From the tropics of the coast to the cold mountain regions, all climates and vegetations are met in Mexico, which is among the most delightful of lands. Its wealth of iron, gold, and silver is seemingly inex- haustible. Its historic remains, especially the ruined cities of Yucatan, are full of romance. The University of Mexico was established eighty-three years before Harvard. A greatly degraded Catholicism is the religion of the people, more than 99 per cent of them belonging to that church. They are divided between two rival Marys, 138 Mexico 139 " Our Lady of Guadalupe " and the " Virgin of Reme- dios." In 1857 religious liberty was granted; monastic institutions are forbidden ; there can be no religious teaching in the public schools, and public ceremonies are never opened with prayer. Since 1884, under the peaceful and enlightened administration of President Diaz, the country has enjoyed great prosperity. MELINDA RANKIN was the pioneer missionary to Mexico, though we must not forget that the American army carried with it the Bible in the Mexican War, and introduced it to the people, \vho proved hungry for its truths, while the American Bible Society followed with its blessed work of Bible distribution. Miss Rankin had been teaching a mission school at Brownsville, Texas, but in 1866 she established at Monterey a Christian school, from which a noble influence radiated far and wide. She raised money herself and sent out Bible dis- tributors, and kept up this noble work for tw^enty years. As one result of her work, at Ville de Cos, a mining town in the state of Zacetecas, the Mexicans that had received the good news formed a primitive church which met secretly in a private house to read the Bible. After the establishment of religious liberty they came out openly, appointed one of their own number to serve as pastor, and by 1872 had built themselves a church. REV. HENRY C. RILEY, turned to Mexico through Miss Rankin's influence, went to the capital in 1869, bought church property, and joined himself to an eloquent priest, Francisco Aguilas, who had renounced the cor- ruptions of Catholicism. Another able priest, Manuel Aguas, set out to refute Aguilas, but in the process con- verted himself. The result was the founding of the 140 Into All the World " Church of Jesus," which has since come under the care of the Episcopal Church, and is a part of its mission in Mexico. More than forty Protestants lost their lives in the disturbances caused by these events. Persecution was common in those early days, and Protestant missions in Mexico number in all sixty-five martyrs. The pioneer missionary of the American Board, Rev. J. L. Stephens, sent to the state of Jalisco in 1872, w^as assassinated, together with one of his converts, by a mob aroused by a Catholic priest. Six Presbyterians were killed at Acapulco. Abraham Gomez, just ordained to the Protestant min- istry at Ahuacualtitlan, was beaten to death with his Bible, which his murderers then laid beneath his head for a pillow. At El Carro the Catholics stoned to death Gregoria Monreal, and then cut off his head. Rev. John O. Westrup, pioneer missionary of the Southern Baptists, was murdered in 1880 by a band of Mexicans and Indians. Rev. W. D. Powell succeeded him, was driven out of his places of worship, attempts were made on his life, and on one of his evangelistic tours he was attacked by a highwayman, who, on dis- covering how little he had, offered to lend him money enough to get home ! PROTESTANT MISSIONS in Mexico are, as is natural, conducted almost entirely from the United States. The years from 1870 to 1874 saw the beginning of most of these enterprises. In 1873 the Methodists' pioneer in India, William Butler, became their pioneer in Mexico. He obtained for his mission in Puebla the building that had been used by the inquisition, and in the City of Mexico the great monastery of St. Francis, where four Mexico 141 thousand monks had lived, but only fourteen were living there at the time of its confiscation by the government. It is on the very site of Montezuma's palace. The Baptist Home Mission Society had arrived in 1870, the Friends in 187 1, and then followed closely the American Board, the Presbyterians North and South, Methodists North and South, Baptists South, Reformed Presbyterians South, Cumberland Presbyterians, Seventh Day Adventists, and Christians. These various societies labor in admirable fellowship and co-operation. Eight of them publish excellent periodicals, and the mission presses, especially the important houses of the Methodists and Presbyterians, have scattered at least 200,000,000 pages of religious literature. XVII. THE WEST INDIES THE MORAVIANS sent their first missionaries to the Danish West Indies. A negro called Antony, at the court of Christian VI., King of Denmark, told Count Zinzendorf about the miseries of the negro slaves in the island of St. Thomas. When he heard of it, a young Moravian, Leonard Dober, declared that he would go to preach Christ to those slaves, though he had to become a slave like them. On December 13, 1732, having overcome much oppo- sition, Dober reached St. Thomas, accompanied by his friend David Nitschman, whose trade as a carpenter was their support until Nitschman's return the next April. They had started out with only a little more than $3 apiece. Dober was a potter, but could not find the proper clay, so that he lived upon work of all kinds precariously obtained, and supported life on bread and water, spending most of his time teaching the negro slaves upon the plantations. In November, 1733, Dober was encouraged by the arrival of fourteen men and four women who had crossed the Atlantic in a room below the second deck, only ten feet square, and so low that they could not even sit upright, but had to lie on the floor. The voyage lasted more than half a year, and tliey suffered greatly. Numbers of them perished from the effects of the 142 The West Indies 143 climate. The survivors were imprisoned by the enemies of the mission, and were only released through the per- sonal efforts of Count Zinzendorf, who crossed the Atlan- tic to visit the mission. In the meantime, the negroes continued to hold meetings by themselves, and would come in great numbers, singing and praying under the prison windows. It was during this visit that Zinzendorf composed his famous hymn, " Jesus, Thy blood and righteousness." Within seventeen years nearly fifty Moravian missiona- ries died in the Danish West Indies, and 127 within 50 years ; but their labors won the hearts both of the black men and their owners, and as fast as the brethren fell, others w^ere ready to take their places. Droughts, hurri- canes, fires, negro insurrections, sickness, and famines interfered with the work of the missionaries, but they never faltered. Their labors spread to the other Danish islands, Santa Cruz and St. John. They were invited by the English to send missionaries to Jamaica, and soon won great influ- ence over the slaves. An aged woman walked eleven miles to attend gospel meetings. " Love makes the way short," she explained. When the English emancipated the slaves (in 1834-38), there were nearly 2,000 Chris- tian negroes who, clothed all in white, held a thanksgiv- ing service at the mission church. In similar ways the Moravians were the pioneers in preaching to the blacks of St. Christopher's ; of Antigua, where the slaves were freed four years before the time set by Parliament, largely owing to the good work of the Moravian missionaries; in Barbados, that island more thickly inhabited than China, v^here the first English clergyman who taught the blacks was indicted for the 144 Into All the World offence ; and in Tobago, thought by many to be Robin- son Crusoe's island. For the first century the mission- aries died at the average rate of two a year. The Moravians still conduct missions in these eastern islands, and also in Jamaica. THOMAS COKE, the large-minded organizer of Metho- dist missions, was the principal agent in introducing that church into the West Indies. During his laborious life he made nine voyages to America, and nearly all of them in- cluded visits of preaching and investiga- tion among those islands. His personal safety was often menaced. His missionaries were thrust into prison. *^°^^ Sometimes the negro slaves were severely flogged for attending a prayer meeting. On St. Eustatius a law was passed that a slave should be whipped every time he was found praying, while a white person convicted of praying with his brethren was, on the third offence, to be whipped and banished from the island, his goods being confiscated. Harry, a slave preacher of much power, was unmercifully beaten, imprisoned, and banished so secretly that for ten years no one knew his whereabouts. Dr. Coke afterwards finding him in the United States. In Jamaica, when a band of revellers were mocking the gospel meet- ings, a young actress, who had been shouting out her pretended " experiences," fell down dead — a tragic event that had a most salutary effect. With great industry in the way of raising money, and with great personal courage and faith. Dr. Coke was instrumental in planting gospel missions over the larger part of the archipelago. The West Indies 145 IN CUBA AND PORTO RICO many denominations in the United States have established missions, Cuba especially having as a notable part of its history the labors of that earnest worker, Dr. Alberto J. Diaz. The work in these islands, however, is to be considered more appropriately in a volume devoted to home missions. IN HAITI AND SAN DOMINGO the Episcopal Church has a strong mission. These two negro republics, occu- pying that beautiful island which was the first to be colo- nized by Spain, speak French (Haiti) and Spanish (San Domingo), and are held firmly under the sway of Cathol- icism. The Christian Alliance labors in San Domingo and Jamaica, and in Jamaica the Friends have one of their earliest and strongest missions. The Presbyterian Church in Canada has an interesting work in Trinidad. The terrible superstition of voodooism has a strong hold upon the negroes of the West Indies. Impurity is a common sin — more than sixty per cent of the negroes in Jamaica are said to be of illegitimate birth. Never- theless, when really reached by the gospel, they make true Christians, warm-hearted and sincere. XVIII. GREENLAND HANS EGEDE was the noble pioneer missionary to Greenland. He was a young Norwegian clergyman, and became strongly moved by the story of rss==^^isi^ the sorrowful plight of the natives of \ ''~"^^Hh Greenland, terribly degraded, and shut off -^ J^B^ from the gospel by the fearful difficulties i S^Ml of travel in those days. 1^ ^^^ About the year looo a. d., the Green- Wk s. M landers were converted to Christianity by H^BHSH the Norwegians, and the names of a egede series of bishops have come down to us, who ruled the church on the east coast down to 1406. But this colony of Christians was destroyed by wild hordes of Skrellings, and to this day the eastern shore of Greenland is mainly a desolate, icy solitude. For thirteen years Egede prayed and planned for a mission to Greenland, meeting with a storm of ridicule and opposition, and being almost dissuaded by the tearful entreaties of his wife, who afterward became his most zealous helper in the work. The story of those thirteen years of patient endeavor to arouse men's consciences to missionary effort is among the most pathetic in all missionary annals. At last, on May 3, 172 1, Egede set sail in the Hope, 146 Greenland 147 under the patronage of Frederick IV., King of Denmark. Good Hope was the name he gaveto his colony in Green- land. With extreme difficulty, and after three years of toil, Egede learned the language. He would get his little boy to draw pictures illustrating gospel scenes, and as the natives asked questions about them, he would both gain new insight into their language and give them new insight into the truth. There came the pinch of hunger and disease. The natives held cruelly aloof. His followers mutinied. Egede's heroic wife shamed them to constancy. Just in the nick of time she discovered on the horizon the ship bringing supplies and fresh courage. It was with great joy, on New Year's Day, 1725, that the first convert was baptized, — Frederic Christian, who afterward became a teacher among the natives. MATTHEW STACK and CHRISTIAN STACK, cousins, were the Moravian pioneers in Greenland. They be- longed to that band who, under the lead of Christian David, fled from Catholic persecution to the estate of the noble Count Zinzendorf in Saxony and built the settlement of Herrnhut. A negro from the West Indies stirred their zeal by relating the sufferings of the MATTHEW STACK ^j^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^.^ numbcr made public their resolution to carry the gospel to them, and to become slaves themselves, if necessary, to get the opportunity to preach to them. There were only 600 persons then at Herrnhut, yet within ten years mission- aries had gone thence to all quarters of the globe. Among the very first of these, in 1733, the Stachs set 148 Into All the World forth, with Christian David, to Greenland. Daringly trusting Christ, they took "nothing for their journey." Their simple wants were marvellously supplied. Egede received them with heartiness. They built a cabin and called the place New Herrnhut. Frederic Boenish and John Beck came the next year. Unused to that stern coast, and almost entirely destitute, it was with extreme difficulty that they preserved themselves alive. A fearful plague of smallpox came, through which they nursed many of the terrified natives. A strange disease settled upon them, and they nearly lost the use of their limbs. They were unlearned men, and the language is one of tremendous difficulty. Take for a sample the word " savigeksiniariartokasuaromaryotittogog," which means, " He says you will also go away quickly in like manner and buy a pretty knife." One year the annual ship brought them no supplies from Europe, and they almost starved. Train oil was a delicacy. They even ate old tallow candles and raw seaweed. The natives were stupid, un- appreciative, and cruel. The missionaries were mocked, insulted, pelted with stones, threatened with death. It was five years before they won a single convert — the noble Kayarnak, who was baptized on Easter Sunday, March 29, 1739. It was 1747 before they could build their first church. It was 1758 before they could establish the new settlement of Lichtenfels to the south. Neverthe- less the Moravians persevered cheerfully amid countless obstacles, until now, through their labor and that of the Danes, Greenland is a Christian country, redeemed from a condition of filthy, ignorant, cruel savagery, to the light and beauty of a Christian civilization. XIX. EUROPE GREECE JONAS KING, the first and the greatest of Protestant missionaries to Greece, went there in 1828 with American relief for the suffering patriots fighting for their independ- ence against the Turks. He had grown up in a godly Massachusetts home, being led by his father to read the Bible through every year. He learned the English gram- mar while hoeing corn, read the twelve books of the vEneid in fifty-eight days, and became after graduation a professor at Amherst. His distribution of food and clothing opened the hearts of the Greeks to his preaching, and till his death in 1869, at the age of seventy-seven, Dr. King was a power in Greece. He labored chiefly at Athens, where he raised up several generations of Greek Protestant preachers and teachers. The Greek church threatened his patrons with excom- munication. They haled him before the Areopagus. Fifty men bound themselves together to kill him. A mob assailed his house, and he was saved only by unfurling the American flag. He was imprisoned in a loathsome jail, and exiled from the country, but restored on demand of the United States government. He was anathematized 149 ISO Into All the World by the " Holy Synod of Athens " ; but he kept right on with his work. He knew eleven languages and could speak fluen tly in five. The Greek Protes- tant church, formed after plans drawn up by Dr. King, has sole direction now of Pro- testant work in the kingdom. Its lead- ing member is Dr. Kalopothakes, who was converted by the Southern Presby- terian missionaries, Samuel R. Houston and G. W. Leyburn, in a school they es- tablished in Sparta. He became Dr. King's assistant, and for nearly thirty years edited the Pro- testant paper, The Star of the East. Besides this Pres- byterian work, the Baptists have con- ducted a mission in ( Carey in India.) 1793— (The Duff saih.) 179tt— (Momson in China.) 1807— (Judson in Burma.) 1813 — (Fisk in Si/ria.) 1819— (Gutzlaff'w Siam.) 1828— (Goodellin Turkey.) 1831- (Perkins in Persia.) 1833- (Gardiner in South America.) 1838— -1721. Egede. -1733. Stach. -1828. Kins. -1830. Robertson. Hill. -1834. Sears. Oncken. ( Williams in Japan.) 1859— -1844. Nast. -1849. Jacoby. -1853. Petersen. Larsson. -1855. Wlberg. -1857. Prettynian. Long. Willerup. -1870. Cote. 1871. Vernon. —1872. Clark. MeAll. Gulick. —1873. Taylor. {Allen m Korea.) 1>'(^4 —1883. Methodiovo in Fin land. —1887. Baptists in Russia. —1889. Burt. AMERICAN Missions in Ei-rope. Europe 151 Greece, which is now discontinued ; and the Episcopal church, since 1830 when it sent out J. J. Robertson and J. H. Hill, has conducted a successful educational mis- sion, whose standing monument is the fine girls' school at Athens. BULGARIA THE METHODIST WORK in Bulgaria lies north of the Balkan Mountains. The Congregational work to the south of those mountains is mentioned under Turkey. In 1857 the Methodists sent to Bulgaria Rev. Wesley Prettyman and Rev. Albert L. Long. Shumla and Tirnova became the centres of work. The Catholics warned their followers away from Protes- tant preaching on pain of excommunication. A Bulgarian priest came with tears to Dr. Long to ask the loan of a Bible which his superior had forbidden him to read. Elieff, the first convert, had got hold of a New Testament, and did not know that a single person in all the world had the joy he discovered in it. He became Dr. Long's colporteur and assistant. The picturesque event of the mission was its introduc- tion to the Molokans. In the seventeenth century two young Russians, going to England, had returned with a purer religion. They taught their friends to reject image- worship and other superstitions, and a church of a million people grew up, called Molokans from the Russian moloko, milk, because they drank milk on fast days. They gladly welcomed the Methodists, and the first Russian Methodist church was built at Tultcha. During the war between Russia and Turkey, the Metho- dist missions suffered, but they have recovered ground. 5^ Into All the World The American Girls' School at Loftcha is now the most hopeful feature of the work. AUSTRIA THE AMERICAN BOARD established its mission to Austria in 1872, the pioneers being H. A. Schauffler, E. A. Adams, Albert W. Clark, and E. C. Bissell ; Dr. Clark is still at the head of the mission. The centre of work is Prague, and the chief effort is made among the Bohe- mians, who are even followed into Russia. There are thirteen flourishing churches, that at Prague, the mother church, being in charge of Rev. Alvis Adlof, a most able man, who quietly told the people that he was ready to serve them for no fixed salary but for whatever God led them to give in their weekly offerings. All these Congregational churches must be conducted under the legal guise of private parties, with the congre- gation as invited guests. As the first missionaries, on entering this land of John Huss, drew near to Prague in the railroad train, they sung " Praise God from whom all blessings flow " ; and their labors have been full of bless- ings to the land. Persecutions have been many and fierce. Within a year a young shoemaker, for example, has been imprisoned for distributing Christian literature, and had a good time preaching Christ to the other prisoners. The work for women has its climax in the Krabchitz Seminary, " the Mount Holyoke of Bohemia." Among the most active workers for Bohemian women is the first convert of the mission, Miss Julia Most. THE NORTHERN BAPTISTS also have a work in Prague, in Vienna, in Hungary, and Galicia. The church Europe 153 at Prague was established in 1885, with sixteen members. It now has two hundred and ten, of whom about one hundred and seventy were born Cathohcs. A Bohemian Baptist paper is also published. ITALY THE METHODIST MISSION to Italy was established in 187 1 by Dr. Leroy M, Vernon, who w^as succeeded in 1889 by Dr. William Burt. Methodist churches sprung from this mission are scattered up and down Italy, but the centre of the work is at Rome, where the mission has built a handsome edifice that fitly represents Protestant Christianity in the midst of the architectural monuments that surround it. The mission carries on a well-equipped publishing house, and conducts a very successful girls' school and a young wc men's college, Crandon Hall, chiefly patronized by Catholic parents. It is said that the first person to enter Rome through the breach in the walls made by Garibaldi's cannon, was a colporteur with his pack of Bibles. Ever since, the government has allowed perfect liberty to Protestant teaching. Indeed, when Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel were besieging Rome, the Pope and his cardinals deposited the immense treasures of the Vatican for safe-keeping not with a member of their own church, but with a Lutheran banker ! At the beginning of the kingdom of United Italy about eighty per cent of the people were illiterate ; now, less than thirty-five per cent. The Italians are learning that the Protestants are not the evil folk described by their priests, and slowly but surely a more enlightened religion is gaining ground among them. 154 Into All the World SOUTHERN BAPTIST missions in Italy were estab- lished in 1870, by William N. Cote, M. D., who was the first missionary to enter Rome after the army of Victor Emmanuel had thrown open the gates to the gospel. "Go on with your work," said a city guard to the colporteur ; " Rome has need of these books." On January 30 of the next year the first church was organized. The work began to spread to other cities. In 1873, Dr. George B. Taylor was placed at the head of the mission, and has filled the post with great power ever since. An important step was the establishment, in 1878, of a mission home in Rome, an excellent building near the Pantheon and the University. Another forward step was the establishment, in 1884, of the Baptist paper, // Testhno?iio. The work has extended, though in the midst of much persecution from the Catholics, through Sardinia, Tuscany, south-eastern Italy, the western Riviera, and the Walden- sian valleys in the north. There is a theological seminary at Rome. In several places whole villages have rebelled against the priests, driven them out, and gone over to Protestantism. FRANCE ROBERT WHITAKER McALL was an English Congre- gational clergyman who went to Paris on a visit, and was moved to pity by the condition of the godless people there. In January, 1872, a few months after the fall of the Commune, he with his noble wife quietly began work in a part of Paris crowded with desperate communists. When he began his work, he knew only two sentences of French : " God loves you," and " I love you." Europe 155 He offered a free religion, a decided novelty in that land of priestly extortion. Mr. and Mrs. McAU always served at their own charges. The McAU missions are rented halls, managed most economically, and most of their w^orkers labor without salaries. They co-operate with all other evangelical forces, and send their converts into the regularly formed Protestant churches, so that the McAll mis- McALL sion is a help to all kinds of gospel work. Dr. McAll received two gold medals from learned societies, and had the satisfaction of seeing his enterprise, born of pure faith, become the greatest of all agencies for the salvation of France. He passed away in 1894, his successor being Rev. Charles E. Greig. There are about a hundred McAll missions in France, and their support comes chiefly from Great Britain and the United States. NORTHERN BAPTIST work in France was begun in 1832 by Professor Irah Chase, the first permanent mis- sionary being Rev. Isaac Willmarth, who organized the first Baptist church in Paris in 1835. There was great persecution until the French Revolution brought religious liberty, and even then the pastor of the first church in Paris, with others, was thrown into prison and fined. There are thirty churches, many of them in southeastern France and in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, and all the work is carried on by Frenchmen. SPAIN SPAIN possesses sixty-five Catholic cathedrals and thirty thousand Catholic churches, convents, and the like, 156 Into All the World yet it sadly needs Protestantism, for not half of the eighteen milUon people can read and write, and all of them are bound by the shackles of superstition. To the earlier bigotry and religious fanaticism are succeeding atheism and religious indifference. The Northern Baptists in 1870 took up the work of Professor W. J. Knapp in Madrid. Their mission has passed through great trials, but they have now four churches, the work centering in Barcelona. The American Board mission to Spain was established in 1872, and in spite of great persecution has done a noble work, having now eight churches and sixteen schools. The chief success is the American school for girls carried on by Rev. W. H. Gulick and his wife. It was a great triumph when the girls from this school were the first of Spanish womanhood to win admission to the University at Madrid, carrying off at once the highest honors. When, at the outbreak of our war with Spain, the school moved across the border to Biarritz,' France, the scholars gladly moved with it, and soon the mission will return, taking up its abode at Madrid. GERMANY BAPTIST WORK in Germany had its virtual start in 1834, when at midnight Dr. Barnas Sears rowed in a small boat with seven converts to a point several miles from the city of Hamburg, and there baptized them. Among these was Johann Gerard Oncken, who became the founder and apostle of Baptist churches throughout central FAirope. In 1859 twelve young men, who had been taught in Hamburg, were ordained in a single day Europe 157 to the Baptist ministry. A large publishing house at Cassel and a theological seminary in Hamburg are im- _ portant centres of the work, and Baptist ^PB^^K^ churches are now found in all the leading cities. ONCKEN WILLIAM NAST was the founder of German Methodism, not only in America? but in his homeland. At the University of Tiibingen his religion was spoiled by phi- losophy. When professor of German at West Point he became a hearty Methodist, and at once entered upon a ministry to his countrymen in the United States. In 1844 he was sent to Germany to prospect for a mission, finding the way prepared in advance by the work of a Mr. MiiUer, who had become a Methodist in Eng- land, whither he had gone to avoid service in Bonaparte's army. His meetings were so crowded that there was no room for kneeling. LUDWIG S. JACOBY, M. D., a German boy who was one of Nast's converts in America, was sent out in 1849 as the first missionary. He got a public hall at Bremen. It was soon packed with a crowd of four hundred. He soon moved into and packed a hall twice as large. Der Evangelist\s2i^ established, the pioneer of a wide seed-sowing through books and papers. REV. LOUIS NIPPERT, sent out in 1850, had to preach his first sermon in a barn, horses and pigs, bellowing cows and cackling hens contesting with him the ears of his audience. Sunday schools were intro- JAroLY 158 Into All the World duced. In one place a watch-night meeting, held below while a ball was going on above, came out the victor ; the ball was abandoned, the dancers crowded the gospel meeting, and God's power was shown in many hearts. There was much persecution. Drunken mobs attacked Methodist chapels. One colporteur was seized, his clothes torn off, and he thrown into a ditch. In one prison a Methodist preacher found three infidels, he put in jail for praying too much, and they for praying too little ! Nevertheless, the cause prospered. The Martin Mission Institute has grown up at Frankfort-on-the-Main. A book concern is in vigorous operation. A remark- able deaconess movement has been set on foot. There are fifty-five Methodist churches in north Germany, and eighty-four in south Germany. METHODIST MISSIONS in Switzerland are an offshoot from the flourishing work in Germany. Two German preachers started the work in 1856, and in 1886 it was set off as a separate mission. One of the early preachers went to Zurich, advertised a service, and when the time came not a soul entered the hall. The next Sunday he had five hearers, the next Sunday seven ; but in the evening his perseverance was rewarded, for his congrega- tion filled the place. Zurich is now a strong Methodist centre, with more than two thousand Sunday-school scholars, and a large society for spreading Christian literature. There are forty-nine Methodist churches in Switzerland NORWAY METHODIST WORK for Scandinavia began in New York City. Olof Gustaf Hedstrom, a Swedish tailor, was con- Europe 159 verted in 1829, and became a zealous preacher. A ship was bought named the John Wesley, and stationed at a pier in the North River for a sailors' bethel. The many converts made at this mission and in the West wrote letters home, and visited the homeland. In 1853 Rev. O. P. Petersen was sent back home " to raise up a people for God in Norway." There was much opposition from the state PETERSEN church, but revivals came, a paper, Kris- telig Tidefide, was started, a publishing house and deacon- ess work were established, and now there are forty-seven churches. SWEDEN METHODIST missions in Sweden were established in 1853 by J. P. Larsson, a Swede who was converted in New York, and returned home to preach the new-found gospel to his friends. The first church, at Carlskrona, was built as the result of great sacrifice, many of the people living on two meals a day, and others pawning clothing and furniture in order to give. In 1874 the king granted graciously a petition signed by fourteen hundred Metho- dists, asking to be set apart from the state church as a separate institution. Like all Protestant work in Europe, the Swedish churches lose greatly because of immigration to the United States, but there are one hundred and thirty-two churches in all, with the enthusiastic beginning of a home missionary society. BAPTIST MISSIONS in Sweden were established in 1855, and now number nearly six hundred churches. The real beginning was in the days when Baptist preach- i6o Into All the World ers were forbidden to preach openly in that country ; but Rev. A. Wiberg was so faithful in the circulation of liter- ature that when freedom of preaching was given, churches of the Baptist faith sprung up everywhere. Now the Baptist churches, though compelled by the peculiar laws of the land to form a nominal part of the state church, are free from the persecution to which they were formerly subjected. The Baptists have a theological seminary at Stockholm, and under their influence a strong Baptist movement has been established in Norway, Finland, and Denmark. DENMARK METHODIST missions in Denmark were an outgrowth of the work in Norway, and w^ere commenced by Rev. C. Willerup, a Dane who had been preaching in Wisconsin and then in Norway. Beginning in 1857, he soon felt the great need of a church building. A convert proposed a gift that astonished all Scandinavia — $1,500 toward such a building. This was a stimulus for other goodly gifts, and other chapels were built. There are now twenty- four Methodist churches in Denmark. The Disciples of Christ and the Seventh Day Advent- ists also carry on work in these three Scandinavian coun- tries, the former having sixteen churches, and the latter sixty-nine. RUSSIA THE BAPTIST MISSIONS in Russia, established in 1887, began with German emigrants in the southeastern part of the country. These Baptists have suffered severe persecutions. FamiUes have been torn apart, the >uro pe i6i children placed in Greek nunneries or monasteries, the parents exiled to Siberia. Whole churches have been transported in a body. One church, greatly persecuted, sold its property and went to South America. Many have been compelled to liee to central Europe. In spite of all this, however, and even because of it, the l>aptist churches in Russia continue to grow in numbers and power. IN FINLAND the work of the Methodists was begun in 1883 by a preacher from Sweden, and in 1892 the country was set off as a separate mission. There are seven churches, nearly all in Finland, though there is the beginning of a work in St. Petersburg. There is a theological seminary, and there are two monthly papers. XX. AFRICA AFRICA, under the blaze of the equatorial sun, is yet the " Dark Continent " as concerns Christian civilization. Nowhere else are the masses so degraded. And yet they are, in the main, a warm-hearted, affectionate people, capable of receiving the loftiest ideas of our religion, and embodying them in apostolic lives. Only the borders, practically, of this vast region have been touched by the gospel, and it is only during recent decades that African missions have been pushed on any extensive and widely effective scale ; but already there is promise of gospel triumphs equal to any won in the world. THE FIELD is an enormous one — an area equal to Europe and North America put together — a vast con- tinent five thousand miles long and nearly five thousand miles broad, and with a population about twice as large as that of the United States. To meet the spiritual needs of this great number of people, there is in Africa about one missionary to every 50,000 souls, counting as mis- sionaries the lay workers also and the wives of the missionaries ; while in the United States, not counting lay workers or ministers' wives, we have one minister to every 500 persons. THE DIFFICULTIES in the way of evangelizing this 162 Africa 163 greatest of all mis- sion fields are all but insuperable. The absence of harbors, roads, and naviga- ble streams renders Africa the most in- accessible region of the globe. The ap- palling number of languages— 438, with 1,153 dialects besides — is a for- midable barrier to intercourse with the natives. About a third of Africa is Mohammedan — the most difHcult of all religions to dislodge. A still greater im- pediment to mission- ary enterprise is the climate, which is the most unhealthy in the world. Africa is the graveyard of missionaries. About one hundred mis- sionary societies are now working in Africa. Mr. Taylor, in his " Price of {Carey in India.) 1793- (Mornson in China.) 1807- {Judson in Burma.) 1813- (Fiskin Syria.) 1819- {Giitzlaffm Si aw.) 1828- (Jii)ifj in Grcccf.) ((loodellin Turkey.) 1831— (Perkins in Persia.) 1833— ( Gardiner in South America.) 1838— ( Williams in Japan,) 1859- {Allen in Korea.) 1884— 1737. Schmidt. 1742. Willem, first convert -1799. Vanderkemp. -1817. Moffat. —1818. Jones. Be van. —1821. Lott Carey. -1830. Gobat. -1833. Cox. -1834. Wilson. Seys. -1835. Missionaries driven from Madafjascar. -1837. Payne. -1838. Krapf. -1841. Crowther. Livingstone. -1850. Bowen. -1861. Religious liberty in Madagascar. -1876. Mackay. —1882. Good. —1884. Taylor. —1885. Hannington. —1888. Parker. —1890. Pilkiugton. —1895. French conquest of Madagascar. Great Missionaries TO Africa. 164 Into All the World Africa," takes only seven of these — all American soci- eties — and gives a list of 190 of their missionaries that have perished in the Dark Continent, chiefly from the ravages of the dreaded fever. THE HORRORS OF THE SLAVE TRADE are passing away, but " Christian " civilization is replacing them with still greater horrors, with its unspeakably iniquitous traffic in strong drink. Intemperance, ruinous in Europe and America, becomes insanity and swift death under a tropical sun. It is estimated that 40,000,000 Africans have been sold into slavery. The rum trade will soon be the cause of the death, spiritual and physical, of more than that number of Africans. The record at Madeira of liquor bound for Africa during a single week was 28,000 cases of whiskey, 30,000 cases of brandy, 30,000 cases of Old Tom, 36,000 barrels of rum, 800,000 demijohns of rum, 24,000 butts of rum, 15,000 barrels of absinthe, and 960,- 000 cases of gin. No hindrance to the progress of mis- sions compares with this terrible curse that comes largely from Christian America. THE MAP OF AFRICA given herewith shows the " pro- tectorates " and " spheres of influence " into wdiich the continent has been partitioned out among the European powers, and indicates the regions where the great mis- sionaries have labored, and also the centres of work of our largest American societies. We must bear in mind that the map does not show the still more important work done in Africa by the great missionary societies of Eng- land, Scotland, Germany, and France, though the follow- ing biographical sketches will indicate some of the centres of their activity. Africa i6s American nissions. BN— Baptist, North. BS— Baptist, South. C— ("oiisreKfitioual. CO— Canadian Coniiregational. E— Episcopal. L— Lutheran. MN -Methodist. North. PN— Presbyterian, North. PS— Preshvterian. South. UB -United Brethren. UP— United Presbyterian. The U)cati()ns of other societies are ^iven in the text. 1 66 Into All the World GEORGE SCHMIDT, heroic Moravian, was the Protestant pioneer missionary to Africa. Ziegenbalg and Pliitschau, Danish pioneer missionaries to India, touched at the Cape of Good Hope on their way east, and wrote home an ap- peal for missionaries to be sent to those neglected black men. Seven days after Schmidt heard of it, he was on his way to offer himself for the task. He was then only twenty-seven years old, but had already spent six years in a Bohemian prison for the sake of his Protestant faith, and bore to his death marks of his chains. As soon as he was released from prison, he travelled about Europe for a year, winning men to Christ. He was a day laborer, and had little education, but he was an apostle. He reached Cape Town July 9, 1737, and was received with cruel scorn. The Dutch hated the blacks, and despised them. The notice above one church door : " Hottentots and dogs forbidden to enter ! " completely expresses their attitude. Schmidt was driven from place to place, but succeeded in gathering around him a colony of devoted Hottentots, who adored the first white man that had ever treated them kindly. Despairing of learning their difficult language, with its clicks and other inhuman sounds, he taught them Dutch, carrying on a well-attended school and training the natives to habits of industry and in the arts of civilization. His first convert, Willem, was baptized March 31, 1742, like Philip's Ethiopian, in a stream by the way as they were journeying together, and he became Schmidt's assistant — an honored and useful man. For six years the lonely missionary labored among the Hottentots at the Cape, building up a congregation of forty-seven persons ; but the Dutch at last sent him back to Europe, where as a sexton and grave-digger he lived to be seventy-six years old, praying every day for Africa 167 South Africa, and dying at last, like Livingstone, on his knees. JOHN THEODORE VANDERKEMP, of Holland, founded the South African mission of the London Missionary Society. He was fifty years old when he became a mis- sionary. He was a man of great learning ; was first a soldier and then a physician of much skill, becoming a director of a large hospital. He grew to be an infidel, but was aroused to a sense of his dangerous position by the sudden death by drowning of his wife and daughter, he himself barely escaping with his life. Out of his infidelity he won a simple-hearted, childlike faith, and an ardent zeal for the cause of his new-found Saviour that led him, soon after the formation of the London Missionary Society, to offer himself in their service. He sailed for Africa in December, 1798, on a convict transport, among whose wretched and mutinous passengers he did magnificent evangelistic work. Dr. Vanderkemp labored in South Africa till his death in 181 1. His work was chiefly among the Hottentots, and it was interrupted by much grievous opposition from heathen chiefs and from the hostile Boers. He was compelled to move his Christian colony frequently, and often to protest against the cruel- ties inflicted upon the defenceless natives. In three years he himself spent $5,000 to redeem slaves from bondage. It was not till near the end of his life that the English finally conquered the Cape. Dr. Vanderkemp's last utterance, when asked, " Is it darkness or light with you } " was the single emphatic word, " Light ! " ROBERT MOFFAT, as Vanderkemp died, was growing up to take his place. He was an apprentice to a Scotch i68 Into All the World gardener, and began work at four o'clock on cold winter mornings, knocking his knuckles against his spade handle to keep them warm. A hard life, with little schooling, toughened his frame. Passing over a bridge one day he hap- pened to see an announcement of a mis- sionary meeting, which aroused memories of what his pious mother had told him of the heroic Moravian missionaries to MOFFAT Greenland and Labrador, and led to his offering himself to the London Missionary Society at the age of nineteen. He reached Cape Town on January 13, 1817. His destination was Namaqualand, north of the Orange River, the district controlled by a fierce chief named Africaner. The missionaries previously there had been compelled, through fear of him, to spend a week in a pit covered over, ana then made good their escape. His conversion was reported, but the farmers on the way refused to be- lieve the news and begged Moffat not to venture further. The journey was a trying one over wastes of burning sands. One night, at the house of a wealthy Boer, the young missionary was conducting family prayers when he asked for the Hottentot servants to be brought in. " Hot- tentots ! " the man roared, " I will call my dogs and you may preach to them." Without a word Moffat began to read and explain the story of the Syrophenician woman, with her saying, " Even the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their master's table." " Hold ! " cried the Boer, "you shall have your Hottentots." Africaner received him kindly, and became a noble Christian, gentle and true — one of the most conspicuous miracles of conversion in all history. With him, quite Africa 169 alone, Moffat lived and taught, being carpenter, smith, cooper, shoemaker, miller, baker, and housekeeper. Many were his trials, but they were all rewarded when he could take Africaner to Cape Town and exhibit him as a speci- men of the marvels of God's grace. Until 1870 Moffat, with Mary Moffat, his beautiful, heroic wife, labored in South Africa, preaching and trans- lating, slowly winning the natives, making hazardous journeys of exploration. At one time, beset by hostile natives whose spears were levelled at him, the missionary threw open his breast and bade them strike. He won the day by his dauntlessness. His centre of labor was at Kuruman among the Bechuanas, into whose language he translated the entire Bible, the work of thirty years. " I felt it to be an awful thing," he said, " to translate the Book of God." He also established the mission in Mata- beleland, farther north. His old age was passed in Eng- land, where he received many honors and a testimonial of $30,000, and where he died at the age of eighty-eight. DAVID LIVINGSTONE, whom most men would place at the head of the great Protestant missionaries, was a poor Scotch weaver's lad, born in 18 13. With part of his first week's wages as " piecer boy," at a loom, he bought a Latin gram- mar, laying the rest of the money in his mother's lap. By the age of nineteen he had decided to be a medical missionary, and after LiviNGSToxE obtaining a most practical training, he reached South Africa in 1841 as a missionary of the London Society — a connection he maintained till 1856. He began with Moffat at Kuruman. " If you meet me lyo Into All the World down in the Colony," he wrote, " before eight years are expired, you may shoot me." It was there he married Mary Moffat, who made him a noble wife, and near there he had the famous fight with a lion, which bit through his arm bone. Livingstone's chief work, to the outward eye, was ex- ploration. With toil and peril such as only a heroic spirit and stout body could endure, he opened up the Zambesi country from ocean to ocean, and the region around the great African lakes, many of which he dis- covered. He became one with the natives, and obtained a marvellous ascendency over them — an influence steadily used to promote the cause of Christ. He was missionary above explorer, and explorer only because, as he said, " The end of the geographical feat is but the beginning of the missionary enterprise." After leaving the London Society, he maintained his work by the sale of his books. With the exception of a brilliant visit to England in 1857, he buried himself in the Dark Continent. Stanley's search for him and his discovery of the aged and almost starving apostle in 187 1 — an intercourse that was Stanley's spiritual birth — are well known to all. The devoted man would not return to civilization, but continued his great work. On one of his latest journeys he read the Bible through four times. He grew more and more feeble ; fainting, he had to be borne in a litter over miles of swamp ; his men built him a rough hut, left him for the night, and in the morning of May i, 1873, his loving black servant, Susi, found him on his knees by his bed, having passed away in the act of prayer. His faithful followers buried his heart under a tree, embalmed his body, and laboriously carried it a nine-month's jour- Africa 171 ney to the coast, so that now it rests in Westminster Abbey — the chief glory of that glorious shrine. BAPTIST missions in Africa began with the sending out in 182 1 of Lott Carey, a slave who had bought his freedom. He went to Liberia, and came to his death in 1828 while engaged in a struggle against a slave-trader. In 1884 the American Baptists received from Rev. H. Grattan Guinness, the English Baptist missionary, the mission he had established on the Congo — a unique instance of the transfer of a large and prosperous mission from one nation to another. Since then the mission has flourished, espe- cially during the wonderful revival under Rev. Henry Richards, who, after preaching for six years without a convert, received in a few years more than a thousand. In a single year of this time he preached seven hundred sermons — and the eager listeners would have them an hour and a half long ! SAMUEL GOBAT, pioneer Protestant missionary to Abyssinia, was a Swiss who began his work, in 1830, un- der the direction of the Church Missionary Society, and labored in Abyssinia till 1836. His later years were spent as Bishop of Jerusalem, where he died in 1879. -^^ ^^'^^ a man of great ability, speaking eight languages, of devout piety, and of splendid courage and endurance. Abyssinia is the only native Christian country in Africa, and the only savage Christian country in the world. It became Christian early in the fourth century under the preaching of Frumentius, a boy of Tyre, who happened to be captured, sold as a slave, and rose high in the royal household, becoming tutor to the king's sons. Abyssinian Christianity, however, is very corrupt. 172 Into All the World JOHN LUDWIG KRAPF, a German, accomplished for northeast Africa much of what Livingstone wrought for central Africa. He began his labors in Abyssinia in 1838, and his work rapidly spread throughout all the region to the south. Under the Church Missionary Society he established his greatest mission, at Mombasa on the Zanzibar coast, from which he conducted extensive ex- plorations, including Uganda and Mount Kenia. His researches in African languages were most fruitful also, and Bible translation in Germany occupied his clos- ing years. He died in 1881, while on his knees in prayer. MELVILLE B. COX, the first Methodist foreign mission- ary from the United States, volunteered to go to Africa, though he knew that he could not live ^^^^ long there. He asked of a friend that his m 1 epitaph should be, " Let a thousand fall before Africa is given up." He reached Liberia, the Methodist mission field in Africa, in 1833, ^'^d held under some evergreen palms the first African camp- '^ ' meeting. In five months the heroic man was seized by African fever and passed away. JOHN SEYS had lived for many years in Trinidad, was fitted for the African climate, and felt himself impelled to take Cox's place, though five missionaries had passed away the year Cox died. He w^ent out in 1834, and two hundred converts were made the first year. Ten thou- sand pagans came of their own accord to join the colony. Bishops Burns and Roberts were colored men successively set over this promising field, but in 1884 William Taylor was made first missionary bishop of Africa. Africa i ']'^ WILLIAM TAYLOR, " The Flaming Torch," as the Afri- cans called him, was one of the greatest world evangelists since Paul, A wild youth, he became converted, and at once took to preaching. For seven years he was a street preacher in San Francisco. Then he be- came a mighty evangelist in the East, in Canada, England, Ireland, for four years doing a wonderful work in Australia. Then he made many hundreds of converts in South Africa; then he won thousands in the West Indies ; next a thousand in Ceylon, and a thousand more in north william taylor and south India, where he estabhshed self-supporting churches ; then to similar labors in South America, and finally to Africa, where for twelve years he toiled hero- ically to establish self-supporting stations, his mission- aries earning their own support by farming and other labor — a method of work that has not proved very successful. This apostolic man, who for years slept with his head on a stone which he carried with him, and who, when asked for his address, said, " I am sojourning on the globe at present, but do not know how soon I shall be leaving," passed away at the age of eighty-one, in 1902. His successor is Bishop Hartzell, who oversees the flourishing Methodist missions in the Madeiras, Li- beria, Angola (south of the Congo), and Rhodesia. JOHN LEIGHTON WILSON is to be remembered as the missionary pioneer of the American Board in J^Vest Africa. In 1834 he established at Cape Palmas a mis- sion in what is now Liberia. He explored the interior, making long journeys, mostly on foot, and he built up a flourishing Christian community. But the French occu- 174 Into All the World pation caused the removal of his mission to the Mpongwes, 1,200 miles south, on the Gaboon River, where it is now. under the control of the northern Presbyterians. Failing health compelled Dr. Wilson to return home, and he became, before the war, foreign mission secretary of the Presbyterians, and during the war, being a Southern man, ^he organized the foreign work in the Southern Presbyterian Church and became its secretary. CONGREGATIONAL MISSIONS in Africa are now three, — among the Zulus in Natal, and in Portuguese terri- tory on the east and west coasts. The Zulu mission was established in 1834, vs^as greatly hindered by the opposition of the Boers and of the treacherous Zulu king, Dingaan, and by the war between Boers and Zulus. It was ten years before the missionaries gained their first convert — an old woman. Now the mission flourishes in every way gloriously. The other two missions are later — the western, 1880; the eastern, 1883. THE NORTHERN PRESBYTERIAN mission in Africa lies in the region around the mouth of the Gaboon River on the West Coast. It was established in 1842, and has cost the lives of many heroes, slain by the terrible West Coast fever. ADOLPHUS C. GOOD was one of these. He was a poor lad, belonging " to the Grand Order of Log- Cabin Men of America, where Lincoln belonged, and Grant, and Garfield." He urged his sturdy health as one reason why he should be appointed a missionary to the deadly African station, and set sail in 1882. Ten mis- sionaries were compelled to leave for home the first year, Africa »75 and he was the only man left — and only twenty-six years old. Within ten months he could preach in the native tongue. His most conspicuous work — though he was an untiring evan- gelist and an orator scarcely second to Duff — was the exploration of the inland regions back from the station. Under terrible difficulties he journeyed many hundreds of miles through a country never before visited by a white man. ^'"^^^ One indication of Dr. Good's keen, wide-awake mind is the fact that he discovered about one thousand new species of butterflies and other insects, and in this way earned much money for the use of the mission. His useful life came to an end in 1894, when he was only thirty-eight years old. SAMUEL CROWTHER, the black bishop of the Niger, was born in the Yoruba country on the Gulf of Guinea, and when eleven years old was cap- tured and sold as a slave. After many sufferings he found himself on a slave ship, which fortunately was taken by a British man-of-war sent out to capture slavers. He was educated in the mis- •sions of Liberia and Sierra Leone, and determined to devote his life to the up- lifting of his own people in the Niger country. It was while he was engaged in this work that he was reunited, providentially, to his mother, brother, and sisters, who also had been sold into slavery. His mother became a Christian, and took the name of Hannah whose son was Samuel 1 In 1864 Mr. Crowther was consecrated first CROWTHER 176 Into All the World bishop of the Niger before an immense audience in Canterbury Cathedral. Until his death in 1891 at the age of eighty-two, his labors were unceasing both as an evangelist and organizer of missions, and as a translator, for he had extraordinary skill in languages. His work was done under the auspices of the Church Missionary Society. ALEXANDER MACKAY (i 849-1 890) was the great Mechanic Missionary. The son of a Scotch minister, when he was only a three-year-old he could easily read the New Testament. The workmen on the manse would greet him : " Weel, laddie, gaen to gie's a sermon the day ? " And always he would answer : " Please give me trowel. I can preach and build, same time ! " When MACKAY four years old he was sent after a small pick, but misunderstood and was later discovered strug- gling with an enormous six-foot lever, which he had brought fifty yards by dint of swinging it around end for end, two yards gained at every turn. His old nurse, on leaving, threw a leather strap into the mill-race, say- ing, " I'm nae gaen to let onybody whip my bairn when I'm awa'." The boy plunged in after it and was almost drowned. " How can I be good without a whip ? " he ex- plained. At seven, his reading lesson was the leading article in the new^spaper; his reward for proficiency, to be told a missionary story ; his choicest plaything a print- ing-press, Mackay became an engineer, and got the best training in Edinburgh and Berlin. It was in Germany that he had what he described as "a new conversion,'' the call to be an engineer-missionary. Stanley's appeal for mis- Africa 177 sionaries for the Dark Continent met his eye, and promptly in .Vpril, 1876, he sailed for Zanzibar as pio- neer of the Church Missionary Society to Uganda. Through all the fiery trials of the infant mission under that P^lix king, Mtesa, and the cruel Mwanga, Mackay was the mainstay of the work. He opened up communi- cation with the coast. While making the first road into the interior, he came one day to a deep stream too rapid to swam, flowing through an immense swamp. Sending an attendant after a rope by which he could lasso the opposite bank and pull himself over, he composedly sat down in the mire to master Haeckel's theory of mole- cules ! At one time suffering terribly with fever, he was robbed of much of his stores, including the invaluable fever specific, quinine. This loss would have compelled his retreat had he not providentially met an Arab trader and obtained some quinine from him. In Uganda, Mackay became, as he described himself, " Engineer, builder, printer, physician, surgeon, and gen- eral artificer to Mtesa, Kabaka of Uganda and over-lord of Unyoro." He built a wonderful house, introduced a cart, made a magic lantern, set up a printing-press, con- structed a mighty coffin for the king's mother, was tailor, boat-maker, school-teacher, baker, sawyer, weaver, bridge- builder. "Man," wTote Mackay, "was made to be like his Maker, who made not one kind of thing, but all things." He taught the natives to work, telling them that God, wiien He made them with one stomach and two hands, implied that they should w^ork twice as much as they ate. Winning attention by his mechanical mar- vels, he soon w^on hearts to Jesus Christ. Persecutions came. Converts were burned to death, chanting in the fire a Christian hymn, "Daily, daily sing the praises." 178 Into All the World The missionary was driven out of the country to a very unhealthy region, where, always feeble, he did not long live. On Februarys, 1890, this " modern Livingstone." as Stanley called him, passed from the scene of his manifold toils. JAMES HANNINGTON was a lively English lad who won for himself the nickname of " Mad Jim,'' blowing the thumb off his left hand with pdwder designed for a wasps' nest, hanging when seven years old from the top of a mast, and finding it exceedingly difficult in later years to get through college. This gallant young fellow set out, in 1882, to reinforce the Uganda mission, which had lost so HANNINGTON many at the hands of fever and of mur- derous natives. Sickness drove him back to England, where he was consecrated Bishop of Equatorial Africa, and returned again in 1885. Unfortunately he ap- proached Uganda from the north side of Lake Victoria Nyanza, and the natives counted every one their foe that came from that direction. Hannington was set upon and murdered after a w^eek of horrible torture, and only four of his party of fifty escaped. He v;as only fifty-eight years old. His successor, Bishop H. P. Parker, died from fever in 1888, as soon as he reached his field. His successor is Bishop Tucker, a grand laborer, under whose care Uganda is now one of the most promising mission fields in all the world. George L. Pilkiiigt07i, a student of Cambridge University, was among those that, in 1890, took up the work of Mackay, but his bril- liant and consecrated life was cut short by mutinous natives in 1897. Africa 179 THE UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH is the only American church with missions in Egypt. Upon Egypt and India all the missionary activity of that church is centred. The mission was begun at Cairo in 1854 by Messrs. McCague and Barnet, and has won a powerful influence throughout that ancient land among the Moham- medans as well as the Copts. There are four presbyteries, to which are attached as church-members and adherents more than twenty-five thousand natives. There is an American force of 58 with more than a hundred native assistants, together with ;^^^ teachers at work in the mis- sion schools. Perhaps the chief glory of the mission is the college at Asyut, which, with its more than 600 stu- dents, is the leading African institution of higher educa- tion for the natives. The Egyptian mission of the United Presbyterians has recently extended into the Soudan. OTHER MISSIONS, all of great hopefulness, are the fol- lowing : 7Vie African M. E. Chiwch began their mission in Sierra Leone in 1886. The Soutkerfi Presbyteria7i Church founded their mission on the Upper Congo in 1 89 1. It is a thousand miles by river from the coast. The Southern Baptists, after noble labors in Liberia, closed that mission and concentrated their efforts upon their mission to the Yoruba country at the mouth of the Niger — a mission opened in 1850 largely through the zealous toil of Rev. T. J. Bowen, and since maintained successfully, though with the sacrifice of many lives to the African fever. The Protestant Episcopalians support a mission in Liberia, which w^as opened in 1836. The first missionary bishop w^as Rev. John Payne. Referring to his service of a third of a century in that most un- healthful region, which left him " the mere wreck of a i8o Into All the World man," he wrote, " But I was no fool. I did follow the very footsteps of apostles, martyrs, and prophets." The Lutherans carry on the Muhlenberg Mission in Liberia, which was established in i860. The nucleus consisted of forty children recaptured from slave-traders, named after well-known Americans, and educated by the mis- sionaries. One of them afterwards became pastor of the mission church. TJie United Brethren have since 1855 maintained a mission on Sherbro Island, off the coast of Sierra Leone, West Africa. The Canadian Congregation- alists, since 1885, have carried on a mission at Bailundu, in the Portuguese country. West Central Africa. The Seventh Day Adventists have work in South Africa and on the West Coast. The Christian and Missionary Al/iance labors on the Congo and in the Soudan. 77ie Moravians^ who furnished the pioneer missionary to Africa, still labor in the south, and also in German East Africa. The Friends are beginning a mission in South Africa. Work in Africa is also carried on by the IVes/eyan Methodist Connection (Sierra Leone), Disciples of Christ (Congo), Free Methodists (Portuguese East Africa, Natal, and the Transvaal), Free Baptists (Liberia), and Seventh Day Baptists (Gold Coast). XXL MADAGASCAR MADAGASCAR has a missionary history second in in- terest to no other. It is the third largest island of the world, and would stretch' from New York to Chicago, being larger than France and almost as large as Texas. It contains three and a half million people, chiefly of Malay origin and language ; for the island itself, in plants, animals, and geological formation, is sharply cut off from the African continent near by, and akin rather to the lands across the Indian Ocean. Missionary effort is centred at Antananarivo, the capital, and the great cen- tral plateau. DAVID JONES and THOMAS BEVAN, two Welshmen, were the first missionaries to Madagascar. They had been moved to enter the work by a dream of the great dark island which their godly teacher, Dr. Phillips, re- lated to his class. '• Now who will go ? " he had asked, and at once these two made answer, " I," " And I." The London Missionary Society sent them, in 1818. Within four months the fever that is the scourge of Mada- gascar's coast-line had kflled their wives, their children, and Mr. Bevan, leaving Jones alone. With this sad be- ginning, the gospel grew, fighting against the native witchcraft, fetichism, impurity, and a brutality that was even destitute of a word for conscience. The missionaries toiled for eleven years before baptiz- 1 82 Into All the World ing a convert. Gradually the infant church gained power, until Madagascar's "Bloody Mary," Ranavalona 1., came to the throne. She was about to send the missionaries out of the country. " What can you do ? " she sneered as they pleaded with her. " Can you make soap ? " They knew nothing of soap-making, but within a week the re- sourceful missionaries brought to the queen a goodly bar of soap made with their own hands, and thus won a res- pite of five years. But in 1835 the storm broke. The missionaries were driven from the island, hastening first to complete their translation of the Bible. A noble young woman, Rasa- lama, was the first martyr, a spear being thrust through her as she prayed. From sixty to eighty others were also slain. In 1849 fourteen- Christians were lowered, one by one, over the "Rock of Hurling," a precipice of 150 feet in Antananarivo. " Will you give up praying ? " each was asked, and when he answered, " No," the rope was cut and the faithful witness was dashed to pieces far below. One was heard singing as he fell. Others were burned to death, others stoned, or killed by boiling water, or by the horrible tangena poison. Four nobles had just endured a fiery martyrdom when rain quenched the flames, and the awe-struck multitude saw a beautiful rainbow springing from the spot. For a quarter of a century the persecution continued, but in spite of it all, our Saviour won men's hearts so that on the return of the missionaries they found nearly four times as many Christians as they had left in the entire island. This return came on the death of the cruel queen in 1861 and the accession of her son, Radama II., who proclaimed entire religious liberty. Madagascar 183 The missionaries were led by that hero, Rev. William Ellis, who had visited and comforted the natives during their quarter-century of sorrow. One thousand persons were present at his first service. A beautiful stone church was built on the " Rock of Hurling," and another where the four nobles were buried. Madagascar's first Christian queen, Ranavalona II., came to the throne in 1868. At her coronation the Bible took the place of the old heathen symbols. She burned the royal idols throughout the island. She gave her private fortune to buy freedom for Madagascar's 150,000 slaves. She was one of the noblest of earth's sovereigns. Under her lead the Malagasy hastened by thousands into the church. Her last days were darkened by a war with France, which was bent on enforcing an ancient claim to the island. After a heroic struggle of four years, the natives compelled the French army to withdraw. However, dur- ing the reign of her worthy successor, Ranavalona III., the French renewed the attack, and in 1895 obtained control of the country. This means Catholic ascendency and great loss to the Protestant cause. The London Missionary Society has turned over a large part of its work to the Paris Evangel- ical Society, a Protestant organization. The English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel also has im- portant missions in the island, together with the English Friends, the Norwegians, and the Lutherans of the United States. """"" 00 _ _ _ N 'O t^ fO M a-_COQOrot^mt^fO_ O .OOro •psjiodaj JBaX ■X 00 ~. 0- ro r^ N M -fl- in ■«■ C" c^ X ^Or^I^t^-'00- ro P?m Suuiip SJUSllBd sD • • • - vD O '-^ - ■^•^^OvgO-nmOv- -VO-P.^ J o < '-' P) •ssui^suad 1 N -.J- M . . ro OOO roN a- Ot-^OtOMmvOt^mio .t>>.Nr^ 5 -sip JosiBjidsoHl c to CON ■- m ui sjuapmg ??:r:;^ ^^^ \ ^ : :% J N lO •suop mac •-■ 00 •♦oo to lO -^O 00 - O^vD «„fN«. •-0..in i-i u-i tv ■* " t>. lo O^ tC • • o H < -njijsui JaqSjH ^ K i:-^ ^=3> - ;a: - M .::cop<-i-ocMot-.piP4 to >n •o O O - •t - t^vO ■* O t^OO "vD"t^t^"C7< O- . .0 fO vD O -^O u •aiUBS UI sjidn J u^t^N^O si TJ- C-00 ^ D a lO ». tN -Ot POOO . .g. 2" ^^o'S, - rOOO ro a vO>npiintr^t-.--.oo oo-t-^0-CP) t^O •XauaniusuoD « O N 00 - r' 0-*0^rOt^ r-.fOt^NO^-.OOt^. . MO . .O^l SApcu p^iox r) t^ " u^ ro c' fO T ■<«■ O ■<» f^t-t^fOC7>'-i- • • POOO • • t^. > «1 fO - f^ (7> >n CO OOO "H fO roo - m f-. N «'^ N w O^ P)CO M • • • • sO lO ■* ro r'500 N -* O N ■* 00-t0O^t0«n NN (J- t^ O lO t^ t^ ir 00 ^ rv " Tt S^?'^?^ - « OO ►- t^ t rovO . . (^ . . t •SlUBDUiniUUIOO t^««ro Nin« oo-n P^ -* t^vO "^ t> 00 O - N - ^H ;oii 'sjuajaqpv •- « t^ U-> tv Nmrt O O^^g; "^D^S-- "••^l 2; t/i z N M O^ O 1^ ro - 00 nO lOOO C30 r^Ot^t^0t~%0r^ int^ n o u^vD vO ^00 lO -1- rOOC O O r^OO N 00 •n n OO - P) vO m . . m . . t u O t^ C~00 00 \D int»sC - ro>^ P) 00 C t P^ P) ,D POM tco • • N 5 • • (-- •sjUBDiunuuuoo t^ -^OO t^ u- -9- t^ M 00 N « N vD rri t^ ro t t - t^ vO i-^vD . . ■- . . O f^ -* r^OO N -t in -t ro -^vD OOOO O f^OO^Q - ro t^ . - ■* •suoijBjsqns t-, ro lO r- vr> N N lO lO t^ ro TC^o vOCOnOvD -tO^ vOl H O lo 'suopBismo " "^ to po O^ - moo to ^ m fO ro inoo -«■ • N • fO « N m lO M . . M •apisaj sauB - 00 00 \D ro\D t^ "^ t^vO PO H-oOOt^roMMNt^O m f " " -UOJSSIUI 3«11AV « N vO pj "2" <^ « f^t-- fO t^ in ro t^OO OO ro t^ t^OC •n r^oo -'-•mNt^tt to ptvO - •saa =;axHS Hioa MHOAV aAIiVK ^--:;io 5 « « vC MPOjo -m^ . jn 1^ ro N -"I- N 00 lo lo P) 1- in T)- PI ovo in t^ -H ■<)■ t^ n - M-\D pooO I •SSUBUOISSIUI - «- O 'J-OO f ro O t^ tec \D O N POOO r-i inOO N - O P^ o^ o^ - 1 uSpjoj 'iBl'ox oON-^^co Mcor^-rj. -N«=0 ..OP. ^ -N N^ 1 •USUIOAV XiB « O fO MOO ro O 00 vD 1/ ■1 «0^tt:Oj:00"0 fO lo - C m-rofC^ int>.-ONP>t^O .;^<- ■ - 5 II 5 3 O 5' rt rt y ° « 2^ c c H '-. U r- c/: C 1 i-si^i5i£irii35 184 DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF THIS BOOK IN A CLASS No one person, however active in mind and persistent in studious habits, can study missions as well by himself as he could in a class. Contact with other minds is always a stimulus. There are new ways of looking at things. There are the doubts and perplexities of others to solve. There is the experience of others to draw from. There is the enlivening clash of question and answer. And while this is true of all subjects, it is especially true of a matter so vital and up- to-date as the study of missions. In few particulars has the church made a more important advance during recent years than in the matter of the organization of mission study classes, both for old and young. It has come to be 'widely recognized that it is not enough to hold missionary meetings, good as those are. The information gained therefrom is too likely to be scrappy, and, in any event, rather the possession of the leader of the meeting and the few that prepare papers or addresses, than the com- mon acquisition of all. Every young people's society and every woman's missionary so- ciety (alas, that it should sound so strange to add, ''and every man's missionary society!) should organize a mission study class. Make it as large as possible. If it can be made to include the entire society, all the better. But do not be discouraged though it must begin with a few. Insist that all the members shall be in earnest, whether it be large or small. For the leader you will not need a person learned in missions so much as a good executive, able to set others to work, and keep them at it. Enough work is mapped out in the following pages to occupy the energies of the most ambitious class. What is needed is some leader of vigorous personality, who will get the work done. Any person that will make a good president of your societv will be likelv, 185 ' ' 1 86 Into All the World if he or she has the missionary spirit, to make a good leader of the missionary class, even without any more knowledge than is j)os- sessed by the average member of the society. As to times of meeting, they should be regular. The meetings should be close enough together to keep up the interest, and far enough apart to give time for preparation. Once a week is best. Once a fortnight is second-best. This book is arranged for nine such meetings. The society may pursue this course during one part of a year, and then, after a rest, take up a second course. Organize the study class by devoting one meeting of the society to the consideration of the matter. Let some one who has looked into the subject present the importance of mission study classes and an outline of the work to be done. Have copies of this text-book at hand to show the society. Describe with some minuteness the way the class will be conducted. Enlarge upon the advantages of missionary study. Give examples of the noble lives to which you will be introduced. Read from the book some of the splendid in- stances of heroism. Show what a grasp of the world's history, of geography, and of political and social conditions everywhere may thus be gained. Throw open the meeting for informal questions. Call for expressions of opinion from this one and that. Of course the plan will have been talked over beforehand in the executive committee and with the pastor, and you will have at hand a body of ready advocates. When all the questions have been asked, and the subject has been fully presented, call for the names of those that will join the class, each agreeing 1. To attend as regularly as may be. 2. To obtain his own copy of the text-book (except that two or more from the same family may use one book). 3. To prepare each lesson with care. 4. To do as well as possible the special work the leader may assign him. 5. To try to interest others in the class, get them to join, and cultivate the spirit of missions. Write this agreement upon a sheet of paper, and present it for the signatures of those that will join, having already by previous con- versation persuaded a number of leaders among your members to sign the paper, and thus "start the ball rolling." After the meeting go to each member that did not sign, and try to remove his objec- tions and obtain his membership. Directions 187 Order the text-books at once, that you may get to work while the enthusiasm is fresh; do not wait to complete the enrolment by the canvass, but send a second order as soon as you obtain more mem- bers, or, still better, provide yourselves with extra copies of the book. Perhaps you can persuade some convenient bookseller to keep the book in stock. A regular time for the meeting of the class is essential, that the members may plan for it properly. A regular meeting place is also essential. Do not take the society meeting place if it is so large that the class will not have the feeling of sufficient numbers. It is better to meet in a room that is a trifle crowded than in a room where you will feel lonesome. A private house is best, therefore, for a small class, provided the house is centrally situated; but the church is best for a large class. At your first meeting organize by choosing a class secretary, whose duty it will be to see that the class is well advertised by public an- nouncement in the society meetings and from the pulpit, in the church paper, if there is one, and in the town paper or city papers, on bulletin boards, and in every other way. The secretary will also notify the members of any necessary change in the time of meeting, and any special features to be introduced. He will act as the lead- er's medium of communication in the assignment of special work to the members of the class. He should see absentees promptly, urge prompt and constant attendance, and in every way seek to maintain the class at the highest standard of efficiency. A class artist, to draw the maps and diagrams, will be another useful ofiicer. Perhaps you will be able to find more than one per- son, that the work may be divided. It will be well to obtain some missionary map of the world, such as is sold by most denomina- tional mission boards, together with the maps of your denomina- tional mission fields which your boards will probably be able to furnish. In addition to these, however, and even if necessary with- out these, your own home-made maps are indispensable. I have purposely allowed the maps in this book to go with my own rough and hasty lettering, in order to set before the classes no copper-plate model, difficult to imitate. Large sheets of manila paper, soft pen- cils of various colors, colored crayons, ink, and the ability to letter clearly — these are all you need. The gummed stars and the like, whose use is suggested so many times in the following pages, mav be home-made, or may be bought cheaply from any stationer. What- 1 88 Into All the World ever maps are made should be copied by the class in their note- books, and it will be well if a perfect frenzy of map-drawing seize them, so that they will make in large size all the maps shown in this book and many more. There is no better way to fix mission- ary information than by the wise use of a map, A blackboard should be at hand during the meeting, ready for all kinds of diagrams and off-hand illustrations; but the paper maps I have described should always be made, for permanent use and for review. A class Hbrarian will be another useful officer, for you will need a reference library. I have named in the following pages many books, but to avoid confusion I have placed a star before the names of about fifty books that arc most likely to be useful if you can own but a few. Half of these are double-starred, to signify especial usefulness. It is not absolutely necessary, of course, to have any book but the text-book, together with what books the class may al- ready own or have access to; but it will be a great advantage if the class can gather for the use of the society in later years and other studies, as well as for its own immediate use, as many as pos- sible of the books I have named. The reference lists are chosen from books recently published in America, and to be obtained through any bookseller, or they will be sent, postpaid, at the prices named, by the publishers of this volume. I have not named books published abroad, or books out of print. Neither have I been able to find space for the names of pamphlets, though many missionary pamphlets are full of meat. You will do well to write to your de- nominational mission boards, and ask them for a list of the pam- phlets and leaflets they have for sale; then provide yourselves with a complete set, together, of course, with the reports of the boards, reaching back as far as possible. In preparation for the class meeting, every member should first read carefully the chapter assigned, and then test his knowledge by asking himself the cjuestions on the lesson given in the following pages. This should be repeated till he is sure he has fixed in his mind all the leading facts. .\ definite time for study each day will greatly help. If the leader assigns extra work, the member should do it cheerfully and" conscientiously. Keep a notebook in which, under the head of the different countries, you will jot down what is brought out in the meeting, and whatever additional facts you come across in your reading. Directions 189 During this home study and during the meetings, indeed in the entire conduct of the class, the high spiritual purposes of the study should be kept in mind. Seek first the Kingdom of God. Our work, more than the study of geography, of fascinating biography, of world history, is the study of the progress of the Kingdom. Pray constantly, "Thy Kingdom come." Open your heart to the will of the Master. Ask ever, "Lord, what wilt Thou have me to do?" Pray for God's missionaries everywhere. Pray for the missionary spirit in your own life and in the life of your society and church. Pursue your study in this spirit, and put this spirit into your class work, and it will have results far more precious than any merely mental culture could bring. The programme for the class meeting should be briskly varied, but the following may serve as a convenient outline: 1. Singing. Discover the missionary songs. Let the leader ask often, "What song is most suitable to be sung in connection with to-day's study of China, remembering the recent massacres there?" or, "We are to study to-day the life of Allen Gardiner; what appro- priate song will you suggest? " 2. Bible-reading. Bring out during the class work the mission- ary passages of which the Bible is full. Seek out those that are less known. Ask such questions as this: "Of what Bible passage are you reminded by the life of Mackay?" Call often for verses from memory. 3. Prayer. Have much of this during the meeting, as well as at the opening. Often call for sentence prayers. Break off now and then in the middle of the lesson and have a season of prayer, asking God to impress upon you some great truth you have learned, or pray for God's blessing upon some especial field or worker. 4. Sketch of the country under review. Appoint for each meeting a different person who will be the "geographer" of the day. He will work vrith the artist in the preparation of the maps, and he will set before the class what the text-book says and what he can learn in addition concerning the size and population of the country, and its physical characteristics. Confine this exercise to ten minutes, and for many countries you need not take as long as that. Use the various diagrams and other graphic aids suggested in the following pages. 5. Questions by the class on the report of the "geographer." Additional information from anv one. 190 Into All the World 6. Sketch of the social customs of the people, by a different mem- ber each week. He may be called the "sociologist" of the day. Try to give some idea of the character of the people. Do not merely choose the customs that are out of the way and curious, but those that throw Hght upon the missionary problem, the heart life of the nation you are studying. Five minutes, perhaps. 7. Questions and additional information as before. 8. Sketch of the religions of the nation under discussion. This also will be given by a different person each week, who may be called the "theologian" of the day. Do not attempt anything but a general outline — that is, do not go into discussions of the different gods of the heathen, and the like, but merely get a clear idea of the essential character and leading teachings of the chief religions of the world. 9. Questions and additional information. 10. Sketch of the secular history of the country, by the "historian" of the day. Make this very brief, as in the text-book, and confine it strictly to those points that bear upon missionary history. 11. Questions and further information. 12. Outline of missionary biographies, by the "biographer" of the day. If vou can rely on the class for the faithful study of the matter given in the text-book, the biographer may take up some one of the many biographical sketches given in each chapter, and en- large upon it from his fuller reading. 13. Questions and additional facts about any of the missionaries treated in the lesson. 14. General review of the course of missionary history in the country studied, together with especial attention to the missions of your own denomination there. This exercise should be conducted by the leader, who may obtain others from time to time to take his place if the town contains persons especially fitted to speak upon certain countries or fields. In this part of the subject make full use of the various graphical aids suggested in the book and in the fol- lowing pages. 15. Questions and discussion. 16. Reading of special papers or giving of special talks upon any of the themes for further study suggested under each lesson. If you are able to take up only one of these at each meeting, yet it will be a decided gain, and will give to your class work a largeness of outlook that will be ver}' inspiring. Directions 191 17. A question review on the work of the day, conducted by the leader or by some member of the class appointed to be the "exam- iner" of the day. Use the questions given in this book as a basis, but enlarge them and improve upon them. Do not omit this fea- ture. Include each week the chief questions of the week before, especially those that were not readily answered then. Do not ask "leading questions," but, on the other hand, do not ask questions that require long answers. Make the exercise as brisk as possible. 18. Current events and missionary information connected with the country under discussion. 19. Closing prayer. It will not be possible to carry out this programme in an hour, and if you find that you have only an hour for the class, you must omit portions of it, retaining the parts that concern most closely the matter contained in the text-book. If, however, you make sure at the start that only those that are in earnest become members of the class, I can safely trust you to take all necessary time for a full and satisfactory meeting. In any event, make sure of the mastery of the most important facts contained in the text-book, and hold every- thing else subordinate to that aim. 2:^^ In order to indicate the value and use of missionary period- icals, I have included in the following pages many references to recent volumes of The Missionary Review of the World, using the contraction M. R., followed by the year and page number. "^^^ The books' names are numbered seriatim, and a reference to "No. 21 " for instance, is to Book 21 in this Hst. ^^^ All books named in the following pages may be obtained from the publishers of this book, and will be sent, postpaid, at the prices given. S^^ The Conquest Missionary Library contains ten of the best missionary books. The Missionary Campaign Library No. i con- tains sixteen, and No. 2 contains twenty, all different. They are bound in cloth in uniform sets, admirably printed and illustrated, and are sent by the publishers of this book, postpaid, for $5 for the first, and $10 for each of the other libraries. 192 Into All the World LESSON I. Introduction and India (Chapters I. and II.) SUGGESTIONS FOR CLASS WORK 1. Get some one to draw an outline map of India. Place beside it an outline map of your own State drawn to the same scale. 2. Draw two triangles, the sizes representing the populations of the United States and of India. Note that in similar triangles the areas are proportionate to the squares of corresy)onding sides. 3. Draw two triangles, the sizes representing the number of mis- sionaries in India (3836, including wives) and the number of min- isters in the United States (147,113, not including wives). 4. Give to each of six members of the class a piece of paper on which is printed the name of one of the great India languages, and let these be pinned to the map at the proper centres of those lan- guages. Later remove these papers, and at the close review by pin- ning them on again. 5. Give each member one or more sets of adhesive stars marked with the initials of the various denominations at work in India. Let these be pasted on the map at the places where the various denom- inations have their most important work, and as each is put in place let the scholar tell something about the work of that denomination in India. Call this the "star drill." 6. Adopt a similar j)lan for the great missionaries, except that their names should be printed plainly upon strips of paper, through which long pins should be thrust, making a tiny banner. This will be stuck into the part of the map showing where the missionary lived for the most part, while at the same time some account of his life is given. Review by removing these banners, and replacing them one by one. Call this the "banner drill." 7. Take a long, smooth board, and mark it off into twenty sec- tions, each for one decade of the two centuries from 1700 to 1900. Call this the "decade board." Number each section vdth the date at which the decade began. Prepare strips of paper on which are j)lainly printed the names of the great missionaries to India and the principal missionary events. Get the class to pin these to the board in the proper decades. Review till it can be done readily. Lesson I. 193 8. Let each member of the class draw from memory a map of India, putting in the language areas, the localities of the great mis- sionaries, and the principal fields of work of your own denomina- tion; also of other denominations so far as you can. TEST QUESTIONS ON LESSON I. 1. What are some of the discouraging aspects of the missionary enterprise ? 2. What are some of the encouraging features of modern missions? 3. What should spur the church to greater missionary zeal? 4. What are some of the chief advantages to be gained from the study of missions? 5. In what country did modern Protestant missions originate? With what man? 6. Compare India with the United States in size and population. 7. What are the principal religions of India? The leading lan- guages ? 8. What is the caste system, and what is its bearing on missions? (). Give a sketch of English rule in India. 10. Who was the first Protestant missionary to India? What points in his career are typical of the entire course of missionary history in India? 11. Who was the first English missionary to India? 12. What does the "Haystack Monument" commemorate? 13. Who were the first American foreign missionaries? 14. Among missionaries to India, who was the greatest poet? The leading educator? The greatest translator? The most bril- liant orator? The chief editor? 15. Who was the pioneer in medical work for women? 16. What were the Gossner missions, and what have they done for India ? 17. Tell the story of the Lone Star Mission. 18. For what is the Tinnevelli Mission famous? 19. What has been the characteristic of recent Methodist missions in India? 20. Name the greatest English missionaries to India. Scotch. Danish. 21. Of the American missionaries, nahie the best known among the Congregationalists. The Presbyterians. The Methodists. The Baptists. 194 Into All the World 22. What was the origin of the Week of Prayer? 23. Who was Rachel Metcalf? Isabella Thoburn? William But- ler? Henry Pliitschau? Christian Swartz? Samuel J. Mills? Royal Wilder? John Thomas? Harriet Newell? Lyman Jewett ? Who is Jacob Chamberlain ? 24. What is the Lady Dufferin Association? 25. What is the work of Pandita Ramabai? 26. Characterize Swartz; Martyn; Carey; Heber; DulT; Clough. GENERAL BOOKS OF REFERENCE ^^ I. Geography and Atlas of Protestant Missions (Harlan P. Beach), 2 vols., S4. The best single work on missions. ^ 2. The Encyclopedia of Missions (BHss), 2 vols., $12. A massive work, valuable, though published in 1891. JjJ^ 3. The Missionary Review of the World. An interdenomina- tional monthly. Funk and Wagnalls, New York. $2.50 a year. 4. Report of the Ecumenical Missionary Conference, New York, 1900, 2 vols. Up-to-date views of all fields. $1.50. 5. Concise History of Missions (BUss), 75 cents. Philosoph- ical and comprehensive. ?ii 6. A Hundred Years of Missions (Leonard), $1.50. Pictur- esque and popular. 7. A Manual of Modern Missions (Gracey), $1.25. A study by boards. 8. Missionary Annals of the Nineteenth Century (Leonard), $1.50. A study by decades. >^ 9. History of Protestant Missions (Warneck), $2. Scholarly, large views. 10. Foreign Missions of the Protestant Churches (Baldwin), $1. 11. Nineteen Centuries of Missions (Scudder), $1. ^>^ 12. Two Thousand Years of Missions before Carey (Barnes), $1.50. The leading work on this subject. Miss Hodg- kin's Via Christi (50 cents) is an admirable book, in smaller compass. 13. Primer of Modern British Missions (Lovett), 40 cents. 14. History of Baptist Missions (Mcrriam), $1.25. 15. Southern Baptist Missions (Wright). 16. Presbyterian Foreign Missions (Speer), 50 cents. Lesson I. 195 17. Missionary Fields and Forces of the Disciples of Christ (Lhamon). 18. Handbook of Methodist Missions (John), $1.50; larger work by Reid and Gracey, 3 vols., $4. 19. Southern Methodist Missions (Wilson), 60 cents. 20. Moravian Missions (Thompson), $2. 21. Moravian Missions (Hamilton), $1.50. 22. Lutheran Missions (Lawry), $1.25. 23. Lights and Shadows of Mission Work in the Far East (Chester), 75 cents. Southern Presbyterian missions. 24. Christian Missions and Social Progress (Dennis), 3 vols., $7.50; with Vol. 4, compilation of missionary statistics, $4. 25. Protection of Native Races against Intoxicants and Opium (Crafts and Leitch), 75 cents. ^^ 26. Opportunities in the Path of the Great Physician (Penrose), $1. A fine review of medical missions. ^ 27. Great Missionaries of the Church (Creegan), $1.50. In- cludes admirable sketches of Coan, Goodell, Schauffler, Griffith John, Bridgman, Thoburn, Logan, Butler, Thom- son of Syria, and Hannington. ^ 28. Eminent Missionary Women (Gracey), 85 cents. Fiske, Agnew, Swain, Reed, Rankin, Egede, etc. 29. Women in the Mission Field (Buckland), 50 cents. 30. The Heroic in Missions (Buckland), 50 cents. J^ 31. Heroes of the Mission Field (Walsh), $1. :^ 32. Modern Heroes of the Mission Field (Walsh), $1. Two volumes of interesting biographies, the first, of mission- aries before Carey. ^^. The Noble Army of Martyrs (Croil), 75 cents. ^ 34. Miracles of Missions (Pierson), 4 vols., $1. each. Graphic accounts of the most notable events of missionary history. REFERENCE BOOKS ON INDIA ^ 35. The Cross in the Land of the Trident (Beach), 50 cents. An admirable text-book. ^^ 36. India's Problem, Krishna or Christ (Jones), $1.50. 37. Indika (Hurst), $3.75. 38. India and Malaysia (Thoburn), $1.50. 196 Into All the World Mosaics from India (Denning), $1.25. Village Work in India (Russell), $1. Within the Purdah (Armstrong-Hopkins), $1.25. The High-Caste Hindu Woman (Ramabai), 75 cents. Wrongs of Indian Womanhood (Fuller), $1.25. Among India's Students (Wilder), 30 cents. Lux Christi (Mason), 50 cents. A study of India missions. Seven Years in Ceylon (Leitch), $1.25. In the Tiger Jungle (Chamberlain), $1. The Cobra's Den (Chamberlain), $1. The Story of Tinnevelli (Pierson, in No. 34, Fourth Series). The "Lone Star" Mission (Pierson, in No. 34, First Series). Conversion of India (Smith), $1.50. Men of Might in Indian Missions (Holcomb), $1.25. (Zie- genbalg, Swartz, Hall, Scudder, Wilson, Duff, etc.) Life of Ramabai (Dyer), $1. Mary Reed (missionary to the lepers, by Jackson), 75 cents. Life of Butler (by his daughter), $1. Life of Heber (Montefiore), 75 cents. ^:^ 57. Life of Martyn (Smith), "$3. 58. Life of Swartz (Walsh, in No. 31). 59. Life of Duff (Walsh in No. 32). ^^ 60. Life of Carey (Myers), 75 cents. 61. Useful articles on India missions. M.R. 1901, 522 ; 1903, 22. ESSAY SUBJECTS AND THEMES FOR FURTHER STUDY 1. Lessons for us from the famous sayings of great missionaries to India. 2. Great revivals in India, and how they came about. 3. The Indian mutiny: its cause, progress, and effect on missions. (See any large history of England; also No. 9.) 4. The pitiable condition of Hindu women. (See Books Nos. 43, 53, 42. M.R. 1903, 342.) 5. Every-day life among the common people of India. (See Nos. 35> 40.) 6. Medical rnissions in India. (Life of Clara Swain in No. 28; also No. 26.) ** 39. * 40. 41. 42. **43- 44. *45- 46. 47- 48. 49. 50- 51- 52- *53- 54- 55- 56- Lesson 11. 197 7. Characteristics of the religions of India. (No. 36. M.R. 1903, 321.) 8. The Soraajes and their significance. (No. 36.) 9. What missions have accomplished in India. (No. 36. M.R. 1900, 263; 1901, 654; 1903, 247.) 10. How missionaries reach the people in India. (Nos. 39, 40.) 11. The mischief of the caste system of India. (Nos. 35, 37.) 12. The physical geography of India. (No. i.) 13. India's saint. (Henry Martyn, No. 57.) 14. Lessons from the first English missionary. (Carey, No. 60.) 15. Some of the wonders of Hindu literature. (No. 37.) 16. A study of Heber's hymns. (No. 56.) 17. The missionary purpose of the Week of Prayer. (No. 16.) 18. Triumphs of faith in India missions. (Nos. 49, 50, 53, 54, etc.) 19. The horrors of India famines. (M.R. 1900, 369, 537; 1901, 245-) 20. The beautiful story of Ramabai. (Nos. 53, 42. M.R. 1901, 338.) LESSON II. Burma, Siam, Tibet, and Persia. (Chapters III.-VI.) SUGGESTIONS FOR CLASS WORK 1. Have three outUne maps drawn before the class: (a) Burma and Siam, showdng also the French possessions and the Straits Set- tlements; (b) Tibet; (c) Persia. Place beside each a map of your State drawn to the same scale. 2. Draw four upright lines, their respective lengths corresponding to the populations of the four countries we study. Point out how nearly equal they are, and compare them with the population of the State of New York (7,268,012). 3. Take the number of ministers in your town and compare it by means of a diagram with the number of missionaries in Burma (202), Siam (164), Tibet (o) and Persia (85). For each country make a square representing a million persons, and containing as many dots as there are missionaries for that number. Place in another square as many dots as there would be missionaries if the million were as well supplied as your own town. 198 Into All the World 4. Dot in roughly on the map of Tibet the course pursued in the two missionary attempts to penetrate the country. Mark waiting crosses at the places on the borders where missionaries are seeking an entrance. 5. Make two triangles of sizes proportionate to the populations of the State of New York and of French Indo-China, where there are no Protestant missionaries. 6. Indicate on the map of Siam the Laos country. Show Arakan and Pegu on the map of Burma, and on the map of Persia the Nes- torian country and the three centres of American missions. 7. Mark Siam and Persia blue for the Presbyterians, and Burma yellow for the Baptists. 8. Carry on a drill for the grea.t missionaries, as described for India (the "banner drill"). Place the Judson banner successively in the various regions where he labored and was imprisoned. 9. Combine the three chronological tables, and carry on a time drill with the "decade board," as described in the preceding lesson. Add the two attempts to penetrate Tibet. 10. Review some of the India drills. TEST QUESTIONS ON LESSON II. 1. What are the most characteristic Buddhist countries in the world ? 2. How does Lamaism differ from Buddhism? 3. What are the chief religions of Persia? 4. Who are the Shans? Karens? Laotians? Kurds? Luurs? Babists ? Sufis ? Parsees ? 5. What was the most dramatic event in Burman missions? In the missions to Siam ? Tibet ? Persia ? 6. What were the six leading characteristics of the great mission- ary, Judson? 7. What denomination chiefly labors in Burma? Siam? Persia? 8. What attempts have been made to enter Tibet ? 9. What missionary bodies are now at work on the borders of Tibet? 10. Compare Boardman and Martyn. 11. Compare the work among the Karens, the Laotians, and the Mountain Nestorians. 12. Compare the attitude of the governments toward missions in these four countries. Lesson II. 199 13. What are the relations of the Chinese to missions in Burma, Siam, and Tibet ? 14. How was the early history of missionaries in Siam connected with that of China? 15. What denominations other than the ones now leading have been at work or are now at work in Burma, Siam, and Persia ? 16. Describe the influence of medical missionaries in opening up these countries. 17. What peculiar missionary service was accomplished by Caswell ? Price? Mattoon? McGilvary? Bassett? 18. Who was Mirza Ibrahim? Ka Thah-byu? Nai Chune? Moung Nau? Chow Fa Monghut? 19. Where are the leading mission colleges named in this lesson? 20. Describe the character and work of FideUa Fiske. 21. Who are the Nestorians? 22. What saying of Judson's is often quoted? What saying in con- nection with Fidelia Fiske ? 23. Who was "The Apostle to the Karens"? "The Apostle to the Lao"? 24. What are some of the practically unoccupied mission fields of Asia? REFERENCE BOOKS ON BURMA, SIAM, TIBET, AND PERSIA 62. The Golden Chersonese (Bishop), $2. Burma. 63. Ten Years in Burma (Smith), $1. 64. Soo Thah (Bunker), $1.25. A story of the Karens. 65. The "Wild Men" of Burma (Pierson, in No. 34, First Se- ries) . ^^ 66. Life of Judson (Johnston), 30 cents; (Edward Judson), 90 cents, $1.25. 67. The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe (Young), $2. Siam. 68. Siam (Cort), $1. 69. The Land of the White Elephant (Pierson, in No. 34, First Series). Siam. 70. Among the Tibetans (Bishop), $1. 71. Land of the Llamas (Rockhill), $3.50. 72. A Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet (Dao), $3.50. ^ 73. Adventures in Tibet (Carey), $1.50. Miss Taylor's diary. 200 Into All the World 74. With the Tibetans in Tent and Temple (Rijnhart), $1.50. 75. Persia the Land of the Imans (Bassett), $1.50. 76. Persian Life and Customs (Wilson), $1.75. 77. Persian Women (Yonan), $1. ^ 78. Eastern Presbyterian Mission (Bassett), $1.25. ^ 79. Western Presbyterian Mission (Wilson), $1.25. ^ 80. Woman and the Gospel in Persia (Lawrie), 30 cents. Faith Working by Love (D. T. Fiskc), $1.75. Life of Fidelia Fiske. 81. Life of Perkins (H. M. Perkins), 30 cents. ESSAY SUBJECTS AND THEMES FOR FURTHER STUDY 1. What Christians may learn from Judson's captivity. (See Book No. 66.) 2. The story of the three Mrs. Judsons. (No. 66.) 3. Characteristics of Buddhism. (See any good encyclopaedia.) 4. The glorious triumph of the gospel among the Karens. (No. 14. M.R. 1903, 298.) 5. Physical characteristics of Farther India. (No. i.) 6. Success among the Laotians. (Nos. 16, i. M.R. 1901, 355, 358 ; 1902, 50, 349 ; 1903^ 273, 358.) 7. The people and country of Tibet. (Nos. 73, 70, 71. M.R. 1900, 185, 211.) 8. Two missionary sorties. (Nos. 73, 74. M.R. 1903, 262.) 9. The queen of missionaries to Persia. (No. 80. Sketch in No. 28.) 10. The life of Persian women. (Nos. 77, 76.) 11. A study of Omar Khayyam. 12. A study of "The Light of Asia" compared with the reality of Buddhism to-day. 13. How Martyn died. (No. 57.) 14. Zoroaster and the Parsees. (See the encyclopaedias.) 15. The martyrdom of Mirza Ibrahim. (Nos. 79, 16.) 16. Medical missions in Persia. (No. 79.) 17. The Bible in Persia. (No. 78.) 18. Persia's present and future. (M.R. 1902, 30, 119, 759; 1903, 363-) 19. Babism. (No. i. M.R. 1902, 771, 775.) Lesson III. 201 LESSON III. Syria, Turkey, and Arabia. (Chapters VII.-IX.) SUGGESTIONS FOR CLASS WORK 1. Draw an outline map of the Turkish Empire, including Arabia, Egypt, and Tripoli, as well as Syria and Turkey-in-Europe, with Bulgaria. Place in one corner a map of your own State drawn to the same scale. 2. Mark the four missions of the Congregationalists, the Metho- dist mission in Bulgaria, the Presbyterian mission in Syria, the Friends' mission at Jerusalem, the three stations of the Reformed Church in Arabia, and the United Presbyterian mission in Egypt. The latter is studied under Africa. 3. The Turkish Empire has 637 missionaries, the United States has 147,113 ministers. Take two ribbons and cut them to appro- priate lengths to represent the comparative number of Christian workers per million of the respective populations. 4. Indicate on the map of Arabia the localities of the various productions for which it is famous. Mark off the three classical divisions of the country. 5. As before, make paper banners vnth pins for poles marked with the names of the famous missionaries, and place these at the spots where they labored. An unusual number of missionaries to this region have been great travellers. Move the pins to indicate the travels of Fisk, Parsons, Thomson, Goodell, Schauffler, Lull, Martyn, Falconer, French. Much of this is only hinted at in the text, and must be sought in fuller accounts. 6. Upon an outline map of the United States draw, to the same scale, an outline map of Arabia. Draw two circles of sizes repre- senting their respective populations. There are ten American work- ers in Arabia. How many would there be if Arabia were as well provided with missionaries to the thousand of the population as your town with ministers and their wives? Illustrate with two dotted diagrams, as in the last lesson. 7. The Congregationalists are a remarkably active missionary church. They send nearly one-third of their missionary money to 202 Into All the World their great field, Turkey, where they support one hundred and seventy-three missionaries (119 female, 54 male). In the United States there are 645,994 Congregationalists, with 5717 ministers. Show by triangles of two sizes what proportion the present number of missionaries per million of the population in Turkey bears to the number the Congregationalists would be obliged to send if they were to supply Turkey as liberally as their own churches. 8. Mark with gold stars on the map the great mission presses and the colleges. 9. Shade with black the portions of the map where massacres have occurred. Do not forget Bulgaria. ID. Draw in one corner of the map a square from which rays stream forth, and write within it the names of the missionaries (such as Lull, Martyn, Falconer) whose violent or untimely death has con- secrated the Turkish Empire to Christ. 11. There are in the world to-day about one hundred and fifty million Protestants, and about one hundred and seventy-five milUon Mohammedans. Draw a circle, divide it in this proportion, and color one part black. Scarcely an impression has yet been made upon the Mohammedan world. 12. Drill in dates with the decade board, as before. TEST QUESTIONS ON LESSON III. 1. What countries are ruled directly by the Sultan? What coun- tries are under Turkish influence ? 2. Whence came the Turks? What is their religion? What are some of the other races inhabiting Turkey ? 3. What are the Greek Christians? the Gregorians? the Druses? the Maronites ? 4. Who were the pioneer missionaries to Syria? to Turkey-in-. Europe ? to Arabia ? 5. Where have the most recent massacres taken place? other mas- sacres ? What has been the result of the Armenian massacres ? 6. Who was Asaad Shidiak ? Sabat ? Kamil ? Who is Madame Tsilka ? 7. Name some of the missionary explorers of the Turkish Empire. 8. Name some missionaries of the Turkish Empire (including Arabia) that have died after only a brief but glorious service. 9. What missionaries to Turkey have become famous for their translations ? Lesson III. 203 10. Where in Turkey arc the great Christian colleges situated? the great mission presses ? 11. What are the two great divisions of Mohammedanism? 12. What was the Hatti-Humayoun ? 13. Characterize Schauffler; Hamlin; Riggs; P'alconer; French. 14. What denomination leads in mission work in Turkey ? in Syria ? in Arabia ? 15. What are the four Congregational missions to Turkey? 16. Where are the Methodist missions in Bulgaria? 17. Describe the Armenian massacres. 18. Describe Arabia. 19. What made the life of Raymund Lull remarkable? 20. Tell the story of Sabat. 21. Why is it especially important to evangelize Arabia? 22. Tell the story of Keith-Falconer. 23. Why have the missionaries to Turkey labored chiefly among the Armenians? 24. What are the lessons of the life of French? REFERENCE BOOKS ON SYRIA, TURKEY, AND ARABIA 82. Impressions of Turkey (Ramsay), $1.75. 83. The Turk and His Lost Provinces (Curtis), $2. ^ 84, Among the Turks (Hamlin), $1.50. 85. Constantinople (Dwight), $1.25. 86. Letters from Armenia (Harris), $1.25. 87. The Armenian Massacres (Greene), $1.50. 88. The Rule of the Turk (Greene), 75 cents. 89. Ten Years on the Euphrates (Wheeler), $1. 90. Missions in Eden (Wheeler), $1. 91. Shidiak, the Syrian Martyr (Pierson, in No. 34, First Series). ^^ 92. My Life and Times (Hamhn), $1.50. 93. Autobiography of Schauffler, $1. 94. Life of Goodell (Prime), $1. Under the title, "Forty Years in the Turkish Empire." 95. Life of Riggs. (M.R. 1901, 267.) ^ 96. Arabia, the Cradle of Islam (Zwemer), $2. 97. Topsy-Turvey Land (Zwemer), 75 cents. 98. Islam and Christianity, $1. 204 Into All the World 99. Raymund Lull (Zwemcr), 75 cents; also sketch in No. 31. 100. Kamil (Jessup), $1. ESSAY SUBJECTS AND THEMES FOR FURTHER STUDY 1. A genuine Yankee missionary. (See Books Nos. 92, 84. M.R. 1900, 788, 872; 1901, 31.) 2. The Martyr of the Lebanon. (Nos. 91, 16.) 3. The most cosmopolitan city in the world. (No. 85.) 4. The story of Mohammed. (See any encyclopaedia.) 5. The beliefs of Mohammedans. (Encyclopasdias.) 6. Sufferings and heroism in the Armenian massacres (Nos. 86, 87, 88.) 7. The various religions and races in Turkey. (No. i. M.R. 1901, 746, 839, 920.) 8. The mission press at Beirut. (No. 16.) 9. A study of the Talmud. 10. The most famous missionary captivity. (Report of the Amer- ican Board for 1902. M.R. 1902, 451.) 11. One of the most romantic of missionary lives. (No. 99.) 12. The story of Sabat and Abdullah. (No. 57.) 13. The story of Kamil. (No. 100.) 14. Arabia and its people. (No. 96. M.R. 1901, 321.) 15. Two missionary martyrs. (Falconer and French in No. 96.) 16. Missions for Moslems. (M.R. 1900, 540; 1901, 291, 731; 1902, 732, 741, 891; 1903, 52.) 17. Moslem women. (M.R. 1901, 886, 933.) LESSON IV. China. (Chapter X.) SUGGESTIONS FOR CLASS WORK I. Draw an outline map of China. Measure off upon it the dis- tance from New York to Chicago, and from New York to San Fran- cisco, and mark these in blue to give an idea of size. Write in blue above Peking, "New York"; above Shanghai, "Chicago"; and above Lesson IV. 205 Canton, "Denver." Thoy are about as far apart as those American cities. 2. Draw a circle, and within it one only a fifth as large, to rep- resent the populations of the United States and China. The areas of circles are proportionate to the squares of their diameters. 3. Draw two squares of the same size, representing 144,000 per- sons. Place in the American square 288 dots, representing 288 ministers to 144,000 souls, and in the Chinese square one dot. 4. Draw Kiangsu province, containing Shanghai, and beside it the State of Pennsylvania, which is of about the same size. 5. Make a "century board" like the "decade board" described under India, and reproduce upon it the diagram showing the four mission periods in China. Use the decade board to reproduce the diagram showing the century of Protestant missions in China. 6. Affix to the map at the proper places gummed stars of different colors to represent the missionary centres of the larger denomina- tions and of the smaller ones so far as possible. Use distinctive colors, as red for the Methodists, blue for the Presbyterians, yellow for the Baptists, green for the Congregationalists, etc. 7. "Banner drill" for the great missionaries, as before. 8. Darken the map to show where the massacres have occurred. 9. Mark the map red to indicate the scenes of the three wars (the Tai-Ping Rebellion being one of the three). 10. Take a long board and fasten hooks in it. Place it hori- zontally, and hang upon the hooks strips of pasteboard, each bear- ing in plain letters the name of the missionary who was the pioneer in one of the countries already studied — Carey, Morrison, Judson, Fisk, etc. Call this the "pioneer board," and use it, as the lessons proceed, as a review, arranging and re-arranging the cardboard strips in their right order. Mark the proper date on the board over each hook. 11. Make two squares, one containing 3500 dots and the other one dot, to show the proportion of Protestant Chinese to the Chinese that have not yet received the gospel. TEST QUESTIONS ON LESSON IV. 1. Contrast with China the United States in size and population. 2. What are some of the difficulties of mission work in China? 3. What are the four periods of missions in China? 2o6 Into All the World 4. Who was the pioneer of Protestant missionaries 'in China? Who were the pioneers from the United States? 5. What wars have interrupted missionary work in China? What were the causes? 6. What have been the steps in the opening of China to the world ? 7. What two great massacres in China? Describe the Boxer up- risings. 8. What are some of the famous sayings of great missionaries to China, or connected with their hves ? 9. Who was Tsai-a-Ko? Leang-Afa? Howqua? Li Hung Chang? 10. Who are some of the great medical missionaries in China ? 11. Name the greatest medical missionaries of the countries thus far studied. 12. Who was Frederick Ward ? "Chinese" Gordon? 13. What were the five "Treaty Ports"? 14. What country sent the first Protestant missionary to China? to India? to Burma? etc. 15. Who were the leading literary workers among the missionaries to China? 16. Who was the great missionary to Formosa? to Mongolia? 17. Who were the great travellers among missionaries to China? 18. For what is WiUiam Murray famous? J. Hudson Taylor? F. D. Game well? 19. What connection had the Malay peninsula with early Chinese missions ? 20. In what part of China are the most missionaries ? 21. What missionary career in China do you think the most ro- mantic ? Why ? 22. Who are the great Presbyterian missionaries to China? Con- gregational? Methodist? Baptist? etc. 23. What is the most important mission press in China? REFERENCE BOOKS ON CHINA ^^ loi. Dawn on the Hills of T'Ang (Beach), 50 cents. A com- prehensive text-book on missions in China. i^^ J02. China and the Chinese (Nevius), $1.50. An excellent general description. ^^^ 103. Chinese Characteristics (Smith), $2. 104. Village Life in China (Smith), $2. 105. The Yangtze Valley and Beyond (Bishop), $6. Lesson IV. 207 106. A Cycle of Cathay (Martin), $2. 107. The Lore of Cathay (Martin), $2.50. 108. Dragon, Image, and Demon (Du Bosc), $1. Chinese re- ligions. 109. History of Chinese Literature (Giles), $1.25. no. The Chinese Boy and Girl (Headland), $1. 111. Among the Mongols (Gilmour), $1.25. 112. Mission Methods in Manchuria (Ross), $1. ^ 113. From Far Formosa (Mackay), $1.25. 114. Modern Marvels in Formosa (Pierson, in No. 34. Second Series). 115. Murray's Work for the Blind (Pierson, in No. 34. First Series). 116. China in Convulsion (Smith), 2 vols., $5. 117. China and the Boxers (Beals), 60 cents. 118. The Tragedy of Paotingfu (Kftler), $2. 119. The Siege in Peking (Martin), $1. 120. Fire and Sword in Shansi (Edwards), $1.50. 121. Chinese Heroes (Headland), $1. 122. The Marvelous Providence of God in the Siege of Peking (Fenn), 5 cents. 123. Story of the China Inland Mission (Guinness), 2 vols. Published in England. 124. Life of Nevius (by his \\afe), $2. ^^ 125. Life of Gilmour (Lovett), $1.75; (Br3'son), 50 cents. 126. Gilmour and His Boys (Lovett), $1.25. ^^ 127. Life of Morrison (Townsend), 75 cents. 128. Life of John (Robson), 75 cents. 129. Life of S. W. WilKams. (M.R. 1901, 123.) 130. Peter Parker. (M.R. 1902, 569.) 131. Gilmour. (M.R. 1903 81.) 132. Useful articles on China. (M.R. 1900. 99, 593, 864.) 133. China's Only Hope, 75 cents. ^ 134. Life of Mackenzie (Bryson), $1.50. ESSAY SUBJECTS AND THEMES FOR FURTHER STUDY 1. The difficult Chinese language. (See Book No. 102.) 2. Chinese characteristics. (No. 103.) 3. Famines in China, and how the missionaries reUeve them. (No. 124.) 2o8 Into All the World 4. Religions of China. (Articles in the encyclopaedias on Confu- cianism, Buddhism, and Taoism; also Books Nos. i, 108. M.R. 1900, 711.) 5. Physical resources of China. (No. i.) 6. Chinese literary examinations. (No. 102.) 7. The Tai-Ping Rebellion. (Nos. loi, 102.) 8. Catholic missions of China. (No. 102.) 9. The Boxer massacres, and the siege of Peking. (Nos. 1 16-122. M.R. 1900, 631, 657, 943; 1901, 8, 48, 81, 99, 103, 196, 206; 1903, 109.) 10. Study of the teachings of Confucius and Mencius. (Encyclo- paedias.) 11. The story of the China Inland Mission. (No. 123.) 12. Work for the Chinese blind. (No. 115.) 13. Splendid achievements in Formosa. (Nos. 113, 114.) 14. The beautiful character of James Gilmour. (Nos. 125, 126, 15. The career of Mackenzie. (No. 134.) 16. Views of a Chinese reformer. (No. 133. M.R. 1900, 36.) 17. The condition of women in China. (Nos. 102, 103, 104.) 18. Opium in China. (No. 25. M.R. 1900, 123.) 19. Gospel triumphs in Manchuria. (No. 112. M.R. 1900, 293, 746.) LESSON V. Korea and Japan. (Chapters XI. and XII.) SUGGESTIONS FOR CLASS WORK 1. Draw a map showing Korea and Japan, together with the ad- jacent parts of China. Include in a red circle the regions in which the Chino-Japanese war was fought. 2. Place in one corner, as a guide to size, a sketch map of Min- nesota, of the same size as Korea, or take your own State drawn to scale. Measure off on the area covered by Japan the distance from New York to Chicago, lyiark in those two cities v^dth blue. 3. Show by squares, one inside the other, the relative proportions of the populations of Korea, Japan, the United States, and China. Remember that the areas of squares are proportionate to the squares of their respective sides. Lesson V. 209 4. Draw from memory a sketch map of the region, showing China, Korea, and Japan, and indicating also the position of the Philippine Islands with reference to these countries. 5. Combine the two diagrams of the dates in the missionary his- tory of Korea and Japan. Underscore with red the Catholic and with blue the Protestant portions of the diagram. 6. Use the "pioneer board" for a review of preceding countries in their beginnings, and add Allen and Williams. 7. Take circles of paper of different colors and paste them upon each of the three countries, China, Korea, and Japan, one color for each religion held by the people — as yellow for Confucianism, red for Buddhism, etc. 8. Place the drawing of a United States flag on the border both of Korea and of Japan, to show that our country was the first to make treaties opening these countries to the world. 9. Use the "banner drill" for the great missionaries. TEST QUESTIONS ON LESSON V. 1. What is the leading religion of Korea? What are those of Japan? 2. Describe the Catholics' entrance into Korea, and their expul- sion. 3. Do the same for Japan. 4. What were the relations between Korea and China? Between Korea and Japan? What great event changed those rela- tions? 5. How did the opening of Japan to the world come about? the opening of Korea ? 6. Characterize the Japanese people. 7. What denominations led the way in opening Korea to the gospel ? 8. Who was the first missionary to Korea, and how did he effect an entrance and get influence ? 9. What is the most important characteristic of mission work in Korea? in Japan? 10. What denominations are at work in Korea? 11. What denomination led the way in the missionary occupancy of Japan ? Why ? 12. Characterize the work of Hepburn; of Brown; of Verbeck. 13. Tell the story of Neesima. 2IO Into All the World 14. Who was Kim? Rijutei? MinYonglk? Murata? 15. What is the Doshisha? the "Hall for Rearing Useful Men"? 16. What missionary physicians have been prominent in the history of Asiatic missions ? 17. In what countries in Asia is Buddhism a leading religion? 18. Which Asiatic country is best provided with missionaries in proportion to its population ? 19. What is probably the most interesting of mission fields? Why? 20. Who are the Ainus ? 21. What have been the characteristics of recent missionary history in Japan? 22. What had missionaries to China to do with the beginning of the work in Japan ? Why ? 23. In what countries did Xavier preach? Where did he die? Under what circumstances? 24. What great missionaries reached Japan in the same year? 25. What cities are the missionary centres of Japan? 26. What descriptive names are given to Korea and Japan ? REFERENCE BOOKS ON KOREA AND JAPAN ^ 135. Korea (Griflfis), $1; (also the larger w(;rk by the same author, "Korea, the Hermit Nation," $2 50). 136. Korea and Her Neighbors (Bishop), $2. ^^ 137. Korean Sketches (Gale), $1. 138. Everyday Life in Korea (Gifford), $1.25. 139. Korea from Its Capital (Gilmore), $1.25. 140. "Self-supporting Churches in Korea" and "The Day Dawn in Korea" (Pierson, in No. 34. Fourth Scries). 141. Tatong (Barnes), $1.25. A story of Korea. 142. The Mikado's Empire (Griffis), $4. 143. Religions of Japan (GriflTis), $2. ** 144- The Gist of Japan (Peery), $1.25. 145- Japan, Its People and Missions (Page), 75 cents. 146. The Ainu of Japan (Batchelor), $1.50. 147. Japan (Newton), $1. 148. Life in Japan (Gardiner), $1.50. 149. Thirty Eventful Years in Japan (Gordon), 25 cents. ^^ 150. An American Missionary in Japan (Gordon), $1.25. ^151. Japan and Its Regeneration (Gary), 50 cents. Lesson V. ill 152. Ja[)an and Its Rescue (Hail), 75 cents. 153. Life of Verbeck (Griffis), $1.50. 154. Life of Neesima (Davis), $1. 155. Life of Xavier (Walsh, in No. 31). 156. Life of Brown (Griffis), $1.25. 157. Life of Perry (Griffis), I2. 158. Life of Harris (Griffis), $2. ESSAY SUBJECTS AND THEMES FOR FURTHER STUDY 1. The Japanese language. (No. 150.) 2. Japanese religions. (No 143.) 3. The " hairy Ainus," and work among them. (No. 146.) 4. The story of the CathoHcs m Korea. (No. 135.) 5. The story of the Catholics in Japan. (No. 155.) 6. The American "war" mth Korea. (No. 135.) 7. The war between China and Japan. (Newspapers and maga- zine files of the time.) 8. Japanese social life. (No. 144.) 9. Japanese art. (No. 142 ) ID. Japanese literature. (No. 142.) 11. Characteristics of the Japanese mind. (No. 150.) 12. Material progress of the Japanese. (No. 142.) 13. The people of Korea, their life and character. (No. 137. M.R. 1900, 261, 696; 1901, 688, 691; 1902, 180, 191 ) 14. Missionary life and work in Japan. (No. 150. ]\LR. 1900, 680, 688.) 15. Missionary results in Japan. (Nos. 151, 149. M.R. 1900, 283; 1901, 646.) 16. Self-support in missions. (Paper by Dr. Underwood in Book No. 4 and M.R. 1900, 443; 1901, 438, 440; 1903, 273, 358.) 17. How Korea was opened to the world. (No. 135.) 18. How Japan was opened to the world. (No. 157, 158.) 19. Missionary opportunities in Korea. (M.R. 1902, 664.) 20. The story of Neesima. (No. 154.) 2.12 Into All the World LESSON VI. The Islands. (Chapter XIII.) SUGGESTIONS FOR CLASS WORK 1. Draw a map of the islands, including the East Indies and the neighboring portions of Asia. Surround each group with a light blue line, and draw a red line around the general divisions of the islands — Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and East Indies. 2. Indicate the different governments of the different groups by printing their names in different colors, the British islands in green, for instance, the French in red, etc. Where the ownership is mixed, as in the Samoan Islands, New Guinea, and Borneo, print the let- ters of the name part in one color and part in the others. 3. Fasten tiny American flags to the portions of the map where American missions are carried on. Place one also at Samoa, where the missions are English. 4. Place small streamers bearing the names of the great mission- aries, as described in previous lessons, at the places where these missionaries labored. Move them from place to place as the mis- sionaries journeyed. Use gilt paper for the banners of the martyrs. 5. Use the "pioneer board" for a review, adding the missionaries of the Duff, though really each group is so isolated that the begin- ners of the work in each deserve the name of pioneer. 6. Make a dissected map of the Island World, separating the principal groups. Pin these sections upon the blackboard, one by one, in the proper places, taking them in the order of entrance and occupation by the missionaries. 7. Draw in one corner of the map of the Island World a map of Georgia, whose area is equal to that of the three Pacific groups apart from the East Indies. 8. Show by two triangles the proportion between the total popu- lation of these three groups and that of New York City — 3,437,202. Remember always in such work that the triangles must be of similar form, and that their areas are proportionate, not to corresponding sides, but to the squares of those sides; e.g., the areas of two right- angled triangles with hypothenuses respectively two and four inches would be to each other as four to sixteen; one would be four times as large as the other, and not twice. Lesson VI TEST QUESTIONS ON LESSON VI. 1. What are the grand divisions of the Island World? 2. What is the area of the three Pacific groups? their population? 3. Characterize the religions of the islands. 4. Characterize their missionary history. 5. What group of islands was first evangelized? Under what cir- cumstances? What is the present condition of missions there ? 6. Give some account of the life and death of Williams. 7. Who was Obookiah? Thakombau? "Abraham"? Kapiolani? "Tamate"? 8. For what is the Duff famous? The Morning Star? The En- deavor? The Messenger of Peace? The Active? The Dayspring? (Paton's boat.) 9. What famous sayings are connected with missionaries to the islands ? 10. Name the famous martyrs of the islands, and tell the circum- stances of their deaths. 11. Why has the missionary history of the islands been so tragic? 12. In what portion of the islands have most of the martyrdoms taken place? Why? 13. What part have the native Christians taken in the evangeliza- tion of the islands ? 14. In what group of islands, on the whole, has the gospel had the most powerful effect? 15. Compare the characters of WiUiams, Paton, and Chalmers. 16. What interesting events attended the introduction of the gospel to the Hawaiian Islands? 17. Tell the story of Captain Cook. 18. What mission to the islands has been closed, its work completed ? 19. What three missionaries to the islands have had the most roman- tic lives? 20. What three instances of heroism in the history of the islands impress you most? 21. Illustrate from the history of the island missions the power of faith. 22. What nation owns most of the islands where effective mission- ary work has been done ? 23. Describe the Congregational missions in Micronesia. 214 ^"to All the World 24. Describe the Methodist missions in the Fijis. 25. Describe the Presbyterian missions in the New Hebrides. 26. Who was "The Great-heart of New Guinea"? "The Apostle of the Maoris"? "The King of the Cannibals"? 27. What nation has done the chief work in the Malay Archipelago, and what is their chief missionary triumph? REFERENCE BOOKS ON THE ISLANDS 159. Islands of the Pacific (Alexander), $2. 160. With South Sea Folk (Crosby) $1. :^ 161. Transformation of Hawaii (Brain), $1. 162. Among the Cannibals of New Guinea (Macfarlane), 75 cents. 163. Among the Maoris (Page), 75 cents. 164. The Martyr Isle, Erromanga (Robertson), $1.50. 165. Lomai of Lenakel (Frank Paton), $1.50. Life of Luther H. Gulick (Jewett), $1.25. Life of Chalmers (Robson, 75 cents; Lovett, $1.50). Life of Patteson (Page), 75 cents. Patteson. (M.R. 1903, 337.) Life of Paton (James Paton), $1. (I prefer this even to his autobiography, 3 vols., $2.50.) Life of Calvert (Vernon), 75 cents. Life of Marsden (Walsh in No. 32). Life of Hunt (Walsh in No. 32). Life of WiUiams (Ellis), 75 cents. ESSAY SUBJECTS AND THEMES FOR FURTHER STUDY 1. The physical geography of the Island World. (Nos. i, 159.) 2. The races in the Island World. (No. i. M.R. 1901, in.) 3. The religions of the Island World. (No. i.) 4. A study of cannibalism. (No. 171.) 5. A study of providence in missions. (No. 161.) 6. How to deal with savage tribes. (Nos. 167, 162. M.R. 1901, 490, 598, 835; 1902, 481, 591, 669.) 7. The power of simple manliness, as shown in the life of Paton. (Nos. 170, 165.) 166. M'.* 167. ** 168. 169. ** 170. * 171, 172. 173- ^^ 174. Lesson VII. 215 8. Missionary enthusiasm, as shown in the Ufe of Pattcson. (Nos. 168, 169.) 9, The iniquities of the foreign traders in the South Seas. (No. 170.) TO. Mission work in Malaysia. (No. i. M.R. 1901, 821.) 11. The AustraUan aborigines. (No. i. M.R. 1902, 495; 1903, 3.) 12. Erromanga — a typical island. (No. 164. M.R. 1900, 507.) 13. "The Africaner of the Fijis." (Nos. 171, 173.) 14. The unoccupied regions of the Pacific. 15. Missions among the Maoris. (No, 163. M.R. 1902, 326.) LESSON VII. Spanish America. (Chapters XIV.-XVII.) SUGGESTIONS FOR CLASS WORK 1. Draw an outHne map of all Spanish America, including Mex- ico, Central America, and the West Indies. Letter Brazil with a distinctive color, to indicate its Portuguese origin. Letter with dif- ferent colors the British, Dutch, French, and Danish possessions on the continent and among the islands. 2. Draw in Central America the route of the interoceanic canal, and show its relation to missions. 3. Place in a corner of the map a map of Texas drawn to the same scale, or a map of the United States. Lay off upon Brazil the distance from New York to Chicago. Do the same for Chile. 4. Draw an outline map of Chile upon the same scale as a map of the United States, cut it out, and lay it upon the map of the United States. 5. Draw a circle representing the combined populations of the United States and of South America. Divide the circle into two parts proportioned to the two populations. 6. Show the neglected state of South America by taking two squares, each representing a million persons, and place in each as many dots as the respective countries possess Protestant ministers per milHon of the population. The population of the United States is seventy-seven millions. There are 682 missionaries in South America, including missionaries' wives. Q.\6 Into All the World 7. I'se Ihc "pioneer board," taking Gardiner as the South Amer- ican pioneer. The Moravians preceded him in the north, but Gardiner was the real pioneer of the South American missionary movement. 8. Place stars of different colors upon the map in the various countries where the different denominations are at work. Indicate by paper streamers, as before, the places where the great mission- aries labored. Use a gilt banner for Gardiner. 9. Shade the map over the countries where least missionary work has been done, i.e., from Bolivia north, including \'enezuela. 16. Prepare sHps of paper, each bearing the name of some divi- sion of South America, or Central America, the West Indies, or Mexico. Let the members of the class draw these slips, and each tell what he knows about the country he has drawn. TEST QUESTIONS ON LESSON VII. 1. Describe the work of the Moravians in the West Indies. 2. Describe the work of the Moravians in South America. 3. Describe the work of the Moravians in Central America. 4. What are the secrets of the missionary power of the Moravian church ? 5. What bodies of Christians are at work in the West Indies? 6. What work did Dr. Coke accomplish? 7. Why is South America called "The Neglected Continent"? Illustrate. 8. What especial claim on the United States has Spanish America? 9. What are the characteristics of Catholicism in Spanish America? 10. What is the condition of the South and Central American In- dians ? 11. What Oriental races are to be found in Spanish America? in what parts? 12. What is the dominant language in South 'America? What language comes next? 13. Why may we expect South America to become a thickly settled continent? 14. Tell the story of the Huguenots in Brazil. 15. Tell the splendid story of Allen Gardiner. 16. In what parts of South America are Presbyterian missions the strongest ? Methodist missions ? Baptist ? Episcopalian ? Lesson VI T. 217 17. Who was the Baptist jiionccr in South America? the Presbyte- rian ? the Methodist ? the Episcopal ? 18. What do you know about Mongiardino? Penzotti? Bryant? Aguilas? Gomez? Monreal? 19. What is especially to be remembered concerning Louis Dahne? Mary Hartmann? John Boles? Chamberlain? Bagby? Er- win? Matilda Rankin? Westrup? 20. What missionaries to Spanish America have had to endure much persecution 23 Who was "the Cain of America"? the "Livingstone of South America " ? " the Founder of the Republic ' ' ? What is "Dead Man's Land"? "the Mosquito Coast"? "the Rich Coast"? What denominations have missions in Central America ? 24. Describe the population of Mexico. Who are the Mestizos? 25. Describe the climate and physical resources of Mexico. 26. Tell about the work of the Protestant pioneer in Mexico. 27. Give an account of the early persecutions in Mexico. BOOKS OF REFERENCE ON SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL AMERICA, MEXICO, AND THE WEST INDIES 175. South America (Butterworth), $2. 176. Our South American Cousins (Taylor), $1. :^ 177. Latin America (Brown), $1.20. A topical survey of the missions. ^^ 178. Protestant Missions in South America (Beach and others), 50 cents. A survey by fields. 179. South America, the Neglected Continent (Millard and Guinness), 75 cents. 180. The Bible in Brazil (Tucker), $1.25. 181. About Mexico, Past and Present (Johnson), Si. 50. ^ 182. Twenty Years Among the Mexicans (Rankin), $1.25. 183. Sketches of Mexico (Butler), $1. 184. Jamaica and the Friends' Mission (Bowles), 50 cents. 185. Izilda (Barnes), $1.25. A story of Brazil. 186. Ninito (Barnes), 90 cents. A story of Mexico. 187. Gardiner (Walsh in No. 32). 188. Useful articles on missions in Spanish America. (M.R. 1900, 859, 936; 1901, 168, 450, 808; 1902, 805, 856, 881; 1903, 132, 401.) 2i8 Into All the World ESSAY SUBJECTS AND THEMES FOR FURTHER STUDY 1. A sketch of the political history of South America. (No. 175. M.R. 1902, 356.) 2. The condition of the South American Indian. (No. 177.) 3. Catholicism in Latin America. (No. 177.) 4. The present problem in Latin America. (No. 177. M.R. 1901, 856; 1902, 753.) 5. The physical geography of South America. (No. i.) 6. Moravian missions in the West Indies. (Nos. 20, 21.) 7. Moravian missions in South America. (Nos. 20, 21.) 8. The heroic life of Allen G^irdiner. (No. 187.) 9. Protestantism in Mexico. (Nos. 182, 183. M.R. 1900, 194; 1902, 195, 416.) 10. The Cross in the land of the Incas. (Nos. i, 178.) 11. Mr. Grubb among the Indians. (No. 179.) 12. South America's missionary need. (No. 179.) LESSON VIII. Europe and Greenland. (Chapters XVIII. and XIX.) SUGGESTIONS FOR CLASS WORK 1. Draw a map of Greenland, placing in one corner a map of your ov^n State drawn to the same scale. 2. Show the localities where Egede and the Moravians worked. 3. Make a dissected map of Europe, and pin the various pieces to the blackboard in the proper places, taking them in the order in which mission work from America began in the several countries. 4. Place upon each country gummed circles of different colors representing the different American denominations at work there. 5. Use the. "pioneer board" and the "decade board," as before. 6. Use the "banner drill" for the leading missionaries, as before. 7. Draw arrows on the various countries as you study the perse- cution of the missionaries there. 8. Pin upon the map small drawings or pictures of houses at the places where American Protestants have important schools or other missionary buildings. Lesson YIII. 219 TEST QUESTIONS ON LESSON VIII. 1. How early was Greenland converted to Christianity? 2. Tell the story of Hans Egede. 3. Tell the story of Moravian missions in Greenland. 4. What is the present religious condition of Greenland? 5. Give an account of Jonas King. 6. What other missionary work has been done for Greece? 7. What two denominations are at work in Bulgaria? 8. Tell about the Molokans. 9. What denominations are at work in Austria? Tell about per- secutions there. ID. What denominations are at work in Italy? What was the be- ginning of Protestant work there? What is its present con- dition ? 11. What are the Mc All missions ? What was their origin ? 12. What other Protestant work is carried on in France by Ameri- cans? 13. What American Protestant work has been done in Spain ? How was this work affected by our war with Spain ? 14. What was the beginning of Baptist work in Germany ? of Meth- odist work? 15. Tell about the persecution of Protestants in Germany. 16. What two American denominations have missions in Switzer- land? 17. What was the origin of Methodist work for Scandinavia? Into what four countries has it spread ? 18. I^escribe the Baptist missions in Scandinavia. 19. Describe the Baptist missions in Russia. 20. In what part of Europe have the Protestants been most severely persecuted ? 21. Tell about t)r. Kalopothakes; Elieff; Julia Most; Adlof; Oncken; Miiller; Nast; Hedstrom; Wiberg. 22. Where are these Protestant papers published: "The Star of the East"? "II Testimonio"? "Der Evangelist"? "Kristelig Tidende"? 23. Where in Europe are famous mission schools carried on by the Episcopalians ? Methodists ?• Congregationalists ? Baptists ? 24. Who were the Methodist pioneers in the various European countries? the Baptist? the Congregationalist ? 2 20 Into All the World REFERENCE BOOKS ON EUROPE AND GREENLAND 189. Spain and Her People (Zimmerman), $2. 190. Modern Spain (Hume), $1.50. :ii 191. Italy and the Italians (Taylor), $1.50. 192. Romanism in Its Home (Eager), $1. Italy. 193. Evangelical Missions in Spain (Fenn, in No. 34. Fourth Series). 194. The McAU Mission in France (Pierson, in No. 34. Second Series) 195. The Situation in France. (M.R. 1900, 34; 1901, 507; 1902, 204, 282; 1903, 87.) 196. The Situation in Germany. (M.R. 1900, 610; 1901, 593) 197. The Greek Church of Russia. (M.R. 1900, 760.) 198. Missions in Greece. (M.R. 1901, 770.) T99. Missions in Bulgaria and Macedonia. (M.R. 1902, 54; 1903, 320-) 200. The Situation in Austria. (M.R. 1902, 564.) 201. Amid Greenland Snows (Page), 75 cents. 202. Egede (Walsh, in No. 31). ESSAY SUBJECTS AND THEMES FOR FURTHER STUDY 1. The history and condition of the Greenlanders. (No. 201.) 2. The faithful life of Hans Egede. (Nos. 202, 201.) 3. The wonderful work of the Moravians in Greenland. (Nos. 20, 21. M.R. 1900, 109.) 4. Evangelical missions in Spain. (No. 193-) 5. Methodist missions in Europe. (No. 18.) 6. Baptist missions in Europe. (Nos. 14, 15.) 7. Congregational missions in Europe. (Reports of the American Board.) 8. The story of the McAll Mission in France. (No. 194.) 9. The life of Count Zinzendorf. (M.R. 1900, 329.) 10. The situation in Italy. (No. 191. M.R. 1900, 377; 1903, 297.) Lesson IX. 221 LESSON IX. Africa. (Chapters XX. and XXI.) SUGGESTIONS FOR CLASS WORK 1. Cut two squares of pasteboard, one white to represent the area of the United States, and one black, and three times as large, to represent the area of Africa. 2. Cut two triangles of pasteboard, one white to represent the population of the United States, and one black, and twice as large, to represent the population of Africa. 3. Cut from white paper a circle with the radius of an inch. It will represent five hundred persons — the average pastoral charge in the United States. Cut from black paper a circle with the radius of thirteen inches. It will represent the eighty-two thousand per- sons that make up the pastorate of the average missionary to Africa, counting wives as separate missionaries. 4. Lay off on the map of Africa the distance from New York to San Francisco. Draw a map of England to the same scale, and place it beside Madagascar. 5. Color the map so as to bring out the locations of the various foreign protectorates. 6. The "banner drill" for the great missionaries. 7. The "colored star" drill for the denominational mission cen- tres. 8. The "pioneer board" drill. The "decade board" drill. 9. Place gilt stars where Mackay, Hannington, Parker, and Pil- kington died. 10. Place a gilt cross upon the region where Livingstone, the greatest of all missionaries, labored and died. 11. Place a map of Madagascar, drawn to the same scale, upon a map of the United States. TEST QUESTIONS ON LESSON IX. 1. Compare Africa with the United States in size; in population, 2. What are some of the difficulties of missionary work in Africa? 3. What portions of the continent are as yet practically untouched? 4. What effect has the slave-trade on Africa ? the trade in strong drink ? 222 Into All the World 5. What are the "Protectorates"? Among what nations is Africa thus divided up? 6. What nation began missionary work in Africa? Why they? 7. Describe the mission of Schmidt; of Vanderkemp. 8. What are some striking sayings of African missionaries? 9. Who was the greatest of the early missionaries to Africa ? Where did he labor? 10. Who was Africaner ? Dingaan? Mtesa? Susi? Rasalama? Rana- valona I., II., and III.? Radama II.? 11. What was Moffat's nationahty? Name other great Scotch mis- sionaries. 12. What was Schmidt's denomination? Name other great Mora- vian missionaries. 13. Who was "the Black Bishop of the Niger"? Tell his story. 14. Who was "the Flaming Torch"? What was the characteristic of his missions ? 15. What missionary is noted for his mechanical genius? Name other missionaries in other lands that have used similar tal- ents. 16. Who was the pioneer of Baptist missions? Tell his story. 17. What well-known missionaries to Africa died after only a brief service ? 18. What country is chiefly cared for by the United Presbyterians? 19. What are the centres of Congregational work in Africa? of Pres- byterian work? of Baptist work? of Methodist work? of Lu- theran work? etc. 20. What fact renders Abyssinia unique in missionary history? 21. What missionaries have labored in Abyssinia? 22. Tell the story of Bishop Hannington. 23. What were Livingstone's contributions to the welfare of the world? Why is he counted the world's greatest missionary? 24. Describe the island of Madagascar. 25. What nation led in the missionary work there? With what suc- cess? With what interruption? 26. What is the present condition of missionary work in Madagascar? REFERENCE BOOKS ON AFRICA AND MADAGASCAR ^ 203. Redemption of Africa (Noble), 2 vols., $4. ^ 204. The Price of Africa (Taylor), 50 cents. Lesson IX. 223 205. Sketches from the Dark Continent (Hotchkiss), $i. 206. Abyssinia (Vivian), $4. *?ti 207. The Story of Uganda (Stock), $1.25. 208. American Mission in Egypt (Watson), $2.50. 209. Daybreak in Livingstonia (Jack), $1.25. 210. The Congo for Christ (Myers), 75 cents. 211. A Lone Woman in Africa (McAllister), $1. 212. Reality Versus Romance in South Central Africa (John- ston), $4. 213. Forty Years among the Zulus (Tyler), $1.25. ^ 214. Among the Matabele (Carnegie), 60 cents. ^ 215. Madagascar (Townsend), 75 cents; (Cousins), $1; (Fletch- er — "The Sign of the Cross in Madagascar")? $i- ^ 216. Life of Mackay (Splendid Lives Series), 50 cents; (by his sister), $t. 217. Life of Pilkington (Harford-Battersby), $1.50. 218. Life of Good (Parsons — "A Life for Africa"), $1.25. :J: 219. Life of Crowther (Page), 75 cents. ^^ 220. Life of Livingstone (Blaikie), $1.50. 221. Life of Cox (Taylor, in No. 204). "jjc 222. Life of Moffat (Deane), 75 cents. 223. William Taylor. (M.R. 1902, 609.) 224. Useful articles on Africa. (M.R. 1900, 417, 817, 920; 1901, 410; 1902, 403, 407.) ESSAY SUBJECTS AND THEMES FOR FUTURE STUDY 1. The physical geography of Africa, and its bearing on the mis- sionary problem. (No. i.) 2. The races of Africa, their character and religions. (No. i.) 3. Important events in the poHtical history of Africa. (Files of The Review of Reviews and similar magazines.) 4. The African fever and its ravages. (No. 204.) 5. The African slave-trade and its horrors. (No. 219. M.R. 1902, 456.) 6. The evils of the rum trade \v^th Africa. (No. 25.) 7. Four distinctive fields: Natal, the Congo, Uganda, and Egypt (Reports of the Congregational, Baptist, and United Pres- byterian Boards, and Books Nos. 207, 208, 210, 213. M.R. 1900, 18, fii8, 604; 1Q02, ^74-) 224 Into All the World 8. Lessons from African martyrs. (No. 204.) 9. Proof of what missions can do for the African. (No. 219.) 10. The story of Khama. (No. 214. M.R. 1901, 93.) 11. Missions in Madagascar, their trials and triumphs. (No. 215. M.R. 1900, 904; 1902, 436.) 12. A model missionary. (No. 216.) 13. The world's greatest missionary. (No. 220. M.R. 1900, 766.) 14. Stanley's explorations and the influence of Livingstone upon him. If possible, take a day for the following: — 15. The twelve great missionaries. A review. 16. The most characteristic phases of missionary history in the various mission lands. A review. 17. Landmarks of missionary history (the missionarj' events that stand out above all others in each land). A review. (M.R. 1900, 241.) 18. Missionary martyrdoms. A review, 19. The great providences of missions. A review. 20. Missionary opportunities and needs of the present time. A review. 21. A conspectus of the missionary work of our own denomination. A review. 22. The Great Commission, and how it is being fulfilled, or, Christ in the missionary enterprise. A review. (M.R. 1900, i, 43.) Ind ex Abbott, 20. Abdullah, 6i. Abeel, 39, 72, 82. Abraham, 107. Abyssinia, 171, 172. Active, The, 103. Adams, E. A., 152. Adlof, 152. Afghanistan, 44. Africa, 162. Africaner, 168. African Methodist missions, 179. Agnew, Eliza, 20. Ainus, 88, 89. Albanians, 53. Allen, 85. American- Bible Society, 120, 126, 13O' 132, 133' 134, 139- American Board formed, 19. Appenzeller, 86. Arabia, 60. Arabs, 45, 53, 61. Arawak Indians, 125. Argentine Republic, 129. Armenian massacres, 58. Armenians, 54, 58. Arrow war, 66. Ashmore, 39, 74, 81. Austin, 126. Australia, 115. Austria, 152. B Babists, 45. Bagby, 128. Baluchistan, 44. Baptists (Canadian), 120, 133. Baptists (North) missions, 12,25, 26, 33^ 35' 37^ 39' 81, 89, 91, 109, 141, 150, 152, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 165, 171. Baptist (South) missions, 82, 89, 120, 127, 128, 140, 141, 154, 165, 179. Baptist Missionary Society, 16. Barbadoes, 143. Barnet, 179. Bassett, 49. Beck, 148. Beilby, 31. Bengali, 13. Bevan, 181, Bible translations, 9. Bingham, no. Bissell, 152. Boardman, 36. Boenish, 148. Bohemia, 152. Boles, 127. Bolivia, 132. Boone, 74. Bowen, 179. Boxer massacres, 67. Brahmans, 14. Brazil, 126. Bridgman, 72, 73. British Guiana, 125. Brown, Nathan, 92. Brown, S. R., 93. Bryant, 134. Buddhists, 13, 33, 38, 42, 88. Buell, 40. Bulgaria, 56, 151. Burma, 33. Burns, William C, 76. 225 226 Into All the World Burns, Bishop, 172. Burt, 153. Butler, 26, 140. Calvert, 102. Cantine, 64. Carey, Lott, 171. Carey, William, 16, 20. Cargill, loi. Caroline Islands, 113, 114, 115. Caste system, 14, 83. Caswell, 38. Catholic missions, 13, 42, 67, 68, 83, 89. Central America, 136. Ceylon, 20. Chaco Indians, 129. Chalmers, 116. Chamberlain, G. W., 128. Chamberlain, Jacob, 29. Chandler, 20. Chase, 155. Chile, 130. China, 65. China Inland Mission, 43, 68, 72, 76. Chinese Repository, 73. Chino-Japanese war, 85, 96. Chow Fa Monghut, 38. Christian and Missionary Alli- ance, 12, 29, 43, 82, 89, 120, 127, 130, 135, 145. 180. Christian Convention missions, 89. Christian David, 147, 148. Circassians, 53. Clark, A. W., 152. Clough, 26. Coan, no. Coke, 144. Colleges and schools, 9, 23, 37, 40, 52, 58, 71, 86, 93, 95, 128, i30» U3^ 138, 151' 152, 153' 156, 157, 158, 179- Collins, 75. Colman, 36. Colombia, 134. Confucianism, 65, 83, 88. Congo, 171, 179, 180. Congregational missions, 12, 18, 19, 20, 39, 46, 55, 56, 72, 73, 74, 80. 89, 95, no, 113, 127, 130, 140, 141, 151, 152, 156, 165, 173. 174- Congregational (Canadian) mis- sions, 165, 180. Converts, Number of, 9. Cook Islands, 99, 116. Corvino, 65. Costa Rica, 136. Cote, 154. Cowen, 63. Cox, 172. Cross, loi. Crowther, 175. Cuba, 145. Cumberland Presbyterian mis- sions, 82, 89, 141. Dahne, 125. Danish West Indies, 142, 143. Day, 25. Dean, 39. Demerara, 125. Denmark, 160. Diaz, Alberto J., 145. Dingaan, 123, 174. Disciples of Christ missions, 12, 29, 82, 89, 109, 141, 160, 180. Dober, 142. Doshisha, 95. Druses, 51. Duff, 22. Duff, The, 97. Dufferin Association, 30. Dutch Guiana, 124. East India Company, 14, 20, 70. Ecuador, 133. Egede, 146. Egypt, 179- Elieff, 151. Ellis, 183. Endeavor, The, 99. index 227 Episcopal missions (American), 74, 82, 89, 91, 109, 120, 127, 140, 145, 151, 165, 179. Erromanga, loi, 107. Erwin, 134. Europe, 149. Falconer, 62. Famines in India, 14, 26; in China, 77. Fiji Islands, loi. Finland, 161. Fisk, Pliny, 50, Fiske, Fidelia, 47. Forman, 24. Formosa, 79, 85. France, 154. Free Baptist missions, 12, 29, 1 80. Free Methodist missions, 12, 28, 89, 180. French, T. V., 63. French Guiana, 126. Friendly Islands, loi. Friends missions, 12, 29, 82, 89, 141, 145, 180. Frumentius, 171. Galicia, 152. Gamewell, 69. Gardiner, 122. Geddie, 106. George, King, loi. Germany, 156. Gifts to missions annually, 9. Gilbert Islands, 113, 114. Gilmour, 78. Gobat, 171. Goblfe, 91. Gomez, Abraham, 140. Good, 174. Goodell, 55. Goodfellow, 130. Gordon, " Chinese," 66. Gordon, G. N., 107. Gossner, 29. Grant, 47. Greece, 57, 149 Greek Church, 54. Greenland, 146. Gregorians, 54. Greig, 155. Grubb, 129. Guatemala, 136, 137. Guinness, 171. Gulick, L. H., 113. Gulick, \V. H., 156. Giittner, 125. Giitzlaff, 39, 71. 73.90- Haiti, 145. Hall, Gordon, 19. Hamlin, 57. Hannington, 178. Hardy, Alpheus, 95. Harris, Townsend, 40, 90. Hartmann, 125. Hartzell, 173. Hatti-Humayoiin, 55. Hawaii, 109, no, 113. Haystack Monument, 17. Haywood, 138. Heber, 21. Hedstrom, 158. Hepburn, 91. Hervey Islands, 99. Hill, John C, 137. Hill, J. H, 151. Hindi, 13. Hindus, 13. Honduras, 136, 137. Hospitals, Number of, 9. Hough, 35. House, 40. Houston, 150. Howqua, 74. Hume, 20. Hungary, 152. Hungsewtsuen, 77. Hunt, loi. Ibrahim, Mirza, 49. India, 13. 228 Into All the World Indian mutiny, 14, 27. Indians, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 132, 136, 138. Indo-China (French), 44. Inglis, 106. Italy, 153. Jacoby, 157. Jamaica, 143, 144, 145. Japan, 88. Jarrett, 133. Jewett, 25. John, Griffith, 77. Jones, 181. Hudson, 18, 23- K Kalopothakes, J 50. Kamil, 64. Kanarese, 14. Kapiolani, no. Karens, 23^ 36, 37. Ka Thah-byu, 36. Kayarnak, 148. Kerr, 80. Ketteler, 69. Kim, 84. Kimball, Grace, 59. King, 149. Knapp, 156. Kols, 29. Korea, 83. Krapf, 172. Kurds, 45, 47, 48, 58. 59- Lamaism, 42. Laos, 38, 40, 44. Larsson, 158. Lawes, 116. Leang-Afa, 71. Legge, 39. Leyburn, 150. Liberia, 171, 172, 175, 179, 180. Liggins, 91. Li Hung Chang. So. Livingstone, i6q Logan, 114. Lone Star Mission, 25. Long, 151. Loochoo Islands, 92. Lowrie, John C, 24. Lowrie, Walter, 74. Lull, 61. Lutheran (General Council) mis- sions, 12, 29. Lutheran (General Synod) mis- sions, 12, 29, 165, 180. Luurs, 45. Lyman, 118. M Macedonia, 56. Macfarlane, 116. Mackay, Alexander, 63, 176. Mackay, G. L., 79. Mackenzie, 79. Madagascar, 181. Maibant, 84. Malaysia, 1 18. Manchuria, 85. Maoris, 103, 104. Marathi, 13. Maronites, 51. Marquesan Islands, 113. Marsden, 102. Marshall Islands, 114, 115. Martyn, 20, 45, 62, 127. Massacres, 50, 52, 56, 58, 67, 77, 85. Matabeleland, 169. Mattoon, 40. McAll, 154. McCague, 179. McGilvary, 40. Medhurst, 39, 71, 72, 119. Medical missionaries, Number of, 9- Medical missions, 24, 27, 30, 74, 79, 80, 85, 86, 167, 169. Melanesia, 97. Mennonite missions, 12, 28. Merriam, William W., 56. Messenger of Peace, The, 100. Metcalf, Rachel, 29. Methodist (North) missions, 12, 26, 27, 28, 27, 40» 56. 75' 81, Index 229 86, 89, 109. 120, 127, 128, 129, 130, 13^ U3. 138, 140, 141, 151. 153. 157. 158. 159. 160, 161, 165, 172, 173. Methodist Protestant missions, 89. Methodist (South) missions, 82, 87, 89, 120, 127, 141. Methodists (Canadian), 82, 89. Mexico, 138. Micronesia, 97, 113. Mills, 18, 19. Milne, Andrew M., 132. Milne, William, 39, 70. Min Vong Ik, 86. Missionaries, Number of, 8. Missionary Review of the World, 25- Missionary societies. Number of, 8. Mission schools. Number of, 9. Mission stations. Number of, 8. Moffat, 42, 99, 167. Mohammedans, 13, 45, 49, 51, 53, 61, 118, 163. Molokans, 151. Mongiardino, 132. Mongolia, 68, 78. Moravian missions, 12, 28, 43, 45, 124, 136, 142, 147, 166, 168, 180. Morning Stars, 114. Morrison, 69. Mortlock Islands, 114. Moses, of Ruk, 114. Most, Julia, 152. Moung Nau, 35. Mpongwes, 174. Mtesa, 177. Miiller, 157. Munson, 118. Murata, 92, Murray, 78. Mwanga, 177. N Nai Chune, 40. Nast, 157. Natal, 174, 180. Neesima, 94. Nestorians, 46, 65. Nevius, 77. Newell, Harriet, 19. Newell, Samuel, 19. New Guinea, 1 15. New Hebrides Islands, 106, 109. Newton, John, 24. Newton, Jr., John, 24. New Zealand, 103, 104. Nicaragua, 136, 137. Nippert, 157. Nitschman, 142. Norway, 158. Nott, 19. Nukapu, 106. Obookiah, 109. Oceania, 97. Oncken, 156. Opium war, 66. Pacific Islands, 97. Paraguay, 128. Pariahs, 14. Parker, H. P., 178. Parker, Peter, 74. Parsees, 45. Parsons, 50. Paton, 106. Patteson, 105, 107. Payne, 179. Penzotti, 132, 133, 137. Perkins, 46. Perry, 73, 90, 91. Persia, 21, 45. Peru, 133. Peters, 133. Petersen, 159. PhiUppine Islands, 109. Pilkhigton, 178. Pliltschau, 15. Pohlman, 82. Polynesia, 97. Pond, 135. Porto Rico, 145. 230 Into All the World Powell, 140. Pratt, 134. Prayer-Meeting Hill, 25. Presbyterian (Canadian) mis- sions, 12, 29, 79, 82, 89, 106, MS- Presbyterian (North) missions, 12, 24, 25, 39, 40, 44, 49, 52, 75, 77, 80, 85, 86, 89, 91, 109, 120, 127, 128, 131, 134, 135, 137, 140, 141, 165, 174. Presbyterian (South) missions, 81, 87, 89, 120, 127, 128, 141, 150, 165, 174, 179. Presses, Mission, 50, 52, 71, 86, 130, 141, 153, 157. Prettyman, 151. Price, 36. Progress of missions, 7. R Radama, 182. Ramabai, 31. Ranavalona, 182. Rankin, 139. Rasalama, 182. Reed, 24. Reformed Church in America missions, 12, 29, 60, 64, 72, 82, 89, 92, 94. Reformed Episcopal missions, 12, 28. Reformed Presbyterian (General Synod) missions, 12, 28. Reformed Presbyterian (South) missions, 141. Reid, C. F., 87. Rice, 19. Richards, 171. I^iggs, 57- Rijnhart, 43. Rijutei, 86. Riley, 139. Riukiu Islands, 92. Roberts, 172. Robertson, 151. Ross, 85. Rum in Africa, 164. Russia, 160. vSabat, 61. Salvador, 136. Salvation Army, 120. San Domingo, 145. Schauffler, H. A., 152. Schauffler, W. G., 55. Schmidt, 166. Schumann, 125. Scranton, 86. Seaman's Friend Society, 120. Sears, 156. Self-support in missions, 27, 76, 77, 86, 131, 173. Selwyn, 103, 105, 107. Seventh-Day Adventist missions, 120, 126, 130, 141, 160, 180. Seventh-Day Baptist missions, 82, 109, 133, 137, 180. Seys, 172. Shans, 33, 38. Shattuck, Corinna, 59. Shidiak, Asaad, 51. Shintoism, 88. Siam, 38. Siberia, 44. Simonton, 128. Slave trade, 164. Smith, Eli, 50. Snow, 113. Society Islands, 97, 109. South America, 121. Spain, 155. Spaulding, Justin, 127. Spauldings of India, 20. Stach, 147. Statistics of missions, 184. Stephens, 140. Stone, Ellen M., 56. . - Stone, George, 64. Stonewall, 83. Student Volunteers, 10. Sturges, 113. Sufis, 45. Sumatra, 119. Surinam, 124. Susi, 170. Suttee, 17. Swartz, 15. Index 231 Sweden, 159. Switzerland, 158. Syria, 50. Tahiti, 97. Tai-Ping rebellion, 66, 77 . " Tamate," 116. Tamil, 13, 15, 20. Taylor, Annie R., 42. Taylor, George B., 154. Taylor, J. Hudson, 72, 76. Taylor, William, 27, 131, 17: Telugu, 13, 25, 26. Thakombau, 102. Thoburn, 27. Thomas, 30. Thomson, John F., 129, 130. Thomson, William M., 51. Thurston, 1 10. Tibet, 42. Tientsin massacre, 67. Tinnevelli, 30. Tomlin, 39. Tovo, 102. Treaty ports, 66. Trinidad, 145. Trumbull, 132. Tsai-A-Ko, 70. Tsilka, 57. Tsiu, 83. Tucker, 178. Turkestan, 44. Turkey, 53. Turks, 45, 50, 53, 59. Uganda, 172, 177, 178. Underwood, 86. United Brethren missions, 109, 165, 180. United Presbyterian missions, i: 28, 165, 179. Uruguay, 129. Vanderkemp, 167. Van Dyck, 51. Venezuela, 134. Verbeck, 92. Vernon, 153. Victoria, Queen, 31, 102. Villegagnon, 127. W Ward, Frederic, 66. Watts, 109. Week of Prayer, 25. Wesleyan Methodist Connection missions, 180. West Indies, 142. Westrup, 140. Wheelock, 36. Wiberg, 160. Wilder, 25. Willem, 166. Willerup, 160. Williams, C. M., 91. Williams, John, 98. Williams, S. W., jt„ 90. Willmarth, 155. Wilson, J. L., 173. Wood, 128. Xavier, 65, Yu Hsien, 68. Ziegenbalg, 15. Zinzendorf, 142, 143, 147. Zwemer, 64. j^J^^S^ DECADES KOREA ;'7 Stonewall THE CENTURY OF PROTESTANT MISSIONS. BY DECADES ii ■NmA m-RMA ,s,.v„ PKRSIA SVKIA TURKEY AUAHIA ™.-//« KOREA .lAJ-AN iJitSll? .5SSSE.S' AIKICA '■i^ik^"- 1757 Pto^-nj ' 1747 Moravian ■-iS^"- lf.no-1700 C a t ll o 1777 StonewaU 1540 Xavlep ,7._Te.l,„. 1656 Boles NltRs/r/e„( Motllodi..ls In W. Taylor "",'£i''i,„„.',i Bmnklyi l,r„l,„ i;E:r "■fflS^'"''"' Rljnharwln Rem Peter. Pilklneton -'" ■■' oaiitiired Boxa mamirr,-. Germany In the c£S[„°iSn,ed ! Princeton Theological Seminary Libraries 1012 01233 9430